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1968_28 | In May 1848, he was a co-author of the official petition, Žiadosti slovenského národa ("Requirements of the Slovak Nation"). The Žiadosti slovenského národa were publicly declared in Liptovský Svätý Mikuláš, with Ján Francisci-Rimavský as the reader. In it, the Slovaks demanded autonomy within Hungary, proportional representation in the Hungarian Assembly, the creation of a Slovak Diet to administer their own region, for Slovak to become the official language, and for educational institutions at all levels to use Slovak. They also called for universal suffrage and democratic rights – e.g., freedom of the press and public assembly. They requested that peasants be released from serfdom, and that their lands be returned to them. But on 12 May 1848, the Hungarian government issued a warrant for the leaders of the Slovak movement: Štúr, Hurban, and Hodža. The persecuted Štúr arrived in Prague on 31 May 1848. On 2 June 1848, he participated in the Slavic Congress there. |
1968_29 | On 19 June 1848, he went to Zagreb, Croatia, because the Slavic Congress was interrupted by fighting in Prague, and became an editor of the Croatian magazine Slavenski Jug. With financial support from some Serbs, he and J. M. Hurban started to prepare an uprising against the Hungarian government. The "Slovak Uprising" occurred between September 1848 and November 1849. In September 1848, Štúr travelled to Vienna and participated in preparations for the Slovak armed uprising. On 15–16 September 1848, the Slovak National Council, the supreme Slovak political and military organisation, consisting of Štúr, Hurban, and Hodža (as politicians), and the Czechs B. Bloudek, F. Zach, and B. Janeček (as military experts), was created in Vienna. On 19 September 1848 in Myjava, the Slovak National Council declared independence from the Hungarian government and called on the Slovak nation to start an armed uprising. However, the Council only managed to control their local region. |
1968_30 | Štúr, Hurban, and others met in Prague on 7 October 1848 to discuss how to proceed with the uprising. Upon his return to Vienna in November, Štúr (with a group of Slovak volunteers, on one of the so-called Volunteer Campaigns) traversed northern Hungary from Čadca (Csaca), arriving in Prešov (Eperjes) in March 1849. On 20 March 1849, he led a delegation to meet with the Austrian king in the Czech town of Olomouc and presented the demands of the Slovak nation. From March until June, Štúr – along with Hurban, Hodža, Bórik, Chalúpka, and others – negotiated in Vienna for a solution to the Slovak demands. But on 21 November 1849, the Slovak volunteer corps was officially demobilized in Pressburg, and the disappointed Štúr retreated to his parents' home in Uhrovec. |
1968_31 | Later life
The later years of Štúr's life saw him engage in further linguistic and literary work. In the autumn of 1850, he attempted but failed to receive a license to publish a Slovak national newspaper. In December of that year, he participated in a delegation to Vienna concerning Slovak schools and the Tatrín association. Several personal tragedies also occurred during his later life. His brother Karol died on 13 January 1851. Štúr moved into the house of Karol's family in Modra (near Pressburg) to care for his seven children. He lived there under police supervision. On 27 July 1851, his father died, and his mother moved to Trenčín (Trencsén). |
1968_32 | In October 1851, he participated in meetings in Pressburg concerning reforms of the codified Slovak language standard. The reforms, involving mainly a transition from the phonetic spelling to an etymological one, were later introduced by M. M. Hodža and Martin Hattala in 1851–1852, but Štúr, among others, also participated in the preparations. The result of these reforms was the Slovak language standard still in use today, with only some minor changes since then. |
1968_33 | In Modra in 1852, Štúr finished his essay O národních písních a pověstech plemen slovanských ("On national songs and myths of Slavic kin"), written in Czech and published in Bohemia the next year. In addition, he wrote his important philosophical book, Das Slawenthum und die Welt der Zukunft ("Slavdom and the world of the future"), written in German, and published in Russian in 1867 and 1909 (subsequently published in German in 1931, and in Slovak in 1993). Among other things, he recapitulated the events that brought the Slovaks to the desperate situation of that time, and suggested cooperation with Russia as a solution, thus moving away from Slovak nationalism toward pan-Slavism. |
1968_34 | In 1853, his platonic female friend, Adela, died in Vienna on 18 March. He also went to Trenčín to help care for his ill mother, until she died on 28 August. The only compilation of his poetry, Spevy a piesne ("Singings and songs"), was published in Pressburg that year. On 11 May 1854, he gave a speech at the unveiling of the Ján Hollý monument in Dobrá Voda (Ján Hollý having died in 1849). Štúr had also written a poem in his honour.
On 22 December 1855, Štúr accidentally shot and wounded himself during a hunt near Modra. In the last days of his life, he was mainly supported by his friend Ján Kalinčiak. On 12 January 1856, Ľudovít Štúr died in Modra. A national funeral was held there in his honour.
Legacy
Štúr has been featured on Czechoslovak and Slovak banknotes throughout the 20th century. He has appeared on the Czechoslovakian 50 Koruna note of 1987 and on the Slovakian 500 Koruna note since 1993. |
1968_35 | The town of Parkan (Párkány in Hungarian) on the Hungarian border was renamed in his honour, though without the agreement of the town's residents, as Štúrovo in 1948.
The asteroid 3393 Štúr, about 9.6 km in diameter and discovered on 28 November by Milan Antal at the Hungarian observatory at Piszkéstető, is named after him.
Despite the importance of his work in defining the Slovak literary standard and orthography, he was an anti-semite; he opposed Jewish emancipation and promoted the divisive claim that Slovak Jews could not belong to the Slovak nation.
See also
History of Slovakia
History of Bratislava
References
http://www.slovakia.culturalprofiles.net/?id=3999
http://www.stur.sk
http://travel.spectator.sme.sk/articles/1843/slovakias_garibaldi
http://www.nbs.sk/sk/bankovky-a-mince/slovenska-mena/bankovky
Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: Modern Issues 1961–present. George S. Cuhag (editor) (18th ed.). Krause Publications.
External links |
1968_36 | Josette A. Baer, "National Emancipation, Not the Making of Slovakia: Ludovit Stur's Conception of the Slovak Nation" (2003) In: Studies in Post-Communism Occasional Papers Series published by Center for Post-Communist Studies, St. Francis Xavier University, Canada.
Website dedicated to Ľudovít Štúr (in Slovak)
Text of Nauka reči Slovenskej (in the Štúr's Slovak language standard)
1815 births
1856 deaths
People from Bánovce nad Bebravou District
Slovak Lutherans
Slovak philologists
Slovak writers
Slovak politicians
Slovak philosophers
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
People of the Slovak Uprising of 1848–49
Firearm accident victims
19th-century Lutherans
Deaths by firearm in Slovakia
Accidental deaths in Slovakia
Participants of the Slavic Congress in Prague 1848 |
1969_0 | The following lists events that happened during 2021 in New Zealand.
Incumbents
Regal and vice-regal
Head of State – Elizabeth II
Governor-General – Patsy Reddy until 28 September, and then Cindy Kiro from 21 October
Government
Legislature term: 53rd New Zealand Parliament
The Sixth Labour Government, elected in 2020, continues.
Speaker of the House – Trevor Mallard
Prime Minister – Jacinda Ardern
Deputy Prime Minister – Grant Robertson
Leader of the House – Chris Hipkins
Minister of Finance – Grant Robertson
Minister of Foreign Affairs – Nanaia Mahuta
Other party leaders in parliament
National – Judith Collins until 25 November, then Christopher Luxon from 30 November (leader of the Opposition)
Green – James Shaw and Marama Davidson
ACT – David Seymour
Māori Party – Rawiri Waititi and Debbie Ngarewa-Packer
Judiciary
Chief Justice – Helen Winkelmann
Main centre leaders |
1969_1 | Mayor of Auckland – Phil Goff
Mayor of Tauranga – Tina Salisbury (acting), then Anne Tolley (as chair of commissioners) from 9 February
Mayor of Hamilton – Paula Southgate
Mayor of Wellington – Andy Foster
Mayor of Christchurch – Lianne Dalziel
Mayor of Dunedin – Aaron Hawkins
Events
January
29 December 2020 to 3 January – Riots between inmates and prison guards at Waikeria Prison, causing major fire damage to the complex.
1 January – A bomb threat closes Gisborne Airport, causing evacuations and delayed flights. |
1969_2 | February
2 February – Lead is found in water of two Otago towns, Waikouaiti and Karitāne.
9 February – Māori Party co-leader and Member of Parliament Rawiri Waititi is not allowed to speak because he was wearing a traditional pendant rather than a tie.
15 February – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Auckland moves to Alert Level 3, while the rest of New Zealand moves to Alert Level 2.
17 February – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Auckland moves to Alert Level 2 from midnight while the rest of New Zealand reverts to Alert Level 1 from midnight.
21 February – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Auckland moves to Alert Level 1 at midnight.
27 February – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Auckland moves back into an Alert Level 3 lockdown for the next seven days while the rest of New Zealand moves back to an Alert Level 2. |
1969_3 | March
5 March
A tsunami warning is issued following a 7.1M at 2.27am near East Cape and Gisborne.
A 7.4M at 6.40am hits the Kermadec Islands.
A tsunami threat and warning is issued for New Zealand after a 8.1M earthquake in the Kermadec Islands. The Beehive Bunker has been activated. Tsunami land threat was dropped at 1.20pm by GNS to a beach and marine threat. The national tsunami advisory was later dropped at 3.43pm.
COVID-19 in New Zealand: Jacinda Ardern announces that Auckland will move to Alert Level 2 lockdown from Alert Level 3, with the rest of New Zealand moving down to Alert Level 1, at 6am, on 7 March. The Ardern ministry will review the alert level of Auckland at the start of the weekend following the alert downgrade.
7 March – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Auckland moves to Alert Level 2, with the rest of New Zealand moving to Alert Level 1.
12 March – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Auckland moves to Alert Level 1 at midday. |
1969_4 | April
19 April – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Quarantine-free travel with Australia begins.
May
10 May – Four people are injured during a stabbing attack at a Countdown supermarket in central Dunedin
17 May – COVID-19 in New Zealand: Quarantine-free travel with the Cook Islands begins.
20 May – The 2021 Budget is delivered.
24 May – Dame Cindy Kiro is announced as the next Governor-General.
30 May – A state of emergency is announced in Ashburton, Selwyn and Timaru districts as torrential rain hits the Canterbury region. |
1969_5 | June
7 June – The 2021 Queen's Birthday Honours are announced.
19 June – A tornado hit the southern Auckland suburb of Papatoetoe, killing one man and injuring two others.
22 June – COVID-19 in New Zealand: New Zealand pauses the travel bubble with New South Wales as cases of COVID-19 surge in Sydney.
23 June – COVID-19 in New Zealand: The Wellington Region moves to Alert Level 2, following a positive case of the delta variant flew to Wellington from Sydney. No outbreak occurred.
July
2 July – The government releases the dates of the Matariki public holiday for the next thirty years.
23 July – New Zealand athletes begin competing at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
August
8 August – New Zealand athletes finish competing at the 2020 Summer Olympics.
17 August – COVID-19 in New Zealand: New Zealand enters Alert Level 4, following a positive case of the Delta Variant of COVID-19 in Auckland.
24 August to 5 September 2021 – Athletes compete at the 2020 Summer Paralympics. |
1969_6 | September
1 September - COVID-19 in New Zealand: New Zealand except for Auckland and Northland moved to Alert Level 3. 3 September – Seven people are injured during a stabbing attack at a Countdown supermarket in LynnMall, West Auckland. The attacker was shot and killed by police.
14 September – Co-leaders of the Māori Party (), Rawiri Waititi and Debbie Ngarewa-Packer launch a petition urging the Parliament of New Zealand to rename the official name of the nation to Aotearoa, alongside restoring the Māori names of all towns, cities and places by 2026. Within hours from its launch, it had gathered more than 5000 signatures.
October
21 October
Dame Cindy Kiro is sworn in as the 22nd Governor-General of New Zealand.
Prime Minister Ardern announces an agreement on a New Zealand–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement, promising zero-tariffs and a $970m economic boost. |
1969_7 | November
25 November – Judith Collins loses a confidence vote as leader of the National Party after her handling over a historic allegation regarding Simon Bridges. Shane Reti becomes interim leader.
30 November – Christopher Luxon is elected leader of the National Party.
December
2 December - COVID-19 in New Zealand:'' The alert level system is dropped in favour of the new traffic light system at 11:59 pm. Northland, Auckland, Taupō, Rotorua, Kawerau, Whakatane, Ōpōtiki, Gisborne, Wairoa, Whanganui and Ruapehu regions initially moved to ‘Red’ while the rest of the country was moved into ‘Orange.’
16 December – The 2021 New Zealand bravery awards are announced.
31 December – The 2022 New Year Honours are announced.
Holidays and observances
Public holidays in New Zealand in 2021 are as follows: |
1969_8 | 1 January – New Year's Day
2 January – Day after New Year's Day
4 January – Day after New Year's Day observed
6 February – Waitangi Day
8 February – Waitangi Day observed
2 April – Good Friday
5 April – Easter Monday
25 April – Anzac Day
26 April – Anzac Day observed
7 June – Queen's Birthday
25 October – Labour Day
25 December – Christmas Day
26 December – Boxing Day
27 December – Christmas Day observed
28 December – Boxing Day observed
Sports
Olympics
New Zealand sends a team of 225 competitors across 21 sports.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! !! !! Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 7 || 6 || 7 || 20
|}
Paralympics
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! !! !! Total
|- style="text-align:center;"
| 6 || 3 || 3 || 12
|}
Rowing
New Zealand Secondary School Championships (Maadi Cup)
Maadi Cup (boys' U18 coxed eight) – Christ's College
Levin Jubilee Cup (girls' U18 coxed eight) – Rangi Ruru Girls' School
Star Trophy (overall points) – Rangi Ruru Girls' School |
1969_9 | Shooting
Ballinger Belt – Mike Collings (Te Puke)
Deaths
January
6 January – Alan Burgess, cricketer (born 1920)
8 January – Stewart McKnight, cricketer, curler (born 1935)
12 January – John Ward, cricketer (born 1937)
17 January – Tom Prebble, educationalist, university administrator (born 1945)
18 January – Ash Gardiner, rugby union player (born 1946)
20 January
Doug Bowden, cricketer (born 1927)
Bill Sheat, lawyer, arts advocate (born 1930)
26 January
Ben Te Haara, Māori Anglican bishop (born 1932)
Peter Thorburn, rugby union player and coach (born 1939)
Peter Vere-Jones, actor (born 1939)
30 January – Bill Hammond, artist (born 1947)
February
3 February – Peter Nicholls, sculptor (born 1936)
4 February – Solomon Faine, microbiologist (born 1926)
6 February – Bruce Taylor, cricketer (born 1943)
22 February – Peter Rattray, cricketer (born 1958) |
1969_10 | March
3 March – Jonathan Temm, lawyer (born 1962)
5 March – Francis Small, civil engineer, scouting leader (born 1946)
12 March – Avenal McKinnon, art historian, writer (born 1949)
15 March – Miriama Rauhihi Ness, Māori activist, social worker (born 1951)
18 March – David Braithwaite, politician (born 1937)
April
3 April – John Edgar, sculptor and medallist (born 1950)
8 April – John da Silva, boxer and wrestler (born 1934)
15 April – Leon van den Eijkel, artist (born 1940)
17 April – John Ogilvie, cricketer (born 1931)
18 April
Mary Earle, food technologist (born 1929)
Iain Gallaway, cricketer and broadcaster (born 1922)
19 April – Mike Dormer, cricketer (born 1937)
27 April – Dave Cull, television presenter, writer, politician (born 1950) |
1969_11 | May
3 May – Steve McKean, basketball coach (born )
4 May – Margaret Forsyth, netball player and coach, politician (born 1961)
8 May
George Skudder, rugby union player (born 1948)
Rana Waitai, politician (born 1942)
10 May – Jenny King, librarian (born 1929)
14 May – David McPhail, comedian, actor, writer (born 1945)
15 May – Emily Mair, opera singer, pianist, vocal coach (born 1928)
17 May
Nan Kinross, nurse and nursing academic (born 1926)
Janet Shackleton, hurdler (born 1928)
21 May – Merv Norrish, diplomat, public servant (born 1926)
23 May – Ross Taylor, geochemist (born 1925) |
1969_12 | June
1 June – Ian Shearer, politician (born 1941)
2 June – Les Rackley, boxing trainer (born 1929)
4 June – Tilly Hirst, netball player (born 1941)
7 June – Richard Nunns, traditional Māori instrumentalist (born 1945)
9 June – Steve Mrkusic, architect (born 1928)
11 June
Dame Georgina Kirby, Māori leader and women's advocate (born 1936)
Ron Sang, architect, art collector (born 1938)
12 June – Robert Edgcumbe, 8th Earl of Mount Edgcumbe, peer (born 1939)
14 June
Sir Eion Edgar, businessman and philanthropist (born 1945)
Sir Ian Hassall, paediatrician and children's advocate (born 1941)
16 June – John Osmers, anti-apartheid activist, Anglican bishop (born 1935)
17 June – Fane Flaws, musician, songwriter, artist (born 1951)
19 June – Colin Loader, rugby union player (born 1931)
24 June – Tom Flaws, cricketer (born 1932)
25 June – John Sigley, cricketer (born 1931) |
1969_13 | July
6 July – Mary Fama, applied mathematician (born 1938)
9 July
Betty Gilderdale, children's author (born 1923)
Ngaire Lane, swimmer (born 1925)
11 July – George Petersen, biochemist (born 1933)
15 July – Bruce Watt, rugby union player and coach (born 1939)
18 July – Philip Sherry, newsreader and local-body politician (born 1933)
19 July – Paratene Matchitt, artist (born 1933)
28 July – Malcolm McCaw, cricketer, accountant (born 1930) |
1969_14 | August
1 August – Kihi Ngatai, Ngāi Te Rangi leader, horticulturalist (born 1930)
3 August – Brian Maunsell, Olympic boxer (born 1937)
4 August – Graham McRae, motor racing driving (born 1940)
5 August
Brian Henderson, broadcaster (born 1931)
Murray Rose, politician (born 1939)
7 August – Mark Weedon, rugby union player (born 1968)
8 August – Perry Harris, rugby union player (born 1946)
9 August – Olivia Podmore, cyclist (born 1997)
10 August
Don McKechnie, cricket player and umpire (born 1944)
John Riordan, jockey (born 1936)
Peter Whittle, mathematician (born 1927)
11 August – Sir David Levene, businessman, philanthropist (born 1929)
14 August – Francis Mossman, actor (born 1988)
15 August
Greg Rowlands, rugby union player (born 1947)
Gary Woollard, rugby league player (born 1942)
16 August – Marilynn Webb, artist and educator (born 1937)
17 August – Tom Larkin, public servant, diplomat (born 1917) |
1969_15 | 18 August – Austin Mitchell, academic, broadcaster, politician, writer (born 1934)
19 August
Sir Michael Cullen, politician (born 1945)
Lyn Hartley, local-body politician (born 1941)
23 August – Gary Tricker, painter and printmaker (born 1938)
24 August
Bruce Culpan, rower (born 1930)
Harry Kent, cyclist (born 1947)
25 August – Max Cryer, broadcaster, entertainer, writer (born 1935)
28 August – Joye Evans, guiding leader (born 1929) |
1969_16 | September
1 September
Noel Dellow, cricketer (born 1929)
Alison Gray, writer, social researcher (born 1943)
4 September
Martin Thompson, artist (born 1956)
Lydia Wevers, literary academic, editor and critic (born 1950)
5 September – Viv Stephens, cricket player and administrator (born 1953)
6 September
Billy Apple, artist (born 1935)
Peter Arnold, cricket player and administrator (born 1926)
17 September – Angela Ballara, historian (born 1944)
19 September – Dame Jocelyn Fish, women's rights advocate (born 1930)
23 September
Taito Phillip Field, politician (born 1952)
John Mitchell, historian (born 1941)
24 September – Waka Nathan, rugby union player, coach and administrator (born 1940)
30 September
Dorothea Brown, librarian (born 1938)
Jenny Kirk, politician (born 1945) |
1969_17 | October
1 October – Earle Wells, sailor, rower (born 1933)
4 October
Laurie Davidson, yacht designer (born 1926)
John Hastie, sport shooter and gunsmith (born 1938)
Joy Watson, children's author (born 1938)
5 October – Pam Williams, businesswoman, philanthropist (born 1933)
6 October – Sir Noel Anderson, jurist (born 1944)
8 October
Jack Manning, architect (born 1928)
Ian Ormond, association footballer (born 1949)
11 October – Barry Mora, opera singer (born 1940)
13 October – Ray Cranch, rugby league player and administrator (born 1923)
18 October
Fred Goodall, cricket umpire (born 1938)
Sean Wainui, rugby union player (born 1995)
19 October – Bob Graham, rugby union player and coach (born 1936)
31 October – Dame Catherine Tizard, politician, governor-general (1990–1996) (born 1931) |
1969_18 | November
13 November
Michael Corballis, pyschologist, author (born 1936)
Jack Kiddey, cricketer (born 1929)
Keith Mann, fencer, sports administrator (born 1932)
15 November – Sir Rod Weir, businessman (born 1927)
16 November – John Luxton, politician (born 1946)
23 November – Robert Ellis, artist (born 1929)
27 November – Jimmy O'Dea, trade unionist and activist (born 1935)
December
2 December – Lyndsey Leask, softball administrator (born 1935)
6 December – Tom Horton, air force pilot (born 1919)
9 December
Brian Aldridge, cricket umpire (born 1940)
Julie Brougham, equestrian (born 1954)
12 December – Maʻafu Tukuiʻaulahi, Tongan noble (born )
24 December – Terry Morrison, rugby union player, sprinter (born 1951)
27 December – Keri Hulme, writer (born 1947)
30 December – Billy Harrison, rugby league player (born 1938)
See also
Country overviews |
1969_19 | New Zealand
History of New Zealand
History of modern New Zealand
Outline of New Zealand
Government of New Zealand
Politics of New Zealand
Timeline of New Zealand history
Years in New Zealand
Notes
References
Years in New Zealand
Years of the 21st century in New Zealand
2020s in New Zealand |
1970_0 | Don is a 1978 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film directed by Chandra Barot and produced by Nariman Irani. The film stars Amitabh Bachchan, Zeenat Aman, and Pran. Bachchan plays the titular dual role, as Bombay underworld criminal Don and his lookalike Vijay. Written by Salim–Javed, the plot revolves around Vijay, a Bombay slum-dweller who resembles the powerful criminal Don, being asked by police superintendent D'Silva (Iftekhar) to masquerade as Don due to the latter's death, in order to act as an informant for the police and track down the root of the criminal organization. The film features music by Kalyanji Anandji, with lyrics by Anjaan and Indeevar. |
1970_1 | It was the third highest-grossing Indian film of 1978, and was classified a golden jubilee by Box Office India. The film spawned the Don franchise; Javed Akhtar's son Farhan Akhtar created a remake Don: The Chase Begins Again (2006) and its sequel Don 2 (2011), both starring Shah Rukh Khan. It also inspired several South Indian remakes, notably the Tamil film Billa (1980), a breakthrough film for Rajinikanth. Don is also known for its theme music, which was used in the American Dad! episode "Tearjerker" (2008). The intro to "Yeh Mera Dil" was sampled by the Black Eyed Peas for the song "Don't Phunk with My Heart" (2005). The movie was also unofficially remade in 1991 into Punjabi language Pakistani movie titled Cobra. Don is one of the films that catapulted Bachchan to superstardom in his career. |
1970_2 | Plot
The film begins with Don as one of the most successful criminals in Bombay who always eludes the authorities, marking himself on Interpol's "Most Wanted" list. To that end, the police, led by Deputy Superitendent of Police D'Silva and Inspector Verma, is working with Interpol operative R.K. Malik in their attempts to nab Don. When one of Don's men named Ramesh decides to leave the gang, Don kills him, provoking Ramesh's fiancée Kamini and Ramesh's sister Roma to swear vengeance on Don. Kamini tries to seduce Don in an attempt to have the police arrest him, but her plan backfires as Don plays wise to her moves and kills her before escaping once again. Training herself in judo and karate, Roma enters Don's gang after deceiving them into thinking that she too is on the wrong side of the law, impressing Don in allowing her to work for him without suspecting any ulterior motive. |
1970_3 | After years of unsuccessful attempts, the police finally succeed in nabbing Don, and D'Silva plans to take him into custody alive in order to reveal the source of crime that Don relies on. Unfortunately, Don dies succumbing to his wounds inflicted by the police during the chase, botching D'Silva's plan. Still wanting a chance to take down Don's gang, D'Silva buries Don's body while ensuring many people to believe he may still be alive as the only ones who know of Don's death are himself, the graveyard priest and his followers. As luck would have it, D'Silva remembers his previous encounter with a slum-dwelling simpleton named Vijay who is an exact lookalike of Don. Meeting up with Vijay, D'Silva explains the situation to him and hatches a plan to have Vijay pose as Don so that he can get the police to arrest the rest of Don's gang and find out the source of crime that they rely on. |
1970_4 | As a startup, D'Silva and Vijay staged an 'accident' that lands Vijay in the hospital under police custody, prompting Roma and Don's gang, currently led by Don's right-hand man Narang, to free Vijay, allowing him to infiltrate the gang under the guise of having amnesia. Around the same time, a man named Jasjit "JJ" Ahuja is released from jail and wants revenge against Don and his gang, as they got him arrested for a past robbery that he was involved in. It was also told that JJ only took the job with the intention of using the money to save his wife from death, but was caught by D'Silva in the act; JJ also intends to reunite with his children Deepu and Muni, who are currently taken care of by Vijay himself. As part of his mission, Vijay finds a red diary containing evidence regarding to Don's criminal activities. Vijay replaces the diary with a blank one while telling Narang and the gang members that he is going to take revenge on D'Silva for capturing him, but is actually going to |
1970_5 | him to give him the real diary. As Vijay heads off, Roma tries to attack him in an attempt to avenge both Ramesh and Kamini's deaths. However, D'Silva intervenes and confesses about Don's death and the situation to Roma, who apologizes to Vijay and agrees to help him out in taking down the gang members. Using the diary, Vijay and Roma learned more about Don's past and feigned moments of doing notorious acts to maintain their covers to Narang and the gang members. D'Silva even learned that the diary also reveals the existence of a notorious crimelord named Vardhan serving as the source of crime in Bombay, and that all of the gang members are working for him (even Don and Narang are nothing more than just middlemen reporting to Vardhan). Despite this, there is no indication to finding out Vardhan's identity as it remains unknown. |
1970_6 | After Vijay feigns a moment of regaining his memories to the gang members, this prompts them to announce a celebration on Don's return. However, things take a drastic turn when Malik and the police (acting upon Vijay's information) raided the celebration, and D'Silva is killed in the crossfire, leaving Vijay, Narang and the gang members to be arrested as Malik and the police mistook Vijay for Don. With D'Sliva dead and no one to vouch for him, Vijay is forced to escape, and the commotion caused Narang and the gang members to finally learn that Vijay is an impostor just as they too escape from captivity, swearing to kill him. To make matters worse, Vijay learns that the diary (the sole evidence to prove his innocence) is stolen by JJ, who attempts to use it to reunite with his children. Despite this, Vijay avoids getting captured by the police and the criminals with the help from Roma, who maintains her cover to the gang members. Vijay and Roma then meet up with JJ and explain to him |
1970_7 | about the events, prompting him to ally with Vijay and Roma. However, the trio are horrified to learn that Malik himself is actually Vardhan, as he captured the real R.K. Malik and posed as the latter to cover his identity. They are even more horrified to learn that Vardhan was the one who murdered D'Silva during the raid-up, and that he already exposed Roma's identity to the gang members before having them kidnap Deepu and Muni so that they can force the trio to surrender themselves and the diary to Vardhan. |
1970_8 | Meeting up in the same graveyard where Don was buried, Vijay, Roma and JJ meet up with Vardhan and his gang members, who are holding Deepu and Muni hostage. During a long standoff between the trio and the gang members, Vardhan snatches the diary and burns it before calling in Inspector Verma and the police to the scene to have the trio and the gang members arrested so that he can get away scot-free. However, anticipating the possibility that Vardhan would try to escape, Vijay cleverly revealed that the diary that Vardhan burned was the blank one that he switched, just as he hands the real diary over to Inspector Verma, exposing Vardhan's identity and occupation to the police. As a result, Vardhan ends up being arrested and sent to prison along with his gang members for their crimes, and all charges against Vijay are dropped while JJ is reunited with Deepu and Muni. The film ends with Vijay, Roma, JJ, Deepu and Muni happily walking away from the police station, satisfied that they took |
1970_9 | down Vardhan and his gang members for good. |
1970_10 | Cast and crew |
1970_11 | Cast
Amitabh Bachchan as
Mark Donald a.k.a "Don": One of the most wanted criminals and a middleman working for Vardhaan. The police are always unsuccessful at nabbing him until his death.
Vijay Pal: A slum-dwelling yet a kind-hearted man who is the spitting image of Don before posing as the latter in order to help the police arrest Don's gang members. He is the main protagonist of the film.
Zeenat Aman as Roma Bhagat: A young woman whose brother Ramesh works for Don. Roma despises Don for his having murdered her brother and fiance. Serving as a spy for the police, she joins Don's business with the secret motive of killing him, unaware that Don died after his last encounter with the police.
Pran as Jasjit "J. J." Ahuja, a family man who wants revenge against D'Silva and the gang members for the death of his wife and the separation of his children. |
1970_12 | Iftekhar as DCP Rajpal D'Silva: He was the one who assigned Vijay to pose as Don following the latter's death in hopes of taking down the gang members. He eventually ends up being killed by Vardhaan.
Om Shivpuri as R. K. Malik (fake) / Vardhaan Makhija: the manipulative and notorious crimelord that all criminals (including Don and Narang) are answering to. He is also revealed to have impersonated himself as Interpol operative R. K. Malik to cover his identity. He is the main antagonist of the film.
Pinchoo Kapoor as R. K. Malik (real): An Interpol operative who was captured by Vardhaan, who stole his identity.
Satyen Kappu as Inspector Suresh Verma: A police inspector allied with Mr. D'Silva.
Jagdish Raj as a Police Officer
Keshav Rana as a Police Officer
Abhimanyu Sharma as Inspector Omkar Sharma
Prem Sagar as the Police Inspector inspecting the Ambulance
Paidi Jairaj as Dayal Kumar: Roma's judo & karate instructor |
1970_13 | Kamal Kapoor as Narang Singh: Don's right-hand man. It is later revealed that just like Don himself, Narang is a middleman working for Vardhaan the entire time. He is the secondary antagonist of the film.
Arpana Choudhary as Anita Rajan: Don's sole henchwoman working for Vardhaan
Helen as Kamini Arora: Ramesh's finance. She swore revenge on Don for killing Ramesh, but ends up being killed by Don as well. (special appearance)
M. B. Shetty as Shakaal: One of Don's goons working for Vardhaan
Mac Mohan as Mac: One of Don's goons working for Vardhaan
Baby Bilkish as Munni Ahuja: J. J.'s daughter
Alankar Joshi as Deepak "Deepu" Ahuja: J. J.'s son
Moolchand as Govinda
H. L. Pardesi as Banarsi Panwalla
Gyanesh DJ as a Police Officer
Sharad Kumar as Ramesh Bhagat: Roma's brother and Kamini's fiancé. He started out as one of Don's goons, but when he decides to leave, he ends up getting killed by Don.
Kedar Saigal as a Doctor
Rajan Haksar as Kishan |
1970_14 | Yusuf Khan as Vikram: One of Don's goons working for Vardhaan
Manik Irani as a Goon |
1970_15 | Crew
Director: Chandra Barot
Writer: Salim–Javed (Salim Khan, Javed Akhtar)
Producer: Nariman A. Irani
Production Company: Nariman Films
Cinematographer: Nariman A. Irani
Editor: Wamanrao
Art Director: Sudhendu Roy
Costume Designer: Ramola Bachchan, V. Scharwachter
Wardrobe: S. Irani, Manikrao Jagtap, Mani J. Rabadi, Mehboob Shaikh
Stunts: Haji Khan, A. Mansoor
Choreographer: P. L. Raj
Music Director: Kalyanji Anandji
Lyricist: Anjaan, Indeevar
Playback Singers: Asha Bhosle, Kishore Kumar, Lata Mangeshkar |
1970_16 | Production |
1970_17 | Producer and cinematographer Nariman Irani was in a financial mess when his film Zindagi Zindagi (1972), starring Sunil Dutt flopped. He was in debt for Rs 1.2 million and couldn't pay the money off on a cinematographer's salary. When he was doing the cinematography for Manoj Kumar's major hit Roti Kapada Aur Makaan (1974), the film's cast (Amitabh Bachchan, Zeenat Aman, Pran) and crew (assistant director Chandra Barot) decided to help him out. They all recommended that he produce another film and that they would participate in its production. They all approached scriptwriting duo Salim–Javed (Salim Khan and Javed Akhtar), who gave them an untitled script that had already been rejected by the entire industry. The cinematographer Nariman Irani, while working on Chhailla Babu, decided to borrow most of the plot of Chhailla Babu and shared a modified story idea with Chandra Barot, who made the new modified story as the film Don (1978). The script had a character named Don. Bachchan would |
1970_18 | play Don, and Barot would direct the film. Aman and Pran would play key roles in the film. |
1970_19 | The film took three-and-a-half years to complete. Before filming was completed, producer Irani died from an accident on the set of another film he was working on. Barot faced budget restraints but received aid. Barot showed the film to his mentor Manoj Kumar, who felt that the film was too tight and needed a song in the midst of the action-filled film, and so "Khaike Paan Banaraswala" was added into the film. Don was released without any promotion on 12 May 1978 and was declared a flop the first week. Within a week after an adding the song "Khaike Paan Banaraswala", the song by itself became a big hit, and by word of mouth spread, so by the second week, the film's fortunes were reversed, and the film was declared a blockbuster. The profits from the film were given to Irani's widow to settle her husband's debts.
The hit-song "Khaike Pan Banaraswala" sung by Kishore Kumar was choreographed by P.L. Raj. |
1970_20 | Don was produced on a budget of 70lakh ($860,000). Adjusted for inflation, its budget is equivalent to $ million (22crore) in 2016.
Soundtrack
The soundtrack of the film has been composed by the duo Kalyanji Anandji, while the lyrics were written by Anjaan and Indeevar.
According to film music expert Rajesh Subramanian, the song "Khaike Pan Banaraswala" was composed by Babla, the younger brother of a famous music director Kalyanji Anandji.
Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle received accolades at filmfare for the tracks "Khaike Pan Banaraswala" and "Yeh Mera Dil" respectively, both of which have also been remixed in the remake.
Box office
At the Indian box office, the film grossed 7crore ($8.6million). Adjusted for inflation, its box office gross is equivalent to $ million (218crore) in 2016.
Awards
Legacy and influence
Don series |
1970_21 | The film was remade in 2006 as Don starring Shah Rukh Khan in the lead role of Don, Priyanka Chopra as Roma, Arjun Rampal as Jasjit, Boman Irani as D'Silva, and Om Puri as Malik. It was directed by Farhan Akhtar. With some changes in the script, the film proved to be one of the highest-grossing films of the year. A sequel to that film, Don 2, was released on 23 December 2011.
Remakes in other languages
Telugu
Don was first remade in 1979 in Telugu as Yugandhar, starring NTR, Jayasudha and Jayamalini.
In 2009, a second Telugu remake titled Billa was released, starring Prabhas, Anushka Shetty, Namitha and Krishnam Raju, and Jayasudha in a different role than the one she played in Yugandhar. This film used the same title as the Tamil remakes. |
1970_22 | Tamil
It was also remade in 1980 in Tamil as Billa, starring Rajinikanth. Helen, who played Kamini in the original Hindi film Don (1978), repeated her role in this remake. Billa was a breakthrough film for Rajinikanth, establishing him as the top star of South Indian cinema.
The 2006 Hindi remake starring Shah Rukh Khan, titled Don, inspired the Tamil directors who made the Ajith Kumar starrer Billa — a remake of the same-titled Rajinikanth film.
Billa II (2012) is a Tamil film starring Ajith and a prequel to Billa (2007).
Malayalam
In 1986, the movie was remade in Malayalam as Shobaraj, starring Mohanlal and Madhavi.
Lollywood
In 1991, the movie was remade into a Punjabi language Pakistani movie titled Cobra, starring Sultan Rahi and Nadira. |
1970_23 | Music
A sample from the song "Yeh Mera Dil" was used by The Black Eyed Peas for their hit song "Don't Phunk with My Heart" in 2005. The song won the Black Eyed Peas their first Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group, while the composers for "Yeh Mera Dil", Kalyanji Anandji, were awarded the BMI Award for being the originators of the melodies used in "Don't Phunk with My Heart."
The third season American Dad! episode "Tearjerker" (2008) uses the 1978 Don theme music in its intro sequence.
References
External links |
1970_24 | 1978 films
Indian films
1970s Hindi-language films
Films set in Mumbai
Films about organised crime in India
1970s crime action films
1970s action thriller films
1970s crime thriller films
Films scored by Kalyanji Anandji
Hindi films remade in other languages
Indian action thriller films
Indian crime action films
Indian crime thriller films
Films with screenplays by Salim–Javed
1970s Urdu-language films
Urdu films remade in other languages
Films featuring an item number
Girls with guns films
Films shot in Mumbai
1970s masala films
Films about lookalikes |
1971_0 | Buster Welch (May 23, 1928), born near Sterling City, Texas, is a cutting horse trainer and inductee into the NCHA Members Hall of Fame, American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame, National Cutting Horse Association Riders Hall of Fame and Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame. Buster was chosen as the recipient of the 2012 National Golden Spur Award for his "outstanding contributions to the ranching and livestock industry".
Buster won the NCHA World Championship four times, and the NCHA World Championship Futurity five times. The most notable horses he trained include Marion's Girl, Chickasha Mike, Money's Glo who he trained and in 1962 won the first NCHA World Championship Futurity, in 1963 he won it on Chickasha Glo, in 1966 on Rey Jay's Pete, in 1971 on Dry Doc, and in 1977 on Peppy San Badger. He won the NCHA World Championship on Marion's Girl in 1954 and 1956. He trained Mr San Peppy and won the NCHA World Championship in 1974 and 1976. |
1971_1 | Early life
Buster Welch was born on May 23, 1928, near Sterling City Texas. Buster's ancestral heritage dates back to Tennessean roots and family settlements in Texas before the Civil War. He was born and raised to early childhood near the divide of the Colorado and Concho Rivers, north of Sterling City, Texas. His mother died shortly after his birth, leaving his grandparents to raise him for a time on their stock farm. His father remarried, and moved the family to Midland, Texas, where he worked for Atlantic Richfield. While still in grade school, Buster had run away from home several times, and would skip school to spend time at the stockyards where he learned to ride broncs. At age 13, he left home permanently and landed a job breaking horses, working large herds of cattle, and tending to various other ranch chores for cattlemen, Foy and Leonard Proctor, in Midland, Texas. It was there that Buster learned the basics of riding and working cattle that followed him into adulthood. |
1971_2 | After leaving Proctor's, Buster worked for many prominent ranches such as the 6666 Ranch, Pitchfork Ranch, King Ranch, Long X, and a few other ranches where he developed his skills working with rough stock and cattle. His goal was to one day have a ranch of his own.
Personal life
In the early 1980s, Buster and his wife Sheila, lived and worked in Kingsville, Texas, on the King Ranch. Sheila rode cutting horses and competed in cutting horse competition. She won several championship titles, and earned over $1 million in NCHA earnings. In the late 2000s, they sold their 25,000 acre Double Mountain River Ranch, and moved to the adjacent 18,000 acre Chriswell Ranch. They eventually moved to Rotan, Texas, and raised cattle under the "B Lazy W" brand to supply the retail demand for naturally fed beef. Buster continued to train cutting horses and managed to expand the ranch to include both leased and owned land comprising over 60,000 acres.
Sheila died on December 7, 2014, at age 76. |
1971_3 | Career
When he was 18 years old, Welch took advantage of the new National Cutting Horse Association, and by the early 1950s had begun to establish himself as a horseman able to train a horse to "some degree of finish". Also, cutting horses had begun to really make their mark as contest livestock. Welch had always planned to establish himself in cattle ranching and was running 800 head on leased land when a drought "focused his options". |
1971_4 | One of the locations where Welch worked for a ranch was for Homer Ingham in Las Vegas, New Mexico. Welch claims that Ingham, "gave me my first real opportunity in training horses". Welch broke and trained horses for him and also for Warren Shoemaker, his neighbor. On Shoemaker's urging, Welch decided to purchase a six-year-old unbroken stallion named Chickasha Mike for $125 from Ingham. Chickasha Mike was by American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame sire Billy Clegg. Welch broke Mike, used him in his ranch work, and for cutting. Since the horse seemed to have an aptitude for cutting, Welch took him to some local contests. In 1952, Mike won his first five events. Awhile later Welch sold Mike to Bill Hale of Odessa, Texas, for $8,500, and Hale sold him to Leonard Proctor, Welch's previous employer. |
1971_5 | Welch's first competition on a cutting horse was on Chickaska Mike. By showing Chickasha Mike as a cutting horse, Welch established the horse, an American Quarter Horse, as a notable sire of cutting horse champions. Due to Welch's training, Chickasha Mike became the 1956 NCHA Reserve World Champion. Proctor owned the horse when he won the 1956 NCHA Reserve World Championship. |
1971_6 | An oilman named Marion Flynt of Midland, Texas, saw Welch's first competition on Chickasha Mike. Flynt was impressed enough to send Welch his best mare, Marion's Girl, by Silver Wimpy and out of Scharbauer mare, to train. The mare was foaled in 1948. Flynt had purchased the mare from her breeder, prominent rancher Clarence Scharbauer Jr., when she was 2 years old for $2,000. She won back $1,677 of her purchase price in one of her first competitions. Welch took the mare from coast to coast to campaign her when she was 6 and 8 years old. Under Welch's tutelage and expert riding, Marion's Girl won the NCHA World Championship in 1954. They gave her a year off to rest in 1955. Then, in 1956 she and Welch won the title again. The mare won a career total of $35,000, which would be significant earnings when adjusted for higher purses awarded now. Welch called her the smartest and best cutting horse he ever rode. The mare died when she was 9 years old and never produced any foals. |
1971_7 | In 1960, Welch trained a horse named Jessie Jack owned by C.E. Boyd, Jr. of Houston, Texas; he rode the horse to win the NCHA World Champion Stallion title.
In 1962, Welch and other competitors started the NCHA Futurity. The NCHA Futurity is an event for 3-year-old horses who have not been shown before. In 1962, the NCHA Futurity held its first event at the Nolan County Coliseum in Sweetwater, Texas. Welch rode Money Glo, owned by C.E. Boyd, III, in the event. The duo marked 224 to win, earned $3,838.12, and the status of having won the first event. Money Glo's sire, King Glo, owned by C.E. Boyd, Jr. brought his owner a $1,000 Breeders Award.
From 1962 to 1963, Welch served on the NCHA's Executive Committee; he also served as an NCHA director. |
1971_8 | In 1963, Welch marked 218 on Chickasha Glo in the NCHA Futurity for a second straight win. They won $4,277, which was a new record for a cutting horse. Chickasha Glo was also sired by King Glo, and Boyd earned a second consecutive $1,000 Breeders Award. In 1964, he placed fifth riding Glo Doc. |
1971_9 | By November 1965, Money Glo had a new owner, Repps Guitar. Repps Guitar had Welch take Money Glo to the NCHA Finals in Las Vegas, Nevada. There were at least 77 horses competing for the championship. Welch won the first round, tied for third place in the second round, and tied for fourth place in the average. Welch returned home after the championship ended and decided to open his own cutting horse school, which attracted students from across the US and as far away as Australia. At the time, Welch was living in the Ranch, right outside of Roscoe, Texas. He was also leasing two ranches, the former C.E. Boyd, Jr. Ranch and the L.S. Howard Ranch. He was operating and managing three ranches, managing and showing horses, and running a cutting school. |
1971_10 | In 1966, Welch marked 218 points on Rey Jay's Pete in the fifth NCHA Futurity in his third win of the event. The event now showcased 336 horses compared to the 47 that had been nominated in the inaugural event. The purse was now nearly four times its original amount. The horse, Rey Jay's Pete was sired by Rey Jay. He was unregistered and owned by Kenneth Peters of Fort Wayne, Indiana. "Rey Jay's Pete was an outstanding horse, really a true cow horse," Welch said. They won the race by two points Waddy Wolf and Leroy Ashcraft. Welch broke the winnings record again with $9,353.
In 1971, Welch rode Dry Doc for a record fourth win in the NCHA Futurity. Dry Doc was a full brother to the previous champion, Doc O'Lena, and was by Doc Bar out of Poco Lena. He was bred by Dr. & Mrs. Stephen Jensen. "Dry Doc was a little athlete and could really run, stop, get back and hold a cow", Welch said. The NCHF was now ten years old. The purse had grown from $18,375 to $112,000. |
1971_11 | In 1974, Welch rode the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame horse cutting horse Mr San Peppy for the King Ranch to an NCHA World Championship. In 1976 Welch again rode him to another NCHA World Championship. In 1976, Welch rode Mr San Peppy in senior cutting to win an AQHA World Championship.
In 1977, Welch rode Peppy San Badger for a record fifth win in the NCHA Futurity. Peppy San Badger was bred by Joe Kirk and owned by the King Ranch. Nicknamed "Little Peppy" the horsed marked 220.5 under a new scoring system. "Little Peppy could be a real classy, pretty horse with lots and lots of style, and then he could immediately turn into a fierce working horse and hold bad, bad cows", said Welch. The pair also won the 1978 NCHA Derby, the 1980 reserve World Championship and the 1981 NCHA World Finals. Peppy San Badger in the American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame, his offspring earned more than $21 million, and he's ranked in the top 5 sires. |
1971_12 | Dry Doc, Little Peppy, Peppy San Badger, and Mr San Peppy were all King Ranch horses that Welch trained and showed. Little Peppy and Mr San Peppy were bred on the King Ranch. In 1983, the King Ranch purchased Dry Doc. Welch had won the Futurity on Dry Doc and had also beat his son, Greg, who was riding Mr San Peppy.
In 1999, Welch suffered a stroke.
In 2010, Welch focused his attention on the rural population decline in the Ashland, Kansas, Public School District. The shrinking economy in rural towns always seems to force some residents to move away, which causes the number of students to decrease. Wanting to help the students, he and other cutting professionals put on a clinic and raised $13,000 for the District.
In 2011, in Fort Worth, Texas, Welch won the NCHA Futurity Champions Cup, a contest of returning NCHA Futurity winners. He rode Bet Hesa Cat, owned by Austin Shepherd. |
1971_13 | Career summary
Buster Welch has earned four NCHA World Championship titles (1954, 1956, 1974, 1976), and holds the record for the most NCHA World Championship Futurity titles with five wins (1962, 1963, 1966, 1971, 1977). He received a National Spur Award on September 7, 2012 in Lubbock, TX for his contributions to ranching and livestock industries.
Honors
2012 National Golden Spur Award
2006 Western Horseman Award
2004 American Quarter Horse Hall of Fame
AQHA's 30 Year Breeder Award
American Cowboy Culture Working Cowboy Award
Charles Goodnight Award
Foy Proctor Memorial Cowman's Award of Honor
Zane Schulte Trainer of the Year
Stephenville, Texas, Walk of Fame
National Cutting Horse Association Hall of Fame
National Cutting Horse Association Riders Hall of Fame
Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame
In Popular Media
Appeared and portrayed himself in the popular series Yellowstone, within the episode "Under A Blanket Of Red".
References |
1971_14 | External links
National Horse Cutting Association
American Quarter Horse Association
Videos:
Buster Welch - 2012 Golden Spur Award Winner
Buster Welch Interview with Mark Gardiner of Gardiner Angus Ranch
Buster Welch Interview Clip from National Ranching Heritage Center
Then And Now Promo from NHCA Cutting
American horse trainers
AQHA Hall of Fame (members)
NCHA Hall of Fame (members)
NCHA Hall of Fame (riders)
Western horse trainers
1928 births
American Quarter Horse owners and breeders
Ranchers from Texas
Living people
American cattlemen
People from Sterling County, Texas
People from Rotan, Texas |
Subsets and Splits