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Lisa Ramos may refer to:
a character in Man on Fire (2004 film)
a contestant in America's Next Top Model (season 13) | wiki |
General McNeil or McNeill may refer to:
Clarence H. McNeil (1873–1947), U.S. Army major general
John McNeil (1813 – June 8, 1891), Union Army brigadier general and brevet major general
John McNeil Jr. (1784–1850), U.S. Army brevet brigadier general
Joseph McNeil (born 1942), U.S. Air Force major general
Dan K. McNeill (born 1946), U.S. Army four-star general
John McNeill (British Army officer) (1831–1904), British Army major general
Hugo MacNeill (Irish Army officer) (1900–1963), Irish National Army major general | wiki |
In music for bowed string instruments, , or more precisely ; ), is an instruction to strike the string with the stick of the bow across the strings.
History
The earliest known use of in Western music is to be found in a piece entitled "Harke, harke," from the First Part of Ayres (1605) by Tobias Hume, where he instructs the gambist to "drum this with the backe of your bow".
Sound
The percussive sound of battuto has a clear pitch element determined by the distance of the bow from the bridge at the point of contact. As a group of players will never strike the string in exactly the same place, the sound of a section of violins playing is dramatically different from the sound of a single violin doing so.
The wood of the bow can also be drawn across the string — a technique called ("with the wood drawn"). This is much less common, and the plain marking is invariably interpreted to mean battuto rather than tratto. The sound produced by is very quiet, with an overlay of white noise, but the pitch of the stopped note can be clearly heard. If the sound is too quiet, the bow can be slightly rolled so that a few bow hairs touch the string as well, leading to a slightly less "airy" sound.
Equipment
Some string players object to playing as it can damage the bow; many players have a cheaper bow which they use for such passages, or for pieces which require extended passages. Some players tap the strings with pencils instead of bows, producing a further percussive, lighter sound.
References
Extended techniques
String performance techniques
Italian words and phrases
da:Col legno | wiki |
Bulbophyllum quadrisubulatum é uma espécie de orquídea (família Orchidaceae) pertencente ao gênero Bulbophyllum. Foi descrita por Johannes Jacobus Smith em 1929.
Ligações externas
The Bulbophyllum-Checklist
The internet Orchid species Photo Encyclopedia
Plantas descritas em 1929
Bulbophyllum | wiki |
Windward is the direction upwind from the point of reference, alternatively the direction from which the wind is coming.
Windward may also refer to:
Places
Windward High School, a school in Bellingham, Washington, United States
Windward Islands, in the West Indies
Windward Islands (Society Islands), the eastern group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia
Windward Mall, an enclosed shopping center located in Kāneʻohe, Hawaiʻi
Windward Passage, a strait in the Caribbean Sea
Windward River, a river in Fiordland, New Zealand
Windward School, a school in Los Angeles, California, United States
Windward Viaducts, highway viaducts on the island of O‘ahu
Organizations
Windward Express, airline company
Windward Performance, aircraft design house and manufacturer
Windward Studios, software development company
Other
MS Windward, a cruise ship | wiki |
Justin Braun may refer to:
Justin Braun (ice hockey) (born 1987), American professional ice hockey player
Justin Braun (soccer) (born 1987), American professional soccer player
Justin Braun, a founding member of The Negatones | wiki |
Fantasy is a genre of speculative fiction involving magical elements, typically set in a fictional universe and sometimes inspired by mythology and folklore. Its roots are in oral traditions, which then became fantasy literature and drama. From the twentieth century, it has expanded further into various media, including film, television, graphic novels, manga, animations and video games.
Fantasy is distinguished from the genres of science fiction and horror by the respective absence of scientific or macabre themes, although these genres overlap. In popular culture, the fantasy genre predominantly features settings that emulate Earth, but with a sense of otherness. In its broadest sense, however, fantasy consists of works by many writers, artists, filmmakers, and musicians from ancient myths and legends to many recent and popular works.
Traits
Most fantasy uses magic or other supernatural elements as a main plot element, theme, or setting. Magic, magic practitioners (sorcerers, witches and so on) and magical creatures are common in many of these worlds.
An identifying trait of fantasy is the author's use of narrative elements that do not have to rely on history or nature to be coherent. This differs from realistic fiction in that realistic fiction has to attend to the history and natural laws of reality, where fantasy does not. In writing fantasy the author uses worldbuilding to create characters, situations, and settings that may not be possible in reality.
Many fantasy authors use real-world folklore and mythology as inspiration; and although another defining characteristic of the fantasy genre is the inclusion of supernatural elements, such as magic, this does not have to be the case.
Fantasy has often been compared to science fiction and horror because they are the major categories of speculative fiction. Fantasy is distinguished from science fiction by the plausibility of the narrative elements. A science fiction narrative is unlikely, though seemingly possible through logical scientific or technological extrapolation, where fantasy narratives do not need to be scientifically possible. Authors have to rely on the readers' suspension of disbelief, an acceptance of the unbelievable or impossible for the sake of enjoyment, in order to write effective fantasies. Despite both genres' heavy reliance on the supernatural, fantasy and horror are distinguishable from one another. Horror primarily evokes fear through the protagonists' weaknesses or inability to deal with the antagonists.
History
Early history
Elements of the supernatural and the fantastic were a part of literature from its beginning. Fantasy elements occur throughout ancient religious texts such as the Epic of Gilgamesh. The ancient Babylonian creation epic, the Enûma Eliš, in which the god Marduk slays the goddess Tiamat, contains the theme of a cosmic battle between good and evil, which is characteristic of the modern fantasy genre. Genres of romantic and fantasy literature existed in ancient Egypt. The Tales of the Court of King Khufu, which is preserved in the Westcar Papyrus and was probably written in the middle of the second half of the eighteenth century BC, preserves a mixture of stories with elements of historical fiction, fantasy, and satire. Egyptian funerary texts preserve mythological tales, the most significant of which are the myths of Osiris and his son Horus.
Myth with fantastic elements intended for adults were a major genre of ancient Greek literature. The comedies of Aristophanes are filled with fantastic elements, particularly his play The Birds, in which an Athenian man builds a city in the clouds with the birds and challenges Zeus's authority. Ovid's Metamorphoses and Apuleius's The Golden Ass are both works that influenced the development of the fantasy genre by taking mythic elements and weaving them into personal accounts. Both works involve complex narratives in which humans beings are transformed into animals or inanimate objects. Platonic teachings and early Christian theology are major influences on the modern fantasy genre. Plato used allegories to convey many of his teachings, and early Christian writers interpreted both the Old and New Testaments as employing parables to relay spiritual truths. This ability to find meaning in a story that is not literally true became the foundation that allowed the modern fantasy genre to develop.
The most well known fiction from the Islamic world is One Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights), which is a compilation of many ancient and medieval folk tales. Various characters from this epic have become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba. Hindu mythology was an evolution of the earlier Vedic mythology and had many more fantastical stories and characters, particularly in the Indian epics. The Panchatantra (Fables of Bidpai), for example, used various animal fables and magical tales to illustrate the central Indian principles of political science. Chinese traditions have been particularly influential in the vein of fantasy known as Chinoiserie, including such writers as Ernest Bramah and Barry Hughart.
Beowulf is among the best known of the Old English tales in the English speaking world, and has had deep influence on the fantasy genre; several fantasy works have retold the tale, such as John Gardner's Grendel. Norse mythology, as found in the Elder Edda and the Younger Edda, includes such figures as Odin and his fellow Aesir, and dwarves, elves, dragons, and giants. These elements have been directly imported into various fantasy works. The separate folklore of Ireland, Wales, and Scotland has sometimes been used indiscriminately for "Celtic" fantasy, sometimes with great effect; other writers have specified the use of a single source. The Welsh tradition has been particularly influential, due to its connection to King Arthur and its collection in a single work, the epic Mabinogion.
There are many works where the boundary between fantasy and other works is not clear; the question of whether the writers believed in the possibilities of the marvels in A Midsummer Night's Dream or Sir Gawain and the Green Knight makes it difficult to distinguish when fantasy, in its modern sense, first began.
Modern fantasy
Although pre-dated by John Ruskin's The King of the Golden River (1841), the history of modern fantasy literature is usually said to begin with George MacDonald, the Scottish author of such novels as The Princess and the Goblin and Phantastes (1858), the latter of which is widely considered to be the first fantasy novel ever written for adults. MacDonald was a major influence on both J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The other major fantasy author of this era was William Morris, an English poet who wrote several novels in the latter part of the century, including The Well at the World's End.
Despite MacDonald's future influence with At the Back of the North Wind (1871), Morris's popularity with his contemporaries, and H. G. Wells's The Wonderful Visit (1895), it was not until the 20th century that fantasy fiction began to reach a large audience. Lord Dunsany established the genre's popularity in both the novel and the short story form. H. Rider Haggard, Rudyard Kipling, and Edgar Rice Burroughs began to write fantasy at this time. These authors, along with Abraham Merritt, established what was known as the "lost world" subgenre, which was the most popular form of fantasy in the early decades of the 20th century, although several classic children's fantasies, such as Peter Pan and The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, were also published around this time.
Juvenile fantasy was considered more acceptable than fantasy intended for adults, with the effect that writers who wished to write fantasy had to fit their work into forms aimed at children. Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote fantasy in A Wonder-Book for Girls and Boys, intended for children, although works for adults only verged on fantasy. For many years, this and successes such as Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865), created the circular effect that all fantasy works, even the later The Lord of the Rings, were therefore classified as children's literature.
Political and social trends can affect a society's reception towards fantasy. In the early 20th century, the New Culture Movement's enthusiasm for Westernization and science in China compelled them to condemn the fantastical shenmo genre of traditional Chinese literature. The spells and magical creatures of these novels were viewed as superstitious and backward, products of a feudal society hindering the modernization of China. Stories of the supernatural continued to be denounced once the Communists rose to power, and mainland China experienced a revival in fantasy only after the Cultural Revolution had ended.
Fantasy became a genre of pulp magazines published in the West. In 1923, the first all-fantasy fiction magazine, Weird Tales, was published. Many other similar magazines eventually followed, including The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction; when it was founded in 1949, the pulp magazine format was at the height of its popularity, and the magazine was instrumental in bringing fantasy fiction to a wide audience in both the U.S. and Britain. Such magazines were also instrumental in the rise of science fiction, and it was at this time the two genres began to be associated with each other.
By 1950, "sword and sorcery" fiction had begun to find a wide audience, with the success of Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian and Fritz Leiber's Fafhrd and the Gray Mouser stories. However, it was the advent of high fantasy, and most of all J. R. R. Tolkien's The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings, which reached new heights of popularity in the late 1960s, that allowed fantasy to truly enter the mainstream. Several other series, such as C. S. Lewis's Chronicles of Narnia and Ursula K. Le Guin's Earthsea books, helped cement the genre's popularity.
The popularity of the fantasy genre has continued to increase in the 21st century, as evidenced by the best-selling status of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, Robert Jordan's The Wheel of Time series, George R. R. Martin's Song of Ice and Fire series, Steven Erikson's Malazan Book of the Fallen sweeping epic, Brandon Sanderson's The Stormlight Archive series and Mistborn series, and A. Sapkowski's The Witcher saga.
Media
Several fantasy film adaptations have achieved blockbuster status, most notably The Lord of the Rings film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, and the Harry Potter films, two of the highest-grossing film series in cinematic history. Meanwhile, David Benioff and D. B. Weiss would go on to produce the television drama series Game of Thrones for HBO, based on the book series by George R. R. Martin, which has gone on to achieve unprecedented success for the fantasy genre on television.
Fantasy role-playing games cross several different media. Dungeons & Dragons was the first tabletop role-playing game and remains the most successful and influential. According to a 1999 survey in the United States, 6% of 12- to 35-year-olds have played role-playing games. Of those who play regularly, two thirds play D&D. Products branded Dungeons & Dragons made up over fifty percent of the RPG products sold in 2005.
The science fantasy role-playing game series Final Fantasy has been an icon of the role-playing video game genre ( it was still among the top ten best-selling video game franchises). The first collectible card game, Magic: The Gathering, has a fantasy theme and is similarly dominant in the industry.
Classification
By theme (subgenres)
Fantasy encompasses numerous subgenres characterized by particular themes or settings, or by an overlap with other literary genres or forms of speculative fiction. They include the following:
Bangsian fantasy, interactions with famous historical figures in the afterlife, named for John Kendrick Bangs
Comic fantasy, humorous in tone
Contemporary fantasy, set in the modern world or a world based on a contemporary era but involving magic or other supernatural elements
Dark fantasy, including elements of horror fiction
Extruded fantasy product, derogatory term for derivative works
Fables, stories with non-human characters, leading to "morals" or lessons
Fairy tales themselves, as well as fairytale fantasy, which draws on fairy tale themes
Fantastic poetry, poetry with a fantastic theme
Fantastique, French literary genre involving supernatural elements
Fantasy of manners, or mannerpunk, focusing on matters of social standing in the way of a comedy of manners
Gaslamp fantasy, using a Victorian or Edwardian setting, influenced by gothic fiction
Gods and demons fiction (shenmo), involving the gods and monsters of Chinese mythology
"Grimdark" fiction, a somewhat tongue-in-cheek label for fiction with an especially violent tone or dystopian themes
Hard fantasy, whose supernatural aspects are intended to be internally consistent and explainable, named in analogy to hard science fiction
Heroic fantasy, concerned with the tales of heroes in imaginary lands
High fantasy or epic fantasy, characterized by a plot and themes of epic scale
Historical fantasy, historical fiction with fantasy elements
Isekai, people transported from the real world to a different one, mainly in Japanese fiction (anime, light novels and manga)
Juvenile fantasy, children's literature with fantasy elements
LitRPG, set in a table-top or computer role-playing game, and depicting the progression and mechanics of the game
Low fantasy, characterized by few or non-intrusive supernatural elements, often in contrast to high fantasy
Magic realism, a genre of literary fiction incorporating minor supernatural elements
Magical girl fantasy, involving young girls with magical powers, mainly in Japanese fiction
Paranormal romance, romantic fiction with supernatural or fantastic creatures
Romantic fantasy, focusing on romantic relationships
Science fantasy, fantasy incorporating elements from science fiction such as advanced technology, aliens and space travel but also fantastic things
Steampunk, a genre which is sometimes a kind of fantasy, with elements from the 19th century steam technology (historical fantasy and science fantasy both overlap with it)
Sword and sorcery, adventures of sword-wielding heroes, generally more limited in scope than epic fantasy
Urban fantasy, set in a city
Weird fiction, macabre and unsettling stories from before the terms "fantasy" and "horror" were widely used; see also the more modern forms of slipstream fiction and the New Weird
Xianxia (genre), Chinese martial-arts fiction often incorporating fantasy elements, such as gods, fairies, demons, magical realms and reincarnation
By the function of the fantastic in the narrative
In her 2008 book Rhetorics of Fantasy, Farah Mendlesohn proposes the following taxonomy of fantasy, as "determined by the means by which the fantastic enters the narrated world", while noting that there are fantasies that fit none of the patterns:
Subculture
Professionals such as publishers, editors, authors, artists, and scholars within the fantasy genre get together yearly at the World Fantasy Convention. The World Fantasy Awards are presented at the convention. The first WFC was held in 1975 and it has occurred every year since. The convention is held at a different city each year.
Additionally, many science fiction conventions, such as Florida's FX Show and MegaCon, cater to fantasy and horror fans. Anime conventions, such as Ohayocon or Anime Expo frequently feature showings of fantasy, science fantasy, and dark fantasy series and films, such as Majutsushi Orphen (fantasy), Sailor Moon (urban fantasy), Berserk (dark fantasy), and Spirited Away (fantasy). Many science fiction/fantasy and anime conventions also strongly feature or cater to one or more of the several subcultures within the main subcultures, including the cosplay subculture (in which people make or wear costumes based on existing or self-created characters, sometimes also acting out skits or plays as well), the fan fiction subculture, and the fan video or AMV subculture, as well as the large internet subculture devoted to reading and writing prose fiction or doujinshi in or related to those genres.
According to 2013 statistics by the fantasy publisher Tor Books, men outnumber women by 67% to 33% among writers of historical, epic or high fantasy. But among writers of urban fantasy or paranormal romance, 57% are women and 43% are men.
Analysis
Fantasy is studied in a number of disciplines including English and other language studies, cultural studies, comparative literature, history and medieval studies. For example, Tzvetan Todorov argues that the fantastic is a liminal space. Other work makes political, historical and literary connections between medievalism and popular culture.
Related genres
Horror
Science fantasy
Science fiction
Superhero fiction
Supernatural fiction
Utopian and dystopian fiction
See also
Fantasy literature
Outline of fantasy
List of fantasy authors
List of fantasy novels
List of fantasy worlds
List of genres
List of high fantasy fiction
List of literary genres
Fantastique
Theosophical fiction
Worldbuilding
References
External links
The Fantasy Genre Children's Literature Classics
Speculative fiction | wiki |
Wireless triangulation is a method of determining the location of wireless nodes using IEEE 802.11 standards.
It is normally implemented by measuring the RSSI signals strength.
See also
Location awareness
Real-time locating standards
Wireless local area network
Wireless personal area network
References
Radio-frequency identification
Radio navigation
Tracking
Wireless locating | wiki |
Data.gov est le portail open data du gouvernement fédéral américain. Le site a été lancé en par le directeur fédéral des systèmes d'information .
Annexes
Articles connexes
Données ouvertes aux États-Unis
Liens externes
Données ouvertes
Site web américain
Statistique publique | wiki |
In human services, options counseling or long-term support options counseling is a person-centered service for older individuals, persons with disabilities, or their caregivers. It is defined as "an interactive decision-support process whereby consumers, family members and/or significant others are supported in their deliberations to determine appropriate long-term care choices in the context of the consumer’s needs, preferences, values, and individual circumstances."
References
Health care
Social work | wiki |
Oculometer is a device that tracks eye movement. The oculometer computes eye movement by tracking corneal reflection relative to the center of the pupil. An oculometer, which can provide continuous measurements in real time, can be a research tool to understand gaze as well as cognitive function. Further, it can be applied for hands-free control. It has applications in flight training, cognitive assessment, disease diagnosis, and treatment. The oculometer relies on the principle that when a collimated light beam is incident on the eye, the direction in which the eye moves is proportional to the position of the reflection of that light beam from the cornea with respect to the center of the pupil. Eye movements can be accurately measured over a linear range of more than 20 with a resolution of 0.1.
History
Eye movement and tracking have been studied for centuries, with the very first eye tracking being simple observation of the eyes, by either oneself or another. The first improvement on this occurred in 1738, when an observer would feel the outside of closed eyelids to track eye movement. Next in 1879, an innovation to listen to muscle movements using a kymograph was implemented. Though rudimentary, these early techniques show repeated need throughout history to track eye movements.
The first true eye tracking device was invented by Huey in 1898. To work, this device was required to contact the cornea, which limited its comfort, usability, and generalizability.
It was not until the 20th century that a robust, non-contact, modern eye-tracker came to fruition. This device, called the photocornograph, worked by photographing eye movement based on reflection from the cornea. This device only recorded horizontal movements, until the work of Judd and colleagues in 1905 added both temporal and vertical recording.
Due to the many applications of an eye tracking device to aviators and pilots, NASA and the United States Air Force carried out extensive studies on this technology, propelling the field forward. Much of this took place during the 1970s and 1980s. However even with this extensive research, oculometers remained bulky and technically difficult.
Research-grade oculometers finally received a user-friendly redesign, with commercial devices available as of recently. These low-profile devices can be worn non-intrusively on a pair of eyeglasses.
Advantages
Since the principles governing the workings of the oculometer rely on a relatively simple concept (electro-optical sensing of the eye), it ensures that the oculometer will be functional whenever the user is seeing. Additionally, the position of the reflection of the collimated beam from the cornea can be approximated to be on the plane of the pupil. This implies minimal parallax error between the corneal reflection and the center of the pupil, thus making the oculometer insensitive to changes in the head position during measurements. These properties of the oculometer ensures minimal interference with the routine activities of the user during measurements. It also negates the need for extensive equipment like bite plates or rigid skull clamping for measurements.
Optical components
Light source: Source of illumination such as cathode ray tube or glow modulator tube
Filter: light is filtered such that light incident on the eye is near infrared
Polarizer: light from the source is polarized to capture only true corneal reflections
Eyepiece: the user looks through an objective lens in an eyepiece, through which the illumination beam travels to irradiate the eye
Lenses: two collimating lenses
Beam splitters: one beam splitter directs visible light to the eye, the other directs light to the detector
Detector: a silicon diode camera records measurements
General principles
Eye movement can be quantified by reflection off the cornea. However, in this case a movement of the head would also cause a movement to be recorded. This can be overcome by either rigidly fixing the head to prevent any movements, however this is intrusive and uncomfortable for the user and not broadly applicable for human research studies. Or, the entire apparatus could be mounted on the head, which likewise is bulky and uncomfortable. A better solution is to measure two parameters, such as corneal reflection and pupil movement (based on pupil center).
Optical design
The optical design of the oculometer allows normal vision, directs light from a fixed internal source onto the eye of the user, and forms the image of the pupil on a detector. The basic lens design includes a fixed eye piece and an adjustable objective lens followed by 2 beam splitters. The device also consists of a polarization system to polarize the light from the source (typically a glow modulator tube) in the H direction. In order to attenuate the light from the source through reflections in the eyepiece, a linear polarizer in the V direction is placed in the optical path. A quarter wave plate is placed between the eye and the eye piece and rotates the plane of polarization by 90 degrees thus ensuring that the V-polarizer does not attenuate the true corneal reflections.
The light source and detector are aligned coaxially. When the eye moves, the reflection off the cornea is displaced from the pupil center. This displacement is measured by
D is displacement, is the distance from the center of the cornea, is the angle of inclination of the eye’s optical axis to the oculometer.
Near infrared light (NIR) (approximately 750nm to 2,500nm wavelengths) is used for a few reasons. First, NIR light is less detectable to the human eye than other wavelengths of visible light, so the NIR light beam is less intrusive or noticeable to the user. Second, with this configuration the pupil is backlit, resulting in a bright disc, effectively differentiating the pupil from the rest of the eye and face.
Typically, the oculometer consists of an eyepiece through which the user sees. An alternate design exists where the oculometer is head-mounted. This arrangement does not include the traditional eye-piece and user sees through a transparent, curved visor placed in front of his eyes.
Electronic design
The traditional oculometer operates in two modes: acquisition and tracking modes. When the user first sees through the eye piece, a rough raster scan captures the black pupil and bright reflections from the cornea. Then, the device automatically switches to tracking mode where time-division-multiplex-scans acquires continuous measurements of eye direction. Eye direction from the time-division-multiplex scans are computed by the superposition of the scan positions of corneal reflection and pupil positions. In case of device malfunction or loss in continuity due to the user blinking their eyes, the device switches back to the acquisition mode until tracking is restored. In recent designs, the acquisition mode has been automated to ensure that the pupil/iris boundary was instantly captures once the user sees through the eye piece. The automation also led to automatic switch to tracking mode after initial acquisition was obtained or after the user blinks.
Applications
Piloting aircraft
There are numerous uses for the oculometer in the field of aviation. One is understanding whether cognitive abilities are sufficient for flight clearance. Further, flight programs can use the oculometer to inform cockpit design in terms of instrumentation panels, by studying the gaze of pilots as they fly. Finally, aviator training has benefitted from the oculometer as well. Understanding how a particular pilot scans through his field of view while flying allows for personalized feedback from flight coaches. It can provide instructors with more information by which to evaluate and further instruct learning pilots. For this reason, NASA and the US Armed Forces have utilized oculometers in their training programs, creating the Oculometer Training Tape Technique in the late 1900s.
NASA
A NASA research project regarding the oculometer was to realize the ability for a person to control a machine using their eyes, which firstly necessitates eye movement measurements. NASA engineered a telescopic oculometer in which a user looks through an eyepiece, and given that the user can see through the eyepiece, eye movements will be measured.
One particular application of NASA’s oculometer endeavor is eye control of an Astronaut Maneuvering Unit (AMU). When an astronaut is in space and would like to move, the AMU facilitates this. However, controlling such a unit is no trivial task. Manual/hand controls are difficult as there are many axes and therefore many muscle outputs needed to coordinate 3D movement. However, eye control would be easier to implement with an oculometer.
Cognitive assessment
Aviation requires robust, sharp cognitive function, and the eye is part of the central nervous system as they are extensions of the brain, linking cognitive function with healthy eye function. Therefore oculometers can function as cognitive assessment tools.
Diagnosis of Parkinson's disease
Abnormal eye movements is an established biomarker for numerous motor diseases including Parkinson’s disease. Each motor disease is expected to produce different signature pattern of eye movement abnormalities. Using those eye movement patterns both as a diagnostic tool and for monitoring disease progression has therefore been of scientific interest. Oculometers are therefore used in this area for tracking eye movement. The use of oculometers for diagnosis of motor diseases is promising, though it has not yet been validated in the clinic.
For Parkinson’s disease specifically, the signature pattern of eye movement abnormalities occur as horizontal saccades (rapid, conjugate, eye movement that shift the center of the vision field). Patients with Parkinson’s disease displayed high inabilities in performing antisaccadic tasks (eye movement in the opposite direction from the onset trigger). Measurement of antisaccades therefore enables scientists to detect early stages of Parkinson’s disease. These studies are still in the research phase.
Smart eyeglasses
For this application, the electronic design of the traditional oculometer has been modified to replace complex real-time video processing such that the oculometer could fit on light weight eyeglasses and have relatively long battery life. Smart eyeglasses are used to correct for vision errors due to age-related conditions while restoring normal vision. Smart eyeglasses utilize tunable eyepieces compared to fixed lenses used in conventional glasses.
These glasses work by projecting light from a few different directions using infrared LEDs on the user’s eyeball and receives the refracted light from discrete infrared proximity sensors also placed at a few different locations. The use of multiple detectors not only enables oculometers to be used as lightweight wearables but also ensures that signals detected by the sensors are not dependent on external illumination. This property allows the device to be functional in dark conditions. The major disadvantage of the use of sensors compared to continuous video processing is the significant decline in accuracy since measurements are both reduced in frequency and number of measurements.
Other applications
Other potential application of oculometers that are still currently under development include in air traffic control for operators to designate aircraft through eye movement; in laser communication in dynamic situations where operators can transmit signals by looking at the signal; in television systems to monitor the eye direction as it views the television display such that sensory requirements of the eye can be met with lower bandwidths; and in psychological tests to analyze pattern of images that patients tend to avoid.
References
Eye care
Eye
Pupil | wiki |
Malena puede referirse a:
Malena, nombre propio femenino.
Malena, localidad argentina en la provincia de Córdoba. | wiki |
In cryptography, rekeying refers to the process of changing the session key—the encryption key of an ongoing communication—in order to limit the amount of data encrypted with the same key.
Roughly equivalent to the classical procedure of changing codes on a daily basis, the key is changed after a pre-set volume of data has been transmitted or a given period of time has passed.
In contemporary systems, rekeying is implemented by forcing a new key exchange, typically through a separate protocol like Internet key exchange (IKE). The procedure is handled transparently to the user.
A prominent application is Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), the extended security protocol for wireless networks that addresses the shortcomings of its predecessor, WEP, by frequently replacing session keys through the Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), thus defeating some well-known key recovery attacks.
In public key infrastructure, rekeying (or "re-keying") leads to issuance of new certificate (in contrast to certificate renewal - issuance of new certificate for the same key, which is usually not allowed by CAs).
See also
Diffie–Hellman key exchange
Elliptic-curve Diffie-Hellman
IPsec and Internet key exchange (IKE)
Over the Air Rekeying (OTAR)
References
External links
OpenSSH: KeyRegenerationInterval parameter, ~R command
Encryption devices | wiki |
Walk Your Way Out is a 2017 stand-up comedy film written by and starring the American comedian Bill Burr.
Release
The film was released January 31, 2017 exclusively on Netflix.
References
Footnotes
Further reading
Bill Burr’s Standup Special ‘Walk Your Way Out’ Premieres on Netflix January 31st. Vulture.com. JAN. 18, 2017
Bill Burr: Walk Your Way Out. Medium. Feb 9, 2017.
2017 films
2017 comedy films
Netflix specials
2010s English-language films
Films directed by Jay Karas | wiki |
MLW Never Say Never is a professional wrestling supercard event produced by Major League Wrestling (MLW). The event was first held in 2017 as a television taping for MLW's weekly program, Fusion.
Dates and venues
References
Never Say Never
Recurring events established in 2017 | wiki |
Albanian Alliance is a political party in the Republic of Kosovo. They are in the Opposition Alliance Congress and support a minimal unification of Kosovo and Albania. Its leader is Lorik Sabriu.
See also
Politics of Kosovo
Political parties in Kosovo
Albanian nationalism in Kosovo
Albanian nationalist parties
Political parties in Kosovo | wiki |
A vampire tap (also called a piercing tap) was a device for physically connecting a station, typically a computer, to a network that used 10BASE5 cabling. This device clamped onto and "bit" into the cable (hence the name "vampire"), inserting a probe through a hole drilled using a special tool through the outer shielding to contact the inner conductor, while other spikes bit into the outer conductor. The vampire tap usually had an integrated AUI (Attachment Unit Interface), from which a short multicore cable connected to the network card in the station.
Vampire taps allowed new connections to be made on a given physical cable while the cable was in use. This allowed administrators to expand bus topology network sections without interrupting communications. Without a vampire tap, the cable had to be cut and connectors had to be attached to both ends.
See also
Network tap
Insulation-displacement connector, another insulation-piercing system
References
Ethernet cables
Networking hardware | wiki |
This article displays all lists related to Stargate.
List of Stargate media
List of Stargate audiobooks
List of Stargate comics
List of Stargate literature
Lists of Stargate episodes
List of Stargate SG-1 episodes
List of Stargate Atlantis episodes
List of Stargate Infinity episodes
List of Stargate Universe episodes
Characters in Stargate
List of Stargate SG-1 characters
List of Stargate Atlantis characters
List of Stargate Infinity characters
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Mythology of Stargate | wiki |
Steel is a science fiction shoot 'em up originally designed by Gari Biasillo for the Commodore 64, and later ported to 16-bit machines.
References
1989 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
Hewson Consultants games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Single-player video games | wiki |
Dinking may refer to;
Dinking, a manufacturing process used in die cutting
Dinking, the act of performing a dink, and a learned skill, in various sports including:
Footvolley
Pickleball
Soccer
Tennis
Volleyball
See also
Dink (disambiguation)
Dinker (disambiguation)
Drinking | wiki |
A commutator is a rotary electrical switch in certain types of electric motors and electrical generators that periodically reverses the current direction between the rotor and the external circuit. It consists of a cylinder composed of multiple metal contact segments on the rotating armature of the machine. Two or more electrical contacts called "brushes" made of a soft conductive material like carbon press against the commutator, making sliding contact with successive segments of the commutator as it rotates. The windings (coils of wire) on the armature are connected to the commutator segments.
Commutators are used in direct current (DC) machines: dynamos (DC generators) and many DC motors as well as universal motors. In a motor the commutator applies electric current to the windings. By reversing the current direction in the rotating windings each half turn, a steady rotating force (torque) is produced. In a generator the commutator picks off the current generated in the windings, reversing the direction of the current with each half turn, serving as a mechanical rectifier to convert the alternating current from the windings to unidirectional direct current in the external load circuit. The first direct current commutator-type machine, the dynamo, was built by Hippolyte Pixii in 1832, based on a suggestion by André-Marie Ampère.
Commutators are relatively inefficient, and also require periodic maintenance such as brush replacement. Therefore, commutated machines are declining in use, being replaced by alternating current (AC) machines, and in recent years by brushless DC motors which use semiconductor switches.
Principle of operation
A commutator consists of a set of contact bars fixed to the rotating shaft of a machine, and connected to the armature windings. As the shaft rotates, the commutator reverses the flow of current in a winding. For a single armature winding, when the shaft has made one-half complete turn, the winding is now connected so that current flows through it in the opposite of the initial direction. In a motor, the armature current causes the fixed magnetic field to exert a rotational force, or a torque, on the winding to make it turn. In a generator, the mechanical torque applied to the shaft maintains the motion of the armature winding through the stationary magnetic field, inducing a current in the winding. In both the motor and generator case, the commutator periodically reverses the direction of current flow through the winding so that current flow in the circuit external to the machine continues in only one direction.
Simplest practical commutator
Practical commutators have at least three contact segments, to prevent a "dead" spot where two brushes simultaneously bridge only two commutator segments. Brushes are made wider than the insulated gap, to ensure that brushes are always in contact with an armature coil. For commutators with at least three segments, although the rotor can potentially stop in a position where two commutator segments touch one brush, this only de-energizes one of the rotor arms while the others will still function correctly. With the remaining rotor arms, a motor can produce sufficient torque to begin spinning the rotor, and a generator can provide useful power to an external circuit.
Ring/segment construction
A commutator consists of a set of copper segments, fixed around the part of the circumference of the rotating machine, or the rotor, and a set of spring-loaded brushes fixed to the stationary frame of the machine. Two or more fixed brushes connect to the external circuit, either a source of current for a motor or a load for a generator.
Commutator segments are connected to the coils of the armature, with the number of coils (and commutator segments) depending on the speed and voltage of the machine. Large motors may have hundreds of segments.
Each conducting segment of the commutator is insulated from adjacent segments. Mica was used on early machines and is still used on large machines. Many other insulating materials are used to insulate smaller machines; plastics allow quick manufacture of an insulator, for example. The segments are held onto the shaft using a dovetail shape on the edges or underside of each segment. Insulating wedges around the perimeter of each segment are pressed so that the commutator maintains its mechanical stability throughout its normal operating range.
In small appliance and tool motors the segments are typically crimped permanently in place and cannot be removed. When the motor fails it is discarded and replaced. On large industrial machines (say, from several kilowatts to thousands of kilowatts in rating) it is economical to replace individual damaged segments, and so the end-wedge can be unscrewed and individual segments removed and replaced.
Replacing the copper and mica segments is commonly referred to as "refilling". Refillable dovetailed commutators are the most common construction of larger industrial type commutators, but refillable commutators may also be constructed using external bands made of fiberglass (glass banded construction) or forged steel rings (external steel shrink ring type construction and internal steel shrink ring type construction).
Disposable, molded type commutators commonly found in smaller DC motors are becoming increasingly more common in larger electric motors. Molded type commutators are not repairable and must be replaced if damaged.
In addition to the commonly used heat, torque, and tonnage methods of seasoning commutators, some high performance commutator applications require a more expensive, specific "spin seasoning" process or over-speed spin-testing to guarantee stability of the individual segments and prevent premature wear of the carbon brushes. Such requirements are common with traction, military, aerospace, nuclear, mining, and high speed applications where clamping failure and segment or insulation protrusion can lead to serious negative consequences.
Friction between the segments and the brushes eventually causes wear to both surfaces. Carbon brushes, being made of a softer material, wear faster and may be designed to be replaced easily without dismantling the machine. Older copper brushes caused more wear to the commutator, causing deep grooving and notching of the surface over time.
The commutator on small motors (say, less than a kilowatt rating) is not designed to be repaired through the life of the device. On large industrial equipment, the commutator may be re-surfaced with abrasives, or the rotor may be removed from the frame, mounted in a large metal lathe, and the commutator resurfaced by cutting it down to a smaller diameter. The largest of equipment can include a lathe turning attachment directly over the commutator.
Brush construction
Early machines used brushes made from strands of copper wire to contact the surface of the commutator. However, these hard metal brushes tended to scratch and groove the smooth commutator segments, eventually requiring resurfacing of the commutator. As the copper brushes wore away, the dust and pieces of the brush could wedge between commutator segments, shorting them and reducing the efficiency of the device. Fine copper wire mesh or gauze provided better surface contact with less segment wear, but gauze brushes were more expensive than strip or wire copper brushes.
Modern rotating machines with commutators almost exclusively use carbon brushes, which may have copper powder mixed in to improve conductivity. Metallic copper brushes can be found in toy or very small motors, such as the one illustrated above, and some motors which only operate very intermittently, such as automotive starter motors.
Motors and generators suffer from a phenomenon known as 'armature reaction', one of the effects of which is to change the position at which the current reversal through the windings should ideally take place as the loading varies. Early machines had the brushes mounted on a ring that was provided with a handle. During operation, it was necessary to adjust the position of the brush ring to adjust the commutation to minimise the sparking at the brushes. This process was known as 'rocking the brushes'.
Various developments took place to automate the process of adjusting the commutation and minimizing the sparking at the brushes. One of these was the development of 'high resistance brushes', or brushes made from a mixture of copper powder and carbon. Although described as high resistance brushes, the resistance of such a brush was of the order of milliohms, the exact value dependent on the size and function of the machine. Also, the high resistance brush was not constructed like a brush but in the form of a carbon block with a curved face to match the shape of the commutator.
The high resistance or carbon brush is made large enough that it is significantly wider than the insulating segment that it spans (and on large machines may often span two insulating segments). The result of this is that as the commutator segment passes from under the brush, the current passing to it ramps down more smoothly than had been the case with pure copper brushes where the contact broke suddenly. Similarly the segment coming into contact with the brush has a similar ramping up of the current. Thus, although the current passing through the brush was more or less constant, the instantaneous current passing to the two commutator segments was proportional to the relative area in contact with the brush.
The introduction of the carbon brush had convenient side effects. Carbon brushes tend to wear more evenly than copper brushes, and the soft carbon causes far less damage to the commutator segments. There is less sparking with carbon as compared to copper, and as the carbon wears away, the higher resistance of carbon results in fewer problems from the dust collecting on the commutator segments.
The ratio of copper to carbon can be changed for a particular purpose. Brushes with higher copper content perform better with very low voltages and high current, while brushes with a higher carbon content are better for high voltage and low current. High copper content brushes typically carry 150 to 200 amperes per square inch of contact surface, while higher carbon content only carries 40 to 70 amperes per square inch. The higher resistance of carbon also results in a greater voltage drop of 0.8 to 1.0 volts per contact, or 1.6 to 2.0 volts across the commutator.
Brush holders
A spring is typically used with the brush, to maintain constant contact with the commutator. As the brush and commutator wear down, the spring steadily pushes the brush downwards towards the commutator. Eventually the brush wears small and thin enough that steady contact is no longer possible or it is no longer securely held in the brush holder, and so the brush must be replaced.
It is common for a flexible power cable to be directly attached to the brush, because current flowing through the support spring would cause heating, which may lead to a loss of metal temper and a loss of the spring tension.
When a commutated motor or generator uses more power than a single brush is capable of conducting, an assembly of several brush holders is mounted in parallel across the surface of the very large commutator. This parallel holder distributes current evenly across all the brushes, and permits a careful operator to remove a bad brush and replace it with a new one, even as the machine continues to spin fully powered and under load.
High power, high current commutated equipment is now uncommon, due to the less complex design of alternating current generators that permits a low current, high voltage spinning field coil to energize high current fixed-position stator coils. This permits the use of very small singular brushes in the alternator design. In this instance, the rotating contacts are continuous rings, called slip rings, and no switching happens.
Modern devices using carbon brushes usually have a maintenance-free design that requires no adjustment throughout the life of the device, using a fixed-position brush holder slot and a combined brush-spring-cable assembly that fits into the slot. The worn brush is pulled out and a new brush inserted.
Brush contact angle
The different brush types make contact with the commutator in different ways. Because copper brushes have the same hardness as the commutator segments, the rotor cannot be spun backwards against the ends of copper brushes without the copper digging into the segments and causing severe damage. Consequently, strip/laminate copper brushes only make tangential contact with the commutator, while copper mesh and wire brushes use an inclined contact angle touching their edge across the segments of a commutator that can spin in only one direction.
The softness of carbon brushes permits direct radial end-contact with the commutator without damage to the segments, permitting easy reversal of rotor direction, without the need to reorient the brush holders for operation in the opposite direction. Although never reversed, common appliance motors that use wound rotors, commutators and brushes have radial-contact brushes. In the case of a reaction-type carbon brush holder, carbon brushes may be reversely inclined with the commutator so that the commutator tends to push against the carbon for firm contact.
The commutating plane
The contact point where a brush touches the commutator is referred to as the commutating plane. To conduct sufficient current to or from the commutator, the brush contact area is not a thin line but instead a rectangular patch across the segments. Typically the brush is wide enough to span 2.5 commutator segments. This means that two adjacent segments are electrically connected by the brush when it contacts both.
Rotation of brushes for stator field distortion
Most introductions to motor and generator design start with a simple two-pole device with the brushes arranged at a perfect 90-degree angle from the field. This ideal is useful as a starting point for understanding how the fields interact but it is not how a motor or generator functions in actual practice.
In a real motor or generator, the field around the rotor is never perfectly uniform. Instead, the rotation of the rotor induces field effects which drag and distort the magnetic lines of the outer non-rotating stator.
The faster the rotor spins, the further this degree of field distortion. Because a motor or generator operates most efficiently with the rotor field at right angles to the stator field, it is necessary to either retard or advance the brush position to put the rotor's field into the correct position to be at a right angle to the distorted field.
These field effects are reversed when the direction of spin is reversed. It is therefore difficult to build an efficient reversible commutated dynamo, since for highest field strength it is necessary to move the brushes to the opposite side of the normal neutral plane. These effects can be mitigated by a compensation winding in the face of the field pole that carries armature current.
The effect can be considered to be analogous to timing advance in an internal combustion engine. Generally a dynamo that has been designed to run at a certain fixed speed will have its brushes permanently fixed to align the field for highest efficiency at that speed.
Further compensation for self-induction
Self-induction – The magnetic fields in each coil of wire join and compound together to create a magnetic field that resists changes in the current, which can be likened to the current having inertia.
In the coils of the rotor, even after the brush has been reached, currents tend to continue to flow for a brief moment, resulting in a wasted energy as heat due to the brush spanning across several commutator segments and the current short-circuiting across the segments.
Spurious resistance is an apparent increase in the resistance in the armature winding, which is proportional to the speed of the armature, and is due to the lagging of the current.
To minimize sparking at the brushes due to this short-circuiting, the brushes are advanced a few degrees further yet, beyond the advance for field distortions. This moves the rotor winding undergoing commutation slightly forward into the stator field which has magnetic lines in the opposite direction and which oppose the field in the stator. This opposing field helps to reverse the lagging self-inducting current in the stator.
So even for a rotor which is at rest and initially requires no compensation for spinning field distortions, the brushes should still be advanced beyond the perfect 90-degree angle as taught in so many beginners textbooks, to compensate for self-induction.
Use of interpoles to correct field distortions
Modern motor and generator devices with commutators are able to counteract armature reaction through the use of interpoles, which are small field coils and pole pieces positioned approximately halfway between the primary poles of the stator.
By applying a dynamic varying field to the interpoles as the load, RPM, or direction of rotation of the device changes, it is possible to balance out field distortions from armature reaction so that the brush position can remain fixed and sparking across the segments is minimized.
Limitations and alternatives
Although direct current motors and dynamos once dominated industry, the disadvantages of the commutator have caused a decline in the use of commutated machines in the last century. These disadvantages are:
The sliding friction between the brushes and commutator consumes power, which can be significant in a low power machine.
Due to friction, the brushes and copper commutator segments wear down, creating dust. In small consumer products such as power tools and appliances the brushes may last as long as the product, but larger machines require regular replacement of brushes and occasional resurfacing of the commutator. So commutated machines are not used in low particulate or sealed applications or in equipment that must operate for long periods without maintenance.
The resistance of the sliding contact between brush and commutator causes a voltage drop called the "brush drop". This may be several volts, so it can cause large power losses in low voltage, high current machines. Alternating current motors, which do not use commutators, are much more efficient.
There is a limit to the maximum current density and voltage which can be switched with a commutator. Very large direct current machines, say, more than several megawatts rating, cannot be built with commutators. The largest motors and generators are all alternating-current machines.
The switching action of the commutator causes sparking at the contacts, posing a fire hazard in explosive atmospheres, and generating electromagnetic interference.
With the wide availability of alternating current, DC motors have been replaced by more efficient AC synchronous or induction motors. In recent years, with the widespread availability of power semiconductors, in many remaining applications commutated DC motors have been replaced with "brushless direct current motors". These don't have a commutator; instead the direction of the current is switched electronically. A sensor keeps track of the rotor position and semiconductor switches such as transistors reverse the current. Operating life of these machines is much longer, limited mainly by bearing wear.
Repulsion induction motors
These are single-phase AC-only motors with higher starting torque than could be obtained with split-phase starting windings, before high-capacitance (non-polar, relatively high-current electrolytic) starting capacitors became practical. They have a conventional wound stator as with any induction motor, but the wire-wound rotor is much like that with a conventional commutator. Brushes opposite each other are connected to each other (not to an external circuit), and transformer action induces currents into the rotor that develop torque by repulsion.
One variety, notable for having an adjustable speed, runs continuously with brushes in contact, while another uses repulsion only for high starting torque and in some cases lifts the brushes once the motor is running fast enough. In the latter case, all commutator segments are connected together as well, before the motor attains running speed.
Once at speed, the rotor windings become functionally equivalent to the squirrel-cage structure of a conventional induction motor, and the motor runs as such.
Laboratory commutators
Commutators were used as simple forward-off-reverse switches for electrical experiments in physics laboratories. There are two well-known historical types:
Ruhmkorff commutator
This is similar in design to the commutators used in motors and dynamos. It was usually constructed of brass and ivory (later ebonite).
Pohl commutator
This consisted of a block of wood or ebonite with four wells, containing mercury, which were cross-connected by copper wires. The output was taken from a pair of curved copper wires which were moved to dip into one or other pair of mercury wells.
Instead of mercury, ionic liquids or other liquid metals could be used.
See also
Armature (electrical engineering)
Floor pick-up system (FPU)
Slip ring
Reversing switch
Rotary switch
Rotary transformer
Mercury swivel commutator
Brushless motor
Patents
Elihu Thomson - - Commutators for Dynamo Electric Machines - 1881 June 7.
Henry Jacobs - - Commutator for Magneto Electric Machines - 1881 September 6.
Frank. B. Rae & Clarence. L. Healy - - Commutator For Dynamo or Magneto Electric Machines - 1884 February 26.
Nikola Tesla - - Commutator for Dynamo Electric Machines - 1886 January 26.
Thomas E. Adams - - Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines - 1886 April 27.
Nikola Tesla - - Commutator for Dynamo Electric Machines - 1888 May 15.
References
External links
"Commutator and Brushes on DC Motor". HyperPhysics, Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University.
"PM Brushless Servo Motor Feedback Commutation Series – Part 1 Commutation Alignment – Why It Is Important." Mitchell Electronics.
"PM Brushless Servo Motor Feedback Commutation Series – Part 2 Commutation Alignment – How It Is Accomplished." Mitchell Electronics.
Electric motors
Electrical components
Electrical power connectors
Electric power conversion | wiki |
Veselie poate defini:
Veselie, sentiment uman pozitiv;
Veselie, sat în comuna Primorsko, regiunea Burgas, Bulgaria.
Vezi și
Vesele (dezambiguizare)
Veseleț (dezambiguizare)
Veselînivka (dezambiguizare) | wiki |
La fiera may refer to:
La fiera (Mexican TV series), 1983 Mexican telenovela
La fiera (Venezuelan TV series), 1978 Venezuelan telenovela
La Fiera, Mexican wrestler (1961–2010)
La Fiera FC, American indoor soccer team based in Hidalgo, Texas | wiki |
Tampering in the context of a controlled process is adjusting the process on the basis of outcomes which are within the expected range of variability. The net result is to re-align the process so that an increased proportion of the output is out of specification. The term was introduced in this context by W. Edwards Deming, and he was a strong proponent of using control charts to avoid tampering.
See also
Incentive program
Control chart
References
W. Edwards Deming (1994) The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education, 2nd edition, Massachusetts Inst Technology. (Chapter 9.)
Deming, W. Edward (1986), Out of the Crisis, MIT Center for Advanced Engineering Study, 327–32. (2000 edition: )
Gitlow, Howard; Gitlow, Shelly; Oppenheim, Alan; Oppenheim, Rosa (1989), Tools and Methods for The Improvement of Quality, CRC Press
Krehbiel, T. C. (1994), "Tampering with a Stable Process". Teaching Statistics, 16, 75–79.
Quality control | wiki |
Elizabeth Reid may refer to:
Elizabeth Anne Reid (born 1942), Australian development practitioner and academic
Elizabeth Jesser Reid (1789–1866), English social reformer, founder of Bedford College
Elizabeth Julia Reid (1915–1974), Australian journalist and Grail movement leader
Elizabeth Reid, Lady Hope (1842–1922), British evangelist
Elizabeth Reid (volleyball) (born 1989), British volleyball player
See also
Elizabeth Reed (disambiguation) | wiki |
A disagreement is the absence of consensus or consent. It can take the form of dissent or controversy.
See also
Objection
Broad-concept articles
Consensus
Controversies | wiki |
The Saraswati Vandana () is a Hindu mantra. It is addressed to the goddess Saraswati, the goddess of knowledge, music, art, speech, wisdom, and learning.
Hymn
The hymn comprises the following four verses:
References
Hindu mantras | wiki |
Zebu is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle.
Zebu may also refer to:
EVE/ZeBu, company
Zebu (ship), a tall ship | wiki |
Fault, as a legal term, refers to legal blameworthiness and responsibility in each area of law. It refers to both the actus reus and the mental state of the defendant. The basic principle is that a defendant should be able to contemplate the harm that his actions may cause, and therefore should aim to avoid such actions. Different forms of liability employ different notions of fault, in some there is no need to prove fault, but the absence of it.
In criminal law, the mens rea is used to decide if the defendant has criminal intent when he commits the act and, if so, he is therefore liable for the crime. However, this is not necessary for strict liability offences, where no particular state of mind is required to satisfy the burden of proof.
Actus reus element
Most requirements for a successful actus reus require a voluntary act, or omission, for evidence of fault. There is also a requirement for a clear causation, there is no liability or fault if the defendant was not actually the sole cause of the act, this is so if there was an intervention of a third party, an unexpected natural event, or the victim's own act. Either of these can remove the legal blame from the defendant and remove the fault.
Automatism
If the criminal act is caused by an act of automatism, it means the act was caused by an involuntary movement of the limbs, and not controlled by neuron stimulation, removing the blameworthiness from the defendant. This was seen in the case of Hill V. Baxter (1958) where the defendant injured a person by crashing his car into them. He argued that his action was not voluntary because he was unaware of what happened. However, he was found guilty because the judge held that sleepiness or drowsiness when driving does not amount to automatism.
Duress
In the case of duress, the defendant has committed the act in response to a threat of death or serious personal injury to himself or a loved one, or someone towards whom he feels responsible. Therefore he is removed of fault as his actions were done to prevent such harm being done. It would be considered unfair to place the defendant at fault of a criminal action which he committed under duress.
Liability
In such cases of a "state-of-affairs" crimes, the defendant may be found liable even if he or she did not purposefully or voluntarily commit a criminal act. This is seen in R v Larsonneur (1933), where the defendant was French and entered the UK. She then tried to marry a British citizen, after which she would have gained British citizenship, which she could never be subsequently deprived of. However, the marriage was refused and she was ordered to leave the UK that day (March 22). Instead, she went to the Irish Free State seeking a priest there to marry her and the man, George Drayton. No priest could be found and the Irish police ordered her to leave by April 17 under the Irish Constitution. Larsonneur still did not leave and on April 20 was taken into custody by Irish police where they were forced to deport her back from whence she had come, the UK. On arrival in the UK, she was arrested for being an 'illegal alien'. The defendant was not at fault as she did not intentionally re-enter the UK under the Alien Act; however she was still liable for the crime under Alien Act, as there was no need to prove the act was voluntary. This was also seen in the case of Winzar v Chief Constable of Kent (1983) where the defendant was admitted to hospital by a friend who was worried for his health. However when the hospital realized he was merely drunk to the point of being semi – unconscious, they discharged him from the hospital. The defendant, because of his intoxicated state, could not get home, and was liable for drunk and disorderly conduct. Even though he did not have intention for the crime, nor was he at fault, because the crime been one of state of affairs he was liable and charged as such.
Causation
There is also an issue of causation, in this the courts look at both factual causation and legal causation. Factual causation uses the 'but for' test, asking: 'but for the defendant's act, would the result still have occurred?' If it would have occurred regardless of the defendant's acts, there is no factual causation and the defendant is not guilty. Factual causation was effectively established in the legal case of Pagett [1983]. However, in the case of White [1910] the result would still have occurred 'but for' the defendant's actions, so there was no criminal liability. Legal causation uses the 'operative and substantial' test. The defendant's acts must be the 'operative and substantial' cause of the result, as seen in the case of Smith [1959].
Mens rea element
The mens rea involves the different states of mind which demonstrate the relationship between degree of fault and liability. Depending on the different state of mind of the defendant at the time of committing the unlawful act, different sentences will be given.
Murder
A specific intent offence, such as murder, seen in the case of R v Vickers (1957), requires intention to cause a specific result. The mens rea of murder is intention to kill or to cause grievous bodily harm. Intention is the most serious of states of mind the defendant can have, and this high level of fault is reflected in strict and long sentencing. Murder carries a mandatory life sentence, though the judge can impose a recommended minimum number of years as to which the defendant must serve before being eligible for release.
However if a murder is done with specific intent in the name of a religion, ideology etc., or to particularly vulnerable groups of people such as children, or is done so continuously (such as terrorism or serial killing) then it may be that the defendant is given a whole life tariff (never sees daylight again) to reflect his level of fault.
Recklessness
There is also subjective recklessness, such as in the case of R v Cunningham (1957), where the defendant is not required to intend the consequence to come from his actions, but the defendant realised the risk that this consequence would occur and took the risk anyway. Such state of mind is required in most non – fatal offences, such as
common assault (see section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988)
the assault element of assault occasioning actual bodily harm, contrary to section 47 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861
inflicting grievous bodily harm, contrary to section 20 of that Act.
In all of these offences the defendant is liable of the offence and at fault if he commits the offence intending for the damage to be done, or being subjectively reckless as to whether the damage occurs. For these recklessness is sufficient to prove fault in the defendant.
Gross negligence
The defendant can also be grossly negligent, which is the mens rea required by involuntary manslaughter offences, such as seen in the case of R v Adomako (1994), where the defendant was held to be negligent as he had "breached a duty of care".
Defences
Some defences work by showing lack of fault through the involuntary nature of the defendant's conduct. Others, such as insanity and intoxication, work by establishing a lack of mental control or awareness on the part of the defendant. Still others, such as Duress and self–defence, operate by establishing that the defendant's conduct was justified or should be excused. Finally the partial defences to murder, such as loss of self-control (previously provocation), diminished responsibility and suicide pact demonstrate a lesser degree of fault, resulting in conviction for the lesser offence of manslaughter.
Intoxication
The use of intoxication as a defence is based on whether the offence is one of basic intent or specific intent, and also whether the intoxication was voluntary or involuntary. For example, getting voluntarily intoxicated and committing actual bodily harm (a crime of basic intent) will result in the defence of intoxication failing, as getting voluntarily intoxicated is viewed as reckless by the courts, which is sufficient for basic intent offences. Specific intent crimes demand proof of intention, and if the defendant did not form that mens rea, he cannot be guilty of the specific intent offence. However, often there is a basic intent offence as a fall-back in such cases, e.g. if the defendant is charged with grievous bodily harm or wounding under s18 Offences against the Person Act 1861 but did not form the specific intent, he can be charged under s20 of that act, which has the same actus reus, but requires only intention or recklessness as to 'some harm' (making it a basic intent offence). However, there are some crimes that do not have this fall-back position (e.g. theft).
Consent
The defence of consent is often only available to smaller offences, such as Common Assault and, possibly, Actual bodily harm (S.47). The Attorney General's Reference [No. 6 of 1980] set s47 as a watershed, above which consent is unlikely to function as a defence as it is not reasonable to foresee that a person would consent to having serious harm done to them. However, cases are decided on an individual basis, and case law shows that a victim may effectively consent to even grievous bodily harm (e.g. in sport, in the case of Barnes [2004]).
Sentencing
Both the type of sentence imposed, and its severity, is in large part determined by the degree of fault shown by the defendant. This can also be seen in the impact of both aggravating and mitigating factors. This is why some people are opposed to the use of minimum and mandatory sentences, as they break the relationship between the degree of fault present in the offence committed and the sentence imposed. A guilty plea can have an effect on the sentence, depending on when it is made. Making a guilty plea before the start of the trial can reduce the sentence imposed by up to one third but changing the plea to guilty once the trial has started can only reduce it by one tenth. This is because admitting fault after the trial has begun has wasted court time and money (for jury and judge etc.), so this is reflected in the sentence. Tariffs and minimum sentences also illustrate that fault is relevant to the sentencing process, whether the defendant pleads guilty or is found guilty in court.
Types of sentences
Types of sentences will also reflect level of blameworthiness:
Custodial sentence
Suspended sentence
Curfew
Extended sentence
Community sentence
Fine
Conditional discharge or Absolute discharge
Strict liability
There is a role for strict liability in criminal law, in relation to both regulatory offences and offences of social danger. It can be argued that the interests of society as a whole can sometimes justify the imposition of liability without fault. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that the degree of fault still plays an important part in determining the sentence following a conviction
Conditions for strict liability
Only actus reus needs to be established
No blameworthiness is required on the part of the defendant
It normally applies to regulatory offences (health and safety, minor traffic offences etc.)
The advantages and disadvantages must be considered
Cases include
Sweet v Parsley (1969) – where the defendant was found guilty of allowing her property to be used for cannabis smoking. Even though she had no knowledge of the offence, it was on her property so she was liable without fault. This conviction was later quashed by the House of Lords on the grounds that knowledge of the use of the premises was essential to the offence. Since she had no such knowledge, she did not commit the offence.
Harrow London Borough Council v Shah and another (1999) - relating to the sale of a lottery ticket to a person who had not attained the age of 16 years.
Advantages of strict liability
Many strict liability offences concern the running of a business, and if the business runs properly the actus reus will never occur. This means that many strict liability offences keep many businesses in line
A person or company taking a risk in order to make a profit ought to be liable if the risk causes problems to others
Certain activities must be prohibited for the public good and, so long as the penalty is not too severe, the public interest in, for example, preventing pollution outweighs the public interest in not convicting those who are without special fault
For some offences, it would be impossible to secure a conviction if guilty knowledge had to be proved, particularly where the defendant was a company rather than an individual.
References
Criminal law legal terminology
Legal terminology | wiki |
Justice and Peace may refer to the ideal of peace based on justice, or to institutions working towards this ideal such as:
Justice and Peace Alliance (Kuwait)
Movement for Justice and Peace
Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace
National Commission for Justice and Peace in Pakistan
Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Zimbabwe
Canadians for Justice and Peace in the Middle East
See also
Justice for Peace and Development
Peace and Justice Congress
United for Peace and Justice
Members group of Peace and Justice | wiki |
Ohoden (în ) este un sat în comuna Vrața, regiunea Vrața, Bulgaria.
Demografie
La recensământul din 2011, populația satului Ohoden era de locuitori. Din punct de vedere etnic, majoritatea locuitorilor (%) erau bulgari, cu o minoritate de romi (%). Pentru % din locuitori nu este cunoscută apartenența etnică.
Note
Sate din regiunea Vrața | wiki |
A combination is a mathematical collection of things in a context where their specific order is irrelevant.
Combination, combinations, or combo may also refer to:
Combination (chess), a relatively long sequence of chess moves, involving temporary loss of materials
Combination (jump), in horseback riding
Combination bus, a purpose-built truck with a "passenger container"
Combination company, in the late 19th century, a touring theater company that performed only one play
Combination Game, a style of association football based around teamwork and cooperation
Combination meal, typically includes food items and a beverage
Combination tone, a psychoacoustic phenomenon
Combinations (finance), the simultaneous buying or selling of one or more options that differ in one or more of the options' variables
Combinations (album), 2007 album by Eisley
Striking combination, several strikes in a row in combat sports
The Combination (film), 2009 Australian drama, directed by David Field
The Combination, an early English football league, 1888–89 and 1890–1911
See also
Combination car (disambiguation)
Combine (disambiguation)
Combined (disambiguation)
Combo (disambiguation)
Motorcycle combination, sidecar
Original combination | wiki |
Governor Knox may refer to:
Daniel Knox, 6th Earl of Ranfurly (1914–1988), Governor of the Bahamas from 1953 to 1956
Uchter Knox, 5th Earl of Ranfurly (1856–1933), Governor of New Zealand from 1897 to 1904 | wiki |
Opălceneț (în ) este un sat în comuna Bratea Daskalovi, regiunea Stara Zagora, Bulgaria.
Demografie
La recensământul din 2011, populația satului Opălceneț era de locuitori. Din punct de vedere etnic, majoritatea locuitorilor (%) erau bulgari, cu o minoritate de turci (%). Pentru % din locuitori nu este cunoscută apartenența etnică.
Note
Sate din regiunea Stara Zagora | wiki |
Isaac Moses (1742? – 16 April 1818) was a Jewish merchant who helped establish the Bank of North America in 1781.
References
Further reading
18th-century American businesspeople
19th-century American businesspeople
1742 births
1818 deaths
Colonial American merchants
American Jews | wiki |
The British pre-decimal halfpenny, (pronounced ), historically also known as the obol and once abbreviated ob. (from the Latin 'obulus'), was a denomination of sterling coinage worth of one pound, of one shilling, or of one penny. Originally the halfpenny was minted in copper, but after 1860 it was minted in bronze. In the run-up to decimalisation, it ceased to be legal tender from 31 July 1969 (although halfpennies dated 1970 were minted as part of a final pre-decimal commemorative set). The halfpenny featured two different designs on its reverse during its years in circulation. From 1672 until 1936 the image of Britannia appeared on the reverse, and from 1937 onwards the image of the Golden Hind appeared. Like all British coinage, it bore the portrait of the monarch on the obverse.
"Halfpenny" was colloquially written ha'penny, and "d" was spoken as "a penny ha’penny" or three ha'pence . "Halfpenny" is a rare example of a word in the English language that has a silent 'f'.
Before Decimal Day in 1971, sterling used the Carolingian monetary system, under which the largest unit was a pound divided into 20 shillings, each of 12 pence. Each penny was further divided into 4 farthings, thus a pound contained 480 halfpennies and a shilling contained 24 halfpennies.
Design
The original reverse of the bronze version of the coin, designed by Leonard Charles Wyon, is a seated Britannia, holding a trident, with the words to either side. Issues before 1895 also feature a lighthouse to Britannia's left and a ship to her right. Various minor adjustments to the level of the sea depicted around Britannia, and the angle of her trident were also made over the years. Some issues feature toothed edges, while others feature beading.
Over the years, various different obverses were used. Edward VII, George V, George VI and Elizabeth II each had a single obverse for halfpennies produced during their respective reigns. Over the long reign of Queen Victoria two different obverses were used, but the short reign of Edward VIII meant no halfpennies bearing his likeness were ever issued.
During Victoria's reign, the halfpenny was first issued with the so-called 'bun head', or 'draped bust' of Queen Victoria on the obverse. The inscription around the bust read . This was replaced in 1895 by the 'old head', or 'veiled bust'. The inscription on these coins read .
Coins issued during the reign of Edward VII feature his likeness and bear the inscription . Similarly, those issued during the reign of George V feature his likeness and bear the inscription .
A halfpenny of King Edward VIII (1936) does exist, dated 1937, but technically it is a pattern coin i.e. one produced for official approval; it would probably have been due to receive this approval at about the time that the King abdicated. The obverse shows a left-facing portrait of the king (who considered this to be his better side, and consequently broke the tradition of alternating the direction in which the monarch faces on coins – some viewed this as indicating bad luck for the reign); the inscription on the obverse is .
The pattern coin of Edward VIII and regular issue halfpennies of George VI and Elizabeth II feature a redesigned reverse displaying Sir Francis Drake's ship the Golden Hind.
George VI issue coins feature the inscription before 1949, and thereafter. Unlike the penny, halfpennies were minted throughout the early reign of Elizabeth II, bearing the inscription in 1953, and thereafter.
Mintages
Terminology
Ha’porth: British English i.e. 'halfpenny-worth' or 'halfpennyworth' pronounced .
In literal use usually written out in full although still never pronounced phonetically: e.g. "A halfpennyworth of chips." In figurative use usually said disparagingly: e.g. "I've been dying for somebody with a ha’porth of wit and intelligence to talk to." "…and saying it doesn't make a halfpennyworth of difference!" (from Alan Bennett's A lady of Letters, written and produced in 1987, some sixteen years after decimalisation and three years after the New Halfpenny—(i.e. the decimal p)—had been demonetised and withdrawn from circulation, thus further illustrating the continued traditional or idiomatic two-syllable pronunciation). Also used in the once common phrase: "daft ha’porth."
See also
Shove ha'penny
References
External links
Halfpenny (Pre-decimal), Coin Type from United Kingdom – Online Coin Club
Coins of Great Britain
Pre-decimalisation coins of the United Kingdom
Coins of the United Kingdom | wiki |
Cyanocorax is a genus of New World jays, passerine birds in the family Corvidae. The generic name is derived from the Greek words κυανος (kuanos), meaning "dark blue," and κοραξ (korax), meaning "raven".
It contains several closely related species that primarily are found in wooded habitats of Mexico and Central and South America, with the green jay just barely entering the United States.
The genus Cyanocorax was introduced by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie in 1826, with the plush-crested jay as the type species.
Species
The genus contains 17 species:
Some ornithologists treat the green jay and the Inca jay as conspecific, with C. yncas luxuosus as the green jay and C. yncas yncas as the Inca jay.
References
External links
Bird genera
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Neotropics
Taxa named by Friedrich Boie | wiki |
Wastewater is water generated after the use of freshwater, raw water, drinking water or saline water in a variety of deliberate applications or processes. Another definition of wastewater is "Used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff / storm water, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration". In everyday usage, wastewater is commonly a synonym for sewage (also called sewerage, domestic wastewater, or municipal wastewater), which is wastewater that is produced by a community of people.
As a generic term wastewater may also be used to describe water containing contaminants accumulated in other settings, such as:
Industrial wastewater: waterborne waste generated from a variety of industrial processes, such as manufacturing operations, mineral extraction, power generation, or water and wastewater treatment.
Cooling water, released with potential thermal pollution after use to condense steam or reduce machinery temperatures by conduction or evaporation.
Leachate: precipitation containing pollutants dissolved while percolating through ores, raw materials, products, or solid waste.
Return flow: the flow of water carrying suspended soil, pesticide residues, or dissolved minerals and nutrients from irrigated cropland.
Surface runoff: the flow of water occurring on the ground surface when excess rainwater, stormwater, meltwater, or other sources, can no longer sufficiently rapidly infiltrate in the soil.
Urban runoff, including water used for outdoor cleaning activity and landscape irrigation in densely populated areas created by urbanization.
Agricultural wastewater: animal husbandry wastewater generated from confined animal operations.
References | wiki |
Operation Delilah is a 1967 Spanish comedy film starring Rory Calhoun.
External links
1967 films
Spanish comedy films
1960s Spanish-language films
Films produced by Sidney W. Pink
1960s English-language films
1960s Spanish films | wiki |
The languages of Wales include the Welsh language, which is an official language of Wales, and English, which is also considered an official language in Wales. The official languages of the Senedd (Welsh Parliament) are also Welsh and English. According to the 2021 census, the Welsh-speaking population of Wales aged three or older was 17.8% (538,300 people) and nearly three quarters of the population in Wales said they had no Welsh language skills.
Official languages
Welsh is an official language of Wales, and is treated "no less favourably than the English language" which is also considered an official language, as legislated in the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011. The official languages of the Senedd are Welsh and English.
The Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011 recognises that Welsh and English are official languages and established a legal framework for a statutory duty on public bodies in Wales to comply with Welsh standards. The legislation allows people to live through the medium of Welsh if they so wish. The legislation states “the Welsh language must not be treated less favourably than the English language”. The 2011 measure also created the Welsh Language Commissioner post.
Main language
In Wales, 96.7% of usual residents (2.9 million) aged three and above spoke Welsh or English as their main language. This was compared to 97.1% in 2011.
Of the 101,000 people in Wales who did not speak Welsh or English as a main language in 2021, 78.0% said they could speak English well or very well, similar to 77.1% in 2011. 22.0% of people who did not speak English or Welsh as a main language could not speak English very well or at all.
In both 2011 and 2021, Polish was the most spoken main language after Welsh and English, accounting for 0.7% of the population (21,000), up from 0.6% in 2011. Arabic was the next most common main language in Wales at 0.3%, up from 0.2% in 2011.
British Sign Language (BSL) was the preferred language of 900 (0.03%), up from 800 in 2011. An additional 300 usual residents used another form of sign language or communication system other than BSL.
Welsh
Welsh is a Celtic language primarily spoken in Wales. It is the traditional language of Wales but was supplanted in large part by English, becoming a minority language in the early 20th century. For the year ending 30 June 2022, the Welsh Annual Population Survey showed that 29.7%, 899,500 people aged three or older were able to speak Welsh. According to the 2021 census, 17.8% (538,300 people) of Wales' population, aged 3 or older, can speak Welsh, a decrease from 19% in 2011.
English
Welsh English
Welsh English or Anglo-Welsh is the distinct form of English used in Wales.
Aside from lexical borrowings from Welsh like bach (little, wee), eisteddfod, nain and taid (grandmother and grandfather respectively), there exist distinctive grammatical conventions in vernacular Welsh English. Examples of this include the use by some speakers of the tag question isn't it? regardless of the form of the preceding statement and the placement of the subject and the verb after the predicate for emphasis, e.g. Fed up, I am or Running on Friday, he is.
In South Wales, the word "where" may often be expanded to "where to", as in the question, "Where to is your Mam?". The word "butty" is used to mean "friend" or "mate".
There is no standard variety of English that is specific to Wales, but such features are readily recognised by Anglophones from the rest of the UK as being from Wales, including the (actually rarely used) phrase look you which is a translation of a Welsh language tag.
Welsh Romani
Welsh Romani (or Welsh Romany; sometimes also known as Kååle) is a variety of the Romani language which was spoken fluently in Wales until at least 1950. It was spoken by the Kale group of the Romani people who arrived in Britain during the 15th century. The first record of Roma in Wales comes from the 16th century. Welsh Romani is one of the many Northern Romani dialects.
Sign languages
In 2017, the British Deaf Association claimed there were about 6,000 British Sign Language (BSL) users in Wales. Ongoing training and courses in BSL are offered in Wales by the Wales Council for Deaf People (WCDP), a voluntary umbrella organisation.
Makaton has limited use in Wales. It is not a sign language but a system using signs and symbols to help people who find speaking difficult, such as people with Down's Syndrome.
Norman French and Latin
Latin is also used to a limited degree in certain official mottos, legal terminology (habeas corpus), and various ceremonial contexts. Latin abbreviations can also be seen on British coins. The use of Latin has declined greatly in recent years. At one time, Latin and Greek were commonly taught in British schools.
See also
Welsh toponymy
Welsh Romani language
References
External links
The history of the Welsh language
Heart of the nation
How English becomes the most spoken language in Wales | wiki |
"Souls of the Departed" is the twelfth episode and midseason premiere of the fifth season of the American fantasy drama series Once Upon a Time, which aired on March 6, 2016.
In this episode, Emma, Snow, David, Regina, Henry, Robin, and Mr. Gold arrive in the Underworld. In flashbacks, the Evil Queen celebrates her birthday.
Plot
Opening sequence
The fallen Storybrooke clock tower in the Underworld appears in the red-tinted forest.
Event chronology
The Enchanted Forest events take place after "Page 23" and some time before "Hat Trick". The Storybrooke events take place during "Swan Song", after Emma makes a deal with Mr. Gold and before the group's departure for the Underworld. The Underworld events take place after Hook's death in "Swan Song".
In the Characters' Past
In the Enchanted Forest, Prince Henry is trying to convince his daughter, Regina, still after Snow White's heart, to give up vengeance, but she is unable to let go of her anger. He turns to the Magic Mirror in desperation to speak with Cora, believing that the best way to force Regina to get over Snow White is to just help her complete her plot, which Prince Henry is not in favor of. Unknown to Prince Henry and Regina, Cora has managed to enter the realm of the Enchanted Forest through the mirror again. Later on, Prince Henry meets with Snow White in the woods. The real Prince Henry comes up behind her, and Snow realizes that the first Prince Henry was actually Cora, who rips out her heart while she is distracted. Cora takes Snow's heart to Regina as a birthday present, only to then learn that Snow's heart was switched out with that of a guard. It turned out that Prince Henry saved Snow White by switching the hearts. A furious Regina then shrinks her father and condemns him into the very box that was holding the heart. Regina confronts Cora and sends her mother back into the mirror and seals it forever. At the last minute Cora takes the box containing her husband so Regina will be truly alone.
In the Underworld
In what appears to be a dream, Emma wakes up in a car and is greeted by Neal, who tells her that he's just sending her a "long distance call from an old friend." He explains that he personally isn't in the Underworld, as it is only for those who have unfinished business, and that once they arrive, it's very hard to leave. Neal warns Emma not to go, but she refuses to listen to his advice and he knew she would and so he tells her he loves her and kisses her goodbye on the forehead and Emma wakes up. As Emma, Gold, Mary Margaret, David, Henry, Regina, and Robin Hood arrive in the Underworld in their quest to find Hook, the ensemble comes across a brimstone-hued version of Storybrooke. Gold tells them that every soul with unfinished business lives here until it is fulfilled, and since they have arrived that means they are ready to finish it as they were responsible, as Emma sees Cruella's car that serves as an example.
As they split up Regina and Robin are being followed by a resident (the person that Regina choked back in the Enchanted Forest), who leads them to Cora, who is the mayor of the Underworld Storybrooke. Cora offers Regina a way out, telling her she has one hour to leave on the ferry with Henry and Robin. She then takes Regina to a ledge over the Phlegethon, the River of Fire. She threatens to send Regina's father to a worse place if Regina does not comply, and she uses her messenger as an example by sending him off into the flames. Around the same time, Mary Margaret enters an Underworld version of Granny's and is recognized by the Blind Witch by her smell, and is then encountered by David wearing different clothes and proceeds to kiss her, as she realizes it's James, who is the "Sheriff" in this world. Gold goes to the Underworld version of his pawn shop and encounters his father Malcolm, whose soul must live as Peter Pan. Knowing already what Gold wants, Pan is willing to make a deal with no strings attached. However, he urges Gold to leave the Underworld, telling him that the others aren't his real friends, but Gold ignores his plea, accepting some sort of potion. Pan ominously adds that he himself would be able to leave, if only he could trade places with a living soul, although Gold refuses this. As everyone meets up again, Regina tells the others about Cora's warning, while Gold gives Emma the potion he obtained, which is from DunBroch, and can be used to summon the dead by pouring it over someone's grave. Gold explains it can be used to summon Hook and ask him where he is, but will not join them as he has decided that he is returning to Storybrooke.
The group travels to the site of Hook's grave (everyone in the underworld has a grave site) and Emma pours the ale of Seonaidh potion (Seonaidh is a Celtic water spirit from the Isle of Lewis) on the ground but lacks the power to bring him back, although they get a glimpse of an injured Hook before the potion wears off. Regina uses the potion and finds the soul of her father Prince Henry. Prince Henry tells Regina she has come too far to betray her friends now and tells her she must stay. Regina races to the banishment site with Henry as Cora attempts to banish the elder Henry, only to see the flames die down and a pathway to heaven open up. Since Regina has chosen to stay, remain a hero, and is no longer under the influence of her mother, Prince Henry's unfinished business is resolved. With his soul at peace, he is accepted into "a better place," and departs the Underworld after saying goodbye to Regina and Henry, who meets his namesake for the first time. The heroes realize they could potentially rescue all the souls here, and continue their quest to find Hook with this in mind. Cora meets with the ruler of the Underworld, Hades, who wishes the heroes gone (the clock on the broken tower will tick each time a soul leaves the Underworld), and punishes Cora for her failure with an eternity as a miller's daughter once again.
Production Notes
This episode would become the final one that was produced by Scott Nimerfro, who died on April 17, 2016 after a battle with angiosarcoma, a cancer in the inner lining of the blood vessels.
Reception
The episode received positive reviews, but noted that there are areas the producers could make improvements on.
In a review from Rickey.org, Nick Roman said, "“Souls of the Departed” is a story of redemption, and perhaps Season 5B could be similarly redemptive to any OUAT fans who weren't thrilled with the direction Season 5A took. I suppose we'll see. Either way, I'm in for the ride."
Andrea Towers of Entertainment Weekly notes in her assessment of the review: "Once Upon a Time has taken us pretty much everywhere in and out of fairy tale lore over the past five years: Storybrooke, the Enchanted Forest, Arendelle, Neverland. Tonight, with a return marking the show's midseason premiere, as well as its landmark 100th episode, Once gave us something old (daddy issues), something new (the Underworld), something borrowed (a potion) and something blue (that classic Hades hair)," but later sums up the entire episode: "I know we're going to be dealing with a lot of returning cast in the coming weeks, but admittedly, I was a wee bit let down by the fact this was touted as Once's big reunion episode, and the only significant people we saw from the past were Neal, Cora, and Pan. What I am happy about, though, is the prospect that Regina may end up being wholly important to this Underworld story line. Maybe she'll finally get an arc that's more than just waffling between good and evil. More importantly, it seems like everyone in the Underworld is either in cahoots with Hades or being manipulated by him in some way. Both Pan and Cora were keen on persuading their still-living significant family members, with Cora asking Regina to leave and Pan asking Rumple to save him. I'm interested in seeing exactly what's going on in this little corner of hell and exactly how Once is going to wade through this new road of storytelling.
Amy Ratcliffe of IGN said of the episode, "The return of Once Upon a Time served as set up for the final half of Season 5. They used the Underworld to bring back a ton of characters for quick check-ins, but Neal and Henry were the only ones who really strongly impacted the story and the Storybrooke team. Emotions fell flat across the board otherwise, except for the moment where Emma briefly saw Hook. They do have a compelling enough reason to stay in the Underworld -- though why Snow and Charming would spend so much time away from their newborn confuses me -- but overall, the episode was all about getting the board ready." Ratcliffe gave the episode a 7.0 rating out of 10.
Gwen Ihnat of The A.V. Club gave the episode an excellent review, giving it a B. In her recap, she points out: "With “Souls Of The Departed” Once Upon a Time, believe it or not, has just crossed a key threshold: 100 episodes. For all this show's inanities and love of catchphrases and gaping plot holes where logic should exist, there's clearly something very compelling about Storybrooke and its residents that resonates with viewers. In my own home, it's a decent family watch, that the kids find intriguing and even occasionally scary enough not to be lame, and the adults in the house can still take an interest. And the show still finds surprising mileage out of turning fairy tale tropes on their ear, or offering different sides of characters we think we know well."
Christine Orlando of TV Fanatic gave the episode a 4.2 out of 5.
References
External links
2016 American television episodes
Once Upon a Time (season 5) episodes | wiki |
La Llamada (The Sweet Sound of Death in English) is a 1965 Spanish film.
Reception
On reviewer said the film "is devoid of overt shocks, but is long on atmosphere and tension that slowly builds to a fittingly eerie climax."
References
External links
1965 films
1960s Spanish-language films
1960s ghost films
Romantic horror films
Films produced by Sidney W. Pink
Spanish ghost films
American ghost films
1960s English-language films
1960s American films
1960s Spanish films | wiki |
Deer musk is a substance with a persistent odor, obtained from the caudal glands of the male musk deer.
Although more commonly referred to as "musk", the term itself is often used to describe a wide variety of "musky" substances from other animals such as the African civet ("civet musk") or various synthetic musks whose compound exhibits some character of deer musk.
The demand for deer musk has led to a severe decrease in musk deer populations.
Six of the seven musk producing species are listed as Endangered.
Cultural history
The etymology of the name musk, originating from Indian Sanskrit मुष्क muṣka, (‘"small testicle") via Middle Persian مشک mušk, Late Greek μόσχος (moskhos), Late Latin muscus, Middle French musc and Middle English muske, hints at its trade route.
Musk deer are among the most endangered species in the region. Scent glands from these deer can fetch thousands of rupees and are used for manufacturing perfume and traditional medicine.
Deer musk was unknown in the Western world in classical antiquity and reference to it does not appear until the 5th century AD when it is mentioned in the Talmud (Brachot 43.) as an animal-based fragrance. The 6th-century Greek explorer Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned it as a product obtained from India. Soon afterwards Arab and Byzantine perfume makers began to use it, and it acquired a reputation as an aphrodisiac. Under the Abbasid Caliphate it was highly regarded, and the caliphs of Baghdad used it lavishly. In the early 9th century, Al-Kindi included it in a large number of his perfume recipes and it became one of the important luxury items brought by Arabian ships from the East.
Deer musk has been a key constituent in many perfumes since its discovery, being held to give a perfume long-lasting power as a fixative. Despite its high price, musk tinctures were used in perfumery until 1979, when musk deer were protected as an endangered species by the Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES). Today the trade quantity of the natural musk is controlled by CITES but illegal poaching and trading continues.
Harvesting
Musk deer belong to the family Moschidae. White-bellied musk deer occurs in the Himalayas. To obtain deer musk, the deer is killed and its gland, also called "musk pod", is removed.
Harvesting of musk pods is the main threat to Moschus species.
In China, musk pods from the dwarf musk deer, the alpine musk deer, and the Siberian musk deer are currently accepted per the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China, although official sources claim that more than 99% of the said use has been replaced by an artificial replacement of an undisclosed composition.
Properties
Deer musk is of a dark purplish color, dry, smooth and unctuous to the touch, and bitter in taste. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, "a grain of musk will distinctly scent millions of cubic feet of air without any appreciable loss of weight, and its scent is not only more penetrating but also more persistent than that of any other known substance". In addition to its odoriferous principle, it contains ammonia, cholesterol, fatty matter, a bitter resinous substance, and other animal principles.
The highest quality is Tonkin musk from Vietnam, followed by Assam and Nepal musk, while Carbadine musk from Russian and Chinese Himalayan regions are considered inferior.
See also
Preputial glands
Perfume
Musk
References
External links
Images of musk pods
Animal glandular products
Ayurvedic medicaments
Perfume ingredients | wiki |
Robert McNamara (1916–2009) was an American business executive and cabinet member.
Robert or Bob McNamara may also refer to:
Robert McNamara (figure skater) (born 1987), Australian figure skater
Robert Craig McNamara, president and owner of Sierra Orchards
Bob McNamara (baseball) (1916–2011), Major League Baseball player
Bob McNamara (Canadian football) (1931–2014), Canadian and American football player
Bob McNamara (sports executive) (born 1961), Canadian sports executive | wiki |
Ejaculation disorders are the most common sexual dysfunction in men. Common ejaculatory disorders include: premature ejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, delayed ejaculation, anejaculation, inhibited ejaculation, and anorgasmia.
See also
Men's health
References
There may be physical & psychological reasons for general sexual dysfunction. Men are generally much less likely to discuss their sexual issues because sex is such a sensitive subject for them. Several typical reasons for sexual disorders in men include:
Male genital disorders
Ejaculation | wiki |
The North Country Beagle, Northern Hound or Northern Beagle was a breed of dog that existed in Britain probably until early in the 19th century. The exact date of its extinction is not known; it is likely that it was gradually interbred with other breeds, particularly the modern Beagle, until the genuine North Country Beagle bloodline ceased to exist.
The origins of the North Country Beagle are equally unclear. Most writers suggest that it was developed from the Talbot, whose origins are also uncertain, but which some have claimed originated in Normandy. The Talbot was a predominantly white, slow, deep-throated scent hound. At some point the Talbots were crossed with Greyhounds to give them an extra turn of speed, but they remained comparatively slow dogs that relied more on their nose than speed in the chase.
The North Country Beagle was a large, bony hound with a square head and long trailing ears. Chiefly bred in Yorkshire, it was common in the north of England, but below the River Trent the similar Southern Hound was more abundant. The North Country Beagle was a faster dog; in The British Encyclopedia of 1809, William Nicholson says that the North Country Beagle was kept by the "dashing class of sportsman" because it could "run down a brace [of hare] before dinner", but although a good scent hound, was probably lacking in this ability when compared to the delicate nose of the Southern Hound. The writer and poet Gervase Markham, who wrote a number of books on animal husbandry in the early 17th century described the North Country Beagle as having:
In his The Dog, in Health and Disease in 1859, "Stonehenge" (the pen name of John Henry Walsh, later editor of The Field) says the two breeds could be differentiated by the large dewlap possessed by the Southern Hound. The Southern Hound seems to have also had a deeper more melodious voice; Markham says the North Country Beagle had "only a little shrill sweetness" and lacked depth of tone. How far the Talbot, Northern Hound and Southern Hound were intermixed by the 19th century is impossible to ascertain: while acknowledging that they had once existed as separate breeds, Stonehenge had never seen pure-bred varieties and classified the three breeds together.
Both the North Country Beagle and Southern Hound seem to have fallen out of favour during the 18th century as the fashion for less time-consuming hunts led to the development of the faster Foxhound. The North Country Beagle may have formed part of the packs kept by southern farmers for rabbit-hunting that would eventually become the nucleus for the modern Beagle breed. Stonehenge says that packs of hounds that resembled the description of the North Country Beagle still existed in Wales, Devon, Yorkshire and Sussex during the 19th century, but he was doubtful as to how far any of these packs truly represented any of the three early hound breeds.
Aside from the Beagle other modern hound breeds are believed to have North Country Beagle blood: Harriers and Foxhounds among others. Coonhounds and Bloodhounds are likely to have had more influence from the Southern Hound and Talbot lines, as they are excellent trackers but not as swift as other hound breeds.
Notes
References
Extinct dog breeds
Dog breeds originating in England | wiki |
Born to Ride may refer to:
Born to Ride (Super Mario World), an episode of the TV series Super Mario World
Born to Ride (film), a 1991 film directed by Graham Baker | wiki |
"You're My First Lady" is a song written by Mac McAnally, and recorded by American country music artist T. G. Sheppard. It was released in March 1987 as the third single from the album It Still Rains in Memphis. The song reached #2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
Chart performance
References
1987 singles
T. G. Sheppard songs
Songs written by Mac McAnally
Columbia Records singles
1987 songs | wiki |
Lori Verstegen Ryan is professor of management at San Diego State University. She is the director of SDSU's Corporate Governance Institute. She is on the editorial boards of Business & Society and Business Ethics Quarterly and previously served on the editorial board of Academy of Management Review and as associate editor for corporate governance of Business & Society. Ryan is a Fellow of the International Association for Business and Society, having served as conference chair (2005) and president (2006-2007).
References
External links
Corporate Governance Institute, San Diego State University
San Diego State University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
The Dark Side of Midnight (also known as The Creeper) is a 1984 thriller written and directed by Wes Olsen. The plot follows a detective on the trail of a serial killer known as 'The Creeper', whose relentless string of murders are terrorizing the residents of a small town.
The film is currently distributed by Troma Entertainment.
External links
1984 films
American independent films
Troma Entertainment films
1984 thriller films
1980s English-language films
1980s American films | wiki |
Bernard Long (born 1926) was a British book illustrator and comic artist who contributed many episodes of "Fliptail the Otter" to Jack and Jill in the 1970s.
Books illustrated by Bernard Long
Prehistoric Animals, by Rupert Oliver (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1982 )
Prehistoric Man, by Rupert Oliver (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1983 )
Dinosaurs, by Rupert Oliver (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1983 )
Strange and Curious Creatures, by Rupert Oliver (London, Hodder & Stoughton, 1984 )
Monster Mysteries, by Rupert Matthews (Hove, Wayland, 1988 )
Lost Treasures, by John Wright (Hove, Wayland, 1989 )
Victorian Children, by Anne Steel (Hove, Wayland, 1989 )
Egyptian Farmers, by Jim Kerr (Hove, Wayland, 1990 )
The First Settlements, by Rupert Matthews (Hove, Wayland, 1990 )
Greek Cities, by Barry Steel (Hove, Wayland, 1990 )
Plague and Fire, by Rhoda Nottridge (Hove, Wayland, 1990 )
Forests, by Michael Chinery (London, Kingfisher, 1992 )
References
1926 births
Possibly living people
British illustrators
Place of birth missing (living people) | wiki |
A music executive or record executive is a person within a record label who works in senior management and makes executive decisions over the label's artists. Their role varies greatly but in essence, they can oversee one, or many, aspects of a record label, including A&R, contracts, management, publishing, production, manufacture, marketing/promotion, distribution, copyright, and touring. Although music executives work in senior management, a number of music executives have gone on to establish their own record labels as owners themselves, sometimes being involved in the music industry initially as artists, A&Rs, or producers for a number of years and building a strong reputation.
Music executives work in a variety of settings for major record labels such as Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment, or Warner Music Group. However, many choose to work with, or start their own independent record labels such as Sub Pop, Block Starz Music, Ironworks, Jagjaguwar, Perry Music Group, 50/50innertainment, and 419 Records.
See also
Record producer
Electronic music
Audio engineer
Musician
Hip hop production
References
Business occupations
Occupations in music
Music production | wiki |
"One for the Money" is a song written by Buck Moore and Mentor Williams, and recorded by American country music artist T. G. Sheppard. It was released in September 1987 as the first single and title track from the album One for the Money. The song reached #2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart. It was Sheppard's last Top 10 hit.
Chart performance
References
1987 singles
1987 songs
T. G. Sheppard songs
Songs written by Buck Moore
Songs written by Mentor Williams
Columbia Records singles | wiki |
This article displays the qualifying draw for men's singles at the 2012 French Open.
Seeds
Qualifiers
Lucky loser
David Goffin
Qualifying draw
First qualifier
Second qualifier
Third qualifier
Fourth qualifier
Fifth qualifier
Sixth qualifier
Seventh qualifier
Eighth qualifier
Ninth qualifier
Tenth qualifier
Eleventh qualifier
Twelfth qualifier
Thirteenth qualifier
Fourteenth qualifier
Fifteenth qualifier
Sixteenth qualifier
References
Qualifying Draw
2012 French Open – Men's draws and results at the International Tennis Federation
Men's Singles Qualifying
French Open - Men's Singles Qualifying
French Open by year – Qualifying | wiki |
This is a list of breweries, wineries, and distilleries in the state of Utah.
As of 2013, eighteen breweries were operating in the state. As of September 2022, this number had increased to 40, ranking 42nd in the total number of breweries and 48th in per capita number of breweries, with 1.4 per 100,000 people of age 21 and over. However, Utah is 32nd in the total number of craft beer barrels produced, and 28th in gallons per capita.
There are also 23 distilleries and 15 wineries currently operating in Utah.
Breweries
Distilleries
Wineries
See also
Beer in the United States
List of breweries in the United States
List of microbreweries
Alcohol laws of Utah
References
External links
https://www.beeradvocate.com/place/city/82/
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
Utah
American cuisine-related lists
Food and drink companies based in Utah
Breweries | wiki |
Panama has qualified once for the FIFA World Cup, the 2018 edition. They directly qualified after securing the third spot in the hexagonal on the final round. This meant that after 10 failed qualification campaigns, Panama appeared at the World Cup for the first time in their history.
Overall record
*Draws include knockout matches decided via penalty shoot-out.
Russia 2018
Following a 2–1 home win over Costa Rica in the final round of the hexagonal, Panama secured their spot in Russia 2018, finishing third in the CONCACAF qualification.
Group stage
Record players
Seven players were fielded in all three of Panama FIFA World Cup matches in 2018, making them record World Cup players for their country.
Top goalscorers
At a score of 6–0 in favour of England at the 2018 World Cup, Felipe Baloy scored after a long free kick by Ricardo Avila for Panama's first World Cup goal. In the following match against Tunisia, Panama scored through an own goal by Tunisian defender Yassine Meriah.
References
External links
Panama at FIFA.com
Countries at the FIFA World Cup | wiki |
A juke is a move in most forms of American football used to evade a tackler by deception, and thus without need of a stiff arm. It can also be called sidestepping.
A typical juke involves a ball-carrier faking as if he will run one way, then planting his foot and running the opposite. When this is done against the flow of play, it is called a cutback.
Spin move
One variation on the common juke is a spin move.
See also
Juking
References
American football terminology | wiki |
Ordination is the process by which individuals are consecrated, that is, set apart and elevated from the laity class to the clergy, who are thus then authorized (usually by the denominational hierarchy composed of other clergy) to perform various religious rites and ceremonies. The process and ceremonies of ordination vary by religion and denomination. One who is in preparation for, or who is undergoing the process of ordination is sometimes called an ordinand. The liturgy used at an ordination is sometimes referred to as an ordination.
Christianity
Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Lutheran and Anglican churches
In Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy, ordination is one of the seven sacraments, variously called holy orders or cheirotonia ("Laying on of Hands").
Apostolic succession is considered an essential and necessary concept for ordination in the Catholic, Orthodox, High Church Lutheran, Moravian, and Anglican traditions, with the belief that all ordained clergy are ordained by bishops who were ordained by other bishops tracing back to bishops ordained by the Apostles who were ordained by Christ, the great High Priest (, ), who conferred his priesthood upon his Apostles (, , , and ).
There are three "degrees" of ordination (or holy orders): deacon, presbyter, and bishop. Both bishops and presbyters are priests and have authority to celebrate the Eucharist. In common use, however, the term priest, when unqualified, refers to the rank of presbyter, whereas presbyter is mainly used in rites of ordination and other places where a technical and precise term is required.
Ordination of a bishop is performed by several bishops; ordination of a priest or deacon is performed by a single bishop. The ordination of a new bishop is also called a consecration. Many ancient sources specify that at least three bishops are necessary to consecrate another, e.g., the 13th Canon of the Council of Carthage (AD 394) states, "A bishop should not be ordained except by many bishops, but if there should be necessity he may be ordained by three," and the first of "The Canons of the Holy and Altogether August Apostles" states, "Let a bishop be ordained by two or three bishops," while the second canon thereof states, "Let a presbyter, deacon, and the rest of the clergy, be ordained by one bishop"; the latter canons, whatever their origin, were imposed on the universal church by the Seventh Ecumenical Council, the Second Council of Nicaea, in its first canon.
Only a person ordained to the priesthood may administer certain sacraments (most especially, hear confessions, anointing the sick – unction – or celebrating any Mass – the Eucharist).
Details peculiar to the various denominations
The Catholic Church teaches that one bishop is sufficient to consecrate a new bishop validly (that is, for an episcopal ordination actually to take place). In most Christian denominations that retain the practice of ordination, only an already ordained (consecrated) bishop or the equivalent may ordain bishops, priests, and deacons. However, Canon Law requires that bishops always be consecrated with the mandate (approval) of the Roman Pontiff, as the guarantor of the Church's unity. Moreover, at least three bishops are to perform the consecration, although the Apostolic See may dispense from this requirement in extraordinary circumstances (for example, in missionary settings or times of persecution).
In the Roman Catholic Church, those deacons destined to be ordained priests are often termed transitional deacons; those deacons who are married before being ordained, as well as any unmarried deacons who chose not to be ordained priests, are called permanent deacons. Those married deacons who become widowers have the possibility of seeking ordination to the priesthood in exceptional cases.
While some Eastern churches have in the past recognized Anglican ordinations as valid, the current Anglican practice, in many provinces, of ordaining women to the priesthood—and, in some cases, to the episcopate—has caused the Orthodox generally to question earlier declarations of validity and hopes for union. The Roman Catholic Church has never recognized Anglican orders as valid. Anglicanism recognizes Roman Catholic and Orthodox ordinations; hence, clergy converting to Anglicanism are not "re-ordained".
With respect to Lutheranism, "the Catholic Church has never officially expressed its judgement on the validity of orders as they have been handed down by episcopal succession in these two national Lutheran churches" (the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Sweden and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland) though it does "question how the ecclesiastical break in the 16th century has affected the apostolicity of the churches of the Reformation and thus the apostolicity of their ministry".
Some Eastern Orthodox churches recognize Roman Catholic ordinations while others "re-ordain" Roman Catholic clergy (as well as Anglicans) who convert. However, both the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches recognize Orthodox ordinations.
In the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches, ordinations have traditionally been held on Ember Days, though there is no limit to the number of clergy who may be ordained at the same service. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, ordinations may be performed any day of the year on which the Divine Liturgy may be celebrated (and deacons may also be ordained at the Presanctified Liturgy), but only one person may be ordained to each rank at any given service, that is, at most one bishop, one presbyter, and one deacon may be ordained at the same liturgy.
Notes
There have long existed orders of clergy below that of deacon. In the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches (and, until 1970, in the Roman Catholic Church), a person has to be tonsured a cleric and be ordained to sundry minor orders prior to being ordained a deacon. Although a person may be said to be ordained to these orders, such ordinations are not reckoned as part of the sacrament of Holy Orders; in the Eastern Orthodox, the term Cheirothesia ("imposition of hands") is used for such ordinations in contrast to Cheirotonia ("laying on of hands") for ordinations of deacons, presbyters, and bishops.
The following are positions that are not acquired by ordination:
Becoming a monk or nun or, generally, a member of a religious order, which is open to men and women; men in religious orders may or may not be ordained. Anglican nuns may, like their male counterparts, be ordained as well.
Offices and titles such as pope, patriarch, archbishop, archpriest, archimandrite, archdeacon, etc., which are given to ordained persons for sundry reasons, e.g., to rank them or honor them.
Cardinals are simply a large collegiate body who are electors of and the senior-most counselors to the Pope, and are not a fourth order beyond bishop. At presently nearly all cardinals are bishops, although several are priests, having been granted a dispensation from being ordained a bishop by the Pope (most of these were elevated by the Pope for services to the Church, and are over 80, thus not having the right to elect a pope or have active voting memberships in Vatican departments). As recently as 1899 there was a cardinal who was a deacon when he died, having been a cardinal for 41 years (Teodolfo Mertel). There have even been noble lay men, or men who only possessed minor orders (now called ministries, and carried out by seminarians and laypeople) who at one time were made cardinals. Cardinals are considered princes in diplomatic protocol and by the Church, and even if they are not ordained bishops and cannot perform episcopal functions such as ordination, they have both real and ceremonial precedence over all non-cardinal patriarchs, archbishops, and bishops. Some have discussed the possibility in Catholicism of having women serve as cardinals or, more realistically in the short-term, as sub-deacons, since they cannot be ordained.
In the Church of England, the priest of the diocese who oversees the process of discernment, selection and training of ordinands is usually called the "Diocesan Director of Ordinands", commonly shortened to "DDO". He or she may have a team of assistants, who may be called Assistant DDOs or Vocations Advisers.
Reformed, Methodist and Pentecostal churches
In most Protestant churches, ordination is the rite by which their various churches:
recognize and confirm that an individual has been called by God to ministry,
acknowledge that the individual has gone through a period of discernment and training related to this call (e.g. having graduated from a seminary), and
authorize that individual to take on the office of ministry.
For the sake of authorization and church order, and not for reason of 'powers' or 'ability', individuals in most mainline Protestant churches must be ordained in order to preside at the sacraments (Baptism and Holy Communion), and to be installed as a called pastor of a congregation or parish.
Some Protestant traditions have additional offices of ministry to which persons can be ordained. For instance:
most Presbyterian and Reformed churches maintain a threefold order of ministry of pastor, elder, and deacon. The order of Pastor, the only one of the three orders considered "clergy", is comparable to most other denominations' pastoral office or ordained ministry. The order of elder comprises lay persons ordained to the ministries of church order and spiritual care (for example, elders form the governing bodies of congregations and are responsible for a congregation's worship life). In many Presbyterian churches, the pastor or minister is seen as a "teaching elder" and is equal to the other elders in the session. The order of deacon comprises lay persons ordained to ministries of service and pastoral care. Those who fill this position may be known as "ruling elders".
Deacons are also ordained in the Lutheran, Methodist and in most of the Baptist traditions.
For most Protestant denominations that have an office of bishop, including certain Lutheran and many Methodist churches, this is not viewed as a separate ordination or order of ministry. Rather, bishops are ordained ministers of the same order as other pastors, simply having been "consecrated" or installed into the "office" (that is, the role) of bishop. However, some Lutheran churches also claim valid apostolic succession.
Some Protestant churches – especially Pentecostal ones – have an informal tier of ministers. Those who graduate from a bible college or take a year of prescribed courses are licensed ministers. Licensed ministers are addressed as "Minister" and ordained ministers as "Reverend." They, and also Evangelical pastors, are generally ordained at a ceremony called "pastoral consecration".
Non-denominational
In Christianity, the term non-denominational refers to those churches that have not formally aligned themselves with an established denomination, or remain otherwise officially autonomous. This, however, does not preclude an identifiable standard among such congregations. Non-denominational congregations may establish a functional denomination by means of mutual recognition of or accountability to other congregations and leaders with commonly held doctrine, policy and worship without formalizing external direction or oversight in such matters. Some non-denominational churches explicitly reject the idea of a formalized denominational structure as a matter of principle, holding that each congregation must be autonomous.
Non-denominational is generally used to refer to one of two forms of independence: political or theological. That is, the independence may come about because of a religious disagreement or political disagreement. This causes some confusion in understanding. Some churches say they are non-denominational because they have no central headquarters (though they may have affiliations with other congregations.) Other churches say they are non-denominational because their belief structures are unique.
Members of non-denominational churches often consider themselves simply "Christians". However, the acceptance of any particular stance on a doctrine or practice (for example, on baptism), about which there is not general unanimity among churches or professing Christians, may be said to establish a de facto credal identity. In essence, this would mean that each non-denominational church forms its own unofficial "denomination" with a specific set of tenets as defined by the beliefs and practices of its own congregation.
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses consider an adherent's baptism to constitute ordination as a minister. Governments have generally recognized that Jehovah's Witnesses' full-time appointees (such as their "regular pioneers") qualify as ministers regardless of sex or appointment as an elder or deacon ("ministerial servant"). The religion asserts ecclesiastical privilege only for its appointed elders, but the religion permits any baptized adult male in good standing to officiate at a baptism, wedding, or funeral.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
In the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, a rite of ordination is performed to bestow either the Aaronic or Melchizedek priesthood (Hebrews 5:4–6) upon a worthy male member. As in the Anglican, Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions, great care is taken to assure that the candidate for priesthood is ordained by those with proper authority and ordained properly and validly; thorough records of priesthood ordination are kept by the church. Ordination is performed by the laying on of hands. Ordination to the office of priest in the Aaronic priesthood gives the ordained person the authority to:
baptize converts and children over the age of 8 into the church
bless and administer the sacrament (the Lord's Supper)
participate in, or perform, ordinations of others to the Aaronic Priesthood or its offices
collect fast offerings for the Bishop (usually ordained Deacons and Teachers perform this)
Ordination to the Melchizedek priesthood includes the authority to perform all the duties of the Aaronic priesthood, as well as ordain others to the Melchizedek or Aaronic priesthood, perform confirmations, bless and anoint the sick with oil, bless and dedicate graves, and other such rites. There are five offices within the Melchizedek Priesthood to which one could potentially be ordained:
Elder
High Priest
Patriarch
Seventy
Apostle
"Ordination to an office in the Aaronic Priesthood is done by or under the direction of the bishop or branch president. Ordination to an office in the Melchizedek Priesthood is done by or under the direction of the stake or mission president. To perform a priesthood ordination, one or more authorized priesthood holders place their hands lightly on the person’s head."
Latter-day Saints believe in a line of priesthood authority that traces back to Jesus Christ and his apostles. LDS adherents believe the church's founder, Joseph Smith, was ordained under the hands of apostles Peter, James, and John, who appeared to Smith as angelic messengers in 1829.
Islam
Muslims do not formally ordain religious leaders. Ordination is viewed as a distinct aspect of other religions and is rejected. Islam does not have a formal and separated clergy.
Religious leaders are usually called Imams or Sheikhs or Maulana. The title Imam (when used outside the historic Shi'ite context) refers to someone who leads in prayer and can also be used in a linguistic sense for anyone who leads other Muslims in congregational prayers. Sheikh is an Arabic word meaning "old man" and is used as an honorable title for a learned man; Shaikhah refers to a woman learned in Islamic issues. This title is usually more prevalent in the Arabic countries. The word Maulana is a title bestowed upon students who have graduated from a Madrasa (Islamic theological school) throughout the Indian subcontinent region. Although different Muslim schools, universities or madrasas might follow different graduation ceremonies upon a student's completion of a 4-year B.A. of Islamic Studies or a 7–8 Alim Course, these ceremonies do not in any way symbolize ordination.
Judaism
The ordination of a rabbi within Judaism is referred to as Semikhah
(, "leaning [of the hands]", or semicha lerabanim , "rabbinical ordination").
The term is derived from a Hebrew word which means to "rely on", in the sense of "lean on", and hence "to be authorized".
While the Hebrew word semikhah is rendered as "ordination" in English, a rabbi is not a priest per se, but primarily functions as a legal scholar and teacher of Torah; and in fact, for many religious purposes the presence of a rabbi is not necessary. (For example, at prayer, a minyan (quorum) of ten lay-people is both necessary and sufficient; thus the saying "nine rabbis do not constitute a minyan, but ten cobblers can".)
Recently, in some denominations, Semikhah, or semicha lehazzanut, may refer to the ordination of a hazzan (cantor);
while others use the term "investiture" to describe the conferral of cantorial authority.
Buddhism
The tradition of the ordained monastic community (sangha) began with the Buddha, who established orders of monks and later of nuns. The procedure of ordination in Buddhism is laid down in the Vinaya and Patimokkha or Pratimoksha scriptures. There exist three intact ordination lineages nowadays in which one can receive an ordination according to the Buddha's teachings:
Dharmaguptaka Lineage
Mulasarvastivadin Lineage
Theravada Lineage
Mahayana
Saicho repeatedly requested that the Japanese government allow the construction of a Mahayana ordination platform. Permission was granted in 822 CE, seven days after Saicho died. The platform was finished in 827 CE at Enryaku-ji temple on Mount Hiei, and was the first in Japan. Prior to this, those wishing to become monks/nuns were ordained using the Hinayana precepts, whereas after the Mahayana ordination platform, people were ordained with the Bodhisattva precepts as listed in the Brahma Net Sutra.
Theravada
Pabbajja is an ordination procedure for novice Buddhist monks in the Theravada tradition.
Fully ordained nuns
The legitimacy of fully ordained nuns (bhikkhuni/bhiksuni) has become a significant topic of discussion in recent years. Texts passed down in every Buddhist tradition record that Gautama Buddha created an order of fully ordained nuns, but the tradition has died out in some Buddhist traditions such as Theravada Buddhism, while remaining strong in others such as Chinese Buddhism (Dharmaguptaka lineage). In the Tibetan lineage, which follows the Mulasarvastivadin lineage, the lineage of fully ordained nuns was not brought to Tibet by the Indian Vinaya masters, hence there is no rite for the ordination of full nuns. However th 14th Dalai Lama has endeavored for many years to improve this situation. In 2005, he asked fully ordained nuns in the Dharmaguptaka lineage, especially Jampa Tsedroen, to form a committee to work for the acceptance of the bhiksuni lineage within the Tibetan tradition, and donated €50,000 for further research. The "1st International Congress on Buddhist Women’s Role in the Sangha: Bhikshuni Vinaya and Ordination Lineages" was held at the University of Hamburg from 18–20 July 2007, in cooperation with the University's Asia-Africa Institute. Although the general tenor was that full ordination was overdue, the Dalai Lama presented a pre-drafted statement saying that more time was required to reach a decision, thus nullifying the intentions of the congress.
Posthumous ordination
In Medieval Sōtō Zen, a tradition of posthumous ordination was developed to give the laity access to Zen funeral rites. Chinese Ch’an monastic codes, from which Japanese Sōtō practices were derived, contain only monastic funeral rites; there were no provisions made for funerals for lay believers. To solve this problem, the Sōtō school developed the practice of ordaining laypeople after death, thus allowing monastic funeral rites to be used for them as well.
New Kadampa Tradition
The Buddhist ordination tradition of the New Kadampa Tradition-International Kadampa Buddhist Union (NKT-IKBU) is not the traditional Buddhist ordination, but rather one newly created by Kelsang Gyatso. Although those ordained within this organisation are called 'monks' and 'nuns' within the organisation, and wear the robes of traditional Tibetan monks and nuns, in terms of traditional Buddhism they are neither fully ordained monks and nuns (Skt.: bhikshu, bhikshuni; Tib.: gelong, gelongma) nor are they novice monks and nuns (Skt.: sramanera, srameneri; Tib.: gestul, getsulma).
Unlike most other Buddhist traditions, including all Tibetan Buddhist schools, which follow the Vinaya, the NKT-IKBU ordination consists of the Five Precepts of a lay person, plus five more precepts created by Kelsang Gyatso. He is said to view them as a “practical condensation” of the 253 Vinaya vows of fully ordained monks.
There are also no formal instructions and guidelines for the behaviour of monks and nuns within the NKT. Because the behaviour of monks and nuns is not clearly defined “each Resident Teacher developed his or her own way of ‘disciplining’ monks and nuns at their centres ...”.
Kelsang Gyatso's ordination has been publicly criticised by Geshe Tashi Tsering as going against the core teachings of Buddhism and against the teachings of Tsongkhapa, the founder of the Gelugpa school from which Kelsang Gyatso was expelled
Unitarian Universalism
As Unitarian Universalism features very few doctrinal thresholds for prospective congregation members, ordinations of UU ministers are considerably less focused upon doctrinal adherence than upon factors such as possessing a Masters of Divinity degree from an accredited higher institution of education and an ability to articulate an understanding of ethics, spirituality and humanity.
In the Unitarian Universalist Association, candidates for "ministerial fellowship" with the denomination (usually third-year divinity school students) are reviewed, interviewed, and approved (or rejected) by the UUA Ministerial Fellowship Committee (MFC). However, given the fundamental principle of congregational polity, individual UU congregations make their own determination on ordination of ministers, and congregations may sometimes even hire or ordain persons who have not received UUA ministerial fellowship, and may or may not serve the congregation as its principle minister/pastor.
Ordination of women
The ordination of women is often a controversial issue in religions where either the office of ordination, or the role that an ordained person fulfills, is traditionally restricted to men, for various theological reasons.
In Christianity
The Christian priesthood has traditionally been reserved to men. Some claim that women were ordained deacons in the first millennium of Christianity, but their claims are disputed. After the Protestant Reformation and the loosening of authority structures within many denominations, most Protestant groups re-envisioned the role of the ordained priesthood. Many did away with it altogether. Others altered it in fundamental ways, often favoring a rabbinical-type married minister of teaching (word) and discarding any notion of a sacrificial priesthood. A common epithet used by Protestants (especially Anglicans) against Catholics was that Catholics were a 'priest-ridden' people. Hatred for priests was a common element of anti-Catholicism and pogroms against Catholics focused on expelling, killing, or forcefully 'laicizing' priests.
Beginning in the twentieth century, many Protestant denominations began re-evaluating the roles of women in their churches. Many now ordain women. According to the biblical book of Judges, a wise and brave woman named Deborah was the fourth judge of the ancient Israelites. She was instrumental in implementing a strategic military strategy that delivered the Israelites from the oppressive Canaanite king Jabin. Likewise, Jael was courageous and primary in the Israelite victory. Her prudent actions killed the commander Sisera after he fled on foot following the battle. Within the Book of Judges, there is a repetitive cycle of sin and deliverance. There is also a proposition regarding the cyclical offenses: "In those days Israel had no king; all the people did whatever seemed right in their own eyes" (Jdg. 21:25). Based partially upon the leadership of the prophetess, Deborah, some Protestant and non-denominational organizations grant ordination to women. Other denominations refute the claim of a precedent based on Deborah's example because she is not specifically described as ruling over Israel, rather giving judgments on contentious issues in private, not teaching publicly, neither did she lead the military. Her message to her fellow judge Barak in fact affirmed the male leadership of Israel. The United Church of Canada has ordained women since 1932. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America ordains women as pastors, and women are eligible for election as bishops. The Episcopal Church in the United States of America ordains women as deacons, priests and bishops. The Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church ordains women at all levels including deacon, priest and bishop. Other denominations leave the decision to ordain women to the regional governing body, or even to the congregation itself; these include the Christian Reformed Church in North America and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. The ordination of women in the latter half of the 20th century was an important issue between Anglicans and Catholics since the Catholic Church viewed the ordination of women as a huge obstacle to possible rapprochement between the two churches.
The Catholic Church has not changed its view or practice on the ordination or women, and neither have any of the Orthodox churches; these churches represent approximately 65% of all Christians worldwide. In response to the growing call for the ordination of women, Pope John Paul II issued the statement Ordinatio sacerdotalis in 1995. In it, he gave reasons why women cannot be ordained, and defined that the Holy Spirit had not conferred the power to ordain women upon the Church. In the wake of this definitive statement, many theologians considered the issue settled, but many continue to push for the ordination of women in the Catholic Church. Some have even begun protest churches.
In Judaism
Policy regarding the ordination of women differs among the different denominations of Judaism. Most Orthodox congregations do not allow female rabbis, while more liberal congregations began allowing female rabbis by the middle of the twentieth century.
Ordination of LGBT persons
Most Abrahamic religions condemn the practice of homosexuality and the Bible has been interpreted that in Romans 1 that homosexuals are "worthy of death". Interpretation of this passage, as with others potentially condemning homosexuality varies greatly between and within different denominations. Beginning in the late 20th century, and moreso in the early 21st century, several mainline denominational sects of Christianity and Judaism in the US and Europe endorsed the ordination of openly LGBT persons. See LGBT clergy in Christianity.
The United Church of Christ ordained openly gay Bill Johnson in 1972, and lesbian Anne Holmes in 1977.
While Buddhist ordinations of openly LGBT monks have occurred, more notable ordinations of openly LGBT novitiates have taken place in Western Buddhism.
See also
Ordination exams
Ordination (statistics)
References
External links
J. Frederick, 2001 "What Presbyterians Believe about ordination", Presbyterians Today, May 2001
Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Church (LEPC)
Buddhist monasticism
Religious terminology
Ecclesiology
Religious rituals
Rites of passage | wiki |
Agreement may refer to:
Agreements between people and organizations
Gentlemen's agreement, not enforceable by law
Trade agreement, between countries
Consensus, a decision-making process
Contract, enforceable in a court of law
Meeting of the minds (a.k.a. mutual agreement), a common understanding in the formation of a contract
Pact, convention, or treaty between nations, sub-national entities, organizations, corporations
Arts and media
Agreement, a 1978 book of poetry by Peter Seaton
Agreement (film), a 1980 Bollywood film
Science and mathematics
Agreement (linguistics) or concord, a change in the form of a word depending on grammatical features of another word
Consistency, logical agreement between two or more propositions
Reliability (statistics) in the sense of, for example, inter-rater agreement
Other uses
Agreement (political party), a Polish political party
Operation Agreement, a British 1942 military operation during the Western Desert Campaign
See also
Disagreement
Agrément, an agreement by a state to receive members of a diplomatic mission | wiki |
Betrayed or The Betrayed may refer to:
Betrayal, a violation of trust
Film and television
Betrayed (1917 film), an American silent film by Raoul Walsh
Betrayed (1954 film), an American war drama directed by Gottfried Reinhardt
Betrayed (1988 film), an American thriller directed by Costa-Gavras
The Betrayed (1993 film), a Dutch television drama directed by Frans Weisz
The Betrayed (1995 film), a British television documentary directed by Clive Gordon
Betrayed (2003 film), a film featuring Alex House
The Betrayed (2008 film), an American thriller by Amanda Gusack
"Betrayed" (Law & Order: Criminal Intent), a television episode
"Betrayed" (Scream), a television episode
Betrayed (TV series), an American crime series nominated at the 1st Critics' Choice Real TV Awards
Literature
Betrayed (Cast novel), a 2007 House of Night novel by P. C. Cast and Kristin Cast
Betrayed, a 2010 novel by Claire Robyns
The Betrayed, a 2014 novel by Heather Graham Pozzessere
The Betrayed, a novel by Michael Horbach, translated in 1959 by Robert Kee
Music
The Betrayed (Lostprophets album), 2010
Betrayed (Can't Trust Nobody) or the title song, an album by Nationwide Rip Ridaz, 1999
"Betrayed" (Lil Xan song), 2017
"Betrayed", a song by Avenged Sevenfold from City of Evil
"Betrayed", a song by Dream Evil from Children of the Night
See also
Betrayal (disambiguation) | wiki |
Demetrius () (died 330 BC) was one of Alexander's somatophylakes. He was suspected of being engaged in the conspiracy of Philotas, and was executed. Ptolemy (son of Lagus) replaced him as Somatophylax.
References
Arrian, Anabasis 3.27.5
Quintus Curtius Rufus 6.7.15 and 6.11.35-38
Who's Who in the Age of Alexander the Great by Waldemar Heckel (extract online)
330 BC deaths
Somatophylakes
Ancient Macedonian generals
Ancient Greek generals
Executed ancient Macedonian people
People executed by Alexander the Great
Year of birth unknown | wiki |
A camera module is an image sensor integrated with a lens, control electronics, and an interface like CSI, Ethernet or plain raw low-voltage differential signaling.
See also
IP camera
Mobile Industry Processor Interface (MIPI)
Elphel - multi-sensor camera based on FPGA and Ethernet interface. Previous camera models were used with Google Books and street view
Computing input devices
Digital photography
Image sensors
Video | wiki |
Sheila O'Flanagan (born 1958 in Dublin) is a fiction writer and journalist who writes for The Irish Times.
Biography
She was born in Dublin, Ireland. Her career started in financial services at the Central Bank of Ireland and was in time promoted to chief dealer, trading things like foreign currency, bonds, and options. She wrote her first book in her thirties. She was offered a contract with an Irish publisher and gave up her job in financial trading.
She is a competitive badminton player in Ireland and has served on the Irish Sports Council Board.
In 2011, she received the Irish Popular Fiction Book of the Year Award for All for You.
Publications
Suddenly Single (1999)
Isobel's Wedding (1999)
Far from Over (2000)
My Favourite Goodbye (2001)
He's Got to Go (2002)
Caroline's Sister (2002)
Too Good to Be True (2003)
Dreaming of a Stranger (2003)
Anyone But Him (2004)
How Will I Know? (2005)
Yours, Faithfully (2006)
Bad Behaviour (2007)
Three's a Crowd (2008)
Someone Special (2008)
The Perfect Man (2009)
Stand by Me (2010)
All for You (2011)
Things We Never Say (2013)
If you were Me (2014)
My Mother′s Secret (2015)
The Crystal Run (2016)
The Missing Wife (2016)
What Happened That Night (2017)
The Hideaway (2018)
The Moment We Meet (2018)
The Season of Change (2029)
Her Husband's Mistake (2019)
The Women Who Ran Away (2020)
Three Weddings and a Proposal (2021)
What Eden did next (2022)
References
External links
Official website
Living people
Irish fiction writers
Irish women journalists
Writers from Dublin (city)
The Irish Times people
1958 births | wiki |
"My Name Is Kay" is a song by the Canadian singer/songwriter My Name Is Kay. Even though the song received single status in Canada, Kay does not consider it her first single. This is because the track was never intended to be released as a single, however due to the popular demand for the song, it was released as a single in Canada by Universal Music. The song originally premiered on February 10, 2011, on Kay's official SoundCloud account. Although considered her debut single, My Name Is Kay considers it, along with "Strangers", as just "a song".
Charts
References
2011 songs
Songs written by Ryan Tedder
Songs written by E. Kidd Bogart
Song recordings produced by Ryan Tedder
Songs written by Noel Zancanella | wiki |
Brideless Groom is a 1947 short subject directed by Edward Bernds starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Shemp Howard). It is the 101st entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 shorts for the studio between 1934 and 1959.
Plot
Shemp is a voice instructor and the object of affection to his unattractive and tone-deaf vocal student Miss Dinkelmeyer, with Larry as his musical accompanist. After an excruciating session, Moe enters his classroom to tell Shemp that his uncle Caleb had died and left him an inheritance of $500,000 (about $6.4 million today). However, Shemp cannot collect the money unless he is married within 48 hours after the reading of the will, leaving him only a few hours to find a bride. Shemp uses his address book to call and propose to any and all women he has ever known in the phone booth, but he is unsuccessful. With time running out, Moe and Larry lead Shemp through a series of disastrous situations including the destruction of a phone booth and Shemp being beaten silly by a woman named Miss Hopkins, who had just moved into the building and mistook Shemp for her cousin Basil. As he gathers his thoughts, Shemp unintentionally proposes to Miss Dinkelmeyer. She happily accepts and the two of them, with Moe and Larry in tow, head over to the Justice of Peace to get married. Shemp pulls out the wedding ring but accidentally loses it in the piano. Moe forces him to look, and Shemp wrecks the piano before finding the ring.
Then, Shemp's landlord calls Moe to tell him that news of Shemp's inheritance was printed in the newspaper and all of Shemp's ex-girlfriends that he called earlier found out about it and are out looking for him. They all arrive at the Justice of Peace's office looking to marry Shemp to get his money, whereupon chaos ensues. The women start fighting, taking out their aggressions not only on each other but also upon Moe and Larry, who are repeatedly kicked in the shins while standing among the crowd of battling women, trying to break them up. Moe also sets a bear trap in a chair awaiting any of the women who are continually pushing one another into it, but the plan backfires as he tries to antagonize a combatant who shoves him backwards into the chair, causing the trap to painfully snap shut on him. Nonetheless, Shemp, in a dazed state, ends up marrying Miss Dinkelmeyer, just in time to collect the money. As Shemp comes to, he is told what has happened, and is frightened beyond reproach.
Cast
Credited
Moe Howard as Moe
Larry Fine as Larry
Shemp Howard as Professor Shemp Howard
Dee Green as Miss Dinkelmeyer
Christine McIntyre as Miss Hopkins
Doris Houck as Aggressive former girlfriend
Uncredited
Emil Sitka as Justice of the Peace J.M. Benton
Johnny Kascier as Bellboy
Virginia Hunter as Shemp's former girlfriend
Judy Malcolm as Shemp's former girlfriend
Alyn Lockwood as Shemp's former girlfriend
Bertha Priestley as Fat Woman in Hallway
Nancy Saunders as Shemp's former girlfriend
Production notes
Brideless Groom was filmed on March 11–14, 1947. The plot theme of Brideless Groom is not unique, having been used in (among others) Buster Keaton's 1925 comedy Seven Chances (remade in 1999 as The Bachelor). Writer Clyde Bruckman was also partially responsible for Seven Chances. Brideless Groom would be recycled in the second half of the 1956 Stooge short Husbands Beware.
The film features longtime Stooges supporting player Emil Sitka's best-remembered line "Hold hands, you lovebirds!" (the line is actually engraved on Sitka's headstone). The shot where Sitka has a birdcage smashed on his head was worked into the 1994 movie Pulp Fiction when Eric Stoltz is watching television.
The version of "Voices of Spring" during Shemp and Miss Dinkelmeyer's singing lesson was sung by frequent Stooge co-star Christine McIntyre, who appears in this short as Miss Hopkins. This version of "Voices of Spring", along with McIntyre herself, were previously used in the Stooges' Micro-Phonies (1945).
Shemp's injury
Brideless Groom features a sequence with Christine McIntyre who portrays Miss Hopkins, a woman whom Shemp actively pursues for his wife. Unfortunately, she mistakes him for her cousin Basil. After learning her mistake, she takes it out on poor Shemp by slapping him silly, then finally punching him through her door. During the filming of the scene, when McIntyre threw her punch, she leaned too far into it and hit Shemp for real, ultimately breaking his nose. This mistake was left in the film, and when watched in slow motion, Shemp can be seen falling down and opening his mouth like he was yelling in pain after the punch. Director Edward Bernds remembered getting McIntyre to give Shemp the blows:
Copyright status
Brideless Groom is one of four Columbia Stooge shorts that fell into the public domain after their copyright expired in the 1960s, the other three being Disorder in the Court (1936), Sing a Song of Six Pants (1947), and Malice in the Palace (1949). As such, these four shorts frequently appear on budget VHS and DVD compilations.
See also
List of American films of 1947
List of films in the public domain in the United States
Public domain film
References
External links
Brideless Groom complete film on YouTube
1947 films
1947 comedy films
1947 short films
American black-and-white films
1940s English-language films
The Three Stooges films
Columbia Pictures short films
Films directed by Edward Bernds
Articles containing video clips
1940s American films | wiki |
Night of the Blood Beast is a 1958 American science-fiction horror film about a team of scientists who are stalked by an alien creature, which implants its embryos in an astronaut's body during a space flight. Produced by exploitation filmmaker Roger Corman and his brother Gene, it was one of the first films directed by Bernard L. Kowalski and was written by first-time screenwriter Martin Varno, who was 21 years old. It starred several actors who had regularly worked with Roger Corman, including Michael Emmet, Ed Nelson, Steve Dunlap, Georgianna Carter and Tyler McVey. The film was theatrically released in December 1958 as a double feature with She Gods of Shark Reef.
It took Varno six weeks to write the script, the original working title of which was Creature from Galaxy 27. The story was partially influenced by the real-life Space Race and the Howard Hawks film The Thing from Another World (1951). Screenwriters Jerome Bixby and Harold Jacob Smith gave Varno uncredited assistance with the dialogue. With a budget of about $68,000, it was shot over seven days at the Charlie Chaplin Studios, Bronson Canyon and a television station on Mount Lee in Hollywood.
The Blood Beast alien costume was also previously used in the Roger Corman film Teenage Caveman (1958), which was filmed just two weeks earlier. Art director Daniel Haller, who built the rocket ship and other props, slept at the sound stage between work sessions. Following dissatisfaction with his treatment by the Cormans, Varno pursued two successful arbitration cases, one of which was for underpayment. The other was in response to Gene Corman's original story writing credit, even though Varno claimed to have written the entire story himself.
The film was featured in a 1996 episode of the comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000.
Plot
A rocket ship carrying astronaut John Corcoran (Michael Emmet) launches and orbits the Earth, marking the United States' first manned space launch. Shortly after taking off, the ship is struck by an unknown object, forcing Corcoran to abort the mission and land. However, the equipment cannot handle the fast descent back into the atmosphere and the ship crash lands in the woods, killing Corcoran. Dave Randall (Ed Nelson) and Donna Bixby (Georgianna Carter), two technicians from a nearby space agency tracking station, locate the crashed ship and recover Corcoran's body. They are baffled, however, by what appears to be a giant tear in the side of the destroyed spacecraft and a mud-like substance covering some of the wreckage. Randall and Bixby are joined by lead scientist Dr. Alex Wyman (Tyler McVey), technician Steve Dunlap (John Baer) and physician Julie Benson (Angela Greene), who was also Corcoran's fiancé. Wyman observes that Corcoran's body exhibits no signs of rigor mortis and that the blood pooling beside him is not livid as it should be. The team brings the corpse back to their lab to run tests and find further irregularities. Although the body lacks a heartbeat or pulse, it maintains the blood pressure of a living human being. After looking at his blood in a microscope, they find unusual, unidentifiable cells that seem resistant to destruction from human white blood cells.
The team tries to call for further assistance, but find the radio is no longer working. Randall heads outside to check the power transformers, and is attacked by a large creature (Ross Sturlin) hiding in the underbrush around the station. Randall fires a few shots at the creature with his pistol and escapes unscathed. Although he did not get a good look at the creature, he describes it to the rest of the team as similar in size to a bear. Later, the team finds the infirmary has been trashed and Corcoran's body is gone. They initially believe the creature has broken in and stole the corpse, but are shocked to instead find Corcoran has mysteriously regained consciousness. Upon checking his blood again, there is no trace of the mysterious cells from before, but after investigating Corcoran's body, they find the cells have changed into lizard-like fetuses and entered into his abdominal cavity. The creature later breaks into the lab again, this time beheading Dr. Wyman. Randall and Dunlap are initially suspicious that Corcoran was involved in the death, which he denies, but it appears he has some sort of telepathic connection with the creature. Despite Wyman's death, Corcoran does not believe the creature is evil, but rather simply misunderstood. He implores the others to give the creature a chance to explain its actions and asks that they not condemn it as a monster simply because it is different.
As the others plot to destroy the creature with improvised gas bombs and flares, Corcoran flees the station and finds the creature in a nearby cave. After consuming Wyman's brain, the creature is now able to speak with the scientist's voice and has absorbed his knowledge. Corcoran asks whether Wyman's death was needed, but the creature insists it was a necessary sacrifice. The others arrive to destroy the creature, but hesitate because Corcoran will not step aside and let them throw their bombs. The creature insists it is not an evil monster, but an intelligent alien who has come to Earth to save the human race from its own self-destructive tendencies. It explains that Corcoran's body has been implanted with its embryos, which will allow the alien species to multiply and take over the human race, which the creature claims is the only way to truly save humanity. Upon realizing the creature is forcing the will of its species on the human race, Corcoran concludes the creature is evil after all and commits suicide so its embryos cannot come to fruition. The others then throw their explosives and kill the creature, which in its dying breath warns that others from his species are waiting in space and will return one day to conquer humanity.
Cast
John Baer as Steve Dunlap
Angela Greene as Dr. Julie Benson
Ed Nelson as Dave Randall
Georgianna Carter as Donna Bixby
Michael Emmet as Major John Corcoran
Tyler McVey as Dr. Alex Wyman
Ross Sturlin as The Creature
Production
Writing
Night of the Blood Beast was one of several films produced by B movie filmmaker Roger Corman and his brother, Gene Corman. The two also partnered together in making Hot Car Girl (1958), Beast from Haunted Cave (1959), Attack of the Giant Leeches (1959) and The Premature Burial (1962). Jerome Bixby, the science fiction screenwriter who wrote It! The Terror from Beyond Space (1958), was originally approached for the job, but Bixby was working on another project and recommended his close friend Martin Varno for the job. Varno, the son of veteran actor Roland Varno, was 21 years old at the time. He met with Roger and Gene Corman, who discussed with him what Varno called "some sort of a weird idea for the picture". They offered Varno a couple hundred dollars for the job, which was below the minimum compensation rates known as "scale", but Varno was not part of the Writers Guild of America at the time and did not know about the guidelines. He accepted the offer and signed a contract. Although Varno had a rough idea it would be a low-budget film, he said the Cormans set no specific guidelines for him: "I gave them the impression that I knew pretty much what I was doing, and they sort of got the idea that I wasn't going to use 50,000 extras and things."
It took about six weeks to write the Blood Beast script. It was written under the working title Creature from Galaxy 27, which was conceived by Varno, but the Corman brothers later changed it to Night of the Blood Beast. Gene Corman received film credit for conceiving the film's story, but Varno claimed he wrote the film almost entirely himself and that Corman had little to do with the story: "He had some rambling ideas but they didn't have very much to do with the movie that became Night of the Blood Beast." Varno also said of him: "Gene didn't open his mouth, really, until Roger told him he could." Varno said he wrote the screenplay alone and showed parts of it to Roger and Gene Corman as he went along. Varno researched medical and aerospace technology at a library in Hollywood near Vine Street. The story, which fictionally portrays America's manned voyage into space, was heavily influenced by the real life Space Race ongoing between the United States and Soviet Union at the time. Gene Corman said another major inspiration was The Thing from Another World (1951), a Howard Hawks-directed science fiction film about a group of soldiers and scientists threatened by an alien creature in a remote Arctic research outpost. He said of the film, "How could you not be [influenced]? We had to be, if only indirectly or subconsciously. That was a classic film then, a classic film today." However, Varno said any influence from The Thing was only subconscious: "I loved some of the scenes in The Thing and I'm sure that crept in one way or another, but not overtly."
Varno said he received uncredited assistance from his friends and fellow screenwriters Jerome Bixby and Harold Jacob Smith, the latter of whom won an Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for the film The Defiant Ones (1958). Varno ran lines and ideas by both men and sought advice. Smith in particular inspired lines for the speech made by the monster at the end of the film, in which the creature discusses how the human characters consider him the embodiment of evil simply because he is different from them. Varno said much of that dialogue from Smith, however, ended up getting cut from the final film. One of the primary themes of the film, as embodied in John Corcoran's attempts to defend the alien creature, was that simply because someone or something is ugly or different does not necessarily make it evil. However, the script also followed a common trait of most horror films of the 1950s that even somewhat understandable monsters are not entirely sympathetic and the Blood Beast creature proves itself evil by impregnating Corcoran against his will and pursuing world domination.
Casting
The Cormans cast the film together with director Bernard L. Kowalski, who was 28 years old at the time. Kowalski also directed Roger Corman's Hot Car Girl. Night of the Blood Beast was one of Kowalski's first directorial credits and his first science fiction film, although he later went on to direct Attack of the Giant Leeches. For the Blood Beast cast, they mostly selected actors that had worked on other Roger Corman films. Michael Emmet had worked with Kowalski on the Western television series Boots and Saddles, where Kowalski directed most of the episodes Emmet had a major role in and was impressed with the actor's work ethic. Emmet later starred in the Roger Corman film Attack of the Giant Leeches. Ed Nelson also worked on several Roger Corman films, including Swamp Women (1955), Attack of the Crab Monsters (1957), Teenage Doll (1957) and She Gods of Shark Reef (1958). When asked what Nelson remembered about the film during a 2003 interview, he admitted, "Not much", but he said Roger and Gene Corman were very knowledgeable about film and treated the material "light-heartedly".
Filming
The film was shot over seven days with a budget of about $68,000. Both Roger and Gene Corman were present for most of the film's production and involved creatively as well as financially. Gene was more involved with running the day-to-day operations while the more experienced Roger Corman supervised and provided guidance to both Gene and Kowalski. Martin Varno was also present for shooting. They operated out of the Charlie Chaplin Studios, which was called Kling Studios at the time. Some rewriting was done as the filming progressed, and director Bernard L. Kowalski called it a collaborative process that involved himself, the Cormans and the whole crew. Varno, however, said he was not happy with how the filming process went and that the Cormans changed dialogue and story elements without his consultation or permission. He said it reached the point where he called his agent and said, "I am not working for these sons of bitches any more! I am sick and tired of the whole thing!"
All of the interior scenes were shot at sound stages inside Kling Studios. Most of the exterior shots were filmed at Bronson Canyon, a set of caves at Griffith Park in Los Angeles that was a popular shooting location for low-budget films. The exterior scenes of the tracking station were shot at a television station on Mount Lee, not far from the Hollywood Sign. Varno said it was the first television station built in Los Angeles, but was only being used for emergency broadcasts when Night of the Blood Beast was filmed; it had also been used during World War II to send information and propaganda to the Allied Forces' overseas allies. Varno secured permission to film there simply by calling the city of Los Angeles and asking permission, something he said nobody else considered trying because they assumed the city would not allow it. Varno was familiar with the station because his father, Roland Varno, appeared in the first dramatic television show released in Los Angeles and it was transmitted from that station. For the Night of the Blood Beast shoot, Los Angeles charged a fee of $8 per actor to shoot at the station, but the crew could be any size. All shooting took place outside the station and none inside. Most of the station night scenes there were shot during the day, and the film crew often had to find shadows to shoot in or block out the sun to give the impression of nighttime. Gene Corman said of the shooting: "That was one of the more mobile units I've ever been involved with. Normally, everybody chases the sun; we were chasing the shadows."
The alien costume featured in Night of the Blood Beast was the same as the one used in another Roger Corman film, Teenage Caveman (1958). This was done to save money, as the Cormans often tried to incorporate existing sets, costumes and other elements from previous films into new ones for financial savings. Varno said the Corman brothers were so conscious of their spending that "'cheap' was the main word in their vocabulary". The monster costume scenes in Teenage Caveman and Night of the Blood Beast were shot within about two weeks of each other. The costume was modified slightly for Blood Beast; Varno claimed somebody on the set said "the nose looks too Jewish", so it was cut down slightly to more resemble a beak. Ross Sturlin wore the costume for the scenes in both Teenage Caveman and Night of the Blood Beast. Filming was very difficult for Sturlin because it grew extremely hot inside the costume during the exterior shots. John Mathew Nickolaus, Jr. was director of photography for the film and Jack Bohrer was the production manager. Daniel Haller, who went on to become a film director himself, worked as art director on Night of the Blood Beast. Haller did much of the manual construction work on the set himself, and brought a trailer in to the sound stage so he could sleep there and between work sessions. Among the props he built was the rocket ship, the frame of which was made of plywood that had been cut into circles, then covered with a plastic sheet and spray-painted to look metallic. Haller also created blood cells that the characters looked at under a microscope and the baby aliens (which resembled seahorses) they looked at under a fluoroscope. Alexander Laszlo composed the music for the film. Almost the entire crew went on to work on Attack of the Giant Leeches with the Corman brothers and Kowalski.
WGA arbitration
Martin Varno's dissatisfaction with the Cormans eventually led him to take them into formal arbitration proceedings. Although Varno was not a member of the Writers Guild of America when he wrote the Blood Beast script, he was encouraged by actor Jay Jostyn to discuss the matter with them. According to Varno, Jostyn claimed several actors and writers had similar problems with the Cormans in the past, but were not taking action because the Cormans provided them continued work in their films. After meeting with the Writers Guild, Varno became a member and filed arbitration papers against the Cormans for not paying him enough. Roger Corman was in the process of editing the film when he received the arbitration notice, and he became so angry he started screaming and throwing things in the cutting room. Varno claims one of the film crew members approached him (Varno) and promised that the Cormans would hire Varno to work on many of their future films if he dropped the matter, but Varno refused.
Varno later filed a second arbitration upon learning that Gene Corman was to receive writing credit for the original story. Varno claimed Corman had nothing to do with the story and produced large amounts of dated notes he claimed proved he wrote it himself. Varno won both arbitration matters. However, Roger Corman refused to pay Varno and, as a result, he was not allowed to use Writers Guild of America members on his films. Corman used non-union writers for several years, but he finally agreed to pay Varno when he wanted to use a union writer on one of his films. Varno said he would have sought more money for the delay, but he was out of the country when Corman paid the money and missed his opportunity. Additionally, despite winning arbitration in the writing credit matter, Gene Corman was given on-screen original story credit in Night of the Blood Beast. When contacted by the distributor, American International Pictures, he was told removing Corman's credit would mean recalling all of the prints and changing them, which would have cost thousands of dollars, and Varno agreed to allow it to remain unchanged.
Release
Distribution
Night at the Blood Beast was distributed by American International Pictures. It was test-screened for audiences in unadvertised sneak previews, in which audiences attending a different film were surprised with a screening of Night of the Blood Beast instead. Coincidentally, Martin Varno attended one of these sneak previews without any advance knowledge of what it was. The screening was also attended by Roger and Gene Corman, who were not pleased by Varno's presence. It was the first time the screenwriter had seen the completed film, which he did not enjoy, and he said of watching it: "On my left side was sitting Forry Ackerman, and on my right side was sitting Jerry Bixby. And their main job was to keep my hands held down so I wouldn't cut my throat." During its theatrical release, Night of the Blood Beast was a double feature co-billed with She Gods of Shark Reef. The film was released in December 1958.
Reviews
John L. Flynn, a Towson University English professor who has written extensively about science-fiction film, unfavorably compared Night of the Blood Beast to The Creeping Terror (1964), which was also about an astronaut returning from space with a stowaway alien creature. Although Flynn said it lacked the "epic pretentiousness" of that film, he nevertheless said of Night of the Blood Beast: "Corman made a career out of making cheap knock-offs of popular films, but he seems to be scraping the bottom of the barrel here". The Washington Post writer Tom Shales said "it would be hard to find a worse movie" and that the monster "looks like the San Diego Chicken after having been tarred and feathered". Film critic and historian Steven H. Scheuer said the plot was a good idea but criticized what he called a "sloppy execution". Literary and film critic John Kenneth Muir said he considered the film a failure because the monster "simply could not live up to expectations once revealed". Leonard Maltin's Movie Guide gave the film one-and-a-half out of four stars with the entry: "Well directed, but too low budget to succeed." Night of the Blood Beast was among several films universally considered terrible that film reviewer Michael Adams watched as part of a book about his quest to find the worst film of all time. However, Adams said he enjoyed it on a B movie level, calling it "cheap but enjoyable and buoyed by its ideas". John Stanley, who hosted the San Francisco television show Creature Features about science fiction films, said Night of the Blood Beast deliberately imitated the best scenes from The Thing from Another World. Chris Eggerston of Bloody Disgusting wrote that the alien in the film "looks like a human-sized parrot covered in feces" and ranked it as the fifth worst movie monster of all time. However, he said that the film's idea of an alien impregnating a human being was an "interesting concept," noting that it was reused in Ridley Scott's Alien.
Mystery Science Theater 3000
Night of the Blood Beast was featured in the seventh season premiere episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000, along with Once Upon a Honeymoon (1956), a short film by Bell Telephone about a married couple forced to postpone their honeymoon even further so that the husband can write a song for a demanding diva. Night of the Blood Beast was one of several Roger Corman-produced or -directed films that were featured on the show, along with It Conquered the World (1956), The Viking Women and the Sea Serpent (1957), Teenage Caveman (1958) and Attack of the Giant Leeches (1959). Night of the Blood Beast was originally broadcast on November 23, 1995, as a Thanksgiving special; the non-movie segments revolved around Thanksgiving in Deep 13, the headquarters of the mad scientist who ran MST3K'''s bad movie experiment. The episode was later broadcast with all new non-movie segments; the original version ran only four times, none after the non-Thanksgiving version debuted February 3, 1996.
The show's episode guide, The Mystery Science Theater 3000 Amazing Colossal Episode Guide, calls the movie "a science fiction monster thriller with no thrills attached, featuring possibly the stupidest collection of scientists ever to peer into a microscope." Recurring gags during the movie segments include referring to the parasites implanted in Corcoran by the alien as shrimp and mocking the feebleness of the government's response to a rocket crash, sending only a handful of scientists and a flatbed truck to investigate. The movie features "gray men talking flatly in a gray office," head writer / performer Mike Nelson wrote. "The twist is that they all appear to be named Steve. There are some women there too, but their roles are kept to a minimum to avoid sparking any unnecessary interest or character interaction. Gray men talking is mission number one."
The episode fared moderately well with fans, placing #75 of 177 in a poll of MST3K Season 11 Kickstarter backers. Writer Jim Vogel, however, counted Night of the Blood Beast as the fifth-best episode of MST3K. "The film is just a dull speck of nothing," Vorel wrote, "and yet, the Best Brains make it something magical. ...There's no end to the amazing running gags that are established throughout." Vorel also is baffled by the short, unable to understand how an angel helping newlyweds compose for a musical was supposed to convince viewers to buy phones.
The MST3K version of the film was released on July 20, 2010, by Shout! Factory as part of the Mystery Science Theater Collection Vol. XVI DVD set along with The Corpse Vanishes (episode #105), Warrior of the Lost World (episode #501), and Santa Claus'' (episode #521).
References
Notes
Bibliography
External links
1958 films
American black-and-white films
American science fiction horror films
1958 horror films
Films about astronauts
Films directed by Bernard L. Kowalski
1950s monster movies
American International Pictures films
1950s science fiction horror films
Films produced by Roger Corman
Films produced by Gene Corman
American monster movies
Articles containing video clips
Films shot in Los Angeles
1950s English-language films
1950s American films | wiki |
Jo Frost: Extreme Parental Guidance is a British reality television programme that aired on Channel 4 from 9 February 2010 to 5 August 2012. It serves as a follow-up programme to Supernanny that ran from 7 July 2004 to 8 October 2008.
Episodes
Series 1
Series 2
References
External links
2010 British television series debuts
2012 British television series endings
British reality television series
Channel 4 original programming
English-language television shows
Parenting television series
Works about child care occupations | wiki |
Game of Arms is an American television series that debuted February 25, 2014, on AMC. The series is a reality television show about American competitive arm wrestlers. The series follows arm wrestling clubs in Erie, Pennsylvania; Kansas City, Missouri; New York City; Sacramento, California, and Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Prior to its broadcast, the series was initially known as King of Arms.
On September 11, 2014, AMC renewed the series for a second season. However it canceled the series a month later in mid-production as part of the network ending nearly all their reality series and refocusing completely on fictional dramas for their original series output.
Episodes
Reception
Upon airing, the premiere was watched by 1 million viewers, with 626,000 of those viewers among adults 18-49. It is AMC's highest-rated reality series premiere of all time.
References
External links
2014 American television series debuts
2014 American television series endings
English-language television shows
AMC (TV channel) original programming
American sports television series
Arm wrestling | wiki |
Leptoctenopsis subpurpurea is een vlinder uit de familie van de spanners (Geometridae). De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1897 door Warren.
subpurpurea | wiki |
Beef war or beef wars may refer to:
Beef hormone controversy or Beef War
Beef war, the ban on British beef associated with mad cow disease
Beef war, the conflict about United States beef imports in Taiwan
See also
United States beef imports in Japan
United States beef imports in South Korea
2008 US beef protest in South Korea | wiki |
A school is an institution for learning.
School or the school may also refer to:
School of thought, a number of individuals with shared styles, approaches or aims
School (fish), a group of fish swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner
Education
School (division), a division of a college or university focused on related subjects
The School at Columbia University ("The School") The Columbia University primary school
Arts, entertainment, and media
Art
School of art, not in the educational sense but as a school of thought; an art movement
Music
Groups
The School (British band)
The School (Norwegian band)
Songs
“School”, a song by American rock band Nirvana from their 1989 album Bleach
"School", a song by British rock band Supertramp from their 1974 album Crime of the Century
"School", a track by Toby Fox from Deltarune Chapter 1 OST from the 2018 video game Deltarune
Television
School (South Korean TV series) a South Korean anthology series
School (2011 TV series), a 2011 Japanese serial drama
The School (Sapphire & Steel), an audio serial based on the TV series Sapphire & Steel
See also
Old school (disambiguation)
Scholar (disambiguation)
Scholastic (disambiguation)
Scholasticism, a method of learning taught by the academics of medieval universities circa 1100–1500
Schooled (disambiguation)
Schooler (disambiguation)
Schoolies (disambiguation)
Schooling (disambiguation)
Types of educational institutions | wiki |
Winged horse may also refer to:
Flying horses, horses with wings
List of winged horses, for a particular horse with wings
The Winged Horse, a 1932 theatrical short cartoon
Winged Hussars, Polish cavalry who wore wings as part of their uniform
See also
Tianma, East Asian mythological horse, sometimes winged
Winged unicorn, a unicorn with wings
List of fictional horses
Flying horses (disambiguation)
Pegasus (disambiguation) | wiki |
The Worst Person in the World may refer to:
"The Worst Person in the world” it is currently Horace Mann the inventor of school
"Worst Person in the World", a segment on Countdown with Keith Olbermann partly inspired by the above character
The Worst Person in the World (book), a 2006 book by Keith Olbermann based on the above segment
The Worst Person in the World (film), a 2021 Norwegian film unrelated to any of the above
See also
"Heartbreaking: The Worst Person You Know Just Made A Great Point", a ClickHole satirical article
Worst. Person. Ever., a Douglas Coupland novel | wiki |
The English language has incorporated various loanwords, terms, phrases, or quotations from the German language. A loanword is a word borrowed from a donor language and incorporated into a recipient language without translation. It is distinguished from a calque, or loan translation, where a meaning or idiom from another language is translated into existing words or roots of the host language. Some of the expressions are relatively common (e.g., hamburger), but most are comparatively rare. In many cases, the loanword has assumed a meaning substantially different from its German forebear.
English and German both are West Germanic languages, though their relationship has been obscured by the lexical influence of Old Norse and Norman French (as a consequence of the Norman conquest of England in 1066) on English as well as the High German consonant shift. In recent years, however, many English words have been borrowed directly from German. Typically, English spellings of German loanwords suppress any umlauts (the superscript, double-dot diacritic in Ä, Ö, Ü, ä, ö, and ü) of the original word or replace the umlaut letters with Ae, Oe, Ue, ae, oe, ue, respectively (as is done commonly in German speaking countries when the umlaut is not available; the origin of the umlaut was a superscript E).
German words have been incorporated into English usage for many reasons:
German cultural artifacts, especially foods, have spread to English-speaking nations and often are identified either by their original German names or by German-sounding English names.
Developments and discoveries in German-speaking nations in science, scholarship, and classical music have led to German words for new concepts, which have been adopted into English: for example the words doppelgänger and angst in psychology.
Discussion of German history and culture requires some German words.
Some German words are used in English narrative to identify that the subject expressed is in German, e.g., Frau, Reich.
As languages, English and German descend from the common ancestor language West Germanic and further back to Proto-Germanic; because of this, some English words are essentially identical to their German lexical counterparts, either in spelling (Hand, Sand, Finger) or pronunciation ("fish" = Fisch, "mouse" = Maus), or both (Arm, Ring); these are excluded from this list.
German common nouns fully adopted into English are in general not initially capitalized, and the German letter "ß" is generally changed to "ss".
German terms commonly used in English
Most of these words will be recognized by many English speakers; they are commonly used in English contexts. Some, such as wurst and pumpernickel, retain German connotations, while others, such as lager and hamburger, retain none. Not every word is recognizable outside its relevant context. A number of these expressions are used in American English, under the influence of German immigration, but not in British English.
Food and drink
Altbier—a copper coloured, malt-forward, clean and crisp tasting, lighter-bodied beer with moderate bitterness from Rhineland.
Berliner Weisse (German spelling: Berliner Weiße)—a sour beer often infused with fruit syrup.
Biergarten—an open-air drinking establishment.
Bock—a strong beer.
Braunschweiger—a liverwurst cold-cut (though, in Germany, Braunschweiger describes a smoked ground beef sausage).
Bratwurst (also brat)—a type of frying sausage.
Budweiser—a beer, named after Budweis, the German name of Budějovice, a city in Southern Bohemia.
Bundt cake (from Bundkuchen; in German: a Gug(e)lhupf)—a ring cake.
Delicatessen (German spelling: Delikatessen)—a speciality food retailer; fine foods.
Dunkel (also Dunkles)—a dark beer.
Emmentaler (also Emmental)—a yellow, medium-hard Swiss cheese that originated in the area around Emmental, Canton Bern.
Frankfurter (also frank or frankfurt)—a type of sausage.
Gose—a top-fermenting sour beer that originated in Goslar, Germany.
Grätzer—a beer style named after Grätz, the German name of Grodzisk Wielkopolski, a city in Greater Poland
Gugelhupf—a type of cake with a hole in the middle.
Gummi bear (in German: Gummibär, but the product is only known as Gummibärchen (diminutive))—the non-Anglicized spelling of gummy bear.
Hamburger—a sandwich with a meat patty and garnishments.
Hasenpfeffer—a type of rabbit (or hare) stew.
Hefeweizen—an unfiltered wheat beer (containing yeast).
Helles (also Hell)—a pale lager beer.
Jagertee (from Austrian-Bavarian dialects; German spelling: Jägertee)—an alcoholic beverage made by mixing overproof rum with black tea, red wine, plum brandy, orange juice, and various spices.
Kipfel (also kipferl)—a horn-shaped type of pastry.
Kellerbier—a lager beer, which is typically neither clarified nor pasteurised.
Kinder Surprise (also known as a "Kinder Egg")—a chocolate egg containing a small toy, usually requiring assembly (in Germany: Überraschungsei and Kinder-Überraschung). However, despite being a German word, the Kinder chocolate brand is actually of Italian origin.
Kirschwasser—a spirit drink made from cherries (hard liquor / booze).
Knackwurst—a cooked sausage.
Kohlrabi—a type of cabbage (aka "cabbage turnip").
Kölsch—a beer style from Cologne.
Kommissbrot—a dark type of German bread, baked from rye and other flours.
Lager—a beer made with bottom-fermenting yeast and stored for some time before serving (in Germany: an Export).
Leberwurst—a pork-liver sausage.
Liptauer—a spicy cheese spread made with sheep milk cheese, goat cheese, quark, or cottage cheese, after Liptau, the German name of Liptov, a region in northern Slovakia.
Märzen (also Märzenbier)—a medium to full body lager beer.
Maß—a unit of volume used for measuring beer; typically , but probably evolved from the old Bavarian unit of measure (Maßeinheit) called Quartl (quart).
Mozartkugel, (literally "Mozart ball")—a small, round sugar confection made of pistachio marzipan, and nougat, covered with dark chocolate.
Muesli—a breakfast cereal. (Swiss German spelling: Müesli, standard German: Müsli)
Noodle (from German Nudel)—a type of food; a string of pasta.
Pfeffernüsse—peppernuts.
Pilsener (also Pils or Pilsner)—a pale lager beer named after Pilsen, the German name of Plzeň, a city in Western Bohemia; contains higher amounts of hops than usual Lager (or Export) beer, and therefore is a tad more bitter.
Powidl—a spread made from plums.
Pretzel (German spelling: Brezel)—a flour- and yeast-based pastry.
Pumpernickel—a type of sourdough rye bread, strongly flavored, dense, and dark in color.
Quark—a type of fresh cheese (curd).
Radler—a mixture of beer and lemonade.
Rollmops—a rolled, pickled herring fillet.
Saaz—a variety of hops named after Saaz, the German name of Žatec, a city in Northwestern Bohemia.
Sauerkraut (also Kraut, which in German would mean cabbage in general)—fermented cabbage.
Schnapps (German spelling: Schnaps)—a distilled alcoholic drink (hard liquor, booze).
Schwarzbier—a dark lager beer.
Seltzer—carbonated water, a genericized trademark that derives from the German town Selters, which is renowned for its mineral springs.
Spritzer (from spritzen meaning "to spray"; the term is most commonly used in Vienna and its surroundings; in German: (Wein-)Schorle, rarely Gespritzter)—a chilled drink from white wine and soda water.
Stein (from Steingut meaning "earthenware", referring to the material; in German: Steinkrug, literally earthenware jug)—a large drinking mug, usually for beer.
Streusel—a crumb topping on a cake.
Strudel—a filled pastry (e.g., Apfelstrudel, milk-cream strudel).
Süffig—a beverage that is especially light and sweet or palatable; only the latter meaning is connoted with German süffig.
Tafelspitz—boiled veal or beef in broth, served with a mix of minced apples and horseradish.
Weisslacker (also Bierkäse)—a type of cow's milk cheese.
Wiener—a hot dog.
Wiener Schnitzel—a crumbed veal cutlet.
Wurst—a sausage, cold cuts.
Zwieback—a "twice baked" bread; rusk, variants: German hard biscuits; Mennonite double yeast roll
Sports and recreation
Abseil (German spelling: sich abseilen, a reflexive verb, to rope (seil) oneself (sich) down (ab))—the term "abseiling" is used in the UK and Commonwealth countries, "roping (down)" in various English settings, and "rappelling" in the US.
Blitz (from Blitzkrieg (lightning war))—A team defensive play in American or Canadian football in which the defense sends more players than the offense can block. The term Blitzkrieg was originally used in Nazi Germany during World War II, describing a dedicated kind of fast and ferocious attack.
Foosball—Probably from the German word for table football, Tischfußball, although foosball itself is referred to as Kicker or Tischfußball in German. Fußball is the word for soccer in general.
Karabiner (from "Karabinerhaken"; can also mean a Carbine firearm in German)—snaplink, a metal loop with a sprung or screwed gate, used in climbing and mountaineering; translates to "riflehook".
Kutte (literally "frock" or "cowl")—a type of vest made out of denim or leather and traditionally worn by bikers, metalheads, and punks; in German, the word also refers to the clothes of monks.
Kletterschuh—a climbing shoe (mountaineering).
Mannschaft—a German word for a sports team.
Rucksack (more commonly called a backpack in American English)
Schuss—literally a shot (ski) down a slope at high speed.
Turner—a gymnast.
Turnverein—a gymnastics club or society.
Volksmarsch / Volkssport / Volkswanderung—literally people's march / popular sports (competitive) / people migrating.
Animals
Dachshund, a dog breed, literally "badger dog" (usually referred to as Dackel in German usage)
Doberman Pinscher, a dog breed (usually referred to as Dobermann in German)
Hamster, a small rodent often kept as a household pet
Olm, an exclusively cave-dwelling aquatic salamander found in Europe.
Pomeranian, a dog breed
Poodle, a dog breed, from German Pudel
Rottweiler, a dog breed
Schnauzer, a dog breed (though in German, Schnauzer could also be short for Schnauzbart, meaning "moustache")
Siskin, several species of birds (from Sisschen, dialect for Zeisig)
Spitz, a dog breed
Philosophy and history
Antifa, short for "Antifaschistische Aktion" (anti-fascist action)
Lebensraum, literally "living space"; conquered territory, now exclusively associated with the Nazi Party in that historical context. In Germany, the word usually simply means 'habitat'
Nazi, short for Nationalsozialist (National Socialist)
Neanderthal (modern German spelling: Neandertal), for German Neandertaler, meaning "of, from, or pertaining to the Neandertal ("Neander Valley")", the site near Düsseldorf where early Homo neanderthalensis fossils were first found.
Schadenfreude, "joy from pain" (literally "harm joy"); delight at the misfortune of others
Wanderlust, the yearning to travel
Zeitgeist, spirit of the time
Society and culture
Doppelgänger, literally "double-goer", also spelled in English as doppelgaenger; a double or look-alike. However, in English the connotation is that of a ghostly apparition of a duplicate living person.
Dreck, literally "dirt" or "smut", but now meaning trashy, awful (through Yiddish, OED s.v.)
Dummkopf, literally "stupid head"; a stupid, ignorant person, similar to "numbskull" in English
Fest, festival
Fingerspitzengefühl (literally "finger-tip feeling", in German used to mean "empathy", "sensitivity" or "tact")
Gemütlichkeit, coziness
Gesundheit, literally health; an exclamation used in place of "bless you!" after someone has sneezed
Hausfrau, pejorative: frumpy, petty-bourgeois, traditional, pre-emancipation type housewife whose interests centre on the home, or who is even exclusively interested in domestic matters (colloquial, American English only), sometimes humorously used to replace "wife", but with the same mildly derisive connotation. The German word has a neutral connotation.
Kaffeeklatsch, literally "coffee gossip"; afternoon meeting where people (usually referring to women, particularly Hausfrauen) chitchat while drinking coffee or tea and having cake.
Kindergarten, literally "children's garden"; day-care centre, playschool, preschool
Kitsch, cheap, sentimental, gaudy items of popular culture
Kraut, literally "cabbage"; derogatory term for a German
Lederhosen (short leather pants for men and boys, often worn with suspenders)
Meister, "master", also as a suffix: –meister; in German, Meister typically refers to the highest educational rank of a craftsperson. Note: Meister does not refer to the academic master degree (which is now Master or formerly Magister, Diplom-engineer and so forth); it is considered, at most, to be the equivalent of a bachelor's degree.
Oktoberfest, Bavarian folk festival held annually in Munich during late September and early October
Poltergeist, literally "noisy ghost"; an alleged paranormal phenomenon where objects appear to move of their own accord
Spiel, literally "game"; an attempt to present and explain a point in a way that the presenter has done often before, usually to sell something. A voluble line of often extravagant talk, "pitch"
uber, über, "over"; used to indicate that something or someone is of better or superior magnitude, e.g. Übermensch
Wunderkind, literally "wonder child"; a child prodigy
Technology
–bahn as a suffix, e.g. Infobahn, after Autobahn
Bandsalat, literally "tape salad", refers to a tangle of magnetic tape.
Blücher, a half-boot named after Prussian Field Marshal Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher (1742–1819); also a hand in the British card game Napoleon.
Ersatz, replacement; usually implying an artificial and inferior substitute or imitation. In German, the word has a neutral connotation, e.g. Ersatzrad simply means "spare wheel" (not an inferior one).
Flak, Flugabwehrkanone, literally: air-defence cannon, for anti-aircraft artillery or their shells, also used in flak jacket; or in the figurative sense: "drawing flak" = being heavily criticized
Kraft as in kraft paper, a strong paper used to make sacks; Kraft in German just means "strength" or "power"
Plandampf, running a scheduled train service with historic steam locomotives, popular with railway enthusiasts.
Volkswagen, literally "people's car"; brand of automobile
Zeppelin, type of rigid airship, named after its inventor
Other aspects of everyday life
erlaubt, allowed, granted; opposite of verboten.
kaput (German spelling: kaputt), out-of-order, broken, dead
nix, from German nix, dialectal variant of nichts (nothing)
Scheiße, an expression and euphemism meaning "shit", usually as an interjection when something goes amiss
Ur- (German prefix), original or prototypical; e.g. Ursprache, Urtext
verboten, prohibited, forbidden, banned. In English this word has authoritarian connotations.
German terms common in English academic context
German terms sometimes appear in English academic disciplines, e.g. history, psychology, philosophy, music, and the physical sciences; laypeople in a given field may or may not be familiar with a given German term.
Academia
Ansatz, educated guess
Doktorvater, doctoral advisor
Festschrift, book prepared by colleagues to honor a scholar, often on an important birthday such as the sixtieth.
Gedenkschrift, memorial publication
Leitfaden, guideline
Methodenstreit, disagreement on methodology
Privatdozent, in German it describes a lecturer without professorship (typically requires German Habilitation degree).
Professoriat, the entity of all professors of a university
Wissenschaft, scholarship, research and study in general
Architecture
Abwurfdach
Angstloch, literally "fear hole", a small hole in the floor of a medieval castle or fortress through which a basement room (popularly described as a "dungeon") can be accessed
Bauhaus, a German style of architecture begun by Walter Gropius in 1918
Bergfried, a tall tower typical of Central European medieval castles
Biedermeier, of or relating to a style of furniture developed in Germany in the 19th century; in German, it might also derogatively describe a certain old-fashioned, ultra-conservative interior styling. It also describes a certain type of literature in the beginning of the industrialization that represents a longing for the traditional life at that time, with themes of nature and calmness, untouched by the modern world.
Burgwall
Hügelgrab, in archeology, burial mound
Jugendstil, art nouveau
Passivhaus, house built to eco-friendly standards, ultra-low energy buildings which need little fuel for heating or cooling
Pfostenschlitzmauer, in archeology, a method of construction typical of prehistoric Celtic hillforts of the Iron Age
Plattenbau, building made from prefabricated slabs; a typical building style of the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, particularly associated with East Germany.
Schwedenschanze
Sondergotik, a Late Gothic architectural style found in Central Europe between 1350 and 1550
Stolperstein, literally "stumbling stone", metaphorically a "stumbling block" or a stone to "stumble upon", a cobblestone-size () concrete cube bearing a brass plate inscribed with the name and life dates of victims of Nazi extermination or persecution
Viereckschanze, in archaeology, a Celtic fortification of the Iron Age
Arts
Gesamtkunstwerk, "the whole of a work of art", also "total work of art" or "complete artwork"
Gestalt (lit. "shape, figure"), a collection of entities that creates a unified concept (where "the whole is more than the sum of its parts")
Heraldry
Seeblatt
Schwurhand
Music
Affektenlehre, the doctrine of the affections in Baroque music theory
Almglocken, tuned cowbells
Alphorn, a wind instrument
Augenmusik, eye music
Ausmultiplikation, a musical technique described by Karlheinz Stockhausen
Blockwerk, medieval type of church organ featuring only labial pipes
Crumhorn, from German Krummhorn, a type of woodwind instrument
Fach, method of classifying singers, primarily opera singers, by the range, weight, and color of their voices
Fackeltanz, a kind of polonaise associated with German royal wedding celebrations
Fife, from Pfeife, a small transverse flute often used in military and marching bands
Flatterzunge (literally "flutter tongue"), playing technique for wind instruments
Flugelhorn (German spelling: Flügelhorn), a type of brass musical instrument
Glockenspiel, a percussion instrument
Heldentenor, "heroic tenor"
Hammerklavier, "hammer-keyboard", an archaic term for piano or the name of a specific kind of piano, the fortepiano; most commonly used in English to refer to Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata
Hosenrolle, a term for male character, literally "trousers' role"
Kapellmeister, "music director"
Katzenjammer, hubbub or uproar; in German, the term Katzenjammer could also mean hangover.
Katzenklavier, cat organ, a conjectural instrument employing live cats
Kinderklavier, piano for children
Klangfarbenmelodie, a term coined by Arnold Schönberg regarding harmonic theory
Konzertmeister, concert master
Kuhreihen, song originally used for gathering cows for milking
Leitmotif (German spelling: Leitmotiv) a musical phrase that associates with a specific person, thing, or idea
Lied (pronounced "leet"), "song"; specifically in English, "art song"
Lieder ohne Worte, "songs without words"
Liederhandschrift, a manuscript containing medieval songs
Liederkranz, (originally male) singing club
Liedermacher, singer-songwriter
Marktsackpfeife, a type of bagpipes
Meistersinger, Master-singer
Mensurstrich, barline that is drawn between staves
Minnesang, medieval love poetry
Musikalisches Würfelspiel, a composing technique featuring the use of random number generators, i.e. dice (Würfel)
Ohrwurm, catchy tune
Orgelbewegung, a movement of organ building featuring a more baroque sound and organ architecture
Rauschpfeife, a type of woodwind instrument.
Rückpositiv (also rendered as Ruckpositiv)
Sängerfest, a Central European tradition of music festivals that also spread to North America
Schlager, "a hit" (German schlagen, to hit or beat)
Schottische, literally "Scottish", a folk dance
Schuhplattler, a regional dance from Upper Bavaria and Austria
Singspiel, German musical drama with spoken dialogue
Sitzprobe, rehearsal of a musical stage work where singers are sitting and without costumes
Sprechgesang and Sprechstimme, forms of musical delivery between speech and singing
Strohbass
Sturm und Drang, "storm and stress", a brief aesthetic movement in German literature, just before Weimar Classicism
Urtext, "original text" (of the composer)
Volksmusik, traditional German music
Walzer (Waltz)
Zukunftsmusik, music of the future
Genres
Kosmische Musik: a Krautrock-associated genre of electronic music pioneered by Popol Vuh
Krautrock: German-like English name for a variety of German rock
Neue Deutsche Härte (NDH): "New German Hardness"; a genre of German rock that mixes traditional hard rock with dance-like keyboard parts. Recently it has begun to appear in English.
Neue Deutsche Todeskunst: "New German Death Art": a movement within the darkwave and gothic rock scenes
Neue Deutsche Welle (NDW): "New German Wave". A genre of German music originally derived from punk rock and new wave music.
Neue Slowenische Kunst: "New Slovenian Art". An art collective dating back to the 1980s, when Slovenia was part of Yugoslavia. Most prominently associated with the band Laibach, named after the German name for Slovenia's capital city, Ljubljana.
Romantische Oper: genre of early nineteenth-century German opera
Selected works in classical music
Johann Sebastian Bach's Das wohltemperierte Klavier (The Well-Tempered Clavier); Jesus bleibet meine Freude (Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring)
Brahms's Schicksalslied Song of Destiny)
Kreisler's Liebesleid (Pain of Love), Liebesfreud (Joy of Love")
Liszt's Liebesträume (Dreams of Love)
Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Serenade); Die Zauberflöte (The Magic Flute)
Gustav Mahler's Kindertotenlieder (Songs on Dead Children)
Schubert's Winterreise (Winter Journey)
Schumann's Dichterliebe (The Poet's Love)
Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier (Cavalier of the Rose); Also sprach Zarathustra (Thus Spoke Zarathustra); "Vier letzte Lieder" (Four last songs)
Johann Strauss II's Die Fledermaus (The Bat); An der schönen blauen Donau (On The Beautiful Blue Danube)
Richard Wagner's Die Walküre (The Valkyrie); Götterdämmerung (Twilight of the Gods); both from his opera cycle "Der Ring des Nibelungen" (The Ring of the Nibelung)
Carols
Stille Nacht: "Silent Night"
O Tannenbaum: "O Christmas Tree"
Modern songs
99 Luftballons: "99 Balloons" (English title: "99 Red Balloons") by Nena
Schrei nach Liebe: "Scream for love" by Die Ärzte
Feuer frei!: "Fire at will" (literally, "fire freely!") by Rammstein
Der Kommissar: "The Commissioner" by Falco
Theatre
Theaterpädagogik, "theatre pedagogy", the use of theatre as a means for teaching and learning in non-theatrical areas of study
Verfremdungseffekt, effect of disassociation or alienation
Typography
Fraktur, a style of blackletter typeface
Schwabacher, a style of blackletter typeface, from the Franconian town of Schwabach
Biology
Ahnenreihe, line of ancestors
Ahnenschwund, pedigree collapse
Ahnentafel, line of ancestors
Anlage in genetics; also used in the sense of primordium in embryology and temperament in psychology; literal meaning "disposition" or "rudiment"
Aufwuchs, growth
Aurochs (Modern German: Auerochse), urus
Bauplan, body plan of animals
Bereitschaftspotential, readiness potential
Edelweiss, German spelling Edelweiß, Leontopodium alpinum Einkorn, Triticum boeoticum or Triticum monococcum, a type of wheat
Krummholz, crooked or bent wood due to growth conditions of trees and bushes
Lagerstätte, repository; sedimentary deposit rich in fossils
Lammergeier or lammergeyer (German: Lämmergeier, also Bartgeier), the bearded vulture
Marmorkrebs, the marbled crayfish
Molosser, a type of dog, literally "Molossian", from Molossus, the name of an ancient dog breed which the modern molossers descend from
Oberhäutchen (often written oberhautchen in newer literature), the outermost layer of reptile skin; literally "small top skin" (Häutchen is the diminutive of Haut, the German word for "skin")
Schreckstoff (lit. "scare stuff"), a chemical alarm signal emitted by fish
Spitzenkörper, structure important in hyphal growth
Spreite, laminae found in trace fossils, going back to animal burrows
Unkenreflex, a defensive posture adopted by several branches of the amphibian class
Waldsterben, forest dieback
Zeitgeber (chronobiology), external clue that helps to synchronize the internal body clock
Zugunruhe (ornithology), pre-migration anxiety in birds and other migratory animals
Chemistry
Aufbau principle (physical chemistry) (German spelling: Aufbauprinzip)
Bismuth
Darmstadtium
Einsteinium
Entgegen and its opposite zusammen (organic chemistry)
Gemisch (chemistry: a randomized mixture of components)
Gerade and its opposite ungerade (quantum mechanics)
Knallgas Reaction
Kugelrohr, distillation apparatus
Meitnerium
Mischmetall (lit. "mixed metal"), alloy
Roentgenium
Umpolung (organic chemistry)
Wolfram
Zwitterion
Chess
Allumwandlung
Blitz chess, from German Blitzschach, literally "lightning chess", also known as Fast chess
Fingerfehler: slip of the finger
Kibitz, from German Kiebitzer, a spectator making comments on the game that can be heard by the players
Luft
Patzer
Sitzfleisch: patience during slow play
Zeitnot
Zugzwang
Zwischenschach
Zwischenzug
Economics
Dollar (German Thaler, ), from Joachimsthal (), name for the silver coin minted in Bohemia in the 16th century in Joachimsthal (through Dutch (Rijks)daalder)
Energiewende, stands for Energy transition
Freigeld
Freiwirtschaft
Hacksilber, a type of commodity money
Heller (German also Häller), from Hall am Kocher, name for the coin
K: In economics, the letter K, from the German word Kapital, is used to denote Capital
Lumpenproletariat
Mittelstand
Takt
Wirtschaftswunder
Geography
Hinterland
Inselberg
Knickpoint (German Knickpunkt, from knicken "to bend sharply, fold, kink"), a point where the slope of a river changes suddenly
Massenerhebung effect
Mitteleuropa
Mittelgebirge
Schlatt (also Flatt; from Low German)
Steilhang (steep slope or face)
Thalweg (written "Talweg" in modern German)
Geology
Aufeis, sheets of layered ice formed from groundwater discharge or upwelling of river water behind ice dams during freezing temperatures
Bergschrund
Dreikanter
Fenster, also known as a window, a geologic structure formed by erosion or normal faulting on a thrust system
Firn
Flysch
Gneiss (German Gneis)
Graben
Horst
Karst
Loess ()
Randkluft, gap between the rock face and the side of the glacier
Rille (German: "groove"), a type of feature of the surface of the Moon
Sturzstrom
Urstrom, a large glacial age river in Northern Europe
Urstromtal
Minerals including:
Feldspar (German Feldspat)
Hornblende
Meerschaum
Moldavite (German Moldavit), from Moldau ()
Quartz (German Quarz)
Wolframite (German Wolframit)
Zinnwaldite (German Zinnwaldit), from Zinnwald (Czech: Cínovec)
History
(Some terms are listed in multiple categories if they are important to each.)
The Third Reich
Other historical periods
Alltagsgeschichte, literally "everyday history" a type of microhistory
Aufklarung, in German: Aufklärung, "enlightenment", short for Zeitalter der Aufklärung, "age of enlightenment"
Biedermeier, era in early 19th century Germany
Chaoskampf (mythology)
Diktat
Gründerzeit, the period in German history of great artistic and economic developments
Junker
Kaiser, "emperor" (derived from the title "Caesar")
Kleinstaaterei, the territorial fragmentation of Germany in the early modern period
Kulturgeschichte
Kulturkampf, literally the 'struggle for culture'; Otto von Bismarck's campaign for secularity which mostly went against Catholics in the newly formed German state, ostensibly a result of Bismarck's suspicion of Catholic loyalty
Kulturkreis, a theory in anthropology and ethnology
Kulturkugel, literally "culture bullet" or "cultural bullet", a neologism coined by archaeologist J. P. Mallory for his model of cultural diffusion
Landflucht
Landnahme
Nordpolitik
Ostflucht
Ostpolitik
Ostalgie (nostalgia for the former Eastern Bloc, specifically for the GDR)
Perserschutt, "Persian rubble", sculptures that were damaged by the invading Persian army on the Acropolis of Athens in 480 BC
Quellenforschung, "research of sources", the study of the sources of, or influences upon, a literary work
Regenbogenschüsselchen, a type of prehistoric gold coin of the Celtic Iron Age
Realpolitik (political science: "real politics"); usually implies the way politics really works, i.e. via the influence of power and money, rather than a principled approach that the public might expect to be aligned with a party's or nation's values, or rather than a political party's given interpretation.
Reichstag (Imperial Diet; see Reichstag building, Imperial Diet, Reichstag, and the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic)
Sammlungspolitik
Sippe, an ancient Germanic clan
Urmonotheismus
Urreligion
Völkerschlacht – the "Battle of the Nations" (that is, the Battle of Leipzig, 1813)
Völkerwanderung – the migration (and invasions) of the Germanic peoples in the 4th century
Weltpolitik – the politics of global domination; contemporarily, "the current climate in global politics".
Wunderkammer, a cabinet of curiosities
Military terms
Blitzkrieg (literally "lightning war")
Flak (Flugabwehrkanone), anti-aircraft gun (for derived meanings see under Other aspects of everyday life)
Fliegerhorst, another word for a military airport (Horst = predator bird's nest)
Karabiner, a carbine (a firearm). For the climbing hardware, see carabiner above
Kriegsspiel, in English also written Kriegspiel, war game (different meanings)
Luftwaffe, air force (since WW II, with East Germany and the earlier German Empire using the term Luftstreitkräfte instead for their air services)
Panzer refers to tanks and other armored military vehicles, or formations of such vehicles
Panzerfaust, "tank fist": anti-tank weapon, a small one-man launcher and projectile.
Strafe, punishment, extracted from the slogan Gott strafe England (May God punish England)
U-Boot (abbreviated form of Unterseeboot – submarine, but commonly called U-Boot in Germany as well)
Vernichtungsgedanke (thought of annihilation)
Linguistics
Ablaut
Abstandsprache
Aktionsart
Ausbausprache
Dachsprache
Dreimorengesetz, "three-mora law", the rule for placing stress in Latin
Grammatischer Wechsel, "grammatical alternation", a pattern of consonant alternations found in Germanic strong verbs and also in Germanic nouns
Junggrammatiker, literally "Young Grammarians", a formative German school of linguists in the late 19th century
Lallname, a pet name based on baby talk, especially in ancient languages of Asia Minor
Loanword (ironically not a loanword but rather a calque from German Lehnwort)
Mischsprache, mixed language
Primärberührung, "primary contact", the development of certain consonant clusters (stop consonant + /t/) in Proto-Germanic
Rückumlaut, "reverse umlaut", a regular pattern of vowel alternation (of independent origin from usual ablaut patterns) in a small number of Germanic weak verbs
Sitz im Leben (Biblical linguistics mainly; the study of pragmatics has a similar approach)
Sprachbund, "speech bond" or"language union", a sociolinguistic term for a group of languages that have become similar because of geographical proximity
, the intuitive sense of what is appropriate in a language
Sprachraum
Stammbaumtheorie, the tree model of descendance in historical linguistics; also Stammbaum alone, for a phylogenetical tree of languages
Suffixaufnahme
Umlaut
Urheimat, "original homeland", the area originally inhabited by speakers of a (reconstructed) proto-language
Ursprache, "proto-language"
Verschärfung, "sharpening", several analogous phonetic changes in Gothic, North Germanic and modern Faroese
Wanderwort, "migratory term/word", a word which spreads from its original language into several others
Winkelhaken, a basic element in the ancient cuneiform script
Literature
Bildungsroman, a form of coming-of-age story
Chaoskampf, "struggle against chaos", a recurring motif in myth and legend
Knittelvers, a form of poetry using rhyming couplets
Künstlerroman, a novel about an artist's growth to maturity
Leitmotiv, a recurring theme
Leitwortstil, a phrase repeated to reinforce a theme
Nihilartikel, a fake entry in a reference work
Sammelband, a set of manuscripts later bound together
Quellenkritik, source criticism
Sturm und Drang, an 18th-century literary movement; "storm and stress" in English, although the literal translation is closer to "storm and urge".
Urtext, "original text"
Vorlage, original or mastercopy of a text on which derivates are based
Q, abbreviation for Quelle ("source"), a postulated lost document in Biblical criticism
Mathematics and formal logic
Ansatz (lit. "set down", roughly equivalent to "approach" or "where to begin", a starting assumption) – one of the most-used German loan words in the English-speaking world of science.
"Eigen-" in composita such as eigenfunction, eigenvector, eigenvalue, eigenform; in English "self-" or "own-". They are related concepts in the fields of linear algebra and functional analysis.
Entscheidungsproblem
Grossencharakter (German spelling: Größencharakter)
Hauptmodul (the generator of a modular curve of genus 0)
Hauptvermutung
Hilbert's Nullstellensatz (without apostrophe in German)
Ideal (originally ideale Zahlen, defined by Ernst Kummer)
Krull's Hauptidealsatz (without apostrophe in German)
Möbius band (German: Möbiusband)
Positivstellensatz
quadratfrei
Vierergruppe (also known as Klein four-group)
from (ganze) Zahlen ((whole) numbers), the integers
from Körper ("field"), used for one of the two basic fields or not specifying which one
Medicine
Anwesenheit
Diener, autopsy assistant
Entgleisen
Gedankenlautwerden
Gegenhalten
Kernicterus (German spelling: Kernikterus)
Kleeblattschädel
LSD, German abbreviation of "Lysergsäurediethylamid"
Mitgehen
Mitmachen
Mittelschmerz ("middle pain", used to refer to ovulation pain)
Pfropfschizophrenie
Rinderpest
Schnauzkrampf
Sensitiver Beziehungswahn
Sitz bath
Spinnbarkeit
Verstimmung
Vorbeigehen
Vorbeireden
Wahneinfall
Witzelsucht
Wurgstimme
Philosophy
An sich, "in itself"
Dasein
Ding an sich, "thing in itself" from Kant
Geist, mind, spirit or ghost
Gott ist tot!, a popular phrase from Nietzsche; more commonly rendered "God is dead!" in English.
Übermensch, also from Nietzsche; the ideal of a Superhuman or Overman.
Weltanschauung, calqued into English as "world view"; a comprehensive view or personal philosophy of human life and the universe
Welträtsel, "world riddle", a term associated with Nietzsche and biologist Ernst Haeckel concerning the nature of the universe and the meaning of life
Wille zur Macht, "the will to power", central concept of Nietzsche's philosophy
Physical sciences
Ansatz, an assumption for a function that is not based on an underlying theory
Antiblockiersystem
Bremsstrahlung literally, "brake radiation", electromagnetic radiation emitted from charge particles stopping suddenly
Dunkelflaute, a period of time in which little to no energy can be generated with the use of wind and solar power.
Durchmusterung, the search for celestial objects, especially a survey of stars
Farbzentrum (Solid-state physics)
Foehn wind, also "foehn" (German spelling Föhn), a warm wind which sometimes appears on the northern side of the Alps in south Germany and Austria
Fusel alcohol (German: Fuselalkohol), from German Fusel, which refers to low-quality liquor
Gedanken experiment (German spelling: Gedankenexperiment); more commonly referred to as a "thought experiment" in English
Gegenschein, a faint brightening of the night sky in the region of the antisolar point
Gerade and its opposite ungerade (quantum mechanics)
Graupel, a form of precipitation
Heiligenschein (lit. "halo")
Hohlraum, a radiation cavity used in thermonuclear weapons design
Kirchweger-Kondensationseinrichtung
Kugelblitz (the German term for ball lightning), in theoretical physics: a concentration of light so intense that it forms an event horizon and becomes self-trapped
Rocks and minerals like Quartz (German spelling: Quarz), Gneiss and Feldspar (originally Gneis and Feldspat respectively), Meerschaum
Reststrahlen (lit. "residual rays")
Schiefspiegler, special type of telescope
Schlieren (from German Schliere for "streak"), inhomogeneities in transparent material
Sollbruchstelle, predetermined breaking point
Spiegeleisen
Trommel
Umklapp process (German spelling: Umklappprozess)
Vierbein, and variations such as vielbein, in general relativity
Zitterbewegung
Politics
Befehl ist Befehl
Berufsverbot
Kritik, a type of argument in policy debates
Lumpenproletariat
Machtpolitik, power politics
Putsch, overthrow of those in power by a small group, coup d'état. (Although commonly understood and used in contemporary High German, too, the word putsch originates from Swiss German and is etymologically related to English "push".)
Realpolitik, "politics of reality": foreign politics based on practical concerns rather than ideology or ethics.
Rechtsstaat, concept of a state based on law and human rights
Siegerjustiz
Überfremdung
Vergangenheitsbewältigung
Psychology
Aha-Erlebnis (lit. "aha experience"), a sudden insight or epiphany, compare eureka Angst, feeling of fear, but more deeply and without concrete object
Eigengrau (lit. "intrinsic grey") or also Eigenlicht (lit. "intrinsic light"), the colour seen by the eye in perfect darkness
Einstellung effect, from Einstellung, which means "attitude" here
Ganzfeld effect, from German Ganzfeld (lit. "complete field"), a phenomenon of visual perception
Gestalt psychology (German spelling: Gestaltpsychologie), holistic psychology
Gestaltzerfall (lit. "shape decomposition"), a kind of visual agnosia where a complex, holistic shape (Gestalt) dissolves into its parts for the perceiver
Haltlose personality disorder, from haltlos (lit. "without grip"), aimless
Merkwelt, "way of viewing the world", "peculiar individual consciousness"
Schadenfreude, gloating, a malicious satisfaction obtained from the misfortunes of others
Sehnsucht, a yearning for an ideal alternative
Sorge, a state of worry, but (like Angst) in a less concrete, more general sense, worry about the world, one's future, etc.
Umwelt, environment, literally: "surrounding world"; in semiotics, "self-centred world"
Völkerpsychologie (lit. "folk psychology"), a 19th-20th century cultural-social psychology framework associated with Wilhelm Wundt
Weltschmerz (lit. "world-pain"), a deep feeling of sadness experienced by someone who believes that physical reality can never satisfy the demands of the mind
Wunderkind (lit. "wonder child"), child prodigy
Zeitgeber (lit. "time-giver"), something that resets the circadian clock found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Sociology
Gemeinschaft, community
Gesellschaft, society
Herrschaft, reign
Männerbund, elite male society
Verstehen, lit. "understanding", interpretive or participatory examination of social phenomena
Zeitgeist, spirit of the times or age
Theology
Gattung, genre
Kunstprosa, artistic prose
Sitz im Leben (setting in life, context)
German terms mostly used for literary effect
There are a few terms which are recognised by many English speakers but are usually only used to deliberately evoke a German context:
Autobahn – particularly common in British English and American English referring specifically to German motorways.
Achtung – lit. "attention"
Frau and Fräulein – woman and young woman or girl, respectively, in English. Indicating marital state, with Frau – Mrs. and Fräulein – Miss; in Germany, however, the diminutive Fräulein lapsed from common usage in the late 1960s. Regardless of marital status, a woman is now commonly referred to as Frau, because from 1972 the term Fräulein has been officially phased out for being politically incorrect and should only be used if expressly authorized by the woman concerned.
Führer (umlaut is usually dropped in English) – always used in English to denote Hitler or to connote a fascistic leader – never used, as is possible in German, simply and unironically to denote a (non-fascist) leader or guide (e.g. Bergführer: mountain guide, Stadtführer: city guide [book], Führerschein: driving licence, Geschäftsführer: managing director, Flugzeugführer: Pilot in command)
Gott mit uns – meaning "God be with us", the motto of the Prussian king was used as a morale slogan amongst soldiers in both World Wars. It was bastardized as "Got mittens" by American and British soldiers, and is usually used nowadays, because of the German defeat in both wars, derisively to mean that wars are not won on religious grounds.
Hände hoch – "hands up"
Herr – in modern German either the equivalent of Mr. (Mister), to address an adult man, or "master" over something or someone (e.g. Sein eigener Herr sein: to be his own master). Derived from the adjective hehr, meaning "honourable" or "senior", it was historically a nobleman's title, equivalent to "Lord". (Herr der Fliegen is the German title of Lord of the Flies.) In a religious context it refers to God.
Ich bin ein Berliner – famous quotation by John F. Kennedy
Leitmotif (German spelling: Leitmotiv) – any sort of recurring theme, whether in music, literature, or the life of a fictional character or a real person.
Meister – used as a suffix to mean expert (Maurermeister) or master; in Germany it means also champion in sports (Weltmeister, Europameister, Landesmeister)
Nein – no
Raus – meaning Out! – shortened (colloquial) (depending on where the speaker is, if on the inside "get out!" = hinaus, if on the outside "come out!" = heraus). It is the imperative form of the German verb hinausgehen (getting out (of a room/house/etc.)) as in the imperative gehen Sie raus!).
Reich – from the Middle High German rich, as a noun it means "empire" or "realm", cf. the English word bishopric. In titles as part of a compound noun, for example Deutsche Reichsbahn, it is equivalent to the English word "national" or possibly federal (the words "Reich" and "Bund" are somewhat exchangeable in recent history, with the exception of the Nazi state which continued to call itself Reich despite abolishing states). For instance Reichsbahn ([German] National/Federal Railway), or Reichspost (National/Federal Postal Service), specifically indicating in either case that the respective institutions were organised by central authority (called the German Reich at the time), not the states. To some English – and German – speakers, Reich in English strongly connotes Nazism and is sometimes used to suggest fascism or authoritarianism, e.g. "Herr Reichsminister" used as a title for a disliked politician.
Ja – yes
Jawohl – a German term that connotes an emphatic yes – "Yes, indeed!" in English. It is often equated to "yes, sir" in Anglo-American military films, since it is also a term typically used as an acknowledgement for military commands in the German military.
Schnell! – "Quick!" or "Quickly!"
Kommandant – commander (in the sense of person in command or commanding officer, regardless of military rank), used often in the military in general (Standortkommandant: base commander), on battleships and U-boats (Schiffskommandant or U-Boot-Kommandant), sometimes used on civilian ships and aircraft.
Wunderbar – wonderful
Terms rarely used in English
Ampelmännchen
Besserwisser – someone who always "knows better"
Bockmist, lit. "billy goat's dung", meaning "nonsense" or "rubbish"
Eierlegende Wollmilchsau – literally "egg-laying wool-milk-sow", a hypothetical solution, object or person fulfilling unrealistically many different demands; also referring sometimes to a (really existing) object, concept or person like this, for example a multi-tool or exceptionally versatile person (jack of all trades)
Fahrvergnügen – "driving pleasure"; introduced in a Volkswagen advertising campaign
Fremdscham, "vicarious shame", the shame felt for the behavior of someone else
Gastarbeiter – "guest worker", foreign-born worker
Geisterfahrer – "ghost driver", a wrong-way driver; one who drives in the direction opposite to that prescribed for the given lane.
Götterdämmerung – "Twilight of the Gods", a disastrous conclusion of events (also a music drama by Richard Wagner)
Kobold – small mischievous fairy creature, traditionally translated as "goblin", "hobgoblin" or "imp"
Ordnung muss sein – "There must be order." This proverbial phrase illustrates the importance that German culture places upon order.
Schmutz – smut, dirt, filth
... über alles – "above all", originally from "Deutschland über alles", the first line of Hoffmann von Fallersleben's poem "Das Lied der Deutschen" (The Song of the Germans); see also Über alles (disambiguation).
Verschlimmbessern – to make something worse in an honest but failed attempt to improve it
Vorsprung durch Technik – "competitive edge through technology", used in an advertising campaign by Audi
Zweihänder – two-handed sword
German quotations used in English
Some famous English quotations are translations from German. On rare occasions an author will quote the original German as a sign of erudition.
Muss es sein? Es muss sein!: "Must it be? It must be!" – Beethoven
Der Krieg ist eine bloße Fortsetzung der Politik mit anderen Mitteln: "War is politics by other means" (literally: "War is a mere continuation of politics by other means") – Clausewitz: "Vom Kriege", Book I, Chapter 1, Section 24
Ein Gespenst geht um in Europa – das Gespenst des Kommunismus: "A spectre is haunting Europe – the spectre of communism" – The Communist Manifesto Proletarier aller Länder, vereinigt euch!: "Workers of the world, unite!" – The Communist Manifesto Gott würfelt nicht: "God does not play dice" – Einstein
Raffiniert ist der Herrgott, aber boshaft ist er nicht: "Subtle is the Lord, but malicious He is not" – Einstein
Wir müssen wissen, wir werden wissen: "We must know, we will know" – David Hilbert
Was kann ich wissen? Was soll ich tun? Was darf ich hoffen? Was ist der Mensch?: "What can I know? What shall I do? What may I hope? What is Man?" – Kant: Kritik der praktischen Vernunft Die ganzen Zahlen hat der liebe Gott gemacht, alles andere ist Menschenwerk: "God made the integers, all the rest is the work of man" – Leopold Kronecker
Hier stehe ich, ich kann nicht anders. Gott helfe mir. Amen!: "Here I stand, I cannot do differently. God help me. Amen!" – attributed to Martin Luther
Wovon man nicht sprechen kann, darüber muss man schweigen: "Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent" – Wittgenstein
Einmal ist keinmal: "What happens once might as well never have happened." literally "once is never" – a common German phrase and the theme of The Unbearable Lightness of Being by Milan Kundera
Es lebe die Freiheit: "Long live freedom" – Hans Scholl
Arbeit macht frei: "Labour creates freedom" literally "work makes (you) free" – A phrase written over the entranceway of extermination camps in the Holocaust.
See also
Germanism (linguistics)
List of pseudo-German words adapted to English
List of English words of Dutch origin
List of English words of Yiddish origin
Anglish
Denglisch
Yinglish
References
Further reading
J. Alan Pfeffer, Garland Cannon, German Loanwords in English: An Historical Dictionary'', Cambridge University Press. 1994.
External links
Dictionary of Germanisms
User-generated collection of Germanisms, including images of spottings.
Mathematical Words: Origins and Sources (John Aldrich, University of Southampton) See Section on Contribution of German.
High German loanwords in English
English Expressions
English Expressions
German
English | wiki |
Arts education may refer to:
Performing arts education
Visual arts education
Arts in education, an expanding field of educational research
Arts Education Policy Review, academic journal | wiki |
Dodgeball is a team sport in which players on two teams try to throw balls and hit opponents while avoiding being hit themselves. The objective of each team is to eliminate all members of the opposing team by hitting them with thrown balls, catching a ball thrown by an opponent, or inducing an opponent to commit a violation, such as stepping outside the court.
The sport is mostly played in schools under varying rules, and also formally as an international sport, under rules that vary among international governing bodies, such as the World Dodgeball Federation (WDBF), which runs the Dodgeball World Championship and the World Dodgeball Association (WDA). USA Dodgeball is the governing entity for dodgeball in the United States, with member leagues and clubs across the nation.
Equipment
There are many different ball types used around the world, including 8.5-inch rubber, "no-sting" rubber, foam and cloth. USA Dodgeball uses all ball types across multiple tournaments held by them and their member organizations. The World Dodgeball Federation (WDBF) used primarily foam for their first World Championships, but starting with 2022, both cloth and foam categories were introduced.
The WDBF specifies the use of six balls with six players per side for their World Championships. Various rule sets governing number of balls and players are used around the world depending on the court size, level of play, and the organization's discretion.
The WDA specifies the use of five balls; certain national rule sets, such as in Austria, specify six. Amateur games typically use from three to ten balls, the number tailored to the size of the court and the number of players. More balls generally adds to the amount of action in a game, but can result in stalemate with many blocks. If there are too few balls, the element of stealth is removed, as players can see all the balls that might hit them.
Court
Dodgeball can be played on any surface that has clearly marked boundaries and a center line, such as a basketball or volleyball court or fenced area. Elite Dodgeball specifies a court by , where a zone wide at the junction of the areas is a neutral zone.
Games can also be played outdoors on a soccer pitch or football field. The WDBF organizes games on beaches and USA Dodgeball hosts tournaments at trampoline parks. WDBF specifies a court by with no neutral zone.
The attacking lines and center lines are of vital importance. A team can stand in its attacking area and throw the balls to opponents.
Matchplay
Length of game
Informal matches of dodgeball are typically played until all players on one side are out. In WDBF guidelines, matches last a total of 40 minutes. These are split into two 20-minute halves, during which as many sets as possible are played. A set lasts until all players on one side are out. One point is awarded for every set won. Teams switch sides at halftime.
Starting the game
In informal dodgeball, balls are initially distributed to players by one of the following methods:
By even distribution to the two teams.
By being lined up on the central dividing line.
In this latter option, players then rush toward the center line to grab one of the balls. This is called the opening rush. It is never legal to immediately throw such a ball at an opponent; a player grabbing a ball on the center line retreats or throws it back to a teammate.
In WDBF regulations, the ball must be returned behind an "attack line", roughly a third of the way from the back of court. Players may only run for the balls on the left side of the court, while the middle ball will be contested.
Gameplay
Following distribution, players aim to hit one another. A ball is considered "live" from the moment it leaves a player's hand up until it touches the floor, wall, or ceiling, when it becomes "dead". If a player is hit by an opponent's live ball, they are "out"; if the ball is dead, there is no hit. If a player catches a live ball, the opponent who threw the ball is out and a player on the catcher's team is "revived" from the outbox; however, if they fail to secure the catch, leading to them dropping the ball, the failed catcher is out.
In WDBF regulations, players may "block" a throw with another ball. In this situation, the thrown ball remains live, as it has not hit the floor or a wall, and so can be caught or can still hit a player out. If the blocker drops the ball used to block, they have failed to keep their ball secure and are out.
Dead balls that leave the court can only be returned to players by each team's designated ball retrievers. Stepping outside the court, including stepping on a boundary line or entering the opponents' zone, is a violation. Other violations include kicking a ball, displaying bad sportsmanship, and stalling (having a ball for over ten seconds and doing nothing with it). The penalty is that the violator is out.
Optional rules
Optional rules may be in effect in informal games of dodgeball or in open matches by agreement:
"Head shots" (thrown balls that hit an opposing player in the head) may either result in the thrower being out, or the person being hit being out, or neither.
In "jailball", players who are out go to "jail" behind the opponents' back line. They can return to the game if they:
Capture a dead ball, or
Capture a dead ball and throw it and hit an opponent.
In games played on a basketball court, thrown balls that hit the backboard or go into the goal (even if deflected by a player or another ball) may have special status, such as returning all eliminated teammates to the court.
When there are so few players on the court that dodging the ball is easy, "No Lines" may be declared. This means that there are no team zones; players can go anywhere on the court to get a better shot at an opponent.
Tactics
The following basic tactics are useful:
Thrower location: Move toward the neutral zone to attack; stay on the back line when not attacking. Do not stand in another player's line of sight. Do not turn your back to the opponents.
Coordinated attack: Call out to teammates to coordinate multiple attacks on the same opponent, preferably from very different angles. Number the opponents, left-to-right, and call out an attack target by number.
Throwing technique: Throw with one hand. Aim below the waist to avoid getting caught or making a head shot. Throw when the opponent is distracted. Learn to throw balls so that they curve.
Many local teams and international teams develop their own tactics and calling systems specific to their style of play. These become more complex in higher leagues, which often requires specific training for the players in calling positions such that they can make rapid, tactical decisions.
Competitions
The main dodgeball competition is the Dodgeball World Championship, held by the World Dodgeball Federation (WDBF). The competition takes place annually since 2012. It was initially an open event, but stopped being an open event as the membership grew, and now works by qualification. In 2021, WDBF's membership reached 80 members, all also members of the relevant continental federations.
Circle dodgeball
In some elementary schools in the United States, a version is played using a circular court. The team outside the circle has the ball or balls, and the team inside must evade the thrown balls. The players who are hit with the ball may change places with the person who hit them, or they may be out of the game and the last person remaining unhit may be the winner. There are variants.
Similar games in other countries
On the Indian subcontinent, a variation of the game is played called "Sekan-tadi" (सेकन-तड़ी). This is slang used for "slamming the hip". Other names are எறி பந்து, Gend Tadi and Maram Pitti.
In China, a variation of the game is played called "Diu Sha Bao" (丢沙包). Instead of a ball, the game is played with a small round sand bag, which is also known as the "Sha Bao" (沙包).
In Belgium and The Netherlands, a variation is known as “Tussen Twee Vuren” (“Between Two Fires”), which is commonly played in schools. It is also called "trefbal" (hit ball).
In Poland, a variation is known as "Dwa Ognie" ("Two Fires"), which used to be common in schools.
In Afrikaans South African schools, a variation named "brandbal" (burning ball) is played with a tennis ball inside a designated area such as a rugby field or tennis court. The objective is for the person in possession of the ball to hit any other player with the ball, in which case the person last hit becomes the next one chasing and hitting the others. A secondary objective is to hit players by throwing as hard as possible, leading to the "burning" sensation.
In Brazil, dodgeball is known as queimada and usually features rules similar to jailball, including players that go out to "jail" behind the opponents' back line. It can be played with a single ball as well.
In popular culture
International dodgeball day is June 30.
The 2004 movie Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story, revived interest in the sport, especially among young adults.
Also in 2004, Extreme Dodgeball, a dodgeball tournament broadcast as a game show, aired.
The videogame Stikbold! A Dodgeball Adventure (Stikbold being the Danish word for dodgeball) features the sport of dodgeball, although the rules vary slightly from the actual game.
In the third episode of the 2007 animated series Total Drama Island, the protagonists of a fictional game show have to compete in a game of dodgeball until only player(s) on one of the teams remain(s).
Controversies
The risks of injury from dodgeball, and the notion that gameplay resembles assault, have led to controversies, lawsuits, and even calls to eliminate the game from school physical education programs.
World records
University of California, Irvine, reclaimed the record for largest game of dodgeball on September 25, 2012, with 6,084 participants. The previous largest game of dodgeball had been played by 4,979 participants at the University of Alberta on February 3, 2012.
The longest recorded game of dodgeball was played on April 27–29, 2012, at the Castleton State College in Vermont; it lasted for 41 hr 3 min 17 sec.
See also
Dodgeball ranking
List of dodgeball variations
U.S. intercollegiate dodgeball champions
Dodgeball World Championship
References
Notes
Bibliography
D'Angelo, Chris (2008). If you got the Guts, We got the Balls: A book about Dodgeball. Dangerous Chris Print.
Keyes, A. (2005). The Complete Book About Dodgeball. AuthorHouse.
Kassock, Isaac (2012). The Philosophy of Dodgeball: A Treatise. Createspace.
YMCA School Playground Partners: Dodgeball Games YMCA of San Diego County
External links
Team sports
Ball games
Games of physical skill
Physical education
Articles containing video clips | wiki |
Where the West Begins (1919), een film van Henry King
Where the West Begins (1928), een film van Robert J. Horner
Where the West Begins (1938), een film van J.P. McGowan | wiki |
Beef cattle are cattle raised for meat production (as distinguished from dairy cattle, used for milk production). The meat of mature or almost mature cattle is mostly known as beef.
In beef production there are three main stages: cow-calf operations, backgrounding, and feedlot operations. The production cycle of the animals starts at cow-calf operations; this operation is designed specifically to breed cows for their offspring. From here the calves are backgrounded for a feedlot. Animals grown specifically for the feedlot are known as feeder cattle, the goal of these animals is fattening. Animals not grown for a feedlot are typically female and are commonly known as replacement heifers.
While the principal use of beef cattle is meat production, other uses include leather, and beef by-products used in candy, shampoo, cosmetics, and insulin.
Calving and breeding
Besides breeding to meet the demand for beef production, owners also use selective breeding to attain specific traits in their beef cattle. An example of a desired trait could be leaner meat or resistance to illness. Breeds known as dual-purpose are also used for beef production. These breeds have been selected for two purposes at once, such as both beef and dairy production, or both beef and draught. Dual-purpose breeds include many of the Zebu breeds of India such as Tharparkar and Ongole Cattle. There are multiple continental breeds that were bred for this purpose as well. The original Simmental/Fleckvieh from Switzerland is a prime example. Not only are they a dual-purpose breed for beef and dairy, but in the past they were also used for draught. However, throughout the generations, the breed has diverged into two groups through selective breeding.
Most beef cattle are mated naturally, whereby a bull is released into a cowherd approximately 55 days after the calving period, depending on the cows' body condition score (BCS). If it was a cow's first time calving, she will take longer to re-breed by at least 10 days. However, beef cattle can also be bred through artificial insemination, depending on the cow and the size of the herd. Cattle are normally bred during the summer so that calving may occur the following spring. However, cattle breeding can occur at other times of year. Depending on the operation, calving may occur all year round. Owners can select the breeding time based on a number of factors, including reproductive performance, seasonal cattle pricing and handling facilities.
There are many factors that come into play when selecting for a bull. Some of the most important factors are disease prevention/spread. Buying a bull who hasn't been tested for common diseases is a risk, it would more than likely transmit to a whole herd. Purchasing genetics that will improve the original herd rather than remaining the same or decreasing. Some breed for mothering abilities, some for size, some for meat properties, etc. Breeding Soundness Examination or BSE are essential to the quality of any bull, a general physical exam and inspection of both the genital organs and their productivity. Knowing more information about the animal will help make an educated decision.
Cattle maintenance
Cattle handlers are expected to maintain a low stress environment for their herds, involving constant safety, health, comfort, nourishment and humane handling. According to the Canadian National Farm Animal Care Council, beef cattle must have access to shelter from extreme weather, safe handling and equipment, veterinary care and humane slaughter.
If an animal is infected or suspected to have an illness, it is the responsibility of the owners to report it immediately to a practicing veterinarian for either treatment or euthanasia. Depending on a multitude of factors (season, type of production system, stocking density, etc.), illness and disease can spread quickly through the herd from animal to animal. Owners are expected to monitor their cattle's condition regularly for early detection and treatment, as some cattle illnesses can threaten both cattle and human health (known as zoonotic) as witnessed with Mad cow disease and Tuberculosis.
On average, cattle will consume 1.4 to 4% of their body weight daily. There are a range of types of feed available for these animals. The standard text in the United States, Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, has been through eight editions over at least seventy years. The 1996 seventh edition substituted the concept of metabolizeable protein for the sixth edition's crude protein. In the 20th century, Canadian practice followed the American guidance. Already in 1970, the Food and Drug Administration was regulating pharmaceutical supplements in beef cattle feed such as hormones and prophylactic antibiotics.
Some animals live on pasture their entire lives and therefore only experience fresh grass, these are typically cow-calf operations in more tropical climates. Backgrounded calves and feedlot animals tend to have different diets that contain more grain than the pasture type. Grain is more expensive than pasture but the animals grow faster with the higher protein levels. Since cattle are herbivores and need roughage in their diet, silage, hay and/or haylage are all viable feed options.
Despite this 3/4th of the 32 pounds (14.52 kg) of feed cattle consume each day will be corn. Cattle weighing 1000 lbs. will drink an average of 41 L a day, and approximately 82 L in hot weather. They need a constant supply of good quality feed and potable water according to the 5 Freedoms of Animal Welfare.
Most Beef cattle are finished in feedlots. The first feedlots were constructed in the early 1950s. Some of these feedlots grew so large they warranted a new designation, "Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation" (CAFO). Most American beef cattle spend the last half of their lives in a CAFO.
Cattle processing
A steer that weighs when alive makes a carcass weighing approximately , once the blood, head, feet, skin, offal and guts are removed. The carcass is then hung in a cold room for between one and four weeks, during which time it loses some weight as water dries from the meat. It is then deboned and cut by a butcher or packing house, the carcass would make about of beef. Depending on what cuts of meat are desired, there is a scale of marbled meat used to determine the quality. Marbling is the fat that is within the muscle, not around it. The more marbled a cut is, the higher it will grade and be worth more.
Slaughtering of livestock has three distinct stages: preslaughter handling, stunning and slaughtering. The biggest concern is preslaughter handling, how the animal is treated before it is stunned and slaughtered. Stress at this time can cause adverse effects on the meat, water access and lower stocking densities have been allowed to minimize this. However, access to feed is restricted for 12–24 hours prior to slaughtering for ease of evisceration. Stunning is done when the animal is restrained in a chute so movement is limited. Once restrained the animal can be stunned in one of three methods: penetrating captive bolt, non-penetrating captive bolt and gunshot. Most abattoirs use captive bolts over guns. Stunning ensures the animal feels no pain during slaughtering and reduces the animals stress, therefore increasing the quality of meat. The final step is slaughtering, typically the animal will be hung by its back leg and its throat will be slit to allow exsanguination. The hide will be removed for further processing at this point and the animal will be broken down with evisceration and decapitation. The carcass will be placed in a cooler for 24–48 hours prior to meat cutting.
Breeds
See also
Conjugated linoleic acid
List of cattle breeds
References
External links
Oklahoma State University pages about cattle breeds.
Cattle breeds | wiki |
The sombre tit (Poecile lugubris) is a member of the tit family found in southeast Europe and southwest Asia.
Sombre tits occur in low density in thin woodlands at the elevation range between 1000 and 1600 metres above sea level. Similar to the other tit species, the sombre tit is a cavity-nesting species, which makes the nests in the holes in juniper, willow, poplar, and other relevant tree species. In some cases they nest in iron pipes (e.g. the ones used for orchard fencing), and in artificial nest-boxes. The clutch usually consists on 4 to 9 eggs, having two clutches per year. The species appear to be resident in the country with slight local movements. They breed on mountain slopes and in open deciduous forest; lower down on in trees and bushes in rocky terrain, as well as in fruit orchards. The breeding season lasts from early April till end of July - beginning of August. The food mainly consists on insects.
Molecular phylogenetic studies have shown that the sombre tit is sister to the white-browed tit (Poecile superciliosus).
References
sombre tit
Birds of Europe
Birds of Azerbaijan
Birds of Western Asia
sombre tit | wiki |
Ryan Hayden (born March 13, 1971) is an American retired hurdler. He represented the USA at the 1995 World Championships.
References
1971 births
Living people
American male hurdlers
Universiade medalists in athletics (track and field)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Universiade gold medalists for the United States
Medalists at the 1995 Summer Universiade
Track and field athletes from Indiana | wiki |
Clambus may refer to:
Clambus (beetle), a genus of insects in the family Clambidae
Clambus (plant), a genus of plants in the family Phyllanthaceae | wiki |
Ammocryptocharax elegans is a species of South American darter. It is the type species in its genus.
References
Crenuchidae
Taxa named by Stanley Howard Weitzman
Fish described in 1976
Fish of South America | wiki |
Physical education, often abbreviated to Phys Ed. or P.E., is a subject taught in schools around the world. It is usually taught during primary and secondary education, and encourages psychomotor learning by using a play and movement exploration setting to promote health and physical fitness. Activities in P.E. include football, netball, hockey, rounders, cricket, four square, racing, and numerous other children's games. Physical education also teaches nutrition, healthy habits, and individuality of needs.
Physical education programs vary all over the world. When taught correctly, P.E. class can produce positive effects on students' health, behavior, and academic performance. As part of this, health education is the teaching of information on the prevention, control, and treatment of diseases. It is taught with physical education, or P.H.E. for short.
Pedagogy
The main goals in teaching modern physical education are:
To expose children and teens to a wide variety of exercise and healthy activities. Because P.E. can be accessible to nearly all children, it is one of the only opportunities that can guarantee beneficial and healthy activity in children.
To teach skills to maintain a lifetime of fitness as well as health.
To encourage self-reporting and monitoring of exercise.
To individualize duration, intensity, and type of activity.
To focus feedback on the work, rather than the result.
To provide active role models.
It is critical for physical educators to foster and strengthen developing motor skills and to provide children and teens with a basic skill set that builds their movement repertoire, which allows students to engage in various forms of games, sports, and other physical activities throughout their lifetime.
These goals can be achieved in a variety of ways. National, state, and local guidelines often dictate which standards must be taught in regards to physical education. These standards determine what content is covered, the qualifications educators must meet, and the textbooks and materials which must be used. These various standards include teaching sports education, or the use of sports as exercise; fitness education, relating to overall health and fitness; and movement education, which deals with movement in a non-sport context.
These approaches and curriculums are based on pioneers in P.E., namely, Francois Delsarte, Liselott Diem, and Rudolf von Laban, who, in the 1800s focused on using a child's ability to use their body for self-expression. This, in combination with approaches in the 1960s, (which featured the use of the body, spatial awareness, effort, and relationships) gave birth to the modern teaching of physical education.
When taught correctly and in a positive manner, children and teens can receive a storm of health benefits. These include reduced metabolic disease risk, cardiological fitness, and better mental health. Research has also shown that there is a positive correlation between brain development and exercising.
Physical education can also help improve academic achievement. Researchers in 2007 found a profound gain in English Arts standardized test scores among students who had 56 hours of physical education in a year, compared to those who had 28 hours of physical education a year.
Recent research has also explored the role of physical education for moral development in support of social inclusion and social justice agendas, where it is under-researched, especially in the context of disability, and the social inclusion of disabled people.
Technology use in physical education
Many physical education classes utilize technology to assist their pupils in effective exercise. One of the most affordable and popular tools is a simple video recorder. With this, students record themselves, and, upon playback, can see mistakes they are making in activities like throwing or swinging. Studies show that students find this more effective than having someone try to explain what they are doing wrong, and then trying to correct it.
Educators may also use technology such as pedometers and heart rate monitors to make step and heart rate goals for students.
Other technologies that can be used in a physical education setting include video projectors and GPS systems. Gaming systems and their associated games, such as the Kinect, Wii, and Wii Fit can also be used. Projectors are used to show students proper form or how to play certain games. GPS systems can be used to get students active in an outdoor setting, and active exergames can be used by teachers to show students a good way to stay fit in and out of a classroom setting.
By location
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is suggested that young children should be participating in 60 minutes of exercise per day at least 3 times per week in order to maintain a healthy body.
Asia
Philippines
In the Philippines, P.E. is mandatory for all years in school, unless the school gives the option for a student to do the Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme instead for their fifth and sixth year. Some schools have integrated martial arts training into their physical education curriculum.
Singapore
A Biennial compulsory fitness exam, NAPFA, is conducted in every school to assess pupils' physical fitness in Singapore. This includes a series of fitness tests. Students are graded by a system of gold, silver, bronze, or as a fail. NAPFA for pre-enlistees serves as an indicator for an additional two months in the country's compulsory national service training if they attain bronze or fail.
Europe
Ireland
In Ireland, one is expected to do two semesters worth of 80-minute P.E. classes. This also includes showering and changing times. So, on average, classes are composed of 60–65 minutes of activity.
Poland
In Poland, pupils are expected to do at least three hours of PE a week during primary and secondary education. Universities must also organise at least 60 hours of physical education classes in undergraduate courses.
Sweden
In Sweden, the time school students spend in P.E. lessons per week varies between municipalities, but generally, years 0 to 2 have 55 minutes of P.E. a week; years 3 to 6 have 110 minutes a week, and years 7 to 9 have 220 minutes. In upper secondary school, all national programs have an obligatory course, containing 100 points of P.E., which corresponds to 90–100 hours of P.E. during the course (one point per hour). Schools can regulate these hours as they like during the three years of school students attend. Most schools have students take part in this course during the first year and offer a follow-up course, which also contains 100 points/hours.
United Kingdom
In England, pupils in years 7, 8, and 9 are expected to do two hours of exercise per week. Pupils in years 10 and 11 are expected to do one hour of exercise per week.
In Wales, pupils are expected to do two hours of PE a week.
North America
Canada
In British Columbia, the government has mandated in the grade one curriculum that students must participate in physical activity daily five times a week. The educator is also responsible for planning Daily Physical Activity (DPA), which is thirty minutes of mild to moderate physical activity a day (not including curriculum physical education classes). The curriculum also requires students in grade one to be knowledgeable about healthy living. For example, they must be able to describe the benefits of regular exercise, identify healthy choices in activities, and describe the importance of choosing healthy food.
Ontario, Canada has a similar procedure in place. On October 6, 2005, the Ontario Ministry of Education (OME) implemented a DPA policy in elementary schools, for those in grades 1 through 8. The government also requires that all students in grades 1 through 8, including those with special needs, be provided with opportunities to participate in a minimum of twenty minutes of sustained, moderate to vigorous physical activity each school day during instructional time.
United States
The 2012 "Shape Of The Nation Report" by the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (part of SHAPE America) and the American Heart Association found that while nearly 75% of states require physical education in elementary through high school, over half of the states permit students to substitute other activities for their required physical education credit, or otherwise fail to mandate a specific amount of instructional time. According to the report, only six states (Illinois, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New York, and Vermont) require physical education at every grade level. A majority of states in 2016 did not require a specific amount of instructional time, and more than half allow exemptions or substitution. These loopholes can lead to reduced effectiveness of the physical education programs.
Zero Hour is a before-school physical education class first implemented by Naperville Central High School. In the state of Illinois, this program is known as Learning Readiness P.E. (LRPE). The program was based on research indicating that students who are physically fit are more academically alert, experience growth in brain cells, and enhancement in brain development. NCHS pairs a P.E. class that incorporates cardiovascular exercise, core strength training, cross-lateral movements, as well as literacy and math strategies which enhance learning and improve achievement.
See also
Recreation
Exercise
Lack of physical education
Sports day
Worldwide Day of Play
References
External links
The Sociological Aspects of Physical Education
Education
Sports science
Education by subject | wiki |
Online radio (also web radio, net radio, streaming radio, e-radio, IP radio, Internet radio) is a digital audio service transmitted via the Internet. Broadcasting on the Internet is usually referred to as webcasting since it is not transmitted broadly through wireless means. It can either be used as a stand-alone device running through the Internet, or as a software running through a single computer.
Internet radio is generally used to communicate and easily spread messages through the form of talk. It is distributed through a wireless communication network connected to a switch packet network (the internet) via a disclosed source.
Internet radio involves streaming media, presenting listeners with a continuous stream of audio that typically cannot be paused or replayed, much like traditional broadcast media; in this respect, it is distinct from on-demand file serving. Internet radio is also distinct from podcasting, which involves downloading rather than streaming.
Internet radio services offer news, sports, talk, and various genres of music—every format that is available on traditional broadcast radio stations. Many Internet radio services are associated with a corresponding traditional (terrestrial) radio station or radio network, although low start-up and ongoing costs have allowed a substantial proliferation of independent Internet-only radio stations.
The first Internet radio service was launched in 1993. As of 2017, the most popular Internet radio platforms and applications in the world include (but are not limited to) TuneIn Radio, iHeartRadio, and Sirius XM. In the U.S., unlike over-the-air broadcast radio, an FCC license is not required to operate an Internet radio service.
Internet radio technology
Internet radio services are usually accessible from anywhere in the world with a suitable internet connection available; one could, for example, listen to an Australian station from Europe and America. This has made internet radio particularly suited to and popular among expatriate listeners. Nevertheless, some major networks like TuneIn Radio, Entercom, Pandora Radio, iHeartRadio and Citadel Broadcasting (except for news/talk and sports stations) in the United States, and Chrysalis in the United Kingdom, restrict listening to in-country due to music licensing and advertising issues.
Internet radio is also suited to listeners with special interests, allowing users to pick from a multitude of different stations and genres less commonly represented on traditional radio.
Listening
Internet radio is typically listened to on a standard home PC or similar device, through an embedded player program located on the respective station's website or on a smartphone app. In recent years, dedicated devices that resemble and offer the listener a similar experience to a traditional radio receiver have arrived on the market.
Streaming
Streaming technology is used to distribute Internet radio, typically using a lossy audio codec. Streaming audio formats include MP3, Ogg Vorbis, Ogg Opus, Windows Media Audio, RealAudio, AAC and HE-AAC (or aacPlus). Audio data is continuously transmitted serially (streamed) over the local network or internet in TCP or UDP packets, then reassembled at the receiver and played a second or two later. The delay is called lag, and is introduced at several stages of digital audio broadcasting.
Simulation
A local tuner simulation program includes all the online radios that can also be heard in the air in the city.
Popularity
In 2003, revenue from online streaming music radio was US$49 million. By 2006, that figure rose to US$500 million. A February 21, 2007 "survey of 3,000 Americans released by consultancy Bridge Ratings & Research" found that "[a]s much as 19% of U.S. consumers 12 and older listen to Web-based radio stations." In other words, there were "some 57 million weekly listeners of Internet radio programs. More people listen to online radio than to satellite radio, high-definition radio, podcasts, or cell-phone-based radio combined." An April 2008 Arbitron survey showed that, in the US, more than one in seven persons aged 25–54 years old listen to online radio each week. In 2008, 13 percent of the American population listened to the radio online, compared to 11 percent in 2007. Internet radio functionality is also built into many dedicated Internet radio devices, which give an FM like receiver user experience.
In the fourth quarter (Q4) of 2012, Pandora, TuneIn Radio, iHeart Radio, and other subscription-based and free Internet radio services accounted for nearly one quarter (23 percent) of the average weekly music listening time among consumers between the ages of 13 and 35, an increase from a share of 17 percent the previous year.
As Internet-radio listening rose among the 13-to-35 age group, listening to AM/FM radio, which now accounts for 24 percent of music-listening time, declined 2 percentage points. In the 36-and-older age group, by contrast, Internet radio accounted for just 13 percent of music listening, while AM/FM radio dominated listening methods with a 41 percent share.
As of 2017, 47% of all Americans ages 12 and older—an estimated 124 million people—said they have listened to online radio in the last month, while 36% (94 million people) have listened in the last week. These figures are up from 45% and 33%, respectively, in 2013. The average amount of time spent listening increased from 11 hours, 56 minutes per week in 2013 to 13 hours 19 minutes in 2014. As might be expected, usage numbers are much higher for teens and younger adults, with 75% of Americans ages 12–24 listening to online radio in the last month, compared to 50% of Americans ages 25–54 and 21% of Americans 55+. The weekly figures for the same age groups were 64%, 37% and 13%, respectively. In 2015, it was recorded that 53% of Americans, or 143 million people, ages 12 and up currently listen to internet radio.
Broadcasting freedoms
Some stations, such as Primordial Radio, use Internet radio as a platform as opposed to other means such as FM or DAB, as it gives greater freedom to broadcast as they see fit, without being subject to regulatory bodies such as Ofcom in the UK. For example, Ofcom has very strict rules about presenters endorsing products and product placement; being an Internet radio station they are free of this constraint.
History
Internet radio was pioneered by Carl Malamud. In 1993, Malamud launched "Internet Talk Radio", which was the "first computer-radio talk show, each week interviewing a computer expert". The first Internet concert was broadcast on June 24, 1993, by the band Severe Tire Damage. In March 1994, an unofficial automated rebroadcast of Irish radio news was setup as the RTE To Everywhere Project, allowing Irish people across the world daily access to radio news from home until it was rendered obsolete in 1998. In November 1994, a Rolling Stones concert was the "first major cyberspace multicast concert." Mick Jagger opened the concert by saying, "I want to say a special welcome to everyone that's, uh, climbed into the Internet tonight and, uh, has got into the M-bone. And I hope it doesn't all collapse."
On November 7, 1994, WXYC (89.3 FM Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA) became the first traditional radio station to announce broadcasting on the Internet. WXYC used an FM radio connected to a system at SunSite, later known as Ibiblio, running Cornell's CU-SeeMe software. WXYC had begun test broadcasts and bandwidth testing as early as August 1994. WREK (91.1 FM, Atlanta, GA USA) started streaming on the same day using their own custom software called CyberRadio1. However, unlike WXYC, this was WREK's beta launch and the stream was not advertised until a later date.
On December 3, 1994, KJHK 90.7 FM, a campus radio station located in Lawrence, Kansas, at the University of Kansas, became one of the first radio stations in the world to broadcast a live and continuous stream over Internet radio. Time magazine said that RealAudio took "advantage of the latest advances in digital compression" and delivered "AM radio-quality sound in so-called real time." Eventually, companies such as Nullsoft and Microsoft released streaming audio players as free downloads. As the software audio players became available, "many Web-based radio stations began springing up."
In 1995, Scott Bourne founded NetRadio.com as the world's first Internet-only radio network. NetRadio.com was a pioneer in Internet radio. It was the first Internet-only network to be licensed by ASCAP. NetRadio eventually went on to an IPO in October 1999. Most of the current Internet radio providers followed the path that NetRadio.com carved out in digital media.
In mid December 1995, Vancouver-based AM radio station CKNW became the first commercial radio station in Canada to stream 24/7 over the internet. In March 1996, Virgin Radio – London became the first European radio station to broadcast its full program live on the Internet. It broadcast its FM signal, live from the source, simultaneously on the Internet 24 hours a day. On May 1, 1997, Radio306.com (now Pure Rock Radio) launched in Saskatoon, Canada. The internet-only station purerockradio.net celebrated 20 years on air in 2017 as the longest-running Canadian internet station.
Internet radio also provided new opportunities to mix music with advocacy messages. In February 1999, Zero24-7 Web Radio was launched. It was the first internet radio station to be crowdsourced and programmed by professional broadcasters and crowdfunded by a unique partnership of people, charities and businesses. Out of Washington DC, the station mixed progressive music and green messages. It was created by BBC and WHFS veteran Mark Daley.
Internet radio attracted significant media and investor attention in the late 1990s. In 1998, the initial public stock offering for Broadcast.com set a record at the time for the largest jump in price in stock offerings in the United States. The offering price was US$18 and the company's shares opened at US$68 on the first day of trading. The company was losing money at the time and indicated in a prospectus filed with the Securities Exchange Commission that they expected the losses to continue indefinitely. Yahoo! purchased Broadcast.com on July 20, 1999, for US$5.7 billion.
With the advent of streaming RealAudio over HTTP, streaming became more accessible to a number of radio shows. One such show, TechEdge Radio in 1997, was broadcast in three formats – live on the radio, live from a RealAudio server and streamed from the web over HTTP.In 1998, the longest running internet radio show, The Vinyl Lounge, began netcasting from Sydney, Australia, from Australia's first Internet radio station, NetFM (www.netfm.net). In 1999, Australian telco "Telstra" launched The Basement Internet Radio Station but it was later shut down in 2003 as it was not a viable business for the company.
From 2000 onwards, most Internet radio stations increased their stream quality as bandwidth became more economical. Today, most stations stream between 64 kbit/s and 128 kbit/s providing near CD quality audio. As of 2017 the mobile app Radio Garden, a research project of the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision, was streaming approximately 8,000 radio stations to a global audience.
US royalty controversy
In October 1998, the US Congress passed the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), one result of which is that performance royalties are to be paid for satellite radio and Internet radio broadcasts in addition to publishing royalties. In contrast, traditional radio broadcasters pay only publishing royalties and no performance royalties.
A rancorous dispute ensued over how performance royalties should be assessed for Internet broadcasters. Some observers said that royalty rates that were being proposed were overly burdensome and intended to disadvantage independent Internet-only stations—that "while Internet giants like AOL may be able to afford the new rates, many smaller Internet radio stations will have to shut down." The Digital Media Association (DiMA) said that even large companies, like Yahoo! Music, might fail due to the proposed rates. Some observers said that some U.S.-based Internet broadcasts might be moved to foreign jurisdictions where US royalties do not apply.
Many of these critics organized SaveNetRadio.org, "a coalition of listeners, artists, labels and webcasters" that opposed the proposed royalty rates. To focus attention on the consequences of the impending rate hike, many US Internet broadcasters participated in a "Day of Silence" on June 26, 2007. On that day, they shut off their audio streams or streamed ambient sound, sometimes interspersed with brief public service announcements voiced, written and produced by popular voiceover artist Dave Solomon. Notable participants included Rhapsody, Live365, MTV, Pandora, Digitally Imported and SHOUTcast.
Some broadcasters did not participate, such as Last.fm, which had just been purchased for US$280 million by CBS Music Group. According to a Last.fm employee, they were unable to participate because participation "may compromise ongoing license negotiations."
SoundExchange, representing supporters of the increase in royalty rates, pointed out that the rates were flat from 1998 through 2005 (see above), without being increased to reflect cost-of-living increases. They also declared that if Internet radio is to build businesses from the product of recordings, the performers and owners of those recordings should receive fair compensation.
On May 1, 2007, SoundExchange came to an agreement with certain large webcasters regarding the minimum fees that were modified by the determination of the Copyright Royalty Board. While the CRB decision imposed a $500 per station or channel minimum fee for all webcasters, certain webcasters represented through DiMA negotiated a $50,000 "cap" on those fees with SoundExchange. However, DiMA and SoundExchange continue to negotiate over the per song, per listener fees.
SoundExchange has also offered alternative rates and terms to certain eligible small webcasters, that allow them to calculate their royalties as a percentage of their revenue or expenses, instead of at a per performance rate. To be eligible, a webcaster had to have revenues of less than US$1.25 million a year and stream less than 5 million "listener hours" a month (or an average of 6830 concurrent listeners). These restrictions would disqualify independent webcasters like AccuRadio, Digitally Imported, Club977 and others from participating in the offer, and therefore many small commercial webcasters continue to negotiate a settlement with SoundExchange.
An August 16, 2008 Washington Post article reported that although Pandora was "one of the nation's most popular Web radio services, with about 1 million listeners daily...the burgeoning company may be on the verge of collapse" due to the structuring of performance royalty payment for webcasters. "Traditional radio, by contrast, pays no such fee. Satellite radio pays a fee but at a less onerous rate, at least by some measures." The article indicated that "other Web radio outfits" may be "doomed" for the same reasons.
On September 30, 2008, the United States Congress passed "a bill that would put into effect any changes to the royalty rate to which [record labels and web casters] agree while lawmakers are out of session." Although royalty rates are expected to decrease, many webcasters nevertheless predict difficulties generating sufficient revenue to cover their royalty payments.
In January 2009, the US Copyright Royalty Board announced that "it will apply royalties to streaming net services based on revenue." Since then, websites like Pandora Radio, AccuRadio, Mog, 8tracks and recently Google Music have changed the way people discover and listen to music.
The Webcaster Settlement Act of 2009 expired in January 2016, ending a 10-year period in which smaller online radio stations, Live365 among them, could pay reduced royalties to labels. On January 31, 2016, webcasters who are governed by rules adopted by the Copyright Royalty Board were required to pay to SoundExchange an annual, nonrefundable minimum fee of $500 for each channel and station, the fee for services with greater than 100 stations or channels being $50,000 annually.
See also
Comparison of streaming media systems
Electronic commerce
Internet radio audience measurement
TuneIn Radio
Internet radio device
Internet radio licensing
Internet talk radio
List of Internet radio stations
List of streaming media systems
Mbone, experimental "multicast backbone"
Radio music ripping
Radio over IP
Radiobeta
Simulcast
References
Further reading
"VOA: First on the Internet," by Chris Kern (2006)
Media formats
Streaming
Radio | wiki |
Free space may refer to:
A perfect vacuum, that is, a space free of all matter
In electrical engineering, free space means air (as opposed to a material, transmission line, fiber-optic cable, etc.):
Free-space optical communication is communication by shining light through air
Free-space path loss, the spreading-out of light as it travels through 3D space
Free-space display is a 3D display projected into the air, often with the help of mist
Autonomous free space, community centers in which non-authoritarians enact principles of mutual aid
Social centre the free shared space in a community
Descent: FreeSpace – The Great War, a space combat simulation computer game
The area of a data storage device (for example, a computer disk drive) that is still available for more data storage
, the subset of a configuration space where a robot will not collide with obstacles
See also
Deep Space (disambiguation) | wiki |
Jeffrey Tarayao (born March 9, 1980) is a Filipino business executive. He is currently President of OneMeralco Foundation, the corporate foundation and social development arm of the Manila Electric Company, the largest electric utility company in the Philippines. He is currently a faculty member of the University of Santo Tomas.
Tarayao was formerly Head of Community Relations for Globe Telecom, a major telecommunications corporation in the Philippines, owned by the Zóbel de Ayala family through the Ayala Corporation. He is also a former student leader in the Philippines.
Early life and education
Tarayao was born in the charity ward of University of Santo Tomas Hospital to Pito Tarayao and Leny Ochoa. He attended Holy Infant Montessori Center and Lourdes School of Quezon City for basic education, and proceeded to the University of Santo Tomas for his Bachelor in Communication degree. He graduated with honors in 2001.
He attended Harvard Business School for his Executive Education diploma and he also holds a Master in Sustainable Development degree from Macquarie University, Sydney which he attained in 2018.
One Meralco Foundation
Tarayao leads Meralco's corporate social responsibility projects and the company's communications thrusts. Several business communications and advocacy campaigns under his leadership were awarded by the Philippine Gold Quill Awards.
He was recognized by Devex's Manila as one of the 40 Under 40, for the school electrification program of Meralco launched in 2012.
References
External links
OneMeralco Foundation
1980 births
Living people
Filipino philanthropists | wiki |
Monzodiorite is an intrusive rock with a composition intermediate between diorite and monzonite. It is defined in the QAPF classification as coarse-grained igneous rock in which quartz makes up 0% to 5% of the QAPF mineral fraction, plagioclase makes up 65% to 90% of the total feldspar content, and the plagioclase is sodium-rich (%An < 50).
References
Plutonic rocks | wiki |
Nepheline-bearing diorite is an intrusive rock with a composition intermediate between diorite and nepheline diorite. It is defined in the QAPF classification as coarse-grained igneous rock in which feldspathoids makes up 0% to 10% of the QAPF mineral fraction and are predominantly nepheline; plagioclase makes up 90% or more of the total feldspar content; and the plagioclase is sodium-rich (%An < 50).
References
Plutonic rocks | wiki |
Heathen (band), een Amerikaanse thrashmetalband
Heathen (David Bowie), een muziekalbum van David Bowie uit 2002
Heathen Tour, een tournee ter promotie van dit album
Heathens, een nummer van Twenty One Pilots uit 2016 | wiki |
The Magic Kingdom is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida.
Magic Kingdom may also refer to:
Adventures in the Magic Kingdom, a Disney video game released for the Nintendo Entertainment System
Magic Kingdom (band), a Belgian band
Magic Kingdom, Sydney, a defunct theme park in Sydney, Australia
Magic Kingdom of Landover, a series of novels by Terry Brooks
The Magic Kingdom, a 1985 novel by Stanley Elkin
The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life
Disney Magic Kingdoms, a Disney video game for mobile devices and computers by Gameloft
See also
Disneyland (disambiguation) | wiki |
Stay Together may refer to:
"Stay Together" (Suede song), 1994
"Stay Together" (Barbara Tucker song), 1995
"Stay Together" (Mandaryna song), 2006
"Stay Together" (Noah Cyrus song), 2017
"Stay Together", a song by N.E.R.D. from In Search of...
"Stay Together", a song by 2NE1 from 2NE1
Stay Together (album), a 2016 album by Kaiser Chiefs
See also
Let's Stay Together (disambiguation) | wiki |
Elevators, as developed for the drilling industry, are a hinged device with handles that are used to wrap around the tool joint of drill pipe, casing or lift nipples (for collars) to facilitate the lifting or lowering of them singly or of the drill string as a whole.
In practical use elevators are highly stressed components and require regular careful inspection. In practice, sets of elevators and a spare duplicate are required on-site for general operations. Their failure almost always stops operations.
To latch around a piece of pipework a set of elevators need a precise internal diameter, with an appropriately profiled shoulder to accommodate the lower profile of a tool joint. The latch mechanism has to prevent opening under radial loads of up to hundreds of tons. For some purposes (casing elevators, and loading pipe into and out of the derrick), the elevators also need to resist cross-axial loads of the weight of the pipe joints.
Oilfield terminology
Drilling technology | wiki |
Alfred Hitchcock (1899–1980) was an English film director.
Hitchcock may also refer to:
People
Hitchcock (surname)
Places
Hitchcock, Indiana, United States
Hitchcock, South Dakota, United States
Hitchcock, Texas, United States
Hitchcock, Oklahoma, United States
Hitchcock County, Nebraska, United States
Lake Hitchcock, a former glacially-formed lake of New England
Snell-Hitchcock Halls, two connected residence halls at the University of Chicago
Other uses
Hitchcock (film), a 2012 film about filmmaker Alfred Hitchcock
Hitchcock (automobile), an American car manufactured in 1909
See also
Hitchcockella | wiki |
Visual privacy is the relationship between collection and dissemination of visual information, the expectation of privacy, and the legal issues surrounding them. These days digital cameras are ubiquitous. They are one of the most common sensors found in electronic devices, ranging from smartphones to tablets, and laptops to surveillance cams. However, privacy and trust implications surrounding it limit its ability to seamlessly blend into computing environment. In particular, large-scale camera networks have created increasing interest in understanding the advantages and disadvantages of such deployments. It is estimated that over 4 million CCTV cameras deployed in the UK. Due to increasing security concerns, camera networks have continued to proliferate across other countries such as the United States. While the impact of such systems continues to be evaluated, in parallel, tools for controlling how these camera networks are used and modifications to the images and video sent to end-users have been explored.
Technologies
To enhance visual privacy, a number of different technologies have been suggested.
Forms of Visual Data
Visual Privacy is often typically applied to particular technologies including:
Closed-circuit television (CCTVs)
Visual sensor network (Also referred to as Camera Networks)
Camera phone
Smart homes
Systems
Many different forms of technologies are explored to preserve privacy while providing information collected from camera networks. Most of these solutions rely upon the target application and try to accomplish it in a privacy-preserving manner:
"Respectful Cameras" is a solution that automatically obscures the faces of observed people in video by overlaying a colored dot over the face of the individual. This technology tracks colored markers, worn by individuals, and then infers the location of a face by an offset from the marker.
Google Streetview uses automatic face-detection to blur all faces in the city of Manhattan.
Eptascape has a product which provides automatic people tracking and provides privacy-enabled surveillance.
Cardea is a context-aware visual privacy protection mechanism that protects bystanders' visual privacy in photos according to their context-dependent privacy preferences, using face recognition and context computing techniques.
Thermal and depth cameras are used in person detection and people counting.
Privacy-preserving Lens design consists of the joint optimization of optics and algorithms to perform vision tasks like human pose estimation and action recognition.
Visual privacy hence encompasses privacy aware and privacy preserving systems which factor in the compute design choices, privacy policies regarding data-sharing in a collaborative and distributive environment and data ownership itself. At times privacy and trust are interlinked especially for the adoption and wide-scale acceptance of any technology. Having a fair and accurate computer vision model goes a long way into ensuring the prior two. A lot of developers are also now inculcating perspectives from Privacy by design. These include but are not limited to processing all user sensitive data on the edge client device, decreasing data retentivity, and ensuring that the data is not used for anything it is not intended for.
References
External links
Unblinking: New Perspectives on Visual Privacy in the 21st Century
Privacy | wiki |
In mathematics, an ultrapolynomial is a power series in several variables whose coefficients are bounded in some specific sense.
Definition
Let and a field (typically or ) equipped with a norm (typically the absolute value). Then a function of the form is called an ultrapolynomial of class , if the coefficients satisfy for all , for some and (resp. for every and some ).
References
Mathematical analysis | wiki |
This is a list of Honorary Fellows of St Edmund Hall, Oxford.
Nicolas Browne-Wilkinson, Baron Browne-Wilkinson
Sir Stanley Burnton
Sir David Cooksey
John Cox
Kevin Crossley-Holland
Patrick Garland
Andrew Graham
Roy Harris
Terry Jones
Gabriel Josipovici
Ken Macdonald, Baron Macdonald of River Glaven
Tony Marchington
Bill Miller
Michael Mingos
Sir Derek Morris
Michael Nazir-Ali
Ronald Oxburgh, Baron Oxburgh
Gareth Roberts
Sir Michael Rose
Richard Smethurst
Keir Starmer
Douglas Veale
Denis Wright
See also
:Category:Fellows of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
:Category:Alumni of St Edmund Hall, Oxford
St Edmund Hall | wiki |
Cheap may refer to:
Cheapness
Cheap (album), debut album from Seasick Steve
Cheap (ward), London, UK
Flatwoods, Kentucky, previously known as Cheap
See also
Cheapskate
Cheep (disambiguation) | wiki |
Scomberoidinae is a subfamily of ray-finned fish from the family Carangidae which consists of three genera and 10 species. The species in this subfamily have been given the common names leatherjacket and queenfish.
Genera
The following genera are classified within the Scomberoidinae:
Genus Oligoplites Gill, 1863
Genus Parona C. Berg, 1895
Genus Scomberoides Lacépède, 1801
References
Carangidae
Fish subfamilies | wiki |
Cheep may refer to:
Bird vocalization
Cheep, a 1917 musical revue at the Vaudeville Theatre
CH-33P, an astromech droid in the final season of Star Wars: The Clone Wars
See also
Cheap (disambiguation) | wiki |
Denumirea de Penkovți se poate referi la una din următoarele localități din Bulgaria:
Penkovți, un sat în comuna Gabrovo, regiunea Gabrovo;
Penkovți, un sat în comuna Trăn, regiunea Pernik. | wiki |