Datasets:

ranWang

/

undl_en2zh_translation

like 0

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 25 of the provisional agenda*", "Agriculture development and food security: progress on the implementation of the outcome of the World Summit on Food Security", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Reducing the number and proportion of people who suffer from hunger and malnutrition is one of today’s most difficult challenges. Efforts have been made more difficult by higher and more volatile food and fuel prices, political conflict, and persistent underinvestment in agriculture, food and nutrition. Many countries lack the social safety nets necessary to avert disasters such as the famine currently affecting Somalia. Long-term investments in sustainable agriculture, interlinked with efforts to adapt to and mitigate climate change, alleviate poverty, empower women, improve market access, and manage ecosystems and natural resources, are not happening quickly enough. Country-led responses supported by the international community must be intensified to meet the internationally agreed goals by 2015.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII.Overview 4III. Short-term 8 safety \n nets IV. Long-term 10 sustainable \ndevelopment V. Strategic 15 coordination and effective \ncollaboration \nVI. Conclusion 20", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report has been prepared in response to the request made by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/178 that the Secretary-General submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report on developments related to global efforts to address agriculture development and food and nutrition security, and on progress in the implementation of the outcome of the World Summit on Food Security.", "2. Food and nutrition security exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.[1] Food and nutrition security therefore covers availability, access, utilization and stability issues, and, because of its focus on the attributes of individuals, also embraces their energy, protein and nutrient needs for life, activity, pregnancy, growth and long-term capabilities. Food and nutrition security is a precondition for the full enjoyment of the right to food.[2]", "3. Addressing the problem of global food and nutrition insecurity is one of the most important challenges of our time. Countries in the Horn of Africa are facing extreme crisis triggered by several seasons of irregular rainfall causing severe drought, and the world is far from reaching the goal of halving the number of hungry and malnourished in the world by 2015. International food and oil price rises are simultaneously putting pressure on the budgets of poor households and increasing the cost of humanitarian operations. The impacts of hunger and malnutrition can be especially severe for pregnant and lactating women, very young children, people living with disabilities and chronic disease (such as HIV/AIDS), the elderly, and other particularly vulnerable groups.", "4. Expectations are high that the United Nations can help make a significant difference both in the immediate and the medium-longer term, particularly for those on low incomes who are net food buyers, including poor urban dwellers and rural people. A more coordinated effort is being undertaken as a result of the 2009 World Summit on Food Security.", "5. This report benefited from inputs received from the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, including contributions from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). The Task Force has intensified its work over the past year to mitigate and address the effects of recent price rises and excessive volatility, as well as the structural causes of food and nutrition insecurity in a comprehensive way, especially at the country level.", "II. Overview", "Food price volatility: recent trends and drivers", "6. Food prices have risen to an all-time high. The FAO Food Price Index hit a record 238 points in February 2011.[3] It averaged 234 points in June — 1 per cent higher than in May 2011 and 39 per cent higher than in June 2010. A strong rise in international sugar prices was behind much of the increase in the June value of the index. The FAO/Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) publication Agricultural Outlook expects prices to remain above their historical trend levels and to continue to be volatile in the medium term.", "[]", "Source: FAO, 2011.", "7. Some degree of price volatility is typical of agricultural commodity markets as a result of their fundamental characteristics. Agricultural production is subject to natural shocks such as weather variations, pests and diseases. The recent price volatility has its origins in such fundamental factors — weather shocks in key producing and exporting countries coinciding with low stock levels.", "8. The demand for food and feed crops for the production of biofuels is another significant factor. During the 2007-2009 period biofuels accounted for a significant share of global use of several crops.[4]", "9. However, movements in the prices of food commodities in 2011 differ from what happened in 2008. In a number of countries, including in Africa, 2010 grain harvests were above average. Some domestic food prices are higher than in 2008, while others are relatively low compared to world price levels. The price of rice on the international market has not risen because of generally good harvests in Asia, with stocks in many rice-importing countries higher now than in 2008.", "10. Food price volatility has been exaggerated by the closer links between commodity (agricultural and energy) markets and the often speculative activities of financial investors. The financialization of commodity markets has increased significantly since about 2004, as reflected in rising volumes of financial investments in commodity derivatives markets. This phenomenon is a serious concern, because the activities of financial participants tend to drive commodity prices away from levels justified by market fundamentals, with negative effects both on producers and consumers.[5]", "11. If higher prices are transmitted from world markets to the farm gate and if the necessary inputs and other services, including market access, are available, farmers should be able to benefit by producing and selling more. This applies particularly to poor farmers, including smallholders, in developing countries: if they are enabled to respond, and are assisted to manage any associated risks, they should be able to increase their incomes. But this would not necessarily lead to improved food and nutrition security for the poor, who have to pay higher prices. FAO released the Guide for Policy and Programmatic Actions at Country Level to Address High Food Prices[6] and, between March and July 2011, convened a series of two-day policy seminars at regional and subregional levels, helping countries develop their policy responses to higher food prices.", "Vulnerability to extreme weather events and the effects of climate change", "12. More than 38 million people were displaced by sudden-onset climate-related disasters in 2010, undermining their livelihoods and food security. Trends indicate that less predictable, extreme climate events are becoming the norm.[7] By 2050, as many as 20 per cent more people could be at risk of hunger owing to climate-related losses in productivity. Climate change could lead to 24 million additional malnourished children, with the majority in sub-Saharan Africa.[8]", "13. The economic costs of climate-related disasters are significant. In sub-Saharan Africa in 2009, almost 90 per cent of economic losses from disasters were due to drought.[9] In many areas of the world where agricultural productivity is already low and the means of coping with adverse events are limited, climate change is expected to reduce productivity to even lower levels and make production more erratic. Long-term changes in the patterns of temperature and precipitation, which are part of climate change, are expected to shift production seasons, pest and disease patterns, and modify patterns of crop production, affecting prices, incomes, and, ultimately, livelihoods and lives.", "14. Current research highlights strong links between drought risk and malnutrition: in Kenya, for example, children born in drought-affected areas are up to 50 per cent more likely to be stunted. The risk of malnutrition for children in Niger doubles during a drought. Climate change could lead to 24 million additional malnourished children, with the majority in sub-Saharan Africa.⁸", "15. The most severe food and nutrition security emergency in the world is occurring in the eastern Horn of Africa, where one of the worst droughts since 1950 has caused crop failure and substantial livestock mortality, resulting in dramatically high food prices — up to 270 per cent higher in certain areas of Somalia.[10] Several United Nations agencies had issued warnings about a drought in the region, including in Somalia, Kenya, Djibouti and Ethiopia, in September 2010, but the extent and severity of the drought became clear only in June and July 2011. Preparedness actions were proposed, but not adequately supported. These factors, along with persistent political conflict and a ban on foreign humanitarian aid by militant rebel groups, have spurred massive migrations both to the Somali capital Mogadishu, and into refugee camps within Kenya and Ethiopia. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) estimates that 30 to 40 per cent of children under the age of 5 are suffering from acute malnutrition on arrival. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network projects that food security is unlikely to improve this year, and the crisis is likely to become worse. As of July 2011, more than 13 million people in the subregion needed humanitarian assistance, and the current emergency response is inadequate to prevent further deterioration. This situation highlights the adverse impact of drought on lives and livelihoods in communities that are already impoverished and have limited resilience.[11]", "16. Preserving and enhancing food and nutrition security requires an increase in the productivity of farming systems, increased resilience in the face of climate risk and capacity to withstand agro-ecological and socio-economic shocks. They are all interlinked with the environmental, social and economic pillars of sustainable development. The recent report “Climate Change, Water and Food Security”[12] outlines actions needed to assist countries, in particular developing countries, in assessing probable climate change impacts on irrigated agriculture and on food production, and in adapting agricultural water management to cope with the range and depths of anticipated impacts.", "Underinvestment in agriculture", "17. National budgets are the primary source of public spending on agriculture, which has fallen to an average of around 7 per cent in developing countries, even less in Africa. The pattern is changing, especially through the Africa-wide approach of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme. Official development assistance (ODA) is an important source of public-sector investment for agriculture growth; however, it typically forms only about 15 per cent of total public expenditure in the sector. ODA to agriculture in developing countries has declined since the late 1980s: the share of official development assistance going to agriculture has fallen to as little as 3.8 per cent (though this, too, has started to rise again). Commercial bank lending and foreign direct investment for agriculture in developing countries is also small; it represents less than 10 per cent of total bank lending in sub-Saharan Africa.[13]", "18. In 2007, the level of investment in agriculture was estimated at $189 billion, three quarters of which is private investment. An estimated annual investment of $279 billion, including $208 billion in private investment, would be required to meet food demand in 2050. If ODA and foreign direct investment increase in proportion to the required amount of private investment, then ODA to agriculture would need to increase to $12 billion per year and foreign direct investment in developing country agriculture would increase to $4 billion per year. To reduce hunger by half by 2015 and eliminate hunger completely by 2025, FAO estimates that total public investment in developing country agriculture would need to increase to $120 billion per year. If ODA to agriculture continued to increase in proportion to domestic government expenditures, it would rise to $20 billion per year. Alternatively, if ODA increased to 0.7 per cent of donor countries’ gross domestic product (GDP), as previously committed, and if agriculture’s share of ODA increased to 17 per cent, as seen in the early 1980s, ODA to agriculture would rise to $44 billion per year. For the moment, and despite the mounting evidence of food insecurity catalysing civil unrest, there is scant evidence that ODA will rise sufficiently to meet this challenge.", "Progress in reducing hunger", "19. Millennium Development Goal 1 targets to reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger, while the 1996 World Food Summit goal is to reduce by half the number of these people, by 2015. The total number of people suffering from hunger in the world reached more than 1 billion in 2009. While the numbers of undernourished declined to about 925 million in 2010, much remains to be done to reach the Millennium Development Goal 1 hunger target. In the developing world, the prevalence of undernutrition affects one in six people (16 per cent in 2010, down from 18 per cent in 2009). This is still well above the target set by Millennium Development Goal 1. Food security is being threatened anew by higher and more volatile food prices since late 2010.", "20. The vast majority of the world’s undernourished people — 98 per cent — live in the developing world. Two thirds of these live in just seven countries: Bangladesh, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia and Pakistan. Over 40 per cent live in China and India alone. Projections for 2010 indicated that the pace of the decline in the number of undernourished people is very uneven among developing regions. The region with the most undernourished people continues to be Asia and the Pacific, with 578 million in 2010.[14] In addition, about 23 per cent of children are underweight in the developing world.", "21. As of the 2005-2007 period (the most recent period for which complete country-level data are available), some countries, including Armenia and Viet Nam in Asia, achieved the Millennium Development Goal 1 hunger target, while China and others are on track. In Latin America and the Caribbean, Guyana, Jamaica and Nicaragua have achieved Millennium Development Goal 1 and Brazil and others are approaching the hunger reduction target. The proportion of undernourished people remains highest in sub-Saharan Africa, at 30 per cent in 2010, but progress varies widely at the country level. As of the 2005-2007 period, the Congo, Ghana, Mali and Nigeria had achieved the Millennium Development Goal 1 hunger target, and Ethiopia and others were close to achieving it. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, however, the proportion of undernutrition had risen to 69 per cent, up from 26 per cent in the 1990-1992 period.¹⁴", "22. In spite of progress achieved in many countries, fragile States and many sub‑Saharan countries still lag significantly in achieving the Millennium Development Goal 1 target, either because of poor initial conditions (e.g., low income levels or weak institutional conditions) or unfavourable development conditions often linked to protracted crisis. In 2010, FAO and WFP identified a total of 22 countries to be in protracted crisis situations, which are characterized by recurrent natural disasters, conflict, longevity of food crises, breakdown of livelihoods and insufficient institutional capacity to react to the crises.¹⁴", "23. Given the high levels of food and nutrition insecurity and regular recurrence of food crises in the Horn of Africa and other areas, Governments, regional bodies and the international community are increasingly attempting to follow a twin-track comprehensive approach to food security, combining their responses to immediate needs with longer-term actions in order to address structural causes, increase capacity for managing disaster risk and build more resilient livelihoods and food production systems.¹", "III. Short-term safety nets", "24. Nutrition interventions, emergency food assistance and safety nets play an important role in meeting the immediate needs of vulnerable and high-risk populations and in stabilizing their situation. Interventions should be based on food and nutrition security assessments and take country-level needs and capacities into account.", "25. A report prepared in May 2011 by the World Bank and other members of the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis assesses the progress of countries’ efforts to protect groups that are food insecure, vulnerable to the effects of high and volatile food prices, and at risk of undernutrition, highlighting well-designed and executed social protection programmes in Brazil, Mexico and Ethiopia that have reduced the risks of hunger and malnutrition and mitigated impacts of price rises, while creating development opportunities, building human capital and encouraging economic growth. Cambodia and Indonesia are in the process of establishing similar systems, and evidence suggests that even modest safety net systems provide a springboard for intervention in crisis.[15]", "26. Experience shows that labour-based (food or cash-for-work) short-term safety nets programmes can buffer communities from shocks and stabilize situations during seasonal shortages and in times of scarcity. Many of these interventions have a dual effect, by helping people meet their immediate food needs while enabling food insecure small-scale and marginalized farmers to generate new assets and provide incentive for investments in long-term resilience and productivity, a risk they otherwise could not take. The WFP-supported Managing Environmental Resources to Enable Transitions to More Sustainable Livelihoods programme in Ethiopia aims to increase the ability to manage shocks, meet necessary food needs and diversify livelihoods through sustainable land management, and institutionalize sustainable land management practices and systems at community level and replicate to other areas. The combination of sustainable land management practices with productivity and income-generating technologies has benefited over 600,000 people who have re-established their control over landscapes, resources and livelihoods, moving away from hunger and food insecurity.", "27. Other targeted safety nets such as school feeding programmes alleviate hunger while supporting education, health, gender and community development. During economic shocks, such as those related to increasing food prices, or during protracted crises, school feeding becomes an effective safety net to sustain livelihoods and prevent those affected from adopting negative coping strategies. When linked with local purchases, school feeding programmes may increase the incomes of small-scale farmers and stimulate local development. Where school feeding is most needed, however, programmes are still largely supported by external funding. The challenge is to transition from externally assisted to nationally owned and funded programmes.[16] Inclusion of locally sourced foodstuffs decreases the costs of the food basket and allows for local purchases and smooth government takeover; it also generates savings that can be used to expand coverage and increase the food basket. To date, 37 countries have successfully taken over school feeding programmes from WFP.[17]", "28. The World Bank Global Food Crisis Response Programme provides rapid assistance in the poorest and most vulnerable countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia, including stimulating short-term food production and fiscal space to allow reductions in import tariffs or suspension of custom duties or taxes on food, to mitigate the impact of higher prices. The Programme has currently allocated $1.5 billion to 44 countries, benefiting nearly 40 million people. It is authorized to expedite processing of up to $760 million of existing funds of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association through the end of 2011, with the possibility that this is extended through 2012.", "29. The European Union Food Facility, launched with €1 billion in 2009, provides a quick and substantial response to the food crisis with a two-year programme to help developing countries move towards long-term food security. Set up in close collaboration with the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, the Food Facility focuses on programmes that will have a quick but lasting impact on food security, with projects embedded in government policies for food and nutrition security and poverty reduction.", "IV. Long-term sustainable development", "30. While the international community works to respond quickly to short-term food and nutrition security needs, it must address the underlying issue of how to support countries’ efforts to develop sustainable agriculture for long-term food and nutrition security, including markets that accommodate smallholder farmers, especially women. A strong “second track” reduces the need for “first track” emergency measures. Follow-up actions to implement decisions of the seventeenth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development pertaining to agriculture and rural development must be strengthened.[18]", "31. Successful approaches to long-term sustainable agriculture are integrated with many different dimensions of development and policymaking, include relevant stakeholders, and incorporate a gender perspective.[19] Women are the majority of smallholder farmers and rural entrepreneurs, and they carry much of the burden of providing for and nourishing the household, and caring for those who are dependent on others. Compared with men, women have less access to productive resources, opportunities and services. Households headed by women face the greatest challenges.", "32. National plans for food and nutrition security must be nationally articulated, designed, owned, implemented and led.[20] Long-term food and nutrition security requires countries to invest in making social protection systems accessible, maintaining food availability through productive and sustainable farming systems, sustainably managing ecosystems, and improving international food markets. Well-functioning social protection systems can defend households and individuals against shocks and can be a vital component of strategies to reduce poverty, hunger and malnutrition, particularly among smallholder farmers (including pastoralists and fishers) who are already food-insecure. Therefore, Governments should invest in social protection to increase the resilience of livelihoods. Social safety nets should be already in place at the onset of a crisis and be promptly activated.", "33. However, 80 per cent of the world still has no access to any type of social protection, and coverage of social safety nets. Additionally, market-based instruments, such as microcredit and insurance, are particularly low in the most vulnerable countries.", "Market-based solutions and development of agriculture value chains", "34. Value chain development involves bringing together and strengthening the business partnerships between the different players who produce, trade, process and market agricultural products. The most important challenge is to bring small farmers into value chains as reliable and profitable partners and link them to markets. Without small farmer-focused value chain development, increasing numbers of farmers will be sidelined and excluded from profitable markets and be trapped in subsistence production. Food Security through Commercialization of Agriculture[21] projects in Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Guinea and the Gambia are examples of efforts to strengthen farmers’ organizations, improve value addition, and promote farmer-market linkages.", "35. The WFP Purchase for Progress pilot initiative engages smallholder farmers more directly in selling, using WFP purchasing power to support the sustainable development of food and nutrition security systems and transform food and nutrition assistance into a productive investment in local communities. A coordinated package of support addresses constraints smallholders face along agricultural value chains and enhances prospects for success. Supported farmers develop capacity to increase productivity, sell to WFP, and meet the demands of formal markets.", "36. The importance of small and medium agricultural enterprises is also well-recognized, owing to their significant contribution to employment generation, national output and exports and fostering new entrepreneurship. However, small and medium agricultural enterprises are currently struggling to compete with larger companies and the growing tide of imported food products in developing regions.", "37. Foreign direct investment in agriculture by multinational corporations and others has been promoted as key to solving the food security problem, especially in Africa. It is claimed that it will help alleviate the world food crisis by tapping into a country’s “unused” agricultural potential and providing poor countries with money, infrastructure and other resources that improve food security. Some countries are also seeking new land to plant crops to meet their own food needs. The International Food Policy Research Institute reports that foreign investors bought from 37 million to 49 million acres of land in developing countries between 2006 and mid-2009.[22]", "38. Many fear that these land purchases could further destabilize the food security of some developing countries, as land sold to foreign investors cannot be used to produce food for local communities. Moreover, this trend is likely to lead to large-scale industrialized agricultural production — dislocating smallholder farmers in the developing world and exacerbating rural poverty and food insecurity.[23] IFAD and FAO have studied the economic implications of international land deals to provide some guidance to countries.[24]", "39. In March 2010, FAO, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), IFAD, and the African Development Bank, with the support of the Government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria and under the auspices of the African Union, held a high-level conference on the development of agribusiness and agro-industries in Africa in Abuja. The Conference launched the African Agribusiness and Agro-industries Development Initiative. The goal of the initiative is to have an agriculture sector in Africa that by the year 2020 is made up of highly productive and profitable agriculture value chains that effectively link small and medium-size agricultural producers to markets, supply higher-valued food, fibre, feed and fuel products, contribute to increasing farmers’ incomes, utilize natural resources in a sustainable manner and generate increased and high-quality employment.[25]", "40. At the behest of the African Development Bank, FAO reviewed post-harvest food losses and food loss programmes in Africa, and developed, in collaboration with the World Bank and the University of Greenwich Natural Resources Institute, a framework for food loss reduction programmes that moves away from the long-standing preoccupation with farm-level post-harvest management and storage. There is a groundswell of interest in food loss reduction programmes; an effective way to move forward is to address food losses through the agricultural value chains.", "Natural resources management", "41. Sound water management in agriculture will need to cope with less water per hectare of land and will also have to internalize the cost of pollution from agricultural land. Policy incentives that focus on the most pressing environmental externalities, while leveraging individual farmer’s profit motives, have a greater chance of success. Solutions for sound water management in agriculture are more likely to be knowledge-rich than technology-intensive. Infrastructure is needed for developing water harvesting facilities and methods to make better use of rainfall.", "42. In order to respond to the urgent need for governance of land and water resources in a context of increasing pressure on these resources, FAO has developed tools such as participative mapping of natural resources, geo-referenced data and Global Positioning System (GPS). Improvement of land-use planning also relies on the constitution of national task forces that involve all categories of stakeholders in order to strengthen institutional capacities to effectively regulate land use in concerned countries. FAO programmes in several regions assist smallholder farmers in improving livelihoods through improved management of existing cropping systems and the diversification of those systems to create additional livelihood opportunities and integrate communities into markets.", "Urban/rural linkages", "43. Enhancing food security among the urban poor and other vulnerable groups has become an increasing challenge in cities experiencing increasing populations and migration, economic crises and natural disasters. Through the Inter-Agency Standing Committee Task Force on Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas, United Nations agencies are working with humanitarian partners on assessment, livelihood support and multi-stakeholder interventions to enhance food and nutrition security in cities, with local authorities in the driving seat. Priority is increasingly given to sustainable urban development and more effective urban/rural linkages.", "44. Urban and peri-urban horticulture is the cultivation of a wide range of crops within cities and towns and in the surrounding areas. While the urban poor, particularly those arriving from rural areas, have long practised horticulture as a livelihood and survival strategy, in many countries the sector is still largely informal, usually precarious and sometimes illegal. The Growing Greener Cities Programme[26] supports the development of urban and peri-urban horticulture, with the goal of enhancing the efficiency of small-scale production activities and the quality and safety of their produce.", "Forestry, fisheries and livestock", "45. Efforts to ensure food and nutrition security must incorporate all aspects of agriculture. Improving animal production services and supporting sustainable livestock practices is essential, particularly for smallholders employing integrated crop-livestock systems. Agroforestry can greatly reduce greenhouse gases (GHG), accounting for one third of the estimated total GHG abatement potential until 2030.[27] Increasing attention has been given to agroforestry in the global arena, including the convening of the Second World Congress of Agroforestry (Kenya, August 2009), the First Africa Drylands Week (Dakar, June 2011), and the development by FAO of international guidelines for agroforestry.", "46. Sustainable fisheries and aquaculture are also crucial to food security. In 2008, the world consumed 115 million tons of fish, and demand is expected to rise. Employment in fisheries and aquaculture has grown faster than the world’s population and employment in traditional agriculture. In 2008, almost 45 million people were directly engaged in the sector. Add to these the important secondary sectors such as handling and processing, and women represent half of those involved. Altogether, including the family dependants of these workers, fisheries and aquaculture support the livelihoods of about 540 million people.¹⁴", "Early warning systems", "47. Strengthening the ability of the agricultural sector to predict, prevent and address the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events is a critical component of the efforts to address food and nutrition security. Integrated food security early warning systems allow for predicting and preventing some of the impacts of climate change and extreme weather events, linking weather index insurance with traditional risk management and social protection schemes. These strategies represent an important shift from managing disasters to managing risks, increasing the cost-effectiveness of food and nutrition security interventions.", "48. UNESCO’s Climate Frontlines is an interagency platform on traditional knowledge and climate change. It brings together United Nations agencies with expertise in small island developing States, traditional knowledge and indigenous peoples to promote the inclusion of indigenous and local knowledge in climate change adaptation policy. Notably, it supports a network of community-based research projects that provide data on how vulnerable communities are observing and coping with the impacts of climate change. The majority of these projects focus on the impacts of climate change of food production systems, including agriculture, pastoralism, fishing and soil management.[28]", "49. FAO assists member countries in strengthening institutional and technical capacity necessary to assess impacts of climate variability and climate change on the agriculture sector. Tools and methods being developed and delivered at the country level include a crop monitoring toolbox, rainfall estimate routine, the Modelling System for Agriculture Impacts of Climate Change, and Farm Adaptive Dynamic Optimization. The disaster-risk management approach is also used to prevent, prepare for and mitigate impacts of extreme weather events.[29]", "50. Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme is another country-level example that aims to shift millions of chronically food-insecure rural people from recurrent emergency food aid to a more secure and predictable form of social protection that can help propel people out of hunger and poverty. As part of the national food security programme, the Government of Ethiopia partnered with WFP and the World Bank to improve its capacity to manage drought and flood risk by developing an innovative integrated national risk management framework through the Livelihoods, Early Assessment and Protection project, which supports national risk finance and management frameworks by linking early warning, contingency planning and capacity-building to a $160 million contingency fund.[30]", "Building on consultations with key stakeholders", "51. Multi-stakeholder approaches are at the centre of successful efforts to achieve long-term sustainable development. The expansion of agricultural productivity and the development of vibrant rural economies will require global attention to promoting empowerment and participation in partnerships by relevant government departments and elements of civil society, including food producer associations and organizations of consumers, workers and employers, women and men farmers, youth, indigenous people, urban poor and people living with disabilities and chronic disease, scientific and research bodies, regional and international organizations, development banks and the private sector.", "52. Understanding and maintaining the inextricable relationships between peoples and their cultures, biodiversity, traditional livelihood and knowledge systems are critical factors in ensuring the food and nutrition security of indigenous peoples. Reduced access to land and natural resources, environmental degradation, climate change, globalization and the westernization of diet and lifestyle have dramatically affected the role traditional foods play in indigenous societies. Although many traditional food practices have been lost, there is still scope to recover and strengthen local food systems so that indigenous peoples can continue to reap the benefits of their long-standing traditions.", "53. Adequate policies and programmes are needed to promote youth involvement in agriculture and development of the rural economy, to boost the image of agriculture and make it more desirable for young people. The IFAD Strategic Framework for 2011-2015 seeks to do this by creating viable opportunities for youth in rural economies and has adopted the issue of youth development as the theme for the 2011 Governing Council.", "V. Strategic coordination and effective collaboration", "54. While Governments are responsible for food and nutrition security at the country level, the United Nations supports and complements national efforts. United Nations Resident Coordinators and Humanitarian Coordinators work with all relevant United Nations agencies in their respective countries to determine and implement the appropriate mix of actions for a comprehensive food security strategy that involves host Governments, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations, and resident donor representatives.", "High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis and the Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action", "55. The rapid rises in food prices and threats posed to food security in 2008 propelled the international community to take action to protect world food security and nutrition for all. In April 2008, the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis was established as a coordination mechanism and catalyst for the United Nations system. Chaired by the Secretary-General with the Director General of FAO as Vice-Chair, the Task Force brings together 22 organizations, funds, programmes and departments within the United Nations family, including the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization and the OECD.", "56. The High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis promotes a comprehensive and unified approach to the challenge of achieving global food and nutrition security through the Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action.[31] This approach provides a response to the immediate needs of vulnerable populations, as well as a contribution to longer-term resilience (the “twin-tracks to food and nutrition security”). It prioritizes sustainable agriculture, better ecosystem management, gender equity, the prerequisites for improved nutrition and the human rights of those least able to enjoy their right to food. It calls for joint actions to address all aspects of food and nutrition security — availability, access, stability and utilization — as a whole. It acknowledges that, while States have the primary role in ensuring food and nutrition security for all, a multiplicity of other actors have vital contributions to make. In 2011 a summary version of the Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action was prepared as an easy-to-read concise document that highlights the concepts and principles of the framework.³¹", "L’Aquila Food Security Initiative", "57. In July 2009 at the L’Aquila Group of Eight (G-8) Summit, the G-8 and other partners (Australia, Netherlands, Spain and Sweden) committed $22 billion towards food security over three years, which promised to help reverse the overall decline of aid and investment to the agricultural sector. They channelled these funds through the L’Aquila Food Security Initiative. However, of the total pledged, only $6.1 billion is additional to previously planned expenditures. Notably, $1.5 billion of the total is allocated to development food aid and food security, which was not a focus of the pledge. It is expected that the majority of funds pledged under the Initiative will be administered through bilateral funding channels. The OECD-Development Assistance Committee has noted that although there are technical difficulties in accessing the exact figures of disbursements by the different donors, they are mainly on track in delivering their commitments, despite perceptions to the contrary.", "Actions by G-20", "58. G-20 appears to be driving actions for greater food security. At its summit meeting in Seoul in November 2010, G-20 leaders produced a Multi-Year Action Plan on Development that committed to enhance food security policy coherence and coordination and increase agricultural productivity and food availability.[32] G-20 leaders requested that FAO, IFAD, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), OECD, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), WFP, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization work with key stakeholders to develop options for G-20 consideration on how to better mitigate and manage the risks associated with the price volatility of food and other agriculture commodities, without distorting market behaviour, ultimately to protect the most vulnerable. The report “Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Markets: Policy Responses” (May 2011) provided recommendations that were subsequently adopted by the G-20 agriculture ministers at their meeting in June 2011, including agreement to:", "(a) Strengthen the longer-term productivity, sustainability and resilience of the food and agriculture system worldwide, as well as support agricultural research and innovation and create the enabling environment to encourage public and private investment in agriculture;", "(b) Launch the Agricultural Market Information System to increase collaboration between international organizations, major food exporting and importing countries and the private sector;", "(c) Encourage G-20 finance ministers to take the appropriate decisions for a better regulation and supervision of agricultural futures and derivative markets;", "(d) Bring the Doha Development Round to a successful conclusion and agree to remove export restrictions or taxes on food purchased for non-commercial humanitarian purposes;", "(e) Support the development by WFP of a pilot project for a regional emergency humanitarian food reserves system, consistent with World Trade Organization rules, in partnership with the countries concerned;", "(f) Encourage international organizations and multilateral and regional development banks to further explore counter-cyclical mechanisms to assist low-income food-deficit countries during food price surges;", "(g) Support the efforts to provide vulnerable households, communities and Governments with effective, market-based risk management instruments.", "59. The Agricultural Market Information System was also launched in June 2011, and will hold its inception meeting in September 2011. It is a network of countries, organizations and the private sector, including FAO, IFAD, the International Food Policy Research Institute, OECD, UNCTAD, WFP, the World Trade Organization, the World Bank, and the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis. It will provide a global food market early warning system that will issue alerts to price surges and help ensure better preparedness and more rapid and consistent policy responses in times of crisis through providing appropriate policy guidance and promoting policy coordination when the market situation and outlook indicates a high food security risk.", "Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme", "60. The Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme is a Financial Intermediary Fund administered by the World Bank designed to address the underfunding of country and regional agriculture and food security strategic investment plans already being developed by countries. The total amount pledged by donors to the Programme, equivalent to $925 million, is allocated to the Public and Private Sector Windows. To date, it has awarded grants to 12 countries, with a total value of $481 million, under two calls for proposals.", "61. The resources received from donors as of June 2011 amount to $520.2 million for the Public Sector Window, representing 56 per cent of the total pledge. Donors include Australia, Canada, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Republic of Korea, Spain and the United States. Ireland has contributed to the operating costs of the programme. No further invitation for applications for grants will be offered until additional funding is committed to the Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme account.", "Reform of the Committee on World Food Security", "62. The reformed Committee on World Food Security aims to create an inclusive multi-stakeholder platform where key actors work together in support of country-led processes to ensure food and nutrition security for all. The roles of the Committee include coordinating a global approach to food and nutrition security; promoting policy convergence and coherence; supporting and advising countries and regions; coordinating action at national and regional levels; promoting accountability and sharing best practices; and developing a global strategic framework for food and nutrition security.", "63. The reform is guided by principles of inclusiveness, strong linkages to the field to ensure the process is based on a realistic situation on the ground, and flexibility in implementation so that the Committee can respond to a changing external environment and membership needs. The key features of the reform are expanded participation in the Committee to ensure that voices of all relevant stakeholders are heard in the policy debate on food and agriculture; increased focus on intersessional activities; strengthened linkages at regional, national and local levels; and inclusion of structured expertise through the creation of a high-level panel of experts on food and nutrition security.", "64. The Committee on World Food Security submitted a progress report to the Economic and Social Council in July 2011,[33] providing updates on monitoring of events affecting food price volatility, the development of voluntary guidelines on the responsible governance of tenure of land and other natural resources, development of a global strategic framework on food and nutrition security, the work of the high-level panel of experts on food and nutrition security, improving mapping of food and nutrition security actions at the country level, increasing engagement of the private sector in activities of the Committee, and round tables to review methods of hunger measurement.", "Strengthened collaboration among FAO, IFAD and WFP", "65. The economic and financial crises, food and nutrition security crisis, climate change and volatility of food prices have provided new impetus for strengthening cooperation among the Rome-based agencies. Increasingly, FAO, IFAD and WFP coordinate their activities at policy, operational and administrative levels, and agree that collaboration should be pursued in the context of United Nations system-wide coherence, including under the “Delivering as One” pilots, in support of country-driven efforts and aligned with country priorities. Following the approval of the paper “Directions for Collaboration among the Rome-based Agencies”,[34] collaboration on three areas has been undertaken since November 2009, including transition from relief to recovery and protracted crisis, Information Systems for Food and Nutrition Security, and communications. The gender units of the Rome-based agencies have also intensified their collaboration. A joint gender action plan was prepared covering research, advocacy, capacity development and coordination.", "66. Through the joint IFAD/WFP Weather Risk Management Facility, WFP has been developing and evaluating weather index insurance tools for the community level. Following two microinsurance pilots in China and Ethiopia in 2009, the Facility is developing an innovative remote sensing-based weather index insurance approach for countries with limited weather infrastructure, which will be tested in Mali. Partnerships in weather insurance are being pursued and developed in Mali and other western African countries. In May 2010, under the Facility, WFP and IFAD jointly published a landmark study of 37 pilot weather index insurance projects to determine criteria for sustainable large-scale insurance projects.", "Reform of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research", "67. The recent reform of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, supported by FAO, IFAD and the World Bank, adopted a results-based management approach for strategic planning, management and communications centred on continuous learning and accountability.", "68. The new Strategic Results Framework of the Group establishes system-level outcomes that inform the design of the Group’s research and research programmes that are the main organizational mechanism of the Group’s research. The system-level outcomes are reducing rural poverty, improving food security, improving nutrition and health, and sustainable management of natural resources. The Group’s research programmes make explicit the execution of Group research within a framework that allows a clear linkage between investment in its research and its potential impact on development outcomes. Priority is increasingly given to responding to local needs, including applied and operational research, validating and disseminating field experience and good practices, and building capacity of national institutions.", "69. Consistent with results-based financing, the new approach shifts both the funders’ and researchers’ focus from delivery of outputs to delivery of research and development outcomes while clarifying accountability and joint responsibility.", "Scale Up Nutrition Movement", "70. Investing in nutrition between pregnancy and a child’s second birthday saves lives. It prevents a long-term and irreversible impact on intellectual, physical and social development. It makes economic sense, reducing the burden on health-care systems, increasing educational achievement and improving prosperity. In 2010, over 100 organizations, representing Governments, civil society, the private sector, research institutions and the United Nations system, committed to work together to fight hunger and undernutrition, developing a Framework to Scale Up Nutrition and a road map to provide the principles and direction for increased action.", "71. Since the launch of the Scale Up Nutrition Movement at the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals in September 2010, 17 countries have been prioritizing food and nutrition security in their national programmes through nutrition and gender sensitive development that has nutritional outcomes as a key goal of their development policies in sectors such as agriculture, health, social protection and education. They are investing in direct nutrition interventions such as promoting antenatal nutrition, breastfeeding, food fortification and complementary feeding. The international community is aligning its support with country plans to scale up nutrition. Several of these countries, and stakeholders that are supporting them, will be participating in a high-level meeting in New York to review progress in September 2011.", "North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation", "72. Solutions for sustainable agriculture and food and nutrition security are increasingly shared and scaled up through South-South and triangular cooperation. Recently, for example, India and the United States forged a triangular arrangement with Liberia, Malawi and Kenya to promote food and nutrition security,[35] and a High-Level Meeting on South-South and Triangular Cooperation was convened in November 2010 by the United Nations Development Programme in partnership with the International Labour Organization and the Japan International Cooperation Agency, with a focus on meeting the Millennium Development Goals.", "73. Many South-South cooperation agreements have been organized by FAO to improve food and nutrition security within poor households and increase food production, providing expert technicians who work directly in the field and provide hands-on training to researchers, extensionists and farming communities in recipient countries. These have been instrumental in convincing local and national authorities of the value of disseminating innovative technologies on a much wider scale. In the past 15 years, FAO has supported South-South cooperation programmes in more than 40 countries, and over 1,500 experts and technicians have been fielded for durations of one to three years, among which 800 were fielded by the People’s Republic of China. Under FAO’s Strategic Alliance with China, training courses for African experts are planned to take place in Chinese research and training centres.", "Regional coordination", "74. Food and nutrition security is a key development outcome through the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme of the African Union, which, together with Africa’s regional economic commissions, has stimulated multi-stakeholder efforts for country and subregional compacts and investment plans. To date, some 26 countries have completed Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme compacts and 16 have prepared and peer reviewed national agriculture investment plans.[36]", "75. Regional coordination in the management of emergency food stocks, especially in the Horn of Africa, needs to be capable of handling multicountry issues and ensuring that cross-border interventions are timely and effective. Coordination should build on existing mechanisms. This should include strengthening the capacities of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development and other regional actors. The Inter-Agency Standing Committee Plan of Action for the Horn of Africa, developed by FAO, WFP and Oxfam in October 2010, remains valid as a guide for action, though it may need to be updated.[37]", "VI. Conclusion", "76. Agriculture development and food and nutrition security are complex sustainable development issues. Efforts to promote “green” or “climate-smart” ways of enhancing food production must be complemented by efforts to ensure access to food and sustainable development pathways. National Governments must do more to implement the decisions of the seventeenth session of the Commission on Sustainable Development.", "77. Agriculture and food and nutrition security will remain high on the international agenda in 2011. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) will provide a global opportunity to focus on these issues, and many are already exploring what the “green economy” theme implies for food and agriculture. To this end, the Netherlands has formed an informal group of friends on food and nutrition security, and FAO has launched a “greening the economy with agriculture” initiative to mobilize the food and agriculture sector for Rio+20, in the context of sustainable development and poverty alleviation.", "78. Events linking agriculture and food and nutrition security with the green economy theme include a joint FAO/OECD expert meeting on “greening the economy with agriculture”, to be held in Paris in September 2011; a ministerial dialogue on the theme “Green economy: integrating poverty eradication, food security and energy security” in New Delhi in October 2011; and an international conference in Bonn in November 2011 to examine the nexus of water, energy and food security.", "79. A comprehensive approach to meeting the 2015 target for reducing the world’s hungry by half will require concerted effort by the international community to stay focused on scaling up successful approaches to sustainable development, mobilizing all stakeholders, and ensuring that funding pledges are fulfilled. With increasingly coordinated actions and a twin-track and comprehensive approach, reaching the agreed goal by 2015 remains possible.", "[1] High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, “Food and Nutrition Security: Comprehensive Framework for Action”, a Summary of the Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action, August 2011.", "[2] Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations fact sheet on the right to adequate food (OHCHR Fact Sheet Series No. 34).", "[3] The FAO Food Price Index is a measure of the monthly change in the international prices of a basket of food commodities. It consists of the average of five commodity group price indices; see www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/.", "[4] “Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Markets: Policy Responses”, FAO/OECD joint report to the Group of Twenty (G-20) (2 June 2011).", "[5] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Price Formation in Financialized Commodity Markets: The Role of Information. Available at www.unctad.org/en/docs/ gds20111_en.pdf", "[6] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (Rome, January 2011).", "[7] “Displacement due to natural hazard-induced disasters: Global estimates for 2009 and 2010”, Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre and Norwegian Refugee Council (2011).", "[8] G. C. Nelson et al. (2009), Climate Change: Impact on Agriculture and Costs of Adaptation, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.", "[9] F. Vos, J. Rodriguez, R. Below and D. Guha Sapir, Annual Disaster Statistical Review 2009: the numbers and trends. Brussels: Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (2010).", "[10] See FEWS NET, “East Africa: Past year one of the driest on record in the eastern Horn”, 14 June 2011. Available at www.fews.net.", "[11] See www.fews.net.", "[12] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2011).", "[13] “Price Volatility in Food and Agricultural Markets: Policy Responses”, FAO/OECD (3 May 2011).", "[14] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of Food Insecurity in the World (Rome, 2010).", "[15] “Nutrition Interventions for the Most Vulnerable and Access to Humanitarian Supplies: Progress and Prospects”, World Bank and the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis (June 2011).", "[16] See Donald Bundy, Carmen Burbano, Margaret Grosh, Aulo Gelli, Matthew Jukes and Lesley Drake, “Rethinking School Feeding: Social Safety Nets, Child Development, and the Education Sector”, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank/WFP (2009). Available at http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099080042112/DID_School_Feeding.pdf.", "[17] See “Two minutes to learn about: School Meals”. Available at http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/ groups/public/documents/communications/wfp220221.pdf.", "[18] See E/2009/29-E/CN.17/2009/19.", "[19] See Bina Agarwal, “Food Crises and Gender Inequality”, Department of Economic and Social Affairs Working Paper No. 107 (June 2011), ST/ESA/2011/DWP/107.", "[20] See Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Declaration of the World Summit on Food Security, WSFS 2009/2 (November 2009).", "[21] See www.fsca-pisa.org/.", "[22] See “Buying farmland abroad: Outsourcing’s third wave”, The Economist (21 May 2009).", "[23] See “Global Land Grab Undermines Food Security in the Developing World”, Food & Water Watch, Fact Sheet, July 2009. Available at www.newscastmedia.com/GlobalLandGrab.pdf.", "[24] See “Land grab or development opportunity? Agricultural investment and international land deals in Africa”. Available at www.ifad.org/pub/land/land_grab.pdf.", "[25] The African Agribusiness and Agro-industries Development Initiative Framework is available at www.hlcd-3a.org/data_all/PDF_en/a3ADI_progFram1.pdf.", "[26] See www.fao.org/ag/agp/greenercities/.", "[27] Ulrich Hoffmann, “Assuring Food Security in Developing Countries under the Challenges of Climate Change: Key Trade and Development Issues of a Fundamental Transformation of Agriculture”, UNCTAD Discussion Paper No. 201, UNCTAD/OSG/DP/2011/1 (February 2011).", "[28] See www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/priority-areas/links/climate-change-adaptation/projects/climate-frontlines/.", "[29] See “Disaster Risk Management in food and agriculture”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0772e/i0772e00.pdf.", "[30] World Food Programme, Niels Balzer and Ulrich Hess, “Climate change and weather risk management: evidence from index-based insurances schemes”, Revolution: From Food Aid to Food Assistance: Innovations in Overcoming Hunger (2010).", "[31] Available at www.un-foodsecurity.org.", "[32] See G-20 Seoul Summit Leaders’ Declaration, November 2010, para. 51 (e). Available at www.g20.org/Documents2010/11/SeolSummit_declaration.pdf.", "[33] See A/66/76-E/2011/102.", "[34] “Directions for Collaboration among the Rome-based Agencies”, July 2009. Available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/017/k5126e.pdf.", "[35] “US, India to Collaborate on Food Security in Africa”, Economic Times, 20 July 2011.", "[36] See www.nepad-caadp.net/.", "[37] Notes from the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis Senior Steering Group Meeting; Special Meeting on the Horn of Africa, June 2011." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目25", "农业发展与粮食安全：世界粮食安全首脑会议成果执行工作进展情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "减少挨饿和营养不良人口的数量和比例是当今最困难的挑战之一。粮食和燃料价格上涨和波动、政治冲突以及对农业、粮食和营养持续投资不足，使得这方面的努力更加困难。许多国家缺乏避免象索马里当前饥荒这样的灾难所需的社会安全网。对与努力适应并减轻气候变化、减贫、增强妇女能力、改善市场准入以及管理生态系统和自然资源相互关联的可持续农业的长期投资不够迅速。必须加紧在国际社会支持下、以国家为主导的应对措施，才能在2015年年底以前实现国际商定的各项目标。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.概览 3\n3.短期安全网 8\n4.长期可持续发展 9\n5.战略协调和有效协作 14\n6.结论 19", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是根据大会第65/178号决议的要求编写的，大会在该决议中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告，说明应对农业发展与粮食和营养安全问题全球努力的最新发展情况以及世界粮食安全首脑会议成果执行工作的进展情况。", "2. 粮食和营养安全系指人人随时都能从物质、社会和经济途径获得充足、安全和富有营养的食物，满足饮食需要和偏好，以便能过上积极健康的生活。[1] 因此，粮食和营养安全包含可有、可享、使用和稳定问题，并且由于它重在个人特性，也包含生命、活动、怀孕、成长和长期能力所需的能量、蛋白质和营养。粮食和营养安全是充分享有食物权的前提条件。[2]", "3. 解决全球粮食和营养不安全问题是我们这个时代最重要的挑战之一。非洲之角国家正面临由几个不规律的雨季造成的严重干旱所引起的极度危机，并且，全世界离在2015年将全球饥饿和营养不良人数减半的目标差得很远。国际粮食和石油价格上涨给贫困家庭的预算增加压力，同时也增加了人道主义行动的成本。饥饿和营养不良对孕妇和哺乳期妇女、低龄幼儿、残疾人和慢性病人(如艾滋病毒/艾滋病患者)、老年人和其他特别弱势的群体影响尤其严重。", "4. 人们高度期待联合国能在近期和中长期，尤其是为包括贫穷的城市和农村居民在内的低收入粮食净购买者，带来重大变化。现在的努力更为协调，这是2009年世界粮食安全首脑会议带来的成果。", "5. 本报告得益于全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组给予的投入，其中包括联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、国际农业发展基金(农发基金)、世界粮食计划署(粮食署)和联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)的贡献。工作组在过去一年中加紧工作，特别是在国家一级，以综合方式减轻和应对近期价格上涨和极度不稳定带来的影响以及造成粮食和营养不安全的结构性原因。", "二. 概览", "粮价波动：近期走势和推动因素", "6. 粮价已涨到历史最高点。2011年2月，粮农组织的粮食价格指数达到创纪录的238点。[3] 该指数6月份平均达到234点，比2011年5月高出1%，比2010年6月高出39%。该指数在6月份的走高很大程度上是由国际糖价强劲上涨推动的。粮农组织/经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)的出版物《农业展望》预计粮食价格仍将高于历史趋势水平，并在中期继续波动。", "[]", "资料来源：粮农组织，2011年。", "7. 一定程度的价格波动是农产商品市场的典型特征，这是其基本特点决定的。农业产量受到天气变化、虫害和病害等自然冲击的影响。近期价格波动的根源就是上述基本因素，在库存水平低的情况下，又碰上主要生产和出口国的恶劣天气冲击。", "8. 另一个重要因素是，制造生物燃料需要粮食和饲料作物。2007至2009年期间，生物燃料在一些作物的全球使用量中占据了相当大的份额。[4]", "9. 但是，2011年粮食商品价格的变动与2008年的情况不同。在一些国家，包括在非洲国家，2010年的谷物收成好于平均水平。国内一些种类的粮食价格高于2008年水平，而另一些种类的粮食价格与国际价格水平相比则相对较低。由于亚洲普遍收成较好，国际市场上大米价格并未上涨，目前许多大米进口国的库存量高于2008年。", "10. 由于(农业和能源)商品市场与金融投资者惯常的投机性活动之间联系更加紧密，粮食价格的波动被加大。约自2004年以来，商品市场的金融化程度显著增加，对商品衍生交易市场的金融投资数额不断增长就反映了这一点。这个现象令人严重关切，因为金融参与者的活动容易驱使商品价格偏离由市场基本因素决定的合理水平，对生产者和消费者两方面都造成负面影响。[5]", "11. 如果更高的价格能从世界市场上转递到农场，如果可以得到包括市场准入在内的必要投入和其他服务，则农民应该能够因多产多销而受益。这尤其适用于发展中国家包括小农在内的贫穷农民：如果他们获得应对相关风险的能力并得到协助以管理风险，应该能够增加收入。但对于必须支付更高价格的穷人而言，这并不一定能带来粮食和营养安全的改善。粮农组织发布了“在国家一级应对高粮价的政策和方案行动指南”，[6] 并在2011年3月和7月之间召开了一系列为期两天的区域和次区域级政策研讨会，帮助各国制订有关高粮价的政策应对措施。", "易受害于极端气候事件和气候变化效应", "12. 2010年，3 800多万人因突发气候灾害而流离失所，其生计和粮食安全受到影响。趋势表明，不太容易被预测的极端气候事件日渐成为常见现象。[7] 到2050年时，与气候有关的减产少可能会导致面临饥饿风险的人数增加20%。气候变化可能会导致增加2 400万营养不良的儿童，其中大部分在撒哈拉以南非洲。[8]", "13. 与气候有关的灾害的经济成本巨大。2009年在撒哈拉以南非洲，几乎90%的灾害经济损失是由干旱引起的。[9] 对于世界上许多农业生产力本已很低且应对不利事件的手段有限的地区，预计气候变化将导致生产力下降至更低水平，使得产量更不稳定。温度和降雨模式的长期变化是气候变化的一部分，预计将改变生产季节、虫害和病害模式，更改作物种植方式，从而影响价格、收入和最终的生计和生活。", "14. 当前的研究突出表明，干旱风险与营养不良之间存在明显联系：例如，在肯尼亚，出生在受旱地区的儿童患发育障碍的可能性最多增加50%。尼日尔儿童的营养不良风险在干旱时增加一倍。气候变化可能会导致营养不良的儿童增加2 400万，其中大部分在撒哈拉以南非洲。⁸", "15. 世界上最严重的粮食和营养安全紧急状况发生在非洲之角东部地区，1950年以来最严重的干旱之一导致那里作物歉收，大量牲畜死亡，引起粮食价格急剧高涨，在索马里一些地区，价格涨幅最高达270%。[10] 联合国一些机构在2010年9月发布了该区域(包括索马里、肯尼亚、吉布提和埃塞俄比亚)将发生干旱的警告，但干旱的范围和严重程度直到2011年7月才变得明晰。虽然建议了备灾行动，但没有给予充分支持。这些因素加上持续不断的政治冲突和武装反叛团体禁止外国人道主义援助进入，刺激大量移民涌入索马里首都摩加迪沙以及肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚境内的难民营。红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)估计五岁以下的儿童中有30%至40%在抵达难民营时就患有急性营养不良。饥荒预警系统网预测，今年粮食安全问题不太可能好转，危机有可能恶化。2011年7月，次区域内有超过1 300万人需要人道主义援助，而当前的应急措施不足以防止情况进一步恶化。这种局势突出显示了干旱对本来就贫困而且复原力有限的社区的生活和生计所造成的影响。[11]", "16. 为保持并加强粮食和营养安全，必须提高农业系统的生产力，增强应对气候风险的复原力并具有承受农业生态和社会经济冲击的能力。这些都与可持续发展的环境、社会和经济支柱相互关联。最近的一份报告《气候变化、水资源和粮食安全》[12] 概述了需要采取的行动，其目的是协助各国、尤其是发展中国家评估气候变化可能给灌溉农业和粮食生产带来的影响，并且协助调整农业用水管理以应对预期影响的范围和程度。", "农业投资不足", "17. 国家预算是农业公共支出的主要来源，该预算在发展中国家已经降至约7%的平均水平，在非洲则更低。这一模式正在发生变化，尤其是通过遍及非洲各地的非洲农业发展综合方案办法。官方发展援助是促进农业增长的公共部门投资的重要来源；但是，官方发展援助通常只占农业部门公共支出总额的15%。投向发展中国家农业的官方发展援助自1980年代后期开始下降，农业在官方发展援助中的份额已经降至3.8%，(尽管该份额已经开始重新回升)。在发展中国家，投向农业的商业银行贷款和外国直接投资额也很小，在撒哈拉以南非洲不足银行贷款总额的10%。[13]", "18. 2007年，对农业的投资估计为1 890亿美元，其中四分之三是私人投资。为满足2050年的粮食需求，估计需要每年投资2 790亿美元，其中包括2 080亿美元的私人投资。如果官方发展援助和外国直接投资能与所需的私人投资数额成比例增加，则投向农业的官方发展援助必须每年增加120亿美元，而发展中国家农业领域的外国直接投资应每年增加40亿美元。粮农组织估计，若要在2015年将饥饿人口减半并在2025年完全消除饥饿，则对发展中国家农业领域的公共投资总额必须增至每年1 200亿美元。 如果投向农业的官方发展援助继续与国内政府支出同比例增加，则将增至每年200亿美元。或者，如果官方发展援助能如之前承诺的那样增加到占捐助国国内生产总值的0.7%，并且，农业在官方发展援助中的份额增加到1980年代早期的17%，则投向农业的官方发展援助将增至每年440亿美元。目前，尽管越来越多的证据表明缺乏粮食安全会催化内乱，但鲜有迹象显示官方发展援助的增长额足以应对这一挑战。", "减少饥饿方面的进展", "19. 千年发展目标1的具体目标是在2015年年底前将挨饿的人口比例减半，而1996年世界粮食首脑会议的目标则是届时将挨饿的人口数量减半。2009年，世界上共有超过10亿饥饿人口。虽然营养不良的人口数量在2010年降至约9.25亿，但要实现千年发展目标1的减少饥饿具体目标，还有大量工作要做。在发展中国家，营养不良的情况十分普遍，每6个人中就有1个受到影响(2010年的比例为16%，低于2009年的18%)。这仍远高于千年发展目标1设定的具体目标。2010年下半年以来粮食价格上涨且波动更大，正在重新威胁到粮食安全。", "20. 世界上营养不良人口中的绝大部分——98%,生活在发展中国家。其中三分之二生活在7个国家：孟加拉国、中国、刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚、印度、印度尼西亚和巴基斯坦。超过40%的营养不良人口居住在中国和印度。对2010年所作的预测表明，营养不良人数的下降速度在各发展中区域之间非常不均衡。营养不良人口最多的区域仍然是亚洲及太平洋区域，2010年的人数为5.78亿。[14] 此外，发展中国家约23%的儿童体重不足。", "21. 2005-2007年期间(这是可获得完整的国家一级数据的最近一个期间)，包括亚洲的亚美尼亚和越南在内的一些国家实现了千年发展目标1的减少饥饿具体目标，而中国和其他国家也在按计划进行。在拉丁美洲和加勒比区域，圭亚那、牙买加和尼加拉瓜已经实现了千年发展目标1，巴西和其他国家正在接近减少饥饿的具体目标。撒哈拉以南非洲的营养不良人口比例仍然最高，2010年为30%，但国家一级的进展情况差异很大。2005-2007年期间，刚果、加纳、马里和尼日利亚实现了千年发展目标1的减少饥饿具体目标，埃塞俄比亚和其他国家则接近实现该目标。但在刚果民主共和国，营养不良人口的比例却从1990-1992年期间的26%升至69%。¹⁴", "22. 尽管许多国家取得了进展，但脆弱国家和许多撒哈拉以南非洲国家或者因为初始条件较差(例如收入水平低或机构软弱)，或者由于通常与长期危机相伴的不利发展环境，在实现千年发展目标1的具体目标方面仍然明显落后。2010年，粮农组织和粮食署确认共有22个国家处于长期危机局势中，其特征是反复发生自然灾害、冲突、长期的粮食危机、生计无法维系以及应对危机的机构能力不足。¹⁴", "23. 鉴于非洲之角和其他地区的粮食和营养高度不安全并经常发生粮食危机，各国政府、区域机构和国际社会越来越多地尝试采取一种实现粮食安全的双轨综合办法，将满足当前需要的应对措施与旨在解决结构性原因、增强灾难风险管理能力和建设更具复原力的生计和粮食生产系统的长期行动结合起来。¹", "三. 短期安全网", "24. 营养干预措施、紧急粮食援助和安全网在满足弱势和高风险人群的即期需要和稳定他们的状况方面发挥着重要作用。应根据粮食和营养安全评估来采取干预措施，并考虑到国家一级的需求和能力。", "25. 世界银行以及全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组其他成员于2011年5月编写的一份报告评估了各国在努力保护缺乏粮食安全、易受粮价高涨和波动影响并且面临营养不良风险人群方面取得的进展，突出表明巴西、墨西哥和埃塞俄比亚通过周密制订和执行社会保护方案，减少了饥饿和营养不良风险，减轻了价格上涨的影响，同时还创造了发展机会、建设了人力资本并激励经济增长。柬埔寨和印度尼西亚正在建立类似系统，有证据表明，即便是最微不足道的安全网系统也能为危机干预措施提供跳板。[15]", "26. 经验表明，基于劳动(以粮食和现金换工作)的短期安全网方案能够在季节性短缺和乏粮时期减轻社区受到的冲击并稳定局势。许多此类干预措施具有双重效果，既能帮助人们满足即期需要，同时又能让缺乏粮食安全的小型和边缘化农户创造新资产，激励他们对长期复原力和生产力进行投资，否则他们不会冒这样的风险的。在粮食署的支持下，在埃塞俄比亚开展了管理环境资源以实现向可持续生计过渡的方案，其目的是增强冲击管理能力，通过可持续的土地管理来满足必要的粮食需要并实现生计多样化，在社区一级将可持续土地管理做法和系统制度化并复制到其他地区。 可持续土地管理做法与提高生产力和创收技术双管齐下，已经使600 000多人受益，他们重新确立了对地貌景观、资源和生计的控制，日益摆脱饥饿和无粮食安全的状况。", "27. 诸如学校供餐方案等其他定向安全网在缓解饥饿的同时还支持了教育、保健、性别平等和社区发展。在遭受经济冲击时，例如与粮食价格上涨有关的冲击时，或是在长期危机期间，学校供餐成为促进可持续生计并防止受影响者采取负面应对措施的有效安全网。学校供餐方案一旦与当地采购挂钩，则可增加小型农户的收入，刺激地方发展。然而，在最需要学校供餐的地方，此类方案仍主要由外部供资提供支持。面临的挑战是，应从外部援助过渡到由国家主导并供资的方案。[16] 包含来源于本地的食品能减少口粮篮的成本，促成本地采购和顺利的政府接管，还能产生结余，用于扩大方案的覆盖范围并增加口粮篮。迄今，37个国家成功地从粮食署手中接管了学校供餐方案。[17]", "28. 世界银行全球粮食危机应急方案为许多位于撒哈拉以南非洲和亚洲的最贫穷、最脆弱国家提供快速援助，包括促进短期粮食生产，提供可以对粮食降低进口关税或暂停征收海关税或其他税的财政空间，以便缓解价格上涨的影响。世界银行全球粮食危机应急方案目前已经向44个国家分发15亿美元，使近4 000万人受益。该方案已得到授权加速处理不超过7.60亿美元的国际复兴开发银行和国际开发协会现有资金，直至2011年底，而且可能会延长到2012年整年。", "29. 欧洲联盟2009年启动的初始为10亿欧元的粮食基金，以一个两年期方案快速和实质性地应对粮食危机，以帮助发展中国家逐步实现长期粮食安全。粮食基金是与全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组密切协作建立的，注重对粮食安全产生快速、长期影响的方案，相关项目植根于政府关于促进粮食和营养安全及减贫的政策。", "四. 长期可持续发展", "30. 国际社会在努力快速应对短期粮食和营养安全需要的同时，必须解决的根本性问题是如何支持各国努力发展可持续农业，以促进长期的粮食和营养安全，其中包括发展对小农户、尤其是妇女有利的市场。强有力的“第二轨道”能减少对“第一轨道”紧急措施的需求。必须加强后续行动，以执行可持续发展委员会第十七届会议关于农业和农村发展的决定。[18]", "31. 长期可持续农业的成功办法与发展和政策制订的许多不同方面融合在一起，要吸收相关利益攸关方参与并纳入性别平等观点。[19] 妇女是小农户和农村企业家的主体，她们肩负着相当大的养家糊口和提供营养的负担，并且照料靠他人扶养之人。与男人相比，妇女获得生产性资源、机会和服务的渠道更少。女户主家庭面临的挑战最大。", "32. 国家粮食和营养安全计划必须由本国进行阐述、制订、掌管、执行和领导。[20] 实现长期粮食和营养安全，要求各国进行投资，以便利人们享受社会保护制度，通过生产性和可持续的农耕制度维持粮食供给，可持续地管理生态系统并改善国际粮食市场。运作良好的社会保护制度可以保护家庭和个人防范冲击，尤其在已经缺乏粮食安全的小农户(包括牧民和渔民)中，是减少贫穷、饥饿和营养不良战略必不可少的组成部分。因此，各国政府应投资于社会保护，以增强各种生计的复原力。在危机开始时，社会安全网应该已经建立起来，并可以迅速激活。", "33. 然而，世界上有80%的人仍然无法获得任何种类的社会保护和社会安全网的庇护。此外，微型信贷和保险等市场工具在最脆弱国家里尤其少见。", "基于市场的解决方案和发展农业价值链", "34. 价值链的发展涉及将从事生产、交易、加工和销售农产品的各方汇集在一起，并加强它们之间的商业伙伴关系。最重要的挑战是将小农户，作为可靠和有益的合作伙伴纳入价值链，并将其与市场连接起来。如果没有注重小农户的价值链发展，越来越多的农民将被忽略，被排斥在可获利的市场之外，陷入自给生产之中。在几内亚比绍、利比里亚、马里、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、几内亚和冈比亚开展的通过农业商业化实现粮食安全的项目[21] 就是努力加强农民组织、增加附加值和增进农民与市场联系的实例。", "35. 粮食署的“采购换进步”试点举措让小农户更直接地参与销售，使用粮食署的购买力来支持粮食和营养安全制度的可持续发展，将粮食和营养援助转换成对当地社区的生产性投资。协调一致的一揽子支持措施可解决小农户在农业价值链各环节面对的制约，从而提高成功机会。得到支持的农民能够发展能力以增加生产力，将产品销售给粮食署并满足正式市场的需求。", "36. 中小型农业企业由于对创造就业、国民生产和出口以及促进形成新企业家精神做出重大贡献，其重要性也广为认可。但是，中小型农业企业目前正在挣扎着与大型公司以及发展中国家里日益高涨的进口食品大潮展开竞争。", "37. 各国一直在促进跨国公司及其他方面提供农业领域的外国直接投资，将其视为解决粮食安全问题的关键，在非洲尤其如此。有人声称，农业领域的外国直接投资通过发掘一国“尚未使用”的农业潜力以及为穷国提供改善粮食安全的资金、基础设施和其他资源，有助于缓解世界粮食危机。一些国家正在寻找新土地用于种植谷物，满足其自身的粮食需要。国际粮食政策研究所报告，从2006年至2009年年中，外国投资者在发展中国家购买了3 700万至4 900万英亩土地。[22]", "38. 许多人担心这些土地购买交易将会进一步破坏一些发展中国家的粮食安全稳定，因为出售给外国投资者的土地不会被用于为当地社区生产粮食。此外，这一趋势还可能导致农业生产的大规模工业化，使发展中国家的小农户流离失所，加剧农村的贫困和粮食不安全。[23] 农发基金和粮农组织研究了国际土地交易的经济影响，以期为各国提供一些指导。[24]", "39. 2010年3月，在尼日利亚联邦共和国政府的支持和非洲联盟的主持下，粮农组织、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)、农发基金和非洲开发银行在阿布贾举行了非洲农业企业和农产品加工业发展高级别会议。会议提出了“非洲农业企业和农产品加工业发展倡议”。该倡议的目标是在2020年年底之前，在非洲建立一个由高生产力水平和盈利性的农业价值链组成的农业部门，该价值链能有效地将中小型农业生产者与市场连接起来，提供更高价值的粮食、纤维、饲料和燃料产品，帮助增加农民收入，以可持续的方式使用自然资源，并且创造更多的高质量就业机会。[25]", "40. 根据非洲开发银行的要求，粮农组织审查了非洲收获后的粮食损失情况和各项粮食损失方案，并与世界银行和格林威治大学自然资源研究所合作制订了减少粮食损失方案框架，该框架舍弃1了长期以来对农场一级收获后管理和储存问题的关注。如今对降低粮食损失方案的关注日益高涨。向前推进的有效途径是通过农业价值链解决粮食损失问题。", "自然资源管理", "41. 倘要在农业领域实行健全的水资源管理，就需要每公顷土地使用更少的水，同时也必须将农业用地的污染成本内部化。把重点放在最紧迫的外部环境因素上、同时对个体农民的逐利动机加以利用的政策激励，会有更大的成功机会。健全的农业用水管理的解决方案更可能是知识密集型的，而不是技术密集型的。需要利用基础设施来开发收集雨水设施和方法，以便更好地利用降雨。", "42. 为了在土地资源和水资源所面临的压力日渐增大的情况下对治理土地和水资源的迫切需要作出回应，粮农组织开发出了一些工具，如自然资源的参与式测绘、地理参照数据和全球定位系统。土地利用规划的改善还取决于国家工作队的构成，这些工作队应吸收所有类别的利益攸关方参与，以加强有关国家有效规范土地利用的机构能力。粮农组织在若干区域的方案协助小农户通过改善现有种植制度的管理并实现这些系统的多样化来创造更多的谋生机会，并将相关社区融入市场。", "城乡联系", "43. 在面临人口和移民增长、经济危机和自然灾害的城市中，增进城市贫困人口和其他弱势群体的粮食安全已经成为一个日益严峻的挑战。通过机构间常设委员会应对城市地区人道主义挑战工作队，联合国各机构正与人道主义合作伙伴在评估、生计支持和多方利益攸关方干预措施方面开展合作，让地方当局发挥主力作用，改善城市的粮食和营养安全状况。正在越来越多地优先考虑可持续城市发展和更有效的城乡联系。", "44. 城市及近郊区园艺是指在城镇及其周边地区种植多种多样的作物。虽然城市贫困人口(特别是那些来自农村的人口)曾长期将园艺作为谋生手段和生存策略，但该行业在许多国家在很大程度上仍是非正式的、常常是不稳定的，有时甚至是非法的。让城市越来越绿方案、[26] 支持城市及近郊区园艺的发展，其目标在于提高小规模生产经营活动的效率及其产品的质量和安全。", "林业、渔业和畜牧业", "45. 确保粮食和营养安全的努力必须纳入农业的各个方面。必须改善畜牧生产服务，支持可持续的畜牧业做法，特别是对于利用作物——畜牧综合系统的小农户而言。复合农林业可以大大减少温室气体，占2030年之前总温室气体减排预计潜力的三分之一左右。[27] 复合农林业在全球舞台上日益受到人们的重视，包括第二届世界复合农林业大会(2009年8月，肯尼亚)、首届非洲旱地周(2011年6月，达喀尔)和粮农组织制订的复合农林业发展国际准则。", "46. 可持续渔业和水产养殖对于粮食安全也十分关键。2008年，全球共消费了115万吨鱼，而且预计需求还会上升。渔业和水产养殖业的就业增长速度要快于世界人口和传统农业的就业增速。2008年，有近4 500万人直接从事该行业。此外还有处理和加工等重要的二级部门，其中妇女占其从业人口的一半。包括这些工人的家属在内，渔业和水产养殖业共支持约5.4亿人的生计。", "预警系统", "47. 加强农业部门预测、预防和应对气候变化及极端天气事件的影响的能力，是确保粮食和营养安全的努力的一个重要组成部分。粮食安全综合预警系统将气象指数保险与传统的风险管理和社会保障计划结合在一起，可预测和防止气候变化和极端天气事件的某些影响。这些战略代表着从管理灾害到管理风险的重要转变，提高了粮食和营养安全干预措施的成本效益。", "48. 教科文组织的气候前线论坛是一个关于传统知识和气候变化的机构间平台。它汇集了在小岛屿发展中国家、传统知识和土著人民方面具有知识专长的联合国机构，以推动将土著和地方知识纳入适应气候变化的政策之中。特别值得一提的是，它支持以社区为基础的研究项目网络，提供数据说明脆弱社区如何观察和应对气候变化的影响。这些项目大部分集中在气候变化对粮食生产系统的影响上，包括农业、畜牧业、渔业和土壤管理。[28]", "49. 粮农组织协助成员国加强必要的体制和技术能力，以评估气候变异和气候变化对农业部门的影响。在国家一级正在开发和实施的工具和方法包括作物监测工具箱、雨量估计标准程序、气候变化对农业影响的模型系统和农场适应性动态优化。灾难风险管理方法亦用于预防、防备和减轻极端天气事件的影响。[29]", "50. 埃塞俄比亚的生产安全网方案是另一个国家一级的范例，该方案的目的是将数以百万计的长期缺粮的农村人口从经常性的紧急粮食援助转向更安全的和可预见的社会保障形式，以帮助人们走出贫困和饥饿状态。作为国家粮食安全方案的一部分，埃塞俄比亚政府与粮食署和世界银行结成伙伴关系，通过生计、早期评估和保护项目制定一个创新性的国家风险管理综合框架，以改善其应对干旱和洪灾风险的能力。该项目将预警、应急规划和能力建设与一个1.6亿美元的应急基金挂钩，以支持应对风险的国家财务和管理框架。[30]", "利用与关键利益攸关方的协商", "51. 采取多方利益攸关方的方法是实现长期可持续发展的努力获得成功的关键。为提高农业生产力，发展充满活力的农村经济，全球都必须重视促进赋权和参与，与有关政府部门和民间社会的组成部分建立伙伴关系，包括食品生产者协会、消费者组织、工人和雇主、女性和男性农民、青年、土著人民、城市贫困人口、残疾人和慢性疾病患者、科研机构、区域和国际组织、开发银行和私营部门。", "52. 了解和维护各个民族与其文化、生物多样性、传统生计和知识系统之间千丝万缕的关系，是确保土著人民的粮食和营养安全的关键因素。获得土地和自然资源的机会减少、环境退化、气候变化、全球化以及饮食和生活方式的西化，都极大地影响了传统食品在土著社会中的作用。尽管许多传统的饮食习惯已经失传，但仍有恢复和加强当地粮食体系的机会，以便让土著人民能够继续从其悠久的传统中获益。", "53. 需要制订适当的政策和方案，以促进青年参与农业和农村经济的发展，并改善农业的形象，使它更符合年轻人的理想。农发基金2011-2015年战略框架试图通过在农村经济中为青年创造可行的就业机会来做到这一点，并将青年发展问题作为理事会2011年的主题。", "五. 战略协调和有效协作", "54. 虽然各国政府负责国家一级的粮食和营养安全，但联合国也在支持和补充各国的努力。联合国驻地协调员和人道主义协调员与驻在国的所有联合国有关机构携手合作，确定和实施全面粮食安全战略的适当行动组合，东道国政府、非政府组织和民间社会组织、驻地捐助方代表参与该战略。", "联合国全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组与更新的综合行动框架", "55. 2008年粮食价格的快速上涨和粮食安全所面临的威胁推动国际社会采取行动保护所有人的粮食安全和营养状况。2008年4月，成立了联合国全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组，它是联合国系统的协调机制和协调催化剂。该工作组由联合国秘书长担任组长，粮农组织总干事担任副组长，该工作组汇集了联合国系统内的22个组织、资金和方案和部门，包括布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织和经合组织。", "56. 联合国全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组提倡采用一项全面的统筹方法，通过更新的综合行动框架³¹ 来应对实现全球粮食和营养安全的挑战。这一方法满足了弱势群体的迫切需要，并对长期的应变能力作出了贡献(“实现粮食和营养安全的双轨办法”)。该方法重视可持续农业、更佳的生态系统管理、性别平等、改善营养状况的先决条件和无法享有食物权的最弱势人群的人权。该方法要求采取联合行动从整体上处理粮食和营养安全的各个方面：可有、可享、稳定和使用。该方法承认，虽然各国在确保所有人的粮食和营养安全方面发挥主要作用，但诸多其他行为体同样可以作出重要贡献。2011年编写的更新综合行动框架简写版是一份易于阅读的简明文件，突出强调了该框架的概念和原则。[31]", "拉奎拉粮食安全倡议", "57. 2009年7月，在拉奎拉八国集团首脑会议上，八国集团和其他合作伙伴(澳大利亚、荷兰、西班牙和瑞典)承诺在今后三年中为粮食安全提供220亿美元，这有助于扭转农业部门援助和投资总体下降的趋势。这些国家通过拉奎拉粮食安全倡议输入资金。但是，总认捐款中仅有61亿美元是在以往计划的支出之外的新认捐。值得注意的是，总认捐款中有15亿美元分配给发展粮食援助和粮食安全，而这并不是认捐的重点。预计在该倡议下认捐的大部分资金将通过双边的筹资渠道管理。经合组织发展援助委员会指出，虽然在获知不同捐助者支付的确切数字方面存在技术困难，但各国大都正在正常地提供其承诺的资金——尽管人们的印象与此相反。", "二十国集团的行动", "58. 20国集团看来是增进粮食安全的主导力量。在2010年11月于首尔举行的20国集团首脑会议上，20国集团领导人通过了多年度发展行动计划，承诺加强粮食安全政策的一致性和相互协调，提高农业生产力和粮食供应量。[32] 20国集团领导人要求粮农组织、农发基金、国际货币基金组织(基金组织)、经合组织、联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)、粮食署、世界银行和世界贸易组织与关键利益攸关方携手合作，“就如何在不扭曲市场行为的前提下更好地减轻和控制粮食和其他农业商品的价格波动所带来的风险，拟订供20国集团审议的可选方案，以最终保护最弱势阶层。”题为《粮食和农业市场的价格波动：政策应对措施》的报告(2011年5月)提出了若干建议，2011年6月举行的20国集团农业部长会议通过了这些建议，包括就以下几点达成一致：", "(a) 增强世界各地的粮食和农业系统的长期生产力、可持续性和适应能力，支持农业研究和创新，并创造有利的环境，鼓励对农业的公共和私人投资；", "(b) 启动农产品市场信息系统以增加国际组织、主要粮食进出口国和私营部门之间的协作；", "(c) 鼓励20国集团财长作出适当的决策，更好地监管和监督农产品期货及衍生工具市场；", "(d) 让多哈发展回合取得圆满成功，并同意取消对购买用于非商业、人道主义目的的粮食实施的出口限制或征收的税款；", "(e) 支持粮食署与有关国家合作，依据世界贸易组织规则实施一项区域紧急人道主义粮食储备制度的试点项目；", "(f) 鼓励国际组织、多边和区域开发银行进一步探索反周期的机制，以便在粮价急速攀升期间协助低收入缺粮国家；", "(g) 支持开展努力为弱势家庭、各个社区和政府提供有效的、基于市场的风险管理工具。", "59. 农产品市场信息系统也是2011年6月推出的，并将于2011年9月举行首届会议。农产品市场信息系统是各个国家、组织和私营部门构成的网络，包括粮农组织、农发基金、国际粮食政策研究所、经合组织、贸发会议、粮食署、世界贸易组织、世界银行和联合国全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组。农产品市场信息系统将提供一套全球粮食市场预警系统，对价格波动发出警报，并在市场形势和前景表明粮食安全风险较高时提供适当的政策引导、促进政策协调，以助于确保在危机时期作出更好的防备和更迅速、更一致的政策应对措施。", "全球农业和粮食安全方案", "60. 全球农业和粮食安全方案是由世界银行管理的一个金融中介基金，旨在解决各国正在制定的国家与区域农业和粮食安全战略投资计划资金不足的问题。捐助者为该方案认捐的总金额相当于9.25亿美元，被分配给各个公共和私营部门窗口。迄今，该方案已在两次征集提案后向12个国家发放了总计4.81亿美元的赠款。", "61. 截至2011年6月，公共部门窗口收到捐助者提供的资源达5.202亿美元，占认捐总额的56%。捐助者包括澳大利亚、加拿大、比尔及梅林达·盖茨基金会、大韩民国、西班牙和美国。爱尔兰捐助了该方案的部分业务费用。在全球农业和粮食安全方案账户收到额外的资金承诺之前，将不会进一步发出赠款申请邀请。", "世界粮食安全委员会的改革", "62. 改革后的世界粮食安全委员会的宗旨是“为各个关键行为体创造一个包容性的多方利益攸关方平台，以便它们携手合作支持国家主导的进程，确保所有人的粮食和营养安全”。该委员会将发挥以下作用：协调粮食和营养安全的全球应对办法；促进政策的衔接和连贯性；为各个国家和区域提供支持和咨询；在国家和区域一级开展协调行动；促进问责制和共享最佳做法；拟订粮食和营养安全的全球性战略框架。", "63. 改革的指导原则是包容性和紧密联系实地状况，以确保改革进程基于实地的实际情况，并在实施过程中要有灵活性，使委员会能够应对不断变化的外部环境和会员需求。改革的主要特点是：加大对委员会的参与程度，以确保在粮食和农业政策辩论中能够听到所有相关利益攸关方的声音；更加注重在闭会期间的活动；加强在区域、国家和地方各级的联系；通过成立一个粮食安全和营养问题高级别专家小组将结构化的知识专长纳入改革进程中。", "64. 2011年7月，世界粮食安全委员会向经济及社会理事会提交了一份进度报告，[33] 介绍了下列方面的最新进展：对影响粮食价格波动的事件的监测情况；拟订关于以负责任的态度治理土地保有权和其他自然资源的自愿准则；制定关于粮食和营养安全的全球性战略框架；粮食安全和营养问题高级别专家小组的工作情况；改进绘制国家一级采取的粮食和营养安全行动图表的情况；加大私营部门对委员会活动的参与；召开圆桌会议审查衡量饥饿的方法。", "粮农组织、农发基金和粮食署之间的协作增强", "65. 经济和金融危机、粮食和营养安全危机、气候变化和粮食价格的波动，为加强设在罗马的各个机构之间的合作提供了新的动力。粮农组织、农发基金和粮食署越来越多地在政策、业务和管理层次上协调相互之间的活动，并同意应在整个联合国系统保持一致的情况下开展这种合作(包括在“一体行动”下试点开展的合作)，以支持由国家主导的努力，并与国家的优先事项保持一致。在《关于设在罗马的机构之间开展协作的指南》[34] 获得核准之后，这些机构自2009年11月以来已在三个领域开展合作，包括从救济过渡到恢复和长期危机、粮食和营养安全信息系统和通信。设在罗马的各个机构的性别平等部门也加强了合作，制订了一份性别平等联合行动计划，涵盖研究、宣传、能力发展和协调等各个方面。", "66. 通过农发基金/粮食署气象风险联合管理融资机制，粮食署一直在为社区一级开发和评估气象指数保险工具。继2009年在中国和埃塞俄比亚开展两个小额保险试点项目以来，该融资机制正在为气象基础设施有限的国家开发一种基于遥感的气象指数保险创新办法，将在马里进行测试。目前，马里和其他西非国家正在结成气象保险领域的伙伴关系。2010年5月，粮食署和农发基金在该融资机制下共同出版了一项有关37个气象指数保险试点项目的具有里程碑意义的研究成果，以便为可持续的大型保险项目确定标准。", "农业研究协商小组的改革", "67. 在粮农组织、农发基金和世界银行的支持下，农业研究协商小组最近开展改革，围绕着继续学习和问责制问题，通过了一项战略规划、管理和传播的成果管理制办法。", "68. 新的农业研究协商小组战略成果框架确立了为该小组的研究设计提供资料的系统级成果，以及该小组开展研究的主要组织机制(即研究方案)。系统级成果正在减少农村贫困现象、提高粮食安全、改善营养和健康及自然资源的可持续管理。该小组的研究方案明确规定：要在一定框架内开展该小组的研究，这一框架要在小组的研究投入及其对于发展成果的潜在影响之间建立明确的联系。研究方案越来越多地优先考虑满足当地的需求，包括应用研究和业务研究、验证和传播实地经验和良好做法以及国家机构的能力建设。", "69. 新方法将出资者和研究人员的重心从交付产出转移到交付研发成果，同时明确了问责制及连带责任，因而与成果融资制保持了一致。", "扩大营养运动", "70. 在怀孕和孩子满两岁这段时间的营养投入可以拯救生命。它可以防止对智力、身体和社会发展造成长期和不可逆转的影响。这样做也是合算的，因为它可以减轻保健系统的负担，提高教育成绩和促进繁荣。2010年，包括政府、民间社会、私营部门、研究机构和联合国系统在内的100多个组织承诺，共同努力消除饥饿和营养不足现象，并制定扩大营养运动的框架和路线图，为扩大行动提供了指导原则并指明了方向。", "71. 自大会关于千年发展目标问题的高级别全体会议在2010年9月启动扩大营养运动以来，已有17个国家通过对营养和性别问题具有敏感认识的发展把粮食和营养安全纳入其国家方案的优先事项，将营养状况作为其在农业、卫生、社会保障和教育等领域的发展政策的关键目标之一。这些国家都在对直接的营养干预措施进行投资，如促进产前营养、母乳喂养、食物强化和添加辅食等。国际社会也在按照扩大营养的国家计划调整其提供的支持。有几个国家和对这些国家提供支持的利益攸关方将出席2011年9月在纽约举行的高级别会议，审查这方面的进展情况。", "南北、南南和三角合作", "72. 通过南南合作和三角合作，越来越多的各国在分享和推广可持续农业及粮食和营养安全的解决方案。例如，印度和美国最近与利比里亚、马拉维和肯尼亚达成了一项三边安排，以促进粮食和营养安全。[35] 2010年11月，联合国开发计划署与国际劳工组织和日本国际协力事业团协作主办了南南合作和三角合作高级别会议，其重点是如何实现千年发展目标。", "73. 粮农组织促成了多项南南合作协议，以改善贫困家庭的粮食和营养安全状况，增加粮食生产。粮农组织提供的专家技术人员直接在实地开展工作，为受援国的研究人员、推广人员和农业社区提供实训。这有助于说服地方和国家当局在更广泛的范围内传播创新技术。在过去的15年中，粮农组织为40多个国家的南南合作方案提供了支持，并派出了逾1 500名专家和技术人员开展1至3年的实地培训，其中800名专家系由中华人民共和国派出的。在粮农组织与中国达成的战略联盟关系下，计划在中国的研究和培训中心为非洲专家举办培训班。", "区域协调", "74. 粮食和营养安全是通过非洲联盟的非洲农业发展综合方案取得的一项重要发展成果。非洲联盟与非洲各区域经济委员会一道，推动多方利益攸关方为国家和次区域的契约和投资计划投入努力。迄今为止，约有26个国家已完成非洲农业发展综合方案契约，还有16个国家已制订国家农业投资计划并完成了同行审议。[36]", "75. 在管理紧急粮食储备方面开展的区域协调(特别是在非洲之角)，必须能够处理多国面临的共同问题，并确保跨境干预措施及时、有效。协调应建立在现有的机制之上，并应加强政府间发展管理局和其他区域行为体的能力。粮农组织、粮食署和乐施会于2010年10月制定的机构间常委会非洲之角行动计划仍然可以充当有效的行动指南，尽管它可能需要更新。[37]", "六. 结论", "76. 农业发展、粮食和营养安全是复杂的可持续发展问题。在努力推动提高粮食生产的“绿色办法”或“善于应对气候的办法”的同时，必须辅之以确保获得粮食的努力和可持续发展的途径。各国政府必须付出更多的努力，落实可持续发展委员会第十七届会议的各项决定。", "77. 在2011年的国际议程上，农业、粮食和营养安全将继续排在前列。联合国可持续发展会议(里约+20)将为各方专注处理这些问题提供一个全球性的机会，各方已经开始探讨“绿色经济”的主题对于粮食和农业的意义。为此，荷兰已经组建了非正式的粮食和营养安全问题之友小组，粮农组织还推出了“利用农业来绿化经济”倡议，以便结合可持续发展和减贫的目标动员粮食和农业部门为里约+20做好准备。", "78. 将农业、粮食和营养安全与绿色经济主题挂钩的活动包括：粮农组织/经合组织2011年9月在巴黎举行的关于“以农业绿化经济”的联合专家会议；2011年10月在新德里举行的部长级对话，主题为“绿色经济：实现消除贫困、粮食安全和能源安全的一体化”；2011年11月在波恩举行的国际会议，重点考察水、能源和粮食安全之间的关系。", "79. 为实现到2015年将世界饥饿人口减少一半的目标，需要采用一项全面办法，由国际社会共同努力，继续重视推广可持续发展的成功做法，动员所有利益攸关方，并确保认捐资金到位。随着协调行动的日益增多，随着双轨办法和统筹方法的采用，到2015年实现商定的目标仍然是可能的。", "[1] 全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组，“粮食和营养安全：全面行动框架”，最新全面行动框架摘要，2011年8月。", "[2] 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处/联合国粮食及农业组织的充足食物权情况介绍(人权高专办情况介绍系列第34期)。", "[3] 粮农组织的粮食价格指数计算的是一篮子粮食商品的国际价格月度变化。它包含5组商品的平均价格指数。见www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/。", "[4] “粮食和农产品市场的价格波动：政策应对措施”，粮农组织/经合组织向二十国集团(G-20)提出的联合报告(2011年6月)。", "[5] 联合国贸易和发展会议，“被金融化的商品市场中的价格形成：信息的作用。”可查阅www. unctad.org/en/docs/gds20111_en.pdf。", "[6] 粮农组织(罗马，2011年1月)。", "[7] “自然灾害引发的灾难造成的流离失所：2009年和2010年的全球估计数”，境内流离失所问题监测中心和挪威难民理事会(2011年)。", "[8] G.C. Nelson等人著(2009)，气候变化: 对农业的影响和适应成本，国际粮食政策研究所，哥伦比亚特区华盛顿。", "[9] F. Vos、 J. Rodriguez, R. Below和D. Guha Sapir著，2009年年度灾害统计评论：数量和趋势。布鲁塞尔：灾害流行病研究中心(2010)。", "[10] 见FEWS NET网,“东非：去年东非之角东部所记录的最干旱年份之一，”2011年6月14日。可查阅 www.fews.net。", "[11] 见www.fews.net。", "[12] 联合国粮食及农业组织(2011年)。", "[13] “粮食和农产品市场的价格波动：政策应对措施”，粮农组织/经合组织（2011年5月3日）。", "[14] 联合国粮食及农业组织：《世界粮食不安全状况》(2010年，罗马)。", "[15] “向最脆弱人群提供的营养干预措施以及获得人道主义物资：进展和前景”，世界银行和全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组(2011年6月)。", "[16] 见Donald Bundy、Carmen Burbano、Margaret Grosh、Aulo Gelli、Matthew Jukes和Lesley Drake著, “重新思考学校供餐：社会安全网、儿童发展和教育部门”，国际复兴开发银行/世界银行/粮食署(2009年)，可查阅http://siteresources.worldbank.org/Education/ Resources/278200-1099079877269/547664-1099080042112/DID_Schoool_Feeding.pdf。", "[17] 见“两分钟了解：学校供餐”。可查阅：http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/ documents/communications/wfp220221.pdf。", "[18] 见E/2009/29-E/CN.17/2009/19。", "[19] 见Bina Agarwal著，“粮食危机和性别平等”，经济和社会事务部第107号工作文件(2011年6月)，ST/ESA/2011/DWP/107。", "[20] 见联合国粮食及农业组织，《世界粮食安全首脑会议宣言》(2009年11月)，WSFS 2009/2。", "[21] 见www.fsca-pisa.org。", "[22] 见“在海外购买农田：外包的第三次浪潮，《经济学家》(2009年5月21日)。", "[23] 见 “全球抢地损害了发展中国家的粮食安全”,粮食与水观察，概况介绍，2009年7月。可查阅www.newscastmedia.com/GlobalLandGrab.pdf。", "[24] 见“抢地还是发展机遇？非洲的农业投资和国际土地交易”。可查阅www.ifad.org/pub/ land/land_grab.pdf。", "[25] “非洲农业企业和农产品加工业发展倡议框架”见www.hlcd-3a.org/data_all/PDF_en/a3ADI_ progFram1.pdf。", "[26] 参见www.fao.org/ag/agp/greenercities/。", "[27] Ulrich Hoffmann著：《确保面临气候变化挑战的发展中国家的粮食安全：实现农业根本转变的关键贸易与发展议题》，贸发会议第201号讨论文件，UNCTAD/OSG/DP/2011/1(2011年2月)。", "[28] 参见www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/priority-areas/links/climate-change- adaptation/projects/climate-frontlines/。", "[29] 参见粮农组织：《粮食与农业中的灾难风险管理》。可查阅ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ i0772e/i0772e00.pdf。", "[30] 粮食署：Niels Balzer和Ulrich Hess著：《气候变化和气象风险管理：指数保险计划提供的证据》，载于《一场革命：从粮食援助到粮食协助：战胜饥饿的创新》(2010年)。", "[31] 参见 www.un-foodsecurity.org。", "[32] 参见20国集团首尔首脑会议领导人宣言，2010年11月，第51(e)段。可查阅www.g20.org/ document2010/11/seoulsummit_declaration.pdf。", "[33] 参见A/66/76-E/2011/102。", "[34] 《关于设在罗马的机构之间开展协作的指南》，2009年7月，可查阅ftp://ftp.fao.org/ docrep/fao/meeting/017/k5126e.pdf。", "[35] 《美国、印度就非洲粮食安全问题开展协作》，《经济时报》，2011年7月20日。", "[36] 参见www.nepad-caadp.net。", "[37] 联合国全球粮食安全危机高级别工作组高级指导小组会议的说明；非洲之角问题特别会议，2011年6月。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目25", "农业发展和粮食安全:执行世界粮食安全首脑会议成果的进展情况", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "减少饥饿和营养不良的人数和比例是当今最困难的挑战之一。 由于粮食和燃料价格上涨和波动、政治冲突以及对农业、粮食和营养的投资持续不足,这些努力变得更加困难。 许多国家缺乏必要的社会安全网来避免目前影响索马里的饥荒等灾害。 对可持续农业的长期投资与适应和减缓气候变化、减轻贫穷、赋予妇女权力、改善市场准入、管理生态系统和自然资源的努力相互关联,但投资速度不够快。 必须加强得到国际社会支持的国家主导的对策,以到2015年实现国际商定的目标。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 3\n二. 概览. 4-3 3 短期 8 安全\n四. 蚊帐 长期10 可持续\n发展 五. 战略15协调和有效\n协作\n六、结 论 结论 20", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据大会第65/178号决议的要求编写的,该决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告,说明与全球努力解决农业发展及粮食和营养安全问题有关的事态发展,以及执行世界粮食安全首脑会议成果的进展情况。", "2. 联合国 当所有人在身体、社会和经济上随时都能获得充足、安全和有营养的食物,满足其饮食需要和食物偏好,以过上积极而健康的生活时,粮食和营养保障就存在。 [1] 因此,粮食和营养安全涵盖供应、获取、利用和稳定问题,并且由于注重个人的属性,还包含其生命、活动、怀孕、生长和长期能力的能量、蛋白质和营养需要。 粮食和营养安全是充分享有食物权的先决条件。 [2]", "3个 解决全球粮食和营养不安全问题是我们时代最重要的挑战之一。 非洲之角各国正面临由多季不规则降雨引发的严重干旱所引发的极端危机,而世界还远未实现到2015年将世界上饥饿和营养不良人数减半的目标。 国际粮食和石油价格上涨同时给贫困家庭的预算带来压力并增加了人道主义行动的费用。 饥饿和营养不良对孕妇和哺乳期妇女、非常年幼的儿童、残疾人和慢性病(如艾滋病毒/艾滋病)、老年人和其他特别脆弱的群体的影响尤其严重。", " 4.四. 人们高度期望联合国能够帮助在近期和中期内产生重大影响,特别是低收入者作为净粮食购买者,包括贫穷的城市居民和农村人口。 由于2009年世界粮食安全首脑会议,正在作出更协调一致的努力。", "5 (韩语). 本报告得益于全球粮食安全危机高级别工作队提供的投入,包括联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、国际农业发展基金(农发基金)、世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)和联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)提供的资料。 在过去一年里,工作队加紧了工作,以全面减轻和解决最近价格上涨和过度波动的影响以及粮食和营养不安全的结构性原因,特别是在国家一级。", "二. 概览", "粮食价格波动:近期趋势和驱动因素", "6. 国家 粮食价格已创历史新高. 2011年2月,粮农组织的粮食价格指数创下记录地达到238分。 [3] 6月平均得分234分——比2011年5月高1%,比2010年6月高39%. 国际糖价的大幅上涨是指数6月价值增长的主要原因。 粮农组织/经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)的出版物《农业展望》预计价格将高于其历史趋势水平,并在中期继续波动。", "[]", "资料来源:粮农组织,2011年。", "7. 联合国 农业商品市场由于其基本特点,价格有一定程度的波动是典型的. 农业生产受到天气变化、虫害等自然冲击。 最近的价格起伏起自这些基本因素——与库存水平低相适应的主要生产国和出口国的天气冲击。", "8. 联合国 生产生物燃料对粮食和饲料作物的需求是另一个重要因素。 2007-2009年期间,生物燃料在全球几种作物的使用中占很大份额。 [4]", "9. 国家 然而,2011年粮食商品价格的变动与2008年的情况不同。 在一些国家,包括非洲国家,2010年的谷物收成高于平均水平。 一些国内粮食价格高于2008年,而另一些则低于世界价格水平。 国际市场的大米价格没有上涨,因为亚洲的收成普遍良好,目前许多大米进口国的库存比2008年高.", "10个 商品(农业和能源)市场与金融投资者往往从事投机活动之间的联系更紧密,从而夸大了粮食价格波动。 自2004年左右以来,商品市场金融化程度显著提高,这反映在商品衍生品市场金融投资量的增加上。 这一现象令人严重关切,因为金融参与者的活动往往使商品价格偏离市场基本因素所证明的水平,对生产者和消费者都产生不利影响。 [5]", "11个 如果价格从世界市场向农场门转移,如果有必要的投入和其他服务,包括市场准入,农民应能通过生产和销售更多的产品而受益。 这尤其适用于发展中国家的贫困农民,包括小农户:如果他们能够作出反应并获得管理任何相关风险的援助,他们应当能够增加收入。 但这并不一定会导致改善穷人的粮食和营养保障,他们必须支付更高的价格。 粮农组织发布了《国家一级应对高粮价的政策和方案行动指南》[6],并在2011年3月至7月期间,在区域和次区域两级举办了一系列为期两天的政策研讨会,帮助各国制定应对高粮价的政策。", "易受极端天气事件和气候变化影响的脆弱性", "12个 2010年,与气候有关的突发灾害使3 800多万人流离失所,破坏了他们的生计和粮食安全。 趋势表明,不太可预测的极端气候事件正在成为常态。 [7] 到2050年,由于与气候有关的生产力损失,可能有更多的人面临饥饿风险。 气候变化可能导致再有2 400万营养不良儿童,其中大多数在撒哈拉以南非洲。 [8]", "13个 与气候有关的灾害的经济代价是巨大的。 2009年,在撒哈拉以南非洲,灾害造成的经济损失有近90%是干旱造成的。 [9] 在世界许多地区,农业生产力已经很低,对付不利事件的手段有限,预计气候变化将使生产力降到更低的水平,使生产更加不稳定。 作为气候变化一部分的气温和降水模式的长期变化预计将改变生产季节、虫害和疾病模式并改变作物生产模式,影响价格、收入以及最终影响生计和生活。", "14个 目前的研究突出了干旱风险和营养不良之间的密切联系:例如,在肯尼亚,在受干旱影响地区出生的儿童发育迟缓的可能性高达50%。 尼日尔儿童在干旱期间营养不良的风险翻了一番。 气候变化可能导致再有2 400万营养不良儿童,其中大多数在撒哈拉以南非洲。", "15个 世界上最严重的粮食和营养安全紧急情况正在非洲之角东部发生,那里自1950年以来最严重的旱灾之一已造成作物歉收和大量牲畜死亡,导致粮食价格急剧高涨——索马里某些地区高达270%。 [10] 2010年9月,包括索马里、肯尼亚、吉布提和埃塞俄比亚在内的一些联合国机构就该区域的旱灾发出警告,但到2011年6月和7月,旱灾的程度和严重程度才变得明确。 提出了准备行动,但没有得到充分的支持。 这些因素,加上持续的政治冲突和好战反叛团体禁止外国人道主义援助,促使大批人移徙到索马里首都摩加迪沙以及肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚境内的难民营。 红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)估计,30%至40%的5岁以下儿童在抵达时严重营养不良。 饥荒预警系统网络预测,今年粮食安全不太可能改善,而危机可能恶化. 截至2011年7月,该次区域有1 300多万人需要人道主义援助,目前的应急措施不足以防止进一步恶化。 这种情况突出表明了干旱对已经贫穷并复原能力有限的社区的生活和生计的不利影响。 [11]", "16号. 保护和加强粮食和营养安全,需要提高耕作系统的生产力,提高面对气候风险的复原力,提高承受农业生态和社会经济冲击的能力。 它们都与可持续发展的环境、社会和经济支柱相互关联。 最近的报告“气候变化、水和粮食安全”[12]概述了需要采取的行动,以协助各国,特别是发展中国家评估气候变化可能对灌溉农业和粮食生产产生的影响,并调整农业用水管理,以适应预期影响的范围和深度。", "农业投资不足", "17岁 国家预算是农业公共开支的主要来源,在发展中国家,平均下降到7%左右,在非洲则更少。 这一模式正在发生变化,特别是通过非洲农业发展综合方案的全非洲办法。 官方发展援助是促进农业增长的公共部门投资的重要来源;然而,官方发展援助通常只占农业部门公共支出总额的15%左右。 自1980年代后期以来,对发展中国家农业的官方发展援助已经下降:用于农业的官方发展援助比例已降至3.8%(尽管这一比例也开始上升)。 商业银行贷款和外国直接投资在发展中国家的农业投资也很小;占撒哈拉以南非洲银行贷款总额的不到10%。", "18岁。 2007年,农业投资水平估计为1 890亿美元,其中四分之三是私人投资。 为满足2050年的粮食需要,估计需要每年投资2 790亿美元,包括2 080亿美元的私人投资。 如果官方发展援助和外国直接投资与所需的私人投资数额成正比地增加,那么对农业的官方发展援助需要增加到每年120亿美元,对发展中国家农业的外国直接投资需要增加到每年40亿美元。 为了到2015年将饥饿减少一半并到2025年完全消除饥饿,粮农组织估计,对发展中国家的农业的公共投资总额需要增加到每年1 200亿美元。 如果农业官方发展援助继续按国内政府支出的比例增加,每年将增加到200亿美元。 或者说,如果官方发展援助按以前的承诺增加到捐助国国内生产总值(国内总产值)的0.7%,如果农业在官方发展援助中的份额从1980年代初期增加到17%,农业官方发展援助每年将增加到440亿美元。 目前,尽管有越来越多的证据表明粮食无保障引发了内乱,但很少有证据表明官方发展援助将足以应付这一挑战。", "减少饥饿方面的进展", "19. 千年发展目标1的具体目标是将挨饿的人口比例减少一半,而1996年世界粮食首脑会议的目标是到2015年将这些人的人数减少一半。 2009年,世界上遭受饥饿的总人数已超过10亿。 虽然2010年营养不良的人数已降至约9.25亿,但为实现千年发展目标1的饥饿指标,仍有许多工作要做。 在发展中国家,六分之一的人营养不良(2010年为16%,而2009年为18%)。 这仍然远远高于千年发展目标1所设定的具体目标。 自2010年底以来,粮食价格上涨和波动加剧,再次威胁到粮食安全。", "20号. 世界上营养不良的绝大多数人——98%——生活在发展中世界。 其中三分之二生活在7个国家:孟加拉国、中国、刚果民主共和国、埃塞俄比亚、印度、印度尼西亚和巴基斯坦。 仅中国和印度就超过40%。 2010年的预测表明,发展中区域营养不良人数的下降速度很不均衡。 营养不良人口最多的区域仍然是亚洲和太平洋,2010年有5.78亿人。 [14] 此外,发展中国家约有23%的儿童体重不足。", "21岁 截至2005-2007年期间(有国家一级完整数据的最近一个期间),包括亚洲的亚美尼亚和越南在内的一些国家已实现千年发展目标1的饥饿指标,而中国等一些国家已走上正轨。 在拉丁美洲和加勒比,圭亚那、牙买加和尼加拉瓜已实现千年发展目标1,巴西和其他国家正在接近减少饥饿的指标。 撒哈拉以南非洲营养不良人口的比例仍然最高,2010年为30%,但国家一级的进展差别很大。 截至2005-2007年期间,刚果、加纳、马里和尼日利亚已实现千年发展目标1的饥饿目标,埃塞俄比亚和其他国家已接近实现这一目标。 但是,在刚果民主共和国,营养不良的比例从1990-1992年期间的26%上升到了69%。", "22号. 尽管许多国家取得了进展,但脆弱国家和许多撒哈拉以南国家在实现千年发展目标方面仍然严重滞后,其原因要么是初始条件差(例如低收入或体制条件薄弱),要么是与长期危机有关的不利发展条件。 2010年,粮农组织和粮食署确定共有22个国家处于旷日持久的危机局势中,其特点是自然灾害一再发生、冲突、粮食危机长期存在、生计崩溃和应对危机的机构能力不足。", "23. 联合国 鉴于非洲之角和其他地区的粮食和营养高度不安全以及粮食危机经常再起,各国政府、区域机构和国际社会正越来越多地试图对粮食安全采取双轨全面办法,将应对当前需要与长期行动结合起来,以解决结构性原因,提高管理灾害风险的能力,并建设更具复原力的生计和粮食生产系统。", "三. 短期安全网", "24 (韩语). 营养干预、紧急粮食援助和安全网在满足脆弱和高危人口的眼前需要并稳定他们的状况方面发挥着重要作用。 干预措施应以粮食和营养安全评估为基础,并应考虑到国家一级的需要和能力。", "25岁 2011年5月,世界银行和全球粮食安全危机高级别工作队其他成员编写了一份报告,评估了各国努力保护粮食无保障、易受高涨和多变的粮食价格影响和营养不足风险的群体的进展情况,并着重指出在巴西、墨西哥和埃塞俄比亚制定和实施的社会保护方案,这些方案减少了饥饿和营养不良的风险并减轻了价格上涨的影响,同时创造了发展机会,建设了人力资本并刺激了经济增长。 柬埔寨和印度尼西亚正在建立类似的系统,有证据表明,即使是有限的安全网系统也为干预危机提供了一个跳板。 [15]", "26. 联合国 经验表明,以劳动力为基础的(以工换粮或以现金)短期安全网方案可以缓冲社区在季节性短缺和短缺时期的冲击并稳定局势。 其中许多干预措施具有双重效果,即帮助人们满足眼前的粮食需要,同时使粮食无保障的小农和边缘化农民能够创造出新的资产并激励投资于长期的复原力和生产力,否则他们就无法承担这一风险。 由粮食计划署支助的埃塞俄比亚环境资源管理使向更可持续生计过渡方案旨在通过可持续土地管理提高管理冲击、满足必要粮食需要和使生计多样化的能力,并将社区一级的可持续土地管理做法和制度制度化并推广到其他地区。 将可持续土地管理做法同生产力和创收技术结合起来,使60多万人受益,他们重新控制了地貌、资源和生计,摆脱了饥饿和粮食不安全。", "27个 其他有针对性的安全网,如学校供餐方案,在支持教育、保健、性别和社区发展的同时,减轻了饥饿。 在经济冲击(如与粮食价格上涨有关的冲击)或长期危机期间,学校供餐成为维持生计和防止受影响者采取消极应对战略的有效安全网。 如果与当地采购挂钩,学校供餐方案可能会增加小农的收入并刺激地方发展。 然而,在最需要学校供餐的地方,方案仍主要由外部资金支持。 面临的挑战是从外部援助过渡到国家拥有和资助的方案。 [16] 纳入当地来源的食品可降低食品篮的成本,并允许当地采购和政府顺利接管;还可产生节余,用于扩大覆盖面并增加食品篮。 迄今为止,有37个国家成功地从粮食计划署接管了学校供餐方案。", "28岁 世界银行全球粮食危机应对方案向最贫穷和最脆弱的国家提供快速援助,主要是在撒哈拉以南非洲和亚洲,包括刺激短期粮食生产和财政空间,以便减少进口关税或暂停关税或粮食税,并减轻价格上涨的影响。 该方案目前向44个国家拨款15亿美元,使近4 000万人受益。 授权在2011年底前加快处理国际复兴开发银行和国际开发协会现有资金的7.6亿美元,并有可能延长至2012年。", "29. 国家 欧洲联盟粮食融资机制于2009年以10亿欧元启动,通过一个帮助发展中国家实现长期粮食安全的两年期方案,对粮食危机作出了迅速而实质性的反应。 粮食融资机制与全球粮食安全危机高级别工作队密切合作,侧重于对粮食安全产生快而持久影响的方案,其项目嵌入了政府的粮食和营养安全及减贫政策。", "四、结 论 长期可持续发展", "30岁。 虽然国际社会努力对短期粮食和营养安全需要作出迅速反应,但它必须解决根本问题,即如何支持各国努力为长期粮食和营养安全发展可持续农业,包括适合小农特别是妇女的市场。 强有力的“第二轨道”减少了“第一轨道”紧急措施的必要性。 必须加强执行可持续发展委员会第十七届会议关于农业和农村发展的决定的后续行动。 [18]", "31岁 长期可持续农业的成功方法已融入发展和决策的许多不同层面,包括相关利益攸关方,并纳入性别观点。 [19] 妇女占小农和农村企业家的大多数,她们承担着养活和养活家庭以及照顾依赖他人的人的重任。 与男子相比,妇女获得生产性资源、机会和服务的机会较少。 以妇女为户主的家庭面临最大的挑战。", "32. 联合国 国家粮食和营养安全计划必须由国家阐明、设计、拥有、执行和领导。 〔20〕长期粮食和营养安全需要各国投资,使社会保护系统便于利用,通过生产性和可持续耕作系统维持粮食供应,可持续管理生态系统并改进国际粮食市场。 运作良好的社会保护制度可以保护家庭和个人免受冲击,可以成为减少贫穷、饥饿和营养不良战略的重要组成部分,特别是在已经粮食无保障的小农(包括牧民和渔民)中。 因此,各国政府应投资于社会保护,以提高生计的复原力。 社会安全网应该在危机开始时就已经到位并迅速启动。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 然而,世界上有80%的国家仍然没有机会获得任何形式的社会保护和社会安全网。 此外,基于市场的手段,如小额信贷和保险,在最脆弱的国家中尤其低。", "基于市场的解决办法和发展农业价值链", "34. 国家 价值链发展涉及汇集和加强生产、贸易、加工和销售农产品的不同行为者之间的商业伙伴关系。 最重要的挑战是将小农作为可靠和有利可图的伙伴纳入价值链,并将其与市场联系起来。 没有以小农为重点的价值链发展,越来越多的农民将被排斥在有利可图的市场之外,被困在自给生产之中。 几内亚比绍、利比里亚、马里、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂、几内亚和冈比亚通过农业商业化实现粮食安全[21]项目就是努力加强农民组织、提高附加值和促进农民与市场的联系的例子。", "35. 联合国 粮食计划署的 \" 采购换进展 \" 试点举措使小农更直接地参与销售,利用粮食计划署的购买力支持粮食和营养安全体系的可持续发展,并将粮食和营养援助转化为对当地社区的生产性投资。 协调一致的一揽子支助计划解决小农在农业价值链沿线面临的制约因素,并增强成功的前景。 得到支助的农民发展提高生产力、向粮食计划署出售和满足正规市场需要的能力。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 中小企业的重要性也得到公认,因为它们对创造就业、国家产出和出口以及培养新的创业精神作出了重大贡献。 然而,中小企业目前正在努力与较大的公司竞争,发展中区域进口食品的潮流也越来越大。", "37. 联合国 多国公司和其他方面对农业的外国直接投资作为解决粮食安全问题的关键,特别是在非洲。 人们声称,这将帮助缓解世界粮食危机,利用一个国家的 \" 未用 \" 农业潜力,为穷国提供改善粮食安全的资金、基础设施和其他资源。 一些国家还正在寻找新的土地来种植作物,以满足自己的粮食需要。 国际粮食政策研究所报告说,2006年至2009年年中,外国投资者在发展中国家购买了3 700万至4 900万英亩土地。", "38. 国家 许多人担心这些土地购买会进一步破坏一些发展中国家的粮食安全,因为出售给外国投资者的土地不能用来为当地社区生产粮食。 此外,这一趋势还可能导致大规模工业化农业生产——使发展中世界的小农户流离失所并加剧农村贫穷和粮食不安全。 [23] 农发基金和粮农组织研究了国际土地交易的经济影响,以向各国提供一些指导。 [24] (简体中文).", "39. 2010年3月,粮农组织、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)、农发基金和非洲开发银行在尼日利亚联邦共和国政府的支持下,在非洲联盟的主持下,在阿布贾举行了一次关于非洲农业企业和农用工业发展的高级别会议。 会议发起了非洲农产企业和农产工业发展倡议。 该倡议的目标是,到2020年,非洲农业部门由高生产力和高利润的农业价值链组成,这些价值链有效地将中小型农业生产者与市场联系起来,提供价值较高的粮食、纤维、饲料和燃料产品,促进增加农民的收入,以可持续方式利用自然资源并创造更多高质量的就业机会。 [25] (中文(简体) ).", " 40. 40. 根据非洲开发银行的要求,粮农组织审查了非洲收获后粮食损失和粮食损失方案,并与世界银行和格林尼治大学自然资源研究所合作,制定了一个减少粮食损失方案框架,不再长期关注农场一级的收获后管理和储存。 减少粮食损失方案引起了人们的兴趣;向前迈进的一个有效途径是通过农业价值链解决粮食损失问题。", "自然资源管理", "41. 国家 良好的农业用水管理需要解决每公顷土地用水量较少的问题,还必须将农业用地污染成本内部化。 以最紧迫的环境外在因素为重点的政策激励措施,在利用农民个人的盈利动机的同时,更有可能取得成功。 农业中健全的水管理办法更有可能是知识丰富而不是技术密集型。 需要有基础设施来发展取水设施和方法来更好地利用降雨。", "42. 国家 为应对土地和水资源治理的迫切需要,在这些资源承受越来越大的压力的情况下,粮农组织开发了各种工具,如参与性的自然资源测绘、地理参考数据和全球定位系统等。 土地使用规划的改进还有赖于组建国家工作队,吸收各类利益攸关方参与,以加强机构能力,有效管理有关国家的土地使用。 粮农组织在几个地区的方案通过改进现有作物种植系统的管理和这些系统的多样化来帮助小农户改善生计,以创造更多的生计机会并促使社区进入市场。", "城乡联系", "43. 东帝汶 在人口和移徙、经济危机和自然灾害不断增加的城市,加强城市贫民和其他弱势群体的粮食安全已成为一项日益严峻的挑战。 联合国各机构正通过机构间常设委员会应对城市地区人道主义挑战工作队,同人道主义伙伴合作,开展评估、生计支助和多方利益攸关方干预措施,以加强城市的粮食和营养安全,并让地方当局发挥推动作用。 城市可持续发展和更有效的城乡联系日益受到重视。", "44. 国家 城市和近郊园艺是城市和城镇内部以及周边地区广泛种植的农作物. 虽然城市贫民,特别是来自农村地区的贫民,长期以来一直将园艺作为一种生计和生存战略,但在许多国家,这一部门基本上仍然是非正式的,通常不稳定,有时是非法的。 增长绿色城市方案[26]支持发展城市和近郊园艺,目的是提高小规模生产活动的效率及其产品的质量和安全性。", "林业、渔业和畜牧业", "45. 国家 确保粮食和营养安全的努力必须纳入农业的所有方面。 改善畜牧生产服务并支持可持续的畜牧业做法至关重要,特别是对使用综合作物-牲畜系统的小农户而言。 农林业可大大减少温室气体,占2030年之前温室气体减排总潜力的三分之一。 [27] 在全球舞台上日益重视农林业,包括召开第二届世界农林业大会(2009年8月,肯尼亚)、第一届非洲干地周(2011年6月,达喀尔)和由粮农组织制定国际农林业准则。", "46. 经常预算: 可持续渔业和水产养殖对粮食安全也至关重要。 2008年,世界消费了1.15亿吨鱼类,预计需求会上升。 渔业和水产养殖业的就业增长速度快于世界人口和传统农业的就业。 2008年,近4 500万人直接进入该部门。 除此之外,还有重要的第二产业,如加工和加工,妇女占其中的一半。 包括这些工人的家属在内的渔业和水产养殖业共支助了约5.4亿人的生计。", "预警系统", "47. 国家 加强农业部门预测、预防和应对气候变化和极端天气事件所产生影响的能力,是解决粮食和营养安全问题努力的重要组成部分。 综合粮食安全预警系统能够预测和防止气候变化和极端天气事件的某些影响,将天气指数保险与传统的风险管理和社会保护计划联系起来。 这些战略代表了从管理灾害向管理风险的重要转变,提高了粮食和营养安全干预措施的成本效益。", " 48. 48. 教科文组织的气候前线是一个关于传统知识和气候变化的机构间平台。 它汇集了在小岛屿发展中国家、传统知识和土著人民方面具有专门知识的联合国机构,以促进将土著和地方知识纳入气候变化适应政策。 值得注意的是,它支持一个社区研究项目网络,提供关于脆弱社区如何观察和应对气候变化影响的数据。 这些项目大多侧重于粮食生产系统的气候变化影响,包括农业、畜牧业、渔业和土壤管理。 [28]", "49. (中文(简体) ). 粮农组织协助成员国加强必要的体制和技术能力,以评估气候多变性和气候变化对农业部门的影响。 正在国家一级开发并提供的工具和方法包括作物监测工具箱、降雨量估计常规、气候变化对农业影响的模型系统、以及农场适应性动态优化。 灾害风险管理办法也用于预防、防备和减轻极端天气事件的影响。 [29]", " 50. 50. 埃塞俄比亚的生产安全网方案是另一个国家一级的例子,其目的是使数百万长期粮食无保障的农村人民从经常性的紧急粮食援助转向更可靠和可预测的社会保护形式,以帮助人民摆脱饥饿和贫穷。 作为国家粮食安全方案的一部分,埃塞俄比亚政府与粮食计划署和世界银行合作,通过生计、早期评估和保护项目,制定创新的国家综合风险管理框架,提高管理干旱和洪水风险的能力。 该项目通过将预警、应急规划和能力建设与1.6亿美元的应急基金挂钩,支持国家风险融资和管理框架。 [30]", "以与主要利益攸关方的协商为基础", "51. 联合国 多方利益有关者的办法是实现长期可持续发展的成功努力的核心。 扩大农业生产力和发展充满活力的农村经济,需要全球重视促进相关政府部门和民间社会成员,包括粮食生产协会和消费者组织、工人和雇主、男女农民、青年、土著人民、城市贫民和残疾和慢性病患者、科研机构、区域和国际组织、开发银行和私营部门,增强权能并参与伙伴关系。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 了解和维持各国人民与其文化、生物多样性、传统生计和知识体系之间不可分割的关系是确保土著人民粮食和营养安全的关键因素。 获得土地和自然资源的机会减少、环境退化、气候变化、全球化以及饮食和生活方式的西方化已严重影响了传统食品在土著社会发挥的作用。 虽然许多传统的粮食做法已经丧失,但仍有恢复和加强当地粮食系统的余地,以便土著民族能够继续从其长期传统中获益。", "53. 联合国 需要制定适当的政策和方案,促进青年参与农业和农村经济发展,提高农业的形象,使农业更适合青年人。 农发基金2011-2015年战略框架力求为农村经济中的青年创造可行的机会,并将青年发展问题作为2011年理事会的主题。", " V. 战略协调和有效协作", "54. 联合国 虽然各国政府负责国家一级的粮食和营养安全,但联合国支持并补充了各国的努力。 联合国驻地协调员和人道主义协调员与在各自国家的所有相关联合国机构合作,确定并执行各种行动的适当组合,以制定有东道国政府、非政府组织和民间社会组织以及驻地捐助者代表参加的全面粮食安全战略。", "全球粮食安全危机和最新综合行动框架高级别工作队", "55. 国家 2008年粮食价格的迅速上涨和对粮食安全的威胁促使国际社会采取行动保护世界粮食安全和所有人的营养。 2008年4月,成立了全球粮食安全危机高级别工作队,作为联合国系统的协调机制和催化剂。 工作队由联合国秘书长担任主席,粮农组织总干事为副主席,汇集了联合国系统内的22个组织、基金、方案和部门,包括布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织和经合组织。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 全球粮食安全危机高级别工作队通过《最新综合行动框架》,推动以全面和统一的方式应对实现全球粮食和营养安全的挑战。 [31] 这种办法满足了弱势群体的当前需要,并有助于长期复原力(“粮食和营养安全双轨”)。 它优先考虑可持续农业、更好的生态系统管理、性别平等、改善营养的先决条件以及最不能享受食物权者的人权。 它呼吁采取联合行动,处理粮食和营养安全的所有方面——供应、获取、稳定和利用——整个问题。 它承认,虽然国家在确保所有人的粮食和营养安全方面起主要作用,但许多其他行为者可以作出重要贡献。 2011年,编写了《最新综合行动框架》摘要,作为一份易于阅读的简明文件,其中强调了该框架的概念和原则。", "拉奎拉粮食安全倡议", "57. 2009年7月,在拉奎拉8国集团首脑会议上,8国集团和其他伙伴(澳大利亚、荷兰、西班牙和瑞典)承诺在三年内提供220亿美元用于粮食安全,这将帮助扭转农业部门援助和投资的总体下降趋势。 他们通过拉奎拉粮食安全倡议提供这些资金。 然而,在认捐总额中,只有61亿美元是以前计划支出之外的额外支出。 值得注意的是,15亿美元用于发展粮食援助和粮食安全,这不是认捐的重点。 预计根据该倡议认捐的大部分资金将通过双边供资渠道进行管理。 经合组织-发展援助委员会已注意到,虽然不同捐助者在获得确切的付款数字方面有技术困难,但它们在履行承诺方面主要步入正轨,尽管有相反的看法。", "20国集团的行动", "58. 20国集团似乎正在推动加强粮食安全的行动。 在2010年11月于首尔举行的首脑会议上,二十国集团领导人制定了《发展多年期行动计划》,承诺加强粮食安全政策的一致性和协调,并增加农业生产力和粮食供应。 [32] 20国集团领导人请粮农组织、农发基金、国际货币基金组织(基金组织)、经合组织、联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)、粮食计划署、世界银行和世界贸易组织同主要利益攸关方合作,就如何更好地减轻和管理与粮食和其他农业商品的价格波动有关的风险,同时又不扭曲市场行为,最终保护最脆弱群体,制定备选方案,供20国集团审议。 “粮食和农业市场的价格波动:政策对策”报告(2011年5月)提供了随后由20国集团农业部长在2011年6月会议上通过的建议,包括同意:", "(a) 加强全球粮食和农业系统的长期生产力、可持续性和复原力,支持农业研究和创新,并创造有利环境来鼓励公共和私人农业投资;", "(b) 启动农产品市场信息系统,以加强国际组织、主要粮食出口国和进口国与私营部门之间的合作;", "(c) 鼓励20国集团财政部长作出适当决定,更好地监管和监督农业期货和衍生品市场;", "(d) 使多哈发展回合圆满结束,并商定取消对为非商业性人道主义目的所购粮食的出口限制或征税;", "(e) 支持粮食计划署根据世界贸易组织的规则,同有关国家合作,为区域紧急人道主义粮食储备系统制定一个试点项目;", "(f) 鼓励国际组织、多边和区域开发银行进一步探索反周期机制,在粮食价格暴涨期间协助低收入缺粮国家;", "(g) 支持努力向弱势家庭、社区和政府提供有效的市场风险管理工具。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 农产品市场信息系统也于2011年6月启动,将于2011年9月举行启动会议。 这是一个由各国、各组织和私营部门组成的网络,其中包括粮农组织、农发基金、国际粮食政策研究所、经合组织、贸发会议、粮食计划署、世界贸易组织、世界银行和全球粮食保障危机高级别工作队。 它将提供一个全球粮食市场早期预警系统,对价格暴涨发出警报,并在市场形势和前景表明粮食安全风险高时,通过提供适当的政策指导和促进政策协调,帮助确保在危机时更好地做好准备并作出更迅速和一致的政策反应。", "全球农业和粮食安全方案", "60. 联合国 全球农业和粮食安全方案是世界银行管理的一个金融中介基金,旨在解决各国已经制定的国家和区域农业和粮食安全战略投资计划资金不足的问题。 捐助方对该方案的认捐总额相当于9.25亿美元,分配给公共和私营部门视窗。 迄今为止,它在两次征求建议书呼吁下向12个国家提供了赠款,总值为4.81亿美元。", "61. 国家 截至2011年6月,捐助方为公共部门窗口提供的资源为5.202亿美元,占认捐总额的56%。 捐助者包括澳大利亚、加拿大、比尔和梅林达·盖茨基金会、大韩民国、西班牙和美国。 爱尔兰为该方案的业务费用提供了捐助。 除非向全球农业和粮食安全方案账户承付额外资金,否则将不再发出申请赠款的邀请。", "世界粮食安全委员会的改革", "62. 联合国 改革后的世界粮食安全委员会旨在建立一个包容性的多利益攸关方平台,使主要行为体共同努力,支持国家主导的进程,以确保所有人的粮食和营养安全。 委员会的作用包括:协调粮食和营养安全的全球办法;促进政策的趋同和一致性;支持国家和区域并提供咨询;协调国家和区域各级的行动;促进问责制并分享最佳做法;以及制定粮食和营养安全全球战略框架。", "63. 国家 改革的指导原则是包容各方,与外地建立强有力的联系,以确保这一进程以实地现实局势为基础,并具有灵活性,以便委员会能够应对不断变化的外部环境和成员需求。 改革的主要特点是扩大参与委员会,以确保在粮食和农业政策辩论中听取所有相关利益攸关方的意见;更加注重闭会期间的活动;加强区域、国家和地方各级的联系;通过设立一个粮食和营养安全高级别专家小组,纳入结构化的专门知识。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 世界粮食安全委员会于2011年7月向经济及社会理事会提交了一份进度报告,[33] 提供了关于以下方面的最新情况:监测影响粮食价格波动的事件;制定关于土地和其他自然资源保有权负责任治理的自愿准则;制定粮食和营养安全全球战略框架;粮食和营养安全高级别专家小组的工作;改进国家一级粮食和营养安全行动的摸底工作;增加私营部门对委员会活动的参与;审查饥饿计量方法的圆桌会议。", "加强粮农组织、农发基金和粮食计划署之间的合作", "65. 国家 经济和金融危机、粮食和营养安全危机、气候变化和粮食价格波动为加强驻罗马各机构之间的合作提供了新的动力。 粮农组织、农发基金和粮食计划署越来越多地在政策、业务和行政层面协调其活动,并一致认为应在联合国全系统协调一致的背景下,包括在“一体行动,履行使命”试点项目下开展协作,以支持各国推动的努力并配合国家优先事项。 自2009年11月以来,在“罗马各机构协作指示”文件获得批准后,已在三个领域开展了协作,包括从救济过渡到恢复和长期危机、粮食和营养安全信息系统以及通信。 设在罗马的各机构的性别股也加强了合作。 已拟订了一项性别联合行动计划,涉及研究、宣传、能力发展和协调。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 通过农发基金/粮食计划署的联合天气风险管理机制,粮食计划署一直在开发和评价社区一级的天气指数保险工具。 继2009年在中国和埃塞俄比亚开展两次小额保险试点之后,该基金正在为气象基础设施有限的国家开发一种以遥感为基础的气象指数保险创新办法,将在马里进行测试。 马里和其他西非国家正在建立气象保险伙伴关系。 2010年5月,在该机制下,粮食署和农发基金联合发表了37个天气指数保险试点项目的划时代研究报告,以确定可持续大规模保险项目的标准。", "国际农业研究协商小组的改革", "67. (中文(简体) ). 最近,在粮农组织、农发基金和世界银行的支持下,国际农业研究协商小组进行了改革,在战略规划、管理和传播方面采取了以持续学习和问责制为中心的成果管理制办法。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 专家组新的战略成果框架确定了系统一级的成果,为专家组作为专家组研究主要组织机制的研究方案的设计提供信息。 系统一级的成果是减少农村贫穷、改善粮食安全、改善营养和健康以及自然资源的可持续管理。 集团的研究方案明确了集团研究在一个框架内的执行,使研究投资与其对发展结果的潜在影响之间有明确的联系。 越来越优先考虑满足当地需要,包括应用和业务研究、鉴定和传播实地经验和良好做法以及国家机构的能力建设。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 按照注重成果的筹资办法,新的办法将供资者和研究人员的工作重点从交付产出转向交付研究和发展成果,同时明确问责制和共同责任。", "扩大营养运动", "70. 联合国 在怀孕与孩子二岁生日之间的营养投资拯救了生命。 它防止对智力、物质和社会发展产生长期和不可逆转的影响。 它具有经济意义,减轻了保健系统的负担,提高了教育成就并增进了繁荣。 2010年,代表各国政府、民间社会、私营部门、研究机构和联合国系统的100多家组织承诺共同努力消除饥饿和营养不足,制定《扩大营养框架》和路线图,为增加行动提供原则和方向。", "71. 联合国 自2010年9月大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议启动 \" 扩大营养运动 \" 以来,17个国家一直通过营养和对性别问题有敏感认识的发展,将粮食和营养安全列为其国家方案的优先事项,营养和对性别问题有敏感认识的发展将营养成果作为其农业、保健、社会保护和教育等部门发展政策的主要目标。 它们正在投资于直接的营养干预措施,例如促进产前营养、母乳喂养、食品强化和补充喂养。 国际社会正在将其支助同扩大营养的国家计划相配合。 其中一些国家和支持它们的利益攸关方将参加2011年9月在纽约举行的审查进展情况的高级别会议。", "南北合作、南南合作和三角合作", "72. 联合国 通过南南合作和三角合作,可持续农业及粮食和营养安全解决方案日益得到共享并逐步扩大。 例如,最近,印度和美国与利比里亚、马拉维和肯尼亚达成了促进粮食和营养安全的三角安排,[35] 联合国开发计划署与国际劳工组织和日本国际协力事业团合作,于2010年11月召开了南南合作和三角合作高级别会议,重点是实现千年发展目标。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 粮农组织已组织许多南南合作协定,以改善贫困家庭的粮食和营养安全,并增加粮食生产,提供直接在实地工作的专家技术人员,并向受援国的研究人员、推广人员和农业社区提供实际操作培训。 这些活动有助于使地方和国家当局相信更广泛地传播创新技术的价值。 在过去15年中,粮农组织支助了40多个国家的南南合作方案,派遣了1 500多名专家和技术人员,为期一至三年,其中800人由中华人民共和国派遣。 根据粮农组织与中国的战略联盟,计划在中国的研究培训中心为非洲专家举办培训班。", "区域协调", "74. 国家 粮食和营养安全是通过非洲联盟的非洲农业发展综合方案取得的一项关键发展成果,该方案同非洲区域经济委员会一道,刺激了多方利益有关者为国家和分区域契约及投资计划而作的努力。 迄今,约有26个国家完成了《非洲农业发展综合方案》契约,16个国家已编制和同行审查了国家农业投资计划。", "75. 国家 在管理紧急粮食储存方面的区域协调,特别是在非洲之角,需要能够处理多国问题,并确保跨界干预及时而有效。 协调应以现有机制为基础。 这应包括加强政府间发展管理局和其他区域行动者的能力。 粮农组织、粮食计划署和牛津救济会于2010年10月制定的《机构间常设委员会非洲之角行动计划》仍然作为行动指南有效,但可能需要更新。 [37]", "六、结 论 结论", "76. 联合国 农业发展以及粮食和营养安全是复杂的可持续发展问题。 在促进提高粮食生产的“绿色”或“气候智能”方式的同时,还必须努力确保获得食物和可持续发展途径。 各国政府必须作出更多努力来实施可持续发展委员会第十七届会议的决定。", "77. 国家 2011年,农业和粮食及营养安全仍将是国际议程上的优先事项。 联合国可持续发展大会(里约+20)将提供一个全球机会来集中关注这些问题,许多人已经在探讨“绿色经济”主题对粮食和农业的意义。 为此,荷兰成立了一个关于粮食和营养安全的非正式之友小组,粮农组织发起了一项“与农业一起绿化经济”倡议,以在可持续发展和减贫的背景下为里约+20动员粮食和农业部门。", "78. 国家 将农业和粮食和营养安全与绿色经济主题联系起来的活动包括:将于2011年9月在巴黎举行的粮农组织/经合组织关于“将经济与农业绿化”的联合专家会议;2011年10月在新德里举行的主题为“绿色经济:将消除贫穷、粮食安全和能源安全结合起来”的部长级对话;2011年11月在波恩举行的审查水、能源和粮食安全之间关系的国际会议。", "79. 联合国 实现将世界饥饿人口减半的2015年目标的全面办法,将要求国际社会作出协调一致的努力,继续把重点放在扩大可持续发展的成功办法上,动员所有利益有关者,并确保兑现认捐。 随着行动的日益协调以及双轨和全面的做法,到2015年实现商定目标仍然是可能的。", "[1] 全球粮食安全危机高级别工作队,“粮食和营养安全:综合行动框架”,最新综合行动框架摘要,2011年8月。", "[2] 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处/联合国粮食及农业组织关于适足食物权的概况介绍(人权高专办概况介绍系列第34号)。", "[3] 粮农组织粮食价格指数是衡量一篮子粮食商品国际价格每月变动的尺度。 它包括五个商品组价格指数的平均数;见www.fao.org/worldfoodssituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/。", "[4] “粮食和农业市场的价格波动:对策”,粮农组织/经合组织提交20国集团的联合报告(2011年6月2日)。", "[5] 联合国贸易和发展会议,《金融化商品市场的价格形成:信息的作用》。 见www.unctad.org/en/docs/gds20111_en.pdf。", "[6] 联合国粮食及农业组织(2011年1月,罗马)。", "[7] “由自然灾害引起的灾害造成的流离失所:2009年和2010年全球估计数”,境内流离失所问题监测中心和挪威难民理事会(2011年)。", "[8] G. C. Nelson等(2009年),《气候变化:对农业和适应成本的影响》,国际粮食政策研究所,华盛顿特区。", "[9] F. Vos、J. Rodriguez、R. Bethiness和D. Guha Sapir,《2009年年度灾害统计审查:数量和趋势》。 布鲁塞尔:灾害流行病学研究中心(2010年)。", "[10] 见FEWS NET,“东非:去年是非洲之角东部有记录以来最干燥的一年”,2011年6月14日。 见www.fews.net。", "[11] 见www.fews.net.", "[12] 联合国粮食及农业组织(2011年)。", "[13] “粮食和农业市场的价格波动:对策”,粮农组织/经合组织(2011年5月3日)。", "[14] 联合国粮食及农业组织,《世界粮食不安全状况》(罗马,2010年)。", "[15] “为最易受伤害者和获得人道主义用品提供营养干预措施:进展和前景”,世界银行和全球粮食安全危机高级别工作队(2011年6月)。", "[16] 见Donald Bundy、Carmen Burbano、Margaret Grosh、Aulo Gelli、Matthew Jukes和Lesley Drake,“反思学校供餐:社会安全网、儿童发展和教育部门”,国际复兴开发银行/世界银行/粮食计划署(2009年)。 见http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EDUCATION/Resources/278200-10990798727269/547664-1099080042112/DID_School_Feeding.pdf。", "[17] 见“两分钟学习:学校用餐”。 见http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/。 (原始内容存档于2017-09-22). group/public/documents/communications/wfp220221.pdf.", "[18] 见E/2009/29-E/CN.17/2009/19。", "[19] 见比娜·阿加瓦尔, “粮食危机和性别不平等”,经济和社会事务部第107号工作文件(2011年6月),ST/ESA/2011/DWP/107。", "[20] 见联合国粮食及农业组织,《世界粮食安全首脑会议宣言》,WSFS 2009/2(2009年11月)。", "[21] 见www.fsca-pisa.org/。", "[22] 见“在国外建造农田: 《经济学家》第三波外包,(2009年5月21日)。", "[23] 见“发展中国家全球取地埋下粮食安全”,《粮食和水观察》,概况介绍,2009年7月。 见www.newscastmedia.com/GlobalLandGrab.pdf。", "[24] 见“抓住土地还是发展机会? 非洲的农业投资和国际土地交易”。 见www.ifad.org/pub/land/land_grab.pdf。", "[25] 非洲农产企业和农产工业发展倡议框架见www.hlcd-3a.org/data_all/PDF_en/a3ADI_progFram1.pdf。", "[26] 见www.fao.org/ag/agp/greenercities/。", "[27] Ulrich Hoffmann,“在气候变化的挑战下确保发展中国家的粮食安全:农业基本转型的关键贸易和发展问题”,贸发会议讨论文件第201号,UNCTAD/OSG/DP/2011/1(2011年2月)。", "[28] 见www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/professional-reats/links/climate-change-adaptation/projects/climate-frontlines/.", "[29] 见“粮食和农业灾害风险管理”,联合国粮食及农业组织。 见ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0772e/i0772e00.pdf。", "[30] 世界粮食计划署、尼尔斯·巴尔泽和乌尔里希·赫斯,“气候变化和天气风险管理:基于指数的保险计划的证据”,“革命:从粮食援助到粮食援助:战胜饥饿的创新(2010年)。", "[31] 可查阅www.un-foodsecurity.org。", "[32] 见《20国集团首尔首脑会议领导人宣言》,2010年11月,第51(e)段。 可查阅www.g20.org/Documents2010/11/Seol Summith_declaration.pdf。", "[33] 见 A/66/76-E/2011/102。", "[34] “罗马各机构之间的合作指示”,2009年7月。 见ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/017/k5126e.pdf。", "[35] “美国,印度在非洲粮食安全问题上的合作”,《经济时报》,2011年7月20日。", "[36] 见www.nepad-caadp.net/。", "[37] 全球粮食安全危机高级别工作队高级指导小组会议的说明;非洲之角特别会议,2011年6月。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75 Protracted conflicts in the GUAMarea and their implications forinternational peace, securityand development The situation in the occupiedterritories of Azerbaijan Promotion and protection of therights of children Elimination of racism, racialdiscrimination,xenophobia and related intolerance \nResponsibility of States forinternationally wrongful acts", "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Armenia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I would like to refer to document A/65/915-S/2011/457, dated 26 July 2011, containing the letter of the representative of Azerbaijan.", "I regret the fact that the Azerbaijani side keeps painting itself as the victim of “aggression” at the United Nations and other international organizations, without once acknowledging or honestly addressing its role in initiating military aggression against Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia.", "Yet again, with the sole purpose of discrediting the Armenian side through falsifications and lies based on the so-called “conclusions of the preliminary investigation”, last week the representative of Azerbaijan circulated the above- mentioned appalling letter accusing the Armenian side of the death of a 13-year-old child “as a result of the blast of an explosive device”.", "The authors of this allegation did not make possible an independent investigation to check the veracity behind such a horrible claim and clarify its circumstances. This type of allegation is being used by Azerbaijani diplomacy to avoid commitments already made. Suffice it to recall that under exactly this alleged pretext Azerbaijan tried to withdraw from an agreement to set up an investigative mechanism into ceasefire violations, which was the outcome of the Sochi Summit of the Presidents on 2 March 2011.", "Regardless of their absurdity, these recent allegations serve as part of propagandistic war launched through excessive falsification and forgery.", "It is unethical to circulate such defamatory information, exploiting again the life of an innocent child as a propaganda tool. Azerbaijan, which continues to refuse to take an honest look at itself, should be reminded that, as a result of aggression and war launched against Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia during the 1991-1994 period, Azerbaijan heavily contaminated the bordering regions with Armenia and other conflict-affected areas with landmines, cluster munitions and explosive remnants of war. They continue to have a profound impact on socio-economic growth and on the day-to-day lives of the Nagorno Karabakh population, resulting in one of the highest per capita human accident rates in the world.", "Today, Azerbaijan continues to seriously obstruct the work of the respected mine-clearance HALO Trust charity that is carrying on an important humanitarian mission in the region, labelling that mission as “unlawful activities”.", "The fact that the independent investigation has not been conducted and Azerbaijan avoided establishing any investigative mechanism into ceasefire violations clearly demonstrate who stands behind these violations and false accusations.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter, along with the annex on the ceasefire violations for the period from 1 July to 1 August 2011, circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 34, 39, 64, 66 and 75, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Garen Nazarian Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Armenia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan from 1 July to 1 August 2011", "Firing\n From the Azerbaijani side", "No. Direction Date/time Type of weapon Ammunition", "1. Berdavan 01.07.11 AK 7 23.05", "2. Khndzorut 02.07.11 AK 2 02.10", "3. Colagir 02.07.11 AK 1 19.40", "4. Vazashen 02.07.11 PK 20 20.00 AK 15", "5. Vazashen 02.07.11 PK 7 20.30", "6. Vazashen 02.07.11 AK 20 20.40", "7. Agarak 02.07.11 AK 7 22.20", "8. Aygepar 03.07.11 AK 3 22.50", "9. Vazashen 04.07.11 AK 15 00.40", "10. Agarak 06.07.11 AK 10 22.00", "11. Chinari 07.07.11 SVD 2 18.50", "12. Barekamavan 09.07.11 AK 3 14.00", "13. Berdavan 09.07.11 SVD 11 20.35 AK 10", "14. Khndzorut 09.07.11 AK 1 12.15", "15. Khndzorut 09.07.11 AK 3 17.10", "16. Barekamavan 11.07.11 AK 10 02.20", "17. Vazashen 11.07.11 AK 3 16.15", "18. Vazashen 11.07.11 AK 4 19.00", "19. Vazashen 11.07.11 AK 6 01.20 SVD 2", "20. Barekamavan 14.07.11 AK 6 18.40", "21. Agarak 15.07.11 AK 11 01.25", "22. N. Karmirakhbyur 15.07.11 AK 8 01.30", "23. Vazashen 16.07.11 AK 5 20.00", "24. Paravacar 16.07.11 AK 3 23.45", "25. Vazashen 17.07.11 AK 5 20.30", "26. Vazashen 18.07.11 AK 15 23.25 SVD 3", "27. Bardzravan 19.07.11 AK 100 19.40", "28. Chinari 21.07.11 PK 60 00.01-00.20", "29. Movses 20.07.11 AK 2 11.45", "30. Vazashen 21.07.11 AK 3 18.50", "31. Khndzorut 21.07.11 AK 4 22.25", "32. Khndzorut 22.07.11 AK 10 00.45", "33. Mehrab 22.07.11 PK 10 11.45", "34. Lev 25.07.11 AK 4 09.45", "35. Lev 25.07.11 AK 25 17.30-18.00 PK 15 sniper weapon 3 12.7mm", "36. Lev 25.07.11 AK 6 19.00-20.00 PK 5 sniper weapon 5 12.7mm", "37. Chinari 25.07.11 SVD 1 15.45", "38. Movses 25.07.11 RPK 1 21.30", "39. Aygepar 25.07.11 AK 6 22.15", "40. Movses 26.07.11 AK 40 00.30", "41. Lev 26.07.11 sniper weapon 4 21.50 12.7mm", "42. Arcvaberd 26.07.11 sniper weapon 3 12.40 12.7mm", "43. Aygepar 26.07.11 sniper weapon 1 12.50 12.7mm", "44. Aygepar 26.07.11 AK 19 16.20", "45. Aygepar 26.07.11 AK 8 16.30", "46. Aygepar 26.07.11 AK 4 18.05", "47. Movses 26.07.11 AK 4 18.20", "48. Aygepar 26.07.11 AK 2 18.35", "49. Berdavan 26.07.11 SVD 5 20.55", "50. Berdavan 26.07.11 PK 30 23.00", "51. Dovegh 27.07.11 AK 3 00.45", "52. Aygepar 27.07.11 PK 5 18.10", "53. Movses 27.07.11 machine gun 1 19.00 12.7mm", "54. Movses 27.07.11 machine gun 2 19.10 12.7mm", "55. Aygepar 27.07.11 PK 10 19.25", "56. Aygepar 27.07.11 machine gun 140 19.25 12.7mm", "57. Aygepar 27.07.11 machine gun 75 20.50-21.10 12.7mm 110 PK 650 AK", "58. Berdavan 27.07.11 SVD 2 11.00", "59. Lev 28.07.11 sniper weapon 6 08.45 12.7mm 10 SVD 25 PK", "60. Lev 28.07.11 AK 40 20.25-21.15 PK 60 machine gun 200 12.7mm 140 sniper weapon 12.7mm", "61. Colagir 28.07.11 SVD 6 16.00", "62. Chinari 28.07.11 SVD 7 19.30", "63. Omar 29.07.11 SVD 3 20.30-20.45", "64. Omar 29.07.11 SVD 5 20.30-20.45", "65. Kutakan 29.07.11 PK 20 18.00-18.30 machine gun 20 12.7mm", "66. Yanshak 30.07.11 SVD 4 21.50 AK 10", "67. Barekamavan 30.07.11 RPK 5 18.00 AK 5", "The violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the borderline of Armenia from 1 July to 1 August 2011:", "Number of violations: 83", "Shots: about 2,162", "PK: (377), RPK: (6), SVD: (61), sniper weapon 12.7mm: (162), machine gun 12.7mm: (438), AK: (1,118).", "The violations of the ceasefire by the armed forces of the Republic of Azerbaijan on the borderline of Nagorno Karabakh from 1 July to 1 August 2011:", "Number of violations: 861", "Shots: about 4,652", "PK: (653), RPG-7: (1), SVD: (303), machine gun 12.7mm: (248), sniper weapon 12.7mm: (29), sniper weapon 14.5mm (Istigal): (1), UTYOS-12.7mm: (114), AK: (3,258), AKM: (45)." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目34、39、64、66和75", "古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其 对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "被占领阿塞拜疆领土的局势", "促进和保护儿童权利", "消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外 心理和相关不容忍行为", "国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年8月4日亚美尼亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨提及2011年7月26日A/65/915-S/2011/457号文件，其中载有阿塞拜疆代表的信。", "我感到遗憾的是，阿塞拜疆方面不断地在联合国和其他国际组织把自己描绘成“侵略”的受害者，却从来没有承认或诚实地讨论它在发动对纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫和亚美尼亚的军事侵略中所起的作用。", "当然，利用所谓的“初步调查结论”，弄虚作假和撒谎，给亚美尼亚人抹黑才是他们的唯一目的。上周，阿塞拜疆代表分发了上述令人发指的信件，其中指控亚美尼亚方面应对因“爆炸装置爆炸”造成一名13岁儿童的死亡负责。", "提出这项指控的人使得无法进行独立调查，进而核实这种令人发指的说法的真实性，澄清状况。阿塞拜疆外交界利用这类指控避免履行已做出的承诺。只需提及，阿塞拜疆正是以这个指控为借口，试图反悔已经达成的设立调查违反停火事件机制的协议。停火机制是2011年3月2日索契总统峰会的成果。", "不论最近的这些指控如何荒诞，它们只是凭借无端篡改和伪造而发起宣传攻势的一部分。", "散布这种诽谤信息，滥用无辜儿童的生命作为宣传工具是不道德的。阿塞拜疆继续拒绝诚实的自我反思。应当提醒阿塞拜疆，由于在1991-1994年期间对纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫和亚美尼亚的侵略和战争，阿塞拜疆在与亚美尼亚接壤地区和其他冲突地区安放了地雷、集束弹药和战争遗留爆炸物，使这个地区受到严重污染。它们继续给纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫的社会经济增长和人民的日常生活带来深刻影响，使这个地区成为世界上人均事故发生率最高的地方之一。", "今天，阿塞拜疆继续严重阻挠令人尊敬的排雷哈洛信托会慈善机构的工作，该机构正在该区域执行重要的人道主义任务，该任务也被列为“非法活动”。", "独立调查尚未进行，阿塞拜疆回避建立违反停火调查机制清楚地表明到底是谁在违反停火，谁是这些诬告的始作俑者。", "请将此信以及载有2011年7月1日至8月1日期间违反停火事件资料的附件作为大会议程项目34、39、64、66和75的文件和安全理事会的文件分发。", "常驻代表", "大使", "加伦·纳扎里安(签名)", "2011年8月4日亚美尼亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "2011年7月1日至8月1日期间阿塞拜疆共和国武装部队违反停火情况", "开火 \n 从阿塞拜疆一方\t\n编号\t方向\t日期/时间\t武器类型\t弹药数 \n 1. Berdavan 2011年7月1日23时05分 AK 7 \n 2. Khndzorut 2011年7月2日2时10分 AK 2 \n 3. Colagir 2011年7月2日19时40分 AK 1 4. Vazashen 2011年7月2日20时 PK 20 \n AK 15 \n 5. Vazashen 2011年7月2日20时30分 PK 7 \n 6. Vazashen 2011年7月2日20时40分 AK 20 \n 7. Agarak 2011年7月2日22时20分 AK 7 \n 8. Aygepar 2011年7月3日22时50分 AK 3 \n 9. Vazashen 2011年7月4日零时40分 AK 15 \n 10. Agarak 2011年7月6日22时 AK 10 \n 11. Chinari 2011年7月7日18时50分 SVD 2 \n 12. Barekamavan 2011年7月9日14时 AK 3 13. Berdavan 2011年7月9日20时35分 SVD 11 \n AK 10 \n 14. Khndzorut 2011年7月9日12时15分 AK 1 \n 15. Khndzorut 2011年7月9日17时10分 AK 3 \n 16. Barekamavan 2011年7月11日2时20分 AK 10 \n 17. Vazashen 2011年7月11日16时15分 AK 3 \n 18. Vazashen 2011年7月11日19时 AK 4 19. Vazashen 2011年7月11日1时20分 AK 6 \n SVD 2 \n 20. Barekamavan 2011年7月14日18时40分 AK 6 \n 21. Agarak 2011年7月15日1时25分 AK 11 \n22.\tN.Karmirakhbyur\t2011年7月15日1时30分\tAK\t8\n 23. Vazashen 2011年7月16日20时 AK 5 \n 24. Paravacar 2011年7月16日23时45分 AK 3 \n 25. Vazashen 2011年7月17日20时30分 AK 5 26. Vazashen 2011年7月18日23时25分 AK 15 \n SVD 3 \n 27. Bardzravan 2011年7月19日19时40分 AK 100 \n28.\tChinari\t2011年7月21日零时1分-零时20分\tPK\t60\n 29. Movses 2011年7月20日11时45分 AK 2 \n 30. Vazashen 2011年7月21日18时50分 AK 3 \n 31. Khndzorut 2011年7月21日22时25分 AK 4 \n 32. Khndzorut 2011年7月22日零时45分 AK 10 \n 33. Mehrab 2011年7月22日11时45分 PK 10 \n 34. Lev 2011年7月25日9时45分 AK 4 35.\tLev\t2011年7月25日17时30分-18时\tAKPK\t2515 \n 12.7毫米狙击武器\t336.\tLev\t2011年7月25日19时-20时\tAKPK\t65 \n 12.7毫米狙击武器\t5\n 37. Chinari 2011年7月25日15时45分 SVD 1 \n 38. Movses 2011年7月25日21时30分 RPK 1 \n 39. Aygepar 2011年7月25日22时15分 AK 6 \n 40. Movses 2011年7月26日零时30分 AK 40 \n41.\tLev\t2011年7月26日21时50分\t12.7毫米狙击武器\t4\n42.\tArcvaberd\t2011年7月26日12时40分\t12.7毫米狙击武器\t3\n43.\tAygepar\t2011年7月26日12时50分\t12.7毫米狙击武器\t1\n 44. Aygepar 2011年7月26日16时20分 AK 19 \n 45. Aygepar 2011年7月26日16时30分 AK 8 \n 46. Aygepar 2011年7月26日18时05分 AK 4 \n 47. Movses 2011年7月26日18时20分 AK 4 \n 48. Aygepar 2011年7月26日18时35分 AK 2 \n 49. Berdavan 2011年7月26日20时55分 SVD 5 \n 50. Berdavan 2011年7月26日23时 PK 30 \n 51. Dovegh 2011年7月27日零时45分 AK 3 \n 52. Aygepar 2011年7月27日18时10分 PK 5 \n53.\tMovses\t2011年7月27日19时\t12.7毫米狙击武器\t1\n54.\tMovses\t2011年7月27日19时10分\t12.7毫米狙击武器\t2\n 55. Aygepar 2011年7月27日19时25分 PK 10 \n56.\tAygepar\t2011年7月27日19时25分\t12.7毫米狙击武器\t140\n57.\tAygepar\t2011年7月27日20时50分-21时10分\t12.7毫米狙击武器PKAK\t75110650\n 58. Berdavan 2011年7月27日11时 SVD 2 59.\tLev\t2011年7月28日8时45分\t12.7毫米狙击武器SVD\t610 \n PK 25 60.\tLev\t2011年7月28日20时25分-21时15分\tAKPK\t4060 \n 12.7毫米机关枪12.7毫米狙击武器\t200140\n 61. Colagir 2011年7月28日16时 SVD 6 \n 62. Chinari 2011年7月28日19时30分 SVD 7 \n63.\tOmar\t2011年7月29日20时30分-20时45分\tSVD\t3\n64.\tOmar\t2011年7月29日20时30分-20时45分\tSVD\t5\n65.\tKutakan\t2011年7月29日18时-18时30分\tPK12.7毫米机关枪\t2020 66. Yanshak 2011年7月30日21时50分 SVD 4 \n AK 10 67. Barekamavan 2011年7月30日18时 RPK 5 \n AK 5", "2011年7月1日至8月1日期间阿塞拜疆共和国武装部队在亚美尼亚边界违反停火的情况：", "违反次数：83次", "共开枪约2 162次(PK：377次，RPK：6次；SVD：61次；12.7毫米机关枪：162次；12.7毫米口径机枪：438次；AK：1118次)", "2011年7月1日至8月1日期间阿塞拜疆共和国武装部队在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫边界线违反停火的情况：", "违反次数：861次", "共开枪约4 652次(PK：653次；RPG-7：1次；SVD：303次；12.7毫米口径机枪：248次；12.7毫米狙击武器：29次；14.5毫米狙击武器(Istigal)：1次；12.7毫米UTYOS：114次；AK：3 258次，AKM：45次)。" ]

[ "议程项目34、39、64、66和75 古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响 消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为\n国家对国际不法行为的责任", "2011年8月4日亚美尼亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨提及2011年7月26日文件A/65/915-S/2011/457,其中载有阿塞拜疆代表的来信。", "我感到遗憾的是,阿塞拜疆方面一直把自己描绘成联合国和其他国际组织的“侵略”的受害者,却一次也没有承认或诚实地谈到其在对纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫和亚美尼亚发动军事侵略方面的作用。", "然而,阿塞拜疆代表上星期再次散发了上述骇人听闻的信,指责亚美尼亚方面“因爆炸装置爆炸”而使一名13岁儿童死亡,其唯一目的是通过伪造和基于所谓“初步调查结论”的谎言来诋毁亚美尼亚方面。", "这一指控的提交人未能进行独立调查,以核实这种可怕指控的真实性并澄清其情节。 阿塞拜疆外交部门正在利用这种指控来逃避已经作出的承诺。 只需回顾一下,正是基于这一所谓的借口,阿塞拜疆试图退出一项协议,以建立一个调查违反停火情况的机制,这是2011年3月2日索奇总统首脑会议的结果。", "这些最近的指控无论多么荒谬,都是通过过分伪造和伪造而发动的宣传战争的一部分。", "传播这种诽谤性信息,再次利用无辜儿童的生命作为宣传工具,是不道德的。 阿塞拜疆继续拒绝诚实地审视自己,应当提醒人们,由于1991-1994年期间对纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫和亚美尼亚发动了侵略和战争,阿塞拜疆严重地污染了与亚美尼亚接壤的地区和其他受冲突影响的地区,并有地雷、集束弹药和战争遗留爆炸物。 它们继续对社会经济成长和纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫居民的日常生活产生深刻影响,造成世界上人均事故率最高之一。", "今天,阿塞拜疆继续严重阻挠在本区域执行重要人道主义使命的受人尊敬的HALO信托基金慈善机构的工作,称该使命为“非法活动”。", "独立调查尚未进行,阿塞拜疆避免建立任何调查违反停火情况的机制,这清楚地表明是谁支持这些违反停火行为和虚假指控。", "请将本函及关于2011年7月1日至8月1日期间违反停火情况的附件作为大会议程项目34、39、64、66和75下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "加伦·纳扎里安(签名)", "2011年8月4日亚美尼亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "2011年7月1日至8月1日阿塞拜疆共和国武装部队违反停火的情况", "开火\n阿塞拜疆方面", "武器弹药的日期/时间类型", "1. Berdavan 01.07.11 AK 7 23.05", "2. Khndzorut 02.07.11 AK", "3. Colagir 02.07.11 AK 1 19.40", "4. Vazashen 02.07.11 PK 20 20.00 AK 15", "5. 瓦扎申 02.07.11 PK 7 20.30", "6. 瓦扎申 02.07.11 AK", "7. Agarak 02.07.11 AK", "8. Aygepar 03.07.11 AK", "9. Vazashen 04.07.11 AK 1500.40", "10. Agarak 06.07.11 AK", "11. Chinari 07.07.11 SVD 2 18.50", "12. Barekamavan 09.07.11 AK 3 14.00", "13. Berdavan 09.07.11 SVD 11 20.35 AK 10", "14. Khndzorut 09.07.11 AK 1 12.15", "15. Khndzorut 09.07.11 AK", "16. Barekamavan 11.07.11 AK 10.02.20", "17. 瓦扎申 11.07.11 AK 3 16.15", "18. Vazashen 11.07.11 AK 4 19.00", "19. Vazashen 11.07.11 AK 6 01.20 SVD 2", "20. Barekamavan 14.07.11 AK 6 18.40", "21. Agarak 15.07.11 AK", "22. N. Karmirakhbyur 15.07.11 AK", "23. Vazashen 16.07.11 AK 5 20.00", "24. Paravacar 16.07.11 AK", "25. 瓦扎申 17.07.11 AK", "26. Vazashen 18.07.11 AK 15 23.25 SVD 3个", "27. Bardzravan 19.07.11 AK 100 19.40", "28. Chinari 21.07.11 PK 60.001-00.20", "29. 移动 20.07.11 AK 2 11.45", "30. Vazashen 21.07.11 AK", "31. Khndzorut 21.07.11 AK", "32. Khndzorut 22.07.11 AK", "33. Mehrab 22.07.11 PK 10 11.45", "34. Lev 25.07.11 AK", "35. Lev 25.07.11 AK 25 17.30-18.00 PK 15狙击武器", "36. Lev 25.07.11 AK 6 19.00-2.00 PK 5狙击武器", "37. Chinari 25.07.11 SVD 1 15.45", "38. 移动 25.07.11 RPK 1.21.30", "39. Aygepar 25.07.11 AK", "40. 动车组 26.07.11 AK 40 00.30", "41. Lev 26.07.11狙击武器 4 21.50 12.7毫米", "42. Arcvaberd 26.07.11狙击武器 3 12.40 12.7毫米", "43. Aygepar 26.07.11狙击武器 1 12.50 12.7毫米", "44. Aygepar 26.07.11 AK 19 16.20", "45. Aygepar 26.07.11 AK 8 16.30", "46. Aygepar 26.07.11 AK 4 18.05", "47. 移动 26.07.11 AK 4 18.20", "48. Aygepar 26.07.11 AK 2 18.35", "49. 贝达万 26.07.11 SVD 5 20.55", "50. Berdavan 26.07.11 PK 30 23.00", "51. Dovegh 27.07.11 AK", "52. Aygepar 27.07.11 PK 5.18.10", "53. 联合国 1. 19.00 12.7毫米机枪", "54. Movses 27.07.11机枪", "55. Aygepar 27.07.11 PK10 19.25", "56. Aygepar 27.07.11机枪 140 19.25 12.7毫米", "57. Aygepar 27.07.11机枪 75 20.50-21.10 12.7毫米 110 PK 650 AK", "58. Berdavan 27.07.11 SVD 2 11.00", "59. Lev 28.07.11狙击武器", "60. Lev 28.07.11 AK 40 20.25-21.15 PK 60机枪 200 12.7毫米狙击武器 12.7毫米", "61. 国家 科拉吉尔 28.07.11 SVD 6 16.00", "62. Chinari 28.07.11 SVD 7 19.30", "63. Omar 29.07.11 SVD 3 20.30-20.45", "64. Omar 29.07.11 SVD 5 20.30-20.45", "65. Kutakan 29.07.11 PK 20 18.00-18.30机枪 20 12.7毫米", "66. Yanshak 30.07.11 SVD 4 21.50 AK 10", "67. Barekamavan 30.07.11 RPK 5 18.00 AK 5", "2011年7月1日至8月1日阿塞拜疆共和国武装部队在亚美尼亚边界线违反停火:", "违反次数:83次", "枪击:约2 162起", "PK: (377),RPK: (6),SVD: (61),狙击武器 12.7毫米: (162),机枪 12.7毫米: (438),AK: (1,118).", "2011年7月1日至8月1日阿塞拜疆共和国武装部队在纳戈尔诺-卡拉巴赫边界线违反停火的情况:", "违反次数:861次", "枪击:约4 652起", "PK: (653),RPG-7: (1), SVD: (303),机枪 12.7毫米: (248),狙击武器 12.7毫米: (29),狙击武器 14.5毫米(Istigal): (1), UTYOS 12.7毫米: (114), AK: (3,258), AKM: (45)." ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 36 \n The situation in the Middle East", "Identical letters dated 3 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit to you herewith a complaint against Israeli enemy forces which, on 1 August 2011, violated Lebanese territorial integrity (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter issued as an official document of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 36, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Caroline Ziade Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the identical letters dated 3 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Lebanon to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "At precisely 6.30 on Monday, 1 August 2011, a patrol comprising eight troops of the Israeli occupation forces carrying a video camera crossed the Wazzani River (Blue Line) at UTM coordinates Q744307-N683260, in the vicinity of the Wazzani Falls resort on the river’s west bank, penetrating some 15 metres into Lebanese territory.", "Responding to this clear violation of Lebanese sovereignty and Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), the Lebanese Army fired warning shots inside Lebanese territory, but not towards the Israeli enemy patrol.", "As a result of that action, the enemy troops crossed to the river’s east bank. At 7.15 of that same day, having completed their withdrawal behind the technical fence, the Israeli enemy opened fire for 10 minutes using small and medium weapons and grenade launchers against Lebanese Army troops at the Maysat position in the Wazzani area and the surrounding area.", "A Lebanese Army soldier was slightly injured by the Israeli enemy army gunfire, and the water tanks at the Lebanese Army position were hit by medium-calibre bullets.", "This action is a clear violation of Lebanese sovereignty, Security Council resolution 1701 (2006), international law and the Charter of the United Nations, and constitutes a threat to international peace and security." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目36", "中东局势", "2011年8月3日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨奉我国政府指示随函转告对以色列敌军的一项指控，以色列敌军于2011年8月1日侵犯了黎巴嫩领土完整(见附件)。", "请将本信作为大会第六十五届会议议程项目36下的正式文件和安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "卡罗琳·齐亚德(签名)", "2011年8月3日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "2011年8月1日(星期一)6时30分整，由八名以色列占领部队士兵组成的一支巡逻队携带一台摄像机，在格网系统坐标为Q744307-N683260的地方跨过瓦扎尼河(蓝线)，该地方位于该河流西岸瓦扎尼瀑布度假胜地附近。他们渗透到黎巴嫩境内大约15米。", "针对这起明显侵犯黎巴嫩主权和违反安理会第1701(2006)号决议的事件，黎巴嫩军队在黎巴嫩境内鸣枪警告，但没有对以色列的敌军巡逻队开枪。", "结果，敌军越过该河回到东岸。同一天7时15分，在完全撤到技术围栏之后，以色列敌军使用中小型武器以及榴弹发射器，对在瓦扎尼地区Maysat阵地及周边地区的黎巴嫩军队开火达10分钟之久。", "一名黎巴嫩军队士兵因以色列敌军的炮火受轻伤，而且黎巴嫩军队阵地的水箱被中等口径的子弹击中。", "这项行动明显侵犯了黎巴嫩主权，违反了安理会第1701(2006)号决议、国际法和《联合国宪章》，并对国际和平与安全构成威胁。" ]

[ "大会第六十五届会议 议程项目36\n中东局势", "2011年8月3日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "奉我国政府指示,谨随函转递对2011年8月1日侵犯黎巴嫩领土完整的以色列敌军的指控(见附件)。", "请将本函作为大会第六十五届会议议程项目36和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。 常驻代表", "卡罗琳·齐亚德(签名)", "2011年8月3日黎巴嫩常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "恰好在2011年8月1日星期一6时30分,以色列占领军由8名士兵组成的巡逻队携带相机越过了位于UTM坐标Q744307-N683260处的Wazzani河(蓝线),该河西岸Wazzani瀑布度假地附近,进入了黎巴嫩领土约15米。", "针对这种明显侵犯黎巴嫩主权和安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议的行为,黎巴嫩军队在黎巴嫩境内向敌方以色列巡逻队鸣枪示警。", "由于这一行动,敌军越过了河东岸。 同日7时15分,以色列敌方在技术围栏后完成后撤后,用中小型武器和榴弹发射器向瓦扎尼地区和周围地区Maysat阵地的黎巴嫩陆军部队开火10分钟。", "一名黎巴嫩陆军士兵被以色列敌军的炮火所轻伤,黎巴嫩陆军阵地的水箱被中口径子弹击中.", "这一行动显然侵犯了黎巴嫩主权、安全理事会第1701(2006)号决议、国际法和《联合国宪章》,并对国际和平与安全构成威胁。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 19 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Follow-up to and implementation of the outcome of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States", "Concrete recommendations to enhance the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy were adopted to assist small island developing States to achieve sustainable development goals in line with the implementation of Agenda 21. In the years following the adoption of the two landmark documents, small island developing States have faced challenges in their implementation. These challenges reflect the structural disadvantages and special characteristics of those countries, as well as the global financial, food, energy and environmental crises that have hit them especially hard and exposed their various vulnerabilities.", "The present report provides a summary of the views and recommendations received from Member States, experts and United Nations entities on how some of the key vulnerabilities faced by small island developing States could be effectively addressed.", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/2 the General Assembly adopted the outcome document of the High-level Review Meeting on the Implementation of the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, which was held in New York on 24 and 25 September 2010 to undertake a five-year review of the Strategy. In the outcome document, various challenges and constraints faced by small island developing States in achieving sustainable development were acknowledged.", "2. In the outcome document the Secretary-General was requested to submit a report putting forward concrete recommendations to enhance the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy, and refocus efforts towards a results-oriented approach. That mandate was the first of its kind to call for measures to address vulnerabilities of small island developing States as opposed to merely recognizing the vulnerabilities.", "3. The present report was prepared jointly with several relevant United Nations entities, and reflects input received from Member States and United Nations system organizations. The report is structured around the key categories of vulnerabilities faced by small island developing States as highlighted by the High-level Review Meeting. It also contains a number of concrete but preliminary recommendations, being mindful of the longer-term need to keep addressing these issues through continuous intergovernmental and inter-agency consultation, research and technical cooperation.", "4. The Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy outlined the many challenges facing small island developing States that limit their potential to achieve sustainable development goals. The major challenges specific to small island developing States reflect their special characteristics and their vulnerability to external shocks and natural disasters, as well as their limited capacity to adapt and be resilient to such vulnerabilities.", "5. The challenges facing small island developing States include a wide spectrum of issues. Structural disadvantages, environmental vulnerabilities, and insufficient data and monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, as well as heavy migration to other countries, have all had a significant impact on their sustainable development, as has the global financial crisis on small States in general. Whereas these facts do not tell the complete story, they do begin to address the deeper challenges facing small island developing States that hinder their ability to adapt to changes and crises that are often beyond their control.", "6. Following the adoption of resolution 65/2, an interactive consultative process was undertaken within the United Nations system to consider concrete strategies to enhance the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. The present report highlights the recommendations made to address the means to overcome the constraints of small island developing States in achieving sustainable development.", "II. Measures to more effectively address the vulnerabilities and development needs of small island developing States", "A. Promoting climate change adaptation", "7. Climate change impacts the physical characteristics of small island developing States and influences socio-economic trends in these countries, affecting their sustainable development prospects and their ability to implement the Mauritius Strategy. There is a need to scale up adaptation efforts within the context of sustainable development and enhance the capacity of the vulnerable countries to cope with, and adapt to, the adverse effects of climate change.", "8. In order to implement the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, parties agreed to a range of initiatives, including:", "(a) The Cancun Adaptation Framework, which resulted from the negotiations on enhanced action on adaptation as part of the Bali Action Plan;", "(b) The Nairobi work programme on impacts, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, research and systematic observation under the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice;", "(c) The national adaptation programmes of action and the Buenos Aires programme of work on adaptation and response measures under the Subsidiary Body for Implementation.", "9. These initiatives reinforce each other and build on the need for partnership and cooperation to address critical issues related to climate change. Vulnerability to climate change can become catastrophic for small island developing States, and the upcoming Conference of the Parties should be viewed as the opportunity for Member States to implement the agreements adopted in previous sessions, in particular the Cancun Adaptation Framework. This initiative would go a long way towards assisting small island developing States.", "10. The objective of the Cancun Adaptation Framework is to enhance action on adaptation, including through international cooperation and coherent consideration of matters relating to adaptation under the Convention. Ultimately, the aim of enhanced action on adaptation is to reduce vulnerability and build resilience in the most vulnerable developing countries.", "Security implications of climate change", "11. Though relatively new, the concept of the security implications of climate change is an important aspect of the threat of climate change. There are environmental, socio-economic, political and legal dimensions to climate change and all have a potential impact on small island developing States.", "12. On 20 July 2011, the Security Council discussed climate change and its possible security implications. The possibility of the existence of environmental refugees in the future was underscored, as was the need for climate finance. It was also felt that a significant challenge with respect to climate change was the inability to predict the magnitude of its acceleration and thus to adapt to its unknown impacts.", "13. The discussions at the United Nations have helped to highlight the severity of the issue for small island developing States, particularly when considering the destabilizing effect that sea-level rise, food insecurity, soil erosion, drought and environment-related migration have on countries with limited resources, limited space and sustainable development constraints. Addressing the potential security dimension of climate change on small island developing States is a proactive, preventative approach that will go a long way towards preserving the very existence of these countries.", "14. Member States and the international community must prepare for the very real possibility of a security threat due to climate change. Further scientific research and preventative measures, as well as the development of a legal framework to protect persons destabilized by climate change, are necessary to help to offset any socio‑economic and political crises that may occur if this potential threat were to become a reality.", "15. Within the international arena, collection of data, trends analysis and other related studies will need to be carried out by all relevant agencies to examine the impact thus far and project potential occurrences. This should be pursued within the realm of food security, migration, and possible conflict over scarce resources, along with climate change and sustainable development.", "B. Strengthening disaster risk management capabilities in small island developing States", "16. The natural hazards that often affect small island developing States include hurricanes, volcanoes, earthquakes, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, drought and heavy rains. Most of the countries are also threatened by sea-level rise. In the last decade, small island developing States have suffered great loss of life and livelihood from natural disasters. The impact of such events on livelihoods can be quite devastating; in the worst cases, the economic impact has exceeded 100 per cent of gross domestic product. Even if the impact of an event is smaller, the repeated effect of many events over time erodes development.", "17. With few exceptions, small island developing States are geographically vulnerable. Since most of their population and vital civil infrastructure pertaining to health and transportation are located near the coast or on flood plains, they are particularly exposed to natural hazards. Furthermore, their small size limits the options that island populations have in terms of avoidance of hazards through relocation.", "18. Moreover, a significant proportion of the population of small island developing States is vulnerable to natural hazards because of poverty or because the country they live in has a small economy or overwhelmed governance mechanism. Frequently, the main economic activities are carried out in the coastal zone and are thus exposed to a variety of hazards. Small island developing States are also vulnerable to anthropogenic hazards. Their shift from agriculture-based to tourism-based economies has resulted in more passenger and cargo traffic, raising the risk of oil and chemical spills. About 25 per cent of world oil tanker traffic passes through the Caribbean, for example.", "19. Although the Governments of small island developing States have become more involved in disaster management activities, the development of measures to reduce disaster risk is hindered by low employment, high levels of indebtedness, loss of preferred markets and a dearth of economic activities beyond tourism. Once a disaster occurs, funds earmarked for development activities are often diverted to immediate humanitarian relief, cleanup and rebuilding.", "20. Despite frequently occurring hazards and the vulnerability of small island developing States, it is possible to reduce disaster risk. While it is not possible to reduce the occurrence of meteorological hazards, their ill effects can be reduced by reducing exposure or vulnerability and building resilience. For non-anthropogenic hazards, risk management is achieved by focusing on lessening exposure and vulnerability. This may, in practical terms, mean that physical planners need to be aware of flood plains or the extent to which a storm surge may inundate the coast and that architects and builders may need to build houses on stilts or pitch roofs more steeply. Cuba has demonstrated proactive physical planning in adapting to environmental hazards, which allows it to lessen the impact to an extent.", "21. Several key institutions have been established in small island developing States to address the challenges of natural disasters. Examples of these include the Caribbean Catastrophic Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF), the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency and the Disaster Reduction Programme of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. There is a need however, for more studies specific to the impact of disasters on small island developing States. Much data on hazards does not detail causes or long-term impacts.", "22. Private insurance coverage of homes and businesses in small island developing States is low. In many cases Governments do not insure their buildings; nor do they routinely make other provisions for likely disaster-related losses. Even if facilities similar to CCRIF are established, Governments will need to develop contingency and continuity plans for small and medium-sized events.", "23. Measures to improve physical planning and building techniques show the most promise in terms of reducing risk in a cost-effective manner. Such measures would be especially helpful against wind and floods. Storm surges, debris flow, earthquakes and volcanoes may require other strategies such as relocation and/or evacuation plans. Some events may not have solutions beyond evacuation. For risks that are manageable, buildings should be placed and designed accordingly. Coastal planning becomes a necessary activity and strict building zones should be enforced. Additionally, each country should establish or strengthen its disaster management plan.", "C. Biodiversity", "24. Biodiversity is a critical component of sustainable development that is of particular significance to small island developing States. It contributes to food security, human health and the availability of clean air and water; it also contributes to local livelihoods and economic development and is essential for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, including poverty reduction, as indicated in the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets. In small island developing States, biodiversity is threatened, among other things, by adverse effects of the introduction of invasive alien species, habitat fragmentation and climate change. Ultimately, the causes of biodiversity erosion and loss lay in urbanization, inadequate utilization of science and technology and cultural factors.", "25. The findings of scientific programmes and activities focusing on biodiversity and ecosystem services must be brought to the attention of policymakers, including possible policy responses. There is also a need to educate the public at large and promote stakeholder dialogue in support of sustainable sectoral planning that is compatible with the conservation and sustainable and equitable use of biodiversity.", "26. The Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, at its ninth meeting, have identified six priority elements in the implementation of the programme of work on island biodiversity (decision IX/21, para. 6). Though not specific to small island developing States, these priority elements would be useful to them:", "(a) Management and eradication of invasive alien species;", "(b) Climate-change adaptation and mitigation activities;", "(c) Establishment and management of marine protected areas;", "(d) Capacity-building;", "(e) Access to and fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources;", "(f) Poverty alleviation.", "27. In the same decision, the Conference of the Parties recognized the Global Island Partnership as one of the mechanisms to implement the island biodiversity programme of work.", "28. Invasive alien species continue to be a major threat to all types of ecosystems and species, with particularly devastating effects on island communities and livelihoods. Strategies should be developed to strengthen and mobilize capacity on islands to address this threat.", "29. The global SIDS-focused climate change education and coastal monitoring programme, Sandwatch, is currently active in more than 50 countries, including over 25 small island developing States. Sandwatch is a practical, hands-on process through which students record and measure detailed information about their local coastal environment, analyse and share their findings with others, and take action to ensure the sustainable management of local coastal resources.", "30. Sandwatch, which was founded over a decade ago, today represents a well-established network of coastal monitoring teams, some with data on the coastal environments of small island developing States going back over 10 years. At the present time, a global Sandwatch database is under development that will allow Sandwatch practitioners to upload data in order to share and further analyse their findings. The Sandwatch database is expected to form a citizen-driven record of changes in coastal morphology, biodiversity, use and access, development and more.", "31. A healthy environment is essential to livelihoods and food security. In this connection, the establishment of marine protected areas is particularly important. For example, the Coral Triangle Initiative, Caribbean Challenge, Micronesia Challenge, Western Indian Ocean Partnership and Phoenix Islands Protected Area represent regional and subregional approaches that unite a geographic cluster of like-minded and ecologically connected island States. Many of them owe their establishment, to some degree, to the island biodiversity programme of work.", "32. The World Network of Biosphere Reserves of the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme has in recent years seen the addition of several new coastal and marine biosphere reserves in small island developing States, including three new sites in the Micronesian subregion alone. These sites are linked with other existing and prospective coastal biosphere reserves through networks such as the Pacific Man and the Biosphere Network. Those networks, in turn, have cooperated actively with neighbouring sister networks, such as the Southeast Asian Biosphere Reserve Network, resulting in increased mutual exchange and South-South bilateral capacity-development activities.", "33. Instruments such as the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage adopted by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) at its seventeenth session, on 16 November 1972, and its dedicated small island developing States and marine programmes, as well as several subregional research and management cooperation networks with a focus on small island developing States under the Man and the Biosphere programme, can directly support the design and implementation of national biodiversity strategies and action plans.", "34. Local action has also been important in these contexts. In various coastal and island regions, the use of community-based protected areas, in which local and indigenous peoples play a lead role in managing and conserving marine resources, is becoming increasingly widespread and has shown promising results.", "Benefit-sharing", "35. With their high level of endemism, islands are repositories of genetic information with an inherent value to humankind the world over. Island Governments have recognized access and benefit-sharing as priorities, and some Governments of small island developing States have made efforts to protect their genetic resources or to ensure that benefits from their use are shared locally. The recently adopted Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization to the Convention on Biodiversity will create greater legal certainty and transparency for island providers of genetic resources.", "36. In view of the increasing role and importance of biodiversity and associated ecosystem services in development planning, regional cooperation and sustainable development strategies, small island developing States can benefit, within the larger framework of the Mauritius Strategy, from a number of initiatives, including:", "(a) Promoting biodiversity-friendly economies and policy tools, such as payment for ecosystem services, to meet both development and biodiversity targets; there is a benefit to be gained by incorporating biodiversity in the promotion of green economy in the process of preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012 (Rio+20), as well as its blue aspects in relation to marine and coastal ecosystems;", "(b) In-depth review of the programme of work on island biodiversity (to be addressed at the sixteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, to be held in May 2012 in Montreal, Canada, as well as at the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties, to be held in October 2012 in Hyderabad, India. This review is an excellent opportunity for island countries and countries with islands to focus the attention of the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties on island biodiversity.", "D. Addressing energy challenges", "37. The almost total dependence of small island developing States on imported petroleum for their commercial energy needs continues to cause severe imbalances in trade, and the rising costs of petroleum imports have put a serious drain on limited national financial resources. Prices of petroleum products in small island developing States are among the highest in the world. This increase and those projected for the future will exert significant pressure on the economies of small island developing States.", "38. The energy sector is the most critical sector for the vast majority of small island developing States and represents one of the major areas of economic vulnerability. Sustainable development of small island States is not possible without a highly integrated energy sector that is not dependent on external sources and that maintains synergistic linkages with the waste management, water supply, agriculture, tourism, transportation and employment sectors.", "39. The largest single common renewable energy resource for all small island developing States is ocean energy in its various forms. However, the technology for utilizing this source of energy is still in development and thus expensive.", "40. The development of renewable energy resources has been limited by the availability of appropriate technology and technical capacity, poor institutional mechanisms and the challenges of developing systems for small remote markets at reasonable cost. The renewable energy technologies available to small island developing States include hydropower and wind and solar power. Potential areas that may one day be pursued include ocean energy systems; waste-to-energy technologies; biomass algae (blue-green); solar water heaters; solar and seawater cooling systems; low carbon footprint buildings; ultra-low water consumption, sanitation and wastewater recycling systems; and electric transportation.", "41. New technologies are available, but in different stages of development. However, the small island developing States lack the technical and market research expertise required to negotiate technology transfer, commercialization and the dissemination of innovative technologies and applications that contribute to a low carbon economy.", "42. Since 1992, small island developing States have invested billions in their energy sector, very little of which has gone into renewable energy, energy efficiency and conservation. In order for the countries to generate the financial resources needed to transform the energy sector, several options are available, including:", "(a) Exploring the establishment of a special facility within the Climate Technology Centre, which is under development as part of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change process, with special funding to support small island developing States in the assessment and identification of appropriate renewable energy technologies;", "(b) Exploring seed funding to establish a sustainable energy development revolving fund that would be capitalized from various sources including the populations of small island developing States and the diaspora;", "(c) Studying the feasibility of establishing national and regional energy bonds and energy funds to support energy efficiency and energy conservation investments in areas which are increasingly showing very profitable returns on investment and significant national economic benefits;", "(d) Establishing and seeking international support for a technological expertise-sharing mechanism that would utilize unique expertise and generate additional financial benefits for the professionals involved. Such a mechanism could be implemented jointly through relevant United Nations specialized agencies or regional organizations with the required expertise and facilitated through the Small Island Developing States Network (SIDSNet) online platform.", "43. Energy policies could be followed up by subsector policies to promote the development of appropriate types of renewable energy resources, energy efficiency initiatives and conservation policies. Policymaking should be recognized as a process rather than an event. There is need for greater policy coherence to ensure synergy between sectors that have significant impact and influence on the energy sector and socio-economic development.", "44. In addition to financing, partnership initiatives to address the energy challenges can be useful. The objective is to consider different options which can be beneficial. The small island developing States Sustainable Energy Initiative (SIDS DOCK) is an example of a partnership that aims to effectively address the energy challenges of small island developing States. Additionally, the facilitation of new partnerships and the profiling of successful partnerships in small island developing States is one of the primary objectives of SIDSNet, which aims to provide a web-based platform for sharing experiences and expertise and establishing connections.", "E. Addressing the economic structural disadvantages of small island developing States", "45. Many small island developing States are vulnerable to trade-related shocks beyond domestic control not only because they may have experienced measurable shocks, such as a decrease in official development assistance and remittances, a contraction in industries with ties to external markets and an increase in unemployment, but also because of their small size and/or remoteness and limited opportunities for economic specialization. Such vulnerability is typical for economies that are highly dependent on one or a few exports, and where the products imported are highly susceptible to shocks.", "46. One intermediate objective in support of the ultimate goal of building economic resilience has been recognized by organizations, programmes and entities of the United Nations system as deserving special attention, namely the need to reduce structural disadvantages, with particular reference to the handicaps resulting from smallness and remoteness, which have implications in terms of institutional capacities and economic efficiency. This intermediate objective points to areas to more effectively address the unique and particular vulnerabilities and development needs of small island developing States, as contemplated by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/2.", "47. For small island developing States, the following three areas of action to reduce structural disadvantages are particularly important:", "(a) Development of the physical infrastructure, notably in the field of transport, with a view to mitigating the adverse impact of remoteness or smallness;", "(b) Development of the human resource base of the economy to allow the knowledge component of productive capacities to develop in pace with that of growing competitors in the global economy. This would improve capacities of small island developing States to innovate and add value to products and exports in relevant global value chains;", "(c) Building or strengthening institutional capacities to create the most favourable environment for structural progress. This area of action and that in paragraph 47 (b) are mutually supportive.", "48. Each small island developing State, will need to determine its own optimum specialization mix. The small island developing States have a range of unique positive characteristics, including environmental beauty, cultural uniqueness and wealth, and exoticism associated with smallness (smallness can be an asset, as well as a liability). In addition, the wide prevalence of political stability and good governance among small island developing States is one of the strengths to be taken into account in the quest for an optimum specialization mix.", "49. A sound economy will not immunize a small island developing State against natural disasters or economic shocks beyond its control, but may, by widening the productive base, result in greater economic resilience.", "50. Service industries largely dominate the economies of small island developing States, with tourism standing out as the first source of export earnings in many of the countries; in 2009, the average share of service exports of total exports was 67 per cent in the 26 small island developing States for which relevant data are available.[1] International services other than tourism have risen significantly in the economic structure of most small island developing States. Financial and other business-related services are becoming promising areas of specialization for some States (e.g. Samoa, Seychelles, St. Kitts and Nevis and Vanuatu) and are established economic pillars in others (e.g. Bahamas, Barbados and Mauritius).", "51. The growth of the service sector can serve as a catalyst to economic growth and development in general so that diversification becomes possible and, with it, opportunities for investing in and producing a wider range of products. Even with their often intrinsic disadvantages, small island developing States demonstrate potential for achieving economic growth and progress. In order to develop effective economic growth strategies, barriers and structural impediments must be overcome. As noted in paragraph 47 above, three areas of action are important in this respect: development of the physical infrastructure, development of the human resource base and strengthening institutional capacities.", "F. Addressing food security", "52. Food security continues to be one of the major concerns of small island developing States. In order to overcome the threat of food insecurity, risk management capabilities must be strengthened. Food security and protection of biodiversity have been addressed through a regional project on promoting CARICOM/CARIFORUM regional food security, with various national technical cooperation programmes in support of the project.", "53. Small island developing States rely directly or indirectly on agriculture, forestry and fisheries for 80 per cent of their livelihoods. Traditional agriculture and food systems can provide resilience against external economic and natural shocks. High food and oil prices have led to a renewed emphasis on domestic production and food self-sufficiency. Small island developing States also depend on healthy oceans and marine conservation, making equitable sharing of the benefits of ocean resources of paramount importance.", "54. Forests and trees have huge environmental, cultural and economic significance. Forests continue to provide significant wood products, but the value of the forests to the environment is increasingly being recognized.", "55. There is considerable potential for aquaculture for domestic food production and for export trade in marine products, including pearls, shrimp, cultured corals and seaweed. Coastal fisheries resources, targeted by commercial and subsistence fishing, are now generally over-fished and subject to increasing pressure from growing populations.", "56. Over-fishing is one of the contributors to the erosion of biodiversity. The loss of biodiversity undermines food, water and nutrition security, and is likely to produce higher levels of poverty. It will also increase dependency on food imports and impact the prospects for economic growth in the long term.", "57. The transition to a green economy places a value on biodiversity capital and ecosystem goods and services, particularly food, and can become an important source of sustenance and income. Investment in a green economy thus will contribute to improving the capacity of small island developing States to produce their own food and limit their reliance on imports and vulnerability to food crises.", "G. Promoting sustainable tourism", "58. For most small island developing States, tourism is the main economic activity in terms of income generation, creation of employment, and foreign exchange earnings. However, owing to their small size, small island developing States are quite vulnerable to the negative environmental and social impacts that tourism can sometimes have. In addition, tourism is considered to be a highly climate-sensitive economic sector. The impact of climate change on the tourism sector is expected to intensify steadily. Small island developing States may be particularly affected, as the rising temperature of oceans has already caused coral bleaching, among other effects.", "59. Tourism also relies heavily on the natural capital of intact and functioning ecosystems, not only to attract tourists but also to meet their desire for local food, activities and experiences. The tourism sector can also be a driver that demands more sustainable management and use of resources from the many production and service sectors that supply its needs.", "60. It is therefore essential to plan, manage and monitor tourism development, with a view to ensuring its sustainability. It is also necessary to actively support the integration of climate change adaptation criteria into national tourism planning processes.", "61. Small island developing States are very vulnerable to climate change impacts and have low adaptive capacity; they should therefore be given particular attention. Initiatives such as the CARIBSAVE Partnership and the proposed Pacific Green Growth Roadmap have shown some potential. Such initiatives are necessary in other regions in order to pursue the relevant strategies to achieve sustainable tourism.", "62. Some small island developing States have explored creative proactive ways of promoting tourism, such as specialized tourism — for example, medical tourism in Cuba and Mauritius, spa tourism which is expanding in many countries, eco-tourism promoting bird watching, and cultural tourism. These strategies are useful in diversifying the tourism product while also contributing to the preservation of the environment. They also add to the local economies by being both supply and demand factors in a country’s gross domestic product. Additional financing and increased partnerships with the public and private sectors to enhance sustainable tourism will enable countries to maintain their competitiveness in a market that has diminished following the international crises of recent years.", "H. Achieving debt sustainability", "63. High and increasing debt burden in some small island developing States has been a persistent and unresolved problem for some time. There is evidence that debt stocks have significantly worsened since the global economic and financial crisis began. Structural constraints, such as a large exposure to external shocks, a small population base, a limited export base and a public sector that serves as an important source of income and employment for many families, mean that strategies to deal with the debt burden have enjoyed limited success. Several small island developing States are heavily dependent on official development assistance. However, official development assistance has been heavily skewed towards just a few countries, and low levels of aid to other small island developing States have exacerbated a dependence on more volatile and expensive market-based forms of external financing.", "64. In contrast to many other developing countries, most small island developing States have not benefited from international debt relief measures such as the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative or the Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative. Debt relief, where extended, has helped to reduce the debt burden considerably in beneficiary countries. The high (and rising) public debt burden in many small island developing States has remained largely unaddressed thus far by the international policy community. This problem is exacerbated by low levels of economic growth in many small island developing States, which are recovering from the global financial and economic crisis more slowly than the rest of the world, as measured by forecasts of economic growth over the next few years.", "65. Several small island developing States benefit from concessional finance from the major multilateral lenders under the “small island exception”, in recognition of the particular development challenges such countries face. For several countries, the multilateral financial institutions remain the major lending partner. Nevertheless, some small island countries do not benefit from this exception. There is evidence to suggest that concessional debt as a proportion of total public debt has declined considerably in many small island developing States over the last decade. This has been substituted with private external and/or domestic debt, which is frequently more expensive.", "66. Heavy domestic borrowing by the State can crowd out credit available to the private sector, which in turn can stifle private sector development and economic growth. It can also be more difficult to restructure because a sovereign default on domestic debt can often be followed by a domestic banking crisis. In view of small island developing States’ numerous structural vulnerabilities to external shocks, the suitability of market-based finance to support their economic development can be questioned.", "67. The Governments of small island developing States can take steps to improve debt management capacities and to reduce inefficiency and waste in public expenditure. Debt relief may also be required by some small island developing States. This must be combined with an end to the reverse in aid flows to many small island developing States. The criteria for access to concessional resources from the major multilateral financial institutions should be revised to take into consideration structural constraints to development, as faced by many of the countries. Finally, innovative financing mechanisms such as counter-cyclical loan instruments and debt swaps may be desirable for many small island developing States given their vulnerability to external shocks.", "I. Recommendations from Member States, United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations", "68. In compliance with resolution 65/2, the Secretary-General wrote to Member States, United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations[2] for recommendations on enhancing the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy.", "1. Member States", "69. Responses from Member States underscored the significance that the issue held for them. Questionnaires on the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy were also circulated for Member States to complete.", "70. Some countries saw the need for greater consultation and communication between the United Nations system and small island developing States, and suggested that there was a need to develop and implement a formal and holistic coordination mechanism. This recommendation was also echoed by the regional organizations.", "71. There was also a recommendation for a comprehensive review of financial support mechanisms available to small island developing States, including the means of access, as well as a recommendation that data should be developed to show the commonalities and variations among the countries.", "72. The need to strengthen those United Nations agencies with specific responsibilities with respect to small island developing States and to increase the resources available to the organizations dealing with small island developing States issues was also cited by many of the Member States responding to the questionnaire. Many also called for improvements in the collection and analysis of data to better assess the state of the sustainable development of small island developing States and their vulnerabilities and better evaluate lessons learned in the implementation of the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. There was also a call for the establishment of a concise standard set of common risk-related indicators, and the idea of national ownership of the development process was stressed.", "73. The development of renewable energy resources in small island developing States and the establishment of systems resilient to natural disasters and external shocks were recommended, as well as the promotion of sustainable marine fisheries and greater support for the Cartagena Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean Region among the small island developing States. With respect to climate change, it was felt that bilateral and multilateral adaptation assistance to small island developing States needed to be expanded. There was also a recommendation for the implementation of national adaptation strategies and for more cooperation with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change framework.", "74. The need to strengthen and upgrade the Small Island Developing States Unit in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat was reiterated by several Member States, which highlighted the importance of the ongoing work to revitalize SIDSNet and the need to develop effective ways to quantitatively profile the vulnerabilities and resilience of small island developing States. Member States also recommended improved and expanded scientific research, as well as technology development and transfer to assist the countries and the promotion of South-South cooperation.", "75. Greater political commitment to the education system, including an increase in resources devoted to education, were highlighted as critical elements in an overall strategy for achieving sustainable development goals.", "2. United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations", "76. Recommendations from United Nations entities and intergovernmental organizations providing input to the present report were complementary and often focused on very similar solutions, suggesting that there is a genuine common understanding of the challenges and that broad consensus exists on some of the strategies and actions to be employed in order to assist small island developing States in their implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. Responses also supported recommendations by Member States regarding issues such as financing mechanisms, including setting up a review of the system for determining overseas development assistance; debt relief; a need for more United Nations attention to the needs of small island developing States and the establishment of a better system of focal points within the United Nations system; increased data collection and strengthened databases; resource mobilization and building of national capacity; and more emphasis on addressing the impact of climate change on small island developing States and the development of climate resilience programmes.", "77. In addition to building capacity, some of the regional organizations of small island developing States saw the need to strengthen the countries’ self-reliance by employing best practices for their own development.", "78. There were also calls to establish and strengthen the coordinating mechanisms for small island developing States and a recommendation for enhanced national sustainable development strategies or their equivalents.", "III. Strengthening collection and dissemination of data on the sustainable development of small island developing States", "A. Data shortcomings and impeding factors", "79. The official statistics in most small island developing States are insufficient and the available data are frequently of low quality. Shortcomings include limited coverage, insufficient compliance with the internationally accepted statistical standards, poor policy relevance, inadequate level of disaggregation and lack of timeliness. The affected areas range from macroeconomic statistics to detailed basic statistics on the structure of the economies of small island developing States, international trade, the environment, energy, social development and tourism. It should be noted that the gravity of the problem is not the same across the group, as some of the countries do significantly better than others.", "80. Macroeconomic statistics continue to be a challenge. Only a minority of small island developing States are able to provide the minimum data set on national accounts, and the data is often not sufficiently current. Detailed data on international merchandise trade is not reported to the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (COMTRADE). Substantial data on environment and energy statistics is available only for a handful of small island developing States, and data gaps are numerous.", "81. Most small island developing States lack functional quality assessment frameworks. Dissatisfaction with data availability and quality were expressed by Government bodies and other users. In fact, identifying useful information can be challenging. Some of the available information may be too general, superficial and/or not adapted to the reality of small island developing States. Urgent action is required in this respect, as such data are particularly relevant for the assessment of vulnerabilities.", "82. The data gaps and quality issues are the direct result of an inadequate statistical capacity. Inadequate capacity and frequent overcommitment owing to ever-growing internal and external demands for data lead to process bottlenecks and overload at national statistical offices and other parts of the national statistical system. In most small island developing States, national statistical offices do not have spare capacity to compile more statistical series or significantly improve the quality of the currently disseminated data. To add more work without making significant progress in capacity-building would surely put more strain and burden on the overworked national statistics officers and other members of national statistical systems, potentially further compromising the quality of statistics.", "83. The factors hampering statistical development in small island developing States are numerous, entrenched and interrelated. They can be broadly grouped in the following categories:", "(a) Lack of sustained support from higher levels of government. While the majority of Governments of small island developing States recognize the importance of evidence-based decision-making and the political commitment to improve the situation is generally expressed, improvements are often not implemented or implemented only on an ad hoc basis;", "(b) Ineffective management of the national statistical system. The national statistical systems of many small island developing States suffer from poor management. Too often, activities of national statistical offices and statistical units of line ministries and other governmental agencies are not seen as integral parts of a unified national statistical system and are not managed as such;", "(c) Inadequate legal framework. Many of the countries do not have statistical laws, and statistical laws are outdated in some. Statisticians do not have sufficient legal rights to access various administrative sources of data and to ensure the use of international statistical standards by other governmental bodies. The failure to put existing administrative sources to effective statistical use is one of the most significant causes of the high demand placed on populations and businesses to participate in statistical surveys;", "(d) Weak statistical infrastructure. Only a small number of small island developing States have such basic elements of statistical infrastructure as business registers and harmonized systems of statistical censuses and surveys;", "(e) Inadequate human resources. The lack of sufficient human resources is one of the top constraints. Practically all recent studies of the situation in small island developing States conclude that the main constraint faced by national statistics offices is the lack of qualified, skilled and competent staff;", "(f) Absence of sound strategic planning. Inadequate management and weak statistical infrastructure in general are too frequently exacerbated by the lack of sound strategic planning;", "(g) Lack of a modern, integrated system of data processing, database management and quality assurance. While data-processing equipment is generally available, most small island developing States do not have a modern, integrated system for data and metadata collection, data entry, data-processing, quality control, storing, analysis and dissemination.", "84. Over recent years, national statistical offices and other suppliers of national statistics, in cooperation with regional and international agencies, have undertaken efforts to improve the adequacy of the statistical data of small island developing States, which has yielded some positive results. However, there is much more work to be done to ensure that the emerging progress advances. It should be noted from the outset that the focus must be on strengthening national statistical systems, while efforts at the regional and global levels should play important, but supporting roles.", "85. The shortcomings of the institutions for data collection and analysis in small island developing States could be addressed further by radically improving the functioning of the national statistical system, as a way to translate the expressed political commitment for evidence-based policy into concrete action. If it has not been done recently or properly, the appropriate bodies at the higher levels of government in small island developing States should initiate a review of the national statistical system aimed at modernization. The necessary support should be provided to national statistical offices and other relevant governmental agencies in the preparation of relevant action plans. It should be underscored that successful generation and dissemination of high quality disaggregated statistics can be achieved only if this task is seen as the collective responsibility of all members of the national statistical system, and not simply the responsibility of a statistical office alone.", "86. The modernization of national statistical systems is an indispensable and integral input to the process of developing and implementing sustainable national development strategies. Ensuring close cooperation of all relevant governmental agencies has the potential to enhance data collection in the small island developing States, as does promoting a national partnership for statistics. The establishment and maintenance of strong national partnerships for statistics is essential for a better alignment of donor support and for the increased mobilization of resources at the country level for statistical development activities. All stakeholders, both governmental and private, should be consulted, for example, by setting up (or reactivating) advisory committees of users within and outside government.", "87. The prioritization of data series and definition of the core set of data is another strategy that could prove successful. In view of persistent resource constraints, it is good practice to prioritize data series and define the core set of data intended for regular compilation and dissemination. A core set of statistics should be selected by application of such criteria as policy relevance, including the relevance for assessment and monitoring of vulnerability, measurability, methodological soundness and frequency of use. In the context of vulnerability assessment, the importance of data timeliness should be emphasized.", "88. The samples needed for reliable survey estimates are disproportionately large in most small island developing States, especially in the smallest ones; hence more importance should be placed on administrative sources to minimize the need to collect survey data from both households and businesses.", "89. Continued support at the global level is vital for the statistical development of small island developing States, as national and regional statistical systems remain weak. This support should include the following actions:", "(a) Further enhancement of the role of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs in coordinating statistical capacity-building, including more active engagement of the United Nations Statistical Commission, which is the highest decision-making body for international statistical activities, including for activities relevant to the countries, and the Statistics Division, which supports the Commission in the implementation of its decisions;", "(b) Closer collaboration between the Statistics Division and the United Nations regional commissions and their national counterparts to build the statistical capacities of small island developing States;", "(c) Strengthening of statistical activities oriented towards small island developing States of the United Nations specialized agencies, funds and programmes;", "(d) Ensuring that countries’ statistical needs are better reflected in capacity-building activities of the Partnership in Statistics for Development in the 21st Century (PARIS21) and other global players.", "B. Role of the Small Island Developing States Network in data analysis and dissemination", "90. SIDSNet performs an important role in the data analysis of small island developing States. It contributes to filling the gaps in data availability by collating national data and statistical information towards assessment of vulnerability-resilience country profiles. It also focuses on strengthening research and data management by serving as a portal for national and regional statistics. One of the primary objectives of SIDSNet is to make the information provided by national and regional statisticians available and accessible to all stakeholders.", "91. With the strengthening of data collection analysis and dissemination capabilities in small island developing States, national and regional information would feed into SIDSNet and allow for the small island developing States and their partners to ascertain the gaps and needs in implementing the Barbados Programme of Action and the Mauritius Strategy. The ongoing revitalization of SIDSNet, therefore, will go a long way towards enhancing strategies of implementation.", "C. Analysis and dissemination of data: analytical framework for assessing vulnerability-resilience country profiles", "92. The outcome document of the High-level Review Meeting on the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy (General Assembly resolution 65/2) not only called for strengthening national disaggregated data and information systems, but also for strengthening analytical capabilities for decision-making, tracking progress and the development of vulnerability-resilience country profiles. It became clear during the preparatory process for the High-level Review, that there was no analytical framework with effective indicators or criteria to comprehensively assess progress in addressing the vulnerabilities of small island developing States through implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. The key issue is not only the availability of reliable data and information; it is also the need for analytical frameworks and capacities to answer for the purpose of the data and information.", "93. The Small Island Developing States Unit of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs commissioned a study on vulnerability-resilience assessment profiling of small island developing States and to develop an analytical framework to assess the vulnerabilities of small island developing States, building on the vast wealth of work already carried out on vulnerability indices and assessment methodologies for small island developing States. While the concept of a vulnerability index is well rooted in the Barbados Programme of Action, various studies have indicated the need to look at both the vulnerability and resilience/coping capacity of countries. In addition, while there are advantages to developing a single composite index, the approach is fraught with technical complexities and there is a tendency to focus on a single number and forget the practical implications of what the number means for policy development, implementation and decision-making. An alternative and preferred approach is to develop assessment profiles for countries based on a series of criteria that cover environmental, economic and social dimensions, and that reflect both a country’s vulnerabilities to exogenous and endogenous risks and threats and its resilience or coping capabilities. The latter would include policies and actions by policymakers, communities and the private sector to mitigate or manage these risks and threats.", "94. The above methodology for assessing the vulnerability-resilience country profiles in small island developing States has already undergone peer review, and the next steps will focus on refinement of indicators and criteria and piloting in a few countries. The Department of Economic and Social Affairs, in collaboration with the Indian Ocean Commission, has secured funding from the European Commission to develop a monitoring and evaluation system for the Mauritius Strategy that will be underpinned by this methodology and will strengthen the framework for developing data and statistics in small island developing States.", "IV. Conclusion", "95. The proposals put forward in the present report have sought to address different areas highlighted in the Mauritius Strategy. Though compartmentalized in this instance, the challenges are cross-cutting, as are the strategies to address them.", "96. Greater access to financing would assist small island developing States in enhancing the implementation of the Mauritius Strategy. Scientific research and improved technological capacity will also contribute to the measures to augment implementation.", "97. Increased and efficient human resources will help to build capacity in small island developing States, and the development of new initiatives can be a useful strategy. However, best practices that have been proven successful in some small island developing States could also be expanded and implemented in others.", "98. Improved and expanded collection of data, as well as additional monitoring and evaluation strategies, are important initiatives that could also be applied.", "99. Political commitment and international cooperation remain critical elements in the implementation of the strategies for sustainable development in small island developing States. North-South and South-South cooperation, as well as cooperation between small island developing States and partnerships among diverse stakeholders, all have merit.", "100. The challenges for small island developing States, though varied and extensive, are not insurmountable. The present report has highlighted significant opportunities for a pragmatic approach that would guide the countries along the path of sustainable development. The recommendations provided in the present report are not exhaustive. Rather, as requested in General Assembly resolution 65/2, they will help to promote a results-oriented approach towards addressing the unique vulnerabilities of small island developing States and to build their resilience in the process of implementation of the Mauritius Strategy.", "[1] Data is available from the International Monetary Fund and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development on Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Cape Verde, the Comoros, Dominica, Fiji, Grenada, Jamaica, Kiribati, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Mauritius, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago and Vanuatu.", "[2] Replies were received from the Alliance of Small Island States, the European Union, Cuba, Finland, Malta and the United States of America. Replies were also received from the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations country team for Mauritius and Seychelles, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, the International Telecommunication Union, the World Tourism Organization, the CARICOM secretariat, the Commonwealth Secretariat, the Small States Forum, the secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme, the World Bank and the World Trade Organization." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(b)", "《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可 持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》的 后续行动和执行情况", "更好地执行《关于小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》的具体建议", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "通过《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》的目的是协助小岛屿发展中国家依照《21世纪议程》，实现可持续发展的目标。在这两个具有里程碑意义的文件发表后的数年里，小岛屿发展中国家在执行方面一直面临挑战。这些挑战包括小岛屿发展中国家所具有的结构性不利条件和特点，以及全球金融、粮食、能源和环境危机对这些国家造成特别严重的打击，并暴露出这些国家的各种脆弱性。", "本报告归纳了从会员国、专家和联合国各实体收到的观点和建议，其中说明了如何才能有效解决小岛屿发展中国家面临的一些关键的脆弱性问题。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在其第A/65/2号决议中，通过了《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》执行情况高级别审查会议成果文件，会议与2010年9月25日早纽约举行，对该战略举行了五年期审查。在该成果文件中，承认小岛屿发展中国家在实现可持续发展方面，面临各种挑战和制约因素。", "2. 成果文件还请秘书长提交一份报告，就如何加强《毛里求斯战略》的执行情况提出具体建议，把努力的重点重新放在注重成果的方式。这项任务呼吁采取措施，以解决、而不仅仅是承认小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性问题首开先河。", "3. 本报告是与联合国若干有关机构共同编写的，也反映了从会员国和联合国系统各组织收到的意见。本报告的架构围绕《毛里求斯战略》高级别审查会议所强调的小岛屿发展中国家面临之主要脆弱性类别而搭建。报告还载有一些具体、但初步的建议，并意识到需要从长远角度，通过连续的政府间和机构间协商、研究和技术合作，不断地解决这些问题。", "4. 《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》概述了小岛屿发展中国家面临的许多挑战，这些挑战限制了这些国家实现可持续发展目标的潜力。具体到小岛屿发展中国家的挑战反映在以下方面：其独特的特点、易受外部冲击和自然灾害的脆弱性、适应和抵御这些脆弱性的能力有限。", "5. 小岛屿发展中国家面临的挑战包括广泛问题。体制上的不足、环境脆弱、数据、监测和评价机制不足以及人口向他国大量迁徙等等，所有方面对这些国家的可持续发展均产生重大影响，全球金融危机也对所有小国产生了影响。尽管这些事实并未说明问题的全部，但均涉及到小岛屿发展中国家面临的深层次挑战，即妨碍其适应气候变化的能力以及处理往往不受其控制的危机的能力。", "6. 在通过了第A/65/2号决议后，联合国系统内部开展了互动式协商进程，以审议采取具体战略，更好地执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》。本报告突出说明提出的各项建议，以便提供克服小岛屿发展中国家在实现可持续发展方面所受制约的方法。", "二. 解决小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性和发展需求的更有效措施", "A. 促进适应气候变化", "7. 气候变化影响小岛屿发展中国家的物理特性，影响这些国家的社会经济发展趋势，影响其可持续发展的前景和执行《毛里求斯战略》的能力。有必要在可持续发展的框架下，加强适应能力，提高易受伤害国家应对和适应气候变化不利影响的能力。", "8. 为执行《联合国气候变化框架公约》，各缔约国商定了一系列举措，包括：", "(a) 《坎昆适应框架》，这是作为《巴厘行动计划》的一部分，在就加强适应行动所进行的谈判中达成的；", "(b) 在科学和技术咨询附属机构框架下，达成的关于气候变化的影响、脆弱性和适应性的内罗毕工作方案，以及所开展的研究和系统观察；", "(c) 各国的国家适应行动计划，以及在附属履行机构框架下的适应和应对措施的布宜诺斯艾利斯工作方案。", "9. 这些举措相辅相成，并依据了建立伙伴关系和合作的需要，以期解决与气候变化有关的关键问题。易受气候变化的影响对小岛屿发展中国家而言，可能是灾难性的。即将举行的缔约方会议，应成为会员国执行前几届会议通过决议的机会，尤其是《坎昆适应框架》。这个举措将大大有助于小岛屿发展中国家。", "10. 《坎昆适应框架》的目的是要加强适应行动，包括通过国际合作和协调一致的考虑与《公约》规定的适应有关的事项。加强适应行动的最终目的是减少最易受伤害的发展中国家的脆弱性，建立其复原能力。", "气候变化对安全的影响", "11. 尽管气候变化对安全影响的概念相对较新，但也是气候变化威胁的重要方面。气候变化具有环境、社会经济、政治和法律意义，这些都会对小岛屿发展中国家产生潜在影响。", "12. 2011年7月20日，安全理事会讨论了气候变化及其可能对安全产生影响的问题。有人强调说，未来可能会产生环境难民的问题，因此有必要进行气候融资。也有人认为，气候变化的一个重大的挑战是，人们无法预测其变化加剧的程度，因此也无从知晓如何适应其未知影响。", "13. 在联合国的讨论有助于突出小岛屿发展中国家面临问题的严重性，特别是考虑到海平面上升、粮食不安全、水土流失、干旱、与环境相关的移徙等问题对资源和空间有限并存在诸多可持续发展制约因素的国家的破坏性影响。应对气候变化对小岛屿发展中国家带来的潜在安全影响，是一项主动和预防性的举措，将大大有助于维护这些国家的生死存亡。", "14. 会员国和国际社会必须对气候变化很有可能带来非常现实的安全威胁，做好准备。有必要推动进一步的科学研究和采取预防性的措施，力求制定保护受气候变化巨大影响者的立法框架，这将有助于减轻因一旦潜在威胁成为现实、而可能出现的任何社会经济危机和政治危机。", "15. 在国际舞台上，所有有关结构必须收集数据、进行趋势分析和其他相关研究，查明迄今为止的影响，并预测可能出现的情况。这项工作应结合气候变化和可持续发展，在以下领域开展：食品安全、移徙和可能为争夺稀缺资源而发生的冲突。", "B. 加强小岛屿发展中国家灾害风险管理能力", "16. 经常影响小岛屿发展中国家的自然灾害包括飓风、火山爆发、地震、海啸、热带气旋、干旱和暴雨。大多数国家也受到海平面上升的威胁。在过去十年中，小岛屿发展中国家因自然灾害，蒙受了巨大的生命和生计损失。这些灾害对生计造成的影响可以是毁灭性的，在最坏的情况下，对经济造成的影响超过国内总产值的100%。即使某个灾害影响较小，灾害时有发生造成重复效果也损害发展进程。", "17. 小岛屿发展中国家从地理角度而言，就具有脆弱性，很少有例外。其人口和有关保健及交通的重要民用基础设施也大都位于海岸或洪泛平原附近，因此尤其暴露在自然灾害面前。此外，由于其国土狭小，限制了岛民通过搬离以避灾的选项。", "18. 更有甚者，由于贫穷，或所在国经济规模很小，治理机构已不堪重负，小岛屿发展中国家人口中很多人易受自然灾害的影响。在通常情况下，重要的经济活动都在沿海地带进行，因而容易遭受各种危害。小岛屿发展中国家也容易遭受人为灾害。由于这些国家从以农业为基础的经济转为以旅游为基础的经济，导致客运量和货运量增多，使石油和化学品泄漏的风险加大。例如，全世界约有25%的油轮驶过加勒比地区。", "19. 尽管小岛屿发展中国家政府更多地参与了灾害管理活动，但由于低就业、高负债、首选市场的损失和缺乏旅游业以外的经济活动，而阻碍了减少灾害风险措施的制定工作。一旦灾难发生，发展活动的专项资金往往转到紧急人道主义救援、清理和重建方面。", "20. 尽管小岛屿发展中国家灾害频繁发生，且具有脆弱性，但减少灾害风险是可能的。虽然无法减少气象灾害的发生，但通过减少暴露风险和脆弱性，提高抗灾能力，均可减少其负面影响。对于非人为灾害，可重点关注减少暴露风险和脆弱性，来实现灾害管理。具体而言，这可能意味着，物质环境规划者需要了解范洪平原的情况，以及风暴潮可能淹没的海岸，建筑师和建筑可能需要把房屋建立在支柱上，或使屋顶坡度更陡些。古巴的经验表明，在适应环境危害方面，进行积极主动的物质环境规划，使该国在一定程度上减少了影响。", "21. 一些小岛屿发展中国家已设立一些重要的机构，以应对自然灾害的挑战。这方面的例子包括：加勒比巨灾风险保险基金(CCRIF)；加勒比灾害应急管理署；太平洋共同体秘书处的减灾计划。然而，仍有必要开展更具体针对小岛屿发展中国家灾害影响的研究。许多灾害数据没有详述原因或长期影响。", "22. 小岛屿发展中国家对家庭和企业的私人保险覆盖率很低。在许多情况下，政府并没有给其楼宇投保；也不经常对可能与灾害有关的损失作出其他规定。即使在其他地区建立了类似加勒比巨灾风险保险基金的机构，各国政府仍需针对中小规模的灾害，制定应急计划和连续性的计划。", "23. 改善物质环境规划和建筑技术的措施， 是具成本效益、最有前途的减少风险措施。这些措施对于风灾和洪水，特别有帮助。风暴潮、泥石流、地震和火山可能需要制定其他策略，如搬迁和/或疏散计划。有些灾害除了疏散，可能没有别的解决方案。对于可控风险，楼房的地点和设计应作相应考虑。进行沿海规划，是一项必要的活动，应大力执行严格的建筑区划分规定。此外，每个国家都应建立或加强其灾害管理计划。", "C. 生物多样性", "24. 生物多样性是可持续发展的关键组成部分，对于小岛屿发展中国家具有特别重要的意义。生物多样性为食品安全、人类健康和清洁的空气和水之获得作出贡献；生物多样性还有利于当地生计和经济发展，对于实现包括减贫在内的千年发展目标至关重要，《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》和《爱知生物多样性目标》均提到上述内容。在小岛屿发展中国家，生物多样性受到的威胁，除其他外，首先是引进外来入侵物种、栖息地破碎化和气候变化。最后，生物多样性被侵蚀和损失的原因也在于城市化、科技利用率不足以及文化因素。", "25. 关于生物多样性和生态系统服务的科学方案和活动的研究结果必须引起决策者的注意，并尽可能采取对策。还必须教育广大公众，促进利益攸关者对话，以支持可持续部门规划，从而配合对生物多样性的保护和可持续地公平利用。", "26. 《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议查明了在执行岛屿生物多样性(第IX/21号决定，第6段)的工作方案方面的六个优先要素。虽然没有具体针对小岛屿发展中国家，这些优先元素对这些国家也是有用的：", "(a) 管理和消灭外来侵入物种；", "(b) 适应和缓解气候变化的活动；", "(c) 建立和管理海洋保护区；", "(d) 能力建设；", "(e) 获得遗传资源和公正、公平地分享其利用所产生的惠益；", "(f) 减贫。", "27. 缔约方会议在同一项决定中确认，全球岛屿伙伴关系是执行岛屿生物多样性工作方案的机制之一。", "28. 外来入侵物种仍是所有类型的生态系统和物种的最大威胁，对岛屿社区和生计尤其具有毁灭性影响。应制定战略，以加强和调集各岛屿应对这一威胁的能力。", "29. 目前在50多个国家，其中包括25个以上的小岛屿发展中国家积极开展了以小岛屿发展中国家为重点的全球气候变化教育和沿海监测方案“观沙”。这是一个实践性、动手型进程，学员们记录和测量本国沿海环境的详细信息，与他人分享研究结果，并采取行动，确保当地沿海资源的可持续管理。", "30. 观沙方案始于十几年前，如今形成了颇具代表性的沿海监测团队网络，一些团队拥有可追溯至10年前的小岛屿发展中国家沿海环境数据。目前，正开发全球观沙数据库，这将使观沙工作人员上传以共享数据，以进一步分析其研究结果。预计观沙数据库将成为以公民为主导的记录数据库，记录了沿海形态的变化、生物多样性、使用和获取信息情况、发展和更多的情况。", "31. 对于生计和粮食安全而言，一个健康的环境必不可少。在这方面，建立海洋保护区尤为重要。例如，珊瑚三角区倡议、加勒比挑战、密克罗尼西亚挑战、西印度洋伙伴关系、凤凰岛保护区等等标志着区域和次区域办法，这些办法从地理上把志同道合的和生态连接的岛屿国家聚集在一起。在某种程度上，其中许多办法都归功于建立了岛屿生物多样性工作方案。", "32. 近年来，《教科文组织的人与生物圈计划》的生物圈保护区世界网络新增加了几个小岛屿发展中国家的新的沿海和海洋生物保护区，仅密克罗尼西亚分地区就有三个新的地点。这些地点通过太平洋人与生物圈保护区这样的网络，与其他现有和潜在的沿海生物圈保护区建立了联系。反过来，这些网络也与相邻的同侪网络\n 例如东南亚生物圈保护区网络进行了积极的合作，从而增加了相互交流以及南南双边能力建设活动。", "33. 联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)大会1972年11月16日在其第17届会议上通过了《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》，这类文书以及在人与生物圈方案框架内一些把重点放在小岛屿发展中国家次区域研究和管理合作网络，都可直接支持设计和执行国家生物多样性战略和行动计划。", "34. 在这些方面，当地采取行动也很重要。在各沿海和岛屿地区，利用以社区为基础的保护区，当地和土著人民在管理和保护海洋资源可以发挥带头作用，这种趋势正变得越来越普遍，并已显示出可喜成果。", "惠益分享", "35. 岛屿具有很高的地方特殊性，因此成为遗传信息库储存地，对全世界具有内在的价值。岛屿国家政府已认识到获取和惠益分享是优先事项，一些小岛屿发展中国家政府已经在努力保护其遗传资源，或确保其利用所产生惠益能够在当地分享。最近通过的《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公平和公正分享其利用所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》将为岛屿遗传资源提供方建立更大程度的法律确定性和透明度。", "36. 鉴于生物多样性及其相关生态服务对于发展规划、区域合作和可持续发展战略具有越来越大的作用和重要性，小岛屿发展中国家可受益于《毛里求斯战略》大框架内的一系列举措，包括：", "(a) 促进生物多样性友好型经济和政策工具，如支付生态系统服务费用，以实现发展和生物多样性的双重目标；如果把生物多样性纳入促进里约+20进程(即筹备将于2012年在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会(纪念里约会议二十周年)进程，例如促进绿色经济及其海洋和沿海生态系统的蓝色经济，将受益匪浅；", "(b) 深入审查岛屿生物多样性工作方案(将于2012年5月在加拿大蒙特利尔举行的生物多样性公约缔约方会议科学和技术咨询附属机构第十六次会议上进行，以及2012年10月在印度海得拉巴举行的缔约方会议第十二次会议讨论)。这次审查是岛屿国家和拥有岛屿的国家重点关注缔约方会议关于岛屿生物多样性的第十二届会议的良机。", "D. 应对能源挑战", "37. 小岛屿发展中国家的商业能源需求几乎完全依赖进口石油，这种情况继续造成贸易的极端不平衡，不断上涨的进口石油价格也使国家有限的财政资源严重流失。小岛屿发展中国家石油产品的价格在全世界是最高的。这种上涨幅度以及对未来预测的增长将对小岛屿发展中国家的经济造成巨大压力。", "38. 能源部门是绝大多数小岛屿发展中国家最关键的部门，也是经济脆弱性的一个主要领域。如果没有高度集成的能源部门，即一个不必依赖外部来源并与废物管理、供水、农业、旅游、运输和就业部门保持协同联系的部门，小岛屿国家的可持续发展是不可能的。", "39. 对所有小岛屿发展中国家而言，最大、单一的和共同的可再生能源资源就是各种形式的海洋能。然而，利用这类能源资源的技术正在开发阶段，而且费用昂贵。", "40. 开发可再生能源资源一直受到诸多因素的限制：无法获得适当的技术和技术能力、薄弱的体制机制、以合理成本为小型偏远市场开发有关系统所面临的挑战。提供给小岛屿发展中国家的各类可再生能源技术包括水电、风力和太阳能。将来有一天可能会开发的潜在领域包括：海洋能源系统；废物转化为能源的技术；藻类的生物量(蓝-绿技术)；太阳能热水器；太阳能和海水冷却系统；低碳足迹的建筑物；超低量的水消费、环境卫生和废水回收系统；以及电动运输。", "41. 这些新技术都是现成的，但处在不同的开发阶段。然而，小岛屿发展中国家缺乏必要的技术和市场研究专才，因此无法就技术转让、商业化和推广有助于低碳经济的创新技术和应用进行谈判。", "42. 自1992年以来，小岛屿发展中国家在其能源部门投资数十亿美元，但在可再生能源、能源效率和节能方面投资甚少。为使这些国家获得改革能源部门所需财政资源，有几个选项可供选择，包括：", "(a) 探讨是否可在气候技术中心内建立专项融资机制，该技术中心作为《联合国气候变化框架公约》的一部分，正在发展中，为支持小岛屿发展中国家评估和查明适当的可再生能源技术提供专门资金；", "(b) 探讨种子资金的问题，以建立可持续能源发展周转基金，其资本产生于各种来源，包括小岛屿发展中国家人民及其散居海外人士；", "(c) 研究建立国家和区域能源债券及能源基金的可行性，以支持在以下领域能源效率和节约能源的投资，这些领域越来越显示投资回报非常有利可图，并对国家经济有极大的效益；", "(d) 建立并寻求国际社会对分享技术专长机制的支持，这一机制可利用独特的专业人才，并为有关专业人员带来额外的财政利益。可通过联合国有关专门机构或具有所需专才的区域组织共同执行这一机制，并通过小岛屿发展中国家在线平台加以促进。", "43. 能源政策的后续行动可包括次级部门的如下政策，促进开发适当类型的各生能源资源、节能措施和保护政策。应把决策看作进程，而不是一了百了的事情。必须使政策更加协调一致，以确保那些对能源部门和社会经济发展具有重大影响的部门之间的协同作用。", "44. 除了融资，伙伴关系倡议对于解决能源挑战可能也是有助益的。目地是考虑到不同的、但可能产生效益的选项。可持续能源倡议(SIDS DOCK倡议)是建立伙伴关系的实例，其目的是有效应对小岛屿发展中国家面临的能源挑战。此外，促进新的伙伴关系，推介小岛屿发展中国家成功的合作伙伴关系，是小岛屿发展中国家信息网的一个主要目标，该信息网旨在提供一个基于网络的平台，分享经验和专门知识，并建立各种关系。", "E. 解决小岛屿发展中国家经济结构的弊端", "45. 许多小岛屿发展中国家容易受到不受本国控制的、与贸易有关的冲击，这不仅因为这些国家可能经受了可衡量的冲击，如官方发展援助和侨汇的减少、与国外市场有联系等行业收缩、失业人数增加，而且还由于这些国家面积小、天高地远、其经济专业化的机会有限。这种脆弱性对于高度依赖于一种或几种出口品的经济体而言，十分典型，这些国家的进口产品非常容易受到冲击。", "46. 联合国系统各组织、方案和实体已确认，支持实现建立经济活力最终目标的一个中期目标是，必须减少结构弊端，特别提到由于面积小和地处偏远而形成的不足之处，这些都对机构能力和经济效益产生影响，这值得引起特别注意。此一中期目标指出，应根据大会第65/2号决议，更有效地解决小岛屿发展中国家独特和特别严重的脆弱性，并满足其发展的需要。", "47. 对于小岛屿发展中国家而言，以下3个减少体制弊端的行动领域尤为重要：", "(a) 开发有形基础设施，特别是在交通运输领域，以减轻地处偏远或国土狭小的不利影响；", "(b) 发展经济的人力资源基础，让生产能力的知识部分与全球经济中越来越多竞争对手并驾齐驱。这将提高小岛屿发展中国家的创新能力，为全球价值链中的产品和出口增值；", "(c) 建立或加强机构能力，以打造体制进步的最有利环境。这一行动的区域和第47(b)段的行动领域相辅相成。", "48. 每个小岛屿发展中国家必须确定本国的专业化最佳组合。小岛屿发展中国家都具备各种独特的、正面的特点，包括环境优美、文化独特、文化财产丰富以及由于国土较小而具备相关的异国情调(国土面积小既可以是资产，也是一种负担)。此外，小岛屿发展中国家普遍政治稳定，治理良好，这是在制定专业化最佳组合时必须考虑的优势之一。", "49. 健全的经济并不会使小岛屿发展中国家免遭自然灾害或无法控制的经济冲击，但有可能通过扩大生产基础，加强对经济的应变能力。", "50. 服务业在很大程度上主宰着小岛屿发展中国家的经济，在许多国家，旅游业是出口收入的第一来源；2009年，指现有的有关数据，26个小岛屿发展中国家服务出口占总出口的平均份额为67%。[1] 在大多数小岛屿发展中国家的经济结构中，除旅游业外，国际服务也大幅度增长。金融服务和商业相关的其他服务，已成为一些国家专业化方面很有前途的领域(如萨摩亚、塞舌尔、圣基茨和尼维斯以及瓦努阿图)，在其他小岛屿发展中国家，这些服务已成为经济支柱(如巴哈马、巴巴多斯和毛里求斯)。", "51. 服务业不断增加，可普遍推动经济增长和发展，这样多样化也成为可能，有了多样化，投资和生产范围更广的产品就具备了机会。其实小岛屿发展中国家往往具有内在的缺点，但也展示了实现经济增长和进步的潜能。为了制定有效的经济增长战略，必须克服各种障碍和结构性不利因素。在这方面，正如上文第47段所指出的，有3个重要领域：发展有形基础设施、人力资源基础和加强机构能力。", "F. 解决粮食安全问题", "52. 粮食安全仍是小岛屿发展中国家的主要问题之一。为了克服粮食不安全造成的威胁，必须加强风险管理能力。一直通过关于促进加勒比共同体/加勒比论坛区域粮食安全特区项目，解决粮食安全和保护生物多样性的问题，各国技术合作方案支持了这一项目。", "53. 小岛屿发展中国家的生计中有80%直接或间接依赖于农业、林业和渔业。传统的农业和粮食系统可为应对外部经济和自然冲击提供复原力。粮食和石油价格高居不下，导致人们再次强调国内生产和粮食的自给自足。小岛屿发展中国家也依赖于健康的海洋和海洋保护，应公平分享具有极其重要意义的海洋资源。", "54. 森林和树木具有巨大的环境、文化和经济意义。森林继续提供大量木制品，森林对环境的价值越来越多地被人们所认识。", "55. 水产养殖对于国内粮食生产和海洋产品的出口贸易，具有相当大的潜力，其中包括珍珠、虾类、养殖珊瑚和海藻。由于商业性和生计性捕鱼针对了沿海渔业资源，现在的一般情况是过度捕捞，并受到不断加大的人口压力。", "56. 过度捕捞是造成生物多样受到侵蚀的因素之一。生物多样性的丧失，破坏了食物、水和营养安全，可能产生更高层次的贫困。还将增加对粮食进口的依赖，影响长期经济增长前景。", "57. 向绿色经济过渡，就要重视生物多样性资本以及生态系统的产品和服务，特别是粮食，使之成为生计和收入的重要来源。因此，在绿色经济上的投资，将有助于提高小岛屿发展中国家自己生产粮食的能力，并减少其对进口的依赖性和对粮食危机的脆弱性。", "G. 促进可持续旅游业", "58. 对于大多数小岛屿发展中国家而言，旅游业是主要经济活动，包括创收、创造就业机会和外汇收入。然而，由于小岛屿发展中国家面积小，非常容易受到旅游业有时带来的负面环境和社会影响。此外，旅游业被认为是一个对气候高度敏感的经济部门。预计气候变化对旅游部门的影响会逐步加大。小岛屿发展中国家可能特别受到海洋温度上升的影响，除其他外，已经引起珊瑚白化。", "59. 旅游业也在很大程度上依赖于自然资本的完好无损，以及发挥功能的生态系统，这不仅能吸引游客，而且也能满足他们对当地的食品、活动和体验的愿望。旅游部门也可成为一个动力，要求许多生产和服务部门提供更可持续的管理和对资源的可持续利用。", "60. 因此，必须规划、管理和监测旅游业的发展，应确保其可持续性。同样必要的是，积极支持把适应气候变化的标准纳入国家旅游规划进程。", "61. 小岛屿发展中国家很容易受到气候变化的影响，适应能力低；因此，应给予特别的注意。如“救助加勒比伙伴关系”和拟议的太平洋绿色增长路线图等举措都显示了一些潜力。这些举措对于其他小岛屿发展中国家地区也是必要的，以便执行实现可持续旅游业的有关战略。", "62. 一些小岛屿发展中国家探索了创新型和积极主动的促进旅游业的方式，例如特色旅游， 如古巴和毛里求斯的医疗旅游；许多国家发展的水疗旅游；促进观鸟的生态旅游；以及文化旅游。这些战略有助于使旅游产品多样化，同时也有助于保护环境。这些战略作为该国国内生产总值供求双方的因素，为当地经济增值。为促进可持续旅游业，与公共和私营部门建立更多地融资和伙伴关系，也使这些国家保持在市场上的竞争力，而这一市场由于近年来国际危机所致，已逐渐萎缩。", "H. 实现债务的可持续性", "63. 一段时间以来，高额债务和不断增加的债务负担，是一些小岛屿发展中国家的持续存在的未决问题。有证据表明，自从全球经济和金融危机开始以来，债务总量情况严重恶化。例如遭受严重外部冲击、人口基数小、出口基础有限、公共部门是许多家庭收入和就业的重要来源等结构性制约因素，这些都意味着应对债务负担战略的成功有限。有几个小岛屿发展中国家严重依赖官方发展援助。然而，官方发展援助一直向少数几个国家倾斜，对其他小岛屿发展中国家的援助水平低，从而加剧了对外部融资的依赖性，而外部融资的形式以市场为基础，很不稳定且昂贵不堪。", "64. 与其他许多发展中国家相比，大多数小岛屿发展中国家并没有从国际减免债务措施中获益，例如重债穷国倡议或多边减债倡议。执行减免债务措施帮助受益国大大减少了债务负担。到目前为止，国际政策界在很大程度上，没有解决许多小岛屿发展中国家高的(和不断增加的)公共债务负担。由于许多小岛屿发展中国家经济增长水平低，加剧了这个问题的严重程度。根据未来数年经济增长的预测，尽管这些国家正从全球金融和经济危机中恢复，但比世界其他地区要缓慢得多。", "65. 有几个小岛屿发展中国家从主要多边贷款机构的减让性资金中获益，即承认这些国家面临特别的发展挑战，因此采取了“小岛屿例外”措施。对于一些国家而言，多边金融机构仍是主要贷款合作伙伴。然而，有一些小岛屿国家并未从这一例外措施中获益。有证据表明，在过去10年，许多小岛屿发展中国家的减让性债务作为公共债务总额的比例大大下降。这已被国外私营机构债务和/或国内债务所取代，而且往往代价更加昂贵。", "66. 国家从国内大量借贷的作法，挤掉了可提供给私营部门的信贷，这反过来又可能压制私营部门的发展和经济增长。这种情况也可能更难以进行债务重组，因为一旦国内债务的主权债务违约，接下来往往就是国内银行业发生危机。鉴于小岛屿发展中国家对外部冲击存在众多结构上的脆弱性，为支持这些国家的经济发展采取以市场为基础的融资办法是否合适，受到人们的质疑。", "67. 小岛屿发展中国家政府可采取措施，改善债务管理能力，减少公共开支的浪费和低效率的问题。一些小岛屿发展中国家可能也需要减免债务。这必须结合这样一个目标，即让发展援助流向转往许多小岛屿发展中国家。应修改从主要多边金融机构获得减让性资源的标准，考虑到许多这类国家面临的发展结构制约因素。最后，对于许多小岛屿发展中国家而言，鉴于这些国家易受到外部冲击的伤害，创新融资机制，例如反周期贷款工具和债务转换安排，可能都是可取的。", "一. 会员国、联合国实体和政府间机构的建议", "1. 会员国", "68. 根据第65/2号决议的规定，秘书长致函会员国、联合国实体和政府间组织，[2] 要求提供关于加强执行《毛里求斯战略》的建议。", "69. 各会员国的回复突出说明这一问题的重要性。也向各会员国分发了需要填写的《毛里求斯战略》执行情况的问卷。", "70. 一些国家认为，有必要加强联合国系统和小岛屿发展中国家之间更大范围的协商和沟通，并建议需要制定和执行一种正式和全面的协调机制。这项建议也得到各区域组织的响应。", "71. 有人建议全面审查小岛屿发展中国家提供财政支助的机制，其中包括获得的方法，并建议应制定数据，以显示这些国家的共性和变数。", "72. 许多会员国在答复问卷时提到，有必要加强那些对小岛屿发展中国家负有具体责任的联合国机构，增加向那些解决小岛屿发展中国家问题的组织提供的资源。许多答复还要求改善收集和分析数据的工作，以便更好地评估小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的现状及其脆弱性，更好地评价执行《巴巴多斯行动方案》和《毛里求斯战略》时吸取的经验教训。也有人呼吁建立一套简明的共同风险相关指标的标准，并强调在发展进程中的国家自主权构想。", "73. 有人建议在小岛屿发展中国家开发可再生能源资源，建立抵御自然灾害和外部冲击的系统，在这些国家促进可持续海洋渔业，更大程度地支持《保护和开发大加勒比区域海洋环境卡塔赫纳公约》。大家感到有必要扩大对小岛屿发展中国家的双边和多边适应气候变化援助。应有人建议执行国家适应气候变化战略，并与《联合国气候变化框架公约》框架进行更多的合作。", "74. 有几个会员国重申，需要加强和提升联合国经济社会事务部小岛屿发展中国家股的工作，并强调目前重振小岛屿发展中国家信息网活力的重要性，并强调有必要制定有效途径，大量介绍小岛屿发展中国家脆弱性和复原力。成员国还建议改善和扩大科研、技术开发和转让，以协助各国促进南南合作。", "75. 有人强调说，对教育系统作出更大程度的政治承诺，包括增加专门用于教育的资源，是实现可持续发展目标总体战略的关键因素。", "2. 联合国实体和非政府组织", "76. 联合国实体和政府间组织提出的建议为本报告提供了投入，这些都是相辅相成的，而且往往关注非常类似的解决方案。这表明，大家对面临的挑战具有真正共同的理解，在协助小岛屿发展中国家执行《毛里求斯战略》的一些战略和应采取的行动方面，存在广泛共识。答复还支持会员国关于融资机制等问题的建议，包括成立一个确定海外发展援助的审查制度；减免债务；联合国有必要更多地注意小岛屿发展中国家的需要；在联合国系统内设立更好的协调人系统；增加数据收集，并加强数据库；调集资源和建立国家能力；更加重视小岛屿发展中国家应对气候变化的影响的问题，以及制定适应气候方案。", "77. 小岛屿发展中国家的一些区域组织，除了从事能力建设外，也看到通过采取适合本国发展的最佳做法，加强国家自力更生的必要性。", "78. 也有人呼吁建立和加强小岛屿发展中国家的协调机制，建议加强国家可持续发展战略或类似的战略。", "三. 加强收集和散播小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展数据", "A. 数据方面的缺陷和阻碍因素", "79. 大多数小岛屿发展中国家的官方统计数据是不充分的，往往质量很差。其不足包括：覆盖面有限、未充分遵守国际公认的统计标准、政策相关性差、分类不足、不够及时。受影响的领域从宏观经济统计数据到关于小岛屿发展中国家的经济体制、国际贸易、环境、能源、社会发展和旅游业的详细基本统计资料。应指出，在这一群体中，问题的严重性不尽相同，某些小岛屿发展中国家明显比其他国家要好些。", "80. 宏观经济统计仍是一项挑战。只有很少的小岛屿发展中国家能够提供国民核算的数据，而且数据往往不够新。关于国际商品贸易的详细数据并没有报告给联合国商品贸易统计数据库(联合国商品贸易统计)。只有少数几个小岛屿发展中国家提供了关于环境和能源统计的主要数据，数据上的差距问题不胜枚举。", "81. 大多数小岛屿发展中国家缺乏能发挥职能的质量评估框架。政府和其他用户均对数据的可用性和质量表示不满。事实上，查明有用信息具有挑战性。因为获得的一些资料可能过于笼统、肤浅和/或不符合小岛屿发展中国家的现实。在这方面，需要采取紧急行动，因为在评估脆弱性时，这种数据特别具有相关性。", "82. 数据上的差距和质量问题是统计能力不足的直接后果。能力不足，以及由于对不断增长的内部和外部数据作出频繁而过度的承诺，使得进程出现瓶颈状态，国家统计局和国家统计系统其他部门不堪负重。大多数小岛屿发展中国家的国家统计局没有足够的空间来编篡更多的统计数据系列，也没有大幅度改善目前散播的数据的质量。在能力建设方面没有取得重大进展的情况下，增加更多的工作，肯定会使已经不堪负重的国家统计局官员以及国家统计系统其他成员更加紧张并增加其负担，有可能进一步损害统计数据的质量。", "83. 阻碍小岛屿发展中国家统计发展的因素众多，而且问题根深蒂固并相互关联。这些因素可大致归纳为以下几个类别：", "(a) 缺乏来自较高层政府的持续支持。虽然大多数小岛屿发展中国家政府认识到循证决策的重要性，也普遍表达了改善这种情况的政治意愿，但情况往往没有改善，或只是在特定的基础上加以改善；", "(b) 国家统计系统管理效率低。许多小岛屿发展中国家的国家统计系统管理不善。国家统计局、各部委统计单位以及政府其他机构的统计活动往往没有被看作是统一的国家统计系统的一部分，也没有如此加以管理；", "(c) 缺乏足够的法律框架。许多国家没有统计法，一些国家的统计法已过时。统计人员没有足够的合法权利，以接触各种各样的行政数据资源，并确保其他政府机构运用国际统计标准；未能把现有的行政资源用于有效利用统计数据，是大量要求民众和企业参与统计调查的最重要原因之一；", "(d) 统计基础设施薄弱。只有少数小岛屿发展中国家拥有统计基础设施的基本要素，例如商业登记册和统一统计数据人口普查和调查的制度；", "(e) 人力资源不足。缺乏足够的人力资源，是最重要的限制因素之一。几乎所有最近对小岛屿发展中国家状况进行研究作出的结论都是，国家统计官员面临的限制因素是缺乏合格的、熟练的和称职的工作人员；", "(f) 缺乏健全的战略规划。由于缺乏健全的战略规划，往往使管理不善以及统计基础设施薄弱的问题加剧；", "(g) 缺乏现代化的数据处理集成系统、数据库管理和质量保证。虽然一般情况下，都获得了数据处理设备，但大多数小岛屿发展中国家没有现代化的数据和元数据收集集成系统，即进行数据录入、数据处理、质量控制系统、存储、分析和传播。", "84. 近年来，国家统计局和该局其他供应商与区域和国际机构合作，努力改进小岛屿发展中国家统计数据的充分性，取得了一些积极成果。然而，还需要做更多的工作，以确保推动正出现的进展。从一开始就应指出，必须把重点放在加强国家统计系统上，而区域和全球各级所作的努力应发挥重要的、但属于支助性的作用。", "85. 可通过大幅度改善国家统计系统的职能运作，进一步克服小岛屿发展中国家统计机构在收集数据和分析方面的不足，借此把循证决策的政治承诺转化为具体行动。最近没有这样做，或做得不适当，小岛屿发展中国家政府高层适当机构应启动对国家统计系统的审查，目的在于使其现代化。应向国家统计局和政府其他相关机构提供必要的支助，以编制有关行动计划。应强调，只有把生成和传播高质量的分类统计数据的任务看作是国家统计系统所有成员的集体责任，而不是简单地看做是统计局一个单位的责任，这项任务才有可能取得成功。", "86. 使国家统计制度实现现代化，对于制定和执行国家可持续发展战略进程是不可或缺和不可分割的投入。确保政府所有相关机构密切合作，有可能加强小岛屿发展中国家的数据收集，并促进国家统计伙伴关系。建立和保持强有力的国家统计伙伴关系对于更好地协调捐助方的支助，对于加速国家一级统计工作的发展活动，是至关重要的。应通过设立(或恢复)政府内外用户咨询委员会，与所有利益攸关方、包括政府和私营部门进行咨询。", "87. 数据系列优先化，为数据的核心部分加以定义，是另一种可取得成功的战略。鉴于资源持续受到制约，这种做法是一种良好做法，可使数据系列优先化，并给数据核心部分作出定义，以便进行定期汇编和传播。应通过应用政策针对性等标准，选出统计数据的核心部分，标准还包括评估和监测脆弱性是否具有针对性、是否可计量、方法是否周全以及使用的频繁程度。在评估脆弱性方面，应该强调数据及时性的重要性。", "88. 在大多数小岛屿发展中国家，特别是最小的岛屿国家，用于可靠的调查估计所需的抽样数据特别多；因此，应更加重视行政资源，以尽量减少从家庭和企业收集调查数据的必要性。", "89. 全球一级继续提供支持，对于小岛屿发展中国家的统计发展至关重要，因为这些国家的国家和地区两级的统计系统仍然薄弱。这种支持应包括采取以下行动：", "(a) 进一步加强经济和社会事务部协调统计能力建设的作用，包括联合国统计委员会更积极地参与和各国有关的活动，该委员会是国际统计活动的最高决策机构，统计司支持该委员会执行其决定；", "(b) 统计司和联合国各区域委员会以及国家对口单位进行更密切合作，以建立小岛屿发展中国家的统计能力；", "(c) 加强联合国专门机构、基金和方案面向小岛屿发展中国家的统计活动；", "(d) 确保21世纪议程统计促进发展伙伴关系(巴黎21)和全球其他行动者的能力建设活动更好地反映出各国的统计需要。", "B. 小岛屿发展中国家信息网在数据分析和传播方面发挥的作用", "90. 小岛屿发展中国家信息网在小岛屿发展中国家的数据分析方面发挥了重要作用。该网通过整理国家数据和统计资料，以便评估各国脆弱性-复原力概况，为弥补获得数据方面的缺憾作出了贡献。该网作为各国和各地区的统计数据门户，也侧重于加强研究和数据管理。小岛屿发展中国家信息网的主要目标之一是分享各国和各地区统计人员提供的信息，并让所有利益攸关者都能享用。", "91. 通过加强小岛屿发展中国家的数据收集、分析和传播能力，各国和各地区的信息会补充到小岛屿发展中国家信息网，并使小岛屿发展中国家及其合作伙伴明确在执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》方面存在的差距和需求。因此，正在振兴的小岛屿发展中国家信息网，将有助于加强执行战略。", "C. 分析和传播数据：评估脆弱性-复原力国家概况的分析框架", "92. 毛里求斯战略执行情况高级别审查会议的成果文件(大会第65/2号决议)不仅呼吁加强国家分类数据和信息系统，也要求加强在决策、跟踪进展情况以及制作国家脆弱性-复原力概况方面的分析能力。文件明确指出，在筹备高级别审查进程中，目前还没有附带有效指标或标准的分析框架，可以借助全面评估通过执行《毛里求斯战略》解决小岛屿发展中国家脆弱性方面所取得的进展。关键问题不仅是要获得可靠的数据和信息，而且也在于为了数据和信息之目的，必须建立分析框架和答复问题的能力。", "93. 经济和社会事务部小岛屿发展中国家股就小岛屿发展中国家脆弱性-复原力评估概况进行一项研究，并制定一个分析框架，以评估小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性，并依据了已经进行的关于小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性指标及评估方法的工作丰富成果。尽管脆弱性指数的概念源于《巴巴多斯行动纲领》，但各项研究已表明，有必要查明各国的脆弱性和复原力/应对能力两个方面。此外，虽然制定单一的综合指数具有优势，但这种方法充满复杂的技术问题，人们往往倾向于专注于某个单一的数字，而忘记这个数字对于政策制定、执行和决策具有何种实际影响。替代和首选的办法是，编制各国评估概况，即根据一系列涵盖环境、经济和社会层面的标准，并反映出该国对于外源性和内源性风险及威胁的脆弱性，及其复原力或应对能力。后者将包括决策者、社区和私营部门为减轻或管理这些风险和威胁制定的政策和采取的行动。", "94. 上述在小岛屿发展中国家评估脆弱性和复原力国家概况的方法已经过同侪审查，下一步将侧重于改善指标和标准，并在几个国家开展试点。联合国经济和社会事务部与印度洋委员会合作，获得来自欧洲联盟委员会的资金，以制定监测和评价执行《毛里求斯战略》的系统，上述方法就是该系统的基础，将在小岛屿发展中国家发展数据统计工作的框架。", "四. 结论", "95. 本报告提出的各项建议，力求针对《毛里求斯战略》中强调的不同领域的问题。尽管问题条块分割，但挑战是共同的，应对这些挑战的战略也是贯穿各领域的。", "96. 提供更多获得资金的机会，将有助于小岛屿发展中国家提高执行《毛里求斯战略》的效果。科学研究和改善技术能力，也将有助于扩大执行效果的措施。", "97. 人力资源的增加和高效率，将有助于在小岛屿发展中国家建设能力，制定新的举措可成为一项有助益的策略。不过，在一些小岛屿发展中国家被事实证明的成功最佳做法，可在其他国家推广和执行。", "98. 改善和扩大收集数据，制定新的监测和评价战略，都是可资应用的重要举措。", "99. 政治承诺和国际合作仍是小岛屿发展中国家执行可持续发展战略的关键要素。北南合作、南南合作、小岛屿发展中国家之间的合作以及不同利益攸关者之间建立伙伴关系都具有可取之处。", "100.　尽管小岛屿发展中国家面临的挑战既多且广，但并不是不可克服的。本报告突出强调了采取务实办法的绝好机会，将指导这些国家沿着可持续发展的道路前进。本报告提出的建议并非详尽无遗。而是按照第65/2号决议的要求，协助采取注重结果的办法，解决小岛屿发展中国家面临之独特的脆弱性问题，在执行《毛里求斯战略》的进程中，建立起这些国家的复原力。", "[1] 数据由国际货币基金组织和联合国贸发会议提供，涉及国家包括：安提瓜和巴布达、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、佛得角、科摩罗、多米尼加、斐济、格林纳达、牙买加、基里巴斯、马尔代夫、马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚(联邦)、毛里求斯、瑙鲁、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞舌尔、所罗门群岛、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、汤加、特立尼达和多巴哥以及瓦努阿图。", "[2] 收到了来自小岛屿国家联盟、欧盟、古巴、芬兰、马耳他和美利坚合众国的答复。还从以下机构收到了答复：拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会、联合国粮食及农业组织、在毛里求斯和塞舌尔的联合国国家工作队、联合国贸易和发展会议、联合国开发计划署、联合国教科文组织、《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处、联合国儿童基金会、联合国国际减少灾害战略、联合国社会发展研究所、国际农业发展基金、国际电信联盟、世界旅游组织、加勒比共同体秘书处、英联邦秘书处、小国论坛、南太平洋区域环境方案、世界银行和世界贸易组织。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目19(b)", "《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》成果的后续行动和执行情况", "加强执行《关于小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》的具体建议", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "通过了《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》,以协助小岛屿发展中国家按照《21世纪议程》的执行来实现可持续发展目标。 在通过这两项具有里程碑意义的文件之后的几年里,小岛屿发展中国家在执行方面面临挑战。 这些挑战反映了这些国家的结构劣势和特殊性,以及全球金融、粮食、能源和环境危机,它们受到的打击尤其严重并暴露出它们的各种脆弱性。", "本报告概述了会员国、专家和联合国实体就如何有效处理小岛屿发展中国家面临的一些关键脆弱性提出的意见和建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第65/2号决议通过了2010年9月24日和25日在纽约举行的《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》执行情况高级别审查会议的成果文件,对该战略进行五年期审查。 成果文件承认小岛屿发展中国家在实现可持续发展方面面临的各种挑战和制约因素。", "2. 联合国 在成果文件中,请秘书长提交一份报告,提出具体建议,以加强《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》的执行工作,并重新将工作重点放在注重成果的方针上。 这项任务是首次呼吁采取措施解决小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性,而不是仅仅承认脆弱性。", "3个 本报告与联合国若干有关实体联合编写,反映了从会员国和联合国系统各组织收到的投入。 报告的结构是围绕高级别审查会议所着重指出的小岛屿发展中国家面临的关键脆弱性类别。 报告还载有若干具体而初步的建议,铭记需要通过持续的政府间和机构间协商、研究和技术合作来继续处理这些问题。", " 4.四. 《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》概述了小岛屿发展中国家面临的许多挑战,这些挑战限制了它们实现可持续发展目标的潜力。 小岛屿发展中国家特有的主要挑战反映了它们的特点和易受外部冲击和自然灾害的影响,以及它们适应和适应这些脆弱性的能力有限。", "5 (韩语). 小岛屿发展中国家面临的挑战包括广泛的问题。 结构性不利因素、环境脆弱性、数据和监测及评价机制不足,以及大量移民到其他国家,都对这些国家的可持续发展产生了重大影响,全球金融危机对整个小国也产生了重大影响。 虽然这些事实没有说明全部情况,但它们确实开始处理小岛屿发展中国家面临的更深刻挑战,这些挑战阻碍它们适应往往无法控制的变化和危机的能力。", "6. 国家 第65/2号决议通过后,联合国系统内部开展了互动协商进程,以审议加强执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》的具体战略。 本报告重点介绍为克服小岛屿发展中国家在实现可持续发展方面的制约因素而提出的建议。", "二. 更有效地解决小岛屿发展中国家脆弱性和发展需要的措施", "A类. 促进适应气候变化", "7. 联合国 气候变化影响小岛屿发展中国家的自然特征并影响这些国家的社会经济趋势,影响其可持续发展前景和执行《毛里求斯战略》的能力。 需要在可持续发展的背景下扩大适应努力,并增强脆弱国家应对气候变化不利影响的能力。", "8. 联合国 为执行《联合国气候变化框架公约》,缔约方商定了一系列举措,包括:", "作为《巴厘岛行动计划》一部分的加强适应行动谈判产生的坎昆适应框架;", "(b) 国家 附属科学技术咨询机构之下的关于气候变化影响、脆弱性和适应、研究和系统观测的内罗毕工作方案;", "(c)) 附属履行机构之下的国家适应行动方案和关于适应和应对措施的布宜诺斯艾利斯工作方案。", "9. 国家 这些举措相辅相成,并基于需要建立伙伴关系并开展合作,以解决与气候变化有关的关键问题。 气候变化的脆弱性对小岛屿发展中国家来说可能是灾难性的,即将召开的缔约方会议应被视为会员国执行前几届会议所通过协定,特别是坎昆适应框架的机会。 这项倡议将大大有助于援助小岛屿发展中国家。", "10个 《坎昆适应框架》的目标是加强适应行动,包括通过国际合作和连贯一致地审议与《公约》之下的适应有关的事项。 归根结底,加强适应行动的目的是要减少最脆弱发展中国家的脆弱程度并建设复原能力。", "气候变化对安全的影响", "11个 气候变化对安全的影响的概念虽然相对较为新颖,但却是气候变化威胁的一个重要方面。 气候变化涉及环境、社会经济、政治和法律层面,都可能对小岛屿发展中国家产生影响。", "12. 2011年7月20日,安全理事会讨论了气候变化及其可能对安全产生的影响。 会议强调了今后存在环境难民的可能性,以及气候融资的必要性。 还有人认为,气候变化方面的一个重大挑战是无法预测其加速的程度并因此无法适应其未知的影响。", "13个 联合国的讨论有助于强调这个问题对小岛屿发展中国家的严重性,特别是考虑到海平面上升、粮食无保障、水土流失、干旱和与环境有关的移徙对资源有限、空间有限和可持续发展制约因素的国家造成的破坏稳定的影响。 解决小岛屿发展中国家气候变化的潜在安全层面是一个积极主动的预防性办法,将大大有助于维护这些国家的生存。", "14个 会员国和国际社会必须为气候变化造成安全威胁的真正可能性做好准备。 需要进行进一步的科学研究和采取预防措施,并制定一个法律框架来保护因气候变化而不稳定的人,以便帮助抵消如果这种潜在威胁成为现实而可能发生的任何社会-经济和政治危机。", "15个 在国际舞台上,所有有关机构需要收集数据、趋势分析和其他有关研究,以审查迄今的影响并预测可能出现的情况。 应在粮食安全、移徙、因稀缺资源而可能发生的冲突以及气候变化和可持续发展等领域开展这项工作。", "B. 加强小岛屿发展中国家的灾害风险管理能力", "16号. 经常影响小岛屿发展中国家的自然灾害包括飓风、火山、地震、海啸、热带气旋、干旱和暴雨。 大多数国家也受到海平面上升的威胁。 在过去十年中,小岛屿发展中国家遭受了自然灾害造成的巨大生命和生计损失。 这种事件对生计的影响可能相当严重;在最坏的情况下,经济影响已超过国内生产总值的100%。 即使一个事件的影响较小,但随着时间的推移,许多事件的反复影响侵蚀了发展。", "17岁 除少数例外情况外,小岛屿发展中国家在地理上是脆弱的。 由于他们的大部分人口和与卫生和交通有关的重要民用基础设施都位于海岸附近或洪泛平原上,因此特别容易受到自然灾害的影响。 此外,这些岛屿面积小,限制了岛屿居民通过迁移避免危险的各种选择。", "18岁。 此外,小岛屿发展中国家很大一部分人口由于贫穷或由于他们所生活的国家经济规模小或治理机制不堪重负而易受自然灾害的影响。 主要的经济活动经常在沿海地区进行,因此受到各种危害。 小岛屿发展中国家也容易受到人为危害。 它们从以农业为基础的经济转向以旅游为基础的经济,导致更多的客运和货运,增加了石油和化学品外溢的风险。 例如,大约25%的世界油轮运输经过加勒比。", " 19. 19. 虽然小岛屿发展中国家政府更多地参与了灾害管理活动,但由于就业率低、负债率高、失去首选市场和旅游业以外的经济活动不足,减少灾害风险措施的制定受到阻碍。 一旦发生灾害,用于发展活动的资金往往被转用于立即提供人道主义救济、清理和重建。", "20号. 尽管经常发生灾害和小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性,但减少灾害风险是可能的。 虽然无法减少气象灾害的发生,但可以通过减少暴露或脆弱性并建设复原力来减少其有害影响。 对于非人为灾害,风险管理是通过注重减少接触和脆弱性来实现的。 在实践中,这可能意味着实际规划者需要了解洪泛平原或风暴潮可能淹没海岸的程度,建筑师和建筑师可能需要更陡峭地在平地或地道上建造房屋. 古巴在适应环境危害方面表现出了积极的实际规划,从而在一定程度上减轻了影响。", "21岁 小岛屿发展中国家已建立若干关键机构来应对自然灾害的挑战。 这方面的例子包括加勒比灾难风险保险基金、加勒比灾害应急管理机构和太平洋共同体秘书处减灾方案。 然而,需要针对灾害对小岛屿发展中国家的影响进行更多的研究。 关于危害的许多数据没有详细说明原因或长期影响。", "22号. 小岛屿发展中国家家庭和企业的私人保险覆盖率很低。 在许多情况下,政府不为其建筑物提供保险;政府也不经常为可能发生的与灾害有关的损失作出其他规定。 即使建立了类似预防犯罪中心的设施,各国政府也需要为中小型活动制定应急和连续性计划。", "23. 联合国 改善物质规划和建筑技术的措施在以成本效益高的方式减少风险方面最有希望。 这些措施特别有助于抵御风和洪水。 风暴潮、碎片流、地震和火山可能需要其他战略,例如迁移和(或)疏散计划。 有些事件可能除了撤离之外没有其他解决办法。 对于可以控制的风险,建筑物应作相应的放置和设计. 沿海规划已成为一项必要的活动,应实施严格的建筑区。 此外,每个国家都应制定或加强其灾害管理计划。", "C. 生物多样性", "24 (韩语). 生物多样性是可持续发展的重要组成部分,对小岛屿发展中国家特别重要。 如《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》及其 \" 爱知生物多样性目标 \" 所指出,它有助于粮食安全、人类健康以及清洁空气和水的供应;它还有助于当地生计和经济发展,对于实现千年发展目标,包括减贫至关重要。 在小岛屿发展中国家,生物多样性除其他外还受到外来入侵物种的引进、生境分化和气候变化等不利影响的威胁。 归根结底,生物多样性被侵蚀和丧失的原因在于城市化、科学和技术利用不足以及文化因素。", "25岁 必须提请决策者注意以生物多样性和生态系统服务为重点的科学方案和活动的结果,包括可能的对策。 还需要教育广大公众,促进利益攸关方对话,以支持符合生物多样性养护及可持续和公平利用的可持续部门规划。", "26. 联合国 生物多样性公约缔约方大会第九次会议确定了执行岛屿生物多样性工作方案的六个优先要素(第IX/21号决定,第5段)。 第6页。 虽然这些优先内容并非专门针对小岛屿发展中国家,但对它们有用:", "(a) 管理和消灭外来入侵物种;", "(b) 气候变化适应和缓解活动;", "(c) 建立和管理海洋保护区;", "(d) 能力建设;", "(e) 利用遗传资源所产生的惠益的获取以及公平和公平分享;", "(f) 减贫。", "27个 在同一决定中,缔约方大会确认全球岛屿伙伴关系是执行岛屿生物多样性工作方案的机制之一。", "28岁 外来入侵物种继续是对所有类型生态系统和物种的重大威胁,对岛屿社区和生计造成特别严重的影响。 应制定战略,加强并调动岛屿的能力来应对这一威胁。", "29. 国家 以小岛屿发展中国家为重点的全球气候变化教育和沿海监测方案 \" 沙地观察 \" 目前活跃在50多个国家,包括25个小岛屿发展中国家。 沙地观察是一个实际操作的过程,学生通过这个过程记录和测量当地沿海环境的详细信息,分析和与他人分享其发现,并采取行动确保当地沿海资源的可持续管理.", "30岁。 10多年前成立的 \" 沙地观察 \" 组织今天是一个已建立起来的沿海监测队网络,其中一些有关于10多年前小岛屿发展中国家沿海环境的数据。 目前,正在开发一个全球 \" 沙地观察 \" 数据库,使 \" 沙地观察 \" 从业人员能够上传数据,以便分享并进一步分析其调查结果。 沙地观察数据库预计将形成一个公民驱动的沿海形态、生物多样性、使用和获取、发展等方面的变化记录。", "31岁 健康的环境对生计和粮食安全至关重要。 在这方面,建立海洋保护区特别重要。 例如,《珊瑚三角倡议》、《加勒比挑战》、《密克罗尼西亚挑战》、《西印度洋伙伴关系》和《凤凰岛保护区》代表了区域和次区域办法,这些办法将志同道合和生态相连的岛屿国家地理组合结合在一起。 其中许多国家在某种程度上应归功于岛屿生物多样性工作方案。", "32. 联合国 教科文组织人与生物圈方案的世界生物圈保护区网络近年来在小岛屿发展中国家增加了几个新的沿海和海洋生物圈保护区,包括仅在密克罗尼西亚次区域就有三个新的保护区。 这些地点通过太平洋人和生物圈网络等网络与其他现有和未来的沿海生物圈保护区相连接。 这些网络又同东南亚生物圈保护区网络等姐妹网络积极合作,增加了相互交流和南南双边能力发展活动。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 诸如联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)大会第十七届会议于1972年11月16日通过的《保护世界文化和自然遗产公约》及其专门小岛屿发展中国家和海洋方案,以及若干分区域研究和管理合作网络,在人与生物圈方案下将重点放在小岛屿发展中国家,可以直接支持国家生物多样性战略和行动计划的设计和执行。", "34. 国家 地方行动在这些方面也很重要。 在各个沿海和岛屿地区,社区保护区的使用越来越普遍,并取得了可喜的成果,当地和土著人民在管理和养护海洋资源方面发挥着主导作用。", "惠益分享", "35. 联合国 岛屿具有高度的特有性,是遗传信息的储存地,对全世界人类具有固有价值。 岛屿政府认识到获取和惠益分享是优先事项,一些小岛屿发展中国家政府已努力保护其遗传资源,或确保当地分享其利用所产生的惠益。 最近通过的《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公正公平分享利用遗传资源所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》将为遗传资源的岛屿提供者创造更大的法律确定性和透明度。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 鉴于生物多样性和相关生态系统服务在发展规划、区域合作和可持续发展战略中的作用和重要性日益提高,小岛屿发展中国家可在《毛里求斯战略》的大框架内从下列举措中受益:", "(a) 促进有利于生物多样性的经济和政策工具,如支付生态系统服务费用,以实现发展和生物多样性目标;将生物多样性纳入2012年在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会(里约+20)的筹备进程以及涉及海洋和沿海生态系统的蓝色方面,将有利于促进绿色经济;", "(b) 深入审查岛屿生物多样性工作方案(定于2012年5月在加拿大蒙特利尔举行的生物多样性公约缔约方大会科学、技术和工艺咨询附属机构第十六次会议以及定于2012年10月在印度海得拉巴举行的缔约方大会第十一次会议将讨论)。 这次审查为岛屿国家和有岛屿的国家提供了一个极好的机会,可以使缔约方大会第十一次会议重点关注岛屿生物多样性问题。", "D类. 应对能源挑战", "37. 联合国 小岛屿发展中国家几乎完全依赖进口石油满足其商业能源需要,这继续造成贸易严重失衡,而石油进口成本上升,严重消耗了有限的国家财政资源。 小岛屿发展中国家的石油产品价格是世界上最高的。 这一增长以及预计未来的增长将对小岛屿发展中国家的经济造成重大压力。", "38. 国家 能源部门是绝大多数小岛屿发展中国家最关键的部门,是经济脆弱性的主要领域之一。 没有高度一体化的能源部门,这种部门不依赖外部来源,与废物管理、供水、农业、旅游、运输和就业部门保持协同联系,小岛屿国家就不可能实现可持续发展。", "39. 联合国 所有小岛屿发展中国家最大的单一共同可再生能源是各种形式的海洋能源。 然而,利用这种能源的技术仍在开发之中,因此昂贵。", " 40. 40. 可再生能源的开发受到以下因素的限制:适当的技术和技术能力的提供、体制机制的薄弱以及以合理成本开发小型边远地区系统的挑战。 小岛屿发展中国家可利用的可再生能源技术包括水电、风能和太阳能。 可能有一天要探索的潜在领域包括:海洋能源系统;从废物到能源的技术;生物质藻(蓝-绿色);太阳能热水器;太阳能和海水冷却系统;低碳足迹建筑;超低水消耗、环境卫生和废水回收系统;以及电力运输。", "41. 国家 已有新技术,但处于不同的发展阶段。 然而,小岛屿发展中国家缺乏谈判技术转让、商业化和传播有助于低碳经济的创新技术和应用所需的技术和市场研究专门知识。", "42. 国家 自1992年以来,小岛屿发展中国家对其能源部门进行了数十亿的投资,其中很少投资可再生能源、能源效率和节能。 为使各国产生改革能源部门所需的财政资源,有几种选择,包括:", "(a) 探讨在气候技术中心内设立一个特别设施,作为《联合国气候变化框架公约》进程的一部分,该中心正在开发之中,并有特别资金支持小岛屿发展中国家评估和确定适当的可再生能源技术;", "(b) 探索提供种子资金,以建立一个可持续能源发展循环基金,该基金将来自各种来源,包括小岛屿发展中国家的人口和散居国外者;", "(c) 研究建立国家和区域能源债券和能源基金的可行性,以支持在投资收益日益丰厚、国家经济利益显著的领域进行能源效率和节能投资;", "(d) 建立技术专门知识分享机制并寻求国际支助,该机制将利用独特的专门知识,为所涉专业人员带来额外的经济利益。 这种机制可通过具有所需专门知识的相关联合国专门机构或区域组织联合执行,并通过小岛屿发展中国家网络在线平台予以促进。", "43. 东帝汶 在能源政策之后,可采取分部门政策来推动发展适当的可再生能源类型、能源效率倡议和养护政策。 决策应被承认为一个进程,而不是一个事件。 需要加强政策一致性,以确保对能源部门和社会经济发展有重大影响的部门之间的协同作用。", "44. 国家 除了筹资外,解决能源挑战的伙伴关系倡议可能有用。 目的是考虑各种可能有益的选择。 小岛屿发展中国家可持续能源倡议是一个旨在有效应对小岛屿发展中国家能源挑战的伙伴关系范例。 此外,促进小岛屿发展中国家的新伙伴关系并描述其成功伙伴关系,是小岛屿发展中国家信息网的主要目标之一,该网络旨在提供一个网络平台,以交流经验和专门知识并建立联系。", "页:1 解决小岛屿发展中国家的经济结构劣势", "45. 国家 许多小岛屿发展中国家容易受到国内无法控制的与贸易有关的冲击,这不仅是因为它们可能遭受了可衡量的冲击,例如官方发展援助和汇款减少、与外部市场有联系的工业收缩和失业增加,而且还因为它们面积小和(或)地处偏远,经济专业化的机会有限。 这种脆弱性对于高度依赖一种或几种出口且所进口的产品极易受到冲击的经济体来说是典型的。", "46. 经常预算: 联合国系统各组织、方案和实体认识到,支持建立经济复原力这一最终目标的一个中间目标值得特别注意,即需要减少结构性不利因素,特别是因地处偏远和狭小造成的障碍,这些障碍对机构能力和经济效率产生影响。 这一中间目标指出了大会第65/2号决议所考虑的更有效地解决小岛屿发展中国家独特和特殊的脆弱性和发展需要的领域。", "47. 国家 对于小岛屿发展中国家来说,减少结构性不利因素的下列三个行动领域特别重要:", "(a) 发展有形基础设施,特别是在运输领域,以减轻地处偏远或地处狭小的不利影响;", "(b) 发展经济的人力资源基础,使生产能力的知识部分能与全球经济中不断增长的竞争者同步发展。 这将提高小岛屿发展中国家在有关全球价值链中创新产品和出口并增加其价值的能力;", "(c) 建立或加强体制能力,为结构进步创造最有利的环境。 这一行动领域和第47(b)段中的行动领域是相辅相成的。", " 48. 48. 每个小岛屿发展中国家将需要确定自己的最佳专业化组合。 小岛屿发展中国家具有一系列独特的积极特征,包括环境美观、文化独特性和财富,以及与小面积有关的异地主义(小面积既可以是资产,也可以是负债)。 此外,在小岛屿发展中国家中,政治稳定和善政普遍存在,这是在寻求最佳专业化组合时应考虑的长处之一。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 健全的经济不会为小岛屿发展中国家抵御自然灾害或无法控制的经济冲击提供免疫,但可以通过扩大生产基础来提高经济复原力。", " 50. 50. 服务业在小岛屿发展中国家经济中占主导地位,旅游业是许多国家出口收入的首要来源;2009年,在有相关数据的26个小岛屿发展中国家中,服务业出口在出口总额中的平均份额为67%。 [1] 大多数小岛屿发展中国家的经济结构中,除旅游以外的国际服务显著增长。 对一些国家(如萨摩亚、塞舌尔、圣基茨和尼维斯和瓦努阿图)来说,金融和其他与商业有关的服务正成为有希望的专业领域,而在另一些国家(如巴哈马、巴巴多斯和毛里求斯)则已成为既定的经济支柱。", "51. 联合国 服务部门的增长可以促进经济增长与发展,使多样化成为可能,并由此带来投资和生产更广泛产品的机会。 小岛屿发展中国家即使往往处于固有的不利地位,也显示出实现经济增长和进步的潜力。 为了制定有效的经济增长战略,必须克服障碍和结构性障碍。 如上文第47段所述,在这方面有三个行动领域很重要:发展有形基础设施、发展人力资源基础和加强机构能力。", "费. 解决粮食安全问题", "52. (中文(简体) ). 粮食安全仍然是小岛屿发展中国家的主要关切之一。 为了克服粮食不安全的威胁,必须加强风险管理能力。 粮食安全和保护生物多样性问题已经通过一个促进加共体/加勒比区域粮食安全论坛区域项目得到处理,并有各种国家技术合作方案支持该项目。", "53. 联合国 小岛屿发展中国家80%的生计直接或间接地依靠农业、林业和渔业。 传统的农业和粮食系统能够抵御外部经济和自然冲击。 高粮价和高油价导致重新强调国内生产和粮食自给。 小岛屿发展中国家还依赖健康的海洋和海洋养护,因此,公平分享海洋资源的利益至关重要。", "54. 联合国 森林和树木具有巨大的环境、文化和经济意义。 森林继续提供重要的木材产品,但人们越来越认识到森林对环境的价值。", "55. 国家 水产养殖对国内粮食生产和包括珍珠、虾、养殖珊瑚和海藻在内的海洋产品出口贸易具有相当大的潜力。 沿海渔业资源是商业性和自给性捕捞的目标,现在一般被过度捕捞并受到日益增长的人口的压力。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 过度捕捞是生物多样性被侵蚀的原因之一。 生物多样性的丧失会损害粮食、水和营养安全,并可能造成更严重的贫困。 它还将增加对粮食进口的依赖,并影响长期经济增长的前景。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 向绿色经济的过渡对生物多样性资本和生态系统货物和服务,特别是粮食,具有价值,并可能成为重要的生计和收入来源。 因此,对绿色经济的投资将有助于提高小岛屿发展中国家生产本国粮食的能力并限制其对进口的依赖和易受粮食危机影响的程度。", "G. 促进可持续旅游业", "58. 联合国 对大多数小岛屿发展中国家来说,旅游业是创收、创造就业和外汇收入方面的主要经济活动。 然而,小岛屿发展中国家由于面积小,极易受到旅游业有时可能造成的负面环境和社会影响。 此外,旅游业被认为是对气候高度敏感的经济部门。 气候变化对旅游部门的影响预计将稳步加剧。 小岛屿发展中国家可能受到特别的影响,因为海洋温度上升已经造成珊瑚漂白等影响。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 旅游业还严重依赖完好无损、运作良好的生态系统的自然资本,不仅吸引游客,而且满足他们对当地食物、活动和经验的渴望。 旅游部门也可以成为驱动力,要求满足其需要的许多生产和服务部门更可持续地管理和利用资源。", "60. 联合国 因此,必须规划、管理和监测旅游业的发展,以确保其可持续性。 还必须积极支持将适应气候变化的标准纳入国家旅游规划进程。", "61. 国家 小岛屿发展中国家非常容易受到气候变化影响,适应能力也很低;因此,应特别关注这些国家。 诸如CRIBSAVE伙伴关系和拟议的太平洋绿色增长路线图等举措显示出一些潜力。 其他区域有必要采取此类举措,以推行实现可持续旅游业的相关战略。", "62. 联合国 一些小岛屿发展中国家探索了促进旅游业的积极创新方式,例如专门旅游——例如古巴和毛里求斯的医疗旅游、许多国家正在扩大的温泉旅游、促进观鸟的生态旅游和文化旅游。 这些战略有助于旅游产品多样化,同时也有助于保护环境。 它们也是一国国内生产总值的供求因素,从而增加了当地经济。 为加强可持续旅游业而增加筹资并增加同公共和私营部门的伙伴关系,将使各国能够在近年来国际危机后减少的市场上保持竞争力。", "H. 实现债务可持续性", "63. 国家 一段时间以来,一些小岛屿发展中国家不断加重和不断加重的债务负担一直是个长期和未解决的问题。 有证据表明,自全球经济和金融危机开始以来,债务存量已严重恶化。 结构性制约因素,如大量受到外部冲击、人口基础小、出口基础有限以及公共部门是许多家庭收入和就业的重要来源,意味着处理债务负担的战略取得的成功有限。 一些小岛屿发展中国家严重依赖官方发展援助。 然而,官方发展援助已严重地向少数国家倾斜,对其他小岛屿发展中国家的低水平援助加剧了对更不稳定和昂贵的市场形式外部融资的依赖。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 与许多其他发展中国家不同,大多数小岛屿发展中国家没有从重债穷国倡议或多边债务减免倡议等国际债务减免措施中受益。 扩大后的债务减免有助于大大减轻受益国的债务负担。 迄今为止,许多小岛屿发展中国家的公共债务负担(和不断上升)在很大程度上仍未得到国际政策界的解决。 这个问题由于许多小岛屿发展中国家的经济增长水平低而加剧,这些国家从全球金融和经济危机中恢复的速度比世界其他国家要慢,根据今后几年的经济增长预测可以衡量。", "65. 国家 几个小岛屿发展中国家从主要多边贷款人根据“小岛屿例外”提供的减让性融资中受益,认识到这些国家面临的特殊发展挑战。 对一些国家来说,多边金融机构仍然是主要贷款伙伴。 然而,一些小岛屿国家并没有从这一例外中受益。 有证据表明,过去十年来,许多小岛屿发展中国家优惠债务占公债总额的比例已大幅下降。 私人外债和(或)国内债务往往更为昂贵,因此被取代。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 国家举重的国内借贷可挤出私营部门可得到的信贷,而这又会扼杀私营部门的发展和经济增长。 重组也可能更加困难,因为国内债务主权违约之后往往会发生国内银行危机。 鉴于小岛屿发展中国家在结构上对外部冲击的诸多脆弱性,基于市场的资金是否适合支持其经济发展可能值得质疑。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 小岛屿发展中国家政府可以采取步骤,提高债务管理能力并减少公共支出的低效率和浪费。 一些小岛屿发展中国家也可能要求减免债务。 与此同时,必须结束对许多小岛屿发展中国家的援助流入的倒数。 应修订从主要多边金融机构获得减让性资源的标准,以考虑到许多国家面临的发展结构限制。 最后,鉴于许多小岛屿发展中国家易受外部冲击的影响,它们可能希望有创新的融资机制,如反周期贷款工具和债务转换。", "一. 会员国、联合国实体和政府间组织的建议", "68. (中文(简体) ). 根据第65/2号决议,秘书长致函会员国、联合国实体和政府间组织[2],就加强执行《毛里求斯战略》提出建议。", "1. 联合国 会员国", "69. (中文(简体) ). 会员国的答复强调了这一问题对它们的重要性。 还向会员国分发了关于《毛里求斯战略》执行情况的调查表供填写。", "70. 联合国 一些国家认为需要加强联合国系统同小岛屿发展中国家之间的协商和沟通,并提议需要制定和实施一个正式而全面的协调机制。 各区域组织也赞同这项建议。", "71. 联合国 还有一项建议是全面审查向小岛屿发展中国家提供的财政支助机制,包括获得资金的手段,并建议编制数据,以显示各国之间的共同点和差异。", "72. 联合国 许多对问卷作出答复的会员国还提出,需要增强对小岛屿发展中国家负有具体责任的联合国机构,并需要增加处理小岛屿发展中国家问题的各组织的资源。 许多人还呼吁改进数据收集和分析工作,以更好地评估小岛屿发展中国家的可持续发展状况及其脆弱性,并更好地评估在执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》过程中吸取的经验教训。 还有人呼吁制定一套简明的标准共同风险指标,并强调国家对发展进程拥有自主权。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 建议小岛屿发展中国家开发可再生能源,建立抵御自然灾害和外部冲击的系统,并促进可持续海洋渔业,在小岛屿发展中国家中进一步支持《保护和发展大加勒比区域海洋环境卡塔赫纳公约》。 关于气候变化,有人认为需要扩大对小岛屿发展中国家的双边和多边适应援助。 还有人建议执行国家适应战略并增加同《联合国气候变化框架公约》框架的合作。", "74. 国家 几个会员国重申需要加强和提高联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部小岛屿发展中国家股的级别,这突出表明了当前为振兴小岛屿发展中国家信息网而开展的工作的重要性,并强调需要制定有效方法,从数量上说明小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性和复原力。 会员国还建议改进和扩大科学研究以及技术开发和转让,以协助各国和促进南南合作。", "75. 国家 有人强调,对教育系统作出更大的政治承诺,包括增加用于教育的资源,是实现可持续发展目标的总体战略的关键要素。", "2. 联合国实体和政府间组织", "76. 联合国 联合国各实体和政府间组织为本报告提供投入所提出的建议是相辅相成的,往往侧重于非常相近的解决办法,这表明对挑战有真正的共识,并就一些战略和行动达成了广泛共识,以协助小岛屿发展中国家执行《毛里求斯战略》。 答复还支持了会员国就筹资机制等问题所提出的建议,包括设立一个确定海外发展援助的系统审查;减免债务;需要联合国更加关注小岛屿发展中国家的需要并在联合国系统内建立一个更好的协调中心系统;加强数据收集和加强数据库;调动资源和建设国家能力;更强调应对气候变化对小岛屿发展中国家的影响并制订气候复原力方案。", "77. 国家 除了能力建设外,一些小岛屿发展中国家的区域组织认为有必要通过采用最佳做法促进本国发展来加强这些国家的自力更生。", "78. 国家 还有人呼吁建立和加强小岛屿发展中国家协调机制,并就如何加强国家可持续发展战略或类似战略提出建议。", "三. 加强小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展数据的收集和传播", "A类. 数据缺陷和阻碍因素", "79. 联合国 大多数小岛屿发展中国家的官方统计数据不足,现有数据往往质量低下。 不足之处包括覆盖面有限、未充分遵守国际公认的统计标准、政策相关性差、分类不够和缺乏及时性。 受影响的地区从宏观经济统计到关于小岛屿发展中国家经济结构、国际贸易、环境、能源、社会发展和旅游业的详细基本统计不等。 应当指出,整个集团的问题的严重性不同,因为一些国家比其他国家做得好很多。", "80个 宏观经济统计仍然是一个挑战。 只有少数小岛屿发展中国家能够提供关于国民账户的最低数据集,而且数据往往不够及时。 有关国际商品贸易的详细数据没有向联合国商品贸易统计数据库报告。 只有少数小岛屿发展中国家有关于环境和能源统计的大量数据,数据差距也很多。", "81个 大多数小岛屿发展中国家缺乏实用的质量评估框架。 政府机构和其他用户对数据的提供和质量表示不满。 事实上,确定有用的信息可能具有挑战性。 有些现有信息可能过于笼统、肤浅和(或)不适应小岛屿发展中国家的现实情况。 在这方面需要采取紧急行动,因为这些数据与脆弱性评估特别相关。", "82. 数据差距和质量问题是统计能力不足所直接造成的。 由于内部和外部对数据的需求不断增加,能力不足并经常过度承诺,导致各国统计局和国家统计系统其他部门的流程瓶颈和超负荷。 在大多数小岛屿发展中国家,国家统计局没有编制更多统计系列的剩余能力,也没有大幅度提高目前所传播数据的质量。 增加工作而不在能力建设上取得重大进展,肯定会给工作过重的国家统计官员和国家统计系统其他成员带来更大的压力和负担,从而可能进一步损害统计的质量。", "83个 阻碍小岛屿发展中国家统计发展的因素很多、根深蒂固并相互关联。 它们可大致分为以下几类:", "(a) 缺乏更高一级政府的持续支持。 虽然大多数小岛屿发展中国家政府认识到循证决策的重要性并普遍表达了改善情况的政治承诺,但改进工作往往不是临时性的;", "(b) 国家统计系统管理不力。 许多小岛屿发展中国家的国家统计系统管理不善。 国家统计局和职能部委统计单位以及其他政府机构的活动往往不被视为统一国家统计系统的组成部分,也没有作为这种组成部分进行管理;", "(c) 法律框架不足。 许多国家没有统计法,有些国家的统计法已经过时。 统计人员没有足够的法律权利获得各种行政数据来源并确保其他政府机构使用国际统计标准。 未将现有行政来源有效地用于统计,是民众和企业对参与统计调查需求高的主要原因之一;", "(d) 统计基础设施薄弱。 只有少数小岛屿发展中国家拥有诸如商业登记和统一的统计普查和调查制度等统计基础设施的基本要素;", "(e) 人力资源不足。 缺乏足够的人力资源是最大的制约因素之一。 几乎所有最近关于小岛屿发展中国家情况的研究都得出结论认为,国家统计局面临的主要制约因素是缺乏合格、有技能和有能力的工作人员;", "(f) 缺乏健全的战略规划。 由于缺乏健全的战略规划,管理不足和统计基础设施普遍薄弱的情况往往更趋严重;", "(g) 缺乏现代化的综合数据处理、数据库管理和质量保证系统。 虽然一般都有数据处理设备,但大多数小岛屿发展中国家没有现代化的综合数据和元数据收集、数据输入、数据处理、质量控制、储存、分析和传播系统。", "第八十四会. 近年来,各国统计局和其他国家统计提供者同区域和国际机构合作,已作出努力来提高小岛屿发展中国家统计数据的充足性,取得了一些积极成果。 然而,要确保正在出现的进展取得进展,还有许多工作要做。 首先应当指出,重点必须放在加强国家统计系统上,而区域和全球一级的努力应起重要作用,但应起辅助作用。", "85. 小岛屿发展中国家的数据收集和分析机构的缺点可以通过从根本上改进国家统计系统的运作来进一步加以解决,以此将表达的对循证政策的政治承诺转化为具体行动。 如果最近没有这样做或没有适当这样做,小岛屿发展中国家更高一级政府的适当机构应着手审查国家统计系统,以进行现代化。 在编制相关行动计划时,应向国家统计局和其他相关政府机构提供必要的支助。 应当强调,只有将这项工作视为国家统计系统所有成员的集体责任,而不仅仅是统计部门的责任,才能成功地生成和传播高质量的分类统计数据。", "86号. 国家统计系统的现代化是制定和执行可持续国家发展战略进程不可或缺的整体投入。 确保所有有关政府机构密切合作,都有可能加强小岛屿发展中国家的数据收集工作,促进国家统计伙伴关系。 建立并维持强有力的国家统计伙伴关系,对于更好地协调捐助者的支助,并在国家一级为统计发展活动调动更多资源至关重要。 应通过在政府内外设立(或重新启动)用户咨询委员会等方式,与所有利益攸关者,包括政府和私营部门进行协商。", "87个 确定数据系列的优先次序和确定核心数据集是另一种可以证明成功的战略。 鉴于资源持续受限,确定数据系列的优先次序并界定用于定期汇编和传播的核心数据集是良好做法。 应通过采用政策相关性等标准来选择一套核心统计数据,包括脆弱性评估和监测的相关性、可衡量性、方法合理性和使用频率。 在脆弱性评估方面,应强调数据及时性的重要性。", "88个 在大多数小岛屿发展中国家,特别是最小的小岛屿发展中国家,可靠的调查估计所需的样本过多;因此,应更加重视行政来源,以尽量减少从家庭和企业收集调查数据的必要性。", "89. 国家 全球一级的持续支持对小岛屿发展中国家的统计发展至关重要,因为国家和区域统计系统仍然薄弱。 这种支持应包括下列行动:", "(a) 进一步加强经济和社会事务部在协调统计能力建设方面的作用,包括联合国统计委员会(统计委员会是国际统计活动的最高决策机构,包括与各国有关的活动的最高决策机构)和统计司(统计司支持委员会执行其各项决定);", "(b) 统计司与联合国各区域委员会及其国家对口部门更密切地合作,以建设小岛屿发展中国家的统计能力;", "(c) 加强联合国各专门机构、基金和方案针对小岛屿发展中国家的统计活动;", "(d) 确保国家统计需要更好地反映在21世纪统计促进发展伙伴关系和其他全球行动者的能力建设活动中。", "B. 小岛屿发展中国家网络在数据分析和传播方面的作用", "90. (中文(简体) ). 小岛屿发展中国家信息网在小岛屿发展中国家数据分析方面发挥重要作用。 它通过整理国家数据和统计资料来评估脆弱性和复原力国家概况,为填补数据提供方面的差距作出了贡献。 它还注重加强研究和数据管理,充当国家和区域统计的门户。 小岛屿发展中国家信息网的主要目标之一是向所有利益攸关方提供和获取国家和区域统计人员提供的信息。", "91. 联合国 随着小岛屿发展中国家数据收集分析和传播能力的加强,国家和区域信息将输入小岛屿发展中国家信息网,使小岛屿发展中国家及其伙伴能够确定在执行《巴巴多斯行动纲领》和《毛里求斯战略》方面的差距和需要。 因此,正在进行的小岛屿发展中国家信息网的振兴将大大有助于加强执行战略。", "C. 数据的分析和传播:评估脆弱性和复原力国家概况的分析框架", "92. (中文(简体) ). 《毛里求斯战略》执行情况高级别审查会议成果文件(大会第65/2号决议)不仅要求加强国家分类数据和信息系统,而且要求加强决策分析能力,跟踪进展情况并编写脆弱性-复原力国家概况。 在高级别审查的筹备过程中,人们清楚地看到,没有具备有效指标或标准的分析框架来全面评估通过执行《毛里求斯战略》处理小岛屿发展中国家脆弱性的进展情况。 关键问题不仅在于可靠数据和信息的可得性,而且还在于需要有分析框架和能力来为数据和信息的目的作出回应。", "93. 国家 经济和社会事务部小岛屿发展中国家股委托进行一项关于小岛屿发展中国家脆弱性 -- -- 复原力评估概况的研究,并建立一个分析框架,以评估小岛屿发展中国家的脆弱性,同时借鉴小岛屿发展中国家在脆弱性指数和评估方法方面已经开展的大量工作。 虽然脆弱程度指数的概念扎根于《巴巴多斯行动纲领》,但各种研究表明,需要同时研究各国的脆弱性和复原能力/能力。 此外,虽然制定单一综合指数有其优点,但这种方法在技术上十分复杂,而且有一种倾向,即把重点放在单一数字上,并忘记数字对政策制定、执行和决策意味着什么的实际影响。 一种比较可取的替代办法是,根据涵盖环境、经济和社会层面的一系列标准,为各国制定评估概况,反映一国易受外生和内生风险和威胁的脆弱性及其复原能力或应对能力。 后者将包括决策者、社区和私营部门为减轻或管理这些风险和威胁而采取的政策和行动。", "94. 国家 上述评估小岛屿发展中国家脆弱性-复原力国情简介的方法已经过同行审查,下一步将侧重于完善指标和标准,并在几个国家进行试点。 经济和社会事务部同印度洋委员会合作,从欧洲联盟委员会获得资金,为《毛里求斯战略》建立一个监测和评价系统,该系统将以这种方法为后盾,并将加强小岛屿发展中国家数据和统计发展框架。", "四、结 论 结论", "95号. 本报告提出的建议力求解决《毛里求斯战略》所强调不同领域的问题。 虽然在这方面是各自为政的,但挑战与应对这些挑战的战略是交叉的。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 增加获得资金的机会将有助于小岛屿发展中国家加强执行《毛里求斯战略》。 科学研究和技术能力的提高也将有助于加强执行的措施。", "97. 国家 增加和高效的人力资源将有助于小岛屿发展中国家的能力建设,制订出新的倡议可能是一种有益的战略。 然而,在一些小岛屿发展中国家已证明是成功的最佳做法也可以在另一些国家加以推广和实施。", "98 (英语). 改进和扩大数据收集工作,以及制定更多的监测和评价战略,都是也可以采用的重要举措。", "99. 政治承诺和国际合作仍然是执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展战略的关键因素。 南北合作和南南合作,以及小岛屿发展中国家之间的合作和不同利益攸关方之间的伙伴关系,都有其优点。", "一百个 小岛屿发展中国家面临的挑战虽然多种多样,范围很广,但并非无法克服。 本报告突出强调了采取务实办法指导各国走上可持续发展道路的重要机会。 本报告提供的建议并非详尽无遗。 相反,如大会第65/2号决议所要求,它们将有助于促进以注重成果的方式处理小岛屿发展中国家的独特脆弱性,并加强其在执行《毛里求斯战略》过程中的复原力。", "[1] 数据来自国际货币基金组织和联合国贸易和发展会议关于安提瓜和巴布达、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、佛得角、科摩罗、多米尼克、斐济、格林纳达、牙买加、基里巴斯、马尔代夫、马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦、毛里求斯、瑙鲁、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞舌尔、所罗门群岛、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、汤加、特立尼达和多巴哥和瓦努阿图的数据。", "[2] 收到了小岛屿国家联盟、欧洲联盟、古巴、芬兰、马耳他和美利坚合众国的答复。 还收到下列组织的答复:生物多样性公约秘书处、拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会、联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国毛里求斯和塞舌尔国家工作队、联合国贸易和发展会议、联合国开发计划署、联合国教育、科学及文化组织、联合国气候变化框架公约秘书处、联合国儿童基金会、联合国国际减少灾害战略、联合国社会发展研究所、国际农业发展基金、国际电信联盟、世界旅游组织、加共体秘书处、英联邦秘书处、小国论坛、太平洋区域环境方案秘书处、世界银行和世界贸易组织。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 134 of the provisional agenda*", "Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Strategic heritage plan of the United Nations Office at Geneva", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/243. It summarizes the progress made in preparing the strategic heritage plan for the Palais des Nations in Geneva since the last report of the Secretary-General on the subject (A/64/6 (Sect. 33)/Add.1). It outlines the main findings of the conceptual engineering study approved by the Assembly at its sixty-fourth session, and summarizes current facility-related problems identified in the study, which have to be addressed as a matter of urgency owing to structural, health and safety concerns.", "The report highlights significant efficiencies that would be achieved through the implementation of a strategic heritage plan in terms of consolidation, space management and energy conservations. It broadly describes viable options for implementing the necessary restoration and renovation works of the Palais des Nations. It also provides an analysis of project implementation options in terms of operational impact, cost implications and efficiency, and includes an estimate of the overall budget and proposed timeline.", "Based on the results of the study, the Secretary-General recommends that Member States consider favourably and support the proposed implementation option for the strategic heritage plan so as to ensure the continued long-term performance and operational efficiency of the Palais des Nations in Geneva.", "The recommended renovation and restoration implementation option, to be undertaken upon the completion of the capital master plan at Headquarters in New York, would require preparatory programme management and planning during 2012-2013. Estimates of the related resource requirements for the biennium 2012-2013 (amounting to $4.1 million) are provided in the annex to this report, should the General Assembly wish to proceed with activities in the forthcoming biennium.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII. Background 3III.Results 4 of the conceptual engineering and architectural \nstudy IV.Analysis 8 of options for executing the restoration and renovation \nworks V.Recommended 11 implementation \noption VI.Next 12 \nsteps VII.Actions 13 to be taken by the General \nAssembly \nAnnex Resource 14 requirements for the nextstepsin the biennium2012-2013 (at \npreliminary2012‑2013rates)", "I. Introduction", "1. Following the submission of the report of the Secretary-General (A/64/6 (Sect. 33)/Add.1), which summarized the preliminary evaluation of the current physical status of the buildings and facility-related matters at the Palais des Nations, the Secretary-General proposed, as a next step, to undertake a conceptual engineering and architectural study as the first important milestone and decision point for consideration by Member States. The Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions recommended in its twelfth report[1] that the General Assembly request the Secretary-General to monitor the strategic heritage plan project closely and to include in his report to the Assembly any developments, including those that might have financial implications.", "2. In its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, and requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly on the outcome of the proposed conceptual engineering study of the strategic heritage plan, including an estimate of the overall costs and timeline of the project. In the same resolution, the Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to ensure that the conceptual engineering and architectural study identified all viable alternatives in the most cost-effective and efficient manner.", "II. Background", "3. The preliminary study, conducted in 2009 and reported on to the General Assembly at its sixty-fourth session, provided an initial physical assessment of the buildings at the Palais des Nations, and highlighted the many and diverse maintenance challenges that have resulted from normal deterioration over the past 70 years of use. Since the date of construction, which was 70 years ago for the Palais des Nations and 40 years ago for building E, the buildings and their annexes have undergone only the minimal maintenance and repairs considered necessary for their remaining functional. The present deterioration of the Palais des Nations has already resulted in a steady increase in maintenance needs and costs for the Organization.", "4. As noted in the same report, the progressively dilapidated buildings of the Palais des Nations pose an increasing risk to the safety, security and health of the United Nations delegates, staff and civil society representatives, and the more than 100,000 visitors per year.", "5. Building upon the results of the preliminary study conducted in 2009, a conceptual engineering and architectural study was initiated in August 2010 and conducted over a period of six months. As part of the study, the consultant, accompanied by the United Nations Office at Geneva project team, visited Headquarters in New York to meet with senior management from the Department of Management, including the Office of Central Support Services and the Office of the Capital Master Plan, to be able to benefit first-hand from the lessons learned during the planning phases of the capital master plan and to incorporate the recommended best practices into the project planning process of the strategic heritage plan. The consultant submitted the final report on the conceptual engineering and architectural study in February 2011.", "III. Results of the conceptual engineering and architectural study", "6. At the outset, the United Nations Office at Geneva established the key performance objectives for the strategic heritage plan as a benchmark for the consultant to ensure that the facilities meet the Organization’s functional and operational goals, provide conference services that address the current and future needs of the United Nations, and provide space for the staff and delegates at the Palais des Nations in accordance with industry best practices. Following a series of assessments and interim reports, the consultant presented the findings and recommendations that are summarized within this report.", "Key performance objectives", "7. The overall process is to be guided by a set of key performance objectives. Adherence to these objectives will ensure that efficient, accessible and safe conference facilities and office spaces are provided. The established key performance objectives are:", "(a) To optimize the use of the available interior space and conference facilities, and provide efficient office spaces and technologically functional conference rooms;", "(b) To meet all local and international regulations related to fire, structural and building safety, health and accessibility; and comply with all United Nations Headquarters Minimum Operating Security Standards guidelines;", "(c) To update the building exterior and electromechanical systems so as to reduce energy consumption costs;", "(d) To upgrade and expand the information and communications networks, broadcasting facilities and congress systems to meet current industry standards;", "(e) To prevent irreversible deterioration or damage, and restore and maintain the capital value of the Palais des Nations and its content, specifically its historic archives;", "(f) To guarantee and ensure business and operational continuity, that is, the maintenance of the day-to-day business at the Palais des Nations throughout any renovation and restoration implementation.", "8. Given these objectives, the consultant reviewed the detailed findings of the preliminary study, which formed the bases of the report submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fourth session and conducted an in-depth inspection and assessment of the condition of the buildings and their infrastructures. The consultant identified the major renovation and restoration works required and took into account the utilization of the premises and energy performance, while developing the appropriate implementation options for executing the recommended works.", "9. In this context, the consultant also evaluated the operational implications should only limited renovation and restoration, based on the most urgent works related to safety and security requirements, be executed in the foreseeable future.", "Major findings of the conceptual engineering and architectural study", "10. The study establishes that the state of the buildings of the Palais des Nations is undermining the efforts of the United Nations Office at Geneva not only to ensure the safety and security of its users but also to deliver its mandated services. Throughout the years, energy and maintenance demands have increased steadily owing to the age of the facilities. Even if limited timely corrective actions are undertaken, they will not prevent these costs from growing exponentially.", "11. Furthermore, the consultant confirmed that the deterioration of the Palais des Nations has reached a crucial point, and that, soon, the United Nations Office at Geneva may be unable to continue to offer functional facilities to its many users, unless an overall renovation is undertaken. The consultant’s major findings and recommended remedial actions with respect to each of the performance objectives are set out below:", "(a) Optimize the use of the available interior space and conference facilities, and provide efficient office spaces and technologically functional conference rooms:", "Office space", "(i) The study has confirmed that the utilization of the existing office space in the Palais des Nations could be improved dramatically. Comparison with current office space guidelines implemented at Headquarters suggests an underutilization of office space at Geneva in the magnitude of 25 to 30 per cent;", "(ii) Through a proposed entire refurbishment of the current office space, with a complete new configuration of the floors within the main office buildings, it would be feasible to accommodate up to 700 additional staff members within the existing premises;", "(iii) Geneva-based entities of the United Nations Secretariat have grown significantly over time. Owing to the shortage of office space within the Palais des Nations, suitable facilities had to be rented outside of the compound. The implementation of the strategic heritage plan would permit a consolidation of the United Nations entities in Geneva within the Palais des Nations. This would greatly enhance operational efficiencies and result in savings (in rent, utilities, security and other associated charges) of approximately $14 million per biennium;", "Conference rooms", "(iv) Currently, the United Nations Office at Geneva conference facility offers 34 conference rooms of various sizes and configurations and serves as one of the major conference facilities for Member States. Several conference rooms have been upgraded and refurbished over time. However, there is still an urgent need to renovate the remaining conference rooms and to install updated communication and audio-visual technologies, to modernize support areas, to improve interpreter booths and to add workspaces;", "(v) In order that current and future conference needs may be addressed, the consultant recommends space reconfiguration and consolidation. The conference rooms would be adjusted in their configuration to permit a more flexible utilization. Outdated equipment would be replaced through investing in current technology, including digital interpretation systems;", "(b) Meet all local and international regulations related to fire, structural and building safety, health and accessibility, and comply with all United Nations Minimum Operating Security Standards guidelines:", "(i) Currently, the compound does not comply with applicable local and international regulations, such as fire protection, structural seismic considerations, and other industry standard practices, nor does it comply with all the recommended Minimum Operating Security Standards blast safety guidelines, which guarantee the health and safety of the work environment. Compliance with local regulations is recommended and appropriate measures should be taken to ensure that current industry practices are met;", "(ii) The Palais des Nations currently lacks a proper fire partitioning system throughout its buildings. Appropriate measures need to be taken to minimize the associated risks;", "(iii) The issues of asbestos abatement and the removal of other hazardous polluting materials need to be addressed. Currently, ongoing maintenance and installation of a proper fire prevention system can take place only following asbestos abatement, requiring, in some cases, the closing of building sections, which disrupts the day-to-day business operations;", "(iv) The structural surveys of the buildings have revealed corrosion problems. Significant decay in the anchors of the stone facade of one building needs to be addressed as a matter of urgency;", "(v) While the United Nations Office at Geneva has installed new security systems around the compound to comply with United Nations Minimum Operating Security Standards, the blast vulnerability of the facilities still remains a safety concern. Shattered glazing from skylights could be a threat for delegates and other users, specifically in the Assembly Hall. The removal or replacement of the skylights is recommended;", "(vi) Current building accessibility for persons with disabilities does not comply with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.[2] Suitable solutions need to be implemented in accordance with General Assembly resolutions;", "(c) Update the building exterior and electromechanical infrastructure systems so as to reduce energy consumption costs:", "(i) The condition of the infrastructure within the Palais des Nations has fallen well below acceptable standards. The age of the plant machinery limits the systems’ performance and efficiency. Over the years, there has been a significant increase in electrical power consumption within the Palais des Nations. As a result, the electrical power distribution network and the related infrastructure, specifically in office areas, have become insufficient. The age of this supply system necessitates a major overhaul. Additionally, there is only one heating and cooling distribution circuit within the buildings. It is more efficient to create distribution circuits by zone in order to achieve better environmental control levels and lower energy consumption, as well as improve the insulation of water and air distribution networks;", "(ii) The study also highlights the poor to non-existent ventilation in most office areas. An overall action plan would be undertaken regarding electricity distribution, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems, including the upgrading and replacement of the current cooling systems;", "(iii) The United Nations Office at Geneva works hand in hand with the host country in its efforts to implement its policies for sustainable development, decrease of energy consumption and the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Despite continuous efforts made by the United Nations Office at Geneva to reduce energy consumption and costs, there has been limited success owing to the lack of thermal insulation of the exterior building facades and windows, combined with the outdated technical infrastructure. The strategic heritage plan would dramatically improve the thermal insulation on facades and windows in the historic building. The upgrading of the exterior insulation of the buildings would also allow the United Nations Office at Geneva to instal a low temperature system and thus replace natural gas as the primary energy source. Water from Lake Geneva is already being used for cooling part of the buildings dating from 2009, and could be further utilized for heating;", "(iv) The implementation of the strategic heritage plan is expected to result in a reduction in energy consumption at the Palais des Nations of approximately 25 per cent, which would translate into savings of $1.7 million per biennium;", "(d) Upgrade and expand the information and communications networks, broadcasting facilities and congress systems to meet current industry standards:", "(i) Owing to the advances in the information technology, communications and audio-visual field, there is an urgent need to replace the cabling and obsolete broadcasting facilities and conference systems. Under the strategic heritage plan, it is proposed that current technology in all of the conference rooms be installed, that local distribution equipment and outlets be replaced in order to enlarge capacity and that the capacity of the telephony system be renewed and expanded;", "(ii) Works relating to information technology systems include updating and installing Wi-Fi services in conference rooms. It is necessary to upgrade videoconference systems and to improve the optical fibre network throughout the campus so as to guarantee the recording and distribution of video and audio signals in every conference room. Upgrading of the existing data cabling, installation of public address systems and integration of all new services are also required;", "(e) Prevent irreversible deterioration or damage, and restore and maintain the capital value of the Palais des Nations and its content, specifically its historic archives:", "(i) The Palais des Nations is a historic building dating back to the era of the League of Nations. It is an important piece of historic architecture and houses important pieces of artwork as well as the archives of the League of Nations. The study suggests that actions be taken to prevent further deterioration of, and irreversible damage to, the buildings and its contents;", "(ii) The League of Nations archives are listed in the Memory of the World Register of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. The extensive archival documents in their current location are at risk of destruction and/or deterioration from the threat of fire, humidity, flooding and lack of temperature control;", "(iii) Under the strategic heritage plan, all possible archival options, including the use of new technology and appropriate storage space, will be assessed, and a long-term solution for the preservation of the irreplaceable collection of historic documents would be implemented in line with the preservation requirements for archival material;", "(f) Guarantee and ensure business and operational continuity, that is, the maintenance of the day-to-day business at the Palais des Nations throughout any renovation and restoration implementation:", "(i) The day-to-day operational functions of the Palais des Nations, with respect to ensuring satisfactory current and up-to-date future conference services, are fully considered and analysed within the context of the implementation options and recommendations of the consultant.", "IV. Analysis of options for executing the restoration and renovation works", "12. The consultant reviewed a number of ways of executing the identified building restoration and renovation works. Three distinctly different project implementation options were identified, namely, a fast-track (approximately 5-year) implementation, a phased implementation over a medium-term (approximately 8-year) period, and a phased implementation a long-term (approximately 13-year) period.", "13. The implementation options differ mainly in terms of the required extent and location of the swing space. The fast-track implementation option would require most, if not all, of the swing space and the relocation of operations out of the compound. The main objective of the medium-term and long-term planned approaches would be to allow all activities at the United Nations Office at Geneva to remain operational within the premises of the Palais des Nations while renovation and restoration works are being implemented. The medium-term phased implementation option requires swing space for approximately one third of the operations at the United Nations Office at Geneva which could be located within the compound. The long-term phased implementation option reduces the need for swing space, in rented space outside the compound, to a minimum.", "14. The impact of these three planned implementation options and their associated costs are described further below. All costs, which were originally developed in Swiss francs (CHF) and have been converted using a current operational exchange rate of 1 United States dollar (US$) = 1.046 CHF, would need to be recalculated based on the updated exchange rate at the time the project is executed.", "(a) Fast-track implementation option (approximately five years):", "(i) Under the fast-track implementation option, the actions would be undertaken in the shortest time possible with works undertaken concurrently. This option would require relocating all of the activities of the United Nations Office at Geneva into rental space outside the compound. Finding suitable temporary rental space for offices and conferences will be highly problematic within the context of the existing and foreseeable real estate market in Geneva. The required exterior swing space would add significant costs to this option, which would not be offset by a reduction in construction costs;", "(ii) Under this approach, the overall estimated costs of the project for design, programme and project management, and construction and additional costs for other related items such as swing space, relocation and rental, together with contingencies, were estimated to be in the range of approximately CHF 684 million (equivalent to US$ 654 million);", "(b) Medium-term implementation option (approximately eight years):", "(i) The medium-term option would balance the advantages and savings of executing a majority of the construction works in logical groupings, and the limited swing space required to accommodate an estimated 1,000 staff members. The required temporary facilities to be constructed could be accommodated within the compound. Consequently, the buildings under construction could be isolated when work is undertaken, which would reduce the risks of exposure of staff to construction-related activities and minimize inconveniences such as construction noise and exposure to hazardous materials, among others;", "(ii) Under this approach, the overall estimated costs of the project for design, programme and project management, and construction and additional costs for other related items such as swing space, relocation and rental, together with contingencies, were estimated in the range of approximately CHF 618 million (equivalent to US$ 591 million);", "(c) Long-term implementation option (approximately 13 years):", "(i) A third alternative for implementation of the strategic heritage plan would be to refurbish the buildings segment by segment and, in some areas, floor by floor. The main benefit of this option would be to eliminate the need for construction of a swing-space structure on the compound; however, this one-time savings would ultimately be outweighed by the increased costs for construction over an additional five years, increased internal relocation costs, and those for the rental of a limited number of offices and conference facilities;", "(ii) Choosing this option could result in disruption to the work of staff and delegates, conferences and occupants in adjacent building areas, which might remain a factor for a significant period of time as construction activities were prolonged. This option would also require a greater portion of the work to be implemented during non-working hours, significantly increasing the construction costs;", "(iii) Under this approach, the overall estimated costs of the project for design, programme and project management, and construction and additional costs for other related items such as swing space, relocation and rental, together with contingencies, were estimated in the range of approximately CHF 651 million (equivalent to US$ 622 million).", "15. The consultant also analysed the impacts of maintaining, in contrast with the above planned implementation options, the current approach to building upkeep and maintenance of the Palais des Nations. Under this approach, only immediate urgent works needed to address critical health, safety and security requirements would be carried out as and when they arose. Necessary stopgap works would be implemented during non-working hours, which would greatly increase both the duration of the projects and their cost.", "16. Continued implementation of the current approach would result in:", "(a) Increased frequency and cost of urgent works due to the buildings’ progressive deterioration;", "(b) Increased rental costs over time, due to inefficient space utilization and organizational expansion;", "(c) Progressively increasing energy costs due to outdated and inefficient systems, and poor insulation in the buildings;", "(d) Nominal compliance with local and international regulations and guidelines related to health, safety, security and accessibility for persons with disabilities, as these issues would be addressed only when urgent works were implemented;", "(e) Reduction of the capital asset value of the buildings due to limited maintenance;", "(f) A larger and more costly building restoration and renovation after several decades (similar to the capital master plan at United Nations Headquarters in New York), due to limited maintenance and cost escalations.", "17. A comparative analysis of the projected financial implications of the different options revealed that the total costs to the Organization of continuing the current reactive building maintenance approach would far exceed those for any of the planned options outlined in paragraph 14 above.", "18. During this study, construction costs, additional allowances for, inter alia, swing space and related moves, and contingencies for unforeseen urgent works, were compared, taking into account future cost escalation and inflation rates. In addition to consideration of the direct project costs, there have been assumptions made based on a 25-year period for maintenance, energy and required rental costs, providing an equal comparison of the approaches and implementation options.", "19. It was estimated that the costs for continuing the current reactive maintenance approach would result in expenditures of approximately $1.4 billion over the next 25 years, while the total amount for the planned works, either the medium-term implementation option (approximately 8 years) or the long-term implementation option (approximately 13 years), over the same period of 25 years would be in the range of $1.2 billion-$1.3 billion. Therefore, the overall projected savings to the Organization in implementing the proposed planned options would be in the range of $100 million-$200 million.", "20. Besides the lower capital costs of a planned renovation vis-à-vis the reactive option, there would also be significant near-term cost benefits secured from the efficiencies gained through consolidation of external rentals into space accommodation at the Palais des Nations.", "V. Recommended implementation option", "21. Based on the consultant’s findings, the medium-term multiphased renovation over a period of approximately eight years is the recommended way to proceed, as it would result in the lowest cost, would be the least disruptive renovation option and would meet all the key performance objectives and operational goals of the Organization in Geneva.", "22. The need for swing space under this approach is reduced and can be accommodated within the compound, thus limiting disturbance to all the operations, as staff will remain in the compound. Pursuing this option would allow the Organization to organize and describe the means by which the required restoration and renovation maintenance programme works would be implemented, and would result in the following major advantages and benefits:", "(a) Consolidation of United Nations Secretariat presence in Geneva through increased office accommodation capacity within the Palais des Nations by some 25‑30 per cent, resulting in projected savings of $14 million per biennium;", "(b) Full compliance with all health, safety and security regulations and industry best practice standards, including asbestos abatement and removal of hazardous materials;", "(c) Provision of modern, flexible conference rooms with up-to-date industry standard technologies and efficient office and workspaces which would successfully respond to requirements of Member States in terms of effective meeting facilities;", "(d) Repair of all structural problems and replacement of the current skylight structures and exterior glazing so as to address pressing safety concerns;", "(e) Reduced utility costs and carbon footprint due to improved energy efficiency, with the installation of thermal insulation, the upgrade of building systems and the replacement of the existing glazing in recommended buildings, which would result in a savings of approximately $1.7 million per biennium;", "(f) Implementation of construction works in an organized and consolidated manner, which would satisfy urgent requirements and long-term needs, while taking advantage of economies of scale in construction activities;", "(g) Completion of most works during regular working hours, thereby reducing project duration and need for overtime;", "(h) Addressing of the requirements for accessibility of the Palais des Nations.", "23. The table below outlines the overall schedule for the recommended medium-term phased implementation option.", "Proposed project schedules, 2012-2021", "Timeline: medium-term approach\n Activities 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021", "Pre-planning phase", "Programme management statement of work", "Programme management solicitation", "Project implementation plan", "Multi-annual investment plan", "Design phase", "Construction phase", "VI. Next steps", "24. Subject to endorsement by the General Assembly of the proposed implementation option for the strategic heritage plan, the next steps would entail maintaining limited project progression by using existing internal resources to develop terms of reference for establishing a dedicated project team and senior-level advisory committee comprising the substantive offices that would be affected by the project.", "25. The current Buildings and Engineering Section of Central Support Services at the United Nations Office at Geneva will continue to be dedicated to the day-to-day operations and maintenance of the existing facilities so as to ensure ongoing business continuity, and the health and safety of the Organization at the United Nations Office at Geneva. The Section is not in a position to manage this extensive project without additional dedicated staff. Securing the appropriate level of dedicated technical staff capacity from the beginning would be vital for the successful implementation of the project. The Board of Auditors, in the context of the preparatory work of the strategic heritage plan and implementation of security strengthening projects, expressed its concerns regarding the “small number of (technical) staff” in Central Support Services available for management of projects of this order of magnitude (see A/65/5 (Vol. I), paras. 346-347).", "26. Subject to the approval of the General Assembly, a dedicated project management team could begin work in 2012 to supplement the existing Buildings and Engineering Section staff capacity. This team could initially prepare the documentation necessary to secure a programme management firm, consisting of specialized professionals not available within the Section, by the end of 2012. It is envisioned that during 2013, the programme management firm could develop an overall detailed project implementation and phasing plan inclusive of all financial implications.", "27. Should the proposed next steps described in this report be endorsed by the General Assembly, the Secretary-General could then provide a progress report during the sixty-seventh session of the Assembly regarding the proposed ensuing steps that would be necessary to advance the renovation and restoration of the Palais des Nations. It is envisioned that the construction aspects of the project could begin following the completion of the capital master plan in accordance with the mandate of the Assembly set out in its resolution 64/243.", "28. The Secretary-General is pleased to advise that the Swiss Federal Council decided in June 2011 that Switzerland, as host country, will participate in the renovation of the European headquarters of the United Nations in Geneva through a voluntary contribution of up to a maximum of 50 million Swiss francs. Subject to approval by the Swiss Federal Chambers, this single contribution, to be paid in 2012, is intended for the implementation of necessary structural measures for energy saving to be undertaken in the context of the comprehensive renovation of the Palais des Nations. As such, the contribution will result in a corresponding deduction of the total cost of the renovation works to be carried out in the context of the strategic heritage plan.", "VII. Actions to be taken by the General Assembly", "29. The General Assembly may wish to:", "(a) Take note of the findings and recommendations contained in the present report;", "(b) Endorse, in principle, the recommended implementation option, without prejudice to a final decision by the General Assembly on the strategic heritage plan;", "(c) Approve the next steps outlined in paragraphs 24-27 above at a total estimated cost of $4,069,700 (at preliminary 2012-2013 rates) in the biennium 2012-2013, as further detailed in the annex to this report.", "Annex", "Resource requirements for the next steps in the biennium 2012-2013 (at preliminary 2012-2013 rates)", "Section 29E, Administration, Geneva", "General temporary assistance ($1,164,600)", "1. Resource requirement of $1,164,600 would cover an initial dedicated project management team at the United Nations Office at Geneva, comprising one P-4 Architect, one P-4 Engineer and one P-3 technical expert, during the biennium 2012-2013. This team would be hired through temporary vacancy announcements and would review the consultancy findings, validate the recommended implementation, prepare the statements of works and develop the documentation for the solicitation process for securing a programme management firm. The project management team would develop overall project management guidelines and establish communication strategies with the substantive offices that would be most directly affected by the strategic heritage plan; and would collaborate with the programme management firm on the detailed phasing, planning and budgeting process, as described below.", "Section 34, Construction, alteration, improvement and major maintenance", "Contractual services ($2,800,000)", "2. Contractual resource requirements of $2,800,000 for the biennium 2012-2013 would cover the initial services of a programme management firm in developing the overall project implementation phasing plan, the multi-annual capital investment plan inclusive of financial analyses, and a detailed project schedule with key milestones. The firm would work closely with the United Nations Office at Geneva project management team on determining the necessary expertise and consultants required for the success of the project during all the phases of its implementation; and develop an overall consultant project management structure, similar to the management structure of the capital master plan, with a robust reporting system. At the conclusion of these tasks, the firm would provide a detailed report on the means of, and detailed requirements for, implementing the renovation and restoration works at the Palais des Nations.", "Resource requirements (at preliminary 2012-2013 rates)", "(United States dollars)", "Section/object of expenditure 2012-2013 estimate", "29E, Administration, Geneva", "General temporary assistance 1 164 600", "34, Construction, alteration, improvement and major maintenance", "Contractual services (programme management 2 800 000 firm)^(a)", "Net requirements 3 964 600", "37, Staff assessment", "Staff assessment^(b) 105 100", "Total 4 069 700", "^(a) Calculated in Swiss francs (CHF) and converted based on a rate of 1 US$ = 1.046 CHF.", "^(b) To be offset by an equivalent amount under income section 1, Income from staff assessment.", "[1] A/64/7/Add.11.", "[2] General Assembly resolution 61/106, annex I." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目134", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算", "联合国日内瓦办事处战略遗产计划", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告根据大会第64/243号决议提交。本报告概述自秘书长上次关于此问题的报告(A/64/6(Sect.33)/Add.1)以来在制订日内瓦万国宫战略遗产计划方面取得的进展。本报告简要说明大会第六十四届会议核准的构想工程研究的主要结论，并概述该研究提出的与现有设施相关的问题，鉴于结构、健康和安全方面的关切，这些问题需加以紧急处理。", "本报告着重说明，通过执行战略遗产计划，将在合并、空间管理和节能方面大幅度提高效率。本报告大致描述万国宫必要修复和翻新工程的各种可行方案。本报告还从业务影响、所涉成本和效率的角度分析各种项目实施方案，并提出总预算估计数和拟议时间表。", "根据该研究的结果，秘书长建议会员国积极考虑和支持战略遗产计划的拟议实施方案，以确保日内瓦万国宫长期保持良好性能和操作效率。", "建议的翻新和修复实施方案将在纽约总部基本建设总计划完成后实施，需要在2012-2013期间进行筹备方案管理和规划。如大会希望在未来的2012-2013两年期开展有关活动，本报告附件载有该两年期所需相关资金的估计数(数额为410万美元)。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.背景 3\n3.构想工程和建筑研究的结果 3\n4.修复和翻新工程各种执行方案分析 7\n5.建议的实施方案 9\n6.以后步骤 10\n7.有待大会采取的行动 11", "一. 导言", "1. 秘书长的报告(A/64/6(Sect.33)/Add.1)概述了关于万国宫建筑物目前实体状态和与设施有关的问题的初步评估。该报告提交后，秘书长建议下一步进行构想工程和建筑研究，作为供会员国审议的首个重要里程碑和决定点。行政和预算问题咨询委员会第十二次报告[1] 建议大会请秘书长密切监查战略遗产计划项目，并在他提交大会的报告中说明任何情况发展，包括可能涉及经费问题的情况。", "2. 大会第64/243号决议赞同行政和预算问题咨询委员会报告所载的结论和建议，并请秘书长向大会报告拟议的战略遗产计划构想工程研究的结果，包括该项目总费用估计数和时间表。在同一决议中，大会吁请秘书长确保构想工程和建筑研究以成本效益最佳和最有效率的方式查明所有可行的办法。", "二. 背景", "3. 初步研究于2009年进行，已向大会第六十四届会议提交了有关报告。该研究初步评估了万国宫的实体状况，重点说明了70年使用期间的正常损耗造成的多种多样维修挑战。自竣工以来(万国宫建于70年前，E号楼建于40年前)，仅对这些建筑物及其附属建筑物进行过维持运转所必需的最低程度的维护和修理。万国宫目前的损耗状况已导致本组织的维修需要和费用不断增加。", "4. 如同一报告所述，万国宫各建筑物年久失修，使联合国代表、工作人员和民间社会代表以及每年100 000多名访客面临的安全保障和健康风险日益增加。", "5. 根据2009年进行的初步研究的结果，2010年8月启动了一项构想工程和建筑研究，该研究历时六个月。作为该研究的一部分，一名咨询顾问在联合国日内瓦办事处项目小组的陪同下，走访了纽约总部并会晤了管理事务部高级管理当局，包括中央支助事务厅和基本建设总计划办公室，以便直接了解基本建设总计划规划阶段的经验教训，并将建议的最佳做法纳入战略遗产计划的项目规划过程。该咨询顾问于2011年2月提交了关于构想工程和建筑研究的最后报告。", "三. 构想工程和建筑研究的结果", "6. 在开始进行研究时，联合国日内瓦办事处就确立了战略遗产计划关键绩效目标，为咨询顾问提供基准，以确保万国宫设施根据业内最佳做法达到本组织的功能和业务目标，提供满足联合国目前和未来需要的会议服务，并为工作人员和代表提供空间。在提交一系列评估和临时报告后，咨询顾问提交了研究结果和建议，本报告摘要介绍这些结果和建议。", "关键绩效目标", "7. 整个过程将遵循一组关键绩效目标。遵循这些目标将可确保提供效率高、便于出入和安全的会议设施和办公空间。设定的关键绩效目标为：", "(a) 优化现有内部空间和会议设施的使用方式，提供高效率的办公空间和技术功能良好的会议室；", "(b) 符合当地和国际所有关于防火、结构和建筑物安全、健康和进出无障碍化的规则；遵守联合国总部最低运作安保标准的所有准则；", "(c) 更新建筑物外表和机电系统，减少能耗费用；", "(d) 更新和扩建信息和通信网络、广播设施和会议系统，达到目前的业界标准；", "(e) 防止不可挽回的损耗或损坏，并恢复和保持万国宫的资本值及其内容物，特别是其历史档案；", "(f) 保障和确保业务和操作连续性，即在实施任何翻新和修复期间保持万国宫的日常业务活动。", "8. 根据这些目标，咨询顾问审查了向大会第六十四届会议提交的报告所依据的初步研究的详细结论，并对建筑物及其基础设施的状况进行了深入检查和评估。咨询顾问确定了需要进行的重大翻新和修复工程，并考虑到场地利用和能源效益，同时制订了实施所建议工程的适当可选执行方案。", "9. 在这方面，咨询顾问还评估了在可见将来只实施有限翻新和修复(与安全保障需要相关的最急需工程)所涉的操作问题。", "构想工程和建筑研究的主要结果", "10. 该研究查明，万国宫建筑物状况目前不仅有碍联合国日内瓦办事处努力确保使用者的安全保障，而且有碍其努力提供所承担的服务。多年来，由于设施老化，能源和维修需求逐渐增加。即使及时采取有限的修复措施，仍无法避免费用成倍增长。", "11. 此外，咨询顾问还确认，万国宫的损耗已达到临界点，除非进行全面翻新，否则联合国日内瓦办事处不久后可能无法继续向众多使用者提供可用的设施。咨询顾问关于每个绩效目标的主要研究结果和补救措施建议是：", "(a) 优化现有内部空间和会议设施的使用方式，提供高效率的办公空间和技术功能良好的会议室：", "办公空间", "⑴ 研究确认，万国宫现有办公空间的使用方式可大幅度改进。与总部现行办公空间准则的比较表明，日内瓦办公空间的使用不足率约为25%至30%；", "⑵ 通过对现有办公空间进行拟议的完全翻修，重新调整主办公楼各楼层的整个布局，将可使现有场所额外容纳多达700名工作人员；", "⑶ 联合国秘书处驻日内瓦实体的数量已随时间的推移大大增加。由于万国宫内缺少办公空间，不得不在万国宫楼群区以外租用合适设施。通过实施战略遗产计划，联合国驻日内瓦各实体可集中到万国宫内。此举可极大提高操作效率，每个两年期可节省资金约1 400万美元(包括租金、公用事业费用、安保费和其他相关费用)；", "会议室", "⑷ 目前，联合国日内瓦办事处的会议设施有34间各种面积和布局的会议室，是供会员国使用的主要会议设施之一。长期以来，对几个会议室进行了更新和翻修。然而，仍有必要翻新其余的会议室并安装最新通信和视听技术设备，实现支助区域的现代化，并改进口译厢和增加工作空间；", "⑸ 为解决目前和未来的会议需要，咨询顾问建议重新布置和合并空间。会议室将调整布局，以增强使用方式的灵活性。将投资于当前通用技术，包括数字化口译系统，以取代过时设备；", "(b) 符合当地和国际所有关于防火、结构和建筑物安全、健康和进出无障碍化的规则；遵守联合国最低运作安保标准的所有准则：", "⑴ 目前，万国宫楼群不符合当地和国际的有关规则，例如防火、结构防震规则和其他业内标准做法，也不完全符合最低运作安保标准所建议的防爆安全准则。这些规则和准则能保证工作环境的健康和安全。建议遵守当地规则，并应采取适当措施，确保符合现行业内做法；", "⑵ 万国宫楼群目前全面缺乏适当防火隔离系统。需要采取适当措施，减少相关风险；", "⑶ 需要解决消除石棉和清除其他危险污染物的问题。目前正在进行的维修和安装适当防火系统工作只能在清除石棉后进行，有时需要关闭建筑物部分区域，因而打断日常业务活动；", "⑷ 对建筑物的结构调查发现存在腐蚀问题。一所建筑物的石质正面基础腐坏严重，急需加以处理；", "⑸ 虽然联合国日内瓦办事处楼群周围安装了符合最低运作安保标准的新安保系统，但设施容易受爆炸破坏仍是一个安全隐患。天窗玻璃碎片可能威胁到代表和其他使用者，大会堂的情况尤其如此。建议拆除或更换天窗；", "⑹ 目前建筑物残疾人进出无障碍化状况不符合《联合国残疾人权利公约》。[2] 需要根据大会决议实施合适的解决方案；", "(c) 更新建筑物外表和机电基础设施，减少能耗费用：", "⑴ 万国宫内部基础设施状况现已低于可接受标准。机电系统老化，限制了其性能和效率。多年来，万国宫的耗电量大幅度增加。结果，配电网络和相关基础设施，特别是办公区域的此类网络和设施，已经不足。老化的供电系统需要大修。此外，建筑群内只有一个供暖制冷配置环路。较有效率的办法是建立分区配置环路，以提高环境控制水平和降低能耗，并较好地隔绝水和空气配置网络；", "⑵ 研究还突出显示，大多数办公区域的通风设施不良或没有通风设施。建议实施一项解决配电、供暖、通风和空调系统问题的全面行动计划，包括更新和更换现有冷却系统；", "⑶ 联合国日内瓦办事处与东道国携手合作，努力实施可持续发展、减少能耗和降低二氧化碳(CO2)排放的政策。尽管联合国日内瓦办事处不断努力减少能耗和费用，但因建筑物外表和窗户缺乏隔热措施，加上技术基础设施过时，所以该努力只获得有限成效。战略遗产计划将大幅度改进该历史性建筑物外表和窗户的隔热措施。通过更新建筑物外表隔热措施，还将使联合国日内瓦办事处能安装低温系统，从而取代天然气这一主要能源。自2009年以来，该办事处已使用日内瓦湖水为楼群的部分建筑降温，湖水也可用来供暖；", "⑷ 通过实施战略遗产计划，万国宫的能耗可望减少约25%，即每个两年期节约费用170万美元；", "(d) 更新和扩大信息和通信网络、广播设施和会议系统，达到当前业内标准：", "⑴ 由于信息技术、通信和视听领域的进步，急需更换电缆和过时的广播设施和会议系统。战略遗产计划拟议在所有会议室安装当前通用技术设备，替换局部配电设备和电源插座以增大容量，并更新和扩大电话通信系统的容量；", "⑵ 与信息技术系统相关的工程包括在会议室更新和安装无线保真服务设施。需要对视频会议系统进行升级，并改进整个楼群的光纤网络，以保障每个会议室视频和音频信号的录制和发送。另外，还需将现有数据电缆升级，安装公共广播系统并使所有新服务方式一体化。", "(e) 防止不可挽回的损耗或损坏，并恢复和保持万国宫的资本值及其内容物，特别是其历史档案：", "⑴ 万国宫是早在国际联盟时代建成的历史性建筑物。它是一个重要的历史性建筑作品，收藏着重要的艺术品和国际联盟档案。研究建议采取行动防止建筑物及其内容物进一步损耗和发生不可挽回的损坏；", "⑵ 国际联盟档案被列入联合国教育、科学及文化组织《世界记忆名录》。大量档案文件目前的存放地点存在火灾、受潮、水侵和缺乏温度调节等危险，因而有毁损风险；", "⑶ 根据战略遗产计划，将评估所有可能的保护档案措施，包括采用新技术和适当储存空间，并将根据档案材料的保存规定，为保存收藏的无可替代的历史文件采取长期解决方案；", "(f) 保障和确保业务和操作连续性，即在实施任何翻新和修复期间保持万国宫的日常业务活动：", "⑴ 咨询顾问在实施方案和建议中充分考虑到并分析了万国宫日常业务功能如何确保未来提供令人满意的当前通用和最新会议服务的问题；", "四. 修复和翻新工程各种执行方案分析", "12. 咨询顾问审查了执行已定建筑物修复和翻新工程的几种方式。现已确定三种不同的项目实施方案，即：快速实施(约5年)、中期分阶段实施(约8年)和长期分阶段实施(约13年)。", "13. 各实施方案的主要差别在于所需周转空间的多少和地点不同。快速实施方案要求使用大部甚至全部周转空间，并要求将业务活动迁至万国宫楼群区以外。中期和长期方案的主要目标是在实施翻新和修复工程期间让联合国日内瓦办事处的全部活动在万国宫以内进行。中期分阶段实施方案要求联合国日内瓦办事处大约三分之一的业务活动使用周转空间，该空间可位于万国宫楼群区内。长期分阶段实施方案将以楼群区外的租用空间作为周转空间，并将其减至最低程度。", "14. 下文进一步说明这三个规划实施方案的影响及其相关费用。所有费用原来以瑞士法郎(瑞郎)计算，现已按当前业务汇率1美元", "(a) 快速实施方案(约5年)", "⑴ 根据快速实施方案，各部分工程将同时展开，以在尽可能短的时间内实施行动。该方案将要求将联合国日内瓦办事处的所有活动迁至万国宫楼群区以外的租用空间。在日内瓦现有和可见的房地产市场上，要找到合适的临时租用办公和会议空间有很大问题。所需外部周转空间使这个方案的费用大幅度增加，但无法通过减少施工费用来抵消；", "⑵ 如采用此方式，项目设计、方案与项目管理和施工的总费用估计数以及周转空间、迁移和租房等附加费用，外加应急费用，估计约为6.84亿瑞郎(相当于6.54亿美元)。", "(b) 中期实施方案(约8年)", "⑴ 中期方案合理地分组进行大部分施工，且只需要可容纳约1 000名工作人员的周转空间，所以有一些优势并可节省费用。需建造的临时设施可位于万国宫楼群区内。因此在工程进行期间，施工中的建筑物可被隔离，从而减少工作人员接触施工相关活动的风险，并可尽量减少施工噪音和接触危险物质等不便之处；", "⑵ 如采用此方式，项目设计、方案与项目管理和施工的总费用估计数以及周转空间、迁移和租房等附加费用，外加应急费用，估计约为6.18亿瑞郎(相当于5.91亿美元)；", "(c) 长期实施方案(约13年)", "⑴ 实施战略遗产计划的第三个方案是分区翻修各建筑物，有些区域则分楼层翻修。此方案的主要优点是无需在楼群区建设周转空间建筑物；但是，这项一次性节省的费用最终将少于施工时间延长五年的递增费用、增加的内部搬迁费用以及租用有限数量办公室和会议设施的费用；", "⑵ 如选择此方案，可能打搅工作人员和代表的工作、会议以及周围楼区的用户。由于施工期较长，这种情况可能持续很长时间。此方案还要求较大一部分施工在下班后时间进行，因此将大幅度增加施工费用；", "⑶ 如采用此方式，项目设计、方案与项目管理和施工的总费用估计数以及周转空间、迁移和租房等附加费用，外加应急费用，估计约为6.51亿瑞郎(相当于6.22亿美元)；", "15. 咨询顾问还对照上述几个规划的实施方案，分析了保持万国宫建筑物现行维修保养方式的效果。如采用此方式，只有在出现关键性的健康、安全、保障需求时，才会立即进行紧急施工。必要的补救施工将在非工作时间进行，因而将大幅度延长施工项目工期并增加其费用。", "16. 如继续采取现行方式，结果将是：", "(a) 由于建筑物不断损耗，紧急施工的次数和费用将增加；", "(b) 由于空间利用效率低和组织机构扩大，久而久之租用空间的费用将增加；", "(c) 因为系统陈旧低效，加上建筑物隔热性能差，所以能源费用将逐渐增加；", "(d) 无法切实遵守当地和国际关于健康、安全、保障和残疾人进出无障碍化的规则和准则，因为只有在进行紧急施工时才能解决这些问题；", "(e) 因为维修规模有限，所以建筑物的资本资产值将下降；", "(f) 由于维修规模有限和费用攀升，几十年后实施建筑物修复和翻新的规模将更大、费用将更高(情况类似于纽约总部的基本建设总计划)；", "17. 对预计各方案所涉经费问题的比较分析表明，本组织继续保持现行的建筑物被动式维修方式的总费用将大幅度超过上文第14段所述的任何规划方案。", "18. 本研究比较了施工费用、周转空间和相关搬迁等项额外费用以及不可预见的紧急施工应急费用，其中考虑到未来的费用攀升和通货膨胀率。除考虑到项目直接费用外，还假设了25年间的维修、能源和所需空间租用费用，以便公平比较各种方式和实施方案。", "19. 据估计，如保持现行的被动式维修方式，未来25年的费用支出约为14亿美元，而中期实施方案(约8年)或长期实施方案(约13年)在同一25年期间的规划施工总费用在12亿美元至13亿美元之间。因此，本组织如实施拟议的规划方案，预计节省费用总额将在1亿至2亿美元之间。", "20. 规划翻新方案除资本费用低于被动式方案外，还可通过将外部租用空间合并于万国宫来提高效率，从而在近期节省大量费用。", "五. 建议的实施方案", "21. 根据咨询顾问的研究结果，建议采用大约为期八年的中期多阶段翻新方案，因为此方案的费用最低，会是打搅程度最小的翻新方案，而且符合本组织在日内瓦的所有关键绩效目标和业务目标。", "22. 此方式所需的周转空间较少，可在万国宫楼群内解决，因此可限制所有业务活动所受的打搅，因为工作人员将留在楼群区。采用此方案使本组织能安排和描述进行所需修复和翻新维修方案施工的方式，并可获得下列主要优势和优点：", "(a) 通过将万国宫的办公室容纳能力增加约25%至30%，合并联合国秘书处在日内瓦的办事机构，预计每个两年期可节省1 400万美元；", "(b) 完全符合所有健康、安全和保障规则以及业内最佳做法标准，包括消除石棉和清除危险物质；", "(c) 提供现代化、灵活的会议室，其中包括行业最新标准技术设备和高效率办公与工作空间，从而圆满回应会员国对有效会议设施的需求；", "(d) 修正目前天窗结构和外部玻璃窗的所有结构问题并加以更换，从而解决紧迫的安全问题；", "(e) 通过在建议的建筑物安装隔热材料、对建筑物系统进行升级和更换现有玻璃窗，可提高能效，减少公用事业费用和缩小碳足迹，每个两年期可节省约170万美元；", "(f) 通过有组织地和集中地进行施工，可满足紧迫需求和长期需求，同时在施工方面获得规模效益；", "(g) 在正常工作时间完成大部分施工，从而缩短项目工期和所需加班时间；", "(h) 解决万国宫残疾人进出无障碍化方面的需求。", "23. 下表概要列出建议的中期分阶段实施方案的总时间表。", "2012-2021年拟议项目时间表", "时间表：中期方案\n 活动 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021", "规划前阶段", "方案管理：工作说明书", "方案管理：招标", "项目实施计划", "多年度投资计划", "设计阶段", "施工阶段", "六. 以后步骤", "24. 如果大会核准战略遗产计划的拟议实施方案，以后步骤是使项目保持有限的进展，途径是，使用现有内部资源，建立专职项目团队和由受项目影响的各实务单位组成的高级别咨询委员会，并为其制订职权范围。", "25. 现在的联合国日内瓦办事处中央支助事务厅房舍和工程科将继续专职负责现有设施的日常运行和维修，以确保当前业务的连续性以及联合国日内瓦办事处本组织人员的健康和安全。该科在不增加专职工作人员的情况下，无力管理这个大规模项目。一开始便获得适当数量的专职技术工作人员对圆满实施此项目至关重要。审计委员会在审查战略遗产计划制订工作和加强安全项目实施工作时，对中央支助厅只有“少量(技术)工作人员”管理如此大规模的项目表示担心(见A/65/5(Vol.I)第346和第347段)。", "26. 如果大会批准，专职项目管理小组可于2012年开始工作，以补充房舍和工程科的现有人力。此小组最初可编制必要文件，以在2012年底前招聘一家包含该科不具备的专业人员的方案管理公司。根据预计，该方案管理公司可于2013年制订全面详细的项目实施和阶段划分计划，并列出一切所涉经费问题。", "27. 如本报告所述的拟议以后步骤获得大会核准，秘书长可向大会第六十七届会议提交一份进展报告，说明随后需采取哪些步骤来推进万国宫的翻新和修复。据预计，在根据大会第64/243号决议规定的任务完成基本建设总计划后，本项目的施工便可开始。", "28. 秘书长高兴地通报，瑞士联邦委员会2011年6月决定，东道国瑞士将以上限为5 000万瑞士法郎的自愿捐款参与联合国日内瓦欧洲总部翻新项目。如果瑞士联邦议会两院批准，将于2012年支付这笔一次性捐款，这笔捐款的用途是执行万国宫全面翻新项目中必要的结构性节能措施。因此，该笔捐款将可减少战略遗产计划翻新施工的总费用。", "七. 有待大会采取的行动", "29. 大会不妨采取下列行动：", "(a) 注意到本报告所载的研究结果和建议；", "(b) 原则上核准建议的实施方案，但并不妨碍大会就战略遗产计划作出最终决定；", "(c) 批准上文第24至第27段所述的以后步骤，其2012-2013两年期的估计费用总额为4 069 700美元(按2012-2013年临时费率计算)，其详情见本报告附件。", "附件", "以后步骤在2012-2013两年期所需的经费(按2012-2013年临时费率计算)", "第29 E款，行政，日内瓦", "一般临时人员(1 164 600美元)", "1. 2012-2013两年期所需经费为1 164 600美元，将用于在联合国日内瓦办事处聘用一个初期专职项目管理小组，成员包括一名P-4建筑师、一名P-4工程师和一名P-3技术专家。该小组人员将通过临时空缺通知招聘，工作是审查咨询顾问的研究结果，验证建议的实施方案，编制工作说明书以及编写方案管理公司征聘工作文件。项目管理小组将制订项目管理总则，以及确立与受战略遗产计划最直接影响的实务部门沟通的战略；并将与方案管理公司共同制定下文所述的阶段划分、规划和预算详细程序。", "第34款，房地建筑、改建、装修和主要维修费", "订约承办事务(2 800 000美元)", "2. 2012-2013两年期订约承办所需经费为2 800 000美元，将用于初期聘用一家方案管理公司，其工作是编制总体项目实施阶段划分计划、包括财务分析的多年度资本投资计划以及包括关键里程碑的详细项目时间表。该公司将与联合国日内瓦办事处密切合作，共同确定圆满完成项目各实施阶段所需的专门知识和咨询顾问；并制定类似于基本建设总计划管理结构的总体咨询顾问项目管理结构，包括一套健全的报告制度。完成这些任务后，该公司将提交一份详细报告，说明实施万国宫翻新和修复施工的方法和需求细节。", "所需经费(按2012-2013年临时费率计算)", "(美元)", "款/支出用途 2012-2013年 \n 估计费用 \n 第29 E款，行政，日内瓦 1 164 600 \n 一般临时人员 第34款，房地建筑、改建、装修和主要维修费\t2 800 000 \n 订约承办事务(方案管理公司)^(a) \n 所需经费净额 3 964 600 第37款，工作人员薪金税 105 100 \n 工作人员薪金税^(b) \n 共计 4 069 700", "^(a) 按瑞士法郎(瑞郎)计算，然后以1美元=1.046瑞郎的汇率换算。", "^(b) 以收入款次第1款(工作人员薪金税收入)的相等数额抵消。", "[1] A/64/7/Add.11。", "[2] 大会第61/106号决议附件一。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目134", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算", "联合国日内瓦办事处战略遗产计划", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第64/243号决议提交的。 报告概述了自秘书长上次关于日内瓦万国宫战略遗产计划的报告(A/64/6(Sect.33)/Add.1)以来在拟定该计划方面取得的进展。 报告概述了大会第六十四届会议所核准的概念工程研究的主要结论,并概述了研究报告所查明的目前与设施有关的问题,由于结构、健康和安全方面的关切,这些问题必须作为紧急事项加以解决。", "报告强调,通过执行巩固、空间管理和节能方面的战略遗产计划,可以实现显著的效率。 报告概述了实施万国宫必要修复和翻修工程的可行方案。 它还从业务影响、所涉费用和效率的角度分析了项目执行备选方案,并包括了总预算和拟议时间表的估计数。", "根据研究结果,秘书长建议会员国积极考虑并支持战略遗产计划的拟议执行方案,以确保日内瓦万国宫的持续长期业绩和业务效率。", "在纽约总部完成基本建设总计划后,建议采用的翻新和恢复实施方案需要在2012-2013年期间进行筹备方案管理和规划。 本报告附件载有2012-2013两年期相关所需资源估计数(共计410万美元),如果大会想在下一个两年期开展活动。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 3\n二. 背景情况 概念工程和建筑的成果4\n研究四。 执行修复和翻修的备选方案分析8\n五. 建议的11项执行工作\n备选案文六. 后12\n七. 有待大会采取的行动 13\n大会\n2012-2013两年期下一步所需资源\n2012-2013年初步数据", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 秘书长报告(A/64/6(Sect.33)/Add.1)总结了对万国宫建筑物和设施有关事项现状的初步评价。 秘书长提出,下一步将进行概念工程和建筑研究,作为第一个重要里程碑和决策点,供会员国审议。 行政和预算问题咨询委员会在其第十二次报告[1]中建议大会请秘书长密切监测战略遗产计划项目,并在其报告中列入任何事态发展,包括可能涉及经费问题的事态发展。", "2. 联合国 大会第64/243号决议认可了行政和预算问题咨询委员会报告 所载的结论和建议,并请秘书长向大会报告拟议战略遗产计划概念工程研究的结果,包括项目总费用和时间表估计数。 大会同一项决议还请秘书长确保概念工程和建筑研究以最符合成本效益和效率的方式确定所有可行的替代办法。", "二. 背景情况", "3个 2009年进行的初步研究向大会第六十四届会议作了报告,对万国宫的建筑物进行了初步实物评估,并着重指出了过去70年使用状况正常恶化造成的多种维修挑战。 自70年前万国宫和40年前E号楼建造以来,这些建筑及其附属建筑仅进行了其剩余功能所需的最低限度的维修。 目前万国宫的恶化已经导致本组织的维修需要和费用稳步增加。", " 4.四. 如同一份报告所指出,万国宫建筑逐渐破旧,对联合国代表、工作人员和民间社会代表以及每年100 000多名游客的安全、安保和健康构成越来越大的风险。", "5 (韩语). 根据2009年进行的初步研究结果,2010年8月启动了一项概念工程和建筑研究,为期六个月。 作为研究的一部分,该咨询人在联合国日内瓦办事处项目小组的陪同下访问了纽约总部,会见了管理事务部的高级管理层,包括中央支助事务厅和基本建设总计划办公室,以便能够从基本建设总计划规划阶段的经验教训中获得第一手好处,并将建议的最佳做法纳入战略遗产计划的项目规划进程。 该咨询人于2011年2月提交了概念工程和建筑研究的最后报告。", "三. 概念工程和建筑研究的结果", "6. 国家 首先,联合国日内瓦办事处确定了战略遗产计划的关键绩效目标,作为顾问的基准,以确保设施达到本组织的职能和业务目标,提供满足联合国当前和今后需要的会议服务,并根据行业最佳做法为万国宫工作人员和代表提供空间。 继一系列评估和临时报告之后,顾问介绍了本报告所概述的结论和建议。", "主要业绩目标", "7. 联合国 整个过程将以一套关键业绩目标为指导。 坚持这些目标将确保提供高效、无障碍和安全的会议设施和办公空间。 既定的关键业绩目标是:", "(a) 国家 优化现有室内空间和会议设施的使用,提供高效的办公空间和技术功能化的会议室;", "(b) 国家 遵守与消防、结构和建筑安全、健康和无障碍有关的所有地方和国际条例;并遵守联合国总部最低运作安保标准准则;", "(c) 更新建筑物外部和机电系统,以降低能耗;", "(d) 国家 更新和扩大信息和通信网络、广播设施和大会系统,以达到目前的行业标准;", "(e) 协助 防止不可逆转地恶化或破坏,并恢复和维持万国宫的资本价值及其内容,特别是其历史档案;", "(f) 保证和确保业务和业务的连续性,即在整个翻修和恢复实施过程中维持万国宫的日常业务。", "8. 联合国 鉴于这些目标,该咨询人审查了初步研究的详细结果,这些结果构成了向大会第六十四届会议提交的报告的基础,并对建筑物及其基础设施的状况进行了深入检查和评估。 咨询人确定了所需的重大翻修和修复工程,并考虑到房地的利用情况和能源使用情况,同时为执行所建议的工程制定适当的执行方案。", "9. 国家 在这方面,该咨询人还评价了业务影响,根据与安全和安保要求有关的最紧急工程,只能在可预见的将来进行有限的翻修和恢复。", "概念工程和建筑研究的主要结论", "10个 研究报告确认,万国宫建筑物的状况正在破坏联合国日内瓦办事处的努力,不仅确保其用户的安全和保障,而且还要提供已获授权的服务。 多年来,由于设施老化,能源和维修需求稳步增加。 即使采取了有限的及时纠正行动,它们也不会阻止这些成本成指数地增长。", "11个 此外,该顾问证实,万国宫的恶化已到了关键地步,很快,联合国日内瓦办事处可能无法继续向许多用户提供功能设施,除非进行全面翻修。 顾问的主要调查结果和建议对每项业绩目标采取的补救行动如下:", "(a) 国家 优化现有室内空间和会议设施的使用,提供高效的办公空间和技术功能良好的会议室:", "办公空间", "(一) 这项研究确认,万国宫现有办公空间的利用情况可以大大改善。 与总部执行的现行办公空间准则相比较,显示日内瓦办公空间利用率不足,达25%至30%;", "(二) 提议对目前的办公空间进行整体翻修,在主要办公楼内对楼层进行全新配置,这样在现有房地内可容纳多达700名工作人员;", "(三) 联合国秘书处设在日内瓦的实体随着时间的推移有了显著增长。 由于万国宫内办公空间不足,不得不在大院外租用适当的设施。 战略遗产计划的执行将使日内瓦的联合国实体能够并入万国宫。 这将大大提高业务效率并节省大约1 400万美元(租金、水电费、安保费和其他有关费用);", "会议室", "(四) 目前,联合国日内瓦办事处会议设施提供34个大小和配置各异的会议室,并作为会员国的主要会议设施之一。 几个会议室经过了一段时间的更新和翻修。 然而,仍然迫切需要翻修其余会议室并安装最新的通信和视听技术,使支助领域现代化,改进口译厢并增加工作空间;", "(五) 为了解决当前和今后的会议需要,顾问建议重新配置和合并空间。 会议室的配置将作调整,以便更灵活地利用。 过时设备将通过投资现有技术,包括数字口译系统来取而代之;", "(b) 国家 遵守与消防、结构和建筑安全、健康和无障碍有关的所有地方和国际条例,并遵守联合国最低运作安保标准的所有准则:", "(一)目前,该院所不符合消防,结构地震等可适用的地方和国际法规以及其他行业标准做法,也不符合所有建议的最低运作安保标准爆炸安全准则,这些准则保障了工作环境的健康和安全. 建议遵守地方法规并采取适当措施,确保符合目前的行业做法;", "(二) 万国宫目前缺乏一个适当的消防系统。 需要采取适当措施来尽量减少相关风险;", "(三) 需要解决消除石棉和去除其他有害污染材料的问题。 目前,只有在清除了石棉之后,才能持续维护和安装适当的防火系统,在某些情况下,需要关闭建筑部分,这扰乱了日常业务;", "(四)建筑结构勘察发现有腐蚀问题. 需要作为紧急事项处理一栋建筑物的石头外观上锚的重大腐烂;", "(五) 虽然联合国日内瓦办事处在大院周围安装了新的安保系统,以遵守联合国最低业务安全标准,但设施的爆炸脆弱性仍然是一个安全问题。 从天窗被擦去的玻璃可能对代表和其他用户构成威胁,特别是在大会堂。 建议拆除或更换天窗;", "(六) 当前残疾人无障碍建筑不符合\"联合国残疾人权利公约\". [2] 需要按照大会决议执行适当的解决办法;", "(c) 更新大楼外部和机电基础设施系统,以降低能耗成本:", "(一) 万国宫内的基础设施状况已大大低于可接受的标准。 工厂机械的年代限制了系统的运作和效率。 多年来,万国宫内电力消耗大幅增加。 因此,电力分配网和相关基础设施,特别是在办公区,已经变得不足。 这一供应系统的时代要求进行重大改革。 此外,建筑物内只有一个取暖和冷却分配线路。 更有效地按区建立分配线路,以达到更好的环境控制水平并降低能耗,并改进水和空气分配网络的绝缘性;", "(二) 研究还突出了大多数办公区的通风条件差或没有通风。 将就配电、取暖、通风和空调系统,包括升级和更换现有冷却系统实施一个总体行动计划;", "(三) 联合国日内瓦办事处同东道国携手努力,执行可持续发展、减少能耗和减少二氧化碳排放等政策。 尽管联合国日内瓦办事处为降低能耗和成本而不断作出努力,但由于外部建筑外墙和窗户缺乏隔热,加上技术基础设施已过时,因此成效有限。 战略遗产计划将大大地改善历史建筑外观和窗户的绝热。 建筑物外接层的升级还将使联合国日内瓦办事处能够安装低温系统,从而取代天然气作为主要能源。 从2009年起,日内瓦湖的水已经用于部分建筑物的冷却,并可被进一步用于取暖;", "(四) 战略遗产计划的执行预计将使万国宫的能耗减少约25%,每两年期将节省170万美元;", "(d) 更新和扩大信息和通信网络、广播设施和大会系统,以达到目前的行业标准:", "(一) 由于信息技术、通信和视听领域的进步,迫切需要更换电缆和过时的广播设施和会议系统。 根据战略遗产计划,拟议在所有会议室安装现有技术,更换当地分发设备和出入口以扩大能力,并更新和扩大电话系统的能力;", "(二) 与信息技术系统有关的工程包括在会议室更新和安装无线上网服务。 有必要更新视频会议系统,并改进整个校园的光纤网络,以保证每个会议室的视频和音频信号的录制和分发。 还需要更新现有数据电缆、安装公共广播系统并整合所有新服务;", "(e) 防止不可逆转地恶化或损坏,并恢复和保持万国宫的资本价值及其内容,特别是其历史档案:", "(一)万国宫是可追溯到国际联盟时代的历史建筑. 它是一个重要的历史建筑,是国际联盟的重要艺术品和档案馆。 研究报告建议采取行动,防止建筑物及其内装物进一步恶化并受到不可逆转的损害;", "(二) 国际联盟的档案列在联合国教育、科学及文化组织世界登记册的记忆中。 由于火灾、湿度、洪水和缺乏温度控制,目前地点的大量档案文件有可能被破坏和/或恶化;", "(三) 根据战略遗产计划,将评估所有可能的档案选择,包括使用新技术和适当的储存空间,并将按照档案材料的保存要求,执行保存不可替代的历史文件的长期解决办法;", "(f) 保证和确保业务和业务的连续性,即在整个翻修和恢复实施过程中维持万国宫的日常业务:", "(一) 结合咨询人的执行备选方案和建议,充分考虑和分析了万国宫在确保令人满意的当前和最新未来会议服务方面的日常业务职能。", "四、结 论 执行修复和翻修工程的备选方案分析", "12个 顾问审查了执行已确定的建筑物修复和翻修工程的若干方法。 确定了三种明显不同的项目执行方案,即快速(约5年)执行,在中期(约8年)分阶段执行,在长期(约13年)分阶段执行。", "13个 执行方案主要在所需回旋空间的范围和地点方面有所不同。 快速通道执行方案将需要大多数(如果不是全部)回旋空间和将业务迁出大院。 中长期计划办法的主要目标是,在进行翻修和修复工程时,使联合国日内瓦办事处的所有活动能够在万国宫房地内继续运作。 中期分阶段执行方案需要周转空间,用于联合国日内瓦办事处大约三分之一可设在大院内的业务。 长期的分阶段执行方案将大院外租用空间对回旋空间的需求减少到最低限度。", "14个 下文将进一步说明这三种计划实施方案的影响及其相关费用。 所有费用最初都以瑞士法郎(瑞士法郎)编制,并采用1美元=1.046瑞士法郎的当前业务汇率折算,因此需要根据项目执行时的最新汇率重新计算。", "(a) 快速执行备选方案(约5年):", "(一) 根据快速执行备选方案,将在尽可能短的时间内采取行动,同时开展工作。 这一备选方案需要将联合国日内瓦办事处的所有活动迁入大院外的租赁空间。 就日内瓦现有和可预见的房地产市场而言,为办公室和会议寻找合适的临时租赁空间将是一个很大的问题。 所需外出回旋空间将为这一备选方案增加大量费用,但不会被建筑费用的减少所抵消;", "(二) 根据这一办法,项目的设计、方案和项目管理费用、建筑费用和其他有关项目的额外费用,如回旋空间、搬迁和租金以及意外开支,估计约为6.84亿瑞士法郎(相当于6.54亿美元);", "(b) 中期执行备选方案(约8年):", "(一) 中期备选方案将平衡按逻辑分组执行大多数建筑工程的好处和节省,以及容纳大约1 000名工作人员所需的有限回旋空间。 所需临时设施可在大院内建造。 因此,施工中的建筑物在施工时可以被隔离开来,这将减少工作人员接触施工相关活动的风险,并尽量减少施工噪音和接触有害材料等不便;", "(二) 根据这一办法,项目的设计、方案和项目管理以及建筑的估计费用和周转空间、搬迁和租金等其他相关项目的额外费用以及意外开支估计约为6.18亿瑞士法郎(相当于5.91亿美元);", "(c) 长期执行备选方案(约13年):", "(一) 执行战略遗产计划的第三个备选方案是按地段翻修建筑物,在某些地区则按地段翻修。 这一办法的主要好处是不再需要在大院上建造回旋空间结构;然而,这一一次性节余最终将被在五年内增加的建筑费用、增加的内部搬迁费用以及租用有限数目的办公室和会议设施的费用所抵消;", "(二) 选择这一办法可能导致工作人员、代表、会议和在相邻建筑区居住者的工作被打乱,而随着建筑活动被延长,在相当长的一段时间内,这仍是一个因素。 这一办法还需要在非工作时间内完成更多的工作,从而大大增加了建筑费用;", "(三) 根据这一办法,项目设计、方案和项目管理、建筑和诸如回旋空间、搬迁和租赁等其他相关项目的额外费用以及意外开支的总估计费用约为6.51亿瑞士法郎(相当于6.22亿美元)。", "15个 该咨询人还分析了与上述计划的执行备选方案相比,维持目前建立万国宫的维修和维护办法所产生的影响。 根据这一办法,只有在出现关键的健康、安全和安保要求时,才立即开展需要立即进行的工作。 在非工作时间内将进行必要的权宜之计,这将大大增加项目的时间和费用。", "16号. 继续执行现行办法将产生以下结果:", "(a) 由于建筑物逐渐恶化,紧急工程的频率和费用增加;", "(b) 租金费用随时间推移而增加,原因是空间利用效率低下和组织扩展;", "(c) 由于系统过时、效率低下以及建筑物绝缘性差,能源费用逐步增加;", "(d) 名义上遵守与残疾人的健康、安全、保障和无障碍环境有关的当地和国际条例和准则,因为只有在紧急工程得到落实时,这些问题才能得到解决;", "(e) 由于维修有限,建筑物的资本资产价值减少;", "(f) 由于维修有限和费用增加,在几十年后(与纽约联合国总部的基本建设总计划相类似),对建筑物进行更大、更昂贵的修复和翻修。", "17岁 对不同备选方案的预计所涉经费问题进行比较分析后发现,继续采用目前的被动式房舍维修办法对本组织造成的总费用将远远超过上文第14段概述的任何计划备选方案。", "18岁。 在这项研究期间,对建筑费用、周转空间和有关搬迁的额外备抵以及意外紧急工程的意外开支进行了比较,同时考虑到今后的费用增加和通货膨胀率。 除了考虑直接项目费用外,还根据25年的维修、能源和所需租金费用作了假设,对各种办法和执行办法作了同样的比较。", " 19. 19. 据估计,在今后25年中,继续采用现行被动式维持办法的费用将造成约14亿美元的支出,而计划工程的总额,无论是中期执行方案(约8年)还是长期执行方案(约13年),在25年的同期内将达到12亿美元至13亿美元。 因此,本组织实施拟议计划备选方案的预计节余总额将达到1至2亿美元。", "20号. 除了计划翻修的资本费用低于被动办法之外,通过将外部租金合并到万国宫的空间办公用房而提高效率,还会带来重大的近期成本效益。", " V. 建议的执行办法", "21岁 根据顾问的调查结果,在大约八年的时间内进行中期多阶段翻修是所建议的进行方式,因为这将导致费用最低,是破坏力最小的翻修方案,将实现本组织在日内瓦的所有关键业绩目标和业务目标。", "22号. 这一办法对回旋空间的需求已减少,可在大院内容纳,从而限制所有业务的干扰,因为工作人员将留在大院内。 采用这一办法将使本组织能够组织和说明实施所需的修复和翻修维修方案的方法,并带来以下主要好处:", "(a) 通过在万国宫内增加约25-30%的办公房舍能力,巩固联合国秘书处在日内瓦的存在,预计每个两年期可节省1 400万美元;", "(b) 充分遵守所有健康、安全和安保条例以及行业最佳做法标准,包括消除石棉和去除危险材料;", "(c) 提供现代化、灵活的会议室,提供最新的工业标准技术和高效的办公室和工作空间,以成功地满足会员国在有效会议设施方面的需要;", "(d) 修复所有结构问题并更换目前的天窗结构和外立面,以解决紧迫的安全关切;", "(e) 由于能源效率的提高,水电费和碳足迹减少,安装了隔热装置,更新了建筑系统并更换了建议建筑物中的现有玻璃,这将节省约170万美元;", "(f) 以有组织、综合的方式执行建筑工程,满足紧急需要和长期需要,同时利用建筑活动的规模经济;", "(g) 在正常工作时间完成大部分工作,从而缩短项目时间和加班需要;", "(h) 解决万国宫无障碍的要求。", "23. 联合国 下表概述了建议中期分阶段执行方案的总体时间表。", "2012-2021年拟议项目时间表", "时间表:中期办法\n活动 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2019 2020 2021", "规划前阶段", "方案管理工作说明", "方案管理招标", "项目执行计划", "多年度投资计划", "设计阶段", "施工阶段", "六、结 论 今后的步骤", "24 (韩语). 如果大会核可战略遗产计划的拟议执行方案,下一步将利用现有内部资源,为设立一个由受项目影响的实务办事处组成的专门项目小组和高级咨询委员会制定职权范围,从而维持有限的项目进展。", "25岁 联合国日内瓦办事处目前中央支助事务厅的房舍和工程科将继续专门负责现有设施的日常运作和维护,以确保联合国日内瓦办事处的持续业务连续性以及本组织的健康和安全。 如果没有更多的专职工作人员,该科无法管理这一广泛的项目。 从一开始就确保适当水平的专门技术人员能力,对成功执行该项目至关重要。 审计委员会在战略遗产计划的筹备工作和加强安保项目的执行方面,对中央支助事务处有“少量(技术)工作人员”可用于管理如此规模的项目表示关切(见A/65/5(Vol.I),第346至347段)。", "26. 联合国 经大会核准后,专门的项目管理小组可于2012年开始工作,以补充房舍和工程科现有工作人员的能力。 该小组可以初步编制必要的文件,以确保在2012年底前建立一个方案管理公司,由该科内部没有的专业专业人员组成。 预计在2013年期间,方案管理公司可制定一个全面详细的项目执行和分阶段计划,包括所有所涉经费问题。", "27个 如果本报告所述的今后拟议步骤得到大会的认可,秘书长可在大会第六十七届会议期间提供进度报告,说明为推动万国宫翻修和修复而需采取的后续步骤。 预计在基本建设总计划完成后,将根据大会第64/243号决议规定的任务开始该项目的施工工作。", "28岁 秘书长高兴地告知,瑞士联邦委员会于2011年6月决定,瑞士作为东道国,将参与日内瓦联合国欧洲总部的翻修工作,自愿捐款最多可达5 000万瑞士法郎。 经瑞士联邦议院批准后,这笔捐款将于2012年支付,用于在万国宫全面翻修范围内实施必要的节能结构性措施。 因此,这笔捐款将相应扣除在战略遗产计划范围内进行的翻修工程的总费用。", "页:1 有待大会采取的行动", "29. 国家 大会不妨:", "(a) 国家 注意到本报告所载的结论和建议;", "(b) 原则上认可所建议的执行备选方案,但不妨碍大会就战略遗产计划作出最后决定;", "(c) 核准上文第24至27段所述的下一步措施,2012-2013两年期估计费用总额为4 069 700美元(按2012-2013年初步费率计算),详情见本报告附件。", "页:1", "2012-2013两年期下一步所需资源(按2012-2013年初步费率计算)", "第29E款,行政,日内瓦", "一般临时助理人员(1 164 600美元)", "1. 联合国 所需资源1 164 600美元将用于支付2012-2013两年期联合国日内瓦办事处初步专门项目管理小组的费用,该小组由1名P-4建筑师、1名P-4工程师和1名P-3技术专家组成。 这个小组将通过临时空缺通知聘用,并将审查咨询结果,验证建议的执行情况,编写工作说明并编写文件,以便采购一家方案管理公司。 项目管理小组将制订总体项目管理准则,同受战略遗产计划最直接影响的实务部门制定沟通战略;并将同方案管理公司合作,详细开展以下阶段、规划和预算编制工作。", "第34款. 建筑、改建、装修和主要维修", "订约承办事务(2 800 000美元)", "2. 2012-2013两年期合同所需资源为2 800 000美元,将用于支付方案管理公司在制定项目实施阶段总体计划、包括财务分析在内的多年基本建设投资计划方面的初始服务费用,以及具有重要里程碑的详细项目时间表。 该公司将同联合国日内瓦办事处项目管理小组密切合作,确定项目在实施的所有阶段取得成功所需的必要专门知识和咨询人;并建立一个与基本建设总计划管理结构相类似的全面咨询人项目管理结构,并建立一个强有力的报告制度。 在完成这些任务后,该公司将提出一份详细报告,说明实施万国宫翻修和修复工程的方法和详细要求。", "所需资源(按2012-2013年初步费率计算)", "(单位:美元)", "2012-2013年估计数", "29E. 行政,日内瓦", "一般临时助理人员 1 164 600", "34,建筑、改建、装修和主要维修", "订约承办事务(方案管理)", "所需资源净额 3 964 600", "37,工作人员薪金税", " assessment(b) 105 100", "共计", "^(a) 以瑞士法郎计算,并按1美元=1.046瑞士法郎的汇率折算。", "•(b) 由收入第1款(工作人员薪金税收入)下同等数额抵销。", "[1] A/64/7/Add.11。", "[2] 大会第61/106号决议,附件一。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Observer status for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Ethiopia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I wish to refer to my letter dated 8 June 2011 to the President of the General Assembly, requesting, in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development in the General Assembly”.", "Enclosed with that letter was a letter from the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, in his capacity as Chair of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) (see enclosure), together with an explanatory memorandum in support of the above request (annex I) and a draft resolution (annex II).", "In Ethiopia’s capacity as the current Chair of IGAD, I have the honour to reiterate the Authority’s request for the inclusion of the aforementioned item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "I have the honour to request that the present letter and its enclosure and annexes be circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) Tekeda Alemu", "Ambassador", "Permanent Representative", "Enclosure", "21 April 2011", "I have the honour, in my capacity as current Chair of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), and in accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, to request you to include in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development in the General Assembly”, pursuant to the decision taken by the IGAD Council of Ministers.", "In accordance with rule 20 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, an explanatory profile of IGAD (annex I) and a draft resolution (annex II) are attached to this letter in support of the above request.", "The Assembly of Heads of State and Government, which met in Djibouti in January 1986, decided to establish IGAD as a subregional institution to work on peace and development issues within the subregion. The Agreement which officially established the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD), as it was called then, with its headquarters in Djibouti, was signed by six countries in the Horn of Africa, namely, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, the Sudan and Uganda.", "In April 1995, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government made a Declaration to revitalize IGADD. On 21 March 1996, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government signed a Letter of Instrument to Amend the IGADD Charter/Agreement, establishing IGAD with a new name, “Intergovernmental Authority on Development”.", "The revitalized IGAD, with expanded areas of regional cooperation and a new organizational structure, was launched by the IGAD Assembly of Heads of State and Government on 25 November 1996.", "IGAD has since then continued to cooperate closely with the African Union, the United Nations and its various agencies, and has concluded cooperation agreements with other multilateral organizations and agencies.", "It has thus become imperative for IGAD, with its ever-increasing engagements in areas of peace and development in the subregion, to take part in the work of various United Nations conferences and committees relevant to its mandate and shared mission with the United Nations, to which observer status within our global organization becomes critical.", "I would request that the present letter, together with its annexes, be circulated as a document of the General Assembly for its serious consideration.", "(Signed) Hailemariam Desalegn", "Deputy Prime Minister and", "Minister for Foreign Affairs", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "Background", "The Intergovernmental Authority on Development in Eastern Africa was created in 1996 to supersede the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) which was founded in 1986. The recurring and severe droughts and other natural disasters between 1974 and 1984 caused widespread famine, ecological degradation and economic hardship in the Eastern Africa region. Although individual countries made substantial efforts to cope with the situation and received generous support from the international community, the magnitude and extent of the problem argued strongly for a regional approach to supplement national efforts.", "In 1983 and 1984, six countries in the Horn of Africa — Djibouti, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, the Sudan and Uganda — took action through the United Nations to establish an intergovernmental body for development and drought control in their region. The Assembly of Heads of State and Government met in Djibouti in January 1986 to sign the Agreement which officially launched IGADD with headquarters in Djibouti. The State of Eritrea became the seventh member after attaining independence in 1993. Although IGADD was originally conceived to coordinate the efforts of member States to combat drought and desertification, it became increasingly apparent that the Authority provided a regular forum where leaders of the Eastern African countries were able to tackle other political and socio-economic issues in a regional context. Realizing this, the Heads of State and Government of Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, the Sudan and Uganda, at an extraordinary summit on 18 April 1995, resolved to expand the mandate of IGADD.", "In April 1995 in Addis Ababa, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government made a declaration to revitalize IGADD and expand cooperation among member States. On 21 March 1996 in Nairobi, the Assembly of Heads of State and Government signed a Letter of Instrument to Amend the IGADD Charter/Agreement, establishing the revitalized IGAD with a new name, “Intergovernmental Authority on Development”. The revitalized IGAD, with expanded areas of regional cooperation and a new organizational structure, was launched by the IGAD Assembly of Heads of State and Government on 25 November 1996 in Djibouti.", "Structure of IGAD", "The Intergovernmental Authority on Development comprises four hierarchical policy organs:", "1. The Assembly of Heads of State and Government is the supreme policymaking organ of the Authority. It determines the objectives, guidelines and programmes for IGAD and meets once a year. A Chairman is elected from among the member States in rotation.", "2. The Council of Ministers is composed of the Ministers for Foreign Affairs and one other focal Minister designated by each member State. The Council formulates policy, and approves the work programme and annual budget of the secretariat during its biannual sessions.", "3. The Committee of Ambassadors is composed of IGAD member States’ ambassadors or plenipotentiaries accredited to the country of IGAD headquarters. It convenes as often as the need arises to advise and guide the Executive Secretary.", "4. The secretariat is headed by an Executive Secretary appointed by the Assembly of Heads of State and Government for a term of four years, renewable once. The secretariat assists member States in formulating regional projects in the priority areas, facilitates the coordination and harmonization of development policies, mobilizes resources to implement regional projects and programmes approved by the Council and reinforces national infrastructures necessary for implementing regional projects and policies.", "5. The Executive Secretary is assisted by four Directors heading Divisions of Economic Cooperation and Social Development; Agriculture and Environment; Peace and Security; and Administration and Finance, together with 22 regional professional staff and various short-term project and technical assistance staff.", "Mission", "The IGAD mission is to assist and complement the efforts of the member States to achieve, through increased cooperation:", "• Food security and environmental protection.", "• Promotion and maintenance of peace and security and humanitarian affairs.", "• Economic cooperation and integration.", "Vision", "IGAD will be the premier regional organization for achieving peace, prosperity and regional integration in the IGAD region.", "The objectives of IGAD are:", "• To promote joint development strategies and gradually harmonize macroeconomic policies and programmes in the social, technological and scientific fields.", "• To harmonize policies with regard to trade, Customs, transport, communication, agriculture, and natural resources, and promote free movement of goods, services and people within the region.", "• To create an enabling environment for foreign, cross-border and domestic trade and investment.", "• To achieve regional food security and encourage and assist efforts of member States to collectively combat drought and other natural and man-made disasters and their natural consequences.", "• To initiate and promote programmes and projects to achieve regional food security and sustainable development of natural resources and environment protection, and encourage and assist efforts of member States to collectively combat drought and other natural and man-made disasters and their consequences.", "• To develop and improve a coordinated and complementary infrastructure in the areas of transport, telecommunications and energy in the region.", "• To promote peace and stability in the region and create mechanisms within the region for the prevention, management and resolution of inter-State and intra‑State conflicts through dialogue.", "• To mobilize resources for the implementation of emergency, short-term, medium-term and long-term programmes within the framework of regional cooperation.", "• To promote and realize the objectives of the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa and the African Economic Community.", "• To facilitate, promote and strengthen cooperation in research development and application in science and technology.", "Strategy", "The IGAD strategy was elaborated in 2003 and adopted at the tenth summit of Heads of State and Government.", "The strategy provides a coherent framework aimed at guiding IGAD priority development programmes in pursuit of its mandate, and in moving it forward as the premier regional economic organization for achieving peace, prosperity and regional integration in the IGAD region. It draws its spirit and substance from the member States’ desire to attain viable regional economic cooperation in the IGAD region. It incorporates and benefits from:", "• Experiences gained in the past.", "• Current framework conditions of development cooperation.", "• Regional as well as global challenges and emerging issues facing the region.", "In preparing the strategy, IGAD has embraced and employed the principles of ownership, participation and partnership. With this in mind, IGAD has involved, to the maximum extent possible, its staff, member States and IGAD partners in preparing the strategy.", "The strategy document is composed of five main sections. Section I introduces an overview of the profile of the region, highlighting the economic and social situation. A glimpse of IGAD’s history and a summary of its mandate provide the raison d’être for establishing this regional organization. The section cites some of the strengths of IGAD as a regional development vehicle. It also mentions the challenges and constraints that were encountered and the valuable lessons learned, which will be utilized in focusing and sharpening the strategy.", "Section II of the strategy presents the IGAD vision and mission statements. It also defines some other important aspects of the strategy, among which are a set of principles and values that IGAD will abide by as it pursues its mandate; and the strategic approach and partnerships and comparative advantages of IGAD. The section also presents characteristics of the strategy with regard to its flexibility and dynamism, and framework conditions.", "Details of the core outputs of the strategy are provided in section III. The section identifies the need to address a number of key strategic issues pertaining to the complex and ever-changing nature of regional cooperation. These include policy matters; development information-sharing; capacity-building; establishing partnerships and alliances; and facilitating research and technology development.", "Section IV is the main thrust of the strategy. It presents the programmes under the three priority sectors of IGAD: agriculture and environment, political and humanitarian affairs and economic cooperation. Fairly detailed descriptions of the programmes and other cross-cutting themes like gender mainstreaming are presented in the section.", "Section V underscores the important issue of implementing the strategy. It identifies that successful implementation of the strategy can be realized only through the concerted collaborative efforts of the IGAD member States, the secretariat and the IGAD Partners Forum.", "Finally it is recognized that the strategy was first and foremost a tool to guide the IGAD secretariat in implementing its mandate, but it is also owned by the member States and supported by the IGAD Partners Forum, which finances most of the programmes. At various stages of the process of formulating the strategy, it became clear that a more focused Strategy did not mean reduction of regional programme priorities but rather a level of intervention and outputs commensurate with the secretariat’s capacity. It should be underlined at this juncture that the capacity of IGAD encompasses both the technical and institutional capacity in the member States that are at the disposal of IGAD.", "IGAD Inter-Parliamentary Union", "The Protocol establishing the IGAD Inter-Parliamentary Union came into force on 28 November 2007 after being ratified by four IGAD member States (Ethiopia, Djibouti, Sudan, Somalia).", "The first meeting of the Conference of the Speakers of Parliaments of IGAD member States, the highest organ of the Union, was held in Addis Ababa on 28 November 2008. The meeting was attended by Speakers of Parliaments of Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, the Sudan and Uganda. Kenya was represented by high-level government officials, as the Parliament was dissolved because of the election in the country.", "Civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations", "The IGAD Civil Society Forum was established in 2003. However, there has been very little activity since then. The IGAD programme officer responsible for this sector was recruited only in October 2007.", "In order to be able to resuscitate the interface between the IGAD secretariat and the civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations in the region the Peace and Security Division has decided to have a consultancy service. The objective of the consultancy is to involve in a concrete manner civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations of the region in IGAD thematic areas, namely, peace and security, agriculture and environment and economic cooperation and integration.", "Accordingly, the Division prepared draft terms of reference and as the issue of civil society organizations and non-governmental organizations is a cross-cutting one proposed to the Executive Secretary the setting-up of an inter-divisional committee consisting of representatives from the three divisions of the secretariat, Peace and Security, Economic Cooperation and Social Development, and Agriculture and Environment.", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "Observer status for the Intergovernmental Authority on Development in the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Wishing to promote cooperation between the United Nations and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development,", "1. Decides to invite the Intergovernmental Authority on Development to participate in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly in the capacity of observer;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary action to implement the present resolution." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "给予政府间发展管理局大会观察员地位", "2011年8月5日埃塞俄比亚常驻联合国代表给大会主席的信", "谨提及2011年6月8日我给大会主席的信，其中按照大会议事规则第14条的规定，请求在大会第六十六届会议议程内列入一个题为“给予政府间发展管理局大会观察员地位”的补充项目。", "随函附上埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国副总理兼外交部长以政府间发展管理局(伊加特)主席名义的来信(见附文)以及支持上述请求的解释性备忘录(附件一)和决议草案(附件二)。", "谨以伊加特轮值主席的名义，再次请求把上述项目列入大会第六十六届会议议程。", "请将本函及其附文和附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "泰凯达·阿莱穆(签名)", "2011年4月21日", "谨以政府间发展管理局(伊加特)轮值主席的名义，根据伊加特部长理事会的决定，按照大会议事规则第14条的规定，请求把题为“给予政府间发展管理局(伊加特)大会观察员地位”的补充项目列入大会第六十六届会议议程。", "根据大会议事规则第20条的规定，随函附上支持上述请求的伊加特解释性备忘录(附件一)和决议草案(附件二)。", "1986年1月在吉布提召开的国家元首和政府首脑会议，决定成立政府间发展管理局，作为负责处理次区域内和平与发展问题的次区域机构。非洲之角吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、索马里、苏丹和乌干达六国，签署了当时称作政府间抗旱和发展管理局(抗旱发展局)的正式成立协定，并决定把总部设在吉布提。", "1995年4月，国家元首和政府首脑会议发表宣言，决定振兴抗旱发展局的工作。1996年3月21日，国家元首和政府首脑会议签署《抗旱发展局宪章/协定修改指示书》，决定把政府间抗旱和发展管理局更名为政府间发展管理局(伊加特)。", "伊加特工作振兴后，扩大了区域合作领域，并建立了新的组织结构。1996年11月25日，国家元首和政府首脑会议正式启动了伊加特的工作。", "伊加特继续与非洲联盟、联合国及其各机构开展紧密合作，并与其他多边组织和机构签署了合作协议。", "为此，伊加特必须不断扩大次区域和平与发展领域的活动，并结合自身工作和与联合国的共同使命参加联合国的会议和各委员会的工作。因此，伊加特迫切需要以观察员身份参加我们全球性组织的工作。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发并得到大会的严肃审议。", "副总理兼外交部长", "海勒马利亚姆·德赛莱恩(签名)", "附件一", "解释性备忘录", "背景资料", "东部非洲政府间发展管理局于1996年成立，1986年成立的政府间抗旱和发展管理局从此结束使命。1974年至1984年，非洲持续发生严重干旱和其他自然灾害，给东非各国造成了大规模饥饿、生态恶化和经济困难。虽然各国为应对这种局面作出了艰苦努力并得到了国际社会的慷慨援助，但是问题的范围和严重性强烈促使各国采取区域办法来补充国家努力。", "1983年至1984年，非洲之角吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、索马里、苏丹和乌干达六国通过联合国采取行动，成立了本区域政府间抗旱和发展管理局。1986年1月在吉布提举行的国家元首和政府首脑会议，签署了抗旱发展局正式成立协定，并决定把总部设在吉布提。厄立特里亚国在1993年实现独立后成为第七个成员国。抗旱发展局成立的初衷是协调成员国应对干旱和荒漠化的努力，但随着时间的推移该组织日益成为东非国家领导人处理本区域其他政治和社会经济问题的常设论坛。为此，吉布提、厄立特里亚、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、苏丹和乌干达的国家元首和政府首脑于1995年10月18日举行特别峰会，决心扩大抗旱发展管理局的任务。", "1995年4月，国家元首和政府首脑会议在亚的斯亚贝巴发表宣言，决定振兴抗旱发展局的工作，扩大成员国之间的合作。1996年3月21日，国家元首和政府首脑会议在内罗毕签署“抗旱发展局宪章/协定修改指示书”，决定重振组织工作，并将其更名为“政府间发展管理局”(伊加特)。1996年11月25日，伊加特国家元首和政府首脑会议在吉布提正式宣布经过振兴、扩大区域合作领域并建立新组织结构的伊加特正式成立。", "伊加特的组织结构", "政府间发展管理局设有四个上下级政策机关：", "1. 国家元首和政府首脑会议是管理局的最高决策机关，通过年度会议确定伊加特的目标、方针和方案。主席由成员国轮流选举产生。", "2. 部长理事会由成员国的外交部长和其他协调部长组成。理事会通过半年度会议制订政策，并批准秘书处的工作方案和年度预算。", "3. 大使委员会由伊加特成员国驻伊加特总部国家的大使或特命全权代表组成。委员会根据需要召开会议，为执行秘书提供建议和指导。", "4. 秘书处由国家元首和政府首脑会议任命的执行秘书领导，任期四年，可连任一届。秘书处协助成员国制定优先领域的区域项目，促进协调和统一发展政策，调动资源执行部长理事会批准的区域项目和方案，加强执行区域项目和政策所需要的国家基础设施。", "5. 协助执行秘书工作的有负责经济合作与社会发展司、农业与环境司、和平与安全司、行政与财务司的四名司长、以及22名区域专业工作人员和多名短期项目和技术援助人员。", "使命", "伊加特使命是协助和补充成员国扩大合作实现以下目标的努力：", "• 粮食安全和环境保护。", "• 维护和平与安全和促进人道主义事务。", "• 经济合作与经济一体化。", "愿景", "伊加特将成为实现伊加特区域和平、繁荣和区域一体化的首要区域组织。", "伊加特的目标是：", "• 加强联合发展战略，逐步统一社会、技术和科学领域的宏观经济政策和方案。", "• 统一贸易、海关、运输、通信、农业和自然资源政策，促进区域内商品、服务和人员的自由流动。", "• 为对外、跨国和国内贸易与投资创造有利环境。", "• 实现区域粮食安全，鼓励并协助成员国集体应对干旱、其他自然灾害和人为灾害及其自然后果。", "• 制订和推动各项方案和项目，实现区域粮食安全、自然资源的可持续发展和环境保护，鼓励并协助成员国集体应对干旱、其他自然和人为灾害及其后果。", "• 在本区域运输、电讯和能源领域建设并改善协调和补充性基础设施。", "• 促进本区域和平与稳定，建立区域机制，以通过对话预防、管理和解决国家之间和国家内部的冲突。", "• 调动资源以在区域合作框架内执行紧急方案和长中短期方案。", "• 推动实现东部和南部非洲共同市场和非洲经济共同体的目标。", "• 推动、促进和加强研究开发和科技应用领域的合作。", "战略", "伊加特战略于2003年制定，并在第十届国家元首和政府首脑会议上获得通过。", "战略拟定了协调框架，旨在指导伊加特结合自身任务为优先发展方案提供指导，并推动伊加特作为实现区域和平、繁荣和一体化的首要区域经济组织的工作。战略从成员国实现伊加特区域可行经济合作的愿望中汲取精神和内容。战略包含并借鉴了：", "• 过去的经验。", "• 目前发展合作框架的条件。", "• 区域和全球挑战以及区域面临的新问题。", "在制定战略中，伊加特结合并采用了自主、参与和伙伴合作原则。为此，伊加特充分调动工作人员、成员国和伙伴参与制定战略。", "战略文件分为五个主要章节。第一节介绍本区域概况，侧重介绍经济社会情况。简单回顾了伊加特的历史，概述了伊加特的任务，说明了本区域组织的成立理由。还介绍了伊加特作为区域发展引擎的一些能力，并提及了遇到的挑战与困难以及将在战略完善中加以应用的宝贵经验。", "第二节介绍了伊加特的远景和使命，并明确了战略的其他重要方面，如伊加特执行任务所需遵循的一整套原则和价值；伊加特的战略方法和伙伴关系以及比较优势等。还介绍了战略在灵活性和可行性方面的特征以及框架条件。", "第三节详细阐述了战略的核心产出，并明确规定必须结合区域合作的复杂和变化特征解决若干重大战略问题，包括政治问题；发展信息分享；能力建设；伙伴关系和联盟建设；促进研究和技术发展。", "第四节是战略的主旨部分。介绍了伊加特三大部门(农业与环境、政治与人道主义事务、经济合作)的方案。详细阐述了各项方案以及性别平等主流化等其他跨领域专题。", "第五节强调了执行战略这一重要问题。认为伊加特成员国、秘书处和伊加特伙伴论坛的合作是成功执行战略的关键。", "最后，战略确认其作为指导伊加特秘书处在成员国自主拥有并在伊加特论坛伙伴的支持下执行任务的首要工具。随着战略制定工作的深入，可以明显看出进一步突出战略的重点并不意味着减少区域方案的优先事项，而是应确定与秘书处能力相符合的干预程度和产出水平。应该强调指出，伊加特的能力包括伊加特可以利用的成员国的技术和组织能力。", "伊加特议会联盟", "伊加特议会联盟成立议定书在伊加特四个成员国(埃塞俄比亚、吉布提、苏丹和索马里)批准后，于2007年11月28日生效。", "伊加特议长会议是议会联盟的最高机关，首届会议于2008年11月28日在亚的斯亚贝巴举行。参加会议的有吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、索马里、苏丹和乌干达的议长。肯尼亚因进行选举议会解散而派出政府高级官员参加会议。", "民间社会论坛和非政府组织", "伊加特民间社会论坛成立于2003年，但很少开展活动。负责这项工作的伊加特方案干事于2007年10月才征聘上岗。", "为重振伊加特秘书处同民间社会论坛和非政府组织在本区域的互动，和平与安全司决定开展咨询服务活动，目的是动员民间社会论坛和非政府组织具体参加伊加特的专题领域(和平与安全、农业与环境、经济合作与一体化)的工作。", "为此，和平与安全司草拟了职权范围。鉴于民间社会论坛和非政府组织问题涉及各个领域，提议执行秘书成立一个由秘书处和平与安全、经济合作与社会发展、农业与环境三个司的代表组成的跨司委员会。", "附件二", "决议草案", "给予政府间发展管理局大会观察员地位", "大会，", "希望促进联合国和政府间发展管理局之间的合作，", "1. 决定邀请政府间发展管理局以观察员身份参加大会的届会和工作；", "2. 请秘书长为执行本项决议采取必要行动。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "给予政府间发展管理局大会观察员地位", "2011年8月5日埃塞俄比亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨提及我2011年6月8日给大会主席的信,其中请求根据大会议事规则第14条,将题为“给予政府间发展管理局大会观察员地位”的补充项目列入大会第六十六届会议议程。", "该信附有埃塞俄比亚联邦民主共和国副总理兼外交部长以政府间发展管理局(伊加特)主席的身份所发的信(见附文),以及支持上述请求的解释性备忘录(附件一)和一项决议草案(附件二)。", "我荣幸地以伊加特现任主席埃塞俄比亚的名义,重申管理局关于将上述项目列入大会第六十六届会议议程的请求。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "特克达·阿莱穆(签名)", "联合国", "常驻代表", "附录", "2011年4月21日,纽约", "谨以政府间发展管理局(伊加特)现任主席身份并根据大会议事规则第14条,请你按照伊加特部长理事会的决定,将题为“政府间发展管理局在大会的观察员地位”的补充项目列入大会第六十六届会议议程。", "根据大会议事规则第20条,本函附有伊加特的解释性简介(附件一)和一项决议草案(附件二),以支持上述请求。", "1986年1月在吉布提开会的国家元首和政府首脑会议决定设立发展局,作为分区域机构,就分区域内的和平与发展问题开展工作。 《协定》正式设立了政府间干旱和发展局(发展局),当时称其总部设在吉布提。 该协定由非洲之角的六个国家签署,即吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、索马里、苏丹和乌干达。", "1995年4月,国家元首和政府首脑会议发表了一项宣言来振兴发展局。 1996年3月21日,国家元首和政府首脑会议签署了《修正伊加特宪章/协定的文书书》,设立了伊加特,并改名为 \" 政府间发展管理局 \" 。", "1996年11月25日,伊加特国家元首和政府首脑会议发起了振兴的伊加特,扩大了区域合作领域并建立了新的组织结构。", "此后,伊加特继续与非洲联盟、联合国及其各机构密切合作,并与其他多边组织和机构缔结了合作协定。", "因此,伊加特在次区域和平与发展领域日益参与,必须参加与其任务和与联合国共同使命有关的各种联合国会议和委员会的工作,而在联合国,在我们全球组织内的观察员地位变得至关重要。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷,供其认真审议。", "海尔马里亚姆·德萨莱尼(签名)", "副总理兼", "外交部长", "页:1", "解释性备忘录", "背景情况", "东非政府间发展管理局成立于1996年,以取代1986年成立的政府间干旱和发展局。 1974年至1984年之间一再发生的严重干旱和其他自然灾害给东非地区造成了广泛的饥荒、生态退化和经济困难。 虽然个别国家为应付这种情况作出了巨大努力并得到了国际社会的慷慨支持,但问题的严重性和程度强烈要求采取区域办法来补充国家努力。", "1983年和1984年,非洲之角的六个国家——吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、索马里、苏丹和乌干达——通过联合国采取行动,在其区域建立一个促进发展和控制干旱的政府间机构。 1986年1月,国家元首和政府首脑会议在吉布提举行会议,签署《协定》,正式发起发展局,总部设在吉布提。 厄立特里亚国在1993年获得独立后成为第七个成员国。 虽然发展局最初设想协调成员国为防治干旱和荒漠化而作的努力,但日益明显的是,管理局提供了一个定期论坛,东非国家的领导人能够在区域范围内处理其他政治和社会经济问题。 认识到这一点,吉布提、厄立特里亚、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、苏丹和乌干达的国家元首和政府首脑在1995年4月18日的特别首脑会议上决定扩大发展局的任务。", "1995年4月,在亚的斯亚贝巴举行的国家元首和政府首脑会议发表了一项宣言,以振兴伊加特并扩大成员国之间的合作。 1996年3月21日,国家元首和政府首脑大会在内罗毕签署了《修正伊加特宪章/协定的文书书》,设立了振兴后的伊加特,新名称为 \" 政府间发展管理局 \" 。 1996年11月25日,政府间发展管理局国家元首和政府首脑会议在吉布提启动了振兴的发展局,扩大了区域合作领域并建立了新的组织结构。", "发展局的结构", "政府间发展管理局由四个等级政策机关组成:", "1. 联合国 国家元首和政府首脑会议是管理局的最高决策机构。 它确定发展局的目标、准则和方案,每年举行一次会议。 主席从成员国中轮流选出。", "2. 联合国 部长理事会由外交部长和由每个成员国指定的另一名联络部长组成。 理事会制定政策,并核准秘书处在半年期会议期间的工作方案和年度预算。", "3个 大使委员会由发展局成员国派驻发展局总部国家的大使或全权代表组成。 必要时,它经常召集会议,向执行秘书提供建议和指导。", " 4.四. 秘书处由国家元首和政府首脑会议任命的执行秘书领导,任期四年,可连任一次。 秘书处协助成员国制定优先领域的区域项目,促进发展政策的协调和统一,调动资源来实施经理事会核准的区域项目和方案,并强化执行区域项目和政策所必要的国家基础设施。", "5 (韩语). 4个司长协助执行秘书开展工作,分别主管经济合作和社会发展司、农业与环境司、和平与安全司、行政和财务司,以及22名区域专业工作人员和各种短期项目和技术援助工作人员。", "特派团", "发展局的任务是通过加强合作来协助和补充成员国的努力:", "二. 支助 粮食安全和环境保护。", "• 促进并维持和平与安全及人道主义事务。", "• 经济合作和一体化。", "愿景", "伊加特将是伊加特区域实现和平、繁荣和区域一体化的首要区域组织。", "发展局的目标是:", "二. 支助 推进联合发展战略,逐步协调社会,科技领域的宏观经济政策和方案.", "二. 支助 协调贸易、海关、运输、通信、农业和自然资源方面的政策,促进区域内货物、服务和人员的自由流动。", "二. 支助 为外国、跨界和国内贸易和投资创造有利环境。", "二. 支助 实现区域粮食安全,鼓励并援助成员国努力共同应对干旱和其他自然及人为灾害及其自然后果。", "二. 支助 发起并推进实现区域粮食安全、自然资源可持续发展和环境保护的方案和项目,鼓励并援助成员国努力共同应对干旱和其他自然及人为灾害及其后果。", "二. 支助 发展和改善本区域运输、电信和能源领域的协调和互补的基础设施。", "二. 支助 促进该区域的和平与稳定,并在该区域内建立机制,以通过对话预防、管理和解决国家间和国家间冲突。", "二. 支助 为执行区域合作框架内的紧急、短期、中期和长期方案而调动资源。", "二. 支助 促进和实现东部和南部非洲共同市场和非洲经济共同体的目标。", "二. 支助 促进,促进和加强科学技术研究开发和应用方面的合作.", "战略", "发展局的战略是2003年制定的,并在第十次国家元首和政府首脑会议上得到通过。", "该战略提供了一个协调一致的框架,旨在指导伊加特执行其任务规定的优先发展方案,并推进其成为伊加特区域实现和平、繁荣和区域一体化的首要区域经济组织。 它的精神和实质内容来自成员国希望在发展局区域实现可行的区域经济合作的愿望。 它包括并受益于:", "二. 支助 过去获得的经验。", "· 发展合作的现有框架条件。", "• 该区域面临的区域和全球挑战及新出现的问题。", "在制定该战略时,伊加特接受并采用了所有权、参与和伙伴关系等原则。 有鉴于此,发展局已尽最大可能让其工作人员、成员国和发展局伙伴参与制定该战略。", "战略文件由五个主要部分组成。 节次 我介绍该区域概况,并着重介绍经济和社会状况。 发展局历史的一览和其任务的总结为建立这一区域组织提供了理由。 本节列举了伊加特作为区域发展载体的一些长处。 报告还提到遇到的挑战和制约以及汲取的宝贵经验教训,这些经验教训将用于突出战略的重点并强化战略。", "战略第二节介绍了伊加特的愿景和任务说明。 它还确定了战略的其他一些重要方面,其中包括发展局在执行任务时将遵守的一套原则和价值观;以及发展局的战略办法、伙伴关系和相对优势。 本节还介绍了该战略在灵活性和活力以及框架条件方面的特点。", "第三节详细介绍了该战略的核心产出。 本节确定需要处理与区域合作的复杂和不断变化的性质有关的若干关键战略问题。 其中包括政策事项;发展信息共享;能力建设;建立伙伴关系和联盟;以及促进研究和技术开发。", "第四节是该战略的主旨。 报告介绍了发展局三个优先部门的方案:农业和环境、政治和人道主义事务以及经济合作。 本节对各项方案以及将性别观点纳入主流等其他贯穿各领域的主题作了相当详细的说明。", "节次 五强调执行该战略的重要问题。 报告指出,只有伊加特成员国、秘书处和伊加特伙伴论坛协同努力,才能成功执行该战略。", "最后,人们认识到,该战略首先是指导伊加特秘书处执行任务的工具,但它也为成员国所拥有并得到了伊加特伙伴论坛的支持,后者为大多数方案提供了资金。 在制定战略的各个阶段,很明显,重点更突出的战略并不意味着减少区域方案的优先事项,而是与秘书处的能力相称的干预和产出水平。 在此需要强调的是,发展局的能力包括可供发展局支配的成员国的技术和机构能力。", "伊加特 各国议会联盟", "经伊加特四个成员国(埃塞俄比亚、吉布提、苏丹、索马里)批准后,建立伊加特各国议会联盟的议定书于2007年11月28日生效。", "2008年11月28日,联盟最高机关伊加特成员国议长会议在亚的斯亚贝巴举行第一次会议。 吉布提、埃塞俄比亚、索马里、苏丹和乌干达的议长出席了会议。 肯尼亚由高级政府官员代表,因为该国选举而解散了议会。", "民间社会组织和非政府组织", "伊加特民间社会 论坛成立于2003年. 然而,从那时起活动很少。 2007年10月才征聘了负责该部门的伊加特方案干事。", "为了能够恢复伊加特秘书处与该区域民间社会组织和非政府组织之间的接口,和平与安全司决定设立一个咨询服务处。 咨询的目的是以具体方式使该区域的民间社会组织和非政府组织参与发展局的专题领域,即和平与安全、农业和环境以及经济合作和一体化。", "因此,该司拟订了职权范围草案,作为民间社会组织和非政府组织的交叉问题,建议执行秘书设立一个由秘书处和平与安全、经济合作和社会发展以及农业和环境三个司的代表组成的司际委员会。", "页:1", "决议草案", "给予政府间发展管理局大会观察员地位", "大会,", "希望促进联合国同政府间发展管理局之间的合作,", "1. 联合国 1. 决定邀请政府间发展管理局以观察员身份参加大会的届会和工作;", "2. 联合国 4. 请秘书长采取必要行动执行本决议。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 15 of the provisional agenda*", "* A/66/150.", "Culture of Peace", "Intercultural, interreligious and intercivilizational dialogue", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of the activities carried out by the main United Nations entities in the field of dialogue among civilizations, cultures and religions. The report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/138, covers a range of topics, including the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, the fourth Forum of the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations, communication, awareness-raising and educational activities, to promote intercultural and interreligious dialogue, as well as a rights-based approach to the issue. It also provides the outcome of the consultations carried out on the possibility of proclaiming a United Nations decade on interreligious and intercultural dialogue.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Lessons 3 learned from the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures and future steps by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural \nOrganization III. Consolidation 7 of the Alliance of Civilizations and preparation of its fourth \nforum IV. Activities 8 of the United Nations system to promote intercultural \ndialogue V. Promoting 12 interreligious dialogue through cooperation with faith-based \norganizations VI. A 16 rights-based approach to dialogue among cultures, civilizations and \nreligions VII.Outcome 18 of the consultations on the proposal for a decade for interreligious and intercultural \ndialogue \nVIII. Conclusion 20", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/138, entitled “Promotion of interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace”. It sets out the main activities carried out by the United Nations system in support of dialogue among cultures, civilizations and religions since the adoption of the resolution. The report also provides information on the outcome of the consultations carried out by the Secretariat, in coordination with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), on the possibility of proclaiming a United Nations decade for interreligious and intercultural dialogue, pursuant to the same resolution.", "2. Since the adoption of the resolution, a number of initiatives have been carried out by the United Nations system, Member States and civil society organizations. UNESCO continues to be the main institution dealing with all culture-related issues on a large scale within the United Nation system. The United Nation Alliance of Civilizations also organizes high-profile events on the issues. The contributions of United Nations entities are therefore of particular relevance to the present report and are highlighted herein.", "3. The report also comprises contributions from the work of other United Nations entities, including the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, the Department of Political Affairs and the Department of Public Information. The contributions are set out in the report according to the main focus of the activities carried out.", "II. Lessons learned from the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures and future steps by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "4. The General Assembly designated UNESCO to be the lead agency of the United Nations system for the 2010 International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures, capitalizing on its invaluable experience of more than 60 years in advancing the mutual knowledge and understanding of peoples. The lessons learned by UNESCO from the International Year are set out below.", "5. Coinciding with the conclusion the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World (2001-2010), the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures provided a unique opportunity for the United Nations system to reaffirm its fundamental commitment to the plurality of humanity, in which cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue are mutually reinforcing and whose implications drive their relevant programmes. The International Year thus served as a firm foundation to give fresh impetus to the theme of dialogue among cultures.", "6. The main objective of the International Year was to help to dissipate any confusion stemming from ignorance, prejudice and exclusion that creates tension, insecurity, violence or conflict. The task was to demonstrate the benefits of cultural diversity by acknowledging the importance of the exchanges between cultures and the ties forged between them since the dawn of humanity. The ultimate aim was to integrate the principles of dialogue into policies at all levels in order to foster an environment conducive to the rapprochement of cultures.", "7. The process was facilitated by a number of initiatives aimed at achieving the same objective as those of the preceding decade. Beyond their principal value as part of a given year, all initiatives paved the way by familiarizing many decision makers and citizens with the implications of the rapprochement of cultures. The parallel celebrations of other international years and World Days enabled a considerable deepening and convergence of the themes and questions addressed.", "8. The action plan for the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures included four main themes, chosen to facilitate ownership of the Year by Member States, intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations: (a) promoting reciprocal knowledge of cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity; (b) building a framework for commonly shared values; (c) strengthening quality education and the building of intercultural competences; and (d) fostering dialogue for sustainable development. The themes were based on the cardinal principle of the equal dignity of all cultures, mutual respect and the strengthening of international cooperation for lasting peace.", "9. The specific activities considered by Member States and various partners, including the Alliance of Civilizations and civil society stakeholders, are available from http://www.unesco.org/culture/dialogue/2010iyrc/home. The activities focused on the following:", "(a) Providing greater opportunities for research, meetings, public debates, exhibitions, fairs and festivals and making use of new technologies that specifically foster linguistic diversity and translation;", "(b) Promoting the role of creativity, which is a fundamental attribute of innovation, by stressing the individualities and similarities of societies and, in that regard, enhancing the promotion of an integrated vision of all aspects of cultural heritage as a bearer of history and identity that must be preserved, a resource and engine of sustainable development and a tool for intercultural dialogue, which includes interreligious dialogue;", "(c) Improving access to formal and non-formal education, with an emphasis on quality education for all, human rights education, cultural diversity, gender equality and the integration of marginalized groups, and the strengthening of South-South and North-South inter-university cooperation, particularly by creating sites of excellence and innovation;", "(d) The contributions of the media and of new information and communications technology to changing the perceptions of different cultures and religions through, inter alia, the promotion of dialogue on the Internet where numerous cultural and linguistic expressions can be circulated and shared; or the co-production of dialogues between media professionals from different cultures, particularly on sensitive issues;", "(e) Recognizing and respecting knowledge, including traditional knowledge systems and the knowledge of indigenous peoples, which contribute to sustainable development, the promotion of human rights, philosophy and intercultural dialogue, with particular emphasis on fighting racism and discrimination and on the culture of peace and democracy.", "10. It is in that spirit that the numerous suggestions, initiatives and formulations of possible partnerships (almost 1,000 projects in all) succeeded in achieving the global key objectives of the Year. A large number of projects were launched and tens of thousands of people worldwide participated in the exercise. The International Year was instrumental in building awareness among a wide, diverse and particularly young audience of the virtuous cycle of cultural diversity and its corollary, intercultural dialogue, as part of processes of rapprochement. It is hoped that the Year demonstrably helped to change attitudes, mindsets, behaviours and habits.", "11. A particular conclusion to emerge from the activities was that, in the new, rapidly changing international landscape, it is necessary to focus increasingly on the close links between cultural diversity, dialogue, development, security and peace. Those five interdependent notions should be reconsidered in order to develop new approaches, namely, that culture be based on its rich diversity and that dialogue focus on the potential of material and symbolic diversity to achieve sustained peace, in view of the complexity of combining diversity, uniqueness and universality in a globalized world. Dialogue can only be effective if basic prerequisites are met, namely equality, justice, poverty reduction and respect for human rights.", "12. Two persistent issues have arisen: (a) in the context of globalization, determining the new arguments in favour of a strong commitment by States and civil society to creating development and mutual understanding on the basis of cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue; and (b) determining the new choices and strategies needed in terms of public policies? In answering those questions, the three challenges that must be tackled as a priority are detailed below.", "13. In-depth structural reforms must be supported in order to show, through local and international experiences, that no culture is monolithic, but is instead made up of exchanges and interactions, and that each culture offers a fertile ground for renewed creation. Prior understanding of the diversity inherent in one’s own culture is crucial to better understanding cultural diversity worldwide. However, in the more specific case of interreligious dialogue, which is a component of the wider intercultural dialogue, religious and non-religious beliefs and convictions must be better known and understood in order to avoid ignorance and harmful simplistic views.", "14. Support must be provided for practical measures that mobilize not only States but also civil society, including a demarcation of the roles of States and local governments. That entails building capacities, opportunities and frameworks for cooperation among various players in order to reach not only those who are already committed to dialogue but, above all, those who do not yet feel concerned. The responsibility for engaging in dialogue is shared by such stakeholders as intellectuals, artists and opinion-makers (including media professionals and religious and youth leaders), who have a major role to play. The urgent need for linkages among the global, regional and local levels to promote such vital but fragile dialogue must be stressed.", "15. The added value of dialogue among and within societies is only valid on the basis of the experiences and memories of individuals and social groups. It must be taken into consideration that dialogue involves individuals’ cognitive skills, imagination, sensibilities and emotions. That is particularly true in the new digital landscape, where the social media brings people face to face with cultural and religious practices that they cannot interpret. The role of formal and non-formal education thus becomes crucial since it not only transmits knowledge but also offers critical and objective perspectives on all transmitted content.", "16. In the shifting international context, UNESCO continues to promote intercultural and interreligious dialogue in accordance with its original mandate and with one of the overarching objectives of the organization’s medium-term strategy for 2008-2013, related to foster cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and a culture of peace. Against that backdrop, UNESCO is currently developing a new intersectional and interdisciplinary programme of action for a culture of peace and non-violence, which is expected to be adopted by the organization at the thirty-sixth session of its General Conference (to be held in October and November 2011. The main objectives of the programme are as follows:", "(a) To improve the global understanding and deconstruct preconceived ideas, by developing a global consciousness on thinking and learning for the twenty-first century, taking into account the emergence of a global civic space with young men and women as relevant actors;", "(b) To develop a concept- and programme-based approach that uses suitable and convincing language to present new arguments in favour of a strong commitment by States and civil society to nurture “everyday peace” in a social environment that encourages civic engagement and dialogue within and among cultures and communities, while improving the understanding of the root causes of violence;", "(c) To develop a common global curriculum on humanism and intercultural competencies that promote the “cardinal virtues” of temperance, courage, wisdom and justice, as well as empathy, hospitality, the harmonious coexistence and appreciation of diversity and respect for the equal rights of men and women, in order to spur critical and creative thinking among young people through formal and non-formal education, as well as through information and communications technology and the social media;", "(d) To raise awareness about violence and the importance of investing in the civic engagement of young people in order to build participative societies; the development of critical thinking; the eradication of violence against women; the strengthening of democratic culture and fundamental freedoms; and measures to combat all forms of discrimination and xenophobia.", "17. UNESCO is also preparing to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of its Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity, on 2 November 2011, during the above-mentioned session of the General Conference, and on the occasion of the fourth annual forum of the Alliance of Civilizations. Special attention will be paid to the aspirations of the Declaration, including the promotion of the fruitful diversity of cultures, the free flow of ideas by word and image, the right to individual expression and creativity, the strengthening of international solidarity through innovative partnerships and the increased involvement of civil society to achieve harmonious coexistence within and among the contemporary plural societies.", "III. Consolidation of the Alliance of Civilizations and preparation of its fourth forum", "18. Under the leadership of United Nations High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations, Jorge Sampaio, the Alliance has now become one of the premier platforms for intercultural and interreligious dialogue within and between diverse societies. Established under the co-sponsorship of Spain and Turkey, the Alliance includes a Group of Friends, whose 128 members include Governments, international organizations, cities, non-governmental organizations, academics, religious figures, corporations, the media and individuals, prominently young people.", "19. The Alliance continued to call on its members to develop good governance of cultural diversity through national plans, of which 26 are in existence and more are in preparation, on such themes as education, youth, media and migration. Promising practices were exchanged. Following its experience in South-Eastern Europe, the Alliance adopted a regional strategy on intercultural dialogue and cooperation for the Mediterranean in Malta in November 2010, and the elements of an action plan were put together in consultation with civil society. Work on a regional strategy for Latin America is continuing and will be finalized in 2011.", "20. The Alliance prepared for its next annual forum, to be held in Doha from 11 to 13 December. The forum will be a turning point in terms of raising visibility, integrating the global agenda and reinforcing commitments for action. Reflecting the suggestion made by Sheikha Mozah, emphasis will be placed on creating synergies between the objectives of the Alliance and the advancement of the Millennium Development Goals. An initial large-scale exchange with civil society organizations was held in Doha on May 3 and 4.", "21. The Alliance also acted as a platform for flexible cooperation, to implement the projects agreed under the second implementation plan and respond to developments affecting intercultural dialogue. The developments include the new context in the Middle East and North Africa region; the ongoing debates in Europe about reconciling diversity and cohesion; and the influence of religion on peace and development. Tensions in the mutual perceptions of the relationship between Islam and the West remained an important topic. The following points should also be mentioned:", "(a) In collaboration with Jordan, the Alliance promoted Global Interfaith Harmony Week. It also continued to contribute to the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures;", "(b) On World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development, the Alliance, with UNESCO and several technology firms, launched the online campaign “Do ONE Thing for Diversity and Inclusion” to invite people worldwide to support cultural diversity and cohesion, in a new form of outreach to large numbers. The Alliance actively promotes the key messages from youth organizations celebrating the International Year of Youth, including peace, human rights and solidarity across generations, cultures, religions and civilizations;", "(c) In partnership with BMW, the Alliance launched the World Intercultural Facility for Innovation to support innovative grass-roots projects that enhance cultural understanding. The Youth Solidarity Fund of the Alliance supported 20 grass-roots projects led by youth organizations to advance the objectives of the Alliance, including in conflict and post-conflict areas in Africa and Europe. Having been successfully piloted in 2010, the fellowship programme of the Alliance is exposing a new group of emerging leaders from the Arab world to the diverse realities of Western societies and vice-versa. In April 2011, the Global Youth Movement of the Alliance was launched in Baku to connect youth organizations and leverage their commitment to the objectives of the Alliance. Promising experiences of the Alliance online community “Integration: Building Inclusive Societies” are identified and debated on its website, which benefited from the outreach initiatives of partners in Bogota, London, Rome and Melbourne, Australia. In partnership with the International Organization for Migration, the “Plural+” project continued to attract video entries from around the world on young people’s views of diversity;", "(d) Attention to narratives, perceptions and the role of the media remained very high. The Global Experts project, which had been created connects journalists with experts throughout the world to provide nuanced analyses, was enhanced. Training courses, notably in the Middle East and South Asia, were provided to journalists and opinion leaders who report on and write about issues relevant to intercultural understanding. The Alliance also organized debates in New York on the Middle East peace process and in Cairo on the political changes in countries in the Middle East and North Africa. A series on religion and the public space was launched in 10 newspapers around the world;", "(e) An Alliance summer school, first held in August 2010, brought together hundreds of young people from around the world to acquire knowledge and hone their skills on communicating across cultures. The school is growing and diversifying in 2011. The network of dialogue cafés continued to expand, enabling groups of people around the world to communicate face to face. Impending openings include Ramallah, Tel Aviv, Cairo and Tunis. The Alliance co-sponsored a conference on cross-cultural education, held in Lebanon.", "22. After consultation with the Group of Friends, the United Nations High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations will present the Third Implementation Plan (2012-13) of the Alliance to the Secretary-General in the third quarter of 2011. He is also taking steps to secure more stable and predictable resources for the Alliance, through the organization of a replenishment conference, to be held in Turkey in October 2011.", "IV. Activities of the United Nations system to promote intercultural dialogue", "23. In addition to its involvement in the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures and with the Alliance of Civilizations, the United Nations system has continued to undertake a wide range of activities to promote dialogue among cultures. A number of key activities carried out by major United Nations actors in that field are set out below.", "Activities led by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "24. UNESCO continued its activities related to history, memory and dialogue through the wide dissemination and pedagogical use of its works on general and regional histories, to promote a new and pluralistic approach to the histories of peoples and regions. The collections help to deconstruct prejudices and facilitate mutual understanding. The organization also launched a project for the pedagogical use of the general history of Africa, consistent with its aim to make history teaching instrumental in shaping the identities of peoples in and their understanding of the common ties that lie beneath the cultural diversity of any region, particularly with regard to the African diaspora. The Slave Route project helped to break the silence on slavery and shed light on the global transformations and cultural interactions it generated. In that respect, UNESCO continues to raise global awareness by conducting rigorous scientific research in order to reveal the countless influences generated by forced dialogue between people, cultures and civilizations throughout the world.", "25. UNESCO contributed to the celebration of International Day of Nowruz on 21 March (resolution 64/253). Included in 2009 in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO, Nowruz stands out as a particularly vibrant component of such heritage and instils a sense of identity and continuity in those who celebrate it.", "26. Following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 57/249, in which 21 May was proclaimed World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development, UNESCO launched the annual International Festival of Cultural Diversity to highlight the multifaceted and irreplaceable diversity that unites all peoples of the world. The Festival is celebrated at UNESCO headquarters and field offices through an array of cultural events. A wide range of activities are also carried out by local actors. The campaign “Do ONE Thing for Diversity and Inclusion”, in partnership with the Alliance, also helps to promote the Day.", "27. Within the framework of its cooperation with the Alliance, UNESCO has also developed the intersectoral programme “Intercultural Vademecum” composed of five projects, two of which were launched during World Philosophy Day, celebrated in 2010 on 18 November. The themes of the two projects are “A scientific, philosophical, literary and artistic anthology of Muslim/Arab civilization and its contribution to the revival of Western thought and European Renaissance” and “Arab-Muslim Civilization in the Mirror of the Universal”. Both projects are intended to serve as tools for education and media purposes, to present an intercultural vision of history that unites the Muslim/Arab world and the West.", "Activities to promote the International Year of Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding", "28. In its resolution 64/134, the General Assembly proclaimed the year commencing on 12 August 2010 the International Year of Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding, in order to promote dialogue and understanding across generations, cultures, religions and civilizations, and the ideals of peace, respect for human rights and solidarity.", "29. The United Nations Inter-Agency Network on Youth Development, the global mechanism of cooperation on matters related to youth development within the United Nations system, developed a framework approach for the International Year. One of the strategic objectives of the framework was to connect and build bridges to increase intercultural understanding among youth. In that context, the Division for Social Policy and Development of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, and its focal point on youth organized a wide range of side events and briefing sessions aimed at raising the profile of the issues. For example, in July 2010, the monthly consultations held at United Nations Headquarters examined the ways in which young people could promote dialogue and mutual understanding. A partnership with civil society also led to development of the “Activities kit: a guide to celebrating the International Year of Youth”, including practical guidance and concrete examples of activities throughout the International Year and beyond. The preparatory youth event of the Alliance of Civilizations forum held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2010 is another example of that commitment.", "30. United Nations agencies have used the International Year as an opportunity to undertake activities aimed at young people. For example, FAO conducted workshops for children and young people on biodiversity and training courses on the Millennium Development Goals in relation to Alliance activities for youth. It also developed the World Youth Award, a self-development programme for young people that addresses issues related to the Goals and to international citizenship. The award is scheduled to be launched in August 2011 at the World Scout Jamboree in Sweden.", "31. The Department of Information produced communication materials for the Year, with the slogan “Our Year, Our Voice”. Through proactive outreach initiatives, the Department’s network of United Nations information centres mobilized local youth to promote the Year through a variety of activities, including sports, video competitions and poster exhibitions.", "Activities related to recognition of indigenous cultures", "32. The secretariat of the United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues undertakes activities to promote intercultural dialogue relating to indigenous issues and rights. As part of the International Day of the World’s Indigenous People, observed on 9 August, a special event was organized in honour of indigenous film-makers for their exceptional work in raising sensitivity and awareness about the culture, history and everyday life of indigenous peoples around the world.", "33. In order to address the capacity-building needs of Governments, agencies and indigenous peoples at all levels, the secretariat of the Permanent Forum has organized training courses on indigenous issues in a number of countries, including Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Cambodia, Ecuador, Guyana, Nepal and the Philippines. A resource kit on indigenous issues was created to focus on development and indigenous peoples, with an emphasis on cultural diversity, identity and rights. The kit is designed to guide United Nations country teams on ways to engage indigenous peoples and include their perspectives in development processes, including in preparing common country assessments, United Nations development assistance frameworks, poverty reduction strategy papers and reports on the Goals.", "34. Other United Nations system entities have increased their work related to indigenous issues. For example, in 2010, FAO adopted a corporate policy on indigenous and tribal peoples and developed a programme on globally important agricultural heritage systems, which aims to reinforce the underlying ecological and sociocultural processes that have sustained valuable traditional agricultural systems from around the world and to empower and conserve smallholder communities, many of which are indigenous. FAO also documents indigenous food systems around the world and formulates health interventions based on reviving local social and cultural systems.", "35. Similarly, IFAD promotes systematic intercultural dialogue with representatives of national and local indigenous peoples’ organizations and, in 2011, established an indigenous peoples’ forum, which will be held in Rome every other year, in conjunction with the IFAD Governing Council.", "36. In the context of its activities to advance the rights of indigenous peoples, UNICEF took initiatives on such themes as bilingual and intercultural education, culturally sensitive health services, birth registration and ending violence, abuse and exploitation. The UNICEF regional office for Latin America and the Caribbean has a particularly long-standing engagement in activities aimed at generating strategic information, empowering indigenous peoples, mainly women and adolescents, and building local capacities.", "Communication activities by Department of Public Information", "37. Communication and outreach are key aspects of the work of the United Nations on intercultural dialogue. Through UN Radio, UN Television, the United Nations Chronicle, the United Nations News Centre and the Organization’s website, the Department of Public Information covers a wide range of events organized to strengthen the Organization’s voice on intercultural dialogue, in particular during the international days and global weeks proclaimed by the General Assembly. Web pages have been created in the six official languages of the United Nations for many of the events.", "38. The 2011 theme of the Department’s annual media seminar on peace in the Middle East, held in Budapest on 12 and 13 July 2011, was “Prospects for peace: understanding current changes and overcoming obstacles”. Participants in the seminar reviewed the current status of peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, and examined the role played by the creative community, including writers, musicians and film-makers, in fostering conditions for dialogue and better understanding between Israelis and Palestinians.", "39. Reconciliation and education was the focus of the 2011 commemoration of the Rwanda genocide, which was observed with a series of events organized during the week of 4 April 2011 at United Nations Headquarters and at United Nations information centres around the world. In addition to a memorial ceremony and a student conference, an exhibition entitled “Lessons from Rwanda” was displayed in Kigali, Bujumbura, Geneva and Dar es Salaam, United Republic of Tanzania.", "40. The Department of Public Information continues to engage civil society on related issues, through special briefings for non-governmental organizations and students, including on such themes as: “Promoting diversity of world cultures and the links that unite them”, held in October 2010 in observance of the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures; “Focus on faith series: unveiling Judaism and its place in the dialogue among civilizations”, held in November 2010; and “Speak up, stop discrimination: exploring human rights in the relationship between the Muslim world and the West”, held in observance of Human Rights Day.", "41. On 5 May 2011, the Department organized a symposium on the theme “Can literature effect change?”, with a panel of eminent Indian authors and poets. The United Nations News Centre also published a feature based on an interview with writer and United Nations Messenger of Peace Paulo Coelho on the theme of intercultural dialogue.", "Activities carried out by the Department of Political Affairs", "42. During the reporting period, the efforts of the Department of Political Affairs on preventive diplomacy, peacemaking and post-conflict peacebuilding, continued to catalyse and support dialogue across societal cleavages, in order to reduce, manage and resolve violent conflict. The Department pursued such efforts where it had been explicitly mandated by the Security Council to promote and support an environment of dialogue, for example, in Burundi in the run-up to the mid-2010 electoral cycle, or in cases of crisis mediation, for example, in Kyrgyzstan in 2010, where both the United Nations Regional Centre for Preventive Diplomacy for Central Asia and the Department’s Mediation Support Unit played important roles.", "43. The Department of Political Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme have continued their successful partnership to promote longer-term dialogue within the Joint Programme on Building National Capacities for Conflict Prevention, which focuses on early engagement in order to build national infrastructures of peace as well as attitudes, aptitudes and platforms for dialogue across societal cleavages before violent conflict emerges or re-emerges. The Programme has provided support to build local or national dialogue mechanisms to such countries as Fiji, Ghana, Guyana, Lesotho, Kenya, Maldives, Mauritania and Togo. The Mediation Support Unit has provided additional expertise to the dialogue processes in a number of those countries.", "V. Promoting interreligious dialogue through cooperation with faith-based organizations", "44. The United Nations system also contributes to promoting interreligious dialogue by engaging with faith-based organizations and involving them in its policy and advocacy activities. Such initiatives bring together peoples of different faiths to discuss common issues and United Nations development objectives.", "United Nations Population Fund", "45. UNFPA strengthens advocacy, knowledge management and capacity-building with faith-based organizations and members of its Global Interfaith Network for Population and Development. The Fund continues to chair the United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on Engaging Faith-Based Organizations for the Millennium Development Goals. Under the aegis of that partnership, UNFPA and the United Nations System Staff College will co-facilitate a strategic learning exchange for United Nations staff on faith, development and partnerships. The Fund regularly convenes consultations between United Nations entities, academia and faith-based organizations on the themes of religion, development and peacebuilding. It also co-sponsored the World Young Women’s Christian Association’s International Women’s Summit, held in July 2011.", "46. The Fund developed regional strategies for engaging with faith-based organizations for Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean, in consultation with national partners, including Governments and civil society.", "47. UNFPA Africa supports national authorities in partnering with religious and traditional organizations to launch at the national level the Campaign on Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa, an initiative of the African Union Commission supported by UNFPA to intensify implementation of the Maputo Plan of Action to reduce maternal mortality. Five additional countries (Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Liberia and United Republic of Tanzania) launched the campaign in 2011, bringing the total to 31.", "48. At the country level, UNFPA Thailand provided technical assistance to the Asia Muslim Action Network concerning Security Council resolution 1325 (2000), to bridge religious and cultural gaps. Research was conducted in Cambodia, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Thailand and Viet Nam, on sociocultural determinants of sexual and reproductive health among migrant women, resulting in recommendations for culturally sensitive policies and services.", "49. UNFPA Tajikistan supported the establishment of a religious affairs committee to raise awareness among religious leaders of HIV, reproductive health, sexually transmitted infections and gender issues. UNFPA conducted training courses for religious leaders from all provinces and pioneered a train-the-trainer process linking Islamic precepts with health priorities, a good practice that has been adopted by development counterparts. UNFPA Turkey continued its partnership with different ministries to train religious leaders in ways of dealing with cases involving violence against women. A train-the-trainer course was conducted in May 2010, with the participation of 40 religious leaders; nearly 4,000 religious leaders working in the field were reached. The aim in 2011 is to reach 12,000.", "50. During the reporting period, UNFPA Georgia supported youth summer camps aimed at transforming cultural, ethnic and religious diversity into youth assets. Other initiatives included a dialogue with more than 45 different ethnic and religious organizations on the theme of domestic violence, and a humanitarian assistance programme with the Georgian Orthodox Church on the prevention and management of sexual and gender-based violence and on responding to the reproductive health needs of internally displaced persons. UNFPA Georgia also partnered with the Patriarchate of Georgia to provide assistance and family dignity kits to more than 2,000 families, covering 8,000 internally displaced persons.", "51. UNFPA Kyrgyzstan conducted training courses to promote sexual and reproductive health, family planning and HIV/AIDS prevention along Islamic lines. After the inter-ethnic conflict that devastated communities in the south of Kyrgyzstan, faith-based organizations were involved in implementing a United Nations flash appeal, bringing communities together and successfully addressing gender-based violence in conservative contexts, for example, through community-based theatres.", "52. UNFPA Latin America and the Caribbean supports programmes with regional faith-based organizations on the prevention of gender based violence, HIV/AIDS prevention, treatment and care, on working against stigma and discrimination and on the promotion of Goal 5 of the Millennium Development Goals.", "53. In the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, UNFPA established a national forum of faith-based organizations to partner with UNFPA, a successful partnership model for achieving the reproductive health-related Goals that has been replicated in Colombia and Mexico. Also during the reporting period, UNFPA Guyana engaged diverse faith-based organizations to establish youth-friendly spaces in which to address sexual and reproductive health and gender-based violence. The success of that initiative led to a request from the Guyana Anglican Diocese for support to be provided to the Anglican National Youth Council and the Brotherhood of St. Andrew in their observation of the International Year of the Family.", "54. The partnerships provided a space for dialogue between UNFPA, faith-based organizations and Governments to tackle sensitive issues using a culturally sensitive rights-based approach. UNFPA acknowledges the diversity of faith-inspired organizations and mobilization, promotes multi-faith and intercultural partnerships, advocates engagement with faith-based communities as a means of building coherent partnerships between the United Nations system and civil society on human rights mandates, and recommends that such partnerships be systematically monitored and evaluated along agreed principles and across the United Nations system.", "United Nations Children’s Fund", "55. During the reporting period, UNICEF made significant progress in its work with multireligious structures and religious communities to promote the rights of children. The unique moral authority and extensive networks of religious communities makes them critical partners in UNICEF programmes that target the most disadvantaged children and families. In 2011, UNICEF will publish a guide for working with religious communities aimed at UNICEF staff and other advocates of children’s rights, providing concrete strategies for effective engagement and examples relating to key areas of work, such as child protection, education, health, nutrition, water and sanitation and HIV/AIDS.", "56. As part of a multi-year partnership to strengthen the capacity of religious communities, particularly interreligious mechanisms, as a means of protecting children affected by conflict, UNICEF and Religions for Peace organized a high-level round-table meeting in New York in November 2010, during which concrete commitments were made to address violence against children. The resulting publication, entitled “From Commitment to Action: What Religious Communities can do to Eliminate Violence against Children”, was translated into French, Japanese and Spanish, and distributed to UNICEF country offices, and Religions for Peace affiliates and relevant external partners.", "57. In 2010, 19 UNICEF country offices participated in the World Day of Prayer and Action for Children initiative, which mobilized religious leaders around a common agenda for maternal health and child survival, with a focus on exclusive breastfeeding. In Algeria, sermons were given in the country’s 15,000 mosques on children’s rights and the importance of breastfeeding. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, four of the main religious groups, which have a combined network of nearly 30 million people, led week-long campaigns on the importance of key family health practices, such as breastfeeding and immunization. In Nepal, multireligious coordinated activities, including weekly religious services, focused on maternal and child health. In 2011-2013, the focus of the World Day of Prayer and Action for Children initiative will be on eliminating violence against children.", "58. UNICEF country programmes continued to work with multireligious structures and religious communities to promote the rights of children. Examples of country office activities included:", "(a) In India, more than 400 religious leaders from around the country met near the southern city of Bangalore to address stigma and discrimination linked to HIV and AIDS;", "(b) In Angola, the Ministry for Women and Family led an alliance of nine religious organizations to promote 12 key family competencies to keep children alive, healthy and well;", "(c) In Nicaragua, an alliance between the Theological and Social Research Centre and the non-governmental organization Acción Medica Cristiana to promote theological-pastoral reflexion on the HIV epidemic succeeded in mobilizing churches on the rights of people living with HIV;", "(d) In Kenya, UNICEF, together with the Kenya Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation and the Interreligious Council of Kenya, launched an initiative with Christian, Muslim and Hindu religious leaders to promote key high-impact interventions for maternal and child health within their respective religious communities.", "Celebration of World Interfaith Harmony Week", "59. In its resolution 65/5, the General Assembly proclaimed the first week of February every year to be World Interfaith Harmony Week between all religions, faiths and beliefs, following an initiative by Jordan. The first celebration of the Week was marked by over 200 events in 40 countries, (see http://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com).", "60. The United Nations observed the Week by holding events such as an interfaith breakfast, organized by Department of Public Information with the Committee of Religious Non-governmental Organizations at the United Nations; a special event on the role of faith-based organizations and interfaith initiatives in development, reconciliation and peacebuilding, organized by the Office of the Permanent Observer for the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, with the participation of several United Nations entities; and a film screening in partnership with the Alliance of Civilizations.", "61. At the launch of the Week, the Secretary-General delivered a message in which he echoed the call by the General Assembly for places of worship to spread the message of harmony, peace and goodwill between religions.", "62. In addition, a special event was organized on 16 May 2011 by the Permanent Mission of Sri Lanka to the United Nations to commemorate the International Day of Vesak, 2,600 years of Buddhism, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 54/115. An interfaith dialogue on peace, harmony and coexistence was held at United Nations Headquarters, with close to 20 speakers representing various Buddhist organizations from different countries and leaders of other religious traditions.", "VI. A rights-based approach to dialogue among cultures, civilizations and religions", "63. General Assembly resolution 65/138 on the promotion of interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace, and earlier resolutions on the same issue, contain specific provisions on human rights and non-discrimination and on a rights-based approach to intercultural and interreligious dialogue. A number of United Nations entities have carried out activities that directly contribute to the implementation of those resolutions.", "Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "64. During the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, held from 30 May to 17 June 2011, OHCHR organized a panel discussion on strengthened international efforts to foster a global dialogue for the promotion of a culture of tolerance and peace at all levels, based on respect for human rights and diversity of religions and beliefs, pursuant to paragraph 9 of Human Rights Council resolution 16/18, entitled “Combating intolerance, negative stereotyping and stigmatization of, and discrimination, incitement to violence and violence against, persons based on religion or belief”. The discussion focused on the effective implementation of measures and practical actions to promote a culture of tolerance and peace at all levels.", "65. For 2011, OHCHR has organized four expert workshops, in the various regions of the world, on the issue of freedom of expression and the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred as reflected in articles 19 and 20 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. In doing so, OHCHR aims at conducting a comprehensive assessment of the global state of implementation of the international obligation to prohibit incitement to national, racial or religious hatred, while fully respecting freedom of expression, and to subsequently assist in devising actions at all levels.", "66. In October 2011, as part of the International Year for People of African Descent, OHCHR will launch a pilot fellowship programme for people of African descent. The fellowship programme will enable participants to enhance their understanding of the United Nations human rights system and share experiences from different countries and regions.", "67. Regarding the rights of persons belonging to national or ethnic, religious and linguistic minorities, the High Commissioner submitted an annual report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/39) that highlights the efforts being made by OHCHR and the United Nations human rights machinery to strengthen the implementation of the 1992 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities.", "68. In order to advance understanding of the Declaration and encourage protection of the rights of minorities, OHCHR organizes consultations, seminars and workshops that provide an opportunity to examine how minorities can take part in civil and political life while maintaining their cultural and religious identities. Also, OHCHR has launched a series of regional consultations with a view to encouraging the participation of minorities in the administration of justice through law enforcement, in particular policing. Those consultations make it possible for participants to share experiences while focusing on practices that have proved to be successful. The good practices are those that secure the representation and participation of minorities in policing while safeguarding the cultural and religious identity of minorities. The fourth such consultation was held in Bangkok in May 2011.", "69. OHCHR cooperated with the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to encourage the inclusion of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the organization’s negotiations on its text on traditional knowledge, genetic resources and traditional cultural expressions.", "70. Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 15/7, OHCHR is organizing a panel discussion on the role of languages and culture in the promotion and protection of the well-being and identity of indigenous peoples, to be held during the eighteenth session of the Human Rights Council.", "United Nations Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council", "71. In his interim report to the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly (A/66/156), the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief focuses on the role of the State in promoting interreligious communication. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that communication and public debate constitute a crucial element for human rights to become a reality. He points to a number of possibilities for States, including by encouraging interreligious communication by publicly expressing their appreciation for well-defined dialogue projects; providing financial subsidies to existing or newly created projects; facilitating dialogue between members of various religious or belief groups in the framework of the State itself; and developing forums for regular encounters of people of different religious or belief affiliations.", "72. In 2011, the independent expert in the field of cultural rights submitted a report (A/HRC/17/38) to the Human Rights Council on the right of access to and enjoyment of cultural heritage. The report underlines the need for intercultural dialogue on cultural heritage, for peacebuilding processes to include the repair of cultural heritage with the participation of all concerned and for the promotion of intercultural dialogue regarding cultural heritage. The independent expert noted that dialogue is important when conflicts of interpretation about the meaning and significance of cultural heritage arise. She also noted that the preservation/ safeguarding of cultural heritage should aim at ensuring human development, the building of peaceful and democratic societies and the promotion of cultural diversity. In particular, she recommended that States recognize and value the diversity of cultural heritages present in their territories and under their jurisdiction, and acknowledge, respect and protect the possible diverging interpretations that may arise over cultural heritage.", "VII. Outcome of the consultations on the proposal for a decade for interreligious and intercultural dialogue", "73. In its resolution of 63/22, the General Assembly requested the Office for Economic and Social Council Support and Coordination in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs to coordinate with UNESCO in facilitating consideration of the possibility of proclaiming a United Nations decade for interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace. Such a decade was originally proposed by interfaith, faith-based and value-based non-governmental organizations that created a coalition in favour of the initiative and held a series of consultations at the United Nations and elsewhere (see www.faithdecadeforpeace.net).", "74. In 2009, in order to comply with that mandate, the Secretariat, in coordination with UNESCO, carried out consultations in order to gather views from various relevant actors and better assess the potential added value of such a decade and the difficulties that the process might generate. The outcome of the consultations is contained in the report of the Secretary-General on interreligious and intercultural dialogue, understanding and cooperation for peace (A/64/325, paras. 88-104).", "75. The consultation process revealed that while several Member States welcomed the initiative as an opportunity to enhance dialogue and understanding among cultures and religions, concerns were expressed as to the content of the initiative, the context and process through which the idea was developed, its effectiveness, and the costs involved. The above-mentioned report concluded that further consultations would be needed before a broad and consensual mobilization on the proposal could be reached at the intergovernmental level. The report also drew the attention of the Assembly to the need to ensure coherence and coordination of the multiplicity of initiatives taken on intercultural, interreligious and intercivilizational matters and to closely liaise with UNESCO.", "76. In its resolution 64/81, the Assembly did not take any action on the proposed decade and requested the Secretary-General, in coordination with UNESCO, to further solicit views of Member States on the matter and to reporting to it at its sixty-sixth session, building on the information contained in the reports of the Secretary-General at its sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth sessions and the relevant initiatives taken in the course of 2010. In its resolution 65/138, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session, building on the information contained in the same reports and the relevant initiatives taken in the course of 2011.", "77. A note verbale dated 4 March 2011 and a reminder dated 9 June 2011 were sent to Member States on the matter. At the time of reporting, the Secretariat had received responses, summarized below, from Albania, Chile, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines, Togo and the European Union.", "78. Albania, Chile, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malaysia, Pakistan, Peru, the Philippines and Togo expressed support for proclaiming a United Nations decade for interreligious and intercultural dialogue and cooperation for peace. They considered that such an initiative would make a positive contribution to improving understanding and cooperation between the nations and peoples of diverse cultures. Some States also mentioned the relevance of the initiative with respect to peace and peacebuilding activities that the Organization strives to promote.", "79. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia underlined the connection between the proposed decade and activities carried out on the same topic as part of the First and Second World Conferences on Interreligious and Intercivilization Dialogue, organized by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Pakistan was of the view that the decade would strengthen the United Nations in its role to ensure respect for and the promotion of multiculturalism and to protect peace and harmony among different societies and nations.", "80. The Philippines stressed that the proclamation of such a decade could be used to highlight in a sustained manner the various interreligious and intercultural dialogue initiatives held at the United Nations, in order to bring existing programmes in that field under one ambit and to draw in more stakeholders, including women, youth and civil society organizations. In that context, it was suggested that UNESCO should play a guiding role by formulating a programme of activities for the decade in consultation with Member States.", "81. Togo suggested that the proclamation of the decade should be followed by the adoption of national action plans aimed at strengthening dialogue among religions and cultures. Togo also proposed the proclamation of an international day for intercultural and interfaith dialogue, to ensure a continuing commitment on the issue.", "82. The European Union raised a number of concerns about the initiative. It underlined that the United Nations system and Member States could play a facilitating role in the field of intercultural and interreligious dialogue and promote the necessary conditions for that dialogue to take place, but that they should not lead such dialogue given the fact that both interreligious and intrareligious dialogue primarily took place between individuals and religious organizations and leaders. In addition, the European Union stressed that interreligious dialogue was only one of the various dimensions of intercultural dialogue and that the aim of the involvement of the United Nations should be to promote intercultural dialogue as a whole, including its religious dimension. Hence, the European Union did not believe that the proposed decade would contribute significantly to a genuine dialogue.", "83. The European Union stated its opposition in principle to new international days, years or decades, given their questionable effectiveness, and stressed that the proposed decade should be carefully assessed against the background of other ongoing initiatives, including the outcome of and lessons learned from the proclamation of the International Decade for a Culture of Peace and the International Year for the Rapprochement of Cultures. For those reasons, the European Union concluded that that it currently did not see the added value of proclaiming the decade.", "84. The consultations carried out by the Secretariat have led to a limited expression of interest for the proposed decade. Only 10 responses were received, including 1 from a group of countries that raised serious concerns as to the added value of the initiative. It is therefore unlikely that the General Assembly can take a decision on the proposal in the near future. Instead, and in order to ensure coherence in the work of the United Nations system in this field, the Assembly may wish to consider future possible celebrations in connection with initiatives taken by the governing bodies of UNESCO, including in the follow-up to the International Decade for a Culture and Peace.", "VIII. Conclusion", "85. The present report testifies to the diversity of activities carried out by many actors in the United Nations system to offer concrete support for dialogue among cultures, religions and civilizations and to implement the resolutions adopted by the General Assembly in those fields.", "86. The increased involvement of Member States in this area of work is also to be noted, as exemplified by the leading role played by several of them in proposing the proclamation of international days or weeks and organizing celebration activities, such as the Global Interfaith Harmony Week. Other far-reaching projects initiated by Member States include the “Foundations of a long-term strategy for global sustainable development based on partnership of civilizations”, initiated by the Pitirim Sorokin-Nikolai Kondratieff International Institute and presented to the United Nations by the Permanent Missions of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation to the United Nations.", "87. The high number of interconnected dialogue initiatives being carried out raises the issue of the scope of the present report. In that respect, the Assembly may wish to explore possibilities for harmonizing the reporting of all issues that deal with intercultural, interreligious and intercivilizational dialogue as well as a culture of peace, cultural diversity, tolerance, mutual understanding and rapprochement of cultures, so as to strengthen policy coherence. The Assembly may also wish to request that future reports focus on the specific dimensions of such dialogue, with a change in focus every year, and to address the ways such dialogue can contribute to peace, development or human rights." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目15", "和平文化", "文化间、宗教间和文明间的对话", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告概述参与不同文明、文化和宗教间对话的联合国主要实体所开展的各项活动。本报告根据大会第65/138号决议提交，所涉专题范围广泛，包括国际文化和睦年、联合国不同文明联盟第四次论坛、为促进文化和宗教间对话而开展的交流、提高认识和教育活动，以及对各种问题采取基于权利的办法。本报告还提供了就宣布联合国宗教和文化间对话十年的可能性开展协商的结果。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.从国际文化和睦年汲取的经验教训以及联合国教育、科学及文化组织的未来措施 3\n3.巩固不同文明联盟和筹备其第四次论坛 6\n4.联合国系统促进文化间对话的活动 7\n5.与信仰组织合作以促进宗教间对话 10\n6.以基于权利的方式开展文化、文明和宗教之间的对话 13\n7.关于宗教间和文化间对话十年建议的协商结果 15\n8.结论 17", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告根据题为“为了和平而促进宗教间和文化间的对话、了解与合作”的大会第65/138号决议提交，说明了自该决议通过以来联合国系统为支持文化间、文明间和宗教间对话而开展的活动。报告还提供信息，说明秘书处依照该决议，与联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)协调，就宣布联合国宗教和文化间对话十年的可能性开展协商的结果。", "2. 自决议通过以来，联合国系统、会员国和民间社会组织已经实施了若干举措。教科文组织仍然是联合国系统内大范围处理一切与文化有关问题的主要机构。联合国不同文明联盟还组织了关于上述问题的高级别活动。因此，联合国各实体做出的贡献与本报告特别有关，本报告突出说明了这些贡献。", "3. 本报告还列入了联合国其他实体的贡献，包括联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、国际农业发展基金(农发基金)和秘书处经济和社会事务部、政治事务部和新闻部的贡献。根据所开展活动的主要侧重点在报告中列出这些贡献。", "二. 从国际文化和睦年汲取的经验教训以及联合国教育、科学及文化组织的未来措施", "4. 大会指定教科文组织担任联合国系统的牵头机构，利用其在推进各国人民相互了解和理解方面六十多年的宝贵经验，领导国际文化和睦年。下文说明了教科文组织从该国际年中汲取的经验教训。", "5. 国际文化和睦年恰逢为世界儿童建设和平与非暴力文化国际十年(2001-2010年)结束，它为联合国系统重申对人类多元化的根本承诺提供了独特的机会，在人类多元化中，文化多样性和文化间对话相辅相成，其影响推动相关的方案。因此，国际年为重新推动文化间对话这一主题提供了坚实基础。", "6. 国际年的主要目标是帮助消除因无知、偏见和排斥而产生的混乱。这一混乱造成紧张、不安全、暴力或冲突。任务是通过承认文化间交流的重要性以及自人类诞生以来文化间结成的纽带，来显示文化多样性的好处。最终目标是将对话的原则纳入各级的政策，以便创造有助于文化和睦的氛围。", "7. 旨在实现与前一个十年同样目标的一些举措促进了这一进程。所有举措除了作为某一年一个组成部分的主要价值外，还铺平了道路，使得许多决策者和公民了解文化和睦的影响。平行举行的庆祝其他国际年和世界日的活动，大大加深和统一了处理的主题和问题。", "8. 国际文化和睦年的行动计划包括四个主要专题，目的是促进会员国、政府间组织和非政府组织对文化和睦年的自主权：(a) 促进对文化、族裔、语言和宗教多样性的相互了解；(b) 建立共享价值观的框架；(c) 加强素质教育和建立文化间交流能力；(d) 促进对话以实现可持续发展。这些专题的基础是所有文化享有平等尊严、相互尊重和加强国际合作以实现持久和平的最重要原则。", "9. 可在http：//www.unesco.org/culture/dialogue/2010iyrc/home上查阅会员国和各合作伙伴、包括不同文明联盟和民间社会利益攸关方考虑采取的具体活动。这些活动的重点如下：", "(a) 为研究、会议、公共辩论、各种展览和节日提供更多机会，利用专门促进语言多样化和翻译的新技术；", "(b) 通过强调各社会的个性和共性，促进作为创新根本性标志的创造性的作用，并在这方面加强宣传文化遗产作为历史和必须保存的特性的载体、可持续发展的资源和引擎，包括宗教间对话在内的文化间对话的工具，其所有方面组成的综合远景；", "(c) 改善获得正规和非正规教育的机会，强调高质量的普及教育、人权教育、文化多样性、性别平等和边缘群体的融入，加强南南和北南大学间的合作，特别是通过创建英才和创新中心。", "(d) 媒体和新信息和通信技术对改变不同文化和宗教观念的贡献，途径除其他外，包括促进因特网上的对话，在因特网上，各种文化和语言表达方法可以流传和共享；或者共同制作不同文化的媒体专业人员之间的对话，特别是关于敏感问题的对话；", "(e) 承认和尊重知识，包括传统知识系统和土著民族的知识，这有助于可持续发展、促进人权、哲学和文化间对话，特别强调打击种族主义和歧视，以及强调和平文化和民主。", "10. 正是本着这一精神，无数的建议、倡议和伙伴关系的形成(目前共有约1 000个项目)成功地实现了国际年的全球重要目标。启动了大批项目，全世界成千上万的人参加了这一活动。国际年有助于在广大、不同的人群中，特别是在年轻人群中提高对文化多样性及其文化间对话这一必然结果的有益循环的认识，作为和睦进程的一部分。希望国际年可明显有助于改变态度、思维模式、行为和习惯。", "11. 从这些活动中得出一个值得注意的结论，即在新的、迅速变化的国际环境中，有必要更加重视文化多样性、对话、发展、安全和和平之间的密切联系。鉴于在全球化的世界上将多样性、独特性和普遍性相结合的复杂性，应该重新审视这五个相互依存的概念，以便制定新的做法，即文化应以其丰富的多样性为基础，对话应侧重物质和象征意义上的多样性对实现持久和平的潜力。只有满足了基本的前提，即平等、公正、减少贫穷和尊重人权，对话才可能有效。", "12. 提出了两个持久存在的问题：(a) 在全球化情况下，确定有利于各国和国际社会坚定承诺在文化多样性和文化间对话的基础上创造发展和相互了解的新论据；(b) 确定公共政策方面所需的新选择和新战略。下文在回答这些问题的同时，详述了必须作为优先事项解决的三项挑战。", "13. 必须支持进行深入的结构改革，以便通过地方和国际经验，表明没有一个文化是铁板一块，文化都是由交流和互动组成的，每一文化为新的创造提供了肥沃的土壤。先了解本身文化中固有的多样性对更好了解全世界的文化多样性至关重要。然而，宗教间对话是更广泛的文化间对话的一个组成部分，在宗教间对话的更具体情况下，必须更好地了解和理解宗教和非宗教信仰，以避免无知和有害的过份简单化观点。", "14. 必须为不仅动员国家而且动员民间社会的务实措施提供支持，包括划分国家和地方政府的作用。这需要为不同角色之间的合作建设能力，创造机会并建立框架，以便不仅接触到那些已经致力于对话的人，而且尤其要接触那些尚未对此感到关心的人。参与对话的责任要由知识分子、艺术家和舆论制造者(包括媒体专业人员和宗教及青年领袖)共同承担。这些人可以发挥重大的作用。必须强调亟需在全球、区域和地方各级之间建立联系，以促进这种关键但脆弱的对话。", "15. 只有建立在个人和社会团体的经验和记忆的基础上，社会之间和社会内部对话的增值才会体现出来。必须考虑到对话涉及个人的认知技巧、想象力、敏感性和感情。在新的数据时代，这一点尤其如此。在这个时代，社交媒体使人们与其无法解释的文化和宗教实践相对。正规与非正规教育因此变得至关重要，因为它不仅传播知识，而且对传播的所有内容提供重要和客观的认识。", "16. 在变化的国际环境中，教科文组织继续按照其最初的任务规定和该组织2008-2013年中期战略的一个有关促进文化多样性、文化间对话和和平文化的总体目标，促进文化间对话和宗教间对话。在这一背景下，教科文组织最近为和平和非暴力文化制订了新的部门间和学科间行动方案，预计将在2011年11月举行的教科文组织大会第三十六届会议上由该组织通过。这一方案的主要目标如下：", "(a) 改善全球了解，消除先入为主的观点，为二十一世纪制订关于思考和学习的全球意识，同时考虑到全球民间空间的出现，男女青年是其中的相关行为者；", "(b) 制订注重概念和方案的做法，利用适当和有说服力的语言提出有利于各国和民间社会坚定承诺在社会环境中培育“每日和平”的新论据，鼓励公民参与以及文化和社区内部及其之间的对话，同时改善对冲突根本原因的了解；", "(c) 制订关于人道主义和文化间交流能力的共同全球课程，促进节制、勇气、智慧和公正以及同情、好客、和谐共处、欣赏多样性和尊重男女平等权利这些“最重要的美德”，通过正规和非正规教育，并通过信息和通信技术和社交媒体，激励年轻人明辨思维和创造性思维；", "(d) 提高对暴力行为和投资于青年的公民参与的重要性的认识，以建立参与性社会；发展明辨思维；消除暴力侵害妇女行为；加强民主文化和基本自由；采取措施打击一切形式的歧视和仇外心理。", "17. 教科文组织正在筹备在上述大会届会期间，并在不同文明联盟第四次年度论坛举行之际，于2011年12月2日庆祝《世界文化多样性宣言》通过十周年。将特别重视《宣言》想要实现的目标，包括促进丰富的文化多样性，各种思想以文字和图像形式自由流通，个人表达和创造性的权利，通过创新的伙伴关系加强国际团结，以及扩大民间社会的参与，以实现当代多元社会内部和之间的和谐共处。", "三. 巩固不同文明联盟和筹备其第四次论坛", "18. 在联合国不同文明联盟高级代表若尔热·桑帕约的领导下，该联盟现在成为不同社会内部和之间进行文化间和宗教间对话的主要论坛之一。联盟在西班牙和土耳其的共同提议下成立，包括一个之友小组，其128名成员包括各国政府、国际组织、城市、非政府组织、学术界、宗教人士、公司、媒体和个人，尤其是年轻人。", "19. 联盟继续呼吁其成员通过国家计划发展文化多样性的善政工作，已经制订了26个国家计划，更多的计划正在制订中，题目包括教育、青年、媒体和移徙。相互交换了大有可为的做法。联盟遵循其在东南欧的经验，2010年11月在马耳他通过了地中海文化间对话和合作区域战略，并正在与民间社会协商，把一项行动计划的组成部分结合在一起。正在继续努力制订拉丁美洲区域战略，并将在2011年定稿。", "20. 联盟筹备了将于12月11日至13日在多哈举行的下一次年度论坛。在提高知名度、纳入全球议程和加强对行动的承诺方面，论坛将是一个转折点。为了体现出谢哈·莫萨的提议，重点将放在使联盟的目标与促进千年发展目标产生协同作用方面。5月3日和4日将在多哈与民间社会组织进行大规模初步交流。", "21. 联盟还担任灵活合作的平台，以实施第二个执行计划商定的项目，并对影响文化间对话的事态发展做出回应。事态发展包括中东和北非地区的新情况；欧洲正在进行的关于如何调和多样性与融合的辩论；宗教对和平和发展的影响。伊斯兰与西方关系中相互看法的紧张是个重要话题。应该提到以下几点：", "(a) 联盟与约旦协作，促进全球信仰间和谐周。它还继续为国际文化和睦年做出贡献；", "(b) 在世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日，联盟与教科文组织以及几个技术公司一起，启动了“为多样性和包容做一件事”的网上运动，邀请全世界人民支持文化多样性和融合，以新的形式向众人开展宣传。联盟积极宣传青年组织关于庆祝国际青年年的重要致辞，包括和平、人权和代际团结、文化、宗教和文明；", "(c) 联盟与BMW结成伙伴关系，启动世界文化间创新融资机制，为促进文化了解的基层创新项目提供支助。联盟的青年团结基金为青年组织为推动联盟的目标而领导的20个基层项目提供支助，包括在非洲和欧洲的冲突和冲突后地区。联盟的研究金方案已在2010年成功试行，正在向新的一组来自阿拉伯世界的新领袖介绍西方社会的不同现实，反之亦然。2011年4月，在巴库启动了联盟的全球青年运动，以便把青年组织联系起来，利用它们对联盟各项目标的承诺。确定了联盟网上社区“融合：建立包容性社会”的可喜经验，并在其网站上开展辩论，这获益于在波哥大、伦敦、罗马和澳大利亚墨尔本的外联举措。“多元＋”项目与国际移民组织结成伙伴关系，继续从全世界吸引关于青年对多样性观点的录像；", "(d) 仍然非常注意媒体的叙述、观点和作用。加强了全球专家项目，该项目的目的是把全世界的记者与专家联系起来，提供细致入微的分析。向报道和撰写与文化间了解有关问题的记者和舆论届领袖提供培训课程，尤其是在中东和南亚地区。联盟还在纽约就中东和平进程组织辩论，在开罗就中东和北非国家的政治变化组织辩论。在全世界20家报纸启动了关于宗教和公共空间的系列文章；", "(e) 联盟的夏季学校在2010年8月首次举办，使来自全世界的几百名年轻人聚集一堂，获取知识，训练他们跨文化交流的技能。2011年这个学校正在扩大和多样化。“对话吧”网络继续扩大，让全世界各种人能够面对面交流。拉马拉、特拉维夫、开罗和突尼斯的“对话吧”即将开张。联盟共同赞助了在黎巴嫩举行的跨文化教育会议。", "22. 在与之友小组协商后，联合国不同文明联盟高级代表将在2011年第三季度向秘书长提交联盟的第三个执行计划(2012-13年)。他还正在采取步骤，通过举办将于2011年10月在土耳其举行的充资会议，确保联盟获得更稳定和可预测的资源。", "四. 联合国系统促进文化间对话的活动", "23. 除了参与国际文化和睦年和不同文明联盟的活动外，联合国系统继续开展广泛的一系列活动，以促进文化间的对话。下文说明了联合国主要行为者在这一领域开展的一些重要活动。", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织牵头的活动", "24. 教科文组织继续通过广泛传播和在教学方面利用其关于通史和区域历史的工作，继续开展与历史、记忆和对话有关的活动，以促进对各国人民和各地区的历史采取新的和多元的做法。这一收集工作有助于消除偏见，促进相互了解。教科文组织还启动了一个在教学上利用非洲通史项目，这符合它的目标，即历史教学有助于形成人民的认同以及他们对作为任何区域文化多样性基础的共同联系的了解，尤其是对非洲移民社群而言。贩奴之路项目有助于打破在奴隶制问题上的沉默，揭示出全球转型及其所产生的文化互动。在这方面，教科文组织继续通过进行严密的科学研究以揭示全世界人民、文化和文明之间的被迫对话所产生的无数影响，来提高全球的认识。", "25. 教科文组织推动了在3月21日庆祝国际诺鲁孜节(第64/253号决议)。诺鲁孜在2009年被教科文组织列入人类非物质文化遗产代表名录，凸显出是这类遗产特别活跃的一部分，并在那些庆祝它的人中植入了一种认同感和历史感。", "26. 大会第57/249号决议宣布5月21日为世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日，教科文组织在该决议通过后启动了每年一度的国际文化多样性节，以强调多元和不可替代的多样性将全世界各国人民团结在一起。通过一系列文化活动在教科文组织总部和外地办事处庆祝了这一节日。地方行为体也开展了广泛的一系列活动。与联盟合作开展的“为多样性和融入做一件事”运动也有助于对国际日的宣传。", "27. 教科文组织在与联盟合作的框架内，还制订了由五个项目组成的部门间方案“跨文化手册”，其中两个项目在2010年11月18日世界哲学日期间启动。这两个项目的主题是“穆斯林/阿拉伯文明的科学、哲学、文学和艺术选集及其对西方思想的复苏和欧洲文艺复兴的贡献”和“多棱镜中的阿拉伯-穆斯林文明”。两个项目的目的都是作为教育和媒体的工具，介绍使穆斯林/阿拉伯世界与西方联系的文化间历史观。", "宣传国际青年年的活动：对话与互相了解", "28. 大会第64/134号决议宣布从2010年8月12日开始的一年为“国际青年年：对话和相互了解”，以促进不同年龄层、文化、宗教和文明之间的对话和了解，并促进和平、尊重人权和团结的理想。", "29. 联合国青年发展机构间网络这一联合国系统青年发展方面问题合作全球机制为该国际年制定了一项框架办法。该框架的战略目标之一是建立联系和桥梁，以在青年中促进不同文化之间的了解。在这方面，经济和社会事务部社会政策和发展司及其青年问题协调中心举办了范围广泛的配套活动和简报会，旨在提高人们对这些问题的了解。例如，2010年7月在联合国总部举行每月协商探讨了如何促进青年对话和相互了解。与民间社会的伙伴关系也导致制定了“系列活动：国际青年年庆祝指南”，包括整个国际年期间和此后的实用活动指南和具体例子。2010年在巴西里约热内卢举行的不同文明联盟论坛这一准备性青年活动是上述承诺的又一个事例。", "30. 联合国机构利用国际青年年这一机会来开展以青年为对象的活动。例如，粮农组织联系文明联盟青年活动，为儿童和青年举办生物多样性讲习班和千年发展目标培训课程。该组织还设立了世界青年奖，该奖项是一个有关千年发展目标和国际公民问题的青年人自身发展方案。预定在2011年8月瑞典世界童子军大会上启动该奖。", "31. 新闻部为青年年制作了宣传材料，其口号是“我们的年份，我们的声音”。新闻部的联合国新闻中心网络通过积极的外联举措，动员当地青年宣传青年年，为此目的开展各种活动，包括体育运动、视频竞赛和招贴画展览。", "认识土著文化的活动", "32. 联合国土著问题常设论坛秘书处开展有关活动来促进关于土著问题和权利的文化间对话。在8月9日的世界土著人国际日活动中，为土著制片人举办了一个特别节目，彰显其为促进人们对世界各地土著人民的文化、历史和日常生活的注意和了解所做的杰出工作。", "33. 为了满足各国政府、各级机构和土著人民的能力建设需要，常设论坛秘书处在一些国家——包括多民族玻利维亚国、柬埔寨、厄瓜多尔、圭亚那、尼泊尔和菲律宾——举办了土著问题培训班。制作了一个土著问题资料袋，其重点是发展与土著人民，特别强调文化多样性、民族特性和权利。制作资料袋的目的是指导联合国国家工作队如何让土著人民参与发展进程，并将其观点纳入发展进程，包括将其观点纳入共同国家评估、联合国发展援助框架、减贫战略文件和关于千年发展目标的报告。", "34. 联合国系统的其他实体增加了与土著问题有关的工作。例如，粮农组织在2010年采取了一项关于土著和部落人民的政策，并制定了一项独具特色的农业遗产系统方案，其目的是加强承载世界各地珍贵传统农业系统的基础生态和社会文化方式，并加强和保护小农社区，其中许多是土著社区。粮农组织还将世界各地土著食品体系记入文献，并在复兴当地社会和文化制度的基础上，制定保健措施。", "35. 同样，农发基金系统地促进与全国和地方土著人民组织进行文化间对话，并在2011年设立了一个土著人民论坛，每隔一年在农发基金理事会开会的同时在罗马举行论坛会议。", "36. 儿童基金会在其促进土著人民权利的活动中，就双语和跨文化教育、有文化敏感性的保健服务、出生登记和终止暴力、虐待和剥削等领域采取主动措施。儿基会拉丁美洲和加勒比区域办事处特别长期地参与有关活动，目的是产生战略信息、赋予土著人民能力，主要赋予是妇女和青少年能力，并建立当地能力。", "新闻部的交流活动", "37. 交流与外联是联合国文化间对话工作的主要方面。新闻部通过联合国电台、联合国电视台、《联合国纪事》、联合国新闻报道中心和联合国网站，广泛报道旨在加强联合国在文化间对话中的声音的活动，特别是在大会宣布的国际日和国际周期间的这种对话。以联合国六种正式语文制作了关于多项这类活动的网页。", "38. 2011年7月12和13日在布达佩斯举行的2011年关于中东和平的年度媒体研讨会主题是“和平前景：了解当前的变革与克服障碍”。出席研讨会的人审视了以色列与巴勒斯坦权利机构之间当前和平谈判状况，审查了创艺界——包括作家、音乐家和电影制片人——在增进以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间的对话和相互了解方面所起的作用。", "39. 卢旺达种族灭绝实践2011年纪念活动的重点是和解与教育，在2011年4月4日的一周中在联合国总部和世界各地的联合国新闻中心举办了一系列活动，以资纪念。除了纪念仪式和学生会议外，还在基加利、布琼布拉、日内瓦和坦桑尼亚联合共和国达累斯萨拉姆举办了题为“卢旺达的教训”的展览。", "40. 新闻部通过为非政府组织和学生举办特别简报会，继续让民间社会了解包括以下方面的相关的问题：2010年10月举行的国际文化和睦年活动“促进世界文化多样化并加强文化间纽带”；2010年11月举行的“聚焦信仰系列：揭幕犹太教及其在不同文明对话中的位置”；人权日活动“挺身执言，制止歧视：探索穆斯林世界与西方间关系中的人权问题”。", "41. 2011年5月5日新闻部组织了一个关于“文学能否带来变革”的专题讨论会，专题讨论组成员为著名的印度作家和诗人。联合国新闻报道中心根据对联合国和平使者保罗·科埃略的访谈发行了一个关于文化间对话的专题节目。", "政治事务部开展的活动", "42. 在报告所述期间，政治事务部的预防性外交、斡旋以及冲突后建设和平的努力继续推动并支持社会各断层间的对话，以减少、管控和解决暴力冲突。政治部进行这样的努力，有时是因安全理事会的明确授权——推动和支持对话环境，例如，2010年年中布隆迪选举周期在举行选举之前，或是在危机中进行调解，如在2010年吉尔吉斯斯坦，当时联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心和政治部的调解支助股都发挥重要作用。", "43. 政治事务部和联合国开发计划署继续保持其成功的伙伴关系，促进在建立国家预防冲突能力联合方案中的更长期的对话，注重早期接触，以建立国家和平基础设施以及在暴力冲突出现或重新出现之前在社会各断层间进行对话的态度、能力和平台。该方案向斐济、加纳、圭亚那、莱索托、肯尼亚、马尔代夫、毛里塔尼亚和多哥等国提供支助，以建立地方或全国的对话机制。调解支助股还向其中的一些国家提供了其他专门帮助。", "五. 与信仰组织合作以促进宗教间对话", "44. 联合国系统还通过与信仰组织接触并让它们参与其政策和宣传活动来帮助促进宗教间对话。这样的举措让不同信仰的人聚集在一起，讨论共同的问题以及联合国的发展目标。", "联合国人口基金", "45. 人口基金与信仰组织和全球人口与发展跨信仰网络的成员一起，加强宣传、知识管理和能力建设。人口基金继续担任联合国动员信仰组织参与千年发展目标机构间工作队的主席。在这一伙伴关系之下，人口基金将与联合国系统职员学院一起共同促进为联合国工作人员开展有关信仰、发展与伙伴合作的战略学习交流。人口基金定期在联合国实体、学术界和信仰组织之间举行有关宗教、发展和建设和平的协商。基金还在2011年7月合作举办了世界基督教女青年会国际妇女峰会。", "46. 人口基金与各国伙伴——包括政府和民间社会——协商制定了调动非洲、亚洲和太平洋、拉丁美洲和加勒比信仰组织参与的区域战略。", "47. 人口基金支持各国当局同宗教和传统组织合作，在国家一级展开由非洲联盟委员会倡导、人口基金支持的“加速降低非洲孕产妇死亡率的运动”，以加紧落实降低孕产妇死亡率的《马普托行动计划》。2011年期间，又有5个国家(刚果、加蓬、利比里亚和坦桑尼亚联合共和国)开展了这一运动，使参加国总数达到31个。", "48. 在国家一级，人口基金泰国办事处向亚洲穆斯林行动网络就安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议提供技术援助，以弥合宗教和文化鸿沟。在柬埔寨，老挝人民民主共和国、泰国和越南的移徙妇女中进行了性健康和生殖健康的社会文化决定因素的研究，由此产生了顾及文化的政策和服务建议。", "49. 人口基金塔吉克斯坦办事处支持设立一个宗教事务委员会，以在宗教领袖中提高对艾滋病毒、生殖健康、性传播感染和性别平等问题的认识。人口基金为各省宗教领袖开设了培训课程，首创了将伊斯兰理念与保健优先事项结合起来的教员培训工作，相应发展机构采纳了这一良好做法。人口基金土耳其办事处继续与各部开展合作，为宗教领袖进行如何处理暴力侵害妇女行为案件的培训。40名宗教领袖参加了2010年5月举办了教员培训；与各地将近4 000名宗教领袖进行了联络。2011年的目标是联络12 000人。", "50. 在报告所述期间，人口基金格鲁吉亚办事处支持青年夏令营将文化、民族和宗教多样性转变成年轻人的资产。其他举措包括与45个不同种族和宗教组织就家庭暴力问题进行对话，与格鲁吉亚东正教会就预防和管理性暴力和性别暴力开展人道主义援助方案，并回应境内流离失所者的生殖保健需要。人口基金格鲁吉亚办事处还与格鲁吉亚教廷合作，向2 000多个家庭提供个人卫生包，惠及8 000名境内流离失所者。", "51. 人口基金吉尔吉斯斯坦办事处举办培训，按照伊斯兰理念宣传性健康和生殖健康、计划生育和艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防。发生在吉尔吉斯斯坦南部的族裔间冲突破坏了社区，此后，在信仰组织的参与下，实施了一个联合国紧急呼吁，使各社区走到一起，借助社区剧场等传统环境，成功应对了性别暴力问题。", "52. 人口基金拉丁美洲和加勒比办事处同区域信仰组织一起支持有关性别暴力问题、艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防治疗和保健、反名声玷污和歧视以及促进《千年发展目标》目标5等各项方案。", "53. 在委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国，人口基金设立了一个信仰组织与人口基金合作的全国论坛，这是一个成功的伙伴合作模式，有利于实现与生殖健康有关的各项目标；已将这一做法推广到哥伦比亚和墨西哥。在本报告所述期间，人口基金圭亚那办事处同各类信仰组织接触，建立吸引青年人的空间，借以应对性健康和生殖健康问题以及性别暴力问题。由于这一举措的成功，圭亚那圣公会要求向圣公会全国青年理事会和圣安德鲁兄弟会就开展国际家庭年活动提供支持。", "54. 这些伙伴合作为人口基金、信仰组织和政府提供了对话空间，从而以顾及不同文化和基于权利的方法来解决敏感问题。人口基金看到信仰组织的多样性，调动和促进多信仰和文化间的伙伴合作，主张联合信仰界，以此在人权使命方面建立联合国系统与民间社会的协调的伙伴关系，并建议按照商定原则在整个联合国系统对这种伙伴关系进行系统的监测和评估。", "联合国儿童基金会", "55. 在本报告所述期间，儿基会在与多种宗教机构和宗教界合作促进儿童权利方面取得了很大进展。宗教界具有独特的道义权威和广泛的网络，这使之成为儿基会针对处境最不利儿童和家庭的方案的重要伙伴。儿基会将在2011年为儿基会工作人员和其他儿童权利促进者出版一份与宗教界合作的指南，提供具体的有效联合战略，并举例说明重要的工作领域，如儿童保护、教育、保健、营养、水和环境卫生以及艾滋病毒/艾滋病。", "56. 作为加强宗教界能力、特别是宗教间机制以保护受冲突影响儿童的一个多年期伙伴计划的一部分，儿基会和宗教促进和平组织于2010年11月在纽约召开了一个高级别圆桌会议，会上作出了应对对儿童的暴力行为的具体承诺。圆桌会议产生的出版物《从承诺到行动：宗教界可以为消除暴力侵害儿童而采取的行动》已译成法文、日文和西班牙文，并向儿基会各国家办事处、宗教促进和平分支机构和有关外部伙伴分发。", "57. 2010年，19个儿基会国家办事处参加了世界为儿童祈祷和行动日的倡议活动，调动宗教领袖们参与孕产妇保健和儿童生存共同行动，其重点是全母乳喂养。在阿尔及利亚的15 000清真寺作了关于儿童权利和母乳喂养的宣道。在刚果民主共和国，拥有3 000万人网络的四个主要宗教团体领导开展了为期一周的关于母乳喂养和免疫等重要家庭保健措施重要性的宣讲。在尼泊尔，多宗教协调的活动，包括每周的宣道，将重点放在妇幼保健。在2011-2013年期间，世界为儿童祈祷和行动日的重点将放在消除对儿童的暴力。", "58. 儿基会的国家方案将继续与多种宗教机构和宗教界合作促进儿童权利。国家办事处的活动包括：", "(a) 印度来自全国各地的400多名宗教领袖在南部城市班加罗尔附近举行会议，讨论因艾滋病毒和艾滋病带来的名声玷污和歧视问题；", "(b) 在安哥拉，妇女和家庭部领导9个宗教组织的联盟推动12个家庭重要胜任能力，以保证儿童的生存、健康和茁壮；", "(c) 在尼加拉瓜，神学与社会研究中心同非政府组织基督教医学行动之间旨在促进艾滋病毒流行病的神学-圣职思考的联盟就携带艾滋病毒者的权利问题成功地动员了教会。", "(d) 在肯尼亚，儿基会与肯尼亚公共保健和卫生部以及肯尼亚宗教间理事会联合基督教、伊斯兰教和印度教领袖们在其各自的教会社区展开一场妇幼保健关键高效干预行动。", "世界不同信仰间和谐周活动", "59. 大会在其第65/5号决议中根据约旦的倡议，宣布每年2月份的第一周为包含所有宗教、信仰和信念的世界不同信仰间和谐周。在首次和谐周活动中，40个国家举办了200多项活动(见http://worldinterfaithharmonyweek.com)。", "60. 联合国开展了和谐周活动，包括由新闻部同宗教非政府组织委员会一起在联合国举行跨信仰早餐会；伊斯兰合作组织常驻观察员办事处举办、几个联合国实体参与的关于信仰组织作用和发展、和解和建设和平跨信仰行动的特别活动；与不同文明联盟合作举办的电影放映会。", "61. 秘书长为和谐周的启动致辞，他重复大会的呼吁，希望教堂神庙宣传宗教间的和谐、和平与善意。", "62. 此外，2011年5月16日斯里兰卡常驻联合国代表团按照大会第54/115号决议举办了纪念国际卫塞节——佛教创立2 600周年活动。在联合国总部举行了关于和平、和谐和共存的宗教间对话，约20人发了言，分别代表不同国家各种佛教组织和其他宗教传统领导人。", "六. 以基于权利的方式开展文化、文明和宗教之间的对话", "63. 大会关于为了和平而促进宗教间和文化间的对话、了解与合作的第65/138号决议以及先前关于同一问题的各项决议载有关于人权和不歧视以及以基于权利的方式开展文化和宗教间对话的具体规定。一些联合国实体开展了相关活动，对实施这些决议作出了直接贡献。", "联合国人权事务高级专员办事处", "64. 在2011年5月30日至6月17日举行的人权理事会第十七届会议期间，人权高专办按照人权理事会题为“打击基于宗教或信仰原因对他人不容忍、进行丑化和侮辱及歧视的行为，以及煽动暴力和暴力侵害他人的行为”的第16/18号决议第9段，举行了关于以尊重人权和宗教与信仰多样性为基础、加强国际努力促进全球对话以推动各层次容忍文化与和平的小组讨论。讨论着重于有效实施有关措施和实际行动，以促进各层次的容忍与和平文化。", "65. 在2011年，人权高专办在世界各地举办了四次专家研讨会，讨论《公民及政治权利国际公约》第19和20条所述的言论自由和禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨。人权高专办这一行动的目的是对全面尊重言论自由的同时禁止煽动民族、种族和宗教仇恨的国际义务的全球履行情况作一个全面评估，然后帮助制定在各层次采取的行动。", "66. 2011年10月，人权高专办将为非洲裔人设立一个试点研究金方案，以此作为非洲裔人国际年活动的一个部分。该研究金方案将使参加者增加对联合国人权系统的了解，并分享其他国家和区域的经验。", "67. 关于属于民族或种族、宗教和语言的少数群体者的权利问题，人权专员向人权理事会提交了一份年度报告(A/HRC/16/39)，其中着重介绍了人权高专办和联合国人权机制为加强实施1992年《在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言》所作的努力。", "68. 为了促进对《宣言》的理解并鼓励保护少数者权利，人权高专办举办了协商、研讨会和讲习班，以提供机会来审查少数群体如何参与公民和政治生活，同时保持其文化和宗教身份。人权高专办还展开了一系列区域协商，以鼓励少数群体参与司法，包括执法工作，特别是维持治安。通过这些协商，使参与者能够交流经验，并着重于经验证明成功的做法。良好做法是确保少数群体有代表参与治安，同时保证少数群体的文化和宗教身份。2011年5月在曼谷举行了第四次这类协商。", "69. 人权高专办与世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)合作，鼓励将《联合国土著人民权利宣言》包括在该组织关于传统知识、遗传资源和传统文化表达文书的谈判中。", "70. 人权高专办按照人权理事会第15/7号决议，正在组织第一个关于语言和文化在促进和保护土著人民福祉和身份特征方面的作用的小组讨论，将在人权理事会第十八届会议期间举行这一讨论。", "联合国人权理事会特别程序", "71. 宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员在他对大会第六十六届会议的临时报告(A/66/156)中着重阐述了国家在促进宗教间沟通方面的作用。特别报告员强调指出，沟通和公开辩论是现实人权的关键因素。特别报告员为各国指出了一些可以采取的行动，包括公开表示赞赏定义明确的对话项目，鼓励宗教间的沟通；向现有或新创建的项目提供财政补贴；促进各种不同的宗教或信仰团体成员之间在国家的框架内开展对话；发展宗教或信仰背景不同的人经常开展交流的论坛。", "72. 2011年，文化权利领域独立专家就获取和享有文化遗产的权利向人权理事会提交了一份报告(A/HRC/17/38)。该报告强调，需要就文化遗产进行文化间对话，建设和平工作需要包括在有关各方的参与下修缮文化遗产，并需要促进关于文化遗产的文化间对话。独立专家指出，在对文化遗产的意义及重要性的解释发生冲突时，开展对话至关重要。她还指出，保存/保护文化遗产的目的应为确保人类发展、建立和平和民主社会，以及促进文化多样性。她特别建议，各国应认识到并重视本国领土上存在的以及在其管辖权范围内的文化遗产多样性，同时承认、尊重和保护可能对文化遗产作出的多种不同解释。", "七. 关于宗教间和文化间对话十年建议的协商结果", "73. 大会在其第63/22号决议中请经济和社会事务部的经社理事会支助和协调办公室与教科文组织协调，协助考虑可否宣布一个联合国为了和平促进宗教间和文化间的对话、了解与合作十年。最初提出十年设想的是信仰间、基于信仰和基于价值的非政府组织，这些组织成立了一个主张这样一个十年的联盟，并在联合国和其他地方举行了一系列协商(见www.faithdecadeforpeace.net)。", "74. 在2009年，为了完成这个任务，秘书处与教科文组织协调合作，开展协商，努力收集各相关行为者的意见，以便更好地评估“十年”有可能带来的益处，以及该进程可能会引发的种种问题。协商的结果在于秘书长关于为了和平而促进宗教间和文化间的对话、了解与合作的报告(A/64/325，第88至104段)。", "75. 在协商中，一些国家欢迎该倡议，认为这是加强文化和宗教间对话与了解的机会，但也有人对倡议的内容、这一想法的背景及其发展过程、其有效性和所涉费用表示了一些顾虑。上述报告得出结论，需要作进一步协商，才能在政府间一级就这一建议进行广泛的协商一致的动员。该报告还提请大会注意，需要确保关于文化间、宗教间和文明间问题的多种倡议之间的一致与协调，并与教科文组织密切相关。", "76. 大会在其第64/81号决议中没有就提议的十年采取任何行动，该决议请秘书长与教科文组织协调，并在秘书长提交给大会第六十四和六十五届会议报告所载资讯以及2010年期间采取的行动的基础上，进一步征求会员国关于这一问题的看法，向大会第六十六届会议报告。大会第65/138号决议请秘书长在上述报告所载资讯以及2011年期间采取的有关行动的基础上向大会第六十六届会议报告。", "77. 2011年3月4日就此问题向会员国发出了一项普通照会，并在2011年6月9日向会员国发出一项催复通知。在撰写本报告时，秘书处收到了阿尔巴尼亚、智利、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、马达加斯加、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、菲律宾、多哥和欧洲联盟的答复，内容概述如下。", "78. 阿尔巴尼亚、智利、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、马达加斯加、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、菲律宾和多哥表示支持宣布联合国为了和平促进宗教间和文化间对话与合作十年。它们认为，这一举措将会对改善不同文化的国家和人民之间的理解与合作作出积极贡献。一些国家还提到了这一倡议对联合国努力促进的和平与建设和平活动的意义。", "79. 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国则强调，提议的十年与前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国组织举行的第一和第二宗教间和文明间对话会议的关于同一问题活动之间的联系。巴基斯坦认为，十年将会加强联合国在确保尊重和促进多文化主义以及保护不同社会和国家之间的和平与和谐方面的作用。", "80. 菲律宾强调，通过宣布这样一个十年，可持久地突出在联合国开展的各种宗教间和文化间对话活动，以此将这一领域现有的各种方案纳入统一的范畴，并吸引更多的利益攸关方、包括妇女、青年和民间社会组织。因此，建议教科文组织发挥指导作用，经过与会员国协商，为十年制定一个活动方案。", "81. 多哥建议，在宣布十年后，应通过旨在加强宗教间和文化间对话的国家行动计划。多哥还建议宣布一个文化间和信仰间对话国际日，以确保对这一问题的持续承诺。", "82. 欧洲联盟则对这一倡议提出了一些顾虑。它强调，联合国系统和会员国在文化间和宗教间对话中可发挥推动作用，并促进创造进行这种对话的必要条件，但联合国系统和会员国不应领导这一对话，因为宗教间和宗教内的对话主要是在个人以及宗教组织和宗教领袖之间进行。此外，欧洲联盟强调，文化间对话是多方面的，而宗教间对话仅是其一个方面，联合国参与的目的应是促进整个文化间对话，包括其宗教层面。因此，欧洲联盟认为，提议的十年不会对真正的对话作出有意义的贡献。", "83. 欧洲联盟表明其原则上反对宣布新的国际日、年或十年，因为其作用令人置疑，并强调，应参照其他进行中倡议的背景，包括宣布和平文化国际十年和国际文化和睦年的结果和经验教训，慎重评估提议的十年。有鉴于此，欧洲联盟得出结论，目前看不到宣布这样一个十年的更大价值。", "84. 秘书处进行协商的结果是，对提议的十年所表达的兴趣有限。共收到10个答复，包括其中一组国家对该倡议有多大价值表示严重顾虑。因此，大会不大可能在近期对该提议作出决定。为确保联合国系统这方面工作的连贯一致，大会倒是可以考虑在今后开展与教科文组织理事机构采取的倡议相关的活动，包括和平文化国际十年的后续活动。", "八. 结论", "85. 本报告叙述联合国系统的许多行为体为具体支持文化、宗教和文明之间的对话并实施大会在这些方面通过的决议而开展的各种活动。", "86. 也注意到会员国对这一领域的工作的更多参与，例如，一些会员国在提议宣布国际日或国际周——如全球信仰间和谐周——以及组织庆祝活动方面发挥的领导作用。其他会员国倡导的具有深远影响的项目包括“基于文明伙伴的，全球可持续发展长期战略基金会”，该项目由皮特里姆·索罗金-尼古拉·康德拉季耶夫国际学院倡议并由哈萨克斯坦常驻联合国代表团和俄罗斯常驻联合国代表团向联合国提出。", "87. 执行大量的相互关联的对话倡议给本报告的范围带来了问题。在这方面，大会似应探讨是否可能统一关于文化间、宗教间和文明间对话以及和平文化、文化多样性、容忍、相互理解和文化和睦的所有问题的报告，从而加强政策的连贯一致。大会还似应要求今后的报告重点阐述这种对话的具体方面，每年更换一次重点问题，并探讨这类对话如何对和平、发展或人权作出贡献。", "––––––––––––––" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目15", "页:1", "和平文化", "文化间、宗教间和文明间的对话", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告概述联合国主要实体在不同文明、文化和宗教对话领域开展的活动。 本报告根据大会第65/138号决议提交,涵盖一系列专题,包括国际文化和睦年、联合国不同文明联盟第四次论坛、沟通、提高认识和教育活动,以促进文化间和宗教间对话,以及以基于权利的方式处理这一问题。 报告还提供了就宣布联合国宗教间和文化间对话十年的可能性所进行协商的结果。", "目录", "页次\n一、导言. 3\n组织事项 不同文明联盟的巩固7\n论坛四。 联合国系统促进不同文化间交流的活动8\n五. 通过与基于信仰的合作促进12个宗教间对话\n组织 六、结 论 在不同文化、文明和\n七. 关于宗教间和文化间国际十年建议的磋商结果 18\n对话\n第八编. 结论 20", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据大会题为“为了和平而促进宗教间和文化间的对话、了解与合作”的第65/138号决议提交的。 报告阐述了自该决议通过以来联合国系统为支持不同文化、文明和宗教间对话而开展的主要活动。 报告还介绍了秘书处同联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)协调,就根据同一项决议宣布联合国宗教间和文化间对话十年的可能性所进行协商的结果。", "2. 联合国 自该决议通过以来,联合国系统、会员国和民间社会组织采取了若干举措。 教科文组织仍然是联合国系统内大规模处理与文化有关的所有问题的主要机构。 联合国不同文明联盟还就这些问题举办了高调的活动。 因此,联合国各实体的贡献与本报告特别相关,并在此予以强调。", "3个 本报告还包括联合国其他实体的工作,包括联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、国际农业发展基金(农发基金)、秘书处经济和社会事务部、政治事务部和新闻部。 报告根据所开展活动的主要重点列出了捐款情况。", "二. 从国际文化和睦年吸取的经验教训以及联合国教育、科学及文化组织今后采取的步骤", " 4.四. 大会指定教科文组织为2010年国际文化和睦年的联合国系统牵头机构,利用其60多来促进各国人民相互了解和理解的宝贵经验。 教科文组织从国际年中吸取的经验教训如下:", "5 (韩语). 在为世界儿童建设和平与非暴力文化国际十年(2001-2010年)结束的同时,国际文化和睦年为联合国系统提供了一个独特的机会,以重申其对人类多元性的根本承诺,其中文化多样性和文化间对话相辅相成,其影响推动其相关方案。 因此,国际年是推动不同文化之间对话主题的坚实基础。", "6. 国家 国际年的主要目标是帮助消除由于无知、偏见和排斥而造成的混乱,这些混乱造成紧张、不安全、暴力或冲突。 任务是通过承认不同文化间交流的重要性以及自人类诞生以来不同文化间建立的联系来展示文化多样性的好处。 最终目的是将对话原则纳入各级政策,以营造有利于文化和睦的环境。", "7. 联合国 一些旨在实现与上个十年相同目标的倡议促进了这一进程。 除了作为某一年一部分的主要价值之外,所有倡议都铺平了道路,使许多决策者和公民熟悉文化和睦的影响。 其他国际年和世界日同时举行庆祝活动,使所讨论的主题和问题有了相当大的深化和趋同。", "8. 联合国 国际文化和睦年行动计划包括四个主题,选择这些主题是为了促进会员国、政府间组织和非政府组织对国际文化和睦年的所有权:(a) 促进对文化、族裔、语言和宗教多样性的相互了解;(b) 为共同的价值观建立一个框架;(c) 加强优质教育并建设跨文化能力;(d) 促进促进可持续发展的对话。 这些主题基于所有文化平等尊严、相互尊重和加强国际合作以实现持久和平的基本原则。", "9. 国家 会员国和各种伙伴,包括不同文明联盟和民间社会利益攸关方审议的具体活动,可查阅http://www.unesco.org/culture/dialogue/2010iyrc/home。 活动重点是:", "(a) 为研究、会议、公开辩论、展览、博览会和节日提供更多机会,并使用专门促进语言多样性和翻译的新技术;", "(b) 促进创造力的作用,这是创新的一个基本特征,为此要强调各社会的独特性和相似性,并在此方面更大力地促进对文化遗产各个方面的综合展望,视其为必须保存的历史和特征的承载者、可持续发展的资源和动力以及包括宗教间对话在内的文化间对话工具;", "(c) 改善获得正规和非正规教育的机会,并着重普及教育、人权教育、文化多样性、两性平等和边缘化群体的融合,加强南南和南北大学之间的合作,特别是通过建立优秀和创新场所;", "(d) 国家 媒体和新的信息和通信技术有助于改变对不同文化和宗教的看法,途径包括促进因特网上的对话,在互联网上传播和分享多种文化和语言表达方式;或共同制作不同文化的媒体专业人员之间的对话,特别是关于敏感问题的对话;", "(e) 承认并尊重有助于可持续发展、促进人权、哲学和文化间对话的知识,包括传统知识系统和土著人民的知识,并特别强调打击种族主义和歧视以及和平与民主文化。", "10个 本着这种精神,关于可能的伙伴关系的众多建议、倡议和提法(总共近1 000个项目)成功地实现了国际年的全球主要目标。 发起了许多项目,全世界成千上万的人参加了这项工作。 国际年有助于广泛、多样化、特别是年轻受众认识文化多样性的良性循环及其必然产生的文化间对话,作为和解进程的一部分。 希望国际年能明显地帮助改变人们的态度、心态、行为和习惯。", "11个 活动得出的一个具体结论是,在新的、迅速变化的国际格局中,必须日益注重文化多样性、对话、发展、安全与和平之间的密切联系。 应该重新考虑这五个相互依存的概念,以便制定新的办法,即文化应建立在丰富多彩的基础上,而且鉴于在全球化世界中将多样性、独特性和普遍性结合起来的复杂性,对话应侧重于物质和象征多样性实现可持续和平的潜力。 只有满足基本先决条件,即平等、正义、减贫和尊重人权,对话才能有效。", "12个 出现了两个长期存在的问题:(a) 在全球化的背景下,确定赞成各国和民间社会在文化多样性和文化间对话的基础上作出发展与相互理解的坚定承诺的新论点;(b) 确定公共政策所需的新选择和战略? 在回答这些问题时,必须作为优先事项处理的三个挑战详述如下。", "13个 必须支持深入的结构改革,以便通过当地和国际的经验表明,任何文化都不是一成不变的,而是由交流和互动所构成的,每一种文化都为再造提供了肥沃的土壤。 事先了解自己文化中固有的多样性对更好地理解世界各地的文化多样性至关重要。 然而,在作为更广泛的文化间对话组成部分的更具体情况下,必须更好地了解和理解宗教和非宗教信仰和信念,以避免无知和有害的简单化观点。", "14个 必须支持不仅动员国家而且动员民间社会的实际措施,包括划定国家和地方政府的作用。 这就需要建立各种角色之间合作的能力、机会和框架,以便不仅接触那些已经承诺进行对话的人,而且最重要的是,接触那些尚未感到担忧的人。 参与对话的责任由知识分子、艺术家和舆论制造者(包括媒体专业人员以及宗教和青年领袖)等利益攸关方分担,他们可以发挥重要作用。 必须强调,迫切需要在全球、区域和地方各级建立联系,以促进这种重要而脆弱的对话。", "15个 只有在个人和社会团体的经验和记忆的基础上,社会之间和社会内部对话的增值才是有效的。 必须考虑到对话涉及个人的认知技能、想象力、敏感性和情感。 在新的数字环境中尤其如此,社交媒体使人们面对他们无法解释的文化和宗教习俗。 因此,正规和非正规教育的作用变得至关重要,因为它不仅传递知识,而且还对所有传播的内容提出关键和客观的观点。", "16号. 在不断变化的国际背景下,教科文组织继续根据其最初的任务规定并依照其2008-2013年中期战略的首要目标之一,促进文化间和宗教间对话,促进文化多样性、文化间对话和和平文化。 在此背景下,教科文组织目前正在为和平与非暴力文化制定一项新的交叉和跨学科行动纲领,预计将由教科文组织大会第三十六届会议(2011年10月和11月举行)通过。 该方案的主要目标如下:", "(a) 国家 (一) 增进全球理解并解构先入为主的想法,为21世纪培养全球思考和学习意识,同时考虑到全球公民空间的出现,青年男女是相关行为者;", "(b) 国家 制定基于概念和方案的办法,使用适当和令人信服的语言提出新的论据,支持各国和民间社会在鼓励公民参与和不同文化和社区内部及彼此间对话的社会环境中培育“日常和平”,同时增进对暴力根源的理解;", "(c) 编制关于人文主义和文化间能力的全球共同课程,促进温和、勇气、智慧和正义以及同情、好客、和谐共处和理解多样性及尊重男女平等权利的“心地美德”,以通过正规和非正规教育以及信息和通信技术和社会媒体,在青年人中激发批评性和创造性的思维;", "(d) 国家 提高对暴力的认识,以及投资于青年人的公民参与的重要性,以建立参与性社会;发展批判性思维;消除对妇女的暴力行为;加强民主文化和基本自由;采取措施打击一切形式的歧视和仇外心理。", "17岁 教科文组织还准备于2011年11月2日大会上述会议期间并借不同文明联盟第四次年度论坛之机庆祝《世界文化多样性宣言》通过十周年。 将特别注意《宣言》的愿望,包括促进富有成效的文化多样性、思想通过文字和形象自由流通、个人表达和创造的权利、通过创新的伙伴关系加强国际团结以及民间社会更多地参与实现当代多元社会内部和之间的和谐共处。", "三. 巩固不同文明联盟并筹备其第四次论坛", "18岁。 在联合国不同文明联盟高级代表豪尔赫·桑帕约的领导下,该联盟现已成为不同社会内部和相互之间开展不同文化间和宗教间对话的主要平台之一。 联盟由西班牙和土耳其共同发起成立,包括一个之友小组,其128名成员包括各国政府、国际组织、城市、非政府组织、学术界、宗教界人士、公司、媒体和个人,特别是青年人。", " 19. 19. 联盟继续呼吁其成员通过国家计划,就教育、青年、媒体和移徙等主题发展对文化多样性的善治,其中26项已经制定,更多正在筹备之中。 交流了有希望的做法。 根据其在东南欧的经验,该联盟于2010年11月在马耳他通过了一项地中海文化间对话与合作区域战略,并与民间社会协商,将行动计划的内容汇总在一起。 拉丁美洲区域战略的工作仍在继续并将于2011年完成。", "20号. 联盟为将于12月11日至13日在多哈举行的下一次年度论坛作准备。 论坛将成为提高能见度、整合全球议程和加强行动承诺的转折点。 根据谢哈·莫扎赫的建议,将强调在联盟的目标与推进千年发展目标之间建立协同作用。 5月3日和4日在多哈与民间社会组织举行了首次大规模交流会。", "21岁 联盟还充当灵活合作的平台,执行第二个执行计划所商定的项目,并应对影响文化间对话的事态发展。 事态发展包括中东和北非区域的新形势;欧洲目前关于调和多样性和凝聚力的辩论;宗教对和平与发展的影响。 对伊斯兰同西方之间关系的共同认识的紧张仍然是一个重要的话题。 还应提及以下几点:", "(a) 联盟同约旦合作,促进全球宗教间和谐周。 它还继续为国际文化和睦年作出贡献;", "(b) 在世界文化多样性促进对话与发展日,联盟同教科文组织和多家技术公司一道,发起了“为多样性和包容做一件事”的在线运动,邀请全世界人民支持文化多样性和凝聚力,以新的形式向大批人进行宣传。 联盟积极宣传青年组织庆祝国际青年年的主要信息,包括和平、人权和代际团结、文化、宗教和文明;", "(c) 联盟与宝马公司合作,启动了世界文化间创新融资机制,以支持加强文化理解的创新基层项目。 联盟的青年团结基金支持由青年组织领导的20个基层项目,以推进联盟的目标,包括在非洲和欧洲的冲突和冲突后地区。 联盟的研究金方案于2010年成功试点,使阿拉伯世界一批新兴领导人了解西方社会的不同现实,反之亦然。 2011年4月,联盟全球青年运动在巴库启动,将青年组织联系起来并利用其对联盟目标的承诺。 联盟在线社区“一体化:建设包容性社会”的可喜经验在其网站上得到确认和辩论,这得益于在波哥大、伦敦、罗马和澳大利亚墨尔本的伙伴的外联举措。 与国际移徙组织合作, \" Plural+ \" 项目继续吸引世界各地关于青年人对多样性的看法的录像;", "(d) 对叙述、看法和媒体作用的关注仍然很高。 全球专家项目得到了加强,该项目将记者与世界各地的专家联系起来,提供细微的分析。 为报道和撰写与不同文化间理解有关的问题的记者和舆论领袖提供了培训课程,特别是在中东和南亚。 联盟还在纽约组织了关于中东和平进程和开罗关于中东和北非各国政治变化的辩论。 在世界各地的10个报纸上推出了关于宗教和公共空间的系列节目;", "(e) 联盟暑期学校于2010年8月首次举办,来自世界各地的数百名青年聚集一堂,学习不同文化间交流方面的知识和技能。 学校在2011年不断发展并多样化. 对话咖啡馆网络继续扩大,使世界各地的群体能够面对面地交流。 即将开放的有拉马拉、特拉维夫、开罗和突尼斯。 联盟在黎巴嫩共同主办了跨文化教育会议。", "22号. 在与之友小组协商后,联合国不同文明联盟高级代表将于2011年第三季度向秘书长提交不同文明联盟的第三个执行计划(2012-13年)。 他还正在采取步骤,通过组织将于2011年10月在土耳其举行的充资会议,确保联盟获得更稳定和可预测的资源。", "四、结 论 联合国系统促进文化间对话的活动", "23. 联合国 联合国系统除了参与国际文化和睦年并参与不同文明联盟的活动外,还继续开展广泛的活动来推动不同文化之间的对话。 联合国主要行动者在这一领域开展的一些关键活动如下:", "由联合国教育、科学及文化组织领导的活动", "24 (韩语). 教科文组织继续通过广泛传播和教学利用其关于一般历史和区域历史的著作,开展与历史、记忆和对话有关的活动,以提倡以新的多元方式处理各民族和各区域的历史。 收集资料有助于消除偏见和促进相互了解。 本组织还启动了一个利用非洲通史的教学项目,目的是使历史教学有助于形成各国人民的特性,并使他们了解任何区域文化多样性下的共同联系,特别是散居国外的非洲人。 奴隶之路项目帮助打破了对奴隶制的沉默并揭示了它所产生的全球变革和文化互动。 在这方面,教科文组织继续通过进行严格的科学研究来提高全球认识,以揭示世界各地人民、文化和文明之间被迫对话所产生的无数影响。", "25. 教科文组织为3月21日庆祝国际诺鲁孜节作出了贡献(第64/253号决议)。 2009年,诺鲁兹被列入了教科文组织《人类非物质文化遗产代表名录》,成为这种遗产中一个特别活泼的组成部分,并向庆祝者灌输了认同感和连续性。", "26. 联合国 大会通过第57/249号决议,宣布5月21日为世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日。 此后,教科文组织发起了一年一度的国际文化多样性节,以突出团结世界各国人民的多方面和不可替代的多样性。 教科文组织总部和外地办事处通过一系列文化活动庆祝这一节日。 地方行动者也开展了广泛的活动。 与联盟合作开展的“为多样性和包容做一件事”运动也有助于宣传这一天。", "27个 在与联盟合作的框架内,教科文组织还制定了由五个项目组成的部门间方案“跨文化 Vademecum”,其中两个项目是在2010年11月18日世界哲学日期间发起的。 这两个项目的主题是“穆斯林/阿拉伯文明的科学、哲学、文学和艺术考古及其对恢复西方思想和欧洲文艺复兴的贡献”和“世界镜中的阿拉伯-穆斯林文明”。 这两个项目都旨在作为教育和媒体目的的工具,提出将穆斯林/阿拉伯世界和西方团结起来的跨文化历史观。", "促进国际青年年的活动:对话和相互了解", "28岁 大会第64/134号决议宣布从2010年8月12日开始的一年为 \" 国际青年年:对话和相互了解 \" ,以促进各代人、各文化、各宗教和各文明之间的对话和了解,并实现和平、尊重人权和团结的理想。", "29. 国家 联合国机构间青年发展网络是联合国系统内有关青年发展事项的全球合作机制,它制定了国际青年年的框架办法。 该框架的战略目标之一是建立联系并架设桥梁,以增进青年之间的文化间理解。 在这方面,经济和社会事务部社会政策和发展司及其青年问题协调中心举办了广泛的会外活动和简报会,以提高这些问题的能见度。 例如,2010年7月,在联合国总部举行的每月协商审查了青年人促进对话和相互了解的方式。 与民间社会的伙伴关系还促成了“活动包:庆祝国际青年年指南”,包括在整个国际年及其后的实际指导和活动的具体实例。 2010年在巴西里约热内卢举行的不同文明联盟论坛青年筹备会是这一承诺的又一实例。", "30岁。 联合国各机构利用国际年的机会,开展针对青年人的活动。 例如,粮农组织为儿童和青年举办了生物多样性讲习班,并为青年举办了千年发展目标培训班。 它还制定了世界青年奖,这是一个针对青年人的自我发展方案,涉及与千年发展目标和国际公民有关的问题。 该奖项定于2011年8月在瑞典的\"世界童子军\"(World Scout Jamboree)上启动.", "31岁 新闻部为国际年制作了宣传材料,口号是“我们的年,我们的声音”。 新闻部的联合国新闻中心网络通过积极主动的外联倡议,动员当地青年通过各种活动,包括体育、录像比赛和海报展览来宣传国际年。", "与承认土著文化有关的活动", "32. 联合国 联合国土著问题常设论坛秘书处开展活动,促进与土著问题和权利有关的文化间对话。 作为8月9日纪念世界土著人民国际日的一部分,组织了一次特别活动,以表彰土著电影制作人为提高对世界各地土著人民文化、历史和日常生活的敏感性和认识所作的杰出工作。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 为了满足各国政府、各机构和土著人民各级的能力建设需要,常设论坛秘书处在包括多民族玻利维亚国、柬埔寨、厄瓜多尔、圭亚那、尼泊尔和菲律宾在内的一些国家举办了土著问题培训班。 建立了一个关于土著问题的资料袋,以注重发展和土著人民,并注重文化多样性、特性和权利。 该工具包旨在指导联合国国家工作队如何让土著人民参与发展进程,包括参与编写共同国家评估、联合国发展援助框架、减贫战略文件和千年发展目标报告。", "34. 国家 联合国系统其他实体已增加了同土著问题有关的工作。 例如,2010年,粮农组织通过了一项关于土著和部落人民的公司政策并制定了一项关于具有全球重要意义的农业遗产体系的方案,其目的是加强维持世界各地宝贵传统农业体系的基本生态和社会文化进程,并增强和养护小农社区,其中许多是土著社区。 粮农组织还记录了世界各地的土著粮食系统,并制定了以恢复当地社会和文化系统为基础的保健干预措施。", "35. 联合国 同样,农发基金促进与国家和地方土著人民组织的代表进行有系统的文化间对话,并于2011年设立了一个土著人民论坛,该论坛将每两年同农发基金理事会一起在罗马举行。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 儿童基金会在开展促进土著人民权利的活动时,就双语和跨文化教育、对文化敏感的保健服务、出生登记和结束暴力、虐待和剥削等主题采取了主动行动。 儿童基金会拉丁美洲和加勒比区域办事处尤其长期参与旨在提供战略信息、增强土著人民(主要是妇女和青少年)的能力以及建设当地能力的活动。", "新闻部的宣传活动", "37. 沟通和外联是联合国文化间对话工作的关键方面。 新闻部通过联合国电台、联合国电视台、《联合国纪事》、联合国新闻中心和本组织网站,报道为加强本组织在文化间对话方面的声音而组织的广泛活动,特别是在大会所宣布的国际日和全球周内。 为许多活动设立了联合国六种正式语文的网页。", "38. 国家 2011年7月12日和13日在布达佩斯举行的新闻部中东和平年度媒体研讨会的主题是“和平前景:了解当前的变化并克服障碍”。 研讨会的与会者回顾了以色列与巴勒斯坦权力机构之间和平谈判的现状,并审查了包括作家、音乐家和电影制作人在内的创作界在为以色列人和巴勒斯坦人之间的对话和增进理解创造条件方面发挥的作用。", "39. 联合国 和解与教育是2011年卢旺达种族灭绝纪念活动的重点,2011年4月4日这一周在联合国总部和世界各地的联合国新闻中心组织了一系列活动。 除纪念仪式和学生会外,还在基加利、布琼布拉、日内瓦和坦桑尼亚联合共和国达累斯萨拉姆举办了题为“卢旺达的教训”的展览会。", " 40. 40. 新闻部继续就相关问题同民间社会进行接触,为非政府组织和学生举行特别简报会,主题包括:2010年10月为纪念国际文化和睦年而举行的“促进世界文化的多样性及其联系”;2010年11月为纪念人权日而举行的“以信仰系列为重点:揭示犹太教及其在不同文明之间对话中的地位”;以及“说话,制止歧视:在穆斯林世界与西方关系中探索人权”。", "41. 国家 2011年5月5日,新闻部组织了一次主题为“文学能否改变?” 的专题讨论会,由印度著名作者和诗人组成。 联合国新闻中心还根据对作家和联合国和平使者保罗·科埃略的采访,发表了以文化间对话为主题的专题报道。", "政治事务部开展的活动", "42. 国家 在本报告所述期间,政治事务部为预防性外交、建立和平和冲突后建设和平而作的努力继续促进和支持各社会派别之间的对话,以减少、管理和解决暴力冲突。 该部在安全理事会明确授权其促进和支持一种对话环境的情况下,如2010年中期选举周期前的布隆迪,或危机调解情况下,如2010年在吉尔吉斯斯坦,联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心和该部调解支助股都发挥了重要作用。", "43. 东帝汶 政治事务部和联合国开发计划署继续成功建立伙伴关系,以在建设国家预防冲突能力联合方案内促进长期对话,该方案的重点是尽早参与,以建立国家和平基础设施,以及在暴力冲突出现或再起之前在社会分裂之间开展对话的态度、能力和平台。 该方案向斐济、加纳、圭亚那、莱索托、肯尼亚、马尔代夫、毛里塔尼亚和多哥等国家提供支助,以建立地方或国家对话机制。 调解支助股为其中一些国家的对话进程提供了更多的专门知识。", " V. 通过同信仰组织合作促进宗教间对话", "44. 国家 联合国系统还与信仰组织接触并让它们参与其政策和宣传活动,从而促进宗教间对话。 这些举措将不同信仰的人民聚集在一起,讨论共同问题和联合国发展目标。", "联合国人口基金", "45. 国家 人口基金与信仰组织及其全球人口与发展信仰间网络成员加强宣传、知识管理和能力建设。 人口基金继续主持联合国信仰组织参与实现千年发展目标机构间工作队的工作。 在伙伴关系的主持下,人口基金和联合国系统职员学院将共同为联合国工作人员进行关于信仰、发展和伙伴关系的战略学习交流提供方便。 基金定期召集联合国各实体、学术界和信仰组织就宗教、发展和建设和平等主题进行协商。 它还共同赞助了2011年7月举行的世界基督教女青年会国际妇女首脑会议。", "46. 经常预算: 基金与包括政府和民间社会在内的国家伙伴协商,为非洲、亚洲和太平洋以及拉丁美洲和加勒比的信仰组织制定了区域战略。", "47. 国家 人口基金非洲办事处支持国家当局同宗教和传统组织合作,在国家一级发起 \" 加速降低非洲孕产妇死亡率运动 \" ,这是非洲联盟委员会在人口基金支持下提出的一项倡议,目的是加强执行《马普托行动计划》来降低孕产妇死亡率。 2011年,又有五个国家(博茨瓦纳、刚果民主共和国、加蓬、利比里亚和坦桑尼亚联合共和国)发起了这一运动,使运动总数达到31个。", " 48. 48. 在国家一级,人口基金泰国办事处就安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议向亚洲穆斯林行动网络提供技术援助,以弥合宗教和文化差距。 在柬埔寨、老挝人民民主共和国、泰国和越南就移徙妇女性健康和生殖健康的社会文化决定因素进行了研究,提出了关于文化敏感政策和服务的建议。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 人口基金塔吉克斯坦办事处支持设立一个宗教事务委员会,以提高宗教领袖对艾滋病毒、生殖健康、性传播感染和性别问题的认识。 人口基金为各省的宗教领袖举办了培训班,并开创了将伊斯兰戒律与保健优先事项联系起来的培训员培训进程,这是发展对应方采用的良好做法。 人口基金土耳其办事处继续与不同部委合作,培训宗教领袖如何处理涉及暴力侵害妇女行为的案件。 2010年5月举办了培训员培训课程,40名宗教领袖参加了培训;近4 000名在实地工作的宗教领袖参加了培训。 2011年的目标是达到12 000人。", " 50. 50. 在本报告所述期间,人口基金格鲁吉亚办事处支助青年夏令营,将文化、族裔和宗教多样性转化为青年资产。 其他举措包括与45个不同族裔和宗教组织就家庭暴力主题进行对话,并与格鲁吉亚东正教会就预防和管理性暴力和基于性别的暴力以及满足境内流离失所者的生殖健康需要开展人道主义援助方案。 人口基金格鲁吉亚办事处还与格鲁吉亚牧首国合作,向2 000多户家庭提供援助和家庭尊严包,覆盖了8 000名境内流离失所者。", "51. 联合国 人口基金吉尔吉斯斯坦办事处举办了培训课程,以按照伊斯兰方针促进性健康和生殖健康、计划生育和艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防。 在吉尔吉斯斯坦南部族裔间冲突摧毁了社区之后,信仰组织参与执行联合国紧急呼吁,将社区聚集在一起,并在保守环境中成功解决基于性别的暴力问题,例如通过社区剧院。", "52. 人口基金拉丁美洲和加勒比办事处与区域信仰组织一起,支持预防性别暴力、艾滋病毒/艾滋病预防、治疗和护理、消除耻辱和歧视以及促进千年发展目标目标5等方案。", "53. 联合国 在委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国,人口基金设立了一个信仰组织全国论坛,与人口基金结成伙伴关系,这是在哥伦比亚和墨西哥推广的实现与生殖健康有关的目标的成功伙伴关系模式。 在本报告所述期间,人口基金圭亚那办事处与各种信仰组织合作,建立方便青年的空间,处理性健康和生殖健康以及基于性别的暴力问题。 该倡议的成功导致圭亚那圣公会教区要求支持圣公会全国青年理事会和圣安德鲁兄弟会纪念国际家庭年。", "54. 联合国 这些伙伴关系为人口基金、信仰组织和各国政府提供了一个对话空间,以采用文化上敏感的基于权利的方法来处理敏感问题。 人口基金承认受信仰启发的组织和动员的多样性,促进多信仰和文化间伙伴关系,倡导与信仰社区接触,以此在联合国系统和民间社会之间就人权任务建立协调一致的伙伴关系,并建议按照商定原则并在整个联合国系统内系统地监测和评价这种伙伴关系。", "联合国儿童基金会", "55. 国家 在本报告所述期间,儿童基金会在促进儿童权利的多宗教结构和宗教界的工作中取得了重大进展。 独特的道德权威和广泛的宗教团体网络使它们成为儿童基金会针对处境最不利的儿童和家庭的方案的关键伙伴。 2011年,儿童基金会将出版一份与宗教界合作的指南,以儿童基金会工作人员和其他儿童权利倡导者为对象,提供切实参与的具体战略以及与儿童保护、教育、保健、营养、水和卫生以及艾滋病毒/艾滋病等关键工作领域有关的实例。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 作为加强宗教社区能力,特别是宗教间机制的多年伙伴关系的一部分,作为保护受冲突影响儿童的一种手段,儿基会和宗教促进和平组织于2010年11月在纽约组织了一次高级别圆桌会议,会上作出了解决暴力侵害儿童行为的具体承诺。 由此产生的出版物题为“从承诺到行动:宗教团体为消除暴力侵害儿童行为能做些什么”已译成法文、日文和西班牙文,并分发给儿童基金会国家办事处、宗教促进和平协会和有关外部伙伴。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 2010年,19个儿基会国家办事处参加了世界为儿童祈祷和行动日倡议,该倡议动员宗教领袖围绕孕产妇保健和儿童生存共同议程,重点是全母乳喂养。 在阿尔及利亚,该国15 000所清真寺进行了关于儿童权利和母乳喂养重要性的布道。 在刚果民主共和国,4个主要宗教团体 -- -- 由近3 000万人组成的联合网络 -- -- 领导了为期一周的关于母乳喂养和免疫等主要家庭保健做法重要性的运动。 在尼泊尔,包括每周宗教服务在内的多宗教协调活动侧重于妇幼保健。 2011-2013年,世界为儿童祈祷和行动日倡议的重点是消除暴力侵害儿童行为。", "58. 联合国 儿童基金会国家方案继续与多宗教机构和宗教团体合作,促进儿童权利。 国家办事处活动的例子包括:", "(a) 在印度,400多位来自全国的宗教领袖在南部城市班加罗尔附近相会,讨论与艾滋病毒和艾滋病有关的耻辱和歧视;", "(b) 在安哥拉,妇女和家庭部领导了由9个宗教组织组成的联盟,以促进12个关键的家庭能力,使儿童活活活、健康和健康;", "(c) 在尼加拉瓜,神学和社会研究中心与非政府组织 \" 医疗行动 \" (Acción Medicia Cristiana)结成联盟,促进神学-牧师对艾滋病毒流行病的反射,成功地动员教会宣传艾滋病毒感染者的权利;", "(d) 在肯尼亚,儿童基金会同肯尼亚公共卫生和环卫部和肯尼亚宗教间理事会一道,同基督教、穆斯林和印度教宗教领袖发起了一项倡议,在各自的宗教社区内促进对妇幼保健具有重大影响的关键干预措施。", "庆祝世界不同信仰间和谐周", "59. (中文(简体) ). 大会第65/5号决议根据约旦的倡议,宣布每年2月的第一个星期为所有宗教、信仰和信仰之间的世界宗教间和谐周。 第一次庆祝该周的有40个国家的200多起活动(见http://worldinterfaceharmonyweek.com)。", "60. 联合国 联合国纪念该周的活动包括:新闻部与联合国宗教非政府组织委员会举办宗教间早餐会;伊斯兰合作组织常驻观察员办事处在几个联合国实体的参与下举办关于信仰组织和宗教间倡议在发展、和解与建设和平中的作用的特别活动;以及同不同文明联盟合作放映电影。", "61. 国家 在该周的启动仪式上,秘书长致词,重复了大会的呼吁,要求宗教场所在宗教间传播和谐、和平与善意的信息。", "62. 联合国 此外,根据大会第54/115号决议,斯里兰卡常驻联合国代表团于2011年5月16日组织了一次特别活动,以纪念佛教2 600年国际卫塞节。 在联合国总部举行了一次关于和平、和谐与共存的宗教间对话,有近20名发言者代表来自不同国家的各种佛教组织和其他宗教传统领袖。", "六、结 论 以基于权利的方式进行不同文化、文明和宗教间对话", "63. 国家 大会关于为了和平而促进宗教间和文化间的对话、了解与合作的第65/138号决议以及先前关于同一问题的决议都载有关于人权和不歧视以及关于以基于权利的方式开展文化间和宗教间对话的具体规定。 一些联合国实体开展了直接促进执行这些决议的活动。", "联合国人权事务高级专员办事处", "64. (中文(简体) ). 在2011年5月30日至6月17日举行的人权理事会第十七届会议上,人权高专办根据人权理事会题为“打击基于宗教或信仰原因对他人的不容忍、丑化、污名化和歧视、煽动暴力和暴力侵害行为”的第16/18号决议第9段,组织了一次小组讨论会,讨论如何加强国际努力,促进全球对话,以尊重人权及宗教和信仰多样性为基础,在各级促进容忍与和平文化。 讨论的重点是切实执行各项措施和实际行动,在各级促进容忍与和平文化。", "65. 国家 2011年,人权高专办在世界各区域就言论自由和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十九条和第二十条所反映禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的问题举办了四次专家讲习班。 为此,人权高专办旨在全面评估全球履行禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨并同时充分尊重言论自由的国际义务的情况,并随后协助制定各级行动。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 2011年10月,作为非洲人后裔国际年的一部分,人权高专办将为非洲人后裔启动一个试点研究金方案。 研究金方案将使学员能够更好地了解联合国人权系统并分享不同国家和区域的经验。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 关于在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利,高级专员向人权理事会提交了一份年度报告(A/HRC/16/39),重点介绍了人权高专办和联合国人权机制为加强执行1992年《在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言》而正在作出的努力。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 为了增进对《宣言》的理解并鼓励保护少数群体的权利,人权高专办组织了磋商、研讨会和讲习班,为审查少数群体如何在保持其文化和宗教特征的同时参与公民和政治生活提供了机会。 此外,人权高专办还发起了一系列区域协商,以期鼓励少数群体通过执法,特别是维持治安,参与司法。 这些协商使与会者能够交流经验,同时侧重于已证明成功的做法。 良好做法是确保少数群体在维持治安中的代表性和参与,同时保护少数群体的文化和宗教特性。 第四次此类磋商会于2011年5月在曼谷举行。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 人权专员办事处同世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)合作,鼓励将《联合国土著人民权利宣言》纳入该组织关于传统知识、遗传资源和传统文化表现形式案文的谈判。", "70. 联合国 根据人权理事会第15/7号决议,人权高专办将在人权理事会第十八届会议期间组织一次关于语言和文化在促进和保护土著人民福祉和特性方面的作用的小组讨论会。", "联合国人权理事会特别程序", "71. 联合国 宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员在向大会第六十六届会议提交的临时报告(A/66/156)中,重点阐述了国家在促进宗教间沟通方面的作用。 特别报告员强调,沟通和公开辩论是人权成为现实的关键因素。 他指出了各国的一些可能性,包括鼓励宗教间交流,公开表示赞赏明确界定的对话项目;为现有或新设立的项目提供财政补贴;在国家框架内促进不同宗教或信仰团体成员之间的对话;为不同宗教或信仰派别的人定期会面建立论坛。", "72. 联合国 2011年,文化权利领域独立专家向人权理事会提交了一份关于获得和享有文化遗产的权利的报告(A/HRC/17/38)。 报告强调,需要就文化遗产问题开展文化间对话,需要建设和平进程包括在有关各方的参与下修复文化遗产,需要促进关于文化遗产的文化间对话。 独立专家指出,在对文化遗产的意义和意义作出解释时,对话很重要。 她还指出,保存/保护文化遗产的目的应当是确保人的发展、建立和平和民主社会以及促进文化多样性。 她特别建议各国承认并珍视其领土上和所管辖的文化遗产的多样性,并承认、尊重和保护对文化遗产可能产生的不同解释。", "页:1 关于宗教间和文化间对话十年提案的协商结果", "73 (中文(简体) ). 大会在第63/22号决议中请经济和社会事务部经济及社会理事会支助和协调办公室同教科文组织协调,促进审议是否可能宣布联合国宗教间和文化间对话、了解与合作以促进和平十年。 这个十年最初是由信仰间、信仰上和价值上的非政府组织提出的,它们建立了一个支持这一倡议的联盟,并在联合国和其他地点举行了一系列协商(见www.fersioncloud forpeace.net)。", "74. 国家 2009年,为了执行这一任务,秘书处同教科文组织协调,进行了协商,以征求各有关行为者的意见并更好地评估十年的潜在附加值以及这一进程可能产生的困难。 协商结果载于秘书长关于宗教间和文化间的对话、了解与合作以促进和平的报告(A/64/325,第88-104段)。", "75. 国家 协商进程显示,虽然一些会员国欢迎该倡议,认为它是加强不同文化和宗教间对话和了解的机会,但对该倡议的内容、发展该想法的背景和程序、其效力和所涉费用表示关切。 上述报告的结论是,在政府间一级就提案进行广泛和协商一致的动员之前,还需要进一步磋商。 报告还提请大会注意,需要确保就文化间、宗教间和文明间事务采取的多种举措的一致性和协调,并需要同教科文组织密切联络。", "76. 联合国 大会第64/81号决议未就拟议的十年采取任何行动,请秘书长同教科文组织协调,进一步征求会员国对此事的意见,并借鉴秘书长向大会第六十四届会议和第六十五届会议所提交的报告所载列的资料以及2010年期间采取的相关举措,向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。 大会第65/138号决议请秘书长以上述报告所载资料和2011年期间采取的相关举措为基础,向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "77. 国家 已就此事向会员国发出2011年3月4日的普通照会和2011年6月9日的催复函。 在编写本报告时,秘书处收到了下列国家的答复,摘要如下:阿尔巴尼亚、智利、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、马达加斯加、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、菲律宾、多哥和欧洲联盟。", "78. 阿尔巴尼亚、智利、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、马达加斯加、马来西亚、巴基斯坦、秘鲁、菲律宾和多哥表示支持宣布联合国宗教间和文化间对话与合作促进和平十年。 他们认为,这一举措将对增进不同文化的国家和人民之间的理解与合作作出积极贡献。 一些国家还提及该倡议对本组织努力推动的和平与建设和平活动的相关性。", "79. 联合国 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国强调,拟议的十年与在由前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国组织的第一次和第二次宗教间和文明间对话世界会议中就同一主题所开展的各项活动之间有联系。 巴基斯坦认为,十年将加强联合国的作用,确保尊重和促进多元文化,保护不同社会和国家间的和平与和谐。", "80个 菲律宾强调,宣布这样一个十年可以用来持续地突出联合国开展的各种宗教间和文化间对话倡议,以便将该领域的现有方案纳入一个范畴并吸引更多的利益攸关方,包括妇女、青年和民间社会组织。 在这方面,有人建议,教科文组织应起指导作用,同会员国协商,为十年制订一项活动方案。", "81个 多哥建议在宣布十年之后通过旨在加强不同宗教和文化之间对话的国家行动计划。 多哥还提议宣布一个文化间和宗教间对话国际日,以确保继续对这一问题作出承诺。", "82. 欧洲联盟对该倡议提出了一些关切。 它强调,联合国系统和会员国在文化间和宗教间对话领域可以发挥促进作用并促成对话的必要条件,但鉴于宗教间和宗教内对话主要发生在个人与宗教组织和领导人之间,因此不应领导这种对话。 此外,欧洲联盟还强调指出,宗教间对话只是文化间对话的方方面面之一,联合国参与的目的应当是促进整个文化间对话,包括其宗教层面。 因此,欧洲联盟认为,拟议的十年不会为真正的对话作出重大贡献。", "83个 欧洲联盟表示原则上反对新的国际日、新年或新年,因为其效力值得怀疑,并强调,应结合其他正在进行的倡议,包括宣布 \" 和平文化国际十年 \" 和国际文化和睦年的成果和经验教训,认真评估拟议的十年。 出于这些原因,欧洲联盟的结论是,它目前没有看到宣布该十年的附加价值。", "第八十四会. 秘书处进行的协商导致对提议的十年表示的兴趣有限。 仅收到10个答复,其中1个来自对该倡议的附加值表示严重关切的国家集团。 因此,大会不可能在不久的将来就该提案作出决定。 相反,为了确保联合国系统在这一领域的工作协调一致,大会不妨考虑今后结合教科文组织理事机构采取的举措,包括文化与和平国际十年的后续行动,举行庆祝活动。", "第八编. 结论", "85. 本报告证明,联合国系统许多行动者为具体支持不同文化、宗教和文明之间的对话并落实大会在这些领域所通过的决议而开展的活动多种多样。", "86号. 还应指出的是,会员国越来越多地参与这个领域的工作,其中几个国家在提议宣布国际日或周并组织全球不同信仰间和谐周等庆祝活动方面发挥了主导作用。 由会员国发起的其他影响深远的项目包括由皮蒂里姆·索罗金-尼科莱·孔德拉蒂耶夫国际研究所发起的由哈萨克斯坦和俄罗斯联邦常驻联合国代表团向联合国介绍的“以不同文明伙伴关系为基础的全球可持续发展长期战略基础”。", "87个 正在开展的大量相互关联的对话倡议提出了本报告的范围问题。 在这方面,大会不妨探讨协调所有涉及文化间、宗教间和文明间对话以及和平文化、文化多样性、容忍、相互理解和文化和睦等问题的报告的可能性,以便加强政策一致性。 大会还不妨要求今后的报告以这种对话的具体方面为重点,每年重点有所改变,并探讨这种对话如何能够促进和平、发展或人权。" ]

[ "Letter dated 8 August 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 4 August 2011 (S/2011/502) concerning your intention to appoint Mr. Martin Kobler (Germany) as your Special Representative for Iraq and Head of the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI) has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "(Signed) H. S. Puri", "President of the Security Council" ]

[ "2011年8月8日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你，已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年8月4日的信(S/2011/502)。你在信中表示拟任命马丁·克布勒先生(德国)担任你的伊拉克问题特别代表兼联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)团长。安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "安全理事会主席", "哈迪普·辛格·普里(签名)" ]

[ "2011年8月8日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你,已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年8月4日的信(S/2011/502)。 你在信中表示拟任命马丁·克布勒先生(德国)为你的伊拉克问题特别代表兼联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)团长。 安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "普里(签名)", "安全理事会主席" ]

[ "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq (UNAMI), which was established on 14 August 2003 in accordance with Security Council resolution 1500 (2003).", "Following the usual consultations, I would like to inform you of my intention to appoint Mr. Martin Kobler (Germany) as my Special Representative and Head of UNAMI.", "Mr. Kobler will replace Mr. Ad Melkert (the Netherlands) who has served in Iraq for over two years. I would like to take this opportunity to express my appreciation for Mr. Melkert’s leadership of UNAMI in implementing its mandate under Security Council resolution 1770 (2007) and subsequent resolutions.", "I should be grateful if you would bring this matter to the attention of the members of the Security Council.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon" ]

[ "2011年8月4日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及根据安全理事会第1500(2003)号决议于2003年8月14日设立的联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)。", "谨通知你，经例行磋商后，我打算任命马丁·克布勒先生(德国)担任我的特别代表兼联伊援助团团长。", "克布勒先生将接替阿德·梅尔克特先生(荷兰)。梅尔克特先生在伊拉克工作了两年多，我愿借此机会向他表示感谢，感谢他领导联伊援助团执行安全理事会第1770(2007)号决议及其后有关决议规定的任务。", "请将此事提请安全理事会成员注意为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "2011年8月4日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及2003年8月14日根据安全理事会第1500(2003)号决议设立的联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)。", "经过例行协商,谨通知你,我打算任命马丁·克布勒先生(德国)为我的特别代表兼联伊援助团团长。", "科布勒先生将接替在伊拉克服务了两年多的阿德·梅尔克特先生(荷兰)。 我谨借此机会感谢梅尔克特先生领导联伊援助团执行安全理事会第1770(2007)号决议及其后各项决议规定的任务。", "请提请安全理事会成员注意此事为荷。", "潘基文(签名)" ]

[ "Letter dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a letter dated 7 August 2011, from His Excellency Walid Moualem, Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants of the Syrian Arab Republic, which represents the position of the Syrian Arab Republic regarding the presidential statement issued by the Security Council on 3 August 2011 (see annex).", "I would appreciate it if the present letter and its annex would be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Dr. Bashar Ja’afari Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the letter dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[Original: Arabic]", "Syrian Arab Republic", "Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants", "I regret to say that certain members of the Security Council, in the statement issued by that body, based its position on information that was taken from only one side, without giving the consideration that is particularly due in the light of the current situation in Syria to the facts and information provided by the Syrian State, which is the party with primary and ultimate responsibility and concern for the security and stability of the Syrian people and the integrity of its land and institutions.", "There are numerous exaggerations in the depiction of current events in Syria, and the reality of what is taking place on the ground is magnified with provocative and alarmist intent. The number of casualties is similarly exaggerated, while the damage and human and material losses that are being inflicted on Syria through the murderous and destructive acts of armed gangs are deliberately ignored. That regrettable disregard for the facts on the ground, which informed the Security Council statement, is an extremely negative factor in respect of Syrian interests, because it encourages the armed gangs of wreckers to continue to use weapons and carry out acts of murder and destruction, thereby considerably hindering the chances of preserving the fundamental interests of the country.", "As you are aware, President Bashar Al-Assad, in his statement of 20 June 2011, set out a package of significant reforms concerning a number of aspects of public life in Syria and, in particular, the political aspect, in the laws governing parties and general elections. Those two laws make important provisions that respond to the demands of the people and lay the foundations for political plurality and democracy. It has already been announced that general elections will be held before the end of 2011 and that political affairs will be decided through the ballot box.", "I have referred above to just a few of the plans and ideas that were announced by President Al-Assad in the aforementioned statement. The Syrian leadership continues to believe that national dialogue is the best way to resolve the crisis through which the country is passing. However, the difficulty of conducting that dialogue, which is caused by the negativity of the opposition stance, will not divert us from moving along the path of the reform which we desire; we will not allow subversion and conspiracies against the interests of Syria to prevent us continuing towards our goal.", "We believe that, at this crucial point for Syria, it behoves the international community to promote peace and the end of acts of destruction, and to encourage the steps towards reform that are being taken. Sufficient time must be allowed for those reforms to bear fruit, rather than encouragement being provided for an escalation of the unrest and violence. It is with the greatest regret that we say that the statements that are being issued by certain members of the Security Council, which are intended to increase pressure on Syria, in fact merely serve to exacerbate the disturbances and violence, which in no way serves the interests of Syria.", "(Signed) Walid Al-Moualem Minister for Foreign Affairs and Emigrants of the Syrian Arab Republic" ]

[ "2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递2011年8月7日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国外交和侨民部长瓦利德·穆阿利姆阁下的信(见附件)，该信代表阿拉伯叙利亚共和国关于2011年8月3日安全理事会发表的主席声明的立场。", "请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "巴沙尔·贾法里(签名)", "2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "外交和侨民部长", "2011年8月7日", "联合国秘书长", "潘基文先生阁下：", "我遗憾地指出，在安全理事会发表的声明中，安理会某些成员的立场依据的是仅从一方得来的信息，未考虑叙利亚国提供的事实和信息，而鉴于叙利亚当前的局势，这种考虑是特别需要的。叙利亚国是对叙利亚人民的安全和稳定以及叙利亚领土和机构的完整负有主要和最终责任和关切的一方。", "对叙利亚当前事件的描述有很多是夸大其辞，当地正在发生的真实情况被人出于煽风点火和危言耸听的目的加以夸大。伤亡人数也同样被夸大，而武装团伙谋杀和破坏行径正在给叙利亚造成的破坏以及人员和物质的损失却被故意忽略。安全理事会声明所依据的是对当地事实令人遗憾的无视，这是对叙利亚利益极为不利的因素，因为这种无视鼓励武装破坏团伙继续使用武器并施行谋杀和破坏行径，从而大大阻碍了维护国家根本利益的机会。", "如你所知，巴沙尔·阿萨德总统在2011年6月20日的声明中列出了在规范政党和大选的法律方面进行重大改革的一揽子方案，涉及叙利亚公共生活的许多方面，尤其是政治方面。这两部法律做出了许多重要规定，响应人民的要求，并为政治多元化和民主奠定基础。叙利亚已经宣布将在2011年年底前举行大选，政治事务将通过投票箱来决定。", "我在上文提及的只是巴沙尔·阿萨德总统在上述声明中宣布的计划和想法中的几点。叙利亚领导层仍然相信，全国对话是解决国家当前危机的最佳方式。由于反对阵营的消极行为，对话很难开展，但这不会使我们偏离我们想要走的改革之路；我们不会让损害叙利亚利益的颠覆行为和阴谋阻止我们实现自己的目标。", "我们认为，在这对叙利亚来说非常关键的时刻，国际社会有责任促进和平，制止破坏行径，并鼓励采取步骤实现正在进行的改革。必须允许足够的时间让这些改革产生成果，而不是鼓励动乱和暴力升级。我们怀着最强烈的遗憾指出，安全理事会某", "些成员为增加对叙利亚的压力而发表的声明，事实上只会加剧动乱和暴力，决不会有利于叙利亚。", "顺致最崇高的敬意。", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国外交和侨民部长", "瓦利德·穆阿利姆(签名)" ]

[ "2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨随函转递2011年8月7日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国外交和移民部长瓦利德·穆阿莱姆阁下的信,该信代表了阿拉伯叙利亚共和国对安全理事会2011年8月3日发表的主席声明的立场(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴沙尔·贾法里博士(签名)", "2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信的附件", "[原件:阿拉伯", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国", "外交和移民部长", "我遗憾地指出,安全理事会某些成员在该机构发表的声明中,以只从一方获得的信息为依据,而没有考虑到叙利亚目前的局势,特别是叙利亚国提供的事实和信息,叙利亚国对叙利亚人民的安全与稳定及其土地和机构的完整性负有主要和最终的责任并感到关切。", "对叙利亚当前事件的描述有许多夸大其词,而当地正在发生的事情,其真实面目却充满了挑衅和惊恐的意图。 伤亡人数同样被夸大了,而武装团伙的杀人和破坏行为正在给叙利亚造成的破坏以及人员和物质损失却被故意忽略了。 这种令人遗憾地无视当地事实的做法为安全理事会发言提供了依据,是叙利亚利益的一个极其消极的因素,因为它鼓励了破坏者武装团伙继续使用武器并进行谋杀和破坏行为,从而严重阻碍了维护该国根本利益的机会。", "如你所知,巴沙尔·阿萨德总统在2011年6月20日的讲话中提出了关于叙利亚公共生活若干方面的一揽子重大改革,特别是政党和大选管理法的政治方面。 这两项法律作出了重要规定,回应了人民的要求,为政治多元化和民主奠定了基础。 现已宣布,大选将在2011年底前举行,政治事务将通过投票箱决定。", "我仅提到阿萨德总统在上述声明中宣布的几项计划和想法。 叙利亚领导人仍然认为,全国对话是解决该国所经历的危机的最佳途径。 然而,由于反对派立场的消极态度,进行这种对话的困难不会使我们偏离我们所希望的改革道路;我们将不允许颠覆和阴谋破坏叙利亚的利益来阻止我们继续实现我们的目标。", "我们认为,在这一对叙利亚来说至关重要的时刻,国际社会有责任促进和平并结束破坏行动,并鼓励正在采取的改革步骤。 必须允许有足够的时间使这些改革取得成果,而不是鼓励动乱和暴力升级。 我们极为遗憾地指出,安全理事会某些成员正在发表的声明旨在增加对叙利亚的压力,事实上只会加剧动乱和暴力,而这绝不符合叙利亚的利益。", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国外交和移民部长" ]

[ "Letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to transmit herewith the statement concerning the Syrian Arab Republic that was made today by Mr. Marcos Rodríguez Costa, Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Cuba (see annex).", "I would be grateful if you would have this letter and its annex circulated as an official document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Rodolfo Benítez Versón Ambassador Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 4 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Cuba to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Statement concerning the Syrian Arab Republic by the Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs of Cuba", "Havana, 4 August 2011", "We express great concern at the handling of the internal situation in Syria by the United Nations Security Council; the Western Powers that are members of that organ are exerting strong pressure with a view to the adoption of resolutions condemning the legitimate Government of that country.", "In light of the experience and precedent already set by recent cases, which have evidenced the manipulation of the Charter of the United Nations and the double standard that characterizes the actions of the Security Council, we express our rejection of any attempt to undermine the independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity of that nation.", "Cuba reiterates its confidence in the capacity of the Syrian people and Government to resolve their internal problems without any foreign interference and demands full respect for the self-determination and sovereignty of that Arab country." ]

[ "2011年8月4日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨随信转递古巴共和国外交部副部长马科斯·德罗德里格斯·科斯塔先生今天就阿拉伯叙利亚共和国问题发表的声明(见附件)。", "请将此信及其附件作为安全理事会的正式文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "大使", "鲁道夫·本拉兹·韦尔松(签名)", "2011年8月4日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "古巴外交部副部长关于阿拉伯叙利亚共和国问题的声明", "2011年8月4日，哈瓦那", "我们对于联合国安全理事会处理叙利亚国内局势的做法深表关切。这一机构成员中的西方列强正在施加高压，以期通过谴责该国合法政府的若干决议。", "最近一些事件的经验和已设先例证明，安全理事会的行动具有操弄《联合国宪章》和使用双重标准的特点。有鉴于此，我们表示反对任何旨在破坏该国独立、主权和领土完整的企图。", "古巴重申其坚信叙利亚人民和政府有能力在没有任何外国干涉的情况下解决其国内问题，并要求充分尊重该阿拉伯国家的自决和主权。" ]

[ "2011年8月4日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "谨随函附上古巴共和国外交部副部长马科斯·罗德里格斯·科斯塔先生今天就阿拉伯叙利亚共和国问题发表的声明(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。 常驻代表", "鲁道夫·贝尼特斯·韦尔松(签名)", "2011年8月4日古巴常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "古巴外交部副部长关于阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的声明", "2011年8月4日,哈瓦那", "我们对联合国安全理事会处理叙利亚国内局势表示严重关切;作为安理会成员的西方国家正在施加强大压力,以通过谴责该国合法政府的决议。", "鉴于最近一些案例已经确立的经验和先例,证明《联合国宪章》受到操纵,安全理事会行动所特有的双重标准,我们表示反对任何破坏该国独立、主权和领土完整的企图。", "古巴重申,它相信叙利亚人民和政府有能力在没有任何外来干涉的情况下解决其内部问题,并要求充分尊重该阿拉伯国家的自决和主权。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 20 of the provisional agenda*", "Implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and strengthening of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)", "Implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and strengthening of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 14 of General Assembly resolution 65/165. It describes the activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) over the past year in implementing the outcome of the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and the strengthening of UN-Habitat.", "More specifically, the report also provides an overview of the outcomes of the twenty-third session of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat that relate to policy. In addition to reviewing progress in the implementation of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for 2008-2013 and approving the programme budget for 2012-2013, the Governing Council adopted resolutions on a number of subjects, including (a) a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development; (b) a review of the governance of UN-Habitat; (c) global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target; (d) sustainable urban development through expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure, including the contribution of the Governing Council to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012; and (e) future activities of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in urban economy and financial mechanisms for urban upgrading, housing and basic services for the urban poor.", "The report also contains a review of progress made in the implementation of a number of programmatic components of the Habitat Agenda and other issues highlighted in General Assembly resolution 65/165, including a midterm review of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013, slum upgrading, guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities, cities and climate change, post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction, financial and budgetary matters, flagship reports, regional ministerial meetings, and organizational and programmatic reforms.", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 14 of General Assembly resolution 65/165 on implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and the strengthening of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) and is divided into five sections. The first section reports on the main resolutions of the twenty-third session of the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, the second section reports on progress in implementing the substantive work of UN-Habitat, the third section addresses budgetary and financial issues, the fourth section summarizes other significant developments that have occurred during the reporting period, and the final section contains conclusions and recommendations.", "II. Action taken at the twenty-third session of the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme", "2. The twenty-third session of the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat) was held in Nairobi from 11 to 15 April 2011, with the special theme “Sustainable urban development through expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure”.", "3. Among the most important actions taken by the Governing Council was the review of progress made in the implementation of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013 and the approval of the work programme and budget of UN-Habitat for the biennium 2012-2013. In addition, the Governing Council held discussions and adopted resolutions on the following issues: (a) a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development; (b) a review of the governance of UN-Habitat; (c) global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target; (d) sustainable urban development through expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure, including the contribution of the Governing Council to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012; and (e) future activities by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in urban economy and financial mechanisms for urban upgrading, housing and basic services for the urban poor, including recommendations on the future of the experimental reimbursable seeding operations.", "A. Third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development", "4. The convening of a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III) in 2016 was among the most important issues discussed by the Governing Council of UN-Habitat at its twenty-third session.", "5. In follow-up to resolution 22/1, adopted by the Governing Council of UN‑Habitat at its twenty-second session, the Secretary-General, in his report presented to the sixty-fourth session of the General Assembly on the implementation of the outcome of Habitat II and the strengthening of UN-Habitat (A/64/260), invited the General Assembly to consider convening in 2016 a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III).", "6. In response, the General Assembly, by its resolution 64/207, took note of the recommendation made by the Governing Council in its resolution 22/1 and requested the Secretary-General to prepare a report on this question, in collaboration with the Governing Council of UN-Habitat, for consideration by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. In follow-up to this request, the Executive Director of UN-Habitat prepared a draft report (HSP/GC/23/2/Add.4) for consideration by the Governing Council at its twenty-third session in April 2011.", "7. The report makes a case for holding the conference by examining key developments since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, held in Istanbul, Turkey, from 3 to 14 June 1996. These new developments include:", "(a) The increasing demographic and economic dominance of cities, now home to more than half of the world’s population, and their enhanced role as economic agents both nationally and globally;", "(b) The rapid spatial expansion of urban settlements, resulting in mega-cities and large metropolitan regions and urban corridors;", "(c) The emergence of new global issues, forces and concerns, including globalization, sustainable urban development, climate change, urban safety and security, and increasing urban poverty;", "(d) The changing roles of the public, private and non-governmental sectors, as part of the shift from enabling and deregulation policies towards a renewed emphasis on public policy and management, including reformed urban planning;", "(e) The significantly increased frequency and intensity of natural and human-made disasters and their impact on the urban population.", "8. Following its consideration of the draft report, the Governing Council adopted resolution 23/8 on a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable development, by which it took note of the report of the Executive Director and invited the Secretary-General to include the ideas and proposals set forth therein in his report to be considered by the General Assembly at its sixty sixth session. These ideas included, in particular, the following proposed aims of a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development: (a) to review past policies, achievements and obstacles; (b) to put in place a new urban development agenda capable of responding to the new urban challenges and opportunities, such as climate change and urban safety and security, in addition to advancing a new role for cities and local authorities; and (c) to find ways of strengthening the institutional framework for land governance, housing and sustainable urban development.", "9. The Governing Council has submitted the report to the Secretary-General as its input to his report requested in General Assembly resolution 64/207.", "B. Governance review", "10. In its resolution 22/5 on governance of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme, the Governing Council of UN-Habitat requested “the Executive Director and the Committee of Permanent Representatives to undertake jointly, within the work programme and budget, an examination of the governance of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme with a view to identifying and implementing ways to improve the transparency, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness of the functioning of the existing governance structure and to identify options for any other potential relevant changes for consideration by the Governing Council at its twenty-third session”.", "11. Pursuant to this resolution, phase I of the governance review of UN-Habitat focused on preparation of the terms of reference for the review. The terms of reference were drawn up by a joint group of the Committee of Permanent Representatives and the UN-Habitat secretariat in June 2009. In line with the terms of reference, a structure for the review was established. This comprised an open-ended contact group, a regionally balanced implementation team and seven assessment teams with equal representation from the Committee and the secretariat. Both the implementation team and the assessment teams began work in September 2009.", "12. Phase II, which began in January 2010, focused on improvement in the governance of UN-Habitat in Nairobi, i.e., on actions that could be implemented by the secretariat with the approval of the Committee of Permanent Representatives, but without reference to United Nations Headquarters. Following a visioning workshop, research by the seven assessment teams and a series of meetings of the implementation team, a list of 29 “quick wins” was proposed. The list was approved by the Committee of Permanent Representatives on 15 September 2010.", "13. Phase III commenced with an implementation team workshop in early November 2010. It focused on improvement in the governance of UN-Habitat within the wider United Nations system, especially its governance relationship with the General Assembly, the Secretariat, the Economic and Social Council, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the Committee for Programme and Coordination. A further list of proposed medium- and long-term “wins” was presented to and approved by the Committee of Permanent Representatives at its meeting on 16 December 2010.", "14. Phase IV of the review involved preparation of a report analysing the options available for structural reform of the governance of UN-HABITAT. The details of the outcome of all phases of the review were presented to the Governing Council of UN-Habitat at its twenty-third session.", "15. Four new options, in addition to keeping the current situation baseline, were put forward for consideration by the Governing Council. These were:", "(a) Introducing annual Governing Council meetings;", "(b) Introducing annual Governing Council meetings plus an enlarged membership of the Council;", "(c) Establishing an Executive Board to replace the Governing Council;", "(d) Establishing a hybrid governance structure along the lines of that of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women.", "16. The Governing Council duly considered the report and passed resolution 23/13 entitled “Governance of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme”. In brief, the resolution requested the Executive Director, jointly with the Committee of Permanent Representatives:", "(a) To further examine the options for reform and develop a preferred option;", "(b) To develop procedures for the examination phase;", "(c) To seek consensus on the identified option;", "(d) To develop an action plan for pursuing the preferred option.", "17. In addition, the Governing Council mandated the Committee of Permanent Representatives to approve the action plan and to present it, if possible, to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session. To carry out this remaining work, a new body, an open-ended consultative group, was set up in June 2011. This is a joint body of the Committee of Permanent Representatives and the secretariat in which each regional group of the Committee is represented by two permanent members.", "C. Global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target", "18. The UN-Habitat report, State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011 — Cities for All: Bridging the Urban Divide, shows that between 2000 and 2010, the lives of 227 million slum-dwellers were improved. However, this achievement was not uniformly distributed across regions. The more advanced developing countries made better progress than the poorer developing countries.", "19. The report further states that the Millennium Development Goals target of improving the lives of at least 100 million slum-dwellers by 2020 has been exceeded by 100 million. This is 10 years before the target date. In spite of this, not a single developing country has succeeded in reducing its slum population by 50 per cent. In fact, 828 million people still live in urban slums. Current predictions suggest that between now and 2020 the total number of slum-dwellers in the world will increase by 60 million.", "20. It was against this background that Heads of State and Government at the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals committed themselves to continue working towards cities without slums, beyond current targets, by reducing slum populations and improving the lives of slum-dwellers, as outlined in paragraph 77 (k) of the outcome document of the Meeting (see General Assembly resolution 65/1). Subsequently, the General Assembly, in paragraph 4 of its resolution 65/165, invited the Governing Council of UN-Habitat to consider appropriate global and national strategies and frameworks for future work required to achieve a significant improvement in the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the current slum-related targets.", "21. In response, the UN-Habitat Governing Council, at its twenty-third session, adopted resolution 23/9, entitled “Global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target”, by which it invited Governments and regional and local authorities to enumerate the slum populations in their countries, regions and urban areas and, on that basis, to set voluntary and realistic national, regional and local targets, to be attained by 2020, with regard to improving significantly the lives of slum-dwellers. The principal means for achieving these targets would be:", "(a) The formulation and implementation of national urban development strategies that prioritize improved access to adequate housing and basic services and infrastructure for slum-dwellers, including improved water and sanitation, transport, energy, health and education;", "(b) Promotion of access to affordable land with secure tenure;", "(c) Creation of the conditions necessary for sustainable urban livelihoods;", "(d) Promotion of sustainable urban development and the participation of all stakeholders, in particular slum-dwellers.", "22. UN-Habitat is now in the process of developing, in consultation with Governments, an action plan for the global implementation of this resolution during the next decade.", "D. Sustainable urban development through expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure", "23. Given that more than half of humanity now lives in urban areas, sustainable development is increasingly becoming synonymous with sustainable urbanization. In recognition of this, the Governing Council of UN-Habitat adopted, as the special theme for its twenty-third session, the topic of sustainable urban development through expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure. The secretariat prepared a report to facilitate dialogue at the high-level segment of the twenty-third session of the Council. The aim of the report was to stimulate debate between Governments, local authorities and other Habitat Agenda partners on how to provide an effective response to contemporary urban challenges, with the following objectives in mind:", "(a) To enable the Governing Council to adopt a position on sustainable urban development as its contribution to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012;", "(b) To develop strategic responses to sustainable urban development challenges, building on the recommendations of the Habitat Agenda, the Millennium Development Goals, the Plan of Implementation of the Word Summit on sustainable Development (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation), and the outcomes of the High-level Plenary Meetings of the sixtieth and sixty-fifth sessions of the General Assembly;", "(c) To encourage Governments and Habitat Agenda partners at the international, national and local levels to commit themselves to expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure, within a framework of sustainable urban development.", "24. While the report focused on cities in developing countries, many of its observations and recommendations with regard to the issues of land, housing, basic services and infrastructure within the context of sustainable urban development, urban poverty, the green economy and the institutional framework for sustainable urban development, are of global relevance, as these issues represent major challenges for many urban areas in developed countries and countries with economies in transition.", "25. At its twenty-third session, the Governing Council adopted resolution 23/17 on sustainable urban development through expanding equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure, by which it welcomed the dialogue on this topic held during the twenty-third session of the Governing Council as a contribution to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 and requested the Executive Director to ensure transmission, through the President of the Governing Council, of the results of the dialogue to the Bureau of the Conference.", "26. By the same resolution, the Governing Council further encouraged Governments and Habitat Agenda partners, among other things:", "(a) To include the issue of sustainable urban development in their contributions to the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012;", "(b) To develop strategic responses to the problems of sustainable urban development, building on the recommendations of the Habitat Agenda, the Millennium Development Goals, the 2005 World Summit Outcome, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the outcome of the high-level plenary meetings of the sixtieth and sixty-fifth sessions of the General Assembly;", "(c) To mobilize the commitment of Governments and Habitat Agenda partners at the international, national and local levels to promote decentralization and improve urban governance to ensure expanded equitable access to land, housing, basic services and infrastructure.", "E. Future activities by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in urban economy and financial mechanisms for urban upgrading, housing and basic services for the urban poor", "27. In 2007 the Governing Council, in its resolution 21/10, requested the Executive Director to establish a trust fund within the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation to support the introduction of experimental reimbursable seeding operations for the financing of housing, infrastructure and slum upgrading for the urban poor and to field test those operations for four years. The Executive Director was also requested to carry out an evaluation at the end of the four years.", "28. The experimental reimbursable seeding operations used a catalytic investment approach in order to integrate market-based solutions with community-led efforts and government inputs as the most effective way to address inadequate housing, water and sanitation. Significant progress was made through the seeding operations programme, and five loans with a total loan value of $2,750,000 were disbursed in four countries (Nepal, Nicaragua, Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania) and in Palestine in 2010. It was planned that funds leveraged through this seed funding would reach over $500 million and that this initial round of lending would support the creation and upgrading of over 30,000 affordable social housing units in five countries.", "29. The seeding operations programme went through an independent external evaluation as it reached the end of a four-year experimental period. A report on the results of the evaluation was presented to the Governing Council at its twenty-third session, leading to a decision on the future of the seeding operations and of the general activities of UN-Habitat in the area of financial mechanisms for urban upgrading.", "30. The report concluded that UN-Habitat had a comparative advantage in undertaking global advocacy, advising national Governments and local authorities, bringing key stakeholders together and working with community groups on an advisory and normative basis. It also concluded that, due to its mandate, UN-Habitat was not best positioned to continue as a mainstream direct lender. The report observed that donors had not provided further funding for lending activities to continue.", "31. By its resolution 23/10 entitled “Future activities by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in urban economy and financial mechanisms for urban upgrading, housing and basic services for the urban poor”, the Governing Council authorized the Executive Director to examine opportunities to work with partner development finance institutions within the United Nations system. These partners would take the lead in future pilot or scaled-up lending, guarantee and financial advisory activities, while UN-Habitat would focus on normative and global advocacy work in those areas.", "III. Progress in the implementation of substantive work", "32. In its resolution 65/165, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report on the following: (a) a midterm review of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013, (b) affordable housing and slum upgrading, (c) guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities, (d) cities and climate change, and (e) post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction. These issues are highlighted in paragraphs 5, 3, 6 and 7 of the resolution, respectively.", "A. Midterm review of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013", "33. In its resolution 21/2 of 20 April 2007 and again in paragraph 8 of its resolution 22/7 of 3 April 2009, the Governing Council requested the Executive Director, in consultation with the Committee of Permanent Representatives, to conduct a midterm review of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008 to 2013 and to present the results of that review to the Governing Council at its twenty-third session.", "34. In addition, in paragraph 18 of resolution 21/2, the Governing Council requested the Executive Director to establish an annual peer review process, in close collaboration with the Habitat Agenda partners, on the implementation of the plan. In 2008, the Committee of Permanent Representatives endorsed the proposal by the secretariat that the peer review should be conducted at the end of 2009 to enable assessment not only of the “quick wins” of the kick-start phase of the plan, but also of the degree of preparedness of UN-Habitat to achieve the objectives of the plan. Consequently, the peer review, which was completed in August 2010, covered the same period as that anticipated for the midterm review.", "35. The peer review provided a comprehensive assessment of the progress made in improving UN-Habitat programmes and its organizational structure and procedures, as called for in the plan. It was agreed by the Committee and the secretariat that the midterm review should draw from the comprehensive peer review, which covered the same period and scope as that anticipated for the midterm review. On that basis, UN-Habitat prepared a report on the midterm review of the plan, which was considered by the Governing Council at its twenty-third session.", "36. The following were among the most significant recommendations highlighted in the report:", "(a) That the Executive Director should consider a new organizational structure, with the aim of achieving better alignment with the focus areas of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013;", "(b) That UN-Habitat should seek to establish a unified planning and reporting system for decision-making, resource mobilization and reporting to all donors and avoid expensive overlapping systems;", "(c) That the Committee of Permanent Representatives, and in particular donor countries, should review their own demands for reporting by UN-Habitat to reduce costs and duplication and strengthen the coherence and quality of reporting;", "(d) That strategic planning, performance monitoring and reporting should be coordinated by a central strategic management unit at the highest level of the Programme;", "(e) That an independent evaluation function should be established;", "(f) That UN-Habitat should undertake a comprehensive independent assessment of its country-level programmes and projects to document what has been achieved to date and learn lessons from experiences in implementation, and also put in place mechanisms for systematic tracking of country-level operational activities;", "(g) That the Committee of Permanent Representatives should, as a matter of priority, continue to address the issue of reform of the UN-Habitat governance structure.", "B. Adequate shelter and slum upgrading", "37. The General Assembly, in paragraph 3 of its resolution 65/165, encouraged UN-Habitat to continue providing the technical assistance necessary for reducing slum populations and improving the lives of slum-dwellers. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat supported 33 countries (17 in Africa and the Arab States, 10 in Asia and the Pacific, 1 in Eastern Europe and 5 in Latin America and the Caribbean) in implementing slum upgrading and slum prevention policies.", "38. In the Occupied Palestinian Territory, UN-Habitat took part in the revision of the guidelines for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of war-affected housing in the Gaza Strip through the Reconstruction Working Group, which brings together all actors in the housing sector. In addition, UN-Habitat provided technical inputs into the negotiations with Israel to facilitate the flow of building materials to local markets in the Gaza Strip to support self-help housing initiatives.", "39. In Sri Lanka, UN-Habitat supported a project entitled “Shelter support to conflict-affected people through housing” and promoted field-tested tools and methods for resettlement in order to reduce forced eviction. UN-Habitat also helped internally displaced families rebuild damaged houses as part of a scheme whereby they could later obtain ownership of the houses. In Nepal, UN-Habitat, in partnership with the Centre for Integrated Urban Development, prepared the Nepal urban housing sector profile study report. In the Philippines, workshops aimed at establishing national baselines and targets for improving the lives of slum-dwellers were held in December 2010 and May 2011.", "40. In Bangladesh, implementation of the Urban Partnerships for Poverty Reduction project, one of the largest urban poverty reduction initiatives in the world, continued, with a total budget of $120 million. Its objective is to improve the livelihoods and living conditions of three million urban poor and extremely poor people, especially women and girls. UN-Habitat has the responsibility of helping communities prepare and manage community contracts to implement various activities aimed at upgrading settlements. As part of another project, settlement and vacant land mapping was completed in 13 cities and towns in Bangladesh. The mapping provides the basis for targeting the most vulnerable settlements in cities and towns and for the preparation of city- and town-wide poverty reduction strategies.", "41. In Ghana and the Gambia, UN-Habitat supported the launch and completion of urban and housing sector profiles. Also in the Gambia, phase I of the Participatory Slum Upgrading Project was completed. In Colombia and Costa Rica, slum upgrading and prevention policies and strategies were tested.", "C. Guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities", "42. The General Assembly, in paragraph 6 of its resolution 65/165, expressed its support for the dissemination and implementation of the guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities and the guidelines on access to basic services for all, approved by the Governing Council of UN-Habitat in its resolutions 21/3 and 22/8 respectively.", "43. The ultimate objective of the guidelines on decentralization is to promote the strengthening of local authorities and to advocate for their empowerment in the provision of basic services. This is based on recognition of the local dimension of basic services.", "44. However, despite the fact that the process of development of both sets of guidelines was inclusive, participatory and based on the documentation of good practices, more work remains to be done to adapt them effectively to regional, national and local contexts, and to transform them into a useful tool to improve legislative, regulatory and operational frameworks.", "45. UN-Habitat has therefore developed a comprehensive programme document highlighting three major components of its strategy for the integrated adaptation of both sets of guidelines to national and local situations:", "(a) Policy development and advocacy at the regional and national levels;", "(b) Training and capacity development at regional, national and local levels;", "(c) Monitoring and reporting.", "46. Against this background, efforts to mobilize partners have been intensified through a series of consultative dialogues in a number of countries, including Burkina Faso, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico and Viet Nam.", "47. On 27 and 28 October 2010, UN-Habitat and the Government of France organized a meeting of the UN-Habitat partners to initiate the selection of pilot countries and pave the way for activities at the country level. Subsequently, UN‑Habitat finalized a comprehensive handbook, at the request of the partners, whose aim is to guide the coordinated implementation of the guidelines in interested developing countries.", "D. Cities and climate change", "48. Pursuant to paragraph 7 of General Assembly resolution 65/165, and in line with focus areas 1, 2 and 3 of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013, UN-Habitat has continued its existing cooperation on issues related to cities and climate change and has continued to play a complementary role in matters related to climate change within the United Nations system, in particular in addressing the vulnerability of cities to climate change.", "49. At the global level, UN-Habitat has contributed to efforts to address climate change by putting the spotlight on cities. In April 2011, it published and launched the Global Report on Human Settlements 2011: Cities and Climate Change, the content of which is described in section V below.", "50. UN-Habitat also engaged with a network of authors and researchers at a meeting in Kolkata, India, in March 2011, of the Expert Group on Human Settlements and Infrastructure of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in preparation for the forthcoming fifth assessment report of the Panel. This report is expected to strongly influence the global debate and agreements on addressing climate change.", "51. UN-Habitat also launched two advocacy and capacity-building tools: “Local leadership for climate action” and “Planning for climate change”. These tools are for use by urban planners. Thus far, they have been used by facilitators to build the capacity of local officials and stakeholders in Kampala (February 2011).", "52. Focusing on enhancing the implementation of climate adaptation and mitigation strategies for cities, UN-Habitat coordinated inputs from 10 United Nations agencies at a side event at the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Cancun, Mexico, in December 2010, to identify approaches and tools used in the United Nations system to support cities to act on mitigation of and adaptation to climate change.", "53. Partly in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, and also as part of its emerging programmatic priority areas, UN-Habitat has prioritized key areas of urban action towards a green economy, including compact urban expansion, renewable energy and green infrastructure, green technology innovations and planning and building regulations.", "54. At the regional level, UN-Habitat supported the African Association of Planning Schools in developing a curriculum on climate change and African cities in planning education and contributed to African regional efforts to address climate change and disseminate lessons learnt to date by organizing a “promising practices workshop” for 13 countries on selected practices related to urban planning and climate change.", "55. In addition, urban youth have become engaged in climate change topics and in East Africa their involvement is being mainstreamed in the UN-Habitat Cities and Climate Change Initiative. To date the Initiative has launched multi-day workshops on youth sensitization, dialogue and skills development, followed by demonstration projects in Mombasa (Kenya), Kampala and Kigali.", "56. UN-Habitat carried out a number of activities at the country level during the reporting year. It supported capacity-building for urban leadership in mainstreaming climate issues into urban development in six countries: Afghanistan, Mongolia, the Philippines, Serbia, Turkey and Viet Nam.", "57. The Philippines has mainstreamed climate change adaptation and mitigation issues into the national development planning process by integrating participatory vulnerability assessments into the two mandated local plans for all local government units. UN-Habitat signed an agreement with the Philippines Department of Interior and Local Government in February 2011 for national replication of the mainstreaming approach. In addition, Sorsogon City has passed local legislation to convert public buildings and streets to more energy-efficient lighting, and gradually upgrade the city’s fleet of motorized tricycle taxis.", "58. With respect to urban climate change mitigation and resilience, the city of Maputo is developing, with UN-Habitat support, a pilot project on the mangroves in the coastal zone of the city, which officials expect will yield benefits both in terms of mitigation and resilience to extreme weather events.", "59. UN-Habitat is also working with the city of Kampala to mainstream climate change into its gender policy, while gender has been mainstreamed into the city and national climate change assessments.", "60. Climate change concepts and knowledge have been integrated into the undergraduate urban planning programme at the University of Botswana. Twenty-four courses touch on climate change and one course, “Planning and management for climate change”, is fully based on the course outline designed at a 2009 meeting hosted by UN-Habitat in cooperation with the Commonwealth Association of Planners and the Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies of Erasmus University.", "E. Post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction", "61. In paragraph 8 of resolution 65/165, the General Assembly recognized the importance of timely action by UN-Habitat in response to natural and human-made disasters, in particular through its work in addressing post-disaster and post-conflict housing and infrastructure needs through effective urban planning, and as part of the continuum from emergency relief to recovery.", "62. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat activities in the area of post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction were implemented within the framework of the Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs and the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. UN-Habitat remained active within the Executive Committee. Within the Inter-Agency Standing Committee global cluster coordination system, UN‑Habitat chairs the Sub-Working Group on Housing, Land and Property of the Global Protection Cluster Working Group and provides an urban focus on relief, recovery and reconstruction programmes through the shelter, early recovery and protection clusters.", "63. At the international level, UN-Habitat, jointly with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, worked through the Global Land Tool Network on the preparation of three guidelines to strengthen international capacity to deal with land issues after natural disasters and in post-conflict situations.", "64. Within the context of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee task force on meeting humanitarian challenges in urban areas of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, UN-Habitat entered into partnership with the World Food Programme (WFP) on assessing tools, methodologies and experiences in humanitarian response in urban areas and collaborated in assessing the strengths and weaknesses of key tools. UN-Habitat also provided inputs to a WFP review of tools for targeting food assistance and of practices in an urban emergency context.", "65. At the regional level, UN-Habitat worked closely with the regional office for Asia of the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction on mainstreaming issues on urban risks, safer construction and safer settlements through the Asian Partnership on Disaster Reduction, a regional mechanism involving the relevant regional stakeholders in implementing the disaster risk reduction strategies outlined in the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters.", "66. During the reporting period, a total of 11 crisis-prone and post-crisis countries were implementing policies that incorporate urban risk and vulnerability measures with the assistance of UN-Habitat. UN-Habitat continued to participate in shelter and early recovery coordination systems within humanitarian country teams through its operational portfolio. In this context, it provided country-level guidance, technical support and training to humanitarian coordinators and to humanitarian country teams in Haiti, Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan.", "67. In addition, UN-Habitat also provided technical support to the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies with regard to its role as emergency shelter cluster coordinator in post-disaster operations. A series of country-specific agreements have been signed to ensure long-term shelter planning during emergencies and a smooth transition from crisis to recovery and reconstruction.", "68. For the International Day for Disaster Reduction on 13 October 2010, UN‑Habitat supported national launches of the world risk reduction campaign, “Making cities resilient”, in Myanmar, Thailand and countries in the Pacific region.", "69. Among the country-specific initiatives undertaken was a project in Antananarivo, on which UN-Habitat worked with the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs to mitigate conflict and disaster risks through community-based improvements in sanitation and solid waste management. In the Sudan, UN-Habitat established its presence in Darfur in the field of regional urban planning, land management and housing construction. In Haiti, UN-Habitat continued its participation in the implementation of an umbrella reconstruction programme of $30,000,000 jointly with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), UNICEF and UNFPA.", "IV. Financial and budgetary matters", "70. In paragraphs 12 and 13 of resolution 65/165, the General Assembly called for continued support for UN-Habitat through increased voluntary contributions to the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation, predictable multi-year funding and increased non-earmarked contributions to support the implementation of the medium-term strategic and institutional plan for the period 2008-2013.", "A. Non-earmarked contributions and multi-year funding", "71. The approved general purpose budget for UN-Habitat for the biennium 2010-2011 was $66.2 million, while income projection was $57 million ($28.5 million annually) from voluntary contributions and $1.2 million from interest and investment income. The balance of $8 million was to be met from the cumulative surplus of the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation.", "72. Unfortunately, the effects of the global financial crisis on UN-Habitat activities are, as with other United Nations agencies, far from over. A number of major donors have had to make some hard decisions with regard to their multilateral funding to United Nations agencies. For UN-Habitat, the result has been either complete cessation or substantial reduction in non-earmarked funding support to the organization. During the first year of the current biennium (2010), the voluntary income received from donors was $16.6 million, falling well short of the $28.5 million projection. As of 31 March 2011, $16.9 million had been received for non-earmarked funds, which is about 30 per cent of the target of $57 million for the biennium 2010-2011. The annual income projection for 2011 has therefore had to be revised accordingly, from $28.5 million to $17 million.", "73. As a consequence, UN-Habitat has had to rigorously assess its programmatic activities in line with available resources and current prioritization. A cautious approach in filling posts that fall vacant has also had to be followed.", "B. Earmarked contributions", "74. For earmarked resources, which are used predominantly for the implementation of technical cooperation projects, $261 million was received during the first 15 months of the 2010-2011 biennium, which exceeds the biennium target of $252 million by 3.6 per cent.", "75. UN-Habitat technical cooperation projects during the reporting period accounted for approximately 65 per cent of its total combined budget. While the agency still needs to increase efficiency by eliminating delays in the early stages of field project implementation, it has clearly done quite well with respect to its technical cooperation projects, and the countries that provided resources for UN‑Habitat operational work, especially in post-crisis environments, were happy with what had been achieved. In particular, the work undertaken in Afghanistan, Haiti, Iraq, Pakistan, Somalia and the Sudan was much appreciated.", "76. The major drawback of the imbalance between non-earmarked and earmarked funding is that the ability of UN-Habitat to focus on its approved core work programme activities is becoming increasingly constrained, hence the continuing need to tilt the balance towards non-earmarked income, as well as the need for improved predictability of income.", "V. Other significant developments", "A. Flagship reports", "77. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat published the Global Report on Human Settlements 2001, two issues in its regional state of cities series, and one national state of cities report.", "Global Report on Human Settlements 2011", "78. The effects of urbanization and climate change are converging in dangerous ways that seriously threaten the world’s environmental, economic and social stability. The UN-Habitat Global Report on Human Settlements 2011 — Cities and Change, published in April 2011, sought to improve knowledge among Governments and all those interested in urban development and climate change, of the contribution of cities to climate change, the impacts of climate change on cities, and how cities are mitigating and adapting to climate change. More importantly, the report identifies promising mitigation and adaptation measures that are supportive of more sustainable and resilient urban development paths.", "79. In the report, it is argued that local action is indispensable for the realization of national climate change commitments agreed through international negotiations. However, most of the mechanisms within the international climate change framework are addressed primarily to national Governments and do not indicate a clear process in which local governments, stakeholders and actors may participate.", "80. In proposing the way forward, following a review of climate change mitigation and adaptation measures taken by cities all over the world, the report suggests three main areas in which the international community can support and enable more effective urban mitigation and adaptation responses:", "(a) Financial resources need to be made more directly available to local players — for example, for climate change adaptation in vulnerable cities, for investment in a portfolio of alternative energy options and in mitigation partnerships between local governments and local private sector organizations;", "(b) Bureaucratic burdens on local access to international support should be eased, with the international community helping to create direct communication and accountability channels between local actors and international donors;", "(c) Information on climate change science and options for mitigation and adaptation responses should be made more widely available by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Nations and other international organizations, including knowledge available about observed and future climate impacts on urban centres, urban-based mitigation and adaptation alternatives, and the costs, benefits, potential and limits of these options.", "The State of African Cities 2010", "81. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat published The State of African Cities Report 2010: Governance, Inequality and Urban Land Markets. This second regional report on Africa was launched in Bamako in November 2010. The report warns that the urban population of the continent stands to increase threefold over the next 40 years, with most of that growth taking place in slums. It is projected that Africa’s urban population will grow to 1 billion in 2040, and to 1.23 billion in 2050, by which time 60 per cent of all Africans will be living in cities.", "82. To meet this daunting demographic challenge, the report calls for “a people-centred perspective” which highlights the need for more appropriate and realistic planning and regulations that are affordable for the urban poor and that facilitate, rather than restrict, sustainable urban livelihoods.", "83. The report states that over the past decade or so, North Africa has achieved dramatic reductions in the proportion of urban dwellers living in slums. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, slum improvements have generally been unable to keep pace with the rapid urbanization of the population and the report warns that short of urgent action, a threefold increase in the urban population could spell disaster.", "84. The report also notes that most countries in sub-Saharan Africa are unlikely to meet the Millennium Development Goals targets. As much as 70 per cent of Africa’s urban population growth will take place in smaller cities with populations of less than half a million, which will increasingly need public investment to cater for this growth.", "85. The report contains an in-depth analysis of land mechanisms in Africa’s five major subregions and suggests the integration of informal into formal land systems and markets.", "Asian cities reports", "86. UN-Habitat launched two new publications on Asia during the global celebration of World Habitat Day in Shanghai in October 2010: The State of Asian Cities 2010/2011 and The State of China’s Cities 2010/2011: Better City, Better Life.", "87. The State of Asian Cities 2010/2011, which was prepared in collaboration with the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, UNEP, and the Asia-Pacific regional section of the organization United Cities and Local Government, highlighted the fact that Asia’s prominent role in the world economy is driven by the relentless dynamism of its cities. However, the report also warned that Asian cities must prepare for climate change and adjust basic infrastructure and education to ongoing demographic growth if this success is to be sustained in the decades ahead. Although the population of the region will not become predominantly urban before 2026, Asian cities already epitomize the successful integration of the region into the international economy over the past two decades.", "88. The report on China, published in cooperation with Chinese experts, found that by the end of 2009, there were 654 cities in China that were home to 621.86 million people. With the gradual increase of urbanization, the position and role of the urban economy are becoming more important in the economic development of the nation. Urbanization is already an important force in the industrialization of China, driving the creation of jobs, the expansion of domestic demand and social progress. At the end of 2009, the total number of employed people in China was 779.95 million, of whom 311.20 million worked in cities and towns.", "B. Regional ministerial meetings", "89. UN-Habitat continued to support regional ministerial conferences on housing and urban development in Africa, Asia and the Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean. As high-level organs of policymakers responsible for steering and implementing the urban agenda, these ministerial regional conferences provide an effective partnership instrument for UN-Habitat for influencing policy, backstopping implementation and allowing for joint monitoring and evaluation.", "90. The African Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development was held in Bamako from 22 to 24 November 2010. The theme of the conference was “Land in the context of sustainable urbanization”. With support from UN-Habitat, ministers from the participating States drafted an action plan and declaration to tackle land issues, with a view to eliminating slums in African cities.", "91. In June 2010, the Asia-Pacific Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development held its third session in Solo, Indonesia, at which ministers from 38 countries deliberated on the issue of empowering communities for sustainable urban development and adopted the Solo Declaration and Implementation Plan.", "92. The Latin America and Caribbean Ministerial Conference on Housing and Urban Development was held in Buenos Aires in September 2010. Its Assembly urged member countries to complete the strategic matrix on risk reduction with respect to natural disasters and climate change, prepared by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, and to support the development of urban and building regulations in countries where there is no such legislation. Climate change was designated as one of the topics to be discussed at the next Assembly.", "C. Organizational and programmatic reforms", "93. During the reporting period, UN-Habitat embarked on the formulation of a new strategic direction to ensure greater focus and coherence in the substantive work of the organization and to promote excellence in programme delivery and organizational management. It builds on the recognized achievements of UN‑Habitat, while addressing its identified shortcomings. It also recognizes the main urban challenges of today, which are: (a) increasing urban poverty, inequality and unemployment; (b) excessive energy consumption in cities, especially in developed countries; (c) rapidly increasing demand for urban mobility; and (d) increasing frequency of natural disasters and their increasing impact on cities.", "94. Today, more than 50 per cent of the world’s population is urban and the process of urbanization is continuing at a rapid rate, mostly in Africa and Asia. In many developing countries, especially in Africa where the rate of urbanization is highest, the most serious challenge is how to deal with increasing urban poverty and unemployment, because rapid urbanization has not been accompanied by rapid industrialization. However, in Asia and Latin America, countries such as China, India and Brazil are industrializing fast, and the challenge is how to manage this process, which is largely driven by urbanization.", "95. The historical correlation between urbanization and energy consumption is well established. The economic growth of developed countries and their high energy consumption patterns were fuelled by low energy prices. However, current growth within developing countries is taking place in the context of high energy prices. These contrasting patterns call for profound energy consumption changes in developed countries and well thought out anticipation and advance planning in developing countries. On one hand, cities in developed countries cannot sustain their present levels of energy consumption. On the other hand, cities in developing country can take advantage of new renewable energy technologies not available to developed countries during their period of industrialization.", "96. Inadequate urban planning during the last 30 years or so has resulted in serious mobility problems in many cities all over the world, but especially in the rapidly expanding metropolises of developing countries. Here, traffic congestion is an everyday reality that limits the ability of cities to generate value, create jobs and help their populations to prosper. In developed countries, a process of slow decentralization of the urban population through urban sprawl is taking place, leading to excessive energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.", "97. In view of these evolving patterns, there is a need to reconsider current views of urbanization — to rethink the future of cities. A new strategy based on more effective urban planning, strengthened local institutions and legislative processes, and enhanced economic contributions from cities is needed. In all these areas, it is necessary to go back to the basics, to reduce the distance between political leaders and citizens and to provide solutions that are based on a perception of the city as an asset rather than as a problem.", "98. It has therefore been decided that the substantive work of UN-Habitat will focus on three key areas: (a) new urban planning, with an emphasis on planning in advance of migration and population growth and planning at the scale of the challenges and in phases, starting with public spaces, especially the street; (b) urban governance and legislation; and (c) urban economy and finance, including the creation of decent jobs in urban areas.", "99. UN-Habitat has, to some extent, already been working on these topics. What is new is the orientation and emphasis that will be placed on them. These priorities are fully in line with the UN-Habitat mandate, but also reflect significant global trends. To a certain extent they are reflected in the programme budget for the 2012-2013 biennium, but will be more fully reflected in the strategic plan for 2014-2019 and future biennial strategic frameworks and programme budgets.", "100. In light of these new priorities, diminishing financial resources and the existing management challenges, UN-Habitat has initiated an organizational review process, which will result in a restructuring of the agency by the end of 2011. The objective of this exercise is to review and seek rationalization of the organizational structure of UN-Habitat for more effective and efficient delivery of its mandate at the country, regional and global levels.", "VI. Conclusions and recommendations", "101. Since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) in 1996, there have been a number of significant changes in the human settlements sector. These include the increasing demographic and global economic dominance of cities, now home to more than half of humanity; the rapid spatial expansion of urban settlements into mega-cities and large metropolitan regions; the emergence, globally, of new issues such as globalization, sustainable urban development, climate change, urban safety and security and increasing urban poverty; the changing roles of the public, private and non-governmental sectors in urban development, including the shift from enabling and deregulation policies towards a renewed emphasis on public policy, management and urban planning; and the increased frequency and intensity of natural disasters and conflicts and their impact on the urban population.", "102. In light of these new trends, and based on the recommendations made by the UN-Habitat Governing Council, it is important that Governments review the effectiveness of past policies set forth in the 1996 Habitat Agenda, put in place a new agenda capable of responding to the new and predominantly urban challenges and find ways of strengthening the existing institutional framework for human settlements development. It is time for the General Assembly to make a decision supporting the convening of a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III) in 2016.", "103. With more than 50 per cent of the world’s population now living in cities and towns, and in light of the contribution of urban centres to global warming and of the significant impacts of climate change on urban settlements, it is clear that policies adopted and actions implemented at the city level will have an increasing influence on the attainment of sustainable development. It is therefore recommended that Governments include sustainable urban development and the role of cities and local authorities in the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012.", "104. While the Millennium Development Goals target on slums has been achieved well in advance of the target date of 2020, 828 million people, globally, are still living in slums and the world’s slum population is increasing at an estimated annual rate of close to 60 million. Strong support by the General Assembly for UN-Habitat Governing Council resolution 23/9 on global and national strategies and frameworks for improving the lives of slum-dwellers beyond the Millennium Development Goals target is therefore recommended." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目20", "联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情 况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)", "联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)", "秘书长的报告", "摘要 本报告根据大会第65/165号决议第14段提交。报告说明过去一年联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)为执行联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果和加强人居署而开展的活动。 \n更具体地说，本报告还概述了人居署理事会第二十三届会议与政策有关的成果。除了审查2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的执行进展情况和核定2012-2013年方案预算，理事会还就若干专题通过决议，包括：(a)第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展问题会议；(b)对人居署治理结构的审查；(c)超越千年发展目标的具体目标，使贫民窟居民生活得到改善的全球和国家战略及框架；(d)通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施机会促进可持续城市发展，包括理事会对2012年联合国可持续发展大会作出贡献；(e)联合国人类住区规划署今后在促进城市经济和有利于城市穷人的城市改造、住房和基本服务的财政机制方面的活动。", "本报告还审查了《人居议程》若干方案构成部分和大会第65/165号决议强调的其他问题的执行进展情况，这些问题包括2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划中期审查、贫民窟改造、关于权力下放和加强地方权力机构的准则、城市和气候变化、灾后和冲突后重建、财政和预算事项、最重要的报告、区域部长级会议以及组织改革和方案改革。", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告根据联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)的大会第65/165号决议第14段提交，报告分为五节。第一节报告人居署理事会第二十三届会议各项主要决议；第二节报告开展人居署实质性工作的进展；第三节涉及预算和财政问题；第四节摘要说明本报告所述期间的其他重大事态发展；第五节是结论意见和建议。", "二. 联合国人类住区规划署理事会第二十三届会议采取的行动", "2. 联合国人类住区规划署理事会第二十三届会议于2011年4月11日至15日在内罗毕举行，会议的特别主题是“通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施机会，促进可持续城市发展”。", "3. 理事会采取的重要行动之一是审查2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的执行进展情况，以及核定人居署2012-2013两年期工作方案和预算。理事会还对下列问题进行讨论并通过决议：(a) 第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展问题会议：(b) 对人居署治理结构的审查；(c) 超越千年发展目标的具体目标，使贫民窟居民生活得到改善的全球和国家战略及框架；(d) 通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施机会，促进可持续城市发展，包括理事会对2012年联合国可持续发展大会作出贡献；(e) 联合国人类住区规划署今后在促进城市经济和有利于城市穷人的城市改造、住房和基本服务的财政机制方面的活动，包括就未来试验性可偿还种子资金业务提出的建议。", "A. 第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展问题会议", "4. 2016年举行第三次联合国住房和可持续发展问题会议(人居三)是人居署理事会第二十三届会议讨论的最重要问题之一。", "5. 为落实人居署理事会第二十三届会议通过的第22/1号决议，秘书长在提交大会第六十四届会议关于人居二成果执行情况和加强人居署的报告(A/64/260)中，请大会考虑在2016年举行第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展问题会议(人居三)。", "6. 为此，大会在第64/207号决议中注意到理事会的建议，并请秘书长同人居署理事会合作就此问题编写一份报告,供大会第六十六届会议审议。为落实此项要求，人居署执行主任编写了一份报告草稿(HSP/GC/23/2/Add.4)，供2011年4月理事会第二十三届会议审议。", "7. 通过审查1996年6月3日至14日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行的第二次联合国人类住区会议以来的重大发展，本报告认为完全有理由举行第三次会议。这些新发展包括：", "(a) 现在全球有一半以上人口以城市为家，城市人口和经济的主导地位与日俱增，城市作为国家和全球经济行为主体的作用得到加强；", "(b) 城市住区螺旋式地快速扩张，导致产生了超级城市、大都市区域和城市走廊；", "(c) 产生新的全球性问题、影响力和关切，包括全球化、可持续城市发展、气候变化、城市安全和安保，以及不断加深的城市贫穷；", "(d) 在从扶持政策和放宽的监管政策转向再次强调公共政策和管理，包括改革后的城市规划的过程中，公私营部门和非政府部门的作用正在发生变化；", "(e) 自然灾害和人为灾害发生的频率和强度及其对城市人口的影响显著增加。", "8. 理事会在审议了报告草稿之后，通过了关于第三次联合国住房和可持续发展问题会议的第23/8 号决议，其中理事会注意到执行主任的报告，并请秘书长在其提交大会第六十六届会议审议的报告中纳入执行主任报告中所提构想和建议。在这些构想中尤其包括第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展问题会议的下列拟定目标：(a) 审查以往政策、成绩和障碍；(b) 除推动城市和地方当局发挥新作用外，还实施能够应付气候变化和城市安全和安保等城市新挑战和新机会的新城市发展议程；(c) 寻求加强土地治理、住房和可持续城市发展体制框架的途径。", "9. 理事会还向秘书长提交了一份报告，作为对大会第64/207号决议要求秘书长编写的报告的投入。", "B. 对治理结构的审查", "10. 人居署理事会在关于联合国人类住区规划署治理结构的第22/5号决议中，请“执行主任和常驻代表委员会在工作方案和预算内，对联合国人类住区规划署治理结构进行联合审查，以期找到并实施提高现有治理结构运作的透明度、问责制、效率和效果的办法，并为任何其他可能进行的相关改革确定备选方案，以供理事会第二十三届会议审议。”", "11. 根据这项决议，将人居署治理结构审查第一阶段的重点放在拟定审查的工作范围。2009年6月，常驻代表委员会和人居署秘书处联合小组制定了工作范围。根据这一工作范围确定了进行审查的结构，其中包括一个不限成员名额联络小组、一个区域均衡的执行工作队和7个由委员会和秘书处同等人数组成的评估小组。执行工作队和评估小组都于2009年9月开始工作。", "12. 第二阶段于2010年1月开始，重点是改进内罗毕人居署的治理结构，即重视经常驻代表委员会核准、但无须提交联合国总部的可由秘书处采取的行动。在7个评估小组举办了远景规划讲习班和进行了研究，以及执行工作小组举行了一系列会议之后，提出了一份29个“速效”活动清单。常驻代表委员会于2010年9月15日核可了这份清单。", "13. 第三阶段始于2010年11月初执行工作小组的一次讲习班。该阶段的重点是在范围更广的联合国系统内改进人居署的治理结构，特别是改进人居署与大会、秘书处、经济及社会理事会、行政和预算问题咨询委员会和方案和协调委员会之间的治理关系。常驻代表委员会在2010年12月16日举行的会议上收到并核准了另一份中长期“成绩”名单。", "14. 第四阶段审查是编写一份报告，分析人居署进行治理结构改革可用的备选方案。已将审查各阶段结果的详情提交人居署理事会第二十三届会议。", "15. 除了维持现况基线外，还提出四个新选项供理事会审议。它们是：", "(a) 引进理事会年度会议制度；", "(b) 引进理事会年度会议制度及扩大理事会成员组成；", "(c) 成立执行局以取代理事会；", "(d) 建立一个类似联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署的混合治理结构。", "16. 理事会对该报告进行了适当审议，并通过了题为“联合国人类住区规划署治理结构”的第23/13号决议。总之，该决议请执行主任和常驻代表委员会共同：", "(a) 进一步审查改革的各个备选方案，并拟定一个首选方案；", "(b) 拟定审查阶段的程序；", "(c) 寻求对已定方案达成共识；", "(d) 制定推行首选方案的行动计划。", "17. 理事会还授权常驻代表委员会批准该行动计划，如有可能将其提交大会第六十七届会议。为完成这项仍待完成的工作，2011年6月设立了一个新机构，即不限成员名额协商小组。这是常驻代表委员会和秘书处(委员会每个区域集团都有两名常驻成员参加)的一个联合机构。", "C. 超越千年发展目标的具体目标，使贫民窟居民生活得到改善的全球和国家战略及框架", "18. 人居署报告《2010/2011年世界城市状况——人人共享的城市：弥补城市鸿沟》指出，2000至2010年，2.27亿贫民窟居民的生活得到了改善。但是，并不是各个区域都取得了同样的成绩。较发达的发展中国家比较贫困的发展中国家取得的进展更大。", "19. 报告还指出，与千年发展目标中到2020年使至少一亿贫民窟居民的生活得到明显改善的目标相比，人数增加了1亿。这比目标日期提前了10年。尽管如此，没有一个发展中国家成功地将贫民窟居民人数减少了一半。事实上，仍有8.28亿人住在城市贫民窟。根据现有预测，从现在到2020年，世界贫民窟居民总人数将增加6 000万。", "20. 正是在此背景下，各国国家元首和政府首脑在大会第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上承诺按照会议成果文件第77(k)段所概述，要超越现有目标，通过减少贫民窟人口和改善贫民窟居民的生活，继续努力建设无贫民窟的城市(见大会第65/1号决议)。后来，大会又在第65/165号决议第4段中请人居署理事会考虑制定适当的全球和各国今后工作战略和框架，超越与贫民窟有关的现有具体目标，使贫民窟居民生活实现重大改善。", "21. 为此，人居署理事会第二十三届会议通过了题为“超越千年发展目标的具体目标，使贫民窟居民生活得到改善的全球和国家战略及框架”的第23/9号决议，其中理事会邀请各国政府、区域和地方当局清点本国、本区域和城市地区的贫民窟人口，并在此基础上，自愿制定到2020年实现极大改善贫民窟居民生活的实际可行的国家、区域和地方具体目标。实现这些目标的主要手段如下：", "(a) 制订和实施重视改善贫民窟居民获得适当住房、基本服务和基础设施机会，包括改进供水、环卫、运输、能源、保健和教育的国家城市发展战略；", "(b) 推动获取有安居权的负担得起的土地；", "(c) 为可持续城市生活创造必要条件；", "(d) 促进可持续城市发展和所有利益攸关方，特别是贫民窟居民的参与。", "22. 目前人居署正在与各国政府协商，制定下一个十年全球执行上述决议的行动计划。", "D. 通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施机会，促进可持续城市发展", "23. 目前人类有一半以上居住在城市地区，因此，可持续发展日益等同于可持续城市化。由于认识到这一点，人居署理事会将通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施机会，促进可持续城市发展的题目作为其第二十三届会议的特别主题予以通过。秘书处编写了一份报告，为理事会第二十三届会议高级别部分对话提供便利。此份报告的目的是促进各国政府、地方当局和《人居议程》其他伙伴方就如何有效应对现代城市挑战展开辩论，以望达成如下目标：", "(a) 使理事会能够对可持续城市发展采取立场，作为对2012年联合国可持续发展大会的贡献；", "(b) 结合《人居议程》的建议、千年发展目标、《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》(《约翰内斯堡执行计划》)和大会第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议成果，拟定应对可持续城市发展挑战的战略对策；", "(c) 鼓励各国政府和《人居议程》国际、国家和地方各级伙伴承诺在可持续城市发展框架内，扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施的机会。", "24. 虽然本报告所述重点是发展中国家的城市，但是报告中的很多意见和建议具有全球重要性，这些意见和建议涉及可持续城市发展、城市贫穷、绿色经济和可持续城市发展体制框架范围内的土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施问题，这些问题对于发达国家和经济转型国家的很多城市地区也都构成重大挑战。", "25. 理事会第二十三届会议通过了关于通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施机会，促进可持续城市发展的第23/17号决议，其中理事会欢迎在其第二十三届会议期间就此主题进行对话，作为对2012年联合国可持续发展大会的贡献，并请执行主任确保通过理事会主席将对话结果转交大会主席团。", "26. 理事会同一项决议还鼓励各国政府和《人居议程》伙伴方，除其他外：", "(a) 将可持续城市发展问题作为它们对2012年联合国可持续发展大会筹备进程所作贡献的一部分；", "(b) 结合《人居议程》的建议、千年发展目标、2005年世界首脑会议成果、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》和大会第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议成果，拟定应对可持续城市发展问题的战略对策；", "(c) 动员各国政府和《人居议程》国际、国家和地方各级伙伴作出承诺，促进权力下放和改进城市治理，确保有更多机会公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施。", "E. 联合国人类住区规划署今后在促进城市经济和有利于城市穷人的城市改造、住房和基本服务的财政机制方面的活动", "27. 理事会在2007年第21/10号决议中请执行主任在联合国生境和人类住区基金会内设立一个信托基金，支持开展试验性可偿还种子资金业务活动，为城市穷人的住房、基础设施和贫民窟改造筹集资金，并花四年时间在实地检验这些业务。还请执行主任在四年结束时进行一次评价。", "28. 试验性可偿还种子资金业务采用了促进投资办法，以便促成市场机制办法与社区主导的努力和政府投入相结合，作为解决住房、供水和环卫不足问题的最有效途径。通过种子资金业务方案取得了重大进展，2010年向4个国家(尼泊尔、尼加拉瓜、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国)和巴勒斯坦提供了5笔贷款，总贷款额为275万美元。根据计划，通过此项种子资金的杠杆作用获得的资金将超过5亿美元，上述第一轮贷款将协助在5个国家建造和改造3万套负担得起的社会住房单位。", "29. 种子资金业务方案在四年实验期结束时接受了一次独立外部评价。评价结果报告提交给了理事会第二十三届会议，由此而产生了一项决定，涉及今后的种子资金业务和人居署未来在城市改造财政机制领域的一般性活动。", "30. 本报告得出结论认为，人居署在下列方面具有相对优势：进行全球宣传、向政府和地方当局提供咨询、联合主要利益攸关方和在咨询和规范基础上与社区团体共同努力。报告还认为，根据其任务规定，人居署不适合继续充当主流直接贷款方。报告指出，捐助方没有提供进一步资金，从而使借贷活动难以为继。", "31. 理事会在题为“联合国人类住区规划署今后在促进城市经济和有利于城市穷人的城市改造、住房和基本服务的财政机制方面的活动”的第23/10号决议中授权执行主任审查与联合国系统内伙伴发展融资机构进行合作的机会。这些伙伴将带头参与今后的尝试性或扩大规模的贷款、担保和金融咨询活动，而人居署则侧重于这些领域的规范性和全球宣传工作。", "三. 执行实质性工作取得的进展", "32. 大会第65/165号决议请秘书长报告在以下方面取得的进展：(a) 对2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的中期审查，(b) 负担得起的住房和贫民窟改造，(c) 关于权力下放和加强地方权力机构的准则,(d) 城市与气候变化，以及(e) 灾后和冲突后重建。决议的第5、第3、第6和第7段分别就这些问题作了重点说明。", "A. 2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的中期审查", "33. 在2007年4月20日的第21/2号决议中，并在2009年4月3日的第22/7号决议的第8段中，理事会请执行主任与常驻代表委员会进行磋商，开展对2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的中期审查并向理事会第二十三届会议提交成果。", "34. 此外，在第21/2号决议的第18段，理事会还请执行主任与《人居议程》各合作伙伴开展合作，发起实施中期战略和体制计划的年度同行审查进程。2008年，常驻代表委员会核可了秘书处的提案，即在2009年底进行同行审查，以评估计划启动阶段的“速赢”措施和人居署实现计划目标的准备程度。因此，2010年8月完成的同行审查涵盖了与中期审查相同的时间段。", "35. 如该计划所呼吁的，同行审查对提高人居署方案、组织结构和程序的进展进行了全面评估。委员会和秘书处商定，中期审查应借鉴涵盖了与中期审查相同时间段和范围的全面同行审查。在这一基础上，人居方案编制了关于计划的中期审查的报告，理事会第二十三届会议对该报告进行了审议。", "36. 以下是该报告强调的最重要的建议：", "(a) 执行主任应审议一项新的组织结构，以确保2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划重点领域能实现更好的协调一致；", "(b) 人居署应针对决策、资源调动和向所有捐助方汇报设立统一的规划和汇报系统，并防止价格高昂的重叠系统；", "(c) 常驻代表委员会以及特别是捐助国应审查各自对人居署汇报的要求，以降低成本，减少重复工作，提升汇报的一致性和质量；", "(d) 战略规划、绩效监测和汇报应由方案最高一级的中央战略管理部门予以协调；", "(e) 应设立独立的评价职能部门；", "(f) 人居署应对其国家一级的方案和项目进行一次全面的独立评估，以便记录执行工作迄今取得的成果和吸取的经验教训，并建立系统跟踪国家一级业务活动的机制；", "(g) 常驻代表委员会应作为优先事项继续解决人居署管理结构的改革问题。", "B. 适当住房和贫民窟改造", "37. 大会在第65/165号决议的第3段鼓励人居署继续提供必要的技术援助以减少贫民窟人口和改善贫民窟居民的生活。在本报告所述期间，人居署支持了33个国家(17个非洲和阿拉伯国家，10个亚太国家，1个东欧国家和5个拉丁美洲和加勒比国家)执行贫民窟改造和贫民窟预防政策。", "38. 在被占领巴勒斯坦领土，人居署参与了通过重建工作组修订加沙地带重建和恢复指导原则的工作，参加该工作组的有所有行为者和住房行业。此外，人居署还为同以色列谈判如何便利建筑材料进入加沙地带当地市场以支持自助房倡议提供了技术投入。", "39. 在斯里兰卡，人居署支持了名为“通过住房为受冲突影响人民提供居所支助”的项目，并促进进行重新安置的经测验过的工具和办法，减少强迫搬迁的情况。人居署还帮助境内流离失所者重建被损坏房屋，作为今后获得房屋所有权的计划的一部分。在尼泊尔，人居署与综合城市发展中心合作，编写了尼泊尔城市住房行业简介研究报告。在菲律宾，2010年12月和2011年5月，举办了制定改善贫民窟居民生活的国家基准和目标的讲习班。", "40. 在孟加拉国，共划拨预算1.2亿美元用于继续执行城市减贫伙伴关系项目，该项目是世界上最大规模城市减贫倡议之一。该项目的目标是改善300万城市穷人和赤贫人口、特别是妇女和女童的生计和生活条件。人居署有责任帮助社区编制和管理社区合同，以便落实各项住区改造工作的活动。作为另一项目的一部分，孟加拉国13个城镇完成了住区和空地的制图工作。制图工作为编制以城镇中最脆弱住区为对象的城镇减贫战略提供了依据。", "41. 在加纳和冈比亚，人居署支持发起和完成城市和住房行业简介。冈比亚还完成了参与式贫民窟改造项目的第一阶段。在哥伦比亚和哥斯达黎加，对贫民窟改造和预防政策及战略进行了测试。", "C. 关于权力下放和加强地方权力机构的准则", "42. 大会在第65/165号决议的第6段中表示支持传播和实施分别由人居署理事会第21/3号决议第22/8号决议核准的权力下放和加强地方权力机构的准则和人人享有基本服务的准则。", "43. 权力下放准则的最终目标是促进加强地方权力机构和倡导提高它们在提供基本服务的能力。这是基于对基本服务所涉地方性问题的认识。", "44. 然而，尽管制定上述两套准则的进程是以记载良好做法为基础的包容性、参与性的过程，但仍须做更多工作使这些准则切实适应区域、国家和地方环境，并将准则变成改进立法、管制和运作框架的有用工具。", "45. 因此，人居署制定了全面的方案文件，重点说明其战略在让两套准则综合地适应国家和本地情况方面的三个主要部分：", "(a) 区域和国家各级的政策制定和倡导；", "(b) 区域和国家各级的培训和能力建设；", "(c) 监测和报告。", "46. 在这种情况下，开展了动员伙伴的工作，在包括布基纳法索、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、牙买加、墨西哥和越南等一些国家开展一系列协商对话。", "47. 2010年10月27日和28日，人居署和法国政府举行人居署伙伴会议，着手挑选试点国家和为国家一级的活动铺路。随后，人居署应各伙伴的要求完成了全面手册的编制，该手册的目的是指导在有关国家协调地执行准则。", "D. 城市与气候变化", "48. 根据大会第65/165号决议第7段，并依照2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的重点领域1、2和3，人居署继续就与城市与气候变化有关的问题进行现有合作，并继续在与联合国系统内气候变化有关的问题上，特别是在应对城市气候变化脆弱性方面发挥补充作用。", "49. 在全球一级，人居署继续努力解决气候变化问题，将重点放在城市上。2011年4月，人居署出版并公布了2011年《全球人类住区报告：城市与气候变化》，下文第五节述及该报告的内容。", "50. 人居署还与一作家和研究人员网络一道，参加了2011年3月在印度加尔各答举行的政府间气候变化专门委员会人类住区和基础设施专家组的会议，为该专门委员会今后的第五次评估做筹备工作。预期这一报告将对解决气候变化的全球辩论和协议产生重大影响。", "51 人居署还推出了两个倡导和能力建设工具：“气候行动的本地领导”和“气候变化的规划”。这些工具供城市规划者使用。迄今为止，协调人利用这些工具建立了地方官员和利益攸关方的能力(2011年2月在坎帕拉)。", "52. 人居署将重点放在促进执行城市气候适应和缓解战略上，在2010年12月在墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化框架公约缔约国第十六届会议的一次会边活动中，协调了十个联合国机构的投入，以便确定联合国系统内为支持城市就缓解适应气候变化采取行动的办法和工具。", "53. 作为2012年联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的一部分，同时作为人居署正在出现的方案重点领域的一部分，人居署将绿色经济确定为城市行动的重点领域，其中包括紧凑的城市扩张、可再生能源和绿色基础设施、绿色技术创新以及规划和建筑条例。", "54. 在区域一级，人居署支持非洲规划学校协会编制气候变化课程，支持非洲城市规划教育，并通过迄今就与规划和气候变化问题相关做法为13各国间举办的有希望做法讲习班，为非洲解决气候变化和所吸取经验教训的区域努力作了贡献。", "55. 此外，城市青年已参与到气候变化的议题中去，非洲已将青年的参与作为主流事项纳入到人居署城市与气候变化倡议中。迄今为止，这一倡议围绕青年宣传、对话和技能开发等问题开展了为期数天的讲习班，随后有在蒙巴莎(肯尼亚)、坎帕拉和基加利开展了示范项目。", "56. 在本报告所述期间，人居署在国家一级开展了不少活动。人居署支持了“促进城市领导能力建设”将气候变化问题作为主流事项纳入到阿富汗、蒙古、菲律宾、塞尔维亚、土耳其和越南等六个国家的城市发展中。", "57. 菲律宾在为所有地方政府机构制定的两项授权地方计划中纳入了参与性脆弱性评估，从而将气候变化适应和缓解问题纳入国家发展规划工作。2011年2月，人居署同菲律宾内政和地方政府签署了全国复制纳入主流办法的协议。此外，索索贡市通过了地方立法，准备加装更多节能照明，对公共建筑和街道进行改造，并逐步改造该市的电动出租三轮摩托车队。", "58. 在城市气候变化缓解和应变方面，马普托市在人居署的支助下，制定了该市沿海地区红树林试点项目。官员估计此项目将在极端气候事件的缓解和应变方面带来效益。", "59. 人居署还通过与坎帕拉市的合作，将气候变化问题纳入该市两性平等政策的主流，而两性平等问题已作为主流事项被列入该市和全国的气候变化评估中。", "60. 气候变化概念和知识已列入了博茨瓦纳大学的研究生城市规划方案。24门课程涉及气候变化，一门课程“气候变化的规划和管理”则完全是以2009年人居署与英联邦规划者协会以及伊拉斯谟大学住房和城市发展研究合作设计的课程大纲为基础。", "E. 灾难后和冲突后重建", "61. 大会在第65/165号决议的第8段中指出，人居署必须及时采取行动应对自然灾害和人为灾难，特别是通过有效城市规划，以及作为从紧急救济到复原的连续作业的一部分，努力满足灾后和冲突后住房和基础设施需求。", "62. 在本报告所述期间，在人道主义事务委员会和机构间常设委员会的框架内落实了人居署的灾害后和冲突后重建活动。人居署继续在执行委员会中发挥积极作用。在机构间常设委员会的全球国家组别协调制度中，人居署担任了全球保护国家组别工作组住房问题工作分组的组长，通过住房、早期恢复和保护问题国家组别，重点关注救济、恢复和重建方案。", "63. 在国际一级，人居署同联合国粮食及农业组织一道，借助全球土地工具网制定了加强国家在自然灾害和冲突后局势中处理土地问题的能力的三项准则。", "64. 在机构间常设委员会应对城市地区人道主义挑战问题工作队的范围内，人居署同世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)建立了伙伴关系，评估城市地区人道主义应急行动的工具、办法和经验，并在评估关键工具的优势和弱点方面进行协作。人居署还向粮食计划署开展的一项审查提供了意见，审查的内容涉及有针对性地提供粮食援助的工具以及城市紧急情况下采取的做法。", "65. 在区域一级，人居署同联合国国际减灾战略亚洲区域办事处密切合作，通过亚洲减灾伙伴关系，将城市风险、安全建设和安全住房问题纳入主流。亚洲减灾伙伴关系是相关区域性利益攸关方参加的区域机制，致力于执行《2005-2015年兵库行动框架：加强国家和社区的抗灾能力》中提出的减轻灾害风险战略。", "66. 在本报告所述期间，总共有11个容易发生危机和冲突后国家在人居署的协助下执行了纳入了城市风险和脆弱性措施的政策。人居署继续通过其业务工作参与人道主义国家工作队的住房和早期恢复协调系统。在这方面，人居署向人道主义协调员以及海地、吉尔吉斯斯坦和巴基斯坦的人道主义国家工作队提供了国家一级的指导、技术支助和培训。", "67. 此外，人居署还就红十字会与红新月会国际联合会在灾害后行动发挥紧急情况住房国家组别协调员的作用问题提供了技术支助。签署了一系列国家专题协议，以确保紧急情况期间的长期住房规划和由危机向恢复和重建顺利过渡。", "68. 在2010年10月13日的国际减灾日方面，人居署支持了缅甸、泰国和太平洋地区国家的“让城市具有防灾能力”的世界减灾运动的国家发起活动。", "69. 在所开展的国家专题倡议中，一项倡议是在塔那那利佛开展的项目。由人居署同联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)和人道主义事务协调厅合作开展的这一倡议，通过在社区改善卫生和固体废物管理，缓解冲突和灾害的风险。在苏丹，人居署在达尔富尔派驻了区域城市规划、土地管理和住房建设方面的人员。在海地，人居署继续参与同联合国环境规划署(环境署)、儿童基金会和人口基金共同执行金额30 000 000美元的重建总方案。", "四. 财务和预算事项", "70. 大会第65/165号决议第12和13段呼吁通过增加向联合国生境和人类住区基金会自愿捐款、可预测的多年期资金并增加不指定用途的捐款，继续向人居署提供财政支持，以支持实施2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划。", "A. 不指定用途的捐款和多年期资金", "71. 2010-2011两年期人居署核定一般用途预算为6 620万美元，而来自自愿捐助的收入预计为5 700万美元(每年2 850万美元)，利息和投资收益为120万美元。800万美元的差额将由联合国生境和人类住区基金会累计盈余填补。", "72. 不幸的是，全球金融危机对人居署及其他联合国机构活动的影响仍远未结束。一些主要捐助者已不得不作出有关其向联合国机构的多年期供资的艰难决定。这导致人居署得到的不指定用途资金支助彻底停止或大幅削减。在本两年期第一年(2010年)，捐助方提供的自愿捐款收入为1 660万美元，远远低于2 850万美元的预测额。截至2011年3月31日，已收到1 690万美元不指定用途的资金，约占2010-2011两年期的5 700万美元目标的30%。因此，2011年的年度收入预测作出相应修改，从2 850万美元改为1 700万美元。", "73. 因此，人居署不得不根据现有资源和当前的优先次序严格评估其方案活动，也不得不采取谨慎措施填补空缺职位。", "B. 指定用途的捐款", "74. 2010-2011两年期前15个月收到指定用途的资金2.61亿美元，超出两年期目标2.52亿美元的3.6%，主要用于执行技术合作项目。", "75. 在本报告所述期间，人居署的技术合作项目约占其总预算的65%。虽然人居署还需要提高效率，消除外地项目执行早期阶段的延误，但在技术合作项目方面显然已经做得相当不错，为人居署提供资金的国家对危机后环境中的业务工作所取得的成果感到尤其满意。特别是，在阿富汗、海地、伊拉克、巴基斯坦、索马里和苏丹开展的工作深受好评。", "76. 未指定用途资金和指定用途资金之间不平衡的主要缺陷是人居署将重点放在其核定核心工作方案活动的能力越来越受到限制，因此有必要继续向不指定用途的收入倾斜，并提高收入的可预见性。", "五. 其他重大进展", "A. 最重要的报告", "77. 在本报告所述期间，人居署发表了《2001年全球人类住区报告》、两期区域城市状况系列出版物，以及一份国家城市状况报告。", "《2011年全球人类住区报告》", "78. 城市化和气候变化的影响相互交织，严重威胁到世界环境、经济和社会的稳定。《人居署2011年全球人类住区报告——城市和变化》于2011年4月出版，该报告力图提高各国政府和所有对城市发展与气候变化感兴趣的各方对下列问题的认识：城市对气候变化的作用、气候变化对城市的影响，以及城市如何缓解和适应气候变化。更重要的是，该报告指出了有望缓解和适应气候变化的措施，这些措施支持更可持续和更具复原力的城市发展道路。", "79. 报告认为，当地行动对于实现经国际谈判商定的国家气候变化承诺是必不可少的。然而，国际气候变化框架中的大多数机制主要针对各国政府，并没有写明一个地方政府、利益攸关方和行为体可参加的明确过程。", "80. 报告对世界各地城市采取的气候变化缓解和适应措施进行审查后提出了前进的道路，指出了国际社会可支持实现更有效地城市缓解和适应对策的三个主要领域：", "(a) 财政资源应更直接地提供给地方行为体——例如，用于脆弱城市适应气候变化、用于投资各种替代能源以及地方政府和当地私营部门组织之间的缓解气候变化伙伴关系；", "(b) 应当减轻地方接受国际支助的官僚负担，国际社会应帮助建立地方行为体和国际捐助方之间的直接沟通和问责渠道；", "(c) 政府间气候变化专门委员会、联合国和其他国际组织应更广泛地散播关于气候变化科学及缓解和适应对策选项的信息，包括关于下列问题的知识：气候对城市中心目前已观察到的和今后的影响、基于城市的缓解和适应备选方案，以及这些选项的成本、效益、潜力和局限性。", "2010年非洲城市状况", "81. 在报告所述期间，人居署发表了《2010年非洲城市状况报告：治理、不平等和城市土地市场》。这是第二份关于非洲的区域报告，于2010年11月在巴马科公布。报告警告说，非洲大陆的城市人口将在未来40年增加三倍，这一增长的大部分都是在贫民窟。据预测，非洲的城市人口将在2040年增长到10亿，2050年达12.3亿，届时所有非洲人口中将有60%生活在城市。", "82. 为了应对这一严峻的人口挑战，报告呼吁采取“以人为本的视角”，强调需要更合适、更切合实际的城市贫民负担得起的规划和法规，促进而不是限制城市可持续生计。", "83. 报告指出，在过去的约十年中，北非实现了城市贫民窟居民比例的大幅下降。然而，在撒哈拉以南非洲，贫民窟改善普遍无法跟上人口快速城市化的步伐。该报告警告说，如果不采取紧急行动，城市人口增加三倍会带来灾难性后果。", "84. 该报告还指出，撒哈拉以南非洲大多数国家都不可能实现千年发展目标。高达70%的非洲城市人口增长将发生在人口不到50万的较小城市，这将越来越多地需要公共投资来应对这一增长。", "85. 该报告载有对非洲五大次区域的土地机制的深入分析，并建议将非正规土地制度和市场纳入到正规土地制度和市场中去。", "亚洲城市报告", "86. 在世界人居日全球庆祝活动期间，人居署于2010年10月在上海发表了两份关于亚洲的新出版物：《亚洲城市状况报告(2010/2011)》和《中国城市状况报告(2010/2011)：城市，让生活更美好》。", "87. 《亚洲城市状况报告(2010/2011)》由亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会、环境署及世界城市和地方政府联合组织亚太区域部门合作编写，着重指出一个事实：亚洲在世界经济中的突出作用是由在其城市的不懈活力所驱动的。然而，报告也警告说，亚洲城市要在未来几十年里持续这种成功，就必须准备应对气候变化并调整基本基础设施和教育，以适应人口的不断增长。尽管在2026年之前该区域人口不会由城市居民主导，但亚洲城市已经成为过去二十年中该区域成功融入国际经济的缩影。", "88. 与中国专家合作发表的关于中国的报告指出，截至2009年底中国有62 186万人口居住在654个城市中。随着城市化的逐步扩大，城市经济在国家经济发展中的地位和作用正变得越来越重要。城市化已成为推进中国工业化、解决就业、扩大内需和促进社会进步的重要力量。截至2009年底，全中国就业人员77 995万人，其中城镇就业人员31 120万人。", "B. 区域部长级会议", "89. 人居署继续支持召开关于非洲、亚洲和太平洋地区以及拉丁美洲和加勒比住房和城市发展的区域部长级会议。作为负责督导和实施城市议程的决策者的高级别机构，这些部长级区域会议提供了一个有效的伙伴关系，人居署可籍此影响政策、加强执行情况，并可进行联合监测和评价。", "90. 非洲住房和城市发展问题部长级会议于2010年11月22日至24日在巴马科举行，会议主题为“可持续城市化背景下的土地问题”。在人居署的支持下，与会国的部长们起草了一项解决土地问题的行动计划和宣言，以期消除非洲城市中的贫民窟。", "91. 2010年6月，亚太住房与城市发展部长级会议在印度尼西亚梭罗举行第三届会议，会上来自38个国家的部长审议了赋权社区以促进城市可持续发展的问题，并通过了《梭罗宣言和实施计划》。", "92. 拉丁美洲和加勒比住房和城市发展部长级会议于2010年9月在布宜诺斯艾利斯举行。其大会敦促成员国完成由拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会编制的关于降低自然灾害和气候变化风险的战略总表，并支持没有此类立法的国家制定城市和建筑法规。气候变化被指定为下届大会讨论的议题之一。", "C. 组织和方案改革", "93. 在本报告所述期间，人居署着手制定一个新的战略方向，以确保该组织的实质性工作及其连贯性得到更多关注，并促进方案交付和组织管理的最佳做法。该战略方向巩固了人居署公认的成就，同时解决其查明的缺点。它也承认今天面临的主要城市挑战，即：(a) 城市贫穷、不平等和失业问题增加；(b) 城市过度消耗能源，发达国家尤其如此；(c) 城市流动性的需求迅速增加；(d) 自然灾害频率增加，对城市的影响也增大。", "94. 今天，占世界50%以上的人口是城市人口，主要是在非洲和亚洲的城市化进程正在继续快速展开。在许多发展中国家，特别是在城市化率最高的非洲，最严峻的挑战是如何处理日益严重的城市贫穷和失业问题，因为快速城市化并未伴随着快速工业化。然而，在亚洲和拉丁美洲，中国、印度和巴西等国正在迅速工业化，它们面临的挑战是如何管理这一很大程度上由城市化驱动的进程。", "95. 城市化和能源消耗之间的历史相关性已得到公认。发达国家的经济增长及其高能源消耗模式获益于低廉的能源价格。然而，目前发展中国家的增长是在能源价格高企的背景下发生的。这两种形成鲜明对照的模式要求发达国家深入改革其能源消费，并要求发展中国家进行妥善预测和预先规划。一方面，发达国家的城市无法维持其目前的能源消费水平。另一方面，发展中国家的城市可以利用发达国家工业化时期还不存在的可再生能源新技术。", "96. 在过去约30年期间城市规划不足，导致世界各地许多城市出现了严重的流动性问题，特别是在发展中国家迅速扩张的大都市中。在这里，交通拥堵成为常态，制约了城市创造价值、创造就业机会并帮助居民致富的能力。在发达国家，城市人口正通过城市无计划扩展缓慢地分散化，导致过多的能量消耗、温室气体排放和气候变化。", "97. 鉴于这些不断发展的模式，有必要重新考虑目前关于城市化的观点——即重新思考城市的未来。有必要制定一个基于更有效的城市规划的新战略，该战略应加强地方机构和立法进程，并增强城市对经济的贡献。在所有这些领域，有必要追根溯源，缩短政治领导人和公民之间的距离，并提供基于将城市视为一种财富而不是一个问题的解决方案。", "98. 因此，已决定将人居署的实质性工作集中在三个关键领域：(a) 新的城市规划，将重点放在移徙和人口增长之前的提前规划以及根据挑战的规模进行分阶段规划，从公共场所特别是街道开始规划；(b) 城市治理和立法；及(c) 城市经济和金融，包括在城市地区创造体面的工作。", "99. 人居署在一定程度上已经在解决这些问题。新的内容是工作方向及其重点。这些优先事项完全符合人居署的任务规定，但也反映了显著的全球趋势。这在一定程度上反映在2012-2013两年期方案预算中，但在2014-2019年战略计划和今后的两年期战略框架和方案预算中会得到更充分的反映。", "100.　鉴于这些新的优先事项、财政资源减少和现有的管理挑战，人居署已启动了一个组织审查过程，2011年底将实现机构重组。这样做的目的是审查并寻求人居署的组织结构合理化，以更有效、更高效率地在国家、区域和全球各级交付其任务。", "六. 结论和建议", "101.　自1996年第二次联合国人类住区会议(人居二)以来，人类住区领域已经出现了一些重大变化。这些变化包括：城市在人口和全球经济方面的主导地位日益增强，现在一半以上人口居住在城市里；城市住区的空间迅速扩大为特大城市和大都市地区；全球范围内出现了全球化、可持续城市发展、气候变化、城市安全与安保和城市贫穷现象增加等新议题；公共部门、私营部门和非政府部门在城市发展中的角色发生转变，包括从授权政策和放松管制政策转向再次强调公共政策、管理和城市规划；自然灾害和冲突的频率和强度增加及其对城市人口的影响。", "102.　鉴于这些新趋势，并基于人居署理事会提出的建议，政府必须审查1996年《人居议程》规定的以往政策的有效性，建立能够应对城市为主的新挑战的新议程，并找到加强现有人类住区发展体制框架的方式。目前大会应抓住时机作出决定，支持于2016年召开第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展会议(人居署第三)。", "103.　由于50%以上的世界人口目前居住在城镇，并鉴于城市中心对全球变暖的作用以及气候变化对城市住区的重大影响，在城市一级通过的政策和实施的行动对实现可持续发展的影响显然将越来越大。因此，建议各国政府将可持续城市发展和城市及地方当局的作用纳入2012年联合国可持续发展大会成果文件。", "104.　虽然关于贫民窟的千年发展目标已经在2020年的目标日期之前大大提前实现，但全球8.28亿人仍生活在贫民窟中，而且世界贫民窟人口据估计以每年接近6 000万的速度不断增加。因此，建议大会大力支持关于“制定全球和各国战略和框架，超越千年发展目标，改善贫民窟居民生活”的人居署理事会第23/9号决议。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目20", "联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)", "联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第65/165号决议第14段提交的。 报告介绍了联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)过去一年为执行第二次联合国人类住区会议(人居二)的成果和加强人居署而开展的活动。", "更具体地说,本报告还概述了人居署理事会第二十三届会议与政策有关的成果。 除了审查2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的执行进展情况并核准2012-2013年方案预算外,理事会还就若干议题通过了决议,包括:(a) 第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展会议;(b) 审查人居署的治理情况;(c) 超越千年发展目标指标改善贫民窟居民生活的全球和国家战略和框架;(d) 通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施的机会来实现可持续城市发展,包括理事会对2012年联合国可持续发展大会的贡献;以及(e) 联合国人类住区规划署今后在城市经济方面的活动以及为城市贫民提供城市改造、住房和基本服务的金融机制。", "报告还审查了在执行《人居议程》若干方案构成部分和大会第65/165号决议所强调其他问题方面取得的进展,包括2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划中期审查、贫民窟改造、关于权力下放和加强地方当局的准则、城市和气候变化、灾后和冲突后重建、财务和预算事项、旗舰报告、区域部长级会议以及组织和方案改革。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据大会关于联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的执行情况和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)的第65/165号决议第14段提交的,分为五节。 第一节报告人居署理事会第二十三届会议的主要决议;第二节报告人居署实质性工作的执行进展情况;第三节讨论预算和财务问题;第四节概述报告所述期间发生的其他重要事态发展;最后一节载有结论和建议。", "二. 联合国人类住区规划署理事会第二十三届会议上采取的行动", "2. 联合国 联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)理事会第二十三届会议于2011年4月11日至15日在内罗毕举行,特别主题为“通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施的机会来实现可持续城市发展”。", "3个 理事会采取的最重要行动包括审查2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的执行进展情况并核准人居署2012-2013两年期工作方案和预算。 此外,理事会还就下列问题举行了讨论并通过了决议:(a) 第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展会议;(b) 审查人居署的治理情况;(c) 超越千年发展目标指标改善贫民窟居民生活的全球和国家战略及框架;(d) 通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施的机会来实现可持续城市发展,包括理事会对2012年联合国可持续发展大会的贡献;(e) 联合国人类住区规划署今后在城市经济和金融机制方面为城市贫民提供城市改造、住房和基本服务的活动,包括就试验性可偿还种子资金业务的未来提出建议。", "A类. 第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展会议", " 4.四. 2016年召开第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展会议(人居三)是人居署理事会第二十三届会议所讨论的最重要问题之一。", "5 (韩语). 作为人居署理事会第二十二届会议通过的第22/1号决议的后续行动,秘书长在向大会第六十四届会议提交的关于人居二成果的执行情况和加强人居署的报告(A/64/260)中请大会考虑于2016年召开第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展会议(人居三)。", "6. 国家 对此,大会第64/207号决议注意到理事会在其第22/1号决议中提出的建议,并请秘书长与人居署理事会合作,就此问题编写一份报告,供大会第六十六届会议审议。 根据这一要求,人居署执行主任编写了一份报告草稿(HSP/GC/23/2/Add.4),供理事会2011年4月第二十三届会议审议。", "7. 联合国 本报告通过审查自1996年6月3日至14日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行第二次联合国人类住区会议以来的主要事态发展,为举行这次会议提供了理由。 这些新的事态发展包括:", "(a) 国家 城市的人口和经济主导地位日益加强,现在占世界人口的一半以上,它们作为国家和全球的经济力量的作用也得到加强;", "(b) 国家 城市住区的空间迅速扩大,形成了特大城市和大都会地区和城市走廊;", "(c)) 新的全球问题、力量和关切的出现,包括全球化、可持续城市发展、气候变化、城市安全和安保以及城市贫困加剧;", "(d) 国家 公共、私营和非政府部门不断变化的作用,作为从扶持和放松管制政策转向重新强调公共政策和管理,包括改革城市规划的一部分;", "(e) 协助 自然灾害和人为灾害的频率和强度明显增加,并对城市人口产生影响。", "8. 联合国 理事会在审议报告草稿后,通过了关于第三次联合国住房与可持续发展会议的第23/8号决议,其中理事会注意到执行主任的报告并要求秘书长将报告中提出的设想和建议纳入其供大会第六十六届会议审议的报告。 这些想法特别包括第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展会议提出的下列目标:(a)审查过去的政策、成就和障碍;(b)制定新的城市发展议程,能够应对气候变化等新的城市挑战和机遇,并推进城市和地方当局发挥新的作用;(c)寻找加强土地治理、住房和可持续城市发展的体制框架的途径。", "9. 国家 理事会已向秘书长提交了该报告,作为对大会第64/207号决议要求他提交的报告的投入。", "B. 治理审查", "10个 1. 联合国人居署理事会在其关于联合国人类住区规划署的治理问题的第22/5号决议中要求“执行主任和常驻代表委员会在工作方案和预算范围内对联合国人类住区规划署的治理情况进行联合审查,以期查明并设法提高现有治理结构运作的透明度、问责制、效率和成效,并查明任何其他可能的相关变革的备选方案,供理事会第二十三届会议审议”。", "11个 根据该决议,人居署治理审查的第一阶段侧重于拟订审查的职权范围。 2009年6月,常驻代表委员会和人居署秘书处的一个联合小组拟定了职权范围。 根据职权范围,建立了审查结构。 其中包括一个不限成员名额的接触小组、一个区域平衡的执行小组和七个评估小组,委员会和秘书处的代表人数相等。 执行小组和评估小组于2009年9月开始工作。", "12个 第二阶段于2010年1月开始,重点是改进人居署在内罗毕的治理,即秘书处经常驻代表委员会批准可采取的行动,但不提及联合国总部。 在一次展望讲习班、七个评估小组的研究和执行小组的一系列会议之后,提出了29个“速赢”名单。 该名单由常驻代表委员会于2010年9月15日核准。", "13个 第三阶段始于2010年11月初的一次执行小组讲习班。 报告的重点是改善人居署在更广泛的联合国系统内的治理,特别是人居署同大会、秘书处、经济及社会理事会、行政和预算问题咨询委员会及方案和协调委员会的治理关系。 向常驻代表委员会2010年12月16日的会议提交了拟议的中长期“赢”的进一步清单,并得到了常驻代表委员会的核准。", "14个 审查的第四阶段涉及编写一份报告,分析人居署治理结构改革的现有备选方案。 已向人居署理事会第二十三届会议提交了各阶段审查的详细结果。", "15个 除了维持目前的情况基线外,还提出了四个新的备选方案供理事会审议。 它们是:", "(a) 介绍理事会的年度会议;", "(b) 介绍理事会年度会议并增加理事会成员;", "(c) 设立一个执行局来取代理事会;", "(d) 按照联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署的模式建立一个混合治理结构。", "16号. 理事会适当审议了该报告并通过了第23/13号决议,题为“联合国人类住区规划署的管理”。 简言之,该决议请执行主任与常驻代表委员会共同:", "(a) 国家 进一步审查改革的可选办法,并拟订首选办法;", "(b) 国家 制定考试阶段的程序;", "(c) 就所确定的备选办法寻求共识;", "(d) 国家 制定行动计划,以推行首选方案。", "17岁。 此外,理事会授权常驻代表委员会核准该行动计划,并在可能的情况下将其提交大会第六十七届会议。 为了开展所余工作,2011年6月设立了一个新的机构,即不限成员名额协商小组。 这是常驻代表委员会和秘书处的一个联合机构,委员会每个区域集团由两个常任理事国代表。", "C. 超越千年发展目标指标改善贫民窟居民生活的全球和国家战略和框架", "18岁。 人居署的报告,2010/2011年世界城市状况——人人享有城市: 缩小城市鸿沟表明,2000至2010年期间,2.27亿贫民窟居民的生活有所改善。 然而,这一成就并没有在各区域统一分布。 较发达的发展中国家比较贫穷的发展中国家取得更好的进展。", " 19. 19. 报告还指出,到2020年改善至少一亿贫民窟居民生活的千年发展目标指标已超过一亿。 这比预定日期提前了10年。 尽管如此,没有一个发展中国家成功地将贫民窟人口减少了50%。 事实上,仍有8.28亿人生活在城市贫民窟中。 目前的预测表明,从现在到2020年,世界贫民窟居民总数将增加6 000万。", "20号. 正是在这种背景下,各国元首和政府首脑在大会第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上承诺,将按照会议成果文件(见大会第65/1号决议)第77(k)段所述,通过减少贫民窟人口和改善贫民窟居民的生活,超越现有指标,继续努力建设没有贫民窟的城市。 随后,大会在其第65/165号决议第4段中请人居署理事会考虑为今后的工作制定适当的全球和国家战略和框架,以在目前与贫民窟有关的具体目标之外,使贫民窟居民的生活得到重大改善。", "21岁 作为回应,人居署理事会第二十三届会议通过了题为“在千年发展目标指标之外改善贫民窟居民生活的全球及国家战略和框架”的第23/9号决议,其中请各国政府和区域及地方当局列举各自国家、区域和城市地区的贫民窟人口,并在此基础上就大幅改善贫民窟居民的生活问题制定到2020年应实现的自愿和现实的国家、区域和地方目标。 实现这些目标的主要手段是:", "(a) 国家 制订和执行国家城市发展战略,将改善贫民窟居民获得适足住房和基本服务及基础设施,包括改善水和卫生、交通、能源、保健和教育等作为优先事项;", "(b) 促进获得可负担得起的、保有权有保障的土地;", "(c) 为可持续城市生计创造必要条件;", "(d) 促进可持续的城市发展和所有利益攸关方,特别是贫民窟居民的参与。", "22号. 人居署目前正在同各国政府协商,为在今后十年中全面执行该决议制订一项行动计划。", "D. 通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施的机会来实现可持续城市发展", "23. 联合国 鉴于人类一半以上现在生活在城市地区,可持续发展正日益成为可持续城市化的同义词。 认识到这一点,人居署理事会将通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施的机会来实现可持续城市发展作为第二十三届会议的特别主题。 秘书处编写了一份报告,以便利理事会第二十三届会议高级别部分的对话。 报告的目的是促使各国政府、地方当局和其他《人居议程》伙伴就如何有效应对当代城市挑战展开辩论,同时铭记以下目标:", "(a) 国家 使理事会能够就可持续城市发展问题通过一项立场,作为对2012年联合国可持续发展大会的贡献;", "(b) 国家 以《人居议程》、《千年发展目标》、《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》(《约翰内斯堡执行计划》)以及第六十届和第六十五届会议高级别全体会议成果的建议为基础,制定应对可持续城市发展挑战的战略对策;", "(c) 鼓励各国政府和《人居议程》伙伴在国际、国家和地方各级承诺在可持续城市发展框架内扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施的机会。", "24 (韩语). 虽然报告侧重于发展中国家的城市,但就可持续城市发展、城市贫困、绿色经济和可持续城市发展体制框架背景下的土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施问题提出的许多意见和建议具有全球意义,因为这些问题对发达国家和经济转型国家的许多城市地区构成重大挑战。", "25岁 理事会第二十三届会议通过了关于通过扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施的机会来实现可持续城市发展的第23/17号决议,其中理事会欢迎在理事会第二十三届会议期间就这一主题所举行的对话,作为对2012年联合国可持续发展大会的贡献,并请执行主任确保通过理事会主席向会议主席团提供对话的结果。", "26. 联合国 理事会同一项决议还鼓励各国政府和《人居议程》伙伴除其他外:", "(a) 国家 将可持续城市发展问题纳入其对2012年联合国可持续发展大会筹备进程的贡献;", "(b) 国家 以《人居议程》、千年发展目标、2005年世界首脑会议成果、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》和第六十届和第六十五届会议高级别全体会议成果所提出的建议为基础,制定战略对策来应对可持续城市发展问题;", "(c) 动员各国政府和《人居议程》伙伴在国际、国家和地方各级承诺促进权力下放和改善城市治理,以确保扩大公平获得土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施的机会。", "页:1 联合国人类住区规划署今后在城市经济和为城市贫民提供城市改造、住房和基本服务的财务机制方面的活动", "27个 2007年,理事会在其第21/10号决议中请执行主任在联合国生境和人类住区基金会内设立一个信托基金,以支持开展试验性可偿还种子资金业务,为城市贫民的住房、基础设施和贫民窟改造提供资金,并实地测试这些业务四年。 还请执行主任在四年结束时进行评价。", "28岁 试验性可偿还种子资金业务采用催化性投资办法,以便将基于市场的解决办法同社区主导的努力和政府的投入结合起来,作为解决住房、水和卫生不足问题的最有效办法。 通过种子业务方案取得了重大进展,2010年在四个国家(尼泊尔、尼加拉瓜、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国)和巴勒斯坦发放了5笔贷款,贷款总值为2 750 000美元。 计划通过这种种子资金筹集的资金将达到5亿多美元,而这一起贷款将支持在五个国家建立和更新30 000多套负担得起的社会住房。", "29. 国家 播种业务方案在四年实验期结束时,经过了独立的外部评价。 向理事会第二十三届会议提交了一份关于评价结果的报告,从而就人居署在城市改造财政机制领域的种子业务和一般活动的未来作出决定。", "30岁。 报告的结论是,人居署在开展全球宣传、向各国政府和地方当局提供咨询、将主要利益攸关方聚集在一起以及在咨询和规范的基础上与社区团体合作方面具有相对优势。 它还得出结论认为,由于其任务规定,人居署无法继续作为主流直接贷款人。 报告指出,捐助者没有为继续贷款活动提供进一步资金。", "31岁 在题为“联合国人类住区规划署在城市经济领域的未来活动以及为城市贫民提供城市改造、住房和基本服务的财务机制”的第23/10号决议中,理事会授权执行主任审查与联合国系统内各伙伴发展融资机构合作的机会。 这些伙伴将牵头开展今后的试点或扩大贷款、担保和金融咨询活动,而人居署将侧重于这些领域的规范性和全球宣传工作。", "三. 二. 实质性工作的执行进展情况", "32. 联合国 大会第65/165号决议请秘书长就以下方面提出报告:(a) 2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划中期审查;(b) 负担得起的住房和贫民窟改造;(c) 关于权力下放和加强地方当局的准则;(d) 城市和气候变化;(e) 灾后和冲突后重建。 决议第5、3、6和7段分别强调了这些问题。", "A类. 2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划中期审查", "33. (中文(简体) ). 理事会2007年4月20日第21/2号决议和2009年4月3日第22/7号决议第8段请执行主任同常驻代表委员会协商,对2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划进行一次中期审查,并向理事会第二十三届会议提交审查结果。", "34. 国家 此外,理事会在第21/2号决议第18段中请执行主任与《人居议程》各合作伙伴密切协作,就该计划的实施情况建立一个年度同行审查进程。 2008年,常驻代表委员会核可了秘书处的提议,即同行审查应在2009年底进行,以便不仅能够评估该计划启动阶段的“速赢”情况,而且能够评估人居署实现该计划目标的准备程度。 因此,同行审议于2010年8月完成,涵盖的时间与中期审查的预期相同。", "35. 联合国 同行审议按照该计划的要求,全面评估了在改进人居署方案及其组织结构和程序方面取得的进展。 委员会和秘书处商定,中期审查应取自全面的同行审查,其涵盖的时间和范围与中期审查预期的相同。 在此基础上,人居署编写了计划中期审查报告,理事会第二十三届会议审议了该报告。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 以下是报告中强调的最重要的建议:", "(a) 国家 执行主任应考虑建立新的组织结构,以更好地与2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的重点领域保持一致;", "(b) 国家 (a) 人居署应设法为决策、资源调动和向所有捐助方报告建立一个统一的规划和报告系统,并避免费用高昂的重叠系统;", "(c) 常驻代表委员会,特别是捐助国,应审查它们自己对人居署报告的要求,以减少费用和重复,并增强报告的一致性和质量;", "(d) 国家 战略规划、业绩监测和报告应由方案最高级别的中央战略管理股来协调;", "(e) 协助 应设立独立的评价职能;", "(f) 与《公约》有关的问题 (a) 人居署应对其国家一级的方案和项目进行全面的独立评估,以记录迄今所取得的成绩并汲取执行中的经验教训,并设立系统跟踪国家一级业务活动的机制;", "(g) 常驻代表委员会应继续作为优先事项处理人居署治理结构的改革问题。", "B. 适当的住房和贫民窟改造", "37. 联合国 大会第65/165号决议第3段鼓励人居署继续为减少贫民窟人口和改善贫民窟居民生活提供必要的技术援助。 在本报告所述期间,人居署支助了33个国家(非洲17个、阿拉伯国家10个、东欧1个、拉丁美洲和加勒比5个)实施贫民窟改造和预防贫民窟政策。", "38. 国家 在巴勒斯坦被占领土上,人居署通过重建工作组参与了加沙地带受战争影响住房重建和恢复准则的修订工作,该工作组汇集了住房部门的所有行动者。 此外,人居署还为与以色列的谈判提供了技术投入,以促进建筑材料流入加沙地带当地市场,支持自助住房举措。", "39. 在斯里兰卡,人居署支持了一个题为 \" 通过住房向受冲突影响的人提供住所 \" 的项目,并推广了经过实地测试的重新安置工具和方法,以减少强迫驱逐。 人居署还帮助境内流离失所家庭重建被破坏的房屋,作为后来可取得房屋所有权的计划的一部分。 在尼泊尔,人居署与城市综合发展中心合作,编写了尼泊尔城市住房部门概况研究报告。 在菲律宾,2010年12月和2011年5月举办了旨在为改善贫民窟居民生活确定国家基线和目标的讲习班。", " 40. 40. 在孟加拉国,继续实施减贫城市伙伴关系项目,该项目是世界上最大的城市减贫举措之一,预算总额为1.2亿美元。 其目标是改善300万城市穷人和赤贫者,特别是妇女和女孩的生计和生活条件。 人居署有责任帮助社区编制和管理社区合同,以开展各种活动来改善住区。 作为另一个项目的一部分,孟加拉国13个城镇完成了定居和空地测绘。 绘制地图为针对城市和城镇最脆弱的住区以及制定全市和城镇减贫战略提供了基础。", "41. 国家 在加纳和冈比亚,人居署支持推出和完成城市和住房部门概况。 同样在冈比亚,参与式贫民窟改造项目的第一阶段已经完成。 在哥伦比亚和哥斯达黎加,对贫民窟改造和预防政策和战略进行了测试。", "C. 关于权力下放和加强地方当局的准则", "42. 国家 大会第65/165号决议第6段表示支持传播和执行人居署理事会第21/3和22/8号决议分别核准的关于权力下放和加强地方当局的准则和关于人人享有基本服务的准则。", "43. 东帝汶 权力下放准则的最终目标是促进加强地方当局,并倡导在提供基本服务方面赋予地方当局权力。 这是基于对基本服务地方层面的承认。", "44. 国家 然而,尽管这两套准则的制定过程是包容性的、参与性的并基于良好做法的记载,但仍需要做更多的工作,以有效地使其适应区域、国家和地方的情况,并把它们转变为改进立法、管理和业务框架的有用工具。", "45. 国家 因此,人居署制定了一份综合性方案文件,重点介绍了其根据国家和地方情况综合调整这两套准则的战略的三个主要组成部分:", "(a) 区域和国家各级的政策制定和宣传;", "(b) 区域、国家和地方各级的培训和能力建设;", "(c) 监测和报告。", "46. 经常预算: 在这种背景下,通过在布基纳法索、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、危地马拉、牙买加、墨西哥和越南等一些国家进行一系列协商对话,加强了动员合作伙伴的努力。", "47. 2010年10月27日和28日,人居署和法国政府组织了一次人居署合作伙伴会议,以启动试点国家的选择并为国家一级的活动铺平道路。 随后,人居署应伙伴们的要求,最后确定了一份综合手册,目的是指导有关发展中国家协调执行准则。", "D. 城市与气候变化", " 48. 48. 根据大会第65/165号决议第7段,并依照2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的重点领域1、2和3,人居署继续在与城市和气候变化有关的问题上开展现有合作,并在联合国系统内与气候变化有关的事项上继续发挥补充作用,特别是在解决城市受气候变化影响的脆弱性方面。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在全球一级,人居署通过关注城市,为应对气候变化的努力作出了贡献。 2011年4月,它出版并发布了《2011年全球人类住区报告:城市与气候变化》,其内容见下文第五节。", "50. 人居署还与一个作者和研究人员网络参加了2011年3月在印度加尔各答举行的政府间气候变化问题小组人类住区和基础设施专家组会议,以编写小组即将提交的第五次评估报告。 预计本报告将有力地影响全球关于应对气候变化的辩论和协议。", "51. 联合国 人居署还推出了两个宣传和能力建设工具:“地方对气候行动的领导”和“气候变化规划”。 这些工具供城市规划人员使用。 迄今为止,调解者一直在坎帕拉(2011年2月)利用这些工具建设地方官员和利益攸关方的能力。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 在2010年12月在墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方会议第十六届会议的会外活动上,人居署重点协调了10个联合国机构提供的投入,以确定联合国系统支持城市采取行动减缓和适应气候变化的方法和工具。", "53. 联合国 人居署部分是为了筹备2012年联合国可持续发展大会,并作为其新出现的方案优先领域的一部分,将城市行动的关键领域列为绿色经济的优先事项,包括紧凑的城市扩张、可再生能源和绿色基础设施、绿色技术创新以及规划和建筑条例。", "54. 联合国 在区域一级,人居署支持非洲规划学校协会编制关于气候变化和非洲城市规划教育的课程,并通过为13个国家举办一次关于城市规划和气候变化选定做法的“有希望做法讲习班”来帮助非洲区域努力应对气候变化并传播迄今吸取的经验教训。", "55. 国家 此外,城市青年已参与气候变化议题,在东非,他们的参与正在纳入人居署城市和气候变化倡议的主流。 迄今为止,该倡议发起了关于青年宣传、对话和技能发展的多日讲习班,随后在蒙巴萨(肯尼亚)、坎帕拉和基加利开展了示范项目。", "56. 在本报告所述期间,人居署在国家一级开展了一系列活动。 它支持阿富汗、蒙古、菲律宾、塞尔维亚、土耳其和越南等6个国家的城市领导能力建设,将气候问题纳入城市发展的主流。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 菲律宾已经将适应和减缓气候变化问题纳入国家发展规划进程的主流,将参与性脆弱性评估纳入所有地方政府单位的两个法定地方计划。 人居署于2011年2月与菲律宾内政和地方政府部签署了一项协议,在全国推广主流化方法。 此外,索索贡市还通过了将公共建筑和街道转换为更节能照明的地方立法,并逐渐提升了该市的机动三轮出租车车队.", "58. 联合国 在城市气候变化减缓和复原力方面,马普托市正在人居署的支持下,制定城市沿海地区红树林试点项目,官员们期望该项目在减缓和抵御极端天气事件方面产生效益。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 人居署还同坎帕拉市合作,将气候变化纳入其性别政策的主流,而性别问题已纳入该市和国家气候变化评估的主流。", "60. 联合国 气候变化的概念和知识已纳入博茨瓦纳大学的本科城市规划方案。 24个课程涉及气候变化,1个课程“气候变化的规划和管理”完全基于人居署与英联邦规划者协会和伊拉斯谟大学住房和城市发展研究所合作主办的2009年会议制定的课程大纲。", "E. 灾后和冲突后重建", "61. 国家 大会在第65/165号决议第8段中确认,人居署必须及时采取行动来应对自然和人为灾害,特别是通过有效城市规划解决灾后和冲突后住房和基础设施需要的工作,并作为从紧急救济到恢复的连续过程的一部分。", "62. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,人居署在灾后和冲突后重建领域的活动是在人道主义事务执行委员会和机构间常设委员会的框架内开展的。 人居署仍在执行委员会内积极开展活动。 在机构间常设委员会全球分组协调系统内,人居署担任全球保护分组工作组住房、土地和财产分工作组主席,并通过住房、早期恢复和保护分组,将城市重点放在救济、恢复和重建方案上。", "63. 国家 在国际一级,人居署同联合国粮食及农业组织一道,通过全球土地工具网,拟订出三项准则,以加强国际能力,处理自然灾害后和冲突后局势中的土地问题。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 在机构间常设委员会应对城市地区人道主义挑战工作队的范围内,人居署同世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)建立了伙伴关系,评估城市地区人道主义应急的工具、方法和经验,并协作评估关键工具的优缺点。 人居署还为粮食计划署对以粮食援助为目标的工具和城市紧急情况下的做法的审查提供了投入。", "65. 国家 在区域一级,人居署与联合国国际减灾战略亚洲区域办事处密切合作,通过亚洲减灾伙伴关系将城市风险、更安全的建筑和更安全的住区问题纳入主流。 加强国家和社区的抗灾能力。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,共有11个易发生危机和危机后国家正在人居署的协助下执行纳入城市风险和脆弱性措施的政策。 人居署继续通过其业务组合参与人道主义国家工作队内的住房和早期恢复协调系统。 在这方面,它向海地、吉尔吉斯斯坦和巴基斯坦的人道主义协调员和人道主义国家工作队提供国家一级的指导、技术支助和培训。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 此外,人居署还就红十字会与红新月会国际联合会在灾后行动中作为应急住房分组协调员的作用向其提供了技术支持。 已签署了一系列针对具体国家的协定,以确保在紧急情况期间进行长期住房规划,并确保从危机向恢复和重建平稳过渡。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 为纪念2010年10月13日国际减灾日,人居署支持各国在缅甸、泰国和太平洋区域国家发起“使城市具有复原力”的世界减少风险运动。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 在塔那那利佛开展了一个针对具体国家的倡议项目,人居署与联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)和人道主义事务协调厅合作,通过基于社区的改善环境卫生和固体废物管理,减轻冲突和灾害风险。 在苏丹,人居署在达尔富尔建立了区域城市规划、土地管理和住房建设领域的存在。 在海地,人居署继续与联合国环境规划署(环境署)、儿童基金会和人口基金共同参与执行30 000 000美元的总括重建方案。", "四、结 论 财务和预算事项", "70. 联合国 大会第65/165号决议第12和13段呼吁继续支持人居署,增加对联合国生境和人类住区基金会的自愿捐款、可预测的多年供资和增加非专用捐款,以支持2008-2013年中期战略和体制计划的执行。", "A类. 非专用捐款和多年供资", "71. 联合国 人居署2010-2011两年期核定普通用途预算为6 620万美元,而收入预测为5 700万美元(每年2 850万美元)来自自愿捐款,120万美元来自利息和投资收入。 其余800万美元将由联合国生境和人类住区基金会的累积盈余来支付。", "72. 联合国 不幸的是,全球金融危机对人居署活动的影响远未结束,与联合国其他机构一样。 一些主要捐助者不得不就其向联合国机构提供的多边资金作出一些艰难的决定。 对人居署而言,结果是完全停止或大幅度减少了对人居署的非专用资金支助。 在本两年期的第一年(2010年),从捐助者收到的自愿收入为1 660万美元,远远低于2 850万美元的预测。 截至2011年3月31日,已收到1 690万美元非专用资金,约占2010-2011两年期5 700万美元目标目标的30%。 因此,2011年的年度收入预测必须相应从2 850万美元订正为1 700万美元。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 因此,人居署不得不根据现有资源和目前的优先次序,严格评估其方案活动。 在填补空缺员额时也必须谨慎行事。", "B. 专用捐款", "74. 国家 专用资源主要用于执行技术合作项目,2010-2011两年期头15个月收到2.61亿美元,超过两年期2.52亿美元的目标,增加了3.6%。", "75. 国家 在本报告所述期间,人居署技术合作项目约占其合并预算总额的65%。 虽然该机构仍然需要通过消除外地项目执行初期的拖延来提高效率,但它在技术合作项目方面显然做得相当好,为人居署业务工作提供资源的国家,特别是在危机后环境中,对取得的成就感到满意。 特别赞赏在阿富汗、海地、伊拉克、巴基斯坦、索马里和苏丹开展的工作。", "76. 联合国 非专用资金和专用资金之间不平衡的主要缺点是,人居署注重其已核准的核心工作方案活动的能力正日益受到限制,因此继续需要将平衡转向非专用收入,并需要提高收入的可预测性。", " V. 其他重要事态发展", "A. 重要报告", "77. 国家 在本报告所述期间,人居署出版了《2001年全球人类住区报告》、两期《区域城市状况》系列和一份《国家城市状况报告》。", "2011年全球人类住区报告", "78. 国家 城市化和气候变化的影响正在以危险的方式汇合,严重威胁到世界的环境、经济和社会稳定。 2011年4月出版的《人居署2011年全球人类住区报告——城市与变化》力求使各国政府和所有关心城市发展和气候变化的人更好地了解城市对气候变化的贡献、气候变化对城市的影响,以及城市如何减缓和适应气候变化。 更重要的是,报告确定了有希望的缓解和适应措施,这些措施有助于更可持续和更具复原力的城市发展道路。", "79. 联合国 报告认为,地方行动是实现通过国际谈判商定的国家气候变化承诺所不可或缺的。 然而,国际气候变化框架内的大多数机制主要针对国家政府,没有表明地方政府、利害关系方和行为者可以参与的明确进程。", "80个 报告在审查了世界各地城市采取的减缓和适应气候变化措施之后,提出了前进方向,并提出了国际社会能够支持和促成更有效的城市减缓和适应对策的三个主要领域:", "(a) 需要更直接地向当地行动者提供财政资源,例如用于脆弱城市适应气候变化、投资于替代能源组合以及地方政府同当地私营部门组织建立缓解伙伴关系;", "(b) 应减轻地方获得国际支助的官僚负担,由国际社会帮助建立地方行动者同国际捐助者之间的直接沟通和问责渠道;", "(c) 政府间气候变化问题小组、联合国和其他国际组织应更广泛地提供气候变化科学和缓解及适应对策备选办法方面的信息,包括关于观察到的和未来气候对城市中心的影响、基于城市的缓解和适应办法以及这些办法的成本、效益、潜力和限度的现有知识。", "2010年非洲城市状况", "81个 在本报告所述期间,人居署出版了《2010年非洲城市状况报告:治理、不平等和城市土地市场》。 2010年11月在巴马科发布了第二份非洲区域报告。 报告警告说,今后40年,非洲大陆的城市人口将增加三倍,其中大多数增长发生在贫民窟。 预计非洲城市人口在2040年将增至10亿,到2050年将增至12.3亿,届时60%的非洲人将居住在城市。", "82. 为应对这一令人生畏的人口挑战,报告呼吁“以人为中心的观点”,强调城市穷人需要更适当、更现实的规划和条例,这些规划和条例是城市穷人负担得起的,有助于而不是限制可持续城市生计。", "83个 报告指出,在过去十年左右的时间里,北非生活在贫民窟的城市居民比例已大幅下降。 然而,在撒哈拉以南非洲,贫民窟的改善一般无法跟上人口的迅速城市化,报告警告说,如果不采取紧急行动,城市人口将增加三倍,就可能带来灾难。", "第八十四会. 报告还指出,撒哈拉以南非洲大多数国家不大可能实现千年发展目标。 非洲城市人口增长的70%将发生在人口不到50万的较小城市,这些城市日益需要公共投资来适应这一增长。", "85. 报告深入分析了非洲五个主要分区域的土地机制,并建议将非正式的土地系统和市场纳入正式的土地系统和市场。", "亚洲城市报告", "86. 人居署在2010年10月上海世界人居日全球庆祝活动期间推出了两份关于亚洲的新出版物: \"2010-2011年亚洲城市状况\"和\"2010-2011年中国城市状况:城市更好,生活更好\".", "87个 2010/2011年亚洲城市状况报告是与亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会、环境署和世界城市和地方政府联合组织亚太区域部分合作编写的,其中强调指出,亚洲在世界经济中的突出作用是由其城市的无情活力所驱动的。 然而,该报告还警告说,亚洲城市必须做好应对气候变化的准备,并调整基础设施和教育,以适应目前的人口增长,这样才能在今后几十年中保持这一成功。 虽然2026年之前该区域人口不会以城市为主,但亚洲城市已经体现了该区域在过去20年中成功地融入了国际经济。", "88个 与中国专家合作出版的\"关于中国的报告\"发现,到2009年底,中国有654个城市有62186万人居住. 随着城镇化的逐步发展,城市经济的地位和作用在国家经济发展中越来越重要. 城市化已经是中国工业化的重要力量,推动了就业岗位的创造,内需的扩大和社会进步. 2009年底,中国就业人员总数为77995万人,其中城镇职工31120万人.", "B. 区域部长级会议", "89. 人居署继续支持非洲、亚洲和太平洋以及拉丁美洲和加勒比关于住房和城市发展的区域部长级会议。 作为负责指导和执行城市议程的决策者的高级别机构,这些部长级区域会议为人居署提供了一个有效的伙伴关系工具,用以影响政策、支持执行工作并允许进行联合监测和评价。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 2010年11月22日至24日在巴马科举行了非洲住房和城市发展问题部长级会议。 会议主题是“可持续城市化背景下的土地”。 在人居署的支持下,与会国的部长起草了解决土地问题的行动计划和宣言,以期消除非洲城市的贫民窟。", "91. 联合国 2010年6月,亚太住房和城市发展问题部长级会议在印度尼西亚索洛举行了第三届会议,来自38个国家的部长在会上讨论了赋予社区权力促进可持续城市发展的问题,并通过了《索洛宣言》和《执行计划》。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 拉丁美洲和加勒比住房和城市发展问题部长级会议于2010年9月在布宜诺斯艾利斯举行。 大会敦促成员国完成由拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会编写的关于减少自然灾害和气候变化风险的战略矩阵,并支助没有此类立法的国家制定城市和建筑条例。 气候变化被指定为下届大会要讨论的议题之一。", "C. 组织和方案改革", "93. 国家 在本报告所述期间,人居署着手制定新的战略方向,以确保本组织的实质性工作更加突出重点和协调一致,并促使方案交付和组织管理取得优异成绩。 它以人居署的公认成就为基础,同时解决已查明的缺点。 它还认识到当今的主要城市挑战,即:(a) 城市贫穷、不平等和失业加剧;(b) 城市、特别是发达国家的能源消耗过多;(c) 对城市流动的需求迅速增加;以及(d) 自然灾害日益频繁,对城市的影响越来越大。", "94. 国家 今天,世界上50%以上的人口是城市人口,城市化进程正在以快快快的速度进行,主要是在非洲和亚洲。 在许多发展中国家,特别是在城市化速度最高的非洲,最严重的挑战是如何应对城市日益贫困和失业,因为快速城市化并没有伴随着快速工业化。 然而,在亚洲和拉丁美洲,中国、印度和巴西等国家正在迅速实现工业化,所面临的挑战是如何管理这一进程,这一进程主要由城市化驱动。", "95号. 城市化与能源消费之间的历史关联已经确立。 低能价推动了发达国家的经济增长及其高能耗模式。 然而,发展中国家目前的增长是在高能源价格的背景下进行的。 这些相反的格局要求发达国家深刻地改变能源消费,发展中国家深思熟虑的预期和预先规划。 一方面,发达国家的城市无法维持其目前的能耗水平。 另一方面,发展中国家的城市可以利用发达国家在其工业化时期所不具备的新的可再生能源技术。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 过去30年左右的城市规划不足,导致世界各地许多城市出现严重的出行问题,特别是在发展中国家迅速扩张的大都市。 在这里,交通拥堵是一个日常现实,它限制了城市创造价值,创造就业和帮助人口繁荣的能力. 在发达国家,正在通过城市无序扩张缓慢地下放城市人口权力,导致能源消耗过多、温室气体排放和气候变化。", "97. 国家 鉴于这些不断变化的模式,有必要重新考虑目前对城市化的看法——重新考虑城市的未来。 需要以更有效的城市规划、加强地方机构和立法进程以及增加城市的经济贡献为基础的新战略。 在所有这些方面,必须回到基本点,缩小政治领导人同公民之间的距离,提供以城市是资产而不是问题的看法为基础的解决办法。", "98 (英语). 因此,决定人居署的实质性工作将侧重于三个关键领域:(a) 新的城市规划,重点是在移徙和人口增长之前进行规划,并按挑战的规模和阶段进行规划,首先是公共场所,特别是街道;(b) 城市治理和立法;(c) 城市经济和金融,包括在城市地区创造体面的就业机会。", "99. 人居署在某种程度上已经在就这些专题开展工作。 新的是对它们的取向和强调。 这些优先事项与人居署的任务规定完全一致,但也反映了重大的全球趋势。 在某种程度上,它们反映在2012-2013两年期方案预算中,但将更充分地反映在2014-2019年战略计划以及今后的两年期战略框架和方案预算中。", "一百个 鉴于这些新的优先事项、财政资源的减少和现有的管理挑战,人居署启动了一个组织审查过程,结果将在2011年底前对该机构进行改组。 这项工作的目的是审查人居署的组织结构并寻求其合理化,以在国家、区域和全球各级更有效和高效地完成任务。", "六、结 论 结论和建议", "101. (中文(简体) ). 自1996年第二次联合国人类住区会议(人居二)以来,人类住区部门发生了一些重大变化。 这些问题包括:城市在人口和全球经济中日益占据主导地位,现在占人类一半以上;城市住区迅速向特大城市和大都市地区扩展;全球出现全球化、可持续城市发展、气候变化、城市安全和安保等新问题并加剧城市贫穷;公共、私营和非政府部门在城市发展中的作用正在发生变化,包括从授权和放松管制政策转向重新强调公共政策、管理和城市规划;自然灾害和冲突及其给城市人口造成的影响日益频繁和激烈。", "102. 国家 鉴于这些新趋势并基于人居署理事会所提出的建议,各国政府必须审查1996年《人居议程》所阐明的过去政策的有效性,制定能应对新的和以城市为主的挑战并设法加强现有的人类住区发展体制框架的新议程。 大会现在应作出决定,支持于2016年召开第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展会议(人居三)。", "第103页。 世界人口的50%以上现在居住在城镇,鉴于城市中心对全球变暖和气候变化对城市住区的重大影响,在城市一级采取的政策和行动显然将对实现可持续发展产生越来越大的影响。 因此,建议各国政府将可持续城市发展以及城市和地方当局的作用纳入2012年联合国可持续发展大会的成果。", "104 (韩语). 虽然千年发展目标关于贫民窟的具体目标早在2020年目标日期之前就已实现,但全球仍有8.28亿人生活在贫民窟中,而世界贫民窟人口年增长率估计接近6 000万。 因此,建议大会大力支持人居署理事会关于全球和国家战略和框架的第23/9号决议,以超越千年发展目标的目标,改善贫民窟居民的生活。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 20 of the provisional agenda*", "Implementation of the outcome of the United Nations", "Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and", "strengthening of the United Nations Human", "Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat)", "Third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III)", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary In its resolution 64/207 of 21 December 2009, the General Assemblyrequested the Secretary-General, in collaboration with the GoverningCouncil of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme(UN-Habitat), to prepare a report on the question of convening in2016 a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainableurban development (Habitat III). Having taken note of the report ofthe Executive Director of UN-Habitat on convening a third UnitedNations conference on housing and sustainable urban development, theGoverning Council, at its twenty-third session, invited the Assemblyto deliberate further at its sixty-sixth session on the question ofconvening Habitat III in 2016. The present report, which is submittedpursuant to Assembly resolution 64/207 and Governing Councilresolution 23/8 of 15 April 2011, makes the case for holding theConference as a means of examining key developments that have emergedsince the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, heldin Istanbul from 3 to 14 June 1996, which include: (a) The demographic dominance of cities, which now accommodate morethan half of the world’s population, and their much more dominantrole as engines of national economic growth and development; \n(b) The rapid spatial expansion of urban settlements, leading to theemergence of megacities, mega-urban regions, and increasing spatialand social fragmentation, poverty and inequality within cities;(c) The emergence of new global issues and forces, including highlevels of internal and transnational migration, globalization,sustainable urban development, climate change, rising urbaninsecurity and crime, increasing destruction of human settlements bynatural and human-caused disasters and conflicts, and risinginformality within cities; (d) The changing roles of the public, private and non-governmentalsectors, that is, in terms of a shift from enabling policies,including deregulation, towards a resurgence of the role of thepublic sector in urban planning and development; \n(e) The significantly increased frequency, intensity and impacts oncities of human-caused and natural disasters, and the much largervolume of operational work undertaken by UN-Habitat in post-disasterand post-conflict reconstruction and rehabilitation.\nThis report recommends that Habitat III be held to outline a newdevelopment agenda, one that can respond to the new challenges andthe new role of cities.The conference should also consider ways to strengthen theinstitutional frameworks for housing and sustainable urbandevelopment. It concludes by making recommendations on thepreparatory process for the conference, for consideration by theGeneral Assembly.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII.Overview 3III.The 5 urban \n age IV. Milestones 7 in sustainable urbanization and international \nresponses V.Performance 8 \nreview VI.Current 11 and emerging urban \nchallenges A.Climate 11 change and urban \nrisks B.Slum 12 prevention and slum upgrading: housing \nmatters C.Economic 13 development \nchallenges D.Social 13 and spatial \nchallenges E.Insecurity 14 and \ncrime VII. Future 14 challenges and opportunities for sustainable \nurbanization VIII.Essence 16 of the third \nconference IX. Conference 16 \nobjectives X. Draft 17 schedule of the \nconference XI. Conclusion 17 and \nrecommendations", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report was prepared pursuant to resolution 64/207 of 21 December 2009, in which the General Assembly took note of the recommendation made by the Governing Council of the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN‑Habitat) in its resolution 22/1.[1] Having considered the question of convening a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III) in 2016, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to prepare a report on that question, in collaboration with the Governing Council of UN‑Habitat, for its consideration at its sixty-sixth session.", "2. While considering the report of the Executive Director of UN‑Habitat on the convening of a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III), a number of representatives reiterated their support for the holding of such a conference in 2016, viewing it as offering an opportunity to assess the achievements of the previous two conferences, to reflect on progress made in urban development and to tackle the challenges that such development has posed. In its deliberations, the Governing Council, at its twenty-third session, recognized that, substantial progress had been achieved in human settlements at the national, regional and international levels over the past decade. It acknowledged, however, a need for an in-depth review and assessment of global progress made towards the attainment of the goals of the Habitat Agenda[2] and of other international goals relevant to human settlements. In its resolution 23/8,[3] the Governing Council, inter alia, invited the General Assembly to deliberate further at its sixty-sixth session on the question of convening, in 2016, a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development.", "3. The present report has been prepared pursuant also to Governing Council resolution 23/8 in order to provide an update on progress made in implementing the Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements,[4] the main outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), held in Istanbul from 3 to 14 June 1996, and the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium,[5] and other international goals relevant to human settlements. It also makes the case for holding Habitat III.", "II. Overview", "4. It is more than 15 years since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), which culminated in the adoption of the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements and the Habitat Agenda, documents setting out goals and principles, commitments and a global plan of action for achieving the twin goals of adequate shelter for all and sustainable human settlements development in an urbanizing world. While significant progress has been made in many regions of the world towards achieving these goals, today more than ever before, Governments are facing major urban challenges, as a result partly of the failure of previous policies and partly of the rapid urbanization and emergence of mega-urban regions, together with the advent of new challenges such as globalization, global economic crises, rising urban crime and violence, and climate change.", "5. Cities and urban centres, which have become engines of economic development, are both central to the value chain of production and consumption, defining social, political and economic relations, and responsible for large proportions of countries’ gross domestic product (GDP). Cities have become crucial to achieving national, regional and global development and promoting sustainable urban development. Indeed, urban centres are now the dominant habitat for humankind. Yet, cities, particularly in developing countries, are beleaguered by poverty, insecurity and increasing informality and slum formation which adversely affect their contribution to national development.", "6. The shift in the role and configuration of the city, in addition to the urbanization of poverty (characterized by the global rise of slums), has become more pronounced over the past decade, thus impinging significantly on the commitments and the full realization of the goals and outcomes identified in the Habitat Agenda. The evolution of new synergies, the development of new relationships in cities, and new advances in science, technology and business systems have also affected the expected outcomes of Habitat II. New scenarios have emerged that require new responses, although progress in respect of the normative underpinnings of the Habitat Agenda has been beneficial.", "7. In 2001, five years after the adoption of the Istanbul Declaration, a major review was conducted of the implementation of the Habitat Agenda, resulting in the adoption on 9 June 2001 of the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium. Even at that early stage, the irreversibility of urbanization was confirmed and the prospect of a rapidly increasing process of urbanization was recognized. The main response, however, was to reaffirm the Istanbul commitments and to call for the efforts agreed upon earlier to be redoubled to achieve the twin goals of the Agenda. Today, the magnitude of those challenges and the precarious situation faced by an ever-growing proportion of the global population has been considerably amplified. The balance of forces has altered and new issues and opportunities have emerged. Indeed, this new phase urgently requires a review of the global urban agenda.", "8. The changes that have taken place in the internal dynamics of the city are not the only driving force behind the need for review. The implementation of the Habitat Agenda over the past 15 years underlines a need to take stock of the lessons learned and goals achieved through an array of policies and strategies, in addition to the setbacks experienced. There have been changes of approach: first, from a fragmented and sectoral implementation of the Agenda, to an integrated effort which establishes links within the dynamics of an urban setting. Second, there has been a switch from policies designed to deregulate the housing market, towards more direct public sector approaches, embraced by some Governments and non-State actors, aimed at reinforcing the Agenda’s commitment to the full realization of the right to adequate housing. Third, greater emphasis is now laid on sustainable urban development within the overall context of sustainable human settlements development. The implications of these shifts are quite profound, particularly in an era marked by globalization, climate change and increasing decentralization and transfer of responsibilities to city governments.", "9. At the dawn of the twenty-first century — a century recognized as the century of the city — there is an urgent need to revisit the Habitat Agenda and its implementation so as to prevent this new century from becoming the century of slums. The proposed third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development will provide a forum for serious consultations between Governments and Habitat Agenda partners on the world’s urban future, a future certain to be characterized by unprecedented challenges and serious risks.", "10. Charting that urban future will need to take into account the following key changes that have emerged since the 1996 second conference:", "(a) The demographic dominance of cities, which now accommodate more than half of the world’s population, and their much more dominant role as engines of national economic growth and development;", "(b) The rapid spatial expansion of urban settlements, leading to the emergence of megacities, mega-urban regions, extensive urban corridors, and often chaotic peri-urban areas, in addition to increasing spatial and social fragmentation, poverty and inequality within cities;", "(c) The emergence of new global issues and forces, including internal and transnational migration, globalization, sustainable urban development, climate change, rising urban insecurity and crime, increasing destruction of human settlements by natural and human-caused disasters and conflicts, and rising informality within cities all over the world;", "(d) The changing balance among the roles of the public, private and non‑governmental sectors, reflecting the shift from enabling policies and strategies, including deregulation, towards a resurgence of the role of the public sector in urban planning and development;", "(e) The significantly increased frequency and intensity of human-caused and natural disasters and of their impacts on cities, as well as the much larger volume of operational work undertaken by UN-Habitat in post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction and rehabilitation.", "11. In the following sections, additional information is provided on the issues raised above.", "III. The urban age", "12. The global urban transition witnessed over the past decades has been phenomenal, presenting Governments and local authorities with unprecedented challenges. In 2008, for the first time ever, over half of the world’s population was living in urban areas and, according to current projections, this figure will rise to 70 per cent by 2050. Almost all of this growth will take place in developing countries. Between 2007 and 2025, the annual urban population increase in developing countries is expected to be 53 million (or 2.27 per cent), compared with a mere 3 million (or 0.49 per cent) in developed countries.", "13. Generally, urban centres have become vibrant instruments for economic, social and human development. They attract investment and create wealth. They enhance social development and harness human and technological resources, resulting in unprecedented gains in productivity and competitiveness. Indeed, cities have become the repositories of knowledge and agents of social, political and economic change.", "14. While the vibrancy associated with urban development has become more prominent in large cities, some of which have become megacities or sprawling mega-urban regions, the bulk of urban growth has been taking place in small and medium-sized cities, mostly with populations of less than 500,000 people. Indeed, it is estimated that, as early as 2005, almost half of the global urban population already lived in cities of that size and the pattern is set to continue in the immediate future. The paradox of this spatial demographic phenomenon lies in the fact that such small urban centres suffer from an acute lack of the managerial resources and institutional capacities required to cope with the new challenge arising from their being the dominant urban habitat.", "15. At the same time, cities have also become a locus of increasing poverty and deprivation. This is a particular problem in much of the developing world, where rapid and unmanaged urbanization is accompanied by slum formation, poorly built housing, increasing poverty and vulnerability to human-caused and natural hazards, in addition to growing inequalities, all of which pose serious threats to human security and safety and national development and social cohesion. In 2010, 828 million urban-dwellers in the developing world were living in slums, deprived of the most basic amenities such as water, sanitation, security of tenure, durable housing and sufficient living space. Some countries have succeeded in reducing the proportion of slum-dwellers in the total urban population. In absolute terms, however, the number of urban slum-dwellers has been increasing globally and will continue to increase if no concerted action, involving national and local governments, non-governmental and community-based organizations and the international community, is taken. If this situation persists, it could become a major threat to social stability and global peace and security.", "16. While the spatial and scale factors were implicitly addressed in the Habitat Agenda, the speed with which change and institutional realignment have taken place, together with the all encompassing nature of urbanization, marks a new state of affairs. Change is occurring at so swift a rate as to be almost overwhelming. The procedures for developing land, providing housing, delivering basic services, creating employment and facilitating urban mobility have to be drastically improved to ensure the attainment of the critical balance between demand and supply.", "17. With regard to the all-encompassing nature of urbanization, the rise of the city within the national institutional framework has led to the emergence of new relationships and even new politics. Twenty years ago, providing the impetus lay with national Governments, charged by the Habitat Agenda to take a leading role in enabling other key stakeholders to play an effective role. It is evident today that this responsibility for building partnerships and achieving lasting results is being delegated to city authorities. Other stakeholders, including from the private sector, such as banks and developers, in addition to civil society groups, are vigorously asserting themselves and are thus contributing to the overall dynamism of urban development.", "IV. Milestones in sustainable urbanization and international responses", "18. While the conclusions reached at the first United Nations Conference on Human Settlements, held in Vancouver, Canada, from 31 May to 11 June 1976, clearly defined urbanization as a challenge in need of control, the second conference 20 years later regarded urbanization and the cities resulting therefrom as offering an opportunity and engines for growth. The Istanbul Declaration identified two goals: adequate shelter for all and sustainable human settlements in an urbanizing world.", "19. The Millennium Summit, convened in New York from 6 to 8 September 2000, resulted in the adoption by the General Assembly of the United Nations Millennium Declaration,[6] which implicitly endorsed the goal of “Cities without slums” and formed the basis for the Millennium Development Goals, a group of eight time-bound international targets relevant to sustainable development which provided a further impetus to the implementation of the Habitat Agenda. The focus on poverty eradication and environmental sustainability mirrored that of the Habitat Agenda.", "20. In 2001, at the sixth plenary meeting of the twenty-fifth special session of the General Assembly to review the implementation of the Habitat Agenda, the representatives of Governments reaffirmed their will and commitment to implementing fully the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements and the Habitat Agenda. The review process revealed important findings: countries were becoming increasingly interdependent and cities more competitive; and urbanization and globalization had both accelerated since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements and were contributing to both increased prosperity and urban poverty in some regions.", "21. The Habitat Agenda was also a point of reference for the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002. Participants at the Summit reaffirmed that sustainable development was a central element of the international agenda and gave new impetus to global action to fight poverty and protect the environment. They recognized the phenomenon of urbanization as part of the sustainable development equation to a greater degree than had participants at previous international meetings on sustainable development. They reaffirmed the Millennium Development Goal target of improving the lives of slum-dwellers and access to safe drinking water and to basic sanitation as essential to promoting urban well-being.", "22. Water, sanitation and sustainable human settlements were also considered at the twelfth and thirteenth sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development in 2004 and 2005. The reports of the Secretary-General on sustainable human settlements development provided the basis for the Commission’s review of and conclusions on progress made at all levels to attain the human settlements goals and targets contained in Agenda 21,[7] the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21,[8] and the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development.[9] The operationalization of the Habitat Agenda was given further impetus by the outcome of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixtieth session of the General Assembly, at which the Assembly recognized the urgent need for the provision of increased resources for affordable housing and housing-related infrastructure, prioritizing slum prevention and slum upgrading; and encouraged support for the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation and its Slum Upgrading Facility.[10]", "23. There have been a continuing convergence of the environmental and the human settlements agendas, and remarkable progress in the regulations that underpin the Habitat Agenda, reflecting a deeper understanding of the notion of sustainable development.", "24. It is worth noting that, while there have been fewer global conferences since 2005 focusing specifically on cities and human settlements, consultations have continued to take place within the framework of the General Assembly. The decade-long consultations that ultimately led to the approval by the Governing Council of guidelines on decentralization and strengthening of local authorities, in its resolution 21/3 of 20 April 2007,[11] is one example of such a process. Similarly, there have been other channels, such as the World Urban Forum, held every two years, which is now a major non-statutory conference of partners that tackles emerging issues relevant to the Habitat Agenda. Moreover, the Secretary-General has presented regular progress reports on human settlements to the Assembly, to which the Assembly has responded, often by adopting resolutions. The Governing Council of UN-Habitat has also sustained this momentum by adopting several resolutions on key elements of the Habitat Agenda, notably: the right to adequate housing; guidelines on access to basic services for all; public-private partnerships to finance affordable housing; and cities and climate change.", "V. Performance review", "25. A comprehensive review of the Habitat Agenda was undertaken nine years ago, during the twenty-fifth special session of the General Assembly for an overall review and appraisal of the implementation of the outcome of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II) and the strengthening of UN-Habitat. While the assessment was generally positive, some obstacles were highlighted. In terms of policy, institutions and programmes, there is evidence of concerted efforts by countries to live up to the commitments and to take specific measures in line with the global plan of action contained in the Habitat Agenda. The cumulative impact of all the interventions has not, however, been sufficient to realize the goals of adequate shelter for all and sustainable human settlements development.", "26. The UN-Habitat report entitled State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011: Bridging the Urban Divide[12] confirmed that, over the past 10 years, the share of the urban population living in slums in the developing world has fallen from 39 per cent (in 2000) to 33 per cent (in 2010). On a global scale, this is cause for optimism. That more than 200 million slum-dwellers have gained access to improved water, sanitation or durable and less-crowded housing shows that countries and municipal governments have made serious attempts to improve slum conditions. In absolute terms, however, the number of slum-dwellers in the developing world has actually grown and will continue to rise in the near future. The progress made has not been sufficient to offset the growth of informal settlements in the developing world, where the number of urban residents living in slum conditions is now estimated at some 828 million, compared with 657 million in 1990 and 767 million in 2000.", "27. In terms of future projections, it is estimated that close to 3 billion people, or about 40 per cent of the world’s population, will need new housing and basic urban infrastructure and services by 2030. Assuming an average household size of five people, 565 million new housing units will be needed. If this number is broken down on an annual basis for the period 2003-2030, approximately 20 million housing units per year will be required.", "28. With regard to housing provision, there was a noticeable retreat of the State and an increasing reliance on the private market as a result of changes in public policies and cuts in government expenditure. Housing was no longer a political priority and the market failed to provide affordable and adequate housing opportunities for low-income households. The impact on cities has been severe and far-reaching. First, the interdependence of the housing sector with other parts of the economy and its role in reducing poverty and generating employment were not recognized. Second, informal land and housing developments became engines of cities’ growth, which in turn drove slum growth, resulting in disastrous effects on the urban spatial structure and residents’ quality of life. Third, self-organizing initiatives involving international and national non-governmental organizations multiplied, accompanied by the creation of urban poor federations and savings groups, whose goal was to provide those excluded from formal housing finance and limited public housing programmes with access to serviced land and housing. Lastly, Habitat Agenda partners worldwide embraced the Agenda’s commitment to defending the right to adequate housing. This has influenced legal and constitutional reforms and the design of targeted subsidy programmes, and encouraged advocacy groups to improve the housing conditions of the poor.", "29. Nevertheless, access to land and housing remains limited and participants at the regional ministerial conferences on housing for Asia, Africa and Latin America are calling for broad housing reforms and a new generation of housing and land policies. The proposed third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development would provide a much-needed opportunity to re-examine previous approaches and adopt a new global housing strategy, one that is more inclusive, rights-based, financially creative and in line with green building practices and environmental sustainability.", "30. With regard to social development and the eradication of poverty, some progress has been made in tackling the phenomenon widely observed during the five-year review — that is, the urbanization of poverty and, more particularly, its feminization. In various developing countries, steps have been taken to facilitate access to land and improve its security, particularly for women, to foster social inclusion and integration and to embark on poverty eradication programmes. Nevertheless, the urbanization of poverty persists and the phenomenon has been compounded recently by increasing inequalities in income, and in access to services and, more particularly, by a lack of opportunities.", "31. With regard to urban environmental management, significant progress has been made in managing and controlling pollution through liquid and solid waste management technologies and innovations in recycling and protection of vulnerable ecosystems through planning and regulatory controls. The notion of an ecological footprint of cities has emerged, and a distinction has been made between what are known as the “brown” agendas and the “green” ones, demonstrating concern at the phenomenon of urban growth and its impact on the surrounding environment. The brown agenda remains a complex issue for many developing countries, although there has been progress in reconciling it with the green agenda. The renewed debate on the role of planning and the impact of climate change has brought this question to the fore. Cities are encouraged to adopt low-carbon growth patterns of urbanization, where improvements in living standards are not made at the expense of its ecological and carbon footprint.", "32. As stated above, cities are responsible for most of the GDP of many countries and have assumed a pivotal role in national and global development. The process of globalization has created hierarchies of cities, tenuously interlinked through production, trade, services and administration. Generally, this economic dynamism is not shared equally among cities in a particular country or, more significantly, among regions. The starkest inequalities in cities are to be seen in the context of the economic development that has taken place over the past 15 years.", "33. More initiatives have been taken to improve urban governance. Institutional changes designed to ensure subsidiarity, civil society participation, transparency and accountability have been introduced worldwide. Decentralization policies have been adopted and have strengthened municipal autonomy and city governments in both developed and developing countries. Innovative processes, such as participatory budgeting, are being disseminated for adaptation worldwide. New partnerships and business arrangements have evolved and are helping to improve efficiency and effectiveness.", "34. These positive changes notwithstanding, the role of local authorities in developing countries, particularly in urban management, remains generally weak. Political and administrative decentralization has not been followed by fiscal autonomy, meaning that local authorities remain relatively deprived of financial resources and dependent on resources originating from intergovernmental transfers. National institutions continue to dominate, using most of the revenue generated and remaining responsible for most of the expenditure. In many parts of the world, there has been modest progress in respect of citizen participation in decision-making processes, in addition to implementing and even monitoring and evaluating public policies, but decentralization needs to be taken further.", "35. Lastly, with regard to international development, laudable measures have been taken to implement the Habitat Agenda. The transformation of the former United Nations Centre for Human Settlements into a full United Nations programme, the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), has strengthened capacity to monitor and implement activities and honour commitments. For almost a decade, substantial resources have been provided to carry out activities and to support initiatives for exchanging and sharing experiences and best practices.", "36. The rapid pace of urbanization over the past five years and the growing number of problems faced by cities have not, however, been matched by increased aid from development partners to Governments and cities. On the contrary, aid has actually decreased. The Habitat Agenda, and the urban agenda in particular, has received inadequate support and many bilateral development agencies have downsized or even ended their urban programmes.", "VI. Current and emerging urban challenges", "37. Implementing the Habitat Agenda and achieving its goals has been affected not only by the approaches adopted, but also by the new issues that have emerged over the years.", "A. Climate change and urban risks", "38. It is acknowledged that cities are a major producer of greenhouse gases. They therefore have a key role to play in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change, in addition to promoting energy efficiency through more appropriate land-use planning, new urban spatial patterns, more efficient urban management and green building practices.", "39. Millions of people are already, or will be, affected by climate change. Urban areas, which typically have high concentrations of populations and buildings, are particularly vulnerable. Cities located in coastal areas, along riverbanks, on steep slopes or in other disaster-prone areas are particularly vulnerable to global warming and to the growing threat of extreme weather events and rising sea levels. It is worth noting that coastal cities are particularly vulnerable to cyclones, which have been more frequent and intense over the past three decades. Climate change is expected to compound the overall vulnerability of urban areas through rising sea levels, more frequent and intense extreme weather events, and inland flooding, among other challenges. Conversely, areas where climate change is expected to reduce rainfall may be affected by drought, shrinking water tables and food scarcity.", "40. In urban areas, the poor are the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, particularly slum-dwellers in developing countries. High urban land and housing costs are pushing low-income households into locations that are prone to natural hazards, increasing their vulnerability and encouraging perverse urbanization patterns. Four of every 10 non-permanent houses in the developing world are now located in areas threatened by floods, landslides and other natural disasters. Significantly, such disasters are only partly the result of natural forces: they are also products of failed urban management and planning and limited capacities to enforce regulations and control development activities. Paradoxically, disasters can also create opportunities; recovery and reconstruction offer a unique chance to re-evaluate past practices and rewrite development policies for disaster-prone areas, thereby building the capacities to counteract, mitigate and forecast the effects of natural disasters.", "41. In response to increasing urban risks, the volume of operational work carried out by UN-Habitat in post-disaster and post-conflict reconstruction and rehabilitation has increased significantly since the second United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II). Most of the post-disaster and post-conflict programmes and projects are demand-driven and the voluntary financial contributions made by donors for this work now constitute a significant proportion of the UN-Habitat annual budget.", "42. Climate change is a driving factor in rural-urban migration, with droughts, desertification and soil erosion leading people to settle on fragile land and in informal settlements on the periphery of cities or in crowded slum areas in the urban centre. Overcrowded and under-serviced settlements and urban neighbourhoods leave millions exposed to health risks and both human-caused and natural disasters.", "43. Another major concern is urban sprawl: the expansion of suburbia and informal settlements on peri-urban lands. Cities have in about half a century invaded their surrounding environments, threatening natural resources and increasing commuting distances and dependence on private cars. This phenomenon has had an adverse impact on the ecological footprint of cities and has encouraged the use of oil as an energy source, thus increasing greenhouse gas emissions. This sets new imperatives for housing policies, urban planning and design, especially in terms of types of housing, urban density and transport both within and between cities.", "B. Slum prevention and slum upgrading: housing matters", "44. Given that, today, one third of urban-dwellers in developing countries, or one sixth of the world’s population, live in slum conditions, with the threat of this figure doubling over the coming 20 years, the problem of slums and access to serviced land and housing remains one of the greatest challenges facing cities in the twenty-first century. On the one hand, slum housing needs to be tackled through a range of improvements and upgrading programmes. The biggest change during the past 15 years was a move from neighbourhood-based to city-wide slum upgrading programmes, in an effort to gain scale and integrate these areas into the cities’ formal, legal, institutional and urban planning and management frameworks. On the other hand, however, slum prevention strategies have fallen short and have not been utilized in tandem with slum upgrading policies.", "45. Slum prevention can succeed only if there are policies in place designed to make a wide range of housing opportunities and serviced land available to all segments of the population. Progress has been slow and timid during the past 15 years. Enabling the housing sector to work effectively is therefore critical for slum prevention. This is the greatest challenge for the future. Given the need to provide housing opportunities on an appropriate scale, at an affordable price, with houses of different size, price and type, and in suitable locations vis-à-vis access to employment and income-generation, housing is likely to affect the future of cities, directly influencing their ecological and economic footprints and their overall sustainability.", "46. The scale of supply is fundamental, as it affects housing prices and the overall performance of the housing market. Effectiveness in this regard is likely to lead to greater choice and affordability and prevent slum formation by providing viable alternatives to informal land and housing developments. Enabling the housing sector to operate effectively and play its role is therefore likely to have a direct effect on cities’ sustainability. Inclusion of the housing sector in urban planning and management and the institutional and policy reforms dealing with land delivery, investments in infrastructure and municipal finance, will enable a new generation of urban policies to be shaped. Links with economic sectors will be strengthened, leading to job creation, local economic development and poverty reduction.", "C. Economic development challenges", "47. Processes of globalization and economic restructuring in recent decades have affected urban labour markets, which show a growing polarization of occupational and income structures (and hence growing income inequality) caused by the growth of the service sector and the decline of manufacturing in developed economies, with their important gender dimension, as women have increasingly moved into paid employment.", "48. The global economic crisis, which began in the housing finance sector in 2008, has accelerated economic restructuring and unemployment in all parts of the world, with a direct impact on urban labour markets, causing rapid growth in the urban informal economy in all regions. Informal sector jobs account for more than half of all employment in Africa and in Latin America and the Caribbean, and a little less in Asia. Among the most significant urban challenges that Governments have to tackle in the next few decades, especially in developing countries, are increasing poverty and inequality, in addition to the rapidly expanding urban informal sector and the growing social insecurity affecting the majority of citizens engaged in informal or small businesses.", "D. Social and spatial challenges", "49. New spatial forms and processes have emerged, whose drivers often lie outside the control of local governments. Social and spatial change appears to have taken place primarily in the direction of the fragmentation, separation and specialization of functions and uses within cities. This is reflected in growing differences between wealthier and poorer areas, both residential and industrial, in both developed-country and developing-country cities. While much of this represents the playing out of market forces in cities, reflecting the logic of real estate and land speculation, it is also a response to local policies that have sought to position cities globally so as to attract new investment through competitive city approaches. In some parts of the world, including in Latin American and Caribbean cities, fear of crime has increased urban fragmentation as middle- and upper-income households segregate themselves into gated communities.", "50. In many poorer cities, creation of spatial forms is largely driven by the efforts of low-income households to secure land that is affordable and in a location close to employment and other livelihood sources. This process is leading to entirely new urban forms as the countryside itself begins to urbanize. In fact, the bulk of rapid urban growth in developing countries is now taking place in unplanned peri-urban areas, some of them beginning to connect distant urban centres through huge urban corridors.", "51. The integration of migrants in an urban context has to be recognized as a unique challenge brought about by rapid urbanization and technological advancements. Local responses have varied from fostering a process of cultural assimilation, through the creation of cultural “melting pots”, to providing for the evolution of “cultural mosaics”. It is clear that, in all cases, this ever-connected and interdependent world cannot afford exclusivity, isolationism or segregation. It must be noted that cultural diversity often enhances creativity within communities, strengthens social cohesion and contributes to cross-cultural relations and international peace and security.", "E. Insecurity and crime", "52. It is also useful to include among the emerging issues the spectres of crime and terrorism, which are now part of the daily consciousness of many citizens. Security is a major consideration in the design of buildings. Travel, information systems, the packaging of goods and even relations between individuals are all affected by the threat of crime and insecurity.", "53. In many cities, domestic or armed violence, gang murders and kidnapping are facts of life. Fearful urban societies are responding with short-term solutions, such as gated communities and private security firms, which are options unavailable to the urban poor. Fear of crime is creating an atmosphere of urban paranoia, with some cities almost failing to function normally. This situation exacerbates urban informality, exclusion, extralegality, unlawfulness and incivility.", "54. Crime and violence have negative repercussions on cities’ economies: jobs are lost, as are local or global investments. Socially, the quality of life of local populations is affected dramatically. In cities in which crime is rife, public and private manufacturers and service providers have to bear extra costs which adversely affect the poor, who cannot afford to incur such costs.", "55. While all the aforementioned issues were covered in the Habitat Agenda, they have recently become more urgent. The worsening situation has hampered the achievement of the goals set out in the Agenda and has even eroded some of the progress made.", "VII. Future challenges and opportunities for sustainable urbanization", "56. It must now be asked what direction global urban development will take over the coming 25 years and what the main indicators are that can help Governments and their private sector and local partners, in addition to the international community, prepare for the urban future.", "57. These and other pertinent questions need to be answered as the 20-year anniversary of the Habitat Agenda looms. Humankind has become an urban species. Globally, this stage has coincided with a severe backlog in meeting the needs and demands for housing, basic services and infrastructure, in addition to means of generating livelihoods. Current urban trends are characterized by increased inequality, which often degenerates into alienation and the marginalization of the majority at the hands of the minority. The new issues and challenges identified above will make the urban agenda a global priority.", "58. In the short and medium terms, there are two basic scenarios. In the first, cities fail to meet future needs as a result of a lack of necessary resources and a failure to set political priorities. In less than a generation, some 2 billion people could end up living in substandard housing and overcrowded informal settlements. Slums will proliferate and poorly planned cities and dysfunctional metropolitan regions will constitute the dominant urban pattern in Africa, Asia and Latin America. At the same time, many urban areas in the northern hemisphere will continue to shrink and lose their economic vitality as a result of suburban sprawl, ageing populations and deindustrialization. Many people living in poorly planned urban areas will lack access to adequate housing and basic services. Few will be recognized as urban citizens and many will end up working in the informal economy or enter criminal circles. Fewer still will realize their productive potential.", "59. The other scenario is one where the urban challenges rise to the fore of public policy and are matched with public and private investments in responsible urban growth, including robust housing policies coupled with rational land-use planning and improved urban infrastructure and basic services, in addition to the full exploitation of technology, so as to reduce and halt current rates of slum formation and contain the ecological footprint of cities. This will also require stable, flexible and effective institutions that can make sense of and address the complex interrelated issues. The emerging paradigm is one of greener, more resilient and liveable cities, which create job and business opportunities that are sources of decent work and livelihoods and lift millions of people out of poverty and inadequate housing. This will have to be accompanied by systemic interventions and bold reforms capable of meeting the need for accelerated, broad and equitable access to land, housing and basic infrastructure and services.", "60. The social, economic and environmental consequences of these two scenarios are quite evident and easy to comprehend. Meanwhile, hundreds of cities and towns are each in its own way grappling with the issue of how to manage urbanization and address its key challenges, whether in the form of urban sprawl, urban decay, shrinking cities or slum formation. Some are achieving success against great odds.", "61. Increasingly, Governments are beginning to promote national policies aimed at making municipal and local action for sustainable urbanization possible. Their efforts remain, for the most part, piecemeal, however. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of organizations, are setting precedents, developing tools and offering policy options designed to meet the urban challenge, yet these actions are disparate. Their work is rarely recognized or assessed and the collective impact of their actions is not realized and, more importantly, they rarely reach the scale required to face the challenges.", "62. Regardless of the unknown challenges that future urban societies will face, they will have to develop new capacities to achieve sustainable urban development, become resilient and act on the basis of incomplete and imperfect understanding and information. Well-informed and evidence-based policies need to be nurtured, capacities strengthened and new instruments and participatory tools developed and tested.", "63. Concerted efforts need to be made to consolidate and reinforce the participation of a multitude of actors and stakeholders and to coordinate their actions in order to tackle the urban challenges of tomorrow. Every urban-dweller is a key actor in determining the way in which urban areas will develop and perform in the twenty-first century. Central, regional and local governments, together with civil society, the private sector, academic institutions and urban citizens and their grass-roots organizations, should all rally around the goal of sustainable urban development. Cooperation and solidarity are essential to overcoming these challenges and bringing them to the attention of the international community at the proposed third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development. These are the main reasons why convening the conference is so important and timely.", "VIII. Essence of the third conference", "64. The third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development will focus on the theme of “urban futures”, providing likely urban trajectories and scenarios and an evaluation of the period since the second conference, so as to determine the urbanization challenges and opportunities facing cities in the new millennium, and how the United Nations, and particularly UN‑Habitat, should support stakeholders, including Governments, in achieving sustainable urban development. While the outcomes of the second conference constituted essentially a national-local agenda, the third conference will consider mechanisms for global implementation and reporting, in addition to international conventions for tackling some dimensions of sustainable urban development, such as climate change.", "65. Through enhanced sustainable urban development networks, the conference will bring together cities, Governments, civil society, the private sector, academic institutions and interest groups to review urban and housing policies within an international governance architecture, and draft a new urban agenda, one that recognizes the ever-changing dynamics of human civilization.", "66. The conference will benefit from city authorities’ recent experiences and their partnerships with various stakeholders, including city-to-city partnerships, the private sector and various types of grass-roots federations, all of which demonstrate potential approaches for creating greener, more resilient and more liveable cities with vibrant urban economies and equitable access to land, housing and basic services and infrastructure. Global monitoring of and research into current urban situations will form the basis of the road map for the conference and the discussions thereat.", "67. At the conference, agreement will be sought: on consolidating lessons learned from previous programmes; on scaling up programmes that use best practices to tackle the critical lack of housing, land and basic services and infrastructure; on mobilizing resources for specialized technical assistance for sustainable urban management and the design and implementation of slum prevention strategies; on creating networks between urban and other sustainable development sectors in order to tackle issues that are generally addressed through fragmented and unproductive sectoral approaches; and on producing effective government and city responses to emerging challenges, such as climate change and urban insecurity and crime.", "IX. Conference objectives", "68. The objectives of the conference are fivefold:", "(a) To undertake a comprehensive critical review and assessment of the implementation of the Habitat Agenda, the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium and the relevant internationally agreed development goals;", "(b) To identify major constraints hindering the implementation of the goals set forth in those outcomes;", "(c) To tackle new challenges and opportunities that have emerged since the second conference, including climate change, the proliferation of slums, and urban safety and security;", "(d) To outline a new development agenda that is capable of responding to the new challenges and strengthening the new role of cities and relevant institutional frameworks in sustainable urban development and housing;", "(e) To assess and redefine the governance structure of UN-Habitat and of its strategic development partners in the new development approach.", "X. Draft schedule of the conference", "69. A possible schedule would begin with an organizational session of the preparatory committee, to be held in Nairobi in 2013. The first session of the preparatory committee would be held in 2014, followed by regional and subregional meetings; the second session in 2015; and the conference itself in 2016, at a location to be decided.", "XI. Conclusion and recommendations", "70. Some 15 years after the adoption of the Istanbul Declaration and the Habitat Agenda, today more than ever before, the international community is facing major urban challenges and enormous opportunities. Significant progress has been made towards attaining the goals of the Habitat Agenda and the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium. There have also, however, been setbacks and problems. New issues have emerged and the relationship between key sectors of society has evolved. Another conference on human settlements needs to be held to assess the ability of the international community to confront the new urban future, with its associated difficulties and opportunities.", "71. Although a few global conferences have been held within the framework of the United Nations system to tackle urban issues during the intervening years, they have focused on specific aspects of urban development and were generally attended by representatives of national Governments. It is now becoming clear that the experience of various sectors should be included and a more holistic approach to sustainable urban development adopted. To achieve this, a stronger, collective pact will need to be struck.", "72. In view of the above, it is recommended that the General Assembly:", "(a) Call upon Governments, organizations of the United Nations system and all Habitat Agenda partners to recognize, deepen and renew their commitments to sustainable urban development and housing development by increasing their efforts to implement the Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements, the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium, and other international goals relevant to sustainable urban development;", "(b) Call upon Governments to continue providing their support to UN‑Habitat and, in this regard, to contribute to the United Nations Habitat and Human Settlements Foundation in support of enhanced implementation of the Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements, the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium, and other international goals relevant to sustainable urban development;", "(c) Invite Governments to discuss and decide on the proposal of convening, in 2016, a third United Nations conference on housing and sustainable urban development (Habitat III);", "(d) Also invite Governments to provide guidance on both the substantive aspects and the organizational modalities for the conference. It is also recommended that the agenda to be considered should include ways and means of strengthening the institutional framework for sustainable urban development and housing, and should assess and redefine the governance structure of UN-Habitat and of its strategic development partners within the context of the new development-related thinking;", "(e) Call on Governments and all Habitat Agenda partners to promote enhanced participation in Habitat III and to continue providing financial contributions in support of the participation of representatives of developing countries;", "(f) Encourage Governments, in collaboration with the Habitat Agenda partners, including the United Nations system, to consider enhancing the implementation and the review of progress made in the implementation of the Habitat Agenda and the Istanbul Declaration on Human Settlements, the Declaration on Cities and Other Human Settlements in the New Millennium, and other international goals relevant to sustainable urban development at the national level, including through development cooperation frameworks and participatory learning and sharing approaches;", "(g) Decide, in follow-up to General Assembly resolution 65/165, paragraph 15, to integrate into the preparatory process for Habitat III the two themes of “housing finance systems” and “sustainable urbanization”, previously suggested as topics for high-level events of the Assembly, in order to save financial resources and prevent duplication.", "[1] See A/64/8, annex I, sect. B.", "[2] Report of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), Istanbul, 3-14 June 1996 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.97.IV.6), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II.", "[3] See A/66/8, annex, sect. B.", "[4] Report of the United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), Istanbul, 3-14 June 1996 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.97.IV.6), chap. I, resolution 1, annex I.", "[5] General Assembly resolution S-25/2, annex.", "[6] See General Assembly resolution 55/2.", "[7] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex II.", "[8] General Assembly resolution S-19/2, annex.", "[9] Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.A.1 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 2, annex.", "[10] See General Assembly resolution 60/1, para. 56 (m).", "[11] See A/62/8, annex I.B.", "[12] London, Earthscan, 2010." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目20", "联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果执行情况", "和加强联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)", "第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议(人居三)", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会2009年12月21日第64/207号决议要求秘书长与联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)理事会协作，就在2016年举行第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议(人居三)准备一份报告。理事会第二十三届会议注意到人居署执行主任关于召开第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议的报告，并请大会在第六十六届会议上进一步审议在2016年召开人居三的问题。本报告是根据大会第64/207号决议和理事会2011年4月15日第23/8号决议提交的,阐述了举行第三次会议作为审查自从1996年6月3日至14日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行第二次联合国人类住区会议以来出现的主要发展动态的一种手段的理由，主要发展动态包括：", "(a) 城市的人口主导地位——现在容纳了世界人口的一半以上，和作为国家经济增长和发展的引擎的更大的主导作用；", "(b) 城市住区迅猛的空间扩张,导致超大城市、超大城市地区的涌现，和城市内与日俱增的空间和社会的分裂、贫困和不平等；", "^(*) A/66/150。", "(c)新的全球问题和力量的出现，包括大量的境内和跨国移民、全球化、城市可持续发展、气候变化、城市不安全和犯罪现象上升、天灾人祸和冲突造成人类住区日益被破坏、和城市内非正规现象上升；(d)公、私和非政府部门的作用正在变化，即，从扶持政策，包括放松管制，转向公共部门在城市规划和发展中的作用重新恢复活力； \n(e)天灾人祸对城市的发生频率、强度和影响大大上升，人居署在灾后和冲突后重建和恢复方面所承担的业务工作量大增。\n本报告建议举行人居三，以勾画一个能应对新的挑战和城市新作用的新的发展议程。会议还应审议加强住房和城市可持续发展体制框架的途径。报告最后就会议的筹备进程提出了建议供大会审议。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.概述 4\n3.城市时代 6\n4.可持续的城市化的里程碑和国际反应 7\n5.业绩审评 9\n6.当前的和正在出现的城市挑战 11\nA.气候变化和城市风险 11\nB.贫民窟的预防和升级改造：住房很要紧 12\nC.经济发展挑战 12\nD.社会和空间挑战 13\nE.不安全和犯罪现象 13\n7.可持续的城市化今后的挑战和机遇 14\n8.第三次会议的本质 15\n9.会议目标 16\n10. 会议的时间安排草案 16\n11. 结论和建议 16", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告根据2009年12月21日第64/207号决议编写，在决议中，大会注意到联合国人类住区方案(人居署)理事会在第22/1号决议[1] 中的建议。大会在审议了在2016年召开第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议(人居三)问题后，要求秘书长与人居署理事会协作，就该问题编写一份报告供其在第六十六届会议上审议。", "2. 在审议人居署执行主任关于召开第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议(人居三)的报告时，一些代表再次表示对在2016年举行这一会议的支持，认为这样的会议是一种机会，可用以评估前两次会议的成就、对在城市发展中的进步进行反思和对付这种发展所造成的挑战。理事会在第二十三届会议的审议中确认，过去十年，在国家、区域和国际层面，在人类住区方取得了巨大进步。但理事会也承认有必要对在实现人居议程[2] 和其他与人类住区相关的国际目标方面的全球进展情况进行深入的审查和评估。理事会在其第23/8号决议[3] 中，除其他外，请大会第六十六届会议进一步审议在2016年召开第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议的问题。", "3. 本报告还根据理事会第23/8号决议编写，旨在就1996年6月3日至14日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行的第二次联合国人类住区会议的主要成果——人居议程和伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言、[4] 和新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言、[5] 及其他与人类住区相关的国际目标的实施进展情况提供最新情况。它也为举行人居三提供理由。", "二. 概述", "4. 自第二次联合国人类住区会议于1996年6月3日至14日在土耳其伊斯坦布尔举行以来，已过去15年多了，该次会议的成就是，通过了两份载有在日益城市化的世界中实现人人有适足住房和可持续的人类住区发展双重目标的宗旨和原则、承诺和全球行动计划的文件——伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言和人居议程。虽然在世界许多地区朝着实现这些目标已取得了巨大进展，但各国政府今天比以往任何时候都面临着重大的城市挑战，部分是由于以往政策的失误，部分是由于迅猛的城市化和超大城市地区的涌现加上新挑战的出现，如，全球化、全球经济危机、城市犯罪和暴力行为的上升、和气候变化等。", "5. 城市和城市中心已成为经济发展的引擎，是生产和消费价值链的核心，界定社会、政治和经济关系，并承担一个国家国内生产总值(GDP)的很大比例。城市对实现国家、区域和全球发展和促进城市可持续发展至关重要。确实，城市中心现在已是人类占主导地位的住区。然而，特别是在发展中国家的城市，正陷于贫困、不安全和非正规现象日益严重和贫民窟蔓延之中，这消极地影响了城市对国家发展的贡献。", "6. 过去十年，除了贫困的城市化(其特点是贫民窟在全世界范围的上升)之外，城市的角色和结构变化变得更加明显，从而对人居议程中确定的目标和成果的全面实现及对其的承诺造成巨大冲击。新的协同增效的演变、城市中新的关系的形成、和科学技术和商业系统的新进步，也影响了人居二的预期成果。虽然人居议程的规范性基础方面的进展是有益的，但新出现的情况需要新的应对措施。", "7. 2001年，即，伊斯坦布尔宣言通过五年之后，对人居议程的执行情况进行了一次大审评，其结果是于2001年6月9日通过了新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言。即使在那样的早期阶段，城市化不可逆转性就已经得到了确认，并已认识到城市化进程迅猛加快的前景。然而，主要的反应只是重申伊斯坦布尔承诺和呼吁加倍进行早先商定的努力实现议程的双重目标。今天，日益增长的世界人口比例所面临的挑战和变化不定的形势的严重性已放大许多。各种力量之间的平衡已发生变化，同时也出现了新的问题和机遇。确实，这种新阶段迫切需要对全球城市议程进行一次审评。", "8. 城市内部动态所发生的变化并不是审评必要性背后的唯一推动力量。人居议程在过去15年的执行情况突出表明，有必要对通过一系列政策和战略所实现的目标和所经历的挫折所取得的教训进行总结。做法上已发生变化：第一，议程的实施从各自为政和部门的做法转向在城市环境的动态内建立联系的一体化努力。第二，从放宽住房市场的政策转为更直接的公共部门做法，在一些政府部门和非国家行为者参与下，强化议程对全面实现适足住房权的承诺。第三，现在更多的强调在可持续的人类住区发展的总体框架内的城市可持续发展。这些转变的影响相当深远，特别是在以全球化、气候变化和日益权力下放及将责任转交城市政府为特征的时代。", "9. 在被确认为城市世纪的二十一世纪之初，迫切需要再次审查人居议程及其实施情况，以防止这一新世纪成为贫民窟世纪。拟议的第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议将提供一个论坛，供各国政府和人居议程各合作伙伴就世界城市的未来——以前所未有的挑战和严重风险为特征的未来——进行认真的磋商。", "10. 为城市未来指引航向需要考虑到自1996年第二次会议以来的以下主要变化：", "(a) 城市的人口主导地位——现在容纳了世界人口的一半以上，和作为国家经济增长和发展的引擎的更加大的多的主导作用；", "(b) 城市住区迅猛的空间扩张，导致超大城市、超大城市区的涌现，广阔的城市走廊，和往往是混乱不堪的城乡交接地区，此外还有城市内与日俱增的空间和社会的分裂、贫困和不平等；", "(c) 新的全球问题和力量的出现，包括全世界大量的境内和跨国移民、全球化、城市可持续发展、气候变化、城市不安全和犯罪现象上升、天灾人祸和冲突造成人类住区日益被破坏、和城市内非正规现象上升；", "(d) 公、私和非政府部门的作用正在变化，反映了从扶持政策，包括放松管制，转向公共部门在城市规划和发展中的作用重新恢复活力；", "(e) 天灾人祸的频率、强度及其对城市的影响大大上升，以及人居署在灾后和冲突后重建和恢复方面所承担的业务工作量大增。", "11. 在以下各节将为上述问题提供更多的资料。", "三. 城市时代", "12. 过去十年全世界的城市发生了令人瞩目的变迁,给各国政府和地方当局提出了前所未有的挑战。2008年，破天荒第一次世界人口的一半以上生活在城市地区，据预测，到2050年，这一数字将上升到70%。这一增长几乎都将发生在发展中国家。从2007年到2025年，发展中国家的城市人口年增长预计将达5 300万人(或2.27%)，而在发达国家仅为300万人(或0.49%)。", "13. 一般而言，城市中心已成为经济、社会和人类发展的有活力的工具。它们吸引投资和创造财富，提高社会发展和利用人力和技术资源，从而使生产力和竞争力得到空前提高。确实，城市已成为知识的宝库和社会、政治和经济变革的力量。", "14. 虽然与城市发展联系在一起的活力在大城市变得更为突出——其中有一些已成为超大城市或向四处蔓延的超大城市地区，但城市壮大的大部分却发生在中小城市，大多不到50万人。确实，据估算，早在2005年，全世界城市人口几乎有一半住在那种规模的城市，并且，这一格局在近期肯定会继续下去。这一空间人口现象的矛盾在于，这些小城市中心苦于管理资源和机构能力奇缺，难以应付其作为主要城市住区的新挑战。", "15. 同时，城市也变成了日益贫困和匮乏的地方。这是许多发展中国家的特有的问题，在那里，迅猛而又无节制的城市化伴随着贫民窟的形成、胡乱搭建的住房、日益的贫困和对于天灾人祸的脆弱性，此外还有日益严重的不平等，所有这些都对人的安全和安保以及国家发展和社会凝聚力构成了严重威胁。2010年，在发展中国家有8.28亿城市人口居住在贫民窟，被剥夺了最基本的便利设施，例如，水、卫生设施、土地使用权保障、持久的住房和足够的生活空间。一些国家成功地减少了贫民窟人口相对于总人口的比例。然而，在绝对数字上，全世界的贫民窟人口一直在上升，并且，如果国家、地方政府、非政府组织、社区组织和国际社会不采取共同行动，则还会继续上升。如果这一局面持续下去，就会成为对社会稳定和全球和平与安全的一个重大威胁。", "16. 虽然空间和规模因素是隐含在人居议程中的，但标志这一新形势的特点却是所发生的变化和机构改组的速度，以及城市化的无所不包的性质。变化发生的速度如此之快几乎令人难以招架。为确保实现至关重要的供需平衡，必须大刀阔斧地改进开发土地、提供住房、提供基本服务、创造就业和便利城市交通的程序。", "17. 关于城市化的无所不包的性质，城市在国家体制框架内的兴起导致了新关系、甚至新政治的出现。二十年以前，提供推动力在于国家政府，人居议程要求其发挥引领作用，使其他主要利益攸关方发挥有效的作用。今天，这一建设伙伴关系和实现持久结果的责任显然正在下放到城市当局。包括来自私营部门的其他利益攸关方，例如，银行和开发商，还有民间团体，正在强劲地表现自己，从而对城市发展的总体活力做出贡献。", "四. 可持续的城市化的里程碑和国际反应", "18. 虽然1976年5月31日至6月11日在加拿大温哥华举行的第一次联合国人类住区会议达成的结论将城市化明确界定为是一种挑战，需要加以控制，而二十年后的第二次会议则认为，城市化和因此而产生的城市是一种机遇和增长的引擎。伊斯坦布尔宣言确定了两个目标：人人有适足的住房和在一个城市化的世界可持续的人类住区。", "19. 2000年9月6日至8日在纽约召开的千年峰会的成果是大会通过了联合国千年宣言，[6] 其中隐含地核可了“没有贫民窟的城市”目标，并成为一组八个有时限的、与可持续发展相关的国际具体目标构成的千年发展目标的基础，从而进一步推动了人居议程的实施。消除贫困和环境的可持续性这一重点正是人居议程重点的反映。", "20. 2001年,在审评人居议程执行情况的大会第二十五届特别会议第六次全体会议上，各国政府代表重申了他们对于全面执行伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言和人居议程的意愿和承诺。审评过程揭示了重要的结果：各国正变得越来越互相依存，城市则更有竞争力；自第二次联合国人类住区会议以来，城市化和全球化都在加快，既促进了繁荣，也助长了一些地区的城市贫困。", "21. 人居议程也是2002年8月26日至9月4日在南非约翰内斯堡举行的可持续发展问题世界峰会的一个参照点。峰会的与会者再次肯定可持续发展是国际议程的一个核心要素，并赋予与贫困作斗争和保护环境的全球行动以新的动力。他们认识到，城市化现象是可持续发展方程式的一部分，这一认识在程度上超过了以往关于可持续发展的国际会议。他们重申，改善贫民窟居民的生活和获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的千年发展目标对于促进城市健康必不可少。", "22. 2004年和2005年举行的可持续发展委员会第十二和十三届会议也审议了水、卫生设施和可持续的人类住区问题。秘书长关于可持续的人类住区发展报告为委员会的审议和关于各级实现二十一世纪议程、[7] 二十一世纪议程进一步执行方案[8] 和可持续发展问题世界峰会执行计划[9] 中所载的人类住区目标和具体指标进展情况的结论提供了基础。大会第六十届会议高级别全体会议的成果进一步推动了人居议程投入运作，其中，大会确认迫切需要为廉价住房和与住房相关的基础设施提供更多的资金、将防止贫民窟和贫民窟升级改造列为优先事项；并鼓励对联合国生境和人类住区基金及其贫民窟升级改造基金提供支持。[10]", "23. 环境议程和人居议程之间在不断趋同，并且在支撑人居议程的规范条例方面取得了显著的进展，这反映了人们对可持续发展的理念有了更深刻的理解。", "24. 值得指出的是，虽然自2005年以来，专门以城市和人类住区问题为重点的全球会议减少了，但在大会的框架内磋商一直在继续。长达十年的磋商最终导致理事会在其2007年4月20日第21/3号决议[11] 中批准了关于权力分散和加强地方当局的指导原则，这就是这一进程的一个例子。同样，还有其他一些渠道，例如，每两年举行一次的世界城市论坛，现在是处理与人居议程相关的新出现的问题合作伙伴的一个主要的非法定会议。此外，秘书长定期向大会提交人类住区进展情况报告，而大会则经常以通过决议的方式做出反应。人居署理事会也就人居议程的主要内容通过了几项决议以维持这一势头，即：适足住房权：人人获得基本服务的指导原则；公私营伙伴关系为廉价住房提供资金；及城市与气候变化。", "五. 业绩审评", "25. 九年前，在大会第二十五次特别会议期间，对人居议程进行了一次全面审评，以便全面审查和评估联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果的落实情况和加强人居署。虽然评估结论大体上是正面的，但也着重指出了一些障碍。就政策、机构和方案而言，有证据表明各国做了共同努力履行承诺，并根据人居议程中的全球行动计划采取了具体措施。然而，所有干预措施的累积影响并不足以实现人人享有适足住房和可持续的人类住区发展的目标。", "26. 人居署在题为“2010/2011年世界城市状况：消除城市鸿沟”的报告[12] 中确认，在过去十年，发展中世界生活在贫民窟中的城市人口比例从2000年的39%下降到了2010年的33%。从全球范围看，这是一个乐观的理由。有两亿多贫民窟居民已获得了改善的水、卫生设施或持久较宽敞的住房，这表明相关国家和市政府做了认真的努力来改善贫民窟的条件。然而，从绝对数字上看，发展中世界贫民窟居民的人数实际上增加了并在不久的将来会继续上升。所取得的进展不足以抵消发展中世界非正规住区的增长，在那里，生活在贫民窟条件下的城市居民的人数现在估计约为8.28亿，而1990年为6.57亿，2000年为7.67亿。", "27. 从将来的预测看，据估算，到2030年，近30亿人、或世界人口的约40%，将需要新的住房和基本的城市基础设施和服务。假定平均家庭规模为5口之家，将需要5.65亿套新房子。如果将这一数字按2003年至2030年每年度细分，则每年需要约2 000万套房子。", "28. 关于住房的提供，由于公共政策的变化和政府开支的削减，政府有明显的退缩，而对私人市场的依赖则有所上升。住房不再是政治优先事项，而市场也无法为低收入家庭提供廉价的适足住房机会。这对城市造成了严重和深远的影响。第一，住房部门与经济其他部分在减少贫困和产生就业方面的互相依存关系没有被承认。第二，非正规的土地和住房开发成为城市成长的引擎，而反过来又推动了贫民窟的扩大，对城市的空间结构和居民的生活质量造成灾难性的后果。第三，涉及国际和国家非政府组织的自我组织的举措倍增，并伴随着城市贫民联合会和储蓄团体的创立，其目标是为那些被排除在正规住房融资和有限的公共住房方案之外的人们提供获得有服务的土地和住房的渠道。最后，人居议程的全世界范围的合作伙伴都同意议程的承诺——捍卫适足住房权。这已对法律和宪法改革以及有针对性的补贴方案的设计产生了影响，并鼓励倡导团体努力改善穷人的住房条件。", "29. 尽管如此，获得土地和住房的渠道仍然有限，亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的住房问题区域部长级会议的与会者号召开展广泛的住房改革和新一代的住房和土地政策。拟议的第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议将提供一次十分需要的机会，以重新审查以往的做法和通过新的全球住房战略，使其更有包容性、更基于权利、筹资上更有创意并符合绿色建筑行为和环境可持续性。", "30. 关于社会发展和消除贫困，在对付五年审评期间普遍观察到的现象——即，贫困的城市化和尤其是女性化——方面取得了一些进展。在各发展中国家，已采取了一些步骤，尤其是为妇女，便利获得土地和改善其安全，以促进社会包容和一体化，并开展消除贫困方案。虽然如此，贫困的城市化仍在继续，并且，这一现象最近由于在收入、获得服务，特别是在缺乏机会方面的不平等加剧，而变得更为复杂。", "31. 关于城市环境管理，在管理和控制污染方面取得了重要进展；采用了液态和固态废物管理技术，在循环利用方面进行创新发明，并且通过规划和规范控制以保护脆弱的生态系统。城市的生态足迹概念应运而生，在所谓“棕色”议程和“绿色”议程之间做了区分，显示出对城市壮大及其对周边环境的影响的关切。对于许多发展中国家，棕色议程仍然是个复杂的问题——虽然在使其服从绿色议程方面取得了进展。对于规划的作用和气候变化的影响的重新辩论将这个问题推到了前台。现在鼓励城市采取城市化的低碳增长模式，使生活标准的改善不要以其生态足迹和碳足迹为代价。", "32. 如前文所述，在许多国家，城市承担了国内生产总值的大部分，在国家乃至全球发展中担当支柱作用。全球化进程造成了城市的等级，通过生产、贸易、服务和行政管理虚弱地互相联系在一起。一般而言，这一经济活力在一国的各个城市之间，或往更大处说，区域之间，并不是平等分享的。城市经济发展中最触目惊心的不平等发生在过去15年。", "33. 为改善城市管治已采取了更多的举措。为确保补贴制度、民间社会参与、透明度和问责制，体制改革已风行全世界。在发达国家和发展中国家都采用了权力分散政策并强化了城市自主权和市政府。创新的程序，例如，参与性预算编制，正在改造推广到全世界。已产生了新型伙伴关系和商业安排，并正在帮助改善效率和效果。", "34. 尽管有这些积极的变化，发展中国家的地方当局的作用、特别是在城市管理中的作用，一般仍然相当薄弱。政治和行政权力分散之后并没有伴随财政自主，这意味着地方当局仍然相对被剥夺了财政资源，要依赖来自政府间转帐的资源。中央机关仍然占主导地位，使用了大部分财政收入并负责大部分开支。在世界许多地方，除了公民参与执行和甚至监测和评价公共政策之外，在公民参与决策方面有了些许进步，但还需更进一步放权。", "35. 最后，关于国际发展，为执行人居议程已采取了值得称赞的措施。将前联合国人类住区中心改革成一个完全的联合国方案-联合国人类住区方案(人居署)，加强了其监测和实施其活动和履行其承诺的能力。近十年来，为开展活动和支持交流和分享经验和最佳做法的举措，提供了大量资源。", "36. 然而过去五年,城市化的迅猛步伐和城市面临的越来越多的问题却并没有相应的来自发展伙伴给政府和城市的更多援助与之匹配。相反，援助实际上减少了。人居议程、特别是城市议程受到的援助不够，许多双边发展机构已缩减或甚至结束了城市方案。", "六. 当前的和正在出现的城市挑战", "37. 人居议程的实施及其目标的实现不仅受到了所采取的做法的影响，而且受到这些年来出现的新问题的影响。", "A. 气候变化和城市风险", "38. 人们认识到，城市是温室气体的主要制造者。因此，城市在减少温室气体排放和适应气候变化方面可发挥重要作用，此外，可通过更适当的土地使用规划、新的城市空间格局、更有效的城市管理和绿色建筑行为，来促进能效。", "39. 千百万人已经、或将要受到气候变化的影响。城市地区通常人口和楼房高度集中，特别易受影响。地处沿海、沿河、陡坡或其他易受灾地区的城市，特别容易受到全球变暖的影响和极端天气事件和海平面上升的与日俱增的威胁。值得指出的是，沿海城市特别容易受到旋风之害，而过去三十年里旋风的频率和强度都上升了。气候变化会造成海平面上升、更频繁和强度更大的极端天气事件、内陆洪灾等挑战，因此，预计会使城市地区的总的脆弱性变得更加复杂。而在气候变化预计会减少降雨的地区，则会发生旱灾，使地下水位下降和粮食短缺。", "40. 在城市地区，穷人对于气候变化的影响最脆弱，特别是发展中国家的贫民窟居民。城市土地和住房的高费用正将低收入家庭推向易受自然灾害的地点，增加了他们的脆弱性并鼓励不正当的城市化模式。目前，在发展中世界，每十座非永久性房屋中，有四座位于易受洪灾、滑坡和其他自然灾害威胁的地区。重要的是，自然力量只是造成这类灾害的部分原因——它们也是城市管理和规划失误和强制执行条例法规和控制开发活动的能力有限的产物。荒谬的是，灾害也能创造机会；恢复和重建为重新评价过去的做法和为灾区重新制定发展政策提供了独特的机会，从而可建设应对、减轻和预报自然灾害影响的能力。", "41. 为应对与日俱增的城市风险，人居署在灾后和冲突后重建和恢复方面的业务工作量自第二次联合国人类住区会议(人居二)以来大幅度上升。大多数灾后和冲突后重建方案和项目是需求驱动的，并且捐助方为这一工作的自愿捐款现已构成人居署年度预算的很大比例。", "42. 气候变化是农村到城市移民的一个推动因素；旱灾、荒漠化和水土流失导致人们到城市边缘的脆弱的土地上非正规的住区内，或在城市中心的贫民窟定居。过度拥挤和服务不足的住区和城市街区使百万计的人暴露在天灾人祸造成的健康风险面前。", "43. 另一个主要关切是城市范围的蔓延：郊区和城乡交接处的非正规住区的扩张。城市在过去半个世纪左右的时间里侵略了周边的环境，威胁了自然资源和增加了通勤的距离和对私家汽车的依赖。这一现象对城市的生态足迹造成了负面影响，并鼓励使用汽油作为能源来源，从而增加了温室气体的排放。这就给住房政策，城市规划和设计、特别是从住房类型、城市密度和市内和城市间交通的角度的城市规划和设计，提出了新的当务之急。", "B. 贫民窟的预防和升级改造：住房很要紧", "44. 鉴于当今发展中国家三分之一的城市居民，或世界人口的六分之一，生活在贫民窟的条件中——并且这一数字在未来20年会翻一番，贫民窟问题和获得有服务的土地和住房仍是二十一世纪城市面临的最大挑战之一。一方面，贫民窟住房需通过各种修缮和改造升级方案来处理。过去15年最大的变化是，从基于街区的方案转向了全市范围的贫民窟改造升级方案，力争获得规模并将这些地区纳入城市的正式的法律体制和城市规划和管理框架内。然而，另一方面，贫民窟预防战略不足，并且没有结合贫民窟改造升级方案一起使用。", "45. 只有在实施政策，向各阶层人口提供广泛的住房机会和有服务的土地的情况下，贫民窟的预防才会成功。过去15年，进展缓慢而又不明显。因此，扶持住房部门有效地工作对贫民窟的预防至关重要。这是未来的最大挑战。鉴于通过以低廉的价格在适当的规模上提供住房机会的必要性，其中包括不同大小、价格和类型的房子，并且相对于获得就业和创收，地点合适，这样，住房很可能会对城市的未来产生影响；直接影响到城市的生态足迹和碳足迹，以及总体的可持续性。", "46. 供应的规模是根本，因为它影响到房价和房产市场的总的表现。这方面的成效很可能会导致更多的选择和廉价，并通过为非正规的土地和房屋开发提供可行的替代办法，预防贫民窟的形成。因此，扶持住房部门有效运作和发挥其作用很可能会直接影响到城市的可持续性。将住房部门纳入城市规划和管理、关于土地供应、基础设施投资和城市财政的体制和政策改革，将使新一代城市政策成形。与经济部门的联系将得到加强，从而导致创造就业机会、地方经济发展和减少贫困。", "C. 经济发展挑战", "47. 最近几十年的全球化和经济结构改革进程影响了城市劳工市场，呈现出职业和收入结构日益两极分化(从而收入日益不平等)，其原因是发达经济体的服务部门增长和制造业衰退，并带有重要的性别方面，因为越来越多的妇女转向了有酬就业。", "48. 2008年始于房屋贷款部门的全球经济危机加快了世界各地的经济结构改革和失业现象，对城市劳工市场产生直接影响，造成所有地区的城市非正规经济迅速增长。在非洲、拉丁美洲和加勒比，非正规部门工作占就业总数的一半以上，而在亚洲，则稍低一些。今后几十年，各国政府、特别是发展中国家的政府必须对付的最大的城市挑战包括与日俱增的贫困和不平等，以及迅猛扩大的城市非正规部门和影响到从事非正规或小生意的大多数公民的与日俱增的社会不安全。", "D. 社会和空间挑战", "49. 新的空间形式和程序已经出现，而其推动者却往往在地方政府控制范围之外。社会和空间变化似乎主要朝着城市内部功能和用途的分裂、脱离和专门化的方向发生。这体现在富人区和穷人区的差别越来越大——既包括住宅区、也包括工业区，既在发达国家的城市、也在发展中国家的城市。虽然这大部分是代表城市的市场力量运作的结果，反映了房地产和土地投机的逻辑，但也是对当地政策的反应——寻求将城市置于世界城市地位，通过竞争性的城市做法吸引新的投资。在世界一些地区，包括拉美和加勒比的城市，对于犯罪行为的恐惧使中等收入和更高收入的家庭将自己隔离在有大门的社区内，从而加剧了城市的分裂。", "50. 在许多贫困城市，创造空间形式主要由低收入家庭推动-他们努力寻找廉价的、地点靠近就业和其他生计来源的土地。这一过程导致全新的城市形态，因为农村本身也开始城市化了。在发展中国家，大部分的城市迅猛增长现在实际上发生在没有计划的城市周围地区，其中有些已开始通过庞大的城市走廊与遥远的城市中心连接。", "51. 必须承认,使移民融入城市环境是迅速城市化和技术进步带来的独特挑战。各地的应对措施，从打造文化“熔炉”以促进文化同化进程到为“文化拼花”的演变做准备，各不相同。很明显，无论何种情况，这个互相连接互相依存的世界是经受不起排斥、孤立和隔离的。必须指出，文化多样性往往会提高社区内的创造力，加强社会凝聚力，并有助于跨文化的关系和国际和平与安全。", "E. 不安全和犯罪现象", "52. 在新出现的问题中纳入已成为许多公民每日关切的一部份的犯罪现象和恐怖主义的幽灵也是有用的。楼房设计中的一大考虑因素就是安全。旅行、信息系统、物品的包装、甚至个人之间的关系等都受到犯罪现象和不安全的威胁。", "53. 在许多城市，家庭暴力或武装暴力、黑道谋杀和绑架，都是生活的现实。惊恐的城市社会往往用短期的办法来应对，例如，给小区装上大门、找私人保安公司等，这些都是城市穷人可望不可及的。对犯罪现象的恐惧正在造成城市妄想狂的气氛，甚至有些城市无法正常运作。这种情况加剧了城市的非正规行为、排斥、法外处事、非法处事和不文明。", "54. 犯罪和暴力对城市的经济造成负面影响：就业机会丧失，地方或外国投资也丧失。从社会角度看，当地民众的生活质量大受影响。在犯罪猖獗的城市，公私营制造商和服务供应商须承担额外的费用，而这对无法承受这种费用的穷人造成了负面影响。", "55. 虽然所有上述问题都已包含在人居议程内，但最近已变得更加紧迫了。情况的每况愈下阻碍了议程中所规定的目标的实现，甚至侵蚀了已经取得的某些进展。", "七. 可持续的城市化今后的挑战和机遇", "56. 现在必须问的问题是：今后25年，全球城市发展会朝哪个方向走，有哪些主要指标能帮助各国政府及其私营部门和地方合作伙伴以及国际社会为城市的未来做准备。", "57. 随着人居议程20周年纪念的日益临近，这些问题以及其他相关的问题需要予以回答。人类已成了城市物种。从全球看，这个阶段的到来正是以下大量旧账未还的时候：住房、基本服务和基础设施，此外还有创造生计等需求。当前的城市趋势是以不平等加剧为特点的，这往往会恶化为多数人被少数人疏远化和边缘化。上述新问题和新挑战将使城市议程成为全球的优先事项。", "58. 在中期和短期，有两种基本的情况。第一种：城市由于缺乏必要的资源和没有确定政治优先次序，因而未能满足未来的需要。在不到一代人的时间里，约20亿人有可能最终会生活在不够标准的住房和过度拥挤的非正规住区里。贫民窟将会蔓延，规划差的城市和功能失调的都会地区将成为非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的占主导地位的城市格局。同时，北半球许多城市地区由于郊区的蔓延、人口老龄化和退出工业化，将继续萎缩和失去经济活力。生活在规划差的城市地区的很多人将得不到适足的住房和基本服务。很少人会被承认是城市公民，许多人将最后不得不在非正规经济中就业，或堕入犯罪圈子。而能实现其生产潜力的人则更少。", "59. 另一种情况是，城市的挑战上升到公共政策的前台，并有公私营部门对负责任的城市成长进行投资与之相匹配。这包括有活力的住房政策，加上合理的土地使用规划和改进的城市基础设施和基本服务，以及充分利用技术以降低和制止目前的贫民窟蔓延的速度和遏制城市的生态足迹。这也需要有稳定、灵活和有效的体制，以理解和处理复杂的、互相交织的问题。正在崛起的模式是更绿色、更有复原力和更宜居的城市，它能创造就业和商业机会从而提供体面的工作和生计，并使千百万人摆脱贫困和住房不足的困境。这必须伴之以系统的干预措施和大胆的改革，以满足加快、广泛和平等的获得土地、住房和基本基础设施和服务的需要。", "60. 这两种情况的社会、经济和环境后果是显而易见并容易理解的。同时，数以百计的城市和小镇各自都在以自己的方式与如何驾驭城市化和处理其主要的挑战-城市蔓延、城市衰败、城市萎缩、或贫民窟的形成——而大费周章。对于这些情况，有些正在取得成功。", "61. 越来越多的国家政府开始推行国家政策，促使城市和地方采取行动促进可持续的城市化。然而，他们的努力大多仍是零敲碎打的。数百个、也许是数千个组织正在创造先例，为应对城市挑战开发各种手段并提出政策备选方案，然而，这些行动都是互不联系的。他们的行动很少得到承认或评估，其集体影响也没有实现，更重要的是，这些行动很少能达到直面挑战所需要的规模。", "62. 无论未来的城市社会面临什么样的未知挑战，它们必须发展新的能力以实现城市可持续发展，变得更有复原力并在不完全和不完整的理解和信息的基础上采取行动。需要培育知情的基于证据的政策，加强能力，和开发并试验新的手段和参与性工具。", "63. 需采取共同行动巩固和强化大批行为者和利益攸关方的参与，并协调其行动，以应对明天的城市挑战。在决定二十一世纪城市地区的发展和运作方式中，每一个城市居民都是主要的行为者。中央、地区和地方政府，加上民间社会、私营部门、学术机构、城市公民及其草根组织，应都聚集在城市可持续发展的目标周围。要克服这些挑战并在拟议的第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议上提请国际社会注意，合作和团结至关重要。这些正是为什么召开这次会议如此重要和及时的主要原因。", "八. 第三次会议的本质", "64. 第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议将以“城市的未来”这一主题为重点，提供可能的城市预测和设想以及自第二次会议以来这段时间的评价，以便确定在新的千年城市所面临的城市化挑战和机遇，以及联合国、特别是人居署应如何支持包括各国政府在内的利益攸关方实现城市可持续发展。第二次会议的成果主要是一个国家-地方议程，而第三次会议则要审议执行和报告机制，以及应对城市可持续发展某些方面——如，气候变化——的国际公约。", "65. 通过强化的城市可持续发展网络，会议将使城市、国家政府、民间社会、私营部门、学术机构和利益团体聚集一堂，审评在一个国际管治结构内的城市和住房政策，并起草一个承认人类文明是永远变化的动态的新的城市议程。", "66. 会议将听取城市当局及其伙伴，包括城市对城市伙伴关系、私营部门和各种类型的草根组织联合会，的最新经验。所有这些都将展示可采取何种潜在的做法，以创建更加绿色、更有复原力和更宜居的城市，其中有生气勃勃的城市经济和平等地享有土地、住房、基本服务和基础设施的权利。全球性的监测和研究当前的城市形势将为会议的路线图及其讨论提供基础。", "67. 在会上将就以下方面寻求共识：总结归纳以往方案的经验教训；扩大利用最佳做法的方案规模，以应对住房、土地、基本服务和基础设施严重缺乏的问题；为可持续的城市管理和贫民窟预防战略的设计和实施提供专门化技术援助筹集资金；在城市和其他可持续发展部门之间建立网络，以应对一般用各自为政、成果不彰的部门做法处理的问题；以及针对新出现的挑战，例如，气候变化、城市不安全和犯罪现象等，制定有效的政府和城市应对措施。", "九. 会议目标", "68. 会议的目标包括五个方面：", "(a) 对人居议程、新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言及相关的国际商定的发展目标的实施情况进行全面严格的审评和评估；", "(b) 查明阻碍实施上述文件中所提出的目标的主要制约因素；", "(c) 应对第二次会议以来新出现的挑战和机遇，包括气候变化、贫民窟扩散、和城市安全和安保；", "(d) 勾画一个能应对新的挑战和加强城市和相关体制框架在城市可持续发展和住房问题中的新作用的新发展议程；", "(e) 以新的发展做法评估和重新界定人居署及其发展战略伙伴的管治结构。", "十. 会议的时间安排草案", "69. 可能的时间安排是：首先于2013年在内罗毕举行一次筹备委员会工作安排会议。筹备委员会第一次会议将于2014年举行，随后是各区域和次区域会议，第二次会议于2015年举行，而大会本身将于2016年举行，地点待定。", "十一. 结论和建议", "70. 伊斯坦布尔宣言和人居议程通过已有约15个年头了，今天，国际社会比以往任何时候都面临着重大的城市挑战和巨大的机遇。在实现人居议程和新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言的目标方面已取得了重要进展。然而，也有挫折和问题。新的问题已经出现，社会主要部门之间的关系也已发生演变。有必要举行关于人类住区问题的另一次会议，以评估国际社会直面新的城市未来及其相关的困难和机遇的能力。", "71. 虽然在相隔的这些年里，在联合国系统范围内为应对城市问题已经举行过几次全球会议，但这些会议的重点是城市发展的某些特定方面，并且出席的一般是国家政府的代表。现在已很清楚，应纳入各个部门的经验并对城市可持续发展采取更加整体的做法。为实现这一点，有必要达成一个更强有力的集体协议。", "72. 鉴于上述情况,谨建议大会：", "(a) 呼吁各国政府、联合国系统各组织和所有人居议程合作伙伴，确认、深化和重申对城市可持续发展和住房开发的承诺，加倍努力实施人居议程和伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言、新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言和其他与城市可持续发展相关的国际目标；", "(b) 呼吁各国政府继续为人居署提供支持并，在这方面，向联合国生境和人类住区基金捐款，以支持更好地实施人居议程和伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言、新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言和其他与城市可持续发展相关的国际目标；", "(c) 请各国政府就2016年召开第三次联合国住房和城市可持续发展会议(人居三)的建议展开讨论并做出决定；", "(d) 还请各国政府就会议的实质性方面和组织形式提供指导。并还建议，要审议的议程应包括加强城市可持续发展和住房问题体制框架的方式方法，并应以新的与发展相关的思路评估和重新界定人居署及其发展战略伙伴的管治结构；", "(e) 呼吁各国政府和所有人居议程合作伙伴推动加强对人居三的参与，并继续提供财政捐助以支助发展中国家的代表与会；", "(f) 鼓励各国政府与包括联合国系统在内的人居议程合作伙伴协作，考虑通过发展合作框架和参与性学习和交流做法等，在国家层面加强实施人居议程和伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言、新千年城市和其他人类住区宣言和其他与城市可持续发展相关的国际目标，并审评在实施中所取得的进展情况；", "(g) 为落实大会第65/165号决议第15段，决定将以前建议作为大会高级别会议议题的“住房金融系统”和“可持续的城市化”这两个主题纳入人居三的筹备进程，以节省财政资源和防止重叠。", "[1] 见A/64/8，附件一，第B节。", "[2] 联合国人类住区会议(人居二)报告，伊斯坦布尔，1996年6月3-14日，(出版物销售号No.E.97.IV.6)，第一章，决议1。", "[3] 见A/66/8，附件，第B节。", "[4] 联合国人类住区会议(人居二)报告，伊斯坦布尔，1996年6月3-14日，(联合国出版物销售号No.E.97.IV.6)，第一章，决议1，附件一。", "[5] 大会决议第S-25/2，附件。", "[6] 见大会决议55/2。", "[7] 联合国环境和发展会议，里约日内卢，1992年6月3-14日，第一卷，会议通过的决议(联合国出版物销售号No.E.93.I.8和更正)，决议1，附件二。", "[8] 大会决议S-19/2，附件。", "[9] 可持续发展问题世界峰会，南非约翰内斯堡，2002年8月26日至9月4日(联合国出版物销售号No.E.03.II.A.1和更正)，第一章，决议3，附件。", "[10] 见大会决议60/1，第56(m)段。", "[11] 见A/62/8，附件一，B。", "[12] 伦敦，地球扫描，2010年。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目20", "联合国维持和平行动经费筹措的", "联合国人类住区会议(人居二)和", "加强联合国人类", "联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)", "第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展会议(人居三)", "秘书长的报告", "大会2009年12月21日第64/207号决议请秘书长与联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)理事会合作,就2016年召开第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展问题会议(人居三)的问题编写一份报告。 理事会第二十三届会议注意到人居署执行主任关于召开第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展问题会议的报告,请大会在2016年第六十六届会议上进一步审议召开人居三会议的问题。 本报告根据大会第64/207号决议和理事会2011年4月15日第23/8号决议提交,为举行这次会议提供了理由,以审查自1996年6月3日至14日在伊斯坦布尔举行第二次联合国人类住区会议以来出现的主要事态发展,其中包括:(a) 城市的人口主导地位 -- -- 城市现在占世界人口的一半以上,以及城市作为国家经济增长和发展引擎的主导作用要大得多;\n(b) 国家 城市住区的空间迅速扩大,导致特大城市和特大城市的出现,以及城市内空间和社会分化、贫穷和不平等加剧;(c) 新的全球问题和力量的出现,包括国内和跨国移徙、全球化、可持续城市发展、气候变化、城市安全和犯罪增加、自然和人为灾害和冲突对人类住区的破坏日益严重,以及城市内部的非正规性日益加剧;(d) 公共、私营和非政府部门的作用正在发生变化,即从扶持性政策,包括放松管制转向公共部门在城市规划和发展中的作用重新抬头;\n(e) 协助 人为灾害和自然灾害的频率、强度和影响大大增加,人居署在灾后和冲突后重建和复原方面开展的业务工作量也大大增加。\n本报告建议举行 \" 人居三 \" 会议,以概述一个新的发展议程,一个能够应对新挑战和城市新作用的议程。 会议还应审议如何加强住房和可持续城市发展的体制框架。 报告最后就会议的筹备进程提出建议,供大会审议。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 3\n二. 概览 33 5个城市\n四岁 可持续城市化和国际\n五. 业绩. 8\n审查六。 目前11个城市和新出现的城市\nA. 气候变化与城市\nB. 第12个贫民窟预防和改造:住房\nC. 经济发展 13\nD. 社会13和空间\nE. 不安全 14 - 18 6\n罪行七。 未来14个可持续的挑战和机遇\n城市化 第三次发言第16回\n会议九。 第16次会议\n十. 决定草案17\n十一. 结论17和\n建议", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据2009年12月21日第64/207号决议编写的,大会在该决议中注意到联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)理事会在其第22/1号决议中提出的建议。 [1] 在审议了2016年召开第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展会议(人居三)的问题后,大会请秘书长与人居署理事会合作,就此问题编写一份报告,供大会第六十六届会议审议。", "2. 联合国 在审议人居署执行主任关于召开第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展会议(人居三)的报告时,一些代表重申支持于2016年召开这样的会议,认为这为评估前两次会议的成就、反思在城市发展方面取得的进展并应对这种发展所带来的挑战提供了机会。 理事会在第二十三届会议上在其审议过程中确认,过去十年中,在国家、区域和国际各级的人类住区方面取得了重大的进展。 然而,它承认有必要深入地审查和评估在实现《人居议程》[2]目标和其他与人类住区有关的国际目标方面取得的全球进展。 理事会在第23/8 [3]号决议中,除其他外,请大会第六十六届会议进一步审议于2016年召开第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展会议的问题。", "3个 本报告也是根据理事会第23/8号决议编写的,目的是提供在执行《人居议程》和《伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言》[4]、1996年6月3日至14日在伊斯坦布尔举行的联合国人类住区会议(人居二)的主要成果和《关于新千年中的城市和其他人类住区的宣言》[5]以及与人类住区有关的其他国际目标方面的最新进展情况。 它还说明举行人居三的理由。", "二. 概览", " 4.四. 第二次联合国人类住区会议(人居二)以通过《伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言》和《人居议程》为高潮,提出了实现人人有适当住房和在日益城市化的世界中实现可持续人类住区发展的双重目标的目标和原则、承诺和全球行动计划。 虽然世界许多区域在实现这些目标方面已取得重大进展,但各国政府今天比以往任何时候都更面临重大城市挑战,部分原因是以往政策的失败,部分原因是城市化迅速和特大城市地区的出现,以及诸如全球化、全球经济危机、城市犯罪和暴力上升以及气候变化等新挑战的出现。", "5 (韩语). 城市和城市中心已成为经济发展的引擎,它们既是生产和消费价值链的核心,界定了社会、政治和经济关系,也是国家国内生产总值(国内总产值)的一大部分。 城市已成为实现国家、区域和全球发展和促进可持续城市发展的关键。 事实上,城市中心现在是人类的主要栖息地。 然而,城市,特别是发展中国家的城市,由于贫穷、不安全、非正规性和贫民窟的形成而陷入困境,对城市对国家发展的贡献产生不利影响。", "6. 国家 过去十年,城市的作用和结构的转变,除了贫穷的城市化(其特点是全球贫民窟的上升)外,也变得更加明显,从而大大影响了《人居议程》所确定目标和成果的承诺和充分实现。 新的协同作用的演变、城市中新的关系的发展以及科学、技术和商业系统的新进步也影响了生境二的预期成果。 虽然在《人居议程》的规范基础方面取得了进展,但出现了需要新对策的新情况。", "7. 联合国 2001年,在《伊斯坦布尔宣言》通过五年后,对《人居议程》的执行情况进行了一次重大审查,结果于2001年6月9日通过了《关于新千年中的城市和其他人类住区的宣言》。 即使在那个早期阶段,城市化的不可逆转性也得到确认,城市化进程迅速增长的前景也得到确认。 但是,主要的反应是重申伊斯坦布尔承诺,并呼吁加倍努力,实现《议程》的双重目标。 今天,这些挑战的规模和不断增加的全球人口所面临的不稳定状况已大大地扩大。 力量平衡已经改变,出现了新的问题和机会。 实际上,这一新阶段迫切需要审查全球城市议程。", "8. 联合国 城市内部动态所发生的变化并不是审查需要的唯一动力。 过去15年执行《人居议程》的情况突出表明,除了经历挫折之外,还需要评估通过一系列政策和战略所吸取的经验教训和所实现的目标。 方法发生了变化:第一,从《议程》的分散和部门性执行转变为在城市环境动态范围内建立联系的综合努力。 第二,从旨在放松住房市场管制的政策转向一些政府和非国家行为者所接受的更直接的公共部门办法,目的是加强《议程》对充分实现适足住房权的承诺。 第三,在可持续人类住区发展的总体范围内,现在更加重视可持续城市发展。 这些变化的影响相当深远,特别是在一个以全球化、气候变化和日益权力下放和向市政府移交责任为特点的时代。", "9. 国家 在被公认为城市世纪的21世纪初,迫切需要重新审视《人居议程》及其执行情况,以防止这个新世纪成为贫民窟的世纪。 拟议的第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展会议将提供一个论坛,供各国政府和《人居议程》伙伴就世界城市未来进行认真协商,这一未来肯定具有前所未有的挑战和严重风险。", "10个 规划城市未来需要考虑到自1996年第二次会议以来出现的下列关键变化:", "(a) 国家 城市的人口主导地位,城市现在占世界人口的一半以上,城市作为国家经济增长和发展的引擎的主导作用要大得多;", "(b) 国家 城市住区的空间迅速扩大,导致出现特大城市、特大城市区域、广阔的城市走廊和往往混乱的近郊区,此外,城市内的空间和社会分化、贫穷和不平等日益加剧;", "(c)) 新的全球问题和力量的出现,包括国内和跨国移徙、全球化、可持续城市发展、气候变化、城市不安全和犯罪加剧、自然和人为灾害和冲突对人类住区的破坏日益严重,以及世界各地城市内的非正规性不断上升;", "(d) 国家 公共、私营和非政府部门的作用之间不断变化的平衡,反映出从扶持性政策和战略,包括放松管制,转向公共部门在城市规划和发展中的作用重新抬头;", "(e) 协助 人为灾害和自然灾害的频率和强度以及其对城市的影响大大增加,人居署在灾后和冲突后重建与恢复方面开展的业务工作数量也大大增加。", "11个 以下各节就上述问题提供补充资料。", "三. 城市时代", "12个 在过去几十年中,全球城市转型十分显著,给各国政府和地方当局带来了前所未有的挑战。 2008年,世界人口的一半以上第一次生活在城市地区,根据目前的预测,到2050年,这一数字将上升到70%。 几乎所有增长都将发生在发展中国家。 在2007至2025年期间,发展中国家每年的城市人口增长预计为5 300万(即2.27%),而发达国家仅为300万(即0.49%)。", "13个 一般而言,城市中心已成为促进经济、社会和人类发展的生机勃勃的工具。 它们吸引投资和创造财富。 它们促进社会发展,利用人力和技术资源,使生产力和竞争力得到前所未有的提高。 事实上,城市已成为知识的宝库,也是社会、政治和经济变革的推动者。", "14个 虽然与城市发展有关的活力在大城市中更加突出,其中一些城市已成为特大城市或无所不在的特大城市,但城市增长的大部分发生在中小城市,大多数人口不到50万人。 事实上,据估计,早在2005年,全球城市人口几乎有一半已经生活在如此规模的城市,而且这一模式将在不久的将来继续下去。 这种空间人口现象的自相矛盾之处在于,这些小城市中心严重缺乏必要的管理资源和机构能力来应付它们作为主要城市生境所产生的新挑战。", "15个 与此同时,城市也成为日益贫困和匮乏的场所。 这在许多发展中国家是一个特别的问题,在这些国家,迅速而无管理的城市化伴随着贫民窟的形成、住房建造不良、贫困加剧以及易受人为和自然危害的影响,此外还有日益加剧的不平等现象,所有这些对人类安全和安全以及国家发展和社会融合构成严重威胁。 2010年,发展中国家8.28亿城市居民生活在贫民窟,被剥夺了最基本的生活设施,如水、卫生、保有权保障、可持久的住房和足够的生活空间。 一些国家成功地减少了贫民窟居民在城市总人口中的比例。 然而,就绝对数字而言,全球城市贫民窟居民人数一直在增加,如果不采取有国家和地方政府、非政府组织和社区组织以及国际社会参与的一致行动,将继续增加。 如果这种情况持续下去,它可能成为对社会稳定和全球和平与安全的重大威胁。", "16号. 虽然空间和规模因素在《人居议程》中已隐含地得到处理,但变化和机构调整的速度,以及城市化的包罗万象的性质,标志着一种新的事态。 变化的速度如此之快,几乎是压倒性的。 必须大力改进开发土地、提供住房、提供基本服务、创造就业和促进城市流动的程序,以确保实现供求之间的关键平衡。", "17岁。 关于城市化的包罗万象的性质,城市在国家体制框架内的崛起已导致新的关系甚至新的政治的出现. 20年前,《人居议程》责成各国政府发挥主导作用,使其他关键利益攸关方能发挥有效作用。 今天很明显,建立伙伴关系和取得持久成果的责任正在下放给城市当局。 包括来自私营部门的其他利益攸关方,如银行和开发商,以及民间社会团体,都在大力维护自己,从而为城市发展的整体活力作出贡献。", "四、结 论 可持续城市化和国际对策的里程碑", "18岁。 1976年5月31日至6月11日在加拿大温哥华举行的第一次联合国人类住区会议所得出的结论明确规定了城市化是一项需要控制的挑战,而20年后的第二次会议则认为城市化及其所产生的城市为增长提供了机遇和动力。 《伊斯坦布尔宣言》确定了两个目标:人人有适当住房和城市化世界的可持续人类住区。", " 19. 19. 2000年9月6日至8日在纽约召开的千年首脑会议导致大会通过了《联合国千年宣言》,[6]其中含蓄地赞同了“无贫民窟城市”的目标,并构成了千年发展目标的基础。 千年发展目标是由与可持续发展有关的八个有时限的国际指标组成的,为《人居议程》的执行提供了进一步的动力。 对消除贫穷和环境可持续性的重视反映了《人居议程》。", "20号. 2001年,在审查《人居议程》执行情况的大会第二十五届特别会议第六次全体会议上,各国政府代表重申,他们愿意并承诺充分执行《伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言》和《人居议程》。 审查过程揭示出一些重要的结论:各国日益相互依存,城市竞争力提高;自第二次联合国人类住区会议以来,城市化和全球化都加快了速度,并且促进了一些地区的繁荣和城市贫困。", "21岁 《人居议程》也是2002年8月26日至9月4日在南非约翰内斯堡举行的可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的参照点。 首脑会议与会者重申,可持续发展是国际议程的核心内容,为全球消除贫穷和保护环境的行动提供了新的动力。 他们认识到城市化现象是可持续发展方程式的一部分,其程度高于以往可持续发展国际会议的与会者。 他们重申千年发展目标中关于改善贫民窟居民的生活以及获得安全饮用水和基本卫生设施的具体目标,这是促进城市福祉所必不可少的。", "22号. 可持续发展委员会2004年和2005年第十二届和第十三届会议也审议了水、卫生和可持续人类住区问题。 秘书长关于可持续人类住区发展的报告为委员会审查各级实现《21世纪议程》、《进一步执行21世纪议程方案》[8]和《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》所载人类住区目标和指标所取得进展并得出结论奠定了基础。 [9] 大会第六十届会议高级别全体会议的成果进一步推动了《人居议程》的可操作性。 大会在该次会议上确认迫切需要为负担得起的住房和与住房有关的基础设施提供更多的资源,并优先考虑防止形成贫民窟和改造贫民窟;鼓励支持联合国生境和人类住区基金会及其贫民窟改造融资机制。 [10]", "23. 联合国 环境和人类住区议程继续趋于一致,《人居议程》的条例也取得了显著进展,反映出对可持续发展概念的更深入理解。", "24 (韩语). 值得指出的是,尽管自2005年以来专门以城市和人类住区为重点的全球会议有所减少,但在大会框架内继续进行协商。 最终导致理事会在其2007年4月20日第21/3号决议中核准权力下放和加强地方当局的准则的长达十年的磋商[11]就是这一进程的一个例子。 同样,还有其他渠道,例如每两年举行一次的世界城市论坛,该论坛现在是处理与《人居议程》有关的新出现问题的主要非法定伙伴会议。 此外,秘书长还定期向大会提交关于人类住区的进度报告,大会对此作出了反应,往往通过决议。 人居署理事会也保持了这一势头,通过了关于《人居议程》关键内容的若干决议,特别是:适足住房权;关于人人享有基本服务的准则;为负担得起的住房筹资的公私伙伴关系;城市和气候变化。", " V. 业绩审查", "25岁 九年前,在全面审查和评价联合国人类住区会议(人居二)成果执行情况和加强人居署的大会第二十五届特别会议期间,对《人居议程》进行了全面审查。 虽然评估总体上是积极的,但也强调了一些障碍。 在政策、机构和方案方面,有证据表明,各国作出了协调一致的努力来履行承诺并依照《人居议程》所载的全球行动计划采取具体措施。 然而,所有干预措施的累积影响不足以实现人人有适当住房和可持续人类住区发展的目标。", "26. 联合国 人居署题为 \" 2010/2011年世界城市状况 \" 的报告: 缩小城市鸿沟[12]证实,在过去十年中,发展中世界生活在贫民窟中的城市人口比例从39%(2000年)下降到33%(2010年)。 在全球范围内,这令人感到乐观。 2亿多贫民窟居民已经获得经改善的水、卫生设施或耐用和人口较少的住房,这表明国家和市政府已认真努力改善贫民窟条件。 然而,就绝对数字而言,发展中世界的贫民窟居民人数实际上已经增加,在不久的将来将继续增加。 所取得的进展不足以抵消发展中国家非正规住区的增长,目前估计生活在贫民窟条件中的城市居民人数约为8.28亿,而1990年为6.57亿,2000年为7.67亿。", "27个 就未来的预测而言,据估计,到2030年,将近30亿人,即世界人口的40%,将需要新的住房和基本城市基础设施和服务。 假设平均家庭规模为5人,将需要5.65亿个新住房单元。 如果在2003-2030年期间每年将这一数字细分,每年将需要约2,000万套住房。", "28岁 关于住房供应,由于公共政策的改变和政府开支的削减,国家出现了明显的退步并日益依赖私人市场。 住房已不再是一个政治优先事项,市场未能为低收入家庭提供负担得起的适当住房机会。 对城市的影响是严重而深远的。 首先,没有认识到住房部门与经济其他部门的相互依存关系及其在减少贫穷和创造就业方面的作用。 第二,非正规的土地和住房开发成为城市增长的引擎,而城市增长又驱动了贫民窟的增长,对城市空间结构和居民的生活质量造成了灾难性影响。 第三,由国际和国家非政府组织参与的自我组织倡议成倍增加,同时设立城市贫民联合会和储蓄团体,其目的是向那些被排除在正规住房融资和有限的公共住房方案之外的人提供获得有服务的土地和住房的机会。 最后,全世界《人居议程》伙伴都支持《人居议程》关于捍卫适足住房权的承诺。 这影响了法律和宪法改革以及有针对性的补贴方案的设计,并鼓励倡导团体改善穷人的住房条件。", "29. 国家 然而,获得土地和住房的机会仍然有限,亚洲、非洲和拉丁美洲住房问题区域部长级会议的与会者呼吁进行广泛的住房改革并制订新一代住房和土地政策。 拟议的第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展会议将提供非常需要的机会,以重新审查以往的做法并通过一项新的全球住房战略,该战略更具包容性、以权利为基础、在财政上具有创造性并符合绿色建筑做法和环境可持续性。", "30岁。 关于社会发展和消除贫穷,在解决五年审查期间广泛观察到的现象方面取得了一些进展,即贫穷的城市化,特别是贫穷的女性化。 各个发展中国家已采取步骤,促进获得土地的机会并改善其安全,特别是妇女的安全,促进社会包容和融合,并着手实施消除贫穷方案。 然而,贫穷的城市化持续存在,最近,收入和获得服务方面的不平等日益加剧,尤其是缺乏机会,使这一现象更加复杂。", "31岁 在城市环境管理方面,在通过液体和固体废物管理技术管理和控制污染方面取得了重大进展,在通过规划和监管控制对脆弱生态系统进行再利用和保护方面取得了创新。 出现了城市生态足迹的概念,并区分了所谓的“褐色”议程和“绿色”议程,表明对城市增长现象及其对周围环境所产生影响的关切。 棕色议程对许多发展中国家来说仍然是一个复杂的问题,尽管在使其与绿色议程相协调方面取得了进展。 重新就规划的作用和气候变化的影响展开的辩论已使这一问题得到重视。 鼓励城市采用城市化的低碳增长模式,在改善生活水平时不牺牲其生态和碳足迹。", "32. 联合国 如上所述,城市占了许多国家国内生产总值的大部分,并在国家和全球发展中发挥了关键作用。 全球化进程造成了城市的分级,通过生产、贸易、服务和行政紧密地相互联系。 一般而言,特定国家的城市之间,或更重要的是各区域之间,这种经济活力并不平等。 从过去15年经济发展的角度来看,城市中最严重的不平等现象。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 为改善城市治理采取了更多的举措。 全世界都实行了旨在确保辅助性、民间社会参与、透明度和问责制的机构改革。 发达国家和发展中国家都通过了权力下放政策,加强了市政自治和市政府。 正在在全世界传播创新进程,如参与性预算编制,以便适应。 新的伙伴关系和业务安排已经形成,正在帮助提高效率和效力。", "34. 国家 尽管出现了这些积极变化,但发展中国家地方当局的作用,特别是在城市管理方面的作用仍然普遍薄弱。 政治和行政权力下放之后没有财政自主权,这意味着地方当局仍然相对缺乏财政资源并依赖政府间转移资源。 国家机构继续占据主导地位,利用大部分产生的收入,继续负责大部分支出。 在世界许多地方,除了执行甚至监测和评价公共政策外,在公民参与决策进程方面进展不大,但权力下放需要进一步进行。", "35. 联合国 最后,关于国际发展,已经采取值得称赞的措施来实施《人居议程》。 将前联合国人类住区中心转变为一个完整的联合国方案,即联合国人类住区规划署(人居署),加强了监测和执行活动和履行承诺的能力。 在将近十年的时间里,提供了大量资源来开展活动并支助交流经验和最佳做法的倡议。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 然而,过去五年来城市化速度快,城市面临越来越多的问题,发展伙伴对政府和城市的援助却没有增加。 相反,援助实际上已经减少。 《人居议程》,特别是城市议程,没有得到足够的支持,许多双边发展机构已经缩减甚至结束了其城市方案。", "六、结 论 目前和新出现的城市挑战", "37. 联合国 执行《人居议程》并实现其目标不仅受到所采用的方法的影响,而且受到多年来出现的新问题的影响。", "A类. 气候变化和城市风险", "38. 国家 人们承认,城市是温室气体的主要生产国。 因此,除了通过更适当的土地利用规划、新的城市空间模式、更有效的城市管理和绿色建筑做法来提高能效之外,它们在减少温室气体排放和适应气候变化方面可以发挥关键作用。", "39. 联合国 数百万人已经或将受气候变化的影响。 城市地区通常人口和建筑物高度集中,特别脆弱。 位于沿海地区、沿河岸、陡坡地上或其他灾害多发地上的城市特别容易受到全球变暖以及极端天气事件和海平面上升日益严重的威胁的影响。 值得注意的是,沿海城市特别容易受到气旋袭击,过去30年来气旋更频繁更强烈. 由于海平面上升、极端天气事件更频繁和更剧烈以及内陆洪灾等挑战,预计气候变化将加剧城市地区的总体脆弱性。 相反,预计气候变化会减少降雨量的地区可能受到干旱、水位收缩和粮食短缺的影响。", " 40. 40. 在城市地区,穷人最容易受到气候变化的影响,特别是发展中国家的贫民窟居民。 城市土地和住房成本高正将低收入家庭推入容易发生自然灾害的地方,增加了他们的脆弱性并助长了不正常的城市化模式。 发展中世界每10所非永久性住房中有4所现在位于受洪水、山崩和其他自然灾害威胁的地区。 值得注意的是,这些灾害只是自然力量的部分后果:它们也是城市管理和规划失败以及执行条例和控制发展活动的能力有限的产物。 矛盾的是,灾害也可以创造机会;恢复和重建为重新评估过去的做法并改写易受灾地区的发展政策提供了一个独特的机会,从而建立应对、减轻和预测自然灾害影响的能力。", "41. 国家 为应对日益增长的城市风险,自第二次联合国人类住区会议(人居二)以来,人居署在灾后和冲突后重建与恢复方面开展的业务工作数量大幅增加。 大多数灾后和冲突后方案和项目都是由需求驱动的,捐助方为这项工作提供的自愿捐款现在占人居署年度预算的很大比例。", "42. 国家 气候变化是农村向城市移徙的一个驱动因素,干旱、荒漠化和土壤侵蚀导致人们在脆弱的土地上和城市外围的非正式住区或在城市中心拥挤的贫民窟中定居。 过度拥挤和服务不足的住区和城市街区使数百万人面临健康风险以及人为和自然灾害。", "43. 东帝汶 另一个主要关切是城市无序扩张:郊区和城市周边地区非正规住区的扩张. 大约半个世纪以来,城市入侵了周边环境,威胁了自然资源,增加了通勤距离和对私人汽车的依赖. 这一现象对城市的生态足迹产生了不利影响,并鼓励将石油作为一种能源,从而增加了温室气体排放。 这为住房政策、城市规划和设计提出了新的要求,特别是在城市内部和城市之间的住房类型、城市密度和交通方面。", "B. 防止贫民窟形成和贫民窟改造:住房问题", "44. 国家 今天,发展中国家三分之一的城市居民,即世界人口的六分之一,生活在贫民窟中,这一数字的威胁在未来20年中翻了一番,因此,贫民窟问题和获得有服务的土地和住房仍然是二十一世纪城市面临的最大挑战之一。 一方面,贫民窟住房问题需要通过一系列改善和改造方案加以解决。 过去15年中最大的变化是从以邻里为基础的贫民窟改造方案转向全市的贫民窟改造方案,以努力扩大这些方案的规模并将其纳入城市的正式、法律、体制和城市规划和管理框架。 然而,另一方面,防止形成贫民窟的战略还很不够,而且没有与贫民窟改造政策同步使用。", "45. 国家 只有制定政策,向所有阶层人口提供广泛的住房机会和服务性土地,才能成功地预防贫民窟。 在过去15年中,进展缓慢而胆怯。 因此,使住房部门能够有效运作对于防止形成贫民窟至关重要。 这是未来最大的挑战。 鉴于需要以适当规模、负担得起的价格、不同规模、价格和类型的住房,以及相对于就业和创收机会而言,在适当地点提供住房机会,住房可能会影响城市的未来,直接影响其生态和经济足迹及其总体可持续性。", "46. 经常预算: 供应规模至关重要,因为它影响到住房价格和住房市场的总体业绩。 在这方面,通过为非正规土地和住房开发提供可行的替代办法,成效很可能导致更大的选择和可负担性,并防止形成贫民窟。 因此,使住房部门能够有效运作并发挥其作用有可能对城市的可持续性产生直接影响。 将住房部门纳入城市规划和管理以及涉及土地交付、基础设施和市政资金投资的体制和政策改革,将使新一代的城市政策得以形成。 将加强与经济部门的联系,从而创造就业、地方经济发展和减贫。", "C. 经济发展的挑战", "47. 国家 近几十年来的全球化和经济重组进程已影响到城市劳动力市场,这表明,随着妇女越来越多地进入有薪就业,由于服务业的增长和发达经济体制造业的衰退,职业和收入结构日益两极分化(因此收入不平等也日益严重)。", " 48. 48. 2008年从住房融资部门开始的全球经济危机加速了世界各地的经济结构调整和失业,对城市劳动力市场有直接影响,导致所有区域城市非正规经济迅速增长。 非正规部门就业占非洲及拉丁美洲和加勒比所有就业的一半以上,亚洲则略为减少。 在未来几十年中,各国政府,特别是发展中国家政府必须应对的最严重的城市挑战包括:贫穷和不平等加剧;城市非正规部门迅速扩大;社会不安全日益加剧,影响到从事非正规或小企业的大多数公民。", "D. 社会和空间挑战", "49. (中文(简体) ). 出现了新的空间形式和进程,其驱动力往往不受地方政府的控制。 社会和空间的变化似乎主要发生在城市内职能和用途的分化、分离和专业化方面。 发达国家和发展中国家城市的居住区和工业区较富裕和较贫穷地区之间日益扩大的差异反映了这一点。 虽然这在很大程度上反映了城市市场力量的发挥,反映了房地产和地产投机的逻辑,但它也是对地方政策的回应,这些政策力求在全球定位城市,以通过竞争性城市办法吸引新的投资。 在包括拉丁美洲和加勒比城市在内的世界一些地区,由于中等和高收入家庭被隔离到封闭的社区,对犯罪的恐惧加剧了城市分化。", " 50. 50. 在许多较贫穷的城市,创造空间形式主要是由低收入家庭努力在靠近就业和其他生计来源的地方获得负担得起的土地所驱动的。 随着农村本身开始城市化,这一进程正在形成全新的城市形式。 事实上,发展中国家城市快速增长的大部分现在发生在无计划的近郊区,其中一些城市开始通过巨大的城市走廊连接遥远的城市中心。", "51. 联合国 必须认识到,移民融入城市环境是迅速城市化和技术进步所带来的独特挑战。 当地的反应各不相同,从促进文化同化进程,到创造文化“熔炉”,到规定“文化杂质”的演变。 显然,在所有情况下,这个相互联系和相互依存的世界都无法承受排他性、孤立主义或隔离。 必须指出,文化多样性往往能增强社区内部的创造力,加强社会凝聚力并有利于跨文化关系和国际和平与安全。", "E. 不安全和犯罪", "52. (中文(简体) ). 将犯罪和恐怖主义的幽灵纳入新出现的问题中也是有益的,它们现在是许多公民日常意识的一部分。 安保是建筑物设计中的一个主要考虑因素。 旅行、信息系统、货物包装以及个人之间的关系都受到犯罪和不安全威胁的影响。", "53. 联合国 在许多城市,家庭暴力或武装暴力、帮派谋杀和绑架是生活的事实。 恐惧的城市社会正以短期解决办法作出反应,例如封闭的社区和私营保安公司,这些是城市贫民无法选择的。 对犯罪的恐惧正在形成一种城市偏执的气氛,一些城市几乎无法正常运转. 这种情况加剧了城市非正规、排斥、法外、非法和不文明。", "54. 联合国 犯罪和暴力对城市经济产生消极影响:失业,地方或全球投资也是如此。 在社会上,当地人口的生活质量受到严重影响。 在犯罪猖獗的城市,公共和私人制造商和服务提供者必须承担对穷人产生不利影响的额外费用,穷人无力承担这些费用。", "55. 国家 虽然《人居议程》涵盖了上述所有问题,但这些问题最近变得更加紧迫。 日益恶化的局势阻碍了《议程》所阐明的目标的实现,甚至侵蚀了已经取得的一些进展。", "页:1 可持续城市化的未来挑战和机遇", "56. (中文(简体) ). 现在必须问,全球城市发展今后25年将走什么方向,哪些主要指标可以帮助各国政府及其私营部门和地方伙伴以及国际社会为城市未来做好准备。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 随着《人居议程》20周年的到来,这些问题和其他相关问题需要回答。 人类已经成为了都市物种. 在全球范围,这一阶段在满足住房、基本服务和基础设施以及创造生计手段方面严重积压。 当前城市趋势的特点是不平等加剧,往往恶化为少数群体的疏远和多数人边缘化。 上述新问题和挑战将使城市议程成为全球优先事项。", "58. 联合国 从短期和中期来看,有两种基本情况。 首先,城市由于缺乏必要的资源和未能确定政治优先事项,无法满足未来的需要。 在不到一代人的时间里,大约20亿人可能最终生活在低于标准的住房和过度拥挤的非正规住区中。 贫民窟将激增,规划不周的城市和功能失调的大都市区域将构成非洲、亚洲和拉丁美洲的主要城市格局。 同时,由于郊区无序扩张,人口老龄化和去工业化,北半球许多城市地区会继续收缩并失去经济活力. 生活在规划不周的城市地区的许多人将得不到适足住房和基本服务。 很少有人会被承认为城市公民,许多人最终将在非正规经济中工作或进入犯罪圈子。 发挥生产潜力的人更少。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 另一种情况是,城市挑战在公共政策中占据突出位置,并与公共和私人投资相匹配,促进负责任的城市增长,包括强有力的住房政策,再加上合理的土地使用规划和改善城市基础设施和基本服务,以及充分利用技术,以降低并制止目前的贫民窟形成速度并遏制城市的生态足迹。 这还需要建立稳定、灵活和有效的机构,以了解并处理相互关联的复杂问题。 新兴的范例是绿色、复原力更强和适于居住的城市,这些城市创造就业和商业机会,成为体面工作和生计的来源,使数百万人摆脱了贫穷和住房不足。 与此同时,还必须进行系统干预和大胆改革,以便能够满足加快、广泛和公平地获得土地、住房和基本基础设施和服务的需求。", "60. 联合国 这两种情况的社会、经济和环境后果相当明显,易于理解。 同时,数百个城市和城镇都在各自解决如何管理城市化和应对其关键挑战的问题,无论是城市无序扩张、城市衰败、城市缩小或贫民窟形成。 一些人正以极大的困难取得成功。", "61. 国家 各国政府正越来越多地开始推动旨在采取城市和地方行动促进可持续城市化的国家政策。 然而,它们的努力大部分仍然是零敲碎打的。 数以百计,也许数千个组织正在开创先例,开发各种工具,并提供旨在应对城市挑战的政策选择,然而这些行动却各不相同。 它们的工作很少得到承认或评估,其行动的集体影响也没有实现,更重要的是,它们很少达到迎接挑战所需的规模。", "62. 联合国 尽管未来城市社会将面临未知的挑战,但它们必须发展新的能力来实现可持续城市发展,增强复原力并基于不完整和不完善的理解和信息采取行动。 需要制定知情和循证的政策,加强能力,制定并测试新的工具和参与性工具。", "63. 国家 需要作出协调一致的努力,以巩固和加强众多行为体和利益攸关方的参与,并协调行动,以应对明天的城市挑战。 每个城市居民都是决定二十一世纪城市地区发展和表演方式的关键行为者。 中央、区域和地方政府应同民间社会、私营部门、学术机构和城市公民及其基层组织一道,团结在可持续城市发展目标上。 合作和团结对于克服这些挑战并提请国际社会注意拟议的第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展会议至关重要。 这些是召开这次会议如此重要和及时的主要原因。", "第八编. 第三次会议的要点", "64. (中文(简体) ). 第三次联合国住房与可持续城市发展会议将侧重于“城市未来”这一主题,提供可能的城市轨迹和设想,并评估自第二次会议以来的时期,以确定城市在新千年面临的城市化挑战和机遇,以及联合国,特别是人居署应如何支持包括各国政府在内的利益攸关方实现可持续城市发展。 虽然第二次会议的成果基本上构成国家-地方议程,但第三次会议将审议全球执行和报告机制,以及处理气候变化等可持续城市发展某些层面的国际公约。", "65. 国家 通过强化可持续城市发展网络,会议将召集城市、政府、民间社会、私营部门、学术机构和利益集团,在国际治理架构内审查城市和住房政策,并起草新的城市议程,承认人类文明不断变化的动态。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 会议将受益于城市当局最近的经验及其与各种利益有关者的伙伴关系,包括城市间伙伴关系、私营部门和各种类型的基层联合会,所有这些都显示出建立更绿色、更有复原力和更适于居住的城市的潜在办法,城市经济充满活力,并能公平地获得土地、住房和基本服务和基础设施。 全球监测和研究目前的城市状况将成为会议路线图及其讨论的基础。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 会议将寻求以下协议:巩固以往方案的经验教训;扩大方案规模,以采用最佳做法解决严重缺乏住房、土地和基本服务及基础设施的问题;为可持续城市管理以及贫民窟预防战略的设计和执行而调动资源提供专门技术援助;在城市和其他可持续发展部门之间建立网络,以解决普遍通过零散和非生产性部门办法处理的问题;制定有效的政府和城市对策来应对气候变化和城市不安全及犯罪等新出现的挑战。", "第九编. 会议目标", "68. (中文(简体) ). 会议的目标有五:", "(a) 国家 对《人居议程》、《关于新千年中的城市和其他人类住区的宣言》和相关的国际商定发展目标的执行情况进行全面的批判性审查和评估;", "(b) 国家 查明阻碍实现这些成果所提出目标的主要制约因素;", "(c) 应对自第二次会议以来出现的新的挑战和机遇,包括气候变化、贫民窟的扩散以及城市安全和安保;", "(d) 国家 勾画出新的发展议程,能够应对新的挑战,加强城市和相关体制框架在可持续城市发展和住房方面的新作用;", "(e) 在新的发展办法中评估和重新界定人居署及其战略发展伙伴的治理结构。", " . 会议时间表草案", "69. (中文(简体) ). 可能的时间表将从2013年在内罗毕举行的筹备委员会组织会议开始。 筹备委员会第一届会议将于2014年举行,随后将举行区域和次区域会议;第二届会议于2015年举行;会议本身于2016年举行,地点待定。", "十一会. 结论和建议", "70. 联合国 在《伊斯坦布尔宣言》和《人居议程》通过约15年之后,国际社会今天比以往任何时候都更面临着重大的城市挑战和巨大的机会。 在实现《人居议程》和《关于新千年中的城市和其他人类住区的宣言》的目标方面取得了重大进展。 但也有挫折和问题。 出现了新问题并发展出社会关键部门之间的关系。 需要再召开一次人类住区问题会议,以评估国际社会面对新的城市未来及其相关困难和机会的能力。", "71. 联合国 在此期间,虽然在联合国系统框架内举行了一些全球会议,以解决城市问题,但会议侧重于城市发展的具体方面,各国政府的代表普遍出席了会议。 现在越来越清楚的是,各部门的经验应当纳入其中,并采取更全面的办法来实现可持续的城市发展。 为了实现这一目标,需要达成一项更强有力的集体条约。", "72. 联合国 5. 鉴于上述情况,建议大会:", "(a) 吁请各国政府、联合国系统各组织和《人居议程》所有伙伴认识到、深化并重申其对可持续城市发展和住房发展的承诺,为此加紧努力执行《人居议程》和《伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言》、《关于新千年中的城市和其他人类住区的宣言》以及与可持续城市发展有关的其他国际目标;", "(b) 吁请各国政府继续向人居署提供支助,并在此方面向联合国生境和人类住区基金会提供捐款,以支持加强执行《人居议程》和《伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言》、《关于新千年中的城市和其他人类住区的宣言》以及与可持续城市发展有关的其他国际目标;", "(c) 邀请各国政府就2016年召开第三次联合国住房和可持续城市发展会议(人居三)的提议进行讨论并作出决定;", "(d) 国家 还请各国政府就会议的实质性方面和组织方式提供指导。 还建议审议的议程应包括加强可持续城市发展和住房体制框架的方式方法,并应根据与发展有关的新思维评估和重新界定人居署及其战略发展伙伴的治理结构;", "(e) 呼吁各国政府和《人居议程》所有伙伴促进更多参与 \" 人居三 \" ,并继续提供财政捐助,以支持发展中国家代表的参与;", "(f) 鼓励各国政府同《人居议程》伙伴,包括同联合国系统合作,考虑加强执行并审查在执行《人居议程》和《伊斯坦布尔人类住区宣言》、《关于新千年中的城市和其他人类住区的宣言》以及与国家一级可持续城市发展有关的其他国际目标方面取得的进展,包括通过发展合作框架和参与式学习和分享办法;", "(g) 决定为贯彻大会第65/165号决议第15段,将以前作为大会高级别活动专题而建议的“住房融资系统”和“可持续城市化”这两个主题纳入人居三筹备进程,以节省财政资源并避免重复。", "[1] 见A/64/8,附件一,第三节。 B组.", "[2] 《联合国人类住区会议(人居二)的报告,1996年6月3日至14日,伊斯坦布尔》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.97.IV.6),第一章。 页:1", "[3] 见A/66/8,附件,第三节。 B组.", "[4] 《联合国人类住区会议(人居二)的报告,1996年6月3日至14日,伊斯坦布尔》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.97.IV.6),第一章。 页:1", "[5] 大会第S-25/2号决议,附件。", "[6] 见大会第55/2号决议。", "[7] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告,1992年6月3日至14日,里约热内卢》,第一卷。 《会议通过的决议》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.93.I.8和更正),决议1,附件二。", "[8] 大会S-19/2号决议,附件。", "[9] 《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的报告,2002年8月26日至9月4日,南非约翰内斯堡》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.03.II.A.1和更正),第一章。 页:1", "[10] 见大会第60/1号决议,第56(m)段。", "[11] 见A/62/8,附件一.B。", "[12] 伦敦, Earthscan, 2010." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Trafficking in persons, especially women and children", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, Joy Ezeilo, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 8/12 and 17/1.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children", "Summary", "The present annual report is submitted to the General Assembly in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 8/12 and 17/1 and covers the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.", "The report is divided into three main sections: an introduction, an outline of the activities undertaken by the Special Rapporteur during the reporting period and a thematic focus on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons. The report discusses different forms of substantive remedies, including restitution, recovery, compensation, satisfaction and guarantee of non-repetition. It also highlights the importance of procedural rights of access to these substantive remedies, such as the provision of information, legal assistance, interpretation services and regularization of residence status. In conclusion, the Special Rapporteur offers recommendations to States in effectively implementing the right to an effective remedy. Finally, the draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy are included in the annex.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Activities 3 of the Special \nRapporteur A. Participation 3 in conferences and \nconsultations B.Country 4 \nvisits III.Thematic 4 analysis: the right to an effective remedy for trafficked \npersons \nA.Introduction 4B.The 4 right to an effective remedy for trafficked \npersons C.Additional 7 observations after the presentation of the Human Rights Council \nreport D. Draft 9 basic principles on the right to effective \nremedy E.Conclusions 10 and \nrecommendations \nAnnex Draftbasicprincipleson 12 therighttoaneffectiveremedy fortrafficked \npersons", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is the third submitted to the General Assembly by the current Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 8/12 and 17/1. It highlights her activities from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011. The main thematic focus of the report is the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons.", "II. Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "2. With respect to the activities carried out from 1 August 2010 to 1 March 2011, the Special Rapporteur makes reference to her previous report, submitted to the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session (A/HRC/17/35). Her activities from 1 March 2011 to 31 July 2011 are briefly set out below.", "A. Participation in conferences and consultations", "3. On 31 May 2011, the Special Rapporteur delivered a speech at a side event, “Access to justice and compensation for trafficked persons”, organized by the Permanent Mission of Germany to the United Nations, the Permanent Mission of the Philippines to the United Nations, Anti-Slavery International, La Strada International and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe. On 1 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur also participated as a panellist in a side event, “Deported without justice: barriers to trafficked persons accessing remedies”, organized by Franciscans International and the Global Alliance against Traffic in Women.", "4. On 7 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated as a key-note speaker in a one-day conference, “Child trafficking in Scotland”, organized by the Scottish Commissioner for Children and Young People in Edinburgh, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "5. On 21 and 22 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in the World Justice Forum III, organized in Barcelona, Spain, by the World Justice Project. She moderated a panel on “Human trafficking and the rule of law” and discussed, inter alia, the existing national, regional and international laws to combat human trafficking, effective protection for victims and good practices from around the world that contribute to the prevention of human trafficking.", "6. On 4 July 2011, the Special Rapporteur convened an expert meeting on “Prosecution of trafficking in persons cases: integrating a human rights-based approach in the administration of criminal justice” in Geneva. Fifteen experts, mostly from prosecution and law enforcement backgrounds, participated in this one-day meeting to discuss progress, challenges and lessons learned in prosecuting trafficking in persons cases while ensuring respect for the human rights of trafficked persons.", "7. From 11 to 13 July 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations workshop on criminal justice responses to trafficking in persons in Singapore, hosted by Singapore’s Ministry of Home Affairs.", "B. Country visits", "8. The Special Rapporteur visited Argentina from 6 to 12 September 2010 and Uruguay from 13 to 17 September 2010 at the invitation of the Governments. The full reports on these visits were submitted to the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council in June 2011 (A/HRC/17/35/Add.4, A/HRC/17/35/Add.3, respectively).", "9. At the time of writing, the Special Rapporteur plans to visit Thailand from 8 to 19 August 2011 at the invitation of the Government. She also plans to visit Australia in November 2011. Full reports on these visits will be presented to the Human Rights Council at its twentieth session in 2012.", "III. Thematic analysis: the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons", "A. Introduction", "10. The present report is a follow-up to the Special Rapporteur’s report to the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/35). The Special Rapporteur wishes to draw the attention of Member States to her analysis, conclusions and recommendations in the Human Rights Council report, including the draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons, which are reproduced in the annex to the present report.", "11. This report seeks to highlight the main findings, conclusions and recommendations of the Human Rights Council report. It also presents the Special Rapporteur’s additional observations on the issue, as well as the feedback of Member States and other stakeholders that she received after the presentation of the Human Rights Council report.", "B. The right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons", "12. The right to an effective remedy is a fundamental human right for all persons, including trafficked persons, which States must respect, protect and fulfil in accordance with international human rights law. It is also a well-established doctrine of international law that a State has an obligation to provide remedies where an act or omission is attributable to it and constitutes a breach of an international obligation of the State. In the context of trafficking in persons, States are under an obligation to provide remedies for trafficked persons where they fail to exercise due diligence to prevent and combat trafficking in persons or to protect the human rights of trafficked persons.", "13. While discussions on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons tend to focus on compensation, compensation is only one aspect of this right. It encompasses recovery, restitution, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition, as well as a set of ancillary procedural rights that enable trafficked persons to exercise the right to an effective remedy in a meaningful manner. Such procedural rights of access to substantive remedies may include the rights to legal, medical, psychological, social, administrative and other assistance.", "14. Restitution is aimed at restoring the situation that existed prior to the violation. Measures of restitution in the context of trafficked persons may include, for example: the release of the trafficked person from detention (whether such detention is imposed by traffickers, the State or any other entity);[1] return of property such as identity and travel documents and other personal belongings; recognition of legal identity and citizenship; safe and voluntary repatriation to the country of origin; and assistance and support necessary to facilitate social integration.", "15. As discussed in the report to the Human Rights Council, restitution, as conventionally understood, may not be a suitable form of remedy where simply returning the trafficked person to the pre-existing situation may place him or her at the risk of further human rights violations and being re-trafficked. From this perspective, restitution implies States’ obligations to undertake broader measures to address root causes of trafficking and to provide necessary reintegration support to trafficked persons, so as to minimize any risk of re-trafficking. For instance, where trafficked women and girls have been subjected to sexual and gender-based violence, they may face discrimination, social stigma, communal and family ostracism upon return to their families and communities, thereby resulting in their re-victimization. In this context, measures to address the root causes of trafficking, such as gender discrimination and inequality, play a crucial role in ensuring effective restitution of trafficked women and girls.", "16. The Special Rapporteur also noted in the Human Rights Council report that returning a trafficked person to his or her country of origin may not be an appropriate form of remedy where he or she has lost legal, cultural or social ties with the country of origin and it is no longer in his or her best interest to return to it. For instance, it is conceivable that a child who is trafficked to another country and perpetuated in this situation over decades may lose his or her social and cultural identity in the country of origin. Where these factors exist, restitution may involve reintegration of the trafficked person into the host community or resettlement in a third country.", "17. Recovery includes medical and psychological care, as well as legal and social services. As trafficking often causes severe physical and psychological consequences for the victims, recovery is a crucial form of remedy. In the Human Rights Council report, the Special Rapporteur noted with concern that in some States, recovery services are only available to certain categories of trafficked persons at the exclusion of others, such as men and children who are internally trafficked, and that access to recovery services is made conditional on the capacity or willingness of trafficked persons to cooperate with law enforcement authorities. Further, she expressed concern about the absence in many States of a “reflection and recovery period”, during which trafficked persons may escape the influence of traffickers, recover psychological stability to consider their options, and make an informed decision as to whether to cooperate with law enforcement authorities without the risk of being removed from the country. This period is not only an integral element of recovery, but also the fundamental first step in seeking other forms of reparations, such as compensation. The security and well-being of trafficked persons, which may be facilitated by the reflection and recovery period, is an essential prerequisite for trafficked persons in seeking compensation.", "18. Compensation should be provided for economic assessable damage to the extent that such damage cannot be made good by restitution. It may be provided as payment for a wide range of injury, loss or damage caused by the offender, including, for example: costs of the medical, physical, psychological or psychiatric treatment required by the victim; lost income and due wages; legal fees and other similar costs; and payment for non-material damages, resulting from moral, physical or psychological injury, emotional distress, pain and suffering.", "19. In many States, it is possible in theory to seek compensation through criminal, civil or labour proceedings. However, as discussed in the Human Rights Council report, various obstacles render such a possibility simply illusory in practice. While different factors affect the efficacy of criminal, civil and labour proceedings, common obstacles for trafficked persons to seek compensation through legal proceedings include: failure to identify trafficked persons and accord them regular residence status; lack of adequate support in recovery of trafficked persons; lack of information and knowledge on the part of trafficked persons; lack of free legal aid available; lack of capacities, knowledge and experience on the part of the judiciary and lawyers in seeking compensation for trafficked persons; and inadequate witness protection programmes to guarantee the safety and security of trafficked persons and their family members.", "20. In some States, trafficked persons may be able to claim compensation through general compensation schemes for victims of crime. However, it is still not common for trafficked persons to successfully obtain compensation through State-funded compensation schemes, as access to such schemes may be restricted by certain eligibility criteria, such as nationality, residence status or types of crimes that the victim suffered.", "21. Some of these obstacles in seeking compensation clearly show that procedural rights of access to remedies are critical preconditions in realizing the substantive right to remedies for trafficked persons. For instance, States must provide trafficked persons with information relating to their rights and mechanisms available to seek remedies, as they would not be able to seek remedies unless they are aware of this essential information. As judicial and administrative proceedings are often complex in many jurisdictions, legal assistance is also crucial for trafficked persons, especially where they are not familiar with the legal system of the country concerned. In addition, regular residence permits in countries where remedies are being sought are an important prerequisite, as it would be very difficult for trafficked persons to seek remedies if they are at risk of expulsion or have already been expelled. The Special Rapporteur found, however, that these measures are often not available to trafficked persons in practice.", "22. Finally, even when compensation orders are made against traffickers, it is extremely difficult to enforce such orders, as identified traffickers may not have adequate assets to satisfy an award of compensation, or law enforcement authorities may lack the expertise, training and resources to freeze and confiscate traffickers’ assets.[2]", "23. In addition, the Special Rapporteur stressed in the Human Rights Council report that in the case of trafficked children, special considerations apply in developing and implementing responses aimed at the realization of the right to an effective remedy. At a minimum, the realization of the right to an effective remedy for trafficked children should be guided by the general principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The principle of particular importance is that the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration in all actions concerning children. Thus, the best interests of the child need to be carefully considered before deciding the course of action and the type of remedy to be sought. For instance, the child’s participation in criminal proceedings may not be in his or her best interest in some cases where, for example, he or she is interviewed repeatedly, required to provide testimony in court in the presence of the traffickers, subjected to hostile questioning by the traffickers or their legal representative, or effective witness protection is not in place to guarantee the privacy and security of the child and his or her family members. Further, this formula based on the best interests of the child suggests that compensation may not always be a suitable form of remedy for trafficked children. In some cases, it may be more appropriate to seek reparative measures geared towards building a comprehensive child protection system that guarantees children’s rights, such as the right to education, the right to health and the right to physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration in the case of child victims of exploitation.", "24. Pursuant to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, States are also required to respect the rights of children to express their views freely in all matters affecting them and to provide them with the opportunity to be heard in any relevant judicial and administrative proceedings. To this end, the child should be given effective access to information on all matters affecting his or her interests, such as his or her situation, entitlements, services available and the family reunification and/or repatriation processes.[3] Further, the need to ensure active participation of children implies that the child should be provided with legal representation without costs to the child, as well as with interpretation into the native language of the child, as necessary.", "C. Additional observations after the presentation of the Human Rights Council report", "25. The Special Rapporteur engaged in further dialogues with a number of stakeholders following the presentation of the Human Rights Council report and found that the obstacles discussed above in successfully obtaining remedies are still common in many parts of the world. As far as compensation is concerned, research conducted by the European Action for Compensation for Trafficked Persons project (“COM.PACT project”) demonstrated that although there is an emerging awareness about the right to compensation for trafficked persons and the legal frameworks in these European countries allow trafficked persons to claim compensation, the actual receipt of a compensation payment by a trafficked person is extremely rare. While there is a variety of factors that negatively affect trafficked persons’ ability to claim compensation, the most common reasons include the lack of knowledge on the part of trafficked persons about their right to compensation, restrictive eligibility criteria for State-funded compensation funds, the failure of law enforcement authorities to confiscate assets or to use confiscated assets to compensate trafficked persons and the lack of jurisprudence on compensation for trafficked persons. Further, discussions at the international round table on “Compensation for trafficked persons in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine”, organized by La Strada Belarus on 10 June 2011, revealed that such obstacles as the lack of information about the right to compensation, the lack of knowledge on the part of judges and lawyers about the victims’ right to compensation and the absence of legal aid, significantly reduce trafficked persons’ chances of successfully claiming compensation.", "26. Thus, significant challenges still remain in ensuring the enjoyment of the right to an effective remedy by trafficked persons. There are positive signs, however, that States increasingly take the right to an effective remedy into consideration in developing and implementing anti-trafficking responses. The Special Rapporteur was encouraged by solid commitments expressed by a number of States during the interactive dialogue at the Human Rights Council to operationalize this right at the national level. Norway, for instance, noted that the provision of essential information to victims of trafficking in an appropriate manner is often a challenge and pledged to use the Special Rapporteur’s report as an inspiration for improvement. Australia mentioned important changes to programmes to support for trafficked persons, including the provision of an extended period for reflection and recovery. The Philippines also informed the Special Rapporteur that its anti‑trafficking legislation provides for the establishment of a national trust fund that uses fines and properties confiscated from convicted traffickers to provide trafficked persons with a variety of services for their recovery, such as emergency shelters, counselling, free legal services, medical and psychological treatment. Other States, such as Brazil, the Republic of Korea and Greece, shared with the Special Rapporteur information on their efforts geared towards the realization of the right to an effective remedy, such as the provision of counselling, housing, health care and legal assistance.", "27. While noting these positive developments, the Special Rapporteur underlines that a comprehensive and holistic response aimed at the realization of this right is critical. As discussed in the Human Rights Council report, the realization of the right to an effective remedy hinges upon a variety of interrelated factors. Accurate identification of trafficked persons is a prerequisite for trafficked persons to be able to exercise the right to an effective remedy, as it is almost impossible to do so if they are misidentified as irregular migrants or criminal offenders. They must be also provided with a reflection and recovery period as well as the support and assistance necessary for their recovery on a non-conditional basis, so that they can make an informed decision as to what course of action they would like to pursue. If trafficked persons wish to seek compensation for the harms suffered, they need to be equipped with information about their rights and the avenues available to exercise their rights, legal assistance, interpretation and other necessary services, and regular residence status. Trafficked persons must be recognized as holders of rights from the moment that they are identified as trafficked and States must implement responses underpinned by all of these elements necessary for trafficked persons to enjoy the right to an effective remedy. Ad hoc measures designed to address only some of these aspects would be hardly sufficient if the right to an effective remedy were to be fully realized.", "D. Draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy", "28. In order to guide States in operationalizing the right to an effective remedy, the Special Rapporteur submitted the draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons in the Human Rights Council report. The draft basic principles are reproduced in the annex to the present report. The Special Rapporteur noted with appreciation that a number of States, including Brazil, Costa Rica, Greece, the Republic of Moldova, Slovakia and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), expressly welcomed the draft basic principles during the interactive dialogue at the Human Rights Council.", "29. The draft basic principles are based on existing international human rights law and standards and do not represent new norms of human rights. They are designed to bring clarity to the concept of the right to an effective remedy and to elaborate specific factors to be taken into account when this right is applied to trafficked persons. For example, the draft basic principles explicitly spell out that States have obligations to ensure that adequate procedures are in place to enable quick and accurate identification and that trafficked persons are not subjected to discriminatory treatment in law or in practice, as these are preconditions in exercising the right to an effective remedy in the context of trafficked persons. Further, reflecting the complex nature of the crime of trafficking, the draft basic principles specify that restitution may require States to provide trafficked persons with temporary or permanent residence status where a safe return to the country of origin cannot be guaranteed or is otherwise not in the best interest of the trafficked person. With respect to recovery, the draft basic principles provide that States shall ensure that trafficked persons’ access to assistance and other benefits are not dependent on their cooperation in legal proceedings, as this is a common obstacle for trafficked persons in accessing such assistance and other benefits. Lastly, the draft basic principles provide that States have a duty to ensure that trafficked persons are allowed to lawfully remain in the country in which the remedy is being sought for the duration of any proceedings, having regard to the fact that trafficked persons are often treated as irregular migrants subject to detention and deportation.", "30. During the interactive dialogue at the Human Rights Council, some States raised an important question as to what might be the next step and what legal status the Special Rapporteur envisaged for the draft basic principles. As mentioned during the interactive dialogue, the draft basic principles are still under development and constitute only an initial step in the efforts to effectively implement the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons. Thus, she would welcome further input and suggestions by States and other stakeholders to further refine the draft basic principles and to consider what should be the next step. The Special Rapporteur stresses, however, that States’ commitments and sense of ownership in this process of shaping the draft basic principles are crucial. While the draft basic principles are intended to guide not only States but also practitioners working with trafficked persons, the Special Rapporteur considers it critical that States, as duty-bearers, commit to fulfil their obligations to respect, protect and fulfil the right to an effective remedy and to utilize the draft basic principles in order to understand what these obligations entail in practice. Thus, the Special Rapporteur wishes to have opportunities to engage with States to discuss the content of the draft basic principles through intergovernmental consultations. In this process, the Special Rapporteur would welcome a strong leadership by members of the Human Rights Council and the General Assembly, and the Group of Friends United against Human Trafficking in galvanizing the political will of Member States.", "E. Conclusions and recommendations", "31. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that States have an obligation to provide remedies for trafficked persons where they fail to exercise due diligence to prevent and combat trafficking in persons or to protect the human rights of trafficked persons. Furthermore, States have a duty to respect, protect and fulfil the right to an effective remedy under international human rights law. To this end, States’ responses to trafficking should be guided by the objective of implementing the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons. Trafficked persons must be recognized as holders of rights from the moment when they are identified as trafficked and States should implement measures to facilitate their realization of these rights. As different components of the right to an effective remedy are interrelated with each other, it is crucial for States to provide for a continuum of assistance and support, aimed at restitution, recovery, compensation, satisfaction and guarantees of non-repetition, as appropriate in each individual case.", "32. In the efforts to enhance the implementation of the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons, the Special Rapporteur refers States to her recommendations in the Human Rights Council report. In particular, the Special Rapporteur highlights the following recommendations:", "33. As a very first step in ensuring that trafficked persons have the opportunity to seek remedies as victims of human rights violations, States should ensure that relevant authorities and officials, such as police, border guards and immigration officials, are adequately trained in the identification of trafficked persons to allow rapid and accurate identification of trafficked persons.", "34. States should provide trafficked persons with a reflection and recovery period, as well as assistance in realizing their full recovery on a non-conditional basis, duly taking into account the individual circumstances and needs of each trafficked person.", "35. In order to enable trafficked persons to exercise their right to compensation in a meaningful manner, States should provide trafficked persons with the necessary means, assistance and status, namely, access to information, free legal assistance and other assistance necessary to ensure their full recovery, and regular residence status. In addition, States should guarantee the right to privacy, safety and witness protection for trafficked persons taking part in legal proceedings.", "36. States should intensify training for the judiciary, prosecutors and lawyers on laws and issues pertaining to the rights of trafficking in persons and relevant legal procedures.", "37. States should adequately train law enforcement officials in identifying, tracing, freezing and confiscating assets connected to the crime of trafficking, and explicitly enact legislation that provides that the confiscated assets are to be used to compensate trafficked persons.", "38. Where State-funded compensation schemes for victims of crime exist, States should abolish eligibility criteria that have the effect of preventing trafficked persons from seeking compensation, such as nationality and long-term residence requirements.", "39. States should ensure that they provide trafficked persons with information on the right to a remedy, mechanisms and procedures available to exercise this right, and how and where to obtain the necessary assistance. To facilitate this process, States should develop guidelines on the appropriate form, content and language of the information to be provided to trafficked persons and ensure that the guidelines are properly applied.", "40. States should provide legal assistance to trafficked persons on a free-of-charge basis as an essential precondition for all trafficked persons to exercise their right to an effective remedy. States should ensure that lawyers providing such assistance have received adequate training in the rights of trafficked persons including children, and in effective communication with victims of human rights violations.", "41. States should provide trafficked persons with temporary residence permits during the duration of any legal proceedings on an unconditional basis. States should also provide trafficked persons with temporary or permanent residence permits on social and humanitarian grounds, where a safe return to the country of origin is not guaranteed or a return would not otherwise be in the best interests of the trafficked person for reasons related to his or her personal circumstances, such as the loss of citizenship or cultural and social identity in the country of origin.", "42. States should ensure that the best interests of the child are a primary consideration in all decisions or actions that affect trafficked children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies.", "43. States should encourage trafficked children to express their views and give them due consideration in accordance with their age and maturity. In order to facilitate this process, States should ensure that trafficked children are equipped with information on all matters affecting their interests, including their situation, legal options, entitlements and services available to them, and processes of family reunification or repatriation. Further, States should ensure that trafficked children have access to legal, interpretative and other necessary assistance, provided by professionals trained in child rights and how to communicate with trafficked children.", "Annex", "Draft basic principles on the right to an effective remedy for trafficked persons", "1. Rights and obligations", "1. Trafficked persons as victims of human rights violations have the right to an effective remedy for harms committed against them.", "2. All States, including countries of origin, transit and destination, are obliged to provide or facilitate access to remedies that are fair, adequate and appropriate to all trafficked persons within their respective territory and subject to their respective jurisdiction, including non-citizens, for harms committed against them.", "3. The right to an effective remedy encompasses both a substantive right to reparations and procedural rights necessary to access reparations.", "4. In substance, trafficked persons should be provided with adequate reparations for the harms suffered, which may include restitution, compensation, recovery, satisfaction, and guarantees of non-repetition.", "5. Trafficked persons should also be provided with access to a competent and independent authority in order to successfully obtain reparations. This necessitates, at a minimum, the provision of:", "(a) Information concerning their rights, the reparations available and the existence of and modalities for accessing reparation mechanisms;", "(b) Legal, medical, psychological, social, administrative and other assistance necessary in seeking remedies;", "(c) A reflection and recovery period, followed by residence status while trafficked persons seek remedies.", "2. Realizing the right to a remedy", "6. States shall:", "(a) Ensure that adequate procedures are in place to enable quick and accurate identification of trafficked persons and provide adequate training to law enforcement and other agencies that might come in contact with trafficked persons;", "(b) Ensure that trafficked persons are not subjected to discriminatory treatment in law or in practice on any ground, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status, including their age, their status as victims of trafficking, their occupation or types of exploitation to which they have been subjected;", "(c) Give due consideration to individual circumstances of trafficked persons to ensure that remedies are centred on the empowerment of trafficked persons and full respect for their human rights. At a minimum, States should “do no harm” and ensure that remedial proceedings are not detrimental or prejudicial to the rights of trafficked persons and their psychological and physical safety.", "(a) Restitution", "7. States shall:", "(a) Place the best interests of trafficked persons at the centre in providing measures of restitution;", "(b) Provide trafficked persons with temporary or permanent residence status as a form of remedy where a safe return to the country of origin cannot be guaranteed, may place them at risk of persecution or further human rights violations, or is otherwise not in their best interests;", "(c) Effectively address the root causes of trafficking in order to ensure that trafficked persons are not returned to the pre-existing situation which places them at risk of being re-trafficked or further human rights violations.", "(b) Recovery", "8. States shall:", "(a) Provide a non-conditional reflection and recovery period, during which trafficked persons are provided with measures necessary for the physical, psychological and social recovery, including, but not limited to: appropriate housing, counselling and information about their situations and legal rights; medical, psychological and material assistance; and employment, educational and training opportunities;", "(b) Ensure that trafficked persons’ access to assistance and other benefits are under no circumstances dependent upon their cooperation in legal proceedings.", "(c) Compensation", "9. States shall:", "(a) Ensure that laws, mechanisms and procedures are in place to enable trafficked persons, if they desire, to:", "(i) Obtain civil damages for trafficking-related offences, including breaches of labour laws;", "(ii) Secure awards or orders from criminal courts for compensation from persons convicted of trafficking-related offences;", "(iii) Gain access to compensation from the State for injuries and damages;", "(b) Address the common obstacles for trafficked persons to obtain compensation for their material and non-material damage. To this end, they should ensure that:", "(i) All trafficked persons have a legally enforceable right to obtain compensation, irrespective of their immigration status and of whether their perpetrators have been convicted;", "(ii) Trafficked persons are fully informed of their legal rights, including their rights to have access to remedies through judicial, labour and administrative proceedings, promptly and in a language and form they understand;", "(iii) Trafficked persons seeking to access remedies are provided with necessary assistance to this end, including social assistance, free and qualified legal aid and representation, and, where necessary, qualified interpreters, regardless of their immigration status;", "(iv) Trafficked persons are allowed to lawfully remain in the country in which the remedy is being sought for the duration of any criminal, civil, labour or administrative proceedings, without prejudice to any claim they may have to the right to remain on a more permanent basis as a remedy in itself;", "(v) Laws and procedures are in place to support the seizure of the proceeds of trafficking and confiscation of traffickers’ assets, and explicitly indicate that such proceeds and assets are intended in the first instance to compensate trafficked persons and in the second instance for general provision of remedies to trafficked persons;", "(vi) Effective measures are in place for the enforcement of reparation judgements including foreign judgements.", "10. In cases of trafficked women and girls who have been subjected to sexual and gender-based violence, States should take into account potential risks of psychological harm, stigma and communal and family ostracism that judicial proceedings may impose on them and provide measures to afford adequate protection to those women and girls affected, while creating opportunities to seek compensation through non-judicial avenues.", "3. Trafficked children", "11. States shall:", "(a) Ensure that the best interests of the child are a primary consideration in providing trafficked children with remedies, taking into account the individual circumstances of the child, including his or her age, upbringing, ethnic, cultural and linguistic background and protection needs;", "(b) Respect the child’s right to express his or her views freely in all matters affecting the child. To this end, States should provide trafficked children with effective access to information on all matters affecting their interests, such as their situation, entitlements, services available and the family reunification and/or repatriation process;", "(c) Take measures to ensure adequate and appropriate training, in particular legal and psychological training, for persons working with trafficked children on specific rights and obligations in cases involving children.", "[1] Anne T. Gallagher, The International Law of Human Trafficking (New York, Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 366.", "[2] Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, Compensation for Trafficked and Exploited Persons in the OSCE Region (Warsaw, 2008), pp. 40-42.", "[3] United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), “Guidelines on the protection of child victims of trafficking” (New York, 2006), guideline 2.5." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径 贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童", "贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会各会员国转递贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员乔伊·埃泽洛根据人权理事会第8/12号和第17/1号决议提交的报告。", "* A/65/150。", "贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "本年度报告是根据人权理事会第8/12号和第17/1号决议向大会提交的，述期为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日。", "本报告分为三个主要章节：导言、报告述期内特别报告员活动情况概述和贩运人口有效补救权利的专题重点。报告论述了不同形式的实质补救办法，其中包括复原、恢复、赔偿、满足要求和保证不再重犯。报告还强调了获得这些实质性补救办法的程序性权利十分重要，诸如提供信息、法律援助、翻译服务和居住身份正常化。特别报告员在结束时就如何落实有效补救权利向各国提出建议。最后，关于有效补救权利的基本原则载入附件。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.特别报告员的活动 4\nA.参加会议和磋商的情况 4\nB.国别访问 4\n3.专题分析：被贩运者获得有效补救的权利 5\nA.导言 5\nB.被贩运者获得有效补救的权利 5\nC.提出人权理事会报告之后的补充意见 7\nD.有效补救权利的基本原则草案 8\nE.结论和建议 9 \n 附件 \n关于被贩运者获得有效补救的权利的基本原则草案 12", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是现任贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员根据人权理事会第8/12号和第17/1号决议向大会提交的第三次报告。报告着重介绍了她在2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的活动。报告的主要专题重点是贩运人口的有效补救。", "二. 特别报告员的活动", "2. 针对2010年8月1日至2011年3月1日开展的活动，特别报告员提及她向人权理事会第十七届会议提交的上一次报告(A/HRC/17/35)。特别报告员2011年3月1日至2011年7月31日的活动简述如下。", "A. 参加会议和磋商的情况", "3. 2011年5月31日，特别报告员在由德国常驻联合国代表团、菲律宾常驻联合国代表团、反奴隶制国际、“大道”国际组织和欧洲安全与合作组织所举办的会外活动“诉诸法律的渠道和对被贩运者的补救”发表讲话。2011年6月1日，特别报告员还以专题小组成员身份参加了由国际方济会和反对贩运妇女全球联盟组织的一项会外活动“肆意驱逐：被贩运者获得补救的障碍”。", "4. 2011年6月7日，特别报告员作为主旨发言者参加了苏格兰儿童和青年人问题专员在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国爱丁堡举办的一日会议“苏格兰的儿童贩运问题”。", "5. 2011年6月21日至22日，特别报告员参加了世界司法项目在西班牙巴塞罗那举办的第三届世界司法论坛。她主持了一个关于“人口贩运和法治”的小组讨论并论及通过现有国家、区域和国际法律打击贩运人口，为受害者提供有效保护，以及世界各地有助于预防人口贩运的良好做法。", "6. 特别报告员于2011年7月4日在瑞士日内瓦召集了一次专家会议“起诉贩运人口案件：将基于人权的方法纳入刑事司法”。大多出自检察机关和执法背景的15名专家参与这为期一天的会议,讨论在起诉贩运人口的案件同时,确保尊重被贩运者的人权方面所取得进展、面临的挑战以及经验教训。", "7. 2011年7月11日至13日，特别报告员参加了由新加坡内政部在新加坡举办的东南亚国家联盟(东盟)关于贩运人口的刑事司法对策研讨会。", "B. 国别访问", "8. 特别报告员应两国政府的邀请，于2010年9月6日至12日访问了阿根廷并于2010年9月13日至17日访问了乌拉圭。这两次访问的完整报告已于2011年6月提交给人权理事会第十七届会议(分别为A/HRC/17/35/Add.4，A/HRC/17/ 35/Add.3)。", "9. 在编写此报告期间，应泰国政府的邀请，特别报告员计划于2011年8月8日至19日访问泰国。她还计划于2011年11月访问澳大利亚。关于这些访问的全面报告将于2012年提交给人权理事会第二十届会议。", "三. 专题分析：被贩运者获得有效补救的权利", "A. 导言", "10. 本报告是特别报告员提交给人权理事会第十七届会议报告(A/HRC/17/35)的后续部分。特别报告员提请各会员国注意到她在人权理事会的报告中的分析、结论和建议，其中包括载于本报告附件一的“被贩运者获得有效补救的基本原则草案”。", "11. 本报告主要论述了人权理事会报告的主要结果、结论和建议，同时还介绍了特别报告员在这一问题上的补充意见，以及她在提出人权理事会报告后所收到成员国和其他利益攸关者的反馈。", "B. 被贩运者获得有效补救的权利", "12. 获得有效补救的权利是包括被贩运者在内所有人的一项基本人权，各国必须按照国际人权法予以尊重、保护和履行。国际法中明确公认的一个学说是，可归咎于一个国家的行为或不行为构成违反该国国际义务时，该国有义务采取补救措施。在贩运人口情况下，各国未能尽职尽责防止和打击人口贩运，未能保护被贩运者的人权，那么就有义务为被贩运者采取补救措施。", "13. 虽然关于被贩运者获得有效补救权利的讨论往往侧重于赔偿，赔偿仅仅是这一权利的一个方面。它包括恢复、复原、满足要求并保证不重犯，以及配套程序性权利，使被贩运者可以切实行使有效补救的权利。这种获得实质补救的程序权利可包括法律、医疗、心理、社会、行政和其他援助方面的权利。", "14. 恢复原状的宗旨是恢复违反情况之前已经存在的状态。就被贩运者所采取的复原措施可包括诸如：从拘留所释放贩运者(无论是人口贩子、国家或任何其他实体的拘留)；[1] 归还财产，诸如身份证和旅行证件以及其他私人物品等；承认法律身份和公民地位；安全和自愿遣返原籍国；为协助其融入社会所给予的必要援助和支持。", "15. 根据向人权理事会所提交报告中的论述，复原在常规意义上，可能并不是最适当的补救形式，因为仅仅为被贩运者恢复其原来的状况，可能会使他(她)遭遇到人权受到侵犯以及再次被贩运的风险。从这个角度看，复原意味着国家有义务采取更为广义的措施，从根源上解决贩运问题，并为被贩运者重新融入社会提供必要的支持，以尽量减少这些人再次被贩运的风险。例如，在被贩运妇女和女童遭到性暴力或性别暴力的情况下，他们在返回家园和社区时，可能面临着歧视、社会歧视、社区和家庭的排斥，从而再次沦为受害者。在这种情况下，消除贩运根源的措施则是确保被贩运的妇女和女童得到有效恢复发挥着关键作用。", "16. 特别报告员在人权理事会报告中还指出，将被贩运者送返回其原籍国可能并不是一种妥当的补救形式，因为在他(她)已经失去了与原籍国的法律、文化和社会联系的情况下，返回原籍国已不符合他(她)的根本利益。例如，可以想象，一名孩子被贩运到另一个国家，并在这种情况下生活了数十年，很可能已失掉与原籍国的社会和文化认同感。鉴于这些因素，恢复原状可能涉及到让贩运者重新融入收容社区或在第三国重新安置。", "17. 恢复包括医疗和心理方面护理，以及法律和社会服务。由于贩运往往会给受害者造成严重的生理和心理后果，恢复是一种重要的补救形式。在人权理事会的报告中，特别报告员关注地指出，在有些国家，恢复服务只适用于某些类别的被他人贩运者，而排除了其他一些人，如被在国内贩运的男人与儿童，而且能否得到恢复服务，还要以被贩运者是否能够或是否愿意与执法当局合作为条件。此外，她表示关注的是，许多国家没有一个“考虑和恢复时期”，以使被贩运者摆脱贩运者的影响，恢复心理稳定，考虑作何选择，并在没有被迫离境风险的情况下就是否与法律执法机关合作做出明智决定。这一时期不仅是恢复的一个组成部分，而且是寻求其他形式补偿，例如赔偿的第一基本步骤。被贩运者的考虑和恢复时期可能对被贩运者的安全与福祉有所帮助，而被贩运者的安全与福祉又是其寻求赔偿的一个必不可少的先决条件。", "18. 对于经济上可评估损害，应当在不能恢复原状的情况下，提供补偿。对于罪犯所造成的大范围伤害、损失或损害，可作出赔偿，其中包括：受害者所需要的医疗、身体、心理或精神治疗的费用；收入损失及应得工资；法律费用和其他类似费用；因道德、身体或心理伤害、情绪困扰、疼痛和苦难所造成的非物质损害作出赔偿。", "19. 在许多国家，从理论上是可以通过刑事、民事或劳工诉讼寻求赔偿。然而，正如人权理事会报告所述，由于各种障碍的存在，使这种可能性在现实中只是一种虚幻。虽然各种因素影响到刑事、民事和劳工诉讼的结果，被贩运者通过法律程序寻求赔偿的共同障碍包括：未能确定被贩运者，并给予他们长期居留身份；被贩运者得不到恢复方面的足够支持；被贩运者得不到信息和知识；没有免费法律援助；司法人员和律师缺乏为被贩运者寻求赔偿的能力、知识和经验；和证人保护方案不完善，难以确保被贩运者及其家属的安全保障。", "20. 在一些国家，被贩运者可能可以通过罪行受害者的一般赔偿计划提出赔偿要求。但是，通常被贩运者都依然无法通过国家资助的赔偿计划获得补偿，因为要受益于此类计划有一定的资格要求，例如国籍、居留资格或者受害人所遭受的犯罪类型等方面的限制。", "21. 寻求赔偿中的一些障碍清楚地表明，获得补救的程序性权利对于被贩运者实现实质性补救的权利是至关重要的先决条件。例如，各国必须向被贩运者提供有关其寻求补救过程中的权利和机制方面的的信息，因为他们如果不了解这种重要信息，就无法寻求补救措施。在许多司法管辖区，司法和行政程序往往十分复杂，法律援助对于被贩运者也至关重要，在他们不熟悉有关国家的法律制度的情况下尤为如此。此外，在寻求补救措施的国家拥有长期居留许可证是一项重要的先决条件，因为如果被贩运者面临着被驱逐的危险或已经被驱逐，要寻求补救措施将是非常困难的。但是，特别报告员发现，被贩运者实际上往往得不到这种待遇。", "22. 最后，即使对贩运者发出赔偿令，要执行赔偿令也非常困难，因为所涉贩运者可能并没有足够的资产，以支付赔偿，或者执法部门可能缺乏关于冻结和没收贩运人口者资产的专业知识、培训和资源。[2]", "23. 此外，特别报告员在人权理事会报告中强调说，在被贩运儿童的的情况下，特别考虑了为实现有效补救的权利而制定和实施的对策。最起码应遵循“儿童权利公约”的一般原则，为被贩运儿童实现有效补救的权利。特别重要的原则是，在所有涉及儿童的行动中，应当以儿童的根本利益为首要考虑。因此，在就行动方针和寻求补救的类型作出决定时，必须对儿童的根本利益，加以慎重考虑。例如，儿童参与刑事诉讼未必符合其根本利益，例如，他(她)会多次受到采访，必须在法庭上当着贩运者的面提出证词，并受到贩运者或其法定代表人的敌对提问，或有效的证人保护方案不到位，无法保证孩子和他(她)的家庭成员的隐私和安全。此外，根据儿童根本利益提出的方案显示，就被贩运儿童而言，赔偿未必是最恰当的补救形式。在某些情况下，应当寻求补救措施，以建立一个全面儿童保护系统，从而确保儿童各项权利，诸如其受教育的权利、健康的权利和生理和心理恢复的权利，并帮助遭剥削的儿童受害者重返社会。", "24. 根据“儿童权利公约”，各国也必须尊重儿童对涉及其自身的一切事项自由发表意见的权利，并向他们提供在有关司法和行政诉讼中作出陈述的机会。为此，孩子应切实有机会获取影响到其利益所有事项的信息，诸如其状况、应享权利、各种服务和家庭团聚和(或)遣返过程。[3] 此外，必须确保儿童积极参与其中，这就意味着，应当为儿童免费提供法律代表，和必要的母语翻译。", "C. 提出人权理事会报告之后的补充意见", "25. 特别报告员在提出人权理事会的报告之后与若干利益攸关者做了进一步对话，并发现上文所论述在顺利获得补救方面的各种障碍在世界许多地区依然普遍存在。就赔偿而言，欧洲对被贩运者赔偿行动项目所进行的研究表明，虽然人们逐步认识到被贩运者拥有获得赔偿的权利，而且这些欧洲国家设有允许被贩运者要求赔偿的法律框架，但被贩运者实际得到赔偿的情况十分罕见。虽然有各种因素影响到被贩运者提出赔偿要求的能力，最常见的原因是被贩运者不了解其获得赔偿的权利，国家资助的赔偿基金限制较严的资格标准，执法当局未能没收资产或利用所没收资产赔偿被贩运者，以及缺乏关于赔偿被贩运者的判例。由白俄罗斯La Strada于2011年6月10日举办了关于“赔偿白俄罗斯、摩尔多瓦和乌克兰的被贩运者”的国际圆桌会议，会议表明诸如缺乏关于赔偿权利的信息、法官和律师缺乏对受害者获得赔偿权利的知识以及没有法律援助等问题都极大影响到被贩运者顺利获得赔偿的机会。", "26. 因此，在确保被贩运者享有有效补救的权利方面依然存在着重大挑战。然而，有积极迹象表明，各国在制定和实施打击人口贩运的对策时，越来越多地考虑到有效补救的权利。使特别报告员感到很受鼓舞的是一些国家在人权理事会的互动对话中提出切实承诺，将在国家一级实施这一权利。例如，挪威指出，以适当方式向人口贩运受害者提供必要信息常常十分困难，并承诺将借助特别报告员的报告来推动改进工作。澳大利亚则提到对帮助被贩运者的方案作出了重大变动，包括延长了考虑和恢复时期。菲律宾还向特别报告员通报，根据其反贩运法的规定，设立了一个国家信托基金，利用对被定罪贩运者的罚款和没收资产为被贩运者提供各种复原服务，如紧急避难所、心理咨询、免费法律服务、医药和心理治疗。诸如巴西、韩国和希腊等其他国家向特别报告员提供了关于其为实现有效补救权利所作各项努力的信息，如提供咨询、住房、医疗和法律援助。", "27. 虽然特别报告员注意到这些积极的事态发展，但是她强调指出，一个旨在实现这一权利的全面和整体对策是至关重要的。正如人权理事会报告所述，能否实现有效补救的权利取决于若干相互关联的因素。准确识别被贩运者是被贩运者能够行使其有效补救权利的一个先决条件，因为如果将他们误认为非正常移民或刑事罪犯，那么问题就无法得以解决。同时必须给他们提供一个考虑和恢复时期，并无条件地提供复原所必需的支持和援助，使他们能够就自己要采取的行动方案作出明智决定。如果被贩运者希望就所遭受损害寻求赔偿，他们必须掌握关于自己的权利以及行使权利的渠道、法律援助、口译和其他必要的服务及定期居留身份的各方面信息。自确定被贩运者身份那一刻起，就必须承认其所拥有的权利，国家必须实施让被贩运者获得有效补偿权利的那些必要对策环节。如果要完全实现有效补偿的权利，仅仅依靠针对某些方面的临时措施是远远不够的。", "D. 有效补救权利的基本原则草案", "28. 为了指导各国实施有效补救的权利，特别报告员在人权理事会的报告中提出了“被贩运人口的有效补救权利的基本原则草案”。该基本原则草案载在本报告附件。特别报告员赞赏地注意到，包括巴西、哥斯达黎加、希腊、摩尔多瓦、斯洛伐克共和国和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国等一些国家，在人权理事会的互动对话中对基本原则草案明确表示欢迎。", "29. 基本原则草案基于现有的国际人权法和标准，并不代表新的人权规范。草案的目的是，明确有效补救权利的概念，并拟订将这种权利适用于贩运者时，要考虑到的具体因素。例如，基本原则草案明确阐述，国家有责任确保制定有适当程序，可以快速、准确地进行识别，而且被贩运者在法律上和实践中都不会受到歧视待遇，因为这是被贩运者行使有效补救权利的先决条件。此外，该基本原则草案反映出了人口贩运罪的复杂性，指出要恢复原状可能需要国家在被贩运者不能保证安全返回原籍国或者返回原籍国并不符合其根本利益时，为被贩运者提供临时或永久居留身份。就复原而言，基本原则草案规定，各国应确保贩运者所获得的援助和其他福利并是不取决于他们在法律程序中是否合作，因为这是被贩运者在获取这种援助和其他福利时的一个常见障碍。最后，考虑到被贩运者常常被当作非正常移民而被拘留和递解出境，基本原则草案规定，国家有义务确保被贩运者在寻求补救的诉讼期间，可以合法在该国逗留。", "30. 在人权理事会的互动对话期间，若干国家提出一个重要问题，即根据特别报告员的设想，基本原则草案下一步如何，应具有怎样的法律地位。正如在互动对话中提到的，基本原则草案仍处于发展阶段，并仅仅是努力为被贩运者行使有效补救权利的第一步。因此，她欢迎各国和其他利益攸关者为进一步完善基本原则草案而提出的进一步意见和建议，并考虑下一步应该如何。然而，特别报告员强调指出，各国在打造基本原则草案过程中的承诺和主人翁意识至关重要。虽然基本原则草案是要为各国以及与被贩运者打交道的工作人员提供指导，特别报告员认为至关重要的是国家作为责任承担者，要承诺履行其义务，尊重、保护和履行其得到有效补救的权利并利用基本原则草案，以期了解这些义务的实际意义。因此，特别报告员希望有机会通过政府间的协商，与各国讨论基本原则草案的内容。在这个过程中，特别报告员欢迎人权理事会成员和大会以及团结一致打击人口贩运之友小组作为一个强有力领导激发会员国的政治意愿。", "E. 结论和建议", "31. 特别报告员重申，各国在未能恪尽职守防止和打击人口贩运并保护被贩运者的人权时，有义务为被贩运者采取补救措施。此外，各国有义务根据国际人权法尊重、保护和履行有效补救的权利。为此目的，国家对人口贩运的对策应以实施贩运者的有效补救权利为目标。自确定被贩运者身份那一刻起，就必须承认其所拥有的权利，而国家必须采取措施，协助被贩运者实现其各项权利。由于有效补救的权利的各组成部分是相互关联的，关键在于各国要根据每宗个案的情况，酌情在恢复原状、恢复、补偿、满足和保证不重复等方面，提供持续援助和支持。", "32. 在加强落实被贩运者获得有效补救的权利方面，特别报告员在人权理事会报告中向各国提出了她的建议。特别报告员尤其提到以下建议：", "33. 作为确保被贩运者有机会以侵犯人权行为的受害者身份寻求补救的第一步，各国应确保相关机构和官员，例如警察、边防和移民官员，在识别被贩运者方面受过充分的培训，以便迅速而准确地识别被贩运者。", "34. 各国应向被贩运者提供考虑和恢复期，并无条件提供援助，以便实现其全面康复，并适当考虑到每一个被贩运者的情况和需要。", "35. 为了使被贩运者能够有意义地行使其获得赔偿的权利，各国应为被贩运者提供必需的手段、援助和地位，即可获取信息、免费法律援助、确保其完全康复所必需的其他援助以及正常居留身份。此外，各国应保证被贩运者在参与法律诉讼时的隐私权、人身安全和证人保护。", "36. 各国应加强对司法人员、检察官和律师在法律和与对被贩运者权利和有关法律程序有关问题上的培训。", "37. 各国应充分训练执法官员辨认、追查、冻结和没收与贩运罪行相关的资产并明确颁布法律规定，将没收资产用于向被贩运者提供赔偿。", "38. 凡具备由国家出资的赔偿犯罪行为受害人方案的国家均应废除有可能使被贩运者无法寻求赔偿的资格标准，例如国籍和长期居留等要求。", "39. 各国应确保为被贩运者提供有关补救权、行使该项权利的机制和程序、以及如何并于何处获得必要援助的信息。为了促进这一进程，各国应就向被贩运者提供的信息的适当形式、内容和语言制定指导准则，并确保这些准则的正确使用。", "40. 各国应向被贩运者提供免费法律援助，并将此作为所有被贩运者行使其获得有效补救的权利的基本先决条件。各国应确保提供此类援助的律师在被贩运者——包括儿童——权利方面获得过充分的培训，并与侵犯人权行为的受害者进行有效的沟通。", "41. 在法律诉讼期间，各国应无条件地向被贩运者提供临时居留许可。如果无法保障被贩运者安全返回原籍国，或由于被贩运者自身的情况，例如已失去公民身份或在原籍国的文化社会身份，返回原籍国并不符合其最大利益，那么各国应基于社会和人道主义理由，为被贩运者提供临时或永久居留许可。", "42. 各国应确保在所有针对被贩运儿童的决定和行动中，均将儿童的最大利益作为首要考量因素，不论行动方是公共或私营社会福利机构、法院、行政机关还是立法机构。", "43. 各国应鼓励被贩运儿童表达自己的意见，并根据其年龄和成熟度适当考虑这些意见。为促进这一进程，各国应确保告知被贩运儿童所有影响其利益的事物的信息，包括其处境、法律意见、可享有的权利和服务、以及家庭团聚或遣返的程序。此外，各国应确保被贩运儿童能够得到必要的法律、翻译和其他援助，提供这些援助的专业人员应受到过儿童权利以及如何与被贩运儿童沟通方面的培训。", "附件", "关于被贩运者获得有效补救的权利的基本原则草案", "1. 权利和义务", "1. 被贩运者作为侵犯人权行为的受害人，有权就所受到的伤害获得有效的补救。", "2. 包括原籍国、过境国和目的地国在内的所有国家有义务向各自境内并受各自管辖的包括非公民在内的所有被贩运者就其所受到的伤害提供公平、充分和适当的补救，或促进其获得此类补救。", "3. 获得有效补救的权利包括获得赔偿的实质性权利和获得赔偿所必需的程序性权利。", "4. 实质上，被贩运者应因其所受到的伤害，获得充分的赔偿，包括恢复原状、补偿、康复、抵偿和不再被贩运的保障。", "5. 被贩运者应可诉诸于有能力且独立的机构，以便成功获得赔偿。至少需要向其提供：", "(a) 有关其权利、可获得的赔偿和获得赔偿的机制是否存在及如何获得赔偿的信息；", "(b) 在寻求补救过程中所必需的法律、医疗、心理、社会、行政及其他援助；", "(c) 一段考虑和康复期，然后在被贩运者寻求补救时为其提供居留身份。", "2. 实现获得补救的权利", "6. 各国应：", "(a) 确保具备充分的程序，以便迅速准确地识别被贩运者，并为可能与被贩运者接触的执法官员及其他机构成员提供充足的培训；", "(b) 确保被贩运者不因任何原因，例如种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份——包括其年龄、人口贩运受害者的身份、职业或所受到的剥削类型等，在法律和实践中受到歧视性的待遇；", "(c) 适当考虑被贩运者的个人情况，确保补救的重点是赋权于被贩运者和充分尊重其人权。各国应至少“不伤害”，并确保补救程序不损害被贩运者的权利及其身心安全。", "(a) 恢复原状", "7. 各国：", "(a) 在提供恢复原状措施时，以被贩运者的最大利益为中心；", "(b) 如果无法保障被贩运者安全返回其原籍国，或返回原籍国可能使其面临被迫害或被进一步侵犯人权的风险，或在其他方面不符合其最大利益，则应向被贩运者提供临时或永久居留许可，作为补救的一种方式；", "(c) 有效地解决贩运问题的根源，以确保被贩运者不再次陷入原先的处境，从而再次面临被贩运或被进一步侵犯人权的风险。", "(b) 恢复", "8. 各国应：", "(a) 为被贩运者提供一个无条件的考虑和恢复期，其间为其提供身心和社会恢复所必需的措施，包括——但不仅限于——适当的住房、有关其境况和法定权利的咨询和信息；医疗、心理和物质援助；以及就业、教育和培训机会；", "(b) 确保不将被贩运者在诉讼过程中进行合作作为其获得援助和其他福利的前提条件。", "(c) 赔偿", "9. 各国应：", "(a) 确保具备法律、机制和程序，以便被贩运者在其愿意的情况下，能够：", "㈠ 因与贩运相关的罪行——包括违反劳动法的行为——获得民事赔偿；", "㈡ 确保刑事法庭命令犯下与贩运相关罪行者向受害人提供赔偿；", "㈢ 因所遭到的伤害和损害而获取国家赔偿。", "(b) 解决被贩运者因其遭受的物质和非物质损害而获取赔偿的过程中所面临的共同障碍。为此，他们应确保：", "㈠ 所有被贩运者，不论其移民地位或肇事者是否已被定罪，均享有获取赔偿的可依法执行的权利；", "㈡ 被贩运者充分了解其法定权利，包括通过司法、劳动和行政程序，以其能够理解的语言和形式，及时获得补救的权利；", "㈢ 向寻求补救措施的被贩运者，不论其移民地位如何，提供必要的援助，包括社会援助、免费并合格的法律援助和代表，并在必要时为其提供合格的翻译；", "㈣ 在刑事、民事、劳动或行政程序进行期间，允许被贩运者在其寻求补救的国家内合法居留，不得影响他们可能提出的将更永久的居留许可作为补救措施的权利要求；", "㈤ 制定法律和程序，以支持没收贩运所得收益及人贩子的资产，并明确规定，这些收益和资产在一审时将被用于对被贩运者的赔偿，二审时被用来为被贩运者提供一般性补救；", "㈥ 制定有效措施，以执行赔偿判决，包括外国法院的判决。", "10. 在被贩运的妇女和女童遭受到性暴力和基于性别的暴力的情况下，各国应考虑到司法程序可能对其造成心理伤害、耻辱和被社区家庭排斥的风险，因而采取各项措施，给予这些妇女和女童充分的保护，同时创造机会，通过非司法途径为其寻求补偿。", "3. 被贩运的儿童", "11. 各国应：", "(a) 确保在向被贩运儿童提供补救的过程中，始终将儿童的最大利益作为首要考量因素，并考虑到每个孩子的具体情况，包括其年龄、教养情况、种族、文化和语言背景以及保护需要；", "(b) 尊重儿童就所有对其有影响的事务自由发表意见的权利。为此，各国应向被贩运儿童有效地提供有关影响其利益的所有事务的信息，例如其境况、权利、可获得的服务以及家庭团聚和/或遣返的程序；", "(c) 采取措施，确保向从事被贩运儿童工作的人员提供充分而适当的培训，尤其是法律及心理培训，内容为涉及儿童的案件中的具体权利和义务。", "––––––––––––––", "[1] Anne T. Gallagher，国际人口贩运法(纽约，剑桥大学出版社，2010年)，第366页。", "[2] 欧洲安全与合作组织民主制度和人权办公室,“对欧安组织区域内被贩运者和被剥削者的赔偿”(华沙，2008年)，第40-42段。", "[3] 联合国儿童基金会，保护贩运儿童受害者准则(纽约，2006年)，准则2.5。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "贩卖人口,特别是妇女和儿童", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员乔伊·埃塞洛根据人权理事会第8/12和17/1号决议提交的报告。", "贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员的报告", "内容提要", "本年度报告是根据人权理事会第8/12和17/1号决议提交的,所涉期间为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日。", "本报告分为三个主要部分:导言;特别报告员在报告所涉期间所开展活动的概要;关于被贩运者获得有效补救的权利的专题重点。 报告讨论了不同形式的实质性补救,包括恢复原状、恢复、赔偿、满足和保证不再发生。 它还强调了获得这些实质性补救的程序权利的重要性,例如提供信息、法律援助、口译服务和使居留身份正常化。 最后,特别报告员为各国有效执行有效补救权提出了建议。 最后,关于有效补救权的基本原则草案载于附件。", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 3 特别会议活动3\n报告员A. 3\nB. 国 家. 4\n访问情况 专题4 分析:被贩运者获得有效补救的权利\n人员\nA. 导言 4B 被贩运者获得有效补救的四项权利\nC. 人权理事会陈述后的补充7项意见\nD. 关于有效住房权的基本原则草案\nE. 结 论 10 和\n建议\n附件 基本原则草案12\n人员", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是现任贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童问题特别报告员根据人权理事会第8/12和17/1号决议向大会提交的第三次报告。 报告重点介绍了她2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的活动。 报告的主要专题重点是被贩运者获得有效补救的权利。", "二. 特别报告员的活动", "2. 联合国 关于2010年8月1日至2011年3月1日期间开展的活动,特别报告员提及她向人权理事会第十七届会议提交的上一次报告(A/HRC/17/35)。 她2011年3月1日至2011年7月31日期间的活动简述如下。", "A. 参加会议和协商", "3. 2011年5月31日,特别报告员在德国常驻联合国代表团、菲律宾常驻联合国代表团、反奴隶制国际、La Strada国际和欧洲安全与合作组织组织的会外活动 \" 被贩运者诉诸司法和获得赔偿 \" 上作了发言。 2011年6月1日,特别报告员还作为小组成员参加了由方济会国际和反对贩运妇女全球联盟组织的会外活动,题为“无司法驱逐:被贩运者获得补救的障碍”。", "4. 2011年6月7日,特别报告员作为主旨发言人参加了由苏格兰儿童和青年事务专员在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国爱丁堡组织的为期一天的 \" 苏格兰贩卖儿童 \" 会议。", "5. 2011年6月21日和22日,特别报告员参加了世界正义项目在西班牙巴塞罗那举办的第三次世界正义论坛。 她主持了关于“人口贩运与法治”的小组讨论,并特别讨论了打击人口贩运的现有国家、区域和国际法律、有效保护受害者以及世界各地有助于预防人口贩运的良好做法。", "6. 国家 2011年7月4日,特别报告员在日内瓦召开了关于“起诉贩运人口案件:在刑事司法中采用基于人权的做法”的专家会议。 15名主要来自起诉和执法背景的专家参加了这一为期一天的会议,讨论在起诉贩运人口案件并确保尊重被贩运者人权方面的进展、挑战和经验教训。", "7. 2011年7月11日至13日,特别报告员参加了由新加坡内政部主办的由东南亚国家联盟举办的关于针对人口贩运的刑事司法对策的讲习班。", "B. 国别访问", "8. 联合国 特别报告员应阿根廷政府的邀请于2010年9月6日至12日访问了阿根廷,于2010年9月13日至17日访问了乌拉圭。 访问报告全文已提交给2011年6月的人权理事会第十七届会议(分别为A/HRC/17/35/Add.4、A/HRC/17/35/Add.3)。", "9. 国家 在编写本报告时,特别报告员计划应泰国政府的邀请,于2011年8月8日至19日访问泰国。 她还计划于2011年11月访问澳大利亚。 关于这些访问的全面报告将提交2012年人权理事会第二十届会议。", "三. 专题分析:被贩运者获得有效补救的权利", "A. 导言", "10个 本报告是特别报告员向人权理事会第十七届会议所提交报告(A/HRC/17/35)。 特别报告员想提请各会员国注意她在报告中的分析、结论和建议,包括本报告附件所转载的关于被贩运者获得有效补救的权利的基本原则草案。", "11个 本报告力求突出人权理事会报告的主要结论、结论和建议。 本报告还介绍了特别报告员关于这一问题的补充意见,以及她在提交人权理事会报告后收到的会员国和其他利益攸关方的反馈。", "B组. 被贩运者获得有效补救的权利", "12个 获得有效补救的权利是包括被贩卖者在内的所有人的一项基本人权,各国必须根据国际人权法尊重、保护和实现这项权利。 国际法的一个既定理论是,一国有义务在作为或不作为可归于该国并构成对该国国际义务的违反时提供补救。 在贩运人口方面,如果被贩运者未能尽职尽责地防止和打击贩运人口行为或保护被贩运者的人权,国家有义务为其提供补救。", "13个 虽然关于被贩运者获得有效补救权的讨论往往侧重于赔偿,但赔偿只是这项权利的一个方面。 它包括复原、恢复原状、满足和保证不再发生,以及一套辅助程序权利,使被贩运者能够有意义地行使有效补救权。 这种获得实质性补救的程序权利可包括获得法律、医疗、心理、社会、行政和其他援助的权利。", "14个 恢复原状的目的是恢复违法行为发生前的状况。 例如,在被贩运者情况下的归还措施可包括:释放被贩运者脱离拘留(不论这种拘留是由贩运者、国家或任何其他实体所实施);[1] 归还诸如身份和旅行证件及其他个人物品等财产;承认合法身份和公民身份;安全和自愿地返回原籍国;为促进社会融合提供必要的援助和支持。", "15个 正如向人权理事会提交的报告所讨论,按照传统理解,恢复原状可能不是适当的补救形式,因为只要将被贩运者送回到原先的状况,就可能使其面临进一步侵犯人权并被重新贩运的风险。 从这个角度看,恢复原状意味着各国有义务采取更广泛的措施,解决贩运的根源问题,并为被贩运者提供重返社会的必要支助,以尽量减少再贩运的任何风险。 例如,在被贩运的妇女和女孩遭受性暴力和基于性别的暴力的情况下,她们返回家庭和社区后可能面临歧视、社会耻辱、社区和家庭排斥,从而再次受害。 在这方面,解决诸如性别歧视和不平等等贩运根源的措施,在确保被贩卖的妇女和女孩得到有效赔偿方面起关键作用。", "16号. 特别报告员还在人权理事会的报告中指出,如果被贩运者已失去与原籍国的法律、文化或社会联系,而且返回原籍国不再符合他或她的最佳利益,那么将被贩运者送回原籍国可能不是适当的补救办法。 例如,可以想象,被贩卖到另一个国家并在这种情况下延续了几十年的儿童可能会丧失其在原籍国的社会和文化特性。 如果存在这些因素,归还可能涉及被贩运者重新融入收容社区或在第三国重新安置。", "17岁。 康复包括医疗和心理护理以及法律和社会服务。 由于贩运往往给受害者造成严重的身心后果,康复是一种关键的补救形式。 在人权理事会的报告中,特别报告员关切地注意到,在一些国家,只有某些类别的被贩运者才能获得康复服务,而另一些人则被排除在外,例如国内被贩运的男子和儿童,而获得康复服务的条件是被贩运者有能力或愿意与执法当局合作。 此外,她对许多国家没有“反省和恢复期”表示关切,在此期间被贩运者可能逃脱贩运者的影响,恢复心理稳定以考虑其选择,并就是否与执法机关合作而不面临被驱逐出境的风险作出知情的决定。 这一时期不仅是复原的一个组成部分,也是寻求其他形式的赔偿,例如赔偿的基本第一步。 被贩运者的安全和福祉是被贩运者寻求赔偿的必要先决条件,反省和恢复期可能会促进其安全和福祉。", "18岁。 对于经济可评估的损害,如果这种损害不能通过恢复原状得到补偿,则应提供赔偿。 这笔钱可用于支付犯罪者造成的各种伤害、损失或损害,例如,包括受害者所需的医疗、身体、心理或精神治疗费用;收入和应得工资损失;法律费用和其他类似的费用;以及因精神、身体或心理伤害、精神痛苦、痛苦和痛苦而造成的非物质损害。", " 19. 19. 在许多国家,理论上可以通过刑事、民事或劳工程序寻求赔偿。 然而,正如人权理事会报告所讨论,各种障碍使得这种可能性在实践中只是虚幻的。 虽然不同因素影响了刑事、民事和劳工程序的有效性,但被贩运者通过法律程序寻求赔偿的共同障碍包括:未能查明被贩运者的身份并给予他们正常的居住地位;在被贩运者康复方面缺乏足够的支持;被贩运者缺乏信息和知识;缺乏免费法律援助;司法机构和律师缺乏为被贩运者寻求赔偿的能力、知识和经验;证人保护方案不足以保障被贩运者及其家人的安全和保障。", "20号. 在一些国家,被贩运者也许能够通过对犯罪受害者的一般赔偿计划要求赔偿。 然而,被贩运者通过国家资助的赔偿计划成功获得赔偿的情况仍然不常见,因为获得这种方案的机会可能受某些资格标准的限制,例如国籍、居住身份或受害者所遭受的犯罪类型等。", "21岁 寻求赔偿方面的一些障碍清楚地表明,获得补救的程序性权利是实现被贩运者获得补救的实质性权利的关键先决条件。 例如,各国必须向被贩运者提供与其权利有关的信息和可寻求补救的机制,因为除非他们了解这一基本信息,否则他们将无法寻求补救。 由于在许多司法管辖区,司法和行政程序往往十分复杂,法律援助对被贩运者也至关重要,特别是在他们不熟悉有关国家的法律制度的情况下。 此外,在寻求补救的国家中发放定期居留证是一项重要的先决条件,因为如果被贩运者面临被驱逐的风险或已经被驱逐,他们很难寻求补救。 然而,特别报告员发现,实际上被贩运者往往得不到这些措施。", "22号. 最后,即使对贩运者发出赔偿命令,也极难执行这种命令,因为查明的贩运者可能没有足够的资产来支付赔偿,或者执法当局可能缺乏冻结和没收贩运者资产的专门知识、培训和资源。 [2]", "23. 联合国 此外,特别报告员在人权理事会的报告中强调,对于被贩卖儿童,在制定和执行旨在实现有效补救权的应对措施时,应特别考虑。 至少,实现被贩运儿童获得有效补救的权利应遵循《儿童权利公约》的一般原则。 特别重要的原则是,在所有涉及儿童的行动中,儿童的最高利益应作为首要考虑。 因此,在决定行动方针和寻求何种补救之前,必须认真考虑儿童的最大利益。 例如,在某些情况下,儿童参与刑事诉讼可能不符合其最大利益,例如,当着贩运者的面,在贩运者或其法定代理人的敌意下,多次接受面谈,被要求在法庭上提供证词,或者没有有效保护证人来保障儿童及其家庭成员的隐私和安全。 此外,基于儿童最大利益的这一公式表明,赔偿可能并不总是对被贩卖儿童的一种适当的补救形式。 在某些情况下,可能更宜采取补偿措施,以建立一个全面的儿童保护制度,保障儿童的权利,如受教育的权利、健康权以及儿童受剥削时身心康复和重新融入社会的权利。", "24 (韩语). 根据《儿童权利公约》,各国还必须尊重儿童就影响到他们的一切事项自由表达意见的权利,并为他们提供在任何有关的司法和行政诉讼中发表意见的机会。 为此,应使儿童能够有效地获得有关影响其利益的所有事项的信息,如其处境、应享权利、可获得的服务以及家庭团聚和/或遣返程序等。 [3] 此外,需要确保儿童的积极参与,这意味着应当向儿童提供法律代理,不给儿童带来任何费用,并视需要提供儿童母语的口译。", "C. 人权理事会报告提交后的补充意见", "25岁 在人权理事会提交报告后,特别报告员与若干利益攸关方进行了进一步对话,认为上述在成功获得补救方面遇到的障碍在世界许多地方仍然很普遍。 就赔偿而言,欧洲对被贩卖者赔偿行动项目(“COM.PACT项目”)开展的研究表明,虽然人们正在认识到被贩运者获得赔偿的权利,而且这些欧洲国家的法律框架允许被贩运者要求赔偿,但被贩运者实际收到赔偿付款的情况极为罕见。 虽然有各种因素对被贩运者要求赔偿的能力产生不利影响,但最常见的原因包括被贩运者不了解其获得赔偿的权利,国家资助的赔偿基金的资格标准受到限制,执法当局未能没收资产或利用被没收的资产对被贩运者进行赔偿,以及缺乏对被贩运者赔偿的判例。 此外,在La Strada白俄罗斯于2011年6月10日组织的关于 \" 对白俄罗斯、摩尔多瓦和乌克兰被贩运者的赔偿 \" 的国际圆桌会议上进行的讨论表明,缺乏关于获得赔偿权利的信息、法官和律师缺乏对受害者获得赔偿的权利的了解以及缺乏法律援助等障碍,大大减少了被贩运者成功要求赔偿的机会。", "26. 联合国 因此,在确保被贩运者享有有效补救权方面仍然存在重大挑战。 然而,有积极的迹象显示,各国在制订和执行反贩运对策时越来越多地考虑到获得有效补救的权利。 特别报告员感到鼓舞的是,一些国家在人权理事会互动对话期间作出了在国家一级落实这项权利的坚定承诺。 例如,挪威指出,以适当方式向贩运受害者提供基本信息往往是一项挑战,挪威承诺利用特别报告员的报告作为改进的灵感。 澳大利亚提到对支助被贩卖者方案的重要修改,包括延长反思和恢复的时间。 菲律宾还告知特别报告员,菲律宾的打击贩运立法规定设立一个国家信托基金,利用从已定罪的贩运者处没收的罚款和财产,向被贩运者提供各种康复服务,如紧急收容所、咨询、免费法律服务、医疗和心理治疗等。 其他国家,如巴西、大韩民国和希腊,向特别报告员介绍了它们为实现有效补救权而作的努力,如提供咨询、住房、保健和法律援助。", "27个 特别报告员注意到这些积极的事态发展,同时强调,为实现这一权利作出全面而全面的反应至关重要。 正如人权理事会报告所讨论,实现有效补救权取决于各种相互关联的因素。 准确识别被贩运者是被贩运者能够行使有效补救权的先决条件,因为如果他们被误认为非正常移徙者或罪犯,几乎不可能这样做。 还必须为他们提供一个反思和恢复期,并在无条件的基础上为恢复提供必要的支持和援助,以便他们能够就自己希望采取什么行动作出知情的决定。 如果被贩运者希望就所受伤害寻求赔偿,他们需要获得有关其权利和行使权利的途径、法律援助、口译和其他必要服务以及正常居留身份的信息。 必须承认被贩运者自被确认为被贩运者之时起即为权利持有者,各国必须实施以所有这些要素为基础的应对措施,使被贩运者享有有效补救权。 要想充分实现有效补救权,仅仅针对其中一些方面的特别措施就远远不够。", "D. 关于有效补救权的基本原则草案", "28岁 为了指导各国落实有效补救权,特别报告员在人权理事会的报告中提交了关于被贩运者有效补救权的基本原则草案。 基本原则草案载于本报告附件。 特别报告员赞赏地注意到,包括巴西、哥斯达黎加、希腊、摩尔多瓦共和国、斯洛伐克和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国在内的一些国家在人权理事会互动对话期间明确欢迎基本原则草案。", "29. 国家 基本原则草案以现行国际人权法和标准为基础,并不代表新的人权准则。 它们旨在明确有效补救权的概念,并阐述在将这项权利适用于被贩运人口时应考虑的具体因素。 例如,基本原则草案明确规定,各国有义务确保制定适当的程序,以便迅速和准确地识别被贩运者的身份,并确保被贩运者在法律或实践中不受歧视性待遇,因为这是在被贩运者情况下行使有效补救权的先决条件。 此外,基本原则草案反映了贩运罪的复杂性,规定在无法保证安全地返回原籍国或不符合被贩运者最大利益的情况下,恢复原状可能要求各国向被贩运者提供临时或永久居留身份。 关于康复问题,基本原则草案规定,各国应确保被贩运者获得援助和其他福利不取决于他们在法律诉讼中的合作,因为这是被贩运者获得这种援助和其他福利的共同障碍。 最后,基本原则草案规定,鉴于被贩运者往往被当作遭受拘留和驱逐的非正规移民对待,各国有义务确保被贩运者在诉讼期间合法地留在寻求补救的国家。", "30岁。 在人权理事会的互动对话中,一些国家提出了一个重要问题,即下一步可能是什么,特别报告员为基本原则草案设想了何种法律地位。 如互动对话期间所提到,基本原则草案仍在拟订之中,只是有效落实被贩运者获得有效补救的权利方面的第一步。 因此,她欢迎各国和其他利益攸关方进一步提供意见和建议,以进一步完善基本原则草案并审议下一步应采取何种行动。 然而,特别报告员强调,各国在拟订基本原则草案过程中的承诺和主人翁感至关重要。 虽然基本原则草案不仅旨在指导各国,也指导从事被贩运者工作的从业人员,但特别报告员认为,作为义务承担者,各国必须承诺履行其尊重、保护和实现有效补救权的义务,并利用基本原则草案来理解这些义务在实践中意味着什么。 因此,特别报告员希望有机会通过政府间协商与各国接触来讨论基本原则草案的内容。 在这一进程中,特别报告员将欢迎人权理事会和大会成员以及联合打击贩运人口之友小组发挥强有力的领导作用,激发会员国的政治意愿。", "E. 结论和建议", "31岁 特别报告员重申,如果被贩运者未能尽职尽责地预防和打击贩运人口行为或保护被贩运者的人权,国家就有义务为其提供补救。 此外,各国有义务尊重、保护和实现国际人权法规定的有效补救权。 为此,各国对贩运问题的反应应以落实被贩运者获得有效补救的权利这一目标为指导。 必须承认被贩运者自被确认为被贩运者之时起即为权利拥有者,各国应采取措施,便利他们实现这些权利。 由于获得有效补救权的不同组成部分是相互关联的,各国必须提供连续的援助和支持,以便酌情在每一案件中恢复、恢复、补偿、满足和保证不再重犯。", "32. 联合国 在努力加强被贩运者获得有效补救权的落实方面,特别报告员请各国参考她在人权理事会报告中提出的建议。 特别报告员特别强调了以下建议:", "33. (中文(简体) ). 作为确保被贩运者有机会作为侵犯人权行为的受害者寻求补救的第一步,各国应当确保有关当局和官员,如警察、边境警卫和移民官员,在识别被贩运者方面得到充分的培训,以便能够迅速和准确地识别被贩运者。", "34. 国家 各国应为被贩运者提供反思和恢复期,并在不附带条件的基础上协助其实现全面恢复,同时适当考虑到每个被贩运者的具体情况和需要。", "35. 联合国 为了使被贩运者能够有意义地行使其获得赔偿的权利,各国应向被贩运者提供必要的手段、援助和地位,即获得信息、免费法律援助和确保其完全康复所必要的其他援助,以及正常居留身份。 此外,各国应保障被贩运者参与法律诉讼的隐私权、安全权和证人保护权。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 各国应加强对司法人员、检察官和律师的培训,使其了解与贩运人口权利有关的法律和问题以及相关的法律程序。", "37. 联合国 各国应在识别、追查、冻结和没收与贩运犯罪有关的资产方面对执法官员进行适当培训,并颁布立法明确规定被没收的资产将用于对被贩运者进行赔偿。", "38. 国家 如果存在国家资助的犯罪受害人赔偿计划,国家应当废除具有防止被贩运者寻求赔偿效果的资格标准,例如国籍和长期居住要求。", "39. 联合国 各国应确保向被贩卖者提供关于获得补救的权利、行使这一权利可利用的机制和程序以及如何和在何处获得必要援助的信息。 为了便利这一进程,各国应就向被贩运人口提供信息的适当形式、内容和语言制定准则,并确保适当适用这些准则。", " 40. 40. 各国应免费向被贩卖者提供法律协助,作为所有被贩卖者行使其有效补救权的基本先决条件。 各国应确保提供此类援助的律师在被贩运者(包括儿童权利)的权利以及与侵犯人权行为受害者进行有效沟通方面得到适当的培训。", "41. 国家 各国应在任何法律诉讼期间无条件地向被贩运者提供临时居留证。 各国还应向被贩运者提供基于社会和人道主义理由的临时或永久居留证,如果安全返回原籍国得不到保障,或者由于原籍国丧失公民身份或文化和社会身份等与被贩运者个人情况有关的原因返回原籍国不符合其最大利益。", "42. 国家 各国应确保在影响被贩运儿童的所有决定或行动中,无论是由公共或私营社会福利机构、法院、行政当局或立法机构作出的,均应以儿童的最大利益为首要考虑。", "43. 东帝汶 各国应鼓励被贩运儿童表达其观点并根据其年龄和成熟程度给予适当考虑。 为了便利这一进程,各国应确保被贩运儿童掌握有关影响其利益的所有事项的信息,包括他们的处境、法律选择、他们应享的权利和服务,以及家庭团聚或遣返的过程。 此外,各国还应确保被贩运儿童能够获得法律、解释和其他必要援助,这些援助由受过儿童权利和如何与被贩运儿童沟通培训的专业人员提供。", "页:1", "关于被贩运者获得有效补救的权利的基本原则草案", "1. 联合国 权利和义务", "1. 联合国 作为侵犯人权行为受害者的被贩卖者有权得到对其所遭受伤害的有效补救。", "2. 所有国家,包括原籍国、过境国和目的地国,都有义务为在其领土内并受各自管辖的所有被贩卖者,包括非公民遭受的伤害提供或便利获得公平、充分和适当的补救。", "3个 获得有效补救的权利既包括获得赔偿的实质性权利,也包括获得赔偿所必需的程序性权利。", " 4.四. 实质上,应当为被贩运者所遭受的伤害提供充分的赔偿,包括恢复原状、赔偿、恢复、满足和保证不再发生。", "5 (韩语). 还应向被贩卖者提供与主管和独立机构接触的机会,以成功地获得赔偿。 这至少需要提供:", "(a) 关于他们的权利、可获得的赔偿、是否存在赔偿机制以及利用赔偿机制的方式等方面的信息;", "寻求补救所需的法律、医疗、心理、社会、行政和其他援助;", "(c) 反思和恢复期,然后是被贩运者寻求补救时的居留身份。", "2. 联合国 实现获得补救的权利", "6. 国家 各国应:", "(a) 确保制定适当的程序,以便迅速和准确地识别被贩运者,并向可能与被贩运者接触的执法机构和其他机构提供适足的培训;", "(b) 国家 确保被贩运者不因种族、肤色、性别、语言、宗教、政治或其他见解、国籍或社会出身、财产、出生或其他身份等任何理由在法律或实践中受到歧视性待遇,包括年龄、被贩运者的身份、职业或遭受的剥削类型;", "(c) 适当考虑被贩运者的个人情况,以确保补救措施以赋予被贩运者权力并充分尊重其人权为中心。 各国至少应“不伤害”并确保补救程序不会损害或损害被贩卖者的权利及其身心健康。", "(a) 恢复原状", "7. 联合国 各国应:", "(a) 国家 将被贩运者的最佳利益放在提供归还措施的中心;", "(b) 向被贩运者提供临时或永久居留身份,作为无法保证安全地返回原籍国、可能使他们面临受迫害或进一步侵犯人权的风险或不符合其最大利益的补救形式;", "(c) 有效解决贩运人口的根源问题,以确保被贩运者不会被送回到使他们面临被重新贩运或进一步侵犯人权风险的原有状况。", "(b) 恢复", "8. 联合国 各国应:", "(a) 提供无条件的反思和恢复期,在此期间向被贩运者提供身体、心理和社会康复所必要的措施,包括但不限于:适当的住房、咨询和关于其处境和法律权利的信息;医疗、心理和物质援助;以及就业、教育和培训机会;", "(b) 国家 确保被贩运者获得援助和其他福利在任何情况下都不取决于他们在法律诉讼中的合作。", "(c) 赔偿", "9. 国家 各国应:", "确保制定法律、机制和程序,使被贩运者能够:", "(一) 就与贩运有关的犯罪,包括违反劳动法的行为获得民事赔偿;", "(二) 确保刑事法院对被判犯有贩运相关罪行的人作出赔偿的裁决或命令;", "(三) 获得国家对伤害和损害的赔偿;", "(b) 解决被贩运者因物质和非物质损害而获得赔偿的共同障碍。 为此,它们应确保:", "(一) 所有被贩卖者,不论其移民身份和犯罪者是否被定罪,均有权依法获得赔偿;", "(二) 被贩运者充分了解其法定权利,包括通过司法、劳工和行政程序,以他们所理解的语言和形式迅速获得补救的权利;", "(三) 为此向寻求补救的被贩卖者提供所需的援助,包括社会援助、免费和合格的法律援助和代理,并在必要时提供合格的翻译,不论其移民身份如何;", "(四) 在任何刑事、民事、劳工或行政诉讼期间,允许被贩运者合法地留在寻求补救的国家,但不影响他们可能要求作为补救办法在更永久的基础上居留的权利;", "(五) 已制定法律和程序,支持扣押贩运所得并没收贩运者的资产,并明确表明这种所得和资产的目的首先是为了对被贩运者作出赔偿,其次是为了向被贩运者提供一般补救;", "(六) 采取有效措施,执行赔偿判决,包括外国判决。", "10个 对于遭受性暴力和性别暴力的被贩卖妇女和女童,国家应考虑到司法程序可能强加给她们的潜在心理伤害、耻辱以及社区和家庭排斥风险,并采取措施为受影响的妇女和女童提供适当保护,同时创造通过非司法途径寻求赔偿的机会。", "3个 被贩卖儿童", "11个 各国应:", "确保将儿童的最大利益作为首要考虑,为被贩运儿童提供补救,同时考虑到儿童的个人情况,包括其年龄、教养、族裔、文化和语言背景以及保护需要;", "(b) 国家 尊重儿童就影响儿童的一切事项自由发表意见的权利。 为此,各国应向被贩运儿童提供有效渠道,使其了解影响其利益的所有事项,如他们的处境、应享权利、可获得的服务以及家庭团聚和/或遣返程序等;", "采取措施,确保向从事被贩运儿童工作的人员提供充分和适当的培训,特别是法律和心理培训,使他们了解在涉及儿童的案件中的具体权利和义务。", "[1] Anne T. Gallagher,《贩运人口的国际法》(纽约,剑桥大学出版社,2010年),第366页。", "[2] 欧洲安全与合作组织民主制度和人权办公室,欧安组织区域内被贩卖和被剥削者的赔偿(华沙,2008年),第40-42页。", "[3] 联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会), \" 保护被贩卖儿童的准则 \" (2006年,纽约),准则2.5。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Status of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearances", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "In its resolution 65/209 on the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, the General Assembly welcomed the entry into force of the Convention on 23 December 2010 and called upon States that had not yet done so to consider signing and ratifying or acceding to the Convention as a matter of priority and to consider the option provided for in articles 31 and 32 of the Convention regarding the Committee on Enforced Disappearances. In the same resolution, the Assembly decided to declare 30 August the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances and called upon Member States, the United Nations system and other international and regional organizations, as well as civil society, to observe that day.", "The General Assembly requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to continue their intensive efforts to assist States in becoming parties to the Convention, with a view to achieving universal adherence and requested United Nations agencies and organizations, and invited intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, to continue making efforts to disseminate information on the Convention, promote understanding of it, prepare for its entry into force and assist States parties in implementing their obligations under that instrument. The Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to submit to it, at its sixty-sixth session, a report on the status of the Convention and the implementation of resolution 65/209. The present report is submitted in accordance with that request.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Status 3 of ratification of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and its entry into \nforce III. First 4 meeting of States parties to the \nConvention A.Election 4 of the members of the Committee on Enforced \nDisappearances B. Panel 4 discussion on the International Convention on Enforced Disappearances: ending impunity and preventing new \nvictims IV. Activities 4 of the Secretary-General and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human \nRights V.Activities 6 of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary \nDisappearances VI. Activities 8 of United Nations agencies and \norganizations \nVII. Conclusion 8", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/209, entitled “International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance”, the General Assembly underlined its deep concern regarding the increase in enforced or involuntary disappearances in various regions of the world, including arrest, detention and abduction, when these were part of or amount to enforced disappearances, and by the growing number of reports concerning harassment, ill treatment and intimidation of witnesses of disappearances or relatives of persons who had disappeared.", "2. In the same resolution, the General Assembly welcomed the adoption of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance[1] and the fact that 87 States had signed the Convention and 21 had ratified or acceded to it, thereby enabling it to enter into force on 23 December 2010; and called upon States that had not yet done so to consider signing and ratifying or acceding to the Convention as a matter of priority, as well as to consider the option provided for in articles 31 and 32 of the Convention regarding the Committee on Enforced Disappearances.", "3. Also in resolution 65/209, the General Assembly decided to declare 30 August the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances, calling for observance of this Day by Member States, the United Nations system and other international and regional organizations, as well as civil society.", "4. In the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to continue their intensive efforts to assist States in becoming parties to the Convention, with a view to achieving universal adherence.", "5. The General Assembly also requested United Nations agencies and organizations, and invited intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, to continue making efforts to disseminate information on the Convention, to promote understanding of it, to prepare for its entry into force and to assist States parties in implementing their obligations under that instrument.", "6. The General Assembly welcomed the report of the Secretary-General (A/65/257) and requested him to submit, at its sixty-sixth session, a report on the status of the Convention and the implementation of resolution 65/209.", "II. Status of ratification of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and its entry into force", "7. On 29 June 2006, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 1/1,[2] adopted the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, as annexed to that resolution, and recommended that the General Assembly adopt the Convention.", "8. By its resolution 61/177, the General Assembly adopted and opened for signature, ratification and accession the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. Following the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession on 23 November 2010, the Convention entered into force on 23 December 2010 in accordance with article 39, paragraph 1, of the Convention. As at 7 July 2011, there were 88 signatories to the Convention, while 29 States were party to it. Ten States have also recognized the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances to receive and consider communications from or on behalf of individuals subject to its jurisdiction claiming to be victims of a violation by the State party of provisions of the Convention (article 31); and 11 States have recognized the competence of the Committee to receive and consider communications in which a State party claims that another State party is not fulfilling its obligations under the Convention (article 32).", "III. First meeting of States parties to the Convention", "A. Election of the members of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances", "9. In accordance with article 26, paragraph 3, of the Convention the first meeting of States parties was convened by the Secretary-General on 31 May 2011 at United Nations Headquarters in New York to hold the initial election of 10 members of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances. The meeting elected the following members: Mr. Mohammed Al-Obaidi (Iraq), Mr. Mamadou Badio Camara (Senegal), Mr. Emmanuel Decaux (France), Mr. Alvaro Garcé García y Santos (Uruguay), Mr. Luciano Hazan (Argentina), Mr. Rainer Huhle (Germany), Ms. Suela Janina (Albania), Mr. Juan José López Ortega (Spain), Mr. Enoch Mulembe (Zambia) and Mr. Kimio Yakushiji (Japan). The members assumed office on 1 July 2011. The first session of the Committee will be held from 8 to 11 November 2011 in Geneva.", "B. Panel discussion on the International Convention on Enforced Disappearances: ending impunity and preventing new victims", "10. A panel discussion sponsored by Argentina, France and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, entitled “The International Convention on Enforced Disappearances: ending impunity and preventing new victims”, was conducted under agenda item 7. The aim of the panel discussion was to raise the visibility and promote the ratification of the Convention. In the course of the discussions, the Convention was recognized as a powerful instrument against impunity and States were encouraged to promote its use for victims and their families seeking justice, truth and reparations.", "IV. Activities of the Secretary-General and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "11. Since the adoption of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, on a number of occasions the Secretary-General has called upon States to ratify this instrument (see reports A/63/299, A/63/337 and A/64/186). On 24 March 2011, on the occasion of the International Day for the Right to the Truth Concerning Gross Human Rights Violations and for the Dignity of Victims, the Secretary-General recalled that the right to the truth is explicitly provided for in the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.[3]", "12. The International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance was highlighted during the treaty-related events organized by the United Nations in New York in 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, to bolster international law and promote treaty implementation.", "13. In the report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the right to the truth (A/HRC/15/33), submitted to the Human Rights Council, the High Commissioner recalled that the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance makes clear reference to States’ obligations to adopt specific measures to protect witnesses and victims.", "14. Following the deposit of the twentieth instrument of ratification or accession to the Convention on 23 November 2010, the High Commissioner for Human Rights issued a statement, on 24 November 2010, welcoming the twentieth instrument of ratification of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, and the Convention’s entry into force on 23 December 2010, in accordance with article 39 of the Convention. The High Commissioner stressed that “this groundbreaking Convention provides a solid international framework to put an end to impunity and pursue justice”. The High Commissioner also urged all States “to follow the first 20 States parties’ example by signing and ratifying this very important Convention as soon as possible”.", "15. In addition, in the most recent annual report on the activities of her office in Guatemala (A/HRC/16/20/Add.1 and Corr.1), the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights noted the support given to initiatives related to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and in her report on the situation of human rights in Colombia, submitted to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/16/22) through her country office in Colombia, the High Commissioner welcomed the approval by the Congress of Colombia of the ratification of the Convention and urged the Government to promptly complete the process.", "16. On 5 November 2010, at the event commemorating the thirtieth anniversary of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances, the Deputy United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights recalled that there was one ratification needed to enable the Convention to come into force and appealed to all Member States that had not done so to ratify or accede to the Convention without delay and expressly recognize the competence of its monitoring mechanism, the Committee on Enforced Disappearance, to receive individual and inter-State communications. She also asserted that with the Convention’s adoption by the General Assembly, the international community unanimously recognized the need to guarantee individuals the non-derogable right not to be subject to enforced disappearance and highlighted the link between the Working Group and the Convention.[4]", "17. Updated information on the status of the ratification of the Convention can be found on the websites of the United Nations and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.", "V. Activities of the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances", "18. Established by the Commission on Human Rights in its resolution 20 (XXXVI), the Working Group on Enforced or Involuntary Disappearances was the first United Nations human rights thematic mechanism established with a global mandate. Its mandate was extended on 24 March 2011 by the Human Rights Council in its resolution 16/16. Since its inception, the Working Group has transmitted more than 53,000 individual cases to Governments in more than 90 States. The number of cases under active consideration that have not yet been clarified, closed or discontinued stands at 42,633 and concerns 83 States. The Working Group has been able to clarify 1,814 cases over the past five years.", "19. The Working Group uses every opportunity to promote the ratification of the Convention, including during visits undertaken to different States, and bilateral meetings held with its representatives. In 2011, the Working Group carried out missions to Timor-Leste and Mexico, during which it encouraged the Government of Timor-Leste to become party to the Convention and encouraged both Governments to accept the competence of the Committee, under articles 31 and 32 of the Convention, to receive individual and inter-State complaints. Similarly, in its report on follow-up to recommendations made following country visits to Guatemala in 2006 and Honduras in 2007 (A/HRC/16/48/Add.2), the Working Group called upon these two States parties to the Convention to accept the competence of the Committee under those articles.", "20. On 30 August 2010, on the occasion of the International Day of the Disappeared, and on 12 November 2010, on the occasion of the conclusion of its ninety-second session, the Working Group issued public statements in which it urged States that had not signed and/or ratified the Convention, to do so as soon as possible. It also called upon States to accept the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances, under articles 31 and 32 of the Convention, to receive and consider individual and inter-State communications.", "21. On 5 November 2010, on the occasion of the commemoration of the thirtieth anniversary of the Working Group, its Chair-Rapporteur, in his opening remarks, called upon States that had not yet ratified the Convention to do so and to accept the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances under articles 31 and 32 of the Convention.", "22. Following the deposit, on 23 November 2010, of the twentieth instrument of ratification of the Convention, the Working Group, on 25 November 2010, issued a statement welcoming the twentieth ratification. In this statement, the Working Group recalled that it had actively supported the coming into force of the Convention and the establishment of the Committee, which, it stressed, would complement and strengthen the work of the Working Group and that of civil society, including relatives of disappeared people, towards combating enforced disappearance. The Working Group reiterated its call upon all Governments that had not signed and/or ratified the Convention to do so as soon as possible and to accept the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances, under articles 31 and 32 of the Convention, to receive and consider individual and inter-State communications.", "23. On 23 December 2010, the Working Group issued a statement welcoming the entry into force of the Convention. The Working Group emphasized that the Convention breaks new ground in the fight against the scourge of enforced disappearances, and recalled that the Convention recognizes the right of all persons affected by enforced disappearance to know the truth about the circumstances of this crime, the progress and results of the investigation, and the fate of the disappeared person. In addition, the Working Group highlighted the fact that the States that ratify the Convention commit themselves to conducting investigations in order to locate the disappeared person, to prosecute those responsible and to ensure reparations for survivors and their families. Finally, the Working Group reiterated its call upon all Governments that have not ratified the Convention to do so as soon as possible, and to accept, when ratifying it, the competence of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances to receive and consider individual and inter-State communications of the Convention.", "24. In its 2010 annual report (A/HRC/16/48), the Working Group reiterated its call upon States that had not signed and/or ratified the Convention to do so as soon as possible and, when ratifying the Convention, to accept the competence of the Committee to receive individual cases, under article 31 of the Convention, and inter-State complaints, under article 32.", "25. In its report concerning best practices on enforced disappearances in domestic criminal legislation (A/HRC/16/48/Add.3 and Corr.1), the Working Group made reference to several articles of the Convention. In addition, in its conclusions, the Working Group highlighted the ratification of the Convention as one of those best practices that should be followed by States.", "26. On 7 March 2011, during the interactive dialogue with the Human Rights Council, the Chair-Rapporteur of the Working Group welcomed the entry into force of the Convention and noted that, out of 23 States that had ratified the Convention, only 7 had accepted the competence of the Committee, under article 31 for individual complaints, and the inter-State complaint mechanism, under article 32, and 1 had accepted the competence of the Committee under article 32 only. The Chair-Rapporteur invited all States to ratify the Convention and to accept the competence of its Committee under articles 31 and 32.", "27. On 31 May 2011, the Working Group issued a statement in which it took note of the first meeting of the States parties to the Convention. It noted with appreciation that 26 States had ratified the Convention and 88 States had signed it, and invited all States that had yet to ratify the Convention to do so and to accept the competence of the Committee under articles 31 and 32. The Working Group highlighted the fact that the entry into force of the Convention was largely due to the efforts, over at least 30 years, of the families of disappeared persons to bring to the attention of the international community the extent of the heinous crime of enforced disappearance. It recalled that, during the negotiations conducted to draft the Convention, the relatives of disappeared persons had had to fight for the establishment of the Committee which was considered by some as conducing to an unnecessary duplication of effort; and that, in their demand, the families had been strongly supported by the Working Group which had always stressed the fact that the two mechanisms would be complementary. It stated that this collaboration between the two mechanisms would take into account the fact that, while the competence of the Committee will be limited to those States that have ratified the Convention, the Working Group will be able to consider the situation in all countries. While the Committee will be competent to deal with those cases of enforced disappearances that occurred after the entry into force of the Convention, the Working Group may examine all situations regardless of when they occurred. Finally, the Working Group stated that it looked forward to a very productive relationship with the Committee in the fight to prevent and eradicate enforced disappearances around the world.", "VI. Activities of United Nations agencies and organizations", "28. A number of United Nations agencies and organizations have made concerted efforts at the national, regional and global levels to disseminate information on the Convention, promote the understanding of it, prepare for its entry into force, and assist States parties in implementing their obligations under this instrument.", "29. On 19 November 2010, the Third Committee, at its 49th meeting, recommended to the General Assembly the adoption of the draft resolution entitled “International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance”, in which the Assembly would, inter alia, approve 30 August as the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances.[5] As recalled by a few representatives of State parties, this date had been chosen by civil society and the families of victims, and was already observed by many countries around the world. On 21 December 2010, during its 71st plenary meeting, the General Assembly adopted resolution 65/209, in which, inter alia, it declared 30 August the International Day of the Victims of Enforced Disappearances.[6]", "VII. Conclusion", "30. With the establishment of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances, which will meet for the first time in November 2011, a milestone has been reached in respect of the protection of persons from enforced disappearances and the right of those affected, including family members of the disappeared, to know the truth. The Secretary-General and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, as well as the Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances, are continuing their efforts to promote the ratification of the Convention.", "[1] Resolution 61/177, annex.", "[2] See A/61/53, part one, chap. II.A.", "[3] See http://www.un.org/en/events/righttotruthday/sgmessage.shtml.", "[4] See http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10510&LangID=E.", "[5] See GA/SHC/3999. Available from http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/gashc3999.doc.htm.", "[6] See GA/11041. Available from http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/ga11041.doc.htm." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的现况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会关于《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的第65/209号决议欢迎《公约》于2010年12月23日生效，并吁请尚未签署和批准或加入《公约》的国家优先考虑这样做，并考虑《公约》(第31和32条规定的有强迫失踪问题委员会的选择办法。大会在该决议中决定宣布8月30日为强迫失踪受害者国际日，并吁请会员国、联合国系统及其他国际和区域组织以及民间社会纪念这一国际日。大会请秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员继续加紧努力，协助各国成为《公约》缔约方，以期实现各国普遍参加《公约》，还请联合国各机构和组织，并邀请各政府间组织和非政府组织以及强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组，继续作出努力，传播关于《公约》的信息，增进对《公约》的了解，做好《公约》生效的准备，并协助缔约国履行根据这一文书所承担的义务。大会还请秘书长就《公约》现况及第65/209号决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交报告。本报告是根据该要求提交的。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的批准状况及其生效 3\n3.公约缔约国第一次会议 4\nA.选举强迫失踪问题委员会的成员 4B.关于《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》：结束有罪不罚 4 \n现象并防止出现新的受害者的小组讨论 \n4.秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动 4\n5.强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组的活动 5\n6.联合国各机构和组织的活动 7\n7.结论 7", "一. 导言", "1. 大会在题为“保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约”的第65/209号决议中强调深为关切世界各区域强迫失踪或非自愿失踪，包括构成强迫失踪的部分行为或相当于强迫失踪的逮捕、拘留和绑架事件增加的情况，并深为关切有关对失踪事件的证人或失踪者亲属进行骚扰、虐待和恐吓的报告日益增多的情况。", "2. 大会在该决议中欣见《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》获得通过，[1] 并欣见87国签署以及21国批准或加入《公约》，使《公约》于2010年12月23日得以生效；吁请尚未签署和批准或加入《公约》的国家优先考虑这样做，并考虑《公约》第31和32条规定的有关强迫失踪问题委员会的选择办法。", "3. 大会在第65/209号决议中决定宣布8月30日为强迫失踪受害者国际日，并吁请会员国、联合国系统及其他国际和区域组织以及民间社会纪念这一国际日；", "4. 在同一决议中，大会请秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员继续加紧努力，协助各国成为《公约》缔约方，以期实现各国普遍参加《公约》。", "5. 大会还请联合国各机构和各组织，并邀请各政府间组织和非政府组织以及强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组，继续作出努力，传播关于《公约》的信息，增进对《公约》的了解，做好《公约》生效的准备，并协助缔约国履行根据这一文书所承担的义务。", "6. 大会欢迎秘书长的报告(A/65/257)，并请秘书长就《公约》现况及第65/209号决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交报告。", "二. 《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的批准状况及其生效", "7. 2006年6月29日，人权理事会第1/1号决议[2] 将《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》作为该决议的附件予以通过，并建议大会通过该《公约》。", "8. 大会第61/177号决议通过了《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》，并开放供签署、批准和加入。2010年11月23日，继第二十份批准书或加入书交存后，《公约》按照其第39条第1款的规定，于2010年12月23日开始生效。截至2011年7月7日，88个国家签署《公约》，29个国家加入《公约》。有10个国家还承认强迫失踪问题委员会有权接受和审议受该国管辖、声称是该缔约国违反《公约》规定之受害人本人或其代理提出的来文(第31条)；11个国家承认该委员会有权接受和审议一个缔约国声称另一缔约国未履行公约义务的来文(第32条)。", "三. 公约缔约国第一次会议", "A. 选举强迫失踪问题委员会的成员", "9. 依照《公约》第26条第3款的规定秘书长于2011年5月31日在纽约联合国总部召开第一次缔约国会议，首次选举强迫失踪问题委员会的10名成员。会议选举了下列成员：Mohammed Al-Obaidi先生(伊拉克)、Mamadou Badio Camara先生(塞内加尔)、Emmanuel Decaux先生(法国)、Alvaro Garcé García y Santos先生(乌拉圭)、Luciano Hazan先生(阿根廷)、Rainer Huhle先生(德国)、Suela Janina女士(阿尔巴尼亚)、Juan José López Ortega先生(西班牙)、Enoch Mulembe先生(赞比亚)和Kimio Yakushiji先生(日本)。2011年7月1日，各成员就职。该委员会第一届会议将于2011年11月8日至11日在日内瓦召开。", "B. 关于《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》：结束有罪不罚现象并防止出现新的受害者的小组讨论", "10. 阿根廷、法国和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处在议程项目7下主办了一次小组讨论，题为“《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》：结束有罪不罚现象并防止出现新的受害者”。小组讨论的目的是倡导和促进批准《公约》。小组成员在讨论期间承认《公约》是打击有罪不罚现象的有力工具，并鼓励各国推动受害者及其家属运用《公约》寻求正义、真相和赔偿。", "四. 秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动", "11. 自《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》通过以来，秘书长多次呼吁各国批准该文书(见报告A/63/299、A/63/337和A/64/186)。2011年3月24日，秘书长在了解严重侵犯人权行为真相权利和维护受害者尊严国际日指出，了解真相的权利在《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》中有明确规定。[3]", "12. 为促进国际法和推动执行条约，联合国于2007年、2008年、2009年和2010年在纽约举办了与条约相关的大型活动，期间强调了《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》。", "13. 联合国人权事务高级专员在其提交给人权理事会的关于了解真相权利的报告(A/HRC/15/33)中回顾，《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》明确规定，各国有义务采取具体措施，保护证人和受害者。", "14. 2010年11月23日，继第二十份批准书或加入书交存后，人权事务高级专员于2010年11月24日发表声明，欢迎《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的第二十份批准书，并欢迎《公约》根据其第39条于2010年12月23日生效。高级专员强调，“这一开创性公约为杜绝有罪不罚现象和追求正义提供了坚实的国际框架”。高级专员还呼吁所有国家“以首批20个缔约国为榜样，尽早签署和批准这一非常重要的公约”。", "15. 此外，联合国人权事务高级专员在最近关于其危地马拉办事处活动情况的年度报告(A/HRC/16/20/Add.1和Corr.1)中，指出《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》有关倡议获得的支持。高级专员在通过其哥伦比亚国家办事处提交人权理事会的哥伦比亚人权状况报告(A/HRC/16/22)中欢迎哥伦比亚议会核可批准《公约》，并促请该国政府尽快完成这一进程。", "16. 2010年11月5日，在强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组成立三十周年的纪念活动上，联合国人权事务副高级专员回顾，《公约》生效还需一个国家批准，呼吁所有尚未批准或加入《公约》的会员国毫不拖延地这样做，并明确承认其监测机制，即强迫失踪问题委员会，有权受理个人和国家间的来文。她还声称，大会通过《公约》之举说明国际社会一致公认必须保证个人在免遭强迫失踪方面具有不可克减的权利，并突出说明了工作组和《公约》之间的联系。[4]", "17. 关于《公约》批准情况的最新信息可在联合国和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处网站查询。", "五. 强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组的活动", "18. 强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组是人权委员会在第20(XXXVI)号决议中建立的，这是第一个肩负全球任务的联合国人权专题机制。2011年3月24日，人权理事会第16/16号决议延长了其任务期限。自成立以来，工作组向90多个国家政府转交了53 000多例个人案件。目前，仍在积极审议的尚未澄清、结案或停止的案件数目为42 633个，涉及83个国家。在过去五年里，工作组澄清了1 814个案件。", "19. 工作组利用一切机会，包括在访问各国期间以及在与其代表举行双边会议时，促进批准《公约》。工作组在2011年访问了东帝汶和墨西哥，在访问期间，它鼓励东帝汶政府成为《公约》缔约国，并鼓励两国政府接受《公约》第31条和第32条规定的委员会受理个人和国家间投诉的管辖权。同样，工作组在2006年访问了危地马拉和2007年访问了洪都拉斯之后，在关于落实建议的报告(A/ HRC/16/48/Add.2)中，呼吁这两个缔约国接受这些条款规定的委员会的管辖权。", "20. 工作组在2010年8月30日失踪者国际日和2010年11月12日第九十二届会议结束之际发表公开声明，敦促所有尚未签署和(或)批准《公约》的国家尽快这样做。工作组还呼吁各国接受《公约》第31和32条规定的强迫失踪问题委员会接受和审议个人和国家间来文的管辖权。", "21. 工作组主席兼报告员在2010年11月5日纪念工作组成立三十周年之际致开幕词，呼吁所有尚未批准《公约》的国家尽快批准《公约》并接受《公约》第31和32条规定的强迫失踪问题委员会的管辖权。", "22. 在2010年11月23日第二十份批准书交存后，工作组于2010年11月25日发表声明，欢迎《公约》获得第二十份批准书。在这项声明中，工作组回顾，它积极支持了《公约》的生效和委员会的建立，并强调，委员会将补充和加强工作组以及包括失踪人员亲属在内的民间社会打击强迫失踪行为的工作。工作组再次呼吁所有尚未签署和(或)批准《公约》的国家尽快这样做并接受《公约》第31和32条规定的强迫失踪问题委员会接受和审议个人和国家间来文的管辖权。", "23. 2010年12月23日，工作组发表声明，欢迎《公约》生效。工作组强调，《公约》在打击强迫失踪行为方面开创了新局面，并回顾，《公约》承认受强迫失踪影响的所有人有权知道该罪行的情况真相、调查进展和结果以及失踪者的下落。此外，工作组强调，已经批准《公约》的国家承诺进行调查，以便找到失踪者，起诉责任人，并确保幸存者及其家属获得赔偿。最后，工作组再次呼吁所有尚未批准《公约》的国家尽快批准《公约》，并在批准时接受强迫失踪问题委员会按受和审议个人和国家间来文的管辖权。", "24. 工作组在2010年度报告(A/HRC/16/48)中，再次呼吁所有尚未签署和(或)批准《公约》的国家尽快这样做，并在批准时接受《公约》第31和32条分别规定的强迫失踪问题委员会受理个人案件和国家间投诉的管辖权。", "25. 工作组在关于国内刑事立法中有关强迫失踪的最佳做法的报告(A/HRC/16/　48/Add.3和Corr.1)中，提及《公约》的数条规定。此外，工作组在结论中强调，批准《公约》是各国应遵循的最佳做法之一。", "26. 2011年3月7日，工作组主席兼报告员在与人权理事会的互动对话期间，对《公约》生效表示欢迎，并指出，已有23个国家批准《公约》，但其中只有7个国家已经接受第31条和第32条分别规定的委员会受理个人投诉和国家间投诉机制的管辖权，还有1个国家只接受第32条规定的委员会受理国家间投诉的管辖权。主席兼报告员邀请所有国家批准《公约》，并接受第31条和第32条规定的委员会的管辖权。", "27. 2011年5月31日，工作组发表声明，表示注意到《公约》缔约国第一次会议。它赞赏地注意到，26个国家批准了公约，88个国家已经签署，并邀请所有尚未批准《公约》的国家予以批准并接受第31条和第32条规定的委员会的管辖权。工作组强调，《公约》生效主要是因为失踪者家属在至少30年期间一直努力让国际社会注意强迫失踪这一令人发指的罪行危害之深。它回顾说，在起草《公约》的谈判期间，一些人认为成立强迫失踪问题委员会是不必要的重复工作。失踪者亲属不得不奋力争取成立委员会。工作组则应这些家属的要求，一直大力支持它们。工作组一直强调，两种机制是相辅相成的，表示这两种机制之间的合作将考虑到虽然委员会的管辖权将限于那些已批准《公约》的国家，但工作组可以审议所有国家的情况。虽然委员会将有权处理《公约》生效后发生的强迫失踪案件，但工作组可以审查所有情况，无论它们何时发生。最后，工作组指出，它期待着与委员会建立卓有成效的合作关系，为防止和消除世界各地的强迫失踪现象而奋斗。", "六. 联合国各机构和组织的活动", "28. 若干联合国机构和组织在国家、区域和全球各级作出了协调努力，以传播关于《公约》的信息，促进对《公约》的了解，为《公约》生效作准备，并协助各缔约国履行该文书规定的义务。", "29. 2010年11月19日，第三委员会第49次会议建议大会通过题为“保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约”的决议草案，其中大会除其他外，将核准把8月30日定为强迫失踪受害者国际日。[5] 缔约国一些代表指出，这一日期是由民间社会和受害者家属选定的，世界各地许多国家已经采用。2010年12月21日，大会第71次全体会议通过第65/209号决议，其中除其他外，宣布8月30日为强迫失踪受害者国际日。[6]", "七. 结论", "30. 强迫失踪问题委员会将于2011年11月召开首次会议。该委员会的成立是保护所有人免遭强迫失踪和捍卫包括失踪者家属在内的所有受影响人士了解真相权利方面的里程碑。秘书长、联合国人权事务高级专员以及强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组正在继续努力，促进各国批准《公约》。", "[1] 第61/177号决议，附件。", "[2] 见A/61/53，第一部分，第二章A节。", "[3] 见http://www.un.org/en/events/righttotruthday/sgmessage.shtml。", "[4] 见http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10510&LangID=E。", "[5] 见GA/SHC/3999。请查阅http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/gashc3999.doc.htm。", "[6] 见GA/11041。请查阅http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/ga11041.doc.htm。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的现况", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "大会关于《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的第65/209号决议欢迎《公约》于2010年12月23日生效,呼吁尚未签署和批准或加入《公约》的国家优先考虑签署和批准或加入《公约》,并审议《公约》第三十一和三十二条规定的关于强迫失踪问题委员会的备选方案。 在同一决议中,大会决定宣布8月30日为强迫失踪受害者国际日,并吁请会员国、联合国系统、其他国际组织和区域组织以及民间社会纪念这一天。", "大会请秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员继续加紧努力,协助各国成为《公约》缔约国,以期实现普遍加入,并请联合国各机构和组织并邀请政府间组织和非政府组织以及被强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组继续努力传播关于《公约》的信息,促进对《公约》的了解,为《公约》生效做准备,并协助各国履行《公约》规定的义务。 大会还请秘书长就《公约》现况和第65/209号决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。 本报告是根据这一要求提交的。", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 3 《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的批准状况3\n部队三。 缔约国会议\nA. 选举执行委员会委员4人d\nB. 关于《被强迫失踪国际公约》:结束有罪不罚现象和防止新的\n受害者名单 秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动4\n五、被强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组的活动 6\n失踪 六、结 论 联合国机构的活动8\n组织\n页:1 结论8", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会在题为“保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约”的第65/209号决议中,强调深为关切世界各地被强迫或非自愿失踪,包括构成或相当于被强迫失踪的逮捕、拘留和绑架事件增加,并深为关切关于失踪事件证人或失踪者亲属被骚扰、虐待和恐吓的报告日益增多。", "2. 联合国 在同一决议中,大会欢迎通过《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》,[1] 87个国家已经签署并批准或加入了《公约》,21个国家已经批准或加入,从而使《公约》能于2010年12月23日生效;并吁请尚未签署并批准或加入《公约》的国家优先考虑签署并批准或加入《公约》,并审议《公约》第三十一和三十二条规定的关于强迫失踪问题委员会的选择。", "3个 大会还在第65/209号决议中决定宣布8月30日为强迫失踪受害者国际日,呼吁会员国、联合国系统和其他国际和区域组织以及民间社会纪念这一天。", " 4.四. 在同一决议中,大会请秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员继续加紧努力,协助各国成为《公约》缔约国,以期实现普遍加入。", "5 (韩语). 大会还请联合国各机构和组织并邀请政府间组织和非政府组织以及被强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组继续努力传播关于《公约》的信息,增进对《公约》的了解,为《公约》生效做准备,并协助缔约国履行《公约》规定的义务。", "6. 国家 大会欢迎秘书长的报告(A/65/257),并请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于《公约》现况和第65/209号决议执行情况的报告。", "二. 《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》的批准状况及其生效", "7. 2006年6月29日,人权理事会第1/1[2]号决议通过了该决议所附的《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》并建议大会通过该公约。", "8. 联合国 大会第61/177号决议通过《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》并开放供签署、批准和加入。 在第二十份批准书或加入书于2010年11月23日交存后,根据《公约》第三十九条第一款,《公约》于2010年12月23日生效。 截至2011年7月7日,《公约》有88个签署国,29个缔约国。 10个国家还承认强迫失踪问题委员会有权接受和审议受其管辖的个人或其代表声称因缔约国违反《公约》条款而受害的来文(第31条);11个国家承认委员会有权接受和审议缔约国声称另一缔约国未履行《公约》义务的来文(第32条)。", "三. 公约缔约国第一次会议", "A类. 选举强迫失踪问题委员会成员", "9. 国家 根据《公约》第26条第3款,秘书长于2011年5月31日在纽约联合国总部召开了缔约国第一次会议,以举行强迫失踪问题委员会10名成员的首次选举。 会议选出了下列成员:穆罕默德·奥拜迪先生(伊拉克)、马马杜·巴迪奥·卡马拉先生(塞内加尔)、埃马纽埃尔·德科先生(法国)、阿尔瓦罗·加西亚·扬·桑托斯先生(乌拉圭)、卢西亚诺·哈赞先生(阿根廷)、雷纳·胡尔先生(德国)、苏埃拉·贾尼纳女士(阿尔巴尼亚)、胡安先生。 José López Ortega先生(西班牙)、Enoch Mulembe先生(赞比亚)和Kimio Yakushiji先生(日本)。 委员会成员于2011年7月1日就职。 委员会第一届会议将于2011年11月8日至11日在日内瓦举行。", "B. 关于《强迫失踪问题国际公约》的小组讨论:结束有罪不罚现象并预防新的受害者", "10个 在议程项目7下,阿根廷、法国和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处主办了题为“《强迫失踪问题国际公约》:结束有罪不罚现象并预防新的受害者”的小组讨论。 小组讨论的目的是提高《公约》的能见度并促使其批准。 在讨论过程中,《公约》被确认为打击有罪不罚的有力工具,并鼓励各国促进将《公约》用于寻求正义、真相和赔偿的受害者及其家属。", "四、结 论 秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的活动", "11个 自《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》通过以来,秘书长多次呼吁各国批准该文书(见A/63/299、A/63/337和A/64/186)。 2011年3月24日,值此了解严重侵犯人权行为真相权利和维护受害者尊严国际日之际,秘书长回顾,《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》明确规定了解真相权利。 [3]", "12个 2007年、2008年、2009年和2010年,联合国在纽约举办了与条约有关的活动,以加强国际法,促进条约的执行。", "13个 高级专员在联合国人权事务高级专员提交人权理事会的关于了解真相权利的报告(A/HRC/15/33)中回顾说,《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》明确提到各国有义务采取具体措施保护证人和受害者。", "14个 2010年11月23日交存《公约》第二十份批准书或加入书后,人权事务高级专员于2010年11月24日发表声明,欢迎根据《公约》第三十九条,《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》第二十份批准书和《公约》于2010年12月23日生效。 高级专员强调,“这项开创性的公约为结束有罪不罚现象和伸张正义提供了坚实的国际框架”。 高级专员还敦促所有国家 \" 以头20个缔约国为榜样,尽快签署和批准这项非常重要的公约 \" 。", "15个 此外,联合国人权事务高级专员在最近一份关于驻危地马拉办事处活动的年度报告(A/HRC/16/20/Add.1和Corr.1)中注意到对与《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》有关的举措的支持;高级专员在通过她的驻哥伦比亚国家办事处提交人权理事会的关于哥伦比亚人权状况的报告(A/HRC/16/22)中欢迎哥伦比亚国会批准批准《公约》,并敦促哥伦比亚政府迅速完成这一进程。", "16号. 2010年11月5日,在纪念被强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组成立三十周年的活动上,联合国人权事务副高级专员回顾说,为使《公约》生效,必须批准《公约》,并呼吁所有尚未批准或加入《公约》的会员国毫不拖延地批准或加入《公约》并明确承认其监测机制强迫失踪问题委员会接收个人和国家间来文的权限。 她还说,随着《公约》得到大会通过,国际社会一致承认必须保障个人不得被强迫失踪的不可克减的权利,并强调了工作组与《公约》之间的联系。 [4]", "17岁。 关于《公约》批准情况的最新资料可在联合国和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处网站上查阅。", " V. 被强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组的活动", "18岁。 被强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组由人权委员会第20(XXXVI)号决议设立,是第一个具有全球任务的联合国人权专题机制。 人权理事会第16/16号决议于2011年3月24日延长了工作组的任务期限。 工作组自成立以来已经向90多个国家的政府转交了53 000多起个人案件。 正在积极审议但尚未澄清、结案或停止审理的案件有42 633起,涉及83个国家。 过去五年来,工作组已澄清了1,814起。", " 19. 19. 工作组利用一切机会促进批准《公约》,包括在访问不同国家和与其代表举行双边会议期间。 2011年,工作组访问了东帝汶和墨西哥,期间鼓励东帝汶政府加入《公约》,并鼓励两国政府接受委员会根据《公约》第三十一和三十二条受理个人和国家间申诉的权限。 同样,工作组在关于2006年对危地马拉和2007年对洪都拉斯进行国别访问后所提出建议的后续行动的报告(A/HRC/16/48/Add.2)中呼吁这两个《公约》缔约国接受委员会根据这些条款所赋予的权限。", "20号. 2010年8月30日国际失踪者日,2010年11月12日,工作组在第九十二届会议结束时,发表了公开声明,敦促尚未签署和(或)批准《公约》的国家尽快签署和(或)批准《公约》。 它还呼吁各国接受强迫失踪问题委员会根据《公约》第三十一和三十二条接受和审议个人和国家间来文的权限。", "21岁 2010年11月5日,在纪念工作组三十周年之际,主席兼报告员在开幕词中呼吁尚未批准《公约》的国家批准《公约》并接受《公约》第三十一和三十二条规定的强迫失踪问题委员会的职权。", "22号. 在2010年11月23日交存《公约》第二十份批准书后,工作组于2010年11月25日发表声明,欢迎第二十份批准书。 工作组在声明中回顾说,它积极支持《公约》的生效和委员会的设立。 工作组强调,这将补充和加强工作组以及包括失踪人员亲属在内的民间社会为打击强迫失踪而开展的工作。 工作组再次呼吁所有尚未签署和(或)批准《公约》的政府尽快签署和(或)批准《公约》,并接受强迫失踪问题委员会根据《公约》第三十一和三十二条接受和审议个人和国家间来文的权限。", "23. 联合国 2010年12月23日,工作组发表声明,欢迎《公约》生效。 工作组强调,《公约》在打击被强迫失踪的祸害方面开创了新的局面,并回顾说,《公约》承认所有受被强迫失踪影响的人有权了解这一罪行的真相、调查的进展和结果以及失踪者的命运。 此外,工作组还强调指出,批准《公约》的国家承诺进行调查,以找到失踪者,起诉责任人,并确保对幸存者及其家属的赔偿。 最后,工作组再次呼吁所有尚未批准《公约》的政府尽快批准《公约》,并在批准《公约》时接受强迫失踪问题委员会接受和审议《公约》个人和国家间来文的权限。", "24 (韩语). 工作组在2010年年度报告(A/HRC/16/48)中再次呼吁尚未签署和/或批准《公约》的国家尽快签署和/或批准《公约》,并在批准《公约》时,承认委员会有权根据《公约》第31条接受个人案件,根据第32条接受国家间指控。", "25岁 工作组在关于国内刑事立法中强迫失踪问题最佳做法的报告(A/HRC/16/48/Add.3和Corr.1)中提到了《公约》的若干条款。 此外,工作组在其结论中强调批准《公约》是各国应当遵循的最佳做法之一。", "26. 联合国 2011年3月7日,在与人权理事会的互动对话中,工作组主席兼报告员欢迎《公约》生效,并指出,在批准《公约》的23个国家中,只有7个国家根据第31条接受了委员会对个人申诉的管辖权,第32条之下的国家间申诉机制和第1条只接受了委员会根据第32条的权限。 主席兼报告员请所有国家批准《公约》并接受第三十一和三十二条规定的委员会的职权。", "27个 2011年5月31日,工作组发表声明,表示注意到公约缔约国第一次会议。 它赞赏地注意到有26个国家批准了《公约》并有88个国家签署了《公约》,请所有尚未批准《公约》的国家批准《公约》并接受第31和32条规定的委员会的职权。 工作组强调,《公约》的生效主要是由于失踪者家属至少30年来努力提请国际社会注意强迫失踪这一令人发指的罪行的严重程度。 它回顾说,在起草《公约》的谈判中,失踪者的亲属不得不为建立委员会而斗争,有些人认为,委员会的工作有不必要的重复;工作组一直强调,这两个机制是相辅相成的,因此,在他们的要求下,失踪人员家属得到了工作组的大力支持。 它指出,两个机制之间的这一合作将考虑到这样一个事实,即虽然委员会的权限将限于已批准《公约》的国家,但工作组将能够审议所有国家的情况。 虽然委员会有权处理在《公约》生效之后发生的被强迫失踪案件,但工作组可以审查所有情况,而不论其何时发生。 最后,工作组说,它期待与委员会建立富有成效的关系,以预防和消除世界各地的被强迫失踪现象。", "六、结 论 联合国各机构和组织的活动", "28岁 一些联合国机构和组织在国家、区域和全球各级作出了协调一致的努力,以传播关于《公约》的信息,促进对《公约》的了解,为《公约》生效作准备,并协助缔约国履行《公约》规定的义务。", "29. 国家 2010年11月19日,第三委员会第49次会议建议大会通过题为“保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约”的决议草案,其中大会除其他外将核准8月30日为强迫失踪受害者国际日。 [5] 正如一些缔约国代表所回顾的那样,这一日期是由民间社会和受害者家属选择的,世界各地许多国家已经注意到了这一日期。 2010年12月21日,大会第71次全体会议通过了第65/209号决议,其中除其他外,宣布8月30日为强迫失踪受害者国际日。 [6]", "页:1 结论", "30岁。 强迫失踪问题委员会将于2011年11月举行首次会议,随着该委员会的设立,在保护人们免遭被强迫失踪以及包括失踪者家属在内的受影响者了解真相的权利方面已经达到一个里程碑。 秘书长和联合国人权事务高级专员以及被强迫或非自愿失踪问题工作组正在继续努力促进批准《公约》。", "[1] 第61/177号决议,附件。", "[2] 见A/61/53,第一部分,第二章。 二.A. 联合国", "[3] 见http://www.un.org/en/events/rightto truthday/sgmessage.shtml。", "[4] 见http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=10510&LangID=E.", "[5] 见GA/SHC/3999。 可查阅http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/gashc3999.doc.htm。", "[6] 见GA/11041。 可查阅http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2010/ga11041.doc.htm。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedom", "* A/66/150.", "Protection of and assistance to internally displaced persons", "Note by Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, Chaloka Beyani, in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/142 and Human Rights Council resolution 14/6.", "Summary", "The report outlines the major activities undertaken by the mandate holder during the period of August 2010 to July 2011. In addition, it provides a thematic review of the issue of climate change and internal displacement.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Mandate 3 and activities of the Special \nRapporteur A.The 3 mandate of the Special \nRapporteur B.Country 3 \nengagement C.Cooperation 4 with regional and international \norganizations D. Mainstreaming 5 the human rights of internally displaced persons in the United Nations \nsystem III.Thematic 6 section: climate change and internal \ndisplacement \nA.Introduction 6B.Some 7 basic concepts and \nterminology C.The 8 larger \npicture D. Potential 9 consequences of climate change for displacement \npatterns E.The 10 need for a rights-based \napproach F.The 11 relevance of the human rights framework for internally displaced \npersons G.Addressing 13 internal displacement in the context of climate \nchange H. Participation 21 and procedural rights of affected \npersons I. International 21 cooperation \nframeworks \nIV.Recommendations 22", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report provides an overview of the main activities undertaken by the mandate holder during the period from August 2010 to July 2011. It covers the activities of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of internally displaced persons, who assumed his functions in November 2010, and the activities of the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons, Walter Kälin, whose mandate ended in October 2010.", "2. The report also contains a thematic section on climate change and internal displacement. It is presented in accordance with General Assembly resolution 62/153 and Human Rights Council resolution 14/6.", "II. Mandate and activities of the Special Rapporteur", "A. The mandate of the Special Rapporteur", "3. By its resolution 14/6, the Human Rights Council mandated the Special Rapporteur to address the complex problem of internal displacement, in particular by mainstreaming the human rights of internally displaced persons into all relevant parts of the United Nations system; and to work towards strengthening the international response through coordinated international advocacy and action for improving protection and respect of the human rights of the internally displaced.", "4. In accordance with his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has endeavoured to promote a rights-based approach to internal displacement through dialogue with Governments and mainstreaming and advocacy activities within the United Nations and regional organizations. He would like to express his appreciation to the Governments that have issued invitations or otherwise engaged with the mandate.", "B. Country engagement", "5. The Special Rapporteur carried out a mission to Maldives from 16 to 22 July 2011 to assess the current situation of persons displaced by the 2004 tsunami, as well as issues relating to potential internal displacement owing to natural disasters and climate change. The Special Rapporteur found that the effects of climate change, such as coastal erosion, salination, rising sea levels and more frequent storms and flooding, were being felt in many islands and affecting human rights such as the right to housing, safe water and livelihoods.", "6. The Special Rapporteur stressed the need to put in place preparedness measures for potential climate change-induced displacement, founded on a human rights-based approach. While commending the efforts of the Maldives authorities for having recently endorsed the strategic national action plan for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation, he noted that it was now essential to put in place a law on disaster risk reduction and properly resourced institutional support structures which would ensure implementation of the strategy and address internal displacement.", "7. With regard to the situation of the 2004 tsunami victims, the Special Rapporteur found that while much had been achieved in addressing their situation, 1,600 people were still living in difficult conditions in temporary shelters on several islands and required urgent attention. The report on his visit will be presented to the Human Rights Council in March 2012, and will serve to complement the thematic section of the present report, on internal displacement and climate change, by highlighting the particular situation of low-lying island States.", "8. During the reporting period, the Representative of the Secretary-General on the human rights of internally displaced persons, Walter Kälin, visited the following countries: Georgia (13-16 September 2010; see A/HRC/16/43/Add.3); Armenia (17 and 18 September 2010); Iraq (26 September-3 October 2010; see A/HRC/16/43/Add.1); and Haiti (11-16 October 2010).", "9. Since assuming his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has made visit requests to the following countries: Côte d’Ivoire, Colombia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Kenya and the Sudan. He has received positive replies from the Sudan and Kenya, and is planning to visit Kenya in September 2011.", "C. Cooperation with regional and international organizations", "10. The Special Rapporteur has actively engaged with key regional and international organizations during the reporting period. Among others, he has continued constructive engagement with the World Bank, and more particularly its conflict, crime and violence unit, and the International Committee of the Red Cross, with whom he discussed operational approaches to the protection of internally displaced persons, future areas of cooperation and the continuation of the annual open dialogue session on issues of mutual concern.", "11. The Special Rapporteur has engaged closely with regional organizations in Africa for the promotion, ratification and implementation at the national level of the 2009 African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons (Kampala Convention), the first legally binding regional instrument specifically on the protection of and assistance to internally displaced persons. In that context, he participated in, inter alia, the first ministerial conference of the Economic Community of West African States on humanitarian assistance and internal displacement in West Africa, held in Abuja on 6 and 7 July 2011; a workshop on the Kampala Convention for Members of the Kenyan Parliament Select Committee on Internally Displaced Persons on 23 May 2011, in Mombasa, Kenya; the regional consultative meeting on the plan of action for the Kampala Convention for the Eastern and Central Africa region, held in Kinshasa on 20 and 21 May 2011; and the regional consultative meeting on the plan of action for the Kampala Convention for the Southern African Development Community (SADC), held in Lilongwe on 17 and March 2011.", "12. The Special Rapporteur has maintained ongoing contacts with civil society organizations in Geneva and New York and in the field. In particular, he wishes to express his appreciation for the support provided to his mandate through the Brookings-London School of Economics Project on Internal Displacement. He is also appreciative of the strong cooperation with the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre on various issues of mutual interest, including training and advocacy activities relating to the Kampala Convention.", "13. The Special Rapporteur, the Brookings-London School of Economics Project on Internal Displacement, the International Institute of Humanitarian Law, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) co‑organized the seventh annual course on the law of internal displacement in San Remo, Italy, from 7 to 12 June 2011. The course provides training to high-level Government officials working on internal displacement from different parts of the world. In 2011, it welcomed 21 participants from 14 displacement-affected countries.", "14. The Special Rapporteur also participated in the regional workshop on protecting and promoting rights in natural disasters in the Great Lakes region and East Africa and the forum on the Kampala Convention organized by the Brookings-London School of Economics Project on Internal Displacement and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat and held in Kampala from 15 to 17 June 2011.", "15. In addition, the Special Rapporteur participated in various other international forums and events, including, in the context of this thematic report, the Expert Roundtable on Climate Change and Displacement held in Bellagio, Italy from 22 to 25 February 2011,, and the Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement in the 21st Century, held in Oslo on 6 and 7 June 2011.", "D. Mainstreaming the human rights of internally displaced persons in the United Nations system", "16. During the reporting period, the Special Rapporteur participated in the Inter‑Agency Standing Committee, the key platform for the Special Rapporteur to mainstream the human rights of internally displaced persons within the United Nations system and the wider humanitarian community.", "17. The Special Rapporteur has maintained close cooperation with key United Nations entities, including OHCHR, UNHCR and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian. He engaged with these entities through briefings and meetings in New York and Geneva to discuss specific issues relating to the protection of internally displaced persons, and areas of cooperation. The Special Rapporteur also participated in a number of key events and activities organized by these entities, such as training sessions, events related to the promotion of the Kampala Convention, an expert round table on climate change and displacement and various human rights events organized by OHCHR. In addition to providing overall substantive and logistical support to the activities of the Special Rapporteur, OHCHR facilitates coordination with the United Nations system. The Special Rapporteur wishes to express his special appreciation for the support these entities have continued to provide to him in fulfilling his mandate.", "III. Thematic section: climate change and internal displacement", "A. Introduction", "18. According to United Nations estimates, up to 50 million people are internally displaced because of natural disasters each year.[1] In 2010 alone, at least 42.3 million people were newly displaced by sudden-onset natural disasters, 90 per cent of which were due to climate-related.[2]", "19. The importance of displacement, and in particular internal displacement, within the climate change debate is well established and now calls for specific strategies and measures to address it. Already in 1990, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reported that the greatest single impact of climate change might be on human migration.[3] The Panel estimated that by 2050, 150 million people could be displaced by climate change-related phenomena, such as desertification, increasing water scarcity, floods and storms. Since then, while estimates have varied, it has generally been accepted that the effects of climate change will indeed result in large-scale movements of people, mostly within the boundaries of affected States, and that developing States in the southern hemisphere are likely to be the worst affected.", "20. The socio-economic impact of climate change is expected to have significant consequences for the enjoyment of human rights, for the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals and for human security (A/HRC/10/61) In this context, internal displacement represents a further challenge of adaptation to the effects of climate change. In its resolution 64/162 of 18 December 2009, the General Assembly recognized natural disasters as a cause of internal displacement and voiced concern about factors, such as climate change, that were expected to exacerbate the impact of natural hazards, and climate-related slow-onset events.", "21. The importance of addressing displacement caused by climate change was more recently recognized by the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. At its sixteenth session, held in Cancun, Mexico from 29 November to 10 December 2010, the Conference of the Parties adopted the “Cancun Adaptation Framework”,[4] which expressly acknowledges climate-induced displacement.", "22. The Conference of the Parties invited all parties to enhance action on adaptation under the Cancun Adaptation Framework, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, and specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, by undertaking, inter alia, measures to enhance understanding, coordination and cooperation with regard to climate change-induced displacement, migration and planned relocation, where appropriate, at national, regional and international levels.[5]", "23. The present report aims to explore the linkages between climate change and internal displacement from a human rights perspective. It draws on the 1998 Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement,[6] the core international human rights instruments and the principal climate change frameworks proposed to date. While not exhaustive, it highlights some key principles and concepts necessary to inform the discussion, sheds light on the complexities surrounding the issue and makes a number of recommendations which could serve to orient future work in this area.", "24. The scope of the report is limited to internal displacement, in keeping with the parameters of the Special Rapporteur’s mandate. Moreover, owing to the close linkages between climate change and the increased frequency and severity of natural disasters, combined with the inherent difficulty of distinguishing between natural disasters provoked by climate change and those unrelated to this phenomenon, the report takes an inclusive approach to the issue. Owing to space limitations, the specific situation of low-lying island States is not addressed, but will be the focus of attention in the Special Rapporteur’s report to the Human Rights Council in March 2012 on his visit to Maldives in July 2011.", "B. Some basic concepts and terminology", "25. The present section provides definitions of key concepts and terminology used in the climate change debate. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change defines climate change as “any change in the climate over time, whether due to natural variability or […] human activity”.[7] The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, however, specifically focuses on changes in the climate which are “attributed directly or indirectly to human activity” and are “in addition to natural climate variability”.[8]", "26. Two principal strategies to respond to the threats posed by climate change are mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation, in the context of climate change policy, refers to measures which aim to minimize the extent of global warming by reducing emission levels and stabilizing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere.[9] Climate change adaptation measures are adjustments in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderate harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.[10] Alternatively stated, they are measures that reduce harm and strengthen the capacity of societies and ecosystems to cope with and adapt to climate change risks and impacts. This report explores, in particular, possible adaptation measures specific to climate change-induced displacement.", "27. References to resilience in this context relate to “the ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommodate and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner”.[11] Definitions of other terms are provided in subsequent sections of the report.", "C. The larger picture", "28. While the effects of climate change are themselves expected to result in displacement, this factor should not be considered in isolation from broader global, regional and national dynamics. As highlighted at an expert workshop organized by UNHCR in 2011, the impact of climate change will interact with a number of global mega-trends such as population growth, rapid urbanization, increased human mobility and food, water and energy insecurity,[12] as well as local and regional factors (pre-existing socio-economic and governance situations), which will potentially affect the magnitude and patterns of displacement as well as possible solutions.", "29. Climate change is arguably already acting as “an impact multiplier and accelerator”.[13] In addition to its negative impact on social and economic rights, which will itself provoke some displacement, climate change, interacting with other pressures or social and political factors, will exacerbate the risk of conflicts, which could then act as a driver of further displacement. Climate-related displacement is therefore likely to be characterized by multiple causalities, such as conflicts due to competition over resources or the loss of livelihoods. This was more recently highlighted during the Security Council debate of 20 July 2011 on the possible security implications of climate change, in which it was noted that climate change could aggravate or amplify existing security concerns and give rise to new ones, particularly in already fragile and vulnerable nations. It could also sharply intensify human displacement, bringing communities into increasing competition for finite natural resources with global repercussions for global economic stability.[14]", "30. A distinction should be drawn between sudden-onset and slow-onset events since they affect human mobility in different ways. Slow-onset disasters tend to prompt movements of people to other locations in search of livelihoods, food security and safety — a trend already being manifested in different parts of the world. In this context, regional particularities around displacement patterns and their various causes will be important to monitor and understand. This is particularly the case in Africa and Asia, as climate change is expected to have especially dire effects on developing countries, and the most vulnerable populations within them. At the time of writing of this report, an estimated 12 million people in the Horn of Africa required immediate humanitarian assistance owing to drought and food insecurity affecting, inter alia, Somalia, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Djibouti.[15] In Somalia, successive drought-induced crop failures, spiralling food prices and lack of food assistance, combined with conflict, insecurity and limited access by humanitarian organizations, have resulted in one of the worst famines in decades, placing 3.7 million people in need of urgent assistance and causing large-scale displacements.[16]", "31. In order to address these intersecting challenges and develop adaptation strategies to deal with complex climate change-related displacement, a broader and more holistic understanding is required which goes beyond the direct line of causality usually applied in situations of sudden-onset natural disasters.", "D. Potential consequences of climate change for displacement patterns", "32. Population displacements are likely to result from or be exacerbated by a number of different changes in our physical climate and environment, including:", "(a) Increased droughts, environmental degradation and slow-onset disasters such as desertification which undermine agricultural livelihoods and reduce food security;", "(b) Higher temperatures in water and air, and increasing acidity of seas;", "(c) Contraction of snow-covered areas and melting of sea ice, leading among other things, to rising sea levels affecting the habitability of coastal areas and low‑lying island States;", "(d) Increased frequency and intensity of weather-related natural hazards such as tropical cyclones, hurricanes, mudslides and flooding, which will threaten the physical safety of affected populations;", "(e) Conflict and social upheaval, directly or indirectly attributable to climate change-related factors, such as competition for scarcer natural resources, changing livelihood patterns, increased social tensions and possible concentration of vulnerable populations, including in poor urban areas.", "33. The above changes in our environment and climate are predicted to increase displacement and to alter its patterns, as people move to locations, predominantly within their own countries, which offer them greater human security and livelihoods. In some instances, for example when planned relocation is unsuccessful or when the spontaneously displaced congregate in urban centres already under pressure, secondary displacements may ensue. Indeed, secondary or cyclical displacements may become a by-product of ineffective adaptation strategies to address original displacement situations, as well as a consequence of the failure to sufficiently plan ahead in areas such as food security, urban planning or resource management — all of which may be put under additional pressure by the effects of climate change.", "E. The need for a rights-based approach", "34. In the last several years, the climate change debate, traditionally centred on scientific and economic factors, has gradually begun to encompass the social and human rights dimensions. This has led to a growing body of studies and reports exploring the multidisciplinary and human rights facets of the challenges posed by the effects of climate change.[17]", "35. In 2008, the Human Rights Council, in its resolution 7/23, requested OHCHR to undertake a study, in consultation with States and other key stakeholders, on the relationship between climate change and human rights. The study (A/HRC/10/61) provides an overview of the effects of climate change for human rights, including its impact on specific rights, vulnerable groups of persons, forced displacement and conflict, and examines the human rights implications of response measures to climate change. Importantly, it outlines relevant national and international obligations under international human rights law, including those relating to the progressive realization of economic, social and cultural rights and access to information and participation in decision-making. The study concludes that measures to address climate change should be informed and strengthened by international human rights standards and principles.", "36. Other actors have also enriched the discussion by focusing on specific rights or the impact of climate change on particular groups.[18] In addition to posing a direct threat to the right to life, the effects of climate change are expected to have negative implications for basic rights relating to food (A/HRC/7/5), housing (A/64/255), water and health, and affect the overall right to an adequate standard of living (A/HRC/10/61, paras. 21-38). Some of these analyses have highlighted the link between the lack of access to these rights and displacement.[19] In the context of climate change, internally displaced persons are also a growing category of persons considered to be especially at risk, given the adverse material, social and psychological consequences commonly associated with displacement. These risks are heightened by the fact that the most serious effects of climate change, including displacement, are predicted to disproportionately affect poor regions and countries and populations already in a vulnerable situation owing to poverty and other factors.[20]", "37. Measures to address these vulnerabilities and meet the challenges related to climate change-induced displacement should be informed and supported by a human rights-based approach which is applied at all phases of displacement and disaster response. The Nansen principles, developed at the Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement (see para. 15 above), underscored the need for such an approach. Principle I states that “responses to climate and environmentally-related displacement need to be informed by adequate knowledge and guided by the fundamental principles of humanity, human dignity, human rights and international cooperation”.[21]", "F. The relevance of the human rights framework for internally displaced persons", "A global framework", "38. A broad human rights protection framework for internally displaced persons has been developed in the last two decades, which applies explicitly to situations of natural disasters, and extends to persons displaced by the effects of climate change (see A/HRC/13/21, paras. 2 and 41-44).", "39. Holding a central place in this framework are the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement (see note 6 above), which are based on standards in international human rights and humanitarian law and, by analogy, international refugee law. While not legally binding as such, the Guiding Principles restate relevant hard law and have been affirmed by the international community as “an important international framework for the protection of internally displaced persons”.[22] They have served as an important normative standard for the protection of persons displaced in a variety of contexts including conflict, serious human rights violations, natural disasters, and development projects.", "40. The Guiding Principles define internally displaced person as “persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflicts, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized state border”.", "41. The Guiding Principles have also served as a basis for developing further operational guidance, such as the revised Operational Guidelines on the Protection of Persons in Situations of Natural Disasters (A/HRC/16/43/Add.5) and the Framework on Durable Solutions for Internally Displaced Persons (A/HRC/13/21/Add.4), both adopted by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee. The former, in particular, represent progress in the application of a human rights-based approach to situations of natural disasters — situations closely related to climate change given the increased frequency of climate-related disasters.[23] In addition to applying in different contexts, the Guiding Principles provide specific standards of assistance and protection at all stages of displacement, including in the prevention of displacement, during the displacement phase itself and in the search for durable solutions.", "Regional frameworks", "42. The Guiding Principles have further paved the way for a new regional treaty, the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention). Adopted in 2009, the Convention is the first legally binding instrument specifically on the protection of internally displaced persons.[24] Article 5(4) specifically requires that measures be taken to protect and assist people who have been internally displaced by natural or human-made disasters, including those triggered by climate change. Moreover, as stated in article 2 (a), it is a particular objective of the Convention to prevent, mitigate, prohibit and eliminate the root causes of internal displacement. This requirement of prevention and mitigation is further detailed in article 4(2), which obligates parties to develop an early warning system in areas of potential displacement, disaster risk reduction strategies and emergency management measures, in addition to providing protection and assistance if necessary.", "43. Other regional instruments, such as the Protocol on Protection and Assistance to Internally Displaced Persons,[25] which implements the Guiding Principles, and the 2005 Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response of the Association of South East Asian Nations, provide further legal and policy frameworks to address displacement, including climate change-induced displacement, at the regional level. They could also potentially provide the basis for regional operational mechanisms for the coordination of humanitarian assistance, displacement-related adaptation schemes and the channelling of climate change adaptation funding.[26]", "National frameworks", "44. At the national level, the Guiding Principles are being increasingly used by many countries to develop their domestic laws and policies (see A/HRC/13/21, para. 15, and General Assembly resolution 64/162, paras. 10 and 13). The Nansen Principles (see para. 37 above) recognize the importance of the Guiding Principles in addressing climate change-induced internal displacement at the national level. Principle VIII states: “The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement provide a sound legal framework to address protection concerns arising from climate and other environmentally-related internal displacement. States are encouraged to ensure the adequate implementation and operationalization of these principles through national legislation, policies and institutions.”", "45. In the context of climate change-induced internal displacement and the increased frequency of related natural disasters, it is now more important than ever that national legislation fully include provisions for these situations, and not just for situations of conflict-related displacement. In this regard, the Cancun Adaptation Framework specifically urges all parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to “strengthen and, where necessary, establish and/or designate national-level institutional arrangements, with a view to enhancing work on the full range of adaptation actions [including displacement-related adaptation measures], from planning to implementation” (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 32).", "G. Addressing internal displacement in the context of climate change", "46. The present section focuses on adaptation strategies which relate to disaster management, prevention and durable solutions, rather than humanitarian assistance during the displacement phase itself. Effective responses to the human rights challenges related to climate change-induced internal displacement will require the international community to move beyond the traditional humanitarian assistance and reactive governance models. As suggested by principles IV and V of the Nansen principles, addressing internal displacement in the context of climate change is likely to demand greater focus on foresight, reliable data and monitoring systems, as well as the positive obligations of prevention, resilience building and durable solutions.", "Disaster risk reduction and disaster preparedness", "47. Disaster risk reduction is defined as “the conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibility to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development”.[27] Stated differently, disaster risk reduction seeks to address the underlying risk factors in order to reduce avoidable loss of life, as well as loss of property and livelihoods — many of which affect internally displaced persons directly. With this aim in mind, the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Hyogo, Japan from 18 to 22 January 2005, adopted a 10-year plan[28] which was signed by 168 States Members of the United Nations.", "48. In the face of the increased frequency and intensity of natural hazards, governments have a responsibility to take reasonable preventive action to reduce exposure, minimize vulnerabilities and avoid or limit the adverse impact of hazards[29]. As highlighted by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/142, the consequences of hazards can be prevented or substantially mitigated by disaster risk reduction strategies, which, it suggested, should be integrated into national development policies and programmes. Strategies may include physical infrastructures, but also measures to build national and local humanitarian response and disaster management systems, establish participation mechanisms and strengthen the resilience of affected persons and early recovery capacities.", "49. Early warning mechanisms can be instrumental in minimizing damage and loss of life, as well as displacement. However, preliminary analysis of the famine and resulting displacements in Somalia in July and August 2011 shows that while a disaster was forecast as early as November 2010 by the Famine Early Warning Systems Network, the famine was not declared until July 2011, and response by donors to funding appeals by the United Nations was insufficient.[30] While insecurity and lack of humanitarian access exacerbate the difficulties in the case of Somalia, this most recent situation, as well as the drought affecting neighbouring countries, have revealed systemic difficulties on the part of both States and the international community in responding proactively to early warnings in order to prevent disasters or limit the adverse impacts on populations, even in the case of slow-onset disasters such as famine. This indicates that technical mechanisms such as early warning systems need to be combined with political will and responsive governance systems that implement preparedness, disaster risk reduction and other adaptation measures in a timely.", "50. In addition to early warning systems, legal preparedness measures, such as national legislation and policies, and other measures to protect the human rights of internally displaced persons can be put in place before disaster strikes in order to limit the negative impact of potential displacement. They can include measures to preserve and restore family unity (e.g. during evacuations), which is a key factor contributing to protection, and to ensure the replacement of personal documentation through rapid and simplified procedures. They can also include measures to protect housing, land and property rights through the registration and safekeeping of land titles; mechanisms to resolve property disputes following a disaster; and precautions to ensure that disaster relief interventions are conducted in such a way as to avoid discrimination (for example on the basis of gender, age or ethnicity).[31]", "Preventing and minimizing internal displacement, and its adverse effects", "51. According to the Guiding Principles, displacement must remain an option of last resort. It must only be exercised when there are no other alternatives, and be undertaken for legitimate purposes with sufficient legal and procedural guarantees.[32]", "52. Guiding Principle 7(1) provides that “prior to any decision requiring the displacement of persons, the authorities concerned shall ensure that all feasible alternatives are explored in order to avoid displacement altogether” and that ” where no alternatives exist, all measures shall be taken to minimize displacement and its adverse effects”. Adaptation strategies related to potential displacement should, therefore, also include investments and measures to avoid and minimize such displacements, where that is feasible.", "53. Much of the attention to date in the area of protection from displacement has focused on protecting individuals or communities from ”arbitrary” displacement (Guiding Principle 6), resulting from active violations of human rights by the State or other actors, such as when displacement is used as a form of collective punishment or to effect policies of ethnic cleansing, or when large-scale development projects fail to meet set requirements.", "54. Some climate change-induced displacement however, such as movements triggered by slow-onset disasters, may require more emphasis on the positive obligations of States, with the support of regional bodies and the international community, to anticipate, plan ahead and take measures to prevent or mitigate conditions likely to bring about displacement and threaten human rights. This precautionary role to ensure conditions conducive to human rights, including rights related to an adequate standard of living which allow one to avoid displacement, is a standard of governmental, international governance and human rights protection which is based on positive obligations and actions, rather than the negative obligation of non-interference in human rights.", "55. To discharge its obligations, responsible governance will need to develop capacities to detect potential disaster and displacement situations early on, accountability mechanisms to ensure that follow-up prevention and protection measures are taken, and more effective systems of local and regional consultation which engage affected populations in decisions about their future. In particular, addressing potential displacement in cases of slow-onset disasters may demand that, in addition to environmental adaptation measures to minimize degradation (e.g. soil erosion), measures be taken to address a wide range of social issues at the local level. These can include pre-emptive measures such as economic diversification, the development of alternative forms of livelihoods, addressing issues related to the management of natural resources and putting in place appropriate social safety nets for the most vulnerable sectors of the population.", "56. The Special Rapporteur on the right to food for example, has analysed the adverse impact of extreme climate changes on livelihoods and food security.[33] The impact of climate change on agricultural production in developing countries in particular, which has been well documented, will result in volatile markets and threaten the right to food for millions of people. It may be necessary to address and re-evaluate methods of agricultural production,[34] in addition to addressing humanitarian assistance needs. Research and decisions made with regard to agricultural approaches and other measures to ensure food security and resource management will profoundly affect displacement patterns.", "57. When preventive measures have not been taken or are not feasible, displacement and pre-emptive movements by populations, which are rational adaptation responses,[35] are likely to take place. Anticipating these movements, and ensuring data collection and monitoring in such situations are important[36] in order to be able to plan for and minimize the negative consequences, including loss of life or property, and the risk of provoking instability in host areas.", "58. In the case of internal displacement caused by sudden-onset disasters, disaster risk reduction and measures to build resilience are key elements to preventing displacement or limiting its consequences It is also important to ensure that early recovery and reconstruction are undertaken at the earliest possible opportunity so that displacement does not last longer than required. However, this has represented a key and systemic challenge to date, which humanitarian and development actors, as well as States, must address in their displacement-related adaptation strategies.", "59. The Cancun Adaptation Framework recognizes the need to strengthen international cooperation and national capacities and expertise, with a view to developing approaches which can reduce loss and damage associated with the effects of climate change, in cases of both sudden disasters and slow-onset events.[37]", "60. Importantly, the Framework specifically mentions activities related to risk reduction, resilience building, micro-insurance, risk sharing and economic diversification, as well as the need to address rehabilitation measures associated with slow-onset events.[38]", "Relocations", "61. It may at times be necessary to relocate people from high-risk or disaster-prone areas or in response to a slow-onset disaster which has made life unsustainable in a particular area.[39] Where displacement takes place outside of an emergency situation, such as in the case of pre-emptive relocations by the Government, safeguards are necessary to ensure that individual rights are respected.", "62. Guiding Principle 7(3) provides for a number of such procedural guarantees, in addition to the requirements in Guiding Principle 7(1) mentioned in paragraph 52 above. A specific decision by an appropriate State authority is required; full information must be provided to internally displaced persons on the reasons and procedures for the displacement, the place of relocation and compensation; and their free and informed consent must be sought. Moreover, authorities must endeavour to involve affected persons, including women, in the management and planning of the relocation and ensure that the right to an effective remedy, including the review of decisions, is respected.", "63. Plans to relocate individuals or communities need to ensure effective participation by the affected population in all decisions, including with regard to the new relocation site and the timing and modalities of the relocation. Key and often difficult issues in relocations frequently include access to land, livelihood opportunities and compensation for the displaced. Relocation plans need to be sensitive to other factors as well, such as issues of community, ethnic and cultural identity and possible (often pre-existing) incompatibilities or tensions with the receiving community. Measures which are sensitive to the needs and concerns of the receiving community, including with regard to absorption capacity (additional pressures placed on natural and other resources, community services, etc.), and which promote integration, and mediation where necessary, will often be necessary. These require working with all parties in order to foster trust and provide the necessary support for the relocation to both the displaced and the receiving communities.", "64. While sometimes necessary, the relocation of communities should always remain a measure of last resort. Relocation plans and sites often present a number of problems which tend to make them unsuccessful. Concerns relating to compensation and the loss of housing and livelihoods, for example, may result in resistance by communities to relocation plans until a tragedy or disaster strikes. In other situations, the problem is the distance between the original and the new site. Not recognising the importance of location can sometimes result in displaced persons returning to the original high-risk area.[40] This is often the experience with informal settlements in urban settings for example. People frequently return to such settlements because of the high value they place on being close to the city centre, to their source of livelihood and to the community and social networks they have established, which are a critical source of support, especially for vulnerable groups.[41]", "65. In low-lying island States, long-standing inhabitants of particular islands also often manifest the wish to move as a group and to stay close to their original location, even if they must move to a different island.[42] Principles applicable to relocations in other contexts, such as development-linked evictions, can provide valuable guidance for the formulation of standards and procedures for relocations necessitated by the effects of climate change (see A/HRC/4/18).", "The urban migration dimension", "66. The erosion of livelihoods, in part provoked by climate change, is considered a key push factor for the increase in rural-to-urban migration, most of which will be to urban slums and informal settlements offering precarious living conditions (A/HRC/10/61, para. 37). More than 50 per cent of the world’s population currently live in urban areas, most of which are situated in low- and middle-income nations. One third of this urban population (1 billion people) live in precarious informal settlements and slums, which exacerbates their vulnerability to humanitarian crisis.[43] By 2030, it is estimated that urban populations will surpass 5 billion and that 80 per cent of urban populations will live in towns and cities in the developing world.[44] In Asia and Africa, experts note that “urban growth is accentuated by the increasing number of refugees and internally displaced persons who tend to migrate to cities”.[45]", "67. The urban dimensions of climate change-induced displacement should therefore factor as a key consideration in national medium- and long-term national development strategies, as well as adaptation measures to address potential displacement. Cities may need to become more “expandable” to absorb potential influxes of people. At the same time, in order to decrease unplanned urban migratory flows, potential displacement situations need to be better managed.", "68. Unplanned influxes to urban settings present a number of potential risks. Because internally displaced persons are more likely to be “untitled”, “unregistered”, “unlisted” and “undocumented”, inequalities which existed prior to a disaster may be reinforced after the disaster.[46] As newcomers, internally displaced persons are likely to have less access to resources and livelihoods, to live in slum areas, and to be the potential targets of urban violence in these sites. Like other impoverished slum-dwellers they may be forced to live in hazard-prone locations such as low-lying areas and landfill sites,[47] exposing them to risks to their physical safety and the risk of loss of housing and further displacement.", "69. According to experts, the very “concentration of resources, assets and services in cities can lead to more debilitating impacts of disasters, conflict and violence”.[48] This has drawn the attention of the humanitarian community and urban specialists to the particular impact on urban settings of climate change, with a focus on the increasing urban vulnerability gap, housing challenges and the need to move away from only focusing on humanitarian response and develop disaster prevention strategies specific to urban settings.[49]", "Reducing the displacement effect of climate change mitigation measures", "70. Measures to mitigate climate change, such as investments in clean technologies (e.g. hydropower, wind power), agro-fuel production, forest conservation projects or the restoration of marshlands, are also predicted to cause significant levels of internal displacement.", "71. The international community has acknowledged that measures responding to the effects of climate change are likely to have adverse economic and social consequences for some, and that support, including financing, technology and capacity-building, will be necessary in order to minimize these impacts and “build up the resilience of societies and economies negatively affected by response measures”.[50] However, safeguards to prevent or minimize displacement resulting from measures which aim to mitigate climate change — and which in many cases affect indigenous and minority groups — continue to be weak.", "72. Agro-fuel production and programmes to preserve forest cover, which have at times been found to impinge on the rights of indigenous peoples in relation to their traditional lands and culture, are examples of how some climate change mitigation measures can have adverse consequences and lead to forced displacement.[51] Guidelines developed to date by development actors in the context of large-scale development projects, including some which promote clean energy such as hydroelectric dams, have been criticized as well for failing to minimize displacement and sufficiently apply human rights standards.[52]", "73. Guiding Principles 6(c) and 7(1)(3) provide for specific standards and criteria that must be met when displacement is envisaged in a non-emergency context, such as with regard to the mitigation measures mentioned above and large-scale development projects. In the context of mitigation measures to address climate change, it will be important to assess the potential displacement likely to result from such measures and to strengthen guidelines, applying the standards in the Guiding Principles and a human rights-based approach.", "Durable solutions to displacement in the context of climate change", "74. Given the predicted extent of displacement provoked by the effects of climate change, adaptation strategies will require measures not only to alleviate the immediate humanitarian consequences and suffering, but also to end situations of displacement through durable solutions. While moving or fleeing to a safer location may provide temporary relief, it is well established that prolonged displacement situations exacerbate existing vulnerabilities, create dependency, lead to social tensions, and generally lead to a number of serious protection, humanitarian and human rights challenges.", "75. In many instances, internally displaced persons may live in compact settlements or camps, which present a number of further concerns, including concerns for personal safety, and in particular sexual and gender-based violence; the pull factor related to the provision of assistance in the camps; and the fact that camps may sustain a humanitarian assistance situation for too long at the expense of early recovery and durable solutions. As levels of displacement rise in the context of climate change, the urgency of finding long-lasting solutions for affected populations and avoiding the precariousness, marginalization and instability associated with situations of protracted displacement, will become a national, and potentially regional, security imperative.", "76. In order to be successful, adaptation measures addressing internal displacement must provide durable solutions strategies in the form of return, local integration or resettlement in another part of the country. However, in the context of climate change, durable solutions are likely to be more complex and less static or one-dimensional. They may combine a number of solutions, including movements which are seasonal or temporary, or solutions which include continuity with the place of origin as well as integration in a different part of the country (for example, part of the family returns to the place of origin permanently or on a seasonal basis, while the breadwinner works in another location). Strategies addressing internal displacement should therefore be sufficiently flexible to include and support various scenarios of human adaptation, and ensure that durable solutions are based on free and informed consent.", "77. Standards and guidelines related to durable solutions are provided in the Guiding Principles 28 to 30 and the Framework for Durable Solutions. The latter provides that durable solutions can be considered to have been achieved “when internally displaced persons no longer have specific assistance and protection needs that are linked to their displacement and such persons can enjoy their human rights without discrimination resulting from their displacement (A/HRC/13/21/Add.4, para. 8)”.", "78. A number of factors are conducive to durable solutions. One such factor is ensuring a transition early on from the humanitarian assistance phase to early recovery and reconstruction, thus allowing internally displaced persons to return to their places of origin and rebuild their lives as early as possible after a disaster. The importance of ensuring that humanitarian assistance and development are mutually reinforcing from the beginning of an emergency is recognized in the guiding principles on humanitarian assistance annexed to General Assembly resolution 46/182. Yet, aligning humanitarian assistance and the longer-term objectives of recovery and development has been difficult in practice, as the various actors apply different criteria and considerations to their areas of activity. The difficulties are compounded in situations where national Governments do not have a clear long-term strategy. Predicted increases in the frequency and intensity of sudden-onset disasters, however, make it imperative to improve the capacity of local, national and international actors to bridge the gap between objectives linked to the humanitarian and the recovery and reconstruction phases.", "79. Other factors conducive to durable solutions include re-establishing local economies and livelihoods, encouraging self-reliance in affected communities and promoting their participation in all activities, from humanitarian assistance delivery to engagement with development actors. In the case of resettlement or relocation, strategies related to land, housing and livelihoods are essential, as is a community-based approach which takes account of the needs of receiving communities. Increased internal displacement will also require mechanisms to address possible integration challenges and tensions with receiving communities.", "80. Durable solutions for displaced populations should be part of national adaptation plans,[53] and local and national capacity-building programmes, and be supported by funds made available for adaptation measures. They should also be part of national development plans. Some effects of climate change, however, may affect the types of durable solutions accessible to affected populations. In the case of certain types of slow-onset disasters, for example, return may not be a viable alternative for the foreseeable future. This highlights the need to explore various possible options early on and integrate them within national development and adaptation plans, in order to minimize the social and humanitarian consequences of spontaneous and large-scale internal displacement. In extreme situations, such as the case of some low-lying island States, where conditions are no longer fit for human habitation, durable solutions may also have to be explored through regional and international cooperative efforts, which may pave the way for new standards and options, including cross-border displacements.", "H. Participation and procedural rights of affected persons", "81. Procedural rights of affected persons have a critical place in the context of climate change-induced displacement. They help ensure respect for human rights and a more effective response to specific vulnerabilities, and promote the empowerment of affected persons as well as the full use of their capacities. Indeed, individual and community resilience will largely depend on the extent to which internally displaced persons are empowered to adapt to change and included in decisions affecting their lives. Procedural rights include, inter alia, access to information; consultation and effective participation in decision-making processes; and access to effective remedies.", "82. It is important to ensure that procedural and accountability mechanisms are in place to guarantee participation of affected populations at all stages of displacement.[54] Guiding Principles 7, 28 and 30 provide for specific procedural rights of internally displaced persons in relation to prevention of displacement as well as guarantees of their participation in relocation and durable solution processes. Host and receiving communities should also feature in many of these participatory and consultation processes.[55]", "83. The Cancun Adaptation Framework recognizes the need to support adaptation measures which are “country driven, gender sensitive, participatory and fully transparent […] taking into consideration vulnerable groups [and] communities” (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 12). It further recognizes the need for measures to enhance understanding and cooperation with regard to climate change-induced displacement and planned relocation and the need to undertake impact vulnerability and adaptation assessments, including on the social and economic consequences of climate change adaptation options and response measures (paras. 14 (b) and (f) and preamble to section III.E). While complementary, the Guiding Principles and the Framework for Durable Solutions provide more specific and detailed guidance on standards related to participatory and procedural rights of internally displaced persons.", "I. International cooperation frameworks", "84. The State has the primary responsibility to protect and assist persons displaced within its borders. At the same time, in the context of climate change-induced displacement and the disproportionate burden imposed on poor regions and countries, shared international responsibility has also been acknowledged. Where State capacities and resources are insufficient, international cooperation and partnerships should help support the cost of adaptation measures. This is consistent with human rights standards and principles (A/HRC/10/61, para. 87) and recognized in the Cancun Adaptation Framework, which invites Parties to enhance action on adaptation, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and capacities as well as their priorities and circumstances (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 14).", "85. More specifically, the Cancun Adaptation Framework recognizes, in paragraph 14 (f), the need for national, regional and international cooperation with regard to adaptation strategies to address displacement issues, migration and relocation — cooperation which can present opportunities for agreements and new standards to facilitate and support the movement of peoples, including outside their national borders when that is necessary.", "86. Climate change has served to crystallize the impact of actions by individual States which go beyond the State to affect the rights of people and communities around the globe. Climate change knows no State or generational boundaries. Effective systems of international cooperation and responsible domestic governance are thus required to address it in line with human rights obligations and to support adaptation strategies to deal with the various human rights challenges, such as displacement, that it presents to the international community as a whole.", "IV. Recommendations", "A human rights-based approach", "87. A human rights-based approach should be used to inform and strengthen all actions, at the local, regional, national and international levels, to address climate change-related internal displacement. The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, which are based on standards in international human rights law, humanitarian law and, by analogy, refugee law, provide a sound legal framework which States should implement at the national level through legislation, policies and institutions.", "Adaptation and mitigation measures", "88. Adaptation measures to address climate change-induced displacement should be comprehensive in nature, so as to encompass disaster risk reduction and management; proactive strategies to prevent or minimize displacement; planned relocations, when appropriate; pre-emptive internal migration when this is based on sound national policies and used as a coping mechanism in the case of slow-onset disasters; and durable solutions. Such measures must be in line with international human rights obligations, and include the provision of humanitarian assistance and protection to affected persons during the displacement phase.", "89. The various climate change adaptation funds should incorporate support for adaptation measures related to climate change-induced internal displacement. They should support the efforts of national Governments in this regard as well as community engagement. Financing mechanisms should adopt a comprehensive approach to displacement-related adaptation measures, running the gamut from prevention to durable solutions as detailed above, and uphold safeguards with regard to forced displacements and planned relocations. Such mechanisms should keep abreast of relevant research and be consistent with normative developments in this field.", "90. Disaster risk reduction and disaster preparedness measures should be enhanced in order to prevent or minimize the displacement of persons. This is particularly necessary in light of the more frequent and severe sudden-onset disasters, as well as the dire humanitarian consequences of slow-onset disasters such as droughts, both of which are due to the negative effects of climate change. National disaster management systems, laws and policies should incorporate a human rights-based approach, stress local or community capacity-building and participation and refer to applicable standards on internal displacement in the event displacement cannot be avoided. Disaster management measures should be included in national development plans and climate change adaptation strategies.", "91. Mechanisms to promote the engagement and participation and to strengthen the capacities of local governments, communities, civil society and the private sector should be enhanced and supported. Their role is instrumental to effectively address the challenges related to climate change. Community participation should involve those who are most vulnerable.", "92. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the climate change mitigation targets set by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change process and encourages additional efforts in this regard, as mitigation of the effects of climate change will also reduce the numbers of people internally displaced as a result of climate change.", "Knowledge, guidance and information", "93. Measures to enhance knowledge in the area of climate change-related displacement are necessary and should be taken as soon as possible, in accordance with the recommendation of the Cancun Adaptation Framework (FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16). This should include research on the scope and scale of such displacement, which should be based on consultations with affected communities and inter-agency and interdisciplinary efforts.", "94. Particular efforts are required to understand and respond better to situations of slow-onset disaster related to climate change, so as to avoid or minimize related human suffering and displacement.", "95. Research is encouraged on the potential displacement of persons through climate change mitigation and adaptation projects, such as those promoting clean energy. Such research should explore the scope and nature of such displacements, as well as further actions which may be necessary to ensure the human rights of those displaced by such projects, in line with the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and other applicable human rights standards and guidelines.", "96. Further guidance should be developed with regard to situations where relocation of populations is deemed necessary owing to the effects of climate change. Such guidance should be based on lessons learned and ensure that the rights of persons who must be relocated are guaranteed. In particular, issues of compensation, property rights, procedural rights, community and cultural identity, livelihoods and support to receiving communities should be addressed.", "97. Global monitoring mechanisms for internal displacement should be strengthened with a view to encompassing both sudden- and slow-onset disasters related to climate change, and help determine the overall scope of displacement that is connected to the phenomenon of climate change.", "98. The urban dimension of climate change-related displacement should be further researched and operational responses enhanced, so as to address the distinctive nature of urban vulnerabilities and capacities and the potential increase and impact of unplanned urban migration resulting from increased slow- and sudden-onset disasters.", "99. Specific guidance should be developed for Member States on how to ensure that displacement is taken into account in the climate change debate, on the normative standards and guidance documents available and on the human rights implications and broader dynamics of climate change-induced displacement, such as its impact on security and urban migration.", "Cooperation and assistance", "100. Increased international support is needed to strengthen local and national capacities and legal frameworks and policies to address displacement resulting from the effects of climate change. This cooperation and assistance, and the full implementation of paragraph 14 (f) of the Cancun Adaptation Framework, will be essential to support States in taking all necessary steps to respect, protect and fulfil the rights of affected persons in accordance with their international human rights obligations.", "101. In order to achieve concrete results and establish stronger operational and accountability structures, greater focus must now be placed on policy and programme implementation at the regional, national and subnational levels. This requires enhancing actions and advocacy in regional and national level forums on specific adaptations measures to address climate change-related displacement, both internal and regional.", "102. The role of the Inter-agency Standing Committee in addressing and advocating on general humanitarian concerns as well as displacement-specific issues related to climate change is key and should be strengthened, including through the work of its task force on climate change, its participation in key global policy forums such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, and technical inputs at the regional, national and subnational levels to build resilience and scale up practical climate change activities and adaptation measures.", "[1] See www.unocha.org/what-we-do/advocacy/thematic-campaigns/internal-displacement/overview.", "[2] Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, “Displacement due to natural hazard-induced disasters: global estimates for 2009 and 2010”, June 2011, p. 11.", "[3] First Assessment report, available from www.ipcc.ch.", "[4] FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16.", "[5] Ibid., para. 14.", "[6] E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2, annex. Available at www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/idp/standards.htm.", "[7] Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Summary for Policymakers, p. 21. Available from www.ipcc.ch.", "[8] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1771, No. 30822, art. 1, para. 2.", "[9] Adapted from United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Glossary of climate change acronyms (http://unfccc.int/essential_background/glossary/items/3666.php).", "[10] Ibid.", "[11] UNISDR (Secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction), Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction, Geneva, 2009, p. 10.", "[12] UNHCR, Summary of deliberations on climate change and displacement, resulting from the expert round table on climate change and displacement held in Bellagio, Italy, from 22 to 25 February 2011, p. 2.", "[13] Ibid.", "[14] Press release SC/10332 (www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/sc10332.doc.htm). See also the related Security Council debate on 17 April 2007 (SC/9000); and A/HCR/10/61, paras. 61-63.", "[15] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), media report of 20 July 2011 (www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/82387/icode/).", "[16] Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Famine and drought situation report No. 6, 3 August 2011, p. 2, at http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20 Somalia%20Situation%20Report%20No.%206%2003%20August%202011.pdf.", "[17] See, for example, International Council on Human Rights Policy, Climate Change and Human Rights: A Rough Guide, 2008; and The World Bank, Human Rights and Climate Change: A Review of the International Legal Dimensions, Washington, D.C., 2011.", "[18] See A/HRC/SF/2010/2, paras. 11, 14 and 18-20, and A/HRC/10/61, paras. 42-60, which analyse the impact of the effects of climate change on women, children, indigenous peoples and internally displaced persons.", "[19] For example, A/HRC/7/5, A/64/255, A/HRC/10/61 and A/HRC/13/21, paras. 43 and 44.", "[20] See A/HRC/10/61, paras. 42-54; A/HRC/16/62¸ para. 48; and UNFCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, preamble.", "[21] For information on the Nansen Conference and the principles, see http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/Whats-new/news/transcript-of-the-prime-ministers-speech/nansen_principles.html?id=651568.", "[22] The 2005 World Summit Outcome (see General Assembly resolution 60/1), para. 132. See also resolution 64/162, preamble and para. 10.", "[23] By 2008 it was noted that the number of disasters had doubled in the preceding 20 years, while in 2010 it was estimated that 90 per cent of disasters were climate-related. See United Nations News Centre, “Time to prepare for disasters is now says UN”, at www.un.org/apps/news/ story.asp?NewsID=29154&Cr=Disaster&Cr1=Climate#, and Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, note 2 above.", "[24] The Kampala Convention will become binding upon ratification by 15 signatory States. As of 2 August 2011, a total of 12 countries had ratified the Convention.", "[25] Article 12 of the Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region.", "[26] UNHCR, note 12 above, p. 6.", "[27] UNISDR, “Living with risk: a global review of disaster reduction initiatives”, 2004, p. 17.", "[28] Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters (A/CONF.206/6 and Corr.1, chap. I, resolution 2).", "[29] A/HRC/10/61, paras. 72-74; General Assembly resolution 64/162, preamble; see also discussion of obligations of States to reduce vulnerabilities and disaster risks, including interpretations by the European Court of Human Rights, in “Conceptualising climate-induced displacement”, by Walter Kälin, in J. McAdam (ed), Climate Change and Displacement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, Oxford, 2010, pp. 82 and 83.", "[30] The Economist, 30 July-5 August 2011, p. 32; Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Famine and drought situation report No. 6, 3 August 2011, p. 4.", "[31] Walter Kälin, “A human rights-based approach to resilience building”, presented at Nansen Conference on Climate Change and Displacement, in the 21st Century, Oslo, 5-7 June, 2011, p. 2. Available at www.brookings.edu/papers/2011/0606_disasters_human_rights_kaelin.", "[32] Guiding Principles 6 and 7. Also see Walter Kälin, Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: Annotations, revised edition, pp. 27 and 30; and American Society of International Law, Studies in Transnational Legal Policy, No. 38 (2008). Note that the term protection against displacement refers to protection against arbitrary displacement (i.e., an order or forced displacement by authorities) and that prevention of displacement refers to measures which seek to alleviate the need for populations to move — and never to prevent the act of fleeing or moving by those displaced.", "[33] See A/HRC/7/5, para. 51, and A/HRC/7/5/Add.2, paras. 11 and 15. See also Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights general comment No. 12 (1999) on the right to adequate food (art. 11), para. 28; and A/HRC/10/61, paras. 25-27.", "[34] News release, “Cancun climate Summit: UN food expert calls for a ‘Green Marshall Plan for Agriculture”, 29 November 2010.", "[35] See International Organization for Migration, Policy Brief on Migration, Climate Change and Environment (2009), available at www.iom.int/envig.", "[36] UNHCR, note 12 above, para. 39.", "[37] FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, paras. 25 and 26.", "[38] Ibid., paras. 28 (b) and (c).", "[39] Planned relocations are distinguishable from evacuations or spontaneous displacements, which occur in an emergency context.", "[40] Report of the Wilton Park conference on “Urban risks: moving from humanitarian responses to disaster prevention”, 22-25 November 2010.", "[41] Ibid.", "[42] This was observed during the visit of the Special Rapporteur to Maldives in July 2011.", "[43] Report of the Wilton Park conference, note 40 above, p. 1.", "[44] Ibid.", "[45] Ibid.", "[46] Ibid., p. 8.", "[47] Ibid., p. 3.", "[48] Ibid., p. 2.", "[49] Ibid. The need to strengthen humanitarian responses to emergencies in urban centres has also been recognized by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee, which addresses this issue through its reference group on meeting humanitarian challenges in urban areas. See IASC Strategy: Meeting Humanitarian Challenges in Urban Areas, 2010.", "[50] See FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, para. 89; see also Kyoto Protocol, arts. 2, para. 3 and 3, para. 14.", "[51] A/HRC/10/61, paras. 66-68; E/C.19/2008/13, para. 45. Programmes to preserve forest cover have also at times prevented displacement by involving local communities closely in the project and by shielding them from agro-industrial projects.", "[52] See A/64/255, para. 47 with regard to large dam projects.", "[53] See references to modalities and support with regard to development of national adaptation plans in FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16, paras. 14 (a), 15 and 16.", "[54] See General Assembly resolution 64/162, para. 7; A/HRC/16/43/Add.5, pp. 11, 14-15, 26 and 33.", "[55] Host communities refer to communities to which internally displaced persons have been spontaneously fled, whereas receiving communities refer to communities in which the displaced have, in an intentional or planned fashion, resettled or been relocated." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进人权和 基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "保护和援助国内流离失所者", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨依照大会第64/142号决议和人权理事会第14/6号决议，向大会成员转递国内流离失所者人权问题特别报告员查洛卡·贝亚尼的报告。", "* A/66/150。", "摘要", "本报告概述2010年8月至2011年7月期间任务执行人开展的主要活动。此外，还专门阐述了气候变化与国内流离失所者问题。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.特别报告员的任务和活动 3\nA.特别报告员的任务 3\nB.国家参与 3\nC.与区域和国际组织合作 4\nD.将国内流离失所者的人权纳入联合国系统的主流 5\n3.专题部分：气候变化与国内流离失所 5\nA.导言 5\nB.一些基本概念和术语 6\nC.更广的视野 7\nD.气候变化对流离失所模式的潜在后果 8\nE.基于权利的做法的必要性 9\nF.国内流离失所者人权框架的相关性 10\nG.处理气候变化背景下的国内流离失所问题 11\nH.受影响者的参与和程序权利 18\nI.国际合作框架 19\n4.建议 20", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告概述2010年8月至2011年7月期间任务执行人开展的主要活动。其中载述2010年11月开始任职的国内流离失所者人权问题特别报告员开展的活动以及任期于2010年10月结束的负责国内流离失所者人权问题的秘书长报告员瓦尔特·卡林开展的活动。", "2. 本报告还列有一个章节，专题讨论气候变化和国内流离失所问题。这一节是依照大会第62/153号决议以及人权理事会第14/6号决议提出的。", "二. 特别报告员的任务和活动", "A. 特别报告员的任务", "3. 人权理事会第14/6号决议授权特别报告员处理国内流离失所这一复杂问题，尤其是将国内流离失所者的人权纳入联合国系统的所有相关部分；通过协调一致的国际宣传及进一步保护和尊重国内流离失所者人权的行动，努力加强国际应对措施。", "4. 特别报告员根据其任务规定，通过与各国政府对话，在联合国和区域组织内部将该问题纳入主流并开展宣传活动，从而努力促进采用基于人权的办法来处理国内流离失所问题。他感谢有些政府已经发出邀请或以其他方式参与执行该项任务规定。", "B. 国家参与", "5. 特别报告员于2011年7月16日至22日访问了马尔代夫，评估因2004年海啸而流离失所的人员的当前情况，以及自然灾害和气候变化可能造成潜在的国内流离失所的相关问题。特别报告员发现，许多岛屿上已经感觉到海岸侵蚀、盐碱化、海平面上升以及风暴和洪涝日趋频繁等气候变化现象的后果，这些后果影响到各种人权，如住房、安全饮水和生计等权利。", "6. 特别报告员强调，必须采用基于人权的做法来制订防范措施，应对气候变化可能引起的流离失所现象。他赞扬马尔代夫当局最近通过了“全国减少灾害风险和适应气候变化战略行动计划”，同时还指出，现在必须制订减少灾害风险的法律，并建立配有适当资源的体制支助结构，确保这一战略得以实施，并处理国内流离失所问题。", "7. 关于2004年海啸受害者的情况，特别报告员发现，处理这些受害者方面已经取得很大成绩，但是，几个岛屿上仍有1 600人住在临时住所内，需要立即给予关注。2012年3月将向人权理事会提交关于这次访问的报告，这份报告将对本报告关于国内流离失所问题和气候变化的专题章节作出补充，重点说明低洼岛屿国家的特殊情况。", "8. 在本报告所述期内，负责国内流离失所者人权问题的秘书长代表瓦尔特·卡林访问了以下国家：格鲁吉亚(2010年9月13日至16日；见A/HRC/16/43/Add.3)；亚美尼亚(2010年9月17日和18日)、伊拉克(2010年9月26日至10月3日见A/HRC/16/43/Add.1)和海地(2010年10月11日至16日)。", "9. 特别报告员就任以来，向下列国家提出访问请求：科特迪瓦、哥伦比亚、巴基斯坦、巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾、肯尼亚和苏丹。他已经收到苏丹和肯尼亚的肯定答复，并计划于2011年9月访问肯尼亚。", "C. 与区域和国际组织合作", "10. 在本报告所述期间，特别报告员与主要的区域和国际组织积极开展协作。除其他机构外，他还与世界银行、尤其是冲突、犯罪和暴力股以及红十字国际委员会开展了建设性协助，与它们讨论了保护国内流离失所者的具体做法、未来的合作领域以及如何继续就共同关心的问题进行一年一度的对话。", "11. 特别报告员与非洲各区域组织密切合作，以期在国家一级宣传、批准和实施2009年《非洲联盟保护和援助非洲境内流离失所者公约》(《坎帕拉公约》)，这是专门关于保护和援助国内流离失所者的第一份具有法律约束力的区域文书。在这方面，他参加了下列会议：2011年7月6日和7日在阿布贾举行的西非国家经济共同体第一次西非人道主义援助和国内流离失所问题部长级会议；2011年5月23日在肯尼亚蒙巴萨为肯尼亚议会国内流离失所者问题特别委员会成员举行的《坎帕拉公约》研讨会；2011年5月20日和21日在金沙萨举行的关于《坎帕拉公约》东非和中部非洲区域行动计划区域协商会议；2011年3月17日和18日在利隆圭举行的《坎帕拉公约》南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)行动计划区域协商会议。", "12. 特别报告员始终与日内瓦和纽约以及外地的民间社会组织保持接触。他尤其要感谢布鲁金斯-伦敦经济学院国内流离失所问题项目对他的任务给予的支持。他还赞赏与国内流离失所问题监测中心就共同关心的各种问题，包括有关《坎帕拉公约》的培训和宣传活动的问题开展密切合作。", "13. 特别报告员、布鲁金斯-伦敦经济学院国内流离失所问题项目、国际人道主义法研究所、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)在意大利圣雷莫(2011年6月7日至12日)联合举办了第七次年度国内流离失所法课程，为世界各国政府高级官员提供了培训。2011年，来自受流离失所问题影响的14个国家的21人参加了该课程。", "14. 特别报告员还参加了2011年6月15日至17日布鲁金斯-伦敦经济学院流离失所问题项目和人道主义事务协调厅在坎帕拉举办的大湖地区和东非在自然灾害中保护和促进人权区域讲习班和《坎帕拉公约》论坛。", "15. 此外，特别报告员还参加了其他各种国际论坛和活动，与本专题报告相关的活动包括2011年2月22日至25日在意大利贝拉焦举行的气候变化与流离失所问题专家圆桌会议以及2011年6月6日和7日在奥斯陆举行的21世纪气候变化与流离失所问题南森会议。", "D. 将国内流离失所者的人权纳入联合国系统的主流", "16. 在本报告所述期间，特别报告员参加了机构间常设委员会，这是特别报告员将国内流离失所者的人权纳入联合国系统以及更广泛的人道主义界的关键平台。", "17. 特别报告员与联合国各主要实体，包括人权高专办、难民署和人道协调厅保持密切合作。他通过在纽约举行的情况简报会和各种会议，与这些实体进行接触，讨论有关保护国内流离失所者的具体问题以及合作领域。特别报告员还参加了这些实体举办的一些重要活动，例如培训、宣传《坎帕拉公约》的活动、气候变化与流离失所问题专家圆桌会议、以及人权高专办举办的各种人权活动。人权高专办不仅向特别报告员提供全面的实质性和后勤支持，还促进与联合国系统开展协调。特别报告员表示特别感谢这些持续不断地支持他执行任务。", "三. 专题部分：气候变化与国内流离失所", "A. 导言", "18. 根据联合国的估计，每年之多有5 000万人因自然灾害而在国内流离失所。[1] 仅2010年，至少有4 230万人因突发性自然灾害而首次流离失所，其中90%是与气候有关的灾害造成的。[2]", "19. 流离失所问题在气候变化辩论中十分重要，这是有充分根据的，现在需要有具体战略和措施来予以解决。早在1990年，政府间气候变化专门委员会就指出，气候变化可能对人类迁徙产生的影响最大。[3] 该委员会估计，到2050年，可能有1.5亿人会因为荒漠化、以及水资源短缺、洪涝和风暴加剧等与气候变化有关的现象而流离失所。从那时起，虽然各种估计数字并不一致，但是人们普遍认为，气候变化的后果的确会导致人的大规模移徙，预期大部分是发生在受影响国家境内，预计南半球的发展中国家受到的影响可能最为严重。", "20. 预计气候变化的社会经济影响将对享受人权、落实千年发展目标和人类安全产生严重后果(A/HRC/10/61)。因此，国内流离失所对适应气候变化影响产生了进一步的挑战。大会2009年12月18日第64/162号决议确认自然灾害是导致境内流离失所的一个原因，并关切诸如气候变化等预计将加剧自然灾害影响的因素以及与气候有关的缓慢发生的事件。", "21. 最近，联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方会议确认，必须处理气候变化引起的流离失所问题。2010年11月29日至12月10日在墨西哥坎昆举行的缔约方会议第16次会议通过了《坎昆适应框架》，[4] 其中明确承认气候变化引起的流离失所现象。", "22. 坎昆协定请所有缔约方在《坎昆适应框架》之下加强适应行动，考虑到它们共同但有区别的责任和各自能力以及具体的国家和区域发展优先事项、目标和情况，除其他外，采取措施酌情加强对国家、区域和国际各级气候变化所致流离失所、移徙和计划搬迁问题的了解、协调和合作。[5]", "23. 本报告力图从人权的角度探讨气候变化和国内流离失所者之间的联系。报告借鉴了1998年联合国关于国内流离失所问题的指导原则、[6] 主要国际人权文书以及迄今提出的应对气候变化的主要框架建议。本报告虽然并非面面俱到，但突出了作为讨论依据的若干必要关键原则和概念，揭示了围绕这一问题的各个复杂方面，并提出可以指导这一领域今后工作的若干建议。", "24. 依照特别报告员的任务规定范畴，本报告的讨论内容以国内流离失所问题为限。由于气候变化与自然灾害日趋频繁和严重具有密切关系，加上气候变化导致的自然灾害和与气候现象无关的自然灾害本来就难以区分，因此，本报告采用广义的做法来探讨这一问题。因篇幅有限，报告中不讨论低洼岛屿国家的具体情况，不过，特别报告员将在2012年3月提交给人权理事会关于2011年7月访问马尔代夫的报告中重点阐述这个问题。", "B. 一些基本概念和术语", "25. 这一节提出有关气候变化的辩论中所采用的关键概念和术语的定义。政府间气候变化专门委员会将“气候变化”定义为“在一个时期内无论是自然变异或是[……]人类活动引起的任何气候变化”。[7] 然而，《联合国气候变化框架公约》的具体重点是“除……气候的自然变异之外，由于人类活动[……]直接或间接造成的”气候变化。[8]", "26. 减缓和适应影响是应对气候变化所带来威胁的两个主要战略。在气候变化政策范畴内，缓解是指通过减少排放量和稳定大气中的温室气体浓度，从而最大限度减少全球变暖的措施。[9] 气候变化“适应”措施是指自然界或人类体系中对实际或预期的气候刺激因素或其影响、并为减少危害或利用有利机会而作的调整。[10] 换言之，这些措施可以减少危害，加强社会和生态系统应对和适应气候变化的风险和影响。", "27. 在这一范畴内提到的“复原力”是指“面临危害的一个系统、社区或社会及时和有效地抵抗、吸收、适应危险的影响并得以恢复的能力”。[11] 本报告以下各节列出其他术语的定义。", "C. 更广的视野", "28. 虽然气候变化的影响本身会导致流离失所，但是，看待这一因素时不应脱离更为广泛的全球、区域和国家动态。2011年难民署举办的专家研讨会强调，与气候变化影响产生相互作用的还有人口增长、快速城市化、人的流动性增强及食品、水和能源不安全等全球大趋势，[12] 以及地方和区域因素(已有的社会经济和治理情况)，这些因素都可能影响流离失所的规模和型态以及可能的解决办法。", "29. 可以说，气候变化已经成为“影响的倍增器和加速器”。[13] 气候变化除了对社会和经济权利产生负面影响(这本身就会造成一些流离失所现象)之外，它还会同其他方面的压力或社会和政治因素相互作用，加剧冲突的风险，造成进一步的流离失所现象。因此，与气候相关的流离失所可能是多种因素造成的，例如争夺资源造成的冲突，或丧失生机。2011年7月20日，联合国安理会辩论气候变化可能对安全造成的影响时强调了这一点，安理会指出，气候变化会加剧或扩大现有的安全关切，而且会产生新的关切，在已经十分脆弱和易受伤害的国家中尤为如此。它也会大大加剧人的流离失所问题，造成各社区进一步竞争有限的自然资源，对全球经济稳定造成全面影响。[14]", "30. 对突然发生和缓慢发生的事件应作区分，因为，它们以不同的方式对人的流动产生影响。缓慢发生的事件往往造成人们迁居异地，目的是寻找生机、食物、保障和安全——世界各地已经存在这一趋势。在这方面，需要监测和了解流离失所型态的区域特点及其不同原因。非洲和亚洲的情况更是如此，因为预计气候变化会对发展中国家以及这些国家中最脆弱的群体产生尤为不利的影响。在撰写本报告的时，估计非洲之角有1 200万人因干旱和粮食匮乏而需要紧急人道主义援助，受影响的国家包括：索马里、肯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、乌干达和吉布提。[15] 在索马里，干旱造成农作物连续歉收，食品价格不断上升，缺乏粮食援助，加上冲突、不安全和人道主义组织进入受到限制，导致出现数十年来最严重的饥荒，有370万人需要紧急援助，并造成大规模流离失所。[16]", "31. 为了应对这些相互交错的挑战，并制定适应战略，以应对与流离失所相关的复杂的气候变化，需要对此有更广泛和更全面的了解，这种了解应超越在突发性自然灾害的情况下通常适用的直接因果关系。", "D. 气候变化对流离失所模式的潜在后果", "32. 自然气候和环境一些不同的变化会造成或加剧人口流离失所，其中包括：", "(a) 干旱加剧、生态环境恶化以及荒漠化等缓慢发生的灾害破坏农业生计，减少了粮食安全；", "(b) 水和空气温度上升，海洋酸度提高；", "(c) 冰雪覆盖地区缩小，海冰融化，造成海平面上升，影响沿海地区和低洼岛屿国家的可居住性；", "(d) 热带气旋、飓风、泥石流和洪水等与天气有关的自然灾害的频率和强度增加，将威胁到受影响人口的人身安全；", "(e) 与气候变化直接或间接相关的冲突和社会动荡，如争夺匮乏的自然资源、民生模式发生变化、社会紧张局势加剧以及弱势群体可能集中居住在城市贫困地区等地方。", "33. 预计上述环境和气候变化将增加流离失所人口并改变其模式，人们将迁移到其他地方，主要是本国境内的其他地方，因为这些地方为他们提供更安全的环境和更多谋生机会。在某些情况下，例如有计划的迁移不成功，或自发的流离失所人口集中于已经压力很大的城市中心，就可能导致二次流离失所。事实上，第二次或周期性流离失所可能成为处理最初流离失所情势的适应战略不得力的副产品，也可能是未能预先在粮食安全、城市规划或资源管理等领域作充分规划的后果，所有这一切都可能因气候变化的影响而遭受额外的压力。", "E. 基于权利的做法的必要性", "34. 以往有关气候变化的辩论的核心是科学和经济因素，近几年来，这种辩论已经将社会权利和人权层面包括在内。因而有越来越多的研究和报告在探讨气候变化的影响所带来的挑战的多学科和人权方面的问题。[17]", "35. 2008年，人权理事会第7/23号决议要求人权高专办与各国和其他重要利益攸关者协商，开展一项关于气候变化和人权关系的研究。这份研究报告(A/HRC/10/61)概述气候变化对人权的影响，包括对各项具体人权、弱势群体、被迫流离失所和冲突的影响，并探讨应对气候变化的措施对人权的影响。更重要的是，它概述了国际人权法规定的有关国家和国际义务，包括与逐步实现经济、社会和文化权利以及获取信息和参与决策相关的义务。这份研究报告最后指出，应对气候变化的措施应当以国际人权标准和原则为出发点，并通过这些标准和原则得到加强。", "36. 其他行动者着重说明了具体的人权或气候变化对特定群体的影响，也丰富了讨论的内容。[18] 气候变化的影响不但直接威胁到生命权，预计还会对获得充足的食物(A/HRC/7/5)和住房(A/64/255)、水和卫生的权利等基本权利产生负面影响，并影响享有适当生活标准的权利。(A/HRC/10/61，第21至38段)有些分析报告重点说明了这些权利得不到享受与流离失所之间的联系。[19] 在气候变化范畴内，由于流离失所通常会在物质、社会和精神方面造成不利后果，因此，国内流离失所者也被认为是越来越多面临特别大风险的一类人。这些风险会加剧，因为预计气候变化最严重的影响、包括流离失所，将对贫困地区和国家以及因贫困和其他因素而已经处于弱势的民众产生十分严重影响。[20]", "37. 采取措施克服与气候变化引起的流离失所相关的这些弱点以及迎应这些挑战时，应该采用基于人权的做法，在处理流离失所和救灾的各个阶段，都应该采用这种做法。气候变化和流离失所问题的南森会议期间提出的南森原则(见上文第15段)，强调必须采取这种做法。原则一指出，“应对气候和与环境有关的流离失所问题时，必须了解人性、人的尊严、人权和国际合作的基本原则，并以此为基本原则”。[21]", "F. 国内流离失所者人权框架的相关性", "全球性框架", "38. 过去二十年来，一个保护国内流离失所者人权的广泛框架已经形成，而且明确应用到自然灾害情势中，还延伸到受气候变化的影响而流离失所的人(见A/HRC/13/21，见第2和41至44段。)", "39. 该框架的核心是关于国内流离失所的指导原则(见上文注6)，它基于国际人权法和人道主义法，依次类推，也基于国际难民法。指导原则虽然不具有法律约束力，但它重申了有关的成文法，国际社会也确认该指导原则是“保护国内流离失所者的重要国际框架”。[22] 它已成为在发生冲突、严重侵犯人权、发生自然灾害和执行发展项目等各种情况下保护服务流离失所者的重要规范性标准。", "40. 在指导原则中，国内流离失所者的定义是：“特别是由于或为了避免武装冲突的影响、普遍暴力情势、侵犯人权行为或自然灾害或人为灾害而被迫或不得不逃离或离开自己的家园或惯常住所、但没有越过国际公认的边界的人或群体”。", "41. 这些指导原则也是拟定机构间常设委员会已通过并经订正的关于在自然灾害中保护人员的业务指导原则(A/HRC/16/43/Add.5)和国内流离失所者持久解决办法框架(A/HRC/13/21/Add.4)等业务指导方针的依据。前者尤其表明，由于和气候相关的灾害频率不断提高，在应用基于人权的做法来处理自然灾害情势方面取得了进步。[23] 指导原则不仅应用于不同的情势中，还规定了在流离失所的所有阶段、包括在预防流离失所、在流离失所阶段期间以及在寻找持久解决办法时提供援助和保护的具体标准。", "区域框架", "42. 指导原则为非洲联盟《保护和援助非洲国内流离失所者公约》(《坎帕拉公约》)这一新的区域条约进一步铺平了道路。该公约在2009年通过，是专门关于保护国内流离失所者的第一项具有法律约束力的文书。[24] 第5(4)条特别规定，必须采取措施，保护和援助因自然灾害或人为灾害、包括因气候变化引发的灾害而流离失所的人员。此外，第2(a)条规定，该公约的一个具体目的是防止、减轻、禁止和消除造成国内流离失所的根源。第4(2)条进一步详细规定了预防和减轻这些根源的要求，该条规定，缔约国除了提供必要的保护和援助外，还必须在可能发生流离失所现象、减少灾害风险战略和应急管理措施等方面建立早期预警系统。", "43. 其他区域文书，例如实施指导原则的《保护和援助国内流离失所者大湖议定书》[25] 以及东南亚国家联盟2005年《关于灾害管理和应急对策的协定》，进一步提供了区域一级处理流离失所问题、包括气候变化引起的流离失所问题的法律和政策框架。它们还可以为区域业务机制提供依据，促进协调人道主义援助、与流离失所相关的适应计划以及调配适应气候变化的资金。[26]", "国家框架", "44. 在国家一级，许多国家越来越多地利用该指导原则来制订自己的国内法和政策(见A/HRC/13/21，第15段；大会第64/162号决议，第10和13段)。南森原则(见上文第37段)确认，指导原则在国家一级应对气候变化引起的国内流离失所问题方面十分重要。原则八指出：“国内流离失所问题指导原则提供了一个健全的法律框架，以处理与气候和其他环境因素相关的国内流离失所者的保护问题。鼓励各国通过国家立法、政策和机构，确保这些原则得以充分执行和实施。”", "45. 在气候变化引起国内流离失所以及有关的自然灾害频率不断提高的情况下，现在国家立法比以往任何时候都更要充分列入关于这些情况的条款，而不仅仅是与冲突有关的流离失所的现象。在这方面，《坎昆适应框架》特别促请《联合国气候变化框架公约》所有缔约方“加强并在必要时建立和(或)指定国家一级的体制安排，以期增进关于从规划到执行的全部适应行动的工作[包括与处理流离失所问题相关的适应措施]”(FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，第32段)。", "G. 处理气候变化背景下的国内流离失所问题", "46. 本节重点阐述的适应战略涉及灾害管理、预防和持久的解决办法，而不涉及流离失所阶段的人道主义援助。若要切实有效地应对与气候变化引起的国内流离失所有关的人权挑战，国际社会就必须超越传统的人道主义援助和应对式施政模式。《南森原则》的原则四和原则五指出，在气候变化范畴内处理国内流离失所问题，可能需要更加注重远见卓识、可靠的数据和监测系统、以及预防、应变能力建设和持久解决的积极义务。", "减少灾害风险和备灾", "47. 减少灾害风险的定义为：“在可持续发展的广义范畴内，被认为可以在整个社会中减少脆弱性和灾害风险以避免(预防)或限制(减轻和防备)灾害造成的不利影响的各种要素的概念框架。[27] 换句话说，减少灾害风险的目的是解决潜在的风险因素，以减少可避免的生命损失以及财产和生计方面的损失——其中许多风险因素直接影响到国内流离失所者。因此，2005年1月18日至22日在日本兵库召开的世界减灾会议通过了一项十年计划，[28] 已有168个联合国会员国签署了该计划。", "48. 面对自然灾害的频率和强度不断增加，各国政府有责任采取合理的预防措施，以减少影响面，尽量减少脆弱性，避免或限制灾害的不利影响。[29] 正如大会第64/142号决议所强调，减少灾害风险战略可以防止或大幅度减轻灾害后果，大会建议，应将这一战略纳入国家发展政策和方案。这种战略可以包括有形基础设施，但还应该采取措施，建立国家和地方的人道主义应对和灾害管理系统，建立参与机制，并加强受灾人员的复原能力和早期恢复能力。", "49. 早期预警机制在减少损害、生命的损失以及流离失所现象可以发挥关键作用。然而，对2011年7月和8月索马里的饥荒及其导致的流离失所者的分析表明，虽然饥荒预警系统网络早在2010年11月就发出了灾害预警，但是，到2011年7月才宣布发生饥荒，而且捐助者对联合国的捐助呼吁反应不力。[30] 就索马里而言，虽然局势不安全和缺乏人道主义准入加剧了各种困难，但是，最近的情况以及以及影响到邻国的旱情都表明，国家和国际社会都面临系统性困难，难以对早期预警作出积极反应，从而防止灾害或限制对民众造成的不利影响，即便在饥荒等缓慢发生灾害的情况下亦是如此。这表明，除了预警系统等技术性机制外，还需要有政治意愿和应对治理系统来及时落实备灾、减少灾害风险并采取其他应对措施。", "50. 除了预警系统之外，还可以在发生灾害之前采取法律上的防备措施和政策以及其他措施，保护国内流离失所者的人权，以期限制潜在的流离失所的负面影响。这可以包括采取措施，保护和恢复家庭团聚(如在疏散期间)，这是有助于提供保护的关键因素，并通过快速、简化程序，确保更换个人证件。这还可以包括通过登记和保管土地所有权，以及灾后解决财产纠纷的机制，并采取预防措施，以保护房屋、土地和财产权利，确保在救灾工作中避免歧视(例如基于性别、年龄或种族的歧视)。[31]", "防止和减少国内流离失所及其不利影响", "51. 指导原则指出，流离失所必须依然是在没有其他办法时才采用的一种不得已的最后选择。它必须有合法目的，并有足够的法律和程序上的保障。[32]", "52. 指导原则7⑴规定，“有关当局在作出需要人员流离失所的决定时，[必须]确保已经探讨了所有其他可行的做法，以避免出现流离失所，在没有其他办法时，必须采取一切措施，尽量避免其不利影响。”因此，与潜在的流离失所相关的适应措施还必须包括作出投资，并采取措施，尽可能避免和减少这种流离失所现象。", "53. 迄今，提供保护避免流离失所方面的主要着眼点是保护个人或社区不遭受“武断的”流离失所(指导原则6)，这些流离失所的起因是国家或其他行为者蓄意侵犯人权，例如将其作为一种集体惩罚的形式，或是为了实施种族清洗政策，或者是大型发展项目未能达到预期的要求。", "54. 但是，在气候变化造成一些流离失所现象，例如缓慢形成的灾害引起的流离失所时，可能需要进一步强调国家的积极义务，即在区域机构和国际社会的支持下，国家有义务预测、预先作出计划并采取措施防止或减轻可能引起流离失所和危害人权的状况。发挥这种未雨绸缪的作用，为享受人权、包括使民众能够避免流离失所的适当生活标准的权利创造有利条件，这是政府治理、国际治理和保护人权的标准，它是以积极义务和积极行动为依据，而不是基于不干涉人权的消极义务。", "55. 负责任的政府在履行自己的义务时，需要加强能力，尽早发现潜在的灾难和流离失所现象，加强问责机制，确保采取后续预防和保护措施，并加强更有效的地方和区域协商制度，让受影响的民众参与与他们的未来相关的决策。尤其在处理缓慢发生的灾害可能引起的流离失所现象时，除了采取对环境的适应措施，减少环境退化(如水土流失)，还需要采取措施，处理地方一级广泛的社会问题。这些措施可以包括实现经济多样化，发展替代生计方式，处理与自然资源管理相关的问题，为人口中最脆弱的阶层建立适当的社会安全网。", "56. 譬如，食物权问题特别报告员分析了极端气候变化对生计和粮食安全的不利影响。[33] 现在已有大量文件记载气候变化对发展中国家农业生产的影响，这种影响将导致市场动荡，并威胁到千百万人的食物权。可能需要采取措施，除了处理和评估人道主义援助需要之外，还要处理和重新评估农业生产方式。[34] 有关农作方式的研究和决定以及确保粮食安全和资源管理的其他措施将对流离失所的模式产生深刻影响。", "57. 如果没有采取或无法采取预防措施，就可能出现人口流离失所和预发性的迁移，[35] 这是合理的应对做法。有必要预见到这些现象，在这种情况下，要确保收集数据并进行监测，[36] 以便进行规划并减少最终出现负面后果，包括生命或财产损失以及在东道地区引发动乱的危险。", "58. 在突发性灾害引起流离失所时，减少灾害风险和加强抗灾能力的措施是防止流离失所及限制其后果的关键要素。同样重要的是，必须确保尽早开展早日恢复和重建工作，使流离失所的持续时间不超过必要的时间。但是，这已经成为迄今一个系统性的关键挑战，人道主义和发展机构以及各国在与流离失所相关的适应战略中必须应对这一挑战。", "59. 《坎昆应对框架》确认，必须加强国际合作及国家的能力和专长，以便拟定办法，不论在发生突发性灾害和缓慢发生事件时，都能减少与气候变化相关的损失和损害。[37]", "60. 更重要的是，该框架还具体提到与减少风险、应变能力建设、小额保险、风险共担和经济多样化相关的活动，以及必须处理与缓慢发生事件相关的复原措施。[38]", "迁移", "61. 有时候，可能必须将人口迁出高风险地区或灾害易发地区，或者是为了应对缓慢发生的事件，这些事件造成某一地区无法维持生活。[39] 在非紧急情况下发生流离失所现象，例如政府安排预防性迁移时，需要采取保障措施，确保个人权利得到尊重。", "62. 指导原则7⑶规定了若干这种程序性的保障(除上文第52段所述“指导原则”7⑴的规定之外)。国家有关当局作出具体决定；必须向国内流离失所者提供关于流离失所的原因和程序、搬迁地点及相关补偿的全部信息；必须征求他们自由和之情的同意。此外，当局必须努力让受影响者、包括妇女参与迁移的管理和计划，并确保获得有效补救，包括审查各项决定的权利得到尊重。", "63. 制订迁移个人或社区的计划时，需要确保受影响者切实参与所有决策，包括关于新的迁移地点以及迁移时间和方式。迁移中的关键问题、而且往往是难以处理的问题往往包括国内流离失所者获得土地、谋生机会以及补偿问题。迁移计划中还应该敏感地注意到其他因素，例如社区、族裔和文化特征问题，并注意到与接收社区可能(往往是已经存在的)不相融合或关系紧张的情况。常常需要制订敏感地注意到接收社区的需要和关切的措施，这些措施还要注意到吸收能力(例如对自然资源和其他资源、社会服务等产生的额外压力)并促进融合，必要时进行调解。这就需要与所有各方协作，促成信任，并为国内流离失所者和接收社区提供必要的迁移支助。", "64. 虽然社区的搬迁有时是必要的，但这始终应该是不得已的最后措施。搬迁计划和地点往往会存在一些问题，导致搬迁不成功。譬如，人们对补偿以及丧失住房和生机的关切可能导致社区抵制搬迁计划，直到发生悲剧或灾难为止。在其他情况下，问题在于原先的地点和新的地点距离遥远。如果没有认识到地点的重要性，有时可能导致流离失所者返回原来的高风险地区。[40] 城市中的非正式安置常常会出现这种情况。人们经常返回这种居住地点，因为他们很看重靠近市中心、他们的生活来源、社区以及已经建立的社会网络，尤其对弱势群体而言，这些是获得支持的重要来源。[41]", "65. 在低洼岛屿国家，某些岛屿的长期居民也常常表现出要作为一个群体进行迁移，并希望能邻近他们的原先地址，即便他们必须迁移到一个不同的岛屿。[42] 在其他情况下，例如在发生与发展相关的驱逐事件时的适用原则，也可以为制订与气候变化引起的迁移相关的标准和程序提供宝贵的指导(见A/HRC/4/18)。", "城市迁移的层面", "66. 有人认为，谋生手段在一定程度上因气候变化受到侵蚀是农村向城市迁移人数增加的重要“推动”因素，而这种迁移大多是到城市贫民窟和非正规住区，生活条件很不稳定(A/HRC/10/6，第37段)。目前，世界上50%以上的人口居住在城市地区，大多数人是在低收入和中等收入国家。城市人口中的三分之一(10亿人口)居住在不稳定的非正规住区和贫民窟内，因此，他们更容易因人道主义危机而遭受危害。[43] 据估计，到2030年，城市人口将超过50亿，城市人口的80%将生活在发展中世界城镇中。[44] 专家们指出，在亚洲和非洲，城市增长因难民和国内流离失所者人数增加而加剧，因为这些人往往迁移到城市”。[45]", "67. 因此，在各国中期和长期发展战略以及旨在处理潜在流离失所现象的适应措施中，应该将气候变化所引起流离失所的城市层面问题作为重要考虑因素。城市可能需要更具有“可扩展性”，以便吸收可能涌入的民众。同时，为了减少无计划的城市迁徙流动，需要对潜在的流离失所现象进行妥善管理。", "68. 在无计划情况下大批人员涌入城市的现象具有若干潜在的风险。因为国内流离失所者很可能“没有身份”、“没有注册”、“没有登记”和“没有证件”，灾难之前已存在的不平等现象，在发生灾害之后可能更加严重。[46] 作为新来者，国内流离失所者获得资源和生机的计划更少，他们可能栖身于贫民区，在这些地方成为城市暴力的潜在对象。他们和贫民窟其他贫民一样，可能会被迫生活在低洼地带和垃圾填埋场等灾害易发地点，[47] 因而使他们的人身安全面临风险，并面临丧失住房和进一步流离失所的风险。", "69. 专家指出，“城市中资源、资产和服务高度集中，可能使得灾害、冲突和暴力产生更大的破坏力”。[48] 这已经引起人道主义界和城市问题专家关注气候变化对城市环境的特殊影响，并特别注重城市脆弱性差距不断扩大，而且注意到不仅要重视人道主义反应，还需要制订专门针对城市环境的防灾战略。[49]", "减少减缓气候变化措施所产生的流离失所现象", "70. 据预测，减轻气候变化的各种措施，例如投资于清洁技术(如水力发电，风力发电)、农业燃料的生产、森林保护项目或恢复沼泽地，都会导致产生大量国内流离失所者。", "71. 国际社会已经确认，应对气候变化的影响的措施可能对某些人产生不利的经济和社会后果，因此，需要提供支助，包括供资、技术和能力建设方面的支助，以期减少这种后果，并“加强受应对措施负面影响的社会和经济体的承受能力”。[50] 但是，防止或尽量减少旨在减少气候变化的措施(在许多情况下，这种措施对土著和少数群体造成影响)造成的流离失所现象的保障措施依然很薄弱。", "72. 农业燃料生产获和保护森林覆盖面方案有时妨碍了土著人民对其土地和文化的传统权利，这表明有些减缓气候变化的措施可能产生不良后果，导致被迫流离失所现象。[51] 发展行动者迄今为大规模发展项目、包括为水电大坝等促进清洁能源项目制订的指导方针，也受到批评，因为他们未能减少流离失所现象，也未能充分实施人权标准。[52]", "73. 指导原则6(c)和7⑴⑶规定了预计在非紧急情况下(如上文提到的缓解措施及大型发展项目中)发生流离失所现象时必须遵守的具体标准。就减缓气候变化的措施而言，必须评估这种措施可能引起的流离失所现象，并加强指导原则中的标准和基于人权的做法。", "处理气候变化导致的流离失所现象的持久解决办法", "74. 鉴于已预测到气候变化的影响所引发流离失所的程度，应对战略不仅需要采取措施缓解当下的人道主义后果和痛苦，还需要采取持久的解决办法来制止流离失所的现象。虽然迁移到或逃到比较安全的地方可以暂时缓解灾情，但是，事实已经充分证明，长期的流离失所状态会加剧现有的脆弱性，产生依赖性，导致社会紧张状态，并且会在保护、人道主义和人权方面产生一些严峻挑战。", "75. 在许多情况下，国内流离失所者可能住在面积狭小的定居点或营地中，这种现象引起了一些关切，其中包括：对人身安全的关切，特别是对性暴力和基于性别的暴力的关切；与营地内提供援助物品有关的不和因素；营地内的人道主义援助可能持续太久，损害了早日复原和持久的解决办法。由于气候变化引起的流离失所现象不断增加，必须立即为受影响的民众找到长期、持久的解决办法，避免长期流离失所情况下的不安全、边缘化和不稳定的处境，这将成为保障国家安全、并可能是区域安全的必要措施。", "76. 解决国内流离失所现象的应对措施若要取得成功，就必须提供持久的解决战略，即回归、融入当地或在国内另一地区进行重新安置。但是，在气候变化引起的流离失所情况下，持久的解决办法可能比较复杂，不是静态或单一层面的。它们可能是若干解决办法的综合体，包括季节性迁移或暂时性迁移，有些办法可能包括持续住在原籍地和融入国内其他地方(例如部分家庭成员长期或季节性返回原籍地，而挣钱者在另一地点工作)。因此，处理流离失所问题的战略应具有充分的灵活性，应包括并支持人的各种适应做法，并确保持久解决办法是建立在自由和知情同意的基础之上。", "77. 指导原则28至30和持久解决办法框架中提供了有关持久解决办法的标准和准则。后者指出，“如果国内流离失所者不再需要与其流离失所状态相关的援助和保护，而且他们能享受人权并不因其流离失所状态而受歧视”，就可以认为实现了持续解决(A/HRC/13/21/Add.4，第8段)。", "78. 有些因素有利于持久解决办法。其中一种因素是确保早在人道主义援助阶段就过渡到尽早复原和重建，从而使国内流离失所者能够返回原籍地，并在灾后尽早重建自己的生活。大会第46/182号决议附件中关于人道主义援助的指导原则确认，从开始发生紧急情况起，就必须确保人道主义援助与发展是相辅相成的。但是，在实践中，很难将人道主义援助与复原和发展的长期目标相挂钩，因为不同的行动者在自己的活动领域都采用不同的标准，都有着不同的考虑。如果国家政府没有明确的长期战略，这种困难就会变得更大。然而，预计突发性灾害的发生频率和强度都会增加，因此，必须加强地方、国家和国际行动者弥补与人道主义援助、复原和重建各个阶段相关的缺口和目标之间差距的能力。", "79. 其他一些因素也有利于持久解决办法，这包括重新建立地方经济和生计，鼓励受影响的社区自力更生，促进这些社区参与各种活动，从参与人道主义援助物品的交付到参与发展行动者的活动。在重新安置或搬迁时，与土地、住房和生计相关的战略极为重要，基于社区并顾及接收社区需要的做法也是如此。国内流离失所现象不断加剧，这也需要有机制来处理可能出现的融合方面的挑战以及与接收社区的紧张关系。", "80. 流离失所人口的持久解决办法应该成为国家应对计划[53] 以及地方和国家能力建设方案的组成部分，并获得为应对措施所提供的资金。它们也应该成为国家发展计划的组成部分。不过，气候变化的一些影响可能会影响受灾民众采用的持久解决办法的类别。譬如，发生某种缓慢发生的灾害时，近期内返回原地可能不再是可行的做法。这就说明需要尽早探讨各种可行方案，并将其纳入国家发展和适应计划，以尽量减少大规模自发性国内流离失所造成的社会和人道主义后果。在极端的情况下，例如在地势低洼的岛国，当地的状况不再适合人类居住，探讨持久解决办法时，可能还必须作出区域和国际合作努力，这样，可以为新的标准和做法、包括跨国界安置铺平道路。", "H. 受影响者的参与和程序权利", "81. 在气候变化造成的流离失所情况下，受影响者的程序权利具有关键的作用。这些权利有助于确保尊重人权，确保对具体的脆弱性作出有效应对，促进加强受影响者的能力以及充分利用这种能力。事实上，个人和社会的适应能力在很大程度上取决于在多大范围内加强国内流离失所者适应变化的能力以及在多大范围内让他们参与对其生活有影响的决策。程序权利除其他外，包括：获取信息；协商和有效参与决策过程；并获得有效的补救。", "82. 必须确保持续机制和问责机制到位，以保证受影响者参与流离失所所有阶段的工作。[54] 指导原则7、28和30规定了国内流离失所者在防止流离失所以及保障国内流离失所者参与迁移和持久解决进程方面的具体程序权利。东道社区和接收社区也应该参加这些参与性进程和协商进程。[55]", "83. 《坎昆适应框架》确认，应当支持“国家驱动、性别敏感、参与型和充分透明的方针”的适应行动，“同时考虑到脆弱群体[和]社区”(FCCC/CP/2010/7/ Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，第12段)。它还确认，需要采取措施，加强对气候变化所致流离失所和计划搬迁问题的了解和合作，并需要对影响、脆弱性和适应评估，包括对气候变化适应备选办法和应对措施的社会和经济后果进行评估(第14(b)和(f)段以及序言部分至三.E节)。指导原则和持久解决办法框架是相辅相成的，它们对有关国内流离失所者的参与权和程序权利提供了比较具体和详细的指导。", "I. 国际合作框架", "84. 国家在其境内保护和援助国内流离失所者方面负有首要责任。同时，在气候变化造成流离失所以及贫困地区和国家承受过重负担的情况下，也确认了国际社会的共同责任。如果国家能力和资源不足，应该通过国际合作和伙伴关系来帮助承担适应措施的成本。这是符合人权标准和原则的(A/HRC/10/61，第87段)，《坎昆适应框架》也确认了这一点，它请缔约方加强适应行动，并考虑到它们共同但有区别的责任和能力，以及它们的优先事项和情况(FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，第14段)。", "85. 具体地说，《坎昆协定》第14(f)段确认，必须就流离失所、移徙和搬迁问题开展国家、区域和国际各级的合作，这种合作应能提供机会制定协定和新的标准，促进和支持民众的迁移，包括必要时迁移到本国境外。", "86. 气候变化突出表明了各国所采取的行动的影响会超越国界，影响到世界各地的人民和社区。气候变化是不分国界，影响着世世代代。因此，需要有切实有效的国际合作制度以及符合人权义务的负责的国内施政来处理这个问题，并支持适应战略处理气候变化给国际社会带来的各种人权挑战，例如流离失所。", "四. 建议", "基于人权的做法", "87. 在处理与气候变化相关的国内流离失所问题时，应该采用基于人权的做法，采取并加强地方、区域、国家和国际各级的所有行动。国内流离失所问题指导原则6的依据包括国际人权法、人道主义法，依次类推亦包括难民法的标准，该原则提供了各国在国家一级通过立法、政策和体制机构应该执行的一套健全的法律框架。", "适应和减缓措施", "88. 处理气候变化引起的流离失所问题的适应措施应该是综合性的，应包括下列各个方面：减少灾害风险和管理；积极主动地防止或尽量减少流离失所的战略；适当时，有计划的迁移；在国家健全政策基础上的预防性国内移徙，将此作为应对缓慢发生的灾害的机制；持久解决办法。这些措施必须符合国际人权义务，必须在流离失所阶段向受影响者提供人道主义援助和保护。", "89. 各种适应气候变化基金都应该支持与气候变化造成的国内流离失所向的适应措施。它们应该支持各国政府这方面的努力，并支持社区参与。资助机制应采取综合性办法处理与流离失所相关的适应措施，从上文所述的预防措施到持久解决办法，还应该对被迫流离失所和有计划的迁移采取保障措施。这种机制应该跟上相关的研究成果，并符合这一领域的规范的发展。", "90. 应加强减少灾害风险和备灾措施，以防止或尽量减少流离失所。这一点十分必要，这尤其是因为突发性灾害日趋频繁和严重，干旱等缓慢形成的灾害产生了严重的人道主义后果，这两者都是气候变化的负面作用造成的。国家灾害管理系统、法律和政策都应该纳入基于人权的做法，强调地方或社区的能力建设和参与，在无法避免流离失所现象时，应该提及关于国内流离失所者的适用标准。灾难管理措施应列入国家发展计划和适应气候变化战略。", "91. 应加强和支持促进接触和参与、加强当地政府、社区、民间社会和私营部门能力的机制。它们可以发挥重要作用，有效地解决与气候变化有关的挑战。应该让最脆弱的人员参与社区。", "92. 特别报告员欢迎《联合国气候变化框架公约》进程提出的减缓气候变化的目标，并鼓励在这方面作出更多努力，因为减缓气候变化的影响也将减少气候变化导致的国内流离失所者的人数。", "知识、指导和信息", "93. 必须采取措施，加强与气候变化相关的流离失所领域的知识，并应根据《坎昆适应框架》(FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定)的建议尽早采取这种措施。这应包括在与受影响的社区进行协商以及机构间和跨学科努力的基础上，就这种流离失所现象的范围和规模开展研究。", "94. 需要作出特别努力，以更好地了解和应对与气候变化有关、缓慢发生的灾害的情况，从而避免或尽量减少与有关的痛苦和流离失所现象。", "95. 鼓励就推广清洁能源等减缓和适应气候变化的项目可能造成的流离失所现象开展研究。这种研究应探讨这种流离失所的范围和性质，以及如何采取可能必要的进一步行动，依照国内流离失所问题指导原则以及其他适用的人权标准和准则，确保这些项目造成的流离失所者的人权。", "96. 应该针对因气候变化的影响而认为必须迁移的人员的情况，制订进一步的指导方针。这种指导方针应该汲取以往的经验教训，确保必须迁移的人员的权利得到保障。尤其要处理赔偿、财产权、程序权利、社会和文化认同、生计以及对接收社区的支持问题。", "97. 应加强对国内流离失所问题的全球监督机制，以便将与突发性和缓慢发生的气候变化相关的灾害都包括在内，并帮助确定与气候变化现象有关联的流离失所的整体范围。", "98. 应该进一步研究与气候变化有关的流离失所的城市层面问题，并加强业务应对措施，以便处理城市脆弱性特点和能力，并处理缓慢发生和突发性灾害造成的意外城市移徙的潜在增加人数和影响。", "99. 会员国应该就下列方面制定具体的指导方针：如何确保在关于气候变化的辩论中考虑到流离失所问题；现有的规范标准和指导文件；对人权的影响；与气候变化引起的流离失所现象有关的广泛动态，如对安全和城市迁移的影响。", "合作与援助", "100. 必须提供更多的国际支持，以加强地方和国家处理气候变化引起的流离失所现象的能力以及法律框架和政策。为了支持各国采取一切必要措施，根据其国际人权义务尊重、保护和履行受影响者的权利，必须开展这种合作，提供援助，并充分履行《坎昆适应框架》第14(f)段的规定。", "101. 为了取得具体成果，并建立更强有力的运作和问责制结构，现在必须注重区域、国家及国家以下一级的政策和方案实施工作。这就需要在区域和国家层面的论坛上加强有关具体应对措施的行动和宣传，以处理国内和区域内气候变化引起的流离失所问题。", "102. 机构间常设委员会处理和宣传一般性人道主义问题以及与气候变化有关的流离失所这一具体问题的作用十分关键，应该得到加强，具体做法包括通过其气候变化工作队开展工作，参与《联合国气候变化框架公约》等重要的全球政策论坛，并在区域、国家和次国家一级提供技术投入，以建立应变能力并加强有关气候变化的切实可行的活动和应对措施。", "[1] 见：www.unocha.org/what-we-do/advocacy/thematic-campaigns/internal-displacement/ overview。", "[2] 挪威难民理事会国内流离失所现象观察中心，造成破坏的自然灾害引起的流离失所：对2009和2010年的全球估计数，2011年6月，第11页。", "[3] 第一次评估报告，可查阅：www.ipcc.ch。", "[4] FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定。", "[5] 同上，第14段。", "[6] E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2,附件，可查阅:http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/idp/ standards.htm。", "[7] 第二工作组为政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告提供的资料；决策者摘要，第21页。可查阅：www.ipcc.ch。", "[8] 《联合国条约汇编》，第1771卷，第30822号，第1条，第2款。", "[9] 根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》改编，气候变化简称表(http://unfccc.int/essential_ background/glossary/items/3666.php)。", "[10] 同上。", "[11] 减灾战略秘书处(国际减灾战略秘书处),减少灾害风险词汇，日内瓦，2009年，第10页。", "[12] 难民署，“气候变化与流离失所问题讨论摘要”，2011年2月22日至25日在意大利贝拉焦举行的气候变化与流离失所问题专家圆桌会议文件，第2页。", "[13] 同上。", "[14] SC/10332号新闻稿(www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/sc10332.doc.htm)。并见2007年4月17日安全理事会的辩论，(SC/9000)；A/HCR/10/61，第61至63页。", "[15] 联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)2011年7月20日对媒体的报告)(www.fao.org/news/ story/en/item/82387/icode/)。", "[16] 人道主义事务协调厅，饥荒与旱灾：第6号情况报告，2011年8月3日，第2页，可查阅：http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20Somalia%20Situation%20Report%20No.%206%2003%20August%202011.pdf。", "[17] 例如见：国际人权政策理事会，“气候变化与人权：一个粗略的指南”，2008年；世界银行，“人权与气候变化：对国际法律层面的审查”，华盛顿特区，2011年。", "[18] 见A/HRC/SF/2010/2,，第11、14以及18至20段；A/HRC/10/61，第42至60段，其中分析了气候变化对妇女、儿童、土著民族和国内流离失所者的影响。", "[19] 例如，A/HRC/7/5、A/64/255、A/HRC/10/61、以及A/HRC/13/21，第43和44段。", "[20] 见：A/HRC/10/61,第42至54段；A/HRC/16/62，第48段；UNFCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1(序言部分)。", "[21] 关于南森会议和原则的信息。可查阅：http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/Whats-new/ news/ transcript-of-the-prime-ministers-speech/nansen_principles.html?id=651568。", "[22] 2005年世界首脑会议成果文件（见大会第60/1号决议，第132段；并见第64/162号决议，序言部分和第10段。", "[23] 到2008年，人们注意到，以往二十年来，自然灾害的数量增加了一倍，2010年，估计90%的灾害与气候相关。见联合国新闻中心，“联合国指出，现在就必须开展备灾工作”，可查阅： http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=29154&Cr=Disaster&Cr1=Climate#，以及国内流离失所问题监测中心，上文注2。", "[24] 《坎帕拉公约》在15个签署国批准后将具有约束力。截至2011年8月2日，共有12个国家批准了该公约。", "[25] 《大湖区安全、稳定和发展公约》第12条。", "[26] 难民署，关于气候变化问题的讨论摘要，同上，第6页。", "[27] 国际减灾战略，“生活中存在风险：减灾行动全球审查”，2004年，第17页。", "[28] 《2005-2015年兵库行动框架：建立国家和社区的抗灾能力》(A/CONF.206/6 and Corr.1，chap.I，决议2)。", "[29] A/HRC/10/61，第72至74段；A/RES/64/162，序言部分；并见J.McAdam编辑的“气候变化与流离失所：多学科的视角”中Walter Kälin撰写的“气候引发的流离失所的概念化”一文中关于各国有义务减少脆弱性和灾害风险的论述，包括欧洲人权法院的理解，牛津，2010年，第82和83页。", "[30] “经济学家”，2011年7月30日至8月5日，第32页，人道协调厅，“饥荒和旱灾”，同上，第4页。", "[31] 2011年6月5日至7日在奥斯陆举行的21世纪气候变化和流离失所问题南森会议上，Walter Kälin提出的“以基于人权的方式处理复原能力建设”，可查阅www.brookings.edu/papers/ 2011/0606_disasters_human_rights_kaelin。", "[32] 指导原则6和7。另见：Walter Kälin，“国内流离失所问题指导原则：说明”，修订版，第27和30页，《跨国法律政策研究》，38号(2008年)，美国国际法协会，华盛顿市。请注意，“提供保护防止流离失所”指的是提供保护防止强迫流离失所(即当局的命令或强迫流离失所)，以及通过减少人口移动必要性的措施来防止流离失所，而不是指流离失所者的逃离或迁移行为。", "[33] 见A/HRC/7/5，第51段，A/HRC/7/5/Add.2，第11和15段。并见经济、社会和文化权利委员会关于充分食物权(第11条)的一般性评论12 (1999年)，第28段；A/HRC/10/61，第25至27段。", "[34] 新发布的文件，“关于气候问题的坎昆首脑会议：联合国农业专家呼吁制订‘农业绿色马歇尔计划’”，2010年11月29日。", "[35] 见国际移民组织，“关于移民、气候变化和环境的政策简报”(2009年)，可查阅：https://www.iom.int/envig。", "[36] 难民署，“关于气候变化的讨论摘要”，同上，第39段。", "[37] FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，第25和26段。", "[38] 同上，第28(b)和(c)段。", "[39] 有计划的迁移与紧急情况下自发的撤离和流离失所是可以区分的。", "[40] Wilton Park，Conference report，Urban risks：moving from humanitarian responses to disaster prevention，22-25 November 2010。", "[41] 同上。", "[42] 2011年7月特别报关员访问马尔代夫时观察到这一情况。", "[43] Wilton Park，Conference report，同上，第1页。", "[44] 同上。", "[45] 同上。", "[46] 同上，第8页。", "[47] 同上，第3页。", "[48] 同上，第2页。", "[49] 同上，机构间常设委员会也确认，必须加强对城市中心的紧急情况采取人道主义应对措施，该委员会通过应对人道主义挑战问题咨询小组处理这一问题。见机构间常设委员会战略：应对城市地区人道主义挑战，2010年。", "[50] 见FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，第89段；并见《京都议定书》第2条第3款和第3条第14款。", "[51] A/HRC/10/61，第66至68段；E/C.19/2008/13，第45段。保护森林覆盖面的方案有时让当地社区密切参与这种项目，保护他们不受农产品加工业项目的影响，从而也防止了流离失所现象。", "[52] 见关于大坝项目的A/64/255号文件，第47段。", "[53] 见FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，第14(a)、15和16段中关于制订国家应对计划的方式和提供支助的说明。", "[54] 见大会第64/162号决议，第7段； A/HRC/16/43/Add.5，第11、14和15、26和33段。", "[55] 东道社区指国内流离失所者自发迁至(逃至)的社区，而接收社区是指国内流离失所者有意图地或有计划地定居或迁至的社区。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和 基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "页:1", "保护和援助境内流离失所者", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨根据大会第64/142号决议和人权理事会第14/6号决议向大会成员转递境内流离失所者人权问题特别报告员查洛卡·贝亚尼的报告。", "内容提要", "本报告概述了任务负责人在2010年8月至2011年7月期间开展的主要活动。 此外,报告还对气候变化和境内流离失所问题进行了专题审查。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 3 二. 任务 3\nA. 特别报告员的三项任务\nB. 国. 3\nC. 与区域和国际合作 4\nD. 将境内流离失所者的人权纳入联合国的主流 5\n系统三。 专题6部分:气候变化和内部\n流离失所\nA. 导言 6B. 7个基本概念和\nC. 8个以上\nD. 气候变化对流离失所的潜在9个后果\nE. 以权利为基础的10个需要\nF. 人权框架对国内流离失所者的11个相关性\nG. 处理气候背景下的13起国内流离失所问题\nH. 参与 21 和受影响者的程序权利\n一. 国际合作 21\n框架\n四、结 论 建议22", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告概述任务负责人在2010年8月至2011年7月期间开展的主要活动。 报告述及2010年11月上任的境内流离失所者人权问题特别报告员的活动以及2010年10月任期结束的境内流离失所者人权问题秘书长代表瓦尔特·卡林的活动。", "2. 联合国 报告还有关于气候变化和境内流离失所的专题部分。 本报告是根据大会第62/153号决议和人权理事会第14/6号决议提交的。", "二. 特别报告员的任务和活动", "A类. 特别报告员的任务", "3个 人权理事会第14/6号决议授权特别报告员处理复杂的国内流离失所问题,特别是将境内流离失所者的人权纳入联合国系统所有相关部门的主流;并努力通过协调的国际宣传和行动来加强国际对策,以更好地保护和尊重境内流离失所者的人权。", " 4.四. 特别报告员根据其任务规定,努力通过与各国政府对话,在联合国和区域组织内开展主流化和宣传活动,促进对国内流离失所问题采取以权利为本的办法。 他感谢已发出邀请或以其他方式参与执行任务的各国政府。", "B. 国家参与", "5 (韩语). 特别报告员于2011年7月16日至22日访问了马尔代夫,以评估2004年海啸造成的流离失所者的现状,以及与自然灾害和气候变化可能造成的境内流离失所有关的问题。 特别报告员发现,许多岛屿正在感受到气候变化的影响,如海岸侵蚀、盐碱化、海平面上升和更频繁的风暴和洪水等,并影响到住房权、安全用水和生计等人权。", "6. 国家 特别报告员强调,有必要根据立足人权的方针,针对潜在的由气候变化引起的流离失所问题制定防范措施。 在赞扬马尔代夫当局最近批准减少灾害风险和适应气候变化的国家战略行动计划的同时,他指出,现在必须制定一项减少灾害风险的法律,并有充足的资源建立机构支助结构,确保该战略得到实施并解决境内流离失所问题。", "7. 联合国 关于2004年海啸受害者的情况,特别报告员发现,尽管在解决他们的处境方面取得了很大成就,但仍有1,600人生活在几个岛屿的临时收容所的艰苦条件下,需要紧急关注。 关于他访问的报告将于2012年3月提交人权理事会,将有助于补充本报告关于境内流离失所和气候变化的专题部分,突出低地岛屿国家的具体情况。", "8. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,负责境内流离失所者人权问题的秘书长代表瓦尔特·卡林访问了下列国家:格鲁吉亚(2010年9月13日至16日;见A/HRC/16/43/Add.3);亚美尼亚(2010年9月17日和18日);伊拉克(2010年9月26日至10月3日;见A/HRC/16/43/Add.1);海地(2010年10月11日至16日)。", "9. 国家 特别报告员自上任以来,向下列国家提出了访问请求: 科特迪瓦、哥伦比亚、巴基斯坦、巴布亚新几内亚、菲律宾、肯尼亚和苏丹。 他收到了苏丹和肯尼亚的积极答复,并计划于2011年9月访问肯尼亚。", "C. 与区域和国际组织的合作", "10个 在本报告所述期间,特别报告员与主要区域和国际组织积极接触。 除其他外,他继续与世界银行,特别是其冲突、犯罪和暴力股,以及红十字国际委员会进行建设性接触,并与其讨论了保护境内流离失所者的业务方法、今后合作领域以及继续就共同关心的问题举行年度公开对话会等。", "11个 特别报告员与非洲区域组织密切合作,在国家一级促进、批准和执行2009年《非洲联盟保护和援助境内流离失所者公约》(《坎帕拉公约》),这是专门保护和援助境内流离失所者的第一项具有法律约束力的区域文书。 在这方面,他除其他外,参加了2011年7月6日和7日在阿布贾举行的西非国家经济共同体关于西非人道主义援助和境内流离失所问题的第一次部长级会议;2011年5月23日在肯尼亚蒙巴萨为肯尼亚议会境内流离失所者问题特设委员会成员举办的坎帕拉公约讲习班;2011年5月20日和21日在金沙萨举行的东部和中部非洲区域坎帕拉公约行动计划区域协商会议;以及2011年3月17日和3日在利隆圭举行的南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)坎帕拉公约行动计划区域协商会议。", "12个 特别报告员与日内瓦、纽约和外地的民间社会组织保持持续联系。 他尤其想对布鲁金斯-伦敦经济学院国内流离失所问题项目为其任务提供的支持表示感谢。 他还赞赏与境内流离失所问题监测中心在共同关心的各种问题上,包括与《坎帕拉公约》有关的培训和宣传活动方面的密切合作。", "13个 特别报告员、布鲁金斯-伦敦经济学院境内流离失所问题项目、国际人道主义法研究所、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)和联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)于2011年6月7日至12日在意大利圣雷莫共同举办了第七届境内流离失所法年度培训班。 该课程为世界各地从事国内流离失所问题工作的高级政府官员提供培训。 2011年,它欢迎来自14个受流离失所影响国家的21名与会者。", "14个 特别报告员还参加了由布鲁金斯-伦敦经济学院国内流离失所问题项目和秘书处人道主义事务协调厅于2011年6月15日至17日在坎帕拉举办的关于保护和增进大湖区和东非自然灾害中的权利的区域讲习班和坎帕拉公约论坛。", "15个 此外,特别报告员还参加了其他各种国际论坛和活动,包括在本专题报告中,2011年2月22日至25日在意大利贝拉焦举行的气候变化和流离失所问题专家圆桌会议,以及2011年6月6日和7日在奥斯陆举行的21世纪气候变化和流离失所问题南森会议。", "D. 将境内流离失所者的人权纳入联合国系统的主流", "16号. 在本报告所述期间,特别报告员参加了机构间常设委员会,这是特别报告员将境内流离失所者的人权纳入联合国系统和更广泛的人道主义界主流的重要平台。", "17岁。 特别报告员与包括人权高专办、难民署和人道主义事务协调厅在内的主要联合国实体保持了密切合作。 他在纽约和日内瓦通过简报和会议与这些实体进行接触,讨论与保护境内流离失所者有关的具体问题和合作领域。 特别报告员还参加了这些实体组织的一些主要活动,如培训班、与宣传《坎帕拉公约》有关的活动、气候变化和流离失所问题专家圆桌会议以及人权高专办举办的各种人权活动。 除了向特别报告员的活动提供总体的实质性和后勤支助外,人权高专办还促进同联合国系统的协调。 特别报告员谨表示特别感谢这些实体继续支助他履行任务。", "三. 专题部分:气候变化和境内流离失所", "A. 导言", "18岁。 据联合国估计,每年有多达5 000万人因自然灾害而流离失所。 [1] 仅在2010年,至少有4 230万人因突发自然灾害而新流离失所,其中90%是与气候有关的。 [2]", " 19. 19. 流离失所,特别是境内流离失所问题在气候变化辩论中的重要性已经得到确认,现在需要制定具体战略和措施解决这一问题。 政府间气候变化问题小组早在1990年就报告说,气候变化的最大影响可能是人类移徙。 [3] 专家小组估计,到2050年,1.5亿人可能因与气候变化有关的现象而流离失所,如荒漠化、日益缺水、洪水和风暴等。 自那时以来,尽管各种估计不同,但人们普遍认为,气候变化的影响确实会导致人口大规模流动,大多数是在受影响国家的边界内,而南半球的发展中国家可能受影响最重。", "20号. 气候变化的社会经济影响预计将对享受人权、落实千年发展目标和人的安全产生重大影响(A/HRC/10/61) 在这方面,境内流离失所是适应气候变化影响的另一个挑战。 大会2009年12月18日第64/162号决议确认自然灾害是造成境内流离失所的原因,并表示关切气候变化等预计会加剧自然灾害影响的因素,以及与气候有关的缓慢事件。", "21岁 解决由气候变化造成的流离失所问题的重要性最近得到联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方会议的承认。 在2010年11月29日至12月10日于墨西哥坎昆举行的第十六届会议上,缔约方会议通过了“坎昆适应框架”,[4] 明确承认气候引起的流离失所。", "22号. 缔约方会议请所有缔约方加强《坎昆适应框架》之下的适应行动,同时考虑到它们共同但有区别的责任和各自的能力,以及具体的国家和区域发展优先事项、目标和情况,除其他外,采取措施,酌情在国家、区域和国际各级就气候变化引起的流离失所、移徙和计划迁移问题增进了解、协调与合作。 [5]", "23. 联合国 本报告旨在从人权角度探讨气候变化与境内流离失所之间的联系。 它借鉴了1998年《关于国内流离失所问题的指导原则》、[6] 核心国际人权文书和迄今提议的主要气候变化框架。 报告虽然并非详尽无遗,但突出强调了为讨论提供信息所必要的一些关键原则和概念,阐明了围绕这一问题的复杂性并提出了一些建议,这些建议有助于指导这一领域的未来工作。", "24 (韩语). 根据特别报告员的任务范围,报告的范围仅限于国内流离失所问题。 此外,由于气候变化与自然灾害的频率和严重程度增加密切相关,加之在区分由气候变化引起的自然灾害和与这一现象无关的自然灾害方面存在着固有的困难,本报告对这一问题采取了包容性做法。 由于篇幅有限,低地岛屿国家的具体情况没有得到处理,但特别报告员在2012年3月提交人权理事会的关于2011年7月访问马尔代夫的报告中将予以关注。", "B. 一些基本概念和术语", "25岁 本节介绍气候变化辩论中使用的关键概念和术语的定义。 政府间气候变化专门委员会将气候变化定义为“气候随时间演变的任何变化,无论是自然变异还是[.]人类活动”。 [7] 然而,《联合国气候变化框架公约》具体侧重于“直接或间接地与人类活动有关”并“除自然气候多变性外”的气候变化。 [8]", "26. 联合国 应对气候变化所构成威胁的两个主要战略是减缓和适应。 在气候变化政策方面,缓解是指旨在通过降低排放水平和稳定大气中温室气体浓度来将全球变暖的程度降到最低程度的措施。 [9] 气候变化适应措施是对自然或人类系统的调整,以应对实际或预期的气候刺激或其影响,这些刺激或影响可减轻损害或利用有利机会。 [10] 或者说,这些措施是减少损害和加强社会和生态系统应付和适应气候变化风险和影响的能力的措施。 本报告特别探讨了针对气候变化引起的流离失所问题可能采取的适应措施。", "27个 在这方面,提到复原力是指“一个系统、社区或社会能够及时有效地抵御、吸收、适应和从灾害的影响中恢复”。 [11] 其他术语的定义见报告后几节。", " C C. A. 总体情况", "28岁 虽然气候变化的影响本身预计会导致流离失所,但不应脱离更广泛的全球、区域和国家动态来考虑这一因素。 正如难民署在2011年举办的一次专家研讨会上所强调的那样,气候变化的影响将与一些全球特大趋势相互作用,例如人口增长、快速城市化、人口流动性增加和粮食、水和能源不安全,[12] 以及地方和区域因素(先前存在的社会经济和治理情况),这些因素将可能影响流离失所的规模和模式以及可能的解决办法。", "29. 国家 可以说,气候变化已经成为一种“影响倍增和加速因素”。 [13] 除了对社会和经济权利的负面影响之外,气候变化本身将引发一些流离失所现象,而气候变化与其他压力或社会和政治因素相互作用,将加剧冲突的风险,而冲突又可能成为进一步流离失所的驱动因素。 因此,与气候有关的流离失所可能具有多种因果关系,如因争夺资源而发生冲突或丧失生计等。 安全理事会2011年7月20日关于气候变化可能对安全产生的影响的辩论最近强调了这一点,其中指出,气候变化可能加剧或扩大现有的安全关切并产生新的安全关切,特别是在已经脆弱和脆弱的国家。 它还会急剧地加剧人口流离失所,使社区对有限的自然资源的竞争日益激烈,对全球经济稳定造成全球影响。 [14]", "30岁。 应对突发事件和缓发事件加以区分,因为它们以不同方式影响人类流动。 缓慢发生的灾害往往会促使人们前往其他地方去寻找生计、粮食安全和安全,这一趋势已在世界各地得到体现。 在这方面,有关流离失所模式及其各种原因的区域特点对于监测和了解十分重要。 非洲和亚洲的情况尤其如此,因为预计气候变化将对发展中国家及其中最脆弱的人口产生特别严重的影响。 在编写本报告时,非洲之角估计有1 200万人需要立即得到人道主义援助,因为旱灾和粮食无保障尤其影响到索马里、肯尼亚、埃塞俄比亚、乌干达和吉布提。 [15] 在索马里,连续发生的由干旱引起的作物歉收、粮食价格回升和缺乏粮食援助,再加上冲突、不安全和人道主义组织的准入有限,造成了几十年来最严重的饥荒之一,使370万人需要紧急援助并造成大规模流离失所。 [16]", "31岁 为了应对这些相互交织的挑战并制订适应战略,处理与气候变化有关的复杂流离失所问题,需要有一个更广泛和更全面的理解,这种理解超出了在突发自然灾害情况下通常适用的直接因果关系。", "D. 气候变化对流离失所模式的潜在后果", "32. 人口流离失所可能因我国气候和环境的一些不同变化而造成或加剧,其中包括:", "(a) 干旱加剧,环境退化和荒漠化等缓慢发生的灾害破坏农业生计并降低粮食安全;", "(b) 国家 水和空气温度升高,海洋酸度增加;", "(c) 雪覆盖地收缩和海冰融化,导致海平面上升等,影响沿海地区和低地岛屿国家的可居住性;", "(d) 热带气旋、飓风、泥石流和洪水等与天气有关的自然灾害的频率和强度增加,将威胁到受影响人口的人身安全;", "(e) 冲突和社会动荡,直接或间接地归因于与气候变化有关的因素,如争夺较稀缺的自然资源、改变生计模式、加剧社会紧张局势和可能使脆弱人口集中在城市等地。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 我们环境和气候的上述变化预计将会增加流离失所现象并改变其模式,因为人们迁移到主要在他们自己的国家内的地点,这为他们提供了更大的人类安全和生计。 在某些情况下,例如在计划迁移失败或自发流离失所的人聚集在已经面临压力的城市中心时,可能会发生第二次流离失所。 事实上,二次流离失所或周期性流离失所可能成为无效的适应战略的副产品,以应对最初的流离失所情况,以及未能在粮食安全、城市规划或资源管理等领域作出充分规划的后果,所有这些都可能受到气候变化的影响的额外压力。", "页:1 需要采取基于权利的办法", "34. 国家 在过去几年中,传统上以科学和经济因素为中心的气候变化辩论已逐渐开始包括社会和人权层面。 这导致越来越多的研究和报告探讨气候变化的影响所带来的挑战的多学科和人权方面。 [17]", "35. 联合国 2008年,人权理事会第7/23号决议请人权高专办与各国和其他主要利益攸关方协商,就气候变化与人权的关系进行研究。 研究报告(A/HRC/10/61)概述了气候变化对人权的影响,包括对具体权利、弱势群体、被迫流离失所和冲突的影响,并审查了气候变化应对措施对人权的影响。 重要的是,报告概述了国际人权法规定的有关国家和国际义务,包括与逐步实现经济、社会和文化权利以及获得信息和参与决策有关的义务。 研究报告的结论是,应对气候变化的措施应当以国际人权标准和原则为依据并予以加强。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 其他行为者也通过注重具体权利或气候变化对特定群体的影响来丰富讨论内容。 [18] 除了对生命权构成直接威胁外,气候变化的影响预计将会给与食物(A/HRC/7/5)、住房(A/64/255)、水和健康有关的基本权利带来负面影响,并会影响享有适足生活水准的总体权利(A/HRC/10/61, 第21-38段)。 其中一些分析突出了无法获得这些权利与流离失所之间的联系。 [19] 在气候变化方面,境内流离失所者也日益成为被认为特别有风险的一类人,因为流离失所通常带来不利的物质、社会和心理后果。 气候变化的最严重影响,包括流离失所,预计会不成比例地影响贫穷地区和因贫穷和其他因素而已经处于脆弱境地的国家和人口,这一事实加剧了这些风险。", "37. 联合国 应对这些脆弱性并应对与气候变化引起的流离失所有关的挑战的措施应当以基于人权的方法为参考和支持,该方法应用于流离失所和救灾的所有阶段。 在南森气候变化和流离失所问题会议上制定的南森原则(见上文第15段)强调了采取这种办法的必要性。 原则一指出,“对气候和与环境有关的流离失所问题的对策需要有足够的知识并遵循人类、人的尊严、人权和国际合作等基本原则”。", "费. 人权框架对境内流离失所者的相关性", "全球框架", "38. 国家 在过去20年中,为境内流离失所者制定了广泛的人权保护框架,明确适用于自然灾害情况,并扩大到受气候变化影响而流离失所的人(见A/HRC/13/21, 第2和41至44段)。", "39. 联合国 《关于国内流离失所问题的指导原则》(见上文注6)在这一框架中占据了中心位置,这些原则以国际人权和人道主义法的标准以及类推的国际难民法为基础。 《指导原则》虽然没有法律约束力,但重申了相关的硬性法律,并被国际社会确认为“保护境内流离失所者的重要国际框架”。 [22] 这些原则已成为在冲突、严重侵犯人权、自然灾害和发展项目等各种情况下保护流离失所者的重要规范标准。", " 40. 40. 《指导原则》将国内流离失所者定义为“被强迫或被迫逃离或离开家园或惯常居住地,特别是由于或为了避免受武装冲突、普遍暴力、侵犯人权或自然或人为灾害的影响,而且没有跨越国际公认国家边界的人或一群人”。", "41. 国家 《指导原则》还作为制定进一步业务指南的基础,如机构间常设委员会通过的经修订的《保护自然灾害情况下的人员业务准则》(A/HRC/16/43/Add.5)和《境内流离失所者持久解决办法框架》(A/HRC/13/21/Add.4)。 前者尤其代表了在对自然灾害情况采用以人权为基础的办法方面取得的进展,鉴于与气候有关的灾害日益频繁,这种情况与气候变化密切相关。 [23] 除了在不同情况下适用外,《指导原则》规定了在流离失所的所有阶段提供援助和保护的具体标准,包括防止流离失所、流离失所阶段本身和寻求持久解决办法。", "区域框架", "42. 国家 《指导原则》还为一项新的区域条约 -- -- 《非洲联盟保护和援助非洲境内流离失所者公约》(《坎帕拉公约》) -- -- 铺平了道路。 2009年通过的《公约》是专门关于保护境内流离失所者的第一项具有法律约束力的文书。 [24] 第5条第4款特别要求采取措施,保护和援助因自然或人为灾害而流离失所的人,包括由气候变化所引发的人。 此外,如第2(a)条所指出,《公约》的一项具体目标是防止、减轻、禁止并消除国内流离失所的根源。 第4条第2款进一步详细规定了预防和减轻灾害的这一要求,规定各缔约方除了在必要时提供保护和援助外,还有义务在可能流离失所、减少灾害风险战略和应急管理措施等领域建立预警系统。", "43. 东帝汶 其他区域文书,例如执行《指导原则》的《保护和援助境内流离失所者议定书》,以及东南亚国家联盟2005年《灾害管理和应急反应协定》,为在区域一级解决流离失所问题,包括由气候变化引起的流离失所问题提供了进一步的法律和政策框架。 它们还有可能为区域业务机制提供基础,以协调人道主义援助、与流离失所有关的适应计划和提供适应气候变化的资金。 [26]", "国家框架", "44. 国家 在国家一级,许多国家越来越多地使用《指导原则》来制定本国法律和政策(见A/HRC/13/21, 第15段和大会第64/162号决议第10和13段)。 《南森原则》(见上文第37段)确认《指导原则》在国家一级处理由气候变化引起的境内流离失所问题的重要性。 原则八指出:“《关于国内流离失所问题的指导原则》为解决气候和其他与环境有关的国内流离失所问题引起的保护问题提供了一个健全的法律框架。 鼓励各国通过国家立法、政策和机构确保这些原则得到充分落实和实施。 “", "45. 国家 在气候变化所引发的境内流离失所问题和相关自然灾害日益频繁的情况下,现在比以往任何时候都更加重要的是,国家立法必须充分列入有关这些情况的规定,而不仅仅是有关冲突造成的流离失所情况的规定。 在这方面,坎昆适应框架特别敦促《联合国气候变化框架公约》所有缔约方“加强并在必要时建立和/或指定国家一级的体制安排,以期加强从规划到执行的所有适应行动[包括与流离失所有关的适应措施]的工作”(FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 第1/CP.16号决定, 第32段)。", "G. 在气候变化背景下处理境内流离失所问题", "46. 经常预算: 本节的重点是与灾害管理、预防和持久解决办法有关的适应战略,而不是流离失所阶段的人道主义援助。 有效应对与由气候变化引起的境内流离失所问题有关的人权挑战,将需要国际社会超越传统的人道主义援助和被动治理模式。 正如《南森原则》原则四和五所指出,在气候变化背景下处理境内流离失所问题可能需要更加注重展望、可靠的数据和监测制度,以及预防、复原力建设和持久解决办法的积极义务。", "减少灾害风险和备灾", "47. 国家 减少灾害风险的定义是“在广泛的可持续发展范围内,为尽可能减少整个社会的脆弱性和灾害风险、避免(预防)或限制(减轻和防备)灾害的不利影响而考虑的要素的概念框架”。 考虑到这一目标,2005年1月18日至22日在日本兵库举行的世界减灾会议通过了一项由168个联合国会员国签署的十年计划。", " 48. 48. 面对自然灾害日益频繁和严重的情况,各国政府有责任采取合理的预防行动来减少暴露,将脆弱性降到最低并避免或限制灾害的不利影响[29]。 正如大会第64/142号决议所强调,减少灾害风险战略可以预防或大大减轻灾害的后果,它建议应将该战略纳入国家发展政策和方案。 战略可能包括有形基础设施,但也包括建立国家和地方人道主义应急和灾害管理系统、建立参与机制、加强受灾者的复原力和早期恢复能力等措施。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 预警机制有助于将破坏和生命损失以及流离失所现象降到最低。 然而,2011年7月和8月对索马里饥荒和由此造成的流离失所情况的初步分析表明,虽然饥荒预警系统网络早在2010年11月就预测了一场灾害,但饥荒直到2011年7月才宣布,捐助者对联合国筹资呼吁的反应不足。 [30] 虽然不安全和缺乏人道主义准入加剧了索马里的困难,但最近的局势以及影响到邻国的旱灾表明,各国和国际社会在主动应对预警以预防灾害或限制对人民的不利影响方面都存在系统性困难,即使在饥荒等缓慢发生的灾害中也是如此。 这表明,预警系统等技术机制需要与及时实施备灾、减少灾害风险和其他适应措施的政治意愿和反应灵敏的治理系统相结合。", " 50. 50. 除预警系统外,可以在灾害发生前采取法律准备措施,如国家立法和政策以及保护境内流离失所者人权的其他措施,以限制潜在的流离失所的负面影响。 这些措施可以包括维护和恢复家庭团聚(例如在撤离期间)的措施,这是有助于保护的关键因素,并且通过迅速和简化的程序确保更换个人证件。 这些措施还可以包括:通过登记和保管地契来保护住房、土地和财产权;灾后解决财产纠纷的机制;以及确保救灾干预工作避免歧视的预防措施(例如基于性别、年龄或族裔的歧视)。", "防止和尽量减少境内流离失所现象及其不利影响", "51. 联合国 根据《指导原则》,流离失所必须仍然是最后手段。 只有在没有其他选择的情况下,才能行使这项权利,而且为了合法目的必须有充分的法律和程序保障。 [32] (中文(简体) ).", "52. 指导原则7(1)规定, \" 在作出任何要求人员流离失所的决定之前,有关当局应确保探讨所有可行的替代办法,以完全避免流离失所 \" ; \" 如果没有替代办法,应采取一切措施以尽量减少流离失所及其不利影响 \" 。 因此,与潜在流离失所有关的适应战略还应包括在可行的情况下进行投资并采取措施来避免和尽量减少这种流离失所。", "53. 联合国 迄今,在防止流离失所方面,大部分注意力都集中在保护个人或社区免遭由于国家或其他行为者对人权的积极侵犯而导致的“任意”流离失所(指导原则6)上,例如当流离失所被用作集体惩罚或实施种族清洗政策时,或当大规模发展项目未能满足既定要求时。", "54. 联合国 然而,一些由气候变化引起的流离失所,例如由缓慢发生的灾害所引发的迁移,可能需要更多地强调各国在区域机构和国际社会的支持下,有积极的义务来预测、规划并采取措施来防止或减轻可能导致流离失所并威胁人权的条件。 这种确保有利于人权的条件的预防作用,包括与适当生活水准有关的权利,使人们能够避免流离失所,是政府、国际治理和人权保护的标准,其基础是积极的义务和行动,而不是不干涉人权的消极义务。", "55. 国家 为了履行义务,负责任的治理需要发展及早发现潜在灾害和流离失所情况的能力,建立问责机制以确保采取后续预防和保护措施,并建立更有效的地方和区域协商制度,让受影响人口参与决定其未来。 特别是,要解决缓慢发生的灾害中可能发生的流离失所问题,除了采取环境适应措施以尽量减少退化(例如水土流失)外,还需要采取措施,在地方一级解决广泛的社会问题。 这些措施可以包括先发制人的措施,如经济多样化、发展替代生计形式、解决与自然资源管理有关的问题以及为人口中最脆弱的群体建立适当的社会安全网等。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 例如,食物权问题特别报告员分析了极端气候变化对生计和粮食安全的不利影响。 [33] 气候变化对发展中国家农业生产的影响尤其严重,已有详细记载,这将造成市场动荡并威胁数百万人的食物权。 除了解决人道主义援助需要之外,也许还需要处理并重新评估农业生产方法。 就农业办法和确保粮食安全和资源管理的其他措施进行研究并作出决定,将深刻地影响流离失所模式。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 在未采取预防措施或预防措施不可行的情况下,有可能发生人口流离失所和先发制人的行动,这是合理的适应对策。 预测这些动向并确保在此种情况下的数据收集和监测十分重要[36],以便能够规划和尽量减少不良后果,包括生命或财产损失,以及引起东道地区不稳定的风险。", "58. 联合国 对于突发灾害造成的境内流离失所问题,减少灾害风险和建立复原力的措施是防止流离失所或限制其后果的关键因素。 还必须确保尽早进行早期恢复和重建,使流离失所不会超过需要的时间。 然而,迄今为止,这是一个关键的系统性挑战,人道主义和发展行为者以及国家必须在与流离失所有关的适应战略中应对这一挑战。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 《坎昆适应框架》确认需要加强国际合作以及国家能力和专门知识,以制定办法,在突发灾害和缓慢发生的事件中减少与气候变化影响有关的损失和损害。 [37]", "60. 联合国 重要的是,《框架》具体提到与减少风险、复原力建设、小额保险、风险分担和经济多样化有关的活动,并提到需要处理与缓发事件有关的恢复措施。 [38]", "搬迁", "61. 国家 有时可能需要从高风险或灾害多发地区重新安置人员,或应对缓慢发生的灾害,这种灾害使特定地区的生活无法持续。 [39] 如果流离失所发生在紧急情况之外,例如政府先发制人地迁移,则需要保障措施,以确保个人权利得到尊重。", "62. 指导原则7(3)除了上文第52段中提到的指导原则7(1)的要求外,还规定了若干此类程序性保障。 需要由适当的国家当局作出具体决定;必须向国内流离失所者提供关于流离失所的原因和程序、迁移地点和赔偿的充分信息;必须征得他们的自由和知情同意。 此外,当局必须努力让包括妇女在内的受影响人员参与搬迁的管理和规划,并确保尊重获得有效补救的权利,包括复审决定的权利。", "63. 国家 迁移个人或社区的计划需要确保受影响人口有效参与所有决定,包括新的迁移地点以及迁移的时间和方式。 搬迁中的关键和往往很困难的问题往往包括获得土地、生计机会和对流离失所者的赔偿。 重新安置计划还必须注意其他因素,例如社区、种族和文化特性以及可能(往往是以前存在的)与接收社区不相容或关系紧张的问题。 通常有必要采取对接收社区的需要和关切敏感的措施,包括吸收能力(对自然资源和其他资源、社区服务等施加额外压力),并促进融合,并在必要时进行调解。 这需要与所有各方合作,以增进信任并为流离失所者和接收社区重新安置提供必要的支持。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 虽然有时有必要,但迁移社区应始终是万不得已的措施。 搬迁计划和地点往往出现一些问题,往往使其不成功。 例如,对赔偿以及住房和生计损失的关切,可能导致社区在悲剧或灾难发生之前抵制搬迁计划。 在其他情况下,问题在于原站和新站点之间的距离. 不承认地点的重要性有时会导致流离失所者返回原高风险地区。 [40] 例如,在城市环境中非正规住区的情况往往如此。 人们往往返回这些住区,因为他们高度重视靠近市中心、他们的生计来源以及他们建立的社区和社会网络,而社区和社会网络是支助的关键来源,特别是对弱势群体的支助。 [41]", "65. 国家 在地势低洼的岛屿国家,某些岛屿的长期居民也常常表明他们希望作为一个群体迁移,并保持靠近原地,即使他们必须迁移到另一个岛屿。 [42] 适用于其他情况下的搬迁,如与发展有关的搬迁,可提供宝贵的指导,为受气候变化影响而需要的搬迁制定标准和程序(见A/HRC/4/18)。", "城市移徙问题", "66. (中文(简体) ). 在一定程度上由气候变化所引发的生计被侵蚀,被认为是农村向城市移徙增加的一个主要推动因素,其中大部分将流向城市贫民窟和生活条件不稳定的非正式住区(A/HRC/10/61, 第37段)。 世界人口的50%以上目前居住在城市地区,其中大多数位于中低收入国家。 三分之一的城市人口(10亿人)生活在不稳定的非正规住区和贫民窟,这使他们更容易遭受人道主义危机。 [43] 据估计,到2030年,城市人口将超过50亿,80%的城市人口将生活在发展中世界的城镇中。 [44] 在亚洲和非洲,专家们指出,“城市增长因难民和国内流离失所者人数不断增加而加剧,他们往往移徙到城市”。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 因此,气候变化所致流离失所的城市层面应作为国家中长期国家发展战略以及解决潜在流离失所问题的适应措施的一个关键考虑因素。 城市可能需要更加“可扩展”,以吸收潜在的人口流入。 同时,为了减少计划外的城市移徙流动,需要更好地管理潜在的流离失所情况。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 计划外涌入城市环境带来一些潜在风险。 由于国内流离失所者更有可能成为“无标题”、“未登记”、“未列名”和“无证件”的人,在灾害发生后就可能加剧灾害发生前存在的不平等。 [46] 作为新来的人,境内流离失所者获得资源和生计的机会可能较少,生活在贫民窟地区,并可能成为这些地点城市暴力的潜在目标。 与其他贫困贫民窟居民一样,他们可能被迫生活在低地和填埋地等危险多发地,[47] 使他们的人身安全面临风险,并面临失去住房和进一步流离失所的风险。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 专家认为,“资源、资产和服务集中在城市,可导致灾害、冲突和暴力产生更有害的影响”。 [48] 这已使人道主义界和城市专家注意到气候变化对城市环境的特殊影响,重点是城市脆弱性差距日益扩大、住房挑战以及必须摆脱仅仅注重人道主义应急和制定针对城市环境的防灾战略。 [49]", "减少气候变化缓解措施的转移效应", "70. 联合国 缓解气候变化的措施,如对清洁技术(如水电、风能)、农用燃料生产、森林养护项目或沼泽地的恢复进行投资,预计也会造成大量境内流离失所。", "71. 联合国 国际社会承认,应对气候变化影响的措施可能对一些人产生不利的经济和社会后果,为了尽量减少这些影响并“加强受应对措施不利影响的社会和经济的复原能力”,包括筹资、技术和能力建设在内的支助是必要的。", "72. 联合国 农用燃料生产和森林覆盖保护方案有时被认为侵犯了土著人民与其传统土地和文化有关的权利,这些就是一些减缓气候变化措施可产生不利后果并导致被迫流离失所的例子。 [51] 迄今为止,发展行动者在大规模发展项目中制定的准则,包括一些促进清洁能源,如水力发电站,也因未能尽量减少流离失所和充分适用人权标准而遭到批评。 [52]", "73. 指导原则6(c)和7(1)(3)规定了在非紧急情况下设想流离失所时必须达到的具体标准和准则,例如上述缓解措施和大规模发展项目。 在应对气候变化的缓解措施方面,必须评估此类措施可能造成的流离失所问题,并采用《指导原则》和基于人权的方针,加强指南。", "气候变化背景下的流离失所问题持久解决办法", "74. 国家 鉴于气候变化影响引起的流离失所程度的预测,适应战略不仅需要采取措施来减轻眼前的人道主义后果和痛苦,而且需要通过持久解决办法来结束流离失所状况。 虽然迁入或逃入一个更安全的地方可能提供临时救济,但众所周知,长期的流离失所情况加剧了现有的脆弱性,造成了依赖性,导致社会紧张局势,并通常导致一些严重的保护、人道主义和人权挑战。", "75. 国家 在许多情况下,境内流离失所者可能居住在紧凑的定居点或营地,这引起了一些进一步的关切,包括对人身安全的关切,特别是对性暴力和基于性别的暴力的关切;与在营地提供援助有关的牵引因素;难民营可能以牺牲早日恢复和持久解决办法为代价维持人道主义援助状况太久。 随着气候变化背景下流离失所人数的上升,为受影响人口找到长期解决办法并避免与长期流离失所状况相伴而来的不稳定、边缘化和不稳定的迫切性将成为国家和潜在的区域安全需要。", "76. 联合国 为了取得成功,解决国内流离失所问题的适应措施必须提供以返回、就地安置或在该国另一地重新安置等形式出现的持久解决战略。 然而,在气候变化背景下,持久解决办法可能更加复杂,静态性或一维度更低。 它们可结合若干解决办法,包括季节性或临时性的迁移,或包括与原籍地的连续性以及融入该国另一地(例如,部分家庭长期或季节性地返回原籍地,而养家活口者则在另一地工作)的解决办法。 因此,处理国内流离失所问题的战略应具有足够的灵活性,以纳入和支持各种人类适应方案,并确保以自由和知情同意为基础的持久解决办法。", "77. 国家 《指导原则》第28至30条和《持久解决办法框架》规定了与持久解决办法有关的标准和准则。 后者规定,“当国内流离失所者不再有与其流离失所相关的具体援助和保护需要,而且这些人可以不受歧视地享有其人权时(A/HRC/13/21/Add.4, 第8段),可认为已经实现了持久解决办法”。", "78. 国家 一些因素有利于持久解决。 其中一个因素是确保尽早从人道主义援助阶段过渡到早期恢复和重建,从而使境内流离失所者能够在灾害后尽早返回原籍地并重建生活。 大会第46/182号决议所附关于人道主义援助的指导原则已确认,必须确保人道主义援助和发展从一开始就相辅相成。 然而,实际上很难使人道主义援助与恢复和发展的长期目标保持一致,因为各行为体对其活动领域适用不同的标准和考虑。 在国家政府没有明确的长期战略的情况下,困难就更加严重了。 然而,由于预计突发灾害的频率和强度会增加,因此必须提高地方、国家和国际行为体的能力,以弥合与人道主义和重建阶段有关的目标之间的差距。", "79. 联合国 有利于持久解决的其他因素包括重建当地经济和生计,鼓励受影响社区自力更生,并促使他们参与从提供人道主义援助到参与发展行为体的所有活动。 在重新安置或重新安置方面,与土地、住房和生计有关的战略至关重要,考虑到接收社区需要的社区办法也很重要。 增加境内流离失所问题还需要有各种机制来应对可能的融合挑战和与接收社区之间的紧张关系。", "80个 流离失所者的持久解决办法应成为国家适应计划的一部分,[53] 以及地方和国家能力建设方案的一部分,并得到为适应措施提供的经费的支持。 它们还应成为国家发展计划的一部分。 然而,气候变化的一些影响可能影响受影响人口可利用的持久解决办法的类型。 例如,就某些类型的缓慢发生的灾害而言,在可预见的将来,返回可能不是可行的替代办法。 这突出表明,有必要尽早探讨各种可能的选择,并将其纳入国家发展和适应计划,以尽量减少自发和大规模国内流离失所造成的社会和人道主义后果。 在极端情况下,例如一些地势低洼的岛屿国家,其条件已不适合人类居住,因此,可能还需要通过区域和国际合作努力来探讨持久的解决办法,这可能会为新的标准和选择铺平道路,包括跨界流离失所。", "H. 受影响者的参与和程序权利", "81个 在气候变化引起的流离失所问题上,受影响者的程序权利至关重要。 它们有助于确保尊重人权和更有效地应对具体的脆弱性,促进增强受影响者的权能并充分利用他们的能力。 事实上,个人和社区的复原力在很大程度上取决于境内流离失所者在多大程度上有能力适应变化,并被纳入影响其生活的决策。 程序权利除其他外包括获得信息;磋商和有效参与决策进程;以及获得有效补救。", "82. 必须确保建立程序和问责机制,以保证受影响人口参与流离失所的各个阶段。 [54] 指导原则7、28和30规定了境内流离失所者在防止流离失所方面的具体程序性权利,并保障他们参与迁移和持久解决进程。 东道社区和接收社区也应成为许多这些参与和协商进程的特色。 [55] (中文(简体) ).", "83个 《坎昆适应框架》确认需要支持“国家驱动、性别敏感、参与性和充分透明的适应措施[......],同时考虑到弱势群体[和]社区”(FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 第1/CP.16号决定, 第12段)。 它还确认需要采取措施,加强对气候变化引起的流离失所和计划迁移的理解与合作,并需要开展脆弱性和适应性影响评估,包括对气候变化适应备选办法和应对措施的社会和经济后果的评估(第三.E节序言第14(b)和(f)段)。 《指导原则》和《持久解决办法框架》虽然互为补充,但为境内流离失所者参与和程序性权利相关标准提供了更具体而详细的指导。", "一. 国际合作框架", "第八十四会. 国家负有保护和援助境内流离失所者的首要责任。 同时,在气候变化引起的流离失所和贫穷区域和国家承受过重负担的背景下,也承认了共同的国际责任。 在国家能力和资源不足的地方,国际合作和伙伴关系应帮助支付适应措施的费用。 这符合人权标准和原则(A/HRC/10/61, 第87段),并在《坎昆适应框架》中得到承认,该框架请缔约方加强适应行动,同时考虑到共同但有区别的责任和能力及其优先事项和情况(FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 第1/CP.16号决定, 第14段)。", "85. 更具体地说,坎昆适应框架第14(f)段承认,在适应战略方面需要开展国家、区域和国际合作,以解决流离失所问题、移徙和重新安置问题,这种合作可为达成协议和制定新标准提供机会,以方便和支持人民的流动,包括必要时在境外的流动。", "86. 气候变化有助于具体体现个别国家行动的影响,这些行动超越国家影响全球人民和社区的权利。 气候变化不分国家或世代。 因此,需要有效的国际合作和负责任的国内治理制度,以便根据人权义务解决这一问题,并支持适应战略,以应对流离失所等向整个国际社会提出的各种人权挑战。", "四、结 论 建议", "立足人权的方针", "87个 应采用以人权为基础的方法,为地方、区域、国家和国际各级处理与气候变化有关的境内流离失所问题的所有行动提供信息并加强这些行动。 《关于境内流离失所问题的指导原则》以国际人权法、人道主义法和难民法的标准为基础,提供了一个健全的法律框架,各国应当通过立法、政策和机构在国家一级加以执行。", "适应和缓解措施", "88个 应对由气候变化引起的流离失所问题的适应措施应具有全面性,以便包括减少灾害风险和管理;预防或尽量减少流离失所的主动战略;酌情有计划的迁移;在以健全的国家政策为基础并作为应对缓慢发生的灾害的机制时先发制人的国内移徙;以及持久解决办法。 这些措施必须符合国际人权义务,包括向流离失所者提供人道主义援助和保护。", "89. 国家 各种气候变化适应基金应当包括支持与气候变化引起的境内流离失所问题有关的适应措施。 它们应支持各国政府在这方面的努力以及社区参与。 筹资机制应采取综合办法,处理与流离失所有关的适应措施,如上所详述,从预防到持久解决,并坚持对强迫流离失所和计划迁移的保障措施。 这种机制应跟上有关的研究,并符合这一领域的规范发展。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 应当加强减少灾害风险和备灾措施,以预防或尽量减少人员流离失所。 鉴于发生更频繁和更严重的突发灾害,以及干旱等缓慢发生的灾害造成的严重人道主义后果,这尤其必要,因为两者都是由气候变化的不利影响所造成。 国家灾害管理系统、法律和政策应纳入以人权为基础的方针,强调地方或社区的能力建设和参与,并提及在无法避免流离失所情况下适用的境内流离失所问题标准。 灾害管理措施应纳入国家发展计划和适应气候变化战略。", "91. 联合国 应当加强和支持促进参与和加强地方政府、社区、民间社会和私营部门能力的机制。 它们的作用有助于有效应对与气候变化有关的挑战。 社区参与应当让最脆弱的人参与。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员欢迎《联合国气候变化框架公约》进程确定的减缓气候变化目标,并鼓励在这方面作出更多努力,因为减缓气候变化的影响还将减少因气候变化而流离失所的人数。", "知识、指导和信息", "93. 国家 有必要根据坎昆适应框架的建议(FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 第1/CP.16号决定)采取措施,增进与气候变化有关的流离失所方面的知识,并应尽快采取措施。 这应包括研究这种流离失所的范围和规模,研究应基于与受影响社区的协商以及机构间和跨学科的努力。", "94. 国家 需要作出特别努力,以更好地了解并更好地应对与气候变化有关的缓慢发生的灾害,从而避免或尽量减少相关的人类痛苦和流离失所。", "95号. 鼓励通过减缓和适应气候变化项目,如推广清洁能源的项目,研究人们可能流离失所的问题。 这种研究应该探讨这种流离失所的范围和性质,以及可能需要采取的进一步行动,以便按照《关于国内流离失所问题的指导原则》和其他适用的人权标准和准则,确保因这类项目而流离失所的人的人权。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 应就由于气候变化影响而认为需要迁移人口的情况制定进一步的指导。 这种指导应当以经验教训为基础,并确保必须搬迁人员的权利得到保障。 特别是,应解决赔偿、财产权、程序性权利、社区和文化身份、生计和对接收社区的支助等问题。", "97. 国家 应加强境内流离失所问题全球监测机制,以涵盖与气候变化有关的突发和缓慢发生的灾害,并帮助确定与气候变化现象有关的流离失所问题的总体范围。", "98 (英语). 应进一步研究与气候变化有关的流离失所问题所涉城市问题,并增强业务对策,以便处理城市脆弱性和能力的独特性质,并处理因缓慢和突发灾害增加而导致的无计划城市移徙的潜在增加和影响。", "99号. 应就以下问题为会员国制定具体指南:如何确保在气候变化辩论中考虑到流离失所问题;现有规范性标准和指导文件;气候变化所致流离失所对人权的影响和更广泛的动态,如其对安全和城市移徙的影响。", "合作与援助", "一百个 需要增加国际支持,以加强地方和国家能力以及法律框架和政策,解决由气候变化影响造成的流离失所问题。 这种合作和援助以及充分执行《坎昆适应框架》第14(f)段,对于支持各国采取一切必要措施,根据国际人权义务尊重、保护和实现受影响者的权利至关重要。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 为了取得具体成果并建立更强有力的业务和问责制结构,现在必须更加重视区域、国家和国家以下各级的政策和方案执行。 这就需要加强区域和国家一级论坛的行动和宣传,以采取具体的适应措施,解决国内和区域与气候变化有关的流离失所问题。", "102. 国家 机构间常设委员会在处理和宣传与气候变化有关的一般人道主义关切和流离失所具体问题方面的作用至关重要,应当予以加强,包括通过其气候变化问题工作队的工作、参加《联合国气候变化框架公约》等主要全球政策论坛,以及在区域、国家和国家以下各级提供技术投入,以建设复原力并推广实际气候变化活动和适应措施。", "[1] 见www.unocha.org/what-we-do/advocacy/thematic-campaigns/Internal-displacement/overview.", "[2] 境内流离失所问题监测中心,“由自然灾害引起的灾害造成的流离失所:2009和2010年全球估计数”,2011年6月,第11页。", "[3] 第一份评估报告,可查阅www.ipcc.ch。", "[4] FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 第1/CP.16号决定。", "[5] 同上,第9段。 14个", "[6] E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2,附件。 见www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/idp/standards.htm。", "[7] 第二工作组对政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告的贡献,决策者摘要,第21页。 见www.ipcc.ch。", "[8] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1771卷,第30822号,第1条第1款。 2. 联合国", "[9] 改编自《联合国气候变化框架公约》,气候变化缩略语词汇表(http://unfccc.int/music_background/glossary/items/3666.php)。", "[10] 同上。", "[11] 国际减少灾害战略(国际减少灾害战略秘书处),减少灾害风险术语,日内瓦,2009年,第10页。", "[12] 难民署,2011年2月22日至25日在意大利贝拉焦举行的气候变化和流离失所问题专家圆桌会议对气候变化和流离失所问题的审议摘要,第2页。", "[13] 同上。", "[14] 新闻 (www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2011/sc10332.doc.htm)。 又见安全理事会2007年4月17日的相关辩论(SC/900);和A/HCR/10/61, 第61-63段。", "[15] 联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织),2011年7月20日的媒体报道(www.fao.org/news/story/en/tem/82387/icode/)。", "[16] 人道主义事务协调厅2011年8月3日第6号饥荒和干旱情况报告,第2页,见http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/OCHA%20 索马里% 20 情况% 20 报告% 20 第% 206% 2003% 20 August% 202011.pdf 。", "[17] 例如,见国际人权政策理事会《气候变化与人权:粗略指南》,2008年;以及世界银行《人权与气候变化:国际法律层面回顾》,华盛顿特区,2011年。", "[18] 见A/HRC/SF/2010/2, 第11、14和18-20段,以及A/HRC/10/61, 第42-60段,其中分析了气候变化对妇女、儿童、土著人民和境内流离失所者的影响。", "[19] 例如,A/HRC/7/5、A/64/255、A/HRC/10/61和A/HRC/13/21, 第43和44段。", "[20] 见A/HRC/10/61, 第42至54段;A/HRC/16/62, 第48段;和FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 序言。", "[21] 关于南森会议及原则的资料,见http://www.regjeringen.no/en/dep/ud/Whats-new/news/transcript-of-the-prime-ministers-speech/nansen_principles.html?id=651568.", "[22] 2005年世界首脑会议成果(见大会第60/1号决议),第132段。 另见第64/162号决议,序言和段。 10个", "[23] 到2008年,人们注意到,在过去20年中,灾害数量翻了一番,而2010年,据估计,90%的灾害与气候有关。 见联合国新闻中心,“备灾的时间现在是联合国”,www.un.org/apps/news/ story.asp?NewsID=29154&Cr=Disaster&Cr1=气候,以及国内流离失所问题监测中心,上文注2。", "[24] (简体中文). 《坎帕拉公约》将在15个签署国批准后生效。 截至2011年8月2日,共有12个国家批准了《公约》。", "[25] 《大湖区安全、稳定和发展公约》第12条。", "[26] 难民署,上文注12,第6页。", "[27] 联合国减灾战略,“生活在危险中:全球减灾倡议审查”,2004年,第17页。", "[28] 《2005-2015年兵库行动框架:建立国家和社区的抗灾能力》(A/CONF.206/6和Corr.1,第一章)。 页:1", "[29] A/HRC/10/61, 第72-74段;大会第64/162号决议,序言;又见关于各国减少脆弱性和灾害风险的义务的讨论,包括欧洲人权法院在Walter Kälin所著“认识由气候引起的流离失所”中的解释,J. McAdam (ed),气候变化和流离失所:多学科 《展望》,牛津,2010年,第82和83页。", "[30] 《经济学家》,2011年7月30日至8月5日,第32页;人道主义事务协调厅饥荒和干旱情况报告第6号,2011年8月3日,第4页。", "[31] 沃尔特·克林, 2011年6月5日至7日在奥斯陆举行的21世纪气候变化和流离失所问题南森会议上提出的“立足人权的复原力建设办法”,第2页,可查阅www.brookings.edu/papers/2011/0606_disasters_human_rights_kaelin。", "[32] 指导原则6和7。 另见Walter Kälin,《关于国内流离失所问题的指导原则:说明》,修订版,第27和30页;以及美国国际法学会,《跨国法律政策研究》,第38号(2008年)。 请注意,防止流离失所一词是指防止任意流离失所(即当局的命令或强迫流离失所),防止流离失所是指设法减轻人口迁移需求的措施,而绝不是防止流离失所者逃离或迁移。", "[33] 见A/HRC/7/5, 第51段,和A/HRC/7/5/Add.2, 第11和15段。 另见经济、社会和文化权利委员会关于适足食物权(第十一条)的第12号一般性意见(1999年),第28段;以及A/HRC/10/61, 第25-27段。", "[34] 新闻稿,“坎昆气候峰会:联合国粮食专家呼吁制定“绿色马歇尔农业计划”,2010年11月29日。", "[35] 见国际移徙组织,《移徙、气候变化和环境政策简报》(2009年),可查阅www.iom.int/envig。", "[36] 难民署,上文注12,第36段。 39. 联合国", "[37] FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 第1/CP.16号决定, 第25和26段。", "[38] 同上,第28(b)和(c)段。", "[39] 计划搬迁可与在紧急情况下发生的撤离或自发流离失所相区别。", "[40] 2010年11月22-25日威尔顿公园关于“城市风险:从人道主义应急转向防灾”的会议报告。", "[41] 同上。", "[42] 特别报告员在2011年7月访问马尔代夫时观察到了这种情况。", "[43] 威尔顿公园会议报告,上文注40, 第1页。", "[44] 同上。", "[45] 同上。", "[46] 同上,第8页。", "[47] 同上,第3页。", "[48] 同上,第2页。", "[49] 同上。 机构间常设委员会也认识到,必须加强对城市中心紧急情况的人道主义反应,通过其应对城市地区人道主义挑战咨商小组处理这一问题。 见机构间常委会战略:应对城市地区的人道主义挑战,2010年。", "[50] 见FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 第1/CP.16号决定, 第89段;又见《京都议定书》第二条第3款和第3款。 14个", "[51] A/HRC/10/61, 第66-68段;E/C.19/2008/13, 第45段。 保护森林覆盖的方案有时也通过让当地社区密切参与该项目并保护他们免受农用工业项目的影响来防止流离失所。", "[52] 关于大坝项目,见A/64/255, 第47段。", "[53] (中文(简体) ). 见FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 第1/CP.16号决定,第14(a)、15和16段提到制定国家适应计划的模式和支持。", "[54] 见大会第64/162号决议,第7段;A/HRC/16/43/Add.5, 第11、14-15、26和33页。", "[55] 收容社区指境内流离失所者自发逃离的社区,而收容社区指流离失所者以蓄意或有计划的方式重新安置或重新安置的社区。" ]

[ "United Nations", "Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 36", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 36", "[] United Nations • New York, 2011", "Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "A/66/36", "ISSN 1020-3672", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[9 August 2011]", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 1II.Thematic 1 priorities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for \nHuman Rights A. Strengthening 1 of human rights mechanisms and the progressive development of international human rights \n law B.Countering 7 discrimination, in particular racial discrimination, discrimination on the grounds of sex or religion and discrimination against others who are \nmarginalized C.Pursuing 10 economic, social and cultural rights and combating inequalities and poverty, including in the context of the economic, food and climate \ncrises D. Human 13 rights in the context of \nmigration E. Combating 14 impunity and strengthening accountability, the rule of law and democratic \nsociety F.Protecting 16 human rights in situations of armed conflict, violence and \ninsecurity \nIII. Conclusion 18", "I. Introduction", "1. The current year saw massive popular movements in North Africa and the Middle East, where people claimed their civil, cultural, economic, social and political rights and expressed their desire for sound governance. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) sought to seize the momentum created by these movements through interventions on the ground and in United Nations policymaking forums. As the High Commissioner, I welcome the promising steps taken by some countries to address the calls for change and initiate long-overdue reforms, but emphasize that the focus must remain on addressing the range of issues that brought people into the streets.", "2. My Office continued to implement its six thematic priorities and strength its partnerships with organizations of the United Nations family, and with other regional and multilateral organizations. The appointment of an Assistant Secretary-General to New York Office of the Office of the High Commissioner has increased the visibility and impact of human rights in intergovernmental, interdepartmental and inter-agency discussions at United Nations Headquarters.", "3. I conducted missions to Australia, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Germany, Guinea, Israel and the occupied Palestinian territory, Jordan, Mauritania, Mexico, Norway, the Russian Federation, Senegal, Tunisia and the United Republic of Tanzania. The Deputy High Commissioner visited Cambodia, Haiti, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, Nepal, Somalia and the Sudan, and the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Rights visited Afghanistan, Côte d’Ivoire and Iraq.", "4. With the inauguration of a country office in Tunisia, OHCHR provides support to 54 human rights field presences, 12 regional presences, 13 country offices, 14 human rights components in United Nations peace missions and 15 human rights advisers within United Nations country teams (see A/HRC/16/20). Discussions are ongoing with the Government of Egypt for the establishment of a regional office for North Africa.", "5. The sharp increase in the tasks requested of my Office, including those arising from the steadily expanding system of human rights treaty bodies, presents serious challenges. I am grateful to my staff for their diligence and dedication and appeal to Member States to provide my Office with adequate resources in order to enable it to fulfil its mandate.", "II. Thematic priorities of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "A. Strengthening of human rights mechanisms and the progressive development of international human rights law", "1. Strengthening of human rights mechanisms", "(a) Human Rights Council", "6. The General Assembly, by resolution 65/281, endorsed the outcome of the review by the Human Rights Council of its work and functioning, which was completed in March 2011. I urge the Council to continue to demonstrate its capacity to respond to urgent and chronic situations in a timely manner, including through further experimentation with creative modalities of work.", "7. During the period under review, the Council held three special sessions, on the situations in Côte d’Ivoire (December 2010), the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (February 2011) and the Syrian Arab Republic (April 2011). It established international commissions of inquiry to investigate violations of international law, including international humanitarian and human rights law. The Council requested me to dispatch a mission to the Syrian Arab Republic but, at the time of writing, the mission had not been deployed because of the lack of cooperation on the part of the Government.", "8. At its sixteenth and seventeenth sessions, held from 28 February to 25 March and 30 May to 17 June 2011, the Council adopted 29 resolutions and decisions (10  more than in 2010), demonstrating its determination to address human rights issues comprehensively. It established new special procedures (see para. 16) and continued to set standards and create procedures through its adoption of the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training and elaboration of an optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "9. These actions are laudable, but have significant resource implications which remain to be addressed by the General Assembly.", "(b) Universal periodic review", "10. By the end of May, 175 of 192 Member States had been reviewed, with the 100 per cent participation rate of States reflecting their strong engagement with the universal periodic review mechanism.", "11. My Office supports the universal periodic review by, inter alia, preparing documents relating to the review of each country and supporting the rapporteurs, managing the process in the Working Group and the Council and facilitating the participation of States. Drawing on the resources of the Voluntary Trust Fund for Participation in the Universal Periodic Review, OHCHR has to date convened 25 field and headquarters-based interregional, regional and national workshops to advise States on the preparation of their national reports and stakeholders on their input to the review.", "12. The first cycle of the universal periodic review will be completed in March 2012. It has allowed the international community to take stock of the human rights situation in all Member States and provided a framework within which each State has made public commitments in respect of recommendations directed at improving the human rights situation on the ground. The second cycle should build on the initial review by following up on the achievements and pledges by States.", "13. My Office continues to provide support to States as they devise practical ways to follow up and implement recommendations arising from the universal periodic review. Often with counterparts, OHCHR has provided assistance to follow up recommendations in about 40 countries, through the Trust Fund for Financial and Technical Assistance for Implementation of the Universal Periodic Review and the resources available for the review’s overall activities. OHCHR convened three meetings at which experiences were shared and comprehensive roadmaps for the implementation of the recommendations arising from the review were developed (two in Africa, with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and one in Europe, with the European Union).", "14. The modalities for the second cycle of the review, adopted by the Council at its seventeenth session, seek to strike a balance between reviewing the implementation of accepted recommendations and consideration of developments in the human rights situation of the States reviewed. Responsibility for implementation rests primarily with States, but national stakeholders have a role to play, and wide participation ensures that the universal periodic review is integrated into the national agenda.", "(c) Special procedures", "15. Facilitating the work of the Council’s special procedures, the most accessible and responsive of the human rights mechanisms, is a priority for OHCHR. The dialogue held by the mandate holders with States and other stakeholders is sustained through country visits, communications and advisory services. I welcome the adoption by the General Assembly of the outcome of the review of the work and functioning of the Human Rights Council, which strongly rejects any act of intimidation or reprisal against those who cooperate with the United Nations and its representatives in the field of human rights.", "16. With the establishment by the Council of two new thematic mandates (Working Group on the elimination of discrimination against women in law and in practice, and Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association) and two new country mandates (Special Rapporteur on the human rights situations in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and independent expert on Côte d’Ivoire), there are now 43 mandates (33 thematic and 10 country). The Council has also established the Working Group on human rights and transnational and other business enterprises.", "17. In 2010, special procedure mandate holders conducted 67 country visits to 48 States, submitted 161 reports to the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council, and issued over 600 communications to some 110 States. They also participated, through their Coordination Committee, in the special sessions of the Council on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the Syrian Arab Republic.", "18. Over 80 Member States have extended standing invitations to special procedures but the mandate holders still face difficulties in securing approval to visit States, including some which have extended standing invitations. Responses to communications remain at only around 35 per cent. I am pleased that the Council, in the outcome of the review of its work and functioning, again called on States to cooperate effectively with special procedures, and encouraged them to accept country visits and take immediate action to follow up the recommendations and communications of the mandate holders. Independence, integrity and expertise are the hallmarks of the special procedures. These principles, also reinforced in the outcome of the review, have enabled the mandate holders to fulfil their functions with impartiality and balance. I am confident that the Assembly will encourage intensified dialogue at the national, regional and international levels.", "19. My Office continues to encourage greater coordination, harmonized working methods and the most efficient use of resources in its work with the special procedure mandate holders, who work closely with treaty bodies, the universal periodic review and regional bodies. OHCHR field presences cooperate with the special procedures in the common quest to advance human rights. The joint communications report of the special procedures will strengthen working methods and allow for more efficient use of resources by significantly reducing documentation and related processing costs, given that approximately 66 per cent of communications are issued jointly by two or more mandate holders.", "(d) Treaty bodies", "20. The first meeting of the States parties to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, which entered into force on 23 December 2010, was held in May, marking the establishment of the tenth human rights treaty body. The number of treaty bodies has increased from 5 to 10 in the past 10 years; the annual number of weeks in session has grown from 44 to 73; and the number of experts has expanded from 74 to 172. At the end of July, ratifications of and accessions to human rights treaties and their substantive and procedural protocols numbered 1,905.", "21. Following my call for a process of reflection, OHCHR has encouraged and facilitated further dialogue among various stakeholders, aimed at developing ideas and proposals for further strengthening of the treaty body system. In April and June, consultations with civil society organizations were convened in, respectively, Seoul and Pretoria. In May, representatives of almost 90 Member States met in Sion, Switzerland, at my invitation and in the presence of the nine chairpersons of the treaty bodies, to discuss the strengthening of the system, including in relation to reporting, constructive dialogue, independence and expertise of treaty body members, and implementation at the national level.", "22. The chairpersons held their twenty-third meeting in Geneva from 30 June to 2 July, preceded by the twelfth inter-committee meeting. They adopted recommendations concerning the expertise and independence of treaty body members, on enhancing the meeting by investing it with decision-making power, convening the annual meeting biannually at the regional level, and replacing the inter-committee meeting with ad hoc thematic working groups.", "2. Progressive development of international human rights law", "23. My Office provided support for the standard-setting activities of the United Nations human rights system (Human Rights Council, its Advisory Committee and Social Forum, treaty bodies and special procedures). With OHCHR support, treaty bodies held days of general discussion, including on the development of general comments. At its 102nd session, held from 11 to 29 July, the Human Rights Committee adopted General Comment No. 34, on the interpretation of article 19 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights discussed the right to sexual and reproductive health and the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities discussed accessibility (Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, art. 9). In December 2010, the Committee on Migrant Workers adopted its first general comment, on the rights of migrant domestic workers and, in the context of the twentieth anniversary of the adoption of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, addressed the theme “Protecting rights, building cooperation”. The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women adopted general recommendations on older women and protection of their human rights and the core obligations of States parties under article 2 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.", "24. Some 120 decisions on individual communications were adopted in 2010 by the five committees which have operative individual communications procedures, thus furthering international jurisprudence in various areas. OHCHR provided support for the Open-ended Working Group on an optional protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The Human Rights Council, at its seventeenth session, adopted the text of an optional protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and recommended it to the General Assembly for adoption at its present session. The optional protocol would empower the Committee on the Rights of the Child to receive and consider individual communications.", "25. In May, OHCHR provided support for the first session of the Open-ended Working Group, established by the Human Rights Council in resolution 15/26 to consider the possibility of elaborating an international regulatory framework on the regulation, monitoring and oversight of the activities of private military and security companies. The Open-ended Working Group considered the draft text of a possible convention, prepared by the Working Group on the use of mercenaries.", "26. In 2010, with the support of OHCHR and in the context of the mandate on human rights of internally displaced persons, revised operational guidelines on the protection of persons in situations of natural disaster were developed (A/HRC/16/43/Add.5, annex) and endorsed by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee.", "27. My Office provided support to the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises in the preparation of global standards for preventing and addressing the risk of adverse impacts on human rights linked to business activity. The Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights: Implementing the United Nations “Protect, Respect and Remedy” Framework developed by the Special Representative (A/HRC/17/31, annex) were adopted by the Council at its seventeenth session. OHCHR also provided technical and policy advice on the human rights component of the United Nations Global Compact, producing jointly with the Global Compact a revised online learning tool on business and human rights and a guide for business enterprises on the development of corporate human rights policies.", "28. In resolution 15/19, the Human Rights Council invited OHCHR to seek views, comments and suggestions on the progress report on the draft guiding principles on extreme poverty and human rights, submitted by the independent expert (now Special Rapporteur) on the question of human rights and extreme poverty. OHCHR convened a consultation in June, and a final report will be submitted to the Council at its nineteenth session; the Special Rapporteur will submit a final draft of the revised guiding principles to the Council at its twenty-first session.", "29. The Working Group on discrimination against women in law and in practice held its first session in June. I am confident that the compendium being developed by the Working Group of best practices related to the elimination of de jure and de facto discriminatory laws will provide valuable guidance to States.", "30. My Office manages the Universal Human Rights Index (www.universalhumanrightsindex.org), an electronic tool which allows for the wide dissemination of the recommendations and observations of the human rights treaty bodies and special procedures, thereby assisting implementation efforts at the national level. In order to foster a holistic approach, recommendations arising from the universal periodic review will be indexed so that, by the end of 2011, users will be able to analyse and compare the recommendations of the three United Nations human rights mechanisms This will assist States in the implementation of recommendations, facilitate follow-up and simplify the work of those who use the conclusions and recommendations.", "31. The Office provides support to the intergovernmental Open-ended Working Group on the Right to Development, including in connection with its consideration of the outcome of the mandate of the high-level task force on the implementation of the right to development.", "32. It provided support to the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee in developing the principles and guidelines for the elimination of discrimination against persons affected by leprosy and their family members, which were adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/215 of December 2010.", "33. My Office facilitated the Council’s initiative to develop the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights Education and Training through the support it provided to the Council’s open-ended working group which met from 10 to 14 January.", "34. In joint cooperation with the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Violence against Children, OHCHR convened an expert consultation on child-sensitive counselling, complaint and reporting mechanisms, which was held on 30 September and 1 October 2010. An expert meeting on the legal framework required to prohibit, prevent and respond to all forms of violence against children was convened in July 2011 by OHCHR, jointly with the Office of the Special Representative, the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the non-governmental organization (NGO) Advisory Council on Violence against Children.", "35. The Office continued to draw attention to human rights violations, including discrimination, perpetrated against individuals on the basis of their sexual orientation or gender identity. By resolution 17/19, the Human Rights Council, expressing grave concern at acts of violence and discrimination, in all regions of the world, committed against persons because of their sexual orientation and gender identity, requested me to commission a study on relevant discriminatory laws and practices and acts of violence. The findings of the study will be discussed by the Council at its nineteenth session.", "36. My Office convened a series of expert workshops on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred with the aim of discussing legislation, jurisprudence and national policies, and deepening understanding of and strengthening compliance with the prohibition of incitement to hatred, while ensuring full respect for freedom of expression. Workshops were held for the European region (Vienna, February), the African region (Nairobi, April) and Asia and the Pacific (Bangkok, July). The final workshop for the region of the Americas is scheduled to be held in Santiago in October.", "B. Countering discrimination, in particular racial discrimination, discrimination on the grounds of sex or religion and discrimination against others who are marginalized", "1. Racial discrimination", "37. My Office has played a leading role in the 2011 International Year for People of African Descent (IYPAD), developing an office-wide framework for action to combat discrimination against Afro-descendants. A panel on the enjoyment of the human rights by people of African descent was convened during the sixteenth session of the Human Rights Council. The Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance participated in the tenth session of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent. On the occasion of the International Day on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, the Special Rapporteur issued a joint statement with other human rights mechanisms, entitled “Recognition, justice and development: a roadmap to achieve full equality for people of African descent”. A day of thematic discussion on racial discrimination against people of African descent was held during the seventy-eighth session of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and, during their visit to Portugal in May, the members of the Working Group of Experts met with Afro-descendants. OHCHR launched a fellowship programme for people of African descent, aimed at deepening participants’ understanding of the United Nations human rights system with a view to strengthening the protection and promotion of rights of Afro-descendants in the countries and communities of the fellows. Public information initiatives, including a dedicated website in the six official languages, have been undertaken with the Department of Public Information.", "38. The current year marks the tenth anniversary of the adoption of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action, and OHCHR has engaged in activities to promote commemoration of the anniversary, including in the context of the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination and the International Year for People of African Descent. A website in the six official languages has been created in collaboration with the Office of the President of the General Assembly and the Department of Public Information.", "39. In October 2010, the Intergovernmental Working Group on the Effective Implementation of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action made recommendations on migration, protection of children, employment and national plans of action.", "40. My Office continued to assist Member States in translating their obligations under international and regional human rights instruments to prohibit and eliminate racial discrimination into national law, policies and programmes. Technical assistance for the development of national action plans against racial discrimination has been provided to Benin, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Burkina Faso, Costa Rica and Uruguay. Regional training workshops in, for example, Ethiopia, benefited government representatives, national human rights institutions and civil society in relation to the elaboration and implementation of national action plans.", "2. Indigenous and minority issues", "41. In July, the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples adopted its final report concerning the right to participate in decision-making. It also discussed the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the follow-up to its thematic study on indigenous peoples and the right to education.", "42. My Office continued to support the work of the Forum on Minority Issues. An international conference on the representation of minorities and indigenous peoples in politics was organized with the Inter-Parliamentary Union in Chiapas, Mexico, in November 2010. Consultations with law enforcement agencies on how to enhance inclusion of minorities in policing were convened in Beirut in September 2010, and in Bangkok in May 2011.", "43. The collaboration of the OHCHR Central Africa Regional Office with organizations of the United Nations system and other partners on advocacy initiatives formed part of the background to the adoption, in December 2010, of a law on the rights of indigenous peoples in the Congo, the first of its kind in Africa.", "44. In line with my commitment to encourage efforts to address caste-based discrimination, the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal engaged with the National Dalit Commission and human rights defenders to advocate against caste-based discrimination through capacity-building and other activities. A landmark law on caste-based discrimination and untouchability was adopted by the Nepalese Parliament in May 2011.", "45. Two publications, Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities and Minority Rights: International Standards and Guidance for Implementation, have been issued by OHCHR.", "46. In May, OHCHR launched the United Nations Indigenous Peoples Partnership, together with the International Labour Organization, UNDP and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The Partnership will fund programmes on (a) access to justice, land and ancestral territories, (b) legislative review and reform, (c) democratic governance and indigenous peoples’ institutions and (d) natural resources and extractive industries, thus promoting the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and facilitating its implementation.", "3. Gender equality and women’s human rights", "47. In follow-up to the statement issued in 2010 by the President of the Security Council on women and peace and security (S/PRST/2010/22), OHCHR participated in the Task Force on Women, Peace and Security of the Inter-Agency Network on Women and Gender Equality, contributing to the formulation of a strategic framework to guide the implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) and the development of related indicators. Through the inter-agency initiative United Nations Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict, OHCHR contributed to the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1820 (2008), 1888 (2009) and 1960 (2010), on conflict-related sexual violence. The report of my high-level panel on sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, containing the testimony of victims of sexual violence with regard to their needs and their perceptions of the remedies and reparations available to them, was launched in Geneva in March. The United Nations Joint Human Rights Office at the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has been strengthened to assist in the follow-up to the recommendations of the report.", "48. My Office contributed to the strategic planning process of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) and began work on a joint UN-Women/OHCHR workplan to be presented to the Human Rights Council and the Commission of the Status of Women in March 2012.", "49. An inter-agency statement on preventing gender-biased sex selection, prepared by OHCHR in partnership with the United Nations Population Fund, UNICEF and the World Health Organization (WHO), was released on 14 June. Identifying good practices and gaps in the prevention of violence against women, and conflict-related violence against women, were the themes of the fourth annual discussion on women’s human rights held during the seventeenth session of the Council. At the request of the Council, I submitted a follow-up report to provide further guidance to States in respect of effective human rights-based practices on preventable maternal mortality and morbidity and human rights (A/HRC/18/27, forthcoming).", "4. Discrimination against persons with disabilities", "50. By the end of July, less than five years after its adoption by the General Assembly, 103 States had become parties to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. My Office has increased its support to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which has begun considering the reports and individual communications of States parties. Twenty-five field presences provided assistance to States and civil society in 2010 in this area, compared to four in 2006. Assistance ranged from the provision of support for ratification and for meeting reporting obligations, input to law, policy reform and institution-building, and provision of assistance to civil society. OHCHR, UNICEF, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and UNDP have created a multi-donor trust fund to support Convention-related technical assistance at the country level, and I encourage States to contribute to the fund. OHCHR continues to co-chair the Inter‑Agency Support Group on the Convention, together with the Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "51. An Inter-Departmental Task Force on Accessibility to improve United Nations-wide standards for accessibility, particularly in relation to the proceedings of meetings and documentation, was established on the recommendation of OHCHR, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and other United Nations entities. Accessibility to meeting proceedings and documentation has improved with respect to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and, to some extent, the Human Rights Council, and United Nations meetings on human rights have become more accessible for persons with disabilities. I welcome the release by the Human Rights and Transitional Justice Section of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste of the first public report of a United Nations peace mission on the rights of persons with disabilities, and its advocacy, including through a series of radio programmes, for their greater access to education, employment and health care.", "5. Older persons", "52. My Office provided support in the implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/182, by which the Assembly called for consideration of the feasibility of further instruments and measures to address the particular human rights challenges faced by older people. Member States are considering the existing human rights framework and mechanisms with a view to strengthening, and addressing any gaps in, the protection of the human rights of older persons.", "6. Discrimination on the basis of health status", "53. The Office continued its collaboration with the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) to promote and protect the human rights of people living with, and vulnerable to, HIV. Technical assistance was provided to Governments for the review of the laws, policies and practices that constitute barriers to universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. The report of the Secretary-General presented to the Council at its sixteenth session (A/HRC/16/69) provides a human rights analysis of the current challenges confronting the global AIDS response and was used to prepare for the high-level meeting on HIV/AIDS, convened by the General Assembly in June. OHCHR also encouraged a number of national human rights institutions to integrate HIV into their work.", "C. Pursuing economic, social and cultural rights and combating inequalities and poverty, including in the context of the economic, food and climate crises", "1. Advancing the right to development", "54. “Development is a human right for all” is the main theme of the commemoration in 2011 of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the adoption of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development. As a result of the efforts of Member States and other relevant stakeholders, the occasion has inspired activities to advance the right to development, which will go beyond the anniversary year. OHCHR is compiling the research and analytical studies of more than 30 international experts on the right to development. A report to be jointly submitted by the Secretary-General and me to the General Assembly at its present session provides details of the activities carried out by the Economic and Social Council, the Human Rights Council and its Social Forum, treaty bodies, special procedures, United Nations entities and civil society, including non-governmental organizations, in commemoration of the anniversary. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has stated that it considers that the right to development establishes a specific framework within which the duty to provide international cooperation and assistance has to be implemented. In a joint statement dated 1 July, the chairpersons of the human rights treaty bodies point out that they are resolved to make a concerted effort to promote a development-informed and interdependence-based reading of all human rights treaties, so as to highlight and emphasize the relevance and importance of the right to development in interpreting and applying human rights treaty provisions and in monitoring compliance with these provisions.", "55. My Office participated in the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, held in Istanbul In May. The Istanbul Declaration and Programme of Action adopted by the Conference contain references to human rights, demonstrating the growing global recognition of the importance of human rights to successful development outcomes.", "2. Integrating all human rights in development", "56. Building on the commitments made by Member States in the 2005 World Summit Outcome (General Assembly resolution 60/1) and the outcome document of the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, OHCHR has led inter-agency efforts within the United Nations Development Group to further integrate human rights into United Nations operational activities for development and strengthen policy coherence, coordination and capacity development so that the United Nations system may respond to national priorities more effectively. At the request of the Secretary-General, a human rights mainstreaming mechanism was established in October 2010. Its initial mapping of the support required revealed significant demand at the country level. OHCHR field presences, in particular human rights advisers in the United Nations country teams, have contributed to the integration of human rights into development programming.", "57. The High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals held in 2010 reached a historic agreement on the importance of human rights in the efforts of Member States to achieve the Goals, with eight specific human rights commitments reflected in the action agenda set out in outcome document. OHCHR contributed to the preparatory processes, including by way of a communications strategy and advocacy campaign, research and policy analysis, support to special procedures on Goal-related issues, and increased engagement with, and contributions to, the preparatory work and thematic reports of the Millennium Development Goal Task Force of the United Nations Development Group. The importance of the international human rights standards in the realization of the Goals was highlighted by the chairpersons of the human rights treaty bodies in a joint statement issued on the occasion of the High-level Plenary Meeting.", "3. Combating poverty", "58. My priority in relation to combating poverty is to assist in translating the above-mentioned commitments into human rights outcomes on the ground. At the High-level Plenary Meeting of the General Assembly, I offered the support of my Office to all Member States willing to show leadership in integrating human rights into their national development plans. In Ecuador, the Planning Ministry and OHCHR cooperated in the development of a methodology to integrate human rights into national development planning processes. This work continued in 2011, with a focus on the water sector.", "59. In May 2011, OHCHR and WHO, along with the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, finalized a policy assessment tool, Human Rights and Gender Equality in Health Sector Strategies: How to Assess Policy Coherence, which is being tested at the country level. Building on rights-based budget monitoring carried out in Haiti and Liberia in October 2010, OHCHR finalized a learning package on budget processes and human rights which is directed at supporting Member States and national partners in the integration of human rights into their national development and poverty reduction strategies The learning package and a training of trainers module are being piloted in Africa, with the support of national, United Nations and civil society partners.", "4. Economic, social and cultural rights", "60. My Office conducted advocacy and training activities on the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic and Social Rights, including the justiciability of these rights in Benin, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Mali, Mexico, Nicaragua, the Niger, Senegal, Spain and Togo. These activities formed part of the background to the ratification of the Optional Protocol by Ecuador and Spain, its signature by Costa Rica and Kazakhstan, and its approval by the Parliament of El Salvador.", "61. My Office provided support for the integration of international standards on the right to adequate housing into domestic law and practice. In Kyrgyzstan, OHCHR advocacy contributed to the integration of human rights language into the draft housing code. In Tajikistan, non-governmental organizations reported that, after events organized by OHCHR, the authorities were more open to discussing such issues as access to information on urban planning and access to justice, and courts have shown increasing sensitivity to housing issues. In several jurisdictions, judges have granted protection to evictees, compensation and rehousing. In Serbia, advocacy and training has led to more open discussion of human rights issues in relation to housing and evictions of Roma.", "62. In Haiti, OHCHR issued specific guidance in regard to cases of forced eviction. It also provided support to Haitian non-governmental organizations in monitoring protection concerns and conducting capacity-building with camp committees and women’s groups.", "63. The Human Rights Section of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire in the northern region of Odienné built two schools, thus facilitating children’s access to education.", "64. The OHCHR country office In Cambodia provided assistance in relation to 42 land disputes between villagers and companies, as well as legal advice to provincial and local authorities, communities and non-governmental organizations. In Colombia, OHCHR provided legal advice in the context of debates on the Victims and Land Restitution Law, aimed at compensating victims of the internal armed conflict and returning land to millions of displaced persons.", "5. Protecting human rights in the context of the economic, food and climate crises", "65. I am deeply concerned at the current famine in the Horn of Africa which provides a tragic reminder that respect for human rights is essential in preventing major economic, food and climate crises. While drought is partly to blame — together with conflict and broader structural imbalances — the famine is mainly the result of the failure of governance and international cooperation. International law places a responsibility on States, individually and collectively, to implement drought-preparedness measures, particularly in the light of climate change. It also requires the response to such crises to comply with human rights standards and, where lives are at stake, imposes an immediate obligation on those in a position to do so.", "66. My Office continues to participate in the High-level Task Force on the Global Food Security Crisis, contributing to the updating of its Comprehensive Framework for Action which integrates a human rights-based approach into strategies for world food and nutrition security. OHCHR provided an advisory opinion to the Economic Community of West African States on the nexus among food security, human security, human rights and conflict in the context of climate change in the Sahelian band. My Office in Nepal developed protection checklists which are being incorporated into the logistics and food clusters of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee operational plan in the country. The Special Rapporteur on the right to food followed the impact of the global food crisis and worked closely with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations on the reform of the Committee on World Food Security.", "67. Pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 16/11, my Office is conducting an analytical study on the relationship between human rights and the environment, which will be presented to the Council at its nineteenth session.", "D. Human rights in the context of migration", "68. As Chair of the Global Migration Group, I addressed the fourth Global Forum on Migration and Development, held in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, in November 2010, calling for an end to the criminalization of irregular migrants. OHCHR organized a panel discussion on the vulnerability of migrants to discrimination, racism and xenophobia, and convened, with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, a round table on alternatives to the administrative detention of migrants, asylum-seekers, refugees and stateless persons.", "69. During my time as Chair, the Global Forum issued a landmark statement calling on States to protect the human rights of migrants in irregular situations. As a member of the Global Migration Group troika, OHCHR in May participated in a symposium convened by the Group on the theme “Migration and youth: harnessing opportunities for development”.", "70. As Chair of the Inter-agency Coordination Group against Trafficking in Persons, OHCHR organized a side event during the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, which highlighted the roles of various United Nations entities in protecting victims of trafficking. The OHCHR publication, Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Trafficking: Commentary, was launched in Bangkok in December 2010. In 2010 and 2011, OHCHR participated in several regional capacity-building events to promote a human rights-based approach to addressing trafficking in persons.", "71. I continued to call for increased ratification and effective implementation of the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families during 2010, which marked the twentieth anniversary of its adoption. The OHCHR Regional Office for Europe launched a study on the Convention in June 2010. The Regional Office for Central Africa organized, in December 2010, the first dialogue on human rights and migration in Central Africa, which provided a platform for advocacy for ratification of the Convention and the review of existing policies. In Mexico, OHCHR has monitored the situation of migrants in transit, a theme which was a focus of my mission there in July. During my visit to Australia in May, I urged the Government to seek alternatives to mandatory immigration detention and to ensure that bilateral and regional arrangements in that regard fully safeguarded human rights. In my opening statement to the Human Rights Council in June, I raised concerns about migrants from North Africa, including allegations that migrants in sinking boats were left to drown despite the alleged capacity of European units in the vicinity to rescue them.", "E. Combating impunity and strengthening accountability, the rule of law and democratic society", "72. The guidance note of the Secretary-General on the United Nations approach to transitional justice, adopted in March 2010, has been used by the United Nations system as a common standard to support the establishment and functioning of transitional justice mechanisms.", "73. The human rights and transitional justice section of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste continued to monitor and report on the progress of remaining prosecutions recommended by the United Nations Commission of Inquiry relating to crimes committed during the 2006 crisis, and to advocate follow‑up to the recommendations of the Timor-Leste Truth, Reception and Reconciliation Commission. I have continued to follow developments in Sri Lanka closely and urge follow-up to the work of the Secretary-General’s panel of experts which examined options for accountability for alleged past crimes.", "74. My Office organized two expert workshops to address emerging transitional justice issues: dealing with violations of economic, social and cultural rights in transitional justice processes; and maximizing opportunities for coordination between disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and transitional justice. In February, it organized a seminar at which experience with archives as a means to guarantee the right to the truth was discussed. It also assisted in the establishment of the Transitional Justice and Reconciliation Commission in Togo, where over 17,000 testimonies were gathered in the period from August to December 2010. The Office in Nepal assisted the participation of victims in transitional justice dialogues and advocacy for increasing the access of victims’ groups to authorities, including by providing training on the elements of truth-seeking bills and convening three consultations on the bills in April and May, designed to draw nationwide participation by victims groups.", "75. In October 2010, OHCHR published a report on the mapping exercise, documenting the most serious violations of human rights and international humanitarian law committed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo during the period from March 1993 to June 2003. In March, OHCHR provided technical advice on a draft law introduced by the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which concerned the establishment of special chambers for the prosecution of violations of international human rights law and humanitarian law.", "76. In Haiti, technical assistance was provided in relation to the investigation of serious human rights violations committed under the rule of Jean-Claude Duvalier.", "77. My Office provided technical support for the development of frameworks for the protection of victims and witnesses involved in judicial and quasi or non-judicial proceedings in Argentina, Nepal, Togo and Uganda. Also in Uganda, it organized a high-level expert seminar with the Ugandan Law Reform Commission and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, which was held in November 2010. A regional seminar on these issues was held in Nepal in December 2010. In May, OHCHR organized an expert meeting on gender perspectives and victim and witness protection programming, after which the development of a tool on gender aspects of victim and witness was initiated.", "78. My Office promotes ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and has strengthened its relationship with the Court within the framework of the Relationship Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the United Nations, approved by the General Assembly in 2004.", "79. National human rights institutions are an important component of the national protection system and OHCHR provided legal and technical advice to more than 20 States to support the establishment of such institutions, and to some 40 national human rights institutions to strengthen their capacity to comply with the Principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (General Assembly resolution 48/134, annex). A human rights seminar was organized by OHCHR with the United Nations Mission in Liberia in November 2010 for members of Parliament and national human rights institutions from Nigeria, the Gambia, Liberia, Uganda, Sierra Leone and the United Republic of Tanzania.", "80. An expert meeting on human rights and traditional justice was held in South Africa in December 2010 and, in September 2010, a regional training seminar on human rights and elections was organized in cooperation with the Senate and National Assembly of Gabon and the Network of Central African Parliamentarians of the Economic Community of Central African States. OHCHR continued to provide support to Member States to ensure that the establishment and development of security agencies, armed forces, police and law enforcement agencies, whether in a post-conflict, early recovery or development context, are grounded in international human rights law. OHCHR contributed to the development of a series of guidance notes on security sector reform. In June 2011, OHCHR and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations published an implementation guide, with a list of rule of law indicators and a related compendium of project tools.", "81. As leader of the Working Group on Protecting Human Rights While Countering Terrorism of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, OHCHR organized, in February, the first of five regional expert symposiums, with a view to securing the fundamental principles of the right to fair trial for persons accused of terrorist offences. The Working Group developed two human rights reference guides, on security infrastructure and on stopping and searching persons in the context of countering terrorism. At the request of the Human Rights Council, two panel discussions were organized in March and June on, respectively, human rights in the context of action taken to address terrorist hostage-taking and the human rights of victims of terrorism.", "82. My Office continued to advocate for the rights of detainees to judicial review of their detention by an independent and impartial court and to seek redress following torture, ill-treatment or other violations of human rights, and for the right of pre-trial detainees to legal counsel and a speedy trial or release. In 2010, the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic obtained authorization to visit all detention centres in the country. OHCHR in Cambodia obtained authorization to visit all civilian prisons in the country, while in Guinea, OHCHR helped 60 young people detained after demonstrations in September 2010 to obtain legal aid from a pool of pro bono lawyers.", "83. Convinced that human rights education contributes to combating impunity and strengthening accountability, the rule of law and democracy, OHCHR implemented human rights education programmes, provided assistance to Governments, institutions and civil society, and developed related tools. Human rights education and training methodologies based on best practice were developed and, in March 2011, Evaluating Human Rights Training Activities: A Handbook for Human Rights Educators was published jointly by OHCHR and EQUITAS-The International Centre for Human Rights Education. In April 2011, in cooperation with UNDP, OHCHR launched the seventh phase of the Assisting Communities Together project, which will provide grants in support of human rights education and training projects in 14 countries.", "84. In the context of the World Programme for Human Rights Education, OHCHR disseminated the findings of the evaluation report (A/65/322) of the first phase of the Programme (2005-2009), which focused on human rights education in the school system. Together with UNESCO, OHCHR is implementing dissemination strategies for the plan of action for the second phase of the World Programme (2010-2014), focusing on higher education and human rights training for teachers and educators, civil servants, law enforcement officials and military personnel (see A/HRC/15/28).", "F. Protecting human rights in situations of armed conflict, violence and insecurity", "85. It is in the context of armed conflict, violence and insecurity that many serious human rights violations are perpetrated with impunity. Recent developments in various countries of the Middle East and North Africa, such as Bahrain, Egypt, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia and Yemen, and other situations, such as those in Côte d’Ivoire and the Sudan (Abyei and Southern Kordofan), highlight the critical need to develop sustainable ways to prevent the escalation of violence and protect civilians promptly and effectively. In 2011, OHCHR has issued strong public statements, deployed high-level missions to Egypt and Tunisia, provided support to independent commissions of inquiry in Côte d’Ivoire and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, and pursued interaction with the Security Council with a view to securing accountability for human rights violations.", "86. My Office continued to enhance its capacity to respond to emergency situations, mainly through its Rapid Response Section which, in 2011, was called upon more than in any other year, including in regard to facilitating the implementation of relevant resolutions of the Human Rights Council (see paras. 6-9 above). In several instances, I offered OHCHR assistance. I dispatched the above-mentioned missions to Tunisia and Egypt (in January-February and March-April, respectively) so that human rights challenges could be discussed with national and international counterparts and avenues of cooperation explored during the early stages of transition.", "87. At the end of June, with the agreement of the Government, I dispatched a mission to Yemen to undertake a preliminary assessment of the human rights situation. I will present a report to the Human Rights Council at the eighteenth session, in accordance with the joint statement on the human rights situation in Yemen made at its seventeenth session.", "88. Following the violence in southern Kyrgyzstan in 2010, I deployed a mission to Osh which monitors and documents human rights violations, assists victims in obtaining redress, and advises the law enforcement authorities and the judiciary on ways in which to enhance their capacity to protect human rights. The mission provides protection by its presence, thus demonstrating the critical role that OHCHR can play in preventing and addressing life-threatening human rights violations.", "89. The Human Rights Section of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti continued to lead the protection cluster in relation to the overall humanitarian response following the 2010 earthquake. Adapting to developments, it redesigned its strategy to focus on the protection of internally displaced persons and affected communities, the rule of law and human rights in public policy, including reconstruction.", "90. My Office participates in the international discussions launched in Geneva following the events in Georgia in August 2008, and emphasizes that all duty bearers, including the authorities in control, are responsible for ensuring the enjoyment by all people of all human rights, without discrimination. In Afghanistan, the human rights component of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan and the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission undertake joint activities directed at minimizing the impact of the conflict on civilians.", "91. The Human Rights Section of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur advocated the mainstreaming of human rights in the Darfur mediation process, including by providing support for the participation of civil society in the Doha peace talks.", "92. In Colombia, OHCHR strengthened its monitoring of cases of sexual violence committed in the context of armed conflict and focused on the importance of creating conditions of security and trust that would encourage women to report of acts of sexual violence. In El Salvador, OHCHR has provided advice in the formulation of a new law on violence against women, adopted in November 2010.", "93. My Office and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations finalized an operational concept on the protection of civilians and the integration of the protection of civilians into mission planning, and conducted a stocktaking exercise on the resources and capacity needed to implement mandates for the protection of civilians. It also provided advice on strategies for the protection of civilians developed by United Nations peace operations, for example, in Côte d’Ivoire and Darfur, and contributed to the development of an operational concept training package for military peacekeepers. The principles underlying the work of OHCHR in this area are the complementarity and mutually reinforcing nature of international humanitarian and human rights law, and the central role of human rights in the effective protection of civilians in conflict situations.", "94. My Office has completed two reports on lessons learned, good practices and persisting challenges in integrating human rights into the work of the United Nations police and military. In the area of security sector reform, my Office has supported inter-agency efforts to develop a series of guidance notes aimed at enhancing the capacity of the United Nations to support the establishment of a professional, human rights-compliant and accountable security force. OHCHR, together with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, has been tasked by the Secretary-General to lead consultations within the United Nations system to review United Nations support to non-United Nations security forces so as to ensure strict compliance with international human rights, humanitarian and refugee law.", "95. In an increasing number of countries, high levels of violent crime, including killings, torture, disappearances or sexual and gender-based violence, expose people to human rights violations and seriously undermine the democratic functioning of the State. Often, Governments lack the resources and, at times, the will to tackle the situation adequately, and remain passive or resort to policies and measures which contravene their international human rights obligations.", "96. Some countries have solicited advice from OHCHR in this regard. OHCHR, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and UNICEF published a report on citizen security, which promotes the need for a rights-based, comprehensive approach to crime and violence, rather than hard-line policies focused on control and repression. OHCHR provided technical cooperation to the MERCOSUR Institute of Public Policies on Human Rights in the development of a policy of citizen security for member States, and participated in activities with the Central American Integration System to build the capacity of Governments in this area.", "97. In Mexico, OHCHR has advocated against the use of the military in public order functions, and for the prosecution of human rights violations committed by the military in civilian courts. In several countries, OHCHR has provided advice on police and prison reform and supported the development and delivery of human rights training to government officials and security forces in charge of public order functions. In Guatemala, OHCHR has provided technical assistance to the Congress regarding legislation on security and justice issues.", "III. Conclusion", "98. During the period under review, my Office has sought to respond swiftly to human rights crises in many parts of the world. It has also continued to address chronic human rights issues and support standard-setting activities, the review of the Human Rights Council and efforts to strengthen the treaty body system. It has, however, been a challenge for OHCHR to give the increasing number of mandates the priority and attention to detail that they demand and deserve. I welcome the decision of the General Assembly to consider, during its present session, ways in which to make essential resources speedily available in response to urgent and time-sensitive mandates created by the Council.", "99. The relevance of human rights to all United Nations activities cannot be disputed. I urge the international community to strengthen its support to the United Nations human rights programme so that it can truly constitute the third pillar of the Organization and respond to the legitimate demand of all people in all parts of the world for full and equal enjoyment of human rights.", "010911", "*1144841*", "[]" ]

[ "联 合 国", "联合国人权事务高级专员的报告", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第36号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第36号", "[] 联合国 • 2011年，纽约", "联合国人权事务高级专员的报告", "A/66/36", "ISSN 1020-3702", "说明", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年8月9日]", "目录", "页次A.一. 1 \n 导言 B.二. 1 \n联合国人权事务高级专员办事处优先专题 A. 1 \n加强人权机制和逐步发展国际人权法. B. 6 \n打击歧视，特别是种族歧视、根据性别或宗教的歧视和对其他边缘化人的歧视 C. 8 \n追求经济、社会、文化权利和打击不平等和贫穷，包括经济、粮食和气候危机 \nD.移徙情况中的人权 11\nE.打击有罪不罚和加强问责制、法治和民主社会 11\nF.武装冲突、暴力和不安全情况中保护人权 13C.三. 15 \n 结论", ">", "一. 导言", "1. 今年，北非和中东发生大规模人民运动，人民要求取得他们的公民、文化、经济、社会和政治权利，并表示渴望得到合理的治理。联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)通过实地介入和联合国决策论坛，寻求抓住这些运动造成的势头。作为高级专员，我欢迎一些国家采取有希望的步骤，处理要求改革的呼声，展开久已应该进行的改革，但我要强调的是，焦点必须放在处理令人民走上街头的那些问题。", "2. 办事处继续执行六个优先专题的工作，并加强同联合国家庭各组织以及同其他区域和多边组织的伙伴关系。高级专员办事处驻纽约办事处助理秘书长的任命，使人权在联合国总部举行的政府间、部厅间和机构间讨论上，增加了能见度和影响。", "3. 我访问了澳大利亚、多民族玻利维亚国、德国、几内亚、以色列和巴勒斯坦被占领土、约旦、毛里塔尼亚、墨西哥、挪威、俄罗斯联邦、塞内加尔、突尼斯和坦桑尼亚联合共和国。副高级专员则访问了柬埔寨、海地、肯尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、立陶宛、尼泊尔、索马里和苏丹；人权事务助理秘书长访问了阿富汗、科特迪瓦和伊拉克。", "4. 人权高专办支助54个人权实地人员、12个区域派驻人员、13个国家办事处(新增突尼斯国家办事处)、联合国和平特派团14个人权单位和联合国国家工作队15个人权顾问(参看A/HRC/16/20)。目前继续同埃及政府讨论设立一个北非区域办事处。", "5. 办事处的任务急剧增加(包括人权条约机构体系不断扩大)，造成严重挑战。我感谢办事处工作人员，他们勤奋工作，献身事业；我呼吁会员国提供办事处足够资源，使它能完成任务。", "二. 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处优先专题", "A. 加强人权机制和逐步发展国际人权法", "1. 加强人权机制", "(a) 人权理事会", "6. 大会在第65/281号决议中认可人权理事会对其工作和运作情况的审查结果，这项审查是于2011年3月完成的。我敦促理事会继续表现其及时应对紧急和长期情况的能力，包括进一步试验创新的工作方式。", "7. 在本报告所述期间，理事会举行了三次特别会议，一次关于科特迪瓦局势(2010年12月)，一次关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国局势(2011年2月)，一次关于阿拉伯叙利亚共和国局势(2011年4月)。理事会成立国际调查委员会调查违反国际法、包括国际人道主义法和人权法的行为。理事会要求我派遣一个特派团到阿拉伯叙利亚共和国，但直到现在编写报告时，特派团仍未部署，因为得不到政府的合作。", "8. 理事会于2011年2月28日至3月25日举行第十六届会议，2011年5月30日至6月17日举行第十七届会议，两届会议一共通过29个决议和决定(比2010年多10个)，这表示它决定全面处理人权问题，它建立一些新的特别程序(参看第16段)，并继续制订标准和建立程序：它通过《联合国人权教育和培训宣言》并拟订《儿童权利宣言》的一个任择议定书。", "9. 这些行动值得称赞，但牵涉到大量资源，等待大会处理。", "(b) 普遍定期审议", "10. 到5月底，192年会员国中有175个会员国接受了审议，国家参与率为百分之一百，这反映它们热烈支持普遍定期审议机制。", "11. 办事处支助普遍定期审议：它编写有关每个国家的审议的文件，并支持报告员，管理工作组和理事会的进程，和促进各国参与。人权高专办利用参加普遍定期审议自愿信托基金的资源，迄今一共召开了25次实地和在总部举行的区域间、区域和国家工作会议，向国家提供关于编写国家报告的咨询意见，和向利益攸关方提供关于协助审议的咨询意见。", "12. 普遍定期审议的第一周期将于2012年3月结束。它让国际社会可以评价所有会员国境内的人权状况，并提供一个框架，让每个国家可以对改进实地人权状况的建议作出公开承诺。第二个周期应以初次审议的结果为基础，贯彻成果和国家的承诺。", "13. 办事处继续支助国家拟订实际方法，以贯彻和执行普遍定期审议产生的建议。人权高专办常常同对口合作，向40个左右国家提供关于贯彻建议的协助，协助工作利用“财政和技术协助执行普遍定期审议信托基金”和审议全面活动可用的资源。人权高专办召开了三次会议，交流经验和拟订执行审议产生的建议的综合路线图(两次会议同联合国开发计划署合作，在非洲举行，一次会议同欧洲联盟合作，在欧洲举行)。", "14. 审议第二周期的方式经理事会第十七届会议通过，它寻求在审议所接受建议的执行情况和考虑所审议国家人权状况的发展之间取得平衡。执行责任主要由国家承担，但国内利益攸关方可起作用，广泛的参与确保普遍定期审议纳入国家议程。", "(c) 特别程序", "15. 促进理事会特别程序——最可使用和最能回应的人权机制——的工作，是人权高专办的一个优先事项。特别程序的任务执行人通过国家访问、通讯和咨询服务，经常同国家和其他利益攸关方进行对话。我欢迎大会通过人权理事会工作与运作情况的审查结果，理事会强烈排斥恐吓或报复同联合国及其人权领域代表合作的人。", "16. 理事会建立了两个新的专题任务(消除法律上和事实上对妇女歧视工作组，和平集会和结社自由权利特别报告员)和两个新的国家任务(伊朗伊斯兰共和国人权状况特别报告员，和科特迪瓦问题独立专家)，所以现在一共有43项任务规定(33项专题任务，10项国家任务)。理事会还设立了人权与跨国和其他公司企业工作组。", "17. 2010年，特别程序任务执行人到48个国家进行了67次国家访问，向大会和人权理事会提出了161份报告，向110多个国家发出600多件信函。他们也通过协调委员会参加理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的特别会议。", "18. 80多个会员国向特别程序发出长期邀请，但任务执行人在取得访问国家、包括一些已发出长期邀请的国家的许可方面，仍遭遇困难。对信函提出答复的百分比仍只得35%左右。我感到高兴的是，理事会在其工作和运作情况审查结果发表后，再次呼吁各国切实同特别程序合作，并鼓励它们接受国家访问和采取立刻行动贯彻任务执行人的建议和信函内容。独立、正直和专门知识是特别程序的标志。这些原则也在审查结果中得到加强，它们使任务执行人能够公正地、平衡地履行职责。我深信大会会鼓励国家、区域和国际级别的密集对话。", "19. 办事处继续鼓励同特别程序任务执行人合作工作，并在工作中更加协调、划一工作方法和最有效地使用资源，任务执行人同条约机构、普遍定期审议和区域机构密切合作。人权高专办实地人员同特别程序合作，共同致力促进人权。特别程序的联合通讯报告将可加强工作方法，更有效地使用资源，因为这将大大减少文件和相关的处理费用——目前大约有66%的信函是由两个或两个以上任务执行人联合发出的。", "(d) 条约机构", "20. 《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》(2010年12月23日生效)缔约方第一次会议于2011年5月举行，庆祝第10个人权条约机构成立。在过去10年间，条约机构的数目从5个增至10个；它们年会的开会日期总数，从44个星期增至73个星期；专家人数从74人增至172人。到7月底，人权条约及其实质和程序议定书的批准书和加入书共为1 905件。", "21. 在我呼吁进行思考进程之后，人权高专办鼓励和促进利益攸关方之间进行进一步的对话，发展进一步加强条约机构体系的概念和建议。4月和6月，分别在首尔和比勒陀利亚同民间社会组织举行咨商会议。5月，差不多90个会员国的代表在瑞士、锡永举行会议(会议由我邀请、9位条约机构主席在场)，讨论加强体系问题、包括报告、建设性对话、条约机构成员的独立和专门知识和在国家一级执行的问题。", "22. 条约机构主席于6月30日至7月2日在日内瓦举行第二十三次会议，会前并举行12次委员会间会议。主席们通过关于如下问题的建议：条约机构成员的专门知识和独立；提高会议地位，授予决策权；每年召开两次区域会议；以特设专题工作组替代委员会间会议。", "2. 逐步发展国际人权法", "23. 办事处支持联合国人权体系(人权理事会、其咨询委员会和社会论坛、条约机构和特别程序)的制订标准活动。在人权高专办的支助下，条约机构举行了几天的一般性讨论，包括提出一般性评论。7月11日至29日，人权事务委员会举行第102届会议，通过了关于《公民及政治权利国际公约》第19条解释的第34号一般性评论。经济、社会、文化权利委员会讨论性健康和生殖健康权利；残疾人权利委员会讨论无障碍环境问题(《残疾人权利公约》第9条)。2010年12月，移徙工人问题委员会通过关于移徙家庭佣工权利第一次一般性评论，并在庆祝《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员的权利的国际公约》通过20周年纪念的范围内，讨论“保护权利，建立合作”专题。消除对妇女歧视委员会通过关于年长妇女及保护其人权以及《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》缔约方在第2条下所负核心义务的一般性评论。", "24. 2010年，5个委员会一共通过120多件关于个别来文的决定(这5个委员会订有实用的个别来文程序)，这促进了不同领域的国际判例。人权高专办支持关于《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》任择议定书的不限成员名额工作组。人权理事会第十七届会议通过《儿童权利公约》任择议定书文本，并建议大会今届会议予以通过。任择议定书授权儿童权利委员会收受和审议个别来文。", "25. 5月，人权高专办支助人权理事会第15/26号决议设立的不限成员名额工作组第一届会议，该届会议审议是否可能拟订国际管理框架以管理、监测和监督私营军事和保安公司活动的问题。不限成员名额工作组审议了一个可能公约的草案，草案是由使用雇佣军问题工作组编写的。", "26. 2010年，在人权高专办的支持下，根据关于境内流离失所者人权的任务规定，拟订了关于保护遭受自然灾害者的订正行动准则(A/HRC/16/43/Add.5，附件)，并经机构间常设委员会认可。", "27. 办事处支助人权与跨国公司及其他商业企业问题秘书长特别代表编写防止和处理商业活动人权遭受不利影响风险全球准则。特别代表拟订的“商业与人权指导原则：执行联合国保护、尊重和补救框架”(A/HRC/17/31，附件)，经理事会第十七届会议通过。人权高专办也向《联合国全球契约》的人权组成部分提供技术和政策咨询意见，并同《全球契约》联合提出一个关于商业与人权的订正在线学习工具以及一个商业企业拟订公司人权政策指南。", "28. 人权理事会第15/19号决议请人权高专办征求对赤贫与人权问题指导原则草案的意见、评论和建议(草案由人权与赤贫问题独立专家(现在为特别报告员)提出)。人权高专办于6月召开一次咨商会议，最后报告将提交理事会第十九届会议；特别报告员将向理事会第二十一届会议提出订正指导原则最后草案。", "29. 法律上和事实上对妇女歧视问题工作组于6月举行第一届会议。我有信心，工作组正在拟订的关于消除法律上和事实上歧视法律的最佳做法纲要，会向各国提供宝贵指导。", "30. 办事处管理普遍人权索引(www.universalhumanrightsindex.org)，这是一个电子工具，可以广泛传播人权机构和特别程序的建议和意见，从而帮助国家一级执行方面的努力。为了促进一种综合处理方法，将普遍定期审议产生的各项建议编入索引，这样，到2011年底，用户将能分析和比较联合国三个人权机制的建议。这将有助于各国执行建议，促进后续工作和简化使用结论和建议者的工作。", "31. 办事处支助政府间发展权利问题不限成员名额工作组的工作，包括工作组审议执行发展权利高级别工作队任务的成果。", "32. 办事处支助人权理事会咨询委员会拟订消除对麻风病患者及其家人的歧视原则和准则(2010年12月大会第65/215号决议通过)。", "33. 办事处促进理事会拟订《联合国人权教育和培训宣言》的倡议，它向理事会不限名额工作组(1月10日至14日开会)提供支助。", "34. 人权高专办同暴力侵害儿童问题秘书长特别代表合作，召开一次关于对儿童问题敏感的咨询、申诉和报告机制专家咨商会议(2010年9月30日和10月1日举行)。人权高专办另同特别代表办事处、各国议会联盟和非政府组织暴力侵害儿童问题咨询理事会合作，于2011年7月召开禁止、防止和应对一切形式暴力侵害儿童法律框架专家会议。", "35. 办事处继续促请注意以性取向和性别为基础侵害人权的行为，包括歧视。人权理事会第17/19号决议严重关切世界各区域根据性取向和性别暴力侵害和歧视个人的行为，请我委托进行一项关于相关歧视法律和做法及暴力行为的研究。研究结果将提交理事会第十九届会议讨论。", "36. 办事处召开一系列关于禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的专家工作会议，以讨论立法、法学和国家政策；加深了解；加强禁止煽动仇恨；确保充分尊重言论自由。工作会议分别在欧洲区域(维也纳，2月)、非洲区域(内罗毕，4月)和亚洲及太平洋区域(曼谷，7月)举行。最后一个工作会议预定在美洲区域举行(圣地亚哥，10月)。", "B. 打击歧视，特别是种族歧视、根据性别或宗教的歧视和对其他边缘化人的歧视", "1. 种族歧视", "37. 办事处在2011年非洲裔人国际年起主导作用，发展了一个全办事处的打击对非洲裔人歧视的行动框架。人权理事会第十六届会议期间召开了一个非洲裔人享受人权小组会议。现代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍问题特别报告员参加了非洲裔人问题专家工作组第十届会议。特别报告员在消除种族歧视国际日，同其他人权机制联合发表了一份联合声明，题为“承认正义和发展：实现非洲裔人完全平等路线图”。在消除种族歧视委员会第七十八届会议期间，举行一天关于对非洲裔人种族歧视问题的专题讨论会；专家工作组成员于5月访问葡萄牙时，并同非洲裔人会面。人权高专办发起非洲裔人伙伴方案，目的是加深参与者对联合国人权体系的了解，以期加强保护和促进伙伴所在国家和社区非洲裔人的权利。新闻部已展开宣传倡议，包括设立六种正式语文的专门网站。", "38. 今年是《德班宣言和行动纲领》通过10周年纪念，人权高专办举行活动庆祝，包括消除种族歧视国际日和非洲裔人国际年活动。并同大会主席办公室和新闻部合作，设立一个六种正式语文的网站。", "39. 2010年10月，有效执行《德班宣言和行动纲领》政府间工作组提出关于移徙、保护儿童、就业和国家行动计划的建议。", "40. 办事处继续协助会员国将它们在国际和区域人权文书下所负禁止和消除种族歧视的义务，落实为国家法律、政策和方案。办事处向贝宁、多民族玻利维亚国、布基纳法索、哥斯达黎加和乌拉圭提供发展国家打击种族歧视行动计划的技术协助。并举行区域培训工作会议(例如，埃塞俄比亚会议)，协助政府代表国家人权机构和民间社会拟订和执行国家行动计划。", "2. 土著和少数民族问题", "41. 7月，土著人民权利问题专家机制通过其关于参与决策权利的最后报告。它也讨论《联合国土著人民权利宣言》以及专家机制关于土著人民和教育权利专题研究的后续工作情况。", "42. 办事处继续支持少数民族问题论坛的工作。它同各国议会联盟合作于2010年11月在墨西哥恰帕斯举行一次关于少数民族和土著人民政治代表权的国际会议。办事处2010年9月在贝鲁特，2011年5月在曼谷同执法机构举行咨商会议，讨论如何加强少数民族参与警务。", "43. 人权高专办中非区域办事处同联合国系统组织及其他伙伴合作倡议，促进2010年12月通过一项关于刚果土著人民权利的法律，这是非洲第一个这类法律。", "44. 我曾承诺鼓励努力处理根据社会等级的歧视，按照这一承诺，人权事务高级专员驻尼泊尔办事处同国家达利特人委员会和人权维护者，通过能力建设和其他活动，鼓吹打击根据社会等级的歧视。2011年5月，尼泊尔议会通过一项关于根据社会等级歧视和不可接触贱民的里程碑法律。", "45. 人权高专办印发了两本出版物：“属于民族或种族、宗教和语言少数民族的权利宣言”和“少数民族权利：国际标准和执行准则”。", "46. 5月，人权高专办同国际劳工组织、开发计划署和联合国儿童基金会合作，共同发起“联合国土著人民伙伴关系”。“伙伴关系”将提供资金进行4个方案：(a) 获得正义、土地和祖先领土；(b) 法律审查和改革；(c) 民主治理和土著人民机构；(d) 自然资源和采掘工业。这些方案有助于促进《联合国土著人民权利宣言》及其执行。", "3. 两性平等与妇女人权", "47. 2010年安全理事会主席发展关于妇女与和平及安全的声明后(S/PRST/2010/ 22)，人权高专办参加妇女与两性平等机构间网络妇女、和平与安全工作队促进制订一个战略框架以指导执行安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议，和订定相关指标。人权高专办通过“联合国打击冲突中性暴力行动”机构间倡议，促进执行安全理事会关于与冲突有关的性暴力第1820(2008)、1888(2009)和1960(2010)号决议。办事处关于刚果民主共和国境内性暴力的高级别小组的报告(3月在日内瓦发表)载有性暴力受害人的证词，其中提出她们的需要及她们对可得到的救济和赔偿的看法。联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团联合国联合人权办事处已得到加强，以帮助贯彻报告内所载建议。", "48. 办事处协助联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(联合国妇女署)的战略规划进程，并展开拟订一项联合国妇女署/人权高专办联合工作计划，该工作计划将于2012年3月提交人权理事会和妇女地位委员会。", "49. 人权高专办同联合国人口基金、儿童基金会和世界卫生组织合作，编写一份关于防止根据性别的性选择机构间声明，于6月14日发表。在理事会第十七届会议期间，举行关于妇女权利的第4次年度讨论会，讨论专题为：鉴定防止暴力侵害妇女行为的良好做法和差距，与冲突有关的暴力侵害妇女行为。依照理事会的要求，我提出一份后续报告，向各国提供进一步指引。指出可防止孕产妇死亡和发病及人权方面的有效人权做法(A/HRC/18/27，待印发)。", "4. 对残疾人的歧视", "50. 到7月底，大会通过《残疾人权利公约》未到5年，已有103个国家成为《公约》的缔约方。办事处加强对残疾人权利委员会的支助，该委员会开始审议缔约国的报告和个人来文。2010年有25名实地人员向各国和民间社会提供这一领域的协助(2006年只有4名实地人员)。协助范围包括协助批准工作和履行报告义务；提供对法律、政策改革和体制建设的咨询意见；协助民间社会。人权高专办、儿童基金会、经济和社会事务部和开发计划署设立一项多捐助者信托基金，支助国家一级与《公约》有关的技术援助，我鼓励各国向基金捐款。人权高专办继续同经济和社会事务部共同主持关于《公约》的机构间支助小组。", "51. 在人权高专办、经济和社会事务部和其他联合国实体的建议下，成立了一个部门间无障碍环境工作队，以改善全联合国系统的无障碍环境标准，特别是会议议事程序和文件方面。在残疾人权利委员会和某种程度上在人权理事会方面，参与会议议事程序和取得文件上已有所改善；残疾人亦较可以参与联合国关于人权的会议。我欢迎联合国东帝汶综合特派团人权与过渡司法科发表联合国和平特派团关于残疾人权利的第一份公开报告，并通过一系列的广播电台节目，鼓吹残疾人应在更大程度上得到教育、就业和保健。", "5. 老年人", "52. 办事处支持执行大会第65/182号决议，大会在该决议中要求审议制定其他文书和措施的可能性，以期处理老年人面对的特殊人权挑战。会员国正审议现行的人权框架和机制，以加强保护老年人人权和处理这方面的任何差距。", "6. 根据健康状况的歧视", "53. 办事处继续同联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病署)合作，促进和保护染患和可能染患艾滋病毒的人的人权。并向各国政府提供技术援助，以审查妨碍普遍得到艾滋病毒预防、治疗、照顾和支持的法律、政策和做法。秘书长提交理事会第十六届会议的报告(A/HRC/16/69)提供对全球应对艾滋病方法当前面临的挑战的人权分析，该报告被用以筹备大会6月召开的艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题高级别会议。人权高专办也鼓励一些国家人权机构将艾滋病毒问题纳入其工作范围。", "C. 追求经济、社会、文化权利和打击不平等和贫穷，包括经济、粮食和气候危机", "1. 促进发展权利", "54. 2011年庆祝《联合国发展权利宣言》通过第25周年纪念的主要专题是“发展是人人的人权”。由于会员国和其他相关利益攸关方的努力，这个庆典启发促进发展权利的活动，这些活动在周年纪念之后仍继续。人权高专办正在汇编30多个国际发展权利专家的研究和分析研究报告。秘书长和我将联合向大会今届会议提交一份报告，详细说明经济及社会理事会、人权理事会及其社会论坛、条约机构、特别程序、联合国实体和民间社会、包括非政府组织在庆祝周年纪念期间进行的活动。经济、社会、文化权利委员会曾指出，它认为发展权利建立一个特定框架，在这个框架内履行提供国际合作和援助的义务。7月1日，各人权条约机构主席在一份联合声明中指出，它们决心一致努力促进对所有人权条约的具体发展内容和相互依存性的了解。从而突出和强调发展权利在解释和适用人权条约的规定和监测这些规定遵守情况方面的相干性和重要性。", "55. 办事处参加5月在伊斯坦布尔举行的联合国最不发达国家会议。会议通过的《伊斯坦布尔宣言和行动纲领》提到人权，显示全球越来越认识到人权对成功的发展成果的重要性。", "2. 一切人权纳入发展", "56. 人权高专办根据会员国在2005年世界首脑会议成果文件(大会第60/1号决议)和大会千年发展目标高级别全体会议成果文件所作的承诺，带头领导联合国发展集团机构间努力，促进将人权纳入联合国发展方面的业务活动，加强政策的连贯性、协调和能力发展，使联合国系统可以更有效地回应国家的优先事项。依照秘书长的要求，于2010年10月建立了一个人权主流化机制。机制所需支助的初步规划，显示国家一级的要求很强。人权高专办的实地人员、特别是联合国国家工作队人权顾问，促进将人权纳入发展方案拟订。", "57. 2010年举行的大会千年发展目标高级别全体会议对人权在会员国实现千年目标的努力上的重要性，达成历史性的协议：成果文件所定的行动议程中列有8个具体人权承诺。人权高专办对准备过程作出贡献：建立通讯战略和进行宣传运动；研究和政策分析；支助关于与千年目标有关问题的特别程序；参与并促进联合国发展集团千年发展目标工作队的准备工作和专题报告。各人权条约机构主席在高级别全体会议期间发表的联合声明强调国际人权标准在实现千年目标上的重要性。", "3. 打击贫穷", "58. 在打击贫穷上，我的优先重点是协助把上述的承诺落实为实地人权成果。在大会高级别全体会议上，我表示办事处准备向愿意带头将人权纳入其国家发展计划的所有会员国提供支助。在厄瓜多尔，规划部同人权高专办合作，发展将人权纳入国家发展规划进程的方法。这项工作在2011年继续进行，焦点放在水部门。", "59. 2011年5月，人权高专办和世界卫生组织与瑞典国际开发合作署一起，完成一个政策评估工具：“卫生部门战略中的人权与两性平等：如何评估政策的连贯性”，这个工具正在国家一级进行试验。人权高专办根据2010年10月在海地和利比里亚进行的以权利为基础的预算监测，完成了一个关于预算进程与人权的学习包，以帮助会员国和国家伙伴将人权纳入它们的国家发展和减贫战略。目前正在在国家、联合国和民间社会伙伴的支持下，在非洲进行学习包和训练培训员模式的测试。", "4. 经济、社会、文化权利", "60. 办事处进行关于《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约任择议定书》的宣传和培训活动，包括这些权利在以下国家的法院可审判性：贝宁、多民族玻利维亚国、布基纳法索、佛得角、哥斯达黎加、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、马里、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、尼日尔、塞内加尔、西班牙和多哥。这些活动促成厄瓜多尔和西班牙批准《任择议定书》，哥斯达黎加和哈萨克斯坦签署议定书和萨尔瓦多议会赞同议定书。", "61. 办事处支持将适当住房权利国际标准纳入国内法和做法。在吉尔吉斯斯坦，人权高专办的宣传促进将人权语言纳入住房法草案。在塔吉克斯坦，非政府组织报告说，在人权高专办组织的活动后，当局比较接受公开讨论取得资讯和参与都市规划以及使用司法等问题，而法院也越来越对住房问题敏感。在一些法院，法官对被迫迁者，补偿和重新安置都加以保护。在塞尔维亚，宣传和培训导致较公开地讨论有关罗姆人住房和迫迁的人权问题。", "62. 在海地，人权高专办对强迫驱逐案件发出具体指引。它也支持海地非政府组织监测保护方面关切事项并同营地委员会和妇女团体进行能力建设工作。", "63. 联合国科特迪瓦行动人权科在奥迭内北部地区建造两所学校，让儿童可以受教育。", "64. 人权高专办在柬埔寨的国家办事处在42件村民与公司的土地争端中提供协助，并向省和地方当局、社区和非政府组织提供法律意见。在哥伦比亚，人权高专办在关于受害人与土地归还法的辩论中提供法律意见，这项法律的目的是对国内武装冲突的受害人提供补偿和将土地归还几百万流离失所的人。", "5. 经济、粮食和气候危机中保护人权", "65. 我对非洲之角目前的饥荒深感关切，这次饥荒不幸使人想起尊重人权在预防重大经济、粮食和气候危机方面是非常重要的。虽然旱灾和冲突及广泛的结构不平衡是一部分原因，但饥荒主要是治理不善和缺乏国际合作所造成的。国际法规定国家个别地和集体地有责任执行预防饥荒措施，特别是根据气候变化的情况进行。国际法也要求对这些危机的应对应遵守人权标准，在生命遭遇危险时更强制要求有职责这样做的人立即有责任进行。", "66. 办事处继续参加全球粮食安全危机高级别工作队，帮助更新其综合行动框架，将以人权为基础的方法纳入世界粮食和营养安全战略。人权高专办向西非国家经济共同体提供关于萨赫勒地带气候变化下粮食安全、人类安全、人权和冲突相互关系的咨询意见。尼泊尔办事处拟订保护清单，该清单正被纳入机构间常设委员会该国行动计划的后勤和粮食组群。粮食权利特别报告员密切注意全球粮食危机的冲击，同联合国粮食和农业组织密切合作，进行世界粮食安全委员会的改革。", "67. 办事处按照人权理事会第16/11号决议，对人权与环境之间的关系进行分析研究，研究报告将向理事会第十九届会议提出。", "D. 移徙情况中的人权", "68. 我以全球移徙问题小组主席的身分，在2010年11月在墨西哥巴亚尔塔港举行的第四次全球移徙和发展问题论坛上讲话，呼吁停止将非正常移徙者罪犯化。人权高专办组织一次关于移徙者易成为歧视、种族主义和仇外心理对象的小组讨论会，并同联合国难民事务高级专员办事处合作，召开一次关于对移徙者、寻求庇护者、难民和无国籍人实施行政拘留之外的其他办法圆桌讨论会。", "69. 在我担任主席期间，全球论坛发表一份里程碑性声明，呼吁各国保护非正常移徙者的人权。人权高专办作为三人全球移徙问题小组的成员，于5月参加小组召开的一次研讨会，主题为“移徙与青年：利用发展机会”。", "70. 人权高专办作为打击贩运人口机构间协调小组主席，在人权理事会第十七届会议期间，组织一次会旁活动，强调联合国各实体在保护贩运行为受害人方面的作用。2010年12月，人权高专办在曼谷发表一份出版物：“建议的人权与贩运问题原则和准则：评注”。2010年和2011年，人权高专办参加几次区域能力建设活动，促进在处理贩运人口问题时采用以人权为基础的处理方法。", "71. 2010年，我继续呼吁增加批准和有效执行《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员的权利的国际公约》，2010年是该《公约》通过20周年。2010年6月，人权高专办欧洲区域办事处发起一项关于《公约》的研究。2010年12月，中非区域办事处组织关于中非人权与移徙问题的第一次对话，这次对话提供一个平台，鼓吹批准《公约》和审查现行政策。在墨西哥，人权高专办监测过境移徙者的状况，这是我7月访问墨西哥的一个重点。5月，在我访问澳大利亚期间，我敦促政府寻求强制移民拘留之外的其他替代办法，并确保这方面的双边和区域安排充分维护人权。6月1日，我在人权理事会的开幕词中提出我对北非移徙者的状况感到关切，包括据称沉船上的移徙者被弃，任由其沉溺，尽管据称附近的欧洲单位有能力予以救援", "E. 打击有罪不罚和加强问责制、法治和民主社会", "72. 联合国系统使用2010年3月通过的秘书长关于联合国处理过渡司法准则说明，作为支持建立过渡司法机制及其运作的共同标准。", "73. 联合国东帝汶综合特派团人权与过渡司法科继续监测和汇报联合国调查委员会就2006年危机期间所犯罪行建议的起诉尚余部分的进展情况，并促进东帝汶真相、接受和和解委员会各项建议的后续行动。我继续密切注意斯里兰卡境内的发展情况，并敦促贯彻秘书长专家小组的工作，该小组审查对过去指称的犯罪行为的各种问责选择。", "74. 办事处组织两个专家工作会议，讨论新出现的过渡司法问题：处理过渡司法进程中侵犯经济、社会、文化权利的行为；尽量扩大裁军、复员、重返社会和过渡司法之间的协调机会。2月，办事处组织一个研讨会，讨论档案作为保证获得真相权利的经验。办事处也协助多哥建立过渡司法和和解委员会，该委员会从2010年8月至12月收集了17 000件证词。尼泊尔办事处协助受害人参加过渡司法对话，鼓吹增加受害人群体接触当局的机会，包括提供关于寻求真相法案要素的培训和召开三次关于法案的咨商会议(4月和5月)，这些法案的目的是使受害人群体在全国范围参与。", "75. 2010年10月，人权高专办出版一份关于规划工作的报告，用文件证据指出1993年3月至2003年6月期间刚果民主共和国境内所犯最严重的侵犯人权和国际人道主义法的行为。3月，人权高专办就刚果民主共和国政府提出的一份法律草案提供技术意见，该草案是关于设立特别法庭，负责起诉侵犯国际人权法和国际人道主义法的行为。", "76. 在海地，对让-克洛德·杜瓦利埃统治下所犯严重侵犯人权行为的调查，提供技术协助。", "77. 办事处对阿根廷、尼泊尔、多哥和乌干达建立保护司法和准司法或非司法程序受害人框架，提供技术支助。在乌干达，办事处还同乌干达法律改革委员会和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室合作，于2010年11月组织一次高级别专家研讨会。2010年12月，在尼泊尔举行一次关于这些问题的区域研讨会。5月，人权高专办组织一次关于性别观点及受害人和证人保护方案拟订的专家会议，其后开始制订一个关于受害人和证人性别方面的工具。", "78. 办事处促进批准《国际刑事法院罗马规约》，并在国际刑事法院和联合国关系协定(经大会2004年批准)的框架内，加强同法院的关系。", "79. 国家人权机构是国家保护体系的一个重要组成部分，人权高专办向20多个国家提供法律和技术意见，支助加强这些机构；并向40多个国家人权机构提供法律和技术意见，加强它们遵守“关于促进和保护人权的国家机构的地位的原则”(大会第48/134号决议，附件)的能力。2010年11月，人权高专办同联合国利比里亚特派团合作，组织一个人权研讨会，由尼日利亚、冈比亚、利比里亚、乌干达、塞拉利昂和坦桑尼亚联合共和国的议员和国家人权机构参加。", "80. 2010年12月，在南非举行一次关于人权和传统司法的专家会议；2010年9月，同加蓬参议院和国民议会及中非国家经济共同体中非议员网络合作，组织一个关于人权与选举的区域培训讨论会。人权高专办继续向会员国提供支助，确保安全机构、武装部队、警察和执法机构的建立和发展(不论在冲突后、早期复员或发展环境)，均以国际人权法为基础。人权高专办帮助拟订一系列关于安全部门改革的准则说明。2011年6月，人权高专办和维持和平行动部出版一本执行指南，其中载列一份法治指标清单及相关的项目工具简编。", "81. 人权高专办作为反恐怖主义执行工作队保护人权反恐怖主义工作组的领导，于2月组织五个区域专家专题讨论会的第一个讨论会，以期确保被控恐怖主义罪行的人获得公平评判权利的基本原则。工作组制订两项人权参考指南，分别关于安全基本结构和关于在反恐怖主义范围内拦住和搜索人。依照人权理事会的要求，3月和6月组织了两个小组讨论会，分别讨论采取行动处理恐怖主义劫持人质事件中的人权和恐怖主义受害人的人权。", "82. 办事处继续鼓吹被拘留者要求由独立公正法院对其拘留进行司法审查的权利，和在遭受酷刑、虐待或其他侵犯人权行为之后寻求救济的权利，以及审判前被拘留人要求获得律师和迅速审判或释放的权利。2010年，联合国中非共和国综合建设和平办事处获准访问该国所有拘留中心。人权高专办在柬埔寨获准访问该国的所有平民监狱；在几内亚，人权高专办协助参加2010年9月示威游行后被拘留的60青年从一组公益律师中获得法律援助。", "83. 人权高专办深信人权教育有助于打击有罪不罚及加强问责制、法治和民主，它执行人权教育方案，向各国政府、机构和民间社会提供协助，并制订相关工具。同时发展以最佳做法为基础的人权教育和培训方法；2011年3月，人权高专办同EQUITAS-国际人权教育中心联合出版“评价人权培训活动：人权教育手册”。2011年4月，人权高专办同开发计划署合作，推动“共助社区项目”第七阶段，提供赠款，支助14个国家的人权教育和培训项目。", "84. 人权高专办在世界人权教育方案的范围内，传播方案第一阶段(2005年至2009年)的评价报告结论——第一阶段着重学校系统的人权教育。人权高专办同教科文组织合作，执行世界方案第二阶段(2010年至2014年)行动计划传播战略——第二阶段着重高等教育和教师、教育工作者、公务员、执法官员和军事人员的人权培训(参看A/HRC/15/28)。", "F. 武装冲突、暴力和不安全情况中保护人权", "85. 许多严重侵犯人权行为都是在武装冲突、暴力和不安全情况中发生的，而且不受惩罚。最近在中东和北非一些国家，例如巴林、埃及、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、突尼斯和也门的事态发展，以及其他情况，例如科特迪瓦和苏丹的情况，突出了迫切需要发展可持续方法防止暴力升级和迅速地、有效地保护平民。人权高专办曾发表强烈的公开声明；在埃及和突尼斯部署高级别特派团；支持科特迪瓦和阿拉伯利比亚民众国的独立调查团；继续同安全理事会互动，以期确保对侵犯人权行为问责。", "86. 办事处继续加强回应紧急情况的能力，主要是通过它的迅速反应科，该科2011年收到的要求比过去任何一年都多，包括促进执行人权理事会的相关决议方面(参看上文第6至第9段)。在许多情况，我提供人权高专办协助。我派遣上述特派团到突尼斯和埃及(分别为1月至2月和3月至4月)，以期能同国家和国际对口讨论人权挑战和探讨早期过渡阶段的合作途径。", "87. 6月底，在政府同意下，我派遣一个特派团到也门，进行初步的人权情况评估。我将按照人权理事会第十七届会议发表的关于也门人权情况的联合声明，向理事会第十八届会议提出报告。", "88. 2010年南吉尔吉斯坦发生暴力事件后，我派遣一个特派团到奥什，监测侵犯人权行为并用文件证明；协助受害人获得救济；向执法当局和司法机关就加强它们保护人权的能力，提供意见。特派团的在场就是提供保护，这表明人权高专办在防止和处理威胁生命的侵犯人权行为方面可起关键作用。", "89. 联合国海地稳定特派团人权科继续领导2010年地震后全面人道主义应对保护组群。它按照发展情况调整，重新设计其战略，着重保护境内流离失所的人和受影响社区；法治；人权纳入公共政策、包括重建。", "90. 办事处参加2008年8月格鲁吉亚事件后日内瓦发起的国际讨论会，它强调所有负有义务者、包括控制当局，有责任确保人人享受一切人权，毫无歧视。在阿富汗，联合国阿富汗援助团人权组成部分同阿富汗独立人权委员会联合进行尽量减少冲突对平民影响的活动。", "91. 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动人权科鼓吹将人权纳入达尔富尔调解进程主流，包括支助民间社会参加多哈和平会谈。", "92. 在哥伦比亚，人权高专办加强它监测武装冲突情况中所犯性暴力案件，着重创造安全和信任条件，从而鼓励妇女举报性暴力行为。在萨尔瓦多，人权高专办就制订关于暴力侵害妇女的新法律提供意见(该法律于2010年11月通过)。", "93. 办事处同维持和平行动部订定关于保护平民和将保护平民纳入特派团规划的行动概念，并进行盘点执行保护平民任务所需资源和能力的工作。办事处也就联合国和平行动(例如在科特迪瓦和达尔富尔的行动)发展的保护平民战略提供意见，并帮助发展维持和平军人行动概念培训综合教材，人权高专办在这一领域工作的基本原则是，国际人道主义法和人权法是互相补充和互相加强性质、以及人权在冲突情况中有效保护平民的中心作用。", "94. 办事处完成了两项关于将人权纳入联合国警察和军事工作方面所汲取的教训、良好做法和持续挑战的报告。在安全部门改革方面，办事处支持机构间努力发展一系列准则说明，以加强联合国支助建立一支专业的、遵守人权的和问责的安全部队的能力。秘书长交付人权高专办和维持和平行动部一项任务，就是领导联合国系统内咨商、审查联合国对非联合国安全部队的支助情况，以确保严格遵守国际人权法、国际人道主义法和难民法。", "95. 在越来越多的国家，严重的暴力罪行、包括杀害、酷刑、失踪或性暴力和以性别为基础的暴力，使人民遭受侵犯人权行为并严重破坏国家的民主运作，往往，政府缺乏资源，有时缺乏意愿适当地处理情况，保持被动或采取违反它们国际人权义务的政策和措施。", "96. 有些国家请求人权高专办提供这方面的意见。人权高专办、美洲人权委员会和儿童基金会出版一份关于公民安全的报告，该报告主张对犯罪行为和暴力采取一种以权利为基础的综合处理方法，而非着重控制和镇压的强硬政策。人权高专办向南方共同市场公人权政策研究所提供技术合作，以发展一项成员国公民安全政策；人权高专办并参加中美洲一体化体系建立政府在这一领域能力的活动。", "97. 在墨西哥，人权高专办鼓吹反对使用军人担任公共秩序职务，主张在民事法院起诉军人所犯的侵犯人权行为。在一些国家，人权高专办提供关于警察和监狱改革的意见并支助发展和实施对负责公共秩序职务的政府官员和安全部队的人权培训。在危地马拉，人权高专办就安全立法和司法问题向议会提供技术援助。", "三. 结论", "98. 在本报告所述期间，办事处寻求迅速回应世界许多部分的人权危机。办事处也继续处理长期的人权问题；支持订立标准活动，人权理事会审查和加强条约机构体系的努力。但是，人权高专办面临的一项挑战，就是它对越来越多的任务规定，需要给予它们要求和应得的优先地位和仔细关注。我欢迎大会决定在本届会议审议迅速提供必要资源的方法，以应对理事会建立的迫切和时间敏感的任务规定。", "99. 人权同联合国的一切活动相关，这是不容争论的。我敦促国际社会加强对联合国人权方案的支持，使其能真正构成本组织的第三个柱石，和能回应世界所有部分一切人民充分和平等享受人权的合理要求。", "11-44840 (C) 020911 060911", "*1144840*" ]

[ "联 合 国", "联合国人权事务高级专员的报告", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第36号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第36号", "[联合国]2011年,纽约", "联合国人权事务高级专员的报告", "A/66/36", "ISSN 1020-3672 (英语).", "说明", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。 凡是提到这种编号,就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年8月9日]", "目录", "页次\n一、导言. 1 - 2 3\nA. 加强1个人权机制和国际人权的逐渐发展\nB. 提出7起歧视案件,特别是种族歧视、基于性别或宗教的歧视和对\nC. 维护10项经济、社会和文化权利并消除不平等和贫困,包括在经济、粮食和气候方面\nD. 人权 13\nE. 打击14起有罪不罚现象和加强问责制、法治和民主\nF. 在武装冲突、暴力、\n不安全\n三. 结论 18", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 今年,北非和中东发生了大规模民众运动,人们要求享有公民、文化、经济、社会和政治权利,并表示希望实行健全的治理。 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)通过在实地和联合国决策论坛上的干预努力抓住这些运动所创造的势头。 作为高级专员,我欢迎一些国家采取有希望的步骤,响应变革的呼吁并启动早该进行的改革,但强调重点必须仍然是解决使人们走上街头的一系列问题。", "2. 联合国 本办事处继续执行其六个专题优先事项,并加强其同联合国系统各组织以及其他区域和多边组织的伙伴关系。 高级专员办事处纽约办事处助理秘书长的任命提高了人权在联合国总部政府间、部门间和机构间讨论中的能见度和影响。", "3个 我访问了澳大利亚、多民族玻利维亚国、德国、几内亚、以色列和巴勒斯坦被占领土、约旦、毛里塔尼亚、墨西哥、挪威、俄罗斯联邦、塞内加尔、突尼斯和坦桑尼亚联合共和国。 副高级专员访问了柬埔寨、海地、肯尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、立陶宛、尼泊尔、索马里和苏丹,主管人权事务助理秘书长访问了阿富汗、科特迪瓦和伊拉克。", " 4.四. 随着突尼斯国家办事处的设立,人权高专办向54个人权实地存在、12个区域存在、13个国家办事处、联合国和平特派团中的14个人权部门以及联合国国家工作队中的15个人权顾问提供支助(见A/HRC/16/20)。 目前正在同埃及政府讨论设立一个北非区域办事处的问题。", "5 (韩语). 要求本办事处完成的任务急剧增加,包括由于人权条约机构系统稳步扩大而增加的任务,提出了严重的挑战。 我感谢我的工作人员的勤奋和献身精神,并吁请会员国为我的办公室提供足够的资源,使其能够完成任务。", "二. 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的专题优先事项", "A类. 加强人权机制和国际人权法的逐渐发展", "1. 联合国 加强人权机制", "(a) 人权理事会", "6. 国家 大会第65/281号决议核可了2011年3月完成的人权理事会对其工作和运作情况的审查的结果。 我敦促安理会继续展示其及时应对紧急和长期局势的能力,包括进一步尝试创造性的工作方式。", "7. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,理事会就科特迪瓦(2010年12月)、阿拉伯利比亚民众国(2011年2月)和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国(2011年4月)的局势举行了三届特别会议。 它设立了国际调查委员会,调查违反国际法,包括国际人道主义法和人权法的行为。 安理会请我向阿拉伯叙利亚共和国派遣一个特派团,但在编写本报告时,由于该国政府不合作,该特派团尚未部署。", "8. 联合国 在2011年2月28日至3月25日和5月30日至6月17日举行的第十六届和第十七届会议上,理事会通过了29项决议和决定(比2010年多出10项),表明了理事会全面解决人权问题的决心。 它设立了新的特别程序(见第16段),并继续通过通过《联合国人权教育和培训宣言》和拟订《儿童权利公约》任择议定书来制定标准和制定程序。", "9. 国家 这些行动值得赞扬,但涉及大量资源问题,有待大会处理。", "(b) 普遍定期审议", "10个 截至5月底,192个会员国中有175个接受了审查,各国100%的参与率反映了它们对普遍定期审议机制的有力参与。", "11个 本办事处支持普遍定期审议,除其他外,编写与对每个国家的审议有关的文件并支助报告员,管理工作组和理事会的进程并便利各国的参与。 利用参与普遍定期审议自愿信托基金的资源,人权高专办迄今已举办了25次外地和总部区域间、区域和国家讲习班,就编写国家报告和利益攸关方对审议工作的投入向各国提供咨询意见。", "12个 第一轮普遍定期审议将于2012年3月完成。 它使国际社会能够评估所有会员国的人权状况,并提供了一个框架,各国在此框架内就旨在改善当地人权状况的建议作出公开承诺。 第二个周期应以初步审查为基础,就各国的成就和承诺采取后续行动。", "13个 本办事处继续支持各国制定切实可行的办法,以贯彻和执行普遍定期审议所提出的建议。 人权署经常与对应方一道,通过执行普遍定期审议财政和技术援助信托基金和审议总体活动的可用资源,在大约40个国家协助落实建议。 人权高专办召开了三次会议,交流了经验并制定了执行审查所提出建议的全面路线图(两次在非洲,联合国开发计划署(开发署),一次在欧洲,欧洲联盟)。", "14个 理事会第十七届会议通过的第二周期审议方式力求在审查已接受建议的执行情况和审议被审议国家人权状况动态之间取得平衡。 执行的责任主要由国家承担,但国家利益攸关方可以发挥作用,广泛参与可确保普遍定期审议纳入国家议程。", "(c) 特别程序", "15个 便利理事会特别程序的工作是人权署的一个优先事项,特别程序是人权机制最容易利用和反应最迅速的。 任务负责人通过国别访问、通信和咨询服务与各国和其他利益攸关方保持对话。 我欢迎大会通过人权理事会工作和运作情况审查结果,坚决反对对在人权领域与联合国及其代表合作的人进行恐吓或报复。", "16号. 理事会设立了两项新的专题任务(消除法律和实践中对妇女的歧视工作组和和平集会和结社自由权利问题特别报告员)和两项新的国家任务(伊朗伊斯兰共和国人权状况特别报告员和科特迪瓦问题独立专家),现在有43项任务(33个专题和10个国家)。 理事会还设立了人权与跨国及其他工商企业问题工作组。", "17岁。 2010年,特别程序任务负责人对48个国家进行了67次国别访问,向大会和人权理事会提交了161份报告,并向约110个国家发出了600多封信函。 他们还通过其协调委员会参加了理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国的特别会议。", "18岁。 80多个会员国向特别程序发出了长期有效邀请,但任务负责人在获准访问方面仍然面临困难,包括一些发出了长期有效邀请的国家。 对来文的答复仍然只有35%左右。 我感到高兴的是,理事会在审查其工作和运作情况的结果中再次呼吁各国与特别程序进行有效合作,并鼓励各国接受国别访问并立即采取行动,就任务负责人的建议和信函采取后续行动。 独立性、完整性和专门知识是特别程序的标志。 这些原则也得到审议结果的加强,使任务负责人能够不偏不倚和平衡地履行职责。 我相信,大会将鼓励在国家、区域和国际各级加强对话。", " 19. 19. 本办事处继续鼓励在与特别程序任务执行人的工作中加强协调、统一工作方法并最有效地利用资源,这些任务执行人与条约机构、普遍定期审议和区域机构密切合作。 人权高专办驻外机构与特别程序合作,共同寻求促进人权。 特别程序的联合来文报告将加强工作方法,使资源得到更高效率的利用,大大减少文件和相关处理费用,因为大约66%的来文是由两个或两个以上任务负责人联合印发的。", "(d) 条约机构", "20号. 2010年12月23日生效的《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》缔约国第一次会议于5月举行,标志着第十次人权条约机构的成立。 条约机构的数目在过去十年中从5个增加到10个;每年届会的周数从44个增加到73个;专家人数从74个增加到172个。 截至7月底,批准和加入人权条约及其实质性和程序性议定书的国家有1 905个。", "21岁 在我呼吁进行反思之后,人权高专办鼓励并促进了各利益攸关方之间的进一步对话,目的是为进一步加强条约机构系统提出想法和建议。 4月和6月,分别在汉城和比勒陀利亚同民间社会组织进行了协商。 5月,将近90个会员国的代表应我的邀请并在条约机构九名主席在场的情况下,在瑞士锡永举行会议,讨论加强该制度的问题,包括条约机构成员的报告、建设性对话、独立性和专门知识以及国家一级的执行。", "22号. 主席们于6月30日至7月2日在日内瓦举行了第二十三次会议,此前举行了第十二次委员会间会议。 他们通过了关于条约机构成员的专门知识和独立性的建议、关于赋予会议决策权以加强会议、每两年召开一次区域一级年度会议和以特设专题工作组取代委员会间会议的建议。", "2. 联合国 国际人权法的逐渐发展", "23. 联合国 本办事处为联合国人权系统(人权理事会、其咨询委员会和社会论坛、条约机构和特别程序)的标准制定活动提供了支助。 在人权高专办的支持下,条约机构举行了为期数天的一般性讨论会,包括关于拟订一般性意见的讨论会。 7月11日至29日举行的人权事务委员会第一〇二届会议通过了关于《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十九条的解释的第34号一般性意见。 经济、社会、文化权利委员会讨论了性健康和生殖健康权,残疾人权利委员会讨论了无障碍问题(《残疾人权利公约》第二条)。 9. 2010年12月,移徙工人委员会通过了其关于移徙家庭佣工权利的第一项一般性意见,并在《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》通过二十周年之际,讨论了 \" 保护权利、建立合作 \" 的主题。 消除对妇女歧视委员会通过了关于老年妇女及其人权和缔约国根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第2条承担的核心义务的一般性建议。", "24 (韩语). 2010年,有运作个人来文程序的五个委员会就个人来文通过了约120项决定,从而推进了各领域的国际判例。 人权高专办为《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》任择议定书不限成员名额工作组提供了支助。 人权理事会第十七届会议通过了《儿童权利公约》任择议定书案文并建议大会在本届会议上予以通过。 任择议定书将授权儿童权利委员会接受并审议个人来文。", "25岁 5月,人权高专办为人权理事会第15/26号决议设立的不限成员名额工作组第一届会议提供了支助,以审议是否有可能就监管、监测和监督私营军事和安保公司的活动拟订一项国际监管框架。 不限成员名额工作组审议了由使用雇佣军问题工作组拟订的可能公约草案。", "26. 联合国 2010年,在人权高专办的支持下并结合境内流离失所者的人权任务,制定了关于保护自然灾害局势中人员的订正业务准则(A/HRC/16/43/Add.5, 附件)并得到了机构间常设委员会的核可。", "27个 本办事处支持人权与跨国公司和其他工商企业问题秘书长特别代表拟订防止和处理与商业活动有关的人权受不利影响风险的全球标准。 理事会第十七届会议通过了由特别代表制定的《工商企业与人权:执行联合国“保护、尊重和补救”框架的指导原则》(A/HRC/17/31, 附件)。 人权高专办还就《联合国全球契约》的人权部分提供技术和政策咨询,与《全球契约》联合制作了经修订的工商业与人权在线学习工具以及工商企业制定公司人权政策指南。", "28岁 人权理事会第15/19号决议请人权高专办就人权与赤贫问题独立专家(现为特别报告员)提交的关于赤贫与人权的指导原则草案的进度报告征求意见、意见和建议。 人权高专办于6月举行了一次磋商会,将向理事会第十九届会议提交最后报告;特别报告员将向理事会第二十一届会议提交经修订的指导原则的最后草案。", "29. 国家 法律和实践中对妇女的歧视问题工作组于6月举行了第一届会议。 我相信,工作组正在编制的有关消除法律上和事实上歧视性法律的最佳做法简编将为各国提供宝贵的指导。", "30岁。 本办事处负责管理世界人权指数(www.universalhumanrightsindex.org),这是一个电子工具,可以广泛传播人权条约机构和特别程序的建议和意见,从而协助国家一级的执行努力。 为促进综合办法,普遍定期审议提出的建议将编制索引,以便到2011年底用户能够分析和比较联合国三个人权机制的建议。 这将协助各国执行各项建议,促进后续行动并简化使用结论和建议者的工作。", "31岁 办事处向发展权问题不限成员名额政府间工作组提供支助,包括审议落实发展权问题高级别工作队的任务成果。", "32. 联合国 它支持人权理事会咨询委员会制定消除对麻风病患者及其家人歧视的原则和准则,并由大会2010年12月第65/215号决议通过。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 本办事处通过向1月10日至14日举行会议的理事会不限成员名额工作组提供支助,为理事会拟订《联合国人权教育和培训宣言》的倡议提供了便利。", "34. 国家 人权高专办与负责暴力侵害儿童问题的秘书长特别代表办公室合作,于2010年9月30日和10月1日举行了关于对儿童敏感的咨询、投诉和报告机制的专家磋商会。 2011年7月,人权高专办与特别代表办公室、各国议会联盟和非政府组织暴力侵害儿童问题咨询委员会联合召开了一次关于禁止、预防和应对一切形式暴力侵害儿童行为所需法律框架的专家会议。", "35. 联合国 办事处继续提请注意基于性取向或性别认同对个人所犯下的侵犯人权行为,包括歧视。 人权理事会在第17/19号决议中,对世界各地区因性取向和性别认同而针对他人实施的暴力和歧视行为表示严重关切,并请我委托他人对有关歧视性法律、做法和暴力行为进行研究。 理事会第十九届会议将讨论研究结果。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 我的办事处举办了一系列关于禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的专家讲习班,目的是讨论立法、判例和国家政策,并加深理解和加强遵守禁止煽动仇恨的规定,同时确保充分尊重言论自由。 为欧洲区域(2月,维也纳)、非洲区域(4月,内罗毕)和亚洲及太平洋(7月,曼谷)举办了讲习班。 美洲区域的最后一期讲习班定于10月在圣地亚哥举行。", "B. 打击歧视,特别是种族歧视、基于性别或宗教的歧视以及对处于社会边缘地位的其他人的歧视", "1. 联合国 种族歧视", "37. 联合国 本办事处在2011年 \" 非洲裔人国际年 \" 中发挥了主导作用,制定了打击对非洲裔人歧视的全办事处行动框架。 在人权理事会第十六届会议期间,召开了非洲人后裔享有人权问题小组讨论会。 当代形式的种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关的不容忍现象问题特别报告员参加了非洲人后裔问题专家工作组第十届会议。 在消除种族歧视国际日之际,特别报告员与其他人权机制发表了题为“承认、正义和发展:实现非洲人后裔充分平等的路线图”的联合声明。 在消除种族歧视委员会第七十八届会议期间,就对非洲人后裔的种族歧视问题举行了一天的专题讨论;在5月访问葡萄牙期间,专家工作组成员会见了非洲人后裔。 人权署为非洲人后裔发起了一项研究金方案,目的是加深学员对联合国人权系统的理解,以期加强在学员的国家和社区保护和促进非洲人后裔的权利。 已同新闻部一道采取了新闻举措,包括以六种正式语文建立一个专门网站。", "38. 国家 今年是《德班宣言》和《行动纲领》通过十周年,人权高专办开展了促进纪念该周年的活动,包括在消除种族歧视国际日和非洲人后裔国际年范围内开展的活动。 与大会主席办公室和新闻部合作建立了一个六种正式语文网站。", "39. 2010年10月,有效执行《德班宣言和行动纲领》政府间工作组就移徙、儿童保护、就业和国家行动计划提出了建议。", " 40. 40. 本办事处继续协助会员国将国际和区域人权文书规定的禁止和消除种族歧视的义务转化为国家法律、政策和方案。 向贝宁、多民族玻利维亚国、布基纳法索、哥斯达黎加和乌拉圭提供了制定反种族歧视国家行动计划的技术援助。 例如,在埃塞俄比亚举办的区域培训讲习班使政府代表、国家人权机构和民间社会在制定和执行国家行动计划方面受益。", "2. 土著问题和少数群体问题", "41. 国家 7月,土著人民权利专家机制通过了关于参与决策权的最后报告。 它还讨论了《联合国土著人民权利宣言》及其关于土著人民与受教育权的专题研究的后续行动。", "42. 国家 我的办事处继续支持少数群体问题论坛的工作。 2010年11月,与各国议会联盟在墨西哥恰帕斯举行了一次关于少数群体和土著人民在政治中的代表性的国际会议。 2010年9月在贝鲁特和2011年5月在曼谷与执法机构举行了关于如何加强少数族裔参与警务的磋商。", "43. 东帝汶 人权高专办中部非洲区域办事处同联合国系统各组织和其他伙伴在倡导举措上的合作是2010年12月通过刚果土著人民权利法的背景的一部分,这是非洲首个此类法律。", "44. 国家 根据我鼓励努力解决基于种姓的歧视的承诺,人权事务高级专员办事处驻尼泊尔办事处与全国达利特人委员会和人权维护者一道,通过能力建设和其他活动,倡导反对基于种姓的歧视。 尼泊尔议会于2011年5月通过了一项关于种姓歧视和贱民制的划时代法律。", "45. 国家 人权高专办已印发了两份出版物:《在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言:国际标准和执行指南》。", "46. 经常预算: 5月,人权专员办事处同国际劳工组织、开发计划署和联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)一起发起了联合国土著民族伙伴关系。 伙伴关系将为以下方案提供资金:(a) 诉诸司法、土地和祖传领地;(b) 立法审查和改革;(c) 民主治理和土著人民机构;(d) 自然资源和采掘业,从而促进《联合国土著人民权利宣言》并便利其执行。", "3个 两性平等和妇女人权", "47. 国家 作为安全理事会主席2010年发表的关于妇女与和平与安全的声明(S/PRST/2010/22)的后续行动,人权高专办参加了机构间妇女和性别平等网络的妇女、和平与安全工作队,为制定战略框架以指导安全理事会第1325(2000)号决议的执行并制订相关指标作出了贡献。 通过机构间倡议 \" 联合国制止冲突中性暴力的行动 \" ,人权高专办为执行安全理事会关于与冲突有关的性暴力的第1820(2008)号、第1888(2009)号和第1960(2010)号决议作出了贡献。 我的刚果民主共和国性暴力问题高级别小组的报告于3月在日内瓦发布,其中载有性暴力受害者的证词,说明他们的需求及其对可获得的补救和赔偿的看法。 联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团联合国联合人权办公室已得到加强,以协助落实报告中的建议。", " 48. 48. 我的办公室为联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)的战略规划进程出力,并着手制定妇女署/人权高专办联合工作计划,于2012年3月提交人权理事会和妇女地位委员会。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 6月14日,人权高专办同联合国人口基金、儿童基金会和世界卫生组织(卫生组织)合作,发表了关于防止性别偏见性别选择的机构间声明。 在理事会第十七届会议期间举行的关于妇女人权的第四次年度讨论的主题包括查明在防止对妇女的暴力行为和与冲突有关的对妇女的暴力行为方面的良好做法和差距。 应理事会的要求,我提交了一份后续报告,就可预防的孕产妇死亡和发病与人权的有效人权做法向各国提供了进一步指导(A/HRC/18/27,即将提交)。", " 4.四. 对残疾人的歧视", " 50. 50. 到7月底,在大会通过《残疾人权利公约》不到五年之后,已有103个国家成为缔约国。 本办事处已增加对残疾人权利委员会的支持,该委员会已开始审议缔约国的报告和个人来文。 2010年,25个实地机构在这一领域向各国提供了援助,而2006年只有4个。 援助范围包括支持批准和履行报告义务,为法律、政策改革和体制建设提供投入,以及向民间社会提供援助。 人权高专办、儿童基金会、经济和社会事务部和开发署已设立一个多方捐助者信托基金,以在国家一级支持与《公约》有关的技术援助,我鼓励各国向该基金捐款。 人权高专办继续与经济和社会事务部共同主持《公约》机构间支助小组。", "51. 联合国 根据人权高专办、经济和社会事务部和其他联合国实体的建议,设立了一个部门间无障碍问题工作队,以提高联合国全系统的无障碍标准,特别是在会议记录和文件方面。 在残疾人权利委员会方面,会议程序和文件的无障碍性有所提高,在某种程度上,人权理事会和联合国人权会议也变得更加方便残疾人使用。 我欢迎联合国东帝汶综合特派团人权和过渡司法科发表联合国和平特派团关于残疾人权利的第一份公开报告,并进行宣传,包括通过一系列广播节目进行宣传,增加残疾人获得教育、就业和保健的机会。", "5 (韩语). 老年人", "52. (中文(简体) ). 本办事处为执行大会第65/182号决议提供了支助,大会在该决议中呼吁审议制定进一步文书和措施的可行性,以应对老年人面临的特殊人权挑战。 会员国正在审议现有的人权框架和机制,以加强和弥补保护老年人人权方面的差距。", "6. 国家 基于健康状况的歧视", "53. 联合国 办事处继续与联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署(艾滋病规划署)合作,以促进和保护艾滋病毒感染者和易感染艾滋病毒者的人权。 向各国政府提供技术援助,以审查阻碍普及艾滋病毒预防、治疗、护理和支助的法律、政策和做法。 秘书长提交理事会第十六届会议的报告(A/HRC/16/69)从人权角度分析了全球艾滋病对策目前面临的挑战,并被用来为大会于6月举行的艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题高级别会议做准备。 人权高专办还鼓励一些国家人权机构将艾滋病毒问题纳入其工作。", "C. 追求经济、社会和文化权利并消除不平等和贫穷,包括在经济、粮食和气候危机背景下的不平等和贫穷", "1. 联合国 推进发展权", "54. 联合国 “发展是所有人的人权”是2011年纪念《联合国发展权利宣言》通过二十五周年的主题。 由于会员国和其他相关利益攸关方的努力,这次活动激励了推进发展权的活动,这将超过周年纪念年。 人权高专办正在汇编30多位发展权问题国际专家的研究和分析研究报告。 秘书长和我共同向大会本届会议提交的报告详细介绍了经济及社会理事会、人权理事会及其社会论坛、条约机构、特别程序、联合国实体和包括非政府组织在内的民间社会为纪念该周年而开展的活动。 经济、社会和文化权利委员会指出,它认为发展权确立了一个具体框架,在这一框架内,必须履行提供国际合作和援助的义务。 在7月1日的一份联合声明中,人权条约机构主席指出,他们决心作出一致努力,促进对所有人权条约进行以发展为基础、以相互依存为基础的解读,以强调和强调发展权在解释和适用人权条约条款以及监测这些条款的遵守情况方面的相关性和重要性。", "55. 国家 我的办事处参加了5月在伊斯坦布尔举行的第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议。 会议通过的《伊斯坦布尔宣言和行动纲领》提到了人权,表明全球日益认识到人权对成功发展成果的重要性。", "2. 联合国 将所有人权纳入发展", "56. (中文(简体) ). 在会员国在2005年世界首脑会议成果文件(大会第60/1号决议)和大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议成果文件中所作承诺的基础上,人权高专办领导了联合国发展集团内部的机构间努力,以进一步将人权纳入联合国发展方面业务活动,并增强政策一致性、协调和能力发展,使联合国系统能够更有效地应对国家优先事项。 应秘书长的要求,2010年10月设立了一个人权主流化机制。 初步摸清所需支助表明,国家一级需求很大。 人权高专办的外地存在,特别是联合国国家工作队的人权顾问,为将人权纳入发展规划作出了贡献。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 2010年举行的大会关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议就人权在会员国实现千年发展目标的努力中的重要性达成了历史性协议,8个具体的人权承诺已反映在成果文件所制定的行动议程中。 人权高专办为筹备进程作出了贡献,包括通过传播战略和宣传活动、研究和政策分析、支持特别程序处理与目标有关的问题,以及更多地参与联合国发展集团千年发展目标工作队的筹备工作和专题报告并作出贡献。 人权条约机构主席在高级别全体会议发表的联合声明中强调了国际人权标准对实现千年发展目标的重要性。", "3个 消除贫穷", "58. 联合国 我在消除贫困方面的优先事项是协助将上述承诺转化为实地的人权成果。 在大会高级别全体会议上,我向愿意在将人权纳入国家发展计划方面发挥领导作用的所有会员国表示,我的办事处将给予支持。 在厄瓜多尔,规划部和人权高专办合作制定了将人权纳入国家发展规划进程的方法。 这项工作在2011年继续进行,重点是水部门。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 2011年5月,人权高专办和世卫组织同瑞典国际开发合作署一道,最后确定了一项政策评估工具,即卫生部门战略中的人权和性别平等: 如何评估政策一致性,正在国家一级进行测试。 在2010年10月在海地和利比里亚进行的基于权利的预算监测的基础上,人权高专办完成了关于预算进程和人权的一揽子学习计划,旨在支持会员国和国家伙伴将人权纳入其国家发展和减贫战略 正在国家、联合国和民间社会伙伴的支持下,在非洲试行学习教材和培训员培训单元。", "4. 经济、社会和文化权利", "60. 联合国 我的办事处在贝宁、多民族玻利维亚国、布基纳法索、佛得角、哥斯达黎加、厄瓜多尔、萨尔瓦多、马里、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、尼日尔、塞内加尔、西班牙和多哥开展了关于《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约任择议定书》的宣传和培训活动,包括这些权利可由法院审理的问题。 这些活动是厄瓜多尔和西班牙批准《任择议定书》、哥斯达黎加和哈萨克斯坦签署以及萨尔瓦多议会批准《任择议定书》的背景的一部分。", "61. 国家 我的办事处支持将适足住房权国际标准纳入国内法和实践。 在吉尔吉斯斯坦,人权高专办的宣传促进了将人权语言纳入住房法草案。 在塔吉克斯坦,非政府组织报告说,在人权高专办组织的活动之后,当局更愿意讨论获得城市规划信息和诉诸司法等问题,法院对住房问题越来越敏感。 在一些法域,法官为被驱逐者提供保护、赔偿和重新安置。 在塞尔维亚,宣传和培训导致更公开地讨论与罗姆人住房和驱逐有关的人权问题。", "62. 联合国 在海地,人权高专办就强迫驱逐案件发布了具体指南。 它还支助海地非政府组织监测保护问题,同难民营委员会和妇女团体进行能力建设。", "63. 国家 联合国科特迪瓦行动人权科在奥迭内北部地区建造了两所学校,从而便利儿童接受教育。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 人权高专办驻柬埔寨国家办事处就村民和公司之间的42起土地纠纷提供了援助,并向省级和地方当局、社区和非政府组织提供了法律咨询。 在哥伦比亚,人权高专办在关于《受害者和土地归还法》的辩论中提供了法律咨询意见,目的是赔偿国内武装冲突的受害者,将土地归还数百万流离失所者。", "5 (韩语). 在经济、粮食和气候危机中保护人权", "65. 国家 我对非洲之角目前的饥荒深感关切,这不幸地提醒我们,尊重人权对于防止重大经济、粮食和气候危机至关重要。 虽然干旱是部分原因——加上冲突和更广泛的结构不平衡——但饥荒主要是施政和国际合作失败的结果。 国际法规定,各国有责任单独地和集体地执行防旱措施,特别是考虑到气候变化。 它还要求对这种危机作出反应时遵守人权标准,如果生命受到威胁,则要求有能力这样做的人立即承担义务。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 本办事处继续参加全球粮食保障危机高级别工作队,为更新其《综合行动框架》作出贡献,该《框架》将基于人权的办法纳入世界粮食和营养安全战略。 人权高专办就萨赫勒地区气候变化背景下的粮食安全、人类安全、人权和冲突之间的关系向西非国家经济共同体提供了咨询意见。 我驻尼泊尔办事处制定了保护清单,正在纳入机构间常设委员会在该国的业务计划的后勤和粮食分组。 食物权问题特别报告员关注了全球粮食危机的影响,就世界粮食安全委员会的改革同联合国粮食及农业组织密切合作。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 根据人权理事会第16/11号决议,我的办事处正在对人权与环境之间的关系进行分析研究,并将提交理事会第十九届会议。", "D. 移徙背景下的人权", "68. (中文(简体) ). 作为全球移徙小组的主席,我于2010年11月在墨西哥瓦利亚塔港举行的第四次全球移徙与发展论坛上发言,呼吁终止对非正规移徙者的刑事定罪。 人权高专办组织了一次关于移徙者易受歧视、种族主义和仇外心理伤害的小组讨论会,并与联合国难民事务高级专员办事处一道,举行了一次圆桌会议,讨论对移徙者、寻求庇护者、难民和无国籍人实行行政拘留的替代办法。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 在我担任主席期间,全球论坛发表了一项具有里程碑意义的声明,呼吁各国保护身份不正常的移徙者的人权。 作为全球移徙问题小组三驾马车的成员,人权高专办于5月参加了小组召开的主题为“移徙与青年:利用发展机会”的专题讨论会。", "70. 作为打击人口贩运机构间协调小组的主席,人权高专办在人权理事会第十七届会议期间组织了一次会外活动,强调了联合国各实体在保护人口贩运受害者方面的作用。 2010年12月在曼谷推出了人权高专办的出版物《关于人权与贩运人口问题的拟议原则和准则:评注》。 2010年和2011年,人权高专办参加了若干区域能力建设活动,以推广基于人权的办法处理贩运人口问题。", "71. 联合国 我继续呼吁在2010年批准并有效执行《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》,这标志着《公约》通过二十周年。 人权高专办欧洲区域办事处于2010年6月启动了一项关于《公约》的研究。 中部非洲区域办事处于2010年12月组织了关于中部非洲人权和移徙问题的第一次对话,为倡导批准《公约》和审查现有政策提供了一个平台。 在墨西哥,人权高专办监测了过境移民的状况,这是我在7月访问墨西哥时的一个重点。 在我5月访问澳大利亚期间,我敦促政府寻求强制性移民拘留的替代办法,并确保这方面的双边和区域安排充分保障人权。 我在6月对人权理事会的开幕词中,对来自北非的移徙者表示关切,包括有人指控说,尽管据称附近有欧洲部队能够营救他们,但沉船中的移徙者仍被淹死。", "页:1 打击有罪不罚现象和加强问责制、法治和民主社会", "72. 联合国 2010年3月通过的秘书长关于联合国过渡时期司法方法的指导说明被联合国系统用作支持过渡时期司法机制的建立和运作的共同标准。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 联合国东帝汶综合特派团人权和过渡时期司法科继续监测并报告联合国调查委员会就2006年危机期间所犯罪行建议的其他起诉进展情况,并倡导就东帝汶真相、接纳与和解委员会的建议采取后续行动。 我继续密切注视斯里兰卡的事态发展,并敦促就秘书长专家小组的工作采取后续行动,该小组审查了追究过去被控罪行责任的各种备选办法。", "74. 国家 我的办事处举办了两次专家讲习班,以处理新出现的过渡时期司法问题:处理过渡时期司法进程中侵犯经济、社会和文化权利的问题;并尽量扩大解除武装、复员和重返社会与过渡时期司法之间的协调机会。 2月,它举办了一次研讨会,讨论了档案作为保障了解真相权利的手段的经验。 2010年8月至12月期间,在多哥收集了17 000多份证词。 尼泊尔办事处协助受害者参与过渡司法对话和倡导工作,以增加受害者团体接触当局的机会,包括提供有关真相调查法案内容的培训,并在4月和5月就法案举行三次协商会,目的是吸引受害者团体在全国范围参与。", "75. 国家 2010年10月,人权高专办发表了一份关于摸底工作的报告,记录了1993年3月至2003年6月期间刚果民主共和国境内最严重的侵犯人权和违反国际人道主义法的行为。 3月,人权高专办就刚果民主共和国政府提出的一项法律草案提供了技术咨询,该草案涉及设立起诉违反国际人权法和人道主义法行为的特别分庭。", "76. 联合国 在海地,为调查在让-克洛德·杜瓦利埃统治下犯下的严重侵犯人权行为提供了技术援助。", "77. 国家 我的办公室为在阿根廷、尼泊尔、多哥和乌干达制定保护参与司法和准或非司法程序的被害人和证人的框架提供了技术支持。 它还在乌干达与乌干达法律改革委员会和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室于2010年11月举办了一次高级别专家研讨会。 2010年12月在尼泊尔举行了一次关于这些问题的区域研讨会。 5月,人权高专办组织了一次关于性别观点和受害者与证人保护方案拟定的专家会议,会后开始开发关于受害者与证人性别方面的工具。", "78. 国家 我的办公室促进批准《国际刑事法院罗马规约》,并在2004年得到大会批准的《国际刑事法院与联合国间关系协定》的框架内加强了它同法院的关系。", "79. 联合国 国家人权机构是国家保护制度的重要组成部分,人权高专办向20多个国家提供法律和技术咨询,支持设立此类机构,并向约40个国家人权机构提供法律和技术咨询意见,以增强其遵守《关于促进和保护人权的国家机构的地位的原则》(大会第48/134号决议,附件)的能力。 2010年11月,人权高专办与联合国利比里亚特派团为尼日利亚、冈比亚、利比里亚、乌干达、塞拉利昂和坦桑尼亚联合共和国的议员和国家人权机构成员举办了一次人权研讨会。", "80个 2010年12月在南非举行了一次关于人权和传统司法的专家会议,2010年9月,与加蓬参议院和国民议会以及中部非洲国家经济共同体中部非洲议员网络合作举办了一次关于人权和选举的区域培训研讨会。 人权高专办继续支持会员国确保建立和发展安全机构、武装部队、警察和执法机构,无论是在冲突后、早期恢复还是发展方面,都以国际人权法为基础。 人权高专办协助编写了一系列安全部门改革指导说明。 2011年6月,人权高专办和维持和平行动部出版了一份执行指南,其中载有法治指标清单和相关的项目工具简编。", "81个 作为反恐怖主义执行工作队在打击恐怖主义的同时保护人权工作组的领导人,人权高专办于2月组织了五个区域专家专题讨论会中的第一次,以确保被指控犯有恐怖主义罪行的人获得公平审判权的基本原则。 工作组编写了两份人权参考指南,分别涉及安全基础设施和反恐背景下的拦截和搜查人员。 应人权理事会的要求,分别于3月和6月组织了两次小组讨论会,讨论为处理恐怖分子劫持人质问题所采取行动背景下的人权问题和恐怖主义受害者的人权。", "82. 我的办事处继续主张被拘留者有权由一个独立和公正的法院对其拘留进行司法审查,在酷刑、虐待或其他侵犯人权行为后寻求补救,并主张审前被拘留者有权获得法律顾问以及迅速审判或释放。 2010年,联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处获准访问该国所有拘留中心。 人权高专办驻柬埔寨办事处获准访问该国所有民事监狱,而人权高专办在几内亚帮助2010年9月示威后被拘留的60名青年从公益律师那里获得法律援助。", "83个 人权高专办深信人权教育有助于打击有罪不罚现象和加强问责制、法治和民主,因此实施了人权教育方案,向各国政府、机构和民间社会提供援助并开发了相关工具。 根据最佳做法制定了人权教育和培训方法,2011年3月,人权高专办和国际人权教育中心联合出版了《人权培训活动评估:人权教育者手册》。 2011年4月,人权高专办与开发署合作,启动了 \" 共助社区 \" 项目第七阶段,该项目将为支持14个国家的人权教育和培训项目提供赠款。", "第八十四会. 在《世界人权教育方案》方面,人权高专办传播了该方案第一阶段(2005-2009年)评价报告(A/65/322)的结论,该报告的重点是学校系统中的人权教育。 人权高专办与教科文组织一道,正在执行世界方案第二阶段(2010-2014年)行动计划的传播战略,重点是对教师和教育工作者、公务员、执法人员和军事人员进行高等教育和人权培训(见A/HRC/15/28)。", "费. 在武装冲突、暴力和不安全局势中保护人权", "85. 正是在武装冲突、暴力和不安全的背景下,许多严重侵犯人权的行为不受惩罚。 中东和北非各国,如巴林、埃及、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、突尼斯和也门,以及其他局势,如科特迪瓦和苏丹(阿卜耶伊和南科尔多凡)最近的事态发展突出表明,迫切需要制定可持续办法来防止暴力升级并迅速和有效地保护平民。 2011年,人权高专办发表了强有力的公开声明,向埃及和突尼斯派出了高级别特派团,向科特迪瓦和阿拉伯利比亚民众国的独立调查委员会提供了支助,并寻求与安全理事会互动,以确保追究侵犯人权行为的责任。", "86号. 我的办事处继续加强其应对紧急情况的能力,主要是通过其快速反应科,该科2011年比其他任何一年都受到更多的呼吁,包括协助执行人权理事会的相关决议(见上文第6-9段)。 在若干情况下,我向人权高专办提供了援助。 我向突尼斯和埃及派遣了上述特派团(分别于1月至2月和3月至4月),以便同国家和国际对应方讨论人权挑战,并探讨过渡初期的合作途径。", "87个 6月底,经政府同意,我向也门派遣了一个特派团,对人权状况进行初步评估。 根据人权理事会第十七届会议关于也门人权状况的联合声明,我将向人权理事会第十八届会议提交一份报告。", "88个 继2010年吉尔吉斯斯坦南部发生暴力事件后,我向奥什派出了一个特派团,监测和记录侵犯人权行为,协助受害者获得补救,并就如何加强其保护人权的能力向执法当局和司法机构提供建议。 特派团通过存在提供保护,从而表明人权高专办在防止和处理威胁生命的侵犯人权行为方面可以发挥关键作用。", "89. 国家 联合国海地稳定特派团人权科继续领导与2010年地震后总体人道主义反应有关的保护专题组。 为了适应事态发展,它重新设计了其战略,在包括重建在内的公共政策中注重保护境内流离失所者和受影响社区、法治和人权。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 本办事处参加了2008年8月格鲁吉亚事件之后在日内瓦发起的国际讨论,并强调指出,所有责任承担者,包括控制当局,都有责任确保所有人不受歧视地享有所有人权。 在阿富汗,联合国阿富汗援助团的人权部分和阿富汗独立人权委员会联合开展活动,以尽量减少冲突对平民的影响。", "91. 联合国 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动人权科倡导将人权纳入达尔富尔调解进程的主流,包括支持民间社会参与多哈和谈。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 在哥伦比亚,人权高专办加强了对武装冲突期间所犯性暴力案件的监测,并注重创造安全和信任条件以鼓励妇女报告性暴力行为的重要性。 在萨尔瓦多,人权高专办为制定2010年11月通过的关于暴力侵害妇女行为的新法律提供了咨询意见。", "93. 国家 我的办公室和维持和平行动部最后确定了保护平民和将保护平民纳入特派团规划的业务构想,并对执行保护平民任务所需的资源和能力进行了一次评估。 它还就联合国科特迪瓦和达尔富尔等地和平行动所制定的保护平民战略提供咨询,并协助为军事维和人员制定一套业务概念培训教材。 人权高专办在这一领域工作的基本原则是:国际人道主义法和人权法的互补性和相互加强性,以及人权在有效保护冲突局势中平民方面的核心作用。", "94. 国家 本办事处完成了关于将人权纳入联合国警察和军队工作的经验教训、良好做法和持续挑战的两份报告。 在安全部门改革领域,我的办公室支持机构间努力制定一系列指导说明,以加强联合国的能力,支持建立一支专业、遵守人权并接受问责的安全部队。 秘书长已责成人权高专办同维持和平行动部一起领导联合国系统内的协商,以审查联合国对非联合国安全部队的支助,从而确保严格遵守国际人权、人道主义和难民法。", "95号. 在越来越多的国家,大量暴力犯罪,包括杀戮、酷刑、失踪或性暴力和基于性别的暴力,使人民的人权受到侵犯并严重损害了国家的民主运作。 政府往往缺乏资源,有时也缺乏充分处理这种情况的意愿,而且仍然被动或诉诸违反其国际人权义务的政策和措施。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 一些国家已就此征求了人权高专办的意见。 人权高专办、美洲人权委员会和儿基会发表了一份关于公民安全的报告,该报告提倡有必要对犯罪和暴力采取以权利为基础的全面办法,而不是采取以控制和镇压为重点的强硬政策。 人权高专办向南锥体共同市场人权公共政策研究所提供技术合作,为成员国制定公民安全政策,并参与中美洲一体化系统的活动,以建设各国政府在这一领域的能力。", "97. 国家 在墨西哥,人权高专办倡导在公共秩序职能中使用军队,并主张在民事法院起诉军队所犯下的侵犯人权行为。 在一些国家,人权高专办就警察和监狱改革提供了咨询意见,并支助为负责公共秩序职能的政府官员和安全部队发展和提供人权培训。 在危地马拉,人权高专办就安全和司法问题的立法向国会提供了技术援助。", "三. 结论", "98 (英语). 在本报告所述期间,本办事处力求对世界许多地区的人权危机作出迅速反应。 它还继续处理长期存在的人权问题并支助制定标准的活动、审查人权理事会和加强条约机构系统的努力。 然而,人权高专办面临的挑战是,应优先考虑和注意越来越多的任务,使其具有要求和应有的细节。 我欢迎大会决定在大会本届会议期间审议如何迅速提供必要资源,以响应安理会规定的紧迫和有时间敏感性的任务。", "99号. 人权与联合国所有活动的相关性不容置疑。 我敦促国际社会加强对联合国人权方案的支持,使该方案能够真正成为本组织的第三个支柱,并响应世界各地所有人民充分和平等地享有人权的合法要求。", "010911", "*1144841*", "[]" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 142 of the provisional agenda[1]", "Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011[2]", "Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in conformity with General Assembly resolutions 48/218 B (para. 5 (e)), 54/244 (paras. 4 and 5), 59/272 (paras. 1-3) and 64/263 (para. 1). It does not cover oversight activities pertaining to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support or the peacekeeping and special political missions, as they will be presented to the Assembly in part II of the report during the resumed sixty-sixth session.", "During the reporting period, 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) issued 323 oversight reports, including 7 reports to the General Assembly and 65 closure reports. The reports included 1,702 recommendations to improve internal controls, accountability mechanisms and organizational efficiency and effectiveness. Of those recommendations, 398 were classified as critical to the Organization. The financial implications of OIOS recommendations issued during the period amount to approximately $19.7 million.", "The recommendations were aimed at cost savings, recovery of overpayments, efficiency gains and other improvements. The financial implications of similar recommendations that were satisfactorily implemented during the period totalled approximately $2.6 million. The addendum to the present report (A/66/286 (Part I)/ Add.1) provides a detailed analysis of the status of implementation of the recommendations and a breakdown of recommendations with financial implications. Pursuant to paragraph 1 (c) of resolution 59/272, Member States have access to OIOS reports upon request. The full titles of all OIOS reports are available online (www.un.org/Depts/oios/pages/rep_and_pub.html).", "Contents", "Page\nPreface 3\nI.Introduction 5II.Internal 5 \ninitiatives A.Overall 5 efforts to strengthen the functions of the Office of Internal Oversight \nServices B.Cooperation 7 and \ncoordination C.Impediments 8 to the work of the Office of Internal Oversight \nServices III. Plans 9 to strengthen the effectiveness and transparency of internal audit \nresults A.Change 9 in audit \nreporting B.More 10 efficient monitoring of \nrecommendations C. Financial 10 implications of oversight \nresults D.Key 11 oversight \nterms E.Consolidated 11 annual report of the \nOffice IV. Oversight 11 \nresults A.Internal 11 Audit \nDivision B.Inspection 15 and Evaluation \nDivision C.Investigations 16 \nDivision V.Mandated 18 reporting \nrequirements A.Capital 18 master \n plan B.United 18 Nations Compensation \nCommission C.Construction 19 of additional office facilities at the Economic Commission for Africa in Addis Ababa and the United Nations Office at \nNairobi \nAnnex Overviewof 20 mandatedreporting \nrequirements", "Preface", "I am pleased to present the annual report on the non-peacekeeping activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) for the year ending 30 June 2011. The report outlines the ongoing activities and results of work completed during the period, and plans that are under way to increase the transparency and effectiveness of internal oversight activities for operations for which OIOS is responsible.", "Early in my tenure as Under-Secretary-General, I had identified together with my management team a number of issues and challenges — 39 in all — that OIOS needs to address in order to meet the current and future needs of the United Nations. In February, we gathered for in-depth discussions on how to address these issues, which can be broadly outlined in the following eight categories:", "1. Planning and priority-setting. OIOS needs a clear, shared vision consistent with the expectations of its stakeholders and to monitor its environment for signals that changes in priorities and direction may be warranted.", "2. Capacity to deliver. OIOS needs to resolve its longstanding vacancy issues by developing short-term and long-term strategies to attract and develop a diverse workforce with the necessary skills to meet the current and future needs of the Organization. It also needs to support its staff with appropriate guidance, structure and management to facilitate a productive work environment.", "3. Delivering high-impact results. OIOS must ensure consistent high quality in its own processes, focusing on high-risk organizational exposures and leveraging technology solutions to support compelling results that influence change for the better.", "4. Structural considerations. OIOS needs to consider opportunities to expand or pool certain resources across functions or in geographic locations to reduce duplicative activities, create depth and back-up capacity, and collaborate between its own divisions to strengthen oversight learning opportunities.", "5. Adequacy of resources. OIOS needs to rationalize a resource base that is adequate, reliable and sufficiently flexible to ensure it supports the independence required to respond to significant inherent, residual and emerging risks as appropriate to deliver its mandate.", "6. Role of the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services. OIOS needs to re-establish its own internal accountability framework to ensure its activities are led, managed and monitored by a strengthened Office in an exemplary manner consistent with the expectations of its stakeholders.", "7. Communications. OIOS needs to improve information-sharing internally, collaborate more effectively within the United Nations communities and expand its influence and effectiveness through cooperation with and outreach to external organizations, the media and the public.", "8. Readiness to respond to external pressures. OIOS needs to anticipate and be prepared to respond effectively and promptly to questions and challenges from stakeholders and oversight bodies.", "I am pleased to report that, as the present report is submitted, important progress has been made on issues 2, 3 and 7, in particular in resolving the longstanding issue of high vacancies in OIOS. I have implemented measures to reduce temporary recruitment in favour of prioritizing regular recruitment to vacant positions wherever possible. At the end of July 2011, the vacancy rate in OIOS officially stood at 19 per cent overall; however, 19 additional recruitment decisions were awaiting either confirmation of references and credentials of candidates or reporting of cleared candidates, potentially reducing the actual rate to 13 per cent.", "Moreover, OIOS plans to make its internal audit reports available to the public through its website beginning in January 2012, thus increasing transparency and availability to Member States and the public. In addition, OIOS will ensure high-impact results by assigning ratings to overall opinions in internal audit reports with regard to the adequacy and effectiveness of governance, risk management and internal control processes. The indicated importance or criticality of identified deficiencies will clearly signal the frequency of subsequent follow-up of related OIOS recommendations addressing deficiencies.", "To further move efforts along on all eight priorities, internal working groups have been established, which may be supplemented by a temporary change management team under the general direction of my office.", "In addition, on 8 August 2011, we welcomed to OIOS our two new, long-awaited divisional Directors, the Director of the Inspection and Evaluation Division and the Director of the Investigations Division. We look forward to the new directions their extensive experience and strong leadership will bring.", "I would like acknowledge the professional dedication of OIOS staff in achieving the results outlined in the present annual report. I am grateful for their commitment to the Organization and openness to innovation.", "Finally, I wish to thank the Secretary-General, United Nations senior management, the members of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee and representatives of Member States for their support, encouragement and constructive feedback on OIOS activities over the past year, which have all been most helpful.", "Carman L. Lapointe Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services", "I. Introduction", "1. The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly pursuant to its resolution 48/218 B to enhance oversight in the Organization. The Office is operationally independent, as stipulated by the Assembly, and assists the Secretary-General in fulfilling his internal oversight responsibilities in respect of resources and staff of the Organization through internal audit, monitoring, inspection, evaluation and investigation.", "2. The present report, which provides an overview of OIOS activities during the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, comprises three main sections, covering: (a) initiatives aimed at improving OIOS operations and quality of work; (b) oversight results; (c) OIOS plans to strengthen the effectiveness and transparency of internal audit results; and (d) mandated reporting on oversight activities concerning the capital master plan, the United Nations Compensation Commission and the construction of additional facilities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi and the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA). An addendum to the present report (A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1) provides a detailed analysis of the status of implementation of OIOS recommendations, a breakdown of recommendations with financial implications and a list of reports issued by OIOS during the reporting period.", "3. The report does not cover oversight results pertaining to the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Field Support or the peacekeeping and special political missions, which will be presented to the General Assembly in part II of the report during the resumed part of the sixty-sixth session.", "II. Internal initiatives", "A. Overall efforts to strengthen the functions of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "4. OIOS aims to carry out its work with the highest standards of professionalism and efficiency. The present section highlights some of the key initiatives undertaken during the reporting period to realize this goal.", "1. Aligning work priorities with organizational risks", "5. Following the recommendations of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee and the related request of the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243 (para. 128), and in accordance with the relevant Institute of Internal Auditors practice advisory, OIOS Internal Audit Division has refined its risk assessment framework and planning methodology during the reporting period by taking into account residual risks. The updated risk assessments, which now consider existing key controls in addition to inherent risks, resulted in the identification of the top major risks that may hinder the achievement of objectives. The risk assessments will serve to prioritize audit assignments for the biennium 2012-2013. OIOS is also working on the harmonization of its audit risk categories with the United Nations enterprise risk management framework currently being implemented by the Secretariat. During the reporting period, the OIOS Internal Audit Division facilitated six new risk assessments of the management of general trust funds, the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force, the United Nations Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia, ECA, the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund and the Executive Office of the Secretary-General.", "6. The risk assessment methodology supporting OIOS inspection and evaluation work was also refined. New sources such as the performance measures in senior managers’ compacts were integrated into the indicators that are used to rank Secretariat departments according to their risk exposure. These indicators are grouped into five risk dimensions: financial, human resources, governance, operational (results) and operational (exposure). For peacekeeping mission risk assessments, the following risk dimensions were introduced: intensity of the conflict, OIOS inspection and evaluation in previous coverage of the mission, complexity of the mission’s mandate and mission size.", "2. Innovation in oversight processes and methodologies", "7. In order to strengthen its audit capacity and coverage, OIOS developed a toolkit for auditing programme performance management, which allows for providing assurance that United Nations entities have integrated performance management into their internal control mechanisms. This new framework was piloted with three United Nations entities: the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Civil Affairs Section of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "3. Strengthening of internal work processes and systems", "8. In a continuous effort to improve processes and procedures, the OIOS Internal Audit Division customized its electronic documentation and management software (AutoAudit) to align it with improvements in audit methodology and management processes.", "9. The OIOS Inspection and Evaluation Division undertook a series of initiatives aimed at strengthening internal work processes and systems. These included the creation of an internal working group on the clarification of staff roles and responsibilities at all stages of the evaluation process, including managerial and administrative responsibilities. Another working group developed a “team compact” to facilitate discussion among team members on roles, working styles and expectations at the start of a project, and include a 360-degree feedback component. In May 2011, the Division also introduced a pilot project to centralize its administrative functions, which resulted in the creation of a new administrative support section to promote consistency and high quality in administrative support for all projects and tasks in the Division.", "4. Cultivating a professional workforce", "10. In response to increasing sophistication of management systems and to better meet the demands of the new justice system, the OIOS Investigations Division has significantly enhanced its forensic and analytical capacity. The establishment of a Digital Forensic Unit with staff resources in New York, Vienna and Nairobi provides OIOS with cutting-edge ability to acquire information from digital sources, including computers, telecommunications equipment and a range of other devices that record information digitally. To complement the work of the Digital Forensic Unit, additional analytical capacity is under development, which will rely on software tools comparing large quantities of data and correlating results across various investigations. These functions will provide critical investigation support and increase the effectiveness of investigators’ work.", "11. The Investigations Division launched its training course on “Investigating procurement fraud” on 23 and 24 May 2011, hosted by the World Bank in Washington, D.C. The course is designed for investigators with limited knowledge of public sector procurement and presents the procurement process in an operational context with real case studies. The course was attended by investigators from international organizations such as the African Development Bank, the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the World Food Programme and the European Central Bank. An expanded version of this course is planned to be delivered to United Nations staff by the end of 2011.", "12. OIOS is continuously assessing the knowledge, skills and abilities of its staff against operational needs and standards. Initiatives during the reporting period included in-house seminars organized by the Inspection and Evaluation Division on a broad range of topics, including evaluation of the European Commission; the evaluation functions in UNDP, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the Department of Public Information, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the Department of Peacekeeping Operations; humanitarian evaluation; and performance auditing; and workshops on qualitative data analysis, statistical software and graphical presentations. Staff also participated in a workshop on gender sensitivity.", "B. Cooperation and coordination", "13. OIOS coordinates regularly with other United Nations oversight entities, including the Board of Auditors and the Joint Inspection Unit, to ensure that potential gaps, duplication and overlap in the conduct of oversight work are minimized. Aside from sharing workplans, the Office holds meetings every two months with the Board of Auditors to discuss issues of mutual interest. On an ad hoc basis and when issues of particular concern arise, the Office also meets with the Joint Inspection Unit. Furthermore, the senior representatives of these entities take part in an annual tripartite meeting to discuss oversight coordination, among other things.", "14. The Office recognizes the value and importance of fostering relationships with its functional peers. During the reporting period, OIOS professionals actively participated in their respective professional networks as described below:", "(a) The Internal Audit Division contributes actively to the work and meetings of the Representatives of Internal Audit Services of the United Nations Organizations and Multilateral Financial Institutions;", "(b) The Inspection and Evaluation Division continues to play an active role in the United Nations Evaluation Group, and co-chaired its Evaluation Practice Exchange Seminar with UNICEF in March 2011 in Paris. The Seminar covered a broad range of key areas such as the evaluation of the evaluation function, joint evaluations, use of evaluation, impact evaluations and evaluation capacity development. The Division also participated in the Evaluation Group Task Force on Human Rights and Gender Equality and the preparation and promotion of handbooks on how to incorporate these perspectives in evaluation work throughout the United Nations system. The handbooks will be piloted in two OIOS programme evaluations during the year;", "(c) The Investigations Division hosted a Conference on Combating Corruption through International Investigations in New York on 8 and 9 December 2010. The Conference brought together multilateral and national organizations responsible for investigating fraud and corruption internationally, promoting cooperation and coordination of efforts in international investigations and sharing of investigation methodologies and experience, in particular in the following areas in humanitarian, development and post-conflict operations: commercial transactions; movement of people; and crimes affecting children;", "(d) In addition, the Investigations Division actively participated in the twelfth Conference of International Investigators hosted by the World Bank in Washington, D.C., from 25 to 27 May 2011. The Division chaired a session on surveying policy developments and recent innovations, which covered topics such as investigation intake, procedural trends, performance measures and harmonization. The Division also led several workshops, including on the newest developments in computer forensics and other information technology investigative tools; management of witnesses and subjects: their rights and obligations; and investigating harassment, abuse and retaliation.", "15. The Investigations Division continues to collaborate with and provide expert support to various counterparts within the Organization as follows:", "(a) The function of the Investigations Division performs a critical role in the administration of justice. To conduct its mandated investigation function efficiently, and thereby present a proper foundation for fair disciplinary process, the Division cooperates and coordinates closely with the Department of Management and the Office of Administration of Justice;", "(b) The Division also works closely with the United Nations Dispute Tribunal during disciplinary hearings to provide evidence and testimony. In addition, the Investigations Division regularly meets with relevant counterparts to facilitate effective assessment of new jurisprudence and its impact on the Division’s operations, as well as to ensure appropriate information sharing for effective development of standards in the internal justice system.", "16. In July 2010, the Investigations Division signed a memorandum of understanding with the International Criminal Court to provide assistance, on a reimbursable loan basis, by providing a senior investigator for a period of one year to assist in establishing an investigative unit (the Independent Oversight Mechanism). The purpose of this unit is to ensure effective oversight of the Court through the conduct of administrative investigations into reports of misconduct by elected officials, staff members, contractors and consultants.", "C. Impediments to the work of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "17. During the reporting period, there was no inappropriate limitation of scope that impeded the work or independence of OIOS.", "III. Plans to strengthen the effectiveness and transparency of internal audit results", "18. OIOS would like to bring to the attention of the General Assembly the planned changes with regard to monitoring of recommendations and reporting of oversight results.", "A. Change in audit reporting", "19. OIOS plans to routinely make its internal audit reports available to the public through its website beginning in January 2012. In preparation for this change, OIOS is introducing processes to consistently support and assign ratings to overall opinions in internal audit reports with regard to the adequacy and effectiveness of governance, risk management and internal control processes examined. This will effectively communicate the level of assurance being provided based on the audit work conducted, including the significance of deficiencies identified. In addition, the indicated importance or criticality of identified deficiencies will clearly signal the visibility and frequency of subsequent follow-up activities related to recommendations to address deficiencies. The ratings will be as follows:", "(a) “Satisfactory” ratings will apply to overall audit results concluding that, in the opinion of OIOS, governance, risk management, and internal control processes are adequately designed and operating effectively to provide reasonable assurance to management and stakeholders regarding the achievement of control or business objectives under review. Opportunities for improvement may nevertheless exist in this rating category, and if so, will be communicated separately to management for implementation at its discretion. Follow-up will occur, as appropriate, only during relevant, subsequent oversight activities;", "(b) “Partially satisfactory” ratings will apply to audit results concluding that important deficiencies exist in governance, risk management or internal control processes, such that reasonable assurance may be at risk regarding the achievement of control and/or business objectives under review. Deficiencies giving rise to this rating will be outlined in the final audit report, along with important recommendations and agreed management action plans, target dates and accountabilities for their resolution. Implementation status follow-up for these important recommendations will be conducted and reported annually. Opportunities for improvement may also be identified;", "(c) “Unsatisfactory” ratings will apply to audit results that conclude that one or more significant and/or pervasive deficiency exists in governance, risk management or internal control processes, such that reasonable assurance cannot be provided with regard to the achievement of control and/or business objectives under review. Deficiencies giving rise to this rating will be included in the final audit report, along with critical recommendations and agreed management action plans, target dates and accountabilities for their resolution. Important recommendations and/or opportunities for improvement may also be identified. Implementation status follow-up of these critical recommendations will be carried out and reported quarterly for all action plans that remain unimplemented by their original target dates, and are therefore considered past due. Quarterly reports to the Secretary-General will include details of identified deficiencies, related action plans, individuals accountable, current progress towards implementation and revised target dates.", "20. Critical or important recommendations that are not accepted by clients will be escalated to ensure that senior management, including the Secretary-General, as appropriate, understands and accepts the rationale for remaining risks.", "B. More efficient monitoring of recommendations", "21. The status of all open recommendations has in the past been updated twice a year, regardless of criticality consideration, in preparation for the OIOS annual and semi-annual reports. As a result, the high volume of recommendations being followed up by OIOS is seen to divert management’s attention away from the more critical actions, rather than focusing attention on areas requiring the most urgent attention. The follow-up process itself requires significant administrative effort for OIOS and its clients who are asked to respond regularly to status update requests.", "22. In light of the above, OIOS is undertaking a thorough review of all open recommendations, the objective of which is to adjust the volume and frequency of follow-up in order to effectively focus attention on areas of greatest importance. The results described below are expected.", "1. Reduction of the number of open recommendations", "23. All open recommendations will be reclassified into three categories: critical recommendations, important recommendations, and opportunities for improvement. Only the first two categories (recommendations) will be subject to regular monitoring, follow-up and reporting, while the third category will be followed up as appropriate, as follows:", "(a) Critical recommendations will be followed up more frequently, on a quarterly basis, rather than semi-annually;", "(b) Important recommendations will be followed up less frequently, on an annual basis, rather than semi-annually;", "(c) Opportunities for improvement will be followed up, as appropriate, during subsequent, relevant oversight activities to consider whether they may have escalated in importance.", "24. By rationalizing the number of recommendations subject to regular follow-up, OIOS expects to more effectively facilitate focusing management’s attention and scarce resources towards implementation of recommendations deemed more significant.", "2. Establishment of target dates and accountability for all recommendations", "25. All recommendations that remain open following the comprehensive review will require action plans, indicating a realistic target date and the title of the manager to be held accountable for implementation, to be determined in consultation with management.", "C. Financial implications of oversight results", "26. OIOS has simplified the categorization of financial implications arising from oversight results, as follows:", "(a) “Unnecessary or excess expenditures, or losses” caused by mismanagement, fraud, waste, theft, etc.;", "(b) “Opportunities for future cost avoidance” due to process improvements identified by OIOS.", "D. Key oversight terms", "27. OIOS is cognizant of General Assembly resolution 64/263, which mandated OIOS to comprehensively define and compile key oversight terms in consultation with relevant department and offices, including the Department of Management and the Office of Legal Affairs of the Secretariat. OIOS is of the opinion that the oversight terms (including those on financial implications) introduced within the context of changes outlined above are the most critical, and will continue with consultations to identify other oversight terms for inclusion.", "E. Consolidated annual report of the Office", "28. OIOS plans to report annually on both peacekeeping and non-peacekeeping operations (part I and part II) on a calendar year basis, to streamline the monitoring of recommendations and to synchronize timing with reporting for senior managers’ compacts.", "IV. Oversight results", "29. The present section presents selected oversight results from the period under review.", "A. Internal Audit Division", "30. Audit results are classified within seven risk categories: strategy, governance, compliance, finance, operations, human resources and information.", "1. Classification of audit results", "31. Audit risk categories encompass adverse impacts on the mandate, operations or reputation of the Organization arising from the presence of:", "(a) Strategy risk, including inadequate strategic planning; adverse or improperly implemented decisions; lack of responsiveness to changes in the external environment; and exposure to economic or other considerations;", "(b) Governance risk, including failure to establish appropriate processes and structures for informing, directing, managing and monitoring the activities of the Organization; insufficiencies in senior management leadership; and the absence of an ethical culture;", "(c) Compliance risk, arising from violations of or the failure or inability to comply with laws, rules, regulations, prescribed practices, policies, procedures or ethical standards;", "(d) Financial risk, arising from insufficient funding; inappropriate use of funds; inadequate management of financial performance; or unreliable financial reporting or disclosure;", "(e) Operational risk, arising from inadequate, inefficient or failed internal processes or failure to conduct operations economically, efficiently or effectively;", "(f) Human resources risk, arising from the failure to develop and implement appropriate human resources policies, procedures and practices;", "(g) Information risk, arising from the failure to establish and maintain appropriate information and communications technology systems and infrastructure.", "Figure I Audit recommendations on non-peacekeeping activities by risk category, July 2010-June 2011", "2. Audit results by risk category", "Strategy risk", "32. Audit of UNEP project delivery arrangements via partnerships (AA2010/220/03). Internal controls mitigating the risks of inappropriate partnerships were deficient. While the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) works with a wide range of implementing partners, their identification and selection does not rely on an organization-wide strategic approach and documented due diligence process, as required by the Guidelines on Cooperation between the United Nations and the Business Sector issued in November 2009. The identification and selection of partners was left to the discretion of divisions and programme officers, which may result in the selection of inappropriate partners and affect project implementation. UNEP accepted OIOS recommendations to implement adequate internal controls to remedy the situation.", "Governance risk", "33. Audit of procurement activities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi (AA2009/211/02). The requirement for additional review by the Headquarters Committee on Contracts for high-value procurements was waived through the delegation of authority to the Director of Administrative Services at the United Nations Office at Nairobi. The Local Committee on Contracts in Nairobi was the only authority reviewing all procurement cases, regardless of the amount involved. High value procurements are inherently high risk and should therefore be subject to additional review by Headquarters. The Department of Management agreed to establish a control mechanism for high value cases reviewed by the Local Committee on Contracts, with the threshold to be set at $5,000,000. The Office also needs to clarify whether it has authority to conduct procurement activities on behalf of UNEP and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat).", "34. Audit of the services provided by the International Computing Centre to the United Nations Secretariat the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (AT2009/800/03). The Office of Information and Communications Technology acquired services from the International Computing Centre without clear selection criteria or consideration of alternative methods. There is therefore no assurance that the Centre provided the best value-for-money option. The Office of Information and Communications Technology did not accept the recommendation by OIOS to develop criteria and decision-making processes for engaging the services of the Centre, but nonetheless, in collaboration with the Department of Field Support, developed a detailed statement of work and services outsourced to the Centre, as a basis for the Procurement Division to conduct a benchmarking exercise.", "Compliance risk", "35. Audit of the management of leased cells and services for the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia Detention Unit (AA2010/270/01). While no agreement has been finalized with the Government of the Netherlands for provision to the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia of detention facilities and services, the Tribunal paid $9,090,249 for the period October 2008 to December 2009 period, based on an interim agreement signed in 2010, effectively bypassing review by the Local and Headquarters Committees on Contracts. In March 2011, the Local Committee on Contracts recommended that the relevant draft agreements be reviewed by the Headquarters Committee on Contracts on an ex post facto basis.", "36. Audit of the UN-Habitat Somalia Programme (AA2010/250/02). UN-Habitat was not fully compliant with the area-specific minimum operating security standards for the security phase at the time of the audit, which exposed the UN‑Habitat Somalia Programme Office in Hargeisa, Somalia, to security risks. Access control measures and arrangements for emergency food, shelter and official vehicles were not in place. UN-Habitat agreed to ensure compliance with the minimum operating security standards at all office locations and recruited a full-time Security and Safety Officer at its headquarters.", "Financial risk", "37. Audit of governance and funding arrangements in the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (AE2010/360/01). The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime did not have an overarching strategy to mitigate the risks of excessive reliance on extrabudgetary resources, which currently account for approximately 90 per cent of the total income of the Office. General Assembly resolution 59/250 states that supplementary non-core contributions are not a substitute for core resources. With almost 90 per cent of donor voluntary contributions earmarked for specific projects, the imbalance between core and earmarked funding leaves little operating flexibility for the Office to respond to complex programmatic and managerial challenges, and may create additional financial liabilities that the level of core funding cannot support. While the Office agreed to develop, by the end of 2011, a multi-year resource mobilization strategy to ensure an appropriate balance between core and extrabudgetary resources, attempts to reach consensus among donors on a sustainable funding model had thus far been unsuccessful.", "Information risk", "38. Audit of the “Inspira” talent management project at the United Nations Secretariat (AT2010/512/01). The Office of Human Resources Management did not follow the practice of planning, performing and documenting tests of the new application prior to releasing it for official use, and did not make the necessary arrangements to ensure that Inspira meets all the required functionalities. As a result, there was no assurance about the effectiveness of the functionalities deployed. The Office agreed to plan, document and test the stability of future versions of the application prior to deployment, including a standard methodology to address shortfalls. The Office also confirmed that a much clearer and more accountable business-led project management structure has been set up; a steering committee including the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management and the Chief Information Technology Officer provides strategic direction. In addition, there will be a greater focus on user testing to ensure that functionalities meet the required specifications. The documentation on user testing, defects log and change requests has also been strengthened.", "39. Audit of information and communications technology governance and security management in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (AT2010/260/01). The detention facility of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda faced serious shortfalls of secure and operational information and communication technologies. Regular transmission interruptions affect Internet access, telephone and fax communication, sometimes for weeks, limiting the ability of detainees to communicate with their lawyers, which could affect their rights. Furthermore, there was no proper system for archiving and back-up of sensitive information, or for recovering operations and maintaining integrity of confidential data following natural disasters or malicious acts. The Tribunal initiated a review of the existing disaster recovery and business continuity plan, and the holding of regularly scheduled tests. The Tribunal confirmed that a secure off-site location had been identified for regular data back-up and storage of physical back-up data tapes. The technical issues related to Internet, telephone and fax communications have also been resolved.", "40. Audit of the implementation of the Charles River trade order management system in the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (AS2010/801/04). The implementation of the system was not supported by adequate arrangements and testing of the restoration process for ensuring continuity of operations and recovery of critical data following natural disasters or malicious acts. The Investment Management Division indicated that it had initiated a business continuity and disaster recovery programme, which was an ongoing project; full implementation is expected by the third quarter of 2011.", "B. Inspection and Evaluation Division", "41. Programme evaluation of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (E/AC.51/2011/2). The Department of Economic and Social Affairs has many strengths across a wide range of subject matters. It has effectively supported intergovernmental decision-making and the global statistical system and has made valuable contributions to supporting progress towards achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Nevertheless, the Department’s mandates, stemming from intergovernmental decisions, are broad and ambitious and the Department has not developed a strategic focus that clearly defines its role in the development arena. For example, the Department’s role and strategy in supporting regional and national capacity development are still being defined. The draft capacity development strategy does not clearly articulate the Department’s role with regard to other development-related United Nations funds, programmes and agencies, and the integration of capacity development with other core functions is not well understood by staff, management and stakeholders. While the Department has taken steps to bring more strategic focus to its programme delivery, including through the establishment of a Strategic Planning Unit, its strategy should include more explicit identification of departmental priorities and critical activities where an established authority exists, particularly in its servicing of intergovernmental processes and its convening of a diverse range of expert panels, conferences and organizations. The Department established a Capacity Development Office in 2009 and has a Department-wide Capacity Development Steering Committee, and should now consider further clarifying its specific role with regard to capacity development work, taking into consideration the need to foster strong cooperation with field-based United Nations entities.", "42. The Department has been successful in supporting and promoting coordination and policy coherence at the intergovernmental level, as also acknowledged by Member States. However, while the Department has been able to promote the alignment of policies, sharing of information and enhanced coordination of programme planning between United Nations entities through the Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs, it is not yet fully effective in promoting collaboration, coherence and coordination within the United Nations system. Document ST/SGB/1997/9, which was being revised at the time of the evaluation, stipulates that the Department of Economic and Social Affairs should assist the Secretary-General in enhancing policy coherence and coordination both within and among organizations of the United Nations system, but the Department’s mandate lacks clarity and a strategic approach to fulfil this function. Furthermore, the Assistant Secretary-General for Policy Coordination and Inter-Agency Affairs is responsible for providing support to intergovernmental bodies on system-wide issues of coordination, policy development and cooperation, but cannot fully focus on coordination activities related specifically to the Department. In order to build upon existing efforts to strengthen partnerships, OIOS recommended that the Department improve coordination by further developing and clarifying its strategy for coordination in the economic and social arenas in consultation with its partners, in particular regional commissions and field-based United Nations entities; improving workplan alignment and mutual complementarities with other United Nations entities; and clarifying partnership roles and responsibilities.", "43. Thematic evaluation of gender mainstreaming in the United Nations Secretariat (A/65/266). Gender mainstreaming is an organizational strategic priority, and this evaluation was the first such review since the inception of those mandates in 1995 (General Assembly resolution 50/203). However, the focus has been placed on establishing processes rather than the achievement of results. The Secretariat, as a whole, has followed gender mainstreaming mandates inconsistently, due to lack of knowledge of the meaning, purpose and practical implications of gender mainstreaming, as well as weaknesses in leadership and accountability. OIOS recommended that Secretariat programmes take concrete actions to reinforce the commitment to gender mainstreaming and focus on results. OIOS also encouraged the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) to take the conclusions of the evaluation into account when developing its mandate and considering its resources and structure.", "C. Investigations Division", "44. Investigation matters are categorized under the following categories: financial, inventory/assets, management, personnel, procurement, programmatic,[3] sexual exploitation and sexual harassment.", "Figure II Investigation intake and reports for non-peacekeeping activities by investigation category, July 2010-June 2011", "Note: Investigation intake refers to all new cases intended for investigation. Investigation reports also include closure reports, issued when OIOS investigations do not substantiate reported matters. The full list of OIOS reports is provided in the addendum of the present report.", "45. (ID Case 0044/09).[4] Six staff members fraudulently altered payment records and obtained United Nations certification to obtain loans from financial institutions. One of those staff members, serving as a Security Officer in the Security and Safety Service, also misrepresented his status to United Nations to secure employment. Misrepresentations related to previous duties military service, affecting the staff member’s fitness to serve. All matters are pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "46. (ID Case 0094/10). A staff member misrepresented his official status and position to obtain privileges from a host country. The staff member separated from the Organization at the conclusion of the investigation.", "47. (ID Case 0121/10). A staff member was involved with procurement irregularities and favouritism related to the procurement of services from a vendor. The matter is pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "48. (ID case 0175/10). Two staff members serving as Security Officers apprehended two apparently drunk unarmed trespassers. One Security Officer pointed his gun at them, and physically assaulted one of the trespassers in the presence of his supervisor. The implicated staff members later attempted to cover up the incident. The matter is pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "49. (ID case 0188/10). A United Nations vendor falsely represented products sold to the United Nations. The vendor claimed its devices could detect contraband and explosives but this was widely discredited by law enforcement and other agencies also investigating the same company. The matter is pending the outcome of the vendor sanction process.", "50. (ID Case 0247/10). A staff member embezzled funds on 13 separate instances by failing to deposit unused advances that were returned to him by programme managers. He also raised and posted a Journal Voucher illegally in an effort to conceal his action and forged the signature of a designated approving officer. The matter is pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "51. (ID Case 0344/10). While on assignment, employees of a United Nations contractor sexually assaulted a minor girl. The matter is pending the outcome of the vendor sanction process.", "52. (ID Cases 390/10, 496/09). Two staff members in the Department of Safety and Security at United Nations Headquarters in New York sought, and illegally obtained, a New York handgun licence without completing the mandatory training prescribed by New York State Law. They facilitated issuance of the licence by submitting a false certificate of course completion. The matter was investigated in close cooperation with the New York Police Department, and is pending the outcome of the internal disciplinary process.", "53. (ID Cases 0456/10). A high-level senior official of a United Nations institution was responsible for gross mismanagement, including irregularities in financial matters, procurement and recruitment. Due to a lack of managerial oversight and disregard for the normative framework of the United Nations, serious shortcomings existed in procurement, finance and human resources, which increased the risk for misconduct. The staff member resigned during the course of the investigations, although the report was issued together with OIOS recommended corrective measures, for management’s future reference.", "V. Mandated reporting requirements", "A. Capital master plan", "54. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 62/87, OIOS is responsible for reporting on the activities of the Capital Master Plan Audit Section. OIOS has two auditors dedicated to auditing the capital master plan operations. The approach for 2010-2011 was risk-based, which conforms to the audit approach adopted by the Internal Audit Division.", "55. During the reporting period, extensive audit work was carried out with continued focus on procurement and contract management processes, including change orders adopted by the Office of the Capital Master Plan and the project team, as well as project budgeting, financial reporting and payments.", "56. OIOS audit coverage of the capital master plan also included safety and security issues, resulting in two audit reports: Security provisions applied to staff, site and assets during the execution of the capital master plan (AC2009/514/05); and Safety provisions for United Nations staff and contractors, including asbestos removal, applied during the execution of the capital master plan (AC2010/514/01). Both audit reviews concluded controls in place were adequate.", "B. United Nations Compensation Commission", "57. In accordance with General Assembly resolutions 59/270 and 59/271, OIOS presents its oversight activities relating to the United Nations Compensation Commission.", "58. During the biennium 2010-2011, the Compensation Commission made available an amount of $100,000 for internal audit resources, which OIOS utilized to undertake the audits of claims payments for the periods from January 2009 to May 2010 (AE2010/820/01) and from June 2010 to April 2011 (AE2011/820/01, forthcoming). In addition to providing a status update to the General Assembly on the claims process, OIOS audits also focused on the adequacy and effectiveness of internal controls over the receipt of revenues into the Compensation Fund.", "59. UNCC continues to disburse award payments and monitor environmental projects undertaken by claimant Governments with funds awarded for environmental damages. The Commission has paid $32 billion up to 30 April 2011 out of the total $52 billion awarded. Processing of these claims was completed in June 2005. This leaves a balance of unpaid awards of $20 billion, comprising nine large awards payable to Kuwait. The Compensation Fund receives 5 per cent of Iraq oil export revenue, in accordance with Security Council resolution 1483 (2003) and reaffirmed in a number of subsequent resolutions, most recently resolution 1956 (2010).", "60. Audit of United Nations Compensation Commission claims payment for the period from January 2009 to May 2010 (AE2010/820/01). The Compensation Commission had adequate control mechanisms to ensure that award and payment records and reports were accurate, properly documented and compliant with decisions of the Governing Council of the Commission and the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations. However, based on the external auditor’s report of the Development Fund for Iraq for the year ended 31 December 2008 (and as reflected in a note in the 2008-2009 Compensation Commission Financial Statements), there was a cumulative revenue shortfall of $212 million to the Compensation Fund as at 31 December 2008 due to cash and barter transactions for which the full 5 per cent of oil proceeds were not being received into the Compensation Fund. While barter transactions stopped as of 31 December 2007, the shortfall (due to cash sales) had increased by 31 December 2009 to $224 million, as reported by the secretariat of the Compensation Commission to the Governing Council. OIOS recommended that the issue of revenue shortfall due to continued cash export sales be formally brought to the attention of the Committee of Financial Experts of Iraq. Action was taken as the issue had been brought to the attention of the International Advisory and Monitoring Board and the Committee of Financial Experts by the United Nations Controller. Furthermore, the external auditors of the Development Fund for Iraq have confirmed that no further cash export sales took place in 2010. Also, the Governing Council has continuously, most recently in its April 2011 session, requested the secretariat of the Compensation Commission to monitor the deposits to the Compensation Fund and to keep the Governing Council advised of any further developments on the issue of the shortfall. OIOS has therefore closed the recommendation.", "C. Construction of additional office facilities at the Economic Commission for Africa in Addis Ababa and the United Nations Office at Nairobi", "61. In accordance with General Assembly resolution 63/263, OIOS is responsible for reporting on the activities relating to the construction of additional office facilities at ECA in Addis Ababa and the United Nations Office at Nairobi.", "62. The construction of the additional office facilities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi was almost complete in December 2010. OIOS undertook the review of project organization and management structure, procurement, contract management, financial management and stakeholder relationships. The related audit report, Audit of construction of additional office facilities at the United Nations Office at Nairobi (to be issued as AC2010/211/01), is currently at the drafting stage.", "63. Construction is progressing at ECA in Addis Ababa. A detailed audit of construction of new office facilities at ECA started in 20 June 2011 and the draft report is planned to be issued around the end of August 2011.", "Annex", "Overview of mandated reporting requirements", "The categories of information to be included in the annual reports of OIOS are set out in the following documents:", "(a) Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/273, para. 28:", "(i) A description of significant problems, abuses and deficiencies and related OIOS recommendations;", "(ii) Recommendations not approved by the Secretary-General;", "(iii) Recommendations in previous reports on which corrective action has not been completed (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1, where applicable);", "(iv) Decision from a previous period revised by management;", "(v) Recommendations on which agreement could not be reached with management or with regard to which requested information or assistance was refused (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1, where applicable);", "(vi) The value of cost savings recommended and amounts recovered (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(b) General Assembly resolution 56/246:", "(i) Information regarding the implementation rate of the recommendations of the previous three reporting periods (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(ii) Information regarding the impact of the reorganization of OIOS on its work;", "(iii) Reporting separately on those recommendations that have been implemented, those that are in the process of being implemented and those for which no implementation process is under way, and the reasons for their non‑implementation (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(c) General Assembly resolutions 57/292 and 60/282: reporting on oversight activities conducted throughout the phases of the capital master plan project in the context of the annual reports of OIOS;", "(d) General Assembly resolutions 59/270 and 59/271: provision of internal oversight of the entire claims process of the United Nations Compensation Commission and reporting regularly thereon in the context of the annual reports of OIOS;", "(e) General Assembly resolution 59/272: the requirement that annual reports contain titles and brief summaries of all reports of OIOS issued during the year (see A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1);", "(f) General Assembly resolution 62/87: the request that OIOS ensure effective audit coverage of the capital master plan and submit to the General Assembly all its reports related to its implementation;", "(g) General Assembly resolution 63/263: the request that OIOS ensure effective audit coverage of the construction of additional office facilities at ECA in Addis Ababa and the United Nations Office at Nairobi.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] ** Excluding oversight of peacekeeping activities, which will be reported on in document A/66/286 (Part II).", "[3] The investigation category “programmatic” refers to complaints or suggestions for improvement related to a United Nations programme. The investigation report will usually not concern wrongdoing by a staff member, but rather a risk related to the functioning of a programme. This category is also used to categorize proactive investigations.", "[4] The investigation case involved six staff members in total. Three reports pertain to UN-Habitat (ID cases 0029/09, 0044/09 and 0194/09), one to the United Nations Office at Nairobi (ID case 0458/08), and two to UNEP (ID cases 0036/09 and 0037/09). Except for ID case 0044/09, all reports were issued during the previous reporting period." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目142", "关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间内部监督事务厅的活动^(**)", "内部监督事务厅的报告", "摘要", "本报告依照大会第48/218 B号决议(第5(e)段)、第54/244号决议(第4和第5段)、第59/272号决议(第1至3段)以及第64/263号决议(第1段)的规定提交。本报告不包括与维持和平行动部、外勤支助部和维和团及政治特派团有关的监督活动，这部分监督活动将在报告第二部分中向大会第六十六届会议续会报告。", "在本报告所述2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间，内部监督事务厅(监督厅)共发出323份监督报告，包括向大会提交的7份报告和65份结束报告。报告就改善内部控制、问责机制和组织实效提出了1 702项建议。其中，398项被列为本组织重大建议。监督厅在本报告所述期间发布建议涉及的财政资源约计1 970万美元。", "提出建议旨在节约成本、收回多付款项、实现增效和其他改善。本报告所述期间顺利执行的类似建议涉及财政资源约计260万美元。本报告增编(A/66/286 (Part I)/Add.1)将对建议执行情况进行详细分析，并载列建议所涉财政资源的细目。根据第59/272号决议第1(c)段的规定，会员国可要求得到监督厅的各项报告。监督厅所有报告的标题全称可在线查阅(www.un.org/Depts/oios/pages/　rep_and_pub.html)。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "^(**) 不包括对维和活动的监督，将在A/66/286(Part II)号文件中另行报告。", "目录", "页次\n序言 3\n1.导言 5\n2.内部举措 5\nA.全面加强内部监督事务厅的职能 5\nB.合作与协调 7\nC.内部监督事务厅工作面临的障碍 8\n3.提高内部审计结果效力和透明度的计划 8\nA.审计报告的变化 8\nB.对建议进行更有效的监测 9\nC.监督结果的财务影响 9\nD.重要的监督术语 10\nE.监督厅综合年度报告 10\n4.监督结果 10\nA.内部审计司 10\nB.检查和评价司 13\nC.调查司 14\n5.法定汇报要求 16\nA.基本建设总计划 16\nB.联合国赔偿委员会 16C.在亚的斯亚贝巴增建非洲经济委员会办公设施和增建联合国 17 \n内罗毕办事处办公设施 附件 19 \n法定汇报要求概览", "序言", "我高兴地向大会提交关于2011年6月30日终了一年期间内部监督事务厅(监督厅)在维持和平行动以外各领域开展活动的年度报告。", "我在担任副秘书长之初，就与管理小组确定了39个问题和挑战，并认为要满足联合国当前和今后的需要，监督厅就必须解决和克服这些问题和挑战。2月，我们就如何解决这些问题进行了深入讨论，这些问题可以大致分为以下八个方面：", "1. 制定规划和优先次序。监督厅应按照利益攸关方的预期制定清晰的共同远景规划，以监测环境并发现需要改变优先次序和方向的迹象。", "2. 交付能力。监督厅应解决长期存在的空缺问题，制定长短期战略，吸引各种人才并建立一支具有满足本组织目前和未来需要必要才能的多元化员工队伍。并应为员工提供适当的指导、结构和管理，推动建立有利于开展业务的工作环境。", "3. 交付高效成果。监督厅必须确保自身业务流程始终保持优质高效，侧重重大组织风险，并利用技术协助取得推动积极变革的急需成果。", "4. 结构考虑。监督厅应考虑利用机会扩大或统筹利用某些分散在各个职能或地理区域的资源，以减少重复活动，建设深度能力和后备能力，在各司之间开展协作，增加监督学习机会。", "5. 充足资源。监督厅应建立充足、可靠并具有充分灵活性的合理资源基础，以确保本厅在履行任务过程中酌情支持应对重大内在、残余和新的风险所需要的独立性。", "6. 主管内部监督事务副秘书长办公室的作用。监督厅应重新建立自身的内部问责框架，以确保加强副秘书长办公室，使其按照利益攸关方的预期对活动进行出色的领导、管理和监督。", "7. 宣传外联。监督厅应改善内部信息共享，在联合国各部门中进行更有效的协作，通过与外部组织、媒体和公众的合作与外联扩大影响并加强实效。", "8. 及时应对外部压力。监督厅应预期并准备及时、有效地应对利益攸关方和监督机构提出的问题和挑战。", "我高兴地报告，在本报告提交之际，在第2、第3和第7个问题，特别是在解决监督厅高空缺率问题上已经取得重大进展。我采取了若干措施，以减少空缺员额的临时征聘，而尽可能进行正常征聘。截至2011年7月底，据正式统计监督厅的总空缺率为19%；但是，另有19项征聘决定已经进入候选人调查和证书确认阶段，或等待审查合格候选人报到上岗，因此实际空缺率可能降至13%。", "并且，监督厅计划从2012年1月起通过网站公布内部审计报告，以此提高透明度，并使会员国和公众能够查阅报告。监督厅还将确保取得高效成果，对内部审计报告中有关治理、风险管理和内部控制工作充足有效的总体意见进行评级。说明被发现问题的重要性或紧迫性，将对监督厅为解决问题而提出的建议采取后续行动的频率提供明确指导。", "为进一步推动上述八个方面的工作，监督厅成立了几个内部工作组，同时成立了由我办公室全面领导的临时变革管理小组。", "在另一方面，2011年8月8日监督厅检查和评价司及调查司的两位新任司长终于到任。我们期待他们的丰富经验和坚强领导给我们的工作带来新的方向。", "我对监督厅工作人员发扬职业精神实现本年度报告概述的成果表示感谢。我对他们对本组织的坚定承诺和对创新的开放态度表示感谢。", "最后，我谨感谢秘书长、联合国高级管理当局、独立审计咨询委员会成员和会员国代表对监督厅去年开展的活动给予的支持和鼓励以及提出的建设性反馈意见，这种支持、鼓励和建设性反馈意见对监督厅的工作很有助益。", "主管内部监督事务副秘书长", "卡门·拉普安特(签名)", "一. 导言", "1. 为加强本组织的监督工作，大会第48/218 B号决议决定成立内部监督事务厅(监督厅)。按照大会的规定，监督厅独立开展工作，并通过内部审计、监测、检查、评价和调查协助秘书长履行对本组织资源和人员的内部监督职责。", "2. 本报告概述2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间监督厅的活动。报告分为三节，述及(a) 旨在改进监督厅业务和工作质量的举措；(b) 监督成果；(c) 监督厅计划提高内部审计成果的效力和透明度；(d) 受权报告有关基本建设总计划、联合国赔偿委员会以及联合国内罗毕办事处和非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)增建设施的监督活动。本报告的增编(A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)将详细分析监督厅建议的执行情况，并载列建议所涉财政资源细目和本报告期间监督厅发表的报告清单。", "3. 本报告不包括与维持和平行动部、外勤支助部以及维和团和政治特派团有关的监督结果，这些结果将在报告第二部分中提交大会第六十六届会议续会。", "二. 内部举措", "A. 全面加强内部监督事务厅的职能", "4. 监督厅努力以最高的专业和效率标准开展工作。本节重点阐述本报告所述期间为实现这一目标而采取的部分重大举措。", "1. 根据组织风险确定工作优先次序", "5. 在独立审计咨询委员会提出建议并在大会第64/243号决议(第128段)提出相关要求后，在本报告所述期间监督厅内部审计司根据内部审计师协会实务意见书，通过纳入残余风险对风险评估框架和规划方法加以改进。改进后的风险评估除内在风险外还考虑到现有的重要控制措施，并能发现可能阻碍实现目标的最大风险。风险评估将为2012-2013两年期的审计工作确定优先次序。监督厅还在开展其审计风险类别和秘书处目前采用的企业风险管理框架的统一工作。在本报告所述期间，监督厅内部审计司协助对普通信托基金、联合国脱离接触观察员部队、联合国非洲联盟驻索马里特派团支助处、非洲经委会、联合国合办工作人员养恤基金和秘书长办公厅进行了六项新的风险评估。", "6. 支持监督厅检查和评价工作的风险管理方法也得到了改进。高级主管契约业绩管理等新内容已经纳入根据风险对秘书处各部厅进行评级的各项指标。这些指标分为五个风险类别，即财政、人力资源、治理、业务(成果)和业务(风险)。维和特派团的风险评估则采用以下风险类别：冲突严重程度、特派团上次审计中的监督厅检查和评价、以及特派团任务的复杂性和特派团的规模。", "2. 监督工作及方法的创新", "7. 为加强审计能力和扩大审计范围，监督厅开发了一套方案业绩管理审计工具，以确保联合国实体把业绩管理纳入各自的内部控制机制。新框架首先在联合国的三个实体进行试点，即联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、人道主义事务协调厅和联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团。", "3. 加强内部工作进程和系统", "8. 监督厅内部审计司不断改进工作流程和程序，量身开发了电子文件和管理软件(AutoAudit)，以便配合审计方法和管理流程的改进。", "9. 监督厅检查和评价司采取一系列举措，以加强内部工作流程和系统，包括成立一个内部工作组，明确工作人员在评价流程各阶段的作用和职责，包括管理职责和行政职责。另一个工作组制订了“小组契约”，促进初小组成员项目执行初期的作用、工作方法和预期，并纳入了360度反馈部分。2011年5月，该司出台了行政职能集中管理试点项目，并因此成立了新的行政支助科，其任务是促进为该司各个项目和任务提供协调一致和高质量的支持。", "4. 建设一支专业员工队伍", "10. 为应对日益复杂的管理系统并更好地满足新司法制度的要求，监督厅调查司大大加强了取证和分析能力。监督厅利用纽约、维也纳和内罗毕的人员资源成立了数字取证股，提供从计算机、电信设备和其他各种数字记录装置获取信息的尖端能力。为了补充数字取证股的工作，目前正在进一步开发分析能力，利用软件工具对各项调查的大量数据和相关结果进行比对。这些职能将为调查提供有力支持，并提高调查效力。", "11. 2011年5月23日至24日，调查司在华盛顿哥伦比亚特区组织了由世界银行主办的“采购欺诈调查”培训班。培训班的对象为对公共部门采购知识有限的调查人员，培训结合实际案例研究介绍了采购业务流程。参加培训班的有来自国际组织的调查人员，如非洲开发银行、世界银行、联合国开发计划署(开发署)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处、世界粮食计划署和欧洲中央银行等。培训课程的扩大版将于2011年底向联合国工作人员推出。", "12. 监督厅不断按照业务需求和标准对工作人员的知识、技能和能力进行评估。本报告所述期间采取的举措还有：检查和评价司就各种专题组织的内部研讨会，包括欧洲联盟委员会评价；开发署、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、新闻部、人道主义事务协调厅和维持和平行动部的评价职能；人道主义工作评价；业绩审计；以及定性数据分析、统计软件和图像演示讲习班。工作人员还参加了提高两性平等认识讲习班。", "B. 合作与协调", "13. 监督厅与包括审计委员会和联合检查组在内的联合国其他监督实体定期协调，以确保避免监督工作中可能出现的重复和重叠，并尽量缩小监督覆盖缺口。监督厅除了与审计委员会共享工作计划外，每两个月还与其举行会议讨论共同关心的问题，并在出现特别令人关切的问题时，与联合检查组举行专门会议。此外，这些实体的高级代表参加年度三方会议，讨论监督协调及其他问题。", "14. 监督厅认识到促进监督厅与其他职能同行之间关系的价值和重要性。在本报告所述期间，监督厅专业人员积极参加各自的专业网络如下：", "(a) 内部审计司积极参与联合国各组织和多边金融机构内部审计事务处代表会议和工作；", "(b) 检查和评价司继续在联合国评价小组中发挥积极作用，并于2011年3月在巴黎与儿基会共同主持了评价实践交流讨论会。讨论会广泛涵盖了重要领域，例如对评价职能的评价、联合评价、评价的利用、效果评价和评价能力发展等。该司还参加了联合国评价小组人权与两性平等问题工作队，并参加了编写和推广关于如何将这些视角纳入整个联合国系统评价工作的手册的工作。这些手册将于今年在监督厅两个方案评价中进行试点；", "(c) 调查司于2010年12月8日至9日在纽约主持了一次通过国际调查打击腐败会议。会议汇集了负责在国际上调查欺诈和腐败的多边组织和国家组织，促进了国际调查努力的合作和协调以及调查方法和经验的共享，特别是在人道主义、发展和冲突后行动中的下列领域：商业交易、人口流动以及影响儿童的犯罪行为；", "(d) 此外，调查司积极参加了世界银行于2011年5月25日至27日在华盛顿主办的第十二届国际调查员会议。 该司主持了一次关于调查政策发展和最近创新的会议，涉及的主题有调查案件接受、程序趋势，业绩计量和统一性等。该司还主办了几次讲习班，其内容包括：计算机取证和其他信息技术侦查手段的最新进展；证人和调查主体的管理：他们的权利和义务；以及对骚扰、滥用职权和报复问题的调查。", "15. 调查司继续与本组织内各对口单位合作，并向它们提供专家支持如下：", "(a) 调查司的职能在内部司法中具有关键作用。为高效履行法定调查职能，从而为公平的纪律处分程序建立适当基础，该部与管理事务部和内部司法办公室开展了密切合作与协调；", "(b) 该司还与联合国争议法庭密切合作，在惩戒行动听证会期间提供证据和证词。此外，调查司与有关对口单位定期开会，以便有效评估新判例及其对该司业务的影响，并确保适当的信息共享，以有效制定内部司法系统的标准。", "16. 2010年7月，调查司与国际刑事法院签署了一份援助谅解备忘录，在可偿还贷款的基础上提供一名高级调查员，为期一年，以协助建立一个调查股(独立监督机制)。成立该股的目的是通过对民选官员、工作人员、订约人及咨询人的不当行为举报进行行政调查，以确保对法院进行有效监督。", "C. 内部监督事务厅工作面临的障碍", "17. 在本报告所述期间，不存在妨碍监督厅工作或独立性的对审计范围的不适当限制。", "三. 提高内部审计结果效力和透明度的计划", "18. 监督厅希望提请大会注意有关监测建议和监督结果报告的计划变动。", "A. 审计报告的变化", "19. 监督厅计划从2012年1月起通过其网站定期公布内部审计报告。为此，监督厅正在设立进程，以持续支持并对内部审计报告中关于所考查的治理、风险管理和内部控制流程的充分性和有效性的总体意见进行评级。这将有效传播根据所进行审计工作提供的保证级别，包括已查明缺陷的重要性。此外，所标示的已查明缺陷重要性和关键性将明确地发出有关解决缺陷的建议的后续活动的可见度和频率的信号。评级分类如下：", "(a) “满意”，适用于监督厅得出如下结论的总体审计结果：治理、风险管理和内部控制流程设计充分、运作有效，为管理部门和利益攸关方提供了关于实现所审查的控制或业务目标的合理保证。不过，该评级类别中可能仍存在改进余地，那样的话，将单独传达给管理部门，供其酌情执行。只有在有关的后续监督活动中，才会酌情采取后续行动；", "(b) “部分满意”，适用于得出如下结论的审计结果：在治理、风险管理或内部控制流程中存在重大缺陷，以致可能无法合理保证实现所审查控制和/或业务目标。最后审计报告中将概述导致作出这个评级的缺陷，并提出重要建议与管理部门商定行动计划、目标日期及其解决的问责措施。这些重要建议的后续执行情况将每年检查并报告一次。也可指明改进的机会；", "(c) “不满意”，适用于得出如下结论的审计结果：治理、风险管理或内部控制过程中存在一个或多个重要缺陷和/或普遍缺陷，致使无法合理地保证实现所审查的控制和/或业务目标。最后审计报告中将说明导致作出这个评级的缺陷，并提出重要建议与管理部门商定行动计划、目标日期及其解决的问责措施。报告中也可能指明重要建议和/或改进机会。对于所有截至原目标日期仍未执行、因而被认为已误期的行动计划，每个季度将对这些重要建议的执行情况开展检查和报告。提交秘书长的季度报告将包括查明的缺陷详情、相关行动计划，负责的个人、目前执行进度和经修订的目标日期。", "20. 客户未接受的关键或重要建议将提高级别，以确保包括秘书长在内的高级管理层适当了解并接受仍存在风险的理由。", "B. 对建议进行更有效的监测", "21. 以往为编写监督厅的年度报告和半年度报告，所有待执行建议不论是否关键均每年两次更新状况。因此，监督厅采取后续行动的大量建议被认为分散了管理层对更关键行动的注意力，而没有把注意力集中在最需要迫切关注的领域。后续行动进程本身需要监督厅及其被要求定期对更新状态请求作出答复的客户进行大量的行政工作。", "22. 鉴于上述情况，监督厅正在对所有待执行建议进行彻底审查，以期调整后续工作的次数和频率，有效地集中关注最重要领域。下文所述为预期取得的结果。", "1. 减少待执行建议的数量", "23. 所有待执行建议将被重新分为三类：关键建议、重要建议和改进机会。如下所述，只有前两类(建议)须定期监测、落实和报告，第三类则将酌情开展后续工作：", "(a) 关键建议将更频繁地检查落实情况，从半年一次改为每个季度；", "(b) 重要建议检查落实工作的频率将降低，从半年一次改为每年；", "(c) 在随后的有关监督活动中将适当检查改进机会的情况，以考虑其重要性是否有所提高；", "24. 通过须定期检查的建议数量的合理化，监督厅预计将更有效地促进将管理部门的注意力和稀缺资源集中到执行被认为更重要的建议上。", "2. 为所有建议确定目标日期和问责制", "25. 所有经全面审查后仍有待执行的建议将需要制定行动计划，提出一个现实的目标日期和承担执行责任的管理人员的职位，经与管理部门协商后确定。", "C. 监督结果的财务影响", "26. 监督厅已将监督结果造成的财务影响分类简化如下：", "(a) 因管理不善、诈骗、浪费、盗窃等造成的“不必要的或多余的支出或损失”；", "(b) 由于监督厅查明的程序改进而产生的“避免今后费用的机会”。", "D. 重要的监督术语", "27. 监督厅认识到，大会第64/263号决议责成监督厅与秘书处管理事务部和法律事务厅等有关部厅密切协商，全面界定和编纂重要的监督术语。监督厅认为上文提出的关于变化的监督术语(包括关于财务影响的术语)最为重要，并将继续进行协商，以确定应列入的其他监督术语。", "E. 监督厅综合年度报告", "28. 监督厅计划每个日历年报告一次维持和平行动和非维持和平行动情况(第一部分和第二部分)，以精简对建议的监测，并与报告高级管理人员契约保持同步。", "四. 监督结果", "29. 本节介绍本报告所述期间的部分调查结果。", "A. 内部审计司", "30. 审计结果分为七个风险类别：战略、治理、合规、财务、业务、人力资源和信息。", "1. 审计结果的分类", "31. 审计风险类别包含因以下原因对本组织的任务规定、业务或声誉造成的不利影响：", "(a) 战略风险，包括：战略规划不力；业务决定有害或决定执行不当；未对外部环境变化做出应对；面临经济因素或其他因素；", "(b) 治理风险，包括：未能建立适当的程序和结构以提供信息、指导、管理和监测本组织的活动；高级管理层领导不力；以及未在本组织内推进一种道德文化；", "(c) 合规风险，因违反、未遵守或无法遵守法律、细则、条例、规定做法、政策、程序或道德标准而产生；", "(d) 财务风险，由于下列原因产生：资金不足；资金使用不当；对财务执行情况管理不到位；财务执行情况的报告和披露不可靠；", "(e) 业务风险，由于下列原因产生：内部程序不充分、效率低或失效，或不能经济、高效地开展业务；", "(f) 人力资源风险，由于未能制定和执行妥善的人力资源政策、程序和惯例而产生；", "(g) 信息风险，由于未能建立和维持适当的信通技术系统和基础设施而产生。", "图一 按风险类别分列的非维持和平行动审计建议，2010年7月至2011年6月", "[]", "2. 按风险类别分列的审计结果", "战略风险", "32. 对环境署通过伙伴关系交付项目安排的审计(AA2010/220/03)。减轻不当伙伴关系风险的内部控制存在缺陷。虽然联合国环境规划署(环境署)与执行伙伴广泛合作，但这些伙伴的鉴别和甄选没有依照2009年11月颁布的《联合国与工商界合作准则》、依靠全组织范围的战略做法和记录在案的尽责调查过程进行。这些伙伴的鉴别和甄选由各司和方案干事定夺，可能会导致合作伙伴选择不当并影响项目实施。环境署接受监督厅关于实施适当内部控制进行补救的建议。", "治理风险", "33. 对联合国内罗毕办事处采购活动的审计(AA2009/211/02)。由于权力下放到联合国内罗毕办事处行政服务司司长，高价值的采购由总部合同委员会进行额外审查的要求已被取消。内罗毕的地方合同委员会是审查金额不同的所有采购案的唯一机构。高价值采购本质上具有高风险，因此应由总部加以额外审查。管理事务部同意建立一个对地方合同委员会审查的高价值案例的控制机制，设定阈值为500万美元。办事处还需要澄清其是否有权力代表环境署和联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)开展采购活动。", "34. 对国际电子计算中心向联合国秘书处、联合国合办工作人员养恤基金和联合国难民事务高级专员办公室所提供服务的审计(AT2009/800/03)。信息和通信技术厅从国际电子计算中心采购服务时，没有明确的甄选标准或对替代方法的考虑。因此，无法保证该中心提供了最佳性价比的选择。信息和通信技术厅不接受监督厅关于制定利用该中心服务的标准和决策过程的建议，但尽管如此，该厅与外勤支助部合作编写了关于外包给该中心的工作和服务的详细说明，作为采购司进行设定基准工作的基础。", "合规风险", "35. 对前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭拘留所租用牢房和服务的管理的审计 (AA2010/270/01)。虽然仍未与荷兰政府敲定为前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭提供拘留设施和服务的协议，但法庭根据2010年签署的一项临时协议，为2008年10月至2009年12月期间支付了9 090 249美元，事实上绕过了地方和总部合同委员会的审查。2011年3月，地方合同委员会建议，总部合同委员会事后审查有关协定草案。", "36. 对人居署索马里方案的审计(AA2010/250/02)。截至审计时，人居署没有完全遵守当时安全阶段的地区特定最低运作安保标准，致使在索马里哈尔格萨的人居署索马里方案办公室面临安全风险。没有采取进出控制措施，也没有安排应急食品、住房和公务用车。人居署同意确保所有办公地点遵守最低运作安保标准，并在其总部征聘了一名全职安保和安全干事。", "财务风险", "37. 对联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的治理和供资安排的审计(AE2010/360/01)。联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室没有一个减轻对预算外资源过度依赖的风险的总体战略，目前预算外资源约占该办公室总收入的90%。大会第59/250号决议指出补充非核心资源不能替代核心资源。由于捐助者自愿捐款中近90%指定用于具体项目，核心资金与专项资金之间的不平衡没有给办公室留下多少灵活应对复杂的方案和管理挑战的活动余地，还可能造成核心资金无法支持的更多财务负债。虽然该办公室同意在2011年底之前制定一个多年期筹资战略，以确保核心资源和预算外资源达到适当平衡，但迄今为止，在捐助者之间达成关于可持续筹资模式共识的努力仍未获成功。", "信息风险", "38. 对联合国秘书处“Inspira”人才管理项目的审计(AT2010/512/01)。人力资源管理厅在发布新系统进行正式使用前并未采用规划、运行和记录系统测试情况的做法，也并未做出必要安排确保“Inspira”满足所有必要功能。因此，无法保证适用功能的有效性。人力厅同意在适用该系统未来版本时将规划、记录和测试其稳定性，包括通过标准做法克服各种缺陷。人力厅还证实，已经建立更加明确、负责的商业主导的项目管理结构，并由主管人力资源管理事务助理秘书长和首席信息技术官等组成的指导委员会提供战略指导。此外，还将更加关注用户测试，确保各项功能满足必要的规格。而且，还加强了用户测试、缺陷日志和变更要求方面的文件工作。", "39. 对卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭信息和通信技术治理和安保管理的审计(AT2010/ 260/01)。卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的拘留设施在安全、业务信息和通信技术方面存在严重不足。经常性的传输中断影响网络连接、电话和传真通信，中断时间有时长达几周，使被拘留者与律师的沟通能力受限，可能影响到他们的权利。此外，未建立敏感信息存档和备份的适当系统，如果发生自然灾害或恶意行为，无法恢复操作或保证保密信息不受损害。法庭启动了对现行灾后恢复和业务连续性计划的审查，并启动了定期计划测试。法庭证实，已找到安全的庭外地点进行常规数据备份及实际存储备份数据磁带。有关网络、电话和传真通信方面的技术问题也已得到解决。", "40. 对联合国合办工作人员养恤基金Charles River交易订单管理系统执行情况的审计(AS2010/801/04)。执行该系统时未进行适当安排及测试恢复程序，无法确保业务连续性以及在发生自然灾害或恶意行为后能够恢复关键数据。投资管理司指出，该司已经启动业务连续性和灾后恢复方案，方案将继续执行，预计到2011年第三季度全面执行。", "B. 检查和评价司", "41. 经济和社会事务部方案评价(E/AC.51/2011/2)。经济和社会事务部在广泛的主题方面拥有诸多优势。经社部为政府间决策及全球统计系统提供了有效支持，并为支持推进千年发展目标方面做出了宝贵贡献。尽管如此，由政府间决定确定的该部任务规定较为宽泛、涉及面广，而且该部未制定明确确定其在发展领域作用的战略重点。例如，该部在支持区域和国家能力发展方面的作用和战略仍在确定。能力发展战略草案并未明确阐述该部相对其他与发展有关的联合国基金、方案及机构的作用，而且工作人员、管理层及利益攸关方并未充分理解应将能力发展纳入其他核心职能。虽然经社部采取了成立战略规划股等各项步骤，在战略上更加关注方案的交付，但在该部的战略中应在有关部门业已存在的情况下更加明确部门优先事项和关键活动，在该部服务政府间进程及召集各种专家小组、会议和组织方面更应如此。2009年，经社部成立了能力发展办公室，并成立了全部门能力发展指导委员会，现在应考虑到有必要与联合国的外地实体进行更强有力的合作，因此应考虑进一步明确在能力发展工作方面的具体作用。", "42. 经社部成功支持并促进了政府间一级的协调和政策一致性，这也得到了会员国的认可。但是，虽然经社部通过经济和社会事务执行委员会促进联合国各实体间的政策一致性、共享信息并加强方案规划协调，但还不能充分有效地促进联合国系统内的协作、一致性及协调。评价时正在进行订正的ST/SGB/1997/9号文件规定，经济和社会事务部应协助秘书长加强联合国系统内部和联合国系统各组织间的政策一致性和协调性，但该部的任务规定不够明确，也没有制定履行这一职能的战略。此外，主管政策协调和机构间事务助理秘书长负责就联合国全系统的协调、政策制定及合作问题向政府间机构提供支持，但却不能全面关注与经社部相关的专项协调活动。为了在现有努力基础上加强伙伴关系，监督厅建议经社部与其伙伴方，特别是与各区域委员会以及联合国外地实体磋商，进一步制定并明确经济和社会领域的协调战略以加强协调；加强工作计划与联合国其他实体的一致性和相互间的互补性；以及明确伙伴关系作用和责任。", "43. 对联合国秘书处两性平等主流化的专题评价(A/65/266)。两性平等主流化是一个组织战略优先事项，而且这一评价工作是1995年这些任务规定(大会第50/203号决议)制定以来首次进行的此类审查。但是，重点是确定程序，而不是实现成果。由于缺乏对两性平等主流化含义、宗旨及实际影响的理解，以及缺乏领导力和问责，整个秘书处并未连贯履行两性平等主流化的任务规定。监督厅建议秘书处各方案采取具体行动，加强对两性平等主流化的承诺并注重结果。监督厅还鼓励联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)在制定任务规定、设想资源和结构时能够考虑到本评价的结论。", "C. 调查司", "44. 调查事项按下列类别进行分类：财务、库存/资产、管理、人事、采购、方案、[1] 性剥削和性骚扰。", "图二 按调查类别分裂的非维持和平活动方面收受的调查和发布的报告，2010年7月至2011年6月", "[]", "注：收受的调查是指有意进行调查的所有新案件。调查报告中还包括监督厅调查尚未证实报告事件时发布的结案报告。本报告增编载有监督厅报告的完整清单。", "45. (0044/09号案件)。[2] 6名工作人员为获得金融机构贷款篡改工资单并拿到了联合国证明。其中一人是安保和安全处的警卫，为获得工作机会，他还向联合国虚报自己的状况。虚报内容涉及之前所服兵役对该名工作人员胜任工作有影响。所有事项正在等待内部纪律程序的处理结果。", "46. (0094/10号案件)。1名工作人员为获得东道国的特权虚报正式身份和职位。调查结束后该名工作人员从本组织离职。", "47. (0121/10号案件)。1名工作人员在涉及1名供应商的服务采购过程中涉嫌采购违规和裙带关系。此事正在等待内部纪律程序的处理结果。", "48. (0175/10号案件)。2名警卫扣押了2名擅入者，这两人明显喝醉了酒，而且没有携带武器。1名警卫用枪指着他们并在其主管在场的情况下殴打了其中一人。有关工作人员之后企图掩盖这一事件。此事正在等待内部纪律程序的处理结果。", "49. (0188/10号案件)。联合国1名供应商向联合国出售商品时作虚假宣传。该名供应商声称其设备能够检测出违禁品和爆炸物，但也在调查这一公司的执法机构及其他机构大多认为这属虚假宣传。此事正在等待供应商制裁程序的处理结果。", "50. (0247/10号案件)。1名工作人员贪污了13笔各方案主管返还给他的未使用预付款资金，而没有将其存入账户。他还非法填写转账单记入账目以掩盖其行为，并伪造了指定核签人的签名。此事正在等待内部纪律程序的处理结果。", "51. (0344/10号案件)。联合国1个承包商的雇员在执行任务期间对1名未成年女孩进行性攻击。此事正在等待供应商制裁程序的处理结果。", "52. (390/10和496/09号案件)。纽约联合国总部安全和安保部的2名工作人员，在未完成纽约州规定的强制培训情况下申请并非法获得了纽约持枪证。他们通过提交虚假的结课证书为发放持枪证提供便利。正在与纽约警察局密切合作调查这一事项，并正在等待内部纪律程序的处理结果。", "53. (0456/10号案件)。联合国某机构的1名高级官员对严重管理不善，包括财务事项、采购和征聘方面的违规做法负有责任。由于缺乏管理监督和无视联合国的规范框架，致使在采购、财务和人力资源方面存在严重不足，造成行为不端风险上升。已发布报告，提出了监督厅的建议纠正措施，供管理层今后参考，但该名工作人员已在调查期间辞职。", "五. 法定汇报要求", "A. 基本建设总计划", "54. 根据大会第62/87号决议，监督厅负责报告基本建设总计划审计科的活动。监督厅有两名专门负责审计基本建设总计划业务的审计员。2010-2011年采用的是基于风险的审计方法，这符合内部审计司采用的审计方法。", "55. 在本报告所述期间开展了广泛的审计工作，继续以采购和合同管理过程为重点，包括基本建设总计划办公室和项目组采用的变更单，以及项目预算编制、财务报告和付款。", "56. 监督厅对基本建设总计划的审计范围还包括安全和安保问题，因此提交了两份审计报告：“基本建设总计划执行期间工作人员、场地和资产的安保规定》(AC2009/514/05)和《基本建设总计划执行期间联合国工作人员和承包商包括拆除石棉在内的安全规定》(AC2010/514/01)。两项审计审查的结论均认为，拥有充分的控制措施。", "B. 联合国赔偿委员会", "57. 根据大会第59/270和59/271号决议，监督厅介绍有关联合国赔偿委员会的监督活动如下。", "58. 在2010-2011两年期，赔偿委员会提供了100 000美元作为内部审计费用，监督厅以这笔费用对2009年1月至2010年5月期间(AE2010/820/01)和2010年6月至2011年4月期间(AE2011/820/01, 即将印发)的索偿赔款进行了审计。除向大会报告索偿进程的最新情况外，监督厅的审计还重点关注有关将收到收入并入补偿基金方面的内部控制机制是否充分有效。", "59. 赔偿委员会继续支付赔偿金，监测索偿国政府用环境损害赔偿金开展的环境项目。截至2011年4月30日，裁决的520亿美元赔偿款已发放320亿美元。2005年6月完成了对这些索偿的处理。尚余约200亿美元未发放赔偿款，其中9宗是付给科威特的大笔赔偿款。按照安全理事会第1483(2003)号决议的规定，补偿基金可得到伊拉克石油收入的5%，之后多项决议，最近的是第1956(2010)号决议，都对此进行了重申。", "60. 对2009年1月至2010年5月期间联合国赔偿委员会的索偿赔款的审计(AE2010/820/01)。赔偿委员会拥有充足的控制机制，确保赔偿和付款记录及各类报告准确无误、记录妥当且符合委员会理事会的决定和《联合国财务条例和细则》。但根据外聘审计人对2008年12月31日终了年度伊拉克发展基金的审计报告(在2008-2009年赔偿委员会财务报表的说明中也有反映)，现金和易货交易致使补偿基金并未完全收到5%的石油收益，截至2008年12月31日补偿基金累计收入缺口为2.12亿美元。根据赔偿委员会秘书处向理事会的报告，虽然易货交易于2007年12月31日停止，但截至2009年12月31日资金缺口达到2.24亿美元(由现金交易造成)。监督厅建议伊拉克财务专家委员会正式注意因持续使用现金结算进行出口销售造成的收入缺口问题。由于联合国主计长已将这一事项提请国际咨询和监察委员会和财务专家委员会注意，因此已经采取了行动。此外，伊拉克发展基金的外聘审计人证实，2010年没再出现以现金结算的出口销售情况。此外，理事会继续请求赔偿理事会秘书处监测存款情况并随时向理事会通报在缺口问题方面的任何进一步进展情况，最近一次是在2010年4月会议上提出的请求。监督厅因此已终止这一建议。", "C. 在亚的斯亚贝巴增建非洲经济委员会办公设施和增建联合国内罗毕办事处办公设施", "61. 根据大会第63/263号决议，监督厅负责报告与在亚的斯亚贝巴增建非洲经济委员会办公设施和增建联合国内罗毕办事处办公设施有关的活动。", "62. 增建联合国内罗毕办事处办公设施工作已于2010年12月基本完成。监督厅对项目组织和管理结构、采购、合同管理、财务管理及利益攸关者关系进行了审查。目前正在起草相关审计报告，即增建联合国内罗毕办事处办公设施审计报告(将作为AC2010/211/01印发)。", "63. 亚的斯亚贝巴非洲经委会的建造工作正在进行中。2011年6月20日开始对非洲经委会的新办公设施建造工作进行具体审计，计划在2011年8月底左右公布报告草稿。", "附件", "法定汇报要求概览", "监督厅年度报告中将列入的信息类别见以下文件：", "(a) ST/SGB/273号秘书长公报，第28段：", "㈠ 对重大问题、弊端和缺陷以及监督厅相关建议的陈述；", "㈡ 秘书长未核可的建议；", "㈢ 以往报告中提出但纠正行动尚未完成的建议(酬情见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)；", "㈣ 经管理层修订的上一期间的决定；", "㈤ 无法与管理层达成一致、或资料或协助请求遭到拒绝的建议(酬情见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)；", "㈥ 建议的费用节余价值和追回的款额(见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)；", "(b) 大会第56/246号决议；", "㈠ 关于过去三个报告期间各项建议执行率的资料(见A/66/286(Part I)/ Add.1)；", "㈡ 关于监督厅改组对其工作影响的资料；", "㈢ 对已执行建议、执行中建议和未执行建议及未执行理由分别作出说明(见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)；", "(c) 大会第57/292和60/282号决议：在监督厅年度报告中报告在基本建设总计划项目各阶段开展的监督活动；", "(d) 大会第59/270和59/271号决议：对联合国赔偿委员会的整个索偿过程进行内部监督，并定期在监督厅年度报告中报告有关情况；", "(e) 大会第59/272号决议：要求年度报告列出监督厅当年印发的所有报告的标题和摘要(见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)；", "(f) 大会第62/87号决议：请监督厅确保对基本建设总计划进行有效审计，并向大会提交其关于基本建设总计划执行情况的所有报告；", "(g) 大会第63/263号决议：请监督厅确保对在亚的斯亚贝巴增建非洲经委会办公设施和增建联合国内罗毕办事处办公设施进行有效审计。", "[1] “方案”类调查是指与联合国某项方案有关的投诉或改进建议。调查报告通常不会关注某个工作人员的错失行为，而是关注与某个方案运作相关的风险。这一类别还用于对预先调查进行分类。", "[2] 这一调查案件共涉及6名工作人员。三个报告涉及联合国人居署(0029/09和0044/09、0194/09号案件),1个报告涉及联合国内罗毕办事处(0458/08号案件)，两个报告涉及环境署(0036/09和0037/09号案件)。除0044/09号案件外,在前一个报告期间发布了所有其他报告。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程项目142[1]", "关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "内部监督事务厅2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的活动[2]", "内部监督事务厅的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第48/218 B号决议(第5(e)段)、第54/244号决议(第4和5段)、第59/272号决议(第1至3段)和第64/263号决议(第2段)提交的。 1).一. 本报告不涉及与维持和平行动部、外勤支助部或维持和平特派团和政治特派团有关的监督活动,因为这些活动将在第六十六届会议续会期间在报告第二部分中提交大会。", "在本报告所述期间,即2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日,内部监督事务厅(监督厅)发布了323份监督报告,包括提交大会的7份报告和65份结案报告。 这些报告包括1 702项建议,以改善内部控制、问责机制以及组织效率和效力。 在这些建议中,398项被归类为对本组织至关重要。 监督厅在此期间提出的建议所涉经费约为1 970万美元。", "这些建议旨在节省费用、收回多付款项、提高效率并作出其他改进。 在此期间得到满意执行的类似建议所涉经费共计约260万美元。 本报告增编(A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)详细分析了建议的执行情况并详细列出了涉及经费问题的建议。 根据第59/272号决议第1(c)段,会员国可应要求查阅监督厅的报告。 监督厅所有报告的标题全文可上网查阅(www.un.org/Depts/oios/pages/rep_and_pub.html)。", "目录", "页次\n序言 3\n一、导言. 5\nA. 加强内部监督事务厅职能的全部5个努力\nB. 合作 7 和\nC. 对内部监督事务厅工作的协助 8\n服务三. 加强内部审计效力和透明度的计划9\n审计中的变动\nB. 更有效率地监测\nC. 监督所涉财务问题 10\nD.K. 11监督\nE. 合并的11份年度报告\n办公室四。 监督 11\nA. 内部 11\nB. 检查15和评价\nC. 调查 16个\n五. 授权18个报告\nA. 资本18\n联合国赔偿\nC. 在亚的斯亚贝巴非洲经济委员会和联合国\n内罗毕\n20份法定报告概览\n所需经费", "前言", "我高兴地提交内部监督事务厅(监督厅)2011年6月30日终了年度非维持和平活动年度报告。 报告概述了在此期间正在进行的活动和所完成的工作成果,并计划提高监督厅负责的业务内部监督活动的透明度和效力。", "在我担任副秘书长的初期,我与我的管理团队一道,确定了若干问题和挑战,即监督厅需要处理的39个问题和挑战,以满足联合国目前和今后的需要。 2月份,我们聚集一堂,深入讨论如何解决这些问题,这些问题可概括为以下八类:", "1. 联合国 规划和确定优先次序。 监督厅需要有一个与其利益攸关方期望一致的明确、共同的愿景,并监测其环境,以便发出可能需要改变优先事项和方向的信号。", "2. 交付能力。 监督厅需要解决长期存在的空缺问题,制定短期和长期战略来吸引和发展一支具有满足本组织当前和今后需要的必要技能的多样化工作人员队伍。 它还需要以适当的指导、结构和管理支持其工作人员,以促进一个生产性的工作环境。", "3个 取得高影响成果。 监督厅必须确保自身进程始终保持高质量,注重高风险组织风险,并借助技术解决方案支持影响更好变革的令人信服的成果。", " 4.四. 3. 结构性考虑。 监督厅需要考虑各种机会,在各种职能之间或地理位置上扩大或汇集某些资源,以减少重复活动,创造深度和后备能力,并在各自各司之间进行协作,以加强监督学习机会。", "5 (韩语). 资源充足. 监督厅需要使资源基础合理化,使之充分、可靠和足够灵活,以确保它支持必要的独立性,以酌情应对执行任务所面临重大固有、剩余和新出现的风险。", "6. 国家 主管内部监督事务副秘书长办公室的作用。 监督厅需要重新建立自己的内部问责制框架,以确保其活动得到经加强的监督厅的领导、管理和监测,其模式符合其利益攸关方的期望。", "7. 通讯。 监督厅需要改善内部的信息共享,在联合国大家庭内进行更有效的合作,并通过与外部组织、媒体和公众合作并与之联系来扩大其影响力和效力。", "8. 联合国 随时准备应对外部压力。 监督厅需要预见并做好准备,对利益攸关方和监督机构提出的问题和挑战迅速作出有效反应。", "我高兴地报告,随着本报告的提交,在问题2、3和7方面取得了重要进展,特别是在解决监督厅长期存在的高空缺问题方面。 我已采取措施减少临时征聘人员,以便尽可能优先考虑空缺职位的定期征聘。 2011年7月底,监督厅的正式空缺率总体为19%;不过,另有19个征聘决定正在等待候选人的推荐信和全权证书的确认,或已核准候选人的报告,有可能将实际空缺率降至13%。", "此外,监督厅计划从2012年1月开始通过其网站向公众提供其内部审计报告,从而提高透明度并增加会员国和公众的查阅。 此外,监督厅将通过在内部审计报告中对治理、风险管理和内部控制程序的适当性和有效性的总体意见进行评级,确保产生高影响的结果。 已查明的缺陷的重要性或关键性明确表明,今后将经常就监督厅解决缺陷的相关建议采取后续行动。", "为了进一步推动所有八个优先事项的工作,已经设立了内部工作组,可以由我办公室总体指导下的临时改革管理小组来补充。", "此外,2011年8月8日,我们欢迎我们两位期待已久的新司长、检查和评价司司长和调查司司长向监督厅表示欢迎。 我们期待着他们的广泛经验和强有力的领导将带来的新方向。", "我谨感谢监督厅工作人员在实现本年度报告所概述成果方面的专业献身精神。 我感谢他们对本组织的承诺和对创新的开放。", "最后,我要感谢秘书长、联合国高级管理层、独立审计咨询委员会成员和会员国代表对监督厅过去一年的活动给予的支持、鼓励和建设性反馈,所有这些都很有帮助。", "主管内部监督事务副秘书长", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 1. 内部监督事务厅(监督厅)是根据大会第48/218 B号决议设立的,目的是加强本组织的监督。 该厅按照大会的规定在业务上独立,通过内部审计、监测、检查、评价和调查,协助秘书长履行对本组织资源和工作人员的内部监督责任。", "2. 联合国 本报告概述了2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间监督厅的活动,由三个主要部分组成,涉及:(a) 旨在改善监督厅业务和工作质量的举措;(b) 监督结果;(c) 监督厅计划加强内部审计结果的效力和透明度;(d) 规定报告与基本建设总计划、联合国赔偿委员会和增建联合国内罗毕办事处和非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)设施有关的监督活动。 本报告增编(A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1)详细分析了监督厅建议的执行情况、所涉经费问题的建议细目以及监督厅在本报告所述期间所印发的报告清单。", "3个 本报告不涉及与维持和平行动部、外勤支助部或维持和平特派团和政治特派团有关的监督结果,这些结果将在第六十六届会议续会期间在报告第二部分中提交大会。", "二. 内部举措", "A类. 加强内部监督事务厅职能的总体努力", " 4.四. 监督厅的目标是以最高的专业和效率标准开展工作。 本节重点介绍报告所述期间为实现这一目标而采取的一些关键举措。", "1. 联合国 调整工作优先次序与组织风险", "5 (韩语). 根据独立审计咨询委员会的建议和大会第64/243号决议(第128段)的相关要求,并依照内部审计师协会的相关实务咨询,监督厅内部审计司在本报告所述期间已考虑到剩余风险,完善了风险评估框架和规划方法。 最新的风险评估现在除了内在风险之外,还考虑到现有的关键控制措施,结果查明了可能阻碍实现目标的最主要风险。 风险评估将有助于确定2012-2013两年期审计任务的优先次序。 监督厅还正在努力使其审计风险类别与秘书处目前正在实施的联合国企业风险管理框架相统一。 在本报告所述期间,监督厅内部审计司协助对普通信托基金、联合国脱离接触观察员部队、联合国非洲联盟驻索马里特派团支助办事处、非洲经委会、联合国合办工作人员养恤基金和秘书长办公厅的管理进行了6次新的风险评估。", "6. 国家 还改进了支持监督厅检查和评价工作的风险评估方法。 高级管理人员契约中的业绩计量等新来源已纳入根据秘书处各部门面临的风险划分其等级的指标。 这些指标分为五个风险层面:财政、人力资源、治理、业务(成果)和业务(风险)。 在维持和平特派团风险评估方面,采用了以下风险层面:冲突的激烈程度、监督厅对特派团先前的检查和评价、特派团任务的复杂性和特派团的规模。", "2. 监督进程和方法的创新", "7. 联合国 为加强审计能力和审计范围,监督厅开发了一个审计方案业绩管理的工具包,以便保证联合国各实体将业绩管理纳入其内部控制机制。 这个新框架与三个联合国实体进行了试点:联合国人权事务高级专员办事处、人道主义事务协调厅和联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团民政科。", "3个 加强内部工作流程和系统", "8. 联合国 为了继续努力改进流程和程序,监督厅内部审计司定制了其电子文件和管理软件(AutoAudit),使之与改进审计方法和管理程序相一致。", "9. 国家 监督厅检查和评价司采取了一系列旨在加强内部工作程序和制度的举措。 其中包括设立一个内部工作组,澄清工作人员在评价过程所有阶段的作用和责任,包括管理和行政责任。 另一个工作组制定了“团队契约”,以便利小组成员在项目开始时讨论角色、工作风格和期望,并包括360度反馈部分。 2011年5月,该司还推出了一个集中其行政职能的试点项目,结果新设了行政支助科,以促进对该司所有项目和任务的行政支助的一致性和质量。", " 4.四. 培养专业人员队伍", "10个 为了应对日益复杂的管理系统,并更好地满足新的司法系统的要求,监督厅调查司已大大加强其法证和分析能力。 在纽约、维也纳和内罗毕设立了一个拥有人力资源的数字法医股,使监督厅具有从数字来源,包括计算机、电信设备和数字记录信息的一系列其他设备获取信息的尖端能力。 为了补充数字法证股的工作,正在开发更多的分析能力,它将依靠软件工具比较大量数据和各种调查的相关结果。 这些职能将提供重要的调查支助并增强调查员工作的效力。", "11个 调查司于2011年5月23日和24日在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿开办了由世界银行主办的“调查采购欺诈”培训班。 该课程是为对公共部门采购知识有限的调查人员设计的,以实际案例研究为业务背景介绍采购过程。 来自非洲开发银行、世界银行、联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处、世界粮食计划署和欧洲中央银行等国际组织的调查员参加了培训班。 计划在2011年底前向联合国工作人员提供这一课程的扩大版。", "12个 监督厅根据业务需要和标准,不断评估其工作人员的知识、技能和能力。 在本报告所述期间采取的举措包括:检查和评价司就一系列广泛专题举办的内部讨论会,包括欧洲联盟委员会的评价;开发计划署、联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、新闻部、人道主义事务协调厅和维持和平行动部的评价职能;人道主义评价;业绩审计;质量数据分析讲习班、统计软件和图表介绍。 工作人员还参加了对性别问题敏感的讲习班。", "B. 合作与协调", "13个 监督厅定期同包括审计委员会和联合检查组在内的其他联合国监督实体进行协调,以确保最大限度地减少监督工作可能存在的差距、重复和重叠。 除了分享工作计划外,监督厅每两个月同审计委员会举行会议,讨论共同关心的问题。 在出现特别关切问题时,监督厅还临时与联合检查组举行会议。 此外,这些实体的高级代表参加了年度三方会议,讨论监督协调等问题。", "14个 该办公室认识到促进与职能同行的关系的价值和重要性。 在本报告所述期间,监督厅专业人员积极参加了各自的专业网络,情况如下:", "(a) 内部审计司为联合国各组织和多边金融机构内部审计事务处代表的工作和会议作出积极贡献;", "(b) 检查和评价司继续在联合国评价小组中发挥积极作用,并于2011年3月与儿基会在巴黎共同主持了评价做法交流研讨会。 研讨会涵盖评价评价职能、联合评价、利用评价、影响评价和评价能力发展等广泛关键领域。 该司还参加了评价小组人权和两性平等工作队的工作,并编写和推广关于如何将这些观点纳入整个联合国系统评价工作的手册。 手册将在年内在监督厅的两次方案评价中试用;", "(c) 2010年12月8日和9日,调查司在纽约主办了一次通过国际调查打击腐败的会议。 会议汇集了负责国际调查欺诈和腐败的多边和国家组织,促进国际调查工作的合作与协调并分享调查方法和经验,特别是在人道主义、发展和冲突后业务的下列领域:商业交易、人员流动和对儿童有影响的犯罪;", "(d) 此外,调查司积极参加了世界银行2011年5月25日至27日在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿主办的第十二次国际调查员会议。 该司主持了一次关于调查政策发展和近期创新的会议,讨论的专题包括调查接收、程序趋势、业绩计量和统一。 该司还领导了一些讲习班,包括计算机法证和其他信息技术调查工具的最新发展;证人和主体的管理:他们的权利和义务;调查骚扰、虐待和报复。", "15个 调查司继续与本组织内的各个对口单位合作并向其提供专家支助如下:", "(a) 国家 调查司的职能在司法方面发挥关键作用。 为了有效履行其授权的调查职能,从而为公平的纪律程序奠定适当基础,该司同管理事务部和内部司法办公室密切合作和协调;", "(b) 国家 该司还同联合国争议法庭在纪律听证会上密切合作,提供证据和证词。 此外,调查司定期同有关对应方会晤,以利有效评估新的判例及其对该司业务的影响,并确保适当的信息共享,以有效制定内部司法系统的标准。", "16号. 2010年7月,调查司同国际刑事法院签署了一项谅解备忘录,在可偿还贷款的基础上提供援助,提供一名高级调查员,为期一年,协助设立一个调查股(独立监督机制)。 该股的宗旨是通过对当选官员、工作人员、承包商和顾问不当行为的报告进行行政调查,确保有效监督法院。", "C. 内部监督事务厅工作的障碍", "17岁。 在本报告所述期间,没有不适当的范围限制妨碍监督厅的工作或独立性。", "三. 加强内部审计结果的效力和透明度的计划", "18岁。 监督厅想提请大会注意在监测建议和报告监督结果方面计划进行的变动。", "A类. 审计报告的变动", " 19. 19. 监督厅计划从2012年1月起通过其网站向公众定期提供其内部审计报告。 为筹备这一变化,监督厅正在引入一些程序,以始终如一地支持和分配内部审计报告中对所审查的治理、风险管理和内部控制程序的适当性和有效性的总体意见的评级。 这将有效通报根据审计工作提供的保证程度,包括查明的缺陷的严重性。 此外,已查明的缺陷的重要性或严重性将明确表明,今后与解决缺陷的建议有关的后续活动的能见度和频率。 收视率如下:", "(a) “良好”评级将适用于总体审计结果,结论是,监督厅认为,治理、风险管理和内部控制程序的设计和运作适当,能够就实现所审查的控制或业务目标向管理层和利益攸关方提供合理的保证。 然而,这一评级类别中可能存在改进的机会,如果存在,将单独告知管理层供其酌情执行。 后续行动将酌情只在相关的后续监督活动期间进行;", "(b) “部分满意”评级将适用于得出以下结论的审计结果:治理、风险管理或内部控制程序存在重大缺陷,从而可能面临实现所审查的控制和(或)业务目标的合理保证。 最终审计报告将概述导致这种评级的缺陷,以及重要建议和商定的管理行动计划、目标日期和解决建议和问责制。 这些重要建议的执行情况将每年进行并提出报告。 此外,还可以确定改进的机会;", "(c) “不满意”评级将适用于得出以下结论的审计结果:在治理、风险管理或内部控制过程中存在一个或多个重大和(或)普遍缺陷,因此无法就实现所审查的控制和(或)业务目标提供合理保证。 导致这一评级的缺陷将连同重要建议和商定的管理行动计划、目标日期和解决这些建议的问责制列入最后审计报告。 还可以确定重要的建议和/或改进的机会。 这些重要建议的执行情况将按季度报告,说明在原定目标日期之前仍未执行因而被认为逾期未执行的所有行动计划。 提交秘书长的季度报告将详细列出已查明的不足之处、相关行动计划、个人问责、当前执行进展情况和订正目标日期。", "20号. 客户不接受的关键或重要建议将升级,以确保高级管理层,酌情包括秘书长,了解并接受剩余风险的理由。", "B类. 更有效地监测建议", "21岁 过去,在编制监督厅年度和半年期报告时,所有未执行建议的状况每年更新两次,无论是否考虑重要性。 因此,监督厅正在落实的大量建议被认为转移了管理层对更关键行动的注意力,而不是将注意力集中在需要最紧迫关注的领域。 后续进程本身要求监督厅及其客户作出重大行政努力,要求他们定期对最新状况请求作出答复。", "22号. 鉴于上述情况,监督厅正在对所有尚未落实的建议进行彻底审查,目的是调整后续行动的数量和频率,以便有效地将注意力集中于最重要的领域。 预期结果如下。", "1. 联合国 减少待决建议的数目", "23. 联合国 所有尚未执行的建议将重新归类为三类:重要建议、重要建议和改进机会。 只有前两类(建议)将接受定期监测、后续行动和报告,而第三类将酌情采取后续行动,具体如下:", "(a) 每季度而不是每半年更经常地对重要建议采取后续行动;", "(b) 每年而不是每半年对重要建议采取后续行动的次数减少;", "(c) 将在随后的相关监督活动期间酌情跟踪改进的机会,以考虑其重要性是否已经增加。", "24 (韩语). 通过合理安排需要定期采取后续行动的建议数量,监督厅期望更有效地促进将管理层的注意力和稀缺资源集中用于执行被认为更重要的建议。", "2. 联合国 确定所有建议的目标日期和问责", "25岁 所有在全面审查之后仍未落实的建议都需要行动计划,列明一个现实的目标日期和管理人员的职称,与管理层协商确定。", "C. 监督结果所涉经费问题", "26. 联合国 监督厅简化了监督结果所涉经费问题的分类如下:", "(a) 因管理不善、欺诈、浪费、盗窃等而造成“不必要的或超额支出,或损失”;", "(b) 由于监督厅确定的程序改进,“今后避免费用的机会”。", "D. 主要监督术语", "27个 监督厅认识到大会第64/263号决议,该决议授权监督厅同有关部厅,包括秘书处管理事务部和法律事务厅协商,全面界定和汇编关键的监督术语。 监督厅认为,在上述改革中采用的监督术语(包括关于所涉经费问题的术语)是最关键的,将继续进行协商,以确定纳入的其他监督术语。", "E. 办事处的综合年度报告", "28岁 监督厅计划每年按日历年报告维持和平行动和非维持和平行动(第一部分和第二部分)的情况,以简化对各项建议的监测,并配合高级管理人员契约的报告时间。", "四、结 论 监督结果", "29. 国家 本节介绍本报告所述期间的某些监督结果。", "A. 内部审计司", "30岁。 审计结果分为7个风险类别:战略、治理、合规、财务、业务、人力资源和信息。", "1. 联合国 审计结果的分类", "31岁 审计风险类别包括下列因素对本组织的任务、业务或声誉的不利影响:", "(a) 战略风险,包括战略规划不足;决定受到不利或不当执行;对外部环境的变化缺乏反应;经济或其他考虑;", "(b) 治理风险,包括未能建立适当的程序和结构,为本组织的活动提供信息、指导、管理和监测;高级管理层领导不足;缺乏道德文化;", "(c) 违反或未能或未能遵守法律、规则、条例、规定的做法、政策、程序或道德标准所产生的遵守风险;", "(d) 财务风险,由资金不足;资金使用不当;财务执行情况管理不当;或财务报告或披露不可靠;", "(e) 业务风险,由内部程序不足、效率低下或失败所引起,或未能经济、高效或有效地开展业务;", "(f) 人力资源风险,因为未能制定和执行适当的人力资源政策、程序和做法;", "(g) 由于未能建立和维持适当的信息和通信技术系统和基础设施而产生的信息风险。", "按风险类别分列的关于非维持和平活动的审计建议,2010年7月至2011年6月", "2. 联合国 按风险类别分列的审计结果", "战略风险", "32. 联合国 通过伙伴关系对环境署项目交付安排的审计(AA2010/220/03)。 减轻不当伙伴关系风险的内部控制不足。 虽然联合国环境规划署(环境署)与范围广泛的执行伙伴合作,但按照2009年11月发布的《联合国与商业部门合作准则》的要求,确定和选择这些伙伴并不依赖全组织的战略办法和记录的尽职调查程序。 合作伙伴的确定和甄选由各司和方案干事酌情决定,这可能导致选择不当合作伙伴并影响项目的执行。 环境规划署接受了监督厅关于实施适当的内部控制以纠正这种情况的建议。", "治理风险", "33. (中文(简体) ). 对联合国内罗毕办事处采购活动的审计(AA2009/211/02)。 总部合同委员会对高价值采购进行额外审查的要求是通过向联合国内罗毕办事处行政事务主任下放权力而免除的。 内罗毕地方合同委员会是审查所有采购案件的唯一机构,无论所涉数额如何。 高价值采购本来就是高风险,因此应由总部作进一步审查。 管理事务部同意为地方合同委员会审查的高价值案件建立一个控制机制,门槛值为5 000 000美元。 该办公室还需要澄清它是否有权代表环境署和联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)开展采购活动。", "34. 国家 对国际电子计算中心向联合国秘书处、联合国合办工作人员养恤基金和联合国难民事务高级专员办事处提供的服务的审计(AT2009/800/03)。 信息和通信技术厅从国际电子计算中心获得服务时没有明确的选择标准,也没有考虑其他方法。 因此,无法保证该中心提供了最高性价比的选择。 信息和通信技术厅没有接受监督厅的建议,即制定聘用中心服务的标准和决策进程,但与外勤支助部合作,编制了关于外包给中心的工作和服务的详细说明,作为采购司开展基准工作的基础。", "合规风险", "35. 联合国 对前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭拘留所租赁牢房和服务管理的审计(AA2010/270/01)。 虽然尚未与荷兰政府最后敲定向前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭提供拘留设施和服务的协议,但法庭根据2010年签署的临时协议,实际上绕过地方和总部合同委员会的审查,为2008年10月至2009年12月期间支付了9 090 249美元。 2011年3月,地方合同委员会建议总部合同委员会事后审查相关协定草案。", "36. 对人居署索马里方案的审计(AA2010/250/02)。 在审计时,人居署没有完全遵守针对特定地区的安保阶段最低运作安保标准,这使人居署驻索马里哈尔格萨方案办事处面临安保风险。 应急食品、住所和公务车辆的准入控制措施和安排没有到位。 人居署同意确保所有办事处地点遵守最低运作安保标准,并在总部征聘了一名全职安保和安全干事。", "金融风险", "37. 联合国 对联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室治理和供资安排的审计(AE2010/360/01)。 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处没有总体战略来减轻过度依赖预算外资源的风险,预算外资源目前约占办事处总收入的90%。 大会第59/250号决议指出,补充非核心捐款不能取代核心资源。 由于将近90%的捐助者自愿捐款指定用于具体项目,核心资金和专用资金之间的不平衡使该厅在业务上无法灵活应对复杂的方案和管理挑战,并可能造成核心资金水平无法支持的额外财务负债。 虽然该厅同意到2011年底制定一项多年期资源调动战略,以确保核心资源和预算外资源之间的适当平衡,但捐助者之间就可持续供资模式达成共识的努力迄今没有成功。", "信息风险", "38. 国家 对联合国秘书处“Inspira”人才管理项目的审计(AT2010/512/01)。 人力资源管理厅没有遵循规划、进行和记录新应用程序测试后再将其供正式使用的做法,也没有作出必要安排,确保Inspira符合所有必要的功能。 因此,无法保证所部署的功能的有效性。 该办公室同意在部署之前规划、记录和测试未来版本应用程序的稳定性,包括解决短缺的标准方法。 该厅还确认,已经建立了更明确、更负责的由业务主导的项目管理结构;包括主管人力资源管理助理秘书长和首席信息技术干事在内的指导委员会提供战略指导。 此外,将更加注重用户测试,以确保功能符合规定的规格。 关于用户测试、缺陷记录和更改请求的文件也得到加强。", "39. 联合国 对卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计(AT2010/260/01)。 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的拘留设施严重缺乏安全和实用的信息和通信技术。 经常的传输中断影响到互联网接入、电话和传真通信,有时长达数周,限制了被拘留者与律师沟通的能力,这可能影响到他们的权利。 此外,没有适当的系统对敏感信息进行归档和备份,也没有在自然灾害或恶意行为后恢复业务和维持机密数据的完整性。 法庭开始审查现有的灾后恢复和业务连续性计划并定期举行测试。 法庭确认,已确定一个安全的场外地点,以便定期提供数据备份并储存实物备份数据磁带。 与因特网、电话和传真通信有关的技术问题也已经解决。", " 40. 40. 对联合国合办工作人员养恤基金查尔斯河交易订单管理系统实施情况的审计(AS2010/801/04)。 该系统的实施没有经过适当的恢复安排和测试,以确保在自然灾害或恶意行为后,关键数据的操作和回收工作得以持续。 投资管理司表示,它已启动了业务连续性和灾后恢复方案,这是一个持续进行的项目;预计到2011年第三季度将全面实施。", "B. 检查和评价司", "41. 国家 经济和社会事务部的方案评价(E/AC.51/2011/2)。 经济和社会事务部在广泛的主题事项方面具有许多优势。 它有效地支持了政府间决策和全球统计系统,并为支持在实现千年发展目标方面取得进展作出了宝贵贡献。 然而,该部根据政府间决定所承担的任务是广泛而雄心勃勃的,该部尚未制定明确确定它在发展领域所起作用的战略重点。 例如,该部在支持区域和国家能力发展方面的作用和战略仍在确定之中。 能力发展战略草案没有明确阐明该部在同发展有关的其他联合国基金、方案和机构方面的作用,工作人员、管理层和利益有关者也不太了解能力发展与其他核心职能的结合。 虽然该部已采取步骤,通过设立战略规划股等途径,使其方案交付更具战略重点,但其战略应包括更明确地确定部门优先事项和现有权威的关键活动,特别是在为政府间进程提供服务和召集各种专家小组、会议和组织方面。 经社部于2009年设立了能力发展办公室并设有全部能力发展指导委员会,现在应考虑进一步澄清其在能力发展工作方面的具体作用,同时考虑到需要促进与外地联合国实体的有力合作。", "42. 国家 该部成功地支持和促进政府间一级的协调和政策一致性,会员国也承认这一点。 然而,虽然该部能够通过经济和社会事务执行委员会促进联合国各实体之间政策的一致性、信息共享和方案规划的加强协调,但它尚未充分有效地促进联合国系统内的协作、一致性和协调。 在评价时正在订正的ST/SGB/1997/9号文件规定,经济和社会事务部应协助秘书长加强联合国系统内各组织内部和各组织之间的政策一致性和协调,但该部的任务缺乏明确性和履行这一职能的战略方法。 此外,主管政策协调和机构间事务助理秘书长负责就协调、政策制定与合作等全系统问题向政府间机构提供支助,但不能完全侧重于具体与该部有关的协调活动。 为了在现有努力的基础上加强伙伴关系,监督厅建议该部与合作伙伴,特别是各区域委员会和外地联合国实体协商,进一步制定和阐明经济和社会领域协调战略,改进协调;改进工作计划的协调统一并与联合国其他实体相辅相成;并阐明伙伴关系的作用和责任。", "43. 东帝汶 对联合国秘书处性别平等主流化的专题评价(A/65/266)。 将性别观点纳入主流是一个组织战略优先事项,这项评价是自1995年这些任务开始以来的第一次这种审查(大会第50/203号决议)。 然而,重点是建立进程,而不是取得成果。 由于缺乏对两性平等主流化的意义、目的和实际影响的了解,以及领导能力和问责制的薄弱环节,整个秘书处一直一致地执行两性平等主流化的任务。 监督厅建议秘书处各项方案采取具体行动,加强对将性别观点纳入主流的承诺并注重成果。 监督厅还鼓励联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)在制定其任务规定和考虑资源和结构时考虑到评价的结论。", "C. 调查司", "44. 国家 调查事项分为以下几类:财务、库存/资产、管理、人事、采购、方案、[3] 性剥削和性骚扰。", "图二 2010年7月至2011年6月按调查类别分列的非维持和平活动调查接收和报告情况", "注:调查案件指打算进行调查的所有新案件。 调查报告还包括在监督厅调查无法证实所报事项时发布的结案报告。 监督厅报告的完整清单载于本报告增编。", "45. (案件编号0044/09)。 [4] 六名工作人员以欺诈手段篡改付款记录并获得联合国证书,以获得金融机构贷款。 其中一名工作人员在安保和安全处担任安保干事,也谎报其在联合国的地位,以确保就业。 与以前服役有关的错误陈述,影响到工作人员是否适合服役。 所有事项都在等待内部纪律程序的结果。", "46. (案件编号0094/10)。 一名工作人员谎称其官方地位和地位,以获得东道国的特权。 该工作人员在调查结束时离开本组织。", "47. (案件编号0121/10)。 一名工作人员参与采购违规和偏袒,涉及向供应商采购服务。 此事正在等待内部纪律程序的结果。", "48. (案件编号0175/10)。 两名担任警卫的工作人员逮捕了两名显然醉酒的无武装闯入者。 一名警卫用枪指着他们,并当着他的主管的面殴打其中一名闯入者。 涉案工作人员后来试图掩盖这一事件。 此事正在等待内部纪律程序的结果。", "49. (案件编号0188/10)。 一个联合国供应商谎称向联合国出售的产品。 该供应商声称其装置可以侦测到违禁品和爆炸物,但执法机构和调查同一公司的其他机构普遍否认这一点。 此事正在等待供应商制裁程序的结果。", "50. (案件编号0247/10)。 一名工作人员在13起不同案件中挪用了资金,未将方案主管退还给他的未用预付款存入。 他还非法提出并张贴了《日刊》的印花券,以掩盖他的行为并伪造指定的核准人的签名。 此事正在等待内部纪律程序的结果。", "51. (案件编号:0344/10)。 在执行任务期间,一名联合国承包商的雇员对一名未成年女孩进行性侵犯。 此事正在等待供应商制裁程序的结果。", "52. (案件390/10、496/09)。 纽约联合国总部安全和安保部的两名工作人员在未完成纽约州法律规定的强制性培训的情况下,寻求并非法获得纽约手枪许可证。 他们提交虚假的完成证书,为发放许可证提供了便利。 此事与纽约警察局密切合作调查,正在等待内部纪律程序的结果。", "53. (案件编号0456/10)。 联合国机构的一名高级官员应对严重管理不善负责,包括财务事项、采购和征聘方面的违规行为。 由于缺乏管理监督并无视联合国的规范框架,采购、财务和人力资源方面存在严重缺陷,增加了不当行为的风险。 该工作人员在调查期间辞职,但报告已连同监督厅建议采取纠正措施,供管理部门今后参考。", " V. 规定的报告要求", "A类. 基本建设总计划", "54. 联合国 根据大会第62/87号决议,监督厅负责报告基本建设总计划审计科的活动。 监督厅有两名审计员专门审计基本建设总计划的业务。 2010-2011年的方法基于风险,符合内部审计司采用的审计方法。", "55. 国家 在本报告所述期间,开展了广泛的审计工作,继续侧重于采购和合同管理程序,包括基本建设总计划办公室和项目小组采用的变更单,以及项目预算编制、财务报告和付款。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 监督厅对基本建设总计划的审计范围还包括安全和安保问题,因此产生了两份审计报告: 适用于基本建设总计划执行期间工作人员、场地和资产的安保规定(AC2009/514/05);适用于基本建设总计划执行期间联合国工作人员和承包商的安全规定,包括清除石棉(AC2010/514/01)。 两次审计审查都得出结论,认为实施的控制措施是充分的。", "B. 联合国赔偿委员会", "57. 萨尔瓦多 根据大会第59/270和59/271号决议,监督厅介绍了与联合国赔偿委员会有关的监督活动。", "58. 联合国 在2010-2011两年期,赔偿委员会提供了100 000美元内部审计资源,监督厅用于审计2009年1月至2010年5月期间(AE2010/820/01)和2010年6月至2011年4月期间(AE2011/820/01,即将印发)的索偿付款。 除了向大会提供索偿程序的最新情况外,监督厅的审计还侧重于对接受赔偿基金收入进行内部控制的充分性和有效性。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 赔偿委员会继续支付赔偿金并监测索赔国政府利用环境损害赔偿金开展的环境项目。 截至2011年4月30日,委员会已支付520亿美元,其中320亿美元已发放。 这些索赔的处理于2005年6月完成。 因此,未付赔偿金余额为200亿美元,其中包括9起应支付给科威特的巨额赔偿金。 根据安全理事会第1483(2003)号决议,赔偿基金获得伊拉克石油出口收入的5%,并在后来的若干决议中得到重申,最近的是第1956(2010)号决议。", "60. 对联合国赔偿委员会2009年1月至2010年5月期间付款的审计(AE2010/820/01)。 赔偿委员会拥有适当的控制机制,以确保裁决和付款记录及报告准确、有适当记录并符合赔偿委员会理事会的决定和《联合国财务条例和细则》。 然而,根据外聘审计人对伊拉克发展基金2008年12月31日终了年度的报告(并如2008-2009年赔偿委员会财务报表的说明所反映),截至2008年12月31日,由于现金和易货交易,赔偿基金累计收入短缺2.12亿美元,其中石油收入的5%没有全部存入赔偿基金。 虽然截至2007年12月31日易货交易已停止,但截至2009年12月31日(由于现金销售)短缺额已增至2.24亿美元,赔偿委员会秘书处已向理事会报告。 监督厅建议,应正式提请伊拉克财务专家委员会注意继续现金出口销售造成的收入短缺问题。 由于联合国主计长已提请国际咨询和监测委员会和财务专家委员会注意这一问题,因此采取了行动。 此外,伊拉克发展基金的外聘审计人已证实,2010年不再有现金出口销售。 此外,理事会还在2011年4月的届会上不断请赔偿委员会秘书处监测对赔偿基金的存款,并随时向理事会通报有关短缺问题的任何进一步发展。 因此,监督厅结束了这项建议。", "C. 在亚的斯亚贝巴非洲经济委员会和联合国内罗毕办事处增建办公设施", "61. 国家 根据大会第63/263号决议,监督厅负责报告与在亚的斯亚贝巴增建非洲经委会和联合国内罗毕办事处办公设施有关的活动。", "62. 联合国 2010年12月,联合国内罗毕办事处增建办公设施的工作几乎完成。 监督厅审查了项目组织和管理结构、采购、合同管理、财务管理和利益攸关方关系。 有关的审计报告,即联合国内罗毕办事处增建办公设施的审计(将作为AC2010/211/01印发),目前正处于起草阶段。", "63. 国家 在亚的斯亚贝巴的非洲经委会正在施工。 2011年6月20日开始对非洲经委会新建办公设施进行详细审计,并计划在2011年8月底左右印发报告草稿。", "页:1", "法定报告要求概览", "监督厅年度报告将载列的资料类别载于下列文件:", "(a) 秘书长公报ST/SGB/273, 第28段:", "(一) 说明重大问题、滥用和缺陷以及监督厅的相关建议;", "(二) 秘书长未核准的建议;", "(三) 以往报告中关于纠正行动尚未完成的建议(酌情见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1);", "(四) 管理部门修订的上一期间的决定;", "(五) 无法与管理层达成协议的建议或请求的信息或协助被拒绝的建议(酌情见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1);", "(六) 建议节省的费用和追回的数额(见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1);", "(b) 大会第56/246号决议:", "(一) 关于前三个报告期间各项建议执行率的资料(见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1);", "(二) 关于监督厅改组对其工作所产生影响的资料;", "(三) 分别报告已执行的建议、正在执行的建议和尚未执行的建议,以及未执行的原因(见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1);", "(c) 大会第57/292和60/282号决议:在监督厅年度报告中报告基本建设总计划项目各阶段的监督活动;", "(d) 大会第59/270和59/271号决议:对联合国赔偿委员会的整个索偿过程提供内部监督,并定期在监督厅年度报告中报告有关情况;", "(e) 大会第59/272号决议:要求年度报告载列监督厅当年印发的所有报告的标题和摘要(见A/66/286(Part I)/Add.1);", "(f) 大会第62/87号决议:要求监督厅确保有效审计基本建设总计划,并向大会提交与基本建设总计划执行情况有关的所有报告;", "(g) 大会第63/263号决议:要求监督厅确保有效审计在亚的斯亚贝巴非洲经委会和联合国内罗毕办事处增建办公设施的情况。", "[1] (中文(简体) ).", "[2] ** 不包括对维持和平活动的监督,将在A/66/286(Part II)号文件中报告。", "[3] “方案”调查类别是指与联合国方案有关的投诉或改进建议。 调查报告通常不涉及工作人员的不当行为,而涉及与方案运作有关的风险。 这一类别也用于对主动调查进行分类。", "[4] 调查案件共涉及6名工作人员。 三份报告涉及人居署(ID案例0029/09、0044/09和0194/09),一份涉及联合国内罗毕办事处(ID案例0458/08),两份涉及环境署(ID案例0036/09和0037/09)。 除0044/09号身份证案外,所有报告都是在上个报告所述期间印发的。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 19 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development", "Implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/152, provides an update on the implementation of Agenda 21 and the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, together with actions taken by Governments, organizations of the United Nations system and major groups, in advancing the implementation of sustainable development goals and targets, including through partnerships for sustainable development. The report also includes the progress of the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII.Overview 3III.Priority 4 sectors and cross-cutting \nissues IV.Institutions 21 and \ngovernance V.Actions 25 in international cooperation and means of \nimplementation VI.Progress 30 in the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable \nDevelopment VII.Next 33 \nsteps", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report provides information on the progress made in implementing General Assembly resolution 65/152. The resolution called for the effective implementation of the commitments, programmes and time-bound targets adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the fulfilment of provisions relating to means of implementation, as contained in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation. The resolution reiterated that the Commission on Sustainable Development is the high-level body responsible for sustainable development within the United Nations system and a forum for the consideration of issues related to the integration of the three dimensions of sustainable development.", "2. The report comes in the middle of the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, and at a time when the Commission on Sustainable Development failed to reach a conclusion largely because of the lack of consensus on repeating past agreements pertaining to the means of implementation.", "3. This report should be read in conjunction with other reports submitted under the agenda item on sustainable development.", "II. Overview", "4. Last year’s report[1] emphasized the broad and multidimensional nature of sustainable development, integrating and balancing the three dimensions — economic, social and environmental — as well as serving as a bridge between developed and developing countries, among Governments, business and civil society, and between present and future generations.", "5. The present report elaborates further on how to promote closer convergence among the three pillars of sustainable development.", "6. The Rio Principles[2] provide a systematic framework for international cooperation on sustainable development, including commitments to human welfare, national sovereignty, right to development, environmental protection, poverty eradication, protection of the vulnerable, and common but differentiated responsibilities, and sustainable consumption and production. These principles provide the foundation for subsequent agreements, including those to be reached at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "7. The challenges to sustainable development come from three sources. First, despite the progress made towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals, the goal of poverty eradication is still elusive. Second, the adverse impacts on nature and natural resources have reached alarming levels. Third, international commitment to affirming and implementing past decisions will be needed. Poverty eradication is associated with rapid economic growth and industrialization, which, in the absence of access to new technologies and financial resources, will require natural resources; and this can place stresses on an environment already heavily stressed by the prior development and current consumption patterns of high-income countries. Thus, a shift towards sustainable consumption and production patterns, led by the high-income countries, must go hand-in-hand with sustainable development of low-income countries.", "8. Nonetheless, analyses suggest that the momentum towards an unsustainable future can be reversed. This change of direction will require a combination of factors, including access to technology and finance by poor countries, development and deployment of advanced technologies, enhanced access to energy services, shifts in lifestyles and values, and consistent political commitment. It takes many decades to realign human activity with a healthy environment, to make poverty obsolete, and to ameliorate the deep fissures that divide people. This realignment requires thus a long-term political commitment.", "9. Climate change is already a reality. It has begun to place stress on ecological systems, water resources, and food security, and has contributed to an increased frequency of natural disasters. Such stresses may persist, and may lead to the loss of lives and property. A planetary transition towards a humane, just and ecological future[3] will require sustainable economic growth through greening of the economy, increased investment in green infrastructure, strengthening of the social pillar and creation of greener jobs, and unprecedented levels of international cooperation.", "10. A key element of this agenda is the enhanced access to sustainable, modern, affordable energy services by poor countries. Energy is critical not only for economic growth and industrial development, but also for each of the Millennium Development Goals, and for reducing the pressure on natural resources.", "11. The core idea is not only to integrate and combine environment and development in a synergistic manner, but also to effectively mainstream sustainability considerations into economic and developmental decision-making, and indeed to ensure that all development actions are approached through the prism of sustainability. In return, investing in the environment, such as in protecting, restoring and replenishing the assets provided by nature, could act as an important driver for future economic prosperity.", "12. Member States, United Nations system entities and other stakeholders have identified a number of priority sectors that the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development should address and on which the Conference should ideally yield decisions and initiatives. Several of these are discussed in section III of the report.", "III. Priority sectors and cross-cutting issues", "Energy[4]", "13. The year 2012 has been proclaimed the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All,[5] emphasizing the importance of energy access for all to sustainable development and poverty eradication, as well as of protection of the environment through the sustainable use of traditional energy resources, cleaner technologies and newer energy sources.[6]", "14. Current energy systems are inadequate to meet the needs of the world’s poor and are jeopardizing the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Worldwide, the “energy-poor” suffer the health consequences of inefficient combustion of solid fuels in inadequately ventilated buildings, as well as the economic consequences of insufficient power for productive income-generating activities and for other basic services such as health and education. Women and girls in the developing world are disproportionately affected in this regard.[7]", "15. Despite two decades of climate change policies, thousands of programmes, initiatives, regulations, market-based instruments and international agreements, and the disbursement of hundreds of billions of dollars in subsidies, funds, research and research and development efforts, and development aid, the declared goal of establishing a renewable low-carbon energy system on a global scale remains elusive.", "16. It is estimated that government support worldwide for both electricity from renewables and for biofuels will be $205 billion, or 0.17 per cent of global gross domestic product (GDP), by 2035. Between 2010 and 2035, 35 per cent will go to renewables-based electricity, while global biofuel use will increase from 1 million barrels per day today to 4.4 million barrels per day in 2035, with the United States, the European Union and Brazil expected to remain the largest producers and consumers of biofuels.[8]", "17. The growth rates for the diffusion of renewable energy technologies since 2000 have been impressive but are still insufficient. In 2005, fossil fuels accounted for 85 per cent of the global primary energy mix, while low-carbon nuclear power accounted for 6 per cent, hydroelectricity for 3 per cent and biomass for 4 per cent. Modern renewables jointly accounted for less than 1 per cent.[9] Similarly, the renascence of nuclear power has barely made up for losses of older capacities that are increasingly being phased out.⁹ The current trajectory is nowhere near attaining a realistic path towards complete decarbonization of the global energy system by 2050.", "18. Simplistic solutions dominate present national and global debates on how to meet the energy technology innovation imperative. Technology optimists suggest “big push” policies to scale up available technologies. Others focus on market incentives and hope that the necessary technological transformation will come about by “getting prices right” through internalizing environmental externalities.", "19. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development has the opportunity to bring all this together in a common effort to transform the global energy system over the coming decades, by (a) expanding access to clean energy; (b) enhancing industrial energy efficiency; and (c) promoting green industry as an integral component of the transition to a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication. The Conference can be an opportunity to ask the global community to set very concrete targets conducive to this energy transformation.", "20. Timescales for this transition to sustainable energy need to be realistic and feasible. By 2030, there is an opportunity for the world to be well on its way to a fundamental transformation of its energy system, allowing developing countries to leapfrog current systems and shift to cleaner, sustainable, affordable and reliable energy services.⁷ The international community can also be asked to provide by 2030 universal access to modern energy services, thus widening access for the 2 to 3 billion people excluded from modern energy services to a basic minimum threshold of modern energy services for both consumption and productive uses. The Conference can also promote the use of renewable energy to be 30 per cent of all global energy use by 2030. This will play a central role in securing a more reliable and sustainable energy path. The Conference can also spearhead the reduction of global energy intensity[10] by 40 per cent by 2030. By 2050, it is feasible to transform the global energy system into an almost carbon-free one (see figure 1).⁹", "21. Attaining these goals will require unprecedented and worldwide coordinated measures, including major shifts in regulatory regimes in almost every economy, vast incremental infrastructure investments (likely to be more than $1 trillion annually),⁹ accelerated development and deployment of multiple new energy technologies, and a fundamental behavioural shift in energy consumption. Major shifts in human and institutional capacity and governance will also be required.", "22. Globally, the replacement cost of the existing fossil fuel and nuclear power infrastructure is at least $15 trillion to $20 trillion. Clearly, it is unlikely that the world will decide overnight to write off $15 trillion to $20 trillion in infrastructure and replace it with a renewable energy system having an even higher price tag. At the same time, it should be noted that the long-term incentive to change the existing energy system should be powerful, too, particularly in view of the fact that oil importers spent about $2 trillion to buy crude oil in 2007.⁹", "Figure 1", "Renewable energy plans for the world", "[]", "Note: Data converted and adjusted for the world population of 6.9 billion in 2010.", "Source: World Economic and Social Survey 2011 (2011).", "23. Both the international community and governments need to make renewables cost-competitive with other energy sources and technologies, and to stimulate technological advances.", "24. All countries have a role to play: the high-income countries can contribute by making this goal a development assistance priority and catalysing financing; the middle-income countries can contribute by sharing relevant expertise, experience and replicable good practices; and the low-income countries can help create the right local institutional, regulatory and policy environment for investments to be made, including by the private sector. Policymakers and business leaders must place much greater emphasis on transforming the performance of national and regional energy systems over the coming decades. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development would also be a good opportunity to find strategies and solutions, including the role of the public sector and international cooperation.", "25. Developing countries in particular need to expand access to reliable and modern energy services if they are to reduce poverty and improve the health of their citizens, while at the same time increasing productivity, enhancing competitiveness and promoting economic growth.", "26. Developed and developing countries alike need to build and strengthen their capacity to implement effective policies, market-based mechanisms, business models, investment tools and regulations with regard to energy use. Achieving this goal will require the international community to harmonize technical standards for key energy-consuming products and equipment, to accelerate the transfer of know-how and good practices, and to catalyse increased private capital flows into investments in energy efficiency. The successful adoption of these measures would reduce global energy intensity by about 2.5 per cent per year — approximately double the historic rate.⁷", "27. In this context, energy is a strong amplifier of sustainable development and a necessary element of a transition to a green economy. This requires a long-term approach towards energy security. Better-focused and greater efforts to move to cleaner and renewable energy will be needed to ensure climate stabilization while allowing developing countries to satisfy their rapidly increasing demand for commercial energy, which is linked to their development aspirations. Global and national energy policy is also development policy and thus must demonstrate special consideration of the poor. Optimal policy packages depend strongly on a country’s institutions, development stage, resource endowments and socio-political preferences, and will change over time.", "28. Establishing an international initiative to develop road maps for innovative technologies and for cooperating on existing and new partnerships, including carbon capture and storage, and other advanced energy technologies, can be one way to develop, deploy and foster clean energy technologies, encouraging a wide range of policy instruments such as transparent regulatory frameworks, economic and fiscal incentives, and public/private partnerships to foster private sector investments in new technologies.", "29. The transformation of energy systems could be uneven and, if poorly handled, could lead to a widening “energy gap” between advanced and least developed nations, and even to periodic energy security crises. But handled well, through a balanced framework of cooperation and competition, energy system transformation has the potential to be a source of sustainable wealth creation for the world’s growing population while reducing the strain on its resources and climate.", "Water", "30. Water is essential for achieving sustainable development and the Millennium Development Goals. Properly managing water resources is an essential component of growth, social and economic development, poverty reduction and equity, and sustainable environmental services.", "31. As there are many competing demands on water, investment in water infrastructure and better management of water are key to meet all needs, particularly in rural areas and to enhance agricultural productivity. As development proceeds, with the shift to commercial and industrial activities in urban areas, water has to be managed for energy and food production, transportation, flood control, and drinking water and sanitation, as well as for industrial and commercial activities.", "32. These needs are not always recognized. Usually water is mostly talked about in the context of safe drinking water and sanitation. These are important issues as 2.6 billion people do not use improved sanitation, while 884 million people do not use improved sources for drinking water.[11] It also needs to be recognized that there is an urgent need to address the inherent interrelationship between water and other important development-related sectors, like energy, food, and the environment.", "33. Decision-making on water requires seeking synergies and selecting appropriate trade-offs. It also requires distinguishing between short-term “fire-fighting” — responding to the urgent issues of the day — and long-term strategic development. Developing multipurpose water schemes and reusing water wherever feasible can lessen the need for trade-offs by enabling the same volumes of scarce water to deliver multiple outcomes.", "34. A new dialogue between developed countries and developing countries on water management and its role in sustainable development is urgently needed. Countries should work together to identify socio-economic priorities and to invest in and use water to power the engines of growth, so that instead of competing demands on water, they will become complementary.", "35. The challenges are great, but the unsustainable management and inequitable access to water resources cannot continue because the risks of inaction are even greater and can jeopardize achievements in other sectors of sustainable development. Leaders inside and outside the water domain have critical, complementary roles. Leaders in the water domain can inform the processes outside this domain and manage water resources to achieve agreed socio-economic and environmental objectives. But leaders in government, the private sector and civil society determine the direction that actions will take. The international community can provide a platform where this integrated approach to water is recognized and commitments are undertaken in its support. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development can be such a platform.", "Food security and sustainable agriculture[12]", "36. From 2007 to 2009, a food price hike followed by the financial crisis and global economic recession pushed the number of hungry and undernourished people in the world to unprecedented levels, reaching a peak in 2009 of more than 1 billion. In the first half of 2010, world agricultural commodity markets appeared to enter calmer times, and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimated that the number of undernourished would decline to about 925 million with falling food prices.", "37. But food prices began to rise again from the later half of 2010. The FAO Food Price Index hit its all time high of 238 points in February 2011. It averaged 234 points in June, 39 per cent higher than in June 2010. The FAO Cereal Price Index averaged 259 points in June, 71 per cent higher than in June 2010.[13] According to the World Bank, without action to increase the supply of food, 10 million more people could fall below the $1.25 a day extreme poverty line in addition to the 44 million pushed into poverty by soaring food prices during 2010.[14] The 22 countries regarded as facing a “protracted food security crisis” are home to over 165 million undernourished people (about 20 per cent of the world’s total population).¹⁴", "38. This shows the importance of investment in agriculture, especially sustainable agriculture, as current agricultural technology, practices and land-use patterns cannot achieve an increase in food production between 70 and 100 per cent by 2050 to feed a growing population without further contributing to greenhouse gas emissions, water pollution and land degradation.⁹", "39. However, the share of total official development assistance (ODA) allocated to agriculture fell from a peak of 18 per cent in 1978 to 4 per cent in 2009, with ODA earmarked for agriculture having decreased significantly in the 1990s (see figure 2).", "Figure 2 Total volume and share of ODA allocated to agriculture, 1995-2009", "[]", "Source: World Economic and Social Survey 2011 (2011).", "40. One major consequence of unsustainable agriculture is increased land degradation in severity and extent, in many parts of the world, with about 40 per cent of the world’s land surface degraded (25 per cent has been degraded over the past quarter-century alone) and with an estimated 1.5 billion people directly dependent on agriculture⁹ (see figure 3). Land degradation has negative effects on climate, biodiversity, water ecosystems, landscape and other ecosystem services.", "41. While agriculture contributes significantly to the problem of climate change, it is also vulnerable to its effects. Climate change impacts agriculture in many ways, with changes in temperature, precipitation and climatic variability affecting the timing and length of growing seasons and yields and thereby exacerbating land degradation and contributing to water scarcity (see figure 4).", "Figure 3", "[] Global environmental impacts of land degradation", "Source: World Economic and Social Survey 2011 (2011).", "Figure 4 Projections of climatic changes and corresponding impacts on agriculture", "Projected change\tLikelihood offuture trends basedon projections forthe twenty-firstcentury\tProjected impactson agriculture \nWarmer and fewercold days andnights; warmer andmore frequent hotdays and nights overmost land areas\tVirtually certain\tIncreased yields incolderenvironments;decreased yields inwarmer environments\nWarmspells/heatwaves:frequency increasesover most land areas\tVery likely\tReduced yields inwarmer regions dueto heat stress atkey developmentstages; increaseddanger of wildfire\nHeavy precipitationevents: frequencyincreases over mostareas\tVery likely\tDamage to crops;soil erosion,inability tocultivate land dueto water-logging ofsoils\nArea affected bydrought increases\tLikely\tLand degradation;lower yields/cropdamage and failure;increased livestockdeaths; increasedrisk of wildfire\nIntense tropicalcyclone activityincreases\tLikely\tDamage to crops;windthrow of trees\nIncreased incidenceof extreme high sealevel\tLikely\tSalinization ofirrigation and wellwater", "Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007a, table 3.2., Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of IPCC.", "42. The productivity of some lands has declined by 50 per cent owing to soil erosion and desertification. Globally, the annual loss of 75 billion tons of soil costs about $400 billion per year, or approximately $70 per person per year. Nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) depletion also has a severe global economic impact.", "43. Deforestation can also exacerbate food insecurity, as forests provide food, inputs and services that support crop and livestock production.⁹ This is why one of the most significant developments in the combating deforestation agenda since Agenda 21 has been the emergence of the reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) concept. REDD seeks to address the drivers of deforestation and develop a greater appreciation of the crucial role forests play in climate change adaption and mitigation. However, its integration into the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has proved complex, taking a two-year process of deliberations for the Conference of the Parties to adopt a decision on the issue.[15]", "44. In this regard, despite the creation of a specific United Nations REDD initiative, launched in 2008 to assist developing countries prepare and implement REDD-plus strategies, the funding, organization and implementation of a fully operational international REDD mechanism continues to be negotiated under the UNFCCC. Nonetheless, REDD-plus programmes have begun to have significant impacts in several countries. In addition to the committed $1 billion contribution to a joint fund, a total of $3.5 billion for REDD for the period 2010-2012 has been pledged.[16]", "45. There is often a strong association between the distribution of poor people reliant on agriculture and fragile environments. Poor people are likely to be farming steeper land and drier, less fertile soils and in more remote areas. Natural resource degradation may also exacerbate gender inequalities by increasing the time required for fulfilment of female responsibilities such as food production, fuelwood collection, and soil and water conservation.", "46. Agricultural production systems can further adversely affect human health. Water pollution from inorganic fertilizers and livestock waste undermines the safety of drinking water and aquatic food. Pesticides negatively affect the health of farm workers. Transportation of agricultural products has also promoted the cross-border spread of pests and diseases. In addition, desertification-induced dust storms can cause respiratory disorders.", "47. All this shows that combating hunger and malnutrition in a sustainable manner and guarding against high and volatile food prices will require a radically different approach that addresses the structural constraints on food production within a wider framework of sustainable natural resource management. Synergies need to be identified among the different sectors to implement important “win-win” options through better resource management and an enabling institutional environment. Only with such as integrated approach can land degradation and deforestation be reduced and water used sustainably while, at the same time, productivity be increased.", "48. The world now needs a truly green revolution in agriculture; one that is conducive to the kind of technological innovation that aims to radically improve the productivity of small farm holdings through environmentally sustainable natural resource management embedded in broader developmental agricultural support measures.", "49. The Group of Twenty (G-20) has already proposed an action plan on food price volatility and agriculture, which will be submitted to its leaders at its summit in November 2011. Its main objectives will be to (a) improve agricultural production and productivity both in the short- and long-term, in order to respond to a growing demand for agricultural commodities; (b) increase market information and transparency in order to better anchor expectations from governments and economic operators; (c) strengthen international policy coordination in order to enhance confidence in international markets and to prevent and respond to food market crises more efficiently; (d) improve and develop risk management tools for governments, firms and farmers in order to build capacity to manage and mitigate the risks associated with food price volatility, in particular in the poorest countries; (e) improve the functioning of agricultural commodities’ derivatives markets (this objective is being pursued through the work of Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors).[17]", "50. But the international community has much more to contribute to a global agenda for food security and sustainable development. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development can be the right framework to renew commitments, such as the one regarding the financial pledges made in the aftermath of the food crisis of 2007-2008 to eradicate hunger.", "51. Other proposals deserving serious consideration include (a) a reform of agricultural subsidies in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, including subsidies to biofuels, and support for new-generation biofuels to reduce the diversion of agricultural land use from food production; (b) increased international investment in agricultural research and development for food security, with private sector participation; (c) new financing mechanisms to expand payments to small farm holders in developing countries for environmental services that help protect natural resources, preserve biodiversity and increase carbon sequestration in agriculture and forestry; (d) the elimination of non-tariff barriers to food trade, which prevent the expansion of markets, to include small-scale producers in developing countries; (e) the adoption of green footprint standards; (f) effective regulation of commodity futures markets to avert speculation with food prices; (g) the prevention of export bans on food crops and panic buying in response to weather-related catastrophes, in order to reduce large price spikes; and (h) the establishment of mechanisms to protect vulnerable populations utilizing safety nets and food assistance, such as building a global grain reserve, in order to reduce the impact of increasing food prices.¹⁷", "Urbanization", "52. By 2030 all developing regions, including Asia and Africa, will have more people living in urban than rural areas with the expectations of 69 per cent of population living in cities by 2050[18] (see figure 5).", "Figure 5 []Selected global city-regions, urban corridors and mega-regions", "Source: State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011, UN-Habitat, 2010.", "53. This trend has both its advantages and disadvantages. Cities offer human beings the potential to share urban spaces, participate in public and private events and exercise both duties and rights. These opportunities in turn make it possible to cultivate societal values and define modes of governance and other rules that enable human beings to produce goods, trade with others and get access to well-being. On the other hand, the urban divide can be so wide that the rich live in well-serviced neighbourhoods, gated communities and well-built formal settlements, whereas the poor are confined to inner-city or peri-urban informal settlements and slums.", "54. This physical divide takes the form of social, cultural and economic exclusion. The urban divide is the face of injustice and a symptom of systemic dysfunction. Cities need to be vehicles for social change: places where new values, beliefs and ideas can forge a different growth paradigm that promotes rights and opportunities for all members of society. The concept of an “inclusive city”, or “a city for all”, encompasses the social and economic benefits of greater equality and environment protection, promoting positive outcomes for each and every individual in society.", "55. For this to be achieved, local city authorities, but also broadly authorities at the national level, need to address key challenges of today’s urbanization, by promoting integrated land-use planning, expanding access to basic services, encouraging sustainable buildings and implementing sustainable transport. They need to anticipate expansion with sound planning policies and related actions that control the speculation associated with urban sprawl. Cities must also grant rights to the urban poor, along with affordable serviced land and security of tenure, if further peripherization is to be avoided.", "56. This also means reduction of people living in slums. Over the past 10 years, the share of the urban population living in slums in the developing world has declined significantly: from 39 per cent in 2000 to 33 per cent in 2010. On a global scale, this is cause for optimism. However, in absolute terms, the number of slum-dwellers in the developing world is actually growing and is expected to rise in the near future. Informal settlements in the developing world are growing, and the number of urban residents living in slum conditions is now estimated at some 828 million, compared to 657 million in 1990 and 767 million in 2000.[19]", "57. Policy reforms to prevent future slum growth through equitable planning and adequate economic policies are necessary. The spatial divide of slums, which are often physically isolated and disconnected from the main urban fabric in developing country cities, does not just reflect income inequalities among households; it is also a by-product of inefficient land and housing markets, ineffective financial mechanisms and poor urban planning.", "58. It is therefore necessary that laws and regulations benefit the urban poor, especially women. Empowering the poor and lifting them out of poverty is essential for taking advantage of the urban dwelling.", "59. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development can be a good forum to pave the way to this urban inclusiveness, especially by considering the following strategic steps: assessing the past and measuring progress (understanding the specific factors that contributed to the current situation and assessing future policies and practices to monitor progress and evaluate performance); making institutions stronger and more effective; building new linkages and alliances among the various tiers of government (combining policies and resources among public and private sectors and civil society); demonstrating a sustained vision to promote inclusiveness (i.e., a workable plan with clearly defined funding sources and accounting mechanisms); and ensuring the redistribution of opportunities (by promoting cities as the primary locus for innovation, industrial and technological progress, entrepreneurship and creativity).¹⁹", "60. This strategic framework for inclusive and sustainable cities can be enhanced by considering the following policy catalysts: improve quality of life, especially for the urban poor by creating conditions for improved access to safe and healthy shelter, secure tenure, basic services and social amenities such as health and education; invest in human capital formation which is a condition for socio‑economic development and a more equitable distribution of the urban advantage; foster sustained economic opportunities that can stimulate sustained economic growth for poor and underprivileged populations through promotion of labour-intensive projects; enhance political inclusion by engaging citizens in decision-making; promote cultural inclusion such as social capital, tradition, symbols, meaning, sense of belonging and pride of place, on top of use of local cultural resources by local communities.¹⁹", "Biodiversity[20]", "61. Biodiversity, if managed sustainably, offers opportunities for poverty eradication, human well-being and livelihood, and sociocultural integrity of people. However, in the 20 years since the Rio summit, biological diversity has continued to decline in three main areas: ecosystems, genes and species (see figure 6). The world has missed the 2010 target to achieve a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national levels. Nearly 17,000 species of plants and animals are known to be threatened with extinction. Based on current trends, the loss of species will continue throughout this century, with increasing risk of dramatic shifts in ecosystems and erosion of benefits for society. Billions of people, including many of the poorest, rely directly on diverse species of plants and animals for their livelihoods and often for their survival.", "Figure 6", "Trends in biodiversity Trends in biodiversity Trends in biodiversity since 1970 in since 1970 in Latin since 1970 in sub-Saharan Africa America Indo-Pacific", "[] [] []", "Source: Study on assessment of progress on Agenda 21 and Rio Principles, draft report, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "62. Several obstacles prevent the full implementation of the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity, including limited capacity in both developed and developing countries of financial, human and technical issues; the absence of, or difficulties in accessing, scientific information; limited awareness of biodiversity issues among the general public and decision makers; limited biodiversity mainstreaming; fragmented decision-making and limited communication between different ministries or sectors; and the absence of economic valuation of biodiversity (see figure 7).", "Figure 7", "Issues\tALL\tIN\tET\tOD\tLD\tSI \nLack of financial, human andtechnical resources \nLack of public education andawareness at all levels \nLack of economic incentivemeasures \nLoss of biodiversity, goods andservices not properlyunderstood, documented \nLack of knowledge and practiceon ecosystem-based management \nInadequate capacity to act,caused by institutionalweaknesses \n Lack of effective partnerships \nLack of horizontal cooperationamong stakeholders \nUnsustainable consumption andproduction patterns \nLack of mainstreaming andintegration of biodiversityissues \n Lack of benefit-sharing \nLack of capacities for localcommunities \nLack of precautionary andproactive measures, reactivepolicies \nLack of synergies at thenational and internationallevels \nLack of political will andsupport to implement the CBD \nLimited public participationand stakeholder involvement \nLack of transfer of technologyand expertise \nLack of adequate scientificresearch capacities \n Loss of traditional knowledge \nExisting scientific andtraditional knowledge not fullyutilized \nLack of appropriate policiesand laws \n Weak law enforcement capacity", "Note: column headings: ALL = all reporting countries; IN = industrialized countries; ET = countries with economies in transition; OD = other developing countries (i.e., developing countries excluding least developed countries and small island developing States); LD = least developed countries; SI = small island developing States.", "Source: Study on assessment of progress on Agenda 21 and Rio Principles, draft report, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2011).", "63. If these challenges are not addressed, there is a high risk of dramatic biodiversity loss and accompanying degradation of a broad range of ecosystem services, especially if ecosystems are pushed beyond certain thresholds or tipping points. Well-targeted policies focusing on critical areas, species and ecosystem services are essential to avoid the most dangerous impacts on people and societies. Preventing further human-induced biodiversity loss for the near-term future will be extremely challenging, but biodiversity loss may be halted and, in some aspects, reversed in the longer term, if urgent, concerted and effective action is initiated now in support of an agreed long-term vision.", "64. The most important challenge facing biodiversity is shortage of funds. Innovative financial mechanisms, which would leverage additional funds from the private sector, have been proposed such as payments for ecosystem services based on a beneficiary pays system; a biodiversity offset mechanism based on the polluter pays principle; environmental fiscal reform using taxation policies; the creation of markets for green products; and international financial mechanisms such as global lottery, global bonds and trust funds, public guarantees and insurance mechanisms, equity investments, green development mechanisms and a currency transaction tax.¹⁶ However, these measures are not readily accepted by a number of developing countries, which fear additional costs and a decrease in development assistance.", "65. The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity,[21] which was adopted by the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity at its tenth meeting on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, is an international agreement that aims at sharing in a fair and equitable way the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources. The agreement provides for the appropriate access to genetic resources and appropriate transfer of relevant technologies, taking into account all rights over those resources and to technologies, and by appropriate funding, thereby contributing to the conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components. This might present yet another mechanism to safeguard biodiversity. Since it opened for signature in February 2011, it has been signed by 38 parties.[22] The agreement presents, however, another challenge as it touches on international regimes, such as the trade-related intellectual property rights regime.", "66. Effective action to address biodiversity loss depends on addressing the underlying causes or indirect drivers of that decline. This requires strategic planning and greater efficiency in the use of land, energy, fresh water and materials to meet growing demand and to reconcile development with conservation of biodiversity; use of market incentives; avoidance of perverse subsidies to minimize unsustainable resource use and wasteful consumption; ensuring the benefits arising from use of and access to genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge — for example, through the development of drugs and cosmetics — are equitably shared with the countries and cultures from which they are obtained; communication, education and awareness-raising to ensure that everyone understands the value of biodiversity and what steps can be taken to protect it, including through changes in personal consumption and behaviour.[23]", "67. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development can ensure that better decisions for biodiversity are made at all levels and in all sectors, in particular the major economic sectors. Governments have a key enabling role to play in this regard. National programmes or legislation can be crucial in creating a favourable environment to support effective “bottom-up” initiatives led by communities, local authorities, or businesses. This also includes empowering indigenous peoples and local communities to take responsibility for biodiversity management and decision-making; and developing systems to ensure that the benefits arising from access to genetic resources are equitably shared.", "Oceans", "68. Oceans, comprising 72 per cent of the Earth’s surface, constitute a major part of the planet that supports life, drive the climate and hydrological cycles and provide vital resources. Oceans, seas islands and coastal areas form an integrated and essential component of the Earth’s ecosystem and are critical to global food security and sustainable economic prosperity and the well-being of many national economies, particularly in developing countries.[24] Globally, the fish sector provides income and livelihood for millions of people. In 2008 fish and aquatic plant sales amounted to $106 billion, and the fisheries industry provided livelihoods for about 540 million people, or 8 per cent of the world population.[25] A focus on ensuring healthy and productive oceans is a vital component for achieving sustainable development goals, including those related to promoting a green economy. However, the progress has been slow.", "69. Under the aegis of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, the implementation of oceans-related decisions include the establishment of the Agreement relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and the Law of the Sea to advise the General Assembly. The General Assembly has also established a regular process for global reporting and assessment of the state of the marine environment. Port States’ measures to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing are overseen by FAO and the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments is under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization. Furthermore, regional fisheries management organizations have been set up to deal with region-specific challenges.", "70. Despite these efforts, the World Summit on Sustainable Development target of restoring fish stocks to their maximum sustainable yields by 2015 are likely to be unmet, as are other targets, including the reversal of biodiversity loss in the oceans and the elimination of destructive fishing practices. The establishment of marine protected areas, another decision taken at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, is taking place at a slow pace. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development represents an opportunity to take action to speed up implementation and take action on newly emerging threats such as ocean acidification, ocean noise and plastics, microplastics and marine debris.", "IV. Institutions and governance", "71. Governance today is, on the one hand, more complex and, on the other, more inclusive. It is more complex because State actors are not the only ones, and it is more inclusive because for governance to be democratic and to be considered politically legitimate[26] it needs to incorporate non-State actors, notably business, industry and civil society at large.", "72. Attention to legitimacy arises because of a perceived need to increase the authority necessary to promote sustainable development. To improve institutional legitimacy, mechanisms and processes are needed to create common and coherent expectations across relevant stakeholders and communities that may have very different conceptions of legitimate governance or sustainable development. For example, countries at different levels of development or with different political cultures may view trade-offs differently between universal participation and efficiency in decision-making, or have different understandings of the appropriate role of States and markets in development. Similarly, market actors (firms, business associations, investors) may stress pragmatic and performance legitimacy criteria, whereas social and environmental groups may judge legitimacy on the grounds of environmental and social integrity and prioritize procedural legitimacy and accountability to wider communities. Meeting legitimacy demands will require ways to encourage bridging across these potentially different understandings.[27]", "73. Institutions and governance need to perform a normative function, a technical and analytical function, an operational function and a role in monitoring implementation. Institutions also need to reflect the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development.", "74. So far little has been done in the integration area. The enabling framework for the integration of all three pillars of sustainable development has been weak at all levels: international, regional and national and even subnational and local. In a number of deliberations, both Governments and other stakeholders blame the fragmentation of institutions. However, institutions are a result of functions they have been asked to perform. Sustainable development cannot be an afterthought of overall development, but must be mainstreamed into development. The institutional framework needs to reflect this integration from the start.", "75. Coming to institutions, they cover a spectrum of formal and less formal bodies, organizations, networks and arrangements that are involved in policymaking or implementation activities. Globally, the institutional framework has witnessed a dramatic growth in the number of institutions and agreements, with more than 500 multilateral environmental agreements currently in existence. Thus the reach of sustainable development governance has greatly expanded, but, at the same time, it is fragmented and lacks coherence and coordination.", "76. Many arrangements have been created with only limited governmental involvement.[28] These include the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, a global network that includes Governments and many non-governmental actors; the United Nations Global Compact, which has emerged as a formal link for the United Nations system to engage with the private sector, is based on the commitment to eight core principles. There has also been considerable innovation in the development of standards and codes by non-governmental actors, with varying degrees of involvement by Governments and international institutions. A range of voluntary initiatives seeks to broaden the adoption of key principles, such as the Equator Principles on financing, the Global Reporting Initiative, which aims to lift the bar for corporate reporting on sustainability, and the International Organization for Standardization process, most recently addressing corporate social responsibility.", "77. In addition, establishing strong networks and exchange of information among all actors and stakeholders, as well as involving them in decision-making processes, could be the right track not only to keep focus on the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development, but also to ensure implementation, review and monitoring at all levels.", "78. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development can look at different options and might want to decide how best to enable structures and institutions to work in a more synergistic way in order to deliver on international commitments, but also to help efforts at the national level.", "79. At the international level, it has been underlined that the institutional framework needs to be supportive of the integration of the three pillars of sustainable development, and should avoid duplication and strengthen coherence and synergies,[29] including among normative, technical and analytical, and operational work. The United Nations needs to have a strong intergovernmental body for sustainable development that can promote integration of the three pillars, but also deal with new emerging issues, and monitor and review progress in implementation.", "80. A number of options have been presented for strengthening the institutional framework for sustainable development, including those of the Helsinki-Nairobi Outcome.[30] Some propose new structures, but the majority seem to be in favour of strengthening the existing structures or elevating them to a higher level. Thus there is discussion of the merits of creating a new world environment organization, changing the Economic and Social Council into a Sustainable Development Council or creating a forum within the Economic and Social Council that would deal with sustainable development. There are also proposals to elevate the Commission on Sustainable Development to the Sustainable Development Council as a subsidiary body of the General Assembly.", "81. To balance the three pillars and align the environmental pillar with the others, there have been proposals to strengthen UNEP. Options discussed have explored elevating the United Nations Environment Programme to specialized agency status, creating a World Environment Organization or simply revising the mandate of United Nations Environment Programme within its current structure.", "82. Better coherence and coordination within the United Nations system is proposed to be enhanced by creating an inter-agency mechanism for sustainable development. With the present arrangements[31] there is an apparent disconnect between the bodies making normative decisions and the bodies delivering on normative commitments made at the global level. Those currently responsible for implementation feel only weak ownership of the normative decisions unless they are incorporated into mandates from their own governing bodies.", "83. At the national level, one response to the integration challenge has been to create new institutions, such as national councils, in many cases with disappointing results. An arguably more effective alternative has been to integrate economic, environmental and social goals within the mandate of existing institutions. Longer-term budgeting and sound regulatory instruments can be important tools for integration.", "84. At one level, integration can refer to the inclusion of the dimensions of sustainable development in the formulation of legal frameworks, the definition of property rights and the organization of government. At another level, integration refers to the process of day-to-day implementation; that is, how policies, management decisions, instruments and interventions are deployed. Integrated implementation is facilitated by factors such as the presence of the requisite capacity in government and civil society; compatible objectives; the existence of supportive legal and institutional frameworks; and easy access to data and information for decision-making. At the national level, horizontal integration across sectoral institutions and between different levels of government assumes great importance.²⁸", "85. Another important element at the regional and national levels is improving analysis, assessment and scientific research, as well as monitoring and accountability. In this regard, there is a role not only for international institutions, which, can help in monitoring and accountability,[32] but also for regional and national institutions, which, with their presence on the ground, can support national and local analysis, data gathering and assessment and build national and local capacity for analysis, establishment and enforcement of regulatory and incentive frameworks.", "86. It must be recognized that, at the national level, considerable progress has been achieved in strengthening institutional mechanisms dealing with policy formulation, coordination, implementation and review. Many countries have put in place national sustainable development strategies and related instruments, but these are seldom the most important reference documents for economics ministries and donors. A central challenge is to ensure that such strategies have an impact on policymaking and implementation. Various mechanisms can be used to monitor the progress and implementation of national sustainable development strategies, including internal reviews, external auditing, parliamentary and budgetary reviews and indicator-based monitoring.³²", "87. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development can pave the way to better connect international, regional and national levels in order to strengthen implementation, as well as the monitoring of progress.", "88. Effective public participation aids the integration of the three pillars in policy formulation and implementation. Policy formulation and implementation are more than a wise allocation of resources and good stewardship; the process matters. Ignoring social marginalization, vulnerability and the uneven distribution of resources frays the trust needed for collective action. Giving greater voice to the poor and marginalized groups in decision-making is thus a high priority. Providing better access by the poor to information can be a valuable means of empowerment.", "89. More can be done to build on progress made to promote transparency and accountability through access to information and stakeholder involvement in decision-making. In this regard, the participation of major groups in the work of the Commission on Sustainable Development is an important feature and needs to be further enhanced in any future arrangements. In recent years, close to 1,000 representatives of 9 major groups have pre-registered for sessions of the Commission on Sustainable Development, and several hundred participate actively in the process. Accelerating implementation at the country level, however, requires, in addition to current efforts, engaging with many international intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations that are managing large-scale implementation of sustainable development projects but are not currently represented at Commission sessions. Thus, broadening the base of participation by major groups in the Commission process is important.[33] Major groups have also been very active in the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.[34]", "90. Partnerships are another important element of governance arrangements and, since the World Summit on Sustainable Development, the Commission on Sustainable Development has played an important role in facilitating partnerships among Governments, major groups and other national and international institutions with the objective to implement decisions of the Commission on the ground. This experience needs to be taken to the next stage, and the Conference might want to look into several options that are being floated, including dedicated partnerships (or partnerships of partnerships) for each set of policy decisions.", "V. Actions in international cooperation and means of implementation", "91. Sustainable development is a compact between developed and developing countries, between State and non-State actors, between rich and poor, and between generations, and it presupposes international cooperation. Without solidarity and without building equity, there cannot be prosperity. Globalization has shown that the world has become so interconnected that no single country or region can feel they can be immune from what is happening in the rest of the world. It is therefore in the interest of all to build international cooperation.", "92. It has been stated repeatedly that Governments have a primary responsibility for their citizens, but Governments in developing, and especially in least developed countries, need help even though they remain in the driver’s seat. They need capacity-building, technology transfer and means of implementation, if they are to achieve sustainable development, for which both economic and social transformation are necessary, together with environment protection.", "93. However, it cannot be forgotten that the international landscape brings transformative change. One of the most visible outcomes of this transformation is the rise in the number of dynamic emerging-market countries at the helm of the global economy. It is likely that by 2025 emerging economies will be major contributors to global growth, alongside the advanced economies. The international monetary system is likely to cease being dominated by a single currency. Emerging-market countries, where three fourths of official foreign exchange reserves are currently held and whose sovereign wealth funds and other pools of capital are increasingly important sources of international investment, will become key players in financial markets. In short, a new world order with a more diffuse distribution of economic power is emerging, thus the shift towards multipolarity.[35]", "94. In a world of progressively greater multipolar economic growth and more financial centres, policymakers will need to equip themselves with the tools and the capabilities to effectively capitalize on opportunities, while simultaneously safeguarding their economies against the risks that remain stubbornly high as the global economy struggles to find a stable footing.", "95. This is the reason why it is so important for developing countries to have sufficient means of implementation, on one hand, and a secure and enabling environment with enough policy space, on the other, to be able to build viable economies, social justice and equity, and all within care systems of the Earth, while building resilience to all kind of shocks, including economic, social and natural shocks.", "96. That is why so many advocate making the economy greener. But the economy does not just need to be the right colour. It needs to take the right shape. It should slash global carbon emissions, and it should also go further to guard natural assets such as fisheries and forests. It should create “green jobs” for a rising population of new workers and encourage innovative business models that empower poor producers, which means improving social equity and lifting poor out of poverty.", "97. For this to happen, access to energy, as discussed above, and technology transfer are the most important preconditions. This is, of course, connected with ODA, its disbursement as well as its efficient use, lifting the debt burden and increasing technology transfer along the lines of the Bali Strategic Plan for Technology Support and Capacity-building,[36] as well as better access to markets and tariff reductions by developing countries.", "98. Chapter 33 of Agenda 21 is about financial resources and mechanisms. The implementation cost of Agenda 21 in developing countries was estimated at $600 billion each year, of which $125 billion was to come from developed nations. The table below evaluates the state of implementation of the primary commitments of chapter 33 as of 2010, according to some basic progress indicators.", "Table", "Financialmechanism Commitmentper chapter33\tProgressindicators\tImplementation \n1.\tOfficialdevelopmentassistance(ODA)\tReaffirmationof 0.7%ODA/GNP\tOECD ODAlevels\tODA decrease1992 to 2000,now increasing\n2.\tInternationaldevelopmentassociation(IDA)\tProposereplenishmentfor 1992\tInternationaldevelopmentassociationreplenishmentamounts\tFundsincreasing:more donorcountries andhigher donoramounts\n3.\tGlobalEnvironmentalFacility(GEF)\tRestructureto moretransparentstructureand Agenda21 focus\tGEFreplenishmentamounts\tFundsincreasing andmanaging fundsfor moreinternationalagreements\n4.\tBilateralaid\tIncreasesupport\tBilateraldonorcommitments(seen inOECD DonorCountry AidStatistics)\tFollows sametrend as ODA,decreasesuntil 2000,now increasing\n5.\tDebtrelief\tSupport 1991Paris Clubagreement,createmeasures\tReductionsin debtburden; debtreliefinitiatives\t1991 passed,high relieffor Iraq andNigeriarecently,currentlydipping\n6.\tMultilateraldevelopmentbanks\tIncreasesupport\tLendingamounts fromthe WorldBank, IMFand otherregionalbanks\tGenerallendingincreases(based onneed), largerecentincrease inresponse tofinancialcrisis\n7.\tForeigndirectinvestment\tIncreasesupport\tFDI levels\tIncreasing butvolatileresource forindividualcountries\n8.\tInnovativefinancing(i.e.,incentives,tradablepermits,militaryspending)\tExploreinnovatefinancingoptions\tFinanceaddressedthroughinnovatesources\tInnovativeschemesfurtherdeveloped inrecentconferences,especially inresponse toglobalfinancialcrisis", "Source: Study on assessment of progress on Agenda 21 and Rio Principles, draft report, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (forthcoming).", "Abbreviations: IDA, International Development Association; FDI, foreign direct investment.", "99. Chapter 33 also reaffirmed the ODA target of 0.7 per cent GNP given annually per developed nation, but deceleration of global economic growth in mid-2010 weakened the policy response and it is expected to be much less supportive in the near term, especially as widening fiscal deficits and rising public debt have undermined support for further fiscal stimuli. Many Governments, particularly those in developed countries, are already shifting towards fiscal austerity. This will also adversely affect global economic growth during 2011 and 2012.[37] In 2010, net aid disbursements amounted to $128.7 billion, equivalent to 0.32 per cent of developed countries’ combined national income. This was the highest level of real aid ever recorded and an increase of 6.5 per cent in real terms over 2009. Excluding debt relief and humanitarian aid, bilateral aid for development programmes and projects rose by 5.9 per cent in real terms, as donors continued to scale up their core development projects and programmes. Most of the rise was in new lending (which grew by 13.2 per cent), but grants also increased (by 6.8 per cent)[38] (see figure 8).", "Figure 8", "[] Official development assistance (ODA) from developed countries, 2000-2010 (Billions of constant 2009 US$ and current US$)", "Source: Millennium Development Goal Report 2011.", "100. In 2010, Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden continued to exceed the United Nations target for ODA of 0.7 per cent of their gross national income (GNI). The largest donors by volume were the United States, followed by the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Japan. The largest increases in ODA in real terms between 2009 and 2010 were made by Australia, Belgium, Canada, Japan, Portugal, the Republic of Korea and the United Kingdom. Looking ahead, a recent OECD survey shows that most donors plan to increase aid over the coming three years, though at a sharply reduced pace. Aid will grow at 2 per cent a year between 2011 and 2013, compared to an average of 8 per cent a year over the past three years.³⁸", "101. A country’s external debt burden affects its creditworthiness and vulnerability to economic shocks. Better debt management, the expansion of trade and, particularly for the poorest countries, substantial debt relief have reduced the burden of debt service. Between 2000 and 2008, the average ratio of public debt service to exports for developing regions declined from 12.5 per cent to 3.4 per cent. In 2009, owing to the global economic crisis, export earnings of developing countries declined by 21 per cent, while total public debt service remained at about the same level as in 2008. As a consequence, the ratio of public debt service to exports increased for all developing regions except Southern Asia, Western Asia and Oceania, with the overall average rising to 3.6 per cent. The impact was most pronounced for the small island developing States and the least developed countries.³⁸", "102. World trade continued to recover in 2010, but the momentum of the strong growth observed in the first half of the year has started to peter out. While the volume of exports of many emerging economies has already recovered to, or beyond, pre-crisis peaks, exports of developed economies have not yet seen a full recovery. In the outlook, world trade is expected to grow by about 6.5 per cent in both 2011 and 2012, moderating from the 10.5 per cent rebound in 2010. Despite the gradual recovery of the past two years, the value of imports of the three largest developed economies was still significantly below pre-crisis peaks by August 2010. Meanwhile, export recovery in these economies is mirrored in the fast growth of imports by countries in East Asia and Latin America.³⁷", "103. Despite fears of renewed protectionism at the beginning of the economic crisis in 2008, the strong international governance that emerged from the G-20 summit and other multilateral initiatives averted a return to restrictive trade practices. The vast majority of exports from developing countries are now imported free from custom duties in developed country markets. Recent years have seen a slight increase in the proportion of duty-free imports from developing countries other than least developed countries, with the proportions for the two groups converging at about 80 per cent of their exports.³⁸", "104. Thanks to the general reduction of tariffs in developed markets, more and more products are now routinely imported duty free under the World Trade Organization’s most favoured nation treatment. However, when most favoured nation treatment is excluded, only 19 per cent of exports by developing to developed countries benefited from “true” preferential treatment. On the other hand, true preferential duty-free treatment remains the dominant mode through which least developed countries gain access to the markets of developed countries. The proportion of least developed country exports benefiting from such preferences has been increasing over the years, reaching 53 per cent in 2009. All but one of the developed countries have granted duty-free market access to at least 97 per cent of products originating from least developed countries³⁸ (see figure 9).", "Figure 9", "[]", "Source: Millennium Development Goal Report 2011.", "105. The main challenge remains to find ways to arrive at credible and effective policy coordination among major economies. In this regard, some consider that the G-20 framework for sustainable global rebalancing would be a good tool if it were made more specific and operational. Having clear and verifiable targets for desired policy outcomes would help make parties accountable. This would also be conducive for strategic investment in the infrastructure (power, transport, etc.) to support the transition to a green economy. A number of countries are already prioritizing green investment and developing strategies and policies to support it, while researchers are developing the conceptual and empirical support for such policies.", "106. Need for affordable access to new and existing environmentally sound technologies is growing apace with the climate threat. Ever since the 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment, transfer of technology and knowledge-sharing have been an essential part of discussions on how to achieve sustainable development and address global sustainable development challenges. At the same time, developing countries will need support in building their own technological capacity so as to ensure that they undergo a smooth transition to a low-emissions economy and maintain competitiveness in an open global economy. In devising technology capacity-building plans, more focus could be given to the demands of users, improved aid coordination and donor collaboration, capacity-building investments on regional and global levels, and a greater role for information technology in capacity-building.", "VI. Progress in the preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "107. Since the last report on Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development¹ and as at the time of submission of the present report, one intersessional meeting[39] and two meetings of the Preparatory Committee[40] have taken place. The first intersessional meeting was an informal meeting that considered the advanced unedited copy of the synthesis report on best practices and lessons learned on the objective and themes of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. A Co-Chairs’ summary was issued as the outcome of that meeting.[41]", "108. The second Preparatory Committee meeting,[42] as an official meeting of the Conference preparatory process, considered the official synthesis report,[43] which was updated to reflect additional inputs and views from participants at the intersessional meeting. The proceedings of the meeting were further supported by my report on the objective and themes of the Conference.²⁸ The outcome of the meeting was a Co-Chairs’ summary.[44]", "109. The second Preparatory Committee meeting also adopted a decision in which the Bureau was requested to initiate an open, transparent and inclusive process led by Member States, to prepare in a timely manner a draft text, based on all preparatory inputs, to serve as the basis for an outcome document for the Conference. It also invited all Member States, the relevant United Nations system organizations, and relevant stakeholders to provide their inputs and contributions in writing by 1 November 2011, for inclusion in a compilation document to serve as the basis for the preparation of the zero draft of the outcome document. At the same time, it requested the Bureau to compile these inputs and contributions and present their compilation text to Member States and other stakeholders at the second intersessional meeting to be held in mid-December 2011 and to seek their comments and further guidance in order for the Co-Chairs to present, on behalf of the Bureau, the zero draft of the outcome document for consideration no later than early January 2012. It also recommended to the Bureau to convene a three-day meeting in January 2012, for the purpose of having initial discussions on the zero draft of the outcome document, and set aside one full week for negotiations in each of the months of February, March and April 2012, ensuring that all these meetings are informal informals.", "110. The Preparatory Committee has decided the dates of the Conference, which will be 4 to 6 June 2012, to be preceded by the third meeting of the Preparatory Committee, from 28 to 30 May 2012.", "111. The Bureau sent a letter in March 2011 to all Member States, the United Nations system organizations and other relevant stakeholders, inviting them to provide their inputs by 1 November 2011, and also issued a guidance note for the submission of inputs in July 2011.[45]", "112. The Bureau also asked the Conference Secretary-General and the Conference secretariat to prepare a study on the five options of the Helsinki-Nairobi Outcome. The secretariat has initiated this action in consultation with the Executive Committee of Economic and Social Affairs Plus of the United Nations. The Executive Committee felt the need to broaden the scope of the study to include options for strengthening each of the three pillars and for their more effective integration. The study on the Nairobi-Helsinki Outcome will be a part of this broader study mandated by the Executive Committee, which will be presented in September 2011.", "113. Member States,[46] United Nations system entities[47] and major groups[48] are also holding a number of preparatory meetings. Regional commissions have set the dates for their preparatory meetings between September and December 2011.[49] A number of documents have been produced in preparation for and as a result of discussions at these different meetings, but also as part of the preparation process more broadly.[50]", "114. The Conference Secretary-General[51] with the dedicated secretariat[52] is supporting Member States in their preparatory work by co-organizing meetings, producing background papers and issue briefs, supporting meetings of the Bureau and preparing official documentation requested by Member States.", "115. The secretariat is also supporting national-level preparations through a joint project proposal prepared by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme. Given the urgent need for country-level support, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs is supporting, through its capacity-building programme, national preparations in 21 countries, most of which are least developed countries. Guidance notes have been sent to the United Nations country teams to assist countries in their preparations towards the Conference.", "116. The secretariat team is working closely with the major groups to organize consultative workshops and other training activities. It is also continuing its efforts to raise funds for the Trust Fund of the Conference in order to be able to support better national preparations and participation of developing countries and major groups in the preparatory meetings.", "117. The Conference website[53] has been upgraded. In addition to being more user‑friendly, it provides a wealth of information on different aspects of the preparatory process leading up to the Conference and is updated daily. Protocols have been established to enable Member States and other stakeholders to log into their respective pages and directly update the information, and they can also submit their inputs for the compilation document online. Regular updates are also provided through the Rio+20 biweekly newsletters.", "118. The Conference secretariat is also continuing its preparations with the host Government, Brazil, and an interdepartmental task force has been established in this regard. The secretariat had undertaken four missions to Brazil by the time of writing the present report. The missions focused on assessment of security needs for the Conference, reviewing building and architectural requirements for holding the Conference and all other logistic preparations, including the number of conference rooms and the Host Country Agreement. Logistical preparations also include efforts by the Rio+20 secretariat and the host Government to adopt sustainable practices for holding the Conference, including investigating the possibility of a paperless conference.", "119. Modalities for holding the Conference and its third Preparatory Committee meeting in line with available resources could comprise the following:", "(a) United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "High-level plenary meetings", "• The opening high-level plenary meeting of the Conference from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. on 4 June 2012 at the Conference venue;", "• Four high-level plenary meetings to be held on 4 June from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m., on 5 June from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m., and on 6 June from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. at the Conference venue;", "• The closing high-level plenary meeting on 6 June, from 3 p.m. to 7 p.m. at the Conference venue, which is expected to conclude with the adoption of the focused political document and the report of the Conference.", "Main Committee", "The Main Committee would be established according to the rules of procedure for the Conference. If the need arises, this Committee would meet in parallel with the plenary meetings, except during the opening and closing sessions. The principal task of the Main Committee would be to finalize the outcome document of the Conference and all the other outstanding matters.", "High-level round tables[54]", "There are several options for holding high-level round tables. One option would be to hold a total of four high-level round tables over the period of the Conference: one on the first day (in the afternoon), two on the second day (morning and afternoon) and one on the third day (morning). These high-level round tables could take place in parallel with the plenary meetings. Reports from these round tables could be presented at the closing plenary.", "Other Conference events", "A total of four partnership events could be undertaken to provide an opportunity for Commission on Sustainable Development Partnerships and other multi-stakeholder implementation efforts to report on progress made and identify new activities and commitments. These events would take place on the first day (in the afternoon), the second day (in the morning and afternoon) and on the third day (in the morning). A report on these events would be presented at the closing plenary.", "A Learning Centre could also be organized as early as the third session of the Preparatory Committee, which would run throughout the Conference, to offer courses on topics relevant to sustainable development, including those specific to the themes of the Conference, based on availability of suitable trainers and demand by participants. A course schedule with course descriptions, including information on the instructor and language of instruction, will be made available prior to the start of the Conference. A report on the Learning Centre would be presented at the closing plenary.", "(b) Third session of the Preparatory Committee⁵⁴", "The third session of the Preparatory Committee could include opening and closing plenary meetings and meetings of an ad hoc working group on the outcome document, a multi-stakeholder round table and sessions reporting on the results of national voluntary assessments. The ad hoc working group on the outcome document would meet each day as needed during the Preparatory Committee session. It would begin work immediately following the opening meeting and adjourn prior to the closing plenary meeting, where it would present its report. The multi-stakeholder round table could meet in the afternoon of the first day and the morning of the second day. Two sessions on the results of the national voluntary assessments could be held on the afternoon of the second day of the third Preparatory Committee meeting and on the morning of the third day of the meeting. Reports on the multi-stakeholder dialogues and the national voluntary assessments would be included in the report of the third session of the Preparatory Committee, to be transmitted to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "VII. Next steps", "120. The General Assembly will consider at its sixty-sixth session sustainable development issues under agenda item 19 (a).[55] This will provide an opportunity to finalize organizational details and modalities of the Conference. To that end, it is recommended that the General Assembly:", "(a) Take note of the progress in preparatory activities for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development contained in the report of the Secretary-General and endorse the recommendations contained in the report of the second session of the Preparatory Committee for the Conference;", "(b) Endorse the provisional agenda of the Conference;", "(c) Decide on the organization of work of the third session of the Preparatory Committee and the organization of work of the Conference;[56]", "(d) Approve the draft provisional rules of procedure of the Conference considered by the Preparatory Committee and contained in A/CONF.216/PC/4;", "(e) Endorse the arrangements for accreditation and participation in the Conference of relevant non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders;", "(f) Decide that the Conference shall be open to all States Members of the United Nations and States members of the specialized agencies, with the participation of observers, in accordance with the established practice of the General Assembly and its conferences and in accordance with the rules of procedure of the Conference;", "(g) Request the Secretary-General to submit a report on the outcome of the Conference to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session, and decide to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-seventh session the sub-item entitled “Implementation of Agenda 21 and the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21”, taking into account the outcome of the Conference.", "[1] A/65/298.", "[2] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3‑14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex 1.", "[3] Paul Raskin, Tariq Banuri, Gilberto Gallopín, Pablo Gutman, Al Hammond, Robert Kates, Rob Swart, Great Transition; The Promise and Lure of the Times Ahead, a report of the Global Scenario Group, Stockholm Environment Institute (2002).", "[4] See A/66/306.", "[5] See resolution 65/151.", "[6] See www.sustainableenergyforall.org/.", "[7] “Energy for a Sustainable Future”, the Secretary-General’s Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change, summary report and recommendations, 28 April 2010, New York.", "[8] World Energy Outlook 2010, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development/ International Energy Agency (2010).", "[9] World Economic and Social Survey 2011, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.1 (2011).", "[10] Energy intensity is measured by the quantity of energy per unit of economic activity or output (GDP).", "[11] Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water, 2010 Update, World Health Organization/United Nations Children’s Fund (2010).", "[12] See A/66/277.", "[13] See “World Food Situation: FAO Food Price Index”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/.", "[14] See World Bank, “High and Volatile Food Prices Continue to Threaten the World’s Poor”, press release No. 2011/430/PREM (14 April 2011). Available at web.worldbank.org.", "[15] See http://unfccc.int/methods_science/redd/items/4547.php.", "[16] Study on assessment of progress on Agenda 21 and Rio Principles, draft report, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs.", "[17] See Ministerial Declaration, Action Plan on food price volatility and agriculture, Meeting of G‑20 Agriculture Ministers, Paris, 22-23 June 2011. Available at www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/ content/documents/110623_G20_AgMinisters_Action_Plan_Agriculture_Food_Price_ Volatility.pdf.", "[18] United Nations Human Settlements Programme, State of the World’s Cities 2010/2011 — Cities for All: Bridging the Urban Divide (2010).", "[19] See The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.10.I.7 (2010).", "[20] See A/66/291.", "[21] See UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27, annex, decision X/1.", "[22] At the time of the submission of this report.", "[23] Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Global Biodiversity Outlook 3, Montreal (2010). Available at www.cbd.int/doc/publications/gbo/gbo3-final-en.pdf.", "[24] Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.A.1 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 2, annex, para. 30.", "[25] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010, part 1, p. 7.", "[26] Political legitimacy can be defined as the acceptance and justification of shared rule by a community, Steven Bernstein, “Legitimacy in Global Environmental Governance”, Journal of International Law and International Relations, vol. 1 (1-2) (2005).", "[27] Steven Bernstein, “Legitimacy in intergovernmental and non-state global governance”, Review of International Political Economy 18 (February 2011).", "[28] See A/CONF.216/PC/7.", "[29] See Co-Chairs’ summaries of the First and Second Preparatory Committee meetings and the first intersessional meeting of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development preparatory process. Available at www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=44.", "[30] The Helsinki-Nairobi Outcome proposes five options to be examined: enhancing UNEP; establishing a new umbrella organization for sustainable development; establishing a specialized agency such as a world environment organization; reforming the United Nations Economic and Social Council and the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development; and enhancing institutional reforms and streamlining existing structures.", "[31] There is the Chief Executives Board and the Environment Management Group, in relation to the environment. Several thematic inter-agency mechanisms have been established, including UN‑Energy, UN-Oceans and UN-Water, with the objective of fostering cooperation and information-sharing among United Nations entities. The United Nations Development Group assumes a role in relation to development activities on the ground, operationalizing normative decisions.", "[32] One suggestion made is to introduce a universal or voluntary review mechanism as one of the core functions of a reformed Commission on Sustainable Development.", "[33] See A/CONF.216/PC/2.", "[34] See site of major groups at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development secretariat website for the Conference at www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=35.", "[35] World Bank, Global Development Horizons 2011 — Multipolarity: The New Global Economy (2011).", "[36] See UNEP/GC.23/6/Add.1.", "[37] World Economic Situation and Prospects 2011, United Nations publication, Sales No. E.77.11.C.2.", "[38] The Millennium Development Goal Report 2011, United Nations (2011).", "[39] First intersessional meeting, 10-11 January 2011 in New York.", "[40] Second Preparatory Committee meeting, 7-8 March 2011 in New York.", "[41] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=24&menu=25.", "[42] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=28&menu=24.", "[43] See A/CONF.216/PC/8.", "[44] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&nr=217&type=12&menu=24& template=435.", "[45] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=12&nr=238&menu=32.", "[46] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=50.", "[47] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=29.", "[48] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=27", "[49] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=26.", "[50] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=20.", "[51] Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs as nominated by the Secretary-General in May 2010.", "[52] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=37.", "[53] See www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=14.", "[54] A decision on the round table and partnership events, including on the number, timing, theme(s), participation and presentation of the outcome of the round tables, would need to be made in consultation with the Bureau for the Preparatory Process of the Conference.", "[55] Based on the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly (A/66/150).", "[56] On the basis of the proposal of the Bureau for the Preparatory Process of the Conference." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(a)", "可持续发展", "《21世纪议程》、《进一步执行<21世纪议程>方案》和可持续发展问题世界首脑会议成果的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会第65/152号决议编写的。报告阐述了《21世纪议程》和《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》执行工作的最新情况，以及各国政府、联合国系统各组织和各主要群体为促进实现可持续发展目标和指标，包括通过可持续发展伙伴关系的方式采取的行动。报告还述及联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的进展情况。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.概述 3\n3.优先部门和跨领域问题 4\n4.机构和治理 18\n5.国际合作的行动和执行手段 22\n6.联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的进展 27\n7.接续的步骤 31", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告阐述了关于大会第65/152号决议执行进展的资料。该决议呼吁有效落实可持续发展问题世界首脑会议通过的承诺、方案和有时限的具体目标并实施《约翰内斯堡执行计划》所载、与执行手段有关的规定。该决议还重申可持续发展委员会是联合国系统内负责处理可持续发展问题的高级别机构，是审议可持续发展三个方面整合问题的论坛。", "2. 本报告是在联合国可持续发展大会处于筹备进程之中，并正值可持续发展委员会未能获致结论之际编写的，后者的主要原因是：对于如何重复过去有关执行手段的协议，缺乏共识。", "3. 本报告应连同关于可持续发展的议程项目下提交的其他报告一并阅读。", "二. 概述", "4. 去年的报告[1] 强调说明可持续发展广泛和多层面的性质、如何整合和平衡三这个层面——经济、社会和环境——以及充当发达国家和发展中国家之间、各国政府之间、商业和民间社会之间以及当代人和后代人之间的桥梁。", "5. 本报告进一步陈述如何促进可持续发展三大支柱之间更紧密的衔接。", "6. 《里约原则》[2] 为可持续发展国际合作提供了一个系统框架，包括对人类福利、国家主权、发展权利、环境保护、消除贫穷、保护弱势群体和共同但有区别的责任，以及可持续消费和生产作出了承诺。这些原则为其后的协定，包括尚待联合国可持续发展委员会达成的协定奠定了基础。", "7. 可持续发展面对的挑战来自三来源。第一，尽管在实现千年发展目标方面取得了一些进展，消除贫穷的目标仍然没有着落。第二，对自然和自然资源的不利影响已经达到了惊人的程度。第三，将需要对确认和落实过去的决定作出国际承诺。消除贫穷同经济快速增长和工业化相关。然而，如果无法获得新技术和财政资源，经济增长和工业化就需要消耗自然资源。对已因高收入国家以往发展和当前消费模式承受沉重负担的环境而言，这样做会加上额外负担。因此，高收入国家率先向可持续消费和生产模式转变，必须同低收入国家的可持续发展齐头并进。", "8. 然而，分析显示，走向不可持续未来的势头是可以扭转的。这种方向的改变将需要许多因素共同促成，其中包括：贫穷国家取得技术和资金、研发和部署先进技术、更方便获得能源服务，生活方式和价值观念的转变和连贯一致的承诺。需要好几十年才能调整人类的活动，使其有益于健康的环境、使得贫穷不再出现和弥合分隔人民的深刻裂痕。这种重新调整从而需要长期的政策承诺。", "9. 气候变化已经成为现实。它已经开始给生态系统、水资源和粮食安全带来了压力，并导致自然灾害更加频繁发生。这种压力可能会持续不停，导致生命和财产的损失。整个地球朝向人道、公正和有益生态的未来过渡[3] 将需要通过下列途径促进可持续的经济增长：经济绿化、增加对绿色基础设施的投资、加强社会支柱和创造绿色就业机会，以及前所未见、亲密无间的国际合作。", "10. 便利贫穷国家更方便获得可持续、现代化、负担得起的能源服务，是这一议程的关键要素。能源不仅是经济增长和工业发展的关键，它也是实现每一项千年发展目标和减少自然资源压力至关重要的要素。", "11. 核心的理念是：不仅要以协同加强的方式整合与合并环境与发展，而且还要有效地将可持续性的各种考虑纳入经济和发展决策主流和在世界上确保，所有发展行动都通过是否具有可持续性的观点来研究。反过来，环境方面的投资，诸如保护、恢复和补充自然界所提供的资产，又可作为未来经济繁荣的重要驱动力量。", "12. 会员国、联合国系统各实体和其他利益攸关方已经查明了联合国可持续发展委员会应当审议，和理想情况下大会应当作出决定和提出倡议的若干优先部门。本报告第三节将讨论其中的几个部门。", "三. 优先部门和跨领域问题", "能源[4]", "13. 2012年业经大会宣布为人人享有可持续能源国际年，[5] 这项行动强调指出，人人获得可持续能源对可持续发展和减少贫穷，以及对通过利用传统能源资源、更洁净技术和新能源保护环境的重要性。[6]", "14. 当前的能源系统不足以满足全世界穷人的需要，并且会损害千年发展目标的实现。全球各地，“能源贫乏者”都因在通风不足的建筑物内低效燃烧固体燃料而承受不良的健康后果和忍受生产性创收活动和诸如保健和教育等其他基本服务动力不足所引起的经济后果。在这方面，发展中国家的妇女和女孩不成比例地遭受过于沉重的影响。[7]", "15. 尽管二十年来推行过种种气候变化政策、数以千计的方案、举措、法规、基于市场的文书和国际协定，以及拨付了数以千亿美元计的补贴、资金、研究和研究与发展努力和发展援助，就在全球范围建立一个可再生的低碳能源系统这项已宣布的目标而言，实现仍然遥遥无期。", "16. 据估计，全世界各国政府向可再生能源发电和生物燃料提供的补助，到2035年将高达2 050亿美元之巨，即占全球国民生产总值的0.17%。2010年至2035年，有35%将投入以可再生能源为基础的发电，而全球生物燃料的使用量将从目前的每天100万桶增加到2035年的440万桶，而预料美国、欧洲联盟和巴西仍将是生物燃料的最大生产者和消费者。[8]", "17. 2000年以来，可再生能源技术扩散的增长速度相当惊人。2005年，在全球初级能源组合当中，化石燃料占85%，低碳核电6%，水力发电3%，生物质4%。现代化可再生能源合计还不到1%。[9] 同样地，核发电复兴仅能补足较老旧设备日益被淘汰而损失的能力。⁹ 按目前趋势预测，在2050年以前实现全球能源体系彻底脱碳，还完全谈不到已走上一条现实的路径。", "18. 目前就如何满足能源技术创新的必经之途而进行的国家和全球辩论中，充斥着种种简单化的方法。技术乐观主义者建议“大力一推”政策，把现有技术扩大规模使用。其他一些人着重强调市场激励，希望通过把环境方面的外差因素内化，“确定正确的价格”来促成必要的技术转变。", "19. 联合国可持续发展大会有机会通过下列途径，把所有这些考虑汇集在一起，在今后几十年期间，共同致力促成全球能源体系的转变：(a) 扩大获得清洁能源；(b) 提高工业能源效率；和(c) 宣扬绿色产业，以之作为在可持续发展和消除贫穷的背景下向绿色经济过渡的组成部分。大会可提供一个机会，要求全球社会制定出有助于这种能源转变、非常具体的目标。", "20. 对于这种朝向可持续能源前进的过渡，需要制定现实可行的时间表。2030年以前，世界早就有机会走上能源体系基本转变的道路，使得发展中国家能超越当前的体系，转向更清洁、可持续、负担得起和可靠的能源服务。⁷ 还可以要求国际社会，在2030年以前，普及供应现代化能源服务，从而使得还不能利用现代化能源服务的20到30亿人能够得到最低门槛的基本现代能源服务，以供其消费性和生产性利用。大会也不妨宣扬，在2030年以前，将全球能源使用量的30%改用可再生能源。这将发挥核心作用，确保走上更加可靠和可持续的能源道路。大会还可以率先提倡，在2030年以前将全球能源强度[10] 降低40%。2050年以前把全球能源体系转变成一个几乎无碳的体系，是可行的(见图1)。⁹", "21. 实现这些目标将需要全球采取前所未见的协调措施，包括几乎每一个经济体内监管体制的重大转变，数量庞大的增量基础设施投资(很可能每年数额超过1万亿美元)，⁹ 加速研发和部署多种新能源技术和能源消费方面彻底的行为转变。还将需要人力和体制能力和治理方面的重大转变。", "22. 全球而言，更换现有的化石燃料和核能基础设施，费用至少高达15至20万亿美元。要世人决定一夜之间注销15至20万亿美元的基础设施，显然是不可能的，而易之以可再生能源体系，代价更为高昂。同时，应当指出，特别是鉴于石油进口国2007年耗费大约2万亿美元进口原油，改变现有能源体系的长期诱因应当也十分强大。⁹", "图1 世界可再生能源计划", "MacKay(2008) Raihi等人(即将发表)\n可再生来源\t技术潜力(EJ)\t人均技术潜力(GJ)\t评论和假定\t到2050年全球能源评估假设的技术经济潜力 \n风力\t189\t27.4\t绿色和平与欧洲风能协会对向岸和离岸风力的估计\t170\t\n水力\t28.8\t4.11\t国际水力发电协会和国际能源机构的估计\t28\t\n潮汐\t12.26\t0.18-0.37 —\t\n波浪\t3.9\t0.57\t10%的波浪原动力以50%的效率转换\t—\t\n地热\t6.31\t9.14\t按美国的地热潜力以外推法推算世界潜力\t17\t\n生物燃料\t284\t41\t全世界用于生物燃料的可耕地或作物耕地(2700万平方公里)，按能量密度0.5W/m²,处理和收获过程损失33%计算\t117＋28\t\n非太阳能合计\t571\t83\t包括所有上述因素\t360\t\n太阳能光电转换(PV)\t—\t— 1650\t\n富集太阳能(CSP)\t—\t— 990\t\n太阳能合计：太阳能加热器，PV和CSP\t370EJ\t＞54\t欧洲和北非的10亿人可持续利用地中海附近沙漠内国家规模的太阳能设施维持，而北美洲5亿人则可持续利用美国和墨西哥沙漠内亚利桑那州大小的设施维持\t2640", "注：数据已按2010年世界人口69亿人换算和调整。", "资料来源：《2011年世界经济和社会概览》(2011年)。", "23. 国际社会和各国政府都需要使可再生能源的成本同其他能源和技术相比具有竞争力，并激励技术进步。", "24. 所有国家都可发挥作用：高收入国家不妨通过将此一目标定为发展援助优先事项并提供催化融资来作出贡献；中等收入国家不妨分享相关专门知识、经验和可复制的良好做法；而低收入国家则可为即将作出的投资创造适当的当地体制、监管和政策环境，加以协助。今后几十年间，决策人员和商业领袖必须更加重视如何转变国家和区域能源体制业绩这项问题。联合国可持续发展委员会也将有很好的机会寻求战略和解决办法，包括公营部门和国际合作的作用。", "25. 如果发展中国家打算减少贫穷和改善其公民的健康，它们就特别需要更方便获得可靠和现代化的能源服务，同时提高生产力、增强竞争力能力和促进经济增长。", "26. 就能源的利用而言，发达国家和发展中国家都需要建立和加强本身的能力，执行有效的政策、基于市场的机制、商业模式，投资工具和法规。实现这项目标将需要国际社会对重要的消耗能源产品和设备协调统一其技术标准、加速转让专门知识和良好做法，并推动私人资本流入提高能源效率的投资。有效采用这些措施仍然可将全球能源强度降低2.5%左右，大约是历来速度的一倍。⁷", "27. 在此背景下，能源成为可持续发展的强大增效器，也是向绿色经济过渡的必要元素。这需要对能源安全采用长期办法。将需要作出更多更具针对性的努力，朝向更加清洁的可再生能源推进，以确保气候稳定下来，同时允许发展中国家满足其不断迅速增长的商业性能源需求，后者同它们的发展愿望是不可分的。全球和国家能源政策也属于发展政策，从而应当特别考虑到穷人。最适当的整套政策在很大程度上取决于国家的机构、发展阶段、资源禀赋和社会政治偏好，并且将随时间改变。", "28. 制定一项国际倡议来为如何推动创新技术和促进现有和新伙伴关系的合作绘制路线图，包括碳捕获和储存以及其他先进的能源技术合作，可以成为一个方法，用来开发、部署和促进清洁能源技术、鼓励范围广泛的政策文书，诸如透明的规章框架、经济和财政奖励和公私伙伴关系，以促进私营部门对新技术投资。", "29. 能源体系的转变可能会是不平衡的，如果处理不当，也许会导致先进和最不发达国家之间的“能源鸿沟”日益扩大，甚至导致经常出现能源安全危机。但通过合作与竞争的均衡框架，处理得当，能源体系的转变就大有潜力成为为世界不断增加的人口持续创造财富的来源，同时减少给资源和气候带来的压力。", "水", "30. 水是实现可持续发展和千年发展目标必不可少的要素。妥善管理水资源是增长、社会和经济发展、减少贫穷和公平、可持续环境服务的重要组成部分。", "31. 由于有许多相互竞争的用水需求，特别在农村地区和为了提高农业生产率，对水利基础设施投资和更妥善地管理用水，是满足所有需求的关键。随着发展的推进，城市地区商业和工业活动的转变，就必须为能源和粮食生产、运输、防洪、饮水和卫生，以及为工业和商业活动等目标，管理用水。", "32. 这些需求并非总能得到人们确认。谈到水，通常总是在讨论安全的饮用水和卫生。有26亿人无法利用改善的卫生设施，同时又有8.84亿人无法利用改善的饮水来源，这些都是重大问题。[11] 还需要认识到：迫切需要顾及用水和与发展相关的其他重要部门，例如能源、粮食和环境之间固有的相互关系。", "33. 关于用水的决策需要寻求协同效应，和选择适当的取舍。还需要认清短期“救火”——应付当天的紧急问题——和长期战略发展之间的区别。开发多用途用水计划和可行情况下重复用水，就可以通过让同一份稀缺水资源充供多方利用，减轻权衡取舍的压力。", "34. 发达国家和发展中国家之间，迫切需要就用水管理及其在可持续发展中的作用进行新的对话。各国应协力合作，确定社会经济优先事项，投资于水资源和用它来作为增长的动力，从而使它们相辅相成，不致成为竞相争水的需求来源。", "35. 面临的挑战十分艰巨，但对水资源不可持续的管理方式和不公平的取用不能再继续不管，因为无所作为的风险更大，可能会损及可持续发展其他部门的成就。用水领域内外的领导人可发挥重大的辅助作用。用水领域内的领导人可向此一领域外的进程通报情况，并以实现商定的社会经济和环境目标的方式管理水资源。但是政府、私营部门和民间社会的领导人决定采取行动的方向。国际社会不妨提供一个平台，促使人们认识到对用水采用综合办法的重要性，并作出承诺来加以支持。联合国可持续发展大会就是这样一个平台。", "粮食安全和可持续农业[12]", "36. 2007年至2009年，金融危机爆发和全球经济衰退之后，粮食价格暴涨，把全世界陷入饥饿和营养不良的人数推到前所未见的水平，于2009年达到高峰，人数超过10亿。2010年上半年，世界农业商品市场似乎进入比较平静的时期，据联合国粮食和农业组织(粮农组织)估计，随着粮食价格下跌，营养不良人数下降到大约9.25亿人。", "37. 然而，从2010年下半年开始，粮食价格再次上涨。粮农组织粮食价格指数于2011年2月份高达238点，创下历史记录。六月份的平均数为234点，比2010年6月份高39%。6月份粮农组织谷类物品价格指数平均高达259点，比2010年6月高71%。[13] 据世界银行称，如果不采取行动来增加粮食供应量，除了2010年粮食价格暴涨被推入贫穷深渊的4 400万人之外，另外还会有1 000万人的收入将跌破每天1.25美元赤贫线。[14] 而有22个国家被认为陷入“长期性粮食安全危机”，有超过1.65亿营养不良的人(大约占世界总人口的20%)住在这些国家。¹⁴", "38. 这种情况显示，对农业，特别是对可持续农业投资的重要性。原因是，当前的农业技术、做法和土地利用模式无法实现下一目标：到2050年粮食产量增加70到100%，以便养活日益增加的人口，同时不致导致温室气体排放、水污染和土地退化进一步恶化。⁹", "39. 然而，官方发展援助总额中分配给农业的份额已从1978年的峰值18%下降到2009年的4%，而1990年代官方发展援助中拨给农业的专用款不断大幅下降⁹ (见图2)。", "图2", "[]", "资料来源：《2011年世界经济和社会概览》，(2011年)。", "40. 世界各地土地退化的严重性和程度日益恶化，是不可持续农业做法的主要后果之一。世界土地大约40%的地表退化(单单过去25年，就有25%土地退化)，而估计有65亿人直接依赖农业维生(见图3)。⁹ 土地退化对气候、生物多样化、水生态系统、景观和其他生态系统服务都具有不良影响。", "41. 尽管农业对气候变化问题大有影响，反过来它也容易受到气候变动的影响。气候变动以多种方式影响农业，温度、降雨和气候变量的变动，影响到生长季节的时间和长度以及产量，从而加剧了土地退化，造成缺水(见图4)。", "图3 土地退化对全球环境的影响", "环境组成要素或程序 土地退化产生影响的因果关系", "气候变化 • 土地用途改变，特别是荒漠化，是全球碳循环的关键因素", "• 土地管理变动可大气中碳的多价螯合作用", "• 农业是甲烷(CH4)和氧化氮(N2O)排放的主要来源", "• 地表变动(例如反照率和崎岖不平)对区域和全球气候变化都有重大作用", "• 人类活动加速沙尘暴的发生", "• 燃烧生物质推动气候变化", "生物多样化 • 砍伐森林导致栖息地和物种减少", "• 土地用途改变和管理，包括分割和焚烧，导致栖息地和生物多样化减少", "• 作物生产的非点源污染破坏了水生物栖息地和生物多样化", "水资源 • 农业活动是水污染的主要来源", "• 土地用途和地表变动改变全球水文循环", "• 大气中土壤尘埃破坏珊瑚礁", "持久性有机污染物(POPs) • 土壤中含有大量POPs • 焚烧生物质产生POPs", "资料来源：《2011年世界经济和社会概览》，(2011年)。", "图4 气候变化预测和对农业的相应影响", "预测的变动 根据对二十一世纪的预测今后出现这些趋势的可能性 预测将对农业产生的影响", "气候较暖，寒冷的白天和夜晚减少；气候较暖，大多数陆地地区炎热的白天和夜晚更为常见 几乎确定 较冷环境产量增加；较暖环境产量减少", "暖潮/热潮：大多数陆地地区更加频繁发生 很可能 由于在关键发育阶段受热过度，气候较暖区域产量减少；野火风险增高", "暴雨大雪：大多数地区更加频繁 很可能 作物受损；土壤退化，由于土壤渍水土地无法耕种", "受干旱影响地区增多 可能 土地退化；产量减少/作物受损或枯死；牲畜死亡增多；野火风险增高", "热带飓风活动增多 可能 作物受损，树木被风吹倒", "海平面暴升次数增多 可能 灌溉用水和井水盐碱化", "资料来源：政府间气候变化专门委员会，2007年a，表3.2，《2007年气候变化：自然科学基础：第一工作组向政府间气候变化专门委员会第四次评估报告提供的资料。", "42. 由于水土流失和荒漠化，有些土地的生产率下降50%。全球而言，每年损失750亿吨土壤大约耗费4 000亿美元，折算为每人每年70美元左右。养料(氮，磷，钾)的枯竭也造成严重的全球经济影响。", "43. 砍伐森林也可以加剧粮食不安全，因为森林提供粮食、支持作物和畜牧生产的投入和服务。⁹ 这就是为什么《21世纪议程》制定以来，制止砍伐森林议程中一项最重要的发展是：降低因森林砍伐和退化所产生的排放(REDD)这个观念的出现。降低因森林砍伐和退化所产生的排放旨在解决砍伐森林的驱动力，和促使人们更加了解森林在适应和缓解气候变化方面所发挥的重大作用。然而，事实证明，要把这个概念纳入《联合国气候变化框架公约》的框架是一项复杂的工作，缔约方会议审议过程耗时两年才能对这项问题作出决定。[15]", "44. 在这方面，尽管在联合国为REDD制定了一项具体倡议，并在2008年推出，以协助发展中国家制定和实施经加强的REDD战略，一个全面运作的相关国际机制如何筹资、组织和实施的问题仍在继续根据联合国气候变化框架公约进行谈判。尽管如此，经加强的REDD方案已开始在几个国家产生重要影响。除了承诺向共同基金捐款10亿美元之外，还对2010至2012年时间认捐总额达35亿美元的捐款。[16]", "45. 依赖农业维生的穷人和脆弱的环境，两者之间的分布状况大有关联。穷人很可能要在较偏远地区陡峭的土地耕作，土壤较干和贫瘠。自然资源退化也可能加剧男女之间的不平等，因为她们需要较长的时间才能完成诸如制作食物、采集薪木和保养土壤和水资源等女人的职责。", "46. 农业生产体系可以进一步对人类健康造成不良影响。无机肥料和牲畜废物污染水源，破坏了饮用水和水产食品的安全。农药对农场工人的健康具有不良影响。农产品的运输也促进了虫害和疾病的跨境传播。此外，荒漠化引起沙尘暴，可导致呼吸系统疾病。", "47. 这一切显示，以可持续方式消除饥饿和营养不良以及防范粮食价格高企和波动不定，将需要采取完全不同的办法，在可持续自然资源管理更广泛的框架内，解决对粮食生产的结构性约制。需要确定各不同部门之间如何发挥协同作用，以便通过更妥善的资源管理和有利的体制环境，实践重要的“双赢”备选办法。只有利用此类综合办法，才能减少土地退化和森林砍伐，以及可持续地利用水资源，同时还能提高生产力。", "48. 现在世界需要对农业进行一次真正的绿色革命。这场革命有助于技术创新，旨在通过在范围更广的发展农业支助措施中纳入环境上可持续的自然资源管理，彻底改善小农场的生产力。", "49. 20国集团已拟议了关于粮食价格波动和农业的行动计划，将在2011年首脑会议上提交各国领导人。该计划的主要目标将是：(a) 短期和长期改善农业生产和生产力，以便回应对农业商品日益增长的需求；(b) 增加市场信息和透明度，以便更妥善地引导政府和经济运营者的期望；(c) 加强国际上的政策协调，以便加强国际市场的信心，更有效地预防和应对粮食市场危机；(d) 改善和开发供各国政府、公司和农民利用的风险管理工具，以便特别是在最贫穷的国家建设能力，管理和减轻与粮食价格波动相关的风险；(e) 改善农业商品衍生工具市场的运作(目前正通过各国财政部长和中央银行行长着手这项工作)。[17]", "50. 但是国际社会可为粮食安全和可持续发展全球议程作出更多得多的贡献。联合国可持续发展大会可成为再度作出承诺的适当框架，2007-2008年粮食危机发生后，各国为消除饥饿作出财政认捐就是一个例子。", "51. 值得认真考虑的其他建议包括：(a) 在经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)各国内改革农业补贴，包括对生物燃料的补贴和对新一代生物燃料的支助，以便减少将农业土地从粮食生产转为他用的情况；(b) 在私营部门的参与下，增加对农业研究与发展的国际投资，以促进粮食安全；(c) 建立新的融资机制，扩增对发展中国家小农的付款，以便提供有助于保护自然资源、维护生物多样性，并在农业和林业增加碳汇的环境服务；(d) 取消妨碍扩大市场的粮食贸易非关税壁垒，以便把发展中国家的小规模生产者纳入市场；(e) 采用绿色足迹标准；(f) 有效监管商品期货市场，以避免对粮食价格进行投机；(g) 避免粮食作物出口禁令和为应对天气相关的灾难而抢购粮食，以免价格大幅暴涨；(h) 利用安全网和粮食援助，建立保护弱势群体的机制，诸如建立全球性粮食储备，以便降低粮食价格上涨的影响。¹⁷", "城市化", "52. 到2030年，所有发展中区域，包括亚洲和非洲，将有更多人民生活在城市而非农村地区，到2050年，预期69%人口将住在城市[18] (见图5)。", "图5 选定的全球城市区域、城市走廊和特大都市区", "[]", "资料来源：《2010/2011年度世界城市状况》，人居署，2010年。", "53. 这种趋势既有优点也有缺点。城市拥有潜力，可让人类共享都市空间，特别是参与公共和私人活动，行使其职责和权利。这些机会就使得人们可以培养社会价值观和确定治理模式和其他规则，使得人类可以生产商品，同其他人贸易和有机会享受福祉。另一方面，城市内的生活差距如此之巨，富人生活在服务周到、门禁森严的社区和结构精致的豪华住所内，而穷人则被局限在内城区或都市边缘的非正式住区和贫民窟内。", "54. 这种物质上的鸿沟以社会、文化和经济排斥的形式出现。都市中的差距表现出不公正，也是系统性机能失调的症状。城市需要社会变革的工具：新的价值观、信念和理念可塑造不同的增长模式，促进社会全体成员的权利和机会。“包容性城市”，或“人人共享的城市”的概念包含了：更加平等的社会和经济效益、环境保护、促进每一个人在社会中创造积极成果。", "55. 要实现这项目标，本地的城市当局以及国家一级范围更广的主管当局就需要通过促进综合性土地利用规划、扩大利用基本服务、鼓励可持续建筑和实施可持续运输，解决城市化当今面临的重大挑战。它们需要利用健全的规划政策和相关的行动来预期城市的扩充，管制与城市延伸相关的投机行动。城市也必须给予城市贫民权利，提供负担得起，有各种城市服务的土地和地权保障，这样进一步的边缘化才能避免。", "56. 这还意味着贫民窟的居民人数减少。过去十年来，发展中国家居住在贫民窟中的城市人口，份额已大幅下降，从2000年的39%减至2010年的33%。全球来看，这是引人乐观的趋势。然而，就绝对数字而言，发展中国家贫民窟居民的人数事实上仍在增加，不远的将来预期还会增多。发展中国家内非正规住区的数目也在增加，居住在贫民窟条件下的城市居民，目前估计约达8.28亿人之多，与此相比，1990年和2000年的数字分别为6.57亿人和7.67亿人。[19]", "57. 需要通过公平的规划和适当的经济政策进行政策改革，来防止贫民窟未来更加扩大。在发展中国家，贫民窟的空间划分，往往造成实质上的孤立，同城市的主要肌理脱离关系，这不仅反映家庭之间收入不平等，而且也是土地和住房市场效率低落、金融机制效用不彰和城市规划不良的副产品。", "58. 因此，法律和法规必须向城市贫民，特别是向妇女倾斜。要利用城市住宅的优点，就切需赋予贫民权利和使他们脱贫。", "59. 联合国可持续发展大会可作为一个有用的论坛，特别是通过考虑以下战略步骤，为城市扩大包容性铺平道路：评估过去和衡量进展(了解造成当前形势的积极因素和评估未来的政策和做法，以监测进展和评价业绩)；加强机构和增进其成效；在各级政府之间建立新的联系和联盟(在公私营部门和民间社会之间汇合政策和资源)；表现出促进包容性的持续远见(例如，一个具有明确资金来源和核算机制的可行计划)；和确保重新分配机会(宣扬城市作为集创新、工业和技术进步、创业精神和创造力为一体的主要地点)。¹⁹", "60. 这种促进包容性和可持续城市的战略框架可以通过考虑下列政策触发剂¹¹ 来予以加强：通过创造条件，从而更方便地利用安全和有益健康的住房、安居、基本服务和诸如保健和教育之类的社会设施，特别是为城市贫民，改善生活质量；投资于人力资本的形成，这是促进社会经济发展和更加公平分配城市优势的条件；促进可持续的经济机会，通过推动劳动密集型项目，可为贫民和弱势群体激发经济增长；通过公平参与决策加强政治包容；在本地社区利用本地文化资源之外，促进文化上的包容性，诸如利用地方的社会资本、象征、意义、归属感和骄傲感。¹⁹", "生物多样性[20]", "61. 生物多样性，如果以可持续的方式加以管理，就可以为消除贫穷、人类福祉和生计，以及人民的社会文化完整性提供机会。然而，里约首脑会议召开后的20年来，生物多样性在以下三个主要领域持续下降：生态系统、基因和物种(见图6)。世界已错过了2010年的目标：在全球、区域和国家各级大幅度降低当前生物多样性丧失的速度。目前已知有将近17 000种植物和动物濒临灭绝。按照当前的趋势，在本世纪整段时期，物种将继续丧失，生态系统面临急剧变化的风险越来越大，为社会带来的效益也不断受到侵蚀。数以10亿计的人民，包括许多最贫穷的人，都直接依赖多种多样的植物和动物品种维持生计，许多人还经常借此维持生存。", "图6", "1970年以来撒南非洲的 1970年以来拉丁美洲的 1970年以来印度-太平洋区 生物多样化趋势 生物多样化趋势 生物多样化趋势", "[] [] []", "资料来源：关于《21世纪议程》和《里约原则》进展评估的研究，报告草稿，联合国经济和社会事务部。", "62. 有几个障碍妨碍《生物多样性公约》各项目标的全面落实，其中包括：发达国家和发展中国家对解决财务、人力和技术问题的能力有限；缺乏或难以取用科学信息；一般民众和决策人员对生物多样化问题认识不足、生物多样性问题主流化不足；决策零碎不全和不同部委或部门之间联系不足；和没有确定生物多样性的经济价值(见图7)。", "图7", "问题 ALL IN ET OD LD SI", "缺乏财力、人力和技术资源 ● ● ● ● ● ●", "所有各级都缺乏公共教育和认识 ● ● ● ● ●", "缺乏经济激励措施 ● ● ● ● ●", "生物多样性丧失，商品和服务未得到正确理解和记录 ● ● ● ● ●", "缺乏基于生态系统的知识和做法 ● ● ● ●", "由于体制上的弱点造成行动能力不足 ● ● ● ●", "缺乏有效的伙伴关系 ● ● ● ●", "各利益攸关方之间缺乏横向合作 ● ● ●", "不可持续的消费和生产模式 ● ● ●", "生物多样性问题缺乏主流化和整合 ● ●", "缺乏效益共享 ● ● ●", "当地社区缺乏能力 ● ● ●", "缺乏预防和积极措施、反应政策 ● ●", "在国家和国际各级缺乏协同效应 ● ●", "对生物多样性公约的实施缺乏政治意愿和支持 ●", "公众和利益攸关方的参与不足 ●", "技术和专门知识转让不足 ●", "缺乏足够的科学研究能力 ●", "传统知识的丧失 ●", "未充分利用现有的科学和传统知识 ●", "缺乏适当的政策和法律 ●", "执法能力薄弱 ●", "注：各栏标题：All=所有提交报告的国家；IN=工业化国家；ET=经济转型期国家；OD=其他发展中国家(即不包括最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家)；LD=最不发达国家；SI=小岛屿发展中国家。", "资料来源：关于《21世纪议程》和《里约原则》进展评估的研究，报告草稿，联合国，经济和社会事务部(2011年)。", "63. 如果这些挑战未获解决，特别是一旦生态系统受到压力，超越一定的门槛或临界点，就会面对下一高度风险：生物多样性急剧丧失，伴随着范围广泛的各种生态系统服务退化。要避免对人民和社会造成最危险的影响，侧重某些重要领域、物种和生态系统服务、审慎选定目标的政策就是必不可少的。在眼前的将来，避免人类引起生物多样性进一步丧失将极具挑战性，不过较长期来看，如果现在就协调一致发动紧急有效的行动来支持商定的长期远景，生物多样性的丧失就可以制止，在某些方面，情况还可以扭转。", "64. 资金短缺是生物多样性面临的最严重挑战。创新的金融机制可以利用私营部门提供的额外资金，扩大发挥作用。有人建议下列机制：以受益人付费系统为基础的生态系统服务付款办法；基于污染者付费原则为基础的生物多样性抵消机制；利用税收政策的环境财政改革办法；创建绿色产品市场；和诸如全球彩票、全球债券和信托基金、公共担保和保险机制、股权投资、绿色发展机制和货币交易税之类的国际金融机制。¹⁶ 然而，这些措施并不容易被若干发展中国家接受，它们担心额外的费用和发展援助会减少。", "65. 《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公平和公正分享其利用所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》[21] 是2010年10月29日在日本名古屋举行的生物多样性公约缔约国大会第十届会议所通过的一项国际协定，旨在以公平和公正的方式分享利用遗传资源所产生的惠益。这项协定规定，通过适当的融资，适当地取用遗传资源和适当地转让相关技术，同时考虑到对这些资源和技术的所有权利，从而有助于维护生物多样性及其组成部分的可持续利用。这可能成为保障生物多样性的另一种机制。自从2011年2月开放签署以来，已有38个缔约方签署。[22] 然而，这项协定提出了另一项挑战，因为它涉及国际制度，例如与贸易有关的知识产权制度。", "66. 采取有效行动解决生物多样性的丧失，取决于造成这种物种减少的根本原因或其间接的驱动因素。这就需要进行战略规划和更有效的利用土地、能源、淡水和材料，以满足不断增长的需求，并调和发展同下列因素的矛盾：保护生物多样性；利用市场激励；避免不正当的补贴，以便尽量减少不可持续的资源利用和浪费性消费；确保从利用和获取遗传资源和相关传统知识，例如通过开发药品和化妆品所带来的好处由所在国家和文化公平分享；传播、教育和提高认识，以确保所有人都了解生物多样性的价值和可采取哪些步骤来加以保护，包括通过个人消费和行为的改变。[23]", "67. 联合国可持续发展大会可以确保所有各级和所有部门，特别是主要的经济部门，对生物多样性问题作出更妥善的决定。在这方面，政府可发挥重要的赋予能力作用。在创造有利的环境，支持由社区、地方当局或企业领导、有效的“自下而上的”倡议方面，国家方案或立法是至关重要的。这也包括：赋予土著人民和当地社区权力，承担起生物多样性管理和决策的职责；和制定系统以确保公平地分享从取用遗传资源所带来的好处。", "海洋", "68. 海洋覆盖72%的地球表面，构成其重要组成部分，它支持生命、驱动气候和水文循环，并提供重要的资源。海洋、海洋岛屿和沿岸地区构成地球生态系统完整和必要的组成部分，对全球粮食安全以及对许多国家，特别是发展中国家的可持续经济繁荣和福祉至为重要。[24] 全球而言，渔业部门为数以百万计的人民提供了收入和生计来源。2008年，鱼类和水生植物的销售总额高达1 060亿美元，而捕渔业为大约5.4亿人，也就是全球人口的8%提供了生计。[25] 要实现各项可持续发展目标，包括与促进绿色经济有关的目标，着重确保海洋健康和生产力丰富，是一项关键要素。然而，进展一直缓慢。", "69. 根据《联合国海洋法公约》，落实与海洋有关的各项决定，包括制订《联合国有关养护和管理跨界鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群的协定》和关于海洋和海洋法问题的联合国不限成员名额非正式协商进程，以便向大会提供咨询意见。大会还设立了全球汇报和评估海洋环境状况的经常性进程。沿岸国采取措施，以预防、制止和取缔非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞活动，是在国际海事组织的主持下，由粮农组织和《控制和管理船只压载水和沉积物国际公约》监督的。此外，已设立了区域渔业管理机制来处理与区域相关的特定挑战。", "70. 尽管作出了这些努力，可持续发展问题世界首脑会议所定的目标，即：在2015年以前，将鱼类种群恢复到最大可持续产量水平，看来不大可能达成，而其他目标，包括扭转海洋生物多样性的丧失和取缔破坏性的捕鱼做法，亦然如此。可持续发展问题世界首脑会议作出的另一项决定：建立海洋保护区，正在缓慢地推行。联合国可持续发展委员会提供了机会，采取行动来加快实施和对正在出现的新威胁，诸如海洋酸化、海洋噪音和塑料、微粒塑料和海洋废弃物采取行动。", "四. 机构和治理", "71. 当今来看，治理问题一方面益形复杂，另一方面更具包容性。更加复杂是因为国家行动者不再是唯一的行动者，更具包容性是因为治理必须是民主和被认为是政治上合法的。[26] 它需要纳入国家行为者，特别是商业、企业和一般民间社会。", "72. 重视合法性的原因是，人们认为有必要增加促进可持续发展的必要权利。要提高机构的合法性，就需要制定机制和程序，使得所有相关的利益攸关方和社区都有共同一致的期望，而它们对合法治理或可持续发展或许有极端不同的概念。举例来说，处于不同发展水平或具有不同政治文化的国家或许对作出决策时在普遍参与和提高效率两者之间如何取舍有不同的看法，或者对国家和市场在发展方面的适当作用有不同的理解。同样地，市场行动者(公司、专业协会、投资者)可能会强调务实和业绩方面的合法标准，而社会和环境群体可能根据环境和社会完整性的理由来判断合法性，并优先考虑对更广泛社区的程序合法性和问责制。要满足合法性要求，就需要找出办法，在这些可能大不相同的理解之间，鼓励弥合异见。[27]", "73. 机构和治理需要发挥规范性功能，技术和分析功能，操作功能以及发挥监测执行情况的作用。机构还需要反映可持续发展三大支柱之间的整合。", "74. 到目前为止，在整合领域作为不多。在所有各级，也就是国际、区域和国家各级，甚至在国家以下和当地各级，有利于可持续发展三大支柱整合的框架一直十分薄弱。在各国政府同其他利益攸关方进行的若干讨论中，有人指责机构支离破碎。然而，机构的强弱取决于要它们履行哪些职能。可持续发展不能放在整个发展之后考虑，而必须纳入发展主流。机构框架需要从一开始就体现在整合努力之中。", "75. 谈到机构，范围涵盖参与决策或实施活动的各种各样正式和较不正式的机构、组织、网络和安排。全球而言，人们看到，机构框架内的机构和协议，数量急剧增多，目前已制定了500多项多边环境协定。因此，可持续发展治理所及的范围已大为扩充，然而，其框架仍然是支离破碎的，缺乏协调一致性。", "76. 对许多安排的建立，政府仅有有限的参与，[28] 其中包括：国际自然及自然资源保护联盟，这是各国政府和许多非政府行为者参与的一个全球网络；联合国全球契约，这是根据对八项核心原则作出的承诺制订的，它是联合国系统同私营部门 来往的正式联系环节。非正式行动者在研订标准和守则时，也有相当多的创新，各国政府和国际机构有不同程度的参与。还有各种各样的自愿性举措，力图扩大各项关键原则的采用，例如：关于融资的赤道原则，全球汇报计划 (旨在解除对公司汇报可持续发展的禁令)，和最近讨论公司社会责任问题的国际标准化组织程序。", "77. 此外，在所有行动者和利益攸关方之间建立强有力的网络和交流信息，以及让它们参与决策程序，可能是正确的道路，不仅可把焦点针对可持续发展三大支柱的整合问题，而且可确保所有各级的实施、审查和监测。", "78. 联合国可持续发展大会不妨研究不同的选项，或可决定如何最有效地使结构和体制以更加协同的方式工作，以便履行国际承诺，而且也有助于国家一级的努力。", "79. 在国际一级，有人强调，体制框架需要支助可持续发展三大支柱的整合，还应避免重复并包括在规范性、技术性和分析性以及业务性工作之间，加强一致性和协同作用。[29] 联合国需要为促进可持续发展建立一个强有力的政府间机构，它可以推动三大支柱的整合，还可以处理新出现的问题，监测和审查实施进度。", "80. 已提出了若干选项来加强可持续发展的体制框架，包括赫尔辛基-内罗毕成果。[30] 有人建议建立新结构，但大多数人看来赞成加强现有结构，或把它们提升到更高级别。因此，大家正在讨论下列选项的优劣：创设一个新的世界环境组织、将经济和社会理事会改设为可持续发展理事会，或者在经社理事会内设立一个处理可持续发展问题的论坛。还有一些建议主张，提升可持续发展委员会成为可持续发展理事会，作为大会的一个附属机构。", "81. 为了平衡这三大支柱，并调整环境支柱使其与其他支柱符合一致，也有人建议：加强环境署。讨论过的选项包括：将联合国环境规划署提升到专门机构的地位；创设一个世界环境组织；或干脆在其当前的结构中修订环境署的任务规定。", "82. 有人建议，在联合国系统内促进更高度的协调一致性，再通过建立一个可持续发展机构间机制来予以加强。按照目前的安排，[31] 作出规范性决定的机构和履行全球一级承诺的机构之间，显然出现脱节现象。除非将这些规范性决定纳入它们本身理事机构的任务规定内，目前负责执行的机构对这些决定就不会有多少主事之感。", "83. 在国家一级，建立新机构，例如全国理事会，是对整合挑战作出的一种回应，但在许多情况下，结果令人失望。一个可以说是更有效的替代办法是：将经济、环境和社会目标整合在现有机构的任务规定范围内。较长期的预算编制和健全的监管工具，可能会是整合的重要工具。", "84. 在一个层面上，整合可被视为，把可持续发展的各个层面纳入法律框架的制定、财产权利的定义和政府的组织。在每个层面，整合可以被视为每一天的日常实施过程，也就是说，融入政策、管理决定、手段和干预如何部署。诸如政府和民间社会拥有所需要的能力；符合一致的目标；有支持性的法律和体制框架存在；和方便取得供决策用的数据和信息之类的因素，可为综合性实施提供便利。在国家一级，跨部门机构和不同级别政府之间的横向整合极其重要。²⁸", "85. 在区域和国家层面的一个重要因素是：改善分析、评估和科学研究，以及监测和问责制。在这方面，国际机构以及区域和国家机构都可发挥作用。前者可在监测和问责制方面提供协助。[32] 后者由于就在当地，可支助国家和当地机构分析、收集和评估数据，以及建设国家和地方能力，分析、制定和强制执行监管和鼓励框架。", "86. 应当确认的是，就加强处理政策拟订、协调、执行和审查等工作的体制机制而言，在国家一级已取得了相当可观的进展。许多国家制订了国家可持续发展战略和相关的文书，但对经济部委和捐助方来说，这些经常都不是最重要的参考文件。主要的挑战是，确保这种战略对决策和实施具有影响。可用各种机制来监测国家可持续发展战略的进度和实施情况，其中包括内部审查、外部审计、议会和预算审查和基于指标的监测。³²", "87. 联合国可持续发展大会可以铺平道路，从而使更妥善地把国际、区域和国家各级联系在一起，以便加强执行工作以及监测进展。", "88. 在政策的拟订和执行方面，有效的公众参与有助于三大支柱的整合。政策的制定和实施并非仅是明智地分配资源和良好的管理，程序也有关系。不顾社会边缘化、脆弱性和资源分配不均，就会损害采取集体行动所需的信任。因此，在决策时，给予穷人和被边缘化群体更大的发言权是一个高度优先事项。让穷人更容易获得信息是赋予权力的有用手段。", "89. 通过获取信息和利益攸关方参与决策，已在促进透明度和问责制方面获得了进展，以此为基础，还可以作出更多努力。在这方面，各主要群体参与可持续发展委员会的工作就是一项重要特征，在今后任何安排中，需要进一步加强。近年来，已有九个主要群体将近1 000名代表预先登记参与可持续发展委员会各届会议，并有几百名代表积极参与程序。然而，除了当前的努力之外，在国家一级加速实施还需要同许多国际政府间和非政府组织交往，这些组织正在管理可持续发展项目的大规模实施，但目前并没有派代表出席委员会各届会议。因此，由各主要群体扩大参与委员会进程，极为重要。[33] 各主要群体也极其活跃地参与联合国可持续发展大会的筹备工作。[34]", "90. 伙伴关系是治理安排的另一个重要组成元素，自从可持续发展问题世界首脑会议召开以来，可持续发展委员会发挥了重大作用，促进各国政府、主要群体和其他国家和国际机构的伙伴关系，目的是实施委员会在当地的各项决定。这方面的经验需要推进到下一阶段，会议不妨研究目前正在浮现的几个选项，包括对每一组政策决定的专项伙伴关系(或伙伴关系的合作伙伴关系)。", "五. 国际合作的行动和执行手段", "91. 可持续发展是发达国家和发展中国家之间、国家和非国家行动者之间，富国和穷国之间，以及几个世代之间的契约。不能团结，不建立公正，繁荣就不会到来。全球化已经表明，世界各国之间的相互关联已变得如此紧密，没有任何一个国家或区域可以自以为，世界上其他地方发生的事同它们无关痛痒。因此，建立国际合作，符合所有各方的利益。", "92. 许多人曾一再指出，政府对其公民负有首要的责任，但发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家的政府需要帮助，即使它们保留其主导地位。实现可持续发展，需要进行经济和社会转型，再加上环境保护。发展中国家要实现这些目标，将需要能力建设、技术转让和实施手段。", "93. 然而，不能忘记的是，带来翻天覆地变化的是国际景观。几个活力充沛的新兴市场国家崛起，是这一变革最明显的成果之一。到2025年，新兴经济体很可能同先进经济体一道，成为全球增长的主要发动机。国际货币体制很可能不再受单一货币左右。目前掌握四分之三官方外汇储备的新兴市场国家，其主权财富基金及其他资金池已成为日益重要的国际投资资金来源。它们将成为金融市场上的主要参与者。总而言之，一个经济力量更加分散的世界新秩序正在形成，从而向多极化转变。[35]", "94. 在一个经济逐步多极化和金融中心日益增多的世界上，决策人员将需要掌握工具和能力，有效地把握机会，同时需要捍卫其经济避免风险，而随着全球经济正在挣扎求进，寻求稳定基础之际，风险仍然居高不下。", "95. 这就是为什么发展中国家一方面需要拥有合用的实施手段、安全和有利的环境和足够的政策空间，另一方面需要在地球这个照顾系统内建立行之有效的经济、社会正义和公平，同时建立起足以抵抗经济、社会和自然冲击等各种各样冲击的韧性。", "96. 这也就是为什么这么多人主张使经济更加绿色。但经济并不是只需要选对颜色，它还需要选对形态。需要削减全球碳排放，并应更进一步，保护其自然资产，例如鱼业和森林。它应当为人数日益增加的新工人创造“绿色就业机会”，并鼓励赋予贫穷生产者权利的创新商业模式，这就意味着增进社会公平和协助穷人摆脱贫困。", "97. 要做到这一点，如上文所述，获得能源以及技术转让就是最重要的先决条件。当然，这同官方发展援助相关。官方发展援助的支付及其有效利用，就可以让发展中国家按照《巴厘技术支助和能力建设战略计划》[36] 的规定解除债务负担和增加技术转让，以及更容易进入市场和降低关税。", "98. 《21世纪议程》第33章论及财政资源和机制。在发展中国家实施《21世纪议程》，每年的估计费用达6 000亿美元，其中1 250亿美元来自发达国家。下表按照某些基本的进度指标，评价截至2010年，第33章各项主要承诺的执行情况。", "财政机制 第33章的承诺 进度指标 执行情况 \n1.官方发展援助\t重申官方发展援助/国内生产总值的比率为0.7%\t经合组织官方发展援助水平\t1992年至2000年官方发展援助减少，现在转为增加\n2. 国际发展\t拟议1992年补充资金\t官方发展援助补充数额\t资金增加：捐助国增多，捐助款额增高\n3.全球环境基金\t改组成更加透明的结构和《21世纪议程》重点\t全球环境基金补充款额\t资金增加，为更多国际协定经管资金\n4. 双边援助\t增加支助\t双边捐助者承诺(经合组织国家援助)\t走势与官方发展援助雷同(数额减少至2000年，现已转为增加) \n5. 债务减免\t赞同1991年巴黎俱乐部协议\t减轻债务负担，债务减免\t1991年，大幅减免伊拉克债务最近为尼日利亚，目前正减少\n6.多边开发银行\t增加支助\t世界银行、货币基金组织和其他区域银行的贷款数额\t(根据需要)，贷款额普遍增加，为了应对金融危机，最近数额大幅增加\n7.外国直接投资\t增加支助\t外国直接投资数额\t对各别国家提供的资源增多，但数额波动不定\n8.创新融资(如激励，可转让许可，军事开支)\t探讨创新的融资选项\t通过创新来源，解决资金问题\t特别是为了应对全球金融危机，最近几次会议上进一步制订了创新计划", "资料来源：关于《21世纪议程》和《里约原则》进度评估的研究，报告草稿，联合国经济和社会事务部(即将发表)。", "99. 第33章又重申发达国家每年提供国内生产总值0.7%的官方发展援助目标，但由于2010年年中全球经济增长放缓，削弱了的政策反应，预期在短期内支助还会大幅减少，特别是由于财政赤字扩大和公共债务增高削弱了对进一步财政刺激的支持。许多国家政府，特别是发达国家政府，已经转向执行财政紧缩政策。这样做将对2011和2012年全球经济增长造成不利影响。[37] 2010年，援助付款净额达1 287亿美元，相当于发达国家合计国家收入的0.32%。这是有史以来录得的最高水平，但实值计算比2009年增加6.5%。如果排除债务减免和人道主义援助不计，对发展方案和项目的双边援助按实值计算增加了5.9%，这是因为捐助方继续扩大其核心发展项目和方案。增加数额以新的贷款占大宗(增加13.2%)，但赠款也有所增加(6.8%)[38] (见图8)。", "图8 2000-2010年发达国家提供的官方发展援助(按2009年定值美元和现值美元百万美元计)", "[]", "资料来源：2011年千年发展目标报告", "100. 2010年，丹麦，卢森堡，荷兰，挪威和瑞典的捐款继续超过联合国的目标，即：官方发展援助占其国民总收入的0.7%。按数额计，最大的捐助者是美国，以下依次为联合王国、法国、德国和日本。按实值计算，2009年至2010年，官方发展援助增加最多的国家是：澳大利亚、比利时、加拿大、日本、葡萄牙、大韩民国和联合王国。展望未来，经合组织最近的一次调查显示，大多数捐助者计划在今后三年内增加援助，但幅度锐减。同过去三年每年平均增加8%相比，2011至2013年，援助每年将仅增加2%。³⁸", "101.　一个国家的外债负担影响其信誉和面对经济冲击的脆弱性。更妥善的财务管理、扩大贸易和特别是对最贫穷国家而言，大幅度减免债务减轻了还本付息的负担。2000年至2008年，发展中区域公共财务还本付息对出口的平均比例已从12.5%降低到3.4%。2009年，由于全球经济危机爆发，发展中国家的出口收益下降21%，而其公共债务付款总额仍保持2008年同一水平。因此，对除了南亚、西亚和大洋洲之外的所有发展中区域而言，公共财政还本付息付款对出口的比例，整体平均值上升到3.6%，对小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家影响最为显著。³⁸", "102. 2010年，世界贸易继续恢复，但上半年看到的强劲增长，势头已开始逐渐消失。尽管许多新兴经济体的出口数量已恢复到，甚至超越危机前的高峰，发展经济体的出口尚未见到全面复苏。展望未来，2011和2012两年，世界贸易可望增长6.5%左右，比2010年反弹10.5%幅度减小。尽管经济在过去两年逐步复苏，到2010年8月，三个最大发展经济体的进口值仍显著不及危机前的高峰。同时，这些经济体的出口复苏是反映了东亚和拉丁美洲国家进口的快速增长。³⁷", "103. 尽管2008年经济危机开始爆发时，大家担心保护主义会重新抬头，但由于20国集团首脑会议和其他多边倡议促成了强有力的国际治理，避免走上限制性贸易做法的回头路。现在，发达国家市场免关税进口来自发展中国家的绝大多数出口货物。近年来还看到，来自最不发达国家以外发展中国家的免税进口货物，比例并未增加，这两组国家免税货物所占的比例逐渐趋近，达到其出口的大约80%。³⁸", "104. 由于发达市场普遍降低关税，越来越多的产品现在经常按世界贸易组织最惠国待遇地位免税进口。但是，如果将涉及最惠国待遇的产品除外，发展中国家向发达国家的出口，仅有19%“真正”受惠于优惠待遇。另一方面，真正的优惠免税待遇仍然是最不发达国家货物进入发达国家市场最主要的模式。多年来，受惠于此种优惠待遇的最不发达国家出口货一直在不断增加，2009年达到53%。除一个国家外，所有发达国家都向至少97%来自最不发达国家的产品给予免税市场准入³⁸ (见图9)。", "图9", "[]", "资料来源：2011年千年发展目标报告。", "105. 主要的挑战仍然是：在各主要经济体之间，设法找出可行和有效的政策协调途径。在这方面，有些人认为，如果能使20国集团促进全球可持续重新平衡的框架，使之更加具体和更易操作，它将是有用的工具。为所希望达到的政治结果制定明确和可核查的目标，将有助于各方尽责去做。这也将有助于对基础设施(电力、运输等等)作出战略投资，以支助向绿色经济的过渡。有一些国家已优先考虑绿色投资，并制定战略和政策来加以支持，研究人员也正在研订对这种政策的概念性和经验性支助。", "106. 随着气候威胁的发生，越来越需要以负担得起的代价获取新的和现有的环保型技术。自从1972年关于人类环境的斯德哥尔摩会议召开之后，转让技术和知识共享一直是人们在讨论如何实现可持续增长和解决全球可持续发展挑战时，不可或缺的重要论题。同时，发展中国家在建设其本国技术能力，从而确保它们能向低污染经济顺利过渡并保持其在全球开放经济中的竞争能力时，也需要得到支助。在拟订技术能力建设计划时，不妨更加重视：用户的需求、更有效的援助协调和捐助者合作，区域和全球各级的能力建设投资以及信息技术在能力建设方面发挥更大作用。", "六. 联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的进展", "107. 自从提交关于《21世纪议程》、《进一步执行<21世纪议程>方案》和可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的上一份报告¹ 以来，以及截至本报告提交之日为止，筹备委员会已举行过一次闭会期间会议[39] 和两次会议。[40] 第一次闭会期间会议 是一次非正式会议，会议讨论了提前分发、未经编辑的综合报告，内容论及关于这项课题的最佳做法和经验教训以及联合国可持续发展大会的各项专题。会后印发了共同主席摘要，作为会议的成果。[41]", "108. 第二次筹备委员会会议[42] 是大会筹备进程的一次正式会议，会上审议了正式的综合报告。[43] 对报告进行了增补，以便反映更多投入和闭会期间会议与会者提出的意见。会议记录进一步参考了我关于这项议题和会议各专题的报告。²⁸ 共同主席摘要是会议的成果。[44]", "109. 第二次筹备委员会会议还通过了一项决定，其中请主席团启动一个由会员国领导的公开、透明和具有包容性的进程，以便根据所有筹备进程的投入，及时草拟一份案文草案，以之作为会议成果文件的基础。它又请所有会员国、联合国系统各有关组织和相关的利益攸关方在2011年11月1日之前以书面提供投入和贡献，以便纳入文件汇编，作为编制成果文件预稿的基础。同时，它又请主席团汇编这些投入和贡献，在预定于2011年12月中举行的第二次闭会期间会议上将汇编文本送交会员国和其他利益攸关方，征求它们的意见和进一步指示，从而使共同主席不迟于2012年1月初以主席团的名义提交成果文件预稿，以供审议。它还建议主席团在2012年1月召开一次为期三天的会议，目的是对成果文件预稿进行初步讨论，并在2012年2月、3月和4月份每个月预留整整一星期进行谈判，并确保所有这些会议都是非正式会议。", "110. 筹备委员会已决定， 2012年6月4日至6日是大会的举行日期，在此之前，筹备委员会第三次会议将于2012年5月28日至30日举行。", "111. 主席团于2011年3月致函所有会员国、联合国系统各组织和其他相关的利益攸关方，邀请它们在2011年11月1日以前提供投入，并在2011年7月印发了关于提交投入的指导说明。[45]", "112. 主席团又请会议秘书长和大会秘书处编制一份关于赫尔辛基-内罗毕成果五个选项的调查报告。秘书处在联合国经济和社会事务执行委员会加强的协商下启动了这项行动。执行委员会认为，有必要扩大研究范围，把加强三大支柱每一支柱及其更有效整合的选项也包括在内。关于赫尔辛基-内罗毕成果的这项研究将成为执行委员会授权进行的更广泛研究的一部分，其结果将于2011年9月提交。", "113. 会员国、[46] 联合国系统各实体[47] 和各主要群体[48] 还将举行几次筹备会议。各区域委员会将其筹备会议日期订在2011年9月至12月之间。[49] 已编写了一些文件，以便为会议筹备和作为这些不同会议讨论的结果，也作为范围更广泛的筹备进程的一部分。[50]", "114. 会议秘书长[51] 同秘书处[52] 一道，通过下列方式支援会员国推进其筹备工作：共同组织会议，编制背景文件和问题简报，支助主席团各次会议和编制会员国要求提供的正式文件。", "115. 秘书处还通过经济和社会事务部与联合国开发计划署编制的一个合办项目提案支援国家一级的筹备工作。鉴于国家一级迫切需要支助，经济和社会事务部正通过能力建设方案在21个国家支助国内的筹备工作，这些国家大多是最不发达国家。已向联合国国家工作队传送指导说明，以便协助各国为参加会议进行筹备。", "116. 秘书处小组正在同各主要群体密切合作，组织咨询讲习班和其他培训活动。它还继续努力，为会议信托基金筹款，以便能支助更完善的国家筹备工作，和支助发展中国家和主要群体参与筹备会议。", "117. 会议的网站[53] 已予以加强。除了更方便用户之外，它还对大会召开之前筹备进程的各个方面提供了大量信息，并每日更新。已制定了计算机之间的通信协议，使会员国和其他利益攸关方能登录其各自的网页，直接更新信息，它们还可以联网送交它们对汇编文件的投入。也可通过每两周发行的通讯《里约20周年》定期增补最新资料。", "118. 会议秘书处还继续同东道国巴西政府和为此目的设立的一个部门间工作队协力推进筹备工作。截至本报告编写之日，秘书处已有四次组团前往巴西，工作重点分别是：评估会议的安全需要；审查举行会议所需的场地和建筑以及所有其他后勤筹备，包括会议室的数量和东道国协定。后勤方面的筹备工作还包括：里约20周年秘书处和东道国政府协力合作，探讨采用可持续方式举行会议，包括调查会议无纸化的可能性。", "119. 按照现有可用资源举行会议及其第三次筹备委员会会议，其模式可包括以下内容：", "(a) 联合国可持续发展会议", "高级别全体会议", "• 2012年6月4日上午9时至下午1时在开会地点举行大会高级别全体会议开幕式；", "• 6月4日下午3时至7时，6月5日上午9时至下午1时和下午3时至7时和6月6日上午9时至下午1时，在开会地点举行四次高级别全体会议；", "• 6月6日下午3时至7时在开会地点举行高级别全体会议闭幕式，预期在会议结束时将通过重点明确的政治文件和会议的报告。", "主要委员会", "将依照会议议事规则设立主要委员会。除了开幕和闭幕会议之外，如有必要，这个委员会也可同全体会议同时开会。主要委员会的首要任务是：最后敲定会议的成果文件和所有其他未决事项。", "高级别圆桌会议[54]", "高级别圆桌会议可有几种备选办法。一种选择是：在会议期间总共举行四次高级别圆桌会议：第一天(下午)一次，第二天(上午和下午)两次，第三天(上午)一次。这些高级别圆桌会议可以同全体会议同时开会。这些圆桌会议的报告可提交闭幕全体会议。", "其他会议活动", "总共可举行四次伙伴关系活动，以便为可持续发展委员会伙伴关系和其他多边利益攸关方的执行努力提供机会，汇报所取得的进展和指出新的活动和承诺。这些活动将在第一天(下午)，第二天(上午和下午)和第三天(上午)进行。关于这些活动的报告将提交闭幕全体会议。", "还可及早在筹备委员会第三次会议上开办一个学习中心，并在会议整段期间运行，根据是否有适当的培训教员和与会者的要求，就与可持续发展相关的课题，包括与会议专题具体相关的课题开设课程。将在会议开幕之前备妥课程表，同时列出课程说明，包括关于教员和教学语言的信息。关于学习中心的报告将提交闭幕全体会议。", "(b) 筹备委员会第三次会议⁵⁴", "筹备委员会第三次会议可包括下列内容：开幕和闭幕全体会议、关于成果文件的特设工作组的会议、多方利益攸关方圆桌会议和汇报国家资源评估成果的各次会议。在筹备委员会会议期间，关于成果文件的特设工作组视需要可以每天开会。该小组可紧接着开幕式之后开始工作，并在闭幕全体会议之前休会，其报告将提交闭幕全体会议。多方利益攸关方圆桌会议不妨在第一天下午和第二天上午开会。关于国家自愿评估成果的两次会议不妨在筹备委员会第三次会议的第二天下午和第三天上午举行。关于多方利益攸关方对话和国家自愿评估的报告将并入筹备委员会第三届会议的报告，转送联合国可持续发展大会。", "七. 接续的步骤", "120. 大会第六十六届会议将在议程项目19(a)下[55] 审议可持续发展问题。这将提供一个机会，最后确定会议的组织细节和方式。为此目的，建议大会：", "(a) 注意到秘书长报告所载、联合国可持续发展大会筹备活动的进展，并认可会议筹备委员会第二届会议报告所载的各项建议；", "(b) 核可会议的临时议程；", "(c) 决定筹备委员会第三届会议的工作安排和会议的工作安排；[56]", "(d) 核准经筹备委员会审议，载在A/CONF.216/PC/4内的会议暂行议事规则草案；", "(e) 核可为有关非政府组织和其他利益攸关方核证和参与会议作出的安排；", "(f) 决定会议应按照大会及其会议的既定惯例和依照大会议事规则，对联合国所有会员国和各专门机构的成员国开放，并有观察员参与；", "(g) 请秘书长就大会成果向大会第六十七届会议提交报告，并决定在其第六十七届会议临时议程中列入题为“《21世纪议程》和《进一步执行〈21世纪议程〉方案》的执行情况”的分项目，并考虑到大会的成果。", "[1] A/65/298。", "[2] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告，里约热内卢，1992年6月3日至14日》，第一卷，《环发会议通过的决议》(联合国出版物，出售品编号C.93.I.8和更正)，决议1，附件一。", "[3] Paul Raskin,Tariq Banuri,Gilbert Togallopin,Pablo Gutman,Al Hammond,Robert Kates,Rob Swart，《大转型：将来的指望与希望》；全球愿景小组的报告，斯德哥尔摩环境研究所(2002年)。", "[4] 见A/66/306。", "[5] 见第65/151号决议。", "[6] 见www.sustainableenergyforall.org/。", "[7] “促进可持续未来的能源”秘书长关于能源和气候变化问题咨询小组的摘要报告和建议。2010年4月28日，纽约。", "[8] 《2010年世界能源展望》，经济合作与发展组织/国际能源机构(2010年)。", "[9] 《2011年世界经济和社会概览》，联合国出版物，出售品编号C.11.II.C.1。", "[10] 能源强度是按每单位经济活动或产出(国民生产总值)所需的能源数量计量。", "[11] 《卫生和饮用水的进展，2010年最新资料》，世界卫生组织/联合国儿童基金会(2010年）。", "[12] 见A/66/277。", "[13] 见“世界粮食情势：粮农组织粮食价格指数”，粮农组织，可查阅www.fao.org/worldfoodsituation/ wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/。", "[14] 见世界银行，“粮食价格高企和波动不定继续威胁世界穷人“第2011/430/PREM号新闻稿（2011年4月14日）。可查阅web.worldbank.org。", "[15] 见http://unfccc.int/methods_science/redd/items/4547.php。", "[16] 关于《21世纪议程》和《里约原则》进度评估的研究，报告草稿，联合国经济和社会事务部。", "[17] 见部长级宣言，《关于粮食价格波动和农业的行动计划》，20国集团农业部长会议，2011年6月22日至23日，巴黎。可查阅www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/content/documents/110623_G20_ AgMinisters_Action_Plan_Agriculture_Food_Price_Volatility.pdf。", "[18] 联合国人类住区规划署，《2010/2011年度世界城市状况的报告——人人享有的城市：弥补都市差距》，(2010年)。", "[19] 见《2010年千年发展目标报告》，联合国出版物，出售品编号B.10.I.7(2010年)。", "[20] 见A/66/291。", "[21] 见UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27，附件，第X/1号决定。", "[22] 在本报告提交之时。", "[23] 生物多样性公约秘书处，《全球生物多样性展望3》，蒙特利尔，(2010年)。可参阅www.cbd.int/doc/publications/gbo/gbo3-final-en.pdf。", "[24] 《可持续发展问题全球首脑会议的报告，约翰内斯堡，南非，2002年8月26日至9月4日》(联合国出版物，出售品编号C.03.II.A.1和更正)，第一章，决议2，附件，第30段。", "[25] 联合国粮食和农业组织，《2010年世界渔业和水产养殖状况》，第一部分，第7页。", "[26] 政治合法性可定义为社区对共通规则的认同和认为合理，Steven Bernstein，“全球环境治理的合法性”，《国际法和国际关系月刊》，第1卷(1-2)(2005年)。", "[27] Steven Bernstein，“政府间和非国家全球治理的合法性”，《国际政治经济学评论》18(2011年2月)。", "[28] 见A/CONF.216/PC/7。", "[29] 联合国可持续发展委员会筹备进程第一次和第二次筹备委员会会议和第一次闭会期间会议共同主席摘要。可参阅www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=44。", "[30] 赫尔辛基-内罗毕成果提出了尚待审查的五个选项：加强环境署；设立一个新的可持续发展伞式组织；设立一个专门机构，如世界环境组织；改革联合国经济和社会理事会和联合国可持续发展委员会；以及加强机构改革和精简现有的结构。", "[31] 还有与环境有关的行政首长理事会和环境管理集团。已设立了若干专题性机构间机制，包括联合国能源机制，联合国海洋机制和联合国水机制，目的是促进联合国各实体之间的合作和信息共享。联合国发展集团在制定当地活动，将规范性决定化为业务方面发挥了作用。", "[32] 提出的一项建议是，引进一个普遍或自愿审查机制，作为改革后的可持续发展委员会的核心功能之一。", "[33] 见,A/CONF.216/PC/2。", "[34] 见联合国可持续发展委员会秘书处的大会网站中各主要群体的网址www.uncsd2012.org/ rio20/index.php?menu=35。", "[35] 世界银行，《2011年全球发展视野——多极性：新全球经济》，(2011年)。", "[36] 见UNEP/GC.23/6/Add.1。", "[37] 《2011年世界经济形势与展望》(联合国出版物，出售品编号E.77.II.C.L)。", "[38] 《2011年千年发展目标报告》，联合国(2011年)。", "[39] 第一次闭会期间会议，2011年1月10日至11日。", "[40] 第二次筹备委员会会议，2011年3月7日至8日在纽约。", "[41] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=24&menu=25。", "[42] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=28&menu=24。", "[43] 见A/CONF.216/PC/8。", "[44] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&nr=217&type=12&menu=24&template=435。", "[45] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=12&nr=238&menu=32。", "[46] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=50。", "[47] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=29。", "[48] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=27。", "[49] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=26。", "[50] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=20。", "[51] 主管经济和社会事务副秘书长由秘书长在2010年5月提名。", "[52] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=37。", "[53] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=14。", "[54] 将需要同大会筹备进程主席团协商，作出关于圆桌会议和伙伴关系活动的决定，内容包括数量、时间、主题、参与和如何提交圆桌会议的成果。", "[55] 根据大会第六十六届会议临时议程(A/66/150)。", "[56] 根据大会筹备进程主席团的提案。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目19(a)", "可持续发展", "《21世纪议程》、《进一步执行〈21世纪议程〉方案》和可持续发展问题世界首脑会议成果的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告根据大会第65/152号决议提交,介绍了《21世纪议程》和《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》的最新执行情况,以及各国政府、联合国系统各组织和主要群体为推动实现可持续发展目标和指标而采取的行动,包括通过可持续发展伙伴关系采取的行动。 报告还包括联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的进展情况。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 3\n二. 概览 33 优先事项4部门和交叉领域\n问题四 机构21和\n五、国际合作中的行动25\n六. 执行 联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的进展\n发展 七. 后三\n步骤", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告介绍了在执行大会第65/152号决议方面取得的进展。 该决议呼吁有效执行可持续发展问题世界首脑会议通过的承诺、方案和有时限的指标,并履行《约翰内斯堡执行计划》所载关于执行手段的规定。 决议重申,可持续发展委员会是联合国系统内负责可持续发展问题的高级别机构,也是审议可持续发展三个方面整合问题的论坛。", "2. 联合国 报告是在联合国可持续发展大会筹备进程的中间提出的,而此时可持续发展委员会未能达成结论,主要是因为在重复以往关于执行手段的协议方面缺乏共识。", "3个 本报告应与在可持续发展议程项目下提交的其他报告一并阅读。", "二. 概览", " 4.四. 去年的报告[1]强调可持续发展的广泛和多面性,综合和平衡经济、社会和环境这三个方面,并作为发达国家与发展中国家、政府、商业和民间社会之间以及今世后代之间的桥梁。", "5 (韩语). 本报告进一步阐述了如何使可持续发展的三大支柱更加一致。", "6. 国家 里约原则[2]为可持续发展方面的国际合作提供了一个系统框架,包括对人类福祉、国家主权、发展权、环境保护、消除贫穷、保护弱势群体、共同但有区别的责任以及可持续消费和生产的承诺。 这些原则为以后的协定,包括在联合国可持续发展大会上将达成的协议奠定了基础。", "7. 联合国 可持续发展面临的挑战来自三个方面。 第一,尽管在实现千年发展目标方面取得了进展,但消除贫穷的目标仍然难以实现。 第二,对自然和自然资源的不利影响已经达到令人震惊的程度。 第三,需要国际社会承诺确认和执行过去的决定。 消除贫穷与迅速的经济增长和工业化有关,在无法获得新技术和财政资源的情况下,这需要自然资源;这可能会给高收入国家以往的发展和目前的消费模式所已经高度强调的环境带来压力。 因此,由高收入国家主导的向可持续消费和生产模式的转变必须与低收入国家的可持续发展相配合。", "8. 联合国 然而,分析表明,走向不可持续的未来的势头可以逆转。 这种方向的改变需要各种因素的结合,包括穷国获得技术和资金的机会、先进技术的开发和部署、获得能源服务的机会的增加、生活方式和价值观的转变以及一致的政治承诺。 需要几十年才能使人类的活动与健康的环境相协调,使贫穷变得过时,并改进造成人与人之间分裂的深刻裂痕。 因此,这种调整需要长期政治承诺。", "9. 国家 气候变化已经是一个现实。 它开始强调生态系统、水资源和粮食安全,并促使自然灾害更频繁地发生。 这种压力可能持续存在并可能导致生命和财产损失。 实现向人道、公正和生态未来的全球过渡[3],需要通过经济绿化、增加对绿色基础设施的投资、加强社会支柱和创造更绿色的就业机会以及前所未有的国际合作,实现可持续经济增长。", "10个 该议程的一个关键要素是增加穷国获得可持续、现代和负担得起的能源服务的机会。 能源不仅对经济增长和工业发展,而且对每一项千年发展目标,以及对减少自然资源压力都至关重要。", "11个 核心思想不仅是以协同方式整合和结合环境与发展,而且还要有效地将可持续性考虑纳入经济和发展决策的主流,而且确实要确保所有发展行动都通过可持续性的棱镜来实现。 作为回报,投资于环境,例如保护、恢复和补充自然提供的资产,可以成为未来经济繁荣的重要推动力。", "12. 会员国、联合国系统各实体和其他利益攸关方已查明了联合国可持续发展大会应处理的若干优先部门,会议最好应就此作出决定并采取行动。 报告第三节讨论了其中一些问题。", "三. 优先部门和交叉问题", "能源[4]", "13个 2012年被宣布为 \" 人人享有可持续能源国际年 \" ,[5] 强调人人享有能源促进可持续发展和消除贫穷以及通过可持续利用传统能源、更清洁技术和更新型能源来保护环境的重要性。 [6]", "14个 目前的能源系统不足以满足世界穷人的需要,并正在危及千年发展目标的实现。 在全世界,“能源贫乏者”因固体燃料在通风不畅的建筑物中燃烧效率低下而承受了健康后果,并因电力不足而对生产性创收活动以及保健和教育等其他基本服务造成经济后果。 发展中世界的妇女和女孩在这方面受到不成比例的影响。 [7]", "15个 尽管气候变化政策、数以千计的方案、倡议、条例、以市场为基础的文书和国际协定已经实行了20年,并支付了数千亿美元的补贴、资金、研究与开发努力以及发展援助,但全球范围建立再生低碳能源系统的公开目标仍然难以实现。", "16号. 据估计,到2035年,全世界政府对可再生能源电力和生物燃料的支持将达到2 050亿美元,占全球国内生产总值的0.17%。 2010年至2035年,35%将用于可再生能源发电,而全球生物燃料使用量将从今天的每天100万桶增加到2035年的每天440万桶,美国,欧洲联盟和巴西预计将仍然是生物燃料的最大生产者和消费者. [8]", "17岁。 自2000年以来,可再生能源技术的传播增长率令人印象深刻,但仍然不足。 2005年,化石燃料占全球一次能源组合的85%,而低碳核能占6%,水力发电占3%,生物质能占4%。 现代再生机共同占比不足1%. [9] 同样地,核电的再生几乎无法弥补日益被淘汰的老旧能力的损失。 目前的轨迹离实现到2050年全球能源系统完全去碳化的现实道路还差得很远。", "18. 目前,关于如何满足能源技术创新要求的国家和全球辩论占主导地位。 技术乐观主义者建议采取“大力推动”政策来推广现有技术。 其他国家则注重市场激励,希望通过将环境外在因素内部化,“使价格正确”实现必要的技术变革。", " 19. 19. 联合国可持续发展大会有机会汇集所有这一切,共同努力在未来几十年内改造全球能源系统,具体做法是:(a) 扩大获得清洁能源的机会;(b) 提高工业能效;(c) 促进绿色工业,将其作为可持续发展和消除贫穷背景下向绿色经济过渡的一个组成部分。 这次会议可以成为一次机会,要求国际社会制定非常具体的目标,促进这种能源转化。", "20号. 向可持续能源过渡的时间范围必须现实可行。 到2030年,世界有机会顺利地实现能源系统的根本改革,使发展中国家能跳出目前的系统并转向清洁、可持续、负担得起和可靠的能源服务。 还可以要求国际社会到2030年普及现代能源服务,从而扩大20至30亿被排除在现代能源服务之外的人获得消费和生产用途现代能源服务的最低基本门槛。 会议还可促进可再生能源的使用,到2030年达到全球能源使用总量的30%。 这将在确保更可靠和更可持续的能源途径方面发挥核心作用。 能源大会还可以率先到2030年将全球能源密度降低40%。 到2050年,将全球能源系统转变为几乎无碳系统是可行的(见图1)。", "21岁 要实现这些目标,就需要采取前所未有的全球协调措施,包括几乎每个经济体的监管制度发生重大转变,大量增加的基础设施投资(每年可能超过一万亿美元),9 加速开发和应用多种新能源技术,以及能源消费的根本行为转变。 还需要在人力和机构能力以及治理方面进行重大转变。", "22号. 在全球范围内,现有矿物燃料和核能基础设施的重置成本至少为15万至20万亿美元。 显然,世界不可能一夜之间决定注销15万至20万亿美元的基础设施,取而代之的是具有更高价格标签的可再生能源系统。 与此同时,应当指出,改变现有能源系统的长期激励办法也应该是强有力的,特别是鉴于2007年石油进口国花费了约2万亿美元购买原油。", "图1", "世界可再生能源计划", "[]", "注:2010年世界人口为69亿而转换和调整的数据。", "资料来源:《2011年世界经济和社会概览》(2011年)。", "23. 联合国 国际社会和各国政府都需要使可再生能源的成本与其他能源和技术具有竞争力,并刺激技术进步。", "24 (韩语). 所有国家都可以发挥作用:高收入国家可以通过使这一目标成为发展援助的优先事项并促成筹资作出贡献;中等收入国家可以通过分享相关专门知识、经验和可推广的良好做法作出贡献;低收入国家可以帮助为投资创造适当的地方体制、监管和政策环境,包括私营部门的投资。 决策者和商界领袖必须更加强调改变国家和区域能源系统今后几十年的业绩。 联合国可持续发展大会也将是寻找战略和解决办法的好机会,包括公共部门的作用和国际合作。", "25岁 发展中国家尤其需要扩大获得可靠和现代能源服务的机会,以便减少贫穷并改善其公民的健康,同时提高生产力,提高竞争力并增进经济增长。", "26. 联合国 发达国家和发展中国家都需要建立和加强能力,以落实能源使用方面的有效政策、市场机制、商业模式、投资工具和条例。 实现这一目标将需要国际社会统一关键能耗产品和设备的技术标准,加快转让专门知识和良好做法,并促使更多私人资本流入能源效率投资。 这些措施的成功通过将使全球能源密度每年减少2.5%左右——大约是历史增长率的两倍。", "27个 在这方面,能源是可持续发展的有力促进因素,也是向绿色经济过渡的必要因素。 这需要对能源安全采取长期办法。 需要作出重点更明确和更大的努力来转向更清洁和再生能源,以确保气候的稳定,同时使发展中国家能够满足其迅速增长的商业能源需求,这与其发展愿望有关。 全球和国家能源政策也是发展政策,因此必须表现出对穷人的特殊考虑。 最佳的一揽子政策在很大程度上取决于一国的机构、发展阶段、资源禀赋和社会政治偏好,并将随时间而变化。", "28岁 制定一项国际倡议,为创新技术以及现有和新的伙伴关系,包括碳捕获和储存及其他先进能源技术合作制定路线图,可以成为开发、部署和培育清洁能源技术的一种方式,鼓励各种政策工具,如透明的监管框架、经济和财政奖励措施以及公/私伙伴关系,以促进私营部门对新技术的投资。", "29. 国家 能源系统的转变可能是不均衡的,如果处理不当,可能导致发达国家与最不发达国家之间的“能源差距扩大,甚至导致周期性的能源安全危机。 但是,通过一个平衡的合作和竞争框架,能源系统转型有潜力成为为世界不断增长的人口创造可持续财富的来源,同时减少对其资源和气候的压力。", "水费", "30岁。 水对于实现可持续发展和千年发展目标至关重要。 妥善管理水资源是增长、社会和经济发展、减贫和公平以及可持续环境服务的重要组成部分。", "31岁 由于对水有许多相互竞争的需求,对水基础设施的投资和对水的更好管理是满足所有需要的关键,特别是在农村地区和提高农业生产力。 随着发展的进展,随着城市向商业和工业活动的转移,水必须用于能源和粮食生产、运输、防洪、饮用水和环卫以及工业和商业活动。", "32. 联合国 这些需要并非总是得到承认。 水通常是在安全饮用水和卫生设施方面谈论的。 这些都是重要问题,因为26亿人没有使用经改善的卫生设施,而8.84亿人没有使用经改善的饮用水来源。 [11] 还需要认识到,迫切需要解决水与能源、粮食和环境等与发展有关的其他重要部门之间的内在相互关系。", "33. 关于水的决策需要寻求协同作用和选择适当的取舍。 它还需要区分短期的“消防”——对当今的紧迫问题作出反应——和长期的战略发展。 制定多用途用水计划和在可行的情况下重新用水,能够使同样数量的稀缺水产生多种结果,从而减少取舍的需要。", "34. 国家 发达国家和发展中国家迫切需要就水管理及其在可持续发展中的作用进行新的对话。 各国应共同努力,确定社会经济优先事项,投资于并使用水来为增长引擎提供动力,这样,水的需求就不再相互竞争,而是能够相互补充。", "35. 联合国 这些挑战是巨大的,但不可持续的管理和不公平的水资源获取不能继续下去,因为不采取行动的风险更大,可能危及可持续发展其他部门的成就。 水领域内外的领导人具有关键、互补的作用。 水领域的领导人可以向该领域以外的进程提供信息,管理水资源以实现商定的社会经济和环境目标。 但是,政府、私营部门和民间社会的领导人决定了行动的方向。 国际社会可以提供一个平台,使这一综合处理水问题的办法得到承认,并在国际社会的支持下作出承诺。 联合国可持续发展大会可以成为这样一个平台。", "粮食安全和可持续农业[12]", "36. (中文(简体) ). 从2007年到2009年,随着金融危机和全球经济衰退,粮食价格上涨,使世界上饥饿和营养不良的人数达到前所未有的水平,2009年达到10多亿美元的高峰。 2010年上半年,世界农业商品市场似乎进入了较平静的时期,而联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)估计,随着粮食价格的下跌,营养不良的人数将降至约9.25亿。", "37. 联合国 但从2010年下半年起,粮食价格又开始上涨. 2011年2月,粮农组织的粮食价格指数创历史最高点238分。 6月平均得分234分,比2010年6月高39%. 粮农组织谷物价格指数6月平均为259分,比2010年6月高71%。 [13] 据世界银行称,如果不采取行动增加粮食供应,除了2010年粮食价格飙升而导致4 400万人陷入贫困之外,还有1 000万人可能跌入每天1.25美元的赤贫线以下。 [14] 据认为面临 \" 持久粮食安全危机 \" 的22个国家有1.65亿多营养不良者(约占世界人口的20%)。", "38. 国家 这表明对农业、特别是可持续农业进行投资的重要性,因为目前的农业技术、做法和土地使用模式无法使到2050年粮食产量增加70%至100%,以养活不断增长的人口,而不会进一步助长温室气体排放、水污染和土地退化。", "39. 联合国 然而,官方发展援助中分配给农业的份额从1978年的18%的高峰下降到了2009年的4%,1990年代专门用于农业的官方发展援助大幅减少(见图2)。", "图2 1995-2009年分配给农业的官方发展援助总量和份额", "[]", "资料来源:《2011年世界经济和社会概览》(2011年)。", " 40. 40. 在世界许多地方,不可持续的农业的一个主要后果是土地退化的严重性和程度加剧,世界上约40%的土地地表退化(仅过去25年就有25%的土地退化),估计有15亿人直接依赖农业9(见图3)。 土地退化对气候、生物多样性、水生态系统、地貌景观和其他生态系统服务产生不利影响。", "41. 国家 虽然农业对气候变化问题有重大影响,但也容易受到其影响。 气候变化在许多方面影响农业,温度、降水和气候多变性的变化影响到生长季节和产量的时间和长度,从而加剧土地退化并加剧缺水(见图4)。", "图3", "[ 土地退化对全球环境的影响", "资料来源:《2011年世界经济和社会概览》(2011年)。", "图4 气候变化和对农业的相应影响的预测", "根据对21世纪农业的预测预测预测,未来趋势的可能性\n更温暖、更冷的日夜;更温暖、更频繁的发热日夜超过陆地地区 几乎确定 冷冻环境中的产量增加;温暖环境中的产量减少\n暖波/热波:大多数陆地地区的频率增加 由于热能紧张,极有可能减少发热地区产量;野火增加;\n强降水事件:大多数地区的频率增加 很可能对作物造成损害;土壤被侵蚀,由于土壤被取出而无法耕种土地\n受干旱影响的地区增加;土地退化;产量减少/作物被破坏和歉收;牲畜死亡增加;野火风险增加\n强烈的热带环流活动可能增加对作物的损害;树木倒塌\n极端高海平面发病率增加 灌溉和井水盐化", "资料来源:政府间气候变化专门委员会,2007年a,表3.2:2007年气候变化:物理科学基础。 第一工作组对气专委第四次评估报告的贡献。", "42. 国家 由于土壤侵蚀和荒漠化,一些土地的生产力下降了50%。 在全球范围内,每年损失750亿吨土壤,每年花费约4 000亿美元,即每人每年约70美元。 营养物质(氮、磷和钾)的消耗也对全球经济产生了严重的影响。", "43. 东帝汶 森林砍伐还可能加剧粮食不安全,因为森林提供粮食、投入和服务,支持作物和牲畜生产。 因此,自《21世纪议程》以来,打击毁林议程上最重要的发展之一是出现了减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量的概念。 降排方案力求解决毁林的驱动因素,并使人们更加了解森林在适应气候变化和减缓气候变化方面发挥的关键作用。 然而,将其纳入《联合国气候变化框架公约》(《气候公约》)已经证明是复杂的,需要两年的审议过程,缔约方会议才能通过关于这个问题的决定。 [15]", "44. 国家 在这方面,尽管2008年启动了一项具体的联合国降排倡议,以协助发展中国家制定和执行降排加战略,但继续在《气候公约》下就全面运作的国际降排机制的供资、组织和实施问题进行谈判。 尽管如此,REDD+方案已开始在一些国家产生重大影响。 除了承诺向联合基金提供10亿美元捐款外,2010-2012年期间共认捐了35亿美元用于降排。 [16]", "45. 国家 依赖农业的穷人的分布与脆弱的环境之间往往有着很强的联系。 穷人可能耕种更陡峭的土地和更干燥、肥沃程度更低的土壤,以及较偏远地区。 自然资源退化还可能增加履行妇女责任所需的时间,如粮食生产、薪材收集以及水土保持,从而加剧两性不平等。", "46. 经常预算: 农业生产系统可能对人类健康造成更不利的影响。 无机肥料和牲畜废物造成的水污染破坏了饮用水和水生食品的安全。 农药对农场工人的健康产生不利影响。 农产品的运输也促进了虫害和疾病的跨界传播。 此外,由荒漠化引起的尘暴还可能造成呼吸道失调.", "47. 国家 所有这些都表明,要以可持续的方式消除饥饿和营养不良并防范粮食价格高涨和起伏不定,就必须采取完全不同的办法,在更广阔的可持续自然资源管理框架内解决粮食生产的结构性制约因素。 需要确定不同部门之间的协同作用,通过更好的资源管理和有利的体制环境,实施重要的“双赢”选择。 只有采取综合办法,才能减少土地退化和毁林,并可持续地使用水,同时提高生产力。", " 48. 48. 世界现在需要一场真正的农业绿色革命;这场革命有利于技术创新,其目的是通过环境上可持续的自然资源管理来从根本上提高小农场的生产力,这种管理植入更广泛的发展农业支助措施之中。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 20国集团已提出一项关于粮食价格波动和农业的行动计划,并将于2011年11月向其领导人提交。 其主要目标是:(a) 在短期和长期内提高农业生产和生产力,以应对日益增长的对农业商品的需求;(b) 增加市场信息和透明度,以更好地巩固各国政府和经济经营者的期望;(c) 加强国际政策协调,以增进对国际市场的信心并更有效率地预防和应对粮食市场危机;(d) 为政府、公司和农民改进和发展风险管理工具,以建立管理和减轻与粮食价格波动有关的风险的能力,特别是在最贫穷国家;(e) 改善农业商品衍生品市场的运作(正通过财政部长和中央银行行长的工作来实现这一目标)。", " 50. 50. 但是,国际社会要为粮食安全和可持续发展的全球议程作出更多贡献。 联合国可持续发展大会可以成为重新作出承诺的正确框架,例如2007-2008年粮食危机后为消除饥饿所作的财政认捐。", "51. 联合国 值得认真考虑的其他建议包括:(a) 经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)国家改革农业补贴,包括对生物燃料的补贴,并支持新一代生物燃料,以减少将农业用地从粮食生产中挪作他用;(b) 在私营部门的参与下,增加农业研究和发展方面的国际投资,促进粮食安全;(c) 建立新的筹资机制,以扩大对发展中国家小农户的环境服务付款,帮助保护自然资源、保护生物多样性并增加农业和林业中的碳固存;(d) 消除妨碍扩大市场的粮食贸易非关税壁垒,将发展中国家的小规模生产者包括进来;(e) 采用绿色足迹标准;(f) 有效规范商品未来市场,以避免粮食价格投机;(g) 防止粮食作物出口禁令和因与天气有关的灾害而恐慌地购买粮食,以降低价格暴涨;(h) 建立机制,利用安全网和粮食援助,如建立全球粮食储备,保护弱势人口,以降低粮食价格上涨的影响。", "城市化", "52. (中文(简体) ). 到2030年,所有发展中区域,包括亚洲和非洲在内,城市居民将多于农村地区,预计到2050年将有69%的人口居住在城市[18](见图5)。", "图5 选定的全球城市区域、城市走廊和特大区域", "资料来源:2010/2011年世界城市状况,人居署,2010年。", "53. 联合国 这一趋势既有利又不利。 城市为人类提供了共享城市空间、参与公共和私人活动以及行使义务和权利的潜力。 这些机会反过来又可以培养社会价值并界定治理模式和其他规则,使人类能够生产商品、同他人进行贸易并获得福利。 另一方面,城市鸿沟可能如此之大,使富人生活在服务良好的街区、有大门的社区以及建造良好的正式住区,而穷人则被限制在城内或城外非正规住区和贫民窟。", "54. 联合国 这种有形的鸿沟表现为社会、文化和经济排斥。 城市鸿沟是不公正的一面,是系统功能失调的症状。 城市需要成为社会变革的载体:在这些地方,新的价值观、信仰和思想可以形成不同的增长模式,促进社会所有成员的权利和机会。 “包容性城市”或“人人共享的城市”的概念包含了更大的平等和环境保护的社会和经济利益,促进了社会每一个人的积极成果。", "55. 国家 要实现这一点,地方城市当局以及国家一级的广泛当局需要通过促进综合土地使用规划、扩大获得基本服务的机会、鼓励可持续建筑和实施可持续运输,来应对当今城市化的主要挑战。 它们需要以健全的规划政策和控制与城市无序扩张有关的投机的有关行动来预测扩展。 城市还必须赋予城市贫民权利,同时提供负担得起的服务用地和保有权保障,这样才能避免进一步围观。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 这也意味着减少生活在贫民窟中的人。 在过去十年中,生活在发展中世界贫民窟中的城市人口比例已大幅下降:从2000年的39%降至2010年的33%。 在全球范围内,这令人感到乐观。 然而,从绝对数字来看,发展中世界的贫民窟居民人数实际上正在增加,预计在不久的将来会增加。 发展中世界的非正规住区正在增加,目前估计生活在贫民窟条件中的城市居民人数约为8.28亿,而1990年为6.57亿,2000年为7.67亿。 [19]", "57. 萨尔瓦多 必须进行政策改革,通过公平的规划和适当的经济政策来防止今后贫民窟的增长。 贫民窟的空间鸿沟往往与发展中国家城市的主要城市结构相隔绝并脱节,不仅反映了家庭的收入不平等;它也是土地和住房市场效率低下、金融机制和城市规划差的副产品。", "58. 联合国 因此,法律和条例必须有利于城市贫民,特别是妇女。 赋予穷人权力并使他们摆脱贫困,对于利用城市住房至关重要。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 联合国可持续发展大会可以成为一个良好论坛,为这种城市包容性铺平道路,特别是通过考虑下列战略步骤:评估过去和衡量进展情况(了解造成目前状况的具体因素并评估今后的政策和做法以监测进展并评价业绩);使机构更强大和更加有效;在各级政府之间建立新的联系和联盟(在公共和私营部门以及民间社会之间整合政策和资源);展示促进包容性的持续愿景(即一个有明确界定的资金来源和会计机制的可行计划);确保机会的再分配(推动城市成为创新、工业和技术进步、创业精神和创造力的主要中心)。 19", "60. 联合国 通过考虑下列政策催化剂,可以加强包容性和可持续的城市战略框架:改善生活质量,特别是城市穷人的生活质量,为此要创造条件,改善获得安全和健康住房、安居、基本服务以及保健和教育等社会福利设施的机会;投资于人力资本的形成,这是社会经济发展的一个条件,并使城市优势得到更公平的分配;促进可持续的经济机会,通过促进劳动密集型项目来刺激穷人和贫困人口的持续经济增长;通过让公民参与决策来增强政治包容性;促进文化包容性,如社会资本、传统、象征、意义、归属感和地位等,以及地方社区利用当地文化资源。 19", "生物多样性[20]", "61. 国家 生物多样性如果得到可持续管理,就为消除贫穷、人类福祉和生计以及人民的社会文化完整性提供了机会。 然而,自里约首脑会议以来的20年中,生物多样性在三个主要领域继续下降:生态系统、基因和物种(见图6)。 世界未能实现2010年在全球、区域和国家各级大幅度降低目前生物多样性丧失率的目标。 已知有近1.7万种动植物濒临灭绝. 根据目前的趋势,物种的丧失将在整个本世纪持续,生态系统发生急剧变化并侵蚀社会利益的风险将增加。 数十亿人,包括许多最贫穷的人,直接依靠各种种类的植物和动物来谋生并往往为了生存。", "图6", "生物多样性趋势 1970年以来的生物多样性趋势 自1970年以来的拉丁美洲趋势", "[] [] []", "资料来源:《21世纪议程》和《里约原则》进展情况评估研究,报告草稿,联合国经济和社会事务部。", "62. 联合国 有几个障碍妨碍《生物多样性公约》各项目标的充分执行,包括发达国家和发展中国家在财政、人力和技术问题上的能力有限;缺乏或难以获得科学信息;一般公众和决策者对生物多样性问题的认识有限;生物多样性主流化有限;决策分散和不同部委或部门之间的沟通有限;生物多样性缺乏经济价值(见图7)。", "图7", "所有问题在 ET OD LD SI\n缺乏财政、人力和技术资源\n各级缺乏公共教育和认识\n缺乏经济奖励措施\n生物多样性、货物和服务的损失,没有适当理解,有文件记载\n缺乏知识和基于生态系统的管理实践\n机构薄弱导致行动能力不足\n缺乏有效的伙伴关系\n利益攸关方之间缺乏横向合作\n不可持续的消费和生产模式\n生物多样性问题缺乏主流化和一体化\n缺乏惠益分享\n缺乏地方社区的能力\n缺乏预防性和主动措施、反应政策\n在国家和国际两级缺乏协同作用\n缺乏执行《生物多样性公约》的政治意愿和支持\n公众参与和利益攸关方参与有限\n缺乏技术转让和专门知识\n缺乏充分的科学研究能力\n传统知识的丧失\n未充分利用的现有科学和传统知识\n缺乏适当的政策和法律\n执法能力薄弱", "注:栏标题: All=所有报告国;IN=工业化国家;ET=经济转型国家;OD=其他发展中国家(即不包括最不发达国家和小岛屿发展中国家的发展中国家);LD=最不发达国家;SI=小岛屿发展中国家。", "资料来源:《21世纪议程》和里约原则进展情况评估研究,报告草稿,联合国,经济和社会事务部(2011年)。", "63. 国家 如果不应对这些挑战,生物多样性就极有可能急剧丧失,一系列广泛的生态系统服务也随之退化,特别是如果生态系统被推到某些阈值或临界点之外。 以关键领域、物种和生态系统服务为重点的目标明确的政策,对避免给人民和社会带来最危险的影响至关重要。 近期内防止人类引起的生物多样性进一步丧失将极具挑战性,但生物多样性的丧失可能会得到制止,而且在某些方面,如果现在就采取紧急、一致和有效的行动,支持商定的长期构想,则会从长远来看扭转这种局面。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 生物多样性面临的最重大挑战是资金短缺。 已提议采用创新的金融机制,利用私营部门的额外资金,例如以受益者付费制度为基础的生态系统服务付款;以污染者付费原则为基础的生物多样性抵消机制;利用税收政策进行环境财政改革;创建绿色产品市场;以及国际金融机制,如全球彩票、全球债券和信托基金、公共担保和保险机制、股票投资、绿色发展机制和货币交易税等。 然而,一些发展中国家并不轻易接受这些措施,它们担心增加费用和减少发展援助。", "65. 国家 2010年10月29日在日本名古屋举行的生物多样性公约缔约方会议第十次会议通过的《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公正公平分享利用遗传资源所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》[21]是一项国际协定,旨在公平和公平地分享利用遗传资源所产生的惠益。 该协定规定适当获取遗传资源和适当转让相关技术,同时考虑到对这些资源和技术的所有权利,并提供适当的资金,从而促进生物多样性的养护及其组成部分的可持续利用。 这可能为保护生物多样性提供又一机制。 自2011年2月开放供签署以来,已有38个缔约方签署。 [22] 然而,该协定提出了又一挑战,因为它涉及国际制度,例如与贸易有关的知识产权制度。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 解决生物多样性丧失的有效行动取决于解决造成生物多样性减少的根本原因或间接驱动因素。 这就需要进行战略规划,提高土地、能源、淡水和材料的使用效率,以满足日益增长的需要,使发展与生物多样性的保护相协调;利用市场奖励措施;避免不正当的补贴,以尽量减少不可持续的资源利用和浪费性消费;确保通过开发药物和化妆品等办法,与获得遗传资源和相关传统知识的国家和文化公平分享利用和获取遗传资源和相关传统知识所产生的利益;进行交流、教育和提高认识,以确保每个人都了解生物多样性的价值以及可采取哪些步骤保护生物多样性,包括通过改变个人消费和行为。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 联合国可持续发展大会可以确保在各级和所有部门,特别是主要经济部门作出更好的生物多样性决定。 各国政府可在这方面发挥关键的促进作用。 国家方案或立法对于创造有利环境支持由社区、地方当局或企业牵头的有效“自下而上”的倡议至关重要。 这还包括增强土著人民和地方社区的能力,使其能够承担生物多样性管理和决策的责任;以及建立制度,确保公平分享因获得遗传资源而产生的惠益。", "海洋", "68. (中文(简体) ). 海洋占地球表面的72%,是地球的主要部分,它支持生命,推动气候和水文循环,并提供至关重要的资源。 海洋、海岛和沿海地区是地球生态系统的一个综合和必不可少的组成部分,对全球粮食安全和可持续经济繁荣以及许多国家经济体,特别是发展中国家的经济福祉至关重要。 [24] 在全球范围内,渔业部门为数百万人提供收入和生计。 2008年,鱼类和水生植物的销售额为1 060亿美元,渔业为大约5.4亿人提供了生计,占世界人口的8%。 [25] 注重确保健康和有生产力的海洋是实现可持续发展目标,包括与促进绿色经济有关的目标的重要组成部分。 然而,进展缓慢。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 在《联合国海洋法公约》的主持下,执行与海洋有关的决定包括制定《养护和管理跨界鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群协定》,联合国海洋和海洋法问题不限成员名额非正式协商进程向大会提供建议。 大会还建立了海洋环境状况全球报告和评估经常程序。 港口国防止、阻止和消除非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞活动的措施由粮农组织监督,《控制和管理船只压载水和沉积物国际公约》由国际海事组织主持。 此外,还成立了区域渔业管理组织,以应对区域特有的挑战。", "70. 联合国 尽管作出了这些努力,但可持续发展问题世界首脑会议关于到2015年将鱼类种群恢复到最高可持续产量的目标,以及其他目标,包括扭转海洋生物多样性的丧失并消除破坏性捕鱼做法,都可能无法实现。 建立海洋保护区是可持续发展问题世界首脑会议上作出的另一项决定,但进展缓慢。 联合国可持续发展大会提供了一个采取行动的机会,以加快执行工作并采取行动应对新出现的威胁,如海洋酸化、海洋噪音和塑料、微塑料和海洋废弃物等。", "四、结 论 机构和治理", "71. 联合国 今天的治理一方面更为复杂,另一方面更具包容性。 它更加复杂,因为国家行为者并非唯一的行为者,它更具包容性,因为施政要民主,要被视为政治上合法,[26] 就需要包括非国家行为者,特别是商业、工业和整个民间社会。", "72. 联合国 之所以注意合法性,是因为人们认为需要增加促进可持续发展所需的权威。 为提高体制合法性,需要建立各种机制和程序,以便在对合法治理或可持续发展有非常不同概念的相关利益攸关方和社区之间产生共同和一致的期望。 例如,处于不同发展水平或具有不同政治文化的国家可能会对普遍参与决策和效率之间的取舍有不同的看待,或者对国家和市场在发展中的适当作用有不同的理解。 同样,市场行为者(公司、商业协会、投资者)可能强调实用性和绩效合法性标准,而社会和环境团体可能以环境和社会完整性为理由判断合法性,并优先考虑程序合法性和对更广泛的社区的责任。 要满足合法性要求,就必须设法鼓励弥合这些潜在的不同理解。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 机构和治理部门需要履行规范职能,技术分析职能,业务职能并发挥监督执行的作用. 各机构还需要反映可持续发展的三大支柱的一体化。", "74. 国家 迄今为止,在一体化领域几乎没有做任何工作。 整合可持续发展所有三个支柱的扶持框架,在国际、区域、国家、甚至国家以下和地方各级一直很薄弱。 在一些审议中,政府和其他利益攸关方都指责机构分散。 然而,机构是被要求履行的职能的结果。 可持续发展不能成为全面发展的后遗症,而必须纳入发展的主流。 体制框架必须从一开始就反映这种一体化。", "75. 国家 这些机构涉及一系列参与决策或执行活动的正规和不太正规的机构、组织、网络和安排。 从全球来看,体制框架的机构和协定数量急剧增加,目前已有500多份多边环境协定。 因此,可持续发展治理的范围已大为扩大,但与此同时,它支离破碎,缺乏一致性和协调性。", "76. 联合国 许多安排是在政府有限参与下作出的。 [28] 其中包括国际自然保护联盟,这是一个包括各国政府和许多非政府行动者在内的全球网络;联合国全球契约是联合国系统与私营部门接触的正式联系,它基于对八项核心原则的承诺。 非政府行动者在制定标准和守则方面也进行了相当大的创新,各国政府和国际机构的参与程度不同。 一系列自愿举措力求扩大采用关键原则的范围,例如关于筹资的赤道原则、旨在取消公司可持续性报告障碍的全球报告倡议和国际标准化组织进程,最近涉及公司的社会责任。", "77. 国家 此外,在所有行为体和利益攸关方之间建立强有力的网络和交流信息,并让它们参与决策进程,不仅能够继续注重可持续发展的三大支柱的整合,而且能够确保各级的执行、审查和监测,这都是正确的途径。", "78. 国家 联合国可持续发展大会可以探讨不同的备选方案,并可能想决定如何最好地使各种结构和机构能够以更协同的方式开展工作,以便履行国际承诺,同时也帮助国家一级的努力。", "79. 联合国 在国际一级,有人强调,体制框架需要支持可持续发展的三大支柱的整合,并应当避免重复和加强一致性和协同作用,[29] 包括规范、技术和分析工作以及业务工作之间的连贯性和协同作用。 联合国需要有一个强有力的可持续发展政府间机构,能够促进三大支柱的整合,但也能够处理新出现的问题,并监测和审查执行进展情况。", "80个 为加强可持续发展的体制框架提出了若干备选办法,包括《赫尔辛基-内罗毕成果》。 [30] 有些人提议建立新的结构,但大多数似乎赞成加强现有结构或将其提升到更高一级。 因此,人们讨论了建立一个新的世界环境组织、将经济及社会理事会改为可持续发展理事会或在经济及社会理事会内设立一个处理可持续发展问题的论坛的优点。 还提议将可持续发展委员会提升为作为大会附属机构的可持续发展理事会。", "81个 为了平衡三个支柱,并使环境支柱与其他支柱保持一致,已经提出了加强环境署的建议。 讨论的备选办法已探讨将联合国环境规划署提升为专门机构地位,设立世界环境组织,或只是在其现有结构内修订联合国环境规划署的任务。", "82. 提议通过建立机构间可持续发展机制来增强联合国系统内的协调一致。 根据目前的安排[31],作出规范性决定的机构与在全球一级履行规范性承诺的机构之间明显脱节。 目前负责执行者认为,除非将规范决定纳入各自理事机构的授权,否则这些决定的主人翁感很弱。", "83个 在国家一级,应对一体化挑战的一个对策是建立新的机构,例如国家理事会,在许多情况下,结果令人失望。 一种可能更有效的替代办法是将经济、环境和社会目标纳入现有机构的任务规定。 较长期的预算编制和健全的监管手段可以成为一体化的重要工具。", "第八十四会. 在一个层面上,一体化可以指将可持续发展的层面纳入法律框架的制定、财产权的定义和政府的组织。 在另一个层面,一体化是指日常执行进程,即如何部署政策、管理决定、工具和干预措施。 综合执行由下列因素所促进:政府和民间社会的必要能力的存在;相容的目标;支助性的法律和体制框架的存在;为决策容易获得数据和信息。 在国家一级,各部门机构和各级政府之间的横向一体化具有十分重要的意义。", "85. 区域和国家一级的另一个重要因素是改进分析、评估和科学研究以及监测和问责制。 在这方面,国际机构的作用不仅在于协助监测和问责制,[32] 而且还在于区域和国家机构的作用,这些机构在当地存在,可以支持国家和地方分析、数据收集和评估,并建设国家和地方分析、建立和执行管制和奖励框架的能力。", "86号. 必须认识到,在国家一级,在加强负责政策制定、协调、执行和审查的体制机制方面取得了相当大的进展。 许多国家已制定国家可持续发展战略和相关文书,但这些战略和相关文书很少是经济部和捐助者最重要的参考文件。 一个中心挑战是确保这些战略对决策和执行产生影响。 可以利用各种机制监测国家可持续发展战略的进展和执行情况,包括内部审查、外部审计、议会和预算审查以及基于指标的监测。", "87个 联合国可持续发展大会可以为加强国际、区域和国家各级的联系铺平道路,以便加强执行工作并监测进展情况。", "88个 有效的公众参与有助于将三大支柱纳入政策的制定和执行。 政策的制定和执行不仅仅是明智地分配资源和良好的管理;程序很重要。 忽视社会边缘化、脆弱性和资源分配不均破坏了集体行动所需的信任。 因此,在决策中给予穷人和被边缘化群体更大的发言权是一个高度优先事项。 使穷人更容易获得信息,可以成为增强能力的宝贵手段。", "89. 国家 在通过获取信息和利益攸关方参与决策来提高透明度和加强问责制方面取得的进展的基础上,还可以做更多的工作。 在这方面,主要群体参与可持续发展委员会的工作是一个重要特点,需要在今后的任何安排中进一步加强。 近年来,9个主要群体的近1 000名代表已预先登记参加可持续发展委员会的届会,几百名代表积极参与这一进程。 然而,除了目前的努力外,在国家一级加快执行还需要与许多国际政府间组织和非政府组织进行接触,这些组织正在管理可持续发展项目的大规模执行,但目前没有派代表出席委员会届会。 因此,扩大主要群体参与委员会进程的基础十分重要。 [33] 主要团体也非常积极地为联合国可持续发展大会作准备。 [34]", "90. (中文(简体) ). 伙伴关系是施政安排的另一个重要内容,自可持续发展问题世界首脑会议以来,可持续发展委员会在促进各国政府、主要群体和其他国家和国际机构之间的伙伴关系方面发挥了重要作用,目的是在实地执行委员会的决定。 这一经验需要进入下一阶段,化管大会不妨研究一些正在浮出水面的备选方案,包括针对每组政策决定的专门伙伴关系(或伙伴关系伙伴关系)。", " V. 国际合作的行动和执行手段", "91. 联合国 可持续发展是发达国家与发展中国家之间、国家和非国家行为者之间、富国与穷国之间以及几代人之间的契约,它的先决条件是国际合作。 没有团结和建立公平,就不可能有繁荣。 全球化表明,世界已经变得如此相互关联,没有任何一个国家或地区能够感到自己能够免受世界其他地方正在发生的事情的影响。 因此,建立国际合作符合所有各方的利益。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 人们一再指出,各国政府对其公民负有主要责任,但发展中国家,特别是最不发达国家的政府需要帮助,尽管它们仍然处于驱动力位置。 它们需要能力建设、技术转让和执行手段,才能实现可持续发展,为此,必须进行经济和社会改革并保护环境。", "93. 国家 然而,不能忘记,国际环境带来了变革。 这一转变的最显著成果之一是,掌握全球经济的充满活力的新兴市场国家数目增加。 到2025年,新兴经济体很可能与发达经济体一道,对全球增长作出重大贡献。 国际货币体系很可能不再以单一货币为主. 新兴市场国家目前拥有四分之三的官方外汇储备,其主权财富基金和其他资本组合日益成为国际投资的重要来源,这些国家将成为金融市场中的关键角色。 简而言之,经济力量分布更加分散的新世界秩序正在出现,从而转向多极化。 [35]", "94. 国家 在多极经济增长和金融中心日益扩大的世界中,决策者需要掌握工具和能力来有效利用各种机会,同时保障其经济免受全球经济为寻找稳定基础而奋斗时仍然顽固地很高的风险。", "95号. 正因为如此,发展中国家必须一方面拥有充分的执行手段,另一方面拥有安全和有利的环境,并有足够的政策空间,才能建立可行的经济、社会正义和公平以及地球上所有照料系统,同时建立抵御各种冲击的能力,包括经济、社会和自然冲击的能力。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 这就是为什么这么多人主张使经济更加绿色。 但是,经济并不仅仅需要适当的颜色。 它需要采取正确的形状。 它应减少全球碳排放,还应更进一步地保护渔业和森林等自然资产。 它应为越来越多的新工人创造“绿色工作”,鼓励创新的商业模式来增强贫穷生产者的能力,这意味着改善社会公平和使穷人脱贫。", "97. 国家 为此,如上所述,获得能源和技术转让是最重要的先决条件。 当然,这与官方发展援助、其支付和有效利用、减轻债务负担、按照《巴厘技术支持和能力建设战略计划》增加技术转让[36]以及发展中国家更好地进入市场和降低关税有关。", "98 (英语). 《21世纪议程》第33章涉及财政资源和机制。 《21世纪议程》在发展中国家的执行费用估计每年为6 000亿美元,其中1 250亿美元来自发达国家。 下表根据一些基本进展指标评价截至2010年第33章主要承诺的执行情况。", "图表", "金融机制 承诺者 第33章 执行\n1. 官方发展援助(官发援)\n2. 国际开发协会(开发协会)1992年增资提案 增加资金:更多的捐助国和更高的捐助国\n3. 全球环境设施(环境基金) 调整结构使之更加透明,21 议程侧重于全球环境基金的增资山 增加资金和管理更多国际协定的资金\n4. 增加双边援助支助 双边捐助方承诺(见经合组织捐助国援助统计) 与官方发展援助相同的趋势,到2000年减少,现在增加\n5 (韩语). 1991年的债务减免支助 巴黎俱乐部协定,创造措施 减轻债务负担;1991年的债务减免倡议已经通过,最近对伊拉克和尼日利亚的高度减免,目前正在削减\n6. 增加世界银行、货币基金组织和其他区域银行对借贷山的支助(根据需要增加),对金融危机作出的反应增加幅度较大\n7. 外国直接投资增加支持外国直接投资水平\n8. 创新融资(即奖励、可转让许可证、军事开支) 通过创新来源进行财务处理 创新计划进一步发展的近期会议,特别是应对全球金融危机", "资料来源:《21世纪议程》和里约原则进展情况评估研究,报告草稿,联合国经济和社会事务部(即将出版)。", "缩略语:IDA,国际开发协会;FDI,外国直接投资。", "99号. 第33章还重申了每个发达国家每年官方发展援助占国民生产总值0.7%的目标,但2010年中期全球经济增长减速削弱了政策对策,预计短期内支持率会低得多,特别是因为日益扩大的财政赤字和不断增加的公共债务削弱了对进一步财政刺激的支持。 许多政府,特别是发达国家的政府,已经在转向财政紧缩。 这也将对2011年和2012年的全球经济增长产生不利影响。 [37] 2010年,援助付款净额为1 287亿美元,相当于发达国家综合国民收入的0.32%。 这是有史以来实际援助水平最高的一次,按实际价值计算比2009年增加了6.5%。 除债务减免和人道主义援助外,双边发展援助方案和项目按实际价值计算增加了5.9%。 增长主要是新贷款(增长13.2%),但赠款也增加了(6.8%)[38](见图8)。", "图8", "2000-2010年发达国家提供的官方发展援助(10亿美元,2009年不变美元和现值美元)", "资料来源:《2011年千年发展目标报告》。", "一百个 2010年,丹麦、卢森堡、荷兰、挪威和瑞典继续超过联合国规定的官方发展援助占其国民总收入0.7%的目标。 按数额排列的最大捐助国是美国,其次是联合王国、法国、德国和日本。 2009至2010年期间,按实际价值计算的官方发展援助增长最大的是澳大利亚、比利时、加拿大、日本、葡萄牙、大韩民国和联合王国。 展望未来,经合组织最近的一项调查显示,大多数捐助者计划在今后三年内增加援助,尽管速度急剧下降。 2011至2013年,援助年增长率为2%,而过去三年平均每年增长8%。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 一国的外债负担影响到其信誉和易受经济冲击的脆弱性。 改善债务管理,扩大贸易,特别是为最贫穷国家扩大贸易,大幅度减免债务,减轻了还本付息的负担。 2000至2008年期间,发展中区域公共偿债与出口的平均比率从12.5%下降到3.4%。 2009年,由于全球经济危机,发展中国家的出口收入下降了21%,而公债还本付息总额仍与2008年大致持平。 因此,除南亚、西亚和大洋洲外,所有发展中区域的公债还本付息额与出口额的比率都有所增加,总体平均数增至3.6%。 对小岛屿发展中国家和最不发达国家的影响最明显。", "102. 国家 2010年,世界贸易继续复苏,但上半年的强劲增长势头开始减弱。 虽然许多新兴经济体的出口量已经恢复到危机前的峰值或之后,发达经济体的出口尚未完全恢复。 预计2011年和2012年的世界贸易将增长6.5%左右,与2010年的10.5%回升相比有所缓和。 尽管过去两年逐渐恢复,但到2010年8月,三个最大的发达经济体的进口价值仍然大大低于危机前的高峰。 同时,这些经济体的出口恢复表现为东亚和拉丁美洲国家进口的快速增长。", "第103页。 尽管人们担心2008年经济危机开始时保护主义会死灰复燃,但20国集团首脑会议和其他多边倡议产生的强有力的国际治理避免了限制性贸易做法的回潮。 发展中国家的绝大多数出口品现在都免去发达国家市场的关税。 近年来,从最不发达国家以外的发展中国家免税进口的比例略有增加,这两类国家的比例接近于其出口的80%左右。", "104 (韩语). 由于发达国家市场关税普遍降低,现在越来越多的产品在世界贸易组织最惠国待遇下例行免税进口。 然而,如果将最惠国待遇排除在外,发展中国家对发达国家的出口只有19%受益于“真正的”优惠待遇。 另一方面,真正的免税优惠待遇仍然是最不发达国家进入发达国家市场的主要模式。 受益于这些优惠的最不发达国家出口的比例逐年上升,2009年达到53%。 除一个发达国家外,所有发达国家至少给予来自最不发达国家的97%的产品免税市场准入。 (见图9)", "图9", "[]", "资料来源:《2011年千年发展目标报告》。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 主要的挑战仍然是如何在主要经济体之间实现可信而有效的政策协调。 在这方面,一些人认为,如果二十国集团可持续全球再平衡框架更加具体和可操作,就是一个好工具。 为所期望的政策成果制定明确和可核查的目标将有助于使各方承担责任。 这也有利于对基础设施(电力、运输等)进行战略投资,以支持向绿色经济过渡。 一些国家已经在优先考虑绿色投资,并正在制定支持绿色投资的战略和政策,而研究人员则在为这些政策制定概念和经验支持。", "106. (中文(简体) ). 由于气候威胁,越来越需要以负担得起的方式获得新的和现有的无害环境技术。 自1972年斯德哥尔摩人类环境会议以来,技术转让和知识共享一直是关于如何实现可持续发展和应对全球可持续发展挑战的讨论的重要组成部分。 与此同时,发展中国家在建设自己的技术能力方面需要支持,以确保它们顺利过渡到低排放经济,并保持在开放的全球经济中的竞争力。 在制定技术能力建设计划时,可以更多地注重用户的需求,改善援助协调和捐助者合作,在区域和全球一级进行能力建设投资,使信息技术在能力建设方面发挥更大的作用。", "六、结 论 联合国可持续发展大会筹备工作的进展情况", "107 (韩语). 2. 自上次关于《21世纪议程》、《进一步执行〈21世纪议程〉方案》和可持续发展问题世界首脑会议结果的报告1 提交以来,截至本报告提交之时,已举行了一次闭会期间会议[39]和两次筹备委员会会议[40]。 第一次闭会期间会议是一次非正式会议,审议了未经编辑的关于联合国可持续发展大会目标和主题方面的最佳做法和经验教训的综合报告预发本。 作为这次会议的结果,印发了共同主席的摘要。 [41]", "108. (中文(简体) ). 筹备委员会第二次会议[42]作为会议筹备进程的正式会议,审议了正式综合报告[43],该报告经过了更新,以反映闭会期间会议与会者提供的其他投入和意见。 我关于本会议目标和主题的报告进一步支持了会议记录。 会议结果是联合主席的总结。 [44]", "第109页. 筹备委员会第二次会议还通过了一项决定,请主席团启动由会员国牵头的公开、透明和包容性进程,以在所有筹备投入的基础上及时编写一份案文草案,作为会议成果文件的基础。 大会还请所有会员国、联合国系统相关组织和相关利益攸关方于2011年11月1日前提供书面投入和投入,以纳入汇编文件,作为编写成果文件零草稿的基础。 同时,它请主席团汇编这些投入和资料,并向会员国和其他利益攸关方提交汇编案文,以征求他们的意见和进一步指导,以便共同主席最迟于2012年1月初代表主席团提交成果文件的零草案供审议。 它还建议主席团于2012年1月召开一次为期三天的会议,以初步讨论成果文件的 \" 零 \" 草案,并在2012年2月、3月和4月的每个月留出整整一周时间进行谈判,确保所有会议都是非正式的非正式会议。", "110. 国家 筹备委员会已决定会议日期为2012年6月4日至6日,筹备委员会第三次会议将于2012年5月28日至30日举行。", "111. 主席团于2011年3月致函所有会员国、联合国系统各组织和其他相关利益攸关方,请它们在2011年11月1日前提供其投入,并印发了指导说明,供2011年7月提交投入。", "112号. 主席团还请会议秘书长和会议秘书处就《赫尔辛基-内罗毕成果》的五个备选方案编写一份研究报告。 秘书处在与联合国经济和社会事务+执行委员会磋商后发起了这一行动。 执行委员会认为有必要扩大研究范围,包括加强三大支柱的每一个支柱和更有效地整合的备选方案。 关于《内罗毕-赫尔辛基成果》的研究将是执行委员会授权进行的这项更广泛的研究的一部分,这项研究将于2011年9月提交。", "113. 会员国、[46]联合国系统实体[47]和主要群体[48]也在举行若干筹备会议。 各区域委员会为2011年9月至12月的筹备会议确定了日期。 [49] 为筹备这些不同会议的讨论并在此基础上编写了一些文件,但也是更广泛的筹备进程的一部分。 [50]", "114 (韩语). 会议秘书长[51]与专门秘书处[52]正在通过共同组织会议、编写背景文件和议题简报、支持主席团会议和编写会员国所要求的正式文件来支助会员国的筹备工作。", "115. (中文(简体) ). 秘书处还通过经济和社会事务部和联合国开发计划署编写的联合项目提案支持国家一级的筹备工作。 鉴于迫切需要国家一级的支助,经济和社会事务部正在通过其能力建设方案支持21个国家的国家筹备工作,其中大多数是最不发达国家。 已向联合国国家工作队发出指导说明,以协助各国为会议作准备。", "116 (英语). 秘书处小组正在与主要群体密切合作,组织协商讲习班和其他培训活动。 它还继续努力为会议信托基金筹集资金,以能更好地支持发展中国家和主要群体的国家筹备工作和参与筹备会议。", "117号 会议网站[53]已升级。 除了更方便用户外,它还提供关于会议筹备进程各个方面的大量资料并每天更新。 已经制定了议定书,使会员国和其他利益攸关方能够登录到各自的网页并直接更新信息,它们也可以在网上为汇编文件提供意见。 还通过里约+20双周通讯定期提供最新情况。", "118. 会议秘书处还继续与东道国政府巴西一起进行筹备,并为此设立了一个部门间工作队。 截至本报告编写之时,秘书处已对巴西进行了四次访问。 访问的重点是评估会议的安全需要,审查举行会议所需的建筑物和建筑以及所有其他后勤筹备工作,包括会议室数目和《东道国协定》。 后勤筹备工作还包括里约+20秘书处和东道国政府努力采取可持续做法来举行大会,包括调查是否可能举行无纸化会议。", "119. 根据现有资源举行人居会议及其筹备委员会第三次会议的方式可包括:", "(a) 联合国可持续发展大会", "高级别全体会议", "二. 支助 会议高级别全体会议于2012年6月4日上午9时至下午1时在会场开幕;", "二. 支助 定于6月4日下午3时至7时、6月5日上午9时至下午1时和下午3时至7时以及6月6日上午9时至下午1时在会议地点举行四次高级别全体会议;", "二. 支助 6月6日下午3时至7时在会场举行的高级别全体会议闭幕式,预计会以通过重点突出的政治文件和会议报告而结束。", "主要委员会", "将根据大会议事规则设立主要委员会。 如有必要,除在开幕和闭幕会期间外,该委员会将同全体会议同时举行会议。 主要委员会的主要任务是最后确定会议成果文件和所有其他未决事项。", "高级别圆桌会议[54]", "举行高级别圆桌会议有若干选择。 一种选择是在会议期间总共举行四次高级别圆桌会议:一次在第一天(下午)、两次在第二天(上午和下午)和一次在第三天(上午)。 这些高级别圆桌会议可同全体会议同时举行。 这些圆桌会议的报告可提交闭幕全体会议。", "其他会议活动", "共可开展四次伙伴关系活动,为可持续发展委员会伙伴关系和其他多方利益有关者执行工作提供机会,以报告所取得进展并查明新的活动和承诺。 这些活动将在第一天(下午)、第二天(上午和下午)和第三天(上午)举行。 关于这些活动的报告将提交闭幕全体会议。", "筹备委员会第三届会议将在整个会议期间举行,也可以尽早组织一个学习中心,根据是否有合适的培训员和与会者的需求,提供与可持续发展有关的课程,包括与会议主题有关的课程。 将在会议开始前提供附有课程说明的课程表,包括关于教员和教学语言的资料。 关于学习中心的报告将提交闭幕全体会议。", "(b) 国家 筹备委员会第三届会议54", "筹备委员会第三届会议可以包括全体会议的开幕和闭幕、成果文件特设工作组的会议、多方利益有关者圆桌会议以及报告国家自愿评估结果的会议。 成果文件特设工作组将视需要在筹备委员会届会期间每天举行会议。 委员会将在开幕会后立即开始工作,并在闭幕全体会议之前休会,届时将提出报告。 多方利益攸关者圆桌会议可在第一天下午和第二天上午举行。 关于国家自愿评估结果的两次会议可在筹备委员会第三次会议第二天下午和会议第二天上午举行。 关于多方利益有关者对话和国家自愿评估的报告将列入筹备委员会第三届会议的报告,并转交联合国可持续发展大会。", "页:1 今后的步骤", "120号. 大会第六十六届会议将在议程项目19(a)下审议可持续发展问题。 [55] 这将为最后确定会议的组织细节和方式提供一个机会。 为此,建议大会:", "(a) 注意到秘书长的报告所载联合国可持续发展大会筹备活动的进展情况并赞同会议筹备委员会第二届会议报告所载的各项建议;", "(b) 核可会议临时议程;", "(c) 就筹备委员会第三届会议的工作安排和会议的工作安排作出决定;[56]", "(d) 国家 核准筹备委员会审议并载于A/CONF. 216/PC/4号文件;", "(e) 核可认可有关非政府组织和其他利益有关者参加会议的安排;", "(f) 决定根据大会惯例和会议议事规则,会议应向联合国所有会员国和专门机构成员国开放,并有观察员参加;", "(g) 请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议提交关于会议成果的报告,并决定将题为“《21世纪议程》和《进一步执行21世纪议程方案》的执行情况”的分项目列入大会第六十七届会议临时议程,同时考虑到会议成果。", "[1] A/65/298 (英语).", "[2] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告,1992年6月3日至14日,里约热内卢》,第一卷。 《会议通过的决议》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.93.I.8和更正),决议1,附件一。", "[3] Paul Raskin, Tariq Banuri, Gilberto Gallopín, Pablo Gutman, Al Hammond, Robert Kates, Rob Swart, Great Transit; The Provinces and Lure of the Times Ahead, 斯德哥尔摩环境研究所全球设想小组的报告(2002年)。", "[4] 见A/66/306。", "[5] 见第65/151号决议。", "[6] 见www.sustainableenergyforall.org/。", "[7] \" 能源促进可持续未来 \" ,秘书长能源和气候变化问题咨询小组,摘要报告和建议,2010年4月28日,纽约。", "[8] 2010年世界能源展望,经济合作与发展组织/国际能源机构(2010年)。", "[9] 《2011年世界经济和社会概览》,联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.11.II.C.1(2011年)。", "[10] 能源强度按单位经济活动或产出(GDP)的能量来计量.", "[11] 卫生和饮用水方面的进展,2010年最新情况,世界卫生组织/联合国儿童基金会(2010年)。", "[12] 见A/66/277。", "[13] 见“世界粮食状况:粮农组织粮食价格指数”,联合国粮食及农业组织。 见www.fao.org/worldfoodsitation/wfs-home/foodpricesindex/en/。", "[14] 见世界银行,“高而波动的粮食价格继续威胁世界穷人”,第2011/430/PREM号新闻稿(2011年4月14日)。 可在web.worldbank.org查阅。", "[15] 见http://unfccc.int/methods_science/redd/items/4547.php。", "[16] 《21世纪议程》和里约原则进展情况评估研究,报告草稿,联合国经济和社会事务部。", "[17] 见《部长宣言,粮食价格波动和农业行动计划》,20国集团农业部长会议,2011年6月22日至23日,巴黎。 可查阅www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/内容/documents/110623_G20_Ag Ministers_Action_Plan_农业_Food_Price_ 活泼活泼. pdf.", "[18] 联合国人类住区规划署,2010/2011年世界城市状况——人人享有城市: 弥合城市鸿沟(2010年)。", "[19] 见《2010年千年发展目标报告》,联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.10.I.7(2010)。", "[20] 见A/66/291。", "[21] 见UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27,附件,第X/1号决定。", "[22] 在提交本报告时。", "[23] 生物多样性公约秘书处,《全球生物多样性展望3》,蒙特利尔(2010年)。 可查阅www.cbd.int/doc/publications/gbo/gbo3-final-en.pdf。", "[24] 《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的报告,2002年8月26日至9月4日,南非约翰内斯堡》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.03.II.A.1和更正),第一章,决议1,附件。 页:1 30岁。", "[25] 联合国粮食及农业组织,《2010年世界渔业和水产养殖状况》,第一部分,第7页。", "[26] 政治合法性可以被定义为一个社区接受和证明共同统治的理由,Steven Bernstein,“全球环境治理的法权”,《国际法和国际关系杂志》,第1卷(1-2)(2005)。", "[27] Steven Bernstein,“政府间和非国家全球治理的法制”,《国际政治经济评论》第18期(2011年2月)。", "[28] 见A/CONF.216/PC/7。", "[29] 见联合主席关于第一次和第二次筹备委员会会议以及联合国可持续发展大会筹备进程第一次闭会期间会议的摘要。 可查阅www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=44。", "[30] 《赫尔辛基-内罗毕成果文件》提出了需要审查的五个备选方案:加强环境署;为可持续发展建立一个新的伞式组织;建立一个世界环境组织等专门机构;改革联合国经济及社会理事会和联合国可持续发展委员会;加强体制改革并精简现有结构。", "[31] 在环境方面设有行政首长理事会和环境管理小组。 已经建立了几个机构间专题机制,包括联合国能源机制、联合国海洋网络和联合国水机制,目的是促进联合国各实体之间的合作和信息共享。 联合国发展集团在实地发展活动中发挥作用,落实规范性决定。", "[32] (中文(简体) ). 一项建议是采用普遍或自愿审查机制,作为改革后的可持续发展委员会的核心职能之一。", "[33] 见A/CONF.216/PC/2。", "[34] 见联合国可持续发展大会秘书处会议主要群体网站www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=35。", "[35] 世界银行,2011年全球发展地平线——多极化: 新全球经济(2011年).", "[36] 见UNEP/GC.23/6/Add.1。", "[37] 《2011年世界经济形势和前景》,联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.77.11.C.2。", "[38] 《2011年千年发展目标报告》,联合国(2011年)。", "[39] 第一次闭会期间会议,2011年1月10日至11日在纽约。", "[40] 2011年3月7日至8日在纽约举行的筹备委员会第二次会议。", "[41] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=24&menu=25.", "[42] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=28&menu=24.", "[43] 见A/CONF.216/PC/8。", "[44] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&nr=217&type=12&menu=24&. 模板=435。", "[45] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=12&nr=238&menu=32.", "[46] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=50.", "[47] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=29。", "[48] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=27。", "[49] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=26.", "[50] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=20。", "[51] 2010年5月由秘书长任命的主管经济和社会事务副秘书长。", "[52] 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=37.", "[53] (中文(简体) ). 见www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?menu=14.", "[54] 需要同会议筹备进程主席团协商,就圆桌会议和伙伴关系活动作出决定,包括关于圆桌会议的次数、时间、主题、参与和成果的介绍。", "[55] 根据大会第六十六届会议临时议程(A/66/150)。", "[56] 根据会议筹备进程主席团的建议。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Tenth emergency special session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda item 5", "Illegal Israeli actions in Occupied East Jerusalem and the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory", "Identical letters dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I am compelled to bring to your attention the escalating tensions in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, as a result of Israel’s illegal policies and practices of military aggression and colonization and its continuous provocations and incitement against the Palestinian people. In this regard, the situation on the ground continues to remain highly volatile and unsustainable and requires urgent redress by the international community so as to bring a halt to the massive violations that continue to be perpetrated by Israel against the Palestinian people.", "Instead of advancing peace, Israel, the occupying Power, has chosen to do the exact opposite by intensifying its violations of international law, including humanitarian and human rights law, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory. In this connection, as the Palestinian people observe the holy month of Ramadan, Israel, the occupying Power, has continued to employ indiscriminate and disproportionate force, causing death and injury to civilians, including women and children. One such incident that illustrates the utter disregard for Palestinian life took place just before dawn prayers on 1 August 2011, the first day of Ramadan, in which Israeli occupying forces raided the Qalandiya refugee camp, in the West Bank, killing two young men. The two young men, Mu’tasim Odwan, 22 years old, and Mohammed Ali Khalifa, 23 years old, were shot in the head and stomach, respectively, and died instantly. Scores of Palestinian civilians were also injured and many were rounded up and illegally detained during the same ferocious military raid.", "Moreover, the Palestinian people in the besieged Gaza Strip have not been spared the wrath of the occupying Power as it continues to commit acts of military aggression against the more than 1.5 million inhabitants living there. Over the past week, Israeli occupying forces launched multiple air strikes against the Gaza Strip, including an air strike targeting a group of fishermen on the shores of Rafah. The air strikes resulted in the injury of scores of Palestinians and caused extensive material damage to homes and properties. It must be recalled that military attacks against civilian areas, such as these latest crimes by the occupying Power, are unlawful under international humanitarian law and constitute grave acts of terror, provocation and incitement against the Palestinian people. In addition to being punished by the incessant military aggression against them, the Palestinian civilian population in the Gaza Strip continues to be collectively punished by the occupying Power’s illegitimate blockade which continues to deepen poverty and despair in Gaza. The Palestinian leadership appeals to the international community to call on Israel to cease its military attacks against the Gaza Strip and to abide by its obligations under international humanitarian law and to cease forthwith all attacks against the Palestinian civilian population and its collective punishment, including by fully lifting the blockade.", "At the same time, Israel has been unrelenting in its illegal drive to colonize the rest of the Occupied Palestinian Territory, particularly in its ongoing illegal attempts to change the reality on the ground in Occupied East Jerusalem through settlement expansion, home demolitions, evictions and the displacement of hundreds of Palestinians. In the latest illegal, reckless and provocative declaration, which came on Thursday, 4 August 2011, the Israeli government announced the approval given to building 900 more settlement units in the so-called settlement of “Har Homa” located in Jabal Abu Ghneim in Occupied East Jerusalem. In addition to making the recent provocative declaration of the intention to construct more illegal settlement units in Occupied East Jerusalem, the Israeli occupying forces have in recent days carried out the destruction of more Palestinian property and land. These illegal actions once again confirm Israel’s deliberate intent to defy international law and the unequivocal calls of the international community for the immediate and full cessation of all Israeli settlement activities in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. In this regard, we regret to reiterate that continued international inaction has clearly emboldened Israel in its defiance and intransigence.", "Hand in hand with its increased settlement activity is the rise in home demolitions and displacement of Palestinian civilians by the occupying Power. The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs released a report last week documenting alarming trends in the forced displacement of Palestinians and stated that more home demolitions have taken place so far in 2011 than in all of 2009 and 2010 combined. More specifically, the report stated that 342 Palestinian-owned structures had been demolished by the occupying Power in the first half of 2011; and 656 people, including 351 children, lost their homes in the first half of 2011, almost five times more than within the same period last year. Shockingly, there are currently over 3,000 demolition orders outstanding, including 18 targeting schools. We thus call on the international community to condemn the destruction of Palestinian homes and the subsequent displacement of entire families and to take the necessary actions to compel the occupying Power to halt this ruthless and cruel practice.", "Moreover, I regret to inform you that Israeli settler-related terror, violence, harassment and intimidation against the Palestinian civilian population throughout the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, have intensified. Despicable and destructive acts against Palestinian civilians and their properties have continued unabated, including four separate incidents last week, in which settlers set fire to Palestinian agricultural property in the villages of Turmusayya, Burin and Awarta in the West Bank, damaging about 400 olive and almond trees. Settlers even attacked the Palestinian fire brigade as it was attempting to extinguish the fires. Reports have also indicated that a shocking 4,000 or more trees belonging to Palestinians have been uprooted, burned or otherwise vandalized by settlers since the beginning of the year. Additionally, in two separate incidents in Hebron, settlers from the so-called settlement outpost called “Havat Ma’on” attacked and injured five international activists, who were escorting children from a summer camp in a nearby village and assisting Palestinian shepherds in accessing their land.", "We are clearly at a critical juncture and the international community, including the Security Council, must rise to the challenge of upholding its responsibilities in respect of bringing Israel into compliance with its obligations as an occupying Power. Therefore, the international community must not allow Israel, the occupying Power, to perpetrate, with total impunity and without accountability, military attacks, the killing and injury of innocent civilians, the destruction of homes and property, the colonization of the Palestinian land, collective punishment, and the arbitrary imprisonment and detention of Palestinian civilians. We firmly believe that only serious coordinated action can compel Israel, the occupying Power, to cease forthwith all its illegal activities and thereby prevent this volatile situation from further escalation.", "The present letter is in follow-up to our previous 397 letters regarding the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 28 September 2000. These letters, dated from 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 20 July 2011 (A/ES-10/525-S/2011/445), constitute a basic record of the crimes being committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. For all of these war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic human rights violations committed against the Palestinian people, Israel, the occupying Power, must be held accountable and the perpetrators must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would arrange to have the text of this letter distributed as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Riyad Mansour Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第十届紧急特别会议 第六十六年", "议程项目5", "以色列在被占领东耶路撒冷和其余 巴勒斯坦被占领土的非法行动", "2011年8月8日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "我不得不提请你注意包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上不断升级的紧张局势，这种局势是以色列军事侵略和殖民化非法政策和行径及其对巴勒斯坦人民不断挑衅和煽动的结果。这方面的实地情况仍然高度动荡和不可持续，迫切需要国际社会予以矫正，以制止以色列继续对巴勒斯坦人民实施大规模侵犯。", "占领国以色列非但没有促进和平，反而选择倒行逆施，加强了其在巴勒斯坦被占领土上违反国际法、包括违反人道主义法和人权法的行为。在这方面，正值巴勒斯坦人民庆祝神圣的斋月之际，占领国以色列继续不分青红皂白滥施武力，造成了包括妇女和儿童在内的平民伤亡。斋月第一天2011年8月1日黎明祈祷前发生的这样一起事件，就显示了这种对巴勒斯坦人生命的全然漠视。当天，以色列占领军突袭西岸的盖兰迪耶难民营，杀害了两名年轻男子。22岁的 Mu’tasim Odwan和23岁的Mohammed Ali Khalifa这两名男青年，分别头部和腹部中弹当场身亡。还有数十名巴勒斯坦平民受伤，许多人在这次凶残的军事袭击中遭到围捕和非法拘禁。", "此外，在被围困的加沙地带，巴勒斯坦人也未能幸免，杀气冲冲的占领国继续对在那里生活的150多万居民展开军事侵略行动。过去一周来，以色列占领军对加沙地带发动了多次空中打击，有一次空袭的目标是拉法海岸的一批渔民。这些空袭造成数十名巴勒斯坦人受伤，并对民宅和财产造成了广泛的物质破坏。必须提请注意，对平民地区的军事袭击，正如占领国最近犯下的这些罪行一样，是国际人道主义法所不允许的非法行为，并构成了针对巴勒斯坦人民的严重恐怖、挑衅和煽动行为。加沙地带的巴勒斯坦平民除遭受不断的军事侵略之外，还仍然受到占领国非法封锁的集体惩罚，这种封锁继续在加深着加沙的贫困和绝望。巴勒斯坦领导人呼吁国际社会要求以色列停止对加沙地带的军事攻击，遵守它在国际人道主义法下承担的义务，立即停止对巴勒斯坦平民的一切攻击和集体惩罚，包括全面解除封锁。", "与此同时，以色列一直在无情地非法致力于将巴勒斯坦被占领土其余部分殖民化，尤其是通过持续扩建定居点、拆毁民宅、驱逐数以百计巴勒斯坦人并使他们流离失所的做法，企图非法改变被占东耶路撒冷当地的现实。最近一次非法、鲁莽和挑衅性的声明发表于2011年8月4日星期四，当天以色列政府宣布批准在位于被占东耶路撒冷阿布古奈姆所谓的“霍马山”定居点增建900个定居单元。除了最近挑衅性地声明打算在被占东耶路撒冷建造更多非法定居单元之外，以色列占领军最近几还对更多的巴勒斯坦人财产和土地进行了破坏。这些非法行动再次证实以色列蓄意藐视国际法和国际社会要求它立即和全面停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上所有以色列定居活动的明确呼吁。我们遗憾地重申，国际社会在这方面继续无所作为的情况显然使以色列更加肆无忌惮地采取蔑视和强硬态度。", "占领国在增加定居活动的同时，还更多地拆毁房屋并使更多巴勒斯坦平民流离失所。联合国人道主义事务协调厅上周发布的一份报告记录了巴勒斯坦人被迫流离失所方面令人忧虑的趋势，并指出2011年迄今为止被拆毁的房屋已超过了2009和2010两年的总和。更具体而言，该报告指出，2011年上半年，有342座巴勒斯坦人拥有的建筑物被占领国拆毁，有656人(包括351名儿童)在2011年上半年失去了他们的家园，是去年同期的将近5倍。令人震惊的是，目前还有超过3 000项拆除令待执行，其中18项针对的是学校。因此，我们呼吁国际社会谴责摧毁巴勒斯坦人的家园继而使一个又一个家庭流离失所的做法，并采取必要行动迫使占领国停止这种残酷无情的做法。", "此外，我遗憾地通知你，在包括东耶路撒冷在内的整个巴勒斯坦被占领土上，与以色列定居者有关的针对巴勒斯坦平民的恐怖、暴力、骚扰和恫吓行为已经加剧。针对巴勒斯坦平民及其财产的可耻的破坏行为仍然有增无减，包括上周分别发生的四起事件。在这些事件中，定居者纵火焚烧了西岸Turmusayya村、Burin村和Awarta村的巴勒斯坦农业财产，毁坏了约400棵橄榄树和杏仁果树。定居者甚至还攻击了正在奋力灭火的巴勒斯坦消防队员。还有报告令人震惊地指出，自今年初以来，已有4 000棵或更多属于巴勒斯坦人的树木被定居者连根拔掉、焚烧或以其他方式毁坏。此外，在希布伦分别发生的两起事件中，来自所谓“Havat Ma'on”前沿定居点的定居者攻击和打伤了五名国际活动人士，这些人士当时正在护送来自附近一个村庄里夏令营的儿童和协助巴勒斯坦牧羊人进入他们的土地。", "我们显然处于一个关键时刻，包括安全理事会在内的国际社会必须迎接挑战，负起责任，迫使以色列遵守其作为占领国的义务。因此，国际社会绝不能容许占领国以色列在完全有罪不罚和不接受问责的情况下犯罪，对无辜贫民实施军事攻击、杀戮和伤害，破坏家园和财产，对巴勒斯坦土地实行殖民化，对巴勒斯坦平民进行集体惩罚、任意监禁和拘留。我们坚信，只有认真、协调一致的行动才能迫使占领国以色列立即停止其所有非法活动，从而防止动荡局势进一步升级。", "自2000年9月28日以来，我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内被占巴勒斯坦领土的持续危机向你发出了397封信，本信是上述信件的后续。日期从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)至2011年7月20日(A/ES-10/525-S/2011/445)的这些信件基本记录了占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民实施的犯罪行为。占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有这些战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和有系统地侵犯人权的行为负责，犯罪者必须被绳之以法。", "请将此信作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员", "大使", "里亚德·曼苏尔(签名)" ]

[ "大 会", "第十届紧急特别会议", "议程项目5", "以色列在被占领的东耶路撒冷和其余", "2011年8月8日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "我不得不提请你注意,由于以色列的军事侵略和殖民化的非法政策和做法,以及它对巴勒斯坦人民的持续挑衅和煽动,包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土的紧张局势不断升级。 在这方面,当地局势继续高度动荡和无法持续,需要国际社会紧急纠正,以制止以色列继续对巴勒斯坦人民所犯下的大规模侵犯行为。", "占领国以色列不但没有促进和平,反而选择采取相反的做法,在巴勒斯坦被占领土加紧违反国际法,包括人道主义法和人权法。 在这方面,在巴勒斯坦人民纪念斋月之际,占领国以色列继续不分青红皂白地过度使用武力,造成包括妇女和儿童在内的平民伤亡。 2011年8月1日是斋月第一天,以色列占领军袭击了西岸的Qalandiya难民营,打死了两名青年。 22岁的两名年轻人Mu-tasim Odwan和23岁的Mohammed Ali Khalifa被分别击中头部和胃部,当场死亡。 数十名巴勒斯坦平民也受了伤,许多人在那次凶猛的军事袭击中被围捕并被非法拘留。", "此外,被围困的加沙地带的巴勒斯坦人民在继续对居住在那里的150多万居民进行军事侵略时,未能幸免于占领国的愤怒。 过去一周,以色列占领军对加沙地带发动了多起空袭,包括空袭拉法海岸的一群渔民。 空袭造成数十名巴勒斯坦人受伤,并给住房和财产造成巨大的物质损失。 必须回顾,占领国对平民地区发动的军事袭击,例如最近犯下的罪行,根据国际人道主义法是非法的,是对巴勒斯坦人民的严重恐怖、挑衅和煽动行为。 加沙地带的巴勒斯坦平民除了受到不断的军事侵略的惩罚外,还继续受到占领国非法封锁的集体惩罚,这种封锁继续加深了加沙的贫穷和绝望。 巴勒斯坦领导人呼吁国际社会呼吁以色列停止对加沙地带的军事袭击并遵守国际人道主义法规定的义务,并立即停止对巴勒斯坦平民的一切袭击及其集体惩罚,包括全面解除封锁。", "与此同时,以色列一直坚持不懈地非法驱使其余被占领巴勒斯坦领土殖民化,特别是继续非法企图通过扩大定居点、拆毁房屋、驱逐和使数百名巴勒斯坦人流离失所来改变被占领东耶路撒冷当地的现实。 在2011年8月4日星期四发表的最近非法、鲁莽和挑衅性声明中,以色列政府宣布批准在位于被占领的东耶路撒冷阿布古奈姆山的所谓“Har Homa”定居点再建造900个定居单位。 除了最近挑衅性地宣布打算在被占领的东耶路撒冷建造更多的非法定居点单位外,以色列占领军最近几天还摧毁了更多的巴勒斯坦财产和土地。 这些非法行动再次证实了以色列蓄意藐视国际法和国际社会要求以色列立即和全面停止在包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的一切定居活动的明确呼吁。 在这方面,我们遗憾地重申,国际社会继续无所作为显然使以色列更加胆大妄为和顽固不化。", "在增加定居点活动的同时,占领国还越来越多地拆毁巴勒斯坦人的住房并迫使他们流离失所。 联合国人道主义事务协调厅上星期发表了一份报告,记录了巴勒斯坦人被强迫流离失所的令人震惊的趋势,并指出,2011年迄今为止,拆毁房屋的情况比2009年和2010年的总数要多。 更具体地说,报告指出,2011年上半年,占领国拆毁了342所巴勒斯坦人拥有的建筑物;2011年上半年,包括351名儿童在内的656人失去了家园,几乎是去年同期的5倍。 令人震惊的是,目前有3 000多起拆除令尚未执行,其中包括18所针对学校。 因此,我们呼吁国际社会谴责摧毁巴勒斯坦人的家园并随后使整个家庭流离失所的行为,并采取必要行动迫使占领国停止这种残酷无情的做法。", "此外,我遗憾地通知你,在包括东耶路撒冷在内的整个巴勒斯坦被占领土上,以色列针对巴勒斯坦平民的与定居者有关的恐怖、暴力、骚扰和恐吓已经加剧。 针对巴勒斯坦平民及其财产的可耻和破坏性行为继续有增无减,包括上星期发生的四起事件,其中定居者放火焚烧了西岸Turmusayya、Burin和Awarta等村庄的巴勒斯坦农业财产,毁坏了约400棵橄榄和杏树。 定居者甚至在巴勒斯坦消防队试图灭火时袭击了该消防队。 报告还表明,自年初以来,定居者将4 000多棵属于巴勒斯坦人的树木连根拔起、烧毁或以其他方式破坏。 此外,在希伯伦发生的两起独立事件中,来自所谓的 \" 哈瓦特马翁 \" 定居点前哨的定居者袭击并打伤了五名国际活动家,他们正在护送附近村庄的一个夏令营的儿童,并协助巴勒斯坦牧羊人进入他们的土地。", "显然,我们正处于一个关键时刻,包括安全理事会在内的国际社会必须迎接挑战,履行其责任,使以色列履行其作为占领国的义务。 因此,国际社会决不能允许占领国以色列毫无责任地完全不受惩罚地进行军事袭击,杀害和伤害无辜平民,摧毁家园和财产,使巴勒斯坦土地被殖民化,实行集体惩罚,并任意监禁和拘留巴勒斯坦平民。 我们坚信,只有采取认真的协调行动,才能迫使占领国以色列立即停止其所有非法活动,从而防止这一动荡局势进一步升级。", "自2000年9月28日以来,我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上的持续危机发出397封信,本函是上述信件的后续。 从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)到2011年7月20日(A/ES-10/525-S/2011/445)的这些信件是占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民所犯罪行的基本记录。 占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有这些战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和系统侵犯人权行为负责,必须将肇事者绳之以法。", "请将本函作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员" ]

[ "Letter dated 9 August 2011 from the President of the Security Council addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to inform you that your letter dated 5 August 2011 (S/2011/510) concerning your intention to request the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) to undertake a reconnaissance mission along the border between Sudan and South Sudan as soon as possible has been brought to the attention of the members of the Security Council. They take note of the intention expressed in your letter.", "(Signed) H. S. Puri President of the Security Council" ]

[ "2011年8月9日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "我谨通知你，已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年8月5日的信(S/2011/510)。你在信中表示，打算请联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)尽快在苏丹和南苏丹交界处执行一次侦察任务。", "安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "安全理事会主席", "哈迪普·辛格·普里(签名)" ]

[ "2011年8月9日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信", "谨通知你,已提请安全理事会成员注意你2011年8月5日的信(S/2011/510)。 你在信中表示打算请联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)尽快在苏丹和南苏丹边界沿线进行侦察。 安理会成员注意到你在信中表明的意向。", "安全理事会主席" ]

[ "Letter dated 5 August 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to refer to the enclosed Agreement on the Border Monitoring Support Mission between the Government of the Sudan and the Government of South Sudan, signed on 30 July 2011 (see annex).", "In order to evaluate how the United Nations could support implementation of this Agreement, and with a view to providing the Security Council with recommendations in this regard, I would like to inform you of my intention to request the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) to undertake a reconnaissance mission along the border between the Sudan and South Sudan as soon as possible.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon", "Annex", "Agreement on the Border Monitoring Support Mission between the Government of the Sudan and the Government of South Sudan", "Addis Ababa, 30 July 2011", "1. The Government of the Sudan and Government of South Sudan, hereinafter referred to as the Parties, reaffirm their commitment to the agreement signed in Addis Ababa on 29 June 2011, as supplemented by the agreements of 7 December 2010, Annex 2, which relates to the Joint Political and Security Mechanism (JPSM), and the Joint Position Paper signed between the National Congress Party/Sudan Armed Forces and Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army on 30 May 2011, with the following additions and amendments:", "(i) Amendments to the 7 December 2010 JPSM document: JPSM membership would be expanded to include the Ministers of Foreign Affairs and Ministers of Interior of both countries; reference to the Joint Field Committee would become the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Mechanism (JBVMM), the Joint Sector Teams (JSTs) would become Joint Border Verification Monitoring Sectors, the Joint Team Sites (JTS) would become Joint Border Verification Monitoring Teams (JBVMTs), and reference to the Common Border Zone would become the Safe Demilitarized Border Zone (SDBZ).", "(ii) Prior to first meeting of the JPSM, a joint legal committee of the Parties assisted by the AUHIP legal advisors will prepare a consolidated document for the reference of the JPSM.", "2. The Parties agree with the Force Commander to 300 force protection as an adequate basis, pending the recommendations of the Force Commander as per Paragraph 5 of the 29 June 2011 agreement.", "3. The Parties agree that the area of responsibility (AOR) for the JBVMM shall correspond to the SDBZ. The centre line for the SDBZ shall be the 1/1/56 borderline except for the agreed disputed areas. Pending the final resolution of the disputed areas, the administrative common borderline, as reflected in the map produced and signed by the Technical Boundary Demarcation Committee before the first meeting of the JPSM and shall be used as the sole reference. This map shall be attached to the consolidated document referred to in Paragraph 1 (ii) for their operation.", "4. The Parties agree that they and the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA) shall, in accordance with the provisions of the 29 June 2011 Agreement, undertake a joint assessment mission to establish: the location of the mission headquarters; location and number of sector headquarters; the location and number of teams; and the personnel to be assigned to these tasks. The outcome of the assessment mission shall be submitted to the JPSM for consideration and approval.", "5. The Force Commander shall also undertake a reconnaissance mission, in consultation with the Parties, to assess the operational requirements of the mission.", "6. The Parties agree to the tasks stipulated in Annex A of this Agreement.", "7. Both Parties shall submit their proposals on the corridors of movement to the JPSM.", "8. The Parties hereby request the UN to endorse the agreement on the Border Monitoring Support Mission with the following additional tasks to the UNISFA mandate:", "(i) Provide force protection", "(ii) Provide observers", "(iii) Provide logistic and air support", "(iv) Provide accommodation for national observers", "(v) The Senior Observer reports to the UNISFA Force Commander", "9. The Parties agree to prepare for the JPSM in accordance with previously agreed rules of procedure as in Annex C.", "10. The Parties agree that the first meeting of the JPSM will be held on 17 August 2011. The meetings of the JPSM shall rotate between Sudan and South Sudan. The first meeting will be held in Khartoum.", "11. The SDBZ and associated border management mechanisms are measures necessary until normal relationships prevail between the two sovereign States. Thus the JPSM shall review the necessity of these measures every six months with a view to making recommendations to the Presidents on the need for continuation.", "12. The suggested draft agenda for the first meeting of the JPSM is as follows:", "(i) Consideration of the structure, rules and budget of the JPSM.", "(ii) Consideration and adoption of the recommendations of the Joint Committee and UNISFA.", "(iii) Report by UNISFA FC on the outcome of his assessment mission.", "(iv) Consideration of corridors of movement in the SDBZ.", "(v) Appointment of the JBVMM for endorsement by the Parties.", "(vi) Agreement of the date of launching of the SDBZ and related security mechanisms.", "(vii) Discussion on corridors within the SDBZ.", "(viii) Date, time, location and agenda of the next JPSM.", "(ix) Any Other Business.", "Annexes:", "A. Tasks of the Support Border Monitoring Mission", "B. Tasks of Joint Border Verification Sectors (JBVMS) and Joint Border Verification Teams (JBVMTs)", "C. Rules of procedures for the JPSM", "Signed on 30 July 2011 at Addis Ababa", "(Signed) (Signed)", "Gen. Ismat Abdelrahman Zain Elabdeen H.E. Lt. Gen. Paul Mayom Akec", "Government of the Sudan Government of South Sudan", "(Signed) Witnessed by Pierre Buyoya African Union High Level Implementation Panel", "Annex A Tasks of Border Monitoring Support Mission", "1. Assist in ensuring the observance of the Security Commitments agreed by the Parties;", "2. Support activities (verifications, investigations, monitoring, arbitrations, training, liaison coordinating reporting, information exchange and patrols as required between the Parties along SDBZ;", "3. Support control of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW) circulation within and across the SDBZ, with the JBVMM, JBVMMS, JBVMTs.", "4. Conduct institutional training for border police and border security mechanisms as requested by the Parties;", "5. Chair JBVMM meetings and sign JBVMM decisions with the Parties;", "6. Oversee complaints of the Parties to the obligations under the Joint Position Paper on Border Security of 30 May 2011;", "7. Coordinate planning, monitoring and verification of the implementation of the Joint Position Paper on Border Security of 30.05.2011;", "8. Receive, verify and resolve violations, disputes and complaints;", "9. Facilitate liaison between the Parties;", "10. The JBVMM shall maintain necessary chart geographical and mapping references, which once agreed to the border between the two states, shall be used for the purpose of monitoring of the implementation in accordance with Paragraph 2 of the Agreement on Border Security and the Joint Political and Security Mechanism of 29 June 2011;", "11. Assist, facilitate and help to protect the demarcation teams within the SDBZ as requested by the JPSM;", "12. Create capacity for effective bilateral management mechanisms;", "13. Assist building mutual trust, confidence and an environment which encourages long-term stability and economic development.", "Annex B", "Tasks of Joint Border Verification and Monitoring Sectors (JBVMS) and Joint Border Verification Teams (JBVMTs)", "1. JBVMS Tasks:", "1.1 Coordinate planning, monitoring and verification of the implementation of the agreement within its jurisdiction.", "1.2 Upon complaint of a security nature submitted to the JBVMS leader by representative of either party, task JBVMT to monitor, verify and report on security within SDBZ.", "1.3 Submit a report to JBVMM signed by the JBVMS leader and senior representative of each party, with a copy of the report to each party.", "1.4 Report unlawfully held weapons to the JBVMM and appropriate police authorities for confiscation. Observe and record their destruction and report on local disputes. Any disputes beyond their competence are to be raised to the JBVMM.", "1.5 Liaise and conduct meetings every two weeks and when necessary.", "1.6 Maintain necessary charts, graphical and mapping references in its area of jurisdiction, which once agreed to be the border between the two states, shall be used for the purpose of the monitoring of the implementation of this agreement.", "1.7 Facilitate liaison between their mother units in the two states within its jurisdiction and to discuss the relevant issues which shall better inform the JBVMM agenda.", "2. JBVMS HQ Composition:", "2.1 Two officers from each, SAF and SPLA with the ranks of not less than Lt. Colonel.", "2.2 Two police officers from each side with the ranks of not less than Lt. Colonel or equivalent.", "2.3 Two NISS officers from each side with ranks of not less than Lt. Colonel.", "2.4 One Legal Advisor from each side.", "2.5 One command post composed of two military officers from each side plus one external observer/monitor.", "2.6 Two JBVMS shall reach its decisions by consensus of the Parties and shall establish its internal regulations.", "3. JBVMTs (Teams): There will be a minimum of six teams; however, given the size of all sectors is not the same, the Parties agree that the number of teams and their locations will be determined by the sector commander in consultation with the JBVMM and the Force Commander and with the approval of the JPSM. Additionally teams if required, may be created this way or disbanded where they are no longer required.", "3.1 Team Composition: Each team will be composed of an equal number of representatives from each party; the team leader (external observer), one representative from each of SAF and SPLA, plus one representative from the police, one from national security and one Legal Advisor from each Party. If necessary for a specific mission, a representative from the local authorities or community will be attached to the JBVMT. Teams will be deployable by vehicle or air, with freedom to move throughout the SDBZ on both sides of the border and appropriate equipment for their function, including cameras.", "3.1.1 Team tasks: Teams will act jointly to:", "3.1.1.1 Monitor and report on security within the SDBZ by conducting patrols and visits as required throughout their respective sectors in order to prevent any violations and enhance confidence-building.", "3.1.1.2 Report unlawfully held weapons to the Joint Border Verification Monitoring Sectors (JBVMS) for more verification in justifying the unlawful weapons and awaiting destruction directives from JPSM.", "3.1.1.3 Arbitrate on local disputes. Any disputes beyond their competence are to be raised to sector level and to the JBVMM if necessary who may then raise it to JSPM if necessary.", "3.1.1.4 Upon complaint of a security nature submitted to the JBVMT leader from the representative of either party, the JBVMT leader will task the JBVMT to monitor, verify and report on security situation within the SDBZ to JBVMS.", "3.1.1.5 Submit a report to the JBVMM signed by the JBVMS leader and a senior representative of each party, with a copy of the report to each party.", "3.1.1.6 Liaise and conduct meetings every week and when necessary.", "4. Police:", "4.1 Official border crossings and movement corridors will be decided by the first (preliminary) JPSM meeting, based on the proposals of the 2 Parties which will be provided to the JPSM secretariat before the first (preliminary) JPSM meeting;", "4.2 The crossing of the SDBZ shall be through identified crossing points and corridors.", "4.3 Border crossing procedures will be conducted consistent with the normal customs and immigration rules and procedures of the two sovereign states.", "Annex C", "Rules of Procedure for the JPSM", "1. Timings. The JPSM shall meet quarterly but can call extraordinary meetings when any problem occurs. The JBVMM shall meet on a monthly regular basis in the mission headquarters, or in any other location as decided by the JBVMM. The JBVMM may also meet on an emergency basis when the situation requires.", "2. Locations. The location of the JPSM will rotate with its chair and will normally alternate between Khartoum and Juba; however, both chairs may agree to hold a JPSM:", "2.1 In an area closer to or inside the SDBZ, if they agree that this would provide JPSM members with greater awareness of an agenda item; or", "2.2 In a neutral location with the agreement of a host country.", "3. JPSM Secretariat. The JPSM Secretariat will:", "3.1 Comprise 8 persons drawn 50/50 from the sending States.", "3.2 Be fully established and appropriately equipped and housed in two offices (Khartoum and Juba) in time to support the first (preliminary) JPSM meeting. Each office shall be routinely manned by the 4 staff members and funded by each sovereign state. However all eight staff shall concentrate on the office where a JSPM meeting is to be held for a period of up to 15 days (the exact duration to be decided by the hosting chair) either side of the date of the JPSM meeting in order to provide support for that meeting times of JPSM meetings all the 8 staff shall converge for a JPSM meeting that is to be held for agreed period. And in case of a meeting in a neutral location the JPSM will coordinate and liaise with the host country.", "3.3 The funding of the SBDZ National Border Security Mechanisms and the JPSM secretariats is the sole responsibility of each sovereign state with the support of the third 3rd Party for the international elements.", "3.4 Be funded on a 50/50 basis by both states.", "3.5 Tasks. The JPSM Secretariat will:", "3.5.1 Coordinate all aspects of JPSM work, including the day to day administrative activities and regular reports of JPSM meetings.", "3.5.2 Circulate the agenda at least 7 days in advance of JPSM meetings.", "3.5.3 Draft minutes of JPSM meetings for ratification by signature of both chairs within 7 days following a JPSM meeting.", "3.5.4 Publish the agreed minutes of the JPSM within 14 days of the date of respective meetings.", "3.5.5 Prepare budget submissions for JPSM ratification and accountability.", "3.6 Public Information/Media. All contact with the media will be conducted on a joint basis and only by the JPSM chairs or their designated spokespersons. JBVMM and JBVMS and JBVMTs will refer all media/public information issues to the JPSM.", "3.7 Exchange of Information and Liaison. In the spirit of Kuriftu General Objective 7 and of cooperation and in order to build confidence and de‑escalate potential cross-border tension, the Parties will establish:", "3.7.1 Direct communications between the respective members of the JPSM from each sovereign state and with the JPSM secretariat;", "3.7.2 The exchange of information shall be through the SDBZ coordinating security mechanisms JPSM, JBVMM, JBVMS and JBVMTs secretariats and the two Embassies.", "3.8 Logistics and Funding. The cost of JPSM meetings, less for travel to the meeting which shall remain the responsibility of the sending States, will be met by the hosting government. In the event that a JPSM Meeting is held in a neutral location, it will be for the joint chairs to agree a funding mechanism with the host country before confirmation of the meeting location.", "3.9 All other costs of the JPSM, JBVMM, JBVMS and JBVMTs, less for the costs of external monitoring which will be met by the appropriate authority, will be the sole responsibility of the two states in equal proportion. The JPSM budget for the coming accounting (calendar) year will be agreed as a JPSM agenda item no later than 6 months before the beginning of the accounting year and ratified by the two sending governments no later than 3 months before the start of the accounting year.", "3.10 The budget for the remainder of the first accounting year will be estimated at by the preliminary JPSM; 50% of this sum will be deposited into each of two escrow accounts (to be administered by the 2 States) no later than 14 August. Any external donations and support will be held in an AU escrow account.", "3.11 The JPSM Secretariat will publish the actual expenditure against budget for the JPSM during the previous accounting year no later than one month after the end of the accounting year. The JPSM Secretariat will publish its annual budget forecast for the coming accounting year no later than 6 months before the beginning of the accounting year.", "4. Coordinating Instructions:", "4.1 Numbers, Composition and Locations. The Parties shall inform the JPSM secretariat before 14 August 2011 in advance of the first (preliminary) JPSM meeting of the number, composition and location of, and boundaries between the security elements to be deployed in the SDBZ. These details shall be ratified by the first meeting of the JPSM. Any subsequent changes to the numbers, composition, deployments and boundaries of the security elements to be deployed in the SDBZ are to be ratified by the JPSM.", "4.2 Small Arms/Light Weapons: The maximum calibre of weapons permissible within the SDBZ is 12.7 mm (0.5 inch). No other weapons, including mines and grenades, shall be deployed within the SDBZ. Weapons verified as unlawful by the JBVMM, JBVMS, JBVMTs shall be recorded, secured and handed over to the appropriate police authority pending JPSM directives on destruction.", "4.3 Border Demarcation: The JPSM will facilitate the work of the commission for demarcation of the border between the two sovereign states." ]

[ "2011年8月5日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨转递2011年7月30日苏丹政府和南苏丹政府在亚的斯亚贝巴签署的《苏丹政府与南苏丹政府关于边界监测支助团的协定》(见附件)。", "为评估联合国如何支持实施该协定，并为向安全理事会提出有关建议起见，谨告知你，我打算请联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队尽早对苏丹与南苏丹边界地区进行一次侦察。", "潘基文(签名)", "附件", "苏丹政府和南苏丹政府关于边界监测支助团的协定", "2011年7月30日，亚的斯亚贝巴", "1. 苏丹政府和南苏丹政府(下称“双方”)重申将奉行2011年6月29日于亚的斯亚贝巴签订的协定、以及2010年12月7日签订的关于联合政治和安全机制的协定附件2及2011年5月30日全国大会党/苏丹武装部队与苏丹人民解放运动/解放军之间签署的共同立场文件，并提出以下补充和修正：", "㈠ 对2010年12月7日签订的关于联合政治和安全机制的文件的修订：联合政治和安全机制的成员将扩大到包括两国外交部长和内政部长；联合外地委员会将改称联合边界核查监测机制，联合部门小组将改称联合边界核查监测部门，联合队部将改称联合边界核查监测小组，共同边界区将改称安全非军事化边界区。", "㈡ 在联合政治和安全机制第一次会议之前，双方联合法律委员会在非洲联盟高级别执行小组法律顾问的协助下，将编写一份综合文件，供联合政治和安全机制参考。", "2. 双方与部队指挥官商定布署兵力为300人的保护部队以提供一个充分的基础，直至部队指挥官根据2011年6月29日协定第5段提出有关建议。", "3. 双方一致认为, 联合边界核查监测机制的责任区应与安全非军事化边界区相符。安全非军事化边界区的中心线应为1956年1月1日边界线，争议地区除外。在争议地区获得最终解决之前，技术标界委员会在联合政治和安全机制第一次会议前提出并签署的地图上标明的共同行政边界应作为唯一依据。该地图应附于第1㈡段所述综合文件之中，以便遵行。", "4. 双方商定，双方将与联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队一道，按照2011年6月29日协定的规定，进行一次联合评估以确定：支助团总部的位置、区总部位置和数量；小组的位置和数量；以及为执行这些任务而分配的人员。评估的结果应提交联合政治和安全机制审议和批准。", "5. 部队指挥官也须在与双方协商的基础上进行一次侦察任务，以评估支助团的行动要求。", "6. 双方同意本协定附件A规定的任务。", "7. 双方应向联合政治和安全机制提交各自关于交通走廊的建议。", "8. 双方特此请求联合国核准关于边界监测支助团的协定，其中为联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队规定了其职责之外的下列额外任务：", "㈠ 提供部队保护", "㈡ 提供观察员", "㈢ 提供后勤和空中支助", "㈣ 提供国家观察员的住宿", "㈤ 高级观察员向联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队的部队指挥官报告", "9. 双方同意按照附件C所列的先前商定的议事规则为联合政治和安全机制作准备。", "10. 双方商定，联合政治和安全机制第一次会议将于2011年8月17日举行。联合政治和安全机制会议应在苏丹和南苏丹部之间轮流举行。第一次会议将在喀土穆举行。", "11. 在两个主权国家之间关系实现正常化之前，安全非军事化边界区和相关的边界管理机制是必要措施。因此，联合政治和安全机制需要每6个月对这些措施的必要性进行一次审查，并向总统提出关于有无必要继续这些措施的建议。", "12. 联合政治和安全机制第一次会议的拟议议程草案如下：", "㈠ 审议联合政治和安全机制的结构、规则和预算。", "㈡ 审议和通过联合委员会和联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队的建议。", "㈢ 联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队指挥官关于其评估获得结果的报告。", "㈣ 审议安全非军事化边界区的交通走廊。", "㈤ 任命联合边界核查监测机制，供双方核可。", "㈥ 商定安全非军事化边界区和相关安全机制的启动日期。", "㈦ 讨论安全非军事化边界区内的走廊。", "㈧ 联合政治和安全机制下一次会议的日期、时间、地点和议程。", "㈨ 任何其他事项", "附件：", "A. 边界监测支助团的任务", "B. 联合边界核查部门和联合边界核查监测小组", "C. 联合政治和安全机制议事规则", "2011年7月30日签署于亚的斯亚贝巴", "苏丹政府 南苏丹政府 \n伊斯马特·阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼·扎因·伊拉贝丁将军(签名) 保罗·马永·阿凯克中将阁下(签名) 证人 非洲联盟高级别执行小组 \n\t皮埃尔·布约亚(签名)", "附件A", "边界监测支助团的任务", "1. 协助确保遵守双方商定的安全承诺；", "2. 支助活动(核查、调查、监测、仲裁、培训、联络协调报告、信息交流、以及双方之间要求的安全非军事化边界区一线的巡逻)；", "3. 与联合边界核查监测机制、联合边界核查监测机制以及联合边界核查监测小组一起，支持控制小武器和轻武器在安全非军事化边界区内或越界的流通；", "4. 应双方要求，为边防警察和边界安全机制进行机构培训；", "5. 主持联合边界核查监测机制会议，并与双方签署联合边界核查监测机制的决定；", "6. 监督双方关于2011年5月30日《边界安全共同立场文件》所定义务的投诉；", "7. 协调规划、监测和核查2011年5月30日《边界安全共同立场文件》的实施；", "8. 接收、验证和解决违规、争端和投诉；", "9. 为双方之间的联络提供便利；", "10. 联合边界核查监测机制应保持必要的地理图表和绘图参考资料，待这些资料与两国间边界吻合后，应将之用于监测按照2011年6月29日《关于边界安全以及联合政治和安全机制的协定》第2段的规定进行实施的情况；", "11. 应联合政治和安全机制要求，协助、促进和帮助在安全非军事化边界区内对标界小组进行保护；", "12. 建立有效的双边管理机制能力；", "13. 协助建立相互信赖、信任和一个有利于长期稳定和经济发展的环境。", "附件B", "联合边界核查监测部门和联合边界核查监测小组的任务", "1. 联合边界核查监测部门的任务", "1.1.　在其管辖范围内统筹规划、监测和核查协定的实施。", "1.2.　一旦有任何一方代表向联合边界核查监测部门领导人提交了属于安全性质量的投诉，则责成联合边界核查监测小组监测、核查和报告安全非军事化边界区内的安全情况；", "1.3. 向联合边界核查监测机制提交一份由联合边界核查监测部门领导人和每一方的一名高级代表签署的报告，报告副本每一方各一份；", "1.4. 向联合边界核查监测机制和适当的警察当局报告非法持有的武器，以便予以没收。观察并记录这些武器的销毁工作并报告当地的争端。超出其权限的任何争端则转给联合边界核查监测机制。", "1.5. 联络并每两个星期或在必要时举行一次会议。", "1.6. 保持其管辖范围内的必要图表、以及地理资料和绘图参考资料，待这些资料与两国间边界吻合后，应将之用于监测本协定执行情况。", "1.7. 在其管辖范围内促进各自在两国所属单位之间的联络，并讨论有关问题，以便为联合边界核查监测机制议程提供更好的参考。", "2. 联合边界核查监测部门总部的组成：", "2.1. 每方(苏丹武装部队和苏丹人民解放军)两名军衔不低于中校的军官。", "2.2. 每方两名军衔不低于中校的警官。", "2.3. 每方两名军衔不低于中校的国家情报和安全局人员。", "2.4. 每方一名法律顾问。", "2.5. 由每方两名军官以及一名外部观察者/监测员组成的一个指挥所。", "2.6. 联合边界核查监测部门应在双方协商一致的基础上形成决定，并应制定其内部规章。", "3. 将至少设六个联合边界核查监测小组；但由于各区面积大小不一，双方同意各小组及其位置将由区指挥官在咨商联合边界核查监测机制和部队指挥官后决定，并须得到联合政治和安全机制批准。此外，若需要，也可以此方式设立小组，若不需要，则可以此方式予以解散。", "3.1. 小组的组成：每个小组的组成如下：每一方同等数目的代表； 组长(外部观察者)、苏丹武装部队和苏丹人民解放军各一名代表，以及各方一名警察代表、一名国家安全部门代表和一名法律顾问。就特定任务而言，若有必要，则可为联合边界核查监测小组配一名地方当局或社区的代表。可用车辆或飞机部署小组人员，小组可在整个安全非军事化边界区边界两侧自由移动，携带适当设备，包括相机，以履行其职能。", "3.1.1. 小组的任务：小组将联合开展下列行动：", "3.1.1.1. 根据要求在各自分区内进行巡逻和查访，以监视和报告安全非军事化边界区内的安全情况，以防止任何违反规定的行为并增进互信。", "3.1.1.2. 向联合边界核查监测部门报告非法持有的武器，以便进行进一步核查，从而确定非法武器是否有正当理由，并等待联合政治和安全机制的销毁指令。", "3.1.1.3. 仲裁地方争端。超出其权限的任何争端要提交给部门一级，若有必要则提交给联合边界核查监测机制，若有必要也可能提交给联合政治和安全机制。", "3.1.1.4. 一旦有任何一方代表向联合边界核查监测部门领导人提交了属于安全性质量的投诉，则责成联合边界核查监测小组监测、核实和向联合边界核查监测部门报告安全非军事化边界区内的安全情况。", "3.1.1.5. 向联合边界核查监测机制提交一份由联合边界核查监测部门领导人和每一方的一名高级代表签署的报告，报告副本每一方各一份；", "3.1.1.6. 联络并每两个星期或在必要时举行一次会议。", "4. 警察：", "4.1. 正式的边界口岸和交通走廊将由联合政治和安全机制第一次(初次)会议根据双方的建议确定，双方将在联合政治和安全机制第一次(初次)会议前向联合政治和安全机制秘书处提交建议；", "4.2. 应通过确定的过境点和走廊穿越安全非军事化边界区。", "4.3. 过境手续将按照两个主权国家正常的海关和移民规则和程序进行。", "附件C", "联合政治和安全机制议事规则", "1. 时间安排。联合政治和安全机制应每季度开会一次，但若发生任何问题，则可召集特别会议。联合边界核查监测机制应定期每月在支助团总部或在联合边界核查监测机制决定的任何其他地点举行一次会议。若情况需要，联合边界核查监测机制也可举行特别会议。", "2. 地点。联合政治和安全机制的地点将随其主席轮转，通常会在喀土穆和朱巴之间交替举行，但两位主席也可能商定在如下地点举行一次联合政治和安全机制会议：", "2.1 在接近安全非军事化边界区或其内的一地，条件是两位主席一致认为这可使联合政治和安全机制成员更好地把握议程项目；或", "2.2 在一中立地点，条件是得到东道国同意。", "3. 联合政治和安全机制秘书处。联合政治和安全机制秘书处将：", "3.1 包括8人，派出国各占一半。", "3.2 及时获得全面建立和适当装备，设两个办公室(喀土穆和朱巴)，以支持联合政治和安全机制第一次(初次)会议。每一办公室日常应配备4名工作人员，各由所在主权国家供资。但在每次联合政治和安全机制会议前或后，所有八名工作人员应集中在举行会议的办公室最多15天(确切期限由东道方的主席决定)，以便为该次会议提供支持。而在将按商定期限举行的联合政治和安全机制会议实际举行期间，所有八名工作人员须汇合一处。若会议在一个中立地点举行，联合政治和安全机制则将与东道国进行协调和联络。", "3.3 安全非军事化边界区国家边界安全机制以及联合政治和安全机制秘书处的经费由每一主权国家承担，国际元素由第三方提供支持。", "3.4 经费由两国各提供一半。", "3.5 任务。联合政治和安全机制秘书处将：", "3.5.1 协调联合政治和安全机制工作的各个方面，包括日常行政活动和联合政治和安全机制会议定期报告。", "3.5.2 在联合政治和安全机制会议前至少7天散发议程。", "3.5.3 在联合政治和安全机制会议后7天内起草会议纪要，供两位主席签字批准。", "3.5.4 在联合政治和安全机制会议的举行日期后14天内发布商定会议纪要。", "3.5.5 准备预算供联合政治和安全机制批准和问责", "3.6 新闻/媒体。所有与媒体的接触均将联合进行，且必须仅通过联合政治和安全机制主席或其指定的代言人进行。联合边界核查监测机制、联合边界核查监测部门和联合边界核查监测小组将把所有涉及媒体/公共信息的问题转给联合政治和安全机制。", "3.7 信息交流和联络。按照居里夫图总目标7，本着合作的精神，并为建立互信和减轻潜在的跨边界紧张局势起见，双方将建立：", "3.7.1 来自每一主权国的联合政治和安全机制成员之间的直接沟通渠道以及与联合政治和安全机制秘书处的沟通渠道；", "3.7.2 信息交流应通过安全非军事化边界区的协调安全机制、即联合政治和安全机制、联合边界核查监测机制、联合边界核查监测部门以及联合边界核查监测小组秘书处以及两国使馆进行。", "3.8 后勤和资金。联合政治和安全机制会议的费用，除应由派出国继续负责的出席会议的差旅费外，均将由东道国政府支付。若联合政治和安全机制会议是在一个中立地点举行，则联合主席将在确认会议地点前与东道国商定筹资机制。", "3.9 联合政治和安全机制、联合边界核查监测机制、联合边界核查监测部门和联合边界核查监测小组的所有其他费用，除应由有关当局负责的外部监测费用外，均将由两国按相等比例承担。联合政治和安全机制下一会计(公历)年的预算将不迟于会计年度开始前6个月作为联合政治和安全机制的议程项目商定，并由两派遣国政府不迟于会计年度开始前3个月予以批准。", "3.10 将在联合政治和安全机制初次会议上对第一会计年度剩余部分的预算作出估计；这笔款项的50％将至迟于8月14日分别存入两个代管账户(由两国分别管理)。任何外部捐赠和支助将存入一个非盟代管账户。", "3.11 联合政治和安全机制秘书处将至迟于上一会计年度结束后1个月内，公布上一会计年度联合政治和安全机制预算的实际支出情况。联合政治和安全机制秘书处将至迟于下一会计年度开始前6个月内公布下一会计年度的财政预算预测。", "4. 协调指示", "4.1 数目、组成和位置。双方应在2011年8月14日之前，在联合政治和安全机制第一次(初次)会议前提前向联合政治和安全机制秘书处通知其将要部署于安全非军事化边界区的安全部队的数目、组成和位置以及相互之间的边界。这些细节应由联合政治和安全机制第一次会议批准。此后，其将要部署于安全非军事化边界区的安全部队的数目、组成和位置以及相互之间的边界若有任何更改，则须得到联合政治和安全机制批准。", "4.2 小武器/轻武器：安全非军事化边界区允许的最大武器口径是12.7毫米(0.5英寸)。其他任何武器，包括地雷和手榴弹均不得部署于安全非军事化边界区之内。对由联合边界核查监测机制、联合边界核查监测部门及联合边界核查监测小组核实为非法的武器应予以记录、保管并移交给适当的警察机关，以待联合政治和安全机制的销毁指令。", "4.3 边界划定：联合政治和安全机制将促进两个主权国间边界标界委员会的工作。" ]

[ "2011年8月5日秘书长给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及所附2011年7月30日苏丹政府和南苏丹政府签署的《边界监测支助团协定》(见附件)。", "为了评估联合国如何能够支持执行这项协定,并为了向安全理事会提供这方面的建议,我谨通知你,我打算请联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)尽快在苏丹和南苏丹边界沿线进行侦察。", "潘基文(签名)", "页:1", "苏丹政府和南苏丹政府关于边界监测支助团的协定", "2011年7月30日,亚的斯亚贝巴", "1. 联合国 苏丹政府和南苏丹政府(下称 \" 双方 \" )重申致力于2011年6月29日在亚的斯亚贝巴签署的、由2010年12月7日关于联合政治和安全机制的《附件2》和2011年5月30日全国大会党/苏丹武装部队与苏丹人民解放运动/解放军签署的《共同立场文件》补充的协定,并补充如下:", "(一) 对2010年12月7日联合政治和安全机制文件的修正:联合政治和安全机制的成员将扩大到包括两国的外交部长和内政部长;提及联合实地委员会将成为联合边界核查监测机制,联合区小组将成为联合边界核查监测部门,联合队部将成为联合边界核查监测小组,并提及共同边界区将成为非军事化边境安全区。", "(二) 在联合政治和安全机制第一次会议之前,由非盟高级别执行小组法律顾问协助的各方联合法律委员会将编写一份综合文件,供联合政治和安全机制参考。", "2. 联合国 在部队指挥官根据2011年6月29日协议第5段提出建议之前,双方同意部队指挥官给予300名部队保护,以此作为充分的基础。", "3个 双方同意,联合边界核查和监测机制的责任区应与非军事化边界安全区相对应。 除商定的有争议地区外,安全非军事化区中心线为1/1/56分界线。 在争端地区最终解决之前,联合政治和安全机制第一次会议之前由技术标界委员会制作并签署的地图所反映的共同行政边界线应作为唯一参考。 该地图应附在第1(二)款中提到的综合文件之后,以便操作。", " 4.四. 双方同意,双方将与联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)根据2011年6月29日协议的规定,开展联合评估任务,以确定:特派团总部地点;区总部地点和数目;小组地点和数目;以及分配执行这些任务的人员。 评估团的结果应提交联合政治和安全机制审议并核准。", "5 (韩语). 部队指挥官还应同双方协商,执行侦察任务,以评估特派团的行动需要。", "6. 国家 双方同意本协定附件A规定的任务.", "7. 联合国 双方应向联合政治和安全机制提交关于行动走廊的建议。", "8. 联合国 双方特此请联合国核准关于边界监测支助团的协定,并核准联阿安全部队任务外的下列额外任务:", "(一) 提供部队保护", "(二) 提供观察员", "(三) 提供后勤和空中支助", "(四) 为国家观察员提供住宿", "(五) 高级观察员向联阿安全部队指挥官报告", "9. 国家 缔约方同意按照附件C中先前商定的议事规则为联合政治和安全机制作准备。", "10个 双方商定,联合政治和安全机制第一次会议将于2011年8月17日举行。 联合政治和安全机制的会议由苏丹和南苏丹轮流举行。 第一次会议将在喀土穆举行。", "11个 在两个主权国家建立正常关系之前,非军事化边界安全区和相关边界管理机制都是必要的措施。 因此,联合政治和安全机制应每六个月审查这些措施的必要性,以期就是否有必要继续下去向总统提出建议。", "12个 联合政治和安全机制第一次会议的拟议议程草案如下:", "(一) 审议联合政治和安全机制的结构、规则和预算。", "(二) 审议和通过联合委员会和联阿安全部队的建议。", "(三) 联阿安全部队促进委员会关于其评估团结果的报告。", "(四) 审议在非军事化边界区的行动走廊。", "(五) 任命联合边界核查和监测机制,由双方核准。", "(六) 商定临时安全区和有关安全机制的发射日期。", "(七) 关于非军事化边界区内走廊的讨论。", "(八) 下一个联合政治和安全机制的日期、时间、地点和议程。", "(九) 任何其他事项。", "附 录", "A类. 边界监测支助特派团的任务", "B. 联合边界核查部门和联合边界核查小组的任务", "C. 联合政治和安全机制的议事规则", "2011年7月30日在亚的斯亚贝巴签署", "(签名)", "伊斯马特·阿卜杜勒拉赫曼将军 扎因·埃拉布丁 保罗·马约姆·阿凯克中将阁下", "苏丹政府 南苏丹政府", "皮埃尔·布约亚(签名)", "附件A 边界监测支助团的任务", "1. 联合国 协助确保遵守双方商定的安全承诺;", "2. 联合国 支助活动(核查、调查、监测、仲裁、培训、联络协调报告、信息交流和双方沿非军事化边界区巡逻);", "3个 支持控制小武器和轻武器在非军事化边界区内部和之间的流通,包括联合边界核查和监测机制、联合边界核查和监测机制、联合边界核查和监测机制。", " 4.四. 应双方要求,对边境警察和边境安全机制进行机构培训;", "5 (韩语). 主持联合边界核查和监测机制的会议并与缔约方签署联合边界核查和监测机制的决定;", "6. 国家 监督双方对2011年5月30日《边界安全联合立场文件》义务的投诉;", "7. 联合国 协调规划、监测和核查2011年5月30日边界安全联合立场文件的执行情况;", "8. 联合国 接收、核实和解决侵权行为、争端和投诉;", "9. 国家 促进缔约方之间的联络;", "10个 联合边界核查和监测机制应保持必要的地理和制图参考图,一旦同意两国之间的边界,就将用于根据2011年6月29日《边界安全协定》和联合政治和安全机制第2段监测执行情况;", "11个 根据联合政治和安全机制的要求,协助、便利和协助保护临时安全区内的标界小组;", "12个 建立有效双边管理机制的能力;", "13个 协助建立相互信任、信任和鼓励长期稳定和经济发展的环境。", "页:1", "联合边界核查和监测部门和联合边界核查小组的任务", "1. 联合国 JBVMS 任务 :", "1.1 协调规划、监测和核查协定在其管辖范围内的执行情况。", "1.2 国家 根据任何一方代表向联合边界核查和监测机制领导人提出的安全性质的投诉,联合边界核查和监测机制的任务是监测、核查和报告非军事化边界安全区内的安全情况。", "1.3 向联合边界核查和监测机制提交一份报告,由联合边界核查和监测机制领导人和各方高级代表签署,并附上报告副本。", "1.4 向联合边界核查和监测机制和有关警察当局报告非法持有武器的情况,以供没收。 观察并记录其破坏情况并报告地方纠纷. 任何超出其权限的纠纷,将提交联合边界核查和监测机制。", "1.5 联络并每两周并在必要时举行会议。", "1.6 在其管辖区内维持必要的海图、图形和制图参考,一旦同意成为两国之间的边界,就应用于监测本协定的执行情况。", "1.7 便利其在两国管辖范围内的母单位之间的联络,并讨论相关问题,以更好地为联合边界核查和监测机制的议程提供信息。", "2. 联合国 JBVMS 总部组成:", "2.1 国家 苏丹武装部队和苏丹人民解放军各有两名军官,级别不少于中校。", "2.2 国家 双方各有两名警员,警衔不低于中校或等同人员.", "第2.3条 各有两名国家情报和安全局官员,级别不低于中校。", "2.4 国家 双方各一名法律顾问。", "2.5 国家 1个指挥所,由双方2名军官和1名外部观察员/监察员组成。", "2.6 国家 两个联合边界核查管理系统应以缔约方协商一致的方式作出决定并制订其内部条例。", "3. JBVMT(团队): 至少有6个小组;但是,鉴于各区的规模不同,双方同意,小组的数目及其地点由区指挥官同联合边界核查和监测机制和部队指挥官协商并征得联合政治和安全机制批准后确定。 此外,如有需要,可采用这种方式建立小组,或解散不再需要的小组。", "3.1 团队组成: 每个小组由各方同等人数的代表组成;小组组长(外部观察员)、苏丹武装部队和苏丹解放军各一名代表、警察一名代表、国家安全一名代表和各方一名法律顾问。 如有必要,地方当局或社区的代表将加入联合边界核查小组。 各小组将部署在车辆或空中,可自由在边界两侧的非军事化边界区各地行动,并配备适当的设备,包括相机。", "3.1.1 国家 团队任务: 各小组将共同采取行动:", "3.1.1.1 监测和报告安全非军事化边界区内的安全情况,根据需要在各自区进行巡逻和访问,以预防任何违规行为并增强建立信任。", "3.1.1.2 (中文(简体) ). 向联合边界核查监测部门报告非法持有武器的情况,以便进行更多的核查,为非法武器辩解并等待联合政治和安全机制的销毁指示。", "3.1.1.3 对地方争端的仲裁。 任何超出其权限的纠纷,将升至部门一级,如有必要,将升至联合边界核查和监测机制,必要时再由后者提交联合边界核查和监测机制。", "3.1.1.4 (中文(简体) ). 一旦双方代表向联合边界核查和监测机制领导人提出安全性质的投诉,联合边界核查和监测机制领导人将责成联合边界核查和监测机制监测、核查和向联合边界核查和监测机制报告安全区内的安全局势。", "3.1.1.5 (中文(简体) ). 向联合边界核查和监测机制提交一份报告,由联合边界核查和监测机制领导人和每个政党的高级代表签署,并附上报告副本。", "3.1.1.6 (中文(简体) ). 每周必要时联络并举行会议。", " 4.四. 牡诡:", "4.1 官方过境点和流动走廊将由联合政治和安全机制第一次会议(初步)根据两个缔约方的建议决定,在联合政治和安全机制第一次会议(初步)之前提供给联合政治和安全机制秘书处;", "4.2 (中文(简体) ). 临时安全区的过境应通过确定的过境点和走廊。", "4.3 边界过境程序将按照两个主权国家的正常海关和移民规则和程序进行。", "页:1", "联合政治和安全机制议事规则", "1. 联合国 时相. 联合政治和安全机制每季度召开一次会议,但在发生任何问题时可召开特别会议。 联合边界核查和监测机制应每月定期在特派团总部或在联合边界核查和监测机制决定的任何其他地点举行会议。 联合边界核查和监测机制也可在情况需要时紧急召开会议。", "2. 地点。 联合政治和安全机制的地点将与其主席轮换,通常在喀土穆和朱巴之间轮流;不过,两位主席可能同意举行联合政治和安全机制会议:", "2.1 国家 (一) 在靠近非军事化边界区或其内部的地区,如果他们同意这将使联合政治和安全机制成员更好地了解某一议程项目;或", "2.2 国家 在一个经东道国同意的中立地点。", "3个 联合政治和安全机制秘书处。 联合政治和安全机制秘书处将:", "3.1 包括8名来自派遣国的人员。", "3.2 国家 充分建立并适当装备和安置在两个办事处(喀土穆和朱巴),以支持联合政治和安全机制第一次会议(初步会议)。 每个办事处通常由4名工作人员驻守,由每个主权国家供资。 然而,所有8名工作人员应集中力量在联合政治和安全机制会议日期的任何一方举行为期最长为15天的联合政治和安全机制会议的办公室(具体会期由主办主席决定),以便为联合政治和安全机制会议的会议时间提供支助,所有8名工作人员将聚集在一起,参加将在商定时间内举行的联合政治和安全机制会议。 如果在中立地点举行会议,联合政治和安全机制将与东道国进行协调和联络。", "3.3 国家 独立边界安全机制和联合政治和安全机制秘书处的经费是每个主权国家在第三三党支助下为国际人员承担的全部责任。", "3.4 国家 由两个州在50/50的基础上提供资金。", "3.5 (中文(简体) ). 任务 联合政治和安全机制秘书处将:", "3.5.1 协调联合政治和安全机制工作的所有方面,包括日常行政活动和联合政治和安全机制会议的定期报告。", "3.5.2 (中文(简体) ). 至少在联合政治和安全机制会议前7天分发议程。", "3.5.3 联合政治和安全机制会议纪要草稿,供两主席在联合政治和安全机制会议后7天内签署。", "3.5.4 在各自会议日期后14天内公布联合政治和安全机制的商定记录。", "3.5.5 为联合政治和安全机制的批准和问责编制预算报告。", "3.6 新闻/媒体。 与媒体的所有接触均由联合政治和安全机制主席或其指定发言人联合进行。 JBVMM、JBVMS和JBVMT将把所有媒体/新闻问题提交联合政治和安全机制。", "3.7 信息交流和联络。 本着库里夫图总目标7和合作的精神,并为了建立信任并缓和潜在的跨界紧张局势,双方将:", "3.7.1 国家 各主权国家联合政治和安全机制成员之间以及与联合政治和安全机制秘书处的直接联系;", "3.7.2 (中文(简体) ). 情报的交换应通过非军事化边境安全区协调安全机制JPSM、JBVMM、JBVMS和JBVMT秘书处以及两个大使馆进行。", "3.8 后勤和筹资。 联合政治和安全机制会议的费用由东道国政府支付,减少出席仍由派遣国负责的会议的旅费。 如果联合政治和安全机制会议在一个中立地点举行,将由联合主席在确认会议地点之前同东道国商定一个筹资机制。", "3.9 (中文(简体) ). 联合政治和安全机制、联合边界核查和监测机制、联合边界核查和监测机制以及联合边界核查和监测机制的所有其他费用,减去由有关当局承担的外部监测费用后,将由两国同等比例承担全部责任。 下个会计年度(日历)的联合政治和安全机制预算将至迟于会计年度开始前6个月作为联合政治和安全机制议程项目商定,并至迟于会计年度开始前3个月由两个派出国政府批准。", "3.10 请检查url=值 (帮助) 第一个会计年度所余时间的预算将由初步联合政治和安全机制估算;其中50%将至迟于8月14日存入两个代管账户(由两个国家管理)。 任何外部捐款和支助将存入非盟代管账户。", "3.11 联合国 联合政治和安全机制秘书处将不晚于会计年度结束后一个月内公布联合政治和安全机制上一会计年度预算的实际支出。 联合政治和安全机制秘书处将不迟于会计年度开始前6个月公布下一会计年度的年度预算预测。", " 4.四. 协调指示:", "4.1 数字、构成和地点。 双方应在2011年8月14日前,在联合政治和安全机制第一次会议(初步)召开之前,向联合政治和安全机制秘书处通报拟部署在非军事化边界区的安全人员的数目、组成和地点以及边界。 这些细节将由联合政治和安全机制第一次会议批准。 其后在非军事化边界区部署的安保人员的人数、组成、部署和边界的任何变化,将由联合政治和安全机制批准。", "4.2 小武器/轻武器: 非军事化边界区内允许的武器最大口径为12.7毫米(0.5英寸)。 在非军事化边界区内不得部署任何其他武器,包括地(水)雷和手榴弹。 联合边界核查和监测机制、联合边界核查和监测机制、联合边界核查和监测机制核实为非法的武器,应在联合边界核查和监测机制发出销毁指示之前予以记录、保管并移交有关警察当局。", "4.3 边界划定: 联合政治和安全机制将促进两个主权国家之间划界委员会的工作。" ]

[ "President:\tMr. Hardeep Singh Puri\t(India) \nMembers:\tBosnia and Herzegovina\tMr. Barbalić\n Brazil Mrs. Dunlop \n China Mr. Yang Tao \n Colombia Mr. Alzate \n France Mr. Briens \n Gabon Mr. Messone \n Germany Mr. Berger \n Lebanon Ms. Ziade \n Nigeria Mr. Amieyeofori \n Portugal Mr. Cabral \n Russian Federation Mr. Zhukov \n South Africa Mr. Sangqu \n\tUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\tMr. Parham\n United States of America Ms. Rice", "Agenda", "The situation in Somalia", "The meeting was called to order at 10.05 a.m.", "Adoption of the agenda", "The agenda was adopted.", "The situation in Somalia", "The President: Under rule 37 of the Security Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite the representative of Somalia to participate in this meeting.", "Under rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Mr. Augustine Mahiga, Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Somalia, to participate in this meeting.", "I welcome Special Representative Mahiga, who is joining this meeting via video-teleconference from Mogadishu.", "Under rule 39 of the Council’s provisional rules of procedure, I invite Ms. Catherine Bragg, Assistant Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Deputy Emergency Relief Coordinator, to participate in this meeting.", "The Security Council will now begin its consideration of the item on its agenda.", "I now give the floor to Mr. Augustine Mahiga.", "Mr. Mahiga: I congratulate you, Mr. President, on your assumption of the presidency on behalf of your country, India. I wish also to thank you, Sir, for giving me this opportunity to brief members of the Security Council on the latest developments in the Somalia peace process. I would also like to thank the Council for its continued support for the peace process in Somalia. This is moment of both great challenge and great opportunity for Somalia and for the international community.", "At this historic juncture, I am particularly gratified to be addressing the Council once again from Mogadishu. I have just met today with the leadership of the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) and the Mogadishu business leaders. We discussed how we can work together and reinforce our shared commitment to a peaceful and stable Somalia.", "The humanitarian situation in Somalia and the region in general is uppermost in our minds. The scale of humanitarian suffering is immense. The international community is mobilizing and trying to meet this remarkable challenge. Recent security developments in Mogadishu, which have unfolded at breathtaking speed, have likewise provided us with a unique opportunity and a set of very grave risks. There is a chance for real progress if we can mobilize the support necessary to capitalize on this moment.", "On the political side, we have reached a critical juncture as well. The signing, on 9 June, of the Kampala Accord by President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden, Speaker of the Transition Federal Parliament, ended the five-month political stalemate between the executive and the legislature on the way forward. By deferring the elections for one year and providing for the establishment of a road map with clear benchmarks, timelines and compliance mechanisms for the implementation of priority transitional tasks, the Kampala Accord sets us on a new forward trajectory in the peace process.", "I am also encouraged by the timely manner in which the Accord has been implemented so far. In a show of statesmanship, former Prime Minister Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed resigned his post on 19 June, 20 days ahead of the deadline provided for in the Accord. His successor, Prime Minister Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, was overwhelmingly endorsed by Parliament on 28 June, five days after his appointment by President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed.", "On 11 July, the Parliament overwhelmingly endorsed the Kampala Accord, in effect receiving a three-year extension in conformity with the one-year extension of the Government. On 20 July, the new Prime Minister appointed a new, lean Cabinet of 18 ministers. I am heartened to note that all of these developments have taken place ahead of the timelines envisaged in the Accord.", "This is a critical moment in the Somali peace process, and for Somalia itself. We are beginning to undertake the substantive work of implementing the road map, which outlines the key tasks to be accomplished in the next 12 months. This phase will begin with the adoption of the road map at a consultative meeting on ending the transition in Somalia, which, after some unfortunate delays, will now be held from 4 to 6 September.", "The preparatory committee, chaired by the United Nations Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS), is completing its work. This morning, the committee discussed the details of a meeting here in Mogadishu chaired by the Prime Minister and held in the presence of the newly appointed Cabinet. The adoption of the road map will give the people of Somalia much-needed ownership of the process and will send a clear signal that real political progress is finally within our grasp.", "The unequivocal support and attention of the international community in this time of crisis will be especially crucial in order to solidify and guarantee the progress already achieved. The international community must be ready to provide tangible support to the political, humanitarian and security tracks. At the same time, we will put in place a high-level regular initiative to monitor compliance and make it clear to the TFIs that there will be consequences for obstruction and inaction.", "The recent and unexpected withdrawal of the Al‑Shabaab insurgent group from Mogadishu is likewise a significant event that presents both great opportunities and, again, new challenges. For the first time in years, the TFG has the prospect of exercising authority over the whole of Mogadishu, which is a welcome development that, if managed effectively, will expedite political gains and the delivery of much-needed humanitarian assistance to the thousands of internally displaced persons (IDPs) who have travelled to Mogadishu in a desperate attempt to escape the devastating famine.", "Although Al-Shabaab has described the retreat as only a tactical manoeuvre, the truth remains that Al‑Shabaab has been compelled to retreat from Mogadishu. Here I pay tribute to the forces of the TFG and the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) for their hard work and sacrifice in pushing back the insurgents. Al-Shabaab’s withdrawal is the culmination of a number of factors, including the pressure that those forces have steadily brought to bear on the insurgents.", "But it is vital to highlight here that significant dangers remain as well. The TFG and AMISOM both have limited resources to exploit the opportunity presented by the withdrawal of Al-Shabaab. Pockets of Al-Shabaab remain in Mogadishu, the security situation remains precarious, and the insurgents are likely to resort to terrorist attacks and guerrilla tactics targeting the TFG and AMISOM forces and, unfortunately, even the internally displaced and other civilians.", "The insurgents’ sudden withdrawal from Mogadishu and the rapid spread of famine have radically changed our planning horizon. Events we had anticipated coming to pass in a year or 18 months are happening right now. It is essential, in that regard, for the TFIs to remain united and coherent, and that they put in place basic administrative structures and promote law and order in areas under their control. Without immediate action to fill this gap, a real danger exists that the warlords and their militia groups will move forward to fill the vacuum created by Al‑Shabaab’s departure. The TFG should immediately assume a coordinating role in order to bring local militia under its authority.", "We also must encourage and assist the revival of economic activities in Mogadishu, especially in the Bakara market, the beating commercial heart of the city that, as recently as last week, was under the control of the insurgents. As I said, I met today with a group of Somali business leaders and I was very encouraged by what I heard. They are ready to do their part, and we should help.", "I am pleased to inform the Council that the TFG’s National Security Council met and created a Mogadishu security plan through which the Government is defining its priorities, including its resource requirements. The plan calls for the Somali Police Force, rather than its military personnel, to occupy the areas vacated by the insurgents. I call on the international community to expedite the building of the capacities of the Somali Police Force to allow this institution to protect, inter alia, the increasing number of IDPs in Mogadishu. As Somali police deploy in the recently recovered areas, we must expedite the deployment of AMISOM police personnel and equipment so that they complement the efforts of the Somali police in protecting civilians and promoting the rule of law.", "In UNPOS, we are adjusting to respond to the new situation and to meet such new challenges. We originally anticipated that Mogadishu would be stabilized within roughly a year, but we are now revising our planning to focus on the immediate. We are now actively planning for an expanded United Nations presence inside Somalia, rather than the light footprint that we had envisaged. It is thus critical to the Mission that we secure the logistical support, including the fast-track construction of permanent facilities, to pave the way for the deployment of additional staff in Somalia, especially in Mogadishu. An additional guard force, under AMISOM, must be dedicated to providing protection and facilitating movement for United Nations staff in Mogadishu. It is vital and is an immediate requirement.", "I ask the Council to seriously consider bringing forward the proposed guard force with the resources that are available and all that it entails in order to ensure that AMISOM can successfully meet those new challenges and adapt to the new reality on the ground in Mogadishu.", "Central to our strategy will be the augmentation of AMISOM’s capabilities, including personnel, logistics, mobility, aviation and unexploded ordnance disposal. The force is now being asked to perform a series of additional complex tasks, such as the protection of IDPs, the consolidation of vacated positions and the facilitation of humanitarian assistance. The AMISOM Force Commander, who is sitting here on my right, faces a dilemma over the deployment of his forces to a much larger area of cooperation without the key enablers or the full complement of Security Council-authorized troops. Significantly, the additional demands of the humanitarian community to protect and assist with the delivery of humanitarian aid also stretch the Mission’s limited resources.", "Significant gaps in the United Nations support package to AMISOM still exist. The force requires adequate, predictable and sustainable funding to cover self-sustainment, which includes the most basic, yet essential, life-support items and services integral to supporting all peace operations. I appeal to the Council to consider expanding the support package for AMISOM to cover some of the critical categories of self-sustainment and to look at the issue of the funding of contingent-owned equipment.", "I am gravely concerned, as we all are, by the humanitarian tragedy that is unfolding before our eyes. Nearly half of the Somali population — 3.7 million people — is now in care and directly at risk due to the famine. Tens of thousands have already perished. Most of the vulnerable reside in the south of the country. As our humanitarian partners predicted, famine is spreading further in south and central Somalia, and the other regions are now designated famine zones. In parts of Lower Shabelle and in the settlements of internally displaced persons in and around Mogadishu, more than 13 out of 10,000 children under 5 years of age die every day as a result of malnutrition and famine-related diseases. That means that 10 per cent of children under 5 die every 11 weeks. Those figures are truly heart-wrenching. I hope that we can collectively view them as nothing less than a call to immediate action.", "Indeed, it is not too late to act. Every day counts. I strongly urge members of the Council to appeal to their own Governments and to the international community to generously support the humanitarian relief operation currently under way in Somalia. We need approximately $1 billion for Somalia, channelled through our Consolidated Appeals Process, to avert a further worsening of the emergency. So far, we have received less than 50 per cent of that sum. Our humanitarian partners are working tirelessly and stand ready to further scale up their operations. However, our efforts must focus on reaching all of those in urgent need wherever they are in Somalia.", "I appeal to all opposition groups in Somalia to lay down their arms during the peace process and to allow aid agencies to access all Somalis in dire need of assistance.", "As I have said a number of times, this is an extraordinary moment for Somalia. There are both great opportunities for progress and huge risks and challenges to be overcome. Now is the time for the international community to demonstrate its commitment and to step forward and robustly support the peace process immediately on all fronts. The Somali people simply cannot wait any longer.", "The President: I thank Mr. Mahiga for his briefing.", "I now give the floor to Ms. Catherine Bragg.", "Ms. Bragg: I thank the Council for the opportunity to brief its members this morning on the humanitarian situation in Somalia.", "Since our last briefing of 26 July, the magnitude of the crisis has become even greater. A little less than two weeks ago, the United Nations declared a famine in two regions in Somalia and warned that urgent action needed to be taken to prevent famine from spreading further. On 3 August, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit announced that famine thresholds had been surpassed in the three additional areas of southern Somalia, in Middle Shabelle, the Afgoye corridor internally displaced persons (IDPs) settlement and the Mogadishu IDP community.", "Nationwide, 3.7 million people are in crisis, with 3.2 million people in need of immediate life-saving assistance, of whom 2.8 million are in south-central Somalia. That is twice the entire population of Manhattan. Children are the most affected by the crisis, and an estimated 1.25 million children across southern Somalia are in urgent need of life-saving assistance. Tens of thousands of children have already died, and many more will die in the coming days unless aid is provided to them.", "The under-five mortality rate is higher than 4 per 10,000 per day in all areas of the south, peaking at 13 per 10,000 per day in the riverine and agro-pastoral areas of Lower Shabelle and among Afgoye and Mogadishu IDPs. Let me illustrate what 13 per 10,000 per day actually means. It means that by the time I go to bed tonight, 13 people, six of whom would be under 5 years of age, would have died, and tomorrow 13 will also die. That will continue the day after that unless we can reverse the trend. And this is only in one community of 10,000. As we all know, the IDP community is a great deal larger than that in the famine area.", "According to the Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit, the current situation represents the most severe humanitarian crisis in the world today, and Africa’s worst food security crisis since Somalia’s famine of 1991 and 1992. We have not yet seen the peak of the crisis, as further deterioration is considered likely given the very high levels of both severe acute malnutrition and under-five mortality in combination with an expectation of a continued increase in local cereal prices and a below-average rainy season harvest.", "The drought crisis has generated displacement on a large scale within Somalia, as well as refugee outflows into Kenya and Ethiopia. An estimated 100,000 people, fleeing drought and famine, have reached Mogadishu over the past two months alone in search of food, water and shelter. In addition to the 370,000 people who were already displaced to the capital, to date the overall number of IDPs in Somalia is estimated at 1.5 million. An estimated 410,000 IDPs are located in the 15 kilometre stretch of road in the Afgoye corridor outside Mogadishu.", "Since 1 August, an estimated 1,500 Somali refugees have crossed the border into Kenya on a daily basis. In Ethiopia, the number of refugees has decreased from over 1,000 to an average of 270 people a day.", "A massive multisectoral response is critical to prevent additional deaths and total livelihood and social collapse. Health interventions are as important as the provision of food aid or therapeutic feeding, in particular since, with the start of the rains in October, the risk of epidemic disease due to a lack of access to potable water is likely to increase.", "In recent weeks, some progress has been made in scaling up the response. For example, on 4 August, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) announced the increase of its emergency operations in central and southern Somalia to assist more than 1 million people affected by drought and conflict. The ICRC has been the only organization allowed to conduct food distribution in Al-Shabaab areas since the suspension of World Food Programme (WFP) operations in January 2010.", "In areas under the control of Al-Shabaab, the United Nations and its partners continue to negotiate access with local authorities and communities to reach new areas and move closer to the people affected. In July, following assessment missions to two newly accessible areas in the Gedo area, where spontaneous settlements are springing up due to the increased movement of people, we have seen an increase in the delivery of life-saving assistance to the most needy, including, for example, a wet-feeding programme providing 25,000 meals per day for five days, starting 2 August.", "UNICEF is boosting its supply pipeline to support the existing supplementary feeding centres, stabilization centres and therapeutic feeding centres. Blanket supplementary feeding is meanwhile scheduled to start this week, with priority given to operations in famine-affected regions, including in Lower Shabelle. Supplies will assist an estimated 154,000 people.", "Since 27 July, 97 tons of supplies have been airlifted to Mogadishu, Gedo and Lower Juba to treat some 34,000 malnourished children under five years of age for one month. High-energy biscuits have also been airlifted to the areas of Gedo and Lower Juba to feed 60,000 people.", "Emergency measles campaigns targeting more than 72,000 children aged six months to 15 years are under way in accessible districts in the Gedo region, while negotiations are under way with local authorities to secure access to additional areas. A measles vaccination campaign targeting 40,000 children under five years of age was completed in Mogadishu. Furthermore, a health campaign targeting 215,000 children under five years of age with measles and polio vaccines was carried out along the Somali-Kenyan border.", "Across southern and central Somalia, sanitation activities have reached almost 340,000 people. Water interventions, such as borehole rehabilitation and water trucking, have reached over 817,000 people.", "In Mogadishu this week, an Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees airlift carrying 31 tons of shelter material and some 2,500 emergency assistance packages for thousands of displaced people landed in the capital, for the first time in five years.", "However, humanitarian operations in Mogadishu remain complex, and the scaling up of activities is not a quick endeavour. Humanitarian actors are still assessing the implications of the withdrawal of Al‑Shabaab from Mogadishu. It remains unclear if this move is a complete pull-out or a change of tactics on the part of Al-Shabaab, or how this new scenario will affect overall security and our ability to deliver humanitarian aid.", "Furthermore, the capacity of the local civilian administration in supporting the delivery of aid and ensuring the security of IDP sites remains weak. Last Friday, for example, 10 people were shot dead at an IDP site in the area under the control of the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) and the African Union Mission in Somalia, when local clan militias attempted to loot resources destined for IDPs.", "Earlier this week, on 8 August, the Humanitarian Coordinator met with the Prime Minister in Mogadishu, together with the Department of Safety and Security, WFP, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), to discuss the scaling up of the humanitarian programme and improving security at IDP sites.", "Last week, the TFG created the Disaster Management Agency (DMA) to coordinate the provision of humanitarian assistance. The Prime Minister reassured the United Nations delegation that the Government would be able to negotiate secure access to assist delivery in the camps. However, technical support will still be required, and OCHA is now following up with DMA to improve information-sharing on the delivery of assistance.", "At the current juncture, it is of paramount importance that the capacity of the local administration be strengthened to allow proper coordination between the humanitarian community and the Government and ensure that the Government fully discharges its responsibilities with regard to the protection of the civilian population.", "I would like to conclude my statement with some remarks on the funding situation of humanitarian programmes. To date, the United Nations Consolidated Appeal for Somalia is funded at 46 per cent. Humanitarian partners still require more than $560 million for life-saving assistance. In the region, we still urgently need $1.3 billion to save lives. Donors have committed more than $1 billion to the response so far, and continue to pledge more. We are very grateful, especially in these difficult economic times. But the magnitude of human suffering in Somalia today demands more.", "Despite the difficulty of operating in one of the most conflict-riven countries in the world, we cannot let people down. Our response must be scaled up, and the resources to support that effort must be provided.", "Every day counts. We believe that tens of thousands have already died. Hundreds of thousands face imminent starvation and death. We can act to prevent further loss of life and ensure the survival of those who are on the brink of death.", "A massive multisectoral response to save lives in the immediate term and rebuild livelihoods in the medium-short term are critical. We will continue to appeal to donors to provide the resources needed to respond to the crisis. We expect assistance needs to continue for the rest of this year, if not longer.", "As we have stressed over recent weeks, this is the most severe food crisis emergency in the world right now. We must treat it with the urgency it demands.", "The President: I thank Ms. Bragg for her briefing.", "There are no further speakers inscribed on my list. I now invite Council members to informal consultations to continue our discussion on the subject.", "The meeting rose at 10.40 a.m." ]

[ "主席： 曼吉夫·辛格·普里先生 (印度) \n 成员： 波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 巴尔巴利奇先生 \n 巴西 邓洛普夫人 \n 中国 杨涛先生 \n 哥伦比亚 阿尔萨特先生 \n 法国 布里安先生 \n 加蓬 梅索尼先生 \n 德国 贝格尔先生 \n 黎巴嫩 齐亚德女士 \n 尼日利亚 阿米耶奥弗利先生 \n 葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生 \n 俄罗斯联邦 茹科夫先生 \n 南非 桑库先生 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 帕勒姆先生 \n 美利坚合众国 赖斯女士", "议程项目", "索马里局势", "上午10时05分开会。", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "索马里局势", "主席(以英语发言)：根据安全理事会暂行议事规则第37条，我邀请索马里代表参加本次会议。", "根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请负责索马里问题的秘书长特别代表奥古斯丁·马希格先生参加本次会议。", "我欢迎马希格特别代表在摩加迪沙以电视会议方式参加本次会议。", "根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条，我邀请主管人道主义事务助理秘书长兼紧急救济副协调员凯瑟琳·布拉格女士参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我现在请奥古斯丁·马希格先生发言。", "马希格先生(以英语发言)：主席先生，我祝贺你代表贵国印度担任安理会主席。主席先生，我还愿感谢你给我这一机会向安理会成员通报索马里和平进程中的最新事态发展。我也要感谢安理会持续不断地支持索马里和平进程。对索马里和国际社会来说，这一时刻既是巨大的挑战，又是极佳的机会。", "在这一历史关头，我特别高兴能再次从摩加迪沙向安理会做通报。我今天刚刚与过渡联邦机构领导层和摩加迪沙商界领袖会面。我们讨论了我们如何能够共同努力和坚定我们的共同承诺，以建立一个和平、稳定的索马里。", "我们头脑里最重要的是索马里和整个区域的人道主义局势。人道主义苦难深重。国际社会正动员起来，努力应对这一严峻挑战。最近在摩加迪沙以惊人速度出现的安全事态发展，既给我们带来了独特的机遇，也产生了一系列非常严重的风险。如果我们能调集利用这一时机所需的支助，就有可能取得真正的进展。", "在政治方面，我们也处于紧要关头。6月9日，过渡联邦政府总统谢赫谢里夫·谢赫·艾哈迈德和过渡联邦议会议长谢里夫·哈桑·谢赫·亚丁签署了《坎帕拉协定》，从而打破了行政和立法之间在前进方向上陷入的长达5个月的政治僵局。《坎帕拉协定》将选举推迟一年举行，并规定制定一份具有明确基准、时间表及遵守机制的执行优先过渡任务路线图，从而使我们步入和平进程中新的前进轨道。", "我也为《协定》迄今得到及时执行感到鼓舞。6月19日，前总理穆罕默德·阿卜杜拉希·穆罕默德比《协定》规定的最后期限早20天辞职，表现出政治家风度。6月28日，他的继任Abdiweli Mohamed Ali总理在得到谢赫谢里夫·谢赫·艾哈迈德总统任命5天后即获得议会的压倒性认可。", "7月11日，议会压倒性地认可了《坎帕拉协定》，并实际上按照延长政府任期一年的规定，获得延长任期三年。7月20日，新任总理任命了由18名部长组成的新的精简内阁。我还颇受鼓舞地注意到，所有这些事态发展都是在《协定》设想的时限之前发生的。", "这对于索马里和平进程乃至索马里本身来说都是一个关键时刻。我们正着手落实路线图的实质性工作，该路线图概述了在今后12个月要完成的重要任务。这一阶段将始于在关于结束索马里过渡阶段问题的协商会议上通过路线图。该会议在不幸几次被推迟后，现在将于9月4日至6日召开。", "由联合国索马里政治事务处(联索政治处)主持的筹备委员会即将完成工作。今天上午，委员会讨论了在摩加迪沙召开的由总理主持、新任命内阁与会的一次会议的细节。路线图的通过将给予索马里人民亟需的对进程的自主权，并发出取得真正政治进展终于在望的明确信号。", "在此危机时刻，国际社会的明确支持和关注，对于巩固并保障已取得的进展将尤为至关重要。国际社会必须准备好在政治、人道主义和安全层面上提供切实支助。与此同时，我们还将采取一项高级别定期举措，以监督遵守情况，并向各过渡联邦机构表明，阻挠和无行动将要承担后果。", "最近青年党反叛团体出人意料地从摩加迪沙撤出，这同样是一个既带来巨大机遇也提出新挑战的重要事件。过渡联邦政府多年来第一次有望在整个摩加迪沙行使权力，这是一个受人欢迎的事态发展。如果得到有效管理，它将加快取得政治成果，并为在绝望中试图逃离灾难性饥荒而来到摩加迪沙的成千上万境内流离失所者提供急需的人道主义援助。", "尽管青年党把撤退仅说成是一种战术调动，但是这掩盖不了青年党是被迫撤出摩加迪沙的真相。在此，我要向过渡联邦政府和非洲联盟驻索马里特派团(非索特派团)部队为击退反叛分子所做的辛勤工作和牺牲致敬。青年党撤出是诸多因素导致的结果，其中包括这些部队不断对反叛分子施加压力。", "但是至关重要的是在此强调，重大危险也仍然存在。过渡联邦政府和非索特派团利用青年党撤出这一机会的资源都十分有限。摩加迪沙仍有青年党残余，安全局势仍不稳定，反叛分子也仍有可能对过渡联邦政府和非索特派团、甚至不幸的是对境内流离失所者和平民发动恐怖袭击和采取游击战术。", "反叛分子突然撤出摩加迪沙，饥荒迅速蔓延，这些都彻底改变了我们的计划。我们原本预计将在1年或18个月后才发生的事件现在就发生了。在这方面，至关重要的是各过渡联邦机构要保持团结和凝聚力，并在他们控制的地区建立起基本的行政架构，并加强法律与秩序。如果不立即采取行动填补这一空缺，就会有军阀及其民兵团体趁机推进并填补青年党撤离留下的真空这一真实的危险。过渡联邦政府应立即发挥协调作用，以便使当地民兵归其所管。", "我们还必须鼓励并协助振兴摩加迪沙、特别是Bakara市场的经济活动。这个市场是该城繁华的商业中心，上周还在反叛分子的控制之下。正如我所说的那样，今天我会晤了一些索马里商业领袖，并为我听到的话深受鼓舞。他们愿意尽自己的一份力量，而我们应该提供协助。", "我高兴地通知安理会，过渡联邦政府国家安全委员会开了会，并制定了摩加迪沙安全计划。政府在该计划中确定了包括所需资源在内的各优先事项。该计划呼吁由索马里警察部队而非军事人员占据反叛分子撤出的地区。我呼吁国际社会加快建设索马里警察部队的能力，以使该机构能够特别是保护摩加迪沙人数日益增多的境内流离失所者。在最近收复的地区部署索马里警察时，我们必须加快部署非索特派团的警员和装备，以使他们能协助索马里警察努力保护平民和促进法治。", "在联索政治处，我们正在进行调整，以便顺应新的形势，并且应对这些新的挑战。我们原本预期摩加迪沙在大约一年时间内会保持稳定，但是，我们目前正在修改我们的规划，以便把重点放在当前问题上。我们目前正在积极规划扩大联合国在索马里境内的驻留，而不是我们原本设想的小规模存在。因此，对特派团来说至关重要的是，我们应确保后勤支助，包括快速修建永久性设施，以便为在索马里，特别是在摩加迪沙增加部署人员铺平道路。在非索特派团下增设的保安部队必须专门用于为驻摩加迪沙的联合国人员提供保护，并且为他们的行动提供便利。这一点至关重要，而且是一个迫在眉睫的要求。", "我恳请安理会认真考虑利用现有的和所需的资源，建立这支拟议的保安部队，以确保非索特派团能够成功应对这些新的挑战，并且适应摩加迪沙实地新的实际情况。", "我们的战略的核心将是加强非索特派团的能力，包括人员、后勤、流动性、航空和处置未爆弹药的能力。目前正在要求非索特派团开展一系列额外的复杂工作，例如保护境内流离失所者，巩固已撤出人员的阵地以及为人道主义援助提供便利。非索特派团的部队指挥官就坐在我的右边，他面临进退两难的局面：他必须把部队部署到地域要广得多的合作区，但却缺少关键的增强军力的手段，而且也没有补足安全理事会核准的兵力。值得一提的是，人道主义界在人道主义援助物资运送的保护和协助方面有着更多的需求，这也使特派团的有限资源捉衿见肘。", "联合国对非索特派团的一揽子支助方案仍然存在重大缺口。这支部队需要充足、可预测和可持续的供资，以便满足自我维持的需要，包括最基本，但也是不可或缺的维持生命物资和服务，它们是支助所有维和行动不可或缺的部分。 我吁请安理会考虑扩大对非索特派团的一揽子支助方案，以便涵盖自我维持的一些关键领域，并且研究为特遣队所属装备提供资金的问题。", "和大家一样，我也对正在我们面前发生的人道主义悲剧深感关切。将近一半的索马里人口——370万人——目前遭受饥荒，需要照料，而且面临直接风险。已有数万人死亡。大多数脆弱人群居住在该国内部。正如我们的人道主义伙伴预测的那样，在索马里南部和中部以及现在被指定为饥荒地区的其它地区，饥荒正在进一步扩大。在下谢贝利部分地区以及摩加迪沙及其周边的境内流离失所者安置点中，每天，每1万名五岁以下儿童中就有超过13人因营养不良和与饥荒有关的疾病死亡。这意味着每11周就有10%的五岁以下儿童死亡。这些数字确实令人心痛。我希望，我们能共同把它们视作完完全全的立即采取行动的号召。", "的确，现在采取行动不算太迟。每一天都很重要。我敦促安理会成员呼吁本国政府和国际社会慷慨支持目前正在索马里进行的人道主义救济行动。我们需要通过我们的联合呼吁程序，为索马里提供大约10亿美元，以避免这一紧急状况进一步恶化。迄今为止，我们得到的资金不足这一数目的50%。我们的人道主义伙伴正在不懈地努力，并且随时准备进一步扩大行动规模。不过，我们努力的重点必须是为急需援助的所有人提供援助，无论他们身处索马里何方。", "我呼吁索马里所有反对团体在和平进程期间放下武器，并且使援助机构能够为所有急需援助的索马里人提供援助。", "我曾多次说过，现在对索马里来说是一个非同寻常的时刻。既存在取得进展的巨大机遇，又有要克服的巨大风险和挑战。现在是时候了：国际社会应当展现承诺，挺身而出，并且立即在各个方面有力地支持和平进程。索马里人民不能再等下去了。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢马希格先生的通报。", "我现在请凯瑟琳·布拉格女士发言。", "布拉格女士(以英语发言)：我感谢安理会给我这个机会，在今天上午向安理会成员通报索马里的人道主义局势。", "自我们上一次于7月26日通报情况以来，危机已经变得更为严重。就在不到两周前，联合国宣布索马里另两个地区进入饥荒状态，并警告说必须采取紧急行动来阻止饥荒进一步蔓延。8月3日，联合国粮食及农业组织的粮食安全和营养分析股宣布，在索马里南部另外三个地区，即中谢贝利地区、阿夫戈耶走廊境内流离失所者安置点以及摩加迪沙境内流离失所者群体中，饥荒的临界值已经超过。", "在全国范围，有370万人陷入危机，有320万人需要马上得到救助生命的援助，其中280万人位于索马里中南部。这相当于曼哈顿人口总数的两倍。儿童在这场危机中受影响最严重，估计整个索马里南部有125万名儿童急需救命的援助。已有数万名儿童死亡，而且，除非为他们提供援助，否则今后一段时间内还将有更多儿童死亡。", "在南部所有地区，五岁以下儿童死亡率超过每天万分之四，在下谢贝利的河岸和农牧地区以及阿夫戈耶和摩加迪沙的境内流离失所者群体中，死亡率最高达每天万分之十三。请允许我解释一下每天万分之十三究竟意味着什么。这意味着到我今晚睡觉的时候，将有13人死去，其中有6人不到五岁，而且明天又将有13人死去。除非我们能够扭转这一趋势，否则这种情况以后每天都将持续下去。而这只是每1万人中的数字。众所周知，境内流离失所者总人数远多于饥荒地区的此类人数。", "据粮食安全和营养分析股称，目前局势是当今世界上最为严重的人道主义危机，也是自索马里1991年和1992年饥荒以来非洲最严重的安全危机。危机最严重的时刻尚未到来，因为严重营养不良和5岁以下儿童死亡率非常高，再加上当地谷物价格预计会继续上涨，而且雨季收成低于平均水平，因而我们认为危机有可能进一步恶化。", "旱灾危机导致索马里境内大批人员流离失所，难民外流进入肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚。估计仅在过去2个月中，就有10万人为逃离旱灾和饥荒来到摩加迪沙寻找食物、饮水和住房。除业已流离失所来到首都的37万人之外，迄今索马里境内流离失所者总人数约为150万人。估计有41万境内流离失所者滞留在摩加迪沙城外阿夫戈耶走廊上15公里长的道路一带。", "自8月1日以来，估计每天有1 500名索马里难民跨过边界进入肯尼亚。在埃塞俄比亚，难民人数从日均1 000多人减少到270人。", "采取广泛的多部门对策对于避免更多人死去，防止生计和社会全面崩溃至关重要。医疗保健措施和提供粮食援助或食疗同等重要，特别是鉴于10月份雨季即将开始，由于缺乏饮用水而发生流行病的风险有可能随之增大。", "最近数周，在加大应对力度方面取得了一些进展。例如，8月4日，红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)宣布增加其在索马里中部和南部的应急行动，以援助受旱灾和冲突影响的100多万人。红十字委员会是自2010年1月世界粮食规划署(粮食署)暂停行动以来获准进入青年党控制区分发食品的唯一组织。", "在青年党控制下的区域，联合国及其合作伙伴继续就通行问题与地方当局和社区进行谈判，以进入新地区并更接近受影响的人们。7月份，继向位于盖多地区的两个新近可进入地区——那里由于流动人口增多而出现了许多自发形成的居住点——派出评估团后，我们看到在为急需救生援助的民众提供更多此类援助，例如其中包括一项湿供餐方案，自8月2日起，连续5天每天为25 000人供餐。", "儿基会正在加强其供应渠道，以支持现有的补充供餐中心、稳定中心和食疗中心。同时，全面补充供餐定于本周开始，优先考虑在下谢贝利等受饥荒影响地区开展行动。这些供应将帮助约15.4万人。", "自7月27日以来，已向摩加迪沙、盖多和下朱巴空运了97吨物资，为约3.4万5岁以下营养不良的儿童提供了为期一个月的治疗。此外还向盖多和下朱巴等地空运了高能饼干，供6万人充饥。", "在盖多地区可进入的地方，目前正在开展以7.2万多名年龄为6个月至15岁儿童为对象的紧急接种麻疹疫苗活动，同时还在与地方当局进行谈判以确保能进入更多的地区。在摩加迪沙已完成了为4万名5岁以下儿童接种麻疹疫苗的活动。此外，还在索马里和肯尼亚边境一带开展了为21.5万名5岁以下儿童接种麻疹和小儿麻痹症疫苗的保健活动。", "在索马里南部和中部各地，卫生活动已惠及将近34万人。诸如修复井眼和卡车运水等水源干预活动已经惠及81.7万多人。", "本周在摩加迪沙，联合国难民事务高级专员办事处一架搭载了为数千名流离失所者提供的31吨住房材料和约2 500个紧急救济包的飞机降落在首都，这是5年来的首次。", "但是，摩加迪沙的人道主义行动依然是一项复杂的工作，扩大活动范围并非一件一蹴而就的事情。各人道主义行为体仍在评估青年党撤出摩加迪沙的影响。此举是青年党全面撤出还是战术变化，或者说这种新局面将如何影响总体安全和我们运送人道主义援助的能力仍不明确。", "此外，在支持运送援助物资、确保境内流离失所者营地安全方面，当地民政管理当局的能力仍然很弱。例如，上周五，在过渡联邦政府和非洲联盟驻索马里特派团控制区内的一个境内流离失所者营地，有10人被枪弹打死，当时当地的部族民兵企图抢掠为境内流离失所者提供的资源。", "本周早些时候，也就是在8月8日，人道主义协调员与安全和安保部、粮食署、联合国开发计划署(开发署)以及人道主义事务协调厅(人道协调厅)一道，同总理在摩加迪沙召开会议，讨论加大人道主义方案的力度和加强境内流离失所者营地安全的问题。", "上周，过渡联邦政府成立了灾害管理局来协调提供人道主义援助的工作。总理向联合国代表团保证，政府能够谈妥安全通道，以协助为营地提供援助。但是，仍需要技术支持，人道厅现正在与灾害管理局一道跟踪落实情况，以改进援助提供方面的信息共享。", "在当前这个关头，至关重要的是，要加强当地行政当局的能力，以实现人道主义界与政府之间的妥善协调，并确保政府充分行使其保护平民的职责。", "最后，我要就人道主义方案的筹资情况说几句。迄今为止，联合国索马里问题联合呼吁收到了46%的资金。人道主义伙伴仍需要5.6亿多美元来提供救生援助。在该区域，我们仍急需13亿美元来挽救生命。迄今，捐助方已承诺为应对行动供资10亿多美元，并将继续认捐更多资金。我们对此非常感激，特别是在目前的经济困难时期。但是，目前索马里境内人们所遭受的苦难极其深重，需要更多资金。", "要在索马里这个世界上最饱受冲突蹂躏的国家之一开展工作固然困难重重，但我们不能让人们失望。我们必须加大应对力度，同时也必须提供资源以支持这些努力。", "每一天都很重要。我们认为，成千上万人已经死去。数十万人正面临迫在眉睫的饥饿与死亡。我们能够行动起来，防止更多的生命损失，并确保那些处于死亡边缘的人生存下来。", "至关重要的是，要立即采取大规模的多部门应对行动来挽救生命，并在中短期重建生计。我们将继续呼吁捐助方提供应对危机所需的资源。我们预计，援助需求将会持续到今年年底，甚至更久。", "正如我们在最近数周强调过的那样，这是当今世界发生的最为严重的粮食危机紧急状况。我们必须带着必要的紧迫感来处理它。", "主席(以英语发言)：我感谢布拉格女士的通报。", "我的名单上没有其他发言者了。我现在请安理会成员进行非正式磋商，继续讨论这个议题。", "上午10时40分散会。" ]

[ "主席: 哈迪普·辛格·普里先生 (印度)\n成员:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那\n巴西 邓洛普女士\n中国 杨涛先生\n哥伦比亚 Alzate先生\n法国 布林斯先生\n加蓬 梅索尼先生\n德国 Berger先生\n齐亚德女士\n尼日利亚 阿米耶奥福里先生\n葡萄牙 卡布拉尔先生\n俄罗斯联邦 朱可夫先生\n南非 桑库先生\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n美利坚合众国 Rice女士", "议程项目", "索马里局势", "上午10时05分宣布开会", "通过议程", "议程通过。", "索马里局势", "主席(以英语发言):根据安全理事会暂行议事规则第37条,我请索马里代表参加本次会议。", "根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条,我邀请负责索马里问题的秘书长特别代表奥古斯丁·马希格先生参加本次会议。", "我欢迎马希格特别代表从摩加迪沙通过电视会议参加本次会议。", "根据安理会暂行议事规则第39条,我邀请主管人道主义事务助理秘书长兼紧急救济副协调员凯瑟琳·布拉格女士参加本次会议。", "安全理事会现在开始审议其议程上的项目。", "我现在请奥古斯丁·马希格先生发言。", "马希格先生: 主席先生,我祝贺你代表贵国印度担任主席。 主席先生,我还要感谢你给我这次机会,向安全理事会成员通报索马里和平进程的最新事态发展。 我还要感谢安理会继续支持索马里和平进程。 这是索马里和国际社会面临巨大挑战和巨大机会的时刻。", "在这个历史性时刻,我特别高兴再次从摩加迪沙在安理会发言。 我今天刚刚会见了过渡联邦机构和摩加迪沙工商界领导人。 我们讨论了我们如何能够共同努力,加强我们对和平与稳定索马里的共同承诺。", "索马里和整个区域的人道主义局势在我们心目中最为突出。 人道主义苦难的规模是巨大的。 国际社会正在动员和努力迎接这一引人注目的挑战。 摩加迪沙最近的安全发展以惊人的速度发展,同样为我们提供了独特的机会和一系列非常严重的风险。 如果我们能够调动必要的支持来利用这一时刻,就有可能取得真正的进展。", "在政治方面,我们也到了一个关键时刻。 6月9日,过渡联邦政府总统谢赫·谢里夫·谢赫·艾哈迈德同过渡联邦议会议长谢里夫·哈桑·谢赫·亚丁签署了《坎帕拉协定》,结束了行政部门和立法机构之间就前进道路所陷入的五个月的政治僵局。 《坎帕拉协议》将选举推迟一年,并规定制定路线图,为执行优先过渡任务制定明确的基准、时间表和遵守机制,使我们走上了和平进程新的前进道路。", "我还对迄今及时执行《协定》感到鼓舞。 前总理穆罕默德·阿卜杜拉希·穆罕默德表现出政治家风度,于6月19日辞职,比协定规定的最后期限提前了20天。 他的继任者阿卜迪韦利·穆罕默德·阿里总理在谢赫·谢里夫·谢赫·艾哈迈德总统任命他五天后,于6月28日得到议会压倒多数的认可。", "7月11日,议会以压倒多数批准了《坎帕拉协议》,实际上,根据政府一年的延长,该协议被延长了三年。 7月20日,新总理任命了由18名部长组成的新的精简内阁。 我高兴地注意到,所有这些事态发展都发生在《协定》设想的时限之前。", "这是索马里和平进程和索马里本身的关键时刻。 我们正开始开展实质性工作来实施路线图,路线图概述了今后12个月要完成的关键任务。 这一阶段将首先在结束索马里过渡问题协商会议上通过路线图,在经过一些令人遗憾的拖延之后,路线图现在将于9月4日至6日举行。", "由联合国索马里政治事务处(联索政治处)主持的筹备委员会正在完成其工作。 今天上午,委员会讨论了由总理主持并在新任命的内阁出席下在摩加迪沙举行的会议的细节。 路线图的通过将使索马里人民对这一进程拥有迫切需要的自主权,并将发出一个明确信号,即我们最终能够取得真正的政治进展。", "国际社会在这一危机时刻的明确支持和关注对于巩固和保证已经取得的进展特别重要。 国际社会必须随时准备为政治、人道主义和安全轨道提供切实支持。 同时,我们将采取高级别的定期行动,监测遵守情况,并向过渡机构表明,阻挠和不采取行动将产生后果。", "青年党叛乱团体最近意外地从摩加迪沙撤出,同样是一个重大事件,既带来了巨大机会,也带来了新的挑战。 过渡联邦政府多年来第一次有可能对整个摩加迪沙行使权力,这是一个受人欢迎的事态发展,如果管理得当,将加快政治成果,向成千上万的境内流离失所者提供急需的人道主义援助,他们为躲避毁灭性饥荒而不顾一切地前往摩加迪沙。", "虽然青年党将撤退描述为仅仅是一种战术战术,但事实是青年党被迫从摩加迪沙撤退。 在此,我赞扬过渡联邦政府部队和非洲联盟驻索马里特派团(非索特派团)为击退叛乱分子而付出的辛勤工作和牺牲。 青年党的撤出是若干因素的最终结果,包括这些部队对叛乱分子不断施加的压力。", "但必须在此强调,重大危险依然存在。 过渡联邦政府和非索特派团利用青年党撤出所带来的机会的资源有限。 青年党的口袋仍留在摩加迪沙,安全局势仍然岌岌可危,叛乱分子可能针对过渡联邦政府和非索特派团部队,甚至境内流离失所者和其他平民,采取恐怖袭击和游击战术。", "叛乱分子突然从摩加迪沙撤出,饥荒迅速蔓延,从根本上改变了我们的规划前景。 我们预计在一年或18个月后发生的事件正在发生。 在这方面,过渡联邦机构必须保持团结和一致,必须在其控制的地区建立基本的行政结构并增进法律和秩序。 如果不立即采取行动来填补这一空白,军阀及其民兵团体就存在真正的危险,即它们将采取行动来填补青年党撤离后产生的真空。 过渡联邦政府应立即起协调作用,使当地民兵接受其管辖。", "我们还必须鼓励和协助恢复摩加迪沙的经济活动,特别是巴卡拉市场的经济活动。 巴卡拉市场是该市最活跃的商业中心,在上星期,该市处于叛乱分子的控制之下。 正如我所说,我今天会见了一批索马里商界领导人,我听到的情况使我深受鼓舞。 他们准备尽自己的职责,我们应该提供帮助。", "我高兴地通知安理会,过渡联邦政府的国家安全委员会开会并制订了摩加迪沙安全计划,政府通过该计划确定其优先事项,包括所需资源。 该计划要求索马里警察部队而不是其军事人员占领叛乱分子撤出的地区。 我呼吁国际社会加快索马里警察部队的能力建设,使该机构能够保护摩加迪沙越来越多的境内流离失所者。 随着索马里警察在最近收复的地区部署,我们必须加快部署非索特派团警察人员和装备,以补充索马里警察保护平民和促进法治的努力。", "在联索政治处,我们正在进行调整,以适应新的局势并迎接这些新的挑战。 我们最初预计摩加迪沙将在大约一年之内稳定下来,但我们现在正在修订我们的规划,以便立即集中力量。 我们现在正在积极规划扩大联合国在索马里境内的存在,而不是我们设想的轻而易举的足迹。 因此,对于特派团来说,我们必须得到后勤支助,包括快速建造永久设施,以便为在索马里,特别是在摩加迪沙部署更多工作人员铺平道路。 在非索特派团领导下,必须增加一支警卫部队,为摩加迪沙的联合国工作人员提供保护并便利其行动。 它至关重要,是立即需要的。", "我请安理会认真考虑以现有资源和所有资源提出拟议的警卫部队,以确保非索特派团能够成功地应付这些新挑战并适应摩加迪沙当地的新现实。", "我们战略的核心是加强非索特派团的能力,包括人员、后勤、机动性、航空和未爆弹药的处理。 目前正要求这支部队执行一系列复杂的额外任务,例如保护境内流离失所者、巩固已撤出的阵地并便利人道主义援助。 坐在我右边的非索特派团部队指挥官在将其部队部署到更大的合作地区方面面临两难境地,没有关键的推动因素或安全理事会授权的全部部队。 重要的是,人道主义界保护和协助运送人道主义援助的额外要求也使特派团的资源有限。", "联合国对非索特派团的一揽子支援计划仍然存在重大差距。 该部队需要充足、可预测和可持续的资金,以支付自我维持费用,自我维持包括支助所有和平行动所不可或缺的最基本的但必不可少的生命支助物品和服务。 我呼吁安理会考虑扩大对非索特派团的一揽子支援计划,以涵盖一些关键的自我维持类别,并研究特遣队所属装备的供资问题。", "正如我们大家一样,我严重关切我们眼前正在发生的人道主义悲剧。 由于饥荒,近一半的索马里人口——370万人——正在接受照顾并直接面临危险。 成千上万人已经死亡。 大多数弱势群体居住在该国南部。 正如我们的人道主义伙伴所预测的那样,饥荒正在索马里南部和中部进一步蔓延,其他区域现在被指定为饥荒区。 在下谢贝利州部分地区和摩加迪沙及其周围的境内流离失所者定居点,10 000名5岁以下儿童中有13名以上每天死于营养不良和与饥荒有关的疾病。 这意味着每11周就有10%的5岁以下儿童死亡。 这些数字确实令人心痛。 我希望,我们能够集体地把它们看作是要求立即采取行动的呼吁。", "的确,采取行动还为时尚早。 每天都算数 我强烈敦促安理会成员呼吁本国政府和国际社会慷慨地支持目前在索马里开展的人道主义救济行动。 我们需要通过我们的联合呼吁程序为索马里提供大约10亿美元,以避免紧急情况进一步恶化。 迄今为止,我们收到的金额不到50%。 我们的人道主义伙伴正在不懈地努力,随时准备进一步扩大它们的行动。 然而,我们的努力必须侧重于帮助索马里所有迫切需要帮助的人。", "我呼吁索马里所有反对派团体在和平进程期间放下武器,并允许援助机构接触所有迫切需要援助的索马里人。", "正如我多次说过的那样,这是索马里的一个特殊时刻。 既有取得进展的巨大机会,也有需要克服的巨大风险和挑战。 现在是国际社会表明其承诺并立即在所有战线上向前迈进并大力支持和平进程的时候了。 索马里人民根本不能再等了。", "主席(以英语发言):我感谢马希格先生的通报。", "我现在请凯瑟琳·布拉格女士发言。", "布拉格女士: 我感谢安理会今天上午有机会向安理会成员通报索马里的人道主义局势。", "自从我们上次7月26日的通报以来,危机的规模已变得更加严重。 不到两周前,联合国在索马里两个地区宣布了饥荒,并警告说需要采取紧急行动防止饥荒进一步蔓延。 8月3日,联合国粮食及农业组织粮食安全和营养分析股宣布,索马里南部另外三个地区,即中谢贝利、阿夫戈耶走廊境内流离失所者定居点和摩加迪沙境内流离失所者社区,已超过饥荒门槛。", "全国有370万人陷入危机,有320万人需要紧急救生援助,其中280万人在索马里中南部。 这是曼哈顿总人口的两倍。 儿童受危机的影响最大,索马里南部估计有125万儿童迫切需要救生援助。 成千上万的儿童已经死亡,除非向他们提供援助,否则今后几天还会有更多的儿童死亡。", "南部所有地区的5岁以下儿童死亡率都高于每10 000人每天4人,在下谢贝利的河道和农牧区以及阿夫戈耶和摩加迪沙的境内流离失所者中达到峰值,为每10 000人每天13人。 让我说明,每天13分/一万人意味着什么。 这意味着我今晚睡觉时,13人,其中6人不到5岁,已经死亡,而明天13人也将死亡. 除非我们能够扭转这一趋势,否则,这将在后天继续下去。 这只存在于一万个社区。 我们都知道,国内流离失所者社区比饥荒地区大得多。", "据粮食安全和营养分析股称,目前的局势是当今世界最严重的人道主义危机,也是自1991年和1992年索马里饥荒以来非洲最严重的粮食安全危机。 我们尚未看到危机的高峰,因为考虑到严重急性营养不良和五岁以下幼儿死亡率都很高,加上当地谷物价格继续上涨和雨季收成低于平均水平的预期,可能进一步恶化。", "干旱危机已在索马里造成大规模流离失所,并造成难民外流到肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚。 仅仅在过去两个月里,估计有100 000人逃离干旱和饥荒,前往摩加迪沙寻找食物、水和住所。 除了已经流离失所到首都的370 000人外,索马里境内流离失所者的总人数迄今估计为150万人。 估计有410 000名境内流离失所者位于摩加迪沙外Afgoye走廊15公里长的公路上。", "自8月1日以来,估计每天有1 500名索马里难民越过边界进入肯尼亚。 在埃塞俄比亚,难民人数从每天1 000多人减少到平均270人。", "大规模的多部门对策对于防止更多的死亡和生计总量及社会崩溃至关重要。 保健干预措施与提供粮食援助或食疗同样重要,特别是因为随着10月的降雨开始,由于缺乏饮用水,流行病的风险可能增加。", "近几周来,在扩大应对措施方面取得了一些进展。 例如,8月4日,红十字国际委员会(红十字委员会)宣布增加在索马里中部和南部的紧急行动,援助受干旱和冲突影响的100多万人。 自2010年1月世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)停止行动以来,红十字委员会是唯一获准在青年党地区分发粮食的组织。", "在青年党控制下的地区,联合国及其合作伙伴继续与地方当局和社区谈判进入新地区,并更接近受影响的人民。 7月,在向盖多地区两个新进入地区派出评估团之后,我们看到向最需要的人提供救生援助的工作有所增加,例如,从8月2日开始,一个每天提供25 000顿膳食的湿餐方案。", "儿童基金会正在加强其供应管道,以支持现有的补充营养餐中心、稳定中心和食疗中心。 与此同时,计划本周开始提供一揽子补充营养餐,优先在受饥荒影响的地区,包括在下谢贝利开展行动。 用品将帮助大约154 000人。", "自27起 7月,向摩加迪沙、盖多和下朱巴空运了97吨用品,治疗了大约34 000名5岁以下儿童营养不良一个月。 还向盖多和下朱巴地区空运了高能饼干,为60 000人提供食品。", "在盖多地区可进入的地区,正在进行针对72 000多名6个月至15岁儿童的麻疹紧急运动,同时正同地方当局进行谈判,以确保进入其他地区。 摩加迪沙完成了针对40 000名五岁以下儿童的麻疹疫苗接种运动。 此外,还在索马里-肯尼亚边界沿线开展了一场健康运动,对象是215 000名五岁以下儿童接种麻疹和小儿麻痹症疫苗。", "在索马里南部和中部,环境卫生活动已惠及近34万人。 水井修复和运水车等水干预措施已惠及817 000多人。", "本周在摩加迪沙,联合国难民事务高级专员办事处空运了31吨住房材料和约2 500个紧急援助包,供数千名流离失所者在首都降落,这是五年来第一次。", "然而,摩加迪沙的人道主义行动仍然很复杂,扩大活动规模不是一项快事。 人道主义行为体仍在评估青年党从摩加迪沙撤出的影响。 仍不清楚这一行动是完全撤出,还是青年党改变了战术,或这一新情况将如何影响总体安全和我们提供人道主义援助的能力。", "此外,当地民政管理部门在支持提供援助和确保境内流离失所者营地安全方面的能力仍然薄弱。 例如,上星期五,在过渡联邦政府和非洲联盟驻索马里特派团控制下的一个境内流离失所者地点被枪杀了10人,当时当地部族民兵企图掠夺用于境内流离失所者的资源。", "本周早些时候,即8月8日,人道主义协调员同安全和安保部、粮食计划署、联合国开发计划署(开发署)和人道主义事务协调厅(人道协调厅)一起,在摩加迪沙会见了总理,讨论扩大人道主义方案和改善境内流离失所者所在地的安全。", "上星期,过渡联邦政府设立了灾害管理局来协调人道主义援助的提供。 总理向联合国代表团保证,政府将能够就安全进出问题进行谈判,以协助在营地运送物资。 然而,仍然需要技术支助,人道协调厅目前正在与灾害管理局采取后续行动,以更好地分享关于提供援助的信息。", "在当前关头,必须加强地方行政当局的能力,使人道主义界和政府能够进行适当协调,并确保政府充分履行保护平民的责任。", "最后,我要就人道主义方案的供资情况发表一些看法。 迄今为止,联合国索马里联合呼吁的资金为46%。 人道主义伙伴仍然需要5.6亿美元来提供拯救生命的援助。 在该地区,我们仍然迫切需要13亿美元来拯救生命。 迄今为止,捐助者已承诺为防治工作提供10多亿美元,并继续作出更多认捐。 我们非常感谢,特别是在这些困难的经济时期。 但是,今天索马里人民遭受了巨大痛苦,需要更多的人。", "尽管在世界上冲突最严重的国家之一开展业务有困难,但我们不能让人民失望。 我们必须加大反应的力度,必须提供支持这一努力的资源。", "每天都算数 我们认为,成千上万人已经死亡。 成千上万的人面临迫在眉睫的饥饿和死亡。 我们可以采取行动,防止进一步的生命损失,并确保那些濒临死亡的人的生存。", "必须立即采取大规模多部门对策来拯救生命并在短期内重建生计。 我们将继续呼吁捐助者提供应对危机所需的资源。 我们期望今年剩余时间,如果不是更长的话,需要继续提供援助。", "正如我们最近几周所强调的,这是目前世界上最严重的粮食危机紧急情况。 我们必须以它所要求的紧迫性对待它。", "主席(以英语发言):我感谢布拉格女士的通报。", "我的名单上没有其他发言者了。 我现在请安理会成员进行非正式磋商,继续讨论这个问题。", "上午10时40分散会。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6599th meeting of the Security Council", "To be held on Wednesday, 10 August 2011, at 10 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. The situation in Somalia." ]

[ "安全理事会第6599次会议临时议程", "定于2011年8月10日星期三上午10时举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 索马里局势。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6599次会议临时议程", "定于2011年8月10日星期三上午10时举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 联合国 2. 索马里局势。" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Singapore", "1. The Committee considered the fourth periodic report of Singapore (CEDAW/C/SGP/4) at its 993rd and 994th meetings, on 22 July 2011 (CEDAW/C/SR.993 and 994). The Committee’s list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4 and the responses of the Government of Singapore are contained in CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4/Add.1.", "A. Introduction", "2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its fourth periodic report, which in general followed the Committee’s guidelines for the preparation of reports with reference to the previous concluding observations. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its oral presentation, the written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by its pre-session working group and the further clarifications to the questions posed orally by the Committee.", "3. The Committee commends the State party’s high-level delegation, headed by the Minister of State for Community Development, Youth and Sport of Singapore, which included several representatives from relevant ministries with expertise in the areas covered by the Convention. The Committee appreciates the open and constructive dialogue that took place between the delegation and the members of the Committee.", "B. Positive aspects", "4. The Committee welcomes the progress achieved since the consideration of the State party’s third periodic report in 2007 (CEDAW/C/SGP/3), including the legislative reforms that were made and the adoption of a range of legislative measures. Specific reference is made to:", "(a) Adoption of the Employment Act (2009) and a new employment agency regulatory framework (2011);", "(b) Amendments to the Penal Code (2008), introducing provisions to protect young persons against sexual exploitation for commercial sex;", "(c) Amendments to the Administration of Muslim Law Act (2008) to raise the minimum marriage age from 16 to 18 years old for Muslim women;", "(d) Amendments to the Evidence Act and Criminal Procedure Code (2010);", "(e) Amendments to the Women’s Charter Act (2011);", "(f) Adoption of the Children and Young Persons Act, which protects girls and young women against abuse, neglect and exploitation (2011).", "5. The Committee notes with appreciation the initiatives taken by the State party to promote gender equality and protect women’s rights, such as the creation of the National Family Violence Networking System and the Inter-agency Task Force on Trafficking in Persons, and the introduction of enhanced package measures to support parenthood, including longer maternity leave and extended childcare and infant leaves for both parents.", "6. The Committee notes with satisfaction the ratification by the State party of the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and of the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The Committee also welcomes the State party’s partial withdrawal of its reservation to articles 2 and 16 of the Convention.", "C. Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "7. The Committee recalls the obligation of the State party to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention and views the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding observations as requiring the priority attention of the State party between now and the submission of the next periodic report. Consequently, the Committee urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on actions taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries, the Parliament and the judiciary so as to ensure their full implementation.", "Parliament", "8. While reaffirming that the Government has the primary responsibility and is particularly accountable for the full implementation of the obligations of the State party under the Convention, the Committee stresses that the Convention is binding on all branches of Government, and it invites the State party to encourage the Parliament, in line with its procedures, where appropriate, to take the necessary steps with regard to the implementation of the present concluding observations and the Government’s next reporting process under the Convention.", "Legal status of the Convention", "9. The Committee acknowledges the State party’s commitment to the principles of gender equality and non-discrimination embodied in the Convention. However, the Committee remains concerned that despite the ratification of the Convention in 1995, the State party has not yet domesticated it as part of national legislation.", "10. The Committee calls upon the State party to place high priority on the process of full incorporation of the Convention into its domestic legal system in order to give central importance to the Convention as the basis for the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women.", "Definition of equality and non-discrimination", "11. While noting that the general principles of equality and non-discrimination are guaranteed in article 12 of the Constitution of Singapore, the Committee remains concerned at the absence of a specific definition of discrimination against women in accordance with article 1 of the Convention in the State party’s legislation, including the Women’s Charter.", "12. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation (CEDAW/C/SGP/ CO/3, para. 14) and urges the State party to incorporate in its Constitution or other appropriate legislation a definition of discrimination against women, encompassing both direct and indirect discrimination, in line with article 1 of the Convention, and also to include provisions to prohibit all forms of discrimination against women on other grounds.", "Reservations", "13. The Committee notes the State party’s partial withdrawal of its reservations to articles 2 and 16, as well as the progress made in order to align its legislation with the Convention. The Committee is, however, concerned by the State party’s reservations to article 2, paragraphs (a) to (f); article 16, paragraphs 1 (a), 1 (c) and 1 (h); article 16, paragraph 2; and article 11, paragraph 1. The Committee is of the opinion that these reservations are impermissible since these articles are fundamental to the implementation of all the other provisions of the Convention. In this respect, the Committee takes note of the information provided in the State party’s reply to the list of issues, and during the dialogue with the Committee, that the Government is considering reviewing its position with regard to its reservations to the Convention.", "14. The Committee calls upon the State party to fully incorporate parts of articles 2 and 16 that are now applicable in the State party and urges the State party to consider withdrawing remaining reservations to articles 2 and 16, and article 11, paragraph 1, which are contrary to the object and purpose of the Convention, within a concrete time frame.", "Discriminatory laws", "15. The Committee notes with appreciation the efforts of the State party through the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore to review and revise discriminatory legislation and align Syariah law with civil law; in particular, the amendments to the Administration of Muslim Law Act in 2008 raising the minimum age of Muslim marriage for both parties from 16 to 18 years old, the fatwa on joint tenancy inter vivos gift and the fatwa on Central Provident Fund updated in 2010. It remains deeply concerned, however, by the preservation of the dual marriage regime that applies in the State party and the discriminatory provisions that persist in the laws relating to marriage, divorce and nationality that deny women equal rights with men. It is also concerned by the lack of free choice of adjudication between Syariah Court and family court.", "16. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Pursue without delay its law review process with the view to harmonizing its domestic legislation with its obligations under the Convention within a clear time frame;", "(b) Enhance its law reform through partnership and collaboration with male and female religious leaders, lawyers and civil society organizations, including women’s non-governmental organizations;", "(c) Provide for equal choice of adjudication between Syariah and family courts.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "17. While noting the redesignation of the Women’s Desk as the Office for Women’s Development on 1 July 2011, the Committee is concerned about its limited authority, human and financial resources and capacity to ensure that gender equality policies are properly developed and fully implemented throughout the work of all ministries and Government offices.", "18. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation (CEDAW/C/SGP/ CO/3, para. 18), and encourages the State party to elevate the status of the national machinery for the advancement of women and to strengthen its mandate and provide the necessary human, financial and technical resources.", "Temporary special measures", "19. The Committee notes with concern that the State party has no plans to adopt temporary special measures to accelerate the achievement of substantive equality between women and men in all areas of the Convention, especially in areas where women are underrepresented or disadvantaged.", "20. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation (CEDAW/C/SGP/ CO/3, para. 20) and calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Sensitize all relevant officials on the concept of temporary special measures contained in article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, as interpreted in the Committee’s general recommendation 25;", "(b) Consider applying temporary special measures in various forms in areas in which women are underrepresented or disadvantaged and allocate additional resources where needed to accelerate the advancement of women.", "Stereotypes and harmful practices", "21. The Committee reiterates its concern about the persistence of patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes regarding the roles and responsibilities of women and men within the family and society at large. In this regard, the Committee is particularly concerned that, despite the legal equality accorded to spouses, discriminatory traditional cultural attitudes that continue to utilize “the head of the household” concept, assigning this role to men, persist in the State party. Additionally, the Committee is concerned by the pervasiveness of advertising for products and services to improve body image and conform to societal expectations, as well as at the lack of clear guidelines to non-medical practitioners, such as aesthetic clinics, beauty clinics and spas. It notes that such cultural overemphasis of women’s beauty and the lack of effective regulations on its commercial exploitation, including by the media, reinforces the image of women as sex objects and constitutes serious obstacles to women’s enjoyment of their human rights and the fulfilment of the rights enshrined in the Convention. The Committee further notes that despite the fact that the State party recognizes the principle of equality of all persons before the law, as enshrined in the Constitution, regardless of gender, sexual orientation and gender identity (CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4/Add.1, para. 113), there is still negative stereotyping of women belonging to this group.", "22. The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) To put in place, without delay, a comprehensive strategy to modify or eliminate patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes that discriminate against women, including those based on sexual orientation and gender identity, in conformity with the provisions of the Convention. Such measures should include efforts, in collaboration with civil society, to educate and raise awareness of this subject, targeting women and men at all levels of society;", "(b) To engage in pervasive, sustained and proactive efforts to combat and eliminate discriminatory cultural concepts, including “the head of the household”, that have a negative impact on the achievement of equality between women and men;", "(c) To impose stricter regulations with regard to safety and extend the existing guidelines for medical practitioners to non-medical practitioners such as aesthetic clinics, beauty salons and spas, and regularly monitor their activities;", "(d) To use innovative measures that target media to strengthen understanding of the equality of women and men and, through the educational system, enhance a positive and non-stereotypical portrayal of women;", "(e) To monitor and review the measures taken in order to assess their impact and to take appropriate action.", "Violence against women", "23. The Committee expresses its concern at the persistence of violence against women in the State party, in particular domestic and sexual violence, which remains, in many cases, underreported. While welcoming the amendments to the Penal Code in 2008 on the criminalization of rape of a spouse, the Committee is concerned that the law applies only if the perpetrator and the victim are living apart and are in the process of terminating their marriage, and if the victim applied for a personal protection order.", "24. The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) To review its Penal Code and Criminal Procedure Code in order to specifically criminalize domestic violence and marital rape and ensure that the definition of rape covers any non-consensual sexual act;", "(b) To provide mandatory training for judges, prosecutors and the police on the strict application of legal provisions dealing with violence against women and train police officers on procedures to deal with women victims of violence;", "(c) To encourage women to report incidents of domestic and sexual violence by de-stigmatizing victims and raising awareness about the criminal nature of such acts;", "(d) To provide adequate assistance and protection to women victims of violence by strengthening the capacity of shelters and crisis centres and enhancing cooperation with non-governmental organizations that provide shelter and rehabilitation to victims;", "(e) To collect statistical data on domestic and sexual violence disaggregated by sex, age, nationality and relationship between the victim and the perpetrator.", "Trafficking", "25. While welcoming the establishment in March 2011 of the Inter-agency Task Force on Trafficking in Persons and the adoption of the definition of “trafficking in persons” as defined in the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the Committee remains concerned by the continuing prevalence of trafficking in women and girls in the country and by the alleged criminalization and deportation of trafficked women and girls as immigration offenders, as well as the low reporting rate. The Committee is also concerned by the lack of a comprehensive legal framework to combat trafficking and provide protection for victims.", "26. The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) To ratify the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime;", "(b) To enact a specialized legislation against trafficking in persons that includes the internationally recognized definition of human trafficking in order to better identify victims of trafficking and prosecute traffickers;", "(c) To strengthen its measures to combat all forms of trafficking in women and children, including through increased international, regional and bilateral cooperation with countries of origin and transit, in line with article 6 of the Convention, as well as through training of the judiciary, law enforcement officials, border guards and social workers in the country;", "(d) To ensure the prosecution and punishment of individuals involved in trafficking and the protection and rehabilitation of victims of trafficking.", "Participation in political and public life", "27. While welcoming the increase in the number of women in public service, the Committee notes with concern that no women are full ministers in the Cabinet, and women in the State party continue to be underrepresented in decision-making in the Government, the judiciary and the diplomatic service, as well as in the private sector.", "28. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Adopt laws and policies aimed at the promotion of women’s full and equal participation in decision-making in all areas of public, political and professional life, in accordance with article 7 of the Convention, and adopt temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendations 23 (1997) and 25 (2004) concerning women in political and public life and temporary special measures;", "(b) Take steps to ensure that women representatives elected to public office are provided with the necessary institutional support and resources;", "(c) Conduct awareness-raising activities for society at large regarding the importance of gender equality and women’s participation in decision-making, and develop training and mentoring programmes for women candidates and women elected to public office as well as programmes on leadership and negotiation skills for current and future women leaders.", "Education", "29. The Committee commends the State party for the gains achieved in the education of girls and women as reflected in the high literacy rate, but is concerned that girls are underrepresented in the National University of Singapore High School of Mathematics and Science and consequently have low rates of enrolment and graduation in the critical areas of the engineering sciences, information communication technologies and technical skills in all institutions of higher learning.", "30. The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) To implement measures to eliminate traditional stereotypes and structural barriers that might deter girls’ enrolment in science and mathematics education at the secondary and tertiary levels of the education system;", "(b) To increase efforts to provide career counselling for girls that exposes them to options related to non-traditional career paths in science-related professions.", "Employment", "31. The Committee reiterates its concern regarding the State party’s reservation to article 11, paragraph 1, of the Convention and remains concerned by the continuing vertical and horizontal occupational segregation, the persistent wage gap between women and men and the lack of a legal definition of sexual harassment and its prohibition. The Committee expresses its concern that the paid maternity leave of 16 weeks applies only to citizen births and that single unwed mothers do not get the same benefits as married women. The Committee is deeply concerned by the cases in which pregnant employees were forced to resign.", "32. The Committee urges the State party:", "(a) To withdraw its reservation to article 11, paragraph 1, and to adopt effective measures to eliminate occupational segregation, both horizontal and vertical;", "(b) To ensure that all women employees, in both the public and private sector, are guaranteed paid maternity leave, regardless of their nationality and marital status;", "(c) To adopt legislation guaranteeing equal pay for work of equal value to narrow and close the wage gap between women and men in accordance with Convention No. 100 of the International Labour Organization (ILO) concerning Equal Remuneration;", "(d) To take steps to enact legislative provisions on sexual harassment in the workplace as well as in educational institutions, including sanctions, civil remedies and compensation for victims.", "Foreign domestic workers/foreign wives", "33. While recognizing the comprehensive set of legislative, administrative and educational measures adopted by the State party to protect foreign domestic workers, and the adoption of the new Employment Agencies Act in April 2011 to raise the standard of recruitment processes and minimize abuses and malpractices, the Committee remains concerned by the situation of foreign domestic workers, in particular with regard to the mandatory regular testing for pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, the prohibition against marrying Singaporeans and the lack of mandatory days off. The Committee also reiterates its previous concern regarding the situation of foreign wives of Singaporean citizens, especially with regard to their right to work and to their permanent residence status in the country.", "34. The Committee encourages the State party:", "(a) To review and amend the existing labour legislation so that it applies to foreign domestic workers, or adopt new legislation ensuring that foreign domestic workers are entitled to adequate wages, decent working conditions — including a day off — benefits and access to complaint and redress mechanisms;", "(b) To review and repeal the law requiring a work-permit holder, including foreign domestic workers, to be deported on grounds of pregnancy or diagnosis of sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS;", "(c) To provide work permits to foreign wives with a social visit pass and review its system of granting citizenship to foreign wives within a clear and reasonable time frame after marriage;", "(d) To ratify ILO Convention No. 111, concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation, and sign and ratify ILO Convention No. 189, concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers.", "Marriage and family relations", "35. The Committee is concerned that, despite some of the steps taken by the State party to harmonize Syariah law and civil law, Muslim women still cannot enjoy equal rights with men with regard to family, marriage and divorce, including with respect to their rights to marry — which depends on permission by a woman’s Wali — and the possibility of divorce by repudiation (talaq). While acknowledging the legal reforms made by the State party that make polygamy practically impossible, which resulted in a decline of the number of polygamous marriages, the Committee is concerned by the continued legal authorization of polygamy. The Committee is also concerned that women’s equal share in all marital property is not guaranteed in clear legislation. The Committee is further concerned by the lack of legal provisions governing de facto unions, which may deny women protection and redress in case of separation or violence against women.", "36. The Committee calls upon the State party:", "(a) To ensure equality between women and men in marriage and family relations; amend without delay all remaining discriminatory provisions and administrative regulations, including provisions and regulations relating to family, marriage and divorce; and take all necessary legislative measures to ensure women’s equal share in all marital property regardless of monetary and non-monetary contributions to the marital property;", "(b) To legislate, without delay, a complete ban of polygamy in all societal groups;", "(c) To review its current legal system governing marriage and family relations with a view to extending existing legal provisions to couples living in de facto unions.", "National human rights institutions", "37. The Committee regrets that the State party has not yet taken steps to establish an independent national human rights institution with a wide mandate to protect and promote women’s human rights, in accordance with the principles relating to the status of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights (the Paris Principles).", "38. The Committee recommends that the State party establish, within a clear time frame, an independent national human rights institution in accordance with the Paris Principles, whose competencies should include issues related to the equality of women and men.", "Optional Protocol", "39. The Committee encourages the State party to accelerate its efforts to ratify the Optional Protocol.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "40. The Committee urges the State party, in the implementation of its obligations under the Convention, to fully utilize the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which reinforce the provisions of the Convention, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "41. The Committee emphasizes that full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It calls for the integration of a gender perspective and an explicit reflection of the provisions of the Convention in all efforts aimed at the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "42. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in Singapore of the present concluding observations in order to make the people, Government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women’s and human rights organizations aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure the de jure and de facto equality of women, as well as the further steps that are required in this regard. The Committee recommends that the dissemination should include the local community level. The State party is encouraged to organize a series of meetings to discuss progress achieved in the implementation of these observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to women’s and human rights organizations, the Committee’s general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the theme “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "43. The Committee notes that the adherence of the State party to the major international human rights instruments would enhance the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. The Committee therefore encourages the State party to consider ratifying the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "44. The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on the steps taken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 14 and 34 above.", "Preparation of next report", "45. The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of all ministries and public bodies in the preparation of its next report, as well as to consult a variety of women’s and human rights organizations during that phase.", "46. The Committee requests the State party to respond to concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The Committee invites the State party to submit its next periodic report in July 2015.", "47. The Committee invites the State party to follow the “Harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents”, approved at the fifth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies in June 2006 (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The treaty-specific reporting guidelines, adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session in January 2008 (A/63/38, annex I), must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on a common core document. Together they constitute the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The treaty-specific document should be limited to 40 pages, while the updated common core document should not exceed 80 pages." ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论意见", "新加坡", "1. 2011年7月22日，委员会第993次和994次会议(CEDAW/C/SR.993和994)分别审议了新加坡第四次定期报告(CEDAW/C/SGP/4)。委员会编制的问题和议题清单载于CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4，新加坡政府的答复载于CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4/Add.1。", "A. 导言", "2. 委员会对缔约国第四次定期报告表示赞赏，该报告大体上遵循了委员会规定的报告编写准则，并参照了以前发表的部分结论意见。委员会感谢缔约国作了口头发言、对会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单作了书面答复，并对委员会口头提出的问题作了进一步澄清。", "3. 委员会称赞缔约国派遣了由社会发展、青年和体育部部长率领的高级别代表团，其成员中有来自相关部委的一些代表，他们具有《公约》所涉领域的专业知识。", "B. 积极方面", "4. 委员会欢迎缔约国自2007年审议其第三次定期报告(CEDAW/C/SGP/3)以来所取得的进展，包括所进行的立法改革和所通过的各种立法措施。以下介绍的是一些具体进展情况：", "(a) 通过了《就业法》(2009年)，制定了新的职业介绍所监管框架(2011年)；", "(b) 修改了《刑法典》(2008年)，并出台了保护未成年人免受商业性剥削的规定；", "(c) 修改了《穆斯林管理法》(2008年)，将穆斯林妇女的最低结婚年龄从16岁提高到18岁；", "(d) 修改了《证据法》和《刑事诉讼法》(2010年)；", "(e) 修改了《妇女宪章法案》(2011年)；", "(f) 通过了保护少女和青年妇女免受虐待、无视和剥削的《儿童和青少年法》 (2011年)。", "5. 委员会赞赏地注意到，缔约国为促进两性平等和保护妇女权利采取了各种举措，例如，创立了防止家庭暴力国家网络系统，成立了人口贩运问题机构间工作组，推行了一整套更加有力的支持父母尽职尽责措施，包括延长产假并为父母双方提供更多的婴幼儿保育假。", "6. 委员会满意地注意到，缔约国批准了《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》，以及《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第20条第1款修正案。委员会还欢迎缔约国撤回了对《公约》第2条和第16条的部分保留意见。", "C. 主要关切领域和建议", "7. 委员会提请缔约国注意履行其义务，继续有计划、有步骤地执行《公约》各项规定，并且认为从现在起直至提交下次定期报告止，缔约国须始终优先重视本结论意见中所确认的关切问题和建议。因此，委员会敦促缔约国将执行活动的重点放在这些方面，并在下次定期报告中介绍其所采取的行动和所取得的成果。委员会呼吁缔约国将本结论意见提交给所有相关部委、议会和司法部门，以确保予以充分执行。", "议会", "8. 委员会重申，缔约国政府的首要职责主要是确保缔约国充分履行根据《公约》所应承担的义务。委员会强调《公约》对政府各部门均具有约束力，并请缔约国鼓励议会在适当的情况下，根据其程序采取必要举措，促进执行本结论意见，并协助政府按《公约》要求，从事下一次的报告编写工作。", "《公约》的法律地位", "9. 委员会承认缔约国为执行《消除对妇女歧视公约》中规定的两性平等和不歧视原则所作的承诺。不过，委员会始终关注的是，尽管缔约国已于1995年批准了《公约》，但在国内尚未将《公约》纳入本国立法。", "10. 委员会呼吁缔约国高度重视将《公约》充分纳入本国法律体系的工作，以表明《公约》作为消除对妇女一切形式歧视的基础至关重要。", "平等和不歧视的定义", "11. 委员会注意到《新加坡宪法》第12条为落实平等和不歧视的一般原则提供了保障，不过，它依然表示关注的是，在缔约国的立法，包括《妇女宪章》中，并没有依照《公约》第1条，对歧视妇女的行为做出具体定义。", "12. 委员会重申了其以前的建议(CEDAW/C/SGP/CO/3，第14段)，并敦促缔约国根据《公约》第1条，在其宪法和其他相关立法中纳入关于对妇女的歧视，包括直接和间接歧视的定义，并做出规定，禁止以各种理由对妇女实行一切形式的歧视。", "保留意见", "13. 委员会注意到，缔约国撤回了对《公约》第2条和第16条的部分保留意见，而且在使其立法与《公约》保持一致方面取得了进展。不过，委员会关注的是，缔约国对《公约》第2条(a)至(f)款、第16条第1款(a)、(c)、(h)项、第16条第2款及第11条第1款持保留意见，委员会认为这些保留意见是不能成立的，因为上述条款是确保《公约》其他所有条款得到执行的基本要件。在这方面，委员会注意到了缔约国在答复问题清单及其与委员会举行对话期间提供的信息，这些信息表明，缔约国政府正在考虑审查它在对《公约》表示保留时所持的立场。", "14. 委员会呼吁缔约国充分采纳目前可在其国内适用的第2条和第16条部分内容，并敦促缔约国在具体时限内，撤回对第2条、第16条和第11条第1款的其余保留意见，因为这些保留意见是与《公约》的目标和宗旨背道而驰的。", "歧视性法律", "15. 委员会赞赏地注意到，缔约国已做出各种努力，通过新加坡伊斯兰宗教理事会，对歧视性立法进行审查和修订，并使伊斯兰法与民法保持一致，特别是2010年更新了2008年《穆斯林管理法条例》修正案(将穆斯林男女最低婚龄从16岁提高到18岁)，同时还更新了对共同占有财产生前赠与的裁定以及对中央公积金的裁定。但委员会依然深表关注的是，在缔约国，不仅双重婚姻制得到维护，而且各种歧视性规定在与结婚、离婚和国籍有关的法律中始终存在，从而剥夺了妇女所应享有的男女平等权利。还令委员会关注的是，在由伊斯兰法庭还是家庭法庭做出判决的问题上，妇女无选择的自由。", "16. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 在明确规定的时限内，从速启动法律审查程序，使国内立法与其在《公约》规定下所应承担的义务保持一致；", "(b) 与男女宗教领袖、律师、民间社会组织和妇女非政府组织建立伙伴关系并开展合作，共同加强法律改革；", "(c) 在由伊斯兰法庭还是家庭法庭做出判决的问题上，为妇女提供平等的选择机会。", "国家提高妇女地位机构", "17. 委员会注意到，妇女咨询服务机构于2011年7月1日被重新命名为促进妇女发展办公室，但其权力、人力、财力和能力均有限，因此，委员会担心该办公室是否能够确保适当制定两性平等政策，并通过所有部委和政府机关的工作予以充分执行。", "18. 委员会重申了其以前的建议(CEDAW/C/SGP/CO/3，第18段)，并鼓励缔约国提升国家提高妇女地位机构的级别，赋予该机构更大的权限，并向其提供必要的人力、财力和技术资源。", "暂行特别措施", "19. 委员会关切地注意到，缔约国并没有做出计划，根据暂行特别措施，在《公约》所涉各个领域实现真正的男女平等，特别是在妇女所占比例低下或妇女处境不利的领域。", "20. 委员会重申了其以前的建议(CEDAW/C/SGP/CO/3，第20段)，并呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 让所有相关官员了解暂行特别措施的概念(载于《公约》第4条第1款，并在委员会第25号一般性建议中作了阐释)；", "(b) 考虑在妇女所占比例低下或妇女处境不利的领域，以各种形式适用暂行特别措施，并视需要划拨额外资源，用于促进妇女地位的提高。", "陈规定型观念与有害习俗", "21. 委员会再次表示关注的是，对于男女在家庭和整个社会中的角色和责任，缔约国始终存在重男轻女的态度和根深蒂固的陈规定型观念。在这方面，委员会尤为关注的是，尽管配偶双方享有法律上的平等，但是在缔约国，歧视性的传统文化观念顽固不化，继续借助“户主”概念，将男子置于一家之主的地位。另外，委员会还关注的是，在缔约国，随处都是吹捧某些产品和服务可以改善形体和满足社会预期的宣传广告，而且没有针对各种非执业医师诊所，如美疗会馆、美容院和养生馆规定明确的指导原则。委员会注意到，这种从文化上对妇女美容的过分渲染，以及对其商业性开发缺乏管制的情况，更加深了人们将妇女视为性玩物的印象。委员会还注意到，尽管缔约国承认法律面前人人平等，不分性别、性取向和性别认同这一原则，并将该原则载入了《宪法》(CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/ 4/Add.1，第113段)，但是，人们对妇女依然持消除的陈规定型看法。", "22. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 根据《公约》规定，从速实施一项综合战略，纠正或消除重男轻女的观念和歧视妇女的陈规定型观念，包括基于性取向和性别认同的歧视做法。这类措施应包括与民间社会合作，针对社会各阶层妇女和男子，大力开展宣传活动，提高他们对这个主题的认识；", "(b) 普遍做出积极而持久的努力，遏制并消除歧视性的文化观念，包括对实现男女平等具有消极影响的“一家之主”观念；", "(c) 推行更加严格的安全管理制度，扩大执业医师现行指导原则的适用范围，将非执业医师诊所，如整形美容诊所、美容院和养生馆也包括在内，并对它们的活动进行定期监测；", "(d) 以媒体为主实施各种创新措施，增强人们对男女平等的理解，并通过教育系统消除对妇女的陈规定型看法，进一步树立妇女的正面形象；", "(e) 对所采取的措施进行监测和审查，以评估它们的影响，并采取适当行动。", "对妇女的暴力", "23. 委员会对缔约国持续存在的暴力侵害妇女行为表示关注，尤其是家庭暴力和性暴力，在许多情况下始终未予以充分报告。2008年缔约国对《刑法典》作了修改，规定强奸配偶系犯罪行为，委员会对此表示欢迎，但它同时表示关注的是，该项规定只适用于如下情况，即犯罪人与受害人已分居，正在办理离婚手续，且受害人向法院申请了个人保护令。", "24. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 对其《刑法典》和《刑事诉讼法》进行审查，将家庭暴力和婚内强奸明确定为犯罪行为，并切实将非经同意的任何性行为纳入强奸定义；", "(b) 对法官、检察官和警察进行强制性培训，指导他们严格适用法律规定，处理对妇女的暴力行为，并对警官进行培训，使他们能够运用法律程序帮助女性暴力受害者；", "(c) 鼓励妇女举报家庭暴力和性暴力案件，为受害者正名，并使人们进一步认识到这类暴力行为的犯罪性质；", "(d) 加强庇护所和危机中心，并与那些向受害者提供庇护所和康复服务的非政府组织开展更密切的合作，以便向女性暴力受害者提供充分的援助和保护；", "(e) 收集有关家庭暴力和性暴力的统计数据，并按性别、年龄、国籍和受害人与犯罪人之间的关系进行分类。", "人口贩运", "25. 委员会欢迎缔约国于2011年3月成立了人口贩运问题机构间工作组，并通过了《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》中确定的“人口贩运”定义，但它依然表示关注的是，在缔约国贩运妇女和女孩的活动继续普遍存在，那些被贩运的妇女和女孩不仅受到犯罪指控，而且还被当成非法入境者受到驱逐，不过，缔约国很少报告这方面的情况。另外，委员会还表示关注的是，缔约国尚未制定一个打击人口贩运和保护受害者的综合法律框架", "26. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 批准《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》；", "(b) 颁布一项具体的打击人口贩运立法，包括国际公认的人口贩运定义，以更好地识别贩运受害者并起诉人口贩运者；", "(c) 大力实施打击一切形式贩运妇女和儿童行为的措施，包括依照《公约》第六条，与原籍国和过境国进一步开展国际、区域和双边合作，并对本国的法官、执法官员、边防警卫和社会工作者进行培训；", "(d) 切实对参与人口贩运活动的个人进行起诉和惩罚，并向人口贩运受害者提供保护和康复服务。", "对政治和公共生活的参与", "27. 委员会对缔约国公务人员中女性人数的增加表示欢迎，同时关切地注意到，缔约国内阁中没有女性正部长，而且在其政府、司法机关、外交部门和私营部门，参与决策工作的妇女人数依然很少。", "28. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 依照《公约》第7条，通过相关的法律和政策，促进妇女充分而平等地参与公共、政治和职业生活等所有领域的决策工作，并依照《公约》第4条第1款以及委员会关于妇女参与公共和政治生活的第23(1997)号和第25(2004)号一般性建议，通过暂行特别措施；", "(b) 采取各种步骤，确保向当选担任公职的妇女代表提供必要的机构性支持和资源；", "(c) 通过开展宣传活动，使整个社会进一步认识两性平等和妇女参与决策工作的重要性；为女性候选人和当选担任公职的妇女制定培训和辅导计划，并为现任的和未来的女领导制定提高领导能力和谈判技巧的计划。", "教育", "29. 委员会称赞缔约国在让女孩和妇女接受教育方面取得了实际成果，而识字率上升正是这一成果的具体体现。不过，委员会表示关注的是，在数理学校就读的女孩比例偏低，因此，在所有高等院校选修工程科学、信息通信技术和工艺技术等关键学科的女孩入学率和毕业率自然很低。", "30. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 采取措施消除阻碍女孩在中等和高等教育机构报考数理学科的传统定型观念和体制障碍；", "(b) 做出更大努力，为女孩提供职业辅导，使她们能够在科学相关专业中选择一些非传统的职业途径。", "就业", "31. 委员会就缔约国对《公约》第11条第1款的保留再次表示关注，并继续关注如下问题，即在缔约国依然实行纵向和横向职业隔离，男女之间的工资差距始终存在，而且没有从法律上对性骚扰加以界定和禁止。委员会还表示关注的是，16周带薪产假只限于公民出生，而且单身未婚母亲不能享受与已婚妇女相同的福利。另外，委员会对强迫有身孕的女雇员辞职这一做法深表关注。", "32. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 撤回对《公约》第11条第1款的保留，并采取有效措施，取消横向和纵向职业隔离；", "(b) 切实保障公共部门和私营部门所有女性雇员都能享受带薪产假，而不论其国籍和婚姻状况如何；", "(c) 通过立法保障同值工作同等报酬，并依照国际劳工组织(劳工组织)《关于同酬问题的第100号公约》，缩小男女之间的工资差距；", "(d) 有步骤地颁布关于工作场所和教育机构性骚扰问题的法律规定，包括惩处、民事补救和对受害者的赔偿。", "外籍家庭佣工/外籍妻子", "33. 委员会承认缔约国为保护外籍家庭佣工所采取的一整套立法、行政和教育措施，以及为提高招聘程序标准和尽量减少营私舞弊行为而于2011年4月通过的新的职业介绍所法案，不过，委员会依然对外籍家庭佣工的状况表示关注，尤其是，缔约国强行对外籍家庭佣工定期进行怀孕和性传播疾病检测，禁止外籍家庭佣工与新加坡人结婚，而且不让外籍家庭佣工享受法定休假。委员会还重申了它以前对新加坡公民外籍妻子的状况所表示的关注，特别是她们的工作权利和她们在该国的永久居留身份。", "34. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 审查并修改现行的劳工立法，以适用于外籍家庭佣工，或是通过新的立法，确保外籍家庭佣工享受充足的工资、像样的工作条件，包括休假和福利，并能得到投诉和申诉机构的帮助；", "(b) 审查并废除以怀孕或性传播疾病如艾滋病毒/艾滋病的诊断为由、要求将工作许可证持有人和外籍家庭佣工驱逐出境的法律；", "(c) 在明确规定的合理时限内，向婚后的外籍妻子提供工作许可证和社交通行证，并审查给予外籍妻子公民身份的制度；", "(d) 批准劳工组织《关于消除就业和职业歧视的第111号公约》，并签署和批准劳工组织《关于为家庭佣工争取体面工作的第189号公约》。", "婚姻与家庭关系", "35. 委员会所关注的是，尽管缔约国为统一伊斯兰法与民法采取了一些举措，但是，在结婚和离婚方面，穆斯林妇女依然不能享有与男子平等的权利，包括结婚的权利，这一切都取决于女“吾力”的允许和离婚的可能性。委员会承认，缔约国所进行的法律改革，实际上已基本取消了一夫多妻制，从而使一夫多妻的婚姻日益减少，不过，委员会对缔约国在法律上依然准许一夫多妻制的存在表示关注。委员会还关注的是，缔约国并没有通过明确的立法规定，来保障妇女对所有婚姻财产的平等分享。另外，令委员会担心是，缔约国对男女事实上的结合未做出法律规定，有可能使妇女在分居或受到暴力伤害的情况下得不到保护或救助。", "36. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 确保婚姻和家庭关系上的男女平等，从速修改其余所有歧视性的规定和管理条例，包括有关家庭、结婚和离婚问题的规定和法规，并采取一切必要的立法措施，确保妇女平等分享所有婚姻财产，不论妇女是否对婚姻财产做出过钱财和非钱财方面的贡献；", "(b) 从速做出法律规定，在所有社会群体中完全禁止一夫多妻制；", "(c) 审查制约婚姻和家庭关系的现行法律制度，以期扩大现行法律规定的范围，将事实上结合的配偶也包括在内。", "国家人权机构", "37. 委员会表示遗憾的是，缔约国尚未采取措施，根据促进国家和保护人权机构的地位的原则(《巴黎原则》)，建立一个在保护和促进妇女人权方面具有广泛权限的独立的国家人权机构。", "38. 委员会建议缔约国在明确规定的时限内，根据《巴黎原则》建立一个独立的国家人权机构，其职能应包括解决与男女平等有关的各种问题。", "任择议定书", "39. 委员会鼓励缔约国加快批准《任择议定书》的工作。", "北京宣言和行动纲要", "40. 委员会敦促缔约国在履行《公约》所规定的义务时，充分采用旨在加强《公约》各项条款的《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》，并要求缔约国在其下次的定期报告中纳入这方面信息。", "千年发展目标", "41. 委员会强调指出，充分而有效地执行《公约》，是实现千年发展目标的一个必要条件。它要求在实现千年发展目标的一切努力中纳入两性平等观点，并明确体现《公约》的各项规定，它请缔约国在其下次的定期报告中列入这方面信息。", "宣传工作", "42. 委员会请新加坡在国内广泛宣传本结论意见，使人民、政府官员、政界人士、议员、妇女组织和人权组织了解为确保实现法律和事实上的平等而采取的各种步骤，以及这方面需要进一步采取的措施。委员会建议将地方社区一级也列入宣传范围，并鼓励缔约国组织一系列会议，讨论执行结论意见所取得的进展。委员会请缔约国以妇女组织和人权组织为主，继续广泛宣传委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言和行动纲要》，以及主题为“2000年妇女：二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平”的大会第二十三届特别会议成果文件。", "其他条约的批准", "43. 委员会指出，缔约国加入主要国际人权文书，将有助于妇女在所有生活领域进一步享受到人权和基本自由。因此，委员会鼓励缔约国考虑批准如下公约：《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》；《公民及政治权利国际公约》；《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》；《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》(《禁止酷刑公约》)；《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》(《保护移徙工人公约》)；《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》；以及《残疾人权利公约》。", "根据结论意见提出的后续建议", "44. 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面资料，说明为执行上文第14和34段所载建议采取了哪些举措。", "下一次报告的编写", "45. 委员会请缔约国确保所有部委和公共机构广泛参与下一次报告的编写工作，并在这一阶段征求各种妇女组织和人权组织的意见。", "46. 委员会请缔约国在根据《公约》第18条编写的下一次定期报告中，对本结论意见所表示的关切给予答复，并请缔约国于2015年7月提交下一次定期报告。", "47. 委员会请缔约国遵循国际人权条约中规定的“提交报告统一准则”，包括2006年6月人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议批准的共同核心文件和具体条约文件编写准则(HRI/MC/2006/3 和Corr.1)。2008年1月委员会第四十届会议通过的具体条约报告提交准则(A/63/38，第一章)须结合共同核心文件统一报告准则加以适用。这些准则共同构成了《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》规定的提交报告统一准则。具体条约文件的篇幅应以40页为限，而更新的共同核心文件则不应超过80页。" ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日,日内瓦", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论性意见", "新加坡", "1. 联合国 1. 2011年7月22日,委员会第993和994次会议审议了新加坡的第四次定期报告(CEDAW/C/SGP/4)。 委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4;新加坡政府的答复载于CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4/Add.1。", "A. 导言", "2. 联合国 委员会感谢缔约国提交第四次定期报告,报告总体上遵循了委员会参照以往结论性意见编写报告的准则。 委员会感谢缔约国的口头陈述、对会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单的书面答复以及对委员会口头提出的问题的进一步澄清。", "3个 委员会赞扬缔约国派出由新加坡社区发展、青年和体育国务部长率领的高级别代表团,代表团成员包括一些在《公约》所涉领域具有专门知识的有关部委的代表。 委员会赞赏代表团同委员会成员之间进行的开诚布公和建设性的对话。", "B. 积极方面", " 4.四. 2. 委员会欢迎缔约国自2007年审议缔约国第三次定期报告(CEDAW/C/SGP/3)以来取得的进展,包括进行立法改革和采取一系列立法措施。 具体提到:", "通过《就业法》(2009年)和新的就业机构监管框架(2011年);", "(b) 修订《刑法》(2008年),引入保护青年人免受商业性剥削的规定;", "修订《穆斯林法实施法》(2008年),将穆斯林妇女的最低结婚年龄从16岁提高到18岁;", "《证据法》和《刑事诉讼法》修正案(2010年);", "《妇女宪章法》修正案(2011年);", "(f) 通过《儿童和青年法》,保护女孩和青年妇女免遭虐待、忽视和剥削(2011年)。", "5 (韩语). 委员会赞赏地注意到缔约国为促进两性平等并保护妇女权利而采取的主动行动,例如建立全国家庭暴力网络系统和贩卖人口问题机构间工作队,以及采取强化的一揽子措施支持父母养育子女,包括延长产假和延长父母双方的育儿假和婴儿假。", "6. 国家 委员会满意地注意到缔约国批准了《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》和《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第20条第1款的修正案。 委员会还欢迎缔约国部分撤回了对《公约》第2条和第16条的保留。", "C. 主要关切领域和建议", "7. 联合国 委员会回顾,缔约国有义务系统和持续地执行《公约》的所有条款,认为从现在到提交下次定期报告期间,缔约国必须优先注意本结论意见所提出关切和建议。 因此,委员会敦促缔约国将执行活动的重点放在这些领域上,并在下一次定期报告中报告所采取的行动和取得的成果。 委员会呼吁缔约国将本结论意见发交各相关部委、议会和司法机构,以确保这些意见得到充分落实。", "议会", "8. 联合国 委员会重申,政府对充分履行《公约》规定的缔约国义务负有首要责任,尤其要对此负责,同时强调《公约》对政府所有部门都具有约束力,并请缔约国鼓励议会酌情根据其程序,就执行本结论性意见和政府根据《公约》开展下一次报告进程采取必要步骤。", "《公约》的法律地位", "9. 国家 委员会确认缔约国致力于《公约》所载的两性平等和非歧视原则。 然而,委员会仍感关注的是,尽管1995年批准了《公约》,但缔约国尚未将《公约》纳入国内立法。", "10个 委员会呼吁缔约国高度重视将《公约》充分纳入其国内法律制度的进程,以高度重视《公约》,将其作为消除对妇女一切形式歧视的基础。", "平等和不歧视的定义", "11个 委员会注意到新加坡《宪法》第12条保障平等和不歧视的一般原则,但仍然感到关切的是,缔约国立法,包括《妇女宪章》,没有按照《公约》第1条对歧视妇女的具体定义。", "12个 委员会重申其先前的建议(CEDAW/C/SGP/CO/3, 第14段),并敦促缔约国根据《公约》第1条,在其《宪法》或其他适当立法中纳入对妇女歧视的定义,包括直接和间接歧视,并列入禁止以其他理由对妇女一切形式的歧视的规定。", "保留", "13个 委员会注意到缔约国部分撤回了对第2和16条的保留,并取得了进展,使其立法与《公约》相一致。 然而,委员会对缔约国对第2条(a)至(f)款、第16条第1(a)款、第1(c)款和第1(h)款、第16条第2款以及第11条第1款的保留感到关切。 委员会认为,这些保留是不允许的,因为这些条款对于执行《公约》的所有其他规定至关重要。 在这方面,委员会注意到缔约国在对问题清单的答复中以及在与委员会的对话中提供的资料,即该国政府正在考虑审查其对《公约》所作保留的立场。", "14个 委员会呼吁缔约国将第2条和第16条目前适用于缔约国的部分内容充分纳入其中,并敦促缔约国考虑在具体时限内撤销对第2条和第16条以及第11条第1款的其余保留,因为这些保留违反了《公约》的目标和宗旨。", "歧视性法律", "15个 委员会赞赏地注意到,缔约国通过新加坡伊斯兰宗教理事会为审查和修订歧视性立法并使伊斯兰法与民法相一致而作的努力;特别是,2008年对《穆斯林法实施法》的修订,将穆斯林双方最低结婚年龄从16岁提高到18岁,2010年更新了关于共同租房的祭祀法和关于中央公积金的祭祀法。 然而,委员会仍然深感关切的是,缔约国维持了适用的双重婚姻制度,而且有关婚姻、离婚和国籍的法律中仍然存在剥夺妇女与男子平等权利的歧视性规定。 委员会还对伊斯兰法院与家庭法院之间缺乏自由选择的裁决表示关切。", "16号. 委员会呼吁缔约国:", "立即开展法律审查进程,以便在明确时限内使国内立法与《公约》规定的义务相协调;", "(b) 通过同男女宗教领袖、律师和包括妇女非政府组织在内的民间社会组织的伙伴关系和协作,加强法律改革;", "(c) 规定伊斯兰教和家庭法院之间可平等选择判决。", "提高妇女地位的国家机构", "17岁。 委员会注意到妇女股于2011年7月1日被重新设计为妇女发展办公室,但委员会感到关切的是,该办公室的权力、人力和财力资源和能力有限,无法确保在所有部委和政府部门的工作中适当制定并充分执行两性平等政策。", "18岁。 委员会重申其先前的建议(CEDAW/C/SGP/CO/3, 第18段),并鼓励缔约国提高提高妇女地位国家机构的地位并加强其任务授权并提供必要的人力、财政和技术资源。", "暂行特别措施", " 19. 19. 委员会关切地注意到,缔约国没有计划采取暂行特别措施来加快实现《公约》所有领域的男女实质性平等,特别是在妇女任职人数不足或处于不利地位的领域。", "20号. 委员会重申其先前的建议(CEDAW/C/SGP/CO/3, 第20段)并促请缔约国:", "(a) 使所有有关官员了解《公约》第4条第1款中所载、委员会一般性建议25所解释的暂行特别措施的概念;", "(b) 考虑在妇女任职人数不足或处于不利地位的领域采取各种形式的暂行特别措施,并视需要增拨资源来加速提高妇女地位。", "定型观念和有害习俗", "21岁 委员会重申,它感到关切的是,关于妇女和男子在家庭和社会中的角色和责任的重男轻女态度和根深蒂固的定型观念持续存在。 在这方面,委员会尤其关注的是,尽管法律赋予配偶平等,但缔约国仍然存在歧视性的传统文化态度,继续利用“户主”概念,将这一角色赋予男子。 此外,委员会还感到关切的是,为改进身体形象和符合社会期望的产品和服务作广告的现象十分普遍,而且对非医疗从业人员缺乏明确的指导方针,如美学诊所、美容诊所和温泉疗养院。 委员会指出,这种过度强调妇女的美貌和缺乏对其商业剥削的有效条例,包括媒体的利用,加强了妇女作为性玩物的形象,并严重阻碍了妇女享有人权和实现《公约》所揭示的权利。 委员会还注意到,尽管缔约国承认《宪法》所载的法律面前人人平等的原则,不论性别、性取向和性别认同如何(CEDAW/C/SGP/Q/4/Add.1, 第113段),但对于属于这一群体的妇女仍然存在着负面的定型观念。", "22号. 委员会呼吁缔约国:", "(a) 国家 根据《公约》的规定,立即制定全面战略,以改变或消除歧视妇女的重男轻女态度和定型观念,包括基于性取向和性别认同的态度和定型观念。 这些措施应包括与民间社会合作,以社会各阶层的妇女和男子为对象,努力教育和提高对这一主题的认识;", "(b) 国家 开展普遍、持续和积极主动的努力,打击和消除对实现两性平等有不利影响的歧视性文化概念,包括“户主”;", "(c) 在安全方面实施更严格的条例,将现有执业医师准则扩大到美学诊所、美容沙龙和温泉等非执业医师,并定期监测他们的活动;", "(d) 国家 采取针对媒体的创新措施,加强对男女平等的理解,并通过教育系统,提高妇女的积极、非陈规定型的形象;", "(e) 监测和审查所采取的措施,以评估其影响并采取适当行动。", "暴力侵害妇女行为", "23. 联合国 委员会对缔约国持续存在暴力侵害妇女行为表示关切,特别是家庭暴力和性暴力,在许多情况下,这些暴力行为仍然未得到充分报告。 委员会欢迎2008年对《刑法》关于将强奸配偶定为犯罪的修正案,但感到关切的是,该法只适用于行为人与受害人分居并正在终止婚姻的情况,以及受害人申请人身保护令的情况。", "24 (韩语). 委员会促请缔约国:", "(a) 国家 审查其《刑法》和《刑事诉讼法》,将家庭暴力和婚内强奸具体定为刑事犯罪,并确保强奸的定义涵盖任何未经同意的性行为;", "(b) 国家 向法官、检察官和警察提供关于严格执行有关暴力侵害妇女行为的法律条款的强制性培训,并培训警官处理受暴力侵害妇女的程序;", "(c) 鼓励妇女举报家庭暴力和性暴力事件,消除对受害者的污名化并提高对此类行为的犯罪性质的认识;", "(d) 国家 通过加强庇护所和危机中心的能力,加强与向受害者提供庇护所和康复的非政府组织合作,向受暴力侵害的妇女提供适当援助和保护;", "(e) 协助 收集按性别、年龄、国籍和受害人与犯罪人之间的关系分列的家庭暴力和性暴力统计数据。", "贩运", "25岁 5. 委员会欢迎2011年3月设立了贩运人口问题机构间工作队,并通过了《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》所定义的“贩运人口”的定义,但委员会仍然感到关切的是,该国贩运妇女和女孩的现象仍然普遍存在,据称被贩运的妇女和女孩作为移民罪犯被刑事定罪并驱逐出境,以及报告率低。 委员会还对缺乏打击人口贩运和为受害者提供保护的全面法律框架表示关注。", "26. 联合国 委员会呼吁缔约国:", "批准《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》;", "(b) 国家 颁布打击贩运人口的专门立法,其中包括国际公认的贩运人口定义,以更好地识别贩运受害者并起诉贩运者;", "(c) 加强措施,打击一切形式的贩运妇女和儿童行为,包括按照《公约》第6条,加强与原籍国和过境国的国际、区域和双边合作,并培训该国的司法人员、执法官员、边防警卫和社会工作者;", "(d) 国家 确保起诉和惩罚参与贩运的个人并保护和帮助贩运受害者康复。", "参与政治和公共生活", "27个 在欢迎妇女在公务部门任职的人数有所增加的同时,委员会关切地注意到,在内阁中没有妇女担任正式部长,缔约国妇女在政府、司法和外交部门以及私营部门决策中的人数仍然不足。", "28岁 委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 根据《公约》第7条,通过旨在促进妇女充分和平等地参与公共、政治和职业生活所有领域决策的法律和政策,并依照《公约》第4条第1款、委员会关于妇女参与政治和公共生活的第23(1997)和25(2004)号一般性建议和暂行特别措施采取暂行特别措施;", "(b) 国家 采取步骤,确保当选担任公职的妇女代表获得必要的体制支持和资源;", "(c) 就两性平等和妇女参与决策的重要性,为整个社会开展提高认识活动,并为妇女候选人和当选担任公职的妇女制定培训和辅导方案,为现任和未来的妇女领导人制定关于领导才能和谈判技巧的方案。", "学历", "29. 国家 委员会赞扬缔约国在女童和妇女教育方面取得的成就,如识字率高所反映,但感到关切的是,新加坡国立大学数学和科学高中的女生人数不足,因此所有高等教育机构在工程科学、信息通信技术和技术技能等关键领域的入学率和毕业率都很低。", "30 (英语). 委员会呼吁缔约国:", "(a) 国家 采取措施消除传统定型观念和结构性障碍,这些障碍可能阻碍女孩在教育系统的中等和高等教育中接受科学和数学教育;", "(b) 国家 加强努力,为女孩提供职业咨询,使她们在与科学有关的专业中能够选择非传统职业途径。", "就业", "31岁 委员会重申对缔约国对《公约》第11条第1款的保留表示关切,并仍然关切纵向和横向职业隔离继续存在,男女工资差距持续存在,以及缺乏性骚扰的法律定义并禁止性骚扰。 委员会表示关切的是,16个星期的带薪产假只适用于公民生育,单身未婚母亲得不到与已婚妇女相同的福利。 委员会对怀孕雇员被迫辞职的情况深表关切。", "32. 国家 委员会促请缔约国:", "(a) 国家 撤销对第11条第1款的保留并采取有效措施消除横向和纵向职业隔离;", "(b) 国家 确保公共和私营部门的所有女雇员,不论其国籍和婚姻状况如何,都享有带薪产假的保障;", "(c) 根据国际劳工组织(劳工组织)《同酬公约》(第100号公约)通过立法,保障同工同酬,以缩小并消除男女工资差距;", "(d) 国家 采取措施颁布关于工作场所和教育机构性骚扰的法律规定,包括制裁、民事补救和对受害者的赔偿。", "外籍家庭佣工/外籍妻子", "33. (中文(简体) ). 委员会承认缔约国采取了一整套保护外籍家政工人的立法、行政和教育措施,并于2011年4月通过了新的《就业机构法》,以提高招聘程序的标准并尽量减少虐待和渎职行为,但委员会仍对外籍家政工人的状况感到关切,特别是在怀孕和性病的强制性定期检测、禁止与新加坡人结婚以及没有法定休假日等方面。 委员会还重申其以前对新加坡公民的外国妻子的处境所持的关切,特别是在工作权利和在该国永久居留地位方面。", "34. 国家 委员会鼓励缔约国:", "(a) 国家 审查和修订现行劳工立法,使之适用于外籍家庭佣工,或通过新的立法,确保外籍家庭佣工有权获得适当的工资、体面的工作条件(包括一天的休假)福利以及申诉和补救机制;", "(b) 国家 审查并废除要求持工作许可证者,包括外籍家庭佣工因怀孕或诊断艾滋病毒/艾滋病等性传播疾病而被驱逐出境的法律;", "(c) 向持有社会探访证的外国妻子提供工作许可证,并审查其在婚后明确和合理时限内给予外国妻子公民身份的制度;", "批准劳工组织关于就业和职业歧视的第111号公约,并签署和批准劳工组织关于家政工人体面工作的第189号公约。", "婚姻和家庭关系", "35. 联合国 委员会感到关切的是,尽管缔约国采取了一些步骤来协调伊斯兰法和民法,但穆斯林妇女在家庭、婚姻和离婚方面仍然不能享有同男子平等的权利,包括结婚的权利(这取决于妇女州长的许可)和通过休妻离婚的可能性(talaq)。 委员会承认,缔约国进行了法律改革,使一夫多妻制实际上成为不可能,导致一夫多妻制婚姻数量减少,但委员会感到关切的是,一夫多妻制继续得到法律批准。 委员会还关切的是,在明确的立法中,妇女在所有婚姻财产中平等的份额没有得到保障。 委员会还感到关切的是,没有关于事实上的结合的法律规定,在分居或暴力侵害妇女的情况下,这些规定可能使妇女得不到保护和补救。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 委员会呼吁缔约国:", "(a) 国家 确保男女在婚姻和家庭关系中平等;毫不拖延地修订所有剩余的歧视性规定和行政条例,包括有关家庭、婚姻和离婚的规定和条例;并采取一切必要的立法措施,确保妇女平等分享所有婚姻财产,而不论对婚姻财产的金钱和非金钱贡献如何;", "(b) 国家 毫不拖延地立法,全面禁止所有社会群体中的一夫多妻;", "(c) 审查关于婚姻和家庭关系的现行法律制度,以期将现有法律规定扩大到事实上结合的夫妇。", "国家人权机构", "37. 联合国 委员会感到遗憾的是,缔约国尚未采取步骤,按照关于促进和保护人权的国家机构的地位的原则( \" 巴黎原则 \" ),设立一个独立的国家人权机构,承担保护和促进妇女人权的广泛任务。", "38. 国家 委员会建议缔约国在明确时限内根据《巴黎原则》建立一个独立的国家人权机构,其权限应包括与男女平等有关的问题。", "任择议定书", "39. 联合国 委员会鼓励缔约国加紧努力批准《任择议定书》。", "《北京宣言和行动纲要》", " 40. 40. 委员会敦促缔约国在履行《公约》义务时,充分利用加强《公约》各项规定的《北京宣言和行动纲要》,并请缔约国在下一次定期报告中提供有关资料。", "千年发展目标", "41. 国家 217. 委员会强调,充分和有效地执行《公约》对于实现千年发展目标不可或缺。 委员会要求在实现千年发展目标的一切努力中纳入性别观点并明确反映《公约》的规定,并请缔约国在下一次定期报告中提供有关资料。", "传播", "42. 国家 委员会要求在新加坡广泛传播本结论意见,使人民、政府官员、政界人士、议员以及妇女组织和人权组织了解为确保妇女在法律上和事实上的平等已经采取的步骤以及在这方面需要进一步采取的步骤。 委员会建议传播的内容应包括地方社区一级。 委员会鼓励缔约国组织一系列会议来讨论在落实这些意见方面取得的进展。 委员会请缔约国继续广泛宣传委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言和行动纲要》以及以 \" 2000年妇女:二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平 \" 为主题的大会第二十三届特别会议的成果,特别是向妇女组织和人权组织开展宣传。", "批准其他条约", "43. 东帝汶 委员会指出,缔约国加入主要国际人权文书,将促进妇女在生活的各个方面享受人权和基本自由。 因此,委员会鼓励缔约国考虑批准《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》。", "结论意见的后续行动", "44. 国家 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面资料,说明为执行上文第14和34段所载建议而采取的步骤。", "编写下一份报告", "45. 国家 委员会请缔约国确保所有部委和公共机构广泛参与下一次报告的编写工作,并在此阶段同各种妇女组织和人权组织协商。", "46. 经常预算: 委员会请缔约国在根据《公约》第十八条提交的下次定期报告中答复本结论意见所关切的问题。 委员会请缔约国于2015年7月提交下次定期报告。", "47. 国家 委员会请缔约国遵循2006年6月人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议批准的“根据国际人权条约提交报告的统一准则,包括编写共同核心文件和具体条约文件的准则”(HRI/MC/2006/3和Corr.1)。 委员会2008年1月第四十届会议通过的条约专要报告准则(A/63/38,附件一)必须与共同核心文件统一报告准则一并适用。 它们共同构成根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》提交报告的协调准则。 具体条约文件应限于40页,而更新的共同核心文件不应超过80页。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 66 of the provisional agenda*", "Rights of indigenous peoples", "* A/66/150.", "Rights of indigenous peoples", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 15/7.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of the activities carried out by the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya, during the first three-year term of his mandate, which began in May 2008. In particular, the report describes the Special Rapporteur’s efforts to coordinate with global and regional mechanisms concerned with indigenous issues and outlines the work undertaken within four interrelated spheres of activity: promoting good practices, country reports, cases of alleged human rights violations and thematic studies.", "The report includes summaries of the thematic studies that the Special Rapporteur has included in the annual reports he has submitted to date to the Human Rights Council. These includes studies on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; the duty of States to consult with and obtain the consent of indigenous peoples before adopting measures that affect them; the responsibility of corporations to respect the rights of indigenous peoples; and, building on these themes, issues related to extractive industries operating in or near indigenous peoples’ traditional territories.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.Coordination 3 with other \nmechanisms III. Areas 5 of \n work A. Promoting 5 good \npractices B.Country 9 \nreports C.Specific 10 cases of alleged human rights \nviolations D.Thematic 12 \nstudies IV.Overview 12 of key thematic issues \nexamined A.United 12 Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous \nPeoples B.The 15 duty to \nconsult C. Corporate 18 responsibility with respect to the human rights of indigenous \npeoples D.Extractive 20 industries operating in or near industrial \nterritories \nV.Conclusion 22", "I. Introduction", "1. n In its resolution 2001/57, the Commission on Human Rights decided to appoint, for a three-year period, a special rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people to gather, request, receive and exchange information and communications from all relevant sources concerning human rights violations against indigenous people themselves and their communities and organizations and to formulate recommendations and proposals to prevent and remedy such violations, among other functions.", "2. In its resolution 6/12, the Human Rights Council decided to extend the mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, to develop a regular cooperative dialogue with Governments, relevant United Nations bodies, specialized agencies and programmes, as well as indigenous peoples, non-governmental organizations and other regional or subregional international institutions; to examine ways and means of overcoming existing obstacles to the full and effective protection of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, in conformity with his mandate, and to identify, exchange and promote best practices; and to promote the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and international instruments relevant to the advancement of the rights of indigenous peoples, where appropriate.", "3. By its resolution 15/14, the Council renewed the mandate, referring to the Special Rapporteur as the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, not as the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, under essentially the same terms.", "4. The Human Rights Council appointed James Anaya of the United States of America Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples for an initial term of three years beginning 1 May 2008. Mr. Anaya’s appointment to the mandate was renewed for a second three-year term effective 1 May 2011.", "5. The present report provides an overview of the Special Rapporteur’s work during the first three years of his appointment. It describes his efforts to coordinate with United Nations and other international mechanisms and agencies, and outlines the following initiatives, carried out within four interrelated spheres of activity relevant to the mandate: promoting good practices, reporting on country situations, examining cases of alleged human rights violations and developing or contributing to thematic studies. The report includes summaries of the major points that have been made in the examination of key topics and that have been included in the annual reports of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council.", "II. Coordination with other mechanisms", "6. As indicated in Council resolution 15/14, a fundamental aspect of the mandate of the Special Rapporteur is his ongoing cooperation and partnership with other United Nations mechanisms dedicated to the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peoples, namely the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues and the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.", "7. The Special Rapporteur has noted a significant level of confusion among indigenous groups, non-governmental organizations and other stakeholders about the respective roles and functions of the three mechanisms, as well as their place within the institutional structure of the United Nations. He has therefore strived to collaborate with the other mechanisms in a coherent and transparent way in order to maximize understanding about the role and purpose of each mechanism.", "8. The respective mandates of these three mechanisms, created at different times and in response to different moments in the international movement to protect the rights of indigenous peoples, are complementary but overlapping in certain respects. The Special Rapporteur has consistently worked to strengthen and consolidate the coordination processes between them to avoid unnecessary duplication and to maximize opportunities and the effectiveness of each body. He believes that continued education about the individual mandates and functions of these mechanisms is essential.", "9. The Special Rapporteur has, from the beginning of his mandate, participated in regular coordination meetings with both the Permanent Forum and the Expert Mechanism to promote coordination. In February 2009, he participated in a seminar in Madrid with the members of the Expert Mechanism and four members of the Permanent Forum, along with a group of experts from various regions, including the former Special Rapporteur, Rodolfo Stavenhagen. The main objective of the meeting was to promote an informal dialogue among the members of the three mechanisms so that they could better coordinate their work, as well as their activities with other United Nations agencies and bodies.", "10. Since then, the Special Rapporteur has met annually with representatives of the Permanent Forum and the Expert Mechanism to share work agendas, discuss the strengths and limitations of their respective mandates and explore methods for carrying out their work in the most effective way possible.", "11. The Special Rapporteur has also worked closely with the Expert Mechanism and contributed to its final study on indigenous peoples and the right to participate in decision-making. He participated in two meetings: a regional consultation organized by the Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact, which members of the Expert Mechanism also attended, held in Thailand in January 2010; and an expert seminar convened by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), held in Geneva in March 2011. The study (A/HCR/EMRIP/2011/2) was presented at the fourth session of the Expert Mechanism, held in Geneva from 11 to 15 July 2011. The Special Rapporteur had also provided comments for the previous study of the Expert Mechanism, on the right of indigenous peoples to education.", "12. Since assuming his mandate, the Special Rapporteur has attended each annual session of the Permanent Forum and the Expert Mechanism and has participated in the discussion of the substantive issues under consideration. During those sessions, he developed the practice of holding parallel meetings with indigenous peoples and organizations, which have provided an invaluable opportunity for representatives of indigenous peoples and organizations from around the world to raise their specific situations and concerns in a manner that complements the more general discussions of indigenous issues by the Permanent Forum and Expert Mechanism. During the sessions, the Special Rapporteur also met with representatives of various States and United Nations agencies to discuss opportunities for collaboration and specific cases concerning indigenous peoples.", "13. In addition to cooperating with the Expert Mechanism and the Permanent Forum, the Special Rapporteur has welcomed opportunities to join efforts with a range of United Nations, regional and specialized bodies on matters concerning indigenous peoples. He has provided observations on initiatives of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), OHCHR, the World Bank, the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) and the Pan American Health Organization. This coordination is important, as the Special Rapporteur promotes awareness of indigenous issues and programmatic action that is conducive to mainstreaming those issues and to effectively implementing standards of indigenous rights as affirmed in relevant international instruments.", "14. The Special Rapporteur has continued to exchange information with the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights on cases of alleged violations of the rights of indigenous peoples in the Americas, in an attempt to ensure coordinated efforts and avoid unnecessary duplication. He has also confirmed his willingness to cooperate with the Working Group on Indigenous Populations of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights in the future.", "III. Areas of work", "15. The Special Rapporteur has engaged in a range of activities to monitor the human rights conditions of indigenous peoples worldwide and promote steps to improve those conditions in line with relevant international standards, including the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. He has tried to develop work methods oriented towards building a constructive dialogue with Governments, indigenous peoples, non-governmental organizations, relevant United Nations agencies and others in order to address challenging issues and situations and build on advances already made. The various activities carried out in this spirit can be described, as already indicated, as falling within four, interrelated spheres of activity: promoting good practices, country reports, cases of alleged human rights violations and thematic studies.", "A. Promoting good practices", "16. The Special Rapporteur has worked to advance legal, administrative and programmatic reforms at the national and international levels in accordance with the Declaration and other relevant international instruments. Often, such reforms are major, complex undertakings requiring strong commitment, both financial and political, on the part of Governments and international entities, as well as close cooperation with indigenous peoples.", "1. Promoting good practices at the national level", "17. During the course of his work, the Special Rapporteur has been asked to provide assistance with constitutional and legislative reform initiatives aimed at harmonizing national frameworks with relevant international standards.", "18. Shortly after assuming his mandate in May 2008, the Special Rapporteur was asked by indigenous organizations and the President of the Constituent Assembly of Ecuador, as part of the programme of technical assistance provided by UNDP in the country, to provide technical assistance with the constitutional revision process. The Special Rapporteur visited Ecuador and submitted a number of observations to the Government in the light of relevant international norms (A/HRC/9/9/Add.1, para. 502). Ecuador’s new constitution was approved by referendum in September 2008 with significant provisions affirming indigenous peoples’ collective rights.", "19. The Special Rapporteur has continued to monitor the implementation by Ecuador of those reforms and subsequent legislation and, in 2010, presented to the Council at its fifteenth session his observations on progress made and challenges remaining with regard to implementing the constitutional guarantees for indigenous people in Ecuador (A/HRC/15/37/Add.7). Furthermore, he has provided comments on various drafts of legislation currently under consideration by the National Assembly of Ecuador to coordinate indigenous customary justice systems with the national justice system, in accordance with related provisions of the Constitution.", "20. Similarly, in April 2009, the Special Rapporteur submitted a report to the Government of Chile outlining and analysing the international norms on the duty to consult indigenous peoples in relation to the constitutional reform process in Chile (A/HRC/12/34/Add.6, appendix A).", "21. In July 2010, the Special Rapporteur provided an analysis of international standards relevant to the development in Colombia of a law or regulation on the duty to consult with indigenous peoples and Afro-Colombian communities on matters affecting them. His input was part of an initiative launched by OHCHR at the request of an advisory group on the matter of the Ministry of Interior and Justice of Colombia.", "22. Likewise, over the course of several weeks in February 2011 the Special Rapporteur provided observations on the initiative of the Government of Guatemala to regulate a procedure for consultation with indigenous peoples.", "23. Additionally, at the request of the Government of Suriname and indigenous and tribal peoples, the Special Rapporteur provided observations and recommendations on a process to develop legislation to secure indigenous and tribal peoples’ rights to lands and resources, in the light of binding judgments issued in this connection by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (A/HRC/18/35/Add.7). The observations and recommendations were based in part on information gathered during a visit to Suriname in March 2011.", "24. In December 2008, the Special Rapporteur attended a ceremony in Awas Tingni, Nicaragua, during which the Government handed over to the indigenous community the long-awaited title to its ancestral lands, as required by a 2001 judgement of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights. He commended the Government of Nicaragua for taking steps to implement the judgement, and has continued discussions with the Government to encourage progress towards securing the rights to land and resources of other indigenous communities in that country.", "2. Promoting good practices by international institutions and authorities", "25. The Special Rapporteur has sought to promote decisions, programmatic reforms and initiatives by international actors, at both the global and regional levels, and to strengthen, mainstream and advance implementation of international standards concerning the rights of indigenous peoples.", "26. In July 2011, the Special Rapporteur testified as an expert witness before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in the case Sarayaku v. Ecuador, regarding the principles of consultation and free prior and informed consent.", "27. In May 2011, the Special Rapporteur gave the keynote speech at a session in Geneva of the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore of WIPO, which is in the process of developing an international legal instrument on traditional knowledge, genetic resources and traditional cultural expressions.", "28. In February 2011, the Special Rapporteur provided extensive observations on the draft guidelines of UNDP on consultation with indigenous peoples in the context of activities to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Also in February 2011, he contributed to the development of a regional intercultural health policy by the Pan American Health Organization during a special meeting convened in Washington, D.C.", "29. In January 2011, in Paris, he participated in the meeting of a working group of State delegates to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), providing comments to focus attention on indigenous issues in the process of updating the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises.", "30. At various times during the past year, the Special Rapporteur has provided comments to the International Finance Corporation of the World Bank Group during the Corporation’s review of its performance standard No. 7, on indigenous peoples, including by meeting with officials of the Corporation and providing written observations on drafts of the performance standard.", "31. In November 2010, the Special Rapporteur participated in a seminar in Geneva on land and human rights hosted by OHCHR, at which he provided information on and analysis of the particular human rights concerns of indigenous peoples in relation to lands.", "32. The Special Rapporteur participated in seminars on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples organized by OHCHR in Peru, in October 2008, in Nicaragua, in June 2009, and in Trinidad and Tobago, in December 2009.", "33. The Special Rapporteur has been collaborating with UNDP to produce a resource guide on indigenous peoples’ rights for UNDP staff and others working on indigenous issues.", "34. Additionally, the Special Rapporteur has cooperated with the World Bank. On 3 June 2008, he was the featured speaker at a seminar on “Advancing indigenous rights and development in Latin America and the Caribbean”, held in Washington, D.C., at which he focused on the role of the World Bank in relation to various challenges and initiatives concerning indigenous peoples. The Special Rapporteur continues to maintain contact with representatives of the World Bank to explore ways of coordinating further with a view to advancing indigenous peoples’ rights through the Bank’s programmes.", "3. Promoting support for the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples", "35. Another important way in which good practices can be promoted among both national and international entities is by advancing a policy of commitment to the rights enshrined in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. To that end, the Special Rapporteur has actively encouraged support for the Declaration by those States that did not vote in favour of its adoption by the General Assembly in 2007. In recent years, he has welcomed the reversal of positions by Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States, the four States that had cast votes against the Declaration. He has been pleased to observe that Colombia and Samoa, States that had abstained from the vote, have since declared their support for the Declaration. The Special Rapporteur has devoted sections of his thematic reports to further analysis of the Declaration and its implementation.", "36. The Special Rapporteur has sought to promote awareness of and action in accordance with the Declaration through a number of activities. In June 2011, he testified at a hearing of the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs entitled “Setting the standard: the domestic policy implication of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples”. In April 2011, he gave the keynote address at the biennial conference of the New South Wales Aboriginal Land Council in Australia, at which the Land Council discussed the Declaration as a benchmark for major aspects of its work. Additionally, he gave a presentation on the Declaration to representatives of various United Nations agencies in a seminar organized by UNDP in New York, on 20 May 2009, at which he emphasized the role of United Nations agencies and programmes in implementing the Declaration.", "4. Other measures to promote good practices", "37. Participation in seminars or conferences involving indigenous peoples, experts, Government representatives and other actors has been an important means by which the Special Rapporteur has sought to promote good practices.", "38. In March 2011, the Special Rapporteur gave the keynote address at an expert workshop in Berlin convened by the Federal Ministry on Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany, concerning German development cooperation in Africa and Asia.", "39. In May 2010, the Special Rapporteur participated in a seminar on multiculturalism and the oil and gas industry in Latin America and the Caribbean in Cartagena, Colombia, organized by the Regional Association of Oil, Gas and Biofuels Sector Companies in Latin America and the Caribbean. The seminar provided an opportunity for dialogue with representatives of oil and gas companies, as well as with academics and members of civil society, on the obligations of private companies to respect international standards regarding indigenous peoples’ rights.", "40. The Special Rapporteur participated in a seminar on indigenous rights, held in Jakarta on 16 and 17 March 2009, sponsored by the National Human Rights Commission of Indonesia and the Indigenous Peoples’ Alliance of the Archipelago. At the seminar, the Human Rights Commission and the Peoples’ Alliance announced an agreement on a joint programme to address indigenous issues — a good example of coordination between a State’s independent human rights commission and a major indigenous organization.", "41. The Special Rapporteur also participated in a meeting of experts held in October 2009 in Sitges, Spain, and sponsored by the non-governmental organizations Kreddha and the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Centre of Catalonia, at which the participants analysed sources of conflicts arising from extractive activities carried out by companies in indigenous territories and possible ways of preventing and resolving such conflicts. The discussions served as a valuable contribution to the report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people submitted to the Human Rights Council at its fifteenth session (A/HRC/15/37).", "42. The Special Rapporteur visited Australia to attend a meeting entitled “The Sixtieth Anniversary of the Universal Declaration on Human Rights: The Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People of Australia”, organized by the Foundation for Aboriginal and Islander Research Action and held in Canberra in December 2008. The Special Rapporteur had the opportunity to meet informally with various governmental representatives, marking the beginning of a constructive dialogue in preparation for his official mission to Australia in August 2009.", "43. In an innovative initiative by an indigenous government, the Navajo Nation in the United States has established the Navajo Nation Human Rights Commission. In December 2008, the Special Rapporteur attended a human rights orientation organized by the Commission for members of the Navajo Nation Council and engaged in a discussion with the Commission and Council members on ways to advance the human rights of Navajo people through the use of international human rights mechanisms.", "44. In October 2008, the Special Rapporteur attended the sixty-fifth convention of the National Congress of American Indians. He gave a presentation on the use of international standards to strengthen the protections for the rights of indigenous peoples in the United States. The National Congress is a coalition of over 250 indigenous nations in the United States that works to inform decisions of the Government of the United States and Congress that affect indigenous peoples’ interests.", "45. In October 2008, the Special Rapporteur, together with the Special Rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences, participated in a regional consultation of non-governmental organizations on violence against indigenous women in Asia and the Pacific. The consultation was organized by the Asia Pacific Forum on Women, Law and Development and was held in New Delhi.", "B. Country reports", "46. Over the past three years, the Special Rapporteur has issued various reports on the human rights situations of indigenous peoples in various countries. Those reports include conclusions and recommendations aimed at strengthening good practices, identifying areas of concern and improving the human rights conditions of indigenous peoples in specific countries or regions. The reporting process typically involves a visit to the country under review, including to the capital and selected places of concern, during which the Special Rapporteur interacts with Government representatives, indigenous communities from different regions and a cross-section of civil society working on issues of relevance to indigenous peoples. The visits take place with the consent and cooperation of the respective Government.", "47. The Special Rapporteur has conducted visits to and reported on Brazil (A/HRC/12/34/Add.2); Nepal (A/HRC/12/34/Add.3); Botswana (A/HRC/15/37/Add.2); Australia (A/HRC/15/37/Add.4); the Russian Federation (A/HRC/15/37/Add.5); the Sápmi region (the traditional territory of the Sami people) in Norway, Sweden and Finland (A/HRC/18/35/Add.2); the Congo (A/HRC/18/35/Add.5); and New Caledonia (France) (A/HRC/18/35/Add.6). He has also conducted follow-up visits to Chile (A/HRC/12/34/Add.6), Colombia (A/HRC/15/37.Add.3) and New Zealand (A/HRC/18/35/Add.4) to evaluate the progress made in those countries in implementing the recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur’s predecessor.", "48. In 2011, the Special Rapporteur will visit Argentina and, early in 2012, the United States. He has also received invitations from the Governments of Panama and El Salvador to evaluate the situations of indigenous peoples in those countries, and welcomes those invitations. The Special Rapporteur has outstanding requests to visit Bangladesh, Cambodia, Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, which he hopes will be considered favourably.", "C. Specific cases of alleged human rights violations", "49. Another principal area of the Special Rapporteur’s work involves responding, on an ongoing basis, to allegations of human rights violations in specific cases. Summaries of letters sent by the Special Rapporteur communicating his concerns over particular situations and responses received from Governments, together with the Special Rapporteur’s observations and recommendations, are included in his communications to and from Governments (A/HRC/18/35/Add.1, A/HRC/15/37/Add.1 and A/HRC/12/26/Add.1).", "50. The Special Rapporteur has received information about cases of alleged human rights violations in countries on every continent and, in response to them, has sent numerous communications to Governments about these situations. Complaints received have related to common issues that affect indigenous peoples throughout the world, including the denial of the rights of indigenous peoples to their lands, territories and natural resources; violations of the right to consultation and to free, prior and informed consent, especially with regard to natural resource extraction or the eviction of indigenous communities; threats or violence against indigenous individuals and communities, including human rights defenders; concerns about constitutional or legislative reforms in indigenous subject matter; issues related to the recognition of indigenous justice systems; and the situation of indigenous peoples in isolation.", "51. Given the limited resources available, it is impossible for the Special Rapporteur to respond to every case that comes to his attention. However, he frequently acts on detailed and credible information that presents a serious situation falling within his mandate in which intervention has a reasonable chance of having a positive impact, either by drawing needed attention to the situation or by prompting Government authorities or other actors to take corrective action. Alternatively, he may take action where the situation is representative of, or connected to, a broader pattern of human rights violations against indigenous peoples. He has responded to allegations of human rights violations from a wide range of regions and countries.", "52. The Special Rapporteur aims to engage actively with States, indigenous peoples and others to closely monitor and evaluate situations, identify underlying causes of immediate problems, promote specific action that builds on advances already made and make recommendations that are practical, founded on available knowledge and in accordance with relevant human rights standards.", "53. Therefore, for some cases examined, the Special Rapporteur has developed detailed observations and recommendations that he has communicated to Governments, regarding the action which, in his view, States and, as appropriate, other interested parties should take to address those situations, within the framework of the relevant international standards. He will continue to engage with States about these specific situations and hopes that the dialogue to date has been useful for the Governments and indigenous peoples concerned.", "54. Certain communications received by the Special Rapporteur contain allegations of specific violations of human rights of indigenous peoples that warrant deeper analysis. For these matters, he has carried out site visits to countries as part of his examination of those cases. As a result of the visits, he has issued detailed observations with analyses and recommendations, in the hope that they will be of use to the Governments and indigenous peoples concerned in their efforts to address the problems raised.", "55. In that connection, in April 2011 the Special Rapporteur travelled to Costa Rica to examine the situation of indigenous peoples affected by the El Diquís hydroelectric project. The Special Rapporteur provided the Government and indigenous stakeholders with his observations and recommendations on the situation (A/HRC/18/35/Add.8).", "56. Similarly, in June 2010, the Special Rapporteur visited Guatemala to discuss the implementation of the principles of consultation with indigenous peoples in the country, particularly in relation to extractive industries, with a special focus on the situation of indigenous peoples affected by the Marlin mine in the municipalities of San Miguel Ixtuhuacán and Sipacapa (A/HRC/18/35/Add.3).", "57. In February 2009, the Special Rapporteur travelled to Panama to examine the situation of the indigenous communities affected by the construction of a hydroelectric project on the Changuinola River in Panama (A/HRC/12/34/Add.5). In June 2009, he went to Peru immediately following the confrontations between indigenous peoples and the police in Bagua, Peru, in order to examine first hand the human rights issues (A/HRC/12/34/Add.8).", "58. During his visit to Australia in August 2009, the Special Rapporteur followed up on earlier communications concerning the effects on indigenous rights of the Northern Territory Emergency Response of the Government of Australia. He prepared a special report containing his observations on that matter, which was annexed to his report on the situation of indigenous peoples in Australia (A/HRC/15/37/Add.4, appendix B.)", "59. The Special Rapporteur believes that his ability to intervene rapidly in situations of crisis involving indigenous peoples, such as the situation of Bagua in Peru, has proved to be an effective use of his mandate, allowing him to play a key role in the resolution, mitigation or improvement of situations of crisis involving indigenous peoples.", "60. On occasion, the Special Rapporteur has issued media or other public statements in response to issues of immediate concern arising in specific countries. He has issued public statements on the following issues: Government reactions to protests by the Rapa Nui people on Easter Island (Chile); concerns surrounding a hunger strike by Mapuche indigenous prisoners protesting charges brought against them under an anti-terrorism law (Chile); protests by indigenous peoples against legislation on mining (Panama); laws and policies regarding consultation with indigenous peoples (Peru); and concerns over legislation adopted by the State of Arizona (United States) giving the police the power to detain suspected illegal immigrants and the effects of this legislation on indigenous peoples in the United States/Mexico border region.", "D. Thematic studies", "61. During the first three years of his mandate, the Special Rapporteur sought to identify common issues or matters of concern to indigenous peoples throughout the world and to address those concerns with informed analysis and recommendations. His analyses of thematic issues have built upon his examination of national situations and cases, and have been further informed by his experiences in the promotion of good practices. In each of his annual reports to the Human Rights Council, he has examined key issues, including the following: the significance of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples; the duty of States to consult with and obtain the consent of indigenous peoples before adopting measures that affect them; the responsibility of corporations to respect the rights of indigenous peoples; and, most recently, and building on the previous themes, issues related to extractive industries operating in or near indigenous peoples’ traditional territories.", "IV. Overview of key thematic issues examined[1]", "A. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples", "1. Overview", "62. During the last three decades, the demands of indigenous peoples across the world have led to the gradual emergence of a common body of opinion on the rights of these peoples based on long-standing principles of international human rights law and policy. The emergence of this common understanding has further been reflected in and supported by constitutional, legislative and institutional reforms at the national level. The adoption by the General Assembly in 2007 of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is the most prominent manifestation of this common body of opinion, encapsulating as it does a widely shared understanding of the rights of indigenous peoples that has been building over decades from a foundation of existing sources of international human rights law.", "63. The Declaration’s preamble stresses the essentially remedial purpose of the instrument. Far from affirming special rights per se, the Declaration aims at repairing the ongoing consequences of the historical denial of the right to self‑determination and other basic human rights that are affirmed in international instruments of general applicability. In this sense, the Declaration does not create new or special rights separate from the fundamental human rights that are deemed of universal application, but rather elaborates upon these fundamental rights in the specific cultural, historical, social and economic circumstances of indigenous peoples.", "64. The Declaration affirms in its article 3 the right of indigenous peoples to self determination in a way that is deemed compatible with the principle of territorial integrity and political unity of States. On these grounds, the Declaration provides a detailed list of rights that constitute “the minimum standards for the survival, dignity and well-being of indigenous peoples of the world” (art. 43). The Declaration reaffirms basic individual rights to equality and non-discrimination, life and personal integrity and freedom, nationality and access to justice; and it calls for special attention to specific rights and needs of indigenous elders, women, youth, children and persons with disabilities.", "65. At the same time, the Declaration affirms rights of a collective character in relation to self-government and autonomous political, legal, social and cultural institutions; cultural integrity, including cultural and spiritual objects, languages and other cultural expressions; lands, territories and natural resources; social services and development; treaties, agreements and other constructive arrangements; and cross-border cooperation. The Declaration also reflects the common understanding that indigenous peoples’ self-determination ordinarily involves not only the exercise of autonomy but also a participatory engagement and interaction with the larger societal structures in the countries in which indigenous peoples live. Hence the Declaration recognizes indigenous peoples’ right to participate in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the State and to be consulted in relation to decisions affecting them, with the objective of obtaining their prior, free and informed consent.", "2. Normative and legal significance", "66. On too many occasions in his work, the Special Rapporteur has come across efforts by States and other actors to diminish the normative weight of the Declaration by describing it as an instrument that is not legally binding. While this point can be conceded, a solid understanding of the normative significance and legal obligations related to the Declaration does not end there.", "67. Whatever its precise legal significance, the Declaration has a significant normative weight grounded in its high degree of legitimacy. This legitimacy is a function of not only the fact that it has been formally endorsed by an overwhelming majority of Member States (including by the four States that had voted against its adoption, see para. 35 above) but also the fact that it is the product of years of advocacy and struggle by indigenous peoples themselves. The Declaration is the result of a cross-cultural dialogue that has taken place over decades and in which indigenous peoples have played a leading role. The norms of the Declaration substantially reflect indigenous peoples’ own aspirations, which after years of deliberation have come to be accepted by the international community. The Declaration’s wording, which has been endorsed by Members States, explicitly manifests a commitment to the rights and principles embodied in the Declaration. It is simply a matter of good faith that States adhere to that expression of commitment to the norms that indigenous peoples themselves have advanced.", "68. Furthermore, even though the Declaration itself is not legally binding in the same way that a treaty is, the Declaration reflects legal obligations that are related to the human rights provisions of the Charter of the United Nations, various multilateral human rights treaties and customary international law. The Declaration builds upon the general human rights obligations of States and is grounded in fundamental human rights principles such as non-discrimination, self-determination and cultural integrity, which are incorporated into widely ratified human rights treaties, as evident in the work of United Nations treaty bodies. In addition, core principles of the Declaration can be seen to connect to a consistent pattern of international and State practice, and hence, to that extent, they reflect customary international law.", "69. Additionally, the Declaration reflects the existing international consensus regarding the individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples in a way that is coherent with and expands upon the provisions of the Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples (Convention No. 169) of the International Labour Organization, as well as with the interpretations of other human rights instruments by international bodies and mechanisms. As the most authoritative expression of this consensus, the Declaration provides a framework of action for the full protection and implementation of these rights.", "70. Thus, the significance of the Declaration is not to be diminished by assertions of its technical status as a resolution that is not legally binding. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, implementation of the Declaration should be regarded as a political, moral and, yes, legal imperative.", "3. Measures needed to implement the Declaration", "71. On various occasions the Special Rapporteur has offered comments on minimum steps that he considers must be taken in order to move forward with the implementation of the Declaration, beyond its formal endorsement by States.", "72. State officials and indigenous leaders should receive training on the Declaration and the related international instruments and on practical measures to implement the Declaration. In addition, seminars and conferences should be organized at the national and local levels to bring together State officials and indigenous leaders to develop strategies and initiatives for implementation, including measures to address historical grievances, in the spirit of cooperation and reconciliation that the Declaration represents.", "73. States should engage in comprehensive reviews of their existing legislation and administrative programmes to identify where they may be incompatible with the Declaration. This would include a review of all laws and programmes touching upon indigenous peoples’ rights and interests, including those related to natural resource development, land, education and administration of justice. On the basis of such a review, necessary legal and programmatic reforms should be developed and implemented in consultation with indigenous peoples.", "74. States should be committed to devoting significant human and financial resources to take the measures required to implement the Declaration. Such measures typically include the demarcation or return of indigenous lands, the development of culturally appropriate educational programmes, support for indigenous self-governance institutions and the many other measures contemplated by the Declaration.", "75. The United Nations system and the international community should, as a matter of the utmost priority, develop programmes to provide technical and financial assistance to States and indigenous peoples to move forward with these and related steps to implement the Declaration.. In some instances, existing United Nations and international cooperation programmes may also have to be reformed so that they are in line with the goals and objectives of the Declaration.", "76. To some extent, these minimum steps to implement the Declaration are already being taken by some States, in some cases with the backing of United Nations agencies or international cooperation programmes. The goal is for these initiatives to take root much more broadly than they have to date and for experiences to be shared among all relevant stakeholders in order to strengthen these initiatives.", "B. The duty to consult[2]", "1. Normative grounds and general character", "77. The duty of States to consult with indigenous peoples on decisions affecting them finds prominent expression in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and is firmly rooted in international human rights law. That duty is referenced throughout the Declaration in relation to particular concerns and is affirmed as an overarching principle in article 19, which provides the following: “States shall consult and cooperate in good faith with the indigenous peoples concerned through their own representative institutions in order to obtain their free, prior and informed consent before adopting and implementing legislative or administrative measures that may affect them.”", "78. Like the Declaration, the Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples requires States to consult with indigenous peoples in good faith with the objective of achieving their agreement or consent on those aspects of management schemes or projects that affect them, and calls upon States to carry out consultations with indigenous communities in connection with a variety of contexts. The duty of States to effectively consult with indigenous peoples is also grounded in the core human rights treaties of the United Nations, including the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. At the regional level, the duty to consult arises from the obligations assumed by States under the American Convention on Human Rights, as affirmed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in a series of cases.", "79. Most fundamentally, the duty to consult derives from the overarching right of indigenous peoples to self-determination and from related principles of democracy and popular sovereignty. It responds to the aspirations of indigenous peoples worldwide to be in control of their own destinies under conditions of equality and to participate effectively in decision-making processes that affect them. Consistent with such principles, the duty of States to consult with indigenous peoples in decisions affecting them is aimed at reversing the historical pattern of excluding indigenous people from decision-making processes in order to avoid imposing important decisions on them in the future and to allow them to flourish as distinct communities on lands to which their cultures remain attached.", "80. As a general matter, decisions of the State should be made through democratic processes in which the public’s interests are adequately represented. However, these normal democratic and representative processes usually do not work adequately to address the concerns that are particular to indigenous peoples, who are typically marginalized from the political sphere. The duty of States to consult with indigenous peoples and its various normative components are premised on widespread acknowledgment, as manifested in the Declaration, of indigenous peoples’ distinctive characteristics and specific rights and on the need for special measures to address their disadvantaged conditions.", "2. The duty to consult and the objective of obtaining consent", "81. The duty to consult is a procedural obligation that arises whenever indigenous peoples’ substantive rights stand to be affected by a particular action. It should be noted that the duty to consult is not limited to circumstances in which a proposed measure will or may affect an already recognized right or legal entitlement at the national level, for example, rights over traditional lands and territories.", "82. The specific characteristics of the consultation procedure that is required by the duty to consult will necessarily vary depending on the nature of the proposed measure and the scope of its impact on indigenous peoples. For example, constitutional or legislative reform measures that concern or affect all the indigenous peoples of a country will require appropriate consultation and representative mechanisms that will in some way be open to and reach all indigenous peoples. By contrast, measures that affect particular indigenous peoples or communities, such as initiatives for extracting natural resources in their territories, will require consultation procedures focused on the interests of and engagement with the affected groups.", "83. The character of the consultation procedure and its object are also shaped by the nature of the right or interest at stake for the indigenous peoples concerned and the anticipated impact of the proposed measure. Necessarily, the strength of the objective of achieving consent varies according to the circumstances, the indigenous peoples’ rights and the interests involved. A significant, direct impact on indigenous peoples’ lives establishes a strong presumption that the proposed measure should not go forward without indigenous peoples’ consent. In certain contexts, that presumption may harden into a prohibition of the measure or project in the absence of indigenous consent.", "84. The Declaration identifies two situations in which it is necessary to obtain the consent of the indigenous peoples concerned prior to moving forward with the proposed initiative: situations involving the removal of an indigenous group from its traditional lands (art. 10) and situations involving the storage of hazardous materials in indigenous peoples’ lands (art. 29). The Special Rapporteur would add situations involving the establishment of natural resource extraction projects within indigenous peoples’ lands and other situations in which projects stand to have a significant social or cultural impact on the lives of the indigenous peoples concerned.", "85. Still, in all cases in which indigenous peoples’ particular interests are affected by a proposed measure, obtaining their consent should, to some degree, be an objective of the consultation. The principles of good faith imply an effort to build dialogue in which both States and indigenous peoples are to work towards consensus and try in earnest to arrive at a mutually satisfactory agreement. All parties should be willing to listen and compromise on their positions and defend their legitimate interests and arrive at agreements that are binding on all.", "86. Nonetheless, affected indigenous peoples could be justified in withholding their consent in relation to a proposed initiative, and the proposed initiative should indeed not move forward without such consent, if the State has not demonstrated that the rights of affected indigenous peoples will be adequately protected under the proposed project or if the State has not adopted adequate measures to mitigate any adverse impacts of the proposed project.", "3. Elements of confidence-building conducive to consensus", "87. A good faith effort towards consensual decision-making requires that States endeavour to create a climate of confidence with indigenous peoples that allows for a productive dialogue. This is particularly important in relation to indigenous peoples given their historic exclusion from decision-making processes and consequent lack of trust in State institutions. Furthermore, indigenous peoples are typically disadvantaged in terms of political influence, financial resources, access to information and relevant education in comparison to State institutions or private parties, such as companies, that are their counterparts in the consultations.", "88. In order to achieve a climate of confidence and mutual respect for the consultations, the consultation procedure itself should be the product of consensus. The Special Rapporteur has observed that, in many instances, consultation procedures are not effective and do not enjoy the confidence of indigenous peoples because the affected indigenous peoples were not adequately included in the discussions leading to the design and implementation of the consultation procedures. These discussions should be initiated at the earliest stages of the design of the proposed initiative and certainly, in the case of natural resource extraction projects, before the State has entered into any agreements with third parties, such as funding institutions or companies, in relation to the proposed project. Additionally, States must duly address the imbalance of power by ensuring arrangements by which indigenous peoples have the financial, technical and other assistance they need, and they must do so without using such assistance to leverage or influence indigenous positions in the consultations.", "89. The building of confidence and the possibility of genuine consensus also depends on a consultation procedure in which indigenous peoples’ own institutions of representation and decision-making are fully respected. Indigenous peoples may also need to develop or revise their own institutions, through their own decision-making procedures, in order to set up representative structures to facilitate the consultation processes. The Special Rapporteur has noted that the failure of indigenous groups to clarify their representative organization structures can confuse and slow down the consultation process.", "90. In cases involving natural resource exploitation or development projects affecting indigenous lands, in order for the indigenous peoples concerned to make free and informed decisions about the project under consideration, it is necessary that they are provided with full and objective information about all aspects of the project that will affect them, including the impact of the project on their lives and environment. In this connection, it is essential for the State to carry out, with the participation of the indigenous groups concerned, environmental and social impact studies so that the full expected consequences of the project can be known.", "91. Furthermore, a consensus-driven consultation process in such contexts should not only address measures to mitigate or compensate for adverse impacts of the project, but also explore and arrive at means of equitable benefit-sharing in a spirit of true partnership.", "C. Corporate responsibility with respect to the human rights of indigenous peoples[3]", "92. The international community has reached a certain level of consensus that business enterprises have a responsibility to respect human rights. This consensus is reflected in the many regulatory and self-regulatory frameworks governing corporate responsibility that have appeared in recent decades, at both the international and national levels. The guiding principles on business and human rights (A/HRC/17/31) of the Special Representative were endorsed by the Human Rights Council at its seventeenth session (Council resolution 17/4). Beyond the question of their legal status, the various existing instruments and mechanisms on corporate responsibility clearly reflect the existence of social expectations with regard to corporate responsibility and the need to exercise it in relation to human rights.", "93. A central pillar of this normative framework is that companies have a general duty to respect international human rights standards within the context of the due diligence that must govern their activities. Due diligence is not limited to respect for the national regulations of States in which companies operate, which are inadequate in many cases, but should be governed by the international standards that are binding on those States and on the international community as a whole. Due diligence also means that companies must not contribute to States’ failure to meet their international obligations in relation to indigenous rights, nor should they endeavour to replace the role of States in the fulfilment of those obligations. The Special Rapporteur considers the following to be necessary elements of the due diligence of companies whose activities affect indigenous peoples.", "1. Recognition of indigenous peoples", "94. One of the fundamental difficulties facing companies that operate in indigenous territories, or whose operations affect those territories, is the absence of formal recognition of indigenous peoples by the State in which they live, or recognition limited solely to certain groups. Nevertheless, a generally accepted principle of international human rights law holds that the existence of distinct ethnic, linguistic or religious groups, including indigenous peoples, can be established by objective criteria and cannot depend on a unilateral decision by a State.", "95. Businesses cannot use limited recognition, or absence of explicit recognition, of indigenous peoples in the countries in which they operate as an excuse not to apply the minimum international standards applicable to indigenous peoples, including in cases where States are opposed to the application of such standards. Due diligence therefore requires that companies identify in advance the existence of indigenous peoples potentially affected by their activities and how they might be affected by such activities.", "2. Rights to land, territories and natural resources", "96. A second feature of the due diligence incumbent on companies whose activities have a potential impact on indigenous peoples is the identification of indigenous ownership or possession and use of land, territories and natural resources, a question of vital importance to the effective enjoyment of human rights by indigenous peoples. The lack of official recognition of land or resource rights by the State does not constitute adequate grounds for a company’s failure to respect indigenous peoples’ rights to land in accordance with international standards. Due diligence therefore requires that companies conduct an independent assessment of the rights to which indigenous people may lay claim in accordance with the criteria laid down in international instruments.", "97. Companies should bring to bear an intercultural understanding that goes far beyond mere legal considerations. International standards have highlighted the special relationship existing between indigenous peoples and their traditional territories, which form the basis of their distinct identities and cultures. Companies must understand that, independent of the rights over their lands or resources to which they may lay claim under national law, indigenous peoples have maintained and continue to maintain ties to their traditional territories. Moreover, these ties are collective, and therefore go far beyond the individual rights of the members of these groups.", "98. Companies should also put in place special guarantees of compensation for the removal of indigenous communities and peoples from their lands, including with regard to projects that involve the acquisition of indigenous lands held under individual titles. In such cases, international standards require that alternatives that limit or avoid such relocation be sought and that compensation in the form of other land be provided as a matter of priority.", "3. The State’s duty to consult and related corporate responsibilities", "99. The principle of due diligence also requires that companies recognize the duty of States to consult indigenous peoples (and, in some cases, to obtain their consent) prior to the adoption of measures that may affect them directly and, in particular, in relation to projects that affect their traditional territories. Companies must not attempt to replace States in situations where international standards require States to bear direct responsibility for holding consultations; indeed, they must promote the full assumption by States of such responsibility. Furthermore, companies would fall short of their due diligence with respect to human rights if they agreed to proceed with specific projects for which the State has failed to carry out an adequate consultation with indigenous peoples.", "100. Without prejudice to the principle that States bear the main responsibility to consult, companies must respect the right of indigenous peoples to participate in decisions affecting them by ensuring adequate mechanisms for consultation and dialogue. Here, the purpose of consultations with indigenous peoples should be to seek consensus on key aspects such as identification of the potentially negative impact of the activities, measures to mitigate and compensate for such impact, and mechanisms for sharing the benefits derived from the activities.", "4. Impact studies and compensation measures", "101. Impact studies and the definition of appropriate measures to compensate for any negative impact identified are, by definition, related to the consultation process. In recognition of indigenous peoples’ right to the conservation and protection of their lands and environments, international standards and practice now require that social and environmental impact studies be conducted as a specific guarantee for the protection of indigenous rights, in particular with regard to projects involving investment in or the development, exploration or extraction of natural resources likely to affect those rights.", "5. Benefit-sharing", "102. Aside from being entitled to compensation for damages or mitigation measures for negative impacts, indigenous peoples have the right to share in the benefits arising from activities taking place on their traditional territories, especially in relation to natural resource development. Companies are bound by their duty to respect indigenous rights to establish mechanisms that ensure that indigenous peoples share in the benefits generated by the activities in question. Benefit-sharing should be regarded as a means of complying with a right, not as a charitable award or favour granted by the company in order to secure social support for the project or minimize potential conflicts. Consideration should be given to the development of benefit-sharing mechanisms that genuinely strengthen the capacity of indigenous peoples to establish and pursue their own development priorities and that help indigenous peoples to make their own decision-making mechanisms and institutions more effective.", "D. Extractive industries operating in or near indigenous territories[4]", "103. The impact that extractive industries have on indigenous peoples is a subject of particular concern to the Special Rapporteur. In several country-specific and special reports, and in his review of particular cases, he has examined various situations in which extractive industry activities generate effects that infringe upon indigenous peoples’ rights. The Special Rapporteur aims to contribute to efforts to clarify and resolve the problems arising from the activities of extractive industries in relation to indigenous peoples. In 2011 the Special Rapporteur disseminated a questionnaire on natural resource extraction and development projects in or near indigenous territories to collect and understand views, concerns and recommendations on the issue.", "1. Preliminary assessment of the responses to the questionnaire", "104. The views communicated by indigenous peoples, Governments, businesses and other relevant stakeholders concerning the development of projects for extracting natural resources and energy-related projects in indigenous territories reveal that, despite a growing awareness of the need to respect the rights of indigenous peoples, many problems still remain. The responses of indigenous peoples’ organizations and representatives, Governments and corporations reflect a clear understanding of the negative, even catastrophic, impact on the economic, social and cultural rights of indigenous peoples caused by irresponsible or negligent projects that have been or are being implemented in indigenous territories without proper guarantees or the involvement of the peoples concerned.", "105. In addition, while many Governments are committed to and have demonstrated an awareness of the need to protect the rights of indigenous peoples, the responses to the questionnaire received by the Special Rapporteur from States, coupled with those received from other sources, also reflect a lack of consensus with regard to the extent of a State’s duties concerning resource extraction and development projects and the means of ensuring such protection. In several responses, particularly those received from businesses, it was pointed out that Governments tend to distance themselves from the implementation of the outcomes of consultation procedures and other measures to safeguard the rights of indigenous peoples in the context of extractive operations and to act as mere regulators. The fact that States tended to delegate their protective role to business enterprises was repeatedly pointed out as a matter of concern, particularly in cases in which the State’s regulatory frameworks regarding indigenous rights, including in relation to the protection of lands and resources, consultation and benefit-sharing, are insufficient or do not exist.", "106. Another significant area that elicited divergent responses concerned the balance of costs and benefits of extractive development projects. Although responders were aware of the negative impact that extractive activities had had on the lives of indigenous peoples in the past, they expressed widely divergent perspectives about the incidence and value of actual or potential benefits from extractive industries, especially with regard to the future. In their responses to the Special Rapporteur’s questionnaire, many Governments underscored the key importance of such activities for their economies. Many businesses shared the view that indigenous peoples could benefit from the activities of extractive industries.", "107. For their part, indigenous peoples expressed considerable scepticism and, in many cases, outright rejection of the possibility of benefiting from extractive or development projects in their traditional territories. The vast majority of indigenous peoples, many of whom had direct experience of specific projects affecting their territories and communities, emphasized in their responses a perception of disenfranchisement, the impression that States and businesses were ignorant of the rights and concerns of indigenous peoples and constant insecurity in terms of their livelihoods in the face of encroaching extractive activities. These perceptions have led indigenous peoples to see no positive impact from these operations, which are seen more as a top-down imposition of decisions taken in collusion by the State and corporations to protect their own interests than the result of negotiated decisions with their communities.", "2. Proposed future plan of work of the Special Rapporteur", "108. In the view of the Special Rapporteur, the lack of understanding of key issues among all actors concerned is a major barrier to the effective protection and realization of indigenous peoples’ rights in the context of extractive development projects. That, coupled with the existence of numerous grey conceptual and legal areas, has invariably proved to be a source of social conflict. Comparative experiences provide ample examples of the eruption and escalation of such conflicts and the ensuing radicalization of positions. Where social conflicts erupt in connection with extractive or development plans in indigenous territories, everybody loses.", "109. The responses to the Special Rapporteur’s questionnaire demonstrate the need for change in the currents state of affairs if indigenous rights standards are to have a meaningful effect on State and corporate policies and action as they relate to indigenous peoples. An initial step towards such change would be the establishment of a common understanding among indigenous peoples, governmental actors, businesses enterprises and others. The Special Rapporteur is conscious of the complexities inherent in any effort to harmonize the various interests involved, as well as of the difficulties of bridging the contrasting viewpoints that currently exist.", "110. However, the Special Rapporteur is persuaded of the need to reach a common understanding of the content and scope of the rights of indigenous peoples and of the implications of those rights for the future desirability or viability of extractive industry activities in or near indigenous territories, the nature of the responsibility of States to protect indigenous peoples’ rights in this context, the actual or potential impact of extractive industries (both positive and negative) and related matters. Without such understanding, the application of indigenous rights standards will continue to be contested, indigenous peoples will continue to be vulnerable to serious abuses of their individual and collective human rights and extractive activities that affect indigenous peoples will continue to face serious social and economic problems.", "111. The Special Rapporteur is committed, during the second term of his mandate, to working in coordination with other mechanisms, in particular the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of the Human Rights Council, to develop concrete and practical recommendations, elaborating on the implications of existing human rights standards, to help States, businesses and indigenous peoples navigate the difficult issues that arise when extractive industries operate in or near indigenous territories.", "V. Conclusion", "112. The Special Rapporteur reaffirms his strong commitment to the mandate he holds, acknowledges with humility the responsibility it represents and thanks all those who have supported and continue to support him in this role. In particular, he gratefully acknowledges the trust that has been conferred upon him by the Human Rights Council and thanks OHCHR and its staff for their committed assistance. He also thanks the staff and affiliated researchers of the Support Project for the Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, which is part of the Indigenous Peoples Law and Policy Program at the University of Arizona, United States. Finally, he thanks the many indigenous peoples, Governments, United Nations bodies and agencies, non-governmental organizations and others that have cooperated with him over the past three years to implement his mandate.", "113. The Special Rapporteur is pleased to provide the General Assembly with the present report and looks forward to holding a dialogue with States about his work. Although he is encouraged by the positive developments that have taken place in many places, he remains concerned about the ongoing struggles for and violations of indigenous peoples’ rights throughout the world. During the second term of his mandate, he will make the development of concrete measures to tackle these pressing problems a top priority by identifying good practices and workable models and building on advances already made. Through this work, he hopes to assist in the multifaceted efforts under way to achieve the future envisioned by the Assembly when it adopted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007, a future in which indigenous peoples’ distinct identities and cultures are fully valued and in which they have the opportunity to control their own destinies, under conditions of equality, within the broader societies in which they live.", "[1] This section summarizes the Special Rapporteur’s examination of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People in A/HRC/9/9 (paras. 18-43).", "[2] This section summarizes the Special Rapporteur’s examination of the duty to consult in A/HRC/12/34 (paras. 36-57 and 61-74).", "[3] This section summarizes the Special Rapporteur’s discussion of corporate responsibility in A/HRC/15/37 (paras. 26-91).", "[4] This section summarizes the report of the Special Rapporteur’s discussion of extractive industries in A/HRC/18/35." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目66", "土著人民权利", "土著人民权利", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会各成员转递土著人民权利问题特别报告员詹姆斯·安纳亚按照人权理事会第15/7号决议的要求提交的报告。", "土著人民权利问题特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "土著人民权利问题特别报告员詹姆斯·安纳亚的第一个三年任期自2008年5月开始，本报告概述他在这三年里开展的活动。特别是，本报告叙述了特别报告员为协调与土著问题有关的全球和区域机制而进行的努力，概述在四个相互关联活动领域内开展的工作：推广良好做法，国家报告，指称的侵犯人权案件和专题研究。", "本报告摘要叙述特别报告员在迄今提交人权理事会的各年度报告中提供的专题研究报告摘要。其中包括关于下述问题的研究：《联合国土著人民权利宣言》；各国在制定影响土著人民的措施之前与土著人民协商并征得其同意的义务；公司行号尊重土著人民权利的责任；建立在这些专题之上、与在土著人民传统领地内或附近作业的采掘业相关的问题。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.与其他机制的协调 3\n3.工作领域 4\nA.推广良好做法 5\nB.国家报告 8\nC.指称的侵犯人权具体案件 9\nD.专题研究 10\n4.经研究的主要专题概况 11\nA.《联合国土著人民权利宣言》 11\nB.协商的义务 13\nC.与土著人民人权有关的公司责任 15\nD.在土著领地上或其附近运营的采掘业 17\n5.结论 19", "一. 导言", "1. 人权委员会在第2001/57号决议中决定任命一位土著人民人权和基本自由情况特别报告员，任期三年，其责任包括收集、索取、收取并交换从一切有关来源收到的关于土著人民、其社区和组织人权受到侵犯的资料和文函；拟订建议和提议，以防止和补救他们人权和基本自由受到侵犯的情况。", "2. 人权理事会在第6/12号决议中决定延长土著人民人权和基本自由情况特别报告员的任务期限，以便与各国政府、相关的联合国机构、专门机构和计(规)划署以及土著人民、非政府组织和其他区域或分区域国际机构进行定期的合作对话；根据其任务授权，研究如何克服实现全面、切实保护土著人民人权和基本自由的现存障碍，并查明、交流和推广最佳做法；酌情宣传《联合国土著人民权利宣言》和有关促进土著人民权利的各项国际文书。", "3. 人权理事会在第15/14号决议中延长了特别报告员的任务期限，将土著人民人权和基本自由情况特别报告员的称呼改为土著人民权利问题特别报告员，职权基本不变。", "4. 人权理事会任命美利坚合众国的詹姆斯·安纳亚为土著人民权利问题特别报告员，第一个任期自2008年5月1日起，为期三年。安纳亚先生的任期获得延长，第二个三年任期自2011年5月1日起。", "5. 本报告概述特别报告员在第一个三年任期里开展的工作。本报告叙述他与联合国和其他国际机制和机构进行协调的努力，概述他在与自己任务相关的四个相互关联活动领域内实施的下述举措：推广良好做法，报告各国家情况，审查指称的侵犯人权案件，确定或促进专题研究。本报告摘要叙述在审查主要议题时提出的要点，特别报告员在提交人权理事会的各项年度报告中列入了这些要点。", "二. 与其他机制的协调", "6. 一如人权理事会第15/14号决议所示，特别报告员任务的一个基本方面是他必须持续与土著问题常设论坛和土著人民权利专家机制等致力于促进和保护土著人民权利的其他联合国机制合作，建立伙伴关系。", "7. 特别报告员注意到，土著团体、非政府组织和其他利益攸关方非常不了解三个机制的角色和职能，不了解这些机制在联合国体制结构中的地位。因此，他努力以一致和透明的方式与其他两个机制协作，使人们能够充分了解每个机制的角色和宗旨。", "8. 这三个机制是在不同时期和保护土著人民权利国际运动不同时刻设立的，三个机制的任务相互补充，但在某些方面有重叠。特别报告员一直努力加强和整合三个机制的协调进程，以避免不必要的重复，最大限度地发掘机会，发挥每个机构的效力。他认为，必须继续进行宣传教育，介绍每个机制的任务和职能。", "9. 自上任以来，特别报告员一直参加与常设论坛和专家机制定期举行的协调会议，以促进协调。2009年2月，他参加了在马德里举行的研讨会，专家机制各成员和常设论坛四名成员以及前特别报告员鲁道夫·斯塔文哈根等来自各地区的一组专家也参加了研讨会。会议的主要目的是在三个机制成员之间促进非正式对话，使他们能够较好地协调工作，并且较好地与联合国其他机构和机关协调其活动。", "10. 此后，特别报告员每年都与常设论坛和专家机制代表会晤，分享工作议程，讨论各自任务的长处和局限性，探讨以最有效方式开展工作的方法。", "11. 特别报告员还与专家机制密切合作，为专家机制关于土著人民及其参与决策权的最后研究报告作出了贡献。特别报告员参加了两次会议：亚洲土著人民条约2010年1月在泰国组织的区域协商，专家机制成员也出席了这次会议；联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)2011年3月在日内瓦举办的专家研讨会。在2011年7月11日至15日在日内瓦举行的专家机制第四次会议上提出了上述研究报告(A/HCR/EMRIP/2011/2)。特别报告员还就专家机制关于土著人民受教育权利的前次研究报告提出了评论意见。", "12. 自上任以来，特别报告员出席了常设论坛和专家机制的每次年度会议，参加了关于所审议实质性问题的讨论。在这些会议期间，他采取了与土著人民和组织举行平行会议的做法。这些会议为来自世界各地的土著人民和组织的代表提供了宝贵机会，使他们能够提出自己的具体情况和关切，这种方式可以补充常设论坛和专家机制关于土著问题的较笼统的讨论。在这些会议期间，特别报告员还会见了各国家和各联合国机构的代表，讨论进行协作的机会以及关于土著人民的具体案件。", "13. 除与专家机制和常设论坛合作外，特别报告员还很高兴有机会与各种联合国机构、区域机构和专门机构就有关土著人民的事项进行合作。他就联合国开发计划署(开发署)、人权高专办、世界银行、世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)和泛美卫生组织的各项举措发表了意见。特别报告员促使有关方面认识土著问题并了解利于将这些问题纳入主流和有效实施有关国际文书所确认土著人权利标准的方案行动，在这个过程中，这种协调很重要。", "14. 特别报告员继续就美洲土著人民权利遭到侵犯的指控案件，与美洲人权委员会交流信息，努力确保协调行动，避免不必要的重复。他还确认，今后，他愿意与非洲人权和人民权利委员会土著居民问题工作组合作。", "三. 工作领域", "15. 特别报告员开展各种活动，监察世界各地土著人民的人权状况，促进根据《联合国土著人民权利宣言》等相关国际标准采取步骤，改善他们的人权状况。他努力尝试各种工作方法，与各国政府、土著人民、非政府组织、联合国有关机构和其他方面进行建设性对话，以解决具有挑战性的问题和情况，巩固已经取得的进展。前文已经指出，本着这一精神开展的各项活动属于四个相互关联的活动领域：推广良好做法，国家报告，指称的侵犯人权案件和专题研究。", "A. 推广良好做法", "16. 特别报告员根据《宣言》和其他有关国际文书，努力推动在国家和国际两级进行法律、行政和方案改革。这种改革往往是重大和复杂的行动，各国政府和各国际实体需要在财政和政治方面作出强有力的承诺，并需要与土著人民密切合作。", "1. 在国家一级推广良好做法", "17. 特别报告员在工作中接到要求，请他协助实施宪法和立法改革举措，以使各国国家框架与相关国际标准接轨。", "18. 在特别报告员于2008年5月上任后不久，厄瓜多尔土著人组织和制宪大会主席请求他在修宪过程中提供协助，这是开发署在该国开展的技术援助方案的一部分。特别报告员访问了厄瓜多尔，并根据相关国际准则向该国政府提出了若干意见(A/HRC/9/9/Add.1，第502段)。2008年9月，厄瓜多尔举行全民投票，通过了新宪法，其中许多条款确认了土著人民的集体权利。", "19. 特别报告员继续监测厄瓜多尔实施这些改革和随后制订的立法的情况，并于2010年向人权理事会第十五届会议提出了他的意见，说明他对厄瓜多尔实施宪法土著人民保障条款进展情况和仍然存在的挑战的看法(A/HRC/15/37/Add.7)。此外，他还就厄瓜多尔国民议会审议的各种立法草案发表评论意见，以便根据《宪法》相关条款，协调土著习惯司法系统和国家司法系统。", "20. 同样，2009年4月，特别报告员针对智利宪法改革进程，向智利政府提出一项报告，概述和分析关于与土著人民协商的义务的国际准则(A/HRC/12/34/Add. 6，附录A)。", "21. 2010年7月，特别报告员针对哥伦比亚制订一项法律或规章的问题提出了一项分析报告，说明就涉及土著人民和非洲裔哥伦比亚人的事项与他们协商的义务。人权高专办应哥伦比亚内政和司法部关于该事项的咨询小组的要求，发起了一项倡议，特别报告员的投入是这项倡议的组成部分。", "22. 同样，在2011年2月的几个星期里，特别报告员就危地马拉政府规范与土著人民协商程序的倡议发表了意见。", "23. 此外，特别报告员应苏里南政府及土著和部落人民的要求，参照美洲人权法院在这方面作出的具有约束力的判决，就制订立法确保土著和部落人民的土地和资源权利的进程发表了意见，提出了建议(A/HRC/18/35/Add.7)。特别报告员在2011年3月访问苏里南期间收集了一些信息，这些信息是上述意见和建议的部分依据。", "24. 2008年12月，特别报告员出席了尼加拉瓜阿瓦斯廷尼的一个仪式，在仪式上，尼加拉瓜政府根据美洲人权法院2001年一项判决的要求，将土著社区期待已久的祖先土地所有权交还给他们。他赞扬尼加拉瓜政府采取执行判决的步骤，并继续与尼加拉瓜政府进行讨论，以鼓励在确保该国其他土著社区土地和资源权利方面取得进展。", "2. 国际机构和当局推广良好做法的情况", "25. 特别报告员努力推动全球和区域两级国际行动者作出决定，进行方案改革，实施各种举措，以加强和推动执行土著人民权利国际标准，将其主流化。", "26. 2011年7月，在美洲人权法院审理萨拉亚库(Sarayaku)诉厄瓜多尔一案时，特别报告员以专家证人身份就协商和自由事先和知情同意原则作证。", "27. 2011年5月，特别报告员在知识产权组织知识产权与遗传资源、传统知识和民间文学艺术政府间委员会在日内瓦举行的一次会议上发表主题演讲，该委员会正在制定一项关于传统知识、遗传资源和传统文化表现形式的国际法律文书。", "28. 2011年2月，特别报告员针对开发署关于在开展减少森林砍伐和森林退化造成的排放的活动时与土著人民协商的准则草案提出了广泛的意见。此外，2011年2月，在泛美卫生组织在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿举行的特别会议上，他为该组织制定区域跨文化卫生政策作出了贡献。", "29. 2011年1月，他在巴黎参加了经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)国家代表一个工作组的会议，他发表意见，要求在更新《经合组织多国企业准则》过程中重视土著问题。", "30. 在过去一年里，在世界银行集团国际金融公司审查关于土著人民的第7号绩效标准过程中，特别报告员多次向国际金融公司发表意见，并且还与其官员会晤，就绩效标准草案提出书面意见。", "31. 2010年11月，特别报告员在日内瓦参加了人权高专办举办的土地与人权问题研讨会，他在研讨会上介绍并分析了土著人民在土地方面面临的特殊人权问题。", "32. 特别报告员参加了人权高专办分别于2008年10月在秘鲁、2009年6月在尼加拉瓜以及2009年12月在特立尼达和多巴哥举办的关于《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的研讨会。", "33. 特别报告员持续与开发署协作，制定土著人民权利资源指南，供从事土著问题工作的开发署工作人员和其他人参考。", "34. 此外，特别报告员还与世界银行合作。2008年6月3日，在哥伦比亚特区华盛顿举办的“促进拉丁美洲和加勒比土著人权利和发展”研讨会上，他以特邀来宾身份发表演讲，重点阐述了世界银行在处理涉及土著人民的各种挑战和实施关于土著人民的各项举措方面应发挥的作用。特别报告员继续与世界银行代表保持接触，探讨如何进一步进行协调，通过世界银行各方案促进土著人民的权利。", "3. 推动支持《联合国土著人民权利宣言》", "35. 在国内和国际行动者中推广良好做法的另一个重要办法是，推动制定一项政策，承诺落实《联合国土著人民权利宣言》所载权利。为此，特别报告员积极鼓励在2007年大会通过《宣言》时没有投赞成票的国家支持《宣言》。在最近几年里，他高兴地看到，对《宣言》投了反对票的澳大利亚、新西兰、加拿大和美国等四国已改变立场。他高兴地看到，投了弃权票的哥伦比亚和萨摩亚已宣布支持《宣言》。特别报告员在他的各项专题报告中专门开辟章节，进一步分析《宣言》及其执行情况。", "36. 特别报告员通过开展若干活动，努力促进对《宣言》的认识，促进遵守《宣言》。2011年6月，他在美国参议院印第安事务委员会关于“设定标准：联合国土著人民权利宣言对国内政策的影响”的听证会上作证。2011年4月，他在澳大利亚新南威尔士土著土地理事会双年度会议上发表主题演讲，会上，土地理事会讨论了《宣言》，认为这是其工作各主要方面的基准。此外，在开发署2009年5月20日在纽约举办的研讨会上，他向联合国各机构的代表介绍了《宣言》，他在研讨会上强调联合国各机构和方案在执行《宣言》方面的作用。", "4. 促进良好做法的其他措施", "37. 特别报告员寻求促进良好做法的重要手段是参与由土著人民、专家、政府代表和其他行为体参加的研讨会或会议。", "38. 2011年3月，特别报告员出席由德国联邦经济合作与发展部在柏林召开的专家讲习班，并发表了关于德国在非洲和亚洲发展合作的主旨演讲。", "39. 2010年5月，特别报告员参加由拉丁美洲和加勒比地区石油、天然气和生物燃料部门公司区域协会在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳举办的一个研讨会，讨论多元文化与拉丁美洲和加勒比地区的石油和天然气工业的问题。研讨会提供了与石油和天然气公司的代表，以及与学术界和民间社会团体成员进行对话的机会，讨论私营公司尊重有关土著人权利的国际标准的义务。", "40. 特别报告员参加了2009年3月16日和17日在雅加达举行的关于土著人民权利的研讨会，该研讨会是由印尼全国人权委员会和群岛土著人民联盟赞助举办的。在研讨会上，这两个组织宣布达成一项关于解决土著问题联合方案的协议，这是一个国家的独立人权委员会与一个重要土著人民组织协作的好榜样。", "41. 特别报告员还参加了2009年10月在西班牙锡切斯举行的专家会议，会议由非政府组织Kreddha和联合国教育、科学及文化组织加泰罗尼亚中心共同主办。与会者在会上分析了公司在土著人民领地进行采掘活动所产生冲突的根源，以及预防和解决这些冲突的可能办法。会上进行的讨论对特别报告员编写提交给人权理事会第十五届会议关于土著人民人权和基本自由状况的报告(A/HRC/15/37)做出了十分宝贵的贡献。", "42. 特别报告员访问澳大利亚，出席了2008年12月在堪培拉举行的“世界人权宣言60周年：澳大利亚原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民人权与基本自由状况”会议。会议由土著与岛民研究行动基金会举办。访问期间，特别报告员有机会非正式会见政府各部门的代表，标志着已开始进行建设性对话，为他2009年8月正式访问澳大利亚作准备。", "43. 美国纳瓦霍部落建立了纳瓦霍部落人权委员会，这是土著政府的创新措施。2008年12月，特别报告员参加了该委员会为纳瓦霍部落理事会成员主办的一次“关于人权问题的培训”，并与委员会和理事会成员讨论如何利用国际人权机制促进纳瓦霍人的人权问题。", "44. 2008年10月，特别报告员出席了美国印第安人全国代表大会第六十五届会议。他做了一个关于采用国际标准加强保护美国土著人权利的演讲。全国代表大会是由美国250多个土著部落组成的联盟，致力于影响美国政府和国会做出的涉及土著人民利益的决定。", "45. 2008年10月，特别报告员与暴力侵害妇女行为及其因果问题特别报告员一起参加了关于“亚洲及太平洋地区暴力侵害土著妇女问题”的亚太地区非政府组织协商会议。协商会议由“亚洲及太平洋妇女、法律和发展论坛”组织并在新德里举行。", "B. 国家报告", "46. 在过去三年里，特别报告员发表了关于一些国家土著人民人权状况的几份报告。这些报告包括以下方面的结论和建议：加强良好做法，查明受关注的领域，改善具体国家和地区土著人民的人权状况。提出报告的过程通常需要访问所审查的国家，包括访问首都和该国受关注的某些地点。访问期间，特别报告员同政府代表、各地区土著社区代表、参与土著人民问题工作的各界民间团体的代表互动。这些访问在政府的同意与合作下进行。", "47. 特别报告员对下列国家进行了访问并提出报告：巴西(A/HRC/12/34/Add.2)、尼泊尔(A/HRC/12/34/Add.3)、博茨瓦纳(A/HRC/15/37/Add.2号)、澳大利亚(A/HRC/15/37/Add.4)、俄罗斯联邦(A/HRC/15/37/Add.5)、在挪威、瑞典和芬兰的萨米地区(萨米人的传统领地)(A/HRC/18/35/Add.2)、刚果(A/HRC/18/35/Add.5)和新喀里多尼亚(法国)(A/HRC/18/35/Add.6)。他还对下列国家进行后续访问：智利(A/HRC/12/34/Add.6)、哥伦比亚(A/HRC/15/37.Add.3)和新西兰(A/HRC/18/35/Add.4号)，以评估这些国家在实施他的前任所提出建议方面的进展情况。", "48. 2011年特别报告员将访问阿根廷，并将在2012年年初访问美国。他还收到了巴拿马和萨尔瓦多政府发出的访问这两个国家、以评估其土著人民的情况的邀请。他欢迎这些邀请。特别报告员已对孟加拉国、柬埔寨、马来西亚、印度尼西亚和巴布亚新几内亚提出尚未得到同意的访问请求，他希望这些请求将得到积极考虑。", "C. 指称的侵犯人权具体案件", "49. 特别报告员另一个重要工作领域是不断回应处理指称侵犯人权的具体案件。特别报告员发出的对具体情况表示关切的信件以及从各国政府收到的回信的摘要，连同特别报告员的意见和建议，载于他与各国政府的往来信函中(A/HRC/18/35/Add.1，A/HRC/15/37/Add.1和A/HRC/12/24/Add.1)。", "50. 特别报告员收到来自各大洲一些国家关于指称的侵犯人权案件的资料，并向有关政府发出许多有关这些情况的信函。他收到的投诉涉及影响世界各地土著人民的常见问题，包括：剥夺土著人民对他们的土地、领地和自然资源的拥有权利；侵犯协商权和自由、事先及知情同意权，尤其是在涉及自然资源开采或驱逐土著群体方面；对包括人权维护者在内的土著个人和群体的威胁或暴力；关于土著事项的宪政或立法改革；与承认土著司法系统有关的问题；以及与世隔绝的土著人民的状况等。", "51. 鉴于现有资源有限，特别报告员无法逐个处理引起他注意的每一案件。然而，总的来说，凡得到详尽和可靠的资料，表明情况严重并属于他的职权范围，而他的干预能有合理的机会产生积极的影响，或者能提请对这种情况的给予必要关注，或者能敦促政府当局或其他行为者采取纠正行动，他都尽力采取行动。如果案件代表或涉及侵犯土著人民人权的较普遍现象，特别报告员也可能采取行动。特别报告员已处理来自许多区域和国家的关于侵犯人权的指控。", "52. 特别报告员力求与各国、土著人民和其他方面积极合作，密切监督和评价各种情况，查明眼前问题的根源，推动在已取得进展的基础上采取具体行动，提出根据现有知识并符合有关人权标准的切实可行建议。", "53. 在所分析的一些案例中，特别报告员向各国政府提出了详细的意见和建议，说明他认为各国和相关部门应当在有关国际标准框架内采纳、以应对这些情况的行动。他将继续与各国就这些具体情况进行接触，并希望迄今开展的对话对于有关国家政府和土著人民有用。", "54. 特别报告员收到的某些来文含有关于侵犯土著人民人权的具体指控，这些来文需要进行更深入的分析。对于这些问题，他对相关国家进行实地考察，作为他对这些案件的审查的组成部分。在这些考察结束之后，他均发表详尽的意见，提出分析和建议，期望有助于有关政府和土著人民解决所提出的问题。", "55. 为此，特别报告员在2011年4月前往哥斯达黎加审查受EL Diquís水电工程影响的土著人民的状况。特别报告员向政府和土著利益攸关方提供了他关于该状况的意见和建议(A/HRC/18/35/Add.8)。", "56. 同样，在2010年6月，特别报告员访问了危地马拉，讨论与该国土著人民协商的原则的实施情况，尤其是在采掘业方面，并特别注意San Miguel Ixtuhuacán和Sipacapa这两个城市受Marlin矿影响的土著人民的情况(A/HRC/18/35/Add.3)。", "57. 2009年2月，特别报告员前往巴拿马检查受巴拿马Changuinola河水电工程建设影响的土著社区的情况(A/HRC/12/34/Add.5)。2009年6月，在土著人民与秘鲁Bagua警察之间的冲突之后，他立即前往秘鲁对人权问题进行第一手考察(A/HRC/12/34/Add.8)。", "58. 在2009年8月访问澳大利亚期间，特别报告员就早先收到的关于澳大利亚政府北方领地应急政策对土著人权利的影响的来文采取后续行动。他编写了一份特别报告，载有他关于这个问题的意见，作为他关于澳大利亚土著人民状况的报告附件(A/HRC/15/37/Add.4，附录B)。", "59. 特别报告员认为，他能迅速干预涉及土著人民危机的状况，如在秘鲁Bagua的状况，已证明他能有效利用其任务规定，在解决、缓解或改善涉及土著人民的危机状况中发挥关键作用。", "60. 有时，特别报告员针对一些国家出现的需要立即关注的问题对媒体发表声明或发表其他公开声明。他已就下列问题发表公开声明：政府对复活节岛拉帕努伊人的抗议做出的反应(智利)；对于马普切土著囚犯为反对根据一项反恐怖主义法对他们的指控而进行绝食抗议活动的关切(智利)；土著人民对采矿法的抗议(巴拿马)；关于与土著人民协商的法律和政策(秘鲁)；对亚利桑那州(美国)通过立法给予警察拘留涉嫌非法入境者的权力，以及这项法律对在美国/墨西哥边境地区土著人民的影响引起的关切。", "D. 专题研究", "61. 特别报告员在其任期最初的三年里，努力找出世界各地土著人民共同关心的问题或事项，并通过知情的分析和建议处理这些问题。他对专题问题的分析均以他对国家状况和案件的审查为依据，并受益于他在推广良好做法方面取得的经验。他在向人权理事会提交的每份年度报告中，均审查了一些关键问题，其中包括：《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的意义；各国在采取涉及土著人民的措施之前有义务与他们协商，并获得他们的同意；公司有责任尊重土著人民的权利；以及最近在原先专题的基础上，有关在土著人民的传统领地内或附近运营的采掘业的问题。", "四. 经研究的主要专题概况", "A. 《联合国土著人民权利宣言》[1]", "1. 概况", "62. 在过去30年，全世界土著人民发出的呼声促成对土著人民基于长期存在的国际人权法和人权政策的原则而应享有的各项权利逐渐产生了共识。这一共识的出现，已日益体现在各国的宪政、立法和机构改革中，并得到这些改革的支持。大会在2007年通过的《联合国土著人民权利宣言》是这种共识最重要的结果，把几十年来根据现有国际人权法建立起来的对土著人民权利的共同理解都收入在内。", "63. 《宣言》序言强调了该文书基本的补救目的。《宣言》本身绝不是确认特殊权利，而是在补救各项普遍适用的国际文书所肯定、但历史上被剥夺的自决权和其他基本人权的后果。因此，《宣言》没有在通常认为普遍适用的基本人权之外创立新的或特殊的权利，而是根据土著人民特定的文化、历史、社会和经济环境阐述这些基本权利。", "64. 《宣言》第3条以被认为符合各国领土完整和政治统一的原则的方式，确认土著人民的自决权。在这一基础上，《宣言》详尽列举构成“为全世界土著人民求生存、维护尊严和谋求幸福的最低标准”的各项权利(第43条)。《宣言》重申了享有平等和不歧视、生命和人格不受侵犯及自由、以及国籍和得到司法正义等基本的个人权利；它要求特别关注土著老人、妇女、青年、儿童和残疾人的特别权利和需要。", "65. 同时，《宣言》确认：自治政府和政治、法律、社会和文化机构自治的集体权利；文化完整性，包括文化和精神信仰对象、语言和其他文化表现形式；土地、领地和自然资源；社会服务和发展；条约、协定和其他建设性安排；以及跨界合作。《宣言》还反映了对土著人民自决的共识，即土著人民的自决不仅通常包括实施自治，还包括在居住国内参加该国的广泛社会结构并与它们互动。在这方面，《宣言》确认土著人民有权参与国家政治、经济、社会和文化生活，并有权就影响到他们的决定同他们协商，以事先取得他们自由和知情的同意。", "2. 规范和法律意义", "66. 特别报告员在工作期间多次遇到会员国和其他行为体试图削弱《宣言》的规范意义，认为它“不具有法律约束力”。当然，可以承认这一点，但有关《宣言》规范意义和法律义务的充分认识不能就此而止。", "67. 无论《宣言》的确切法律意义为何，它所具有的重大规范意义是基于其高度的合法性。这种合法性不仅来自于它已获得绝大多数联合国会员国(包括曾经投票反对通过该《宣言》的四个国家——见上文第35段)的正式认可，而且也来自于该《宣言》是土著人民自身多年倡导和斗争的产物。该《宣言》是几十年来跨文化对话的结果，在该对话中，土著人民发挥了主导作用。《宣言》的规范实质上反映了土著人民自己的愿望，这种愿望经过多年的审议已被国际社会所接受。《宣言》的措辞已得到会员国的赞同，这种措辞明确表明对《宣言》所体现的权利和原则的承诺。各国坚持对土著人民本身所推动规范表示的承诺，这完全是一个诚信问题。", "68. 此外，尽管《宣言》本身不具有与条约相同的法律约束力，但是它反映了与《联合国宪章》、各项多边人权条约和国际习惯法的人权条款相关的法律义务。《宣言》建立在各国普遍的人权义务基础之上，而且是基于诸如不歧视、自决和文化完整性等基本人权的原则。这些原则已纳入获得广泛批准的人权条约中，并体现在联合国各条约机构的工作中。此外，《宣言》的核心原则可以被认为与国际和各国实践的惯例相关，因此，在这方面可以认为这些原则反映了习惯国际法。", "69. 另外，《宣言》反映了关于土著人民的个人和集体权利的现有国际共识，符合并扩展了国际劳工组织《关于土著和部族人民的公约》(《第169号公约》)的条款，并且符合国际机构和机制对其他人权文书的解释。《宣言》是这个共识的最权威的表现，提供了一个充分保护和落实这些权利的行动框架。", "70. 因此，《宣言》的意义是不能通过断言它作为一项决议从技术上来说本身不具有法律约束力而被削弱。特别报告员认为，《宣言》的实施应被视为具有政治、道德和法律方面的必要性。", "3. 实施《宣言》所需采取的措施", "71. 特别报告员在不同场合提出，他认为需采取一些最基本的步骤，在各国正式认可《宣言》之后，进一步实施《宣言》。", "72. 国家官员和土著领袖应接受关于《宣言》和相关国际文书的培训，以及关于实施《宣言》的切实措施的培训。除此之外，应在国家和地方各级组织各种研讨会和会议，让国家官员与土著领袖一道本着《宣言》所代表的合作与和解的精神，共同制订实施的战略和措施，包括解决历史积怨的措施。", "73. 此外，各国应全面审查其现有的立法和行政方案，以确定它们可能会与《宣言》相抵触的地方。这就需要审查涉及土著人民权利和利益的所有法律和方案，包括与自然资源开发、土地、教育和司法有关的法律和方案。在此种审查的基础上，应与土著人民协商制定和实施必要的法律和方案改革。", "74. 各国应致力于为实施《宣言》所需的措施投入大量人力和财力资源。这些资源通常包括土著人土地的划界或归还，制订适合当地文化的教育方案，支持土著自治机构，以及《宣言》所设想的许多其他措施。", "75. 联合国系统和国际社会应最优先制定向各国和土著人民提供技术及财政援助的方案，以便推动旨在实施《宣言》的这些步骤和相关步骤。在某些情况下，现有的联合国和国际合作方案也可能需要进行改革，以便符合《宣言》的各项目标。", "76. 一些国家在一定程度上已经采取实施《宣言》的最基本步骤，在一些情况下，它们得到联合国机构或国际合作项目的支持。目标是使得这些步骤能比迄今为止得到更为广泛的实施，并在各利益攸关方之间分享经验，以加强这些措施。", "B. 协商的义务[2]", "1. 规范基础和一般性质", "77. 《联合国土著人民权利宣言》突出阐述了各国就涉及土著人民的决定与他们协商的义务，并且这项义务牢牢扎根于国际人权法。《宣言》在涉及关于特定关注问题时总提到这项义务，并在第19条中作为一项总体原则加以肯定，该条规定：“各国在通过和实行可能影响到土著人民的立法或行政措施前，应本着诚意，通过土著人民自己的代表机构，与有关的土著人民协商和合作，事先征得他们的自由知情同意。”", "78. 如同《宣言》一样，《土著和部落人民公约》要求各国真诚地与土著人民协商，以便在涉及他们的管理计划或项目的各个方面取得他们的赞同或同意，并呼吁各国在各种情况下与土著社区展开协商。各国与土著人民切实协商的义务还以联合国核心人权条约为基础，其中包括《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》。在区域一级，美洲人权法院在一系列案例中确认，各国根据《美洲人权公约》承担协商的义务。", "79. 更重要的是，这项义务来自于土著人民自决的总体权利和相关的民主和主权在民原则。这项义务符合世界各地土著人民在平等的条件下掌握自己的命运和切实参与涉及自身利益的决策的愿望。按照这些原则，各国有义务在涉及土著人民的决定方面与他们进行协商，其目的是扭转将他们排除在决策之外的历史格局，以便避免今后将重要的决定强加于土著人民，并使他们能够在其文化所依附的土地上作为独特的社区繁荣起来。", "80. 作为一般原则，各国应通过充分代表公众利益的民主进程作出决定。然而，这些正常的民主和有代表性的过程通常不能充分地解决土著人民特别关注的问题，因为他们往往处于政治边缘地位。各国与土著人民进行协商的义务及其各种规范性构成部分的先决条件是，正如《宣言》所表明，必须广泛承认土著人民的独特性质和具体权利，而且必须制定特殊措施来解决他们的不利处境。", "2. 协商的义务和取得同意的目标", "81. 协商义务是一种在土著人民的实质性权利将要受到某一特定行动影响时产生的程序性义务。应指出的是，协商的义务并不限于一项拟议的措施即将或可能影响到一项在国家一级已经确认的权利或法定权利的情况,例如，对传统土地和领地的权利。", "82. 协商义务所要求的协商程序的具体性质必然会取决于所拟议措施的性质及其对土著人民影响的范围而有所不同。例如，宪法或立法改革措施凡涉及到或影响到一国的所有土著人民，就需要建立一种适当的协商和代表性机制，以某种方式向所有土著人民开放并与他们联系。与此相反，对于影响到特定土著人民或社区的措施，例如在其领地上开采自然资源的活动等举措，就需要展开着眼于特别受影响群体的利益并与他们交流的协商程序。", "83. 协商程序的性质及其目标还取决于有关土著人民的所涉权利或利益的性质以及这些拟议的措施的预期影响。取得同意的目标的重要性按照实际情况、土著人民权利和所涉利益而有所不同。如果对土著人民生活有重大直接影响，则应确立这样一种强有力的假定，即未经土著人民的同意，拟议采取的措施就不应该付诸实施。在某些情况下，这种假定可能会强化，即在未经土著人民同意的情况下，禁止执行有关措施和项目。", "84. 《土著人民权利宣言》确认了在实施拟议举措前有必要取得有关土著人民同意的两种情况：涉及将某一土著群体迁离其传统土地(第10条)，以及在土著人民土地上储存危险材料(第29条)。特别报告员还将加入涉及在土著人民土地内设立自然资源开采项目的情况和一定会对有关土著人民的生活产生重大社会或文化影响的项目的情况。", "85. 在某项拟议措施影响到土著人民特殊利益的所有情况中，在某种程度上取得他们的同意仍应成为协商的一个目标。善意原则是指在国家和土著人民之间开展对话，以努力达成共识，并真诚努力达成相互满意的协定。各方均应愿意听取他方的意见、在自己的立场方面作出让步，并捍卫自己的合法权益，达成对各方均具有约束力的协议。", "86. 不过，如果国家尚未显示受影响的土著人民的权利将在拟议项目下得到充分保护，或国家尚未采取适当措施缓解拟议项目的任何不利影响，受影响的土著人民拒绝同意拟议的举措可能是合理的,并且在没有得到此种同意的情况下确实不应推行拟议的举措。", "3. 有利于达成共识的建立信任要素", "87. 为争取达成双方同意的决策而作出真诚的努力，这要求各国尽力与土著人民一起建立一种信任的气氛，推动富有成果的对话。对于土著人民来说，这格外重要，因为他们历史上被排除在决策之外，并因此对国家机构缺乏信任。此外，相对于作为协商中的对应方的国家机构或公司等私营方，土著人民通常在政治影响、财政资源、信息渠道和相关教育方面处于不利的地位。", "88. 为形成促进信任和相互尊重的气氛，协商程序本身应该是协商一致的产物。特别报告员注意到，在许多情况下，协商程序并不行之有效，没有得到土著人民的信任，因为受影响的土著人民没有被充分纳入关于制定和执行协商程序的讨论。应在制定拟议举措的最初阶段开始进行这些讨论，如果是自然资源开采项目，肯定应在国家与第三方(如供资机构或公司)达成任何与拟议项目有关协定之前开始这些讨论。此外，各国必须适当解决权力不平衡的现象，确保作出一些安排，使土著人民能够取得他们所需要的财政、技术和其他援助，与此同时，他们不得利用这种援助在协商中对土著人民施加压力或施加影响。", "89. 建立信任和真正协商一致的可能性还取决于充分尊重土著人民本身的代表和决策机制的协商程序。土著人民可能还需要通过其本身的决策程序来制定或修正其本身的机制，以便建立具有代表性的结构，推动协商进程。特别报告员指出，土著群体如未能说明其代表性组织结构，可能会混淆和拖延协商进程。", "90. 在自然资源开采或开发项目涉及到土著土地的情况下，为了使有关土著人民能够对所涉项目作出自由和知情的决定，必须就将影响到他们的项目的所有方面向他们提供充分和客观的信息，包括项目对其生活和环境的影响。在这一方面，国家必须在有关土著群体的参与下，开展环境和社会影响研究，以便使人们了解项目的全部预期后果。", "91. 此外，在这种背景下，追求协调一致的协商进程不仅应讨论减轻项目不利影响或进行赔偿的措施，而且还应本着真正的伙伴关系精神，探讨和达成公平利益分享的方式。", "C. 与土著人民人权有关的公司责任[3]", "92. 国际社会达成了一定程度的共识，即工商企业有尊重人权的责任。这种共识表现为最近几十年在国际和国家范围内都存在大量关于企业责任的监管和自我监管框架。人权理事会在第十七届会议(理事会第17/4号决议)上核准了秘书长特别代表的工商企业与人权指导原则(A/HRC/17/31)。除了法律地位问题外，关于企业责任的各种现存文书和机制明确反映了社会对企业承担责任的期待，并反映了在人权方面行使这种责任的必要性。", "93. 这一规范框架的核心是公司有在指导其活动的尽职调查中遵守国际人权标准的一般性责任。尽职调查的义务不仅限于尊重公司运营所在国政府的国家监管，这在很多情况下是远远不够的，还应当遵循对这些国家政府和整个国际社会有约束力的国际标准。尽职调查还意味着，企业不应当在政府忽略履行与这些权利有关的国际义务方面推波助澜，也不应当试图在履行这些义务方面取代国家的作用。特别报告员认为以下是其活动影响土著人民的公司的尽职调查必须包括的要素。", "1. 对土著人民的承认", "94. 在土著领地上运营或者其运营活动对这些领地造成影响的企业面临的主要困难之一，是缺乏政府方面对这些人民的正式承认，或者是仅限于对某些群体的承认。但国际人权法的一个公认原则是，包括土著人民在内的不同族裔、语言或宗教群体的存在，可以按客观标准确立，而不能取决于政府的单方面决定。", "95. 在企业开展活动的国家中，对土著人民缺乏明确的承认或者只有有限的承认不能成为企业在与土著人民有关的权利方面不执行最低国际标准的借口，甚至在所在国政府拒绝执行这些标准的情况下也是如此。因此，在尽职调查框架内，企业有责任提前确认是否存在可能受到企业未来活动影响的土著人民，并确定他们可能受到何种影响。", "2. 对土地、领地和自然资源的权利", "96. 其活动有可能对土著人民造成影响的企业的尽职调查包含的第二个因素，是确认土著人民拥有或占有和使用其土地、领地和自然资源，该问题对于土著人民有效享有人权至关重要。国家没有对土地或资源权利作出官方承认，这并不是公司不根据国际标准尊重土著人民土地权的充分理由。因此，企业的尽职调查包括根据国际文书规定的标准，对土著人民可能要求的权利展开独立评估的责任。", "97. 企业应有超出纯法律范畴的跨文化理解。国际标准强调土著人民与其传统领地的特殊关系，这是他们与众不同的身份和文化的基础。企业应当理解，不管国内法赋予土著人民哪些土地或资源权利，这些土著人民一贯保持并将继续保持同传统领地的关系。这是集体性的关系，因此远远高于群体成员的个人权利。", "98. 企业还应为土著人民和社区迁离其土地，包括为涉及购买个人持有的土著土地的项目，规定特殊赔偿保障。在这些情况下，国际标准要求，应寻求避免或限制这种迁移的其他方案，并应优先考虑用其他土地作为赔偿方式。", "3. 政府的协商义务和企业的相关责任", "99. 尽职调查原则还要求企业承认政府在采取可能直接影响到土著人民的任何措施之前同他们协商(并在某些情况下获得其同意)的义务，特别是在可能影响到他们的传统领地的项目方面。公司不得试图在国际标准要求国家承担举行协商的直接责任的情况下代替国家；实际上，公司必须促使国家充分履行此种责任。此外，公司如果在国家没有与土著人民进行适当协商的情况下同意开展特定项目，则没有履行其与人权有关的尽职调查义务。", "100. 在不损害政府承担主要协商责任的原则前提下，企业必须确保建立适当的协商和对话机制，尊重土著人民参与关系到自身利益的决策的权利。在这种情况下，同土著人民协商的目标，应当是在确认项目可能产生的负面影响，消除这些影响及对其作出赔偿的措施，以及项目产生的利益分享机制等关键方面寻求达成共识。", "4. 项目影响研究和赔偿措施", "101. 项目影响研究和为查明的负面影响确定适当赔偿的措施与协商进程密切联系。在承认土著人民拥有养护和保护环境的权利的同时，国际标准和实践要求进行社会和环境影响研究，作为保护土著人民权利的一项特别保障措施，特别是在涉及可能影响到这些权利的自然资源投资、开发、勘探或开采项目时。", "5. 利益分享", "102. 土著人民除了有权获得损害赔偿或缓解负面影响的措施外，还有权参与分享在其传统领地内开展的活动，特别是与自然资源开采有关的活动所产生的利益。企业有义务尊重土著人民建立适当机制的权利，以便利用这种机制确保土著人民分享项目创造的利益。利益分享应被视为履行权利的一种方式，而不是为了寻求对项目的社会支持或尽量减少可能发生的冲突而作出的施舍性或怜悯性让步。应当考虑发展适当的利益分享机制，真正加强土著人民建立和追求其首要发展目标的能力，帮助他们提高自己的决策机制和机构的效率。", "D. 在土著领地上或其附近运营的采掘业[4]", "103. 采掘业对土著人民的影响是特别报告员特别关注的一个问题。特别报告员在多份国别报告和特别报告中以及对特殊情况的审查中，研究了采掘业活动侵犯土著人民权利的各种情况。特别报告员努力促进澄清和解决采掘业活动所产生的有关土著人民的问题。2011年，特别报告员分发了“有关在土著领地上或其附近开采和开发自然资源项目的调查问卷”，以收集和了解与这一问题有关的意见、关切事项和建议。", "1. 对问卷答复的初步评估", "104. 土著人民、政府、企业和其他利益攸关方表达的对在土著领地上进行自然资源开采和能源相关项目发展的观点显示，尽管人们日益认识到必须尊重土著人民的权利，但仍然存在很多问题。土著人民组织和代表、国家政府和公司的答复反映，他们清醒地认识到，已经或正在土著领地上实施的没有适当保障或有关人民参与的不负责任或疏忽责任的项目，对土著人民的经济、社会和文化权利造成了负面甚至是灾难性的影响。", "105. 此外，尽管许多政府承诺并表示认识到需要保护土著人民的权利，特别报告员从各国收到的调查问卷的答复，以及从其他来源收到的答复，也反映了各国对资源开采和开发项目的有关职责范围和确保进行此种保护的手段方面缺乏共识。几份答复，特别是从企业收到的答复指出，各国政府往往保持距离，不插手执行协商程序的结果和在采掘作业中保障土著人民权利的其他措施，仅仅充当监管者。答复多次指出，将国家的保护作用交给工商企业是一个值得关切的问题，特别是在与土著人民权利，包括土地和资源的保护、协商和利益共享有关的国家监管框架不足或不存在的情况下。", "106. 另一个得到不同答复的重要领域涉及采掘开发项目的成本和效益的平衡。尽管答复者认识到采掘活动以往对土著人民生活造成的负面影响，他们对采掘业的实际或潜在效益、尤其是未来的效益的归属和价值的看法大相径庭。很多国家政府在对特别报告员调查问卷的答复中强调，此种活动对其经济至关重要。很多企业持也认为土著人民可以从采掘业活动中受益。", "107. 土著人民对此表示十分怀疑，并在很多情况下坚决否认从其领地上的采掘或开发项目中受益的可能性。很多土著人民亲身经历过影响其领地和社区的特定项目，绝大多数土著人民在答复中强调，他们认为自己的权利被剥夺，他们觉得国家和公司无视其权利和关切，无视在侵犯性采掘活动面前其生计没有着落的持续忧虑。这些看法使土著人民无法相信此种项目运营能够带来积极影响，他们更认为这种项目运营是国家和公司相互勾结、为保护其自身利益从上而下强加给土著人民的决定，而不是与土著社区进行谈判后作出的决定。", "2. 特别报告员拟议的未来工作计划", "108. 特别报告员认为，所有有关行为体缺乏对关键问题的了解是在采掘开发项目中有效保护和实现土著人民权利的主要障碍。这种情况，加上存在众多的概念和法律灰色领域，一再证明是造成社会冲突的根源。比较各方的经验，可发现冲突爆发和升级以及随之而来的立场极端化的充分实例。如果爆发与土著领地的采掘或开发计划有关的社会冲突，人人都是输家。", "109. 对特别报告员的调查问卷的答复显示，如果要使土著权利标准对与土著人民有关的国家和公司政策和行动产生有意义的效果，就需要改变现状。实现此种改变的第一步是在土著人民、政府行为体、工商企业和其他有关行为体之间建立共识。特别报告员认识到协调各方利益的工作固有的复杂性，以及缩小相互冲突的现存观点之间差距的困难。", "110. 但是，特别报告员相信，需要在以下方面达成共识：土著人民权利的内容和范围，这些权利对在土著领地上或附近的采掘业活动的未来可取性和可行性的影响，各国在此方面保护土著人民权利的责任的性质，采掘业的实际或潜在的积极和负面影响以及相关问题。没有此种共识，土著权利标准的适用将继续充满争议，土著人民的个人和集体人权将继续受到严重侵犯，影响土著人民的采掘活动将继续面临严重的社会和经济问题。", "111. 特别报告员在其第二个任期中致力于与其他机制、尤其是人权理事会土著人民权利专家机制协调开展工作，编制具体和实际的建议，阐述现有人权标准的所涉问题，帮助各国、工商企业和土著人民解决采掘业在土著领地上或附近运营产生的复杂问题。", "五. 结论", "112. 特别报告员重申，他将坚定致力于履行所承担的任务，谦恭地承认这一任务所代表的责任，并感谢所有曾经支持和继续支持他履行这一职能的人员。特别是，他要感谢人权理事会对他的信任并感谢人权高专办及其工作人员给予的诚心诚意的协助。他还想感谢作为美国亚利桑那大学土著人民法律和政策方案一部分的土著人民权利特别报告员支助项目的工作人员和所属研究人员。最后，他感谢在过去三年为协助他履行任务与他合作的很多土著人民、政府、联合国机构和部门、非政府组织和其他人员。", "113. 特别报告员高兴地向大会提交本报告，并期待与各国就其工作进行对话。尽管很多地方的积极进展使他深受鼓舞，他仍关切世界各地为争取土著人民的权利而正在进行的斗争以及侵犯土著人民权利的情况。他在第二个任期期间，将通过确认良好做法和可行的模式，在已经取得的进展的基础上，把制定解决这些紧迫问题的切实措施作为最优先事项。通过这一工作，他希望协助正在开展的多方面工作，实现大会在2007年通过《联合国土著人民权利宣言》时所设想的未来，一个充分重视土著人民的独特身份和文化，并且使土著人民有机会在其生活的更广泛社会中以平等条件控制其自身命运的未来。", "[1] 章节总结特别报告员在A/HRC/9/9号文件(第18至43段)中对该《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的研究。", "[2] 该章节概述了特别报告员在A/HRC/12/34号文件(第36至57段)中关于协商义务的研究。", "[3] 本节概述特别报告员在A/HRC/15/37(第26至91段)中对公司责任的讨论。", "[4] 本节概述特别报告员在A/HRC/18/35中对采掘业的讨论。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目66", "土著人民权利", "页:1", "土著人民权利", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递土著人民权利问题特别报告员詹姆斯·安纳亚根据人权理事会第15/7号决议提交的报告。", "土著人民权利问题特别报告员的报告", "内容提要", "本报告概述了土著人民权利问题特别报告员詹姆斯·安纳亚自2008年5月开始的第一个三年任期期间所开展的活动。 特别是,报告叙述了特别报告员与关注土著问题的全球和区域机制进行协调的努力,并概述了在四个相互关联的活动领域开展的工作:推广良好做法、国别报告、指称的侵犯人权案件和专题研究。", "报告载有特别报告员在其迄今提交人权理事会的年度报告中列入的专题研究摘要。 其中包括关于《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的研究;国家在采取影响土著人民的措施之前与土著人民协商并征得其同意的义务;公司尊重土著人民权利的责任;以及在这些主题的基础上,与在土著人民传统领地内或附近活动的采掘业有关的问题。", "目录", "页次\n一、导言. 3\n三. 机制 领域5\nA. 宣传5个方面\nB. 国家. 9\nC. 具体10起指称的人权案件\nD. 专题 12\n四. 学习 关键专题问题概述12\nA. 《联合国土著人民权利宣言》\nB. 15个民族的义务\nC. 公司在土著人民人权方面的责任 18\nD. 在工业领域或附近经营的20个行业\n领土\n五、结 论. 22", "一. 导言", "1. 人权委员会第2001/57号决议决定任命一名土著人民人权和基本自由情况特别报告员,任期三年,负责收集、要求、接受并交换所有有关来源关于侵犯土著人民本身及其社区和组织人权的资料和来文,并提出建议和提案来防止和补救这种侵犯。", "2. 联合国 人权理事会在第6/12号决议中,决定延长土著人民人权和基本自由情况特别报告员的任期,与各国政府、联合国有关机构、专门机构和方案以及土著人民、非政府组织和其他区域或次区域国际机构开展定期合作对话;根据其任务,研究克服现有障碍的方法和途径,以充分和有效保护土著人民的人权和基本自由,并查明、交流和推广最佳做法;酌情宣传《联合国土著人民权利宣言》和与增进土著人民权利有关的国际文书。", "3个 理事会第15/14号决议延长了特别报告员的任期,提及特别报告员是土著人民权利问题特别报告员,而不是土著人民人权和基本自由情况特别报告员,任期基本相同。", " 4.四. 人权理事会任命美利坚合众国土著人民权利问题特别报告员詹姆斯·安纳亚为首次成员,自2008年5月1日起任期三年。 Anaya先生的任期被再次延长,自2011年5月1日起为期三年。", "5 (韩语). 本报告概述了特别报告员在任职后头三年的工作。 报告介绍了他与联合国和其他国际机制和机构协调的努力,并概述了在与任务有关的四个相互关联的活动领域内开展的下列举措:推广良好做法、报告国家情况、审查所指控的侵犯人权案件并开展或协助开展专题研究。 报告概述了在审查关键议题时提出的要点,并列入了特别报告员提交人权理事会的年度报告。", "二. 与其他机制的协调", "6. 国家 正如理事会第15/14号决议所指出,特别报告员任务的一个基本方面是他与致力于增进和保护土著人民权利的其他联合国机制,即土著问题常设论坛和土著人民权利专家机制不断开展合作并建立伙伴关系。", "7. 联合国 特别报告员注意到,土著群体、非政府组织和其他利益攸关方对三个机制各自的作用和职能及其在联合国体制结构中的地位存在很大程度的混淆。 因此,他努力以一致和透明的方式与其他机制合作,以最大限度地了解每个机制的作用和宗旨。", "8. 联合国 这三个机制是在不同时间和针对保护土著人民权利的国际运动的不同时刻设立的,它们各自的任务在某些方面相辅相成,但相互重叠。 特别报告员一贯努力加强和巩固它们之间的协调进程,以避免不必要的重复并尽量扩大每个机构的机会和效力。 他认为,继续教育这些机制的个别任务和职能至关重要。", "9. 国家 特别报告员从一开始就参加了与常设论坛和专家机制的定期协调会,以促进协调。 2009年2月,他参加了在马德里与专家机制成员和常设论坛四名成员以及包括前特别报告员鲁道夫·斯塔文哈根在内的来自各区域的专家组举行的研讨会。 会议的主要目的是促进三个机制的成员之间的非正式对话,以便它们能更好地同联合国其他机构和机关协调其工作和活动。", "10个 此后,特别报告员每年与常设论坛和专家机制的代表会晤,交流工作议程,讨论各自任务的长处和局限性,并探讨以最有效的方式开展工作的方法。", "11个 特别报告员还与专家机制密切合作,为专家机制关于土著人民及其参与决策权的最后研究报告作出了贡献。 他参加了两次会议:2010年1月在泰国举行的由《亚洲土著人民公约》组织的区域磋商会,专家机制成员也参加了磋商会;2011年3月由联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)在日内瓦召开的专家研讨会。 研究报告(A/HCR/EMRIP/2011/2)已提交给2011年7月11日至15日在日内瓦举行的专家机制第四届会议。 特别报告员还为专家机制先前关于土著人民受教育权的研究提供了评论意见。", "12个 特别报告员自就任以来,出席了常设论坛和专家机制的每届年度会议并参加了对审议中的实质性问题的讨论。 在这些会议期间,他发展了与土著人民和组织举行平行会议的做法,这为世界各地的土著人民和组织代表提供了一个宝贵的机会,以补充常设论坛和专家机制对土著问题的更一般性讨论的方式提出他们的具体情况和所关切的问题。 会议期间,特别报告员还会见了各国和联合国机构的代表,讨论了合作机会和涉及土著人民的具体案件。", "13个 除了与专家机制和常设论坛合作之外,特别报告员欢迎有机会与一系列联合国、区域和专门机构就土著人民问题共同努力。 他就联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)、人权高专办、世界银行、世界知识产权组织(知识产权组织)和泛美卫生组织的倡议发表了意见。 这种协调很重要,因为特别报告员促进对土著问题的认识并开展有利于将这些问题纳入主流并有效执行有关国际文书所申明的土著权利标准的方案行动。", "14个 特别报告员继续与美洲人权委员会就美洲土著人民权利被指称被侵犯的案件交流信息,以努力确保协调努力并避免不必要的重复。 他还确认愿意与非洲人权和人民委员会土著居民问题工作组合作。 未来的权利。", "三. 工作领域", "15个 特别报告员开展了一系列活动,监测世界各地土著人民的人权状况,并促使采取步骤,根据相关国际标准,包括《联合国土著人民权利宣言》,改善这些状况。 他努力制定工作方法,以同各国政府、土著人民、非政府组织、联合国有关机构和其他机构建立建设性对话,以便处理有挑战性的问题和情况并巩固已经取得的进展。 如前所述,本着这种精神开展的各种活动可描述为四个相互关联的活动领域:推广良好做法、国别报告、指称的侵犯人权案件和专题研究。", "A类. 二. 促进良好做法", "16号. 特别报告员努力根据《宣言》和其他有关国际文书,在国家和国际两级推进法律、行政和方案改革。 这种改革往往是重大而复杂的工作,需要各国政府和国际实体在财政和政治方面作出强有力的承诺,并需要同土著人民密切合作。", "1. 联合国 在国家一级推广良好做法", "17岁。 在工作过程中,特别报告员被要求协助宪法和立法改革举措,使国家框架与相关国际标准相协调。", "18岁。 2008年5月上任后不久,土著组织和厄瓜多尔制宪大会主席要求特别报告员作为开发署在该国提供技术援助方案的一部分,为宪法修订进程提供技术援助。 特别报告员访问了厄瓜多尔,并根据有关国际准则向政府提交了一些意见(A/HRC/9/9/Add.1, 第502段)。 厄瓜多尔的新宪法于2008年9月经公民投票通过,其中有重要条款确认土著人民的集体权利。", " 19. 19. 特别报告员继续监测厄瓜多尔实施这些改革及随后立法的情况,并在2010年向理事会第十五届会议提交了关于厄瓜多尔落实宪法保障土著人民方面取得的进展和所面临挑战的意见(A/HRC/15/37/Add.7)。 此外,他还就厄瓜多尔国民议会目前正在审议的各项立法草案提出了意见,以按照《宪法》的有关规定,协调土著习惯司法系统与国家司法系统。", "20号. 同样,2009年4月,特别报告员向智利政府提交了一份报告(A/HRC/12/34/Add.6,附录A),概述并分析了关于智利宪法改革进程中与土著人民磋商义务的国际准则。", "21岁 2010年7月,特别报告员分析了与哥伦比亚制订关于与土著人民和非洲裔哥伦比亚社区就影响他们的事项进行磋商的义务的法律或条例有关的国际标准。 他的投入是人权高专办应哥伦比亚内政和司法部问题咨询小组的请求发起的倡议的一部分。", "22号. 同样,在2011年2月的几个星期中,特别报告员就危地马拉政府关于规范与土著人民协商程序的倡议发表了意见。", "23. 联合国 此外,应苏里南政府及土著和部落人民的请求,特别报告员根据美洲人权法院在这方面发布的具有约束力的判决(A/HRC/18/35/Add.7),就制定立法以确保土著和部落人民对土地和资源的权利的进程提出了意见和建议。 意见和建议的部分依据是2011年3月访问苏里南期间所收集的信息。", "24 (韩语). 2008年12月,特别报告员出席了在尼加拉瓜Awas Tingni举行的仪式,会上,政府按照美洲人权法院2001年的一项判决的要求,向土著社区移交了期待已久的祖传地契。 他赞扬尼加拉瓜政府采取步骤执行判决,并继续与政府进行讨论,鼓励在确保该国其他土著社区的土地权和资源权方面取得进展。", "2. 联合国 国际机构和当局推广良好做法", "25岁 特别报告员努力在全球和区域两级促进国际行为者的决定、方案改革和倡议,并努力将有关土著人民权利的国际标准加强、纳入主流并推进执行。", "26. 2011年7月,在Sarayaku诉厄瓜多尔案中,特别报告员作为专家证人在美洲人权法院就协商和自由事先知情同意的原则作证。", "27个 2011年5月,特别报告员在日内瓦知识产权与遗传资源、传统知识和民间文学艺术政府间委员会会议上作主旨发言,该委员会正在拟订一项关于传统知识、遗传资源和传统文化表现形式的国际法律文书。", "28岁 2011年2月,特别报告员就开发署关于在减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量的活动中与土著人民协商的准则草案提出了广泛的意见。 也是在2011年2月,他在华盛顿特区召开的一届特别会议期间,为泛美卫生组织制定区域跨文化保健政策作出了贡献。", "29. 国家 2011年1月,他在巴黎参加了经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)国家代表工作组会议,在更新经合组织《多国企业准则》的过程中,提出了关注土著问题的意见。", "30 (英语). 在过去一年的不同时间里,特别报告员在世界银行集团国际金融公司审查关于土著人民的第7号业绩标准期间,向该公司提出了评论,包括会见了该公司的官员,并就业绩标准草案提出了书面意见。", "31岁 2010年11月,特别报告员参加了由人权高专办在日内瓦主办的土地和人权问题研讨会,会上他介绍了土著人民在土地方面特别关注的人权问题并进行了分析。", "32. 国家 特别报告员参加了人权高专办2008年10月在秘鲁、2009年6月在尼加拉瓜和2009年12月在特立尼达和多巴哥举办的《联合国土著人民权利宣言》研讨会。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员一直同开发计划署合作,为开发计划署工作人员和其他从事土著问题工作的人员编写土著民族权利资料指南。", "34. 国家 此外,特别报告员还与世界银行合作。 2008年6月3日,他在华盛顿特区举行的“促进拉丁美洲和加勒比的土著权利与发展”研讨会上作了专题发言,他重点介绍了世界银行在涉及土著人民的各种挑战和举措方面的作用。 特别报告员继续同世界银行的代表保持联系,以探讨进一步协调的方法,以期通过世界银行的方案来增进土著人民的权利。", "3个 促进支持《联合国土著人民权利宣言》", "35. 联合国 在国家和国际实体中推广良好做法的另一个重要途径是,推行一项致力于《联合国土著人民权利宣言》所载权利的政策。 为此,特别报告员积极鼓励那些没有投票赞成大会于2007年通过《宣言》的国家支持《宣言》。 近年来,他欢迎澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰和美国,即投票反对《宣言》的四个国家改变立场。 他高兴地注意到,哥伦比亚和萨摩亚这两个在表决中投了弃权票的国家后来宣布支持《宣言》。 特别报告员在其专题报告中专门用章节进一步分析《宣言》及其执行情况。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员努力通过一些活动,促进对《宣言》的认识并采取行动。 2011年6月,他在美国参议院印第安人事务委员会题为“确定标准:《联合国土著人民权利宣言》对国内政策的影响”的听证会上作证。 2011年4月,他在澳大利亚新南威尔士土著土地理事会两年期会议上作主旨发言,土地理事会在会上讨论了《宣言》,将其作为其工作主要方面的基准。 此外,他在2009年5月20日开发署在纽约举办的一次研讨会上向联合国各机构的代表介绍了《宣言》,他强调了联合国各机构和方案在执行《宣言》方面的作用。", " 4.四. 推广良好做法的其他措施", "37. 联合国 参加有土著人民、专家、政府代表和其他行为者参加的研讨会或会议是特别报告员努力推广良好做法的一个重要手段。", "38. 2011年3月,特别报告员在德国联邦经济合作和发展部在柏林举办的关于德国在非洲和亚洲发展合作的专家讲习班上作了主旨发言。", "39. 2010年5月,特别报告员参加了由拉丁美洲和加勒比区域石油、天然气和生物燃料部门公司协会在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳举办的拉丁美洲和加勒比多元文化与石油和天然气工业研讨会。 研讨会为与石油和天然气公司的代表以及学术界和民间社会成员进行对话提供了机会,讨论私营公司尊重土著人民权利国际标准的义务。", " 40. 40. 特别报告员参加了2009年3月16日和17日在雅加达举行的由印度尼西亚国家人权委员会和群岛土著人民联盟主办的土著权利研讨会。 在讨论会上,人权委员会和人民联盟宣布就一项处理土著问题的联合方案达成协议,这是国家独立人权委员会同一个主要土著组织之间协调的一个好例子。", "41. 国家 特别报告员还参加了2009年10月在西班牙Sitges举行的由非政府组织Kreddha和联合国教育、科学及文化组织加泰罗尼亚中心主办的专家会议,与会者在会上分析了公司在土著领地上进行的采掘活动引起的冲突根源以及预防和解决这种冲突的可能途径。 这些讨论是对土著人民人权和基本自由情况特别报告员提交人权理事会第十五届会议的报告(A/HRC/15/37)的宝贵贡献。", "42. 国家 特别报告员访问了澳大利亚,出席2008年12月由土著和岛民研究行动基金会在堪培拉举办的题为“《世界人权宣言》六十周年:澳大利亚土著居民和托雷斯海峡岛民的人权和基本自由状况”的会议。 特别报告员有机会非正式地会见了各国政府的代表,这标志着开始建设性对话,为2009年8月正式访问澳大利亚作准备。", "43. 东帝汶 在一个土著政府的创新举措中,美国纳瓦霍民族成立了纳瓦霍民族人权委员会. 2008年12月,特别报告员出席了人权委员会为纳瓦霍民族委员会成员举办的人权取向活动,并就如何利用国际人权机制促进纳瓦霍人的人权与委员会和理事会成员进行了讨论。", "44. 2008年10月,特别报告员出席了美国印第安人全国大会第六十五届大会。 他介绍了使用国际标准加强对美国土著人民权利的保护的情况。 国会是美国由250多个土著民族组成的联盟,致力于为美国政府和国会影响土著人民利益的决定提供信息。", "45. 国家 2008年10月,特别报告员与暴力侵害妇女、其原因及后果问题特别报告员一起参加了关于亚洲及太平洋地区暴力侵害土著妇女问题非政府组织的区域磋商会。 协商会由亚太妇女、法律和发展论坛组织,在新德里举行。", "B. 国别报告", "46. 经常预算: 在过去三年里,特别报告员发表了关于各国土著人民人权状况的各种报告。 这些报告包括旨在加强良好做法、确定所关注领域和改善特定国家或区域土著人民人权状况的结论和建议。 报告程序通常涉及访问受审议国,包括访问首都和某些关切地点,在此期间,特别报告员与政府代表、不同地区的土著社区以及从事与土著人民有关的问题工作的民间社会各界人士互动。 访问是在有关政府的同意和合作下进行的。", "47. 国家 特别报告员访问了巴西(A/HRC/12/34/Add.2)、尼泊尔(A/HRC/12/34/Add.3)、博茨瓦纳(A/HRC/15/37/Add.2)、澳大利亚(A/HRC/15/37/Add.4)、俄罗斯联邦(A/HRC/15/37/Add.5)、挪威、瑞典和芬兰的萨米地区(萨米人的传统领地)(A/HRC/18/35/Add.2)、刚果(A/HRC/18/35/Add.5)和新喀里多尼亚(法国)(A/HRC/18/35/Add.6)并报告了这些国家的情况。 他还对智利(A/HRC/12/34/Add.6)、哥伦比亚(A/HRC/15/37.Add.3)和新西兰(A/HRC/18/35/Add.4)进行了后续访问,以评估这些国家在执行特别报告员前任所提出建议方面取得的进展。", " 48. 48. 2011年,特别报告员将访问阿根廷,2012年初访问美国。 他还收到巴拿马和萨尔瓦多政府的邀请,评估这些国家的土著人民状况,并欢迎这些邀请。 特别报告员有访问孟加拉国、柬埔寨、马来西亚、印度尼西亚和巴布亚新几内亚的请求尚未答复,他希望这些请求将得到有利的考虑。", "C. 据称侵犯人权的具体案件", "49. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员工作的另一个主要领域是不断对具体案件中侵犯人权的指控作出反应。 特别报告员向各国政府发送的信函摘要,其中转达了他对特定情况的关切和从各国政府收到的答复,以及特别报告员的意见和建议,载于他与各国政府的函件(A/HRC/18/35/Add.1、A/HRC/15/37/Add.1和A/HRC/12/26/Add.1)。", " 50. 50. 特别报告员收到了关于每个大陆上各国据称侵犯人权案件的资料,并在答复中就这些情况向各国政府发出了多封信函。 收到的投诉涉及影响世界各地土著人民的共同问题,包括剥夺土著人民对其土地、领土和自然资源的权利;侵犯协商权以及自由、事先和知情同意权,特别是在开采自然资源或驱逐土著社区方面;威胁或暴力侵害土著个人和社区,包括人权维护者;对土著主题的宪法或立法改革的关切;与承认土著司法制度有关的问题;与世隔绝的土著人民的处境。", "51. 联合国 鉴于资源有限,特别报告员不可能对引起他注意的每一个案件作出答复。 然而,他经常根据详细和可信的资料采取行动,这些情报说明属于他任务范围内的严重局势,干预有合理的机会产生积极影响,要么引起对局势的必要关注,要么促使政府当局或其他行为者采取纠正行动。 或者,如果情况代表或与更广泛的侵犯土著人民人权的情况有关,他可以采取行动。 他答复了来自许多区域和国家的侵犯人权指控。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员的目的是同各国、土著人民和其他人积极接触,以密切监测和评估情况,查明当前问题的根本原因,促进以已取得的进展为根据的具体行动,并依照有关人权标准提出切实可行的建议。", "53. 联合国 因此,对于所审查的一些情况,特别报告员已就他认为各国以及适当时其他有关各方应在有关国际标准的框架内为处理这些情况所应采取的行动,向各国政府提出了详细的意见和建议。 他将继续就这些具体情况同各国进行接触,并希望能迄今为止的对话对有关政府和土著人民是有益的。", "54. 联合国 特别报告员收到的某些来文载有对侵犯土著人民人权的具体指控,应作更深入的分析。 为此,他在审查这些案件时对各国进行了实地访问。 由于这些访问,他发表了详细的意见并附有分析和建议,希望这些意见有助于有关政府和土著人民努力解决提出的问题。", "55. 国家 在这方面,特别报告员于2011年4月前往哥斯达黎加,审查受埃尔迪基斯水电项目影响的土著人民的状况。 特别报告员向该国政府和土著利益攸关方提供了关于这一情况的意见和建议(A/HRC/18/35/Add.8)。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 同样,2010年6月,特别报告员访问了危地马拉,以讨论与该国土著人民磋商原则的落实情况,特别是在采掘业方面,并特别关注圣米格尔-伊克图瓦坎和锡帕卡帕市受马林矿影响的土著人民的状况(A/HRC/18/35/Add.3)。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 2009年2月,特别报告员前往巴拿马,审查受巴拿马昌吉诺拉河水电项目建设影响的土著社区的情况(A/HRC/12/34/Add.5)。 2009年6月,他在秘鲁巴瓜的土著人民同警察发生对抗之后立即前往秘鲁,以便直接审查人权问题(A/HRC/12/34/Add.8)。", "58. 联合国 在2009年8月访问澳大利亚期间,特别报告员跟踪了先前关于澳大利亚政府北部地区应急反应对土著权利的影响的来文。 他编写了一份特别报告,其中载有他对这一事项的意见,该报告已作为附件附于他关于澳大利亚土著人民状况的报告(A/HRC/15/37/Add.4,附录B)。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员认为,他能够迅速干预涉及土著人民的危机局势,例如秘鲁的巴瓜局势,已证明是有效行使他的职责,使他能够在解决、缓解或改善涉及土著人民的危机局势方面发挥关键作用。", "60. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员有时针对特定国家出现的直接关切问题发表媒体或其他公开声明。 他就下列问题发表了公开声明: 政府对拉帕努伊人在复活节岛(智利)的抗议活动的反应;对马普切土著囚犯绝食抗议根据反恐怖主义法对他们提出的指控的关切(智利);土著人民对采矿立法的抗议(巴拿马);与土著人民协商的法律和政策(秘鲁);对亚利桑那州(美国)通过的立法给予警察拘留非法移民嫌疑的权力以及这一立法对美国/墨西哥边境地区土著人民的影响的关切。", "D. 专题研究", "61. 国家 在其任务的头三年里,特别报告员力求查明世界各地土著人民共同关心的问题或事项,并以知情的分析和建议来解决这些问题。 他对专题问题的分析是在他审查国家情况和案例的基础上进行的,并借鉴了他推广良好做法的经验。 他在提交人权理事会的每份年度报告中都审查了关键问题,包括以下问题:《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的重要性;国家在采取影响到土著人民的措施之前,有义务与土著人民协商并征得其同意;公司有责任尊重土著人民的权利;以及最近,在以前的主题基础上,与在土著人民传统领地内或附近作业的采掘业有关的问题。", "四、结 论 审查的关键专题概览[1]", "A. 《联合国土著人民权利宣言》", "1. 联合国 概览", "62. 联合国 在过去30年中,世界各地土著人民的要求已导致根据国际人权法和政策的长期原则,逐步形成关于土著人民权利的一套共同意见。 这种共识的出现进一步体现在国家一级的宪法、立法和体制改革中并得到了支持。 大会于2007年通过《联合国土著人民权利宣言》是这一共同观点的最显著体现,它概括了几十年来从现有国际人权法来源基础上建立起来的对土著人民权利的广泛共识。", "63. 国家 《宣言》的序言强调了文书的基本补救目的。 《宣言》并非肯定特殊权利本身,而是旨在纠正历史上剥夺自决权和普遍适用的国际文书所申明的其他基本人权所造成的持续后果。 从这个意义上说,《宣言》并没有创造与被认为普遍适用的基本人权相分离的新的或特殊的权利,而是在土著人民的具体文化、历史、社会和经济环境中阐述了这些基本权利。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 《宣言》第3条申明,土著人民有权以符合国家领土完整和政治统一原则的方式行使自决权。 基于这些理由,《宣言》详细列出了构成“世界土著人民生存、尊严和福祉最低标准”的权利(第43条)。 《宣言》重申平等和不歧视、生命和人格完整以及自由、国籍和诉诸司法等个人基本权利;呼吁特别关注土著老人、妇女、青年、儿童和残疾人的具体权利和需要。", "65. 国家 同时,《宣言》确认集体权利,涉及自治和自主的政治、法律、社会和文化机构;文化完整,包括文化和精神物体、语言和其他文化表现形式;土地、领土和自然资源;社会服务和发展;条约、协定和其他建设性安排;以及跨界合作。 《宣言》还反映了一种共识,即土著人民的自决通常不仅涉及行使自治权,而且涉及与土著人民所居住国家的较大社会结构的参与性参与和互动。 因此,《宣言》承认土著人民有权参与国家的政治、经济、社会和文化生活,并在涉及他们的决定方面得到咨询,目的是获得他们的事先、自由和知情同意。", "2. 规范和法律意义", "66. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员在工作中多次遇到各国和其他行为者为降低《宣言》的规范性分量而做出的努力,称其为不具法律约束力的文书。 虽然这一点可以承认,但对与《宣言》有关的规范意义和法律义务的深入了解并没有结束。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 无论《宣言》具有何种确切的法律意义,它具有高度的合法性,因此具有重要的规范重要性。 这种合法性不仅在于它得到绝大多数会员国(包括投票反对通过它的四个国家,见上文第35段)的正式认可,而且在于它是土著人民自己多年倡导和斗争的产物。 《宣言》是几十年来进行的跨文化对话的结果,土著人民在对话中发挥了主导作用。 《宣言》的准则在很大程度上反映了土著人民自己的愿望,经过多年的审议,这些愿望已经为国际社会所接受。 得到会员国赞同的《宣言》的措辞明确体现了对《宣言》所载权利和原则的承诺。 各国遵守对土著人民自己所推动的规范的承诺,这纯属诚意。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 此外,尽管《宣言》本身不像条约那样具有法律约束力,但《宣言》反映了与《联合国宪章》人权条款、各种多边人权条约和习惯国际法有关的法律义务。 《宣言》以各国的一般人权义务为基础,并基于不歧视、自决和文化完整等基本人权原则,这些原则已纳入得到广泛批准的人权条约,联合国条约机构的工作就表明了这一点。 此外,《宣言》的核心原则可视为与一贯的国际和国家惯例模式相联,因此,在这点上,这些原则反映了习惯国际法。", "69. 联合国 此外,《宣言》反映了关于土著人民个人和集体权利的现有国际共识,符合并扩展了国际劳工组织《土著和部落人民公约》(第169号公约)的规定,以及国际机构和机制对其他人权文书的解释。 作为这一共识最权威的表现,《宣言》为充分保护和落实这些权利提供了一个行动框架。", "70. 联合国 因此,《宣言》的重要性不应由于宣称其技术地位为不具法律约束力的决议而被削弱。 特别报告员认为,执行《宣言》应被视为一项政治、道义和法律上的必要任务。", "3个 执行《宣言》所需要采取的措施", "71. 联合国 特别报告员多次就他认为必须采取的最低限度步骤提出意见,以便在《宣言》得到各国正式批准之后,推动执行《宣言》。", "72. 联合国 国家官员和土著领导人应接受关于《宣言》和有关国际文书以及执行《宣言》的实际措施的培训。 此外,应在国家和地方两级举办研讨会和会议,使国家官员和土著领导人聚集一堂,本着《宣言》所体现的合作与和解精神,制定执行战略和倡议,包括解决历史冤情的措施。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 各国应全面审查其现有立法和行政方案,以确定其与《宣言》不符之处。 这包括审查涉及土著人民权益的所有法律和方案,包括与自然资源开发、土地、教育和司法有关的法律和方案。 应在这种审查的基础上同土著人民协商,制定和实施必要的法律和方案改革。", "74. 国家 各国应承诺投入大量人力和财政资源,以采取必要措施执行《宣言》。 这些措施通常包括划定或归还土著土地、制定文化上适当的教育方案、支持土著自治机构以及《宣言》所考虑的许多其他措施。", "75. 国家 联合国系统和国际社会应作为最优先事项,制定方案,向各国和土著人民提供技术和财政援助,以推进执行《宣言》的这些和相关步骤。 在某些情况下,现有的联合国和国际合作方案也可能必须改革,使之符合《宣言》的宗旨和目标。", "76. 联合国 在某种程度上,一些国家已经在联合国机构或国际合作方案的支持下采取执行《宣言》的最低步骤。 目标是使这些倡议比迄今更加广泛地扎根,并让所有相关利益攸关方分享经验,以加强这些倡议。", "B类. 磋商义务[2]", "1. 联合国 规范性理由和一般性质", "77. 国家 各国就影响土著人民的决定同土著人民协商的义务在《联合国土著人民权利宣言》中得到突出体现,并牢固地植根于国际人权法。 这一义务在《宣言》中就具体关注事项提及,并在第19条中被确认为一项首要原则,该条规定如下: “国家在通过和执行可能影响到土著人民的立法或行政措施之前,应通过土著人民自己的代表机构与有关土著人民进行真诚的磋商和合作,以征得他们的自由、事先和知情同意。 “", "78. 国家 与《宣言》一样,《土著和部落人民公约》要求各国本着诚意同土著人民协商,以期就影响到他们的管理计划或项目的某些方面达成协议或同意,并呼吁各国就各种情况同土著社区进行协商。 国家与土著人民进行有效协商的义务也基于联合国的核心人权条约,包括《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》。 在区域一级,协商义务源于美洲人权法院在一系列案件中确认的各国根据《美洲人权公约》承担的义务。", "79. 联合国 最根本的是,协商的义务来自土著人民的自决权以及相关的民主和人民主权原则。 它响应了全世界土著人民的愿望,即在平等的条件下掌握自己的命运并有效参与影响到他们的决策进程。 根据这些原则,国家在作出影响土著人民的决定时,有义务与土著人民协商,目的是扭转将土著人民排除在决策进程之外的历史模式,以避免今后将重要决定强加给他们,并允许他们作为独特的社区在其文化仍然依附的土地上蓬勃发展。", "80个 一般而言,国家的决定应通过充分代表公众利益的民主进程作出。 然而,这些正常的民主和具有代表性的进程通常不足以解决土著人民特别关切的问题,土著人民通常在政治领域被边缘化。 国家与土著人民协商的义务及其各种规范性内容的前提是,正如《宣言》所表明,普遍承认土著人民的独特特点和具体权利,以及需要采取特别措施解决他们的不利条件。", "2. 联合国 磋商义务和取得同意的目标", "81个 协商义务是一项程序性义务,在土著人民的实质性权利受到某一行动影响时即产生。 应当指出,磋商的义务并不限于拟议措施将或可能影响国家一级已得到承认的权利或法律权利的情况,例如对传统土地和领土的权利。", "82. 协商义务所要求的协商程序的具体特点必然因拟议措施的性质及其对土著人民的影响而异。 例如,涉及或影响一国所有土著人民的宪法或立法改革措施将需要适当的协商和代表机制,在某种程度上向所有土著人民开放,并向他们开放。 相比之下,影响特定土著人民或社区的措施,如开采其领土内自然资源的举措,将需要以受影响群体的利益为重点的协商程序并与其接触。", "83个 磋商程序的性质及其目的也取决于所涉土著人民的权利或利益的性质以及拟议措施的预期影响。 取得同意这一目标的力度必然因情况、土著人民的权利和所涉利益而异。 对土著人民生活的一个重大而直接的影响确立了一个强有力的假设,即拟议的措施不应未经土著人民的同意而继续推行。 在某些情况下,在没有土著同意的情况下,这种推定可能强化为对措施或项目的禁止。", "第八十四会. 《宣言》确定了在推进拟议倡议之前必须征得有关土著人民同意的两种情况:涉及将土著群体从其传统地上迁出的情况(第10条)和涉及在土著人民地上储存危险材料的情况(第29条)。 特别报告员将补充涉及在土著人民土地上建立自然资源开采项目的情况以及项目对有关土著人民的生活具有重大社会或文化影响的其他情况。", "85. 然而,在所有土著人民的特殊利益受到拟议措施影响的情况下,取得他们的同意在某种程度上应当成为协商的目标。 诚意原则意味着努力建立对话,使国家和土著人民都努力达成共识并认真努力达成相互满意的协议。 各方应愿意听取各方立场并作出妥协,维护各方合法利益并达成对各方具有约束力的协议。", "86号. 然而,如果国家没有证明受影响土著人民的权利将在拟议项目下得到充分保护,或者国家没有采取适当措施来减轻拟议项目的任何不利影响,那么,对拟议举措不表示同意是有理由的。", "3个 有利于达成共识的建立信任要素", "87个 为实现协商一致的决策作出真诚努力,需要国家努力同土著人民建立一种信任的气氛,以便进行富有成效的对话。 这对土著人民尤其重要,因为他们历来被排除在决策进程之外,因此对国家机构缺乏信任。 此外,土著人民在政治影响、财政资源、获得信息和相关教育方面通常处于不利地位,而参与协商的则是国家机构或私人政党,如公司。", "88个 为了营造信任和相互尊重协商的气氛,协商程序本身应该是协商一致的产物。 特别报告员注意到,在许多情况下,协商程序不有效,没有获得土著人民的信任,因为受影响的土著人民没有被充分纳入制定和执行协商程序的讨论。 这些讨论应在拟议倡议设计的最初阶段开始,当然,在自然资源开采项目方面,在国家与第三方,如供资机构或公司,就拟议项目达成任何协议之前,就应当开始。 此外,各国必须妥善解决权力不平衡的问题,确保作出安排,使土著人民获得他们所需的财政、技术和其他援助,而且他们必须这样做,而不必利用这种援助在磋商中利用或影响土著人民的立场。", "89. 国家 建立信任和达成真正共识的可能性还取决于协商程序,在协商程序中充分尊重土著人民自己的代表和决策机构。 土著人民还可能需要通过自己的决策程序来发展或修订自己的机构,以建立促进协商进程的代表结构。 特别报告员指出,土著群体未能澄清其有代表性的组织结构,可能混淆并减缓协商进程。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 在涉及自然资源开发或影响土著土地的开发项目的案件中,为了使有关土著人民对正在审议的项目作出自由和知情的决定,必须向他们提供有关该项目将影响到他们的所有方面的充分而客观的信息,包括该项目对其生活和环境的影响。 在这方面,国家必须在有关土著群体的参与下,开展环境和社会影响研究,以便了解该项目的全部预期后果。", "91. 联合国 此外,在这种情况下,由共识推动的协商进程不仅应涉及减轻或补偿项目不利影响的措施,还应探讨并形成本着真正伙伴关系精神公平分享利益的手段。", "C. 公司对土著人民人权的责任[3]", "92. 国家 国际社会达成了一定程度的共识,即工商企业有责任尊重人权。 这种共识反映在最近几十年在国际和国家各级出现的关于公司责任的许多管制和自律框架上。 人权理事会第十七届会议(理事会第17/4号决议)核可了特别代表关于工商业与人权的指导原则(A/HRC/17/31)。 除了其法律地位问题之外,关于公司责任的各种现有文书和机制明确反映了社会对公司责任的期望,以及行使这种责任与人权有关的需要。", "93. (中文(简体) ). 这一规范框架的一个核心支柱是,公司一般有义务在必须指导其活动的尽职调查范围内遵守国际人权标准。 克尽职责并不限于尊重公司经营所在国的国家规章,在许多情况下,这些规章并不充分,而应遵循对这些国家和整个国际社会具有约束力的国际标准。 尽职调查还意味着,公司不得为国家不履行与土著权利有关的国际义务作任何贡献,也不得试图取代国家履行这些义务的作用。 特别报告员认为,以下是其活动影响到土著人民的公司的尽职调查的必要内容。", "1. 联合国 承认土著人民", "94 (中文(简体) ). 在土著领地上经营或经营影响到这些领地的公司所面临的一个根本困难是,他们居住的国家没有正式承认土著人民,或者只承认某些群体。 然而,普遍接受的国际人权法原则认为,存在不同的族裔、语言或宗教群体,包括土著人民,可以根据客观标准确定,不能取决于国家的单方面决定。", "95号. 企业不能以有限承认或未明确承认其业务所在国的土著人民为借口,不适用适用于土著人民的最低国际标准,包括在国家反对适用这些标准的情况下。 因此,尽职调查要求公司事先查明可能受其活动影响的土著人民的存在,以及他们可能如何受这些活动的影响。", "2. 联合国 土地、领土和自然资源权", "96. (中文(简体) ). 其活动对土著人民有潜在影响的公司的尽职调查的第二个特征是确定土著人民对土地、领土和自然资源的拥有或拥有和使用,这是对土著人民切实享有人权至关重要的问题。 国家没有正式承认土地或资源权利并不构成公司未能按照国际标准尊重土著人民土地权的充分理由。 因此,尽责要求公司按照国际文书规定的标准,对土著人民可能主张的权利进行独立评估。", "97. 国家 公司应具有一种远不止于单纯法律考虑的跨文化理解。 国际标准突出了土著人民与其传统领地之间的特殊关系,这种关系是土著人民独特身份和文化的基础。 公司必须了解,土著人民无论根据国家法律对其土地或资源拥有何种权利,都保持并继续与其传统领地保持联系。 此外,这些联系是集体的,因此远远超出了这些群体成员的个人权利。", "98 (英语). 公司还应为土著社区和人民迁出其土地提供特别赔偿保证,包括涉及获得个人所有权所拥有土著土地的项目。 在这种情况下,国际标准要求寻求限制或避免这种迁移的替代办法,并作为优先事项提供其他土地形式的赔偿。", "3个 国家的协商义务和相关的公司责任", "99 (英语). 尽职调查原则还要求公司承认国家在采取可能直接影响到土著人民的措施之前,特别是在涉及影响土著人民传统领地的项目之前,有义务与土著人民协商(并在某些情况下征得他们的同意)。 在国际标准要求各国对举行协商承担直接责任的情况下,公司不得试图取而代之;事实上,公司必须促使各国全面承担这种责任。 此外,如果公司同意开展国家未能与土著人民进行充分协商的具体项目,它们就无法在人权方面克尽职责。", "一百块 在不损害国家承担主要协商责任的原则的情况下,公司必须尊重土著人民参与影响他们的决定的权利,确保适当的协商和对话机制。 在这方面,与土著人民协商的目的应当是就一些关键方面寻求共识,例如确定活动的潜在不利影响、减轻和补偿这种影响的措施以及分享活动所产生惠益的机制。", " 4.四. 影响研究和补偿措施", "101. (中文(简体) ). 影响研究和确定适当措施,以补偿所查明的任何不利影响,顾名思义,都与协商进程有关。 由于承认土著人民有权养护和保护自己的土地和环境,国际标准和惯例现在要求进行社会和环境影响研究,作为保护土著权利的一项具体保证,特别是在涉及投资或开发、勘探或开采可能影响这些权利的自然资源的项目方面。", "5 (韩语). 惠益分享", "102. 国家 除了有权获得损害赔偿或对不利影响采取减轻措施外,土著人民还有权分享在其传统领土上开展的活动所产生的利益,特别是在自然资源开发方面。 公司有义务尊重土著权利,建立机制,确保土著人民分享有关活动所产生的利益。 惠益分享应被视为一种遵守权利的手段,而不是公司为确保项目获得社会支持或尽量减少潜在冲突而给予的慈善奖或优惠。 应考虑建立惠益分享机制,真正加强土著人民建立和追求自身发展优先事项的能力,并帮助他们提高自身决策机制和机构的效力。", "D. 在土著领地内或附近作业的采掘业[4]", "第103页。 采掘业对土著人民的影响是特别报告员特别关注的一个问题。 在几份国别和特别报告中,以及在审查具体案件时,他审查了采掘业活动产生侵犯土著人民权利影响的各种情况。 特别报告员的目的是为澄清和解决采掘业活动引起的与土著人民有关的问题而作的努力作出贡献。 2011年,特别报告员分发了一份关于土著领地内或附近自然资源开采和发展项目的调查问卷,以收集和了解关于这一问题的观点、关切和建议。", "1. 联合国 对调查表答复的初步评估", "104 (韩语). 土著人民、政府、企业和其他相关利益攸关方就开发在土著领地开采自然资源和与能源有关的项目所表达的意见表明,尽管人们日益认识到需要尊重土著人民的权利,但许多问题依然存在。 土著人民组织和代表、政府和公司的反应表明,人们清楚地了解,在没有适当保障或有关人民参与的情况下,在土著领土上已经或正在执行的不负责任或疏忽的项目对土著人民的经济、社会和文化权利造成了消极甚至灾难性的影响。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 此外,虽然许多国家政府承诺并表明它们认识到需要保护土著人民的权利,但特别报告员从各国收到的对问题单的答复以及从其他来源收到的答复也表明,对于国家在资源开采和发展项目方面的责任范围以及确保这种保护的手段缺乏共识。 在若干答复中,特别是从企业收到的答复中,有人指出,政府往往与执行协商程序结果和其他措施相距甚远,以保障土著人民在采掘作业中的权利并仅仅充当监管机构。 人们一再指出,国家倾向于将其保护作用下放给工商企业是一个令人关注的问题,特别是在国家有关土著权利的管理框架,包括有关保护土地和资源、协商和利益分享的管理框架不足或不存在的情况下。", "106. (中文(简体) ). 引起不同答复的另一个重要领域涉及采掘发展项目的成本和收益的平衡。 虽然答复者认识到采掘活动过去对土著人民生活的负面影响,但他们对采掘工业的实际或潜在好处的发生率和价值,尤其是对未来,表达了相去甚远的看法。 许多国家政府在答复特别报告员的问题单时强调,这类活动对本国经济至关重要。 许多企业都认为,土著人民可以从采掘业的活动中受益。", "107 (韩语). 就土著人民而言,他们表示相当怀疑,在许多情况下,他们断然拒绝从其传统领土上的采掘或发展项目中受益的可能性。 绝大多数土著人民(其中许多人直接经历了影响其领土和社区的具体项目)在答复中强调,他们认为剥夺权利,认为国家和企业不了解土著人民的权利和所关切的问题,面对侵蚀采掘活动,他们的生计一直不安全。 这些看法使土著人民看不到这些行动的积极影响,这些行动更多地被视为是自上而下强加国家和公司为保护自身利益而联合作出的决定,而不是与其社区谈判决定的结果。", "2. 联合国 特别报告员未来拟议工作计划", "108. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员认为,所有有关行为者对关键问题缺乏了解是在采掘发展项目中有效保护和实现土著人民权利的主要障碍。 这,加上许多灰色的概念和法律领域的存在,始终证明是社会冲突的根源。 比较经验为这些冲突的爆发和升级以及随之而来的立场激进化提供了充分的例子。 如果与土著领地的采掘或发展计划有关的社会冲突爆发,每个人都会输。", "第109页. 对特别报告员问题单的答复表明,如果要使土著权利标准对国家和公司的政策和行动产生有意义的影响,就必须改变现状。 朝着这种变化迈出的第一步是在土著人民、政府行为者、工商企业和其他人之间达成共同谅解。 特别报告员意识到协调所涉各种利益的任何努力所固有的复杂性,以及弥合目前存在的不同观点的困难。", "110. 国家 但是,特别报告员相信,必须就土著人民权利的内容和范围以及这些权利对土著领地内或附近采掘工业活动的未来可取性或可行性的影响、国家在这方面保护土著人民权利的责任的性质、采掘工业(积极和消极)的实际或潜在影响以及相关事项达成共识。 如果没有这种理解,土著权利标准的适用将继续受到质疑,土著人民的个人和集体人权将继续受到严重侵犯,影响土著人民的采掘活动将继续面临严重的社会和经济问题。", "111. 特别报告员承诺在第二个任期内与其他机制,特别是人权理事会土著人民权利专家机制相协调,制定具体而实际的建议,阐述现有人权标准的影响,以帮助各国、企业和土著人民解决采掘业在土著领地内或附近作业时出现的难题。", " V. 结论", "112号 特别报告员重申对所担负任务的坚定承诺,谦卑地承认它所代表的责任,并对所有支持并继续支持他发挥这一作用的人表示感谢。 他特别感谢人权理事会给予他的信任,并感谢人权高专办及其工作人员全力协助。 他还感谢土著人民权利问题特别报告员支助项目的工作人员和附属研究人员,该项目是美国亚利桑那大学土著人民法律和政策方案的一部分。 最后,他感谢过去三年中与他合作执行任务的许多土著人民、各国政府、联合国机关和机构、非政府组织和其他方面。", "113号. 特别报告员高兴地向大会提供本报告并期待着就他的工作同各国进行对话。 虽然他对许多地方的积极事态发展感到鼓舞,但他仍然对世界各地为争取和侵犯土著人民权利而正在进行的斗争和侵犯表示关注。 在第二个任期内,他将通过确定良好做法和可行模式并借鉴已取得的进展,将制定具体措施来解决这些问题列为最优先事项。 通过这项工作,他希望协助目前正在进行的多方面努力,以实现大会在2007年通过《联合国土著人民权利宣言》时所展望的未来。 在这个未来中,土著人民的独特身份和文化得到充分尊重,他们有机会在他们生活的更广泛的社会中,在平等的条件下控制自己的命运。", "[1] 本节概述特别报告员在A/HRC/9/9 (第18-43段)中对《联合国土著人民权利宣言》的审查。", "[2] 本节概述了特别报告员在A/HRC/12/34 (第36-57和61-74段)中对磋商义务的审查。", "[3] 本节概述特别报告员在A/HRC/15/37(第26-91段)中讨论公司责任的情况。", "[4] 本节总结了特别报告员在A/HRC/18/35中讨论采掘业的报告。" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Republic of Korea", "1. The Committee considered the seventh periodic report of the Republic of Korea (CEDAW/C/KOR/7) at its 987th and 988th meetings on 19 July 2011 (see CEDAW/C/SR.987 and 988). The Committee’s list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/KOR/Q/7 and the responses are contained in CEDAW/C/KOR/Q/7/Add.1.", "Introduction", "2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its seventh periodic report, which generally followed the Committee’s guidelines for the preparation of reports and included a section with information on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the Committee’s previous concluding observations (CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6). The Committee also expresses its appreciation to the State party for its oral presentation, the written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by the pre-session working group and the clarifications to the questions posed orally by the Committee, although responses to some of the questions were not adequate.", "3. The Committee commends the State party for its high-level delegation, headed by the Minister of Gender Equality and Family, which included representatives from various ministries and departments and women representatives from the National Assembly. The Committee appreciates the constructive dialogue that took place between the delegation and the members of the Committee.", "Positive aspects", "4. The Committee notes with appreciation that, since the consideration of its sixth periodic report (CEDAW/C/KOR/6) in 2007, the State party has enacted and revised numerous laws and legal provisions aimed at eliminating discrimination against women and promoting gender equality in order to achieve compliance with its obligations under the Convention. In particular, it welcomes the adoption of the amendment of:", "(a) The Civil Act (December 2007), setting the minimum age of marriage at 18 years for both men and women;", "(b) The Act on Protection of Children and Youths from Sexual Violence (April 2010), establishing ex officio prosecution for sexual violence offences against children;", "(c) The Life Ethics and Safety Act (2008), establishing the requirement of informed and written consent in cases of donations or harvesting of eggs for reproductive purposes and limiting the frequency and number of donations per woman.", "5. The Committee welcomes the launch of a comprehensive plan to prevent domestic violence (2011), which focuses on strengthening the initial action against cases of domestic violence and on better protection for victims.", "6. The Committee appreciates the State party’s efforts to integrate a gender dimension into its development cooperation programmes and to promote women’s human rights within that framework.", "7. The Committee commends the State party’s ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on 11 December 2008.", "Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "8. The Committee recalls the State party’s obligation to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention and views the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding observations as requiring the State party’s priority attention between now and the submission of the next periodic report. Consequently, the Committee urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on the action taken and the results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries, the National Assembly and the judiciary, to ensure their full implementation.", "National Assembly", "9. While reaffirming that the Government has the primary responsibility and is particularly accountable for the full implementation of the State party’s obligations under the Convention, the Committee stresses that the Convention is binding on all branches of Government and invites the State party to encourage its National Assembly, in line with its procedures and where appropriate, to take the necessary steps with regard to the implementation of the present concluding observations and the Government’s next reporting process under the Convention.", "Reservations", "10. While the Committee acknowledges the information provided regarding the State party’s ongoing consultations on the withdrawal of its reservation to article 16, paragraph 1 (g) of the Convention on the same personal rights as husband and wife, including the right to choose a family name, a profession and an occupation, it expresses its concern about the lack of a clear time frame to end those consultations and withdraw the reservation.", "11. The Committee reiterates its previous recommendation (see CEDAW/C/ KOR/CO/6) and urges the State party, in its consideration, to separate issues related to article 16, paragraph 1 (g) from those related to paragraph 1 (d) and thereby expedite its efforts towards the withdrawal, within a concrete time frame, of its reservation to article 16, paragraph 1 (g) of the Convention.", "Visibility of the Convention and its Optional Protocol", "12. The Committee takes note of the information provided during the dialogue regarding the large-scale meetings to share the Committee’s previous concluding observations among government offices, judicial authorities, non-governmental organizations and the Korean Women’s Development Institute. It also notes the State party’s efforts to disseminate the Convention and its Optional Protocol among the National Assembly, media organizations and legal professionals. However, the Committee is concerned that these initiatives have not targeted judiciary and law enforcement officials. It is particularly concerned that women themselves are not aware of their rights under the Convention or of the complaints procedure under the Optional Protocol and thus lack the capacity to claim the full promotion, protection and fulfilment of their rights on an equal basis with men.", "13. The Committee encourages the State party to continue to create awareness of and adequately disseminate the Convention, its Optional Protocol, the procedures under the Protocol and the Committee’s general recommendations among all stakeholders, including Government ministries, parliamentarians, the judiciary and law enforcement officers, to create awareness of women’s human rights. The Committee urges the State party to undertake educational and awareness-raising campaigns targeted at women and the judiciary to enhance women’s awareness of existing provisions to protect their human rights, thereby ensuring that women can avail themselves of the procedures and remedies under the Optional Protocol for violations of their rights under the Convention.", "Discriminatory laws", "14. While the Committee notes that the consultations on the adoption of the Anti‑Discrimination Bill and on the effectiveness of some 90 pre-existing laws on discrimination conducted by the Subcommittee on Anti-Discrimination Laws were concluded at the end of 2010, it regrets the lack of information on the results of those consultations and the slow progress in the adoption of the Anti-Discrimination Bill in the State party, which has been on hold since May 2008.", "15. The Committee calls on the State party to take urgent steps towards the adoption of a comprehensive Anti-Discrimination Act, in line with articles 1 and 2 of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 28 (2010), that includes a clear prohibition of all forms of discrimination, both direct and indirect, and takes into account article 2 (4) of the National Human Rights Commission Act (Korea, 2005), which prohibits discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "16. The Committee takes note of the increase in the human and financial resources allocated to the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family since the reinstatement of the Ministry’s mandate in March 2010 as the Government body responsible for overseeing all policies relating to women, youth and family. However, the Committee is concerned that merging family affairs and gender equality in a single mandate may directly or indirectly reinforce traditional patriarchal norms and undermine the achievement of gender equality. Furthermore, while the Committee notes that gender mainstreaming is guaranteed through gender-impact assessments, carried out by the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family, of public policies and programmes in place across all levels of government, it is concerned that the assessments are used as an ex post facto rather than an a priori tool and that the Ministry’s influence in respect of the actual formulation, design and implementation of such public policies and programmes is therefore small. In addition, the Committee notes the absence of a clearly defined coordinating mechanism to ensure horizontal and vertical coherence in the implementation of gender equality programmes. It is also concerned that despite the mandatory character of gender-responsive budgeting for Government bodies, as indicated in the National Fiscal Act, the amount of financial resources allocated to women’s empowerment from the overall public budget is very limited.", "17. Recalling its general recommendations No. 6 and the guidance provided in the Beijing Platform for Action, in particular regarding the necessary conditions for the effective functioning of national mechanisms, the Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Clearly define the mandate, responsibilities and allocation of human and financial resources of the three portfolios (gender, youth and family) of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family and institute a clear coordination mechanism for ensuring horizontal and vertical coherence in the work of the Ministry;", "(b) Strengthen the capacity of the Ministry of Gender Equality and Family to use gender-impact assessments to inform the formulation and implementation of legislation and policy measures in the field of gender equality and to inform gender-responsive budgeting at all levels of government and provide advice on, coordinate and monitor such measures.", "18. The Committee takes note of the adoption of the Third Basic Plan for Women’s Policies (2008-2012) which, inter alia, contains two policy objectives, women’s active participation in the management of the nation and the improvement of women’s economic capacity. However, it is concerned about the negative impact that the removal of women’s policy units and gender equality officers from some ministries and Government bodies may have on the overall implementation of the Plan.", "19. The Committee recommends that the State party take the necessary measures to ensure the full implementation of the Third Basic Plan for Women’s Policies (2008-2012), including by reinstating the women’s units and gender equality officers.", "Violence against women", "20. While taking note of the various measures in place to protect victims of sexual violence and domestic violence, such as the launch of an emergency hotline and the existence of State-run counselling centres and shelters for victims of violence, including specific centres for foreign wives who are victims of domestic violence, the Committee is concerned that the low rate of reported cases does not correspond with the actual number of cases of domestic violence occurring in the State party, despite the obligation for education and health-care professionals and social workers to report such cases, in conformity with article 4 of the Special Procedure Act on the Punishment of Domestic Violence. It is also concerned about the Criminal Code provision requiring adult victims of sexual violence to file a complaint in order to have their cases prosecuted and about the consequent low number of victims who present charges and low number of prosecutions and convictions. The Committee also expresses its concern about the limited number of women police officers available to deal with cases of sexual and domestic violence. It reiterates its regret that marital rape is not criminalized in the State party’s legislation but only in case law.", "21. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Take the necessary measures to encourage the reporting of domestic and sexual violence cases, including by ensuring that education professionals, health-care providers and social workers are fully familiar with relevant legal provisions and are sensitized to all forms of violence against women and are capable of complying with their obligation to report cases;", "(b) Review and amend the Criminal Code and other relevant legislation to remove provisions that require adult victims of sexual violence to file a complaint in order to have their cases prosecuted;", "(c) Take measures to increase the number of women police officers and steps to enhance their capacity to deal with cases of violence against women in a gender-sensitive manner;", "(d) Conduct awareness-raising campaigns for women, including foreign women, to make them aware of their rights and avenues of redress, including available measures for protection against and prevention of domestic violence;", "(e) Take all legislative measures necessary to criminalize marital rape, defined on the basis of lack of consent of the wife;", "(f) Collect data and conduct research on the prevalence, causes and consequences of all forms of violence against women, including violence in the domestic sphere, in line with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 19 (1992), and use such data as the basis for further comprehensive measures and targeted interventions. The Committee invites the State party to include statistical data and the results of measures taken in its next periodic report.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "22. The Committee is concerned that the State party lacks a comprehensive statute dealing with trafficking of human beings and reiterates its concern about the persistence of trafficking and exploitation of prostitution and the lack of data on these phenomena. It is particularly concerned about women migrant workers, who enter the country under an E-6 entertainment work visa, and foreign wives, who enter the country through international marriage brokerage agencies, since information received indicates that many of these women fall victim to trafficking and exploitation of prostitution. The Committee is also concerned that even though women engaged in prostitution in the State party may have access to counselling centres, they must prove their status as victims in order not to be prosecuted for the offence of prostitution. Further, the Committee is concerned that the State party has signed but not ratified the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "23. Reiterating its recommendation to fully implement article 6 of the Convention (see CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6), the Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Adopt a comprehensive law on trafficking in human beings and amend relevant legislation, such as the Criminal Code, to include trafficking as an offence;", "(b) Take measures to enhance its current initial screening procedure of entertainment companies who recruit foreign women and to establish an effective in situ monitoring mechanism of the establishments where women under an E-6 visa work to ensure that they are not being subjected to exploitation of prostitution;", "(c) Take legislative and other measures to ensure effective implementation of the Marriage Brokerage Control Act, in order to protect foreign women against exploitation and abuse by marriage brokers and traffickers and by their spouses;", "(d) Review its prostitution policy and relevant legislation, including the Criminal Code, with a view to decriminalizing women’s involvement in prostitution and ensuring that women involved in the sex trade are not punished;", "(e) Take further measures to protect and support women and girls who are victims of trafficking and to address the root cause of trafficking;", "(f) Take appropriate measures to suppress the exploitation of prostitution of women, including by discouraging the demand for prostitution, and to provide rehabilitation and economic empowerment programmes for women and girls exploited in prostitution, thereby facilitating their reintegration into society;", "(g) Ratify the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "Participation in political and public life", "24. The Committee expresses its concern about the slow progress in increasing women’s participation in political and public life, in particular in decision-making positions in the Government, in parliament, the judiciary, the diplomatic service and the private sector, and in academia as high school principals and university professors, despite measures in place to increase the number of women in these spheres, such as the Employment of Female Manager-Level Public Officers Initiative.", "25. The Committee urges the State party to strengthen its efforts to increase the representation of women in political and public life through, inter alia, the implementation of temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25 (2004), in order to accelerate the realization of women’s substantive equality with men. It calls upon the State party to consider using a range of possible measures, such as quotas, benchmarks, targets and incentives, in particular with regard to the accelerated implementation of articles 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 and 14 of the Convention. The Committee requests the State party to provide data and information on the representation of women, in political and public life, in the private sector, academia and the diplomatic service in its next periodic report.", "Nationality", "26. The Committee acknowledges the written and oral information provided on the eligibility requirements for acquiring Korean nationality. However, it is concerned about the difficulties foreign women married to Korean men may face in acquiring Korean nationality if they do not comply with the prerequisite of being supported by their husbands in order to file a naturalization application and if they do not have children.", "27. The Committee recommends that the State party revise its legislation governing nationality with a view to removing all discriminatory provisions relating to the requirements for acquiring Korean nationality, in accordance with article 9 of the Convention.", "Education", "28. While taking note of measures such as the Act on Supporting Women in Science and Technology that have long been in place to encourage women’s participation in non-female traditional fields such as science and technology, the Committee is concerned about the persistence of segregation in respect of fields of study in higher education and vocational training, which ultimately results in sex segregation in the labour market. It is particularly concerned that this segregation is the result of persistent patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes regarding the roles and responsibilities of women and men in the family and in society. The Committee is also concerned about the limited information provided during the dialogue on the degree of compliance by academic institutions with the compulsory 10-hour course on sexual education for students.", "29. The Committee recommends that the State party enhance its compliance with article 10 and raise awareness of the importance of education for the empowerment of women. It encourages the State party to institute measures to revise textbooks used at all levels to eliminate gender stereotypes and to introduce mandatory gender training for teachers in an effort to overcome patriarchal attitudes and gender role stereotypes that create discriminatory barriers to the education of girls and women. The Committee further recommends that girls and women continue to be actively encouraged to choose non-traditional fields of study and professions. It recommends that the State party establish an effective monitoring mechanism to ensure that students are provided with the 10-hour compulsory course on sexual education and that it consider introducing a more comprehensive, age-appropriate programme on sexual and reproductive health and rights for both girls and boys as a regular part of the curriculum at the elementary and secondary levels.", "Employment", "30. The Committee is concerned about the lack of adequate disaggregated data on which to determine the precise positioning of women in the formal and informal labour markets. It is further concerned about the disadvantages women face in the employment sector, including the concentration of women in certain low-wage sectors, the related lack of job security and benefits, in particular for non-regular workers (part-time and short-term), and the significant wage gap between men and women. The Committee remains concerned about the lack of effective monitoring mechanisms and complaints procedures for women to claim their rights and the consequent possible reluctance of women to seek remedies in cases of sexual harassment in the workplace.", "31. The Committee urges the State party, in its next periodic report, to present disaggregated data on labour market indicators. The State party is also urged to diligently monitor the situation of women in the labour market and to increase the number of women in regular work by ensuring that enterprises provide more opportunities for women to gain access to full-time and regular employment and to protect those in non-regular work by extending benefits, including paid maternity leave, to part-time and short-time workers, the majority of whom are women. The Committee calls upon the State party to enforce the provisions of the Equal Employment Act in regard to equal pay for work of equal value. It also calls upon the State party to ensure that effective monitoring mechanisms are in place to achieve compliance with existing legislation and that there are procedures in place for women to file complaints in respect of violations of their labour rights, in particular in cases of sexual harassment.", "32. While noting the State party’s legislative and policy efforts such as the Act on Gender Equality in Employment and Support for Work-Family Reconciliation, the Basic Plan on Gender Equality in Employment and Work-Family Reconciliation (2008) and other measures to improve the balance between family and work life, the Committee is concerned that domestic and family responsibilities are still primarily borne by women, as reflected in one of the expected outcomes of the Basic Plan, namely the acceleration of the low fertility rate and the consequent interruption of women’s careers or their engagement in part-time jobs to meet family responsibilities. It is also concerned about the limited number of men taking parental leave. The Committee is concerned about the negative impact, in terms of social security benefits, of the increased and ongoing conversion of women’s contracts from regular workers to non-regular, part-time or short-term workers. It is further concerned about the limited number of State-run childcare centres, the trend to privatize such facilities and the high fees charged by private childcare centres, which make them inaccessible to many working women, in particular those in low-income, female-headed households.", "33. The Committee encourages the State party to promote co-responsibility in the domestic sphere and to step up its efforts to assist women and men in striking a balance between family and employment responsibilities through, inter alia, additional awareness-raising and education initiatives for both women and men on the equal sharing of childcare and domestic tasks and by ensuring that part-time employment is not taken up almost exclusively by women. The Committee urges the State party to strengthen its efforts to improve the provision and affordability of childcare facilities for children in different age groups, in particular those in female-headed households, and to encourage more men to avail themselves of parental leave.", "Health", "34. The Committee is concerned about the lack of detailed information on measures in place to address the deteriorating mental health situation of women, including depression. It is particularly concerned about the increasing suicide rates among women, which is the second cause of death among women in the State party. It is also concerned about the higher morbidity rates and poorer health status among women with lower income levels compared to women with higher income levels, even though there is universal health insurance coverage. The Committee also expresses its concern that, even though abortion is allowed under certain circumstances, including rape and incest, in accordance with articles 14 and 15 of the Mother and Fatherless Childcare Act, abortion is still a punishable offence under articles 269 and 270 of the Criminal Code of the State party.", "35. The Committee urges the State party to take the necessary measures to address the deteriorating mental health situation, in particular depression. It also encourages the State party to fully implement its suicide prevention policies (2009-2013) and to provide information in its next periodic report on the policies and results achieved. The Committee recommends that the State party pay special attention to the situation of older women with low income levels, to ensure that they have full access to health-care and social services. It also urges the State party to consider reviewing legislation relating to abortion, in particular the Criminal Code, with a view to removing the punitive provisions imposed on women who undergo an abortion, and to provide them with access to quality services for the management of complications arising from unsafe abortion, in accordance with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 24 (1999).", "Rural women", "36. The Committee notes that women represent 53.3 per cent of the agricultural workers in the State party and that there are measures in place to achieve rural women’s substantive equality with men, such as the Second 5-Year Plan Fostering Women Farmers. It also takes note that the Young Farmers Initiative Programme includes a 20 per cent quota for women. However, the Committee is concerned that 70.3 per cent of family farms are owned by men while only 26.3 per cent are owned by elderly widows, which shows that it is difficult for women to own land and property. It is also concerned that Government agricultural financial support and assistance are provided to heads of households, which are mostly men, and that women can therefore gain access to such assistance only through their husbands or other family members.", "37. The Committee recommends that the State party continue its efforts to improve the situation of rural women through both legislative and practical measures and to ensure that all policies and programmes aimed at promoting gender equality reach the rural areas and are fully implemented, including to facilitate women’s ability to own land and property, as well as to provide financial support and assistance. The Committee also recommends that the State party implement gender-sensitive rural development strategies and programmes and that it accelerate its measures to promote farming among young women, ensuring the full participation of rural women in their formulation and implementation.", "Marriage and family relations", "38. While the Committee acknowledges the amendment to the Civil Code (December 2007), which seeks to protect the rights of the spouse to have marital property restored in cases where the other spouse has disposed of the property before a court has taken a decision on its distribution, it is concerned that in the State party the equal sharing of marital property upon divorce relates only to tangible property (movable and immovable) and does not include intangible property such as pension and savings funds and that the equal sharing of tangible property is based on court precedent and is not legally binding. The Committee is further concerned that “fault” of either party to the marriage may be taken into account in determining the division of assets in divorce cases.", "39. The Committee recommends that the State party take the necessary legislative measures to recognize both tangible and intangible property, such as pension and savings funds, as part of marital property and to incorporate a rule of equal distribution of marital property upon divorce in its legislation, in line with article 16 of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 21 (1994) on equality in marriage and family relations. The Committee further recommends that legislative measures be taken to eliminate consideration of “fault” in the determination of the division of assets in divorce cases.", "National Human Rights Institution", "40. While appreciating the contribution of the National Human Rights Commission of Korea to the reporting process and the data on the number of human rights violations and discrimination petitions filed before the Commission per year, the Committee shares the concern of the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (see E/C.12/KOR/CO/3) that the Commission was downsized by 21 per cent, whereas all the other ministries were downsized by 2 per cent at the most and that recent developments in the State party have put the independence of the Commission at risk.", "41. The Committee reminds the State party of its responsibility to ensure that the National Human Rights Commission of Korea remains compliant with the Paris Principles, in particular with respect to its independence. It urges the State party to allocate to the Commission adequate human and financial resources, including human rights experts, in accordance with the National Human Rights Commission of Korea Act, and to strengthen its monitoring functions, including in the area of gender and women’s rights, with a view to regaining credibility, public confidence and legitimacy.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "42. The Committee urges the State party, in the implementation of its obligations under the Convention, to fully utilize the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which reinforce the provisions of the Convention, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "43. The Committee emphasizes that full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It calls for the integration of a gender perspective and explicit reflection of the provisions of the Convention in all efforts aimed at the achievement of the Goals and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "44. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in the Republic of Korea of the present concluding observations in order to make the people, Government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women’s and human rights organizations aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure formal and substantive equality of women and of the additional steps that are required in that regard. The Committee recommends that this dissemination include the local community level. The State party is encouraged to organize a series of meetings to discuss progress achieved in the implementation of the observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to women’s and human rights organizations, the Committee’s general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the theme “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "45. The Committee notes that the adherence of the State party to the nine major international human rights instruments[1] would enhance the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. It therefore encourages the Government of the Republic of Korea to consider ratifying the treaties to which it is not yet a party, namely, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "46. The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on the steps undertaken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 15 and 21 above.", "Preparation of next report", "47. The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of all ministries and public bodies in the preparation of its next report, and to consult a variety of women’s and human rights organizations during that phase.", "48. The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. It invites the State party to submit its eighth periodic report in July 2015.", "49. The Committee invites the State party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents, approved at the fifth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies in June 2006 (see HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The treaty-specific reporting guidelines adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session in January 2008 must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on a common core document. Together, they constitute the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The treaty-specific document should be limited to 40 pages and the updated common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "[1] The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论意见", "大韩民国", "1. 2011年7月19日，委员会第987次和第988次会议审议了大韩民国的第七次定期报告(CEDAW/C/KOR/7)(见CEDAW/C/SR.987和988)。委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/KOR/Q/7，答复载于CEDAW/C/KOR/Q/7/Add.1。", "导言", "2. 委员会感谢缔约国基本遵循委员会定期报告编写导则提交第七次定期报告。报告内容纳入了关于委员会先前结论性意见中所载建议的执行情况的一节(CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6)。缔约国对会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单所作口头介绍和书面答复，并对委员会口头提出的问题作了进一步澄清，尽管对一些问题的答复不够充分。委员会对此表示赞赏。", "3. 委员会赞扬缔约国派遣高级别代表团出席会议。代表团由两性平等和家庭事务部长率领，成员包括各部委和部门的代表，以及国民大会的妇女代表。委员会赞赏代表团与委员会成员之间进行的建设性对话。", "积极方面", "4. 委员会赞赏地注意到，自委员会2007年审议缔约国第六次定期报告(CEDAW/C/KOR/6)以来，该国已经颁布和修订了多项旨在消除对妇女歧视和推动两性平等的法律和法律条文，以期按照《公约》规定履行其义务。委员会尤其欢迎通过了修正案：", "(a) 《民法》(2007年12月)将男女的最低结婚年龄确定为18岁；", "(b) 《保护儿童和青少年免受性暴力法》(2010年4月)规定可对儿童的性暴力罪行提出起诉；", "(c) 生命伦理与安全法(2008年)，规定为生殖目的捐赠或接受卵子时须得到知情书面同意的要求，并限制了每名妇女作出捐赠的频率和数量。", "5. 委员会欢迎为防止家庭暴力而启动的全面计划(2011年)，计划的侧重点是与加强对家庭暴力案件的初步行动以及对受害人更好的保护。", "6. 委员会赞赏缔约国为将性别层面纳入其发展合作方案和在这个框架内促进妇女人权所作努力。", "7. 委员会赞扬缔约国于2008年12月11日批准“残疾人权利公约”。", "主要关切领域和建议", "8. 委员会提请注意，缔约国有义务系统地、持续地执行《公约》各项规定，同时认为，从现在到提交下一次定期报告期间，缔约国必须优先注意本结论意见提出的各项关切的建议。因此，委员会促请缔约国将执行活动的重点放在这些领域上，并在下一次定期报告中汇报所采取的行动和取得的成果。委员会还吁请缔约国将本结论意见发交各相关部委和国民大会以及司法机关，以确保这些意见得到充分执行。", "国民大会", "9. 委员会重申，政府对充分执行缔约国的《公约》义务负有首要责任，尤其是要接受问责，同时强调《公约》对各政府部门具有约束力，并请缔约国鼓励国民大会根据其程序酌情采取必要步骤执行本结论意见，并按照《公约》的规定实施政府的下一次报告进程。", "保留", "10. 委员会承认收到了缔约国就其正在撤回对《公约》第16条第1款(g)项的保留进行的协商情况提供的资料，该项是关于夫妻有相同的个人权利，包括选择姓氏、专业和职业的权利，但委员会对没有结束这些协商以及撤回保留的明确时间框架表示担忧。", "11. 委员会重申其以前的建议(见CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6)，并促请缔约国在其审议过程中将涉及第16条第1款(g)项的问题与那些涉及第1款(d)项的问题区分开来，以便加速努力，争取在具体的时间框架内撤回其对《公约》第16条第1款(g)项的保留。", "《公约》及其《任择议定书》的知名度", "12. 委员会注意到对话期间提供的有关召开大型会议，在政府机关、司法当局、非政府组织和韩国妇女发展研究所中共享委员会先前的结论意见的资料。委员会还注意到缔约国努力在国民议会、传媒机构和法律界人士中宣传《公约》及其《任择议定书》。但是，委员会感到关切的是，这些举措没有将司法和执法官员作为宣传对象。委员会特别关切的是，妇女本身不知道《公约》规定的自己享有的权利或《任择议定书》规定的投诉程序，因此缺乏在与男子平等的基础上全面促进、保护和实现其权利的能力。", "13. 委员会鼓励缔约国继续提高所有利益攸关者，包括政府各部委、议员、司法和执法人员对《公约》、《任择议定书》及其程序以及委员会一般性建议的认识，以便使人们了解妇女的人权。委员会还促请缔约国对妇女和司法机构开展教育和宣传运动，提高妇女对保护其人权的现有条款的认识，从而确保妇女能够在《公约》规定的权利受到侵犯时利用《任择议定书》规定的程序和补救措施。", "歧视性法律", "14. 虽然委员会注意到，反歧视法小组委员会就通过《反歧视法》和差不多90项关于歧视问题的现有法律开展的协商已于2010年底结束，但委员会感到遗憾的是，缺少有关这些协商的结果的资料，缔约国通过《反歧视法》的进展缓慢，自2008年5月以来一直被搁置。", "15. 委员会呼吁缔约国采取紧急步骤，按照《公约》第1和第2条以及委员会第28(2010)号一般性建议并且还考虑到禁止基于性取向歧视的《全国人权委员会法》(韩国2005)第2条第4款，通过一部全面的《反歧视法》，其中明确禁止一切形式的歧视，直接和间接的歧视。", "提高妇女地位的国家机构", "16. 委员会注意到，自从2010年3月恢复两性平等和家庭部作为负责所有有关妇女、青年和家庭的政策的政府机构的任务规定以来，划拨给该部的人力和财力资源有所增加。但是，委员会感到关切的是，将家庭事务和两性平等合并为一个单一任务，可能直接或间接地加强传统的重男轻女的规范，影响到实现两性平等。此外，委员会注意到，通过两性平等和家庭部对横跨各级政府的现有公共政策和方案进行的评估来保障性别平等主流化，但委员会感到关切的是，性别影响评估被用作事后而不是事前工具，所以，该部对此类公共政策和方案的实际拟定、设计和实施影响很小。此外，委员会注意到缺乏一种明确界定的协调机制来确保横向和纵向一致地实施两性平等方案。委员会还感到关切的是，尽管如《国家财政法》所示，政府机构的促进性别平等的预算编制是强制性的，但是，从整个公共预算中划拨给用于增强妇女权能的财政资源非常有限。", "17. 委员会回顾其第6号一般性建议和《北京行动纲要》内规定的准则，特别是有关为国家机制的有效运作建立必要条件方面的准则，建议缔约国：", "(a) 明确界定两性平等和家庭部的任务、责任和给三个组成部分(两性平等、青年和家庭)划拨人力和财力资源，以及建立一个明确的协调机制，确保该部工作在横向和纵向方面均协调一致；", "(b) 加强两性平等和家庭部的有关能力，利用性别影响评估向拟定和实施两性平等领域的立法和政策措施提供资料，并向各级政府促进性别平等的预算编制提供资料，就此类措施提供咨询意见，进行协调和监测。", "18. 委员会注意到《第三个妇女政策基本计划》(2008至2012年)获得通过，其中，除其他外，包含两项政策目标，妇女积极参与国家管理和改善妇女的经济能力。然而，委员会感到关切的是，一些部和政府机构中取消妇女政策股和两性平等事务官员可能会给该计划的整体实施带来负面影响。", "19. 委员会建议缔约国采取必要措施，确保充分实施《第三个妇女政策基本计划》(2008至2012年)，其中包括采用恢复妇女股和两性平等事务官员等办法。", "暴力侵害妇女行为", "20. 委员会注意到已有诸多保护性暴力和家庭暴力的受害者的措施到位，如推出紧急热线、设有国家运营的暴力受害者咨询中心和庇护所，包括为沦为家庭暴力受害者的外国妻子设立的特别中心，但同时委员会感到关切的是，尽管根据《关于惩处家庭暴力的特别程序法》第4条，教育和卫生保健专业人员以及社会工作者有义务报告此类案件，但报案率偏低，与缔约国境内发生的家庭暴力案件的实际数量不符。委员会还感到关切的是，《刑法》条款规定，性暴力的成年受害者需进行投诉，才能起诉其案件，因此提出指控的受害者人数较少，起诉及定罪率偏低。委员会还对可用来处理性暴力和家庭暴力案件的女警官数量有限表示关切。委员会重申，对缔约国未在立法中而仅在案例法中将婚内强奸定为刑事犯罪表示遗憾。", "21. 委员会呼吁缔约国：", "(a) 采取必要措施，鼓励报告家庭暴力和性暴力案件，包括确保教育专业人士、医疗卫生工作者和社会工作者充分熟悉有关法律规定，对所有形式的暴力侵害妇女行为有敏感认识，并能够遵守其报案的义务；", "(b) 审查和修订《刑法》和其他有关立法，取消需要性暴力成年受害者投诉才能起诉其案件的条款；", "(c) 采取措施增加女警官的数量，并采取步骤提高她们以对性别问题有敏感认识的方式处理暴力侵害妇女案件的能力；", "(d) 对妇女，包括外国妇女开展提高认识运动，使她们了解自己的权利和矫正的途径，其中包括可用于保护和防止家庭暴力的措施；", "(e) 采取一切必要的立法措施，将基于没有妻子同意而界定的婚内强奸定为刑事犯罪；", "(f) 按照委员会第19(1992)号一般性建议，就包括家庭范围内的暴力在内的一切形式的暴力侵害妇女行为的普遍程度、根源及后果收集数据和进行研究，并使用此类数据作为今后制定进一步综合措施和定向干预措施的依据。委员会请缔约国在下一次定期报告中列入统计数据和所采取措施的结果。", "贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利", "22. 委员会感到关切的是，缔约国缺乏处理贩运人口问题的一部综合法令，并重申其对贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利的持续存在和缺乏有关这些现象的数据的关切。委员会特别关注持E-6娱乐工作签证进入该国的移徙女工和通过国际婚姻中介机构进入该国的外国妻子，因为收到的资料表明，其中许多妇女是贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利的受害者。委员会还担心，尽管缔约国内从事卖淫的妇女可能有接受咨询中心服务的机会，但她们必须证明自己的受害者身份，以便不会因卖淫罪被起诉。此外，委员会感到关切的是，缔约国仅仅签署但尚未批准《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的议定书》和《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约的补充议定书》。", "23. 委员会重申其要求全面落实《公约》第6条的建议(见CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6)，并促请缔约国：", "(a) 通过一项关于贩运人口的全面法律，并修改有关立法，如《刑法》，将贩运列入一种犯罪；", "(b) 采取措施，加强对聘请外国妇女的娱乐公司的当前初步筛选程序，并建立对有持E-6签证工作的妇女的场所进行有效现场监测的机制，以确保她们不会被利用来卖淫营利；", "(c) 采取立法和其他措施，确保有效实施《婚姻中介控制法》，以保护外国妇女免遭婚姻中介、贩运者和其配偶的剥削和虐待；", "(d) 审查其有关卖淫方面的政策和相关法例，包括《刑法》，以确保妇女不因参与卖淫和性交易而被定为刑事犯罪；", "(e) 采取进一步措施，保护和支持身为贩运受害者的妇女和女孩，并解决贩运的根源问题；", "(f) 采取适当措施，制止利用妇女卖淫营利，包括阻止对卖淫的需求，并为被利用来卖淫营利的妇女和女孩提供复原和增强经济能力的方案，从而促进其重新融入社会；", "(g) 批准《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》。", "政治参与和参与公共生活", "24. 在增加妇女政治参与和参与公共生活方面，尤其是增加妇女在政府、议会、司法、外交界和私营部门的决策职位方面，以及在学术界担任高中校长和大学教授方面进展缓慢，虽然已有许多增加妇女在这些领域的人数的措施到位，如《雇用女性主管级公职人员倡议》，委员会对此表示关切。", "25. 委员会促请缔约国加强努力，特别依照《公约》第4条第1款和委员会第25(2004)号一般性建议，通过实施临时特别措施，增加妇女参与政治和公共生活的代表人数，以加快实现男女实质上的平等。委员会吁请缔约国特别是在加快执行《公约》第7、8、10、11、12和14条方面，考虑利用一系列可能的措施，例如配额、基准、指标和奖励办法。委员会要求缔约国在下一次定期报告中提供数据和资料，说明妇女在政治和公共生活、私营部门、学术界和外交部门中的任职情况。", "国籍", "26. 委员会确认收到了获得韩国国籍资格要求的书面和口头资料。但委员会感到关切的是，与韩国男性结婚的外国妇女如果不符合其丈夫支持申请入籍这一前提条件且如果没有孩子则可能会在获得韩国国籍上面临重重困难。", "27. 委员会建议缔约国按照《公约》第9条规定修改其国籍法，以期取消涉及获得韩国国籍资格规定方面的所有歧视性条款。", "教育", "28. 委员会注意到早就制订了一些措施，如《支持妇女与科技法》鼓励妇女参与科技等非传统女性领域，它感到关切的是，在高等教育和职业培训方面仍持续存在研究领域隔离现象，最终会造成劳动力市场的性别隔离。委员会特别关切的是，这种隔离是由于家庭和社会中持续存在重男轻女的态度以及对妇女和男子角色和责任的定型观念。委员会还关切的是，在对话期间，就学术机构对在校学生进行10小时性教育必修课这一要求的遵守情况提供的资料有限。", "29. 委员会建议缔约国加强遵守第10条的规定，促进提高教育对增强妇女权能的重要性的认识。委员会鼓励缔约国采取措施，修订各级使用的教科书，以消除性别定型观念和引进强制性的教师两性平等培训，以努力克服给女孩和妇女的教育造成歧视性障碍的重男轻女态度和性别角色定型观念。委员会建议，继续积极鼓励女孩和妇女选择非传统研究领域和职业。委员会还建议缔约国制订有效的监督机制，以确保向学生提供10小时的性教育必修课，并考虑采用针对男孩和女孩的更全面的、与年龄相称的性教育方案，作为教育系统中基础和中等教育课程的一个正式部分。", "就业", "30. 委员会感到关切的是缺乏据以确定妇女在正规和非正规劳动市场精确定位的足够的分类数据。委员会还感到关切的是妇女在就业部门面临种种不利，包括妇女集中在一些低工资部门，特别是非正式工(零工和短期)缺乏相关的工作保障和福利，且男女之间的工资差距显著。委员会仍关切的是，缺乏有效的监督机制和妇女提出权利主张的投诉程序，及妇女因而可能不愿就工作场所的性骚扰情况寻求补救办法。", "31. 委员会促请缔约国在其下一次定期报告中提供关于劳动力市场指标的分类数据。还促请缔约国认真监测妇女在劳动力市场的情况，增加妇女在正规工作中的就业人数，确保企业为妇女提供更多获得全职和正规就业的机会从而增加有正规就业的妇女人数，且保护那些在非正规工作中的就业者，向大部分是妇女的零工和短期工人提供福利，包括带薪产假。委员会呼吁缔约国实行《平等就业法》关于同值工作同等报酬的规定。委员会还呼吁缔约国确保有效的监督机制到位，以便与现行立法保持一致，且制订程序让妇女在劳动权受到侵犯、特别是在受到性骚扰时提出投诉。", "32. 委员会注意到缔约国开展的立法和政策工作，如《就业中的两性平等和支持兼顾工作与家庭法》和《就业中的两性平等和兼顾工作家庭基本计划》(2008年)，以及改善兼顾家庭和工作生活的其他措施，但感到关切的是，家务和家庭责任仍主要由妇女承担，这体现在《基本计划》的预期成果之一，即，加速低生育率以及由此造成的妇女为履行家庭责任中断职业或做零工。委员会还关切的是，休育儿假的男性人数有限。委员会还关切的是社会保障福利方面的负面影响，因为妇女的合同从正式工转为非正式、零工和(或)短期工的情况有所增且在持续。委员会还关切国营托儿中心数量有限，此类设施有私有化趋势且私人托儿中心收费高，因而，许多就业妇女、特别是那些低收入的女户主家庭无法享受这些设施。", "33. 委员会鼓励缔约国促进家庭中的共同责任，并加紧努力，协助妇女和男子在家庭和工作责任之间取得平衡，特别是通过进一步提高男女对平等分担照顾孩子和家务的认识并开展教育活动，以及确保零工并不几乎完全由妇女承担。委员会敦促缔约国加紧努力，改进为不同年龄组的儿童、特别是女户主家庭的儿童提供保育设施的情况及其可负担性，并鼓励更多男子休育儿假。", "卫生", "34. 委员会感到关切的是，缺乏说明是否制订了措施来解决妇女的精神健康状况不断恶化的情况，包括抑郁症的详细资料。委员会特别关切的是，妇女的自杀率在升高，这是缔约国的第二大死因。委员会还关切，尽管有全民医疗保险，但与收入较高妇女相比，收入较低的妇女的发病率较高且健康状况较差。《母亲和无父儿童保健法》第14条和第15条规定，强奸和乱伦等某些情况下允许堕胎，但依照缔约国《刑法》第269条和第270条规定，堕胎仍是要受惩处的罪行，委员会也对此表示关切。", "35. 委员会敦促缔约国采取必要措施，解决恶化的心理健康状况，特别是抑郁症。委员会还鼓励缔约国全面落实其预防自杀的政策(2009-2013年)，并在其下一次定期报告中提供关于政策和取得的成果的资料。委员会建议，缔约国特别关注低收入老年妇女的情况，以确保她们可充分享有保健和社会服务。委员会还敦促缔约国考虑审查有关堕胎的法律，特别是《刑法》，以取消对堕胎妇女的惩罚性规定，并按照委员会的第24(1999)号一般性建议向其提供享有优质服务的机会，以控制因不安全人工流产造成的并发症。", "农村妇女", "36. 委员会注意到，缔约国妇女在农业工人中占53.3%，缔约国还制订了措施，旨在实现农村妇女与男子的实质性平等，如培养女农民的第二个五年计划。委员会还注意到政策规定，青年农民倡议方案据此包括了20%的妇女配额。然而，委员会感到关切的是，70.3%的家庭农场为男子所拥有，仅有26.3%的家庭农场为年老寡妇所拥有，这表明妇女在拥有土地和财产方面困难重重。委员会还关切的是，政府的农业财政支持和援助是提供给户主的，而户主大部分是男性，因此妇女只有通过丈夫或其他家庭成员才有机会获得这种援助。", "37. 委员会建议缔约国通过立法和切实措施继续努力改善农村妇女的状况，并确保旨在促进两性平等的所有政策和方案深入农村地区并得到充分执行，包括促进妇女有机会拥有土地和财产以及获得财政支持和援助。委员会还建议缔约国实施对性别问题有敏感认识的农村发展战略和方案，加速实施措施，促进年轻妇女务农，确保农村妇女充分参与制定和实施措施。", "婚姻和家庭关系", "38. 委员会确认《民法》修正案(2007年12月)，其旨在保护配偶在另一方配偶处置财产时有权在法庭决定财产分配前恢复夫妻财产，但感到关切的是，在缔约国，离婚时平等分配夫妻财产只涉及有形财产(动产和不动产)，不包括养老金和储蓄基金等无形财产，而有形财产的平等分配基于法院先例且没有法律约束力。委员会还关切的是，婚姻任何一方的“过错”可能作为决定离婚案中财产分割的考虑因素。", "39. 委员会建议缔约国采取必要的立法措施，把养老金和储蓄基金等有形和无形财产作为夫妻财产的一部分，并在立法中纳入离婚时平等分配夫妻财产的规定，与关于婚姻和家庭关系平等的《公约》第16条和委员会第21(1994)号一般性建议保持一致。委员会还建议采取立法措施，在确定离婚案中财产分割时不要考虑“过错”因素。", "国家人权机构", "40. 委员会赞赏韩国国家人权委员会每年对报告程序的贡献以及向委员会提供关于侵犯人权和歧视请愿数目的资料，但委员会同经济、社会和文化委员会一样(见E/C.12/KOR/CO/3)感到关切的是，国家人权委员会缩减了21%，而所有其他部委最多缩减了2%，且会员国最近的事态发展已经威胁到委员会的独立性。", "41. 委员会提醒缔约国有责任确保韩国国家人权委员会仍然遵守《巴黎原则》，尤其是它的独立性。委员会敦促缔约国按照《韩国全国人权委员会法》向全国人权委员会划拨足够的人力和财政资源，包括人权问题专家，并加强其在两性平等和妇女权利等方面的监督职能，以便恢复可信性、公众的信心和合法性。", "《北京宣言和行动纲要》", "42. 委员会促请缔约国在履行《公约》义务时，充分利用加强《公约》各项规定的《北京宣言和行动纲要》，并请缔约国在下一次定期报告中提供有关信息。", "千年发展目标", "43. 委员会强调，充分和有效地执行《公约》对实现千年发展目标不可或缺。委员会要求在实现目标的一切工作中纳入性别观点，明确体现《公约》各项规定，并请缔约国在下一次定期报告中提供有关信息。", "传播", "44. 委员会请大韩民国广泛传播结论意见，使所有人，政府官员、政治家、议员以及妇女和人权组织，都认识到为了确保妇女在形式和实质上的平等而采取的步骤，以及这方面需要采取的进一步步骤。委员会建议将结论意见传播到社区一级。鼓励缔约国举办一系列会议，讨论在实施本结论意见方面取得的进展。委员会请缔约国继续广泛传播，特别是向妇女和人权组织传播委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》以及主题为“2000年妇女：二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平”的大会第二十三届特别会议的成果文件。", "批准其他条约", "45. 委员会指出缔约国加入所有九项主要国际人权文书[1] 将有助于妇女进一步享受生活所有领域人权和基本自由。因此，委员会鼓励大韩民国考虑批准其尚未加入的下述公约：《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》。", "结论意见后续行动", "46. 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面材料，说明为了落实上文第15段和第21段所载各项建议而采取的措施。", "下一次报告的编写", "47. 委员会要求缔约国确保所有的部委和公共机构都能广泛参与下一次定期报告的编写，并在此阶段与各个妇女和人权组织开展协商。", "48. 委员会请缔约国在根据《公约》第18条提交的下次定期报告中对在上述结论意见表示的关切作出答复。委员会请缔约国于2015年7月提交其第八次定期报告。", "49. 委员会请缔约国遵循人权条约机构委员会间技术工作组于2006年6月通过的“根据国际人权条约提交报告的协调准则，包括编写共同核心文件、提交具体条约报告的准则”(见HRI/MC/2006/3和corr.1)。在遵循编写核心文件的协调准则的同时，还必须遵循委员会2008年1月第四十届会议通过的关于具体条约的报告准则。这两份准则构成了“根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》提交报告的协调准则”。关于每项条约的报告不得超过40页，增补的共同核心文件不得超过80页。", "[1] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》。" ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日,日内瓦", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论性意见", "大韩民国", "1. 联合国 1. 2011年7月19日,委员会第987和988次会议审议了大韩民国的第七次定期报告(CEDAW/C/KOR/7)。 委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/KOR/Q/7,答复载于CEDAW/C/KOR/Q/7/Add.1。", "导言", "2. 联合国 委员会感谢缔约国提交第七次定期报告,报告基本上遵循了委员会编写报告的准则,并载有一节,说明委员会先前结论性意见(CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6)所载建议的执行情况。 委员会还感谢缔约国的口头介绍、对会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单的书面答复以及对委员会口头提出的问题的澄清,尽管对一些问题的答复不够充分。", "3个 委员会赞扬缔约国派出由两性平等和家庭部长率领的高级别代表团,代表团成员包括各部委和部门的代表以及国民议会的妇女代表。 委员会赞赏代表团同委员会成员之间的建设性对话。", "B. 积极方面", " 4.四. 4. 委员会赞赏地注意到,自2007年审议第六次定期报告(CEDAW/C/KOR/6)以来,缔约国已颁布并修订了旨在消除对妇女的歧视和促进两性平等的众多法律和法律规定,以履行《公约》规定的义务。 委员会尤其欢迎通过了下列修正案:", "《民法》(2007年12月),规定男女最低结婚年龄均为18岁;", "《保护儿童和青少年免遭性暴力法》(2010年4月),规定对针对儿童的性暴力犯罪进行依职权起诉;", "(c) 《生命伦理与安全法》(2008年)规定,在为生殖目的捐赠或收割鸡蛋时,必须获得知情同意和书面同意,并限制每个妇女捐赠的频率和数量。", "5 (韩语). 委员会欢迎启动一项防止家庭暴力的全面计划(2011年),其重点是加强处理家庭暴力案件的初步行动并更好地保护受害者。", "6. 国家 委员会赞赏缔约国努力将性别观点纳入其发展合作方案,并在此框架内促进妇女人权。", "7. 联合国 委员会赞扬缔约国于2008年12月11日批准了《残疾人权利公约》。", "主要关切领域和建议", "8. 联合国 委员会回顾,缔约国有义务系统和持续地执行《公约》的所有条款,并认为,从现在到提交下次定期报告期间,缔约国必须优先注意本结论意见所提出关切和建议。 因此,委员会敦促缔约国将执行活动的重点放在这些领域上,并在下一次定期报告中汇报所采取的行动和取得的成果。 委员会呼吁缔约国将本结论意见发交各相关部委、国民议会和司法机构,以确保这些意见得到充分落实。", "国民议会", "9. 国家 委员会重申,政府对全面执行《公约》规定的缔约国义务负有主要责任并特别负责,同时强调,《公约》对政府所有部门都具有约束力,并请缔约国鼓励其国民议会根据其程序,酌情采取必要步骤,执行本结论意见和《公约》规定的政府下一个报告进程。", "保留", "10个 委员会承认缔约国就撤回其对《公约》第16条第1(g)款关于夫妻享有相同个人权利,包括选择姓氏、专业和职业的权利的保留正在进行的磋商提供的资料,但对缺乏结束磋商和撤销保留的明确时限表示关注。", "11个 委员会重申其先前的建议(见CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6),并促请缔约国在审议中将第16条第1(g)款的问题同第1(d)款的问题分开,从而加快努力,在具体时限内撤销对《公约》第16条第1(g)款的保留。", "《公约》及其《任择议定书》的知名度", "12个 委员会注意到对话期间提供的关于举行大规模会议,在政府办公室、司法当局、非政府组织和韩国妇女发展研究所之间交流委员会先前的结论意见的资料。 委员会还注意到缔约国努力向国民议会、媒体组织和法律专业人员宣传《公约》及其《任择议定书》。 然而,委员会感到关切的是,这些举措没有针对司法和执法官员。 委员会特别关切的是,妇女本身不了解她们根据《公约》所享有的权利或《任择议定书》所设立的申诉程序,因而没有能力要求充分促进、保护和实现她们在与男子平等的基础上的权利。", "13个 委员会鼓励缔约国继续提高包括政府各部、议员、司法和执法官员在内的所有利益攸关方对《公约》及其《任择议定书》、《议定书》下的程序和委员会一般性建议的认识并适当传播,以提高人们对妇女人权的认识。 委员会敦促缔约国针对妇女和司法机构开展教育和提高认识活动,以提高妇女对保护妇女人权的现有规定的认识,从而确保妇女能够利用《任择议定书》规定的程序和补救办法处理侵犯她们根据《公约》所享有的权利的行为。", "歧视性法律", "14个 委员会注意到,反歧视法小组委员会于2010年底完成了关于通过《反歧视法案》和关于约90起先前存在的反歧视法律有效性的磋商,但委员会感到遗憾的是,缺乏关于这些磋商结果的资料,而且缔约国自2008年5月以来一直搁置的《反歧视法案》的通过进展缓慢。", "15个 委员会呼吁缔约国采取紧急措施,根据《公约》第1和2条以及委员会第28(2010)号一般性建议,通过一项全面的《反歧视法》,其中明确禁止一切形式的直接和间接歧视,并考虑到《国家人权委员会法》(2005年,韩国)第2条第4款禁止基于性取向的歧视。", "提高妇女地位的国家机构", "16号. 委员会注意到,自两性平等和家庭部于2010年3月恢复其作为负责监督与妇女、青年和家庭有关的所有政策的政府机构的任务以来,分配给该部的人力和财政资源有所增加。 然而,委员会感到关切的是,将家庭事务和两性平等合并到一个单一的任务中,可能直接或间接地强化传统的父权制规范并破坏实现两性平等。 此外,委员会注意到,两性平等和家庭部通过对各级政府现行公共政策和方案进行性别影响评估,保证将性别观点纳入主流,但委员会感到关切的是,这些评估被用作事后而不是先验的工具,因此该部在实际制定、设计和执行这种公共政策和方案方面的影响不大。 此外,委员会注意到,没有明确界定的协调机制,以确保在执行两性平等方案方面横向和纵向的一致性。 委员会还关切的是,尽管如《国家财政法》所指出,政府机构促进两性平等的预算编制具有强制性,但从总体公共预算中拨给赋予妇女权力的财政资源数量非常有限。", "17岁。 委员会回顾其第6号一般性建议和《北京行动纲要》提供的指导,特别是关于国家机制有效运作的必要条件的指导,建议缔约国:", "(a) 明确界定两性平等和家庭部三个部门(性别、青年和家庭)的任务、责任以及人力和财政资源的分配,并建立一个明确的协调机制,确保该部工作的横向和纵向一致性;", "(b) 加强两性平等和家庭部利用性别影响评估的能力,为制订和执行两性平等领域的立法和政策措施提供信息,为各级政府促进两性平等的预算编制提供信息,并就此类措施提供建议、协调和监测。", "18岁。 委员会注意到通过了《第三个妇女政策基本计划(2008-2012年)》,其中特别包括两项政策目标:妇女积极参与国家管理;提高妇女的经济能力。 然而,委员会感到关切的是,将妇女政策单位和两性平等官员从某些部委和政府机构中撤走,可能会对该计划的全面执行产生不利影响。", " 19. 19. 委员会建议缔约国采取必要措施,确保充分执行《第三个妇女政策基本计划(2008-2012年)》,包括恢复妇女单位和两性平等干事。", "暴力侵害妇女行为", "20号. 委员会注意到为保护性暴力和家庭暴力受害人采取了各种措施,例如开通了紧急热线,并设立了国家开办的暴力受害者咨询中心和收容所,包括为遭受家庭暴力的外国妻子设立的专门中心,但委员会感到关切的是,尽管教育和卫生保健专业人员和社会工作者有义务按照《惩罚家庭暴力特别程序法》第4条报告此类案件,但报案率低与缔约国发生的家庭暴力案件的实际数量不符。 委员会还感到关切的是,《刑法》规定,性暴力的成年受害者必须提出申诉才能起诉他们的案件,因此提出指控的受害者人数很少,起诉和定罪的人数也很少。 委员会还表示关切的是,处理性暴力和家庭暴力案件的女警官人数有限。 委员会重申遗憾的是,缔约国的立法没有将婚内强奸定为刑事犯罪,而只是将婚内强奸定为犯罪。", "21岁 委员会呼吁缔约国:", "(a) 国家 采取必要措施,鼓励举报家庭暴力和性暴力案件,包括确保教育专业人员、保健人员和社会工作者充分熟悉有关的法律规定,对一切形式的暴力侵害妇女行为有敏感认识并能够履行其举报案件的义务;", "(b) 审查并修订《刑法》和其他相关立法,去除要求性暴力的成年受害者提出申诉才能起诉其案件的规定;", "(c) 采取措施增加女警官的人数并采取步骤,提高她们以对性别问题敏感的方式处理暴力侵害妇女案件的能力;", "(d) 为包括外国妇女在内的妇女开展提高认识运动,使她们了解自己的权利和补救途径,包括防范和预防家庭暴力的现有措施;", "(e) 采取一切必要的立法措施,以未经妻子同意为由将婚内强奸定为犯罪;", "(f) 根据委员会第19号一般性建议(1992年),就包括家庭暴力在内的一切形式对妇女的暴力行为的普遍程度、原因和后果收集数据并进行研究,并使用这些数据作为进一步采取全面措施和采取有针对性的干预措施的基础。 委员会请缔约国在下次定期报告中列入统计数据和所采取措施的结果。", "贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利", "22号. 委员会感到关切的是,缔约国没有关于贩运人口的全面法规,并重申其对持续存在的贩运和意图营利使人卖淫现象和缺乏有关这些现象的数据的关切。 委员会尤其关切持有E-6娱乐工作签证入境的移徙女工和通过国际婚姻中介机构入境的外国妻子,因为收到的资料表明,这些妇女中有许多是被贩卖和利用妇女卖淫营利的受害者。 委员会还感到关切的是,尽管缔约国从事卖淫的妇女可能有机会进入咨询中心,但她们必须证明自己是受害者,以免因卖淫罪而被起诉。 此外,委员会还感到关切的是,缔约国已经签署但尚未批准《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》。", "23. 联合国 委员会重申其全面执行《公约》第六条的建议(见CEDAW/C/KOR/CO/6),敦促缔约国:", "通过一项关于贩运人口的全面法律并修订相关立法,如《刑法》,将贩运人口列为一项罪行;", "(b) 国家 采取措施,加强对雇用外国妇女的娱乐公司的现行初步筛选程序,并建立有效的E-6签证制妇女工作场所现场监督机制,以确保她们不会被利用来卖淫;", "(c) 采取立法和其他措施,确保有效执行《婚姻中介控制法》,以保护外国妇女不受婚姻经纪人和贩运者及其配偶的剥削和虐待;", "(d) 审查其卖淫政策和有关立法,包括《刑法》,以期将妇女参与卖淫定为犯罪,并确保参与性交易的妇女不受惩罚;", "(e) 采取进一步措施,保护和支持被贩卖的妇女和女孩并解决被贩卖的根源;", "(f) 采取适当措施,制止利用妇女卖淫营利的行为,包括抑制对卖淫的需求,为受卖淫剥削的妇女和女孩提供康复和增强经济能力方案,从而便利她们重新融入社会;", "批准《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》。", "参与政治和公共生活", "24 (韩语). 委员会感到关切的是,尽管已采取措施增加妇女在这些领域的人数,例如雇用女经理级公职人员倡议,但是在增加妇女参与政治和公共生活,特别是在政府、议会、司法部门、外交部门和私营部门以及学术界担任高中校长和大学教授等决策职位方面进展缓慢。", "25岁 委员会敦促缔约国加强努力,通过执行《公约》第4条第1款和委员会第25(2004)号一般性建议等暂行特别措施来增加妇女在政治和公共生活中的代表性,以加速实现妇女与男子的实质性平等。 委员会吁请缔约国考虑采取一系列可能的措施,例如配额、基准、目标和奖励措施,特别是在加速执行《公约》第7、8、10、11、12和14条方面。 委员会请缔约国在下次定期报告中提供数据和资料,说明妇女在政治和公共生活、私营部门、学术界和外交部门的代表情况。", "国籍", "26. 联合国 委员会确认就取得韩国国籍的资格要求提供的书面和口头资料。 然而,委员会感到关切的是,与韩国男子结婚的外国妇女在获得韩国国籍方面可能面临困难,如果她们不遵守在申请入籍时得到丈夫支持的先决条件,如果她们没有子女。", "27个 委员会建议缔约国根据《公约》第9条修订其有关国籍的立法,以取消与取得韩国国籍的要求有关的所有歧视性规定。", "学历", "28岁 委员会虽然注意到长期以来为鼓励妇女参与科学和技术等非女性传统领域而制定的《支持妇女参与科学和技术法》等措施,但感到关切的是,高等教育和职业培训领域持续存在隔离,最终导致劳动力市场的性别隔离。 委员会特别关切的是,这种隔离是持续存在的重男轻女态度和关于妇女和男子在家庭和社会中的角色和责任的定型观念所造成。 委员会还感到关切的是,对话期间提供的关于学术机构遵守学生10小时性教育必修课程程度的资料有限。", "29. 国家 委员会建议缔约国加强对第十条的遵守,并提高对教育对赋予妇女权力重要性的认识。 委员会鼓励缔约国采取措施,修订各级使用的教科书,以消除性别陈规定型观念,并对教师进行强制性性别培训,以努力克服重男轻女的态度和性别角色定型观念,这些观念对女童和妇女的教育造成歧视性障碍。 委员会还建议继续积极鼓励女孩和妇女选择非传统的学习和职业领域。 委员会建议缔约国建立有效的监测机制,确保向学生提供为期10小时的性教育必修课程,并考虑在中小学课程中为女孩和男孩开设一个更加全面、适合年龄的性健康和生殖健康及权利方案。", "就业", "30 (英语). 委员会感到关切的是,缺乏适当的分类数据,无法确定妇女在正规和非正规劳动力市场的确切地位。 委员会还关切妇女在就业部门面临的不利处境,包括妇女集中在某些低工资部门,特别是非正规工人(兼职和短期)缺乏工作保障和福利,以及男女工资差距很大。 委员会仍然感到关切的是,缺乏有效的监测机制和申诉程序来保障妇女的权利,因此妇女在工作场所性骚扰案件中可能不愿寻求补救。", "31岁 委员会促请缔约国在下次定期报告中提供劳动力市场指标的分类数据。 委员会还敦促缔约国认真监测妇女在劳动力市场上的状况并增加从事正规工作的妇女人数,确保企业为妇女提供更多机会获得全职和正规就业,并通过向非全时和短期工人(其中大多数是妇女)提供福利,包括带薪产假,来保护从事非正规工作的人。 委员会呼吁缔约国执行《平等就业法》关于同工同酬的规定。 委员会还吁请缔约国确保建立有效的监测机制,以遵守现有立法,并制订程序,让妇女就侵犯其劳工权利,特别是性骚扰案件提出申诉。", "32. 国家 委员会注意到缔约国的立法和政策努力,如《就业中的两性平等及支持工作与家庭和解法》、《就业中的两性平等及工作与家庭和解基本计划》(2008年)等,并采取了其他措施来改善家庭和工作生活的平衡,但委员会感到关切的是,家务和家庭责任仍然主要由妇女承担,正如《基本计划》的预期成果之一所反映,即加快了低生育率,从而中断了妇女的职业或从事非全时工作以履行家庭责任。 委员会还对请育儿假的男子人数有限表示关切。 委员会感到关切的是,在社会保障福利方面,妇女合同从正规工人改为非正规工人、非全时工人或短期工人,这种增加和持续的影响。 委员会还感到关切的是,国营儿童保育中心数量有限,这种设施私有化的趋势以及私营儿童保育中心收取高额费用,使许多工作妇女,特别是低收入、女户主家庭的妇女无法进入。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 委员会鼓励缔约国促进家庭领域的共同责任,并加紧努力,协助妇女和男子在家庭和就业责任之间取得平衡,为此,除其他外,应就平等分担儿童保育和家务问题,为妇女和男子开展更多的提高认识和教育活动,并确保非全日工作不几乎完全由妇女承担。 委员会敦促缔约国加强努力,改善为不同年龄组的儿童,特别是女户主家庭的儿童提供的儿童保育设施,使其更负担得起,并鼓励更多的男子休育儿假。", "卫生", "34. 国家 委员会感到关切的是,缺乏详细资料,说明为解决妇女精神健康状况恶化,包括抑郁症所采取的措施。 委员会特别关注妇女自杀率上升,这是缔约国妇女死亡的第二个原因。 委员会还感到关切的是,尽管全民健康保险覆盖,但与收入较高的妇女相比,收入水平较低的妇女的发病率较高,健康状况更差。 委员会还表示关切的是,尽管根据《母亲和无父亲儿童照料法》第14和15条,在某些情况下,包括强奸和乱伦的情况下,允许堕胎,但根据缔约国《刑法》第269和270条,堕胎仍然是应受惩罚的罪行。", "35. 联合国 委员会促请缔约国采取必要措施,解决不断恶化的心理健康状况,特别是抑郁症。 委员会还鼓励缔约国充分执行其预防自杀政策(2009-2013年)并在下一次定期报告中提供政策和所取得成果的资料。 委员会建议缔约国特别关注低收入老年妇女的状况,确保她们充分获得保健和社会服务。 委员会还敦促缔约国考虑审查与堕胎有关的立法,特别是《刑法》,以取消对堕胎妇女的惩罚性规定,并根据委员会第24号一般性建议(1999年),向她们提供优质服务,以管理不安全堕胎引起的并发症。", "农村妇女", "36. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到,妇女占缔约国农业工人的53.3%,并且已经采取措施实现农村妇女与男子的实质性平等,例如第二个五年计划 \" 促进女农民 \" 。 委员会还注意到,青年农民倡议方案为妇女规定了20%的配额。 然而,委员会感到关切的是,70.3%的家庭农场为男子所拥有,而只有26.3%的农场为老年寡妇所拥有,这表明妇女很难拥有土地和财产。 委员会还感到关切的是,政府向主要为男性的户主提供农业财政支助和援助,因此妇女只能通过丈夫或其他家庭成员获得这种援助。", "37. 联合国 委员会建议缔约国继续努力,通过立法和实际措施来改善农村妇女的境况,并确保旨在促进两性平等的所有政策和方案能够惠及农村地区并得到充分执行,包括促进妇女拥有土地和财产的能力,以及提供财政支助和援助。 委员会还建议缔约国执行对性别问题有敏感认识的农村发展战略和方案,并加速采取措施,促进年轻妇女的耕作,确保农村妇女充分参与这些战略和方案的制定和执行。", "婚姻和家庭关系", "38. 国家 委员会承认缔约国修订了《民法》(2007年12月),力求保护配偶在另一配偶在法院就财产分配作出决定之前处置了该财产的情况下恢复其婚姻财产的权利,但委员会感到关切的是,在缔约国,离婚时平等分享婚姻财产只涉及有形财产(动产和不动产),不包括养恤金和储蓄基金等无形财产,平等分享有形财产是基于法院先例,没有法律约束力。 委员会还感到关切的是,在确定离婚案件中的资产分割时,可以考虑到婚姻任何一方的“过失”。", "39. 联合国 委员会建议缔约国采取必要的立法措施,根据《公约》第16条和委员会关于婚姻和家庭关系平等的第21号一般性建议(1994年),承认有形和无形财产,如养恤金和储蓄基金,是婚姻财产的一部分,并在其立法中纳入离婚时平等分配婚姻财产的规则。 委员会还建议采取立法措施,取消在确定离婚案件中资产分割时对“过失”的考虑。", "国家人权机构", " 40. 40. 委员会赞赏韩国国家人权委员会对报告进程的贡献以及关于每年向该委员会提交的侵犯人权和歧视申诉数量的数据,但与经济、社会和文化权利委员会一样(见E/C.12/KOR/CO/3)感到关切的是,该委员会缩编了21%,而其他各部最多缩减了2%,而且缔约国最近的事态发展使该委员会的独立性受到威胁。", "41. 国家 委员会提醒缔约国,它有责任确保韩国国家人权委员会遵守《巴黎原则》,特别是在独立性方面。 委员会敦促缔约国根据《韩国国家人权委员会法》,为该委员会分配足够的人力和财力资源,包括人权专家,并加强其监测职能,包括在性别和妇女权利领域的监测职能,以恢复公信力、公众信任和合法性。", "《北京宣言和行动纲要》", "42. 国家 委员会敦促缔约国在履行《公约》义务时,充分利用加强《公约》各项规定的《北京宣言和行动纲要》,并请缔约国在下一次定期报告中提供有关资料。", "千年发展目标", "43. 东帝汶 217. 委员会强调,充分和有效地执行《公约》对于实现千年发展目标不可或缺。 委员会要求在实现千年发展目标的一切努力中纳入性别观点并明确反映《公约》的规定,并请缔约国在下一次定期报告中提供有关资料。", "传播", "44. 国家 委员会请大韩民国在国内广泛传播本结论意见,使人民、政府官员、政界人士、议员以及妇女组织和人权组织了解为确保妇女在形式上和实质上的平等已经采取的步骤以及在这方面需要采取的其他步骤。 委员会建议这种传播应包括地方社区一级。 委员会鼓励缔约国组织一系列会议来讨论在落实意见方面取得的进展。 委员会请缔约国继续广泛宣传委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言和行动纲要》以及以 \" 2000年妇女:二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平 \" 为主题的大会第二十三届特别会议的成果,特别是向妇女组织和人权组织开展宣传。", "批准其他条约", "45. 国家 委员会指出,缔约国加入九项主要国际人权文书[1] 将促进妇女在生活的各个方面享受人权和基本自由。 因此,委员会鼓励大韩民国政府考虑批准其尚未加入的条约,即《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》。", "结论意见的后续行动", "46. 经常预算: 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面资料,说明为执行上文第15和21段所载建议而采取的步骤。", "编写下一份报告", "47. 国家 委员会请缔约国确保所有部委和公共机构广泛参与下一次报告的编写工作,并在此阶段同各种妇女组织和人权组织进行协商。", " 48. 48. 225. 委员会请缔约国在根据《公约》第18条提交的下次定期报告中答复本结论意见所关切的问题。 委员会请缔约国于2015年7月提交第八次定期报告。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 委员会请缔约国遵循2006年6月人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议批准的国际人权条约统一报告准则,包括共同核心文件和条约专要文件准则(见HRI/MC/2006/3和Corr.1)。 委员会2008年1月第四十届会议通过的条约专要报告准则必须与共同核心文件统一报告准则一并适用。 它们共同构成根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》提交报告的协调准则。 条约专要文件应限于40页,更新的共同核心文件不应超过80页。", "[1] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》。" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of", "Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Zambia", "1. The Committee considered the combined fifth and sixth periodic report of Zambia (CEDAW/C/ZMB/5-6) at its 980th and 981st meetings, on 13 July 2011 (see CEDAW/C/SR.980 and 981). The Committee’s list of issues and questions are contained in CEDAW/C/ZMB/Q/5-6, and the responses of Zambia are contained in CEDAW/C/ZMB/Q/5-6/Add.1.", "A. Introduction", "2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its combined fifth and sixth periodic report. While the report was detailed and generally followed the Committee’s guidelines for the preparation of reports, it did not provide adequate sex-disaggregated statistics and qualitative data on the situation of women in some of the areas covered by the Convention, in particular with respect to women from disadvantaged groups. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its oral presentation, which elaborated on recent developments with respect to the implementation of the Convention as well as the written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by its pre-session working group.", "3. The Committee commends the State party for its delegation, which was headed by the Permanent Secretary (Legal) of the Ministry of Justice of Zambia and included 19 women and men representing various ministries and Government agencies with responsibility for the implementation of measures in the areas covered by the Convention. The Committee appreciates the constructive dialogue that took place between the delegation and the members of the Committee but regrets that no answers were provided to some of the questions raised, and that some of the answers provided were not sufficiently clear, precise or detailed.", "B. Positive aspects", "4. The Committee commends the State party on the adoption of recent legal reforms aimed at eliminating discrimination against women and promoting gender equality, namely the Zambian Development Agency Act (2006); the Citizens Economic Empowerment Act (2006); the Anti-Human Trafficking Act (2008); the Anti-Gender-Based Violence Act (2011); the Education Act (2011); and the Statutory Instruments (Nos. 1, 2 and 3) on Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment (2011), aimed at regularizing the informal sector.", "5. The Committee also commends the State party for its efforts to implement the Convention through various policies, programmes and initiatives such as: the policy that reserves 30 per cent of titled land specifically for women, at a subsidized rate, as prescribed in the National Gender Policy (2000); the introduction of a bursary scheme for female students enrolled in science and technical subjects to ensure greater gender equality in these areas; the incorporation of human rights teaching in the curriculum at the primary and secondary levels in public schools; the adoption of the Mental Health Policy; the launch of the Campaign for Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa; the development of the Fifth National Development Plan (2006-2010) to achieve the Millennium Development Goals by 2015; the elaboration of the National Gender Communication Strategy; and the establishment of the Police Public Complaints Authority (2003), the Interministerial Committee on Trafficking (2004), the Strategic Plan of Action (2004), and the Parliamentary Committee on Legal Affairs, Governance, Human Rights and Gender Matters. The Committee further commends the attainment at the High Court and Supreme Court levels of the 50 per cent threshold in decision-making positions.", "6. The Committee welcomes the State party’s ratification of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (in 2002), the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (in 2005) and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (in 2005); as well as the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (in 2010). The Committee also welcomes the State party’s ratification of two regional human rights instruments, namely the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (in 2005) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (in 2008).", "C. Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "7. The Committee recalls the obligation of the State party to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention and views the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding observations as requiring the priority attention of the State party between now and the submission of the next periodic report. Consequently, the Committee urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on actions taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. It calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to the relevant Government offices, to the Parliament and to the judiciary, so as to ensure their full implementation.", "Parliament", "8. While reaffirming that the Government has the primary responsibility and is particularly accountable for the full implementation of the obligations of the State party under the Convention, the Committee stresses that the Convention is binding upon all branches of Government and it invites the State party to encourage its Parliament, in line with its procedures and where appropriate, to take the necessary steps with regard to the implementation of the present concluding observations and the State party’s next reporting process under the Convention.", "Legal status of the Convention", "9. The Committee acknowledges the State party’s efforts to implement various provisions of the Convention and its decision to conduct a policy and legislative mapping exercise with the view to determining the provisions of the Convention that still remain to be incorporated into policies and national legislation. However, the Committee remains concerned that the Convention has not been fully incorporated into domestic law and its provisions cannot be invoked before the courts.", "10. The Committee reiterates its recommendation that the State party fully incorporate the Convention into domestic law.", "Visibility of the Convention", "11. While the Committee notes that Women in Law and Development in Africa has translated the Convention into the seven major local languages in Zambia, it is concerned about the insufficient efforts of the State party to promote the visibility of the Convention throughout the country. The Committee is concerned that there is inadequate knowledge in society in general of the rights of women under the Convention and of the Committee’s general recommendations as well as the concept of substantive gender equality, including among the judiciary and in particular at the level of customary courts. While women’s access to justice is provided for by legislation, their ability to exercise that right and to bring cases of discrimination before the courts is limited by such factors as the persistence of a dual justice system, negative customary practices, illiteracy, the lack of awareness about their rights under the Convention and the lack of capacity to claim their rights.", "12. The Committee urges the State party to take all appropriate measures to:", "(a) Ensure that the Convention is sufficiently known and applied by all branches of the Government and is made an integral part of the training for judges, lawyers and prosecutors and especially for officials of customary courts;", "(b) Raise awareness among women of their rights under the Convention, including through the recently elaborated National Gender Communication Strategy, which targets rural women, the National Gender Policy and the Strategic Plan of Action and the gender mainstreaming strategy, which is soon to be launched in the context of the Public Service Reform Programme;", "(c) Remove the impediments that women may face in claiming their rights under the Convention and gaining access to justice, including in the local and customary courts, and to that end strengthen legal literacy programmes for women and disseminate information on the Convention in languages accessible to women in all regions of Zambia, emphasizing ways to utilize the available legal remedies for violations of their rights.", "Discrimination in the Constitution and in the laws", "13. The Committee is concerned that, despite the recommendations in previous concluding observations, the contradiction in the Constitution has not been amended in that while article 11 guarantees the equal status of women, article 23, paragraph 4, permits discriminatory laws and practices in the area of personal and customary laws, namely, early marriage, payment of dowry (lobola), the practice of property division after the death of a husband (property-grabbing), sexual cleansing, and polygamy. The Committee is also concerned that the existing article permitting discrimination against women has been retained in the draft text (art. 48) of the proposed Constitution. The Committee is further concerned that the State party has not yet enacted a general prohibition against discrimination.", "14. The Committee reiterates its deep concern that the State party did not repeal article 23, paragraph 4, of the Constitution, which permits discrimination against women in the areas of law that most affect women, and that it has been maintained in the draft text of the proposed new Constitution. The Committee, while noting that a referendum is required to validate the draft Constitution, wishes to remind the State party of its duty to ensure that the Zambian Constitution is in line with the Convention and other international human rights obligations. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Ensure, as an immediate priority, that the provisions of the Convention are reflected in the proposed new draft Constitution which will be put up for referendum, and enact legislation to ensure that there is a prohibition against discrimination in line with article 1 of the Convention, which encompasses direct and indirect discrimination against women in all areas of life;", "(b) Harmonize religious and customary law in keeping with the provisions of the Convention, in particular article 16.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "15. The Committee welcomes the strengthening of the Gender in Development Division through the establishment of the Office of the Minister of Gender and Women in Development in the Cabinet Office and the allocation of additional resources but is concerned about the adequacy and sustainability of those resources. Additionally, while the Committee notes that the Human Rights Commission of Zambia has established a Gender Equality Committee, the Commission and the Committee appear to have inadequate human, financial and technical resources to effectively discharge the functions of promoting human rights and specific programmes for the advancement of women in all regions of Zambia.", "16. The Committee recommends that the State party take measures to ensure the sustainability of the budget and effectiveness of the Gender in Development Division and the Office of the Minister of Gender and Women in Development to effectively implement and coordinate gender perspectives into Government policies and programmes and to carry out strategies and measures to eliminate discrimination and promote equality. The Committee also recommends that the State party strengthen the Human Rights Commission of Zambia and its Gender Equality Committee by providing adequate visibility, power and human and financial resources at all levels, in order to increase effectiveness and enhance capacity to better coordinate and monitor actions at the national and local levels, in all regions of the country, for the advancement of women and the promotion of gender equality and women’s human rights.", "Temporary special measures", "17. The Committee reiterates its concern about the State party’s non-incorporation of article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, that would allow for the adoption of temporary special measures to promote women’s participation in political and economic life and to eliminate de facto discrimination against disadvantaged groups of women.", "18. The Committee recommends that the State party adopt legislative measures that would provide for the use of temporary special measures, in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25, in all areas covered by the Convention in which women are underrepresented or disadvantaged. To that end, it recommends that the State party:", "(a) Set time-bound targets and allocate sufficient resources for the implementation of strategies, such as outreach and support programmes, the creation of incentives, quotas and other proactive measures aimed at achieving the substantive equality of women and men in those areas;", "(b) Raise awareness among members of Parliament, Government officials with decision-making power, employers and the general public about the necessity of temporary special measures. The Committee requests the State party to provide comprehensive information on the use of such measures — in particular when the policies and measures the State party has chosen and implemented have not achieved the intended effect and result — in relation to relevant provisions of the Convention, and on their impact, in its next periodic report.", "Stereotypes and harmful practices", "19. The Committee notes some efforts by the State party to address harmful traditional practices but remains concerned at the persistence of adverse cultural norms, practices and traditions, as well as patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes regarding the roles, responsibilities and identities of women and men in all spheres of life. The Committee is concerned that such customs and practices perpetuate discrimination against women, and are reflected in women’s disadvantageous and unequal status in many areas, including in public life and decision-making and in marriage and family relations. The Committee is concerned that stereotypes as well as harmful practices such as sexual cleansing, polygamy, bride price (lobola), and property-grabbing contribute to the persistence of violence against women and that the State party has not taken sustained and systematic action to eliminate stereotypes and harmful practices.", "20. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Put in place, without delay, a comprehensive strategy to eliminate violence against women and harmful practices as well as stereotypes that discriminate against women, in conformity with articles 2, paragraph f, and 5, paragraph a, of the Convention. Such measures should include efforts, in collaboration with civil society, to educate and raise awareness on the subject, targeting women and men at all levels of society, including traditional leaders;", "(b) Criminalize sexual cleansing;", "(c) Use innovative measures to strengthen the understanding of the principle of equality between women and men, including through the full implementation of the National Gender Communication Strategy, whose main aim is to facilitate the change in attitudes towards gender, and by working with the media, particularly in rural areas, to promote a positive and non‑stereotypical portrayal of women throughout the country.", "Violence against women", "21. While welcoming the enactment of the Anti-Gender-Based Violence Act (2011), recent amendments to the Penal Code that include stiffer penalties for certain sexual offences, and the establishment of the Police Public Complaints Authority, the Committee reiterates its concern at the high prevalence of violence against women and girls, including domestic violence and widespread incidents of sexual violence, including rape and defilement, in both the private and public spheres, including while in detention. The Committee is also concerned that such violence appears to be socially legitimized and accompanied by a culture of silence, impunity and unawareness, therefore contributing to high levels of underreporting. The Committee also notes with concern the low rate of convictions for reported incidents of rape and defilement. The Committee is further concerned that marital rape is not explicitly recognized as a criminal offence in either the Penal Code or the new Anti-Gender-Based Violence Act.", "22. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Prioritize and ensure adequate resources for the full implementation of the Anti-Gender-Based Violence Act and adopt comprehensive measures to address such violence, including domestic violence in accordance with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 19;", "(b) Expeditiously criminalize marital rape;", "(c) Strengthen training for the judiciary and law enforcement personnel and health-service providers in order to ensure that they are aware of the Anti‑Gender-Based Violence Act, that they provide adequate gender-sensitive support to victims and that they strengthen efforts to prosecute and punish perpetrators of rape and defilement;", "(d) Provide in its follow-up report information on the implementation of the Anti-Gender-Based Violence Act as well as other measures taken to prevent such violence, to investigate and prosecute reported cases, to punish perpetrators and to provide protection, relief and remedies, including appropriate compensation to victims and their families.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "23. The Committee welcomed the Anti-Human Trafficking Act (2008), the Interministerial Committee on Trafficking, the National Plan of Action on Trafficking, and other efforts of the State party aimed at addressing trafficking and the exploitation of prostitution. However, the Committee is concerned that Zambia remains a country of origin, destination and transit for the trafficking of persons and that there is an increasing number of child victims of commercial exploitation, including prostitution, especially of girls, orphans and disadvantaged children. The Committee regrets the absence of statistical data on the number of women and girl victims of trafficking for purposes of economic exploitation or prostitution. The Committee notes that the Zambian Penal Code criminalizes prostitution, including with respect to people living on the earnings of prostitution.", "24. The Committee calls upon the State party to fully implement article 6 of the Convention, including through:", "(a) Effectively implementing the new legislation on trafficking, ensuring that perpetrators are punished and victims adequately protected and assisted;", "(b) Increasing its efforts at international, regional and bilateral cooperation with other countries of origin, transit and destination through information exchange, in order to prevent trafficking and harmonize the legal procedures aimed at the prosecution of traffickers;", "(c) Conducting comparative studies on trafficking and prostitution, including the collection of disaggregated data, to identify and address root causes in order to eliminate the vulnerability of girls and women to sexual exploitation and traffickers and facilitate the recovery and social integration of victims;", "(d) Pursuing a comprehensive approach in addressing the question of prostitution, including the provision of shelters and others services such as exit or reintegration programmes for women who wish to leave prostitution.", "Participation in political and public life", "25. The Committee notes with appreciation the attainment by the State party of the 50 per cent threshold of women in decision-making positions at the High Court and Supreme Court levels, the approval of the gender mainstreaming strategy, the increase in women’s representation in Zambian foreign missions, the adoption of the National Gender Policy and the National Plan of Action, and consultations on the question of introducing temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention in an effort to promote women’s increased representation in decision-making positions. However, the Committee is concerned about the low rate of participation by women in the political and decision-making processes in Zambia. The Committee is concerned about the lack of quota systems and about the gender-biased views, negative practices and poor socio-economic status that prevent women from fully accessing the right to participate in public life, particularly at the level of decision-making.", "26. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Adopt temporary special measures, in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25, such as statutory quota, a gender parity system for nominations to Government bodies, and conditioning the financing of political parties on equal representation of women in their internal bodies and on candidate lists, to increase the representation of women in decision-making positions and on elected and appointed political bodies in rural and urban areas;", "(b) Provide training on gender equality to civil servants and politicians, especially men, with a view to enhancing the understanding that the full and equal participation of women and men in political and public life is a requirement for the full implementation of the Convention, thereby creating a more favourable environment for women’s participation in political and public life.", "Nationality", "27. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for the fact that, since its previous report, spouses have equal opportunities regarding the application and acquisition of Zambian citizenship and for ensuring the equality of spouses or guardians in their right to apply and collect passports or birth certificates on behalf of their children without the need for the spouses’ written consent. In this regard, the Committee welcomes the decision by the High Court in the Edith Zewelani Nawakwi case. Despite these positive developments, the Committee notes with concern that women are still not adequately aware of the fact that the consent of the father is no longer required in order for children to be included in their mother’s passport.", "28. The Committee recommends that the State party promotes awareness of:", "(a) The recent legal and policy developments granting women equal rights with men to acquire, change or retain their nationality;", "(b) The equality of spouses or guardians in their right to apply and collect passports or birth certificates on behalf of their children without the need for the spouses’ written consent.", "Education", "29. The Committee welcomes the new Education Act and recognizes the progress made in the enrolment, retention and progression of girls at the basic school level. The Committee recognizes the efforts of the State party through policies and programmes such as the re-entry policy, the increased bursary support for girls to improve their enrolment in higher and tertiary education and the allocation of 25 per cent of all slots at the tertiary level for girls. However, the Committee is concerned that girls continue to drop out of school due to early marriage, teenage pregnancy, discriminatory traditional and cultural practices and poverty, especially in rural areas. The Committee is concerned about a number of other challenges relating to education in Zambia, such as the lack of adequate capacity and infrastructure at schools, including inappropriate sanitary facilities for girls; the lack of adequacy in gender-responsive teaching; the insufficient availability of resources to comprehensively implement free basic education; sexual harassment; and the HIV/AIDS pandemic, which keeps many girls out of school.", "30. The Committee urges the State party to enhance its compliance with article 10 of the Convention and to raise awareness of the importance of education as a human right and as the basis for the empowerment of women. To that end, it urges the State party to:", "(a) Strengthen its efforts towards equal access, participation and the successful completion of education at all levels, as stipulated in the Education Act of 2011;", "(b) Take steps to overcome discriminatory traditional attitudes that in some areas constitute obstacles to girls’ and women’s education;", "(c) Address the dropout and retention rates of girls and narrow the gender gap at all levels of the educational system;", "(d) Reinforce its policy on the readmission to school of pregnant girls and young mothers, particularly in rural areas and enforce penalties where schools fail to comply;", "(e) Improve the quality of training in gender-responsive teaching and learning methodologies for teachers to encourage change in social norms and traditional attitudes towards the gender roles of boys and girls;", "(f) Implement a zero-tolerance policy to end violence against girls, sexual abuse and harassment in schools, and ensure that perpetrators are punished;", "(g) Ensure that the new schools mentioned by the delegation during the dialogue, which are soon to be constructed, consider and adopt the gender-specific concerns of women and girls, including the availability of appropriate sanitary facilities.", "Employment", "31. The Committee notes with concern that, despite the fact that the Industrial and Labour Relations Act prohibits discrimination in employment on the grounds of sex, the Act does not explicitly include the prohibition of sexual harassment in employment. The Committee is concerned about the gender wage gap in the formal sector and the fact that women represent only a small number in the formal sector, which in fact has been diminishing owing to a general lack of job opportunities in Zambia. The Committee notes that women represent a higher number of unemployed, in particular youth in rural areas. The Committee is concerned that women represent a high number in the informal sector, and it welcomes the introduction of the Statutory Instruments on Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment. However, the Committee is still concerned that, despite efforts to regularize the informal sector, the pay in that sector is generally lower and there is no social security or other benefits. The Committee is concerned about the lack of reporting on and implementation of the ILO Conventions on equality and on child labour.", "32. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Adopt policies and take all necessary measures, including temporary special measures in accordance with article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25, with time-bound targets and indicators for achieving the substantive equality of men and women in the labour market, eliminating occupational segregation and closing the gender wage gap;", "(b) Ensure the full and equal implementation of the Statutory Instruments on Minimum Wages and Conditions of Employment and other measures to regularize and ensure greater protection in the informal sector, where the majority employed are women, including with respect to social security and other benefits;", "(c) Work closely with the private sector to create beneficial policies and projects for women in the labour market, including those in the informal sector;", "(d) Institute measures that will guarantee conformity with the ILO Convention No. 100 on Equal Remuneration, Convention No. 111 on Discrimination (Employment and Occupation), Convention No. 156 on Workers with Family Responsibilities and Convention No. 182 on the Worst Forms of Child Labour.", "Health", "33. While acknowledging the efforts of the State party to improve women’s health, including through increased resource allocation for health services, the Committee is concerned about the situation of health for women in Zambia. The Committee is especially concerned about the high rates of maternal mortality and morbidity, related in particular to maternal deaths and disabilities resulting from unsafe abortions, in spite of abortion laws that do not prohibit women from seeking safe abortions at health centres; the lack of access for women and girls to reproductive health care and information, including contraception and HIV/AIDS treatment, especially in rural areas; the high rate of adolescent pregnancy; malnutrition; and the prevalence of gender-based violence and discrimination affecting women and girls, including early marriage. While recognizing the efforts of the State party through the Roll Back Malaria Initiative, the Committee is concerned that malaria remains a serious health concern for women in Zambia and accounts for 20 per cent of maternal morbidity and mortality.", "34. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Take all necessary measures to improve women’s access to reproductive health-care and related services within the framework of the Committee’s general recommendation No. 24 on article 12 of the Convention — on women and health;", "(b) Strengthen its efforts, including through the Campaign for Accelerated Reduction of Maternal Mortality in Africa, to reduce the incidents of maternal mortality and to raise awareness of and increase women’s access to health-care facilities and medical assistance by trained personnel, especially in rural areas;", "(c) Raise awareness among women and clinicians, including through an information campaign, about the legislation on abortion, which allows women to seek safe abortions at health centres;", "(d) Provide women with access to good-quality services for the management of complications arising from unsafe abortions, in line with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 24, and the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action;", "(e) Strengthen and expand efforts to increase knowledge of and access to affordable contraceptive methods throughout the country and ensure that women and girls, especially in rural areas, do not face barriers to accessing family planning information and services;", "(f) Ensure that anti-malaria drugs are available and accessible, especially to pregnant women, with the aim of reducing the overall incidence of malaria and number of deaths caused from the disease;", "(g) Reinforce education, including through the Youth Peer Programme and other programmes, on sexual and reproductive health rights targeting adolescent girls and boys, with special attention to the prevention of early pregnancy and the control of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS.", "HIV/AIDS", "35. The Committee notes with concern that HIV/AIDS remains a serious concern in the country and that additional efforts are needed to raise awareness, especially among youth, about the risks and effects of HIV, AIDS and other sexually transmitted infections. The Committee is concerned about the impact of HIV/AIDS on women and especially on young girls who are raped due to the belief that intercourse with a virgin cures the infection. In this respect, the Committee is concerned that women and girls may be particularly susceptible to infection owing to gender-specific norms and that the persistence of unequal power relations between women and men and the inferior status of women and girls may hamper their ability to negotiate safe sexual practices, thereby increasing their vulnerability to infection. The Committee is also concerned about the shortage of personnel, and the inadequate infrastructure, health-care facilities, access to services and safe spaces for women living with HIV, particularly in rural areas. The Committee is also concerned about the number and social situation of orphaned children and of older women who are generally caring for family members living with HIV/AIDS.", "36. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Undertake continued and sustained measures to address the impact of HIV/AIDS on women and girls, especially orphaned children and older women and assess the consequences of HIV/AIDS for the family and society;", "(b) Enhance its focus on women’s empowerment by including a clear and visible gender perspective in its policies and programmes on HIV/AIDS and increase the role of men in all relevant measures;", "(c) Improve access to free prevention, treatment and care and support services at the programming level where gender and customary factors contribute significantly to infection rates among women and girls;", "(d) Improve access to services for HIV-positive women by incorporating gender-based violence concerns into health-care protocols and introducing measures to effectively respond to gender-based violence and abuse;", "(e) Undertake awareness-raising campaigns throughout the State party and among personnel in multiple sectors of government in respect of the prevention, protection and maintenance of confidentiality in order to systemize and integrate approaches for combating HIV/AIDS and to eradicate negative and harmful beliefs regarding the cure of HIV/AIDS.", "Rural women", "37. The Committee reiterates its concern at the disadvantaged position of women in rural and remote areas (who form the majority of women in Zambia), which is characterized by poverty, illiteracy, difficulties in accessing health and social services and a lack of participation in decision-making processes at the community level. While welcoming the adoption of the Citizens Economic Empowerment Act and other initiatives such as the policy that provides for the allocation of 30 per cent of titled land to women, the Committee reiterates its concern that the customs and traditional practices prevalent in rural areas prevent women from inheriting or acquiring ownership of land and other property and from accessing financial credit and capital. While the Intestate Succession Act is said to protect against property-grabbing, rural widows often still face challenges in maintaining their property rights.", "38. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Take the necessary measures to increase and strengthen the participation of women in designing and implementing local development plans, and to pay special attention to the needs of rural women, in particular women heads of household, by ensuring that they participate in decision-making processes and have improved access to health, education, clean water and sanitation services, land and income-generating projects;", "(b) Establish a clear legislative framework to protect women’s rights to inheritance and ownership of land;", "(c) Introduce measures to address negative customs and harmful practices such as property-grabbing, especially in rural areas, which affect the full enjoyment of the right to property by women.", "Disadvantaged groups of women", "39. While recognizing the efforts of the State party, including the launch of the Zambia Agency on Persons with Disabilities and the Public Welfare Assistance Scheme, the Committee is concerned about the de facto discrimination faced by certain disadvantaged groups of women, especially older women, women with disabilities, refugee women and women in detention, many of whom suffer social marginalization, exclusion, violence, poverty and isolation in all areas of Zambian society and particularly in rural areas. The Committee is also concerned about the absence of statistical and other information on these groups of women as well as the limited availability of programmes and assistance, including in education, employment and health and social services.", "40. The Committee recommends that the State:", "(a) Collect disaggregated data on the situation of women facing multiple forms of discrimination such as older women, women with disabilities and refugee women;", "(b) Adopt proactive measures, including temporary special measures, to encourage their participation; to eliminate discrimination against them, including in the areas of education, vocational training, employment, health and reproductive health; to facilitate their access to services such as mental health-care services; and to protect them from violence and abuse;", "(c) Take steps to investigate, prosecute and punish all perpetrators of violence against women refugees, to implement gender-sensitive approaches to asylum claims, and to continue to collaborate with the international community, especially the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, in these efforts.", "Marriage and family relations", "41. The Committee is concerned about the negative impact of the dual system of law in Zambia. While the State party has indicated that statutory law will prevail where there is a conflict with customary law, the Committee is concerned that customary law is in fact preferred and is more likely to be applied in family and personal relations, namely, adoption, marriage, divorce, burial and the devolution of property upon death. The Committee notes with concern that women bear the higher burden of childcare and that harmful practices negate the rights of women to decide freely and responsibly on the number and spacing of their children.", "42. The Committee calls upon the State party to:", "(a) Take measures to ensure that statutory law does in fact prevail where there is a conflict with customary practices, especially in family relations and given the patriarchal focus of the customary law in Zambia to the disadvantage of women and girls;", "(b) Undertake an awareness-raising campaign to better educate people about their rights under the Convention, including in regard to the negative customary laws that prevent their free choice regarding reproductive health, and to promote the shared responsibility of both the father and mother to ensure the well-being and care of the child, and to ensure women’s right to make their own choices with regard to reproductive and sexual health;", "(c) Train and sensitize administrators of customary and traditional courts about the Convention and statutory laws that promote and guarantee the rights of women and girls, including with regard to marriage and family relations;", "(d) Ensure the de facto criminalization of certain harmful customary practices such as early marriage and sexual cleansing.", "Optional Protocol", "43. The Committee notes the oral statement by the delegation that the ratification of the Optional Protocol to the Convention is still under consideration, and urges the State party to accelerate its efforts towards the ratification of the Optional Protocol.", "Article 20, paragraph 1", "44. The Committee encourages the State party to accept, as soon as possible, the amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention concerning the meeting time of the Committee.", "Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action", "45. The Committee urges the State party, in the implementation of its obligations under the Convention, to fully utilize the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, which reinforces the provisions of the Convention, and requests the State party to include information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Millennium Development Goals", "46. The Committee emphasizes that the full and effective implementation of the Convention is indispensable for achieving the Millennium Development Goals. It calls for the integration of a gender perspective and explicit reflection of the provisions of the Convention in all efforts aimed at the achievement of the Goals and requests the State party to include more detailed information thereon in its next periodic report.", "Dissemination", "47. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in Zambia of the present concluding observations in order to make the people, Government officials, politicians, parliamentarians and women’s and human rights organizations aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure the de jure and de facto equality of women and of the further steps that are required in that regard. The Committee recommends that this should include the local community level. The State party is encouraged to organize a series of meetings to discuss progress achieved in the implementation of these observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to women’s and human rights organizations, the Committee’s general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the theme “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "48. The Committee notes that the adherence of the State party to the nine major international human rights instruments[1] would enhance the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. The Committee therefore encourages the Government of Zambia to consider ratifying the treaties to which it is not yet a party, namely, the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrants Workers and Members of Their Families; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; the Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; and the Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "49. The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on the steps undertaken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 14 and 22.", "Technical assistance", "50. The Committee recommends that the State party avail itself of technical assistance in the development and implementation of a comprehensive programme aimed at the implementation of the above recommendations and the Convention as a whole. The Committee also calls upon the State party to strengthen further its cooperation with specialized agencies and programmes of the United Nations system, including the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations Population Fund, the World Health Organization, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and the United Nations Statistics Division.", "Preparation of next report", "51. The Committee requests the State party to ensure the participation of all ministries and public bodies in the preparation of its next report and, at the same time, to consult a variety of women’s and human rights organizations.", "52. The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. The Committee invites the State party to submit its seventh periodic report in July 2015.", "53. The Committee invites the State party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including the guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents, approved at the Fifth Inter-Committee Meeting of the human rights treaty bodies, in June 2006 (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The Convention-specific reporting guidelines, adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session in January 2008 (A/63/38, part one, annex I), must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on a common core document. Together, they constitute the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The Convention-specific document should be limited to 40 pages, while the updated common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "[1] The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论意见", "赞比亚", "1. 2011年7月13日，委员会第980和981次会议(见CEDAW/C/SR.980和981)审议了赞比亚的第五次和第六次合并定期报告(CEDAW/C/ZMB/5-6)。委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/ZMB/Q/5-6，赞比亚的答复载于CEDAW/C/ZMB/Q/5-6/Add.1。", "A. 导言", "2. 委员会感谢缔约国提交第五次和第六次合并定期报告。报告十分详细并大体遵循了委员会的报告编写导则，但在《公约》涵盖的某些领域，特别是弱势群体妇女方面，未能充分提供按性别分列的有关妇女处境的统计数据和质量数据。委员会感谢缔约国以口头介绍阐述了《公约》执行方面的最近进展，并对会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单作出书面答复。", "3. 委员会称赞缔约国派出由赞比亚司法部(法律事务)常务秘书率领的代表团，其中包括代表负责执行《公约》涵盖领域内措施的各部委和政府机构的19位男女人士。委员会赞赏代表团和委员会成员之间开展了建设性对话，但感到遗憾的是，一些提出的问题没有得到答复，一些答复不够清晰、准确或详尽。", "B. 积极方面", "4. 委员会赞扬缔约国最近通过了旨在消除对妇女歧视和促进性别平等的法律改革，即：《赞比亚发展机构法》(2006年)、《增强公民经济权能法》(2006年)、《打击贩运人口法》(2008年)、《反性别暴力法》(2011年)、《教育法》(2011年)，以及旨在规范非正规经济部门的关于最低工资和雇用条件的法律文书(第1、2和3号)(2011年)。", "5. 委员会还赞扬缔约国努力通过下述各种政策、方案和倡议执行《公约》：《国家性别政策》(2000年)规定的以补贴价格将30%的有所有权的土地专门留给妇女的政策；实施一个针对学习科学和技术学科的女学生的助学金计划，以确保提高这些领域的性别平等；将人权教学纳入公立学校的小学和中学课程；实行精神保健政策；发起加速降低非洲孕产妇死亡率运动；制定第五个国家发展计划(2006-2010年)，以便到2015年实现千年发展目标；制定国家性别问题宣传战略；建立警察公众投诉机构(2003年)、贩运问题部际委员会(2004年)、战略行动计划(2004年)和关于法律事务、治理、人权和社会性别问题的议会委员会。委员会还赞扬缔约国高级法院和最高法院两级达到了妇女担任决策职位的人数占50%的门槛。", "6. 委员会欣见缔约国批准了《国际刑事法院罗马规约》(2002年)、《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》(2005年)和《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》(2005年)，以及《残疾人权利公约》(2010年)。委员会还欣见缔约国批准了两项区域人权文书，即《非洲人权和人民权利宪章非洲妇女权利议定书》(2005年)和《非洲儿童权利与福利宪章》(2008年)。", "C. 主要关切领域和建议", "7. 委员会回顾，缔约国有义务系统、持续地执行《公约》的各项规定，同时认为，从现在起至提交下次定期报告期间，缔约国须优先关注本结论意见提出的各项关切和建议。因此，委员会敦促缔约国将执行活动的重点放在这些领域上，并在下次定期报告中报告所采取的行动和取得的成果。委员会吁请缔约国将本结论意见发交各相关政府部门、议会和司法部门，以确保这些意见得到充分执行。", "议会", "8. 委员会重申，政府对充分履行《公约》规定的缔约国义务负有首要责任，并应在这方面尤其接受问责，同时强调，《公约》对各政府部门都具有约束力。它请缔约国鼓励议会根据其程序，酌情采取必要步骤执行本结论意见，并按照《公约》规定开展缔约国的下一个报告进程。", "《公约》的法律地位", "9. 委员会注意到缔约国努力执行《公约》各项规定，并决定开展政策和立法摸底活动，以期确定《公约》中有哪些规定仍有待纳入政策和国家立法。但是，委员会仍感到关切的是，《公约》尚未完全纳入国内法，无法在法院援引其规定。", "10. 委员会重申其关于缔约国将《公约》全面纳入国内法的建议。", "《公约》的可见度", "11. 虽然委员会注意到非洲妇女参与法律和发展协会已经将《公约》译为赞比亚七种主要地方语言，但委员会感到关切的是，在促进《公约》在全国的可见度方面，缔约国投入的努力不足。委员会关切的是，对于《公约》规定的妇女权利、委员会的一般性建议以及实质性性别平等的概念，社会上普遍不够了解，包括在司法机构当中特别是习惯法法院一级。虽然法律规定向妇女提供司法救助，但她们行使这一权利以及向法院提起歧视诉讼的能力受到下列因素的制约：双重司法系统长期存在、不利的习惯做法、文盲、缺乏对《公约》规定的妇女自身权利的认识，以及缺乏主张其权利的能力。", "12. 委员会敦促缔约国采取一切适当措施，以：", "(a) 确保《公约》为所有政府分支所充分了解和适用，并成为对法官、律师及检察官，特别是习惯法法院官员的培训的一个组成部分；", "(b) 通过最近制定的针对农村妇女的《国家性别问题宣传战略》、《国家性别政策》和《战略行动计划》，以及即将在公务制度改革方案下启动的《性别平等主流化战略》等途径，提高妇女对《公约》规定的自身权利的认识；", "(c) 消除妇女在主张《公约》规定的权利及获得司法救助方面可能面临的障碍，包括在从地方法院和习惯法法院获得司法救助方面的障碍，并为此在赞比亚所有地区加强妇女法律扫盲方案并以妇女能懂的语言传播关于《公约》的信息，着重指出对于侵犯其权利的行为利用可用的法律补救方法的各种途径。", "宪法和法律中的歧视", "13. 委员会感到关切的是，尽管委员会在先前的结论意见中提出建议，但缔约国没有修正《宪法》自相矛盾的地方，因为，尽管第11条保障妇女的平等地位，但第23条第4款允许在属人法和习惯法领域存在歧视性法律和作法，即：早婚、支付嫁妆(礼金(lobola))、丈夫死亡后分割财产的作法(霸占财产)、性净化和一夫多妻制。委员会又感到关切的是，拟议《宪法》草案案文(第48条)保留了允许歧视妇女的现行条款。委员会还感到关切的是，缔约国仍未制订全面禁止歧视的条款。", "14. 委员会重申，其深为关切的是，缔约国没有废除《宪法》第23条第4款，该条款允许在对妇女影响最大的法律领域存在歧视妇女的规定，拟议新《宪法》草案案文保留了这一条款。委员会注意到，要使《宪法》草案生效，需要进行全民投票，但委员会希望提醒缔约国，其有义务确保赞比亚《宪法》符合《公约》以及其他各项国际人权义务的规定。委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 作为紧要优先事项确保《公约》规定在即将付诸全民投票的拟议新《宪法》草案中得到体现，并制订法律，确保按照禁止在所有生活领域直接和间接歧视妇女的《公约》第1条的规定，禁止歧视；", "(b) 使宗教法和习惯法与《公约》各项规定、特别是第16条的规定相协调。", "提高妇女地位国家机构", "15. 委员会欣见通过在内阁办公室设立性别平等和妇女参与发展问题部长办公室以及分配更多资源的方式加强男女平等参与发展司，但对这些资源的充裕程度和可持续性表示关切。此外，虽然委员会注意到，赞比亚人权委员会已成立一个性别平等事务委员会，但两个委员会似乎没有足够的人力、财政和技术资源，来有效履行在赞比亚所有地区促进人权和推动执行提高妇女地位具体方案的职能。", "16. 委员会建议，缔约国采取措施，确保预算的可持续性，以及男女平等参与发展司与性别平等和妇女参与发展问题部长办公室的实效，以便有效落实性别平等观点，协调将这样的观点纳入政府各项政策和方案，并执行消除歧视和促进平等的各项战略和措施。委员会还建议，缔约国加强赞比亚人权委员会及其性别平等事务委员会，为此在各级提供足够的可见度、权力以及人力和财政资源，以便增强实效和提高能力，在该国所有区域更好地协调和监测国家和地方两级为提高妇女地位、推动性别平等和促进妇女人权而采取的行动。", "暂行特别措施", "17. 委员会再次对缔约国没有纳入《公约》第4条第1款表示关切。该条款允许采用暂行特别措施，推动妇女参与政治和经济生活，并消除对弱势妇女群体的事实歧视。", "18. 委员会建议，缔约国按照《公约》第4条第1款的规定以及委员会第25号一般性建议，采取立法措施，规定在《公约》涵盖的所有妇女代表性不足或处境不利的领域，使用暂行特别措施。为此目的，委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 制定有时限的目标，并为执行各项战略分配充足资源，例如外联和支助方案，制订奖励措施，配额以及其他旨在实现男女在这些领域实质性平等的积极措施；", "(b) 提高议员、具有决策权的政府官员、雇主和公众对暂行特别措施必要性的认识。委员会请缔约国在下一次定期报告中，提供全面资料，说明暂行特别措施的使用情况，特别是参照《公约》相关条款，缔约国选择和实施的政策和措施没有产生预期效果和成果的情况，以及暂行特别措施的影响。", "陈规定型观念和有害做法", "19. 委员会注意到，缔约国为纠正有害的传统做法进行了一些努力，但委员会仍感到关切的是，关于男女在所有生活领域的角色、职责和身份的不利文化规范、做法和传统以及男尊女卑的态度和根深蒂固的陈规定型观念持续存在。委员会感到关切的是，这种习俗和做法致使歧视妇女的现象长久存在，表现为妇女在包括公共生活、决策、婚姻和家庭关系在内的许多领域处于不利和不平等的地位。委员会感到关切的是，陈规定型观念以及性净化、一夫多妻、买卖新娘(礼金)和霸占财产等有害做法助长暴力侵害妇女行为持续存在；委员会对缔约国仍未采取持久和系统性行动，消灭陈规定型观念和有害做法表示关切。", "20. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 按照《公约》第2条f款和第5条a款的规定，立即拟定一项综合战略，以消灭暴力侵害妇女行为以及歧视妇女的有害做法和陈规定型观念。这样的措施应包括与民间社会合作，针对包括传统领袖在内的社会各级男女，就这一问题进行教育并提高他们的认识；", "(b) 把性净化定为刑事罪；", "(c) 采用创新措施，加强对男女平等原则的理解，包括为此充分执行《国家性别问题宣传战略》，其主要目的是推动转变对性别问题的态度，并与媒体合作，在全国各地，特别是在农村地区，推动正面而非陈规定型地刻画妇女形象。", "暴力侵害妇女行为", "21. 委员会欣见缔约国颁布《反性别暴力法(2011年)》，新近修正了《刑法典》，其中包括更严厉地惩罚某些性犯罪，并建立了警察公众投诉机构，但委员会再次表示关切的是，暴力侵害妇女和女孩的行为十分普遍，其中包括家庭暴力以及在私人和公共领域，包括在羁押期间，普遍发生的强奸、污辱等性暴力事件。委员会又表示关切的是，社会似乎认为这样的暴力行为合法，而且存在着沉默、有罪不罚和缺乏认识的文化，因此导致报告率很低。委员会又关切地注意到，报告的强奸和污辱事件的定罪率很低。委员会还表示关切的是，《刑法典》或新的《反性别暴力法》都没有明确将婚内强奸定为刑事犯罪。", "22. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 优先关注并确保为全面执行《反性别暴力法》提供充足资源，并依照委员会第19号一般性建议，采取综合措施，打击包括家庭暴力在内的此类暴力行为；", "(b) 立即将婚内强奸定为刑事罪；", "(c) 加强对司法人员、执法人员以及保健服务提供者的培训，确保他们知晓《反性别暴力法》，向受害者提供足够的性别敏感支助，并加强起诉和惩罚强奸和污辱犯罪人的努力；", "(d) 在其后续报告中提供资料，说明执行《反性别暴力法》的情况，以及为下述目的而采取的其他措施的执行情况：防止性别暴力，调查和起诉报告的案件，惩罚犯罪人，以及提供保护、救济和补救措施，包括向受害者及其家属提供适当补偿。", "贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利", "23. 委员会欣见，缔约国制订《打击贩运人口法(2008年)》，建立贩运人口问题部际委员会，制订《贩运人口问题国家行动计划》，以及为处理贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利问题进行其他努力。然而，委员会感到关切的是，赞比亚仍是贩运人口的来源国、目的地国和过境国，越来越多的儿童成为卖淫等营利剥削的受害者，特别是女孩、孤儿和弱势儿童。委员会感到遗憾的是，对出于经济剥削或卖淫目的而贩运妇女和女孩的受害者人数缺乏统计数据。委员会注意到，赞比亚《刑法典》将卖淫定为刑事罪，其中包括以卖淫收入为生的人。", "24. 委员会促请缔约国充分执行《公约》第６条的规定，包括为此：", "(a) 有效执行有关贩运的新法律，确保犯罪人受到惩罚，受害者得到充分的保护和协助；", "(b) 通过交换资料，加强与其他来源国、过境国和目的地国进行国际、区域和双边合作方面的努力，以防止贩运人口，并统一起诉贩运者的法律程序；", "(c) 对贩运和卖淫问题进行比较研究，包括收集分列数据，以确认并解决根本原因，消除女孩和妇女容易受到性剥削和贩运者伤害的脆弱性，并为受害者康复和参与社会生活提供便利；", "(d) 在处理卖淫问题方面，采用综合方法，包括提供庇护所和其他服务，如为希望摆脱卖淫生活的妇女提供退出或重返社会方案。", "政治参与和参与公共生活", "25. 委员会赞赏地注意到，缔约国高级法院和最高法院两级，实现了妇女担任决策职位的人数达到50%的门槛值，核准了性别主流化战略，增加了赞比亚外交使团中妇女的任职人数，通过了国家性别平等政策和《国家行动计划》，并就如何按照《公约》第４条第1款的规定，采取暂行特别措施，促进增加担任决策职位的妇女人数的问题进行了磋商。然而，委员会感到关切的是，在赞比亚，妇女参与政治和决策过程的比率很低。委员会感到关切的是，缺乏配额制度，并且性别偏见、消极做法以及恶劣的社会经济状况阻碍妇女充分获取参与公共生活的权利，特别在决策一级。", "26. 委员会促请缔约国：", "(a) 依照《公约》第４条第１款的规定以及委员会第25号一般性建议，采取暂行特别措施，如法定配额，政府机构候选人的性别均等制度，将妇女在政党内部机构和候选人名单上享有平等代表性作为政党的资助条件等，以增加城乡地区担任决策职位的妇女人数以及在民选和任命的政治机构中任职的妇女人数；", "(b) 向公务员和政界人士，特别是男性提供有关性别平等的培训，目的是使他们更好地理解男女充分平等地参与政治和公共生活是全面执行《公约》的要求，从而为妇女参与政治和公共生活营造一个更加有利的环境。", "国籍", "27. 委员会赞赏缔约国自上一次报告以来，已经为配偶双方在申请和取得赞比亚公民身份方面提供平等机会，并赞赏缔约国确保配偶双方或监护人有平等的权利代表子女申请并领取护照或出生证，无需征得对方的书面同意。在这方面，委员会欢迎高级法院在Edith Zewelani Nawakwi案中的裁决。尽管有这些积极的动态，但委员会关切地注意到，很多妇女仍然不完全知晓将子女列入母亲的护照不再需要征得父亲同意这一事实。", "28. 委员会建议缔约国促进对以下问题的认识：", "(a) 近期的法律和政策发展，其中在获得、变更或保留国籍方面，赋予妇女与男子平等的权利；", "(b) 配偶双方或监护人有平等的权利，代表子女申请并领取护照或出生证，无需征得对方的书面同意。", "教育", "29. 委员会欣见通过新《教育法》，认识到在基础教育一级，已在女孩的入学、留存和升级方面取得进展。委员会认识到，缔约国通过各种政策和方案进行努力，例如重新入学政策，加大给与女孩的奖学金支持，以改进高中教育和大学教育中女孩的入学情况，并在大学教育一级，将25%的名额分配给女孩。然而，委员会感到关切的是，女孩继续因早婚、少女怀孕、歧视性传统和文化习俗以及贫穷而辍学，农村地区尤为如此。委员会对赞比亚存在若干其他教育方面的挑战感到关切，如学校缺乏充足的容积和基础设施，包括卫生设施不适合女孩使用；注重性别差异的教学不够充分；没有充裕的资源全面实施免费基础教育，性骚扰和艾滋病毒/艾滋病流行病，致使许多女孩不能上学。", "30. 委员会敦促缔约国进一步遵守《公约》第10条的规定，提高对教育作为一项人权和增强妇女权能的基础所具有的重要意义的认识。为此目的，委员会敦促会员国：", "(a) 按照2011年《教育法》的规定，加强在各级实现平等地获得、参与和成功完成教育的努力；", "(b) 采取步骤，克服在一些领域阻碍女孩和妇女接受教育的歧视性传统态度；", "(c) 处理女孩辍学和留在学校的比率问题，缩小教育系统各级存在的性别差距；", "(d) 加强学校重新接受怀孕女孩和年轻母亲入学的政策，特别是在农村地区，若学校不遵守，则进行处罚；", "(e) 改进面向教师的注重性别差异的教学方法的培训质量，鼓励改变有关男孩和女孩性别角色的社会规范和传统态度；", "(f) 实施零容忍政策，结束校内暴力侵害女孩、性虐待以及性骚扰行为，确保犯罪人受到惩罚；", "(g) 确保代表团在对话期间提到将很快修建的新学校考虑并接受妇女和女孩关切的具体问题，包括提供适当的卫生设施。", "就业", "31. 委员会关切地注意到，尽管《劳资关系法》禁止雇用中进行性别歧视，但该法没有明确规定禁止雇用中的性骚扰。委员会关切地注意到，在正规部门中存在性别工资差异而且正规部门中妇女人数很少。由于赞比亚总体上缺少工作机会，这一人数一直在减少。委员会注意到，在失业人口中，尤其是农村地区的青年失业人口中，妇女占多数。委员会感到关切的是，非正规部门的妇女人数很多。委员会欣见赞比亚颁布了《关于最低工资和就业条件的法律文书》，但仍感到关切的是，尽管该国努力规范非正规部门，该部门的工资一般较低，并且没有社会保障或其他福利。委员会对关于平等和童工的劳工组织公约的报告和执行不足表示关切。", "32. 委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 通过政策，采取所有必要措施，包括采取《公约》第4条第1款和委员会第25号一般性建议所规定的暂行特别措施，并制定有时限的目标和指标，实现劳动力市场上的实质性男女平等，消除职业上的隔离，并缩小男女工资差异；", "(b) 确保全面和平等执行关于最低工资和就业条件的法律文书和其他措施，规范妇女占大多数的非正规部门，并确保提供更多保护，包括社会保障和其他福利；", "(c) 与私营部门密切合作，为劳动力市场中的妇女，包括非正规部门中的妇女，创设有利的政策和项目；", "(d) 采取措施，保证遵守关于同酬的劳工组织第100号公约、关于歧视(就业和职业)的第111号公约、关于有家庭责任工人的第156号公约和关于最有害的童工形式的第182号公约。", "卫生", "33. 委员会认可缔约国改善妇女健康的努力，包括为健康服务增加资源分配，但仍对赞比亚妇女的健康状况表示关切。委员会特别关切的是，孕产妇死亡和发病率较高，尤其是由于不安全的堕胎引起的孕产妇死亡和残疾，尽管堕胎法并不禁止妇女在保健中心寻求安全堕胎；妇女和女孩缺少获得生殖保健和资料的途径，包括避孕和艾滋病毒/艾滋病治疗的资料，尤其是在农村地区；少女怀孕的高发率；营养不良；性别暴力和影响妇女和女孩的歧视盛行，包括早婚。委员会认可缔约国通过减少疟疾倡议所做的工作，但对疟疾仍是赞比亚妇女的严重健康问题表示关切，有20%的孕产妇死亡和发病情况是由疟疾引起的。", "34. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 采取所有必要措施，在委员会关于第12条——妇女和保健的第24号一般性建议框架内，增加妇女获得生殖保健和相关服务的途径；", "(b) 加强努力，包括通过加速降低孕产妇死亡率运动，减少孕产妇死亡人数，并提高认识，增加妇女使用保健设施和获得训练有素人员提供的医疗援助的途径，特别是在农村地区；", "(c) 通过使妇女可以在保健中心寻求安全堕胎的有关堕胎法律的宣传活动等，提高妇女和临床医生的认识；", "(d) 根据委员会第24号一般性建议和《北京宣言和行动纲要》，向妇女提供优质服务，以处理不安全堕胎造成的并发症；", "(e) 加强和扩大努力，以使全国各地人民更好地了解和得到负担得起的避孕方法，并确保妇女和女孩，尤其是农村地区的妇女和女孩，能够没有障碍地获得计划生育信息和服务；", "(f) 确保抗疟疾药物的提供和使用，特别是对怀孕妇女而言，以减少疟疾的总患病人数和该疾病导致的死亡人数；", "(g) 通过青年同伴方案和其他方案等手段，加强针对少女和少男的有关性和生殖健康权利的教育，特别注重防止早孕和对艾滋病毒/艾滋病等性传播感染的控制。", "艾滋病毒/艾滋病", "35. 委员会关切地注意到，艾滋病毒/艾滋病仍是该国一个严重问题，并且需要开展更多工作，提高人们，尤其是青年，对艾滋病毒/艾滋病和其他性传播感染的风险和影响的认识。委员会感到关切的是，艾滋病毒/艾滋病对妇女，尤其是年轻女孩的影响，因有人认为与处女性交可以治愈感染而强奸年轻女孩。在此方面，委员会感到关切的是，因性别而异的规范可能使妇女和女孩特别易受这种病毒感染，并关切男女之间顽固存在的不平等权力关系以及妇女和女孩的劣势地位可能妨碍她们洽商安全性行为的能力，从而增加受感染的风险。委员会还对人员短缺，基础设施、保健设施、获得服务的途径以及感染艾滋病毒妇女的安全空间(尤其是在农村地区)不足的情况表示关切。委员会还关切通常负责照顾感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的家庭成员的孤儿和老年妇女的数量和社会状况。", "36. 委员会吁请缔约国：", "(a) 采取持续和长期措施，应对艾滋病毒/艾滋病对妇女和女孩的影响，特别是对孤儿和老年妇女的影响，并评估艾滋病毒/艾滋病给家庭和社会带来的后果；", "(b) 进一步注重赋予妇女权力，在其关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病的政策和方案中明确和突出地采用性别平等的观点，并加强男子在所有相关措施中的作用；", "(c) 在拟定性别和习惯因素显著增加妇女和女孩感染率的方案时，增加妇女获得免费预防、治疗以及护理和支助服务的途径；", "(d) 将性别暴力问题纳入保健协议，采取措施有效回应性别暴力和虐待，从而增加感染艾滋病毒的妇女获得服务的途径；", "(e) 在缔约国举国上下和多个政府部门的工作人员中开展提高对预防、保护和保密认识的运动，从而使打击艾滋病毒/艾滋病的做法系统化和相互协调，并消除有关治疗艾滋病毒/艾滋病的负面和有害想法。", "农村妇女", "37. 委员会重申其对农村和偏远地区妇女(这些妇女在赞比亚占大多数)处境不利的关切，其特点是贫穷、不识字、难以获得保健和社会服务并无法参与社区一级的决策程序。委员会欣见该国通过《增强公民经济权能法》和其他规定，如将30%的有使用权的土地分给妇女的政策，但重申其关切在农村地区盛行的习俗和传统做法使妇女无法继承或获得土地和其他财产的所有权并无法获得金融信贷和资本的情况。尽管据称《无遗嘱继承法》会保护妇女的财产不受霸占，但农村遗孀依然常常在维护其财产权方面面临挑战。", "38. 委员会吁请缔约国：", "(a) 采取必要措施，通过确保妇女参与决策程序和增加妇女获得保健、教育、清洁水和卫生服务、土地和创收项目的机会，增加和加强妇女对地方发展计划拟定和执行的参与，格外重视农村妇女的需要，特别是女户主的需要；", "(b) 建立一个明确的立法框架，保护妇女的继承权和土地所有权；", "(c) 采取措施，消除尤其是在农村地区，霸占财产等消极习俗和有害做法。这些习俗和做法影响妇女充分享有财产权。", "弱势妇女群体", "39. 委员会认可缔约国的努力，包括启动赞比亚残疾人署和公共福利援助计划，但仍对某些弱势妇女群体，尤其是老年妇女、残疾妇女、难民妇女和被拘留妇女所受的事实上歧视表示关切。她们中的很多人在赞比亚社会的各个方面遭受社会边缘化、排斥、暴力、贫穷和孤立，尤其是在农村地区。委员会还感到关切的是，没有关于这些妇女群体情况的统计和其他资料，向她们提供的教育、就业、保健和社会服务方面的方案和援助也有限。", "40. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 收集关于老年妇女、残疾妇女和难民妇女等面临多种形式歧视的妇女的境况的分类数据；", "(b) 采取积极主动的措施，包括暂行特别措施，鼓励妇女参与，消除对妇女的歧视，包括消除在教育、职业培训、就业、卫生和生殖健康等领域的歧视，促使妇女获得精神保健服务等服务，并保护妇女不受暴力侵害和虐待；", "(c) 采取步骤，调查、起诉和惩治暴力侵害难民妇女的所有行为人，对庇护申请采用对性别平等有敏感认识的办法，并在这些工作中继续与国际社会特别是联合国难民事务高级专员办事处合作。", "婚姻和家庭关系", "41. 委员会对赞比亚双重法系的不利影响表示关切。尽管缔约国指出，如果习惯法和成文法之间发生抵触，将以成文法为准，但委员会感到关切的是，该国实际上更偏向于使用习惯法，并且在家庭和私人关系，即领养子女、婚姻、离婚、丧葬、死亡后财产移交方面，更可能适用习惯法。委员会关切地注意到，妇女承担较重的照顾子女的负担，并且有害习俗否认妇女行使自由和负责地决定生育子女人数和生育间隔的权利。", "42. 委员会吁请缔约国：", "(a) 采取措施，确保在习惯做法和成文法之间发生抵触时，以成文法为准，尤其是在家庭关系方面，因赞比亚习惯法重男轻女，对妇女和女孩不利；", "(b) 开展提高认识运动，以便使人们更好地了解《公约》规定的权利，包括认识使其无法在生殖健康方面作出自由选择的不利习惯法，促使父母双方分担责任，确保儿童的福祉和对其的照顾，并确保妇女有权在生殖健康和性健康方面作出自主选择；", "(c) 对习惯法法院和传统法院的行政长官进行有关促进和保证妇女和女孩权利(包括在婚姻和家庭关系中权利)的公约和成文法的培训，并提高他们的敏感认识；", "(d) 确保在事实上将早婚和性清洗等某些有害习惯做法定为犯罪。", "任择议定书", "43. 委员会注意到，代表团在口头陈述中表示，目前仍在审议批准《公约任择议定书》的事宜，并敦促缔约国加快努力，批准《任择议定书》。", "《公约》第20条第1款", "44. 委员会鼓励缔约国尽早接受《公约》关于委员会开会时间的第20条第1款的修正案。", "《北京宣言和行动纲要》", "45. 委员会敦促缔约国在履行《公约》规定的义务时充分利用强化《公约》各项规定的《北京宣言和行动纲要》，并请缔约国在下次定期报告中列入有关情况。", "千年发展目标", "46. 委员会强调，充分、有效执行《公约》对于实现千年发展目标不可或缺。委员会要求在实现千年发展目标的所有工作中纳入性别观点，并明确体现《公约》各项规定，同时请缔约国在下次定期报告中列入更详细的有关情况。", "传播", "47. 委员会请赞比亚在国内广泛传播本结论意见，使各界民众，包括政府官员、政治家、议员、妇女组织和人权组织，了解为确保妇女在法律上和事实上的平等而采取的措施以及在这方面还需采取的措施。委员会建议这项工作应包括地方社区一级。委员会鼓励缔约国举行一系列会议，讨论落实这些意见的进展。委员会请缔约国继续广泛传播委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言和行动纲要》以及主题为“2000年妇女：21世纪性别平等、发展与和平”的大会第二十三届特别会议成果文件，尤其是向妇女组织和人权组织传播这些文件。", "其他条约的批准", "48. 委员会指出，缔约国加入九项主要国际人权文书[1] 将促进妇女在生活所有方面享有人权和基本自由。因此，委员会鼓励赞比亚政府考虑批准赞比亚尚未成为缔约国的条约，即《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》、《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约任择议定书》、《公民及政治权利国际公约第二项任择议定书》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》及《儿童权利公约任择议定书》。", "结论意见的后续行动", "49. 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面资料，说明已采取哪些步骤执行第14至22段所载建议。", "技术援助", "50. 委员会建议缔约国利用技术援助拟订和实施执行上述建议和《公约》各项规定的综合方案。委员会还吁请缔约国进一步加强与联合国系统各专门机构和方案的合作，包括与联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、联合国开发计划署、联合国儿童基金会、联合国人口基金、世界卫生组织、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处以及联合国统计司的合作。", "下次报告的编写", "51. 委员会请缔约国确保所有部委和公共机构均参与下次报告的编写工作，并在报告编写期间与各种妇女和人权组织协商。", "52. 委员会请缔约国在依照《公约》第18条提交的下次定期报告中对本结论意见表示关切的问题作出回应。委员会请缔约国在2015年7月提交第七次定期报告。", "53. 委员会请缔约国遵循2006年6月人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议核准的“国际人权条约统一报告准则，包括共同核心文件和条约专要文件准则”(HRI/MC/2006/3和Corr.1)。委员会2008年1月第四十届会议通过的《公约》专要报告准则(A/63/38，第一部分，附件一)必须与共同核心文件统一报告准则一并适用。这些准则共同构成《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》的统一报告准则。《公约》专要文件应限制在40页以内，更新的共同核心文件不得超过80页。", "[1] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》。" ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日,日内瓦", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论性意见", "赞比亚", "1. 联合国 1. 2011年7月13日,委员会第980和981次会议审议了赞比亚第五和第六次合并定期报告(CEDAW/C/ZMB/5-6)(见CEDAW/C/SR.980和981)。 委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/ZMB/Q/5-6;赞比亚的答复载于CEDAW/C/ZMB/Q/5-6/Add.1。", "A. 导言", "2. 联合国 委员会感谢缔约国提交第五次和第六次合并定期报告。 虽然报告很详细,基本上遵循了委员会编写报告的准则,但它没有提供关于妇女在《公约》所包括的一些领域,特别是弱势群体妇女状况的按性别分列的适当统计数字和定性数据。 委员会感谢缔约国所作的口头介绍,其中阐述了执行《公约》方面的最新动态以及对会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单的书面答复。", "3个 委员会赞扬缔约国派出由赞比亚司法部常务秘书(法律)率领的代表团,代表团中有19名男女代表负责实施《公约》所涵盖领域措施的各部委和政府机构。 委员会赞赏代表团同委员会成员之间进行的建设性对话,但感到遗憾的是,对提出的一些问题没有作出答复,而且所提供的一些答复不够明确、准确或详细。", "B. 积极方面", " 4.四. 委员会赞扬缔约国最近通过了旨在消除对妇女的歧视并促进两性平等的法律改革,即《赞比亚发展机构法》(2006年)、《公民经济赋权法》(2006年)、《打击人口贩运法》(2008年)、《反性别暴力法》(2011年)、《教育法》(2011年)和旨在规范非正规部门的《最低工资和就业条件法律文书》(第1、2和3号)。", "5 (韩语). 委员会还赞扬缔约国努力通过各种政策、方案和举措来实施《公约》,例如:按照《国家性别政策》(2000年)的规定,为妇女保留30%的有权利土地,并给予补贴;为在科学和技术科目注册的女生设立奖学金计划,以确保在这些领域实现更大的性别平等;在公立学校的小学和中学课程中纳入人权教学内容;通过心理健康政策;发起 \" 加快降低非洲孕产妇死亡率运动 \" ;制定《第五次国家发展计划》(2006-2010年),以到2015年实现千年发展目标;制定《国家性别沟通战略》;设立警察公共投诉局(2003年)、贩运问题部际委员会(2004年)、《战略行动计划》(2004年)和议会法律事务、治理、人权和性别问题委员会。 委员会还赞扬高等法院和最高法院在决策职位上达到50%的门槛。", "6. 国家 委员会欢迎缔约国批准《国际刑事法院罗马规约》(2002年)、《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》(2005年)、《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》(2005年)以及《残疾人权利公约》(2010年)。 委员会还欢迎缔约国批准了两项区域人权文书,即《非洲人权和人民权利宪章关于非洲妇女权利的议定书》(2005年)和《非洲儿童权利和福利宪章》(2008年)。", "C. 主要关切领域和建议", "7. 联合国 委员会回顾,缔约国有义务系统和持续地执行《公约》的所有条款,认为从现在到提交下次定期报告期间,缔约国必须优先注意本结论意见所提出关切和建议。 因此,委员会敦促缔约国将执行活动的重点放在这些领域上,并在下一次定期报告中报告所采取的行动和取得的成果。 委员会呼吁缔约国将本结论意见发交有关政府部门、议会和司法机构,以确保这些意见得到充分落实。", "议会", "8. 联合国 委员会重申,政府对全面执行《公约》规定的缔约国义务负有首要责任,尤其要对此负责,同时强调,《公约》对政府所有部门都具有约束力,并请缔约国鼓励议会根据其程序,酌情采取必要步骤,落实本结论性意见和缔约国根据《公约》开展下一次报告进程。", "《公约》的法律地位", "9. 国家 委员会确认缔约国为执行《公约》各项规定而作的努力,以及它决定开展一项政策和立法规划工作,以确定《公约》中仍需纳入政策和国家立法的规定。 然而,委员会仍然感到关切的是,《公约》尚未被充分纳入国内法,法院不能援引《公约》的规定。", "10个 委员会重申建议缔约国将《公约》充分纳入国内法。", "《公约》的知名度", "11个 委员会注意到,非洲妇女参与法律和发展组织已将《公约》翻译成赞比亚的七种主要地方语言,但感到关切的是,缔约国没有充分努力在全国宣传《公约》。 委员会感到关切的是,整个社会对《公约》规定的妇女权利、委员会的一般性建议以及实质性两性平等概念了解不足,包括在司法机构中,特别是在习惯法法院一级。 虽然立法规定妇女可以诉诸司法,但妇女行使这项权利和向法院起诉歧视案件的能力受到以下因素的限制:双重司法制度的持续存在、消极的习惯做法、文盲、缺乏对《公约》规定的妇女权利的认识以及缺乏要求其权利的能力。", "12个 委员会敦促缔约国采取一切适当措施:", "确保《公约》为政府所有部门所充分了解和适用,成为法官、律师和检察官,特别是习惯法院官员培训的一个组成部分;", "(b) 提高妇女对《公约》所赋予自身权利的认识,包括通过最近制定的以农村妇女为对象的国家性别传播战略、国家性别政策和战略行动计划以及性别主流化战略,该战略即将在公共服务改革方案框架内启动;", "(c) 消除妇女在根据《公约》要求自己的权利和诉诸司法方面可能面临的障碍,包括在地方和习惯法法院面临的障碍,并为此目的加强妇女法律扫盲方案并用赞比亚所有地区妇女都能使用的语言传播关于《公约》的信息,强调如何利用现有的法律补救办法来纠正侵犯其权利的行为。", "宪法和法律中的歧视", "13个 委员会感到关切的是,尽管在先前的结论性意见中提出了建议,但《宪法》中的矛盾之处仍未被修正,因为虽然第11条保障妇女的平等地位,但第23条第4款允许在属人法和习惯法领域存在歧视性法律和做法,即早婚、支付嫁妆(lobola)、丈夫死后财产分割(财产掠夺)、性清洗和一夫多妻。 委员会还感到关切的是,拟议《宪法》草案案文(第48条)保留了允许歧视妇女的现有条款。 委员会还感到关切的是,缔约国尚未颁布全面禁止歧视的法律。", "14个 委员会重申深为关切的是,缔约国没有废除《宪法》第23条第4款,该款允许在对妇女影响最深的法律领域歧视妇女,并在拟议的新宪法草案中予以保留。 委员会注意到需要举行公民投票才能使《宪法》草案生效,但希望提醒缔约国,它有责任确保《赞比亚宪法》符合《公约》和其他国际人权义务。 委员会敦促缔约国:", "(a) 确保立即优先将《公约》的规定反映在将提交全民投票的拟议新《宪法》草案中,并颁布立法,确保根据《公约》第1条禁止歧视,该条包括在所有生活领域对妇女的直接和间接歧视;", "(b) 使宗教法和习惯法符合《公约》的规定,特别是第16条。", "提高妇女地位的国家机构", "15个 委员会欢迎通过在内阁办公室内设立性别平等和妇女参与发展部长办公室和增拨资源来加强性别平等参与发展司,但对这些资源的充足性和可持续性感到关切。 此外,委员会注意到赞比亚人权委员会已设立一个两性平等委员会,但该委员会和该委员会似乎没有足够的人力、财力和技术资源来有效履行促进人权的职能以及赞比亚所有地区提高妇女地位的具体方案。", "16号. 委员会建议缔约国采取措施,确保两性平等参与发展司和两性平等与妇女参与发展部长办公室的预算可持续性和效力,以有效执行和协调将性别观点纳入政府政策和方案,并落实消除歧视和促进平等的战略和措施。 委员会还建议缔约国加强赞比亚人权委员会及其两性平等委员会,在各级提供充分的能见度、权力以及人力和财力资源,以提高效率并增强能力,更好地协调和监测全国各地和地方各级提高妇女地位和促进两性平等及妇女人权的行动。", "暂行特别措施", "17岁。 委员会重申其关切缔约国未纳入《公约》第4条第1款,从而允许采取临时特别措施,促进妇女参与政治和经济生活,并消除对处境不利妇女群体的实际歧视。", "18岁。 委员会建议缔约国采取立法措施,根据《公约》第4条第1款和委员会第25号一般性建议,在《公约》所涵盖妇女任职人数不足或处于不利地位的所有领域采取暂行特别措施。 为此,委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 国家 制定有时限的目标并分配足够的资源,以实施各项战略,如外联和支助方案、制定奖励措施、配额和其他积极措施,以在这些领域实现男女实质性平等;", "(b) 提高议员、有决策权的政府官员、雇主和一般公众对暂行特别措施必要性的认识。 委员会请缔约国在下次定期报告中提供综合资料,说明在《公约》有关条款方面使用此类措施的情况,特别是缔约国选择和执行的政策和措施未达到预期效果和结果的情况,并介绍这些措施的影响。", "定型观念和有害习俗", " 19. 19. 委员会注意到,缔约国为解决有害的传统习俗问题作出了一些努力,但仍感关注的是,不良的文化规范、习俗和传统以及重男轻女的态度和关于妇女和男子在生活各个领域的作用、责任和身份的根深蒂固的定型观念持续存在。 委员会感到关切的是,这种习俗和做法使对妇女的歧视长期存在,反映在妇女在包括公共生活和决策以及婚姻和家庭关系在内的许多领域处于不利地位和不平等的地位上。 委员会感到关切的是,定型观念以及诸如性清洗、一夫多妻、聘礼(lobola)和掠夺财产等有害做法助长了暴力侵害妇女行为的持续存在,而缔约国没有采取持续和系统的行动来消除定型观念和有害做法。", "20号. 委员会敦促缔约国:", "(a) 国家 根据《公约》第二条(f)款和第五条第(一)款,立即制定消除暴力侵害妇女行为和有害习俗以及歧视妇女的定型观念的全面战略。 这些措施应包括与民间社会合作,以社会各阶层的妇女和男子,包括传统领袖为对象,努力教育和提高对这一主题的认识;", "(b) 将性清洗定为刑事犯罪;", "(c) 采取创新措施,加强对男女平等原则的理解,包括全面执行《国家性别宣传战略》,该战略的主要目的是促进改变对性别的态度,并与媒体合作,特别是在农村地区,促进在全国树立积极的、非陈规定型的妇女形象。", "暴力侵害妇女行为", "21岁 委员会欢迎颁布了《反性别暴力法》(2011年),最近修订了《刑法》,增加了对某些性犯罪的更严厉惩罚,并设立了警察公共投诉局,但委员会再次关切暴力侵害妇女和女孩行为,包括家庭暴力和包括强奸和污辱在内的广泛性暴力事件在私人和公共领域,包括在拘留期间。 委员会还关切的是,这种暴力似乎在社会上合法化,并伴有沉默、有罪不罚和不知情的文化,因此导致大量报告不足。 委员会还关切地注意到,据报强奸和污辱事件的定罪率很低。 委员会还感到关切的是,《刑法》和新的《反性别暴力法》都没有明确承认婚内强奸为刑事犯罪。", "22号. 委员会敦促缔约国:", "(a) 根据委员会第19号一般性建议,优先安排并确保为充分执行《反性别暴力法》提供充足的资源,并采取全面措施处理此类暴力行为,包括家庭暴力;", "(b) 迅速将婚内强奸定为刑事犯罪;", "(c) 加强对司法和执法人员以及保健服务提供者的培训,以确保他们了解《反性别暴力法》,为受害者提供对性别问题敏感的适当支助,并加强努力起诉和惩罚强奸和污辱行为人;", "在其后续报告中提供资料,说明《反性别暴力法》的执行情况以及为预防这种暴力、调查和起诉所报告案件、惩罚肇事者并提供保护、救济和补救,包括向受害者提供及其家属的适当赔偿而采取的其他措施。", "贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利", "23. 联合国 委员会欢迎《打击人口贩运法》(2008年)、人口贩运问题部际委员会、人口贩运问题国家行动计划,以及缔约国为处理人口贩运和意图营利使人卖淫问题而作的其他努力。 然而,委员会感到关切的是,赞比亚仍然是贩运人口的来源国、目的地国和过境国,越来越多的儿童遭受商业剥削,包括卖淫,特别是女童、孤儿和处境不利的儿童。 委员会感到遗憾的是,没有关于为经济剥削或卖淫目的被贩卖的妇女和女孩人数的统计数据。 委员会注意到赞比亚《刑法》将卖淫定为犯罪,包括以卖淫为生的人。", "24 (韩语). 委员会呼吁缔约国充分执行《公约》第六条,包括:", "(a) 有效执行关于贩运问题的新立法,确保犯罪者受到惩罚并充分保护和援助受害者;", "(b) 通过信息交流加强与其他来源国、过境国和目的地国的国际、区域和双边合作,以预防贩运并统一起诉贩运者的法律程序;", "(c) 就贩运和卖淫问题开展比较研究,包括收集分类数据,以查明并解决根源问题,以消除女童和妇女易受性剥削和贩运的脆弱性,并便利受害者的康复和融入社会;", "(d) 采取综合办法解决卖淫问题,包括为希望脱离卖淫的妇女提供庇护所和其他服务,如退出或重新融入社会方案。", "参与政治和公共生活", "25岁 委员会赞赏地注意到,缔约国达到了妇女在高等法院和最高法院决策岗位上占50%的门槛,批准了将性别观点纳入主流的战略,增加了妇女在赞比亚驻外使团中的人数,通过了国家性别政策和国家行动计划,并就根据《公约》第4条第1款采取暂行特别措施的问题进行了协商,以努力促进增加妇女在决策职位上的人数。 然而,委员会感到关切的是,赞比亚妇女参与政治和决策进程的比率很低。 委员会感到关切的是,没有配额制度,而且存在有性别偏见的观点、消极做法和不良的社会经济地位,妨碍妇女充分享有参与公共生活的权利,特别是在决策一级。", "26. 联合国 委员会呼吁缔约国:", "(a) 根据《公约》第4条第1款和委员会第25号一般性建议,采取临时特别措施,例如法定配额、政府机构提名的两性均等制度,以及规定各政党在其内部机构和候选人名单中妇女平等代表性的筹资条件,以增加妇女在决策岗位以及城乡地区民选和任命的政治机构中的代表性;", "(b) 向公务员和政治家,特别是男子提供两性平等方面的培训,以增进人们的理解,即妇女和男子充分和平等地参与政治和公共生活是充分执行《公约》的必要条件,从而为妇女参与政治和公共生活创造更有利的环境。", "国籍", "27个 委员会赞赏缔约国自上次报告以来,配偶在申请和获得赞比亚公民身份方面享有平等机会,并确保配偶或监护人在无须征得配偶书面同意的情况下有权代表子女申请和领取护照或出生证。 在这方面,委员会欢迎高等法院对Edith Zewelani Nawakwi案的裁决。 尽管取得了这些积极进展,委员会关切地注意到,妇女仍然没有充分意识到,孩子必须征得父亲的同意才能进入母亲的护照。", "28岁 委员会建议缔约国提高对以下方面的认识:", "(a) 国家 最近的法律和政策发展,赋予妇女获得、改变或保留国籍的与男子平等的权利;", "(b) 国家 配偶或监护人有权代表其子女申请和领取护照或出生证,无需征得配偶的书面同意。", "学历", "29. 国家 委员会欢迎新的《教育法》,并承认女童在基础学校的入学、保留和升学方面取得的进展。 委员会确认,缔约国通过重新入学政策等政策和方案作出了努力,增加了对女孩的助学金,以提高女孩在高等教育和高等教育中的入学率,并将25%的高等教育名额分配给女孩。 然而,委员会感到关切的是,由于早婚、少女怀孕、歧视性传统和文化习俗以及贫困,女孩继续辍学,特别是在农村地区。 委员会关切赞比亚教育方面的其他一些挑战,例如学校缺乏适当的能力和基础设施,包括女孩的卫生设施不当;缺乏促进两性平等的教学;没有足够的资源全面实行免费基础教育;性骚扰;艾滋病毒/艾滋病使许多女孩无法上学。", "30 (英语). 委员会敦促缔约国加强遵守《公约》第10条,并提高人们对教育作为一项人权和赋予妇女权力的基础的重要性的认识。 为此,委员会敦促缔约国:", "按照2011年《教育法》的规定,加强努力,争取平等获得、参与和成功完成各级教育;", "(b) 国家 采取步骤克服在某些地区阻碍女童和妇女教育的歧视性传统态度;", "(c) 解决女孩的辍学率和保留率问题并缩小各级教育系统的性别差距;", "加强关于怀孕女孩和年轻母亲重新入学的政策,特别是在农村地区,并对学校不遵守规定者实行处罚;", "(e) 提高对教师进行促进两性平等的教学方法培训的质量,鼓励改变社会规范和对男孩和女孩性别角色的传统态度;", "(f) 执行零容忍政策,以结束学校中暴力侵害女孩、性虐待和骚扰行为,并确保肇事者受到惩罚;", "(g) 确保代表团在对话期间提到的新学校,这些学校即将建成,考虑并采纳妇女和女童针对性别的关切,包括提供适当的卫生设施。", "就业", "31岁 委员会关切地注意到,尽管《劳资关系法》禁止以性别为由的就业歧视,但该法没有明确禁止就业中的性骚扰。 委员会感到关切的是,正规部门的男女工资差距,以及妇女在正规部门中只占少数,事实上,由于赞比亚普遍缺乏就业机会,这一差距正在缩小。 委员会注意到,失业妇女人数较多,特别是农村地区的青年。 委员会感到关切的是,妇女在非正规部门中的人数很多,委员会欢迎出台《最低工资和就业条件法律文书》。 然而,委员会仍然感到关切的是,尽管努力使非正规部门正规化,但该部门的工资普遍较低,没有社会保障或其他福利。 委员会感到关切的是,没有报告劳工组织关于平等和关于童工的公约及其执行情况。", "32. 国家 委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 根据《公约》第4条第1款和委员会第25号一般性建议制定政策并采取一切必要措施,包括暂行特别措施,并设定有时限的目标和指标,以在劳动力市场实现男女实质性平等,消除职业隔离并缩小男女工资差距;", "(b) 国家 确保充分、平等地执行《最低工资和就业条件法定文书》及其他措施,使就业妇女占多数的非正规部门正规化,并确保在非正规部门得到更大的保护,包括在社会保障和其他福利方面;", "(c) 与私营部门密切合作,为劳动力市场的妇女,包括非正规部门的妇女制定有益的政策和项目;", "采取措施,保证遵守劳工组织《同酬公约》(第100号)、《(就业和职业)歧视公约》(第111号)、《有家庭责任工人公约》(第156号)和《最有害的童工形式公约》(第182号)。", "卫生", "33. (中文(简体) ). 委员会承认缔约国努力改善妇女健康,包括增加保健服务的资源分配,但委员会对赞比亚妇女的健康状况感到关切。 委员会尤其感到关切的是,产妇死亡率和发病率高,尤其是与不安全堕胎造成的产妇死亡和残疾有关,尽管堕胎法不禁止妇女在保健中心寻求安全堕胎;妇女和女孩无法获得生殖保健和信息,包括避孕和艾滋病毒/艾滋病治疗,特别是在农村地区;少女怀孕率高;营养不良;基于性别的暴力和影响到妇女和女孩的歧视普遍存在,包括早婚。 委员会承认缔约国通过减少疟疾倡议所作的努力,但感到关切的是,疟疾仍然是赞比亚妇女严重的健康问题,占孕产妇发病率和死亡率的20%。", "34. 国家 委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 国家 采取一切必要措施,在委员会关于公约第12条(妇女与保健)的第24号一般性建议的框架内,改善妇女获得生殖保健和有关服务的机会;", "(b) 加强努力,包括通过加速降低非洲产妇死亡率运动来降低产妇死亡率并提高妇女对保健设施和由受过训练的人员提供医疗援助的认识并增加她们的机会,特别是在农村地区;", "(c) 提高妇女和临床医生对堕胎立法的认识,包括通过开展宣传运动,使妇女能够在保健中心寻求安全堕胎;", "(d) 按照委员会第24号一般性建议和《北京宣言和行动纲要》,为妇女提供获得高质量服务的机会,以管理不安全堕胎引起的并发症;", "(e) 加强和扩大努力,使全国各地更多地了解和获得负担得起的避孕方法,并确保妇女和女童,特别是农村地区的妇女和女童在获得计划生育信息和服务方面不会面临障碍;", "(f) 确保提供和获得抗疟疾药物,特别是孕妇,以降低疟疾的总发病率和该疾病造成的死亡人数;", "(g) 加强针对少女和男孩的性健康和生殖健康权利的教育,包括通过青年同伴方案和其他方案,并特别注意预防早孕和控制性传播感染,包括艾滋病毒/艾滋病。", "艾滋病毒/艾滋病", "35. 联合国 委员会关切地注意到,艾滋病毒/艾滋病仍然是该国所严重关切的问题,需要进一步努力,特别是提高青年对艾滋病毒、艾滋病和其他性传播感染的风险和影响的认识。 委员会感到关切的是,艾滋病毒/艾滋病对妇女的影响,特别是对少女的影响,她们被强奸是因为相信同处女性交可以治愈感染。 在这方面,委员会感到关切的是,由于有性别区分的规范,妇女和女孩可能特别容易被感染,而且男女之间持续不平等的权力关系以及妇女和女孩的低下地位会妨碍她们谈判安全性行为的能力,从而增加她们受感染的脆弱性。 委员会还对人员短缺以及基础设施、保健设施、服务和安全空间不足感到关切,特别是在农村地区。 委员会还对孤儿和一般照顾感染艾滋病毒/艾滋病的家庭成员的老年妇女的人数和社会状况感到关切。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 委员会呼吁缔约国:", "(a) 采取持续和持续的措施,处理艾滋病毒/艾滋病对妇女和女童,特别是孤儿和老年妇女的影响,并评估艾滋病毒/艾滋病对家庭和社会的影响;", "(b) 在其关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病的政策和方案中纳入明确而明显的性别观点,并增加男子在所有有关措施中的作用,以此加强对赋予妇女权力的重视;", "(c) 在方案拟订一级改善获得免费预防、治疗、护理和支助服务的机会,因为性别和习惯因素大大加剧了妇女和女孩的感染率;", "(d) 通过将基于性别的暴力问题纳入保健议定书并采取措施有效应对基于性别的暴力和虐待,改善艾滋病毒抗体阳性妇女获得服务的机会;", "(e) 在缔约国全国和政府多部门人员中开展预防、保护和维护保密的提高认识运动,以系统化和综合防治艾滋病毒/艾滋病的办法,并消除在治疗艾滋病毒/艾滋病方面的消极和有害观念。", "农村妇女", "37. 联合国 委员会重申其关切农村和偏远地区妇女(占赞比亚妇女的大多数)的不利地位,其特点是贫穷、文盲、难以获得保健和社会服务以及未能参与社区一级的决策进程。 委员会欢迎通过《公民经济赋权法》并采取其他举措,如规定将30%的有产权土地分配给妇女的政策,但再次表示关切的是,农村地区普遍存在的习俗和传统做法使妇女无法继承或获得土地和其他财产的所有权并无法获得金融信贷和资本。 虽然据说《无遗嘱继承法》保护人们免遭财产掠夺,但农村寡妇在维护其财产权方面仍然经常面临挑战。", "38. 国家 委员会呼吁缔约国:", "(a) 国家 采取必要措施,增加和加强妇女参与制订和执行地方发展计划,并特别关注农村妇女,特别是女户主的需要,确保她们参与决策进程,改善她们获得保健、教育、清洁水和卫生服务、土地和创收项目的机会;", "(b) 建立明确的立法框架来保护妇女的继承权和土地所有权;", "(c) 采取措施,消除有害习俗和掠夺财产等有害做法,特别是在农村地区,因为这些做法影响妇女充分享有财产权。", "弱势妇女群体", "39. 联合国 委员会承认缔约国所作的努力,包括发起赞比亚残疾人机构和公共福利援助计划,但委员会感到关切的是,某些弱势妇女群体,特别是老年妇女、残疾妇女、难民妇女和被拘留妇女,实际上受到歧视,其中很多人在赞比亚社会所有地区,特别是农村地区,遭受社会边缘化、排斥、暴力、贫穷和孤立。 委员会还关切地感到,缺乏关于这些妇女群体的统计和其他资料,以及提供的方案和援助有限,包括在教育、就业、保健和社会服务方面。", " 40. 40. 委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 就老年妇女、残疾妇女和难民妇女等面临多种形式歧视的妇女的状况收集分类数据;", "(b) 采取积极措施,包括暂行特别措施,鼓励他们参与;消除对他们的歧视,包括在教育、职业培训、就业、保健和生殖健康领域的歧视;便利他们获得精神保健服务等服务;保护他们免遭暴力和虐待;", "(c) 采取步骤调查、起诉和惩罚所有暴力侵害女难民的肇事者,对庇护申请采取对性别问题敏感的做法,并与国际社会,特别是联合国难民事务高级专员办事处继续合作开展这些努力。", "婚姻和家庭关系", "41. 国家 委员会对赞比亚双重法律制度的负面影响感到关切。 虽然缔约国表示,在与习惯法相冲突的情况下,以成文法为准,但委员会感到关切的是,习惯法实际上更受青睐,而且更有可能适用于家庭和个人关系,即收养、结婚、离婚、丧葬和死后财产转移。 委员会关切地注意到,妇女承担着更重的儿童保育负担,有害的做法剥夺了妇女自由和负责任地决定子女人数和生育间隔的权利。", "42. 国家 委员会呼吁缔约国:", "(a) 国家 采取措施,确保成文法在与习俗相冲突的情况下,特别是在家庭关系中,并在赞比亚习惯法以父权制为重,不利于妇女和女童的情况下,实际上占上风;", "(b) 国家 开展提高认识运动,更好地教育人们了解《公约》规定的权利,包括妨碍他们在生殖健康方面自由选择的负面习惯法,并提倡父母共同承担责任,确保儿童的福利和照料,确保妇女在生殖健康和性健康方面作出自己选择的权利;", "(c) 对习惯法和传统法院的管理人员进行培训并提高其认识,使其了解促进和保障妇女和女孩权利的《公约》和成文法,包括婚姻和家庭关系方面的权利;", "(d) 国家 确保事实上将早婚和性清洗等有害习俗定为犯罪。", "任择议定书", "43. 东帝汶 委员会注意到代表团的口头声明,即仍在考虑批准《公约任择议定书》,并敦促缔约国为批准《任择议定书》而加紧努力。", "第20条第1款", "44. 国家 委员会鼓励缔约国尽快接受对《公约》关于委员会会议时间的第20条第1款的修正。", "《北京宣言和行动纲要》", "45. 国家 委员会敦促缔约国在履行《公约》义务时,充分利用加强《公约》各项规定的《北京宣言和行动纲要》,并请缔约国在下一次定期报告中提供有关资料。", "千年发展目标", "46. 经常预算: 215. 委员会强调,充分和有效地执行《公约》对于实现千年发展目标不可或缺。 委员会要求在实现千年发展目标的所有努力中纳入性别观点并明确反映《公约》的规定,并请缔约国在下一次定期报告中提供更详细资料。", "传播", "47. 国家 委员会请赞比亚在国内广泛传播本结论意见,使人民、政府官员、政界人士、议员以及妇女组织和人权组织了解为确保妇女在法律上和事实上的平等已经采取的步骤以及在这方面需要采取的进一步步骤。 委员会建议这应包括地方社区一级。 委员会鼓励缔约国组织一系列会议来讨论在落实这些意见方面取得的进展。 委员会请缔约国继续广泛宣传委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言和行动纲要》以及以 \" 2000年妇女:二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平 \" 为主题的大会第二十三届特别会议的成果,特别是向妇女组织和人权组织开展宣传。", "批准其他条约", " 48. 48. 委员会指出,缔约国加入九项主要国际人权文书[1] 将促进妇女在生活的各个方面享受人权和基本自由。 因此,委员会鼓励赞比亚政府考虑批准它尚未成为缔约国的条约,即《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》、《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约任择议定书》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约第二项任择议定书》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约任择议定书》和《儿童权利公约任择议定书》。", "结论意见的后续行动", "49. (中文(简体) ). 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面资料,说明为执行第14和22段所载建议而采取的步骤。", "技术援助", " 50. 50. 委员会建议缔约国利用技术援助制定和实施旨在落实上述建议和整个《公约》的综合方案。 委员会还吁请缔约国进一步加强同联合国系统各专门机构和方案的合作,其中包括联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、联合国开发计划署、联合国儿童基金会、联合国人口基金、世界卫生组织、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处和联合国统计司。", "编写下一份报告", "51. 联合国 委员会请缔约国确保所有部委和公共机构参与编写下一份报告,并同时同各种妇女组织和人权组织协商。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 225. 委员会请缔约国在根据《公约》第18条提交的下次定期报告中答复本结论意见所关切的问题。 委员会请缔约国于2015年7月提交第七次定期报告。", "53. 联合国 委员会请缔约国遵循2006年6月人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议核准的国际人权条约报告协调准则,包括编写共同核心文件和具体条约文件的准则(HRI/MC/2006/3和Corr.1)。 委员会2008年1月第四十届会议通过的《公约》具体报告准则(A/63/38,第一部分,附件一)必须与共同核心文件统一报告准则一并适用。 它们共同构成根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》提交报告的协调准则。 《公约》专要文件应限于40页,而更新的共同核心文件不应超过80页。", "[1] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Independence of judges and lawyers", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the members of the General Assembly the interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 17/2.", "Interim report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers", "Summary", "The present report, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 17/2, addresses the need to consider and integrate a gender perspective in the criminal justice system as a fundamental step towards allowing equal access to justice for women and men and in respect of the role to be played by judges and lawyers.", "While the meaning, scope and impact of gender encompasses more than women’s rights, this report focuses on the interlinkages of the independence and impartiality of judges, prosecutors and lawyers and the criminal justice system when dealing with women as victims, witnesses and offenders. The Special Rapporteur underlines the negative impacts of gender stereotypes and the importance of integrating a strong gender perspective in all aspects of the criminal justice system and its procedures. The historical and pervasive discriminatory position of women throughout the world compelled the Special Rapporteur to look at their specific treatment in the criminal justice system. Nevertheless, as the integration of a gender perspective means integrating both women and men’s perspectives and needs, more should be done to properly understand and challenge all the impacts and effects that gender-based stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination have on both women and men in both their access to and engagement in the justice system as a whole and the criminal justice system in particular.", "Applying a human rights-based approach is the best instrument with which to guide States and other international and national actors alike, and allow the development of laws, rules of procedures and jurisprudence that respect internationally, as well as nationally, recognized legal principles of equality between women and men and non‑discrimination on the grounds of gender. The Special Rapporteur highlights the fact that development of training and continuing legal education programmes, particularly in international human rights law, is the cornerstone for developing the capacity of the judiciary to challenge gender stereotypes within and outside the criminal judicial system and provide the basis for more equal application of criminal legislation, and therefore for a more equal access to justice for women.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Activities 4 of the Special \nRapporteur III. Gender 6 in the criminal justice system: the role of judges and \nlawyers A. Introduction, 6 normative framework and \nrationale B.The 7 case for a gender-representative and -sensitive \njudiciary C. Participation 12 of women victims in the criminal justice \nsystem D.Protection 16 of women victims and witnesses and their families in the criminal justice \nsystem E. Women 19 offenders in the criminal justice \nsystem \nIV.Conclusions 22\nV.Recommendations 22", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is the second one submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers, Gabriela Knaul, since her appointment in June 2009. Her mandate was established in Commission on Human Rights resolution 1994/41 and renewed, most recently, in Human Rights Council resolution 17/2.", "2. The Special Rapporteur and her predecessors have asserted that the independence of judges and lawyers lies at the core of the respect for the rule of law, the fight against impunity and the well-functioning of a democratic system. The independence of judges and lawyers is also essential for the protection and enforcement of human rights and for ensuring that there is no discrimination in the administration of justice.", "3. The Special Rapporteur has chosen to analyse the topic of gender and its relevance for an independent judicial system. This analysis has been divided into two thematic approaches relevant to her mandate: one relating to gender and the administration of justice[2] and the other to gender in the criminal justice system.", "4. This report focuses on the importance of integrating a gender perspective in the criminal justice system. It addresses the issues of the underrepresentation of women among judicial officers and the need to create and strengthen training and capacity-building programmes on international human rights law and jurisprudence, in particular gender equality and women’s rights, for all judicial actors, as an important requisite for an independent and impartial judiciary (sect. III.B).", "5. While it is important to note that the meaning, scope and impact of gender encompass more than women’s rights, this report of the Special Rapporteur focuses on the interlinkages of the independence of judges and lawyers and the criminal justice system when dealing with women victims, witnesses or offenders, and underlines the negative impacts of gender-based stereotypes and discrimination and the importance of integrating a strong gender perspective in all aspects of the criminal justice system (sect. III.C, D and E).", "II. Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "6. The activities carried out by the Special Rapporteur from 1 January 2010 to 15 March 2011 are outlined in the recent report she submitted to the Human Rights Council.[3] Since then, the Special Rapporteur has participated in various conferences and meetings, taken action in response to communications and allegations received from individuals and organizations, and pursued dialogue with Governments.", "7. On 15 April 2011, the Special Rapporteur gave a speech on “The role of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers in promoting and seeking to ensure the Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers”, during the event commemorating the twenty-fifth anniversary of the organization Lawyers for Lawyers, which was held in Amsterdam.", "8. On 26 and 27 May 2011, she participated in an expert meeting on “Gender and Victim and Witness Protection” organized in Geneva by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, during which she delivered a statement.", "9. On 30 May 2011, the Special Rapporteur submitted her annual report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1), accompanied by an addendum on communications, an addendum on her August-September and December 2010 missions to Mozambique and an addendum on her October 2010 mission to Mexico. During the seventeenth session of the Human Rights Council, on 31 May 2011, she participated in a side-event on “The role of judges and lawyers in times of crisis”, organized by the International Commission of Jurists. On 1 June 2011, she also participated in a side-event regarding the report of her mission to Mexico, organized by the Mexican Commission on the Defence and Promotion of Human Rights, the World Organization against Torture, the Geneva Office of Peace Brigades International, and the Law Society.", "10. On 16 and 17 June, the Special Rapporteur attended an international conference on “Strengthening the Capacity of National Associations of Judges and the Domestic Application of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms”, hosting a panel on “Challenges to the independence of the judiciary and judges”, in Kiev. The conference was organized within the framework of the Second Annual Meeting of the authorized representatives of the national associations of judges of Armenia, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Poland and Ukraine, States parties to a memorandum of understanding on multilateral cooperation, with the cooperation of the Council of Europe and the Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Rechtliche Zusammenarbeit e.V.", "11. The Special Rapporteur participated in different interactive panels in the fourth Law in the Future Conference organized by the Hague Institute for the Internationalization of Law (HiiL) in The Hague on 23 and 24 June 2011.", "12. From 27 June to 1 July 2011, she participated in the nineteenth annual meeting of Special Rapporteurs, Representatives, Independent Experts and Chairpersons of Working Groups of the Human Rights Council, organized by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva.", "13. The Special Rapporteur visited Bulgaria (from 9 to 16 May 2011) and Romania (from 17 to 24 May 2011). Reports on these missions and the related recommendations will be included in addenda to the Special Rapporteur’s next report to the Human Rights Council. The Special Rapporteur wishes to thank the Governments of Bulgaria and Romania for their cooperation. She also wishes to thank the Government of Turkey for the invitation extended to her to visit the country in October 2011.", "14. The Special Rapporteur recalls that, since her appointment, she has requested invitations to visit or sent reminders to the following countries: Angola (2008); Argentina (2011); Azerbaijan (2009); Bangladesh (2007); Cambodia (2006); China (2011); Cuba (1995); Egypt (1999); Equatorial Guinea (2002); Fiji (2007); Georgia (2008); India (2011); the Islamic Republic of Iran (2006); Iraq (2008); Kenya (2000); Liberia (2010); Malaysia (2011); Maldives (follow-up visit, 2011); Myanmar (2009); Nepal (2011); Nigeria (1995); Pakistan (2000); the Philippines (2006); Sri Lanka (1999); Tunisia (1997); Turkmenistan (1996); Uzbekistan (1996); Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) (2011); and Zimbabwe (2001).", "15. The Special Rapporteur hopes that invitations from the above-mentioned countries will be received in the near future. She also wishes to thank the Governments that have responded positively to her requests for a visit.", "III. Gender in the criminal justice system: the role of judges and lawyers", "A. Introduction, normative framework and rationale", "16. In 1994, the Commission on Human Rights called upon special rapporteurs to regularly and systematically include in their reports available information on human rights violations against women.[4] Special procedures were more recently reminded to integrate a gender perspective into the implementation of their mandate.[5] The Special Rapporteur’s mandate itself entails the requested application of a gender perspective in her work.", "17. The Special Rapporteur has already established and analysed the importance of combating impunity in respect of upholding the rule of law and democratic governance and the role to be played by the criminal justice system.[6] It is also well established under international human rights law that States have an obligation to investigate, prosecute and provide remedy for victims of human rights violations, including gender-based violence. Judges and lawyers have a particular responsibility for protecting and promoting both human rights and the rule of law.[7]", "18. Moreover, the principles of non-discrimination on the grounds of gender, and equality between women and men, have been recognized and enshrined in numerous international and regional human rights instruments, including in the principal United Nations’ human rights treaties,[8] in particular article 14 (1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (see General Assembly resolution 2200 A (XXI), annex), which states that “All persons shall be equal before the courts and tribunals” and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, No. 20378), which enshrines the minimum standards that States must uphold in order for every woman under their jurisdiction to fully enjoy her rights without discrimination.", "19. In this report, “gender” means the socially constructed roles of women and men or the social differences that are learned.[9] Gender stereotypes — a generalized view or preconception of attributes or characteristics possessed by, or the roles that are or should be performed by, members of a particular gender group — affect both men and women, but “they often have a particularly egregious effect on women”.[10] Article 5 (a) of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women contains the obligation to “modify the social and cultural patterns of conduct of men and women, with a view to achieving the elimination of prejudices and customary and all other practices which are based on the idea of the inferiority or the superiority of either of the sexes or on stereotyped roles for men and women”.[11] Gender stereotypes are both pervasive and persistent. Understanding the role of the judiciary in shaping and contributing to gender stereotypes is an essential step for States in addressing inequality and thereby abiding by their international obligations.", "20. Approaching the criminal justice system from a gender perspective involves an analysis of its impact upon women and men and ensuring that women’s rights, perspectives and needs, as well as those of men, are systematically considered. Historically and globally, women have been underrepresented as actors in the criminal justice system, even if they constitute a large proportion of the victims of crimes and human rights violations and are disproportionately affected by gender-based violence and discrimination.[12] In this context, this report focuses on the treatment of women in the criminal justice system. However, the concept of gender should not be considered to encompass exclusively the situation of women.", "21. When crimes and human rights violations go unpunished, the State can be held accountable for contributing to a culture of impunity and lawlessness. When certain types of crimes, such as gender-based crimes and other types of crimes that disproportionately affect one gender, go unpunished, the State can, in addition, be held accountable for discriminatory treatment under international law.", "B. The case for a gender-representative and -sensitive judiciary", "22. The judiciary and legal profession are not immune to gender-based discrimination. Women have been historically excluded from judicial office, as the legal profession has been considered a male domain, where appointments and promotion procedures and criteria are also often gender-biased.[13]", "1. Women’s representation in the judiciary", "23. Women are still largely underrepresented in judicial office and in the legal profession throughout the world, in particular in the highest-level positions; this undoubtedly reflects institutionalized gender discrimination within the justice system.[14] While worldwide quotas have caused a large increase in female representation in the legislature, States seem to have bypassed the opportunity to apply a similar gender analysis to the judicial branch. States, then, have to undertake measures to ensure that women have the same right as men to be judges, advocates or other officers of the court.[15]", "24. Women appointed to office also have to face bias and discrimination from their colleagues and society at large on the basis of assumptions about their gender. Their behaviour is scrutinized and harshly criticized, their qualifications are more frequently questioned than those of their male colleagues, and their objectivity is more likely to be challenged. Women are often restricted or pushed to working on “low-profile” cases, in areas of the law that are traditionally associated with women, like family law, or confined to working in the lower courts.[16]", "25. Women have also been traditionally underrepresented on international judicial bodies. Gender imbalance presents a threat to the legitimacy and authority of such international tribunals. The institutional features of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court strongly contributed to the fact that there are a majority of women judges currently sitting on the International Criminal Court.[17]", "26. There are several rationales that exist to explain the importance of increased representation of women in the judiciary. Since a primary function of the judiciary is to promote equality and fairness, the composition of courts and other judicial offices should reflect the State’s commitment to equality. The judicial system should also demonstrate a fair representation of the pluralistic society and communities they serve, by reflecting their diversity, so as to preserve and improve public trust and confidence in its credibility, legitimacy and impartiality.[18]", "27. Moreover, women, like men, are informed and influenced by their backgrounds and experiences. For various reasons, whether historical, cultural, biological, social or religious, women’s experiences differ from those of men, and for this reason women can bring different perspectives or approaches to adjudication, while fighting against gender stereotypes. Consequently, a diverse judiciary will ensure a more balanced and impartial perspective on matters before the courts, eliminating barriers that have prevented some judges from addressing certain issues fairly. This reasoning is equally applicable to the matter of encouraging the representation of other underrepresented “groups”, like ethnic, racial or sexual minorities, among others.[19]", "28. Measures and mechanisms designed to deliver change can take various forms, ranging from constitutional or legal reform to public outreach. To be effective, any set of measures requires conscious efforts on the part of all branches of the government, as well as the legal profession. The legal profession, for instance, can identify and remove hidden barriers which make it more difficult for women to excel in the traditional practice of law and therefore to be appointed to higher positions or judicial office.[20]", "29. In South Africa, the constitution itself provides for greater gender representation in the judiciary.[21] The Virtue Foundation has recently launched the “Women Judges in the Pipeline Initiative”, aimed at creating and increasing opportunities for women to become judges in judiciaries across the globe.[22] The International Bar Association and the International Criminal Court have launched “Calling African Women Lawyers”, an information campaign devised to address the consistent underrepresentation of African women on the List of Legal Counsel of the Court.[23]", "30. Decisional outcome is only one aspect of judging. Gender impact on judicial behaviour, including of peers and other legal professionals, is another area where the impact of women’s representation in the courts deserves attention.", "31. From a human rights perspective, women judges may play a unique and necessary role in the implementation and enforcement of laws, particularly those that provide access to justice for women and their full participation in society.[24] Women sitting on panels of judges have the potential ability to attract their male colleagues’ support for issues relating to gender discrimination.", "32. The strongest impact of women’s participation as members of the judiciary is perhaps exerted through the role they have played — and continue to play — in shaping and interpreting both national and international law relating to gender-based violence, including rape and other forms of sexual violence. The inclusion of women in the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 is deemed to have been dramatic, as “every case involving rape or other forms of sexual violence has involved women”.[25]", "33. The presence of Justice Pillay, the only woman judge on the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994, is said to have been instrumental in effecting inclusion of evidence of rape, first overlooked by the Office of the Prosecutor, and amending the indictment in the Akayesu case, which was the first to recognize rape as a form of genocide.[26] Interpretation of the law, then, is at least as important as the making of the law.", "2. Gender and women’s rights training and capacity-building", "34. Overcoming the male-female imbalance in the judicial branch is only one aspect of its sensitization to gender equality and women’s rights. Providing for gender-awareness training of judges, prosecutors, public defenders and lawyers of both sexes is equally important.[27] Having women in the judiciary does not guarantee the inclusion of a gender perspective per se, since both men and women are prone to gender-based biases, stereotypes and prejudices. Under peer pressure and the social pressure to “fit” in a patriarchal judicial system, women in the legal profession have sometimes adopted the forms of behaviour of their male colleagues, applying the same gender-based stereotypes in their judgements.", "35. Yet, an important aspect of the requirement of impartiality is that “judges must not allow their judgement to be influenced by personal bias or prejudice, nor harbour preconceptions about the particular case before them”.[28] Changing attitudes and eliminating stereotypes and prejudices require institutionalized and sustained efforts in the form of training programmes, continuing education and capacity-building on international human rights standards, obligations and jurisprudence, as well as national laws against discrimination which too often remain unknown or are not applied.", "36. The United Nations Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, as well as various other legal standards, recognize that appropriate education is one of the preconditions for selection for judicial office.[29] The Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers provide that Governments must ensure that lawyers have appropriate education and training, so as to be able to advise and protect the rights of their clients and uphold the cause of justice.[30] The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women affirmed that “Gender-sensitive training of judicial and law enforcement officers and other public officials is essential for the effective implementation of the Convention”.[31] The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court requires that, in the selection of judges, prosecutors and other staff, the need for legal expertise on violence against women or children must be taken into account.[32]", "37. The Special Rapporteur has underlined the need for continuing and effective education in international and regional human rights law for magistrates, judges, prosecutors, public defenders and lawyers, in addition to regular legal training, in a previous report to the Human Rights Council.[33] Times of legal transition, change or reform are particularly favourable occasions for instituting such programmes of judicial education.", "38. As State actors, judges have an obligation and responsibility under international law to ensure that substantive rights are enjoyed without discrimination. This entails a proactive duty to ensure that they are upholding international equality and non-discrimination standards in both case deliberations and the application of court procedures. Judges can recommend the repeal or amendment of a law or rule if inconsistent with international human rights standards.[34]", "39. In the words of Justice Majida Razvi, one of Pakistan’s first female High Court judges: “Judges always have the discretionary power to ensure that justice is done by issuing judgements that are fair. They can use this space while remaining within the parameters provided by the laws.”[35] Key to this process is the willingness of the judiciary to recognize the opportunities for interpreting laws and principles in ways that make equality possible.", "40. International human rights treaties and standards, as well as the jurisprudence arising from judicial and quasi-judicial bodies, provide judges with legitimate instruments for adjudication that respects equality and non-discrimination principles. For instance, in the case of R v. Ewanchuck, the Supreme Court of Canada drew on the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and its general recommendation No. 19 to decide, in a case of assault, that violence against women is a matter of inequality and violation of human rights and that “stereotypical assumptions had created the myth that women are sexually available if dressed in a certain way or until they resist”.[36] In State v. Godfrey Baloyi, the Constitutional Court of South Africa also used the Convention to uphold the constitutional validity of legislation that reversed the burden of proof in allegations of breaches of interdicts in cases of domestic violence against women.[37]", "C. Participation of women victims in the criminal justice system", "41. Gender discrimination against women, if particularly blatant in cases of gender-based violence, is also a concern in respect of non-gendered crimes experienced by women.", "42. The lack of criminalization at the national level of certain kinds of gender-based harm, such as domestic violence, marital rape and sexual harassment, which disproportionately affect women, has a detrimental impact on women’s access to and participation in criminal justice proceedings. As seen above, even if judges do not make the laws, they have a duty and responsibility to uphold equality and non‑discrimination standards, whether national or international, with a view to pointing towards the gaps in legislation.[38] Additionally, when legal systems do not specifically criminalize particular gender-based forms of abuse, harmful forms of conduct should be investigated, prosecuted and sentenced under existing general laws, including equality provisions found in the constitution of the State.", "43. A number of laws directly or indirectly bar or limit women from accessing the criminal justice system. These include laws that restrict women’s freedom of movement, and laws on “male guardianship” which keep women in the legal status of minors, thereby denying women a legal capacity equal to that of men and the opportunity to exercise that capacity, which is contrary to article 15 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women.[39] Such laws also limit women’s access to and engagement with the criminal justice system.", "44. Women whose rights have been violated possess the right to access remedy, including by participating in criminal proceedings. While the legal process must conform to international fair trial standards, court procedures and rules of evidence should ensure that women are not at a disadvantage with respect to participating.[40] There is a strong emerging trend in international law that recognizes the legal status and rights of victims of gross human rights violations, criminal offences and crimes against international law.[41] Several international bodies have paid particular attention to the role of victims in criminal proceedings.[42]", "45. The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court allows victims to participate directly or through legal representatives in proceedings before the Court, by presenting their views and concerns at all stages that affect their personal interests.[43] Regional standards, too, reflect the importance of human rights victims’ participation in judicial proceedings.[44]", "46. Procedures and rules of evidence in the criminal justice system are often infiltrated by strong gender stereotypes which can result in engagement in gender-biased behaviour by court officials and discrimination against women by the criminal system in general. Gender stereotypes particularly affect procedures in rape and violence against women cases.[45]", "47. In many States, provisions on rape and sexual assault in criminal codes are based on gender stereotypes and prejudices which result in the discriminatory treatment of victims, who are disproportionately female. Hence, high levels of attrition plague the prosecution of rape and sexual violence cases throughout the world, resulting in a significant problem of impunity.[46]", "48. Examples of stereotypes applied to rape cases through gender-biased criminal rules of evidence and procedure are provided by cases where the following requirements or beliefs obtain: proof of physical violence is required to show that there was no consent; women are likely to lie, therefore evidence should be accepted only if corroborated; women can be assumed to be sexually available; women can be inferred to be consenting to sex even if forced, threatened or coerced, because they remained silent; previous sexual experience predisposes women to be sexually available, or to automatically consent to sex; women bear the responsibility for sexual attacks or invite them by being out late or in isolated places or by dressing in a particular manner; it is impossible to rape a sex worker; raped women have been dishonoured or shamed or are guilty rather than victimized.[47]", "49. In the context of domestic violence, the Human Rights Committee expressed concerns about the inclusion in law provisions of stereotypical language to describe the behaviour of victims of domestic violence.[48]", "50. Progressive measures were adopted in the rules of procedure and evidence of the International Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and, later, in those of the International Criminal Court: impossible evidentiary burdens should not be imposed on the victim; no corroboration of the victim’s testimony shall be required; sexual availability should not be presupposed; the use of evidence relating to the prior sexual conduct of the victim is not allowed; silence cannot be assumed to indicate consent; and the credibility of the victim cannot be called into question simply on the basis of her gender.[49]", "51. For women’s participation in the criminal justice system to be effective and non-discriminatory, their counsel, as well as the prosecutors, also need to be aware of gender equality and women’s rights issues. However, because of biased assumptions regarding their gender or the crimes they have been victims of, women too often have to endure lack of action from the prosecution, discriminatory attitudes by prosecutors, judges and other court officials, including defence counsel, and poor advice from their own counsel — all of which can result in their secondary victimization or re-victimization and the non-enforcement of their rights. Research has shown that the psychological impact of victimization can be considerably exacerbated by such insensitive treatment and lack of understanding of victims’ needs.[50] Women are not the only ones facing secondary victimization: children, persons with disabilities, and male victims of rape, constitute particularly vulnerable categories of victims.", "52. Representation of women within the ranks of prosecutors, and their adequate training on gender equality and women’s rights, are important for the proper functioning of a gender-sensitive criminal justice system. Prosecutors are entrusted with a number of functions which they must carry out in an impartial and objective manner while avoiding gender-based or any other kind of discrimination.[51] This implies that prosecutors shall be free from any bias when carrying out their professional duties. In the Rome Statute, the prosecutor is charged with investigating and prosecuting crimes in a way that “respect(s) the interests and personal circumstances of victims and witnesses, including … gender”. He or she is also required to “take into account the nature of the crime, in particular where it involves sexual violence, gender violence or violence against children”.[52]", "53. The jurisprudence of international and regional bodies has addressed the issue of biases and inaction of the criminal justice system and has held States accountable. In AT v. Hungary, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women found a systemic deficiency in the State’s legal responses to domestic violence in the form of lengthy and unwieldy criminal proceedings. The Committee confirmed that the inaction of the State was a breach of international law. In Vertido v. Philippines, the Committee dealt with how the investigation and prosecution of a rape case in the Philippines had contravened legal obligations under the Convention. The Committee explicitly identified stereotyping as affecting women’s right to a fair and just trial and stressed that “the judiciary must take caution not to create inflexible standards of what women or girls should be or what they should have done when confronted with a situation of rape based merely on preconceived notions of what defines a rape victim or a victim of gender-based violence, in general”.[53]", "54. In the inter-American human rights system, the so-called Cotton Field case illustrated the pernicious effects of stereotyping of women victims of sexual violence and how it undermines the proper functioning of the criminal justice.[54] The Inter-American Court of Human Rights also found that stereotyping of victims of violence by police, investigators and prosecutors constituted a breach of the right of the victims’ families not to be subjected to torture and ill-treatment.[55] In two recent cases that concerned the rape of two poor indigenous women by members of the military, the Court found Mexico to be in breach of its international obligations because the victims were met with hostility and experienced negligence in the investigations, little medical response and no support services by the Government, including judicial authorities; moreover, threats against them and their families had not been properly addressed, which led to an overall obstruction of justice.[56]", "55. The European Court of Human Rights challenged stereotypes about “date rape” in MC v. Bulgaria.[57] The Court also upheld the positive duty of States to ensure the effectiveness of the criminal law system through effective investigation and prosecution. In Opuz v. Turkey, the Court condemned, inter alia, the discrimination manifested in the general attitude of the local authorities, and the judicial passivity in responding to the victims’ complaint and providing them with effective protection, as being conducive to domestic violence.[58]", "56. Prosecution of gender-based crimes should be based not on the individual commitment of the prosecutor but rather on an institutional policy. This requires integration of a gender perspective in the criminal justice system as well as, in particular, institutionalized and sustained trainings of prosecutors.", "57. In the opinion of the Secretary-General, “(s)pecialized courts can improve efficiency, minimize the burden on victims and improve case outcomes when prosecutors, judges and other court officers have received relevant training”.[59] Such courts seem to reduce the turnaround time and attrition of cases and to increase conviction rates. Specialized courts, like mobile and domestic violence courts, can improve the functioning of justice for women and allow judges and judicial personnel to increase their expertise.[60] While international law does not preclude the existence of specialist jurisdictions for certain parties in criminal matters in strictly defined situations, it is imperative that such tribunals conform to all international provisions for fair trial.[61]", "58. While supporting the creation of specialized criminal courts to deal specifically with gender-based crimes, the Special Rapporteur wishes to highlight that the key to these courts’ working efficiently to preserve victims’ rights is a very well-designed and organized structure capable of providing comprehensive legal, social and psychological support to victims, especially when they need to leave their home and/or family temporarily. Specialized units created within courts can also have a very positive impact on protecting women’s rights.", "59. Setting up specialized courts as a temporary special measure for redressing a situation of marked unequal access to the criminal justice system could prove useful. The Special Rapporteur wishes to underline that it is important that decisions to create specialized courts or units, reinforce gender training or reform procedures in the criminal justice system be based on an appropriate and thorough gender analysis of the functioning of the criminal justice system and accompanied by monitoring and evaluation systems to ensure that the impact is effective.", "D. Protection of women victims and witnesses and their families in the criminal justice system", "60. Participation in criminal proceedings often carries a level of risk for any witness. The challenge facing criminal justice systems is to be able to adjust the level of risk-relating to the specificities of individual cases. Successful witness and victim protection is at the core of any efficient investigation and prosecution of perpetrators of gross violations of human rights and serious violations of international humanitarian law, including sexual and gender-based violence and particular crimes such as human trafficking. The provision of a witness and victim protection framework helps to create an enabling environment for the reporting of cases by witnesses and victims, and encourages them to cooperate in subsequent proceedings. Several holders of special procedures mandates have noted that “effective witness protection efforts are often lacking despite their relevance to the protection from human rights violations, such as extrajudicial executions, torture, human trafficking, disappearances and violence against women”.[62]", "61. Judges, prosecutors and lawyers have a role to play in requesting and enforcing protection measures, and deciding or recommending which measures should be applied in which circumstances. They should therefore be aware of the protection mechanisms available nationally and should be sensitized to the gender dimensions of protection.", "62. Witness protection is not a favour granted to the witness but a duty of States under international law. Key international and regional human rights instruments make clear reference to States’ obligations to adopt specific measures designed to protect witnesses and victims from threats and reprisals.[63] The recent Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence has a specific provision on risk assessment and risk management (article 51). The practice of international tribunals has reinforced the standards, norms and principles found in these instruments.[64]", "63. Article 54 (1) (b) of the Rome Statute requires the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court to “take appropriate measures to ensure the effective investigation and prosecution of crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court and, in doing so, respect the interests and personal circumstances of victims and witnesses, including age, gender as defined in article 7, paragraph 3, and health, and take into account the nature of the crime, in particular where it involves sexual violence, gender violence or violence against children”. The measures taken by the Court must “not be prejudicial to or inconsistent with the rights of the accused and a fair and impartial trial”.[65] While the international courts have a unique and specific character, the operating principles in relation to protection and support of witnesses are of such a generic nature that any jurisdiction could benefit from considering the experiences and the practices developed for application at the national level.", "64. Protection measures and programmes for victims and witnesses should be routinely evaluated for effectiveness. At a minimum, two sets of protection measures are necessary to enable witnesses and victims to come forward safely for the purpose of collaborating with the criminal justice system: (a) measures and procedures put in place by the judicial authorities while investigating crimes or taking testimony in the courtroom; (b) protection measures and safeguards provided, when necessary, before, during and after judicial proceedings by formal witness protection programmes.[66]", "65. Procedural measures of protection are measures granted by a judge or the judicial authority. During trial, such measures may include, inter alia: excluding the public from the court for part of or the entirety of a trial; use of a pseudonym; face or voice distortion; use of screens to shield the witness; testimony by video-link, testimony without the presence of the defendant or a closed court session; prohibition of the publication or dissemination of information that might reveal the identity of a victim or witness; appointing a counsel to conduct cross-cutting examination when the accused is acting as his or her own counsel; or allowing victims under age 18 to testify in the presence of a support person.[67]", "66. While testifying in a criminal trial is a stressful experience for any witness, some are more vulnerable than others to such stress and may require special support measures designed to protect and enhance the quality of their testimony. In addition, needs may differ according to gender and the nature of the crime under consideration, which is especially relevant when the witness is also a victim. Court procedures may be adjusted to the particular capacity and needs of witnesses, which should be previously assessed in relation to their personal situation and the circumstances of their case. Such support or assistance measures can involve adjusting questioning so as to eliminate unnecessary, intrusive, repetitive or embarrassing questions; allowing for frequent breaks during the testimony; altering the courtroom settings to make them less formal; and having a support person who is present in the court or event, sit next to the witness.", "67. Formal witness protection programmes are designed to grant a full range of physical protection and psychological support to beneficiaries before, during and after judicial proceedings. Protection programmes, as well as specific measures, should take into account particular needs of women and the particular risks and threats that they face.[68]", "68. At the International Criminal Court, special measures may be ordered to facilitate the testimony of a traumatized victim or witness, a child, an elderly person or a victim of sexual violence. The Victims and Witnesses Unit located within the Registry can provide protective measures and security arrangements, counselling and other appropriate assistance for witnesses, victims and others at risk on account of testimony given by witnesses.", "69. Special action taken with a view to ensuring gender-sensitive protection of women should be presented in the context of providing equal protection of and access to the law, so that judges and other authorities involved in deciding such measures are seen not as performing something “special” for women, which may undermine the accused’s right to fair trial, but rather as ensuring that what exists for others also exists for women.", "70. The Special Rapporteur wishes to underline in the context of protection measures the serious issue of “protective detention” or “safe custody”. Under safe custody, victims of domestic violence, rape and marriages of convenience, inter alia, are detained in a jail or shelter as a mechanism of protection. Imprisoning victims and/or witnesses is unjust, puts them at great risk of further custodial violence and/or keeps them confined against their will. It also often deprives them of access to their children or family and necessary medical and psychological services. Provisions of safe custody are usually gender-neutral; however, in practice, they have a disproportionate impact on women, girls and those in poverty. Placing victims in protective custody is an extreme measure which should constitute a last resort and one applied with the consent of the victim, and with all appropriate legal safeguards for the review of the detention.[69]", "71. The Special Rapporteur wishes to highlight further the importance of women’s agency, which, in the context of witness protection, means that they need to be fully informed and empowered to make decisions about what may affect them and whether to testify or not.[70] Women are not intrinsically vulnerable: it is their particular individual situation, coupled with pervasive societal gender-based discrimination, that facilitates their being threatened and targeted by violence. Specific groups of women, like victims of trafficking, sexual violence, domestic violence and so-called honour crimes and women under age 18, may be found to be especially vulnerable to further violence. Women should not be overprotected simply because of their gender; indeed, with the appropriate safeguards, the experience of witnessing can be empowering for women and crucial for advancing the goals of the criminal justice system. An overprotective attitude can also be the result of judges’, prosecutors’ and/or lawyers’ uncomfortable position when confronted with witnesses’ emotions or stories that include details of sexual acts.", "72. During her country visits, the Special Rapporteur has received numerous testimonies of women victims of sexual exploitation and trafficking who are fearful because they are dealt with by the same Ministry that is responsible for fighting crimes, usually the Ministry of the Interior, and kept in the same physical location as offenders, who have the opportunity to further intimidate and threaten them. This situation discourages them from filing a complaint denouncing their offenders, thereby impeding their access to justice. In other situations, women victims of trafficking or enforced prostitution stated feeling very discouraged by the justice system because the courts had deprived them of the custody of their children. The Special Rapporteur considers that women victims of such crimes should be put under the protection of a different Ministry, such as the Ministry of Social Welfare, in order that they may avoid situations of re-victimization.", "73. The Updated Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Women in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice[71] can serve as guidance in formulating a gender- and rights-based approach to victim and witness programming. The Special Rapporteur also wishes to commend the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights initiative aimed at development of a practical tool on gender and witness and victim protection for the implementation of gender-sensitive protection measures at the national level.", "E. Women offenders in the criminal justice system", "74. Women in conflict with the law and brought before the criminal justice system should benefit from all provisions associated with the right to a fair trial and equality before the courts without discrimination based on their gender, or any other grounds of discrimination prohibited under international law. The Special Rapporteur is highly concerned both by provisions of criminal law that are discriminatory to women and by the discriminatory application of provisions against them during criminal proceedings. Such discriminatory provisions include, but are not limited to, the criminalization of adultery or fornication, punishing illegal entry and prostitution of victims of trafficking, punishing girls for sexual intercourse with relatives in cases of incest, and criminalization of abortion, including in cases of miscarriages or threat to the life and health of the mother. The Special Rapporteur wishes to recall that by upholding discriminatory laws, judges and prosecutors become parties to the violation of the State’s international obligations.", "75. Women accused of crimes have the right to a fair public hearing by a competent, independent and impartial tribunal, which, in the opinion of the Special Rapporteur, and as detailed in section III.B of this report, requires that judges, prosecutors and lawyers be sensitized to and trained on gender issues and international human rights of women, including principles of equality and non‑discrimination. Judges must be in a position to challenge gender stereotyping and discrimination when they encounter it in the form of wrongful charging of suspects, charges being brought without any supporting evidence of wrongdoing and merely on the basis of hearsay, or mis-charging of a particular form of conduct (like charging abortion as infanticide). Judges must also be willing to challenge stereotyping and discrimination by not detracting from women’s testimony or discounting their credibility, which applies whether women are the accused or victims.", "76. Judges should also be aware that the presence of mitigating circumstances in gender-specific situations can be introduced in judging women offenders. For instance, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights was of the opinion that the national court of Trinidad and Tobago, which had sentenced a woman to death, for the murder of her husband, should have taken into account evidence of years of severe violence against the offender. The offender’s sentence was ultimately reduced to 13 years on the basis of psychiatric evidence, which showed that, at the time of the murder, she had been suffering from “battered woman syndrome”.[72]", "77. Challenging gender stereotyping further means challenging common assumptions: about male perpetrators — such as, for instance, their entitlement to control women in various ways and their supposed inability to control their own sexual urges; about male victims, for example, their ability, in cases of male rape, to have defended themselves; and about women as perpetrators of crimes of violence against men. Similar sensitivity is required when dealing with gender norms and expectations regarding lesbian, gay, bisexual and — particularly — transgender victims and perpetrators.", "78. Access to legal assistance can also be of particular concern for women offenders. The Human Rights Committee pointed out that “[t]he availability or absence of legal assistance often determines whether or not a person can access the relevant proceedings or participate in them in a meaningful way”.[73] Furthermore, the Committee noted that “imposition of fees on the parties to proceedings that would de facto prevent their access to justice might give rise to issues under article 14, paragraph 1”.[74] The feminization of poverty observed by the Special Rapporteur in her report to the Human Rights Council[75] too often precludes women from having access to proper legal representation.", "79. The condemnation of, and imposition of certain sentences on, women are also of great concern to the Special Rapporteur. Women, like men, have the right not to be punished other than in accordance with international standards, which means that torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment are absolutely prohibited.[76] This means that public executions, stoning and corporal punishment (including physical punishment involving caning, flogging, whipping, mutilation and amputation) are prohibited under international law. Yet, the Special Rapporteur notes that such sentences are still ordered and applied and disproportionately target women.", "80. The vast majority of prisoners worldwide are men, resulting in detention systems’ being designed for them and an overlooking of the special needs of women.[77] While conditions of detention may not be discriminatory as such, not taking into account the special needs of women in a system primarily designed for men results in detentions having a discriminatory impact on women. For instance, problems such as overcrowding, poor hygiene standards and inadequate visiting facilities do affect both men and women detainees, but women are especially vulnerable to poor hygiene conditions during menstruation. Moreover, women are often the sole or primary caregivers of young children; hence, concerns for their child’s welfare in their absence create worry and anguish. Pregnant or breastfeeding women have particular problems related to their condition and should not be imprisoned except under exceptional circumstances.", "81. Women are especially vulnerable to abuse from both staff and prisoners (when accommodated in the annex of a prison for male prisoners), especially to physical and sexual violence. Rape and other forms of sexual violence in detention settings, whether perpetrated by officials or co-prisoners with the acquiescence of officials, constitute torture.[78] In this context, the Special Rapporteur wishes to stress the plight and extreme vulnerability of transgender male-to-female persons who, in most circumstances, will be imprisoned in male detention facilities, even though they identify with the female gender, and recommends that States consider taking appropriate measures to avert further victimization of transgender persons in detention, as well as lesbian and gay prisoners.", "82. The United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non‑custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules)[79] constitute a comprehensive instrument for guiding States’ policies on the issue and ensuring that the principle of non-discrimination, as embodied in rule 6 of the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, is implemented in practice. Providing for such needs in order to achieve substantial gender equality shall not be regarded as discriminatory.", "IV. Conclusions", "83. Pervasiveness and persistence of gender stereotypes continue, leading to discriminatory treatment of women in the criminal justice system. Judicial officers are not immune to such stereotypes. There is a strong need for studies designed to examine the integration, or lack thereof, of gender and women’s perspectives into judging, judicial procedures and the judicial branch at large. Traditional notions of judging and judicial authority must be challenged and the representation of women in the judiciary encouraged. At the same time, men, also, have the opportunity to play a crucial role, whether as judges, prosecutors or lawyers, in making the criminal justice system more accessible to women, and therefore more equal.", "84. Although the focus of this report is the criminal justice system, the Special Rapporteur wishes to underline that considerations of gender are also crucial in the context of the role of judges, prosecutors and lawyers in non-criminal law settings, such as those involving family, inheritance, property and land ownership, or in personal status law and jurisprudence.", "85. The intersections between gender-based discrimination and other grounds for discrimination, and the consequences thereof, are too often overlooked.[80] Intersectional or multiple discriminations compound the challenge of ensuring women’s equal representation in the judiciary and the legal profession, as well as their access to the criminal justice system.", "86. The Special Rapporteur wishes to welcome the recent report of UN-Women entitled Progress of the World’s Women: In Pursuit of Justice. The report bleakly acknowledges the fact that the infrastructures of justice (police, courts and the judiciary) are all failing women. The justice system, which reflects power balances, can be more effective in protecting women’s rights.", "87. Comprehensive reform, changes, policies and programmes need to be designed, implemented and monitored in all branches of the State to make justice work for women. The role of judges, prosecutors and lawyers is crucial. A gender perspective must inform their independence and impartiality. The integration of a gender perspective and the rights of women in the criminal justice system is one component of the solution needed to ensure that women are not ruled out of the rule of law.", "88. Specialized attention for women in the justice system must begin from the moment they enter a police station to report a violation of their rights. Efficient and effective functioning of the system should encourage victims to readily report violent acts against them to the authorities and trust that the system will protect them effectively and provide them with remedy and redress.", "V. Recommendations", "89. The following recommendations of the Special Rapporteur should be read in conjunction with the recommendations that she made in her last report to the Human Rights Council.", "General recommendations", "90. The Special Rapporteur encourages States to identify and share best practices and common standards in relation to the integration of a gender perspective and women’s rights in all aspects of the criminal justice system.", "91. States should conduct a mapping exercise focusing on their criminal justice system so as to identify the occurrences and causes of gender-based discrimination and assess their impact on all aspects of women’s involvement with and participation in the criminal justice system, whether as judicial actors, victims, witnesses or offenders.", "92. States should encourage qualified women to occupy high-level positions within the judiciary and in the justice system in general, including by setting up temporary special measures.", "93. States should take all measures available to combat gender-based stereotyping, bias and prejudices in all aspects of the criminal justice system, including investigation, prosecution, interrogation and protection of victims and witnesses, and sentencing, including by training judicial actors.", "Training and capacity-building", "94. Institutionalized training on gender equality and women’s rights, including national, regional and international human rights law and jurisprudence, should be established by States and be made compulsory for judges, prosecutors, lawyers, public defenders and other judicial actors in the justice system, in particular the criminal justice system, so as to ensure consistent application of a gender perspective.", "95. International human rights law, in particular regarding gender equality and women’s rights, should be included in the curricula of all law faculties and law schools, and in the curricula of schools for the judiciary and the academic programmes of bar associations.", "96. Gender expertise must be promoted, valued and integrated in all types of legal training and capacity-building for the judiciary and members of the legal profession.", "Women victims’ participation in the criminal justice system", "97. States should establish specialized courts or units within courts or prosecutorial offices to deal with specific gender-based crimes so as to reduce women’s challenges in and barriers to accessing justice. Such courts should be staffed with gender-sensitive judicial actors, highly trained on gender equality, non-discrimination and specific gender-based crimes.", "98. The Special Rapporteur urges States to create mechanisms or bodies to record, monitor, assess and make available, court decisions that deal with women victims and/or gender-based crimes.", "99. States should address the issue of legal costs and lack of legal aid programmes and its disproportionate impact on women’s access to the criminal justice system, as well as on the access of specifically vulnerable groups.", "Witness and victim protection", "100. The Special Rapporteur urges States to consider developing effective and efficient formal witness protection measures and programmes that are consistent with the principles of the right to a fair trial and include a strong gender perspective. Such measures and programmes should form an integral part of the criminal justice sector strategy, should be comprehensive and should cover all types of crimes, including gender-based crimes and human rights violations. States should devote the required adequate financial resources to these measures and programmes.", "101. Threats and risks should be adequately assessed by an independent authority and the subsequent protection of victims and witnesses should be tailored to their needs and should be available at all stages of trial, including the pretrial investigation phase.", "Women offenders", "102. The Special Rapporteur recommends that States adopt criminal law provisions that do not directly or indirectly discriminate on the grounds of gender during criminal proceedings. Sentencing should include a gender perspective and inhuman sentencing should be eliminated imperatively. The specific needs of women and transgender persons should be taken into account when sentences of detention are ordered.", "Role of associations in the legal profession", "103. Bar associations and associations of magistrates, whether national, regional or international, have a crucial role to play in the effective support of women’s representation in the legal profession, and in the development of effective training for judges and lawyers on international human rights law standards. They should also support and encourage the sharing of best practices in applying gender-equality norms in criminal court procedures and jurisprudence.", "International community", "104. The international community should also offer constructive substantive and technical support to Member States for ensuring women’s equal representation in the judiciary, as well as their equal participation, protection and treatment, whether as victims, witnesses or offenders, in the criminal justice system, including, for example, by helping to raise the issue of appointment and promotion of women judges through the domestic political processes as an essential requirement of women’s right to equal participation in public life, working with women who are in the legal profession, and sharing good practices and decisions upholding the international standard of equality and non-discrimination.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] The report of the Special Rapporteur on the independence of judges and lawyers of 29 April 2011 (A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1) analyses some aspects of the multifaceted relationship between gender and the judiciary within the broader context of the administration of justice. Major obstacles to women’s access to justice, including the feminization of poverty, and the lack of gender sensitivity of judicial actors, as well as laws, policies and practices that discriminate against women, were addressed therein and recommendations on the role of the judiciary in advancing women’s human rights were made.", "[3] A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1.", "[4] Resolution 1994/45, para. 18.", "[5] Human Rights Council resolution 6/30, para. 18.", "[6] A/65/274.", "[7] See: Draft Universal Declaration on the Independence of Justice, article 1 (b); Beijing Statement of Principles of the Independence of the Judiciary in the LAWASIA Region, principle 10 (b); Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Fair Trial and Legal Assistance in Africa, principles F (h) and I (i); Declaration of Caracas of the Ibero-American Summit of Presidents of Supreme Justice Tribunals and Courts, policy 1; Standards of Professional Responsibility and Statement of the Essential Duties and Rights of Prosecutors, adopted by the International Association of Prosecutors (April 1999), articles 1 and 4.2 (b).", "[8] See, for instance, A/HRC/15/40 and Human Rights Council resolution 15/23.", "[9] A/HRC/12/46, para. 33.", "[10] Rebecca Cook and Simone Cusack, Gender Stereotyping: Transnational Legal Perspective (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2010), p. 1; see, also, p. 9.", "[11] See also: article 2 (2), Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa; article 8 (b), Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence Against Women; and article 12 (1), Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence Against Women and Domestic Violence.", "[12] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Crosscutting issues: Gender in the criminal justice system assessment tool — criminal justice assessment toolkit” (Vienna, 2010), p. 1.", "[13] Dermot Feenan, “Women and judging”, Feminist Legal Studies, vol. 17, No. 1 (2009), p. 3.", "[14] Dermot Feenan, “Women judges: gendering judging, justifying diversity”, Journal of Law and Society, vol. 35, No. 4 (2008), p. 491. See also Marcela Valente, “Justice for women in men’s courts?”. Available from http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=37429.", "[15] Article 7 (b), Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women General Recommendation No. 23, para. 5; Beijing Declaration, para. 13, and Beijing Platform for Action, paras. 190 (a), 232 (d) and 323 (m); United Nations Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary, principle 10; United Nations Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers, principle 10; United Nations Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, guideline 2 (a); Draft Universal Declaration on the Independence of Justice, articles 10, 77 and 80; Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, article 14 (3); European Court of Human Rights, Rules of Court, rule 14; Rome Statute, article 36 (8) (a) (iii); Beijing Statement of Principles of the Independence of the Judiciary in the LAWASIA Region, para. 13; Latimer House Guidelines for the Commonwealth, principle II.1; Recommendation CM/Rec(2010)12 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on judges: independence, efficiency and responsibilities, chap. VI.45.", "[16] Sally Kerney, “Critical perspectives on gender and judging”, Politics and Gender, vol. 6, No. 3 (2010), p. 439; Feenan, “Women judges: gendering judging, justifying diversity”, p. 499; Justice McLachlin, “Why we need women judges”, statement, delivered at the eighth biennial conference of the International Association of Women Judges Conference, Sydney, Australia, 3-7 May 2006; and Karen O’Connor, “Judging alone: reflections on the importance of women on the court”, Politics and Gender, vol. 6, No. 3 (2010), p. 449.", "[17] Articles 36 (8) (a) (iii) and 36 (8) (b); see also: Louise Chappell, “Gender and judging at the International Criminal Court”, Politics and Gender, vol. 6, No. 3 (2010), p. 488. Article 44 (2) states that the criteria set in article 36 (8) apply mutatis mutandis to the selection of staff in the Office of the Prosecutor and in the Registry.", "[18] See Draft Universal Declaration on the Independence of Justice, article 11 (a).", "[19] See, for instance, Feenan, “Women judges: gendering judging, justifying diversity”, p. 517.", "[20] McLachlin, “Why we need women judges”.", "[21] Feenan, “Women and judging”, p. 2.", "[22] www.virtuefoundation.org.", "[23] A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1, para. 51.", "[24] Sandra Day O’Connor and Kim Azzarelli, “Sustainable development, rule of law, and the impact of women judges”, Cornell International Law Journal, vol. 44 (2011), pp. 4 and 6.", "[25] Julie Mertus, Women’s Participation in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Transitional Justice for Bosnia and Herzegovina (Cambridge, Massachusetts, Hunt Alternative Fund, 2004), p. 13.", "[26] Louise Chappell, “Gender and judging at the International Criminal Court”, p. 490; Fareda Banda, “Project on a mechanism to address laws that discriminate against women”, study commissioned by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Women’s Rights and Gender Unit, 2008, p. 12.", "[27] Marcela Valente, “Women judges not enough: gender awareness training needed”, Inter Press Service News Agency (IPS). Available from http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=48519. See also: Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, principle 5 (1).", "[28] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 32, para. 21. See also: Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct, principle 5 (2).", "[29] See for instance: Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Fair Trial and Legal Assistance in Africa, A (4) (i) and (k); Recommendation No. R (94)12, Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, principle III (1); Statute of the Iberoamerican Judge, article 24.", "[30] Principle 9.", "[31] General Recommendation No. 19, para. 24 (b). See also: Updated Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence against Women in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (General Assembly resolution 65/228, annex), para. 20 (a).", "[32] Articles 44 (2) and 36 (8).", "[33] A/HRC/14/26; see also A/HRC/11/41, paras. 80-84; and A/64/181, paras. 28-30.", "[34] A/HRC/14/26, para. 70.", "[35] Cassandra Balchin, “Sitting in judgement: for men only?”, 2 August 2010 Open Democracy. Available from www.opendemocracy.net.", "[36] United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, statement, tenth biennial International Association of Women Judges Conference, Seoul, 2010, p. 16.", "[37] Ibid., p. 17.", "[38] A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1, paras. 27-36; see also: Fareda Banda, “Project on a mechanism to address laws that discriminate against women”.", "[39] Human Rights Watch, Perpetual Minors: Human Rights Abuses Stemming from Male Guardianship and Sex Segregation in Saudi Arabia (New York, 2008), p. 24.", "[40] Medical Foundation for the Care of Victims of Torture, “Justice denied: The experiences of 100 torture surviving women of seeking justice and rehabilitation” (2009), p. 19.", "[41] International Commission of Jurists, Trial Observation Manual for Criminal Proceedings, Practitioners Guide, No. 5 (Geneva, 2009), p. 147.", "[42] For instance: Model Strategies and Practical Measures on the Elimination of Violence Against Women in the Field of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice (General Assembly resolution 52/86, annex), para. 7; Optional Protocol to the Convention of the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, article 8; Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law (General Assembly resolution 60/147, annex); Updated Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights through Action to Combat Impunity (E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1), principle 19, para. 2; and Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, article 6.", "[43] Article 68 (3); and Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court, rules 85 and 89-93.", "[44] Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe, Recommendation (85)11 E on the Position of the victim in the framework of criminal law and procedures; Guidelines on the Protection of Victims of Terrorist Acts, Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (2 March 2005); Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Fair Trial and Legal Assistance in Africa; and Framework decision of 15 March 2001 on the standing of victims in criminal proceedings, Council of the European Union.", "[45] Lisa Gormley, “Gender stereotyping in cases of rape and violence against women: developments in human rights jurisprudence”, INTERIGHTS Bulletin, vol. 16, No. 3 (2011), p. 140.", "[46] Ibid.", "[47] Ibid.", "[48] Concluding observations of the Human Rights Committee, on Ukraine (CCPR/C/UKR/CO/6), 28 November 2006, para. 10.", "[49] Rule 96; Rome Statute, article 69(4); Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court, rules 63 and 70-72.", "[50] Jonathan Doak, Victims’ Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice (Oxford, Hart Publications, 2008), p. 51.", "[51] United Nations Guidelines on the Role of Prosecutors, guideline 13, para. (a).", "[52] Article 54 (1) (b).", "[53] CEDAW/C/46/D/18/2008, para. 8.4; see also: Gormley “Gender stereotyping”, pp. 143-144.", "[54] Gonzales et al. v. Mexico, 2010; see also: Gormley, “Gender stereotyping”, p. 142.", "[55] Gormley, “Gender stereotyping”, p. 143.", "[56] Fernández-Ortega et al. v. Mexico, 2010; and Rosendo-Cantú et al. v. Mexico, 2010.", "[57] M.C. v. Bulgaria, 2003, paras. 177 and 185.", "[58] Paras. 119-123, 168-170 and 198; see also: Bonita Meyersfeld, “Developments in international law and domestic violence”, INTERIGHTS Bulletin, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2011), pp. 110 and 113.", "[59] Report of the Secretary-General entitled “In-depth study on all forms of violence against women” (A/61/122/Add.1 and Corr.1), para. 315.", "[60] UN-Women, Progress of the World’s Women 2011-2012: In Pursuit of Justice (New York, 2011), pp. 58-59.", "[61] International Commission of Jurists, “International Principles on the Independence and Accountability of Judges, Lawyers and Prosecutors”, Practitioners Guide, No. 1 (Geneva, 2007), pp. 8-9.", "[62] Joint statement on “The role of witness protection in ending the cycle of impunity for human rights violations”, 30 September 2009.", "[63] These include: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, articles 2 (1), 10 and 17; Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, articles 2 and 6; Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman of Degrading Treatment or Punishment, article 13; International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance, article 12 (4); Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, article 8 (1) (a); Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power, para. 6 (d); Principles on the Effective Investigation and Documentation of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, para. 3 (b); Updated Set of Principles for the Protection and Promotion of Human Rights through Action to Combat Impunity, principle 10; and Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Rights to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, para. III (5).", "[64] A/HRC/15/33, para. 12.", "[65] Article 68 (1); see also: Rules of Procedure and Evidence of the International Criminal Court, rules 87-88.", "[66] A/HRC/15/33, para. 4.", "[67] Ibid., para. 23.", "[68] Ibid., paras. 25-38.", "[69] See for instance: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Cross-cutting issues: gender in the criminal justice system assessment tool”, p. 34.", "[70] Mertus, Women’s Participation in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, pp. 16-17.", "[71] General Assembly resolution 65/228, annex.", "[72] Indrivani Pamela Ramjattan v. Trinidad and Tobago; see also: Bonita Meyersfeld, “Developments in international law and domestic violence”, p. 108.", "[73] General Comment No. 32 (CCPR/C/GC/32), para. 10.", "[74] Ibid., para. 11.", "[75] See A/HRC/17/30 and Corr.1, paras. 20-26.", "[76] Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 20, paras. 2-3.", "[77] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, “Cross-cutting issues: gender in the criminal justice system assessment tool”, p. 31.", "[78] See A/HRC/7/3.", "[79] See General Assembly resolution 65/229.", "[80] See, for instance, A/HRC/17/26." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "法官和律师的独立性", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转呈法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员Gabriela Knaul根据人权理事会第17/2号决议提交的临时报告。", "法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员的临时报告", "摘要 本报告根据人权理事会第17/2号决议提交，论述刑事司法制度需要考虑并列入性别平等因素，在让男女都有诉诸司法的平等权利方面迈出重大步骤，并阐述了法官和律师要发挥的作用。 虽然性别平等的含义、范围和影响不仅仅限于妇女的权利，但本报告重点阐述当妇女身为受害人、证人和犯罪人时，法官和律师的独立性和公平与刑事司法制度之间的相互联系。特别报告员强调指出，性别陈规定型观念产生不利影响，在刑事司法制度及其程序涉及的所有事项中都要充分考虑到性别平等观点。由于世界各地的妇女历来普遍受到歧视，因此特别报告员必须关注她们在刑事司法制度中的具体待遇。但是，顾及性别平等观点意味着，要同时顾及男女的观点和需求，并应进一步正确了解和处理基于性别的陈旧观念、偏见和歧视对男女诉诸和参与司法制度、特别是刑事司法制度产生的所有影响。 \n采用着眼于人权的做法是引导各国和其他国际和国家行动者的最佳工具，从而制订法律、程序规则和判例，在国际社会和国家中都尊重男女平等和不以性别为由进行歧视的公认法律原则。特别报告员强调，制订培训方案和继续开展法律教育、特别是国际人权法教育的方案，是在刑事司法制度内和制度外培养司法能力和挑战陈旧性别观念的核心，是更公平地应用刑事法律和让妇女更平等地寻求公正的基础。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.特别报告员的活动 4\n3.刑事司法制度中的性别平等：法官和律师的作用 6\nA.情况介绍、规范框架和基本原理 6\nB.需要有一个有性别代表性和顾及性别平等的司法机关 7\nC.女受害人参与刑事司法制度 11\nD.在刑事司法制度中保护受害人和证人及其家人 15\nE.刑事司法制度中的女犯罪人 18\n4.结论 20\n5.建议 20", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员Gabriela Knaul在2009年6月任职后向大会提交的第二份报告。她的任务是人权委员会第1994/41号决议规定的，并在最近由人权理事会第17/2号决议延长。", "2. 特别报告员及其前任指出，法官和律师的独立性是遵守法治、消除有罪不罚现象和民主制度良好运作的核心。保护与增进人权和确保司法制度没有歧视也离不开法官和律师的独立性。", "3. 特别报告员决定分析性别平等问题及其对独立司法制度的影响。分析分成两个与特别报告员的任务规定有关的主题：性别平等与司法制度[2] 和刑事司法制度中的性别平等。", "4. 本报告重点阐述刑事司法制度考虑到性别平等观点的重要性。它论及妇女在司法官员中人数偏低的问题，并论及需要为所有司法人员制订和加强关于国际人权法和判例、特别是性别平等和妇女权利的培训和能力建设方案，因为这是建立一个独立和公平的司法机关的先决条件(第三.B节)。", "5. 虽然必须指出性别平等的含义、范围和影响不仅仅限于妇女的权利，但特别报告员本次报告重点阐述当妇女身为受害者、证人和犯罪人时，法官与律师的独立性与刑事司法制度之间的相互联系，并强调性别陈规定型观念的不利影响以及刑事司法制度从所有方面进一步考虑性别平等观点的重要性(第三.C、D和E节)。", "二. 特别报告员的活动", "6. 特别报告员最近提交给人权理事会的报告[3] 阐述了她2010年1月1日至3月15日开展的活动。自此以来，特别报告员出席了各种会议，对收到的个人和组织的来函和指控采取行动，并同各国政府进行了对话。", "7. 2011年4月15日，特别报告员在阿姆斯特丹举行的律师互助组织成立25周年纪念活动上发言介绍“联合国法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员的作用和促进和维护关于律师作用的基本原则”。", "8. 2011年5月26日和27日，她参加联合国人权事务高级专员办事处在日内瓦召开的关于“性别平等与受害人和证人的保护”的专家会议，并在会上发了言。", "9. 2011年5月30日，特别报告员向人权理事会提交了年度报告(A/HRC/17/30和Corr.1)，并同时提交了关于来文的增编、关于她2010年8月和12月到莫桑比克出差情况的增编和关于2010年10月到墨西哥出差情况的增编。2011年5月31日，她在人权理事会第十七届会议期间参加了国际法学家委员会与会议同期组织的一次关于法官和律师在危机期间的作用的活动。2011年6月1日，她还参加了墨西哥捍卫和促进人权委员会、世界禁止酷刑组织、国际和平旅日内瓦办事处和法律协会就她墨西哥出差情况的报告安排的一次活动。", "10. 7月16日和17日，特别报告员出席了在基辅召开的关于加强各国法官协会的能力与在国内执行《保护人权与基本自由公约》的国际会议，会上就司法机关和法官独立性面临的挑战进行了小组讨论。会议是在一份多边合作谅解备忘录的签署国亚美尼亚、爱沙尼亚、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、波兰和乌克兰等国的法官协会授权的代表第二次年度会议的框架内，与欧洲委员会和Deutsche Stiftung für Internationale Rechtliche Zusammenarbeit e.V合作举行的。", "11. 在海牙法律国际化研究所2011年6月23日和24日召开的第四次关于今后的法律的会议上，特别报告员参加了各个互动小组的活动。", "12. 2011年6月27日至7月1日，她参加了联合国人权事务高级专员办事处在日内瓦举行的第十九次特别报告员、代表、独立专家和人权理事会工作组主席年度会议。", "13. 特别报告员访问了保加利亚(2011年5月9日至16日)和罗马尼亚(2011年5月17至24日)。两次出差的报告和相关建议将作为增编列入特别报告员向人权理事会提交的下一份报告中。特别报告员希望感谢保加利亚和罗马尼亚政府提供合作。她还希望感谢土耳其政府邀请她于2011年10月访问该国。", "14. 特别报告员记得在她接获任命后，她已就访问以下国家一事请有关国家发出邀请或写信提醒它们注意此事：安哥拉(2008年)；阿根廷(2011年)；阿塞拜疆(2009年)；孟加拉国(2007年)；柬埔寨(2006年)；中国(2011年)；古巴(1995年)；埃及(1999年)；赤道几内亚(2002年)；斐济(2007年)；格鲁吉亚(2008年)；印度(2011年)；伊朗伊斯兰共和国(2006年)；伊拉克(2008年)；肯尼亚(2000年)；利比里亚(2010年)；马来西亚(2011年)；马尔代夫(后续访问，2011年)；缅甸(2009年)；尼泊尔(2011年)；尼日利亚(1995年)；巴基斯坦(2000年)；菲律宾(2006年)；斯里兰卡(1999年)；突尼斯(1997年)；土库曼斯坦(1996年)； 乌兹别克斯坦(1996年)；委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国(2011年)和津巴布韦(2001年)。", "15. 特别报告员希望在不久的将来收到上述国家的邀请。她还希望感谢接受她访问请求的各国政府。", "三. 刑事司法制度中的性别平等：法官和律师的作用", "A. 情况介绍、规范框架和基本原理", "16. 1994年，人权委员会要求特别报告员定期在其报告中系统提供侵犯妇女人权行为的信息。[4] 近期才提醒特别程序在执行任务过程中顾及性别平等问题。[5] 特别报告员的任务规定要求她在开展工作时按要求顾及性别平等观点。", "17. 特别报告员已表明和分析了打击有罪不罚现象对法治和民主治理的重要性和刑事司法制度要发挥的作用。[6] 此外，众所周知，国际人权法规定，各国有义务调查、起诉侵犯人权行为，包括基于性别的暴力行为，并为受害人提供补救。法官和律师尤其有责任保护和促进人权和法治。[7]", "18. 此外，不得以性别为由进行歧视和男女平等的原则已经得到承认并被列入无数国际和区域人权文书，包括联合国的各项主要人权条约。[8] 特别是，《公民及政治权利国际公约》(见大会第2200(XXI)号决议，附件)第十四条第1款指出，“所有的人在法庭和裁判所前一律平等”，《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》(《联合国条约汇编》，第1249卷，第20378号)规定了各国为确保其管辖区内的每一个妇女充分享有人权必须遵守的最起码标准。", "19. 在本报告中，“社会性别”是指男女在社会中的既定作用，或是后天产生的社会差异。[9] 性别陈规定型观念——对特定性别成员的属性或特性，或其起到或应该起到的作用的大致看法或先入之见——对男女都有影响，但“通常对妇女影响尤甚”。[10]《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第五(a)条规定有义务“改变男女的社会和文化行为模式，以消除基于性别而分尊卑观念或基于男女任务定型所产生的偏见、习俗和一切其他做法。”[11] 性别陈规定型观念既普遍，又根深蒂固。各国要了解司法机关在促成和帮助形成性别陈规定型观念过程中的作用，才能消除不平等，从而履行其国际义务。", "20. 要从性别平等角度来看刑事司法制度，就要分析它对男子和妇女产生的影响，确保妇女以及男子的权利、看法和需求都得到系统考虑。从全球来看，妇女在刑事司法制度中的参与程度历来很低，而犯罪和侵犯人权行为的受害者中有很大一部分是妇女，她们受基于性别的暴力和歧视的侵害的程度尤其大。[12] 为此，本报告重点论述刑事司法制度是如何对待妇女的。但是，不应认为性别平等概念只涉及妇女的境况。", "21. 如果罪行和侵犯人权行为没有受到惩处，可以追究国家助长有罪不罚和不遵守法律文化的形成的责任。如果某些类罪行，例如基于性别的罪行或对某一性别的人的影响尤其大的其他类罪行，未得到惩处，还可以根据国际法追究国家歧视对待的责任。", "B. 需要有一个有性别代表性和顾及性别平等的司法机关", "22. 司法机关和法律行业也可能有基于性别的歧视。妇女在历史上不能担任司法职务，因为法律行业被视为男人的领地；任命和晋升程序和标准常常有性别偏见。[13]", "1. 妇女在司法机关中的任职情况", "23. 在世界各地的司法部门和法律行业中，特别是在高级职位上，妇女的任职人数仍然很少，无疑表明司法机关中固有的性别歧视。[14] 虽然世界各地的定额致使妇女在立法机构中的任职人数大增，但各国似乎放过了同样对司法部门进行性别平等分析的机会。但是，各国必须采取措施确保妇女与男子一样，拥有担任法官、辩护律师或法院其他职务的权利。[15]", "24. 接到任命的妇女还要面对同事和社会因为对女性的假定而产生的偏见和歧视。她们的一举一动受到审视和严厉批评，与男同事相比，她们的资格更多地受到质疑，她们客观性更可能受到怀疑。妇女常常限于审理或被要求审理“能见度低”的案子，在传统上与妇女有关的家庭法等领域工作，或一直在下级法院工作。[16]", "25. 妇女在国际司法机构中的任职人数历来不多。特别报告员认为，性别不平等威胁到这些国际法庭的合法性和权威。为此，她希望强调指出《罗马规约》的体制特征，因为它对国际刑事法院目前任职的大多数女法官给予了很大帮助。[17]", "26. 增加司法机关妇女任职人数有几个理由。司法机关的一个主要职能是促进平等与公平，法院和其他司法机构的构成应表明国家对平等做出的承诺。司法制度还应合理代表它们所服务的多元社会和社区，表明它们的多元化，维持或加强公众对司法制度的公信力、合法性和 公平的信任和信心。[18]", "27. 此外，同男子一样，妇女也受其背景和经历的影响。出于历史、文化、生理、社会或宗教上的各种原因，妇女的经历与男子不同，因此她们可以在同性别陈规定型观念作斗争的同时，在审判工作中提出不同的看法和做法。因此，多元的司法机关会对审理的事项提出平衡和公平的看法，消除阻碍法官公平审理某些问题的障碍。这一理由也同样适用于鼓励让其他位居少数的种族、族裔和性别群体担任职务。[19]", "28. 促成变革的措施和机制可以是多种多样的，从制宪或立法改革到同公众进行交流。只有政府所有部门以及法律界认真做出努力，措施才会有效。例如，法律界可以确定和消除暗中的障碍，因为这些障碍使妇女难于在传统从业过程中出人头地，去担任更高的职务或司法职务。[20]", "29. 南非的宪法规定增加妇女在司法机关中的任职人数。[21] 美德基金会最近发起了“培养女法官举措”，旨在为妇女创造和增加在全球司法机关中担任法官的机会。[22] 国际律师协会和国际刑事法院发起了“需要非洲女律师”的宣传运动，以解决法院法律顾问名单上非洲妇女的人数一直不多的问题。[23]", "30. 裁决结果只是审案的一个方面，性别平等对司法人员、包括同僚和其他法律专业人员的行为的影响，是需要注意的法庭中任职妇女的影响的另一方面。", "31. 从人权角度来看，女法官可在执法和使法律得到遵守过程中发挥独特和必要的作用，特别是在让妇女有机会谋求公正和充分参与社会的案例中。[24] 法官小组的女法官有可能在性别歧视问题上取得男法官的支持。", "32. 妇女作为司法机关成员产生的最大影响或许是她们在制订和解释有关包括强奸和其他形式性暴力在内的基于性别的暴力的国家和国际法律过程中已经和继续发挥的作用。尤其值得注意的是，妇女参与起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭的工作，因为“每一个涉及强奸或其他形式性暴力的案件都涉及妇女”。[25]", "33. 皮莱法官是起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭中的唯一女性法官，据说她在Akayesu一案中发挥重大作用，列入了先前被检察官办公室忽略的强奸证据，并修改了的控告书，首次确认强奸是一种灭绝种族行为。[26] 解释法律因而至少与制订法律一样重要。", "2. 性别平等和有关妇女权利的培训和能力建设", "34. 消除司法机关中的男女比例失衡只是让人们了解两性平等问题和妇女权利的一个方面。对男女法官、检察官和律师进行提高性别平等意识的培训同样重要。[27] 司法机关中有妇女并不能保证顾及性别平等观点，因为男女都可能有基于性别的成见、定型观念和偏见。由于在“适应”家长式司法系统方面受到同僚和社会的压力，法律界的妇女有时举止跟随男性同事，在做出判断时采用相同的基于性别的陈规定型观念。", "35. 但是，公正必须具备的一个重要方面是“法官不得让其判决受个人成见或偏见的影响，也不能对审理的案件有任何预断”。[28] 要改变态度和消除陈规定型观念和偏见，就要不断从制度上做出努力，开展有关国际人权标准、义务和判例以及通常不为人知或未得到执行的国家反歧视法的培训、继续教育和能力建设。", "36. 联合国关于司法机关独立的基本原则以及其他各种法律标准都确认，适当学历是遴选司法机关任职人员的一个先决条件。[29] 关于律师作用的基本原则规定，各国政府必须确保律师有适当的学历和训练，以便能够为客户提供咨询和保护，维护公正。[30] 消除对妇女歧视委员会申明“对司法和执法官员及其他公共官员进行性别敏感培训，对于有效实施《公约》至关重要”[31] 国际刑事法院规约规定，在遴选法官、检察官和其他工作人员时，必须考虑到需要有对妇女和儿童的暴力行为方面的法律专业知识。[32]", "37. 特别报告员已经在先前提交给人权理事会的报告中强调指出，除了定期进行法律培训外，需要继续对治安法官、法官、检察官、公设律师和律师进行有效的国际和区域人权法培训。[33] 法律的过渡、变革或改革时期尤其有利于执行这种司法教育方案。", "38. 国际法规定，法官作为国家行为体，有义务和有责任确保人们享有重大权利而不受歧视。因此，法官要主动承担起在案件审理和执行法庭程序过程中维护平等和不歧视国际标准的义务。法官可以在法律或规则不符合国际人权标准时建议予以废除或修正。[34]", "39. 如巴基斯坦第一位高级法院女法官Majida Razvi所说，“法官总是拥有通过做出公正判决来维护公正的酌处权。他们可以在法律规定的范围内利用这一空间”[35] 司法机关愿意承认这些对法律和原则做出可以维护公平的解释的机会是这一进程的关键。", "40. 国际人权条约和标准以及司法和准司法机关的判例为法官做出尊重平等和不歧视原则的判决提供了合法工具。例如，在R诉Ewanchuck一案中，加拿大最高法院援引消除对妇女歧视委员会的意见和委员会第19号建议，就攻击案裁定，对妇女的暴力行为是一个不平等和侵犯人权问题，“陈规定型的假设产生了女子如果以某种方式着装或不进行反抗即是应允交欢的说法。”[36] 在国家诉Godfrey Baloyi一案中，南非宪法法院也援引《公约》来维护法律的宪法效力，改换了在危害妇女家庭暴力案中有关违反禁令指控的举证责任。[37]", "C. 女受害人参与刑事司法制度", "41. 在基于性别的暴力案件中，如果对妇女的性别歧视特别明显，则就妇女经历的不是基于性别的罪行而言，也值得关注。", "42. 在国家层面未将对妇女影响特别大的某些基于性别的侵害，例如家庭暴力、婚内强奸或性骚扰列为犯罪，影响妇女诉诸和参与刑事司法程序。如前所述，法官即便不制订法律，也有义务和责任维护国家或国际平等和不歧视标准，指出立法方面的空白。[38] 此外，在法律制度未具体将某些基于性别的虐待行为定为犯罪时，应根据现有的一般法律，包括国家宪法中有关平等的条款，对有害行为进行调查、起诉和判刑。", "43. 一些法律直接或间接禁止或限制妇女诉诸刑事司法制度。其中一些法律限制妇女的行动自由，或让“男子监管”妇女；使妇女在法律上处于未成年地位；违反《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第十五条，不让妇女享有与男子相同的法律能力和获得行使这种能力的机会。[39] 这些法律还限制妇女诉诸和参与刑事司法制度。", "44. 权利受到侵犯的妇女有权获得补救，包括参加刑事诉讼程序。有关法律程序必须符合国际公平审判标准，法庭程序和证据规则同时也应确保妇女在参与时不处于不利地位。[40] 国际法新出现的一个强大趋势是承认严重侵犯人权行为、犯罪行为和违反国际法罪行的受害人的法律地位和权利。[41] 一些国际机关尤其注意受害人在刑事程序中的作用。[42]", "45. 《国际刑事法院罗马规约》允许受害人直接或通过法律代表参加法庭的审理，在事关他们利益的所有审理阶段表明他们的看法和关切。[43] 区域标准也表明侵犯人权行为受害人参加司法程序的重要性。[44]", "46. 坚定的性别陈规定型观念常常影响刑事司法制度的程序和证据规则，致使法庭官员的举止有性别偏见，并致使刑事司法制度歧视妇女。性别陈规定型观念尤其影响到强奸和暴力侵害妇女案的审理。[45]", "47. 在许多国家中，刑法有关强奸和性攻击的条款建立在性别陈规定型观念和偏见基础上，致使大部分是妇女的受害人受到歧视。因此全球强奸和性暴力案不进行庭审的比率很高，产生重大有罪不罚问题。[46]", "48. 强奸案中通过有性别成见的刑事证据规则体现出来的性别陈规定型观念包括：身体暴力需要有证据表明未获同意；妇女可能撒谎，因此证据只应在经过核实后方可接受；可以假定妇女应允交欢；可以认为妇女同意交欢，哪怕她们是被迫或被胁迫或强迫的，因为她们没有说不同意；先前的性经历使妇女倾向于应允交欢，或自动同意交欢；妇女深夜在偏僻的地方或穿着特殊，就要对遭受性攻击负责，或是自找性攻击；性工作者不可能被强奸；被强奸的妇女不是受到伤害，而是丢人，不要脸，或是自找的。[47]", "49. 就家庭暴力而言，人权事务委员会感到关切的是，法律条款以陈规定型的方式描述家庭暴力受害人的举止。[48]", "50. 前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭以及后来卢旺达问题国际法庭的程序和证据规则采用了进步的措施。不要求受害人进行无法进行的举证；不要求核实受害人的证词；不预先假定应允交欢；不允许使用事关受害人先前性行为的证据； 不得假定不说话即是同意；不应仅因受害人的性别而怀疑其可信程度。[49]", "51. 要让妇女切实和不受歧视地参与刑事司法制度，她们的法律顾问和检察官也需要了解两性平等和妇女权利问题。但是，由于有对妇女的偏见或由于她们受其伤害的犯罪行为，妇女常常遇到以下情况：检方不采取行动、检察官、法官和包括辩护律师在内的法庭其他官员有歧视态度和自己律师提供的咨询不妥，致使她们第二次或重新受到伤害和权利得不到维护。研究表明，这种缺乏同情心的态度和对受害人需求不甚了解可以大大加重不公正待遇产生的精神影响。[50] 受到第二次不公正对待的不仅仅是妇女：儿童、残疾人、被强奸的男人尤其容易受到伤害。", "52. 各级检察官中有妇女的代表以及对检察官进行适当的性别平等和妇女权利培训，对于一个顾及性别平等的刑事司法制度顺利开展工作至关重要。检察官要履行若干职能，他们在履行职能时必须做到客观和公正，避免基于性别的歧视或其他任何歧视。[51] 这意味着检察官在履行公务时不得有任何偏见。《罗马规约》规定，检察官在调查和起诉罪行时应“尊重被害人和证人的利益和个人情况，包括……性别……。”检察官还要“考虑犯罪的性质,特别是在涉及性暴力、性别暴力或对儿童的暴力的犯罪方面。”[52]", "53. 国际和区域机关的判例论及偏见和刑事司法制度不采取行动问题。在AT诉匈牙利一案中，消除对妇女歧视委员会认为有关国家针对家庭暴力的刑事诉讼程序冗长繁琐，应对家庭暴力的法律措施有系统的不足之处。委员会证实，有关国家不采取行动违反了国际法。在Vertido诉菲律宾一案中，委员会处理了菲律宾一个强奸案的调查和起诉如何违反了公约规定的法律义务。委员会明确指出，陈规定型观念影响到妇女享有公平公正审判的权利，强调“司法部门必须小心行事，不是只按何为强奸或基于性别的暴力行为受害人的先入为主的设想，来订立有关妇女或女孩在遭遇强奸时应有何种表现或应该怎样做的僵硬标准。”[53]", "54. 在美洲人权制度中，所谓的“棉花田案”表明了针对性暴力女受害人的陈规定型观念的有害影响，以及这种影响是如何妨碍刑事司法制度的正常运作的。[54] 美洲人权法院还认为，警察、调查人员和检察官对暴力受害人持有陈规定型观念侵犯了受害人家人不受酷刑和虐待的权利.[55] 在最近两个军方人员强奸两名本地贫穷妇女的案件中，法院认为墨西哥违反其国际义务，因为受害人受到不友好对待、调查有疏漏、没有进行医治和政府、包括司法当局没有提供协助、受到威胁、家人没有得到适当待遇，总体上阻碍了司法公正。[56]", "55. 欧洲人权法院在MC诉保加利亚一案中对“约会强奸”的陈规定型观念提出质疑。[57] 法院还认为国家有通过切实进行调查和起诉来确保刑事法制度效力的正面义务。在Opuz诉土耳其一案中，法院除其他外，谴责有关地方当局的一般态度有歧视倾向、司法部门消极应对受害人的指控和不积极为其提供保护，认为这样助长家庭暴力。[58]", "56. 起诉基于性别的犯罪行为不应建立在检察官的个人决心上，而应是一个部门政策。这就要求刑事司法制度和不断对检察官进行的制度化培训都考虑到性别平等因素。", "57. 秘书长认为，“专门法庭可以提高效率，最大限度地减轻受害者的负担，并且在检察官、法官和其他法庭职员受过相关培训的情况下可以改进案件的结局。”[59] 这类法庭似乎缩短案件的周期和减少案件的不庭审率，增加定罪率。专门法庭同流动法庭或家庭暴力法庭一样，可以更好地为妇女寻求公正，让法官和司法人员加强他们的专长。[60] 国际法不排除在严格界定的情况下为刑事案的某些当事方进行专门庭审，但是这些法庭一定要遵守所有有关公平审判的国际规定。[61]", "58. 特别报告员支持设立专门刑事法庭审理基于性别的犯罪行为，但她也希望强调，这些法庭有效开展工作以维护受害人权利的关键是有一个合理体制来为受害人全面提供法律、社会和精神支持，特别是在受害人需要暂时离开家庭和/或家人时。法庭内的专门单位也可以发挥积极作用，保护妇女的权利。", "59. 作为一个临时特别措施，设立专门法庭来处理不能平等诉诸刑事司法制度的问题可以起作用。特别报告员希望强调，在对刑事司法制度的运作进行适当全面分析后，方能决定设立专门法庭或单位，加强性别平等培训或改革刑事司法制度的程序，同时还要有监测和评估制度，确保产生有效的影响。", "D. 在刑事司法制度中保护受害人和证人及其家人", "60. 参加刑事诉讼对证人来说常常有一定风险。能否根据个案的特定情况来调整风险程度是刑事司法制度面临的一个挑战。对严重侵犯人权和严重违反国际人道主义法的人，包括对有性暴力和基于性别暴力和贩运人口等特定罪行的人进行高效调查和起诉的核心是成功地保护证人和受害人。提供一个保护证人和受害人的框架有助于创造有利条件，让证人和受害人报告案情，鼓励他们在后来的诉讼中提供合作。一些特别程序的任务执行人指出，“经常缺乏有效的证人保护工作，尽管这样做有利于不受法外处决、酷刑、贩卖人口、失踪和对妇女的暴力等侵犯人权行为的危害。”[62]", "61. 法官、检察官和律师要发挥作用，申请和执行保护措施，决定或建议在何种情况下采取何种措施。因此，他们应知道各国有哪些保护机制，了解保护涉及的性别层面。", "62. 保护证人不是为证人做好事，而是各国根据国际法承担的义务。主要国际和区域人权文书明确提及各国有义务采取具体措施保护证人和受害人，使其不受威胁和报复。[63] 最近制订的欧洲委员会关于防止和打击对妇女的暴力和家庭暴力的公约有一个关于风险评估和管理的条款(第51条)。各个国际法庭的做法加强了这些文书中的标准、准则和原则。[64]", "63. 《罗马规约》第五十四条第㈠2款要求国际刑事法院检察官“采取适当措施,保护被害人和证人的安全、身心健康、尊严和隐私。在采取这些措施时,本法院应考虑一切有关因素,包括年龄、第七条第三款所界定的性别、健康状况,及犯罪性质,特别是在涉及性暴力或性别暴力或对儿童的暴力等犯罪方面。” 法院采取的措施不得“损害或违反被告人的权利和公平公正审判原则”[65] 虽然国际法院具有独特具体的性质，但用于保护和协助证人的运作原则是一般性的，各管辖区考虑有关经验和惯例对于在国家一级采用有好处。", "64. 应定期审查保护受害人和证人的措施和方案的效力。至少要有两套措施让证人和受害人安全出面与刑事司法制度合作：(a) 司法当局在调查罪行或在法庭上听取证词时要有措施和程序，(b) 如果有必要，启动正式证人保护方案，在司法审理前、期间和其后提供保护措施和保障。[66]", "65. 程序性保护措施是法官或司法当局批准采取的多少。在审判期间，这类措施除其他外，可包括：审判的部分阶段或全程不向公众公开；使用假名；易容/改变嗓音；遮掩证人；通过视频作证；在被告不在场的情况下作证或进行非公开庭审；禁止公布或分发可能暴露受害人或证人身份的信息；在被告担任自己的辩护律师时，任命一名辩护律师进行质证；允许不到18岁的受害人在一名提供协助者在场的情况下作证。[67]", "66. 在刑事审判过程中作证对任何证人来说都会有很大压力，但有些人比其他人更容易感受到这种压力，可以需要有特别的协助措施来保障和提高他们证词的质量。此外，需求可能因性别和所审理罪行的性质而异，在证人也是受害人时尤其如此。应事先视证人的个人情况和案情评估证人的特定能力和需求，据此来调整法庭程序。这种协助或援助可包括调整提问方式，不提不必要、触及个人隐私、重复或令人尴尬的问题；允许作证期间经常休息一下；改变法庭房间的摆设，使其不那么正式；在法庭上或作证时有协助人员坐在证人旁边。", "67. 正式的保护证人方案旨在在司法审判前、期间和其后为被保护人提供全面人身保护和精神支持。保护方案以及具体措施应考虑到妇女的特定需求和她们面临的特定风险和威胁。[68]", "68. 在国际刑事法院，可以下令采取特别措施，以便于受到惊吓的受害人或证人、儿童、老人或性暴力受害人作证。书记官处受害人和证人股为证人、受害人和其他因证人作证而可能有危险的人提供保护措施和保安安排、心理辅导和其他适当协助。", "69. 应从公平维护和诉诸法律的角度来采取特别行动，在顾及性别平等的情况下保护妇女，这样参与决定采取这些措施的法官和其他当局就不会被视为让妇女享有“特别”待遇，因为这可能侵害被告享有公平审判的权利，而是要确保妇女也享有其他人享有的权利。", "70. 特别报告员希望在保护措施问题上强调有关“保护性拘留”或“安全羁押”的重要问题。在安全羁押情况下，家庭暴力、强奸和权宜婚姻的受害人关在监狱或庇护所里，以便进行保护。把受害人和/或证人关起来是不公正的，使他们在关押期间很可能进一步遭受暴力，并/或在他们不情愿的情况下把他们关起来。这还使他们无法接触子女或家人，获得必要的医疗和心理服务。安全羁押一般没有性别上的区分，但实际上对妇女、女孩和贫困者的影响尤其大。对受害人进行保护性拘留是一个极端措施，只应在不得以时，获得受害人同意并在有所有适当法律保障措施以便对关押进行复核的情况下，方可采用。[69]", "71. 特别报告员还希望强调妇女采取具体行动的重要性，就保护证人而言，她们需要充分了解情况，能够决定哪些情况可能影响到她们和是否作证[70] 妇女不是原本易于受到伤害：是她们的特定情况，加之社会上普遍存在的性别歧视，使她们受到威胁，成为暴力对象。特定类别妇女，例如遭受贩卖、性暴力、家庭暴力、所谓为维护名誉犯罪的妇女和年龄不到18岁的女子，尤其更容易遭受暴力侵害。妇女不应仅出于性别原因而受到过多的保护，事实上，在有适当保障的情况下，作证的经历可以增强妇女的权能，对于推动刑事司法制度的目标至关重要。法官、检察官和/或律师也可能因证人哭诉或包括性行为细节在内的讲述而采取过度保护的态度。", "72. 特别报告员在访问各国期间，听到许多受性剥削和贩卖人口侵害的妇女说，她们感到害怕，因为处理她们问题的是负责打击犯罪的部委，通常是内务部，她们同犯罪人关在同一个地方，犯罪人有机会进一步威胁和恫吓她们。这种情况阻止她们对侵害她们的人提出指控，阻碍她们寻求公正。在其他情况下，司法制度使被贩卖或被迫卖淫的妇女感到废除无助，因为法院剥夺了她们对子女的监管权。特别报告员认为，这些罪行的女受害人应由另一个部委，例如社会福利部，来保护，以避免她们再次受害。", "73. 《在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域中消除对妇女的暴力行为的示范战略和实际措施增订本》[71] 可以在采用注重性别平等和权利做法制订受害人和证人方案过程中起指导作用。特别报告员还希望赞扬联合国人权事务高级专员采取举措，在性别平等与保护证人和受害人问题上制订一个实际可行的工具，在各国落实考虑到性别平等因素的保护措施。", "E. 刑事司法制度中的女犯罪人", "74. 违反法律和接受刑事司法制度审判的妇女应在审判过程中享受有关公平审判和平等待遇的所有规定，不因性别而受到任何歧视，或受到国际法禁止的其他任何歧视。特别报告员对歧视妇女的刑法条款和在刑事审判过程中适用条款有歧视都深感关注。这些歧视性条款包括但不限于：把通奸或性交视为犯罪，对被贩卖的人非法入境和卖淫进行惩罚，对乱伦案中与亲属性交的女孩进行惩罚，将堕胎、包括流产时或母亲生命和健康受到威胁时进行堕胎视为犯罪。特别报告员希望回顾说，法官和检察官维护歧视性法律是国家违反国际义务的一部分。", "75. 被指控犯罪的妇女有接受合格、独立和公正法庭的公平公开审理的权利。如本报告第三B节所述，特别报告员认为，这一权利要求法官、检察官和律师了解性别平等问题和妇女国际人权，包括平等和不受歧视原则，并接受相关培训。在遇到以对嫌犯提出不当控告、在没有证明有不法行为的证据而只是道听途说时提出控告、对特定行为提出错误的控告(例如控告堕胎为杀婴)的形式表现出的性别陈规定型观念和歧视时，法官必须能够对其提出质疑。法官还必须愿意质疑陈规定型观念和歧视，不减损妇女的证词或损害她们的可信性，不管妇女是被告还是受害人都适用。", "76. 法官还应知道在对女犯罪人进行判决时，在具体涉及性别情况时，可以提出减罪情节。例如，美洲人权委员会认为，判处一名杀死丈夫的妇女徒刑的特利尼达和多巴哥国家法院应考虑到该名妇女多年遭受严重暴力的证据。该名罪犯的刑期最后减为13年，因为精神病学证据表明，她在杀人时患有“受虐妇女综合症”。[72]", "77. 对性别陈规定型观念提出质疑还意味着质疑人们常有的看法：男侵权者有权使用各种方式控制妇女，据说他们无法控制自己的性冲动；男受害人在被强奸时，他们是有能力保护自己的；以及女子会暴力侵害男子。在关于女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和特别是变换性别受害人的性别标准和情况问题上，也同样需要审慎行事。", "78. 对女罪犯来说，获得法律援助也是一个特别值得关注的问题。人权事务委员会指出“法律援助的有无往往决定一个人是否能够诉诸有关诉讼或有分量地参加诉讼”。[73] 此外，委员会还指出“要求诉讼方支付费用从而事实上阻碍他们诉诸法院，根据第十四条第1款，也会产生问题。”[74] 特别报告员在提交给人权事务委员会的报告[75] 中提及的贫穷妇女人数日增问题常常使妇女无法有适当的法律代理人。", "79. 特别报告员也对将妇女判刑和判处某些刑罚深感关注。妇女同男子一样，有权不受不符合国际标准的其他处罚，这意味严禁酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。[76] 这就是说，根据国际法，禁止进行公开执行死刑、石刑或用藤条、棍杖和鞭子抽打、致残和截肢等人体处罚。但是，特别报告员注意到，这些刑罚仍然存在并得到执行，且遭受这些刑罚的妇女尤其多。", "80. 世界上大部分犯人是男子，因此关押设施是按他们的需求设计的，没有考虑到女犯人的特殊需求。[77] 关押条件可能没有歧视，但是主要是为男子设计的关押制度没有考虑到女犯人的特殊需求，对女犯产生了歧视影响。例如，人满为患、卫生条件差和探访设施不足对男女都有影响，但卫生条件差对月经期女犯人影响尤其大。此外，女犯人常常是幼童的唯一或主要照料者，她们对她们不在时子女的福利情况感到担心和不安。怀孕或哺乳女犯人有特殊问题，除非情况特殊，否则不应入狱。", "81. 女犯人尤其容易受到监狱人员和犯人(当她们被关在男子监狱的一处牢房中时)的虐待，特别是遭受身体和性暴力。狱中强奸和其他形式的性暴力，无论是狱警而为还是同狱犯在狱警默许下而为，都构成酷刑。[78] 为此，特别报告员希望强调，通常被关在男子监狱的自认是女性的男变换性别者处境困难，极易受到侵害，建议各国考虑采取适当措施，避免狱中的变换性别者以及男同性恋和女同性恋进一步受到伤害。", "82. 《联合国女性囚犯待遇和女性罪犯非拘禁措施规则》[79] 是指导各国就这一问题制订政策和确保《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》第6条中的不歧视原则实际得到执行的指南。满足这些需求以便实现实质性两性平等不应被视为具有歧视性质。", "四. 结论", "83. 特别报告员深感关注的是，性别陈规定型观念普遍存在，不易改变，致使妇女在刑事司法制度中受到歧视对待。司法官员也会受性别陈规定型观念的影响。非常需要了解在审判、司法程序和司法机关中是如何考虑或缺乏考虑性别平等和妇女的观点的。必须对传统的审判和司法权提出质疑，鼓励让妇女在司法机关中有自己的代表。与此同时，男子也有机会以法官、检察官或律师的身份发挥重要作用，让刑事司法制度进一步向妇女开放，并做到更加平等。", "84. 虽然本报告的重点是刑事司法制度，但特别报告员希望强调，在法官、检察官和律师在家庭继承、财产和土地产权等非刑法事项上或在人身法和判例中的作用问题上，也必须考虑到性别平等问题。", "85. 基于性别的歧视和基于其他原因的歧视的交汇及其影响经常被人们忽略。[80] 交汇在一起的歧视或多种歧视增加了妇女在法律职业中拥有平等任职人数以及诉诸刑事司法制度的复杂性。", "86. 特别报告员欢迎妇女署最近提交的报告《世界妇女的进展：寻求公正》。报告黯然承认，司法的基础设施(警察、法院和司法机关)无法满足妇女的需要。司法制度表明权力平衡，可以提高其效力以保障妇女的权利。", "87. 需要在国家的所有部门制订、执行和监测全面的改革、变革、政策和方案，让司法为妇女服务。法官、检察官和律师的作用至关重要。他们的独立和公正必须考虑到性别平等。刑事司法制度考虑到性别平等观点和妇女权利是必要解决办法的一部分，确保妇女参与法治。", "88. 在司法系统中，每当妇女到警察局报告她们的权利受到侵犯时，就要特别注意她们的问题。司法系统的有效高效率运作应能鼓励受害人随时向当局报告她们遭受的暴力行为，相信司法制度会切实保护她们，为她们提供解决办法和补救。", "五. 建议", "89. 应结合特别报告员提交人权理事会的上一份报告中的建议来参阅以下建议。", "一般性建议", "90. 特别报告员鼓励各国确定和分享在刑事司法制度各个层面顾及性别平等观念的最佳做法和共同标准。", "91. 各国应对其刑事司法制度进行一次检查，查明有哪些基于性别的歧视及其原因，评估歧视对妇女以司法人员、受害人、证人或罪犯身份参与刑事司法制度产生的影响。", "92. 各国应鼓励有资历的妇女在司法机关内和司法系统中担任高级别职务，包括为此制订临时特别措施。", "93. 各国应采取一切可以采取的措施，在包括调查、起诉、问讯和保护受害人和证人及判刑在内的刑事司法制度的所有领域中，消除性别陈规定型观念、偏见和歧视，包括对司法人员进行培训。", "培训和能力建设", "94. 各国应进行制度化的关于性别平等和妇女权利、包括国家、区域和国际人权法和判例的培训，并规定司法系统、特别是刑事司法系统的法官、检察官、律师、公设律师和其他司法人员必须接受培训，确保统一考虑到性别平等因素。", "95. 所有法学系和法学院的课程、司法机关学校的课程和律师协会的学术课程中都应有国际人权法，特别是性别平等和妇女权利的内容。", "96. 必须在为司法机关和律师业人员开展的各种法律培训和能力建设工作中宣传、重视和考虑性别平等专业知识。", "女受害人参与刑事司法制度", "97. 各国应建立专门的法院或在法院内建立专门的单位或检察官办公室，审理具体的基于性别的罪行，以减少妇女在诉诸司法方面的困难和障碍。这些法院应有接受过有关性别平等、不歧视和基于性别的具体犯罪行为的培训并能顾及性别平等因素的司法人员。", "98. 特别报告员敦促各国建立机制或机构以便记录、监测、评估和提供涉及女受害人和/或基于性别的罪行的法院判决。", "99. 各国应处理法律费用和缺少法律援助方案的问题，以及这一问题对妇女以及弱势群体诉诸刑事司法制度的影响特别大的问题。", "保护证人和受害人", "100.　特别报告员敦促各国考虑制订符合公平审判权利并顾及性别平等因素的正式的有效和高效的保护证人措施和方案。这些措施和方案应是刑事司法部门战略的组成部分，内容全面，涵盖各类罪行，包括基于性别的罪行和侵犯人权行为。各国应为这些措施和方案充分提供必要的资金。", "101.　应由独立的当局来评估威胁和风险，其后的受害人和证人保护工作应根据受害人和证人的需要在包括审前调查阶段在内的审判所有阶段进行。", "女犯罪人", "102.　特别报告员建议各国通过在刑事诉讼期间不直接或间接以性别为由进行歧视的刑法条款。判刑应顾及性别平等因素，必须根除不人道的判刑。在宣判入狱时应考虑到妇女和变换性别者的特殊需求。", "法律界协会的作用", "103.　律师协会和法官协会，无论其为国家、区域还是国际性质的，都要发挥重大作用，切实支持妇女在法律行业任职，对法官和律师进行有关国际人权法标准的培训。他们还应支持和鼓励分享在刑事诉讼和判例中采用性别平等标准的最佳做法。", "国际社会", "104.　国际社会还应为会员国提供实质性技术支持，以确保妇女在司法部门中有平等的任职人数，平等参与刑事司法制度并得到平等保护和对待，而无论其为受害人、证人还是犯罪人；例如，提请人们注意通过国内政治进程任命和提升女法官的问题，以此作为妇女平等参与公共生活权利的一个必要条件，与法律界的妇女合作，或分享维护国际平等和不歧视标准的良好做法和判决。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员2011年4月29日的报告(A/HRC/17/30和Corr.1)在司法制度这一较大的范畴内对性别平等与司法机关之间的多层关系中的一些关系进行了分析。报告阐述了妇女诉诸司法程序的主要障碍，包括贫穷妇女人数日增、司法人员不考虑性别平等因素以及歧视妇女的法律、政策和做法，并就司法机关在促进妇女人权方面的作用提出了建议。", "[3] A/HRC/17/30。", "[4] 第1994/45号决议，第18段。", "[5] 人权理事会第6/30号决议，第18段。", "[6] A/65/274。", "[7] 见：《世界司法独立宣言草案》，第1(b)条；亚洲及西太平洋法律协会区域关于司法机关独立性的北京原则声明，原则10(b)；非洲接受公平审判和享有法律援助权利的原则和准则，原则F(h)和I(i)；伊比利亚-美洲最高法庭庭长和最高法院院长峰会加拉加斯宣言，政策1；检察官的职业责任标准和基本义务与权利说明(1999年4月)，由国际检察官协会通过，第1和4.2(b)条。", "[8] 例如，见A/HRC/15/40和人权理事会第15/23号决议。", "[9] A/HRC/12/46，第33段。", "[10] Rebecca Cook and Simone Cusack, Gender Stereotyping-Transnational Legal Perspective, 2010, p.1；另见p.9。", "[11] 见：第2(2)条，《非洲人权和人民权利宪章关于非洲妇女权利的议定书》；第8(b)条，《美洲防止、惩罚和根除对妇女暴力行为公约》；第12(1)条，《欧洲委员会防止和打击对妇女的暴力行为和家庭暴力公约》。", "[12] 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室，“贯穿不同领域的问题：刑事司法制度中的性别平等问题评估工具包”，(维也纳，2010年)，第1页。", "[13] Dermot Feenan,“Women and judging”，Feminist Legal Studies, Vol.17, No.1(2009),P.3。", "[14] Dermot Feenan,“Women judges：gendering judging, justifying diversity”，Journal of Law and Society, Vol.35 No.4,(2008), p.491；另见Marcela Valente,“Justice for women in men’s courts?”,见http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=37429。", "[15] 第7(b)条，《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》；消除对妇女的歧视委员会第23号一般性建议，第5段；《北京宣言和行动计划》第13、190(a)、232(d)和232(m)段；联合国关于司法机关独立的基本原则，原则10； 联合国关于律师作用的基本原则，原则10；联合国关于检察官作用的准则，准则2(a)；关于司法独立的世界宣言草案，第 10、77和80条；非洲人权和人民权利宪章关于设立一个非洲人权和人民权利法院的议定书，第14(3)条；欧洲人权法院，法院规则，第14条；《罗马规约》，第三十六条第㈧1(3)款；亚洲及西太平洋法律协会区域关于司法机关独立性的北京原则声明，第13段； Latimer House Guidelines for the Commonwealth，principle II.1；欧洲委员会部长理事会关于法官、独立性、效率和责任的CM/Rec(2010)12号建议，第VI.45章。", "[16] Sally Kerney,“Critical perspectives on gender and judging”, Politics & Gender, Vol.6，No.3(2010),p.439；Feenan,“Women judges:gendering judging,justifying diversity”, p.499；Justice McLachlin,“Why we need women judges”, statement, Eighth Biennial Conference of the International Association of Women Judges Conference, Sydney, Australia, 3-7 May, 2006；and Karen O’Connor,“Judging alone: reflections on the importance of women on the court”，Politics and Gender，Vol.6,No.3(2010)，p.449。", "[17] 第三十六条第㈧1⑶款和第三十六条第㈧2款；另见：Louise Chappell,“Gender and judging at the International Criminal Court”，Politics and Gender, Vol.6,No.3,(2010), p.488。第四十四条第㈡款规定，在雇用检察官办公室和书记官处的工作人员时比照适用第三十六条第八款所定的标准。", "[18] 见《世界司法独立宣言草案》，第11(a)条。", "[19] 例如，见Feenan,“Women judges: gendering judging, justifying diversity”, p.517。", "[20] McLachlin,“Why we need women judge”。", "[21] Feenan,“Women and judging”，p.2。", "[22] www.virtuefoundation.org。", "[23] A/HRC/17/30，第51段。", "[24] Sandra Day O’Connor and Kim Azzarelli,“Sustainable development, rule of law, and the impact of women judges”, Cornell International Law Journal, Vol. 44(2011), pp.4 and 6。", "[25] Julie Mertus, Women’s Participation in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: Transitional Justice for Bosnia and Herzegovina,(Cambridge, Massachusetts, Hunt Alternative Fund，2004), p.13。", "[26] Louise Chappell,“Gender and judging at the International Criminal Court” p.490；Fareda Banda，“Project on a mechanism to address laws that discriminate against women”, study commissioned by United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, 2008, p.12。", "[27] Marcela Valente,“Women judges not enough：gender awareness training needed”, Inter Prass Service(IPS)(见http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=48519。另见：班加罗尔司法行为原则，原则5(1)。", "[28] 人权事务委员会，第32号一般评论，第21段，另见：班加罗尔司法行为原则，原则5(2)。", "[29] 例如，见：非洲接受公平审判和享有法律援助权利的原则和准则，A(4)(i)和(k)；第R(94)12号建议，欧洲委员会部长理事会，原则III(1)；《伊比利亚-美洲法官规约》，第24条。", "[30] 原则9。", "[31] 第19号一般性建议，第24(b)段。另见：《在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域中消除对妇女暴力行为的示范战略和实际措施》增订本，大会第65/228号决议，附件，第20(a)段。", "[32] 第四十四条第㈡款和第三十六条第㈧款。", "[33] A/HRC/14/26；另见A/HRC/11/41,第80-84段；A/64/181,第28-30段。", "[34] A/HRC/14/26，第70段。", "[35] Cassandra Balchin,“Sitting in judgement: for men only?”，2 August 2010, Open Democracy。见www.opendemocracy.net。", "[36] 联合国人权事务高级专员，在妇女法官国际协会首尔双年度会议上的发言，2010,第16页。", "[37] 同上，第17页。", "[38] A/HRC/17/30,第27-36段；另见：Fareda Banda,“Project on a mechanism to address laws that discriminate against women”。", "[39] 人权观察，《永久的未成年人：沙特阿拉伯的男子监管和男女隔离产生的侵犯人权行为》(纽约，2008年)，第24页。", "[40] 照料酷刑受害人医疗基金会，《得不到公平：100名酷刑幸存妇女寻求公正和康复的经历》(日内瓦，2009年)，第19页。", "[41] 国际法学家委员会，“刑事审判观察手册”，第5号从业者指南(2009年)，第147页。", "[42] 例如，《在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域中消除对妇女暴力行为的示范战略和实际措施》(大会第52/86号决议，附件)，第7段；《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》，第8条；严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害人获得补救和赔偿的权利基本原则和导则(大会第60/147号决议，附件)；经更新的采取行动打击有罪不罚现象，保护和增进人权的一套原则(E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1),原则19,第2段；和《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》，第6条。", "[43] 第68(3)条；《国际法庭程序和证据规则》,规则85和89-93。", "[44] 欧洲委员会部长理事会，关于受害人在刑事法和程序框架中的地位的第(85)11 E号建议；保护恐怖行为受害人的准则，欧洲委员会部长理事会(2005年3月2日)；非洲接受公平审判和享有法律援助权利的原则和准则；关于受害人在刑事程序中的地位的框架决定(2001年3月15日)，欧洲联盟理事会。", "[45] Lisa Gormley,“Gender stereotyping in cases of rape and violence against women: developments in human rights jurisprudence”，INTERIGHTS Bulletin, vol.16, No.3 (2011),p.140。", "[46] 同上。", "[47] 同上。", "[48] 人权事务委员会，乌克兰的结论性意见，CCPR/C/UKR/CO/6,2006年11月28日,para.10。", "[49] 规则96；《罗马规约》第六十九条第(四)款；《国际刑事法院程序和证据规则》，规则63和70-72。", "[50] Jonathan Doak, Victims’Rights, Human Rights and Criminal Justice(Oxford, Hart Publications，2008),p.51。", "[51] 《联合国关于检察官作用的准则》，准则13，(a)段。", "[52] 第五十四条第㈠2款。", "[53] CEDAW/C/46/D/18/2008,第8.4段；另见: Gormley,“Gender stereotyping”, pp.143-144。", "[54] Gonzales et al 诉墨西哥，2010；另见:Gormley,“Gender stereotyping”,p.142。", "[55] Gormley,“Gender stereotyping”，p.143。", "[56] Fernández-Ortega et al诉Mexico, 2010和Rosendo-Cantú et al 诉Mexico,2010。", "[57] M.C.诉保加利亚,2003, 第177和185段。", "[58] 第119-123段,第168-170和198段；另见：Bonita Meyersfeld,“Developments in international law and domestic violence”,INTERIGHTS Bulletin, vol.16 No.3 (2011),pp.110 and 113。", "[59] 秘书长的报告,“关于侵害妇女的一切形式的暴力行为的深入研究”(A/61/122/Add.1和Corr.1,第315段)。", "[60] 妇女署，《世界妇女的进展：寻求公正，2011-2012》(纽约，2011)第58和59页。", "[61] 国际法学家委员会，“关于法官、律师和检察官的独立性和责任的国际原则》，第1号从业者指南(日内瓦，2004年)，第8和9页。", "[62] 联合声明,“保护证人在消除侵犯人权行为不受惩处现象中的作用”,2009年9月30日。", "[63] 这些文书包括：《公民及政治权利国际公约》第二条第1款、第十条和第十七条；《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》，第二和六条； 禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》，第十三条；《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》,第十二条第四款；《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》，第8条第(1)(a)款；《为罪行和滥用权力行为受害者取得公理的基本原则宣言》，第6(d)段；《有效调查和记录酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的原则》,第3(b)段；《经更新的采取行动打击有罪不罚现象，保护和增进人权的一套原则》,原则10；和《严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害人获得补救和赔偿的权利基本原则和导则》,第三(5)段。", "[64] A/HRC/15/33,para.12。", "[65] 第六十八条第㈠款；另见:《国际法庭程序和证据规则》,规则87-88。", "[66] A/HRC/15/33,第4段。", "[67] 同上，第23段。", "[68] 同上，第25-38段。", "[69] 例如，见：联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室，“贯穿不同领域的问题：刑事司法制度中的性别平等问题评估工具包”，第34页。", "[70] Mertus, Women’s Participation in the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia,pp.16-17。", "[71] 大会第65/228号决议，附件。", "[72] Indrivani Pamela Ramjattan 诉特立尼达和多巴哥；另见：Bonita Meyersfeld, “Developments in international law and domestic violence”,p.108。", "[73] 第32号一般性意见(CCPR/C/GC/32),第10段。", "[74] 同上，第11段。", "[75] 见A/HRC/17/30，第20-26段。", "[76] 人权事务委员会，第20号一般性意见，第2-3段。", "[77] 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室，“贯穿不同领域的问题：刑事司法制度中的性别平等问题评估工具包”，第31页。", "[78] 见A/HRC/7/3。", "[79] 见大会第65/229号决议。", "[80] 例如，见A/HRC/17/26。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程项目69(b) [1]", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "法官和律师的独立性", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会成员转递法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员加芙列拉·克瑙尔根据人权理事会第17/2号决议所提交的临时报告。", "法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员的临时报告", "内容提要", "本报告根据人权理事会第17/2号决议提交,述及需要考虑将性别公平观纳入刑事司法系统,以此作为实现男女平等诉诸司法机会以及法官和律师所起作用的根本步骤。", "虽然性别的意义、范围和影响不仅仅包括妇女权利,但本报告侧重于法官、检察官和律师以及刑事司法系统在处理妇女作为受害者、证人和罪犯时的独立性和公正性之间的相互联系。 特别报告员强调性别陈规定型观念的负面影响,以及将强有力的性别观点纳入刑事司法系统及其程序的所有方面的重要性。 世界各地妇女的历史和普遍歧视地位迫使特别报告员审视她们在刑事司法系统中的具体待遇。 然而,由于纳入性别观点意味着纳入妇女和男子的观点和需要,应做更多的工作,以正确了解并挑战基于性别的定型观念、偏见和歧视在妇女和男子获得和参与整个司法系统,特别是刑事司法系统方面,对妇女和男子造成的所有影响和影响。", "采用立足人权的方针是指导国家和其他国际和国家行为者的最佳手段,并允许制定尊重国际和国家公认的男女平等和不以性别为由歧视的法律原则、程序规则和判例。 特别报告员强调,制定特别是国际人权法方面的培训和继续法律教育方案,是培养司法机构在刑事司法系统内外挑战性别陈规定型观念的能力的基石,为更平等地适用刑事立法,从而为妇女更平等地诉诸司法提供了基础。", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 4 特别会议活动4\n报告员三。 刑事司法系统中的性别问题6:\nA. 导言、6个规范性框架和\nB. 性别代表性和性别敏感性的7个理由\nC. 12名女性受害者参与刑事司法\nD. 在刑事司法中保护16名妇女被害人和证人及其家属\nE. 刑事司法中的女性罪犯 19\n系统\n四、结 论 二、结 论22\n五. 建议. 22", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员加芙列拉·克瑙尔自2009年6月被任命以来向大会提交的第二份报告。 人权委员会第1994/41号决议确定了她的任务,最近的人权理事会第17/2号决议延长了她的任务。", "2. 联合国 特别报告员及其前任断言,法官和律师的独立性是尊重法治、打击有罪不罚现象和民主制度良好运作的核心。 法官和律师的独立性对于保护和落实人权以及确保司法中不存在歧视也至关重要。", "3个 特别报告员选择分析性别问题及其对独立司法系统的相关性。 这一分析分为两个与她的任务有关的专题方法:一个与性别问题和司法[2]有关,另一个与刑事司法系统中的性别问题有关。", " 4.四. 本报告着重阐述了将性别观点纳入刑事司法系统的重要性。 它涉及司法官员中妇女任职人数不足的问题,以及需要为全体司法行为者建立和加强关于国际人权法和判例,特别是两性平等和妇女权利的培训和能力建设方案,以此作为独立和公正的司法机构的重要必要条件(第三.B节)。", "5 (韩语). 虽然必须指出性别的含义、范围和影响大于妇女权利,但特别报告员的本报告侧重于法官和律师的独立性与刑事司法系统在处理妇女受害者、证人或罪犯时的相互联系,并着重指出基于性别的定型观念和歧视的不利影响以及将强有力的性别视角纳入刑事司法系统所有方面的重要性(第三.C、D和E节)。", "二. 特别报告员的活动", "6. 国家 特别报告员最近向人权理事会提交的报告概述了2010年1月1日至2011年3月15日期间开展的活动。 [3] 此后,特别报告员参加了各种大小会议,针对个人和组织的来文和指控采取了行动,并与各国政府进行对话。", "7. 2011年4月15日,特别报告员在阿姆斯特丹举行的律师促进会二十五周年纪念活动期间就 \" 联合国法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员在促进和争取确保《关于律师作用的基本原则》方面的作用 \" 发表了讲话。", "8. 2011年5月26日和27日,她参加了由联合国人权事务高级专员办事处在日内瓦组织的关于 \" 性别与受害者和证人保护 \" 的专家会议,会上她作了发言。", "9. 2011年5月30日,特别报告员向人权理事会提交了她的年度报告(A/HRC/17/30和Corr.1),并附上了来文增编、2010年8月至9月和12月访问莫桑比克的增编和2010年10月访问墨西哥的增编。 在2011年5月31日人权理事会第十七届会议期间,她参加了由国际法学家委员会组织的关于“法官和律师在危机时期的作用”的会外活动。 2011年6月1日,她还参加了墨西哥捍卫和促进人权委员会、世界禁止酷刑组织、日内瓦国际和平旅办事处和法律协会组织的关于她访问墨西哥的报告的会外活动。", "10个 6月16日和17日,特别报告员出席了在基辅举行的关于“加强国家法官协会的能力和《保护人权与基本自由公约》在国内的适用”的国际会议,主办了一个关于“对司法和法官独立性的挑战”的小组讨论会。 这次会议是在亚美尼亚、爱沙尼亚、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、波兰和乌克兰国家法官协会的受权代表、多边合作谅解备忘录缔约国与欧洲委员会和德国国际基金会合作举行的第二次年度会议框架内举行的。", "11个 特别报告员参加了海牙法律国际化研究所2011年6月23日和24日在海牙组织的第四次法律未来会议的各种互动小组讨论。", "12. 2011年6月27日至7月1日,她参加了由联合国人权事务高级专员办事处在日内瓦举办的人权理事会特别报告员、代表、独立专家和工作组主席第十九次年度会议。", "13个 特别报告员访问了保加利亚(2011年5月9日至16日)和罗马尼亚(2011年5月17日至24日)。 关于这些访问的报告和有关建议将列入特别报告员提交人权理事会的下一份报告的增编。 特别报告员感谢保加利亚和罗马尼亚政府的合作。 她还感谢土耳其政府邀请她于2011年10月访问该国。", "14个 特别报告员回顾,她自被任命以来,已请求向以下国家发出访问邀请或催复通知:安哥拉(2008年)、阿根廷(2011年)、阿塞拜疆(2009年)、孟加拉国(2007年)、柬埔寨(2006年)、中国(2011年)、古巴(1995年)、埃及(1999年)、赤道几内亚(2002年)、斐济(2007年)、格鲁吉亚(2008年)、印度(2011年)、伊朗伊斯兰共和国(2006年)、伊拉克(2008年)、肯尼亚(2000年)、利比里亚(2010年)、马来西亚(2011年)、马尔代夫(2011年)、缅甸(2009年)、尼泊尔(2011年)、尼日利亚(1995年)、巴基斯坦(2000年)、菲律宾(2006年)、斯里兰卡(1999年)、突尼斯(1997年)、土库曼斯坦(1996年)、乌兹别克斯坦(1996年)、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国(2011年)和津巴布韦(2001年)。", "15个 特别报告员希望在不久的将来收到上述国家的邀请。 她还想感谢对她的访问请求作出积极回应的各国政府。", "三. 刑事司法系统中的性别问题:法官和律师的作用", "A. 导言、规范框架和理由", "16号. 1994年,人权委员会呼吁特别报告员定期和有系统地在其报告中列入关于侵犯妇女人权行为的现有资料。 [4] 最近提醒特别程序在执行任务时纳入性别观点。 [5] 特别报告员的任务本身要求在工作中采用性别观点。", "17岁。 特别报告员已经确定并分析了打击有罪不罚现象在维护法治和民主治理方面的重要性以及刑事司法系统将发挥的作用。 [6] 国际人权法也明确规定,各国有义务调查、起诉侵犯人权行为(包括基于性别的暴力)并向受害者提供补救。 法官和律师在保护和促进人权和法治方面负有特殊责任。 [7]", "18岁。 此外,许多国际和区域人权文书,包括联合国的主要人权条约,[8] ,特别是《公民及政治权利国际盟约》(见大会第2200 A(XXI)号决议,附件)第14条第1款,都承认并庄严载入了不以性别为由进行歧视和男女平等的原则,其中规定, \" 在法院和法庭面前人人平等 \" ,以及《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》(联合国,《条约汇编》,第1249卷,第20378号),其中规定了国家必须坚持的最低标准,以便在其管辖下的每个妇女不受歧视地充分享有权利。", " 19. 19. 在本报告中,“性别”是指妇女和男子的社会角色或所学到的社会差异。 [9] 性别陈规定型观念——对某一性别群体成员拥有的属性或特征或正在或应该发挥的作用的普遍看法或先入为主的看法——影响到男子和妇女,但“它们往往对妇女产生特别严重的影响”。 [10] 消除对妇女歧视委员会第5条(a)款规定有义务“改变男女的社会和文化行为模式,以消除基于性别而分尊卑观念或基于男女定型任务的偏见、习俗和一切其他做法”。 [11] 性别陈规定型观念既普遍存在又持续存在。 理解司法机构在塑造和助长性别陈规定型观念方面的作用,是各国解决不平等问题并从而履行其国际义务的一个重要步骤。", "20号. 从性别角度对待刑事司法制度需要分析其对妇女和男子的影响,并确保系统地考虑妇女权利、观点和需要以及男子的权利、观点和需要。 在历史上和全球上,妇女作为刑事司法系统行为者的人数一直不足,即使她们在犯罪和侵犯人权行为的受害者中占很大比例,而且不成比例地受到基于性别的暴力和歧视的影响。 [12] 在这方面,本报告侧重于刑事司法系统中妇女的待遇。 然而,不应认为性别概念只包括妇女的状况。", "21岁 如果犯罪和侵犯人权行为不受惩罚,国家可被追究责任,助长有罪不罚和无法无天的文化。 如果某些类型的罪行,例如基于性别的罪行和对某一性别造成过大影响的其他类型的罪行得不到惩罚,除此之外,国家还可以对国际法规定的歧视性待遇负责。", "B类. 具有性别代表性和对性别问题敏感的司法机构的情况", "22号. 司法和法律专业不能免受基于性别的歧视。 妇女历来被排除在司法职务之外,因为法律专业被视为男性领域,在那里,任命和晋升程序和标准也往往带有性别偏见。 [13]", "1. 联合国 妇女在司法机构中的代表性", "23. 联合国 在全世界的司法职位和法律专业中,特别是在最高级别的职位中,妇女的代表性仍然严重不足;这无疑反映了司法系统内制度化的性别歧视。 [14] 虽然世界范围内的配额导致妇女在立法机构中的比例大幅增加,但各国似乎没有机会对司法部门进行类似的性别分析。 因此,各国必须采取措施确保妇女在担任法官、辩护人或法院其他官员方面享有同男子一样的权利。 [15]", "24 (韩语). 被任命任职的妇女还不得不面对来自同事和整个社会的偏见和歧视,其依据是对其性别的假设。 其行为受到严格审查并受到严厉批评,其资格比男性同僚更经常被质疑,其客观性也更容易被质疑. 在传统上与妇女有关的法律领域,如家庭法,或限于在下级法院工作,妇女往往受到限制或被迫从事“低调”案件的工作。 [16]", "25岁 妇女在国际司法机构中的代表性历来也不足。 性别失衡对这类国际法庭的合法性和权威构成威胁。 《国际刑事法院罗马规约》的体制特征有力地促成了这样一个事实,即国际刑事法院目前有大多数女法官。", "26. 联合国 有几个理由可以解释增加妇女在司法部门的代表性的重要性。 由于司法机构的主要职能是促进平等和公平,法院和其他司法职位的组成应反映国家对平等的承诺。 司法系统还应体现多元化社会及其所服务的社区的代表性,体现其多样性,以维护和增强公众对其公信力、合法性和公正性的信任和信心。 [18]", "27个 此外,妇女同男子一样,了解并受到她们的背景和经验的影响。 出于各种原因,无论是历史、文化、生物、社会或宗教原因,妇女的经历与男子不同,因此,妇女可以给判决带来不同的观点或方法,同时与性别陈规定型观念作斗争。 因此,多元化的司法机构将确保对法院审理的事项采取更加平衡和公正的视角,消除妨碍一些法官公正处理某些问题的障碍。 这种推理同样适用于鼓励其他代表性不足的“群体”,如族裔、种族或性少数群体等。 [19]", "28岁 旨在实现变革的措施和机制可以采取各种形式,从宪法或法律改革到公共宣传。 为了取得成效,任何一套措施都需要政府各部门以及法律界的自觉努力。 例如,法律专业可以发现并消除一些隐蔽的障碍,这些障碍使妇女更难在传统法律实践中表现突出,因此更难被任命担任更高级的职位或司法职务。", "29. 国家 在南非,《宪法》本身规定增加司法部门的性别代表性。 [21] 道德基金会最近发起了“管道中的女法官倡议”,目的是创造并增加妇女成为全球司法机构法官的机会。 [22] 国际律师协会和国际刑事法院发起了“呼吁非洲女律师”宣传运动,旨在解决非洲妇女在法院法律顾问名单上代表人数始终不足的问题。", "30 (英语). 决定性结果只是判断的一个方面。 性别对司法行为的影响,包括对同龄人和其他法律专业人员的影响,是值得注意的妇女在法庭上的代表性影响的另一个领域。", "31岁 从人权的角度来看,女法官可以在法律的执行和执行方面发挥独特而必要的作用,特别是那些为妇女提供诉诸司法的机会并使她们充分参与社会的法律。 [24] 参加法官小组的妇女可能有能力吸引其男性同事支持与性别歧视有关的问题。", "32. 国家 妇女作为司法机构成员参与产生最强烈的影响,也许是因为她们在制定和解释与基于性别的暴力、包括强奸和其他形式性暴力有关的国内法和国际法方面已经发挥并继续发挥的作用。 将妇女列入起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭被认为十分引人注目,因为“涉及强奸或其他形式性暴力的每一个案件都涉及妇女”。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 皮莱法官是起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭的唯一女法官,据说他的存在有助于列入强奸证据,检察官办公室首先忽视了这种证据,并修改了Akayesu案的起诉书,这是第一个承认强奸为一种种族灭绝形式的案件。 [26] 因此,对法律的解释至少与法律的制定一样重要。", "2. 性别与妇女权利培训和能力建设", "34. 国家 克服司法部门中的男女不平衡现象只是司法部门对两性平等和妇女权利的敏感性的一个方面。 对法官、检察官、公设辩护人和男女律师进行性别意识培训同样重要。 [27] 让妇女进入司法机构并不能保证纳入性别观点本身,因为男女都容易受到基于性别的偏见、定型观念和偏见的影响。 在父权司法制度中的同伴压力和社会压力下,法律界的妇女有时会采取男同事的行为形式,在判决中采用同样的基于性别的定型观念。", "35. 联合国 然而,公正要求的一个重要方面是,“法官不得允许其判决受到个人偏见或偏见的影响,也不得对所审理的特定案件持有偏见”。 改变态度并消除定型观念和偏见,需要以培训方案、继续教育、关于国际人权标准、义务和判例的能力建设以及反对歧视的国家法律等形式作出制度化和持续的努力,这些法律往往仍然不为人知或未得到适用。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 《联合国关于司法机关独立的基本原则》以及其他各种法律标准确认,适当的教育是选择司法职位的先决条件之一。 [29] 《关于律师作用的基本原则》规定,各国政府必须确保律师得到适当的教育和培训,以便能够向委托人提供咨询并保护他们的权利并维护正义事业。 [30] 消除对妇女歧视委员会申明,“对司法和执法官员及其他公职人员进行对性别问题敏感的培训,对有效执行《公约》至关重要。” [31]《国际刑事法院罗马规约》要求,在甄选法官、检察官和其他工作人员时,必须考虑到对暴力侵害妇女或儿童的法律专门知识的需要。 [32] (中文(简体) ).", "37. 联合国 特别报告员在提交人权理事会的上一份报告中强调,除了定期的法律培训之外,还需要对治安法官、法官、检察官、公设辩护人和律师进行国际和区域人权法方面的持续和有效教育。 [33] 法律过渡、变革或改革的时代是实施这种司法教育方案的特别有利时机。", "38. 国家 作为国家行为者,法官根据国际法有义务和责任确保不受歧视地享有实质性权利。 这就需要积极主动地确保它们在审理案件和适用法院程序时坚持国际平等和不歧视标准。 如果某项法律或规则不符合国际人权标准,法官可以建议予以废除或修正。 [34]", "39. 联合国 用巴基斯坦第一位女高等法院法官马吉达·拉兹维法官的话来说: \" 法官总是有酌处权,通过作出公正的判决来确保正义。 他们可以使用这一空间,同时不超出法律规定的范围。 “[35] 这一进程的关键在于司法部门愿意承认以能够实现平等的方式解释法律和原则的机会。", " 40. 40. 国际人权条约和标准以及司法和准司法机构的判例为法官提供了尊重平等和不歧视原则的合法裁决工具。 例如,在R诉Ewanchuck案中,加拿大最高法院援引了消除对妇女歧视委员会及其第19号一般性建议,裁定在一宗攻击案中,对妇女的暴力行为是不平等和侵犯人权的问题,“陈规定型的假设造成了一种神话,即妇女如果穿成某种外衣,或者在她们反抗之前,是可以性获得的”。 [37] (中文(简体) ).", "C. 妇女受害者参与刑事司法系统", "41. 国家 对妇女的性别歧视,如果在基于性别的暴力案件中尤为明显,也是对妇女所经历的非性别犯罪的关切。", "42. 国家 在国家一级没有将某些类型的基于性别的伤害,例如家庭暴力、婚内强奸和性骚扰定为刑事罪,这些都对妇女造成过大的影响,对妇女利用和参与刑事司法程序产生了不利影响。 如上所述,即使法官不制定法律,他们也有义务和责任维护平等和不歧视标准,无论是国家标准还是国际标准,以期指出立法中的漏洞。 [38] 此外,如果法律制度没有将基于性别的特定虐待形式具体定为刑事罪,则应根据现有一般法律,包括国家宪法中的平等条款,调查、起诉和判决有害的行为形式。", "43. 东帝汶 一些法律直接或间接禁止或限制妇女进入刑事司法系统。 这些法律包括限制妇女行动自由的法律以及关于 \" 男性监护 \" 的法律,这些法律使妇女处于未成年人的法律地位,从而使妇女丧失与男子同等的法律能力和行使这种能力的机会,这违反了《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第15条。 [39] 这些法律还限制妇女进入刑事司法系统并参与其中。", "44. 国家 权利受到侵犯的妇女有权获得补救,包括参与刑事诉讼。 虽然法律程序必须符合国际公平审判标准,但法院程序和证据规则应确保妇女在参与方面不处于不利地位。 [40] 国际法中出现了一种强有力的新趋势,即承认严重侵犯人权行为、刑事犯罪和违反国际法罪行受害者的法律地位和权利。 [41] 若干国际机构特别注意了受害人在刑事诉讼中的作用。", "45. 国家 《国际刑事法院罗马规约》允许受害人直接或通过法律代理人参与法院的诉讼程序,在影响到其个人利益的所有阶段提出其意见和关切。 [43] 区域标准也反映了人权受害者参与司法程序的重要性。", "46. 经常预算: 刑事司法系统中的程序和证据规则往往被强烈的性别陈规定型观念所渗透,可能导致法院官员从事有性别偏见的行为并导致整个刑事系统对妇女的歧视。 性别陈规定型观念尤其会影响强奸和暴力侵害妇女案件的诉讼程序。 [45]", "47. 国家 在许多国家,刑法中关于强奸和性攻击的规定是基于性别陈规定型观念和偏见,导致对受害者的歧视待遇,而受害者中女性比例过高。 因此,世界各地对强奸和性暴力案件的起诉因自然减员率高而受到影响,导致严重的有罪不罚问题。 [46]", " 48. 48. 通过具有性别偏见的刑事证据规则和程序对强奸案件适用的陈规定型观念的例子,由以下要求或信仰获得的个案提供:要求身体暴力证明表明没有同意;妇女可能撒谎,因此只有在得到证实的情况下才应接受证据;可以假定妇女有性行为;可以推断妇女同意性行为,即使她们被迫、威胁或被胁迫,因为她们保持沉默;以前的性经验使妇女倾向于性接触,或自动同意性行为;妇女承担性攻击的责任,或者通过晚出、在偏僻的地方或以特定方式包扎她们;不可能强奸性工作者;被强奸的妇女被贬损或羞辱或有罪而不是受害。 [47]", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在家庭暴力方面,人权事务委员会对在法律规定中列入陈规定型语言描述家庭暴力受害者的行为表示关切。 [48]", " 50. 50. 前南斯拉夫问题和卢旺达问题国际法庭的程序和证据规则以及后来国际刑事法院的程序和证据规则都采取了渐进措施:不应使受害者承担无法承担的举证责任;无须证实受害者的证词;不应预先假定提供性服务;不允许使用与受害者先前性行为有关的证据;不能假定沉默表示同意;不能仅仅以性别为由质疑受害者的信誉。 [49]", "51. 联合国 要使妇女参与刑事司法系统的工作有效和无歧视,其律师以及检察官也需要了解两性平等和妇女权利问题。 然而,由于对她们的性别或她们所受害的罪行有偏见的假设,妇女往往不得不忍受起诉方不采取行动、检察官、法官和其他法院官员(包括辩护律师)的歧视性态度,以及她们自己律师的不良建议——所有这些都可能导致她们二次受害或再次受害,以及她们的权利得不到落实。 研究表明,这种麻木不仁的对待和对受害者需要缺乏了解,会大大地加剧受害的心理影响。 [50] 妇女并非是唯一面临二次伤害的人:儿童、残疾人和被强奸的男性受害者构成特别脆弱的受害者类别。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 妇女在检察官队伍中的代表性,以及她们在两性平等和妇女权利方面的充分培训,对于对性别问题敏感的刑事司法制度的适当运作十分重要。 检察官被赋予若干职能,他们必须以公正和客观的方式履行这些职能,同时避免基于性别的歧视或任何其他形式的歧视。 [51] 这意味着检察官在履行专业职责时不受任何偏见。 根据《罗马规约》,检察官负责以“尊重受害者和证人的利益和个人情况,包括......性别”的方式调查和起诉罪行。 他或她还必须“考虑到犯罪的性质,特别是涉及性暴力、性别暴力或暴力侵害儿童行为的犯罪性质”。", "53. 联合国 国际和区域机构的判例处理了刑事司法系统的偏见和不作为问题,并追究了各国的责任。 在AT诉匈牙利案中,消除对妇女歧视委员会发现,国家以冗长和不灵活的刑事诉讼形式对家庭暴力作出的法律反应存在系统性缺陷。 委员会确认,该国的不作为违反了国际法。 在Vertido诉菲律宾一案中,委员会讨论了菲律宾对一起强奸案件的调查和起诉如何违反《公约》规定的法律义务的问题。 委员会明确指出,陈规定型观念影响妇女获得公平和公平审判的权利,并强调指出, \" 司法部门必须谨慎行事,不要仅仅根据强奸受害者或性别暴力受害者的定义的先入为主的概念,对遇到强奸情况时妇女或女孩应该做什么或应该做什么制定僵硬的标准 \" 。", "54. 联合国 在美洲人权体系中,所谓的 \" 棉花田 \" 案说明了对性暴力受害妇女的陈规定型观念的有害影响,以及它如何破坏刑事司法的正常运作。 [54] 美洲人权法院还认定,警察、调查人员和检察官对暴力受害者的成见侵犯了受害者家属不受酷刑和虐待的权利。 [55] 在最近两起涉及军队成员强奸两名贫穷土著妇女的案件中,法院认定墨西哥违反了其国际义务,因为受害者在调查中遭遇了敌意并经历了疏忽,医疗反应很少,政府,包括司法当局没有提供支助服务;此外,对他们及其家人的威胁没有得到妥善处理,导致司法受到全面阻碍。 [56]", "55. 国家 欧洲人权法院在MC诉保加利亚一案中对关于“约会强奸”的定型观念提出质疑。 [57] 法院还坚持各国通过有效调查和起诉确保刑法制度效力的积极责任。 在 \" Opuz诉土耳其 \" 一案中,法院除其他外谴责了地方当局普遍态度所表现的歧视,以及司法部门在回应受害者的申诉并向他们提供有效保护方面的被动态度,认为这助长了家庭暴力。 [58]", "56. (中文(简体) ). 对基于性别的罪行的起诉不应以检察官的个人承诺为基础,而应基于机构政策。 这需要将性别观点纳入刑事司法系统,特别是检察官的体制化和持续培训。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 秘书长认为,“(s)在检察官、法官和其他法院官员接受有关培训时,指定法庭可以提高效率,尽量减少受害者的负担并改进案件结果”。 [59] 这些法庭似乎减少了案件的周转时间和自然减员,提高了定罪率。 专门法院,同流动和家庭暴力法院一样,可以改善妇女司法的运作,并允许法官和司法人员增加其专门知识。 [60] 虽然国际法不排除在严格界定的情况下某些当事方在刑事事项方面拥有专门管辖权,但这类法庭必须符合关于公平审判的所有国际规定。 [61]", "58. 联合国 特别报告员支持设立专门刑事法庭专门处理基于性别的罪行,但希望强调,这些法庭有效维护受害者权利的关键是,它是一个非常周密和有组织的结构,能够向受害者提供全面的法律、社会和心理支助,特别是当他们需要暂时离开家和/或家庭时。 在法院内设立的专门单位也可对保护妇女权利产生非常积极的影响。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 设立专门法院,作为纠正刑事司法系统明显不平等状况的暂行特别措施,可能是有益的。 特别报告员想强调,设立专门法院或单位、加强刑事司法系统的性别培训或改革程序的决定必须建立在对刑事司法系统运作情况进行适当和彻底的性别分析的基础上,并辅之以监测和评价制度,以确保影响有效。", "D. 在刑事司法系统中保护妇女被害人和证人及其家属", "60. (中文(简体) ). 参与刑事诉讼往往给任何证人带来一定程度的风险。 刑事司法系统面临的挑战是能够根据个案的具体情况调整风险程度。 成功保护证人和受害者是有效调查和起诉严重侵犯人权和严重违反国际人道主义法,包括性暴力和基于性别的暴力以及贩运人口等特定罪行的行为人的核心。 提供证人和受害人保护框架有助于为证人和受害人报告案件创造有利环境,并鼓励他们在随后的诉讼中予以合作。 一些特别程序任务负责人指出,“尽管证人保护工作与防止法外处决、酷刑、人口贩运、失踪和暴力侵害妇女等侵犯人权行为有关”。", "61. 国家 法官、检察官和律师在请求和执行保护措施以及决定或建议在何种情况下应适用何种措施方面可以发挥作用。 因此,他们应该了解国家现有的保护机制,并且应该对保护的性别层面有敏感认识。", "62. 联合国 保护证人不是给予证人的恩惠,而是国际法规定的国家义务。 主要国际和区域人权文书明确提到各国有义务采取具体措施,保护证人和受害者免遭威胁和报复。 [63] 最近欧洲委员会《防止和打击暴力侵害妇女行为和家庭暴力公约》有关于风险评估和风险管理的具体规定(第51条)。 国际法庭的实践加强了这些文书所载的标准、规范和原则。 [64]", "63. 《罗马规约》第五十四条第1款(b)项要求国际刑事法院检察官 \" 采取适当措施,确保有效调查和起诉法院管辖范围内的罪行,同时尊重被害人和证人的利益和个人情况,包括第七条第三款所界定的年龄、性别和健康,并考虑到犯罪的性质,特别是涉及性暴力、性别暴力或暴力侵害儿童行为的犯罪的性质 \" 。 法院采取的措施“不得损害或违背被告的权利和公正公正的审判”。 [65] 虽然国际法院具有独特和具体的性质,但有关保护和支持证人的业务原则具有普遍性,因此,任何管辖权都可以从审议国家一级适用的经验和做法中受益。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 应定期评价对被害人和证人的保护措施和方案的效力。 至少需要采取两套保护措施,使证人和受害人能够安全站出来与刑事司法系统合作:(a) 司法当局在调查犯罪或在法庭上取证时实施的措施和程序;(b) 必要时,正式证人保护方案在司法程序之前、期间和之后提供保护措施和保障措施。 [66]", "65. 国家 程序性保护措施由法官或司法当局批准。 在审判期间,这类措施除其他外可包括:将公众排除在法院之外,使其参与审判的一部分或整个过程;使用假名;脸部或声音扭曲;使用屏蔽证人;通过视频链接作证;在没有被告在场的情况下作证;禁止公布或传播可能披露受害人或证人身份的信息;指定律师在被告担任自己的律师时进行交叉检查;或允许18岁以下的受害人在支助人在场的情况下作证。 [67]", "66. (中文(简体) ). 虽然在刑事审判中作证对任何证人来说都是一种压力的经历,但有些证人比其他证人更容易受到这种压力,可能需要采取特别支助措施来保护和提高其证词的质量。 此外,需求可能因性别以及所审议犯罪的性质而异,在证人也是受害人时,这一点尤其相关。 可以根据证人的特殊能力和需要调整法庭程序,以前应当根据证人的个人情况和案情对其进行评估。 这种支助或协助措施可以包括调整询问,以消除不必要的、侵入性的、重复的或令人尴尬的问题;允许在作证期间经常中断;改变审判室的设置,使其不那么正式;以及让一名在法庭或活动上在场的支助人员坐在证人旁边。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 正式的证人保护方案旨在在司法程序之前、期间和之后向受益人提供全面的人身保护和心理支持。 保护方案以及具体措施应考虑到妇女的特殊需要以及她们面临的特殊风险和威胁。 [68]", "68. (中文(简体) ). 在国际刑事法院,可命令采取特别措施,为受创伤的受害者或证人、儿童、老年人或性暴力受害者作证提供便利。 书记官处的被害人和证人股可以为证人、被害人和因证人作证而面临危险的其他人提供保护措施和安全安排、咨询和其他适当援助。", "69. 联合国 应该结合提供平等的法律保护和诉诸法律的机会,采取特别行动,以确保对妇女的保护对性别问题具有敏感认识,这样,法官和其他参与决定这种措施的当局不被视为对妇女 \" 特别 \" 的行为,因为这种行为可能损害被告获得公平审判的权利,而是要确保妇女也享有其他权利。", "70. 联合国 特别报告员想在保护措施方面强调“保护性拘留”或“安全拘留”的严重问题。 在安全监管下,家庭暴力、强奸和方便婚姻的受害者,除其他外,被拘押在监狱或收容所,作为保护机制。 监禁受害人和(或)证人是不公正的,使他们极有可能遭受进一步的监禁暴力并(或)违背其意愿而将其禁闭。 它还往往剥夺了他们接触子女或家人的机会以及必要的医疗和心理服务。 安全监护的规定通常不分性别;但是,在实践中,安全监护对妇女、女童和穷人的影响不成比例。 将受害者置于保护性拘留之下是一项极端措施,应构成最后手段,经受害者同意适用,并为审查拘留情况提供所有适当的法律保障。 [69]", "71. 联合国 特别报告员想进一步强调妇女机构的重要性,在证人保护方面,这意味着妇女必须充分了解情况,并有权就可能影响她们的事项和是否作证作出决定。 [70] 妇女并非天生脆弱:正是她们的特殊个人状况,加上普遍存在的社会性别歧视,使她们受到暴力的威胁并成为暴力的目标。 某些妇女群体,如被贩卖、性暴力、家庭暴力和所谓的为维护名誉而犯罪的受害者以及18岁以下的妇女,可能特别容易受到进一步暴力的伤害。 妇女不应仅仅因为其性别而受到过度保护;事实上,如果有适当的保障,见证的经验可以赋予妇女权力,并且对推进刑事司法系统的目标至关重要。 法官、检察官和(或)律师在面对证人的情绪或包括性行为细节的故事时,会感到不舒服。", "72. 联合国 在国别访问期间,特别报告员收到了许多关于性剥削和被贩卖的妇女受害者的证词,她们感到恐惧,因为她们受到负责打击犯罪的同一部(通常是内政部)的处理,并且与罪犯关押在同一地点,她们有机会进一步恐吓和威胁她们。 这种情况使他们不愿提出控告其犯罪者的申诉,从而妨碍他们诉诸司法。 在其他情况下,被贩卖或被强迫卖淫的妇女受害者表示,她们感到司法系统非常沮丧,因为法院剥夺了她们对子女的监护权。 特别报告员认为,这类罪行的妇女受害者应受到社会福利部等不同部的保护,以避免她们再次受害。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 《在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域中消除对妇女暴力行为的示范战略和实际措施》增订本[71] 可作为制定以性别和权利为基础的受害人和证人方案编制方法的指导。 特别报告员还想赞扬联合国人权事务高级专员办事处的倡议,该倡议旨在为在国家一级执行对性别问题敏感的保护措施制定一个关于性别和证人及受害者保护的实用工具。", "页:1 刑事司法系统中的女性罪犯", "74. 国家 触犯法律并被送入刑事司法系统的妇女,应受益于所有与受到公平审判的权利以及法庭平等权有关的规定,不得因性别或国际法所禁止的任何其他歧视理由而受到歧视。 特别报告员对刑法中歧视妇女的条款和在刑事诉讼中歧视性地适用对妇女的条款深表关切。 这种歧视性规定包括但不限于将通奸或私通定为犯罪行为,惩罚贩运受害者非法入境和卖淫,在乱伦案件中惩罚与亲属性交的女孩,以及将堕胎定为犯罪行为,包括在流产或威胁母亲生命和健康的情况下。 特别报告员希望回顾,法官和检察官坚持歧视性法律,成为违反国家国际义务的当事方。", "75. 国家 被控犯罪的妇女有权由一个合格、独立和公正的法庭进行公正的公开审讯,特别报告员认为,这一点在第三节中已详细叙述。 本报告B节要求法官、检察官和律师了解并培训性别问题和妇女人权,包括平等和不歧视原则。 法官在遇到性别陈规定型观念和歧视时,必须能够质疑其形式,即对嫌疑人提出不当指控,提出指控时没有任何不当行为的佐证证据,而且仅仅以传闻为依据,或对某种特定形式的行为提出错误指控(如指控堕胎为杀婴)。 法官还必须愿意挑战定型观念和歧视,不贬低妇女的证词,或贬低妇女的可信度,无论妇女是被告还是受害者。", "76. 联合国 法官还应认识到,在审判女性罪犯时,可以引入针对不同性别情况的减轻处罚情节。 例如,美洲人权委员会认为,特立尼达和多巴哥的国家法院曾以谋杀她丈夫罪判处了一名妇女死刑,它应该考虑多年来对罪犯实施严重暴力的证据。 根据精神病证据,最终将罪犯的刑期减为13年,这表明在谋杀时,她患有 \" 被殴打妇女综合症 \" 。", "77. 国家 挑战性别陈规定型观念还意味着挑战共同的假设:男性犯罪者——例如,她们有权以各种方式控制妇女,而且她们被假定无法控制自己的性冲动;男性受害者,例如,在男性被强奸的情况下,她们能够为自己辩护;以及妇女是暴力侵害男子罪行的肇事者。 在处理关于女同性恋、男同性恋、双性恋和特别是变性受害者和犯罪者的性别规范和期望时,也需要同样的敏感性。", "78. 国家 获得法律援助也可能是女性罪犯特别关注的问题。 人权事务委员会指出,“是否有法律援助往往决定一个人是否能够诉诸有关诉讼或以有意义的方式参与诉讼”。 [73] 此外,委员会指出,“对诉讼当事方收取费用,实际上妨碍他们诉诸司法,这可能引起第14条第1款下的问题。” [74] 特别报告员在其提交人权理事会的报告中观察到的贫困女性化现象往往使妇女无法获得适当的法律代表。", "79. 联合国 特别报告员还极为关注谴责并判处妇女某些刑罚。 与男子一样,妇女有权不受国际标准以外的惩罚,这意味着绝对禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚。 [76] 这意味着国际法禁止公开处决、石刑和体罚(包括鞭笞、鞭打、肢解和截肢等体罚)。 然而,特别报告员注意到,这种判决仍然被下达和适用,而且不成比例地针对妇女。", "80个 全世界绝大多数囚犯是男子,因此为他们设计了拘留制度并忽视了妇女的特殊需要。 [77] 虽然拘留条件本身可能不是歧视性的,但是在主要针对男子的制度中,没有考虑到妇女的特殊需要,导致对妇女产生歧视性影响的拘留。 例如,过度拥挤、卫生条件差和探视设施不足等问题确实影响到男女被拘留者,但妇女在月经期间特别容易受到卫生条件差的影响。 此外,妇女往往是幼儿的唯一或主要照顾者;因此,在她们不在的情况下对其子女福利的关切会造成担忧和痛苦。 孕妇或哺乳期妇女有与其状况有关的特殊问题,除特殊情况外,不应被监禁。", "81个 妇女尤其容易受到工作人员和囚犯的虐待(在男囚犯监狱附属设施中关押时),特别是身体和性暴力。 无论是由官员还是共同囚犯在官员的默许下在拘留环境中实施的强奸和其他形式的性暴力都构成酷刑。 [78] 在这方面,特别报告员想强调变性者的困境和极端脆弱处境,在大多数情况下,即使他们认同女性,他们仍会被关押在男性拘留设施中,并建议各国考虑采取适当措施,避免被拘留的变性人以及女同性恋和男同性恋囚犯进一步受害。", "82. 《联合国女性囚犯待遇和女性罪犯非拘禁措施规则》(《曼谷规则》)[79]是指导各国在这个问题上的政策并确保《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》规则6所体现不歧视原则在实践中得到落实的全面文书。 为实现实质性两性平等而满足这些需要不应被视为歧视。", "四、结 论 结论", "83个 性别陈规定型观念的普遍存在和持续存在,导致刑事司法系统中对妇女的歧视性待遇。 司法官员不能免受这种定型观念的影响。 极有必要进行研究,以审查在审判、司法程序和整个司法部门中纳入或缺乏性别和妇女观点的问题。 必须挑战审判和司法权威的传统观念,并鼓励妇女在司法机构中的代表性。 与此同时,男子也有机会作为法官、检察官或律师,在使妇女更易于利用刑事司法制度方面发挥关键作用,从而更加平等。", "第八十四会. 虽然本报告的重点是刑事司法制度,但特别报告员想强调,在法官、检察官和律师在非刑法环境中,如涉及家庭、继承、财产和土地所有权的情况下,或在个人地位法和判例中,性别方面的考虑也至关重要。", "85. 基于性别的歧视与其他歧视理由之间的交集及其后果往往被忽略。 [80] 跨部门或多重歧视加重了确保妇女在司法和法律专业中享有平等代表权以及她们利用刑事司法系统的机会的挑战。", "86号. 特别报告员想欢迎妇女署最近题为《世界妇女的进步:追求正义》的报告。 报告令人沮丧地承认,司法基础设施(警察、法院和司法机构)都使妇女失望。 反映权力平衡的司法制度可以更有效地保护妇女权利。", "87个 需要制定、实施和监督国家各部门的全面改革、改革、政策和方案,使妇女能够伸张正义。 法官、检察官和律师的作用至关重要。 性别观点必须贯穿于其独立性和公正性。 将性别公平观和妇女权利纳入刑事司法系统是确保不把妇女排除在法治之外的必要解决办法的一个组成部分。", "88个 司法系统必须从妇女进入警察局举报侵犯其权利行为开始,对妇女给予专门关注。 该系统的高效和有效运作应鼓励受害者随时向当局报告针对他们的暴力行为,并相信该系统将有效保护他们并向他们提供补救和补救。", "五. 建议", "89. 国家 特别报告员的下列建议应与她在提交人权理事会的上一份报告中提出的建议一并阅读。", "一般性建议", "90. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员鼓励各国确定并分享在刑事司法系统的所有方面纳入性别观点和妇女权利方面的最佳做法和共同标准。", "91. 联合国 各国应进行一项以刑事司法系统为重点的摸底工作,以查明基于性别的歧视的发生和原因,并评估其对妇女作为司法行为者、受害者、证人或罪犯参与刑事司法系统的所有方面的影响。", "92. 国家 各国应鼓励合格的妇女在司法机构和整个司法系统中担任高级职位,包括制定暂行特别措施。", "93. (中文(简体) ). 各国应采取一切现有措施,打击刑事司法系统各个方面的基于性别的定型观念、偏见和偏见,包括调查、起诉、审讯和保护受害人和证人以及判刑,包括培训司法人员。", "培训和能力建设", "94 (中文(简体) ). 各国应当建立关于两性平等和妇女权利的制度化培训,包括国家、区域和国际人权法和判例,并规定法官、检察官、律师、公设辩护人和司法系统,特别是刑事司法系统中的其他司法行为者必须接受这种培训,以确保始终如一地适用性别观点。", "95号. 国际人权法,特别是关于两性平等和妇女权利的国际人权法,应纳入所有法律系和法学院的课程,以及司法机构的学校课程和律师协会的学术方案。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 必须促进、重视性别问题专门知识并将其纳入司法机构和法律专业人员的各种法律培训和能力建设。", "妇女受害者参与刑事司法系统的情况", "97. 国家 各国应在法院或检察厅内设立专门法院或单位,处理具体的基于性别的罪行,以减少妇女在诉诸司法方面的挑战和障碍。 此类法院应当配备对性别问题敏感的司法人员,在性别平等、不歧视和基于性别的具体犯罪方面接受过高度培训。", "98 (英语). 特别报告员促请各国建立机制或机构,记录、监测、评估和提供法院处理妇女受害者和/或基于性别的犯罪的决定。", "99 (英语). 各国应解决法律费用问题和缺乏法律援助方案的问题,以及这一问题对妇女利用刑事司法系统的机会以及对具体弱势群体的利用所产生的不成比例的影响。", "保护证人和受害人", "一百块 特别报告员敦促各国考虑制定符合公平审判权原则并包含强有力的性别观点的切实有效的正式证人保护措施和方案。 这些措施和方案应构成刑事司法部门战略的组成部分,应全面并涵盖所有类型的犯罪,包括基于性别的犯罪和侵犯人权行为。 各国应为这些措施和方案提供所需的足够财政资源。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 威胁和风险应当由独立机构进行充分评估,随后对被害人和证人的保护应当适合其需要,并且应当在包括审前调查阶段在内的所有审判阶段提供。", "女罪犯", "102. 国家 特别报告员建议各国通过刑法条款,在刑事诉讼中不直接或间接地以性别为由进行歧视。 判决应包括性别观点,必须消除非人道判决。 在作出拘留判决时,应考虑到妇女和变性人的具体需要。", "社团在法律专业中的作用", "第103页。 律师协会和治安法官协会,无论是国家、区域还是国际协会,在有效支持妇女在法律界的代表性以及在为法官和律师提供关于国际人权法标准的有效培训方面,都发挥着至关重要的作用。 它们还应支持和鼓励交流在刑事法院程序和判例中适用两性平等规范的最佳做法。", "国际社会", "104 (韩语). 国际社会还应为各会员国提供建设性的实质性和技术性支助,确保妇女在司法机构中的平等代表性,并确保她们作为受害者、证人或罪犯平等地参与、保护和对待刑事司法系统,例如,包括帮助提出通过国内政治进程任命和晋升女法官的问题,以此作为妇女平等参与公共生活权利的一项基本要求,与从事法律职业的妇女一起工作,并分享维护平等和不歧视国际标准的良好做法和决定。", "[1] (中文(简体) ).", "[2] 法官和律师独立性问题特别报告员2011年4月29日的报告(A/HRC/17/30和Corr.1)从更广泛的司法角度分析了性别与司法之间多方面关系的某些方面。 报告讨论了妨碍妇女诉诸司法的主要障碍,包括贫穷妇女人数日增、司法行动者对性别问题缺乏敏感认识以及歧视妇女的法律、政策和做法,并就司法机构在促进妇女人权方面的作用提出了建议。", "[3] A/HRC/17/30和Corr.1。", "[4] 第1994/45号决议,第18段。", "[5] 人权理事会第6/30号决议,第5段。 18岁。", "[6] A/65/274。", "[7] 见:《关于司法独立的世界宣言》草案,第1(b)条;《亚太地区司法机关独立原则北京声明》,原则10(b);《非洲获得公正审判和法律援助的权利的原则和准则》,原则F(h)和一(一);《伊比利亚-美洲最高法院和法院院长峰会加拉加斯宣言》,政策1;国际检察官协会(1999年4月)通过的《检察官职业责任标准和基本义务与权利声明》,第1和4.2(b)条。", "[8] 例如,见A/HRC/15/40和人权理事会第15/23号决议。", "[9] A/HRC/12/46, 第33段。", "[10] Rebecca Cook和Simone Cusack,《性别陈规定型观念:跨国法律视角》(宾夕法尼亚州,宾夕法尼亚大学出版社,2010年),第1页;另见,第9页。", "[11] 另见:《非洲人权和人民权利宪章关于非洲妇女权利的议定书》第2(2)条;《美洲防止、惩罚和根除对妇女暴力行为公约》第8(b)条;以及《欧洲委员会防止和打击对妇女暴力行为和家庭暴力公约》第12(1)条。", "[12] 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室,“交叉问题:刑事司法系统评估工具中的性别问题——刑事司法评估工具包”(维也纳,2010年),第1页。", "[13] Dermot Feenan,“妇女与判断”,女权法律研究,第17卷,第1号(2009年),第3页。", "[14] Dermot Feenan,“女法官:性别判断,为多样性辩护”,《法律与社会杂志》,第35卷,第4期(2008年),第491页。 另见Marcela Valente, \" 在男子法庭为妇女伸张正义? 可查阅http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=37429。", "[15] 《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第7(b)条;消除对妇女歧视委员会第23号一般性建议,第5段。 《北京宣言》,第13段;《北京行动纲要》,第190(a)、232(d)和323(m)段;《联合国关于司法机关独立的基本原则》,原则10;《联合国律师作用基本原则》,原则10;《联合国检察官作用准则》,准则2(a);《世界司法独立宣言》草案,第10、77和80条;《非洲人权和人民权利宪章议定书》 《关于设立非洲人权和人民权利法院的权利》,第14条第3款;欧洲人权法院,《法院规则》,第14条;《罗马规约》,第36条第8款(a)项(三)目;《关于亚太地区司法机关独立的北京原则声明》,第5段。 《英联邦拉铁摩尔之家准则》,原则二.1;欧洲委员会部长理事会关于法官:独立、效率和责任的CM/Rec(2010年)12号建议,第一章,A节。 六.45 国家", "[16] Sally Kerney,“关于性别与判断的基本观点”,《政治与性别》,第6卷,第3期(2010年),第439页;Feenan,“女法官:性别判断,为多样性辩护”,第499页;McLachlin法官, “为什么我们需要女法官”,在2006年5月3日至7日在澳大利亚悉尼举行的国际女法官协会第八次两年期会议上作的发言;以及Karen O-Connor,“单独审判:关于妇女对法院重要性的思考”,《政治和性别》,第6卷,第3期(2010年),第449页。", "[17] 第36条第(8)款(a)(三)项和第36条第(8)款(b)项;另见:Louise Chappell,“在国际刑事法院的性别和判断”,《政治和性别》,第6卷,第3期(2010年),第488页。 第四十四条第(2)款规定,第三十六条第(8)款规定的标准比照适用于检察官办公室和书记官处工作人员的甄选。", "[18] 见《世界司法独立宣言草案》第11(a)条。", "[19] 例如,见Feelnan,“女法官:性别判断,多样性的理由”,第517页。", "[20] 麦克拉克林, “为什么我们需要女法官”。", "[21] Feenan,“妇女与判断”,第2页。", "[22] www.virtuefoundation.org. (中文(简体) ).", "[23] A/HRC/17/30和Corr.1, 第51段。", "[24] 桑德拉省 戴·奥康纳和金·阿扎雷利, \" 可持续发展、法治和女法官的影响 \" ,康奈尔国际法杂志,第44卷(2011年),第4和6页。", "[25] Julie Mertus,《妇女参与前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭:波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的过渡司法》(马萨诸塞州坎布里奇,亨特替代基金,2004年),第13页。", "[26] Louise Chappell, \" 性别与国际刑事法院的判断 \" ,第490页;Fareda Banda, \" 处理歧视妇女的法律的机制项目 \" ,由联合国人权事务高级专员办事处委托进行的研究,妇女权利和性别股,2008年,第12页。", "[27] 马塞拉·瓦伦特, “女法官不足:需要性别意识培训”,国际新闻通讯社。 可查阅http://ipsnews.net/print.asp?idnews=48519。 另见:班加罗尔司法行为原则,原则5(1)。", "[28] 人权事务委员会,第32号一般性意见,第21段。 另见:班加罗尔司法行为原则,原则5(2)。", "[29] 例如,见《关于非洲获得公平审判和法律援助的权利的原则和准则》,A(4)(一)和(k);欧洲委员会部长委员会第R(94)12号建议;原则三(1);伊比利亚美洲法官规约,第24条。", "[30] 原则9。", "[31] 第19号一般性建议,第24(b)段。 另见:《在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域中消除对妇女的暴力行为的最新示范战略和实际措施》(大会第65/228号决议,附件),第20(a)段。", "[32] 第44(2)和36(8)条。", "[33] A/HRC/14/26;又见A/HRC/11/41, 第80-84段;和A/64/181, 第28-30段。", "[34] A/HRC/14/26, 第70段。", "[35] 卡桑德拉·巴尔钦, “判决:只为男人吗?” 2010年8月2日 开放民主. 可查阅www.opendemocracy.net。", "[36] 联合国人权事务高级专员,声明,第十次国际女法官协会两年期会议,首尔,2010年,第16页。", "[37] 同上,第17页。", "[38] A/HRC/17/30和Corr.1, 第27至36段;又见:法雷达 班达, “处理歧视妇女的法律的机制项目”。", "[39] 人权观察,《永久性未成年人:沙特阿拉伯男性监护和性别隔离导致的侵犯人权行为》(纽约,2008年),第24页。", "[40] 照顾酷刑受害者医疗基金会,“拒绝司法:100名幸存的酷刑妇女寻求正义和康复的经历”(2009年),第19页。", "[41] 国际法学家委员会,《刑事诉讼审判观察手册》,从业人员指南,第5号(2009年,日内瓦),第147页。", "[42] (中文(简体) ). 例如:《在预防犯罪和刑事司法领域中消除对妇女的暴力行为的示范战略和实际措施》(大会第52/86号决议,附件),第5段。 《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》第8条;《严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害者获得补救和赔偿的权利基本原则和导则》(大会第60/147号决议,附件);《采取行动打击有罪不罚现象以保护和促进人权的一套原则》(E/CN.4/2005/102/Add.1),原则19, 第15段。 《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》,第6条。", "[43] 第68条第3款;国际刑事法院程序和证据规则,规则85和89-93。", "[44] 欧洲委员会部长委员会,《关于受害者在刑法和程序框架内的地位的建议》(85)11 E;《保护恐怖主义行为受害者准则》,欧洲委员会部长委员会(2005年3月2日);《非洲获得公平审判和法律援助的权利原则和准则》;以及欧洲联盟理事会2001年3月15日关于受害者在刑事诉讼中的地位的框架决定。", "[45] 丽莎·高姆利, “强奸和暴力侵害妇女案件中的性别陈规定型观念:人权判例的发展”,《国际刑法和刑法公报》,第16卷,第3期(2011年),第140页。", "[46] 同上。", "[47] 同上。", "[48] 人权事务委员会关于乌克兰的结论性意见(CCPR/C/UKR/CO/6),2006年11月28日,第9段。 10个", "[49] 第96条;《罗马规约》第69(4)条;《国际刑事法院程序和证据规则》第63和70-72条。", "[50] Jonathan Doak,《受害者的权利、人权和刑事司法》(牛津,哈特出版物,2008年),第51页。", "[51] 《联合国检察官作用准则》,准则13,(a)段。", "[52] 第54(1)(b)条。", "[53] CEDAW/C/46/D/18/2008, 第8.4段;另见:Gormley “性别陈规定型观念”,第143-144页。", "[54] Gonzales等诉墨西哥,2010;另见:Gormley,“性别陈规定型观念”,第142页。", "[55] Gormley,“性别陈规定型观念”,第143页。", "[56] Fernández-Ortega等人诉墨西哥,2010年;Rosendo-Cantú等人诉墨西哥,2010年。", "[57] M.C.诉保加利亚,2003年,第177和185段。", "[58] 第119-123、168-170和198段;另见:Bonita Meyersfeld,“国际法和家庭暴力方面的发展”,《国际反家庭暴力法公报》,第16卷,第3号(2011年),第110和113页。", "[59] 秘书长题为“深入研究侵害妇女的一切形式的暴力行为”的报告(A/61/122/Add.1和Corr.1),第315段。", "[60] 妇女署,《2011-2012年世界妇女的进步:追求正义》(2011年,纽约),第58-59页。", "[61] 国际法学家委员会,“关于法官、律师和检察官的独立性和问责制的国际原则”,《从业人员指南》,第1号(2007年,日内瓦),第8-9页。", "[62] 关于“证人保护在结束侵犯人权行为有罪不罚循环方面的作用”的联合声明,2009年9月30日。", "[63] 其中包括:《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第2条第1款、第10条和第17条;《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》第2条和第6条;《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》第13条;《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》第12条第4款;《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》第8条第1款(a)项;《为罪行和滥用权力行为受害者取得公理的基本原则宣言》第6(d)款;《有效调查和记录酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚的原则》第3 (b)款;《采取行动打击有罪不罚现象以保护和促进人权的一套原则》更新后的原则,原则10;以及《严重违反国际人权法和严重违反国际人道主义法行为受害者获得补救和赔偿的权利基本原则和导则》,第三(5)款。", "[64] A/HRC/15/33, 第12段。", "[65] 第68(1)条;另见:国际刑事法院程序和证据规则,规则87-88。", "[66] A/HRC/15/33, 第6段。 4.四.", "[67] 同上,第23段。", "[68] 同上,第25-38段。", "[69] 例如见:联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处,“交叉问题:刑事司法系统评估工具中的性别问题”,第34页。", "[70] Mertus,《妇女参与前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭》,第16至17页。", "[71] 大会第65/228号决议,附件。", "[72] Indrivani Pamela Ramjattan诉特立尼达和多巴哥;另见:Bonita Meyersfeld,“国际法和家庭暴力的发展”,第108页。", "[73] 第32号一般性意见(CCPR/C/GC/32),第7段。 10个", "[74] 同上,第74段。 11个", "[75] 见A/HRC/17/30和Corr.1, 第20-26段。", "[76] 人权事务委员会,第20号一般性意见,第2至3段。", "[77] 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处,“交叉问题:刑事司法系统评估工具中的性别问题”,第31页。", "[78] 见A/HRC/7/3。", "[79] 见大会第65/229号决议。", "[80] 例如,见A/HRC/17/26。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, Frank La Rue, submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolution 16/4.", "Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression", "Summary", "The present report is submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 7/36 and 16/4. The report expands upon the last report submitted to the Council by the Special Rapporteur on key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet (A/HRC/17/27), and addresses the issue through two equally important dimensions of Internet access: access to online content (sect. III), and access to Internet connection (sect. IV). In section III, the Special Rapporteur outlines the types of expression that States are exceptionally required to prohibit under international law (III.A) and also discusses impermissible restrictions (III.B), given the ongoing debate regarding regulation of content on the Internet. The report also addresses the importance of digital literacy and training in information and communications technology skills for individuals to enable them to access online content in an effective and meaningful manner. While access to Internet connection is not yet recognized as a human right, the report focuses on the positive obligation of States to facilitate the enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression via the Internet, and outlines both challenges and positive initiatives to make the Internet available, accessible and affordable to all segments of society (sect. IV). The report concludes with recommendations to ensure full access to online content that is free of censorship and access to Internet connection, particularly for marginalized and disadvantaged groups.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II. Activities 4 of the Special \nRapporteur A. Participation 4 in meetings and \nseminars B.Country 5 \nvisits III. Access 5 to online \ncontent A.Exceptional 8 types of expression that States are required to prohibit under international \n law B. Impermissible 13 \nrestrictions C.Digital 15 \nliteracy IV. Access 18 to Internet \nconnection A.The 18 digital divide and the Millennium Development \nGoals B.Access 19 to broadband \nconnection C.Access 20 to the Internet and the right to \neducation D.Mobile 21 \ntechnology V.Conclusions 22 and \nrecommendations A.Access 22 to online \ncontent B.Access 23 to Internet \nconnection", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted to the General Assembly by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 7/36 and 16/4. In particular, in resolution 7/36, the Council requested the Special Rapporteur “to continue to provide his/her views, when appropriate, on the advantages and challenges of new information and communications technologies, including the Internet and mobile technologies, for the exercise of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, including the right to seek, receive and impart information and the relevance of a wide diversity of sources, as well as access to the information society for all”.[1] On that basis, the report expands upon the last report submitted to the Council by the Special Rapporteur on key trends and challenges to the right of all individuals to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds through the Internet (A/HRC/17/27).", "2. The report addresses the issue through two equally important dimensions of Internet access: access to content online (sect. III), and access to Internet connection (sect. IV). While there are countries where Internet access is widely available, online content may be heavily restricted. In other countries, even though individuals may have access to online content free of censorship, Internet access may not be widely available for the majority of the population. The Special Rapporteur thus emphasizes that both aspects of access should be effectively ensured by all States as part of their existing obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the right to freedom of opinion and expression.", "II. Activities of the Special Rapporteur", "A. Participation in meetings and seminars", "3. On 6 and 7 April 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated as an expert in the second regional workshop on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred in Nairobi, organized by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).", "4. Between 1 and 3 May 2011, the Special Rapporteur took part in a number of events and conferences for the World Press Freedom Day in Washington, D.C. On 16 and 17 May, the Special Rapporteur participated as a panellist in a conference on “Civil protest and peaceful change: Upholding human rights”, organized by the Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights. On 30 and 31 May, the Special Rapporteur participated in a conference with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the Parliament of the Netherlands, and in a conference at the University of Leiden.", "5. On 1 and 2 June 2011, the Special Rapporteur undertook a visit to Hungary, at the invitation of the Government, to meet with members of the Parliament and civil society representatives concerning media legislation. On 3 June, the Special Rapporteur presented his annual report to the Human Rights Council in Geneva. On 5 June, the Special Rapporteur participated in a panel on freedom of expression and youth violence prevention at the General Assembly of the Organization of American States.", "6. On 6 and 7 July 2011, the Special Rapporteur participated as an expert in the third of the regional workshops on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred in Bangkok, organized by OHCHR. From 8 to 16 July, the Special Rapporteur participated in a series of academic events organized by civil society organizations in Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia and Indonesia.", "B. Country visits", "1. Missions undertaken in 2011", "7. From 10 to 17 April 2011, the Special Rapporteur undertook a mission to Algeria. The mission report will be presented at a future session of the Human Rights Council in 2012. The press release with his initial conclusions and recommendations can be found on the OHCHR website.[2]", "2. Upcoming missions", "8. The visit of the Special Rapporteur to Israel and the Occupied Palestinian territory has been postponed. The visit will take place from 4 to 18 December 2011.", "3. Pending requests", "9. As of March 2011, the following visit requests from the Special Rapporteur were pending: the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (requested 2003 and 2009); the Islamic Republic of Iran (requested February 2010); Sri Lanka (requested June 2009); Tunisia (requested 2009); and Uganda (requested 2011).", "III. Access to online content", "10. The Internet has become a vital communications medium which individuals can use to exercise their right to freedom of expression, or the right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, as guaranteed under articles 19 of both the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Like no other communications medium before it, the Internet allows individuals to communicate instantaneously and inexpensively, and it has had a dramatic impact on the way information and ideas are shared and accessed, and on journalism itself.", "11. While the Internet offers new and expanded opportunities to disseminate and access information and ideas of all kinds, it would be naive and dangerous to ignore its simultaneous use as a tool to monitor, identify, locate and target individuals who disseminate critical or sensitive information via the Internet. Moreover, the vast amount of personal information that is made available online, including through social networking sites, also pose serious concerns regarding the right to privacy, such as who has access to specific personal information, how the information is used, and whether, and for how long, the information is stored. The Special Rapporteur has previously underscored the importance of the role of Governments in fully guaranteeing the right to privacy of all individuals, without which the right to freedom of opinion and expression cannot be fully enjoyed.[3]", "12. Despite the potential for the Internet to be misused in illegal activities, the Special Rapporteur believes that the Internet can primarily be used as a positive tool to increase transparency over the conduct of those in power, access diverse sources of information, facilitate active citizen participation in building democratic societies and counter authoritarian regimes, as demonstrated by the “Arab spring”. Hence, the Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate that, as a general rule, there should be as little restriction as possible to the flow of information on the Internet, except under a few, very exceptional and limited circumstances prescribed by international law for the protection of other human rights.", "13. Anyone with access to the Internet can now potentially disseminate information to a global audience. In situations where journalists have limited access, for example during times of humanitarian crises or natural disasters, images recorded on mobile phones or messages posted online by bloggers and social networking sites have played a key role in keeping the international community informed of the situation on the ground. Indeed, with the increased use of Web 2.0 platforms, information is no longer an exclusive preserve of professional journalists, since a far wider range of people take part in gathering, filtering and distributing news. “Crowdsourcing” is one example which exemplifies such a trend. At the same time, traditional communications media, such as television, radio and newspaper, can also use the Internet to expand their audiences at nominal cost. While the increasing relevance and reliance on amateur videos and first-hand account of events posted on the Internet have had a profound effect on the news industry, professional journalists continue to play an indispensable role in researching, organizing and providing analysis and context to news events. The Internet should thus be seen as a complementary medium to mass media that has been based on a one-way transmission of information.", "14. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that the framework of international human rights law, in particular the provisions relating to the right to freedom of expression, continues to remain relevant and applicable to the Internet. Indeed, by explicitly providing that everyone has the right to freedom of expression through any media of choice, regardless of frontiers, articles 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were drafted with the foresight to include and accommodate future technological developments through which individuals may exercise this right.", "15. Hence, the types of information or expression that may be restricted under international human rights law in relation to offline content also apply to online content. Similarly, any restriction applied to the right to freedom of expression exercised through the Internet must also comply with international human rights law, including the following three-part, cumulative criteria:", "(a) Any restriction must be provided by law, which must be formulated with sufficient precision to enable an individual to regulate his or her conduct accordingly and must be made accessible to the public;", "(b) Any restriction must pursue one of the legitimate grounds for restriction set out in article 19, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant, namely (i) respect of the rights or reputation of others; or (ii) the protection of national security or of public order, or of public health or morals;", "(c) Any restriction must be proven as necessary and proportionate, or the least restrictive means to achieve one of the specified goals listed above.", "16. The Special Rapporteur welcomes the recently adopted general comment No. 34 of the Human Rights Committee on article 19 of the International Covenant, which underscores that when a State invokes a legitimate ground for restriction of the right to freedom of expression, it must demonstrate in specific and individualized fashion the precise nature of the threat, the necessity and the proportionality of the specific action taken, in particular by establishing a direct and immediate connection between the expression and the threat.[4]", "17. The Special Rapporteur also deems it appropriate to reiterate that the restriction must not put in jeopardy the right itself, and the relationship between right and restriction and between norm and exception must not be reversed.[5] In addition, any legislation restricting the right to freedom of expression must be applied by a body that is independent of any political, commercial or other unwarranted influences in a manner which is neither arbitrary nor discriminatory, and with adequate safeguards against abuse, including the possibility of challenge and remedy against its abusive application.", "18. The Special Rapporteur underscores that there are differences between illegal content, which States are required to prohibit under international law, such as child pornography, and those that are considered harmful, offensive, objectionable or undesirable, but which States are neither required to prohibit nor criminalize. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur believes that it is important to make a clear distinction between three types of expression: (a) expression that constitutes an offence under international law and can be prosecuted criminally; (b) expression that is not criminally punishable but may justify a restriction and a civil suit; and (c) expression that does not give rise to criminal or civil sanctions, but still raises concerns in terms of tolerance, civility and respect for others. These different categories of content pose different issues of principle and call for different legal and technological responses.", "19. In the light of the ongoing debate regarding the regulation of content on the Internet, the Special Rapporteur outlines the types of expression which States are exceptionally required to prohibit under international criminal law and/or international human rights law (III.A) and then refers to impermissible restrictions (III.B).", "A. Exceptional types of expression that States are required to prohibit under international law", "1. Child pornography", "20. Addressing child pornography online has become a major focus for regulation owing to the fact that the Internet has become the main gateway for the distribution of such content. The dissemination of child pornography is explicitly prohibited under international law, notably in the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography (defined in article 2 (c)). The Optional Protocol requires States parties to ensure that, as a minimum, producing, distributing, disseminating, importing, exporting, offering, selling or possessing child pornography (for purposes set out in article 3) are fully covered under its criminal or penal law, whether such offences are committed domestically or transnationally or on an individual or organized basis (article 3, para. 1 (c)).", "21. Child pornography is therefore a clear exception to the rule, and dissemination of content via the Internet is legitimately restricted, and States are even required to prohibit it as a criminal offence. As noted by the Special Rapporteur on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography in her report to the Council at its twelfth session, the relevant legislation should be clear and comprehensive and should treat child pornography on the Internet as a grave violation of the rights of the child and as a criminal act.[6] The Special Rapporteur considers that child pornography constitutes an act of violence against children and an offence to their human dignity, which provokes more violence against children. Moreover, the victim’s privacy must be protected and appropriate protection measures and care adapted to the needs and characteristics of children must be available.⁶", "22. The Special Rapporteur underscores that, as with any limitation, legislation prohibiting the dissemination of child pornography through the Internet, for example through the use of blocking and filtering technologies, must be sufficiently precise, and that there must be adequate and effective safeguards against abuse or misuse, including oversight and review by an independent and impartial tribunal or regulatory body. In addition, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that given the links between the sale of children, trafficking in children, forced labour, child prostitution, sex tourism and child pornography, States must also go beyond blocking measures to address the root causes of exploitation of children in a holistic manner and must investigate and prosecute those responsible.", "2. Direct and public incitement to commit genocide", "23. International criminal law prohibits direct and public incitement to commit genocide under article 3 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, article 25, 3 (e), of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, article 4, 3 (c), of the statute of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, and article 2, 3 (c), of the statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Incitement to commit genocide has historically been justified as a criminal offence owing to the particularly reprehensible nature of genocide as “the crime of crimes”.[7] Indeed, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has repeatedly underscored the “utmost gravity” of the crime of direct and public incitement to genocide, and has stressed that the media as a key tool used by extremists in Rwanda to mobilize and incite the population to genocide, a view which led it to deny an application by Georges Ruggiu for early release.[8]", "24. Since the first conviction for the crime of incitement to commit genocide in 1998,⁷ this subject has become the focus of a substantial new body of jurisprudence.[9] There are three defining requirements of the crime: it must be direct, public and committed with specific intent (mens rea). The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda has interpreted “direct and public” to include many forms of communication, by stating that “direct and public incitement must be defined … as directly provoking the perpetrator(s) to commit genocide, whether through speeches, shouting or threats uttered in public places or at public gatherings, or through the sale or dissemination, offer for sale or display of written material or printed matter in public places or at public gatherings, or through the public display or placards or posters, or through any other means of audiovisual communication”.⁷", "25. The Special Rapporteur notes the concern that the Internet may be used as a means of inciting others to commit genocide, particularly given its capacity to reach a large audience. In order to prevent any excessive and undue limitation to the right to freedom of expression, the Special Rapporteur underscores that incitement to commit genocide must first be prohibited in domestic law and that any restriction imposed, for example through blocking or removing such expression via the Internet, must only be applied after a careful assessment of the threat of such expression to directly incite genocide, including factors such as the speaker, the intended audience, the content or meaning of the speech, the socio-historical context, the mode of transmission,[10] and other indicators as outlined by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in its decision on follow-up to the declaration on the prevention of genocide (CERD/C/67/1). The Special Rapporteur also underlines that incitement to commit genocide, which is of utmost gravity, must be distinguished from other types of incitement, such as incitement to discrimination.", "3. Advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence", "26. The dissemination of “hate speech” via the Internet has also spurred efforts to regulate online content. There is, however, no definition of hate speech in international law, and the Special Rapporteur notes that many forms of hate speech do not meet the level of seriousness set out in article 20, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant, which stipulates that States shall prohibit by law any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence.", "27. As noted in the recently adopted general comment No. 34 on article 19 of the International Covenant by the Human Rights Committee, articles 19 and 20 of the Covenant are compatible with and complement each other, and the acts that are addressed in article 20 are all subject to restriction pursuant to article 19, paragraph 3. Hence, a limitation that is justified on the basis of article 20 must also comply with article 19, paragraph 3.[11] Moreover, the Committee has clarified that what distinguishes the acts addressed in article 20 from other acts that may be subject to restriction under article 19, paragraph 3, is that for the acts addressed in article 20, the Covenant indicates the specific response required from the State: their prohibition by law. It is only to this extent that article 20 may be considered as lex specialis with regard to article 19.[12]", "28. There are two key elements of the type of expression that is prohibited under article 20, paragraph 2, of the International Covenant: first, only advocacy of hatred[13] is covered, and second, it must constitute incitement[14] to one of the three listed results. Thus, advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred is not a breach of article 20, paragraph 2, of the Covenant on its own. Such advocacy becomes an offence only when it also constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence; in other words, when the speaker seeks to provoke reactions (perlocutionary acts) on the part of the audience,¹⁰ and there is a very close link between the expression and the resulting risk of discrimination, hostility or violence. In this regard, context is central to the determination of whether or not a given expression constitutes incitement.", "29. As highlighted in joint papers for a series of expert workshops on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred organized by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) in 2011,[15] the Special Rapporteur remains concerned by the vague formulation of some domestic legal provisions that prohibit incitement. These include combating “incitement to religious unrest”, “promoting division between religious believers and non-believers”, “defamation of religion”, “inciting to violation”, “instigating hatred and disrespect against the ruling regime”, “inciting subversion of state power” and “offences that damage public tranquillity”.[16] Such vague and broad terms clearly do not meet the criterion of legal clarity.", "30. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that restrictions must be formulated in a way that makes clear that its sole purpose is to protect individuals from hostility, discrimination or violence, rather than to protect belief systems, religions or institutions as such from criticism. The right to freedom of expression implies that it should be possible to scrutinize, openly debate and criticize, even harshly and unreasonably, ideas, opinions, belief systems and institutions, including religious ones, as long as this does not advocate hatred that incites hostility, discrimination or violence against an individual or a group of individuals.", "31. In addition, article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination stipulates that States parties shall declare all dissemination of ideas based on racial superiority or hatred and incitement to racial discrimination an offence punishable by law. In its general recommendation No. 15, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination stated that “in the opinion of the Committee, the prohibition of the dissemination of all ideas based upon racial superiority or hatred is compatible with the right to freedom of opinion and expression”.[17] Moreover, the Committee has also stated that it regards article 4 of the Convention as a mandatory obligation of States parties to the Convention. It regards the obligation as consistent with the freedoms of opinion and expression affirmed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and notes that such kind of acts mentioned above specifically outlaws inciting racial discrimination, hatred and violence. It views the provisions as necessary to prevent organized racial violence.[18]", "4. Incitement to terrorism", "32. In addition to the four types of incitement discussed above, a fifth form of incitement, incitement to terrorism, is the subject of Security Council resolution 1624 (2005), in which the Council called upon States to “prohibit by law incitement to commit a terrorist act or acts” and to prevent such conduct.", "33. The Special Rapporteur is concerned, however, particularly given the absence of an agreed definition of “terrorism” in international law,[19] that States have a broad margin of discretionary power to interpret what kinds of expression constitute incitement to terrorism. Noting this lacuna, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism has proposed a model definition of terrorism, as well as incitement to terrorism, based on best practices. With regard to the latter, he has proposed the following formulation as the model offence of incitement to terrorism: “it is an offence to intentionally and unlawfully distribute or otherwise make available a message to the public with the intent to incite the commission of a terrorist offence, where such conduct, whether or not expressly advocating terrorist offences, causes a danger that one or more such offences may be committed”.[20] This formulation encompasses two requirements: (a) an intent to incite the commission of a terrorist offence; and (b) the existence of an actual risk that such an offence will be committed as a consequence.[21]", "34. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that any domestic criminal laws that prohibit incitement to terrorism must meet the three-part test of restrictions to the right to freedom of expression. This entails that incitement of terrorism: (a) must be limited to the incitement of conduct that is truly terrorist in nature, as properly defined;[22] (b) must restrict the right to freedom of expression no more than is necessary for the protection of national security, public order and safety or public health or morals; (c) must be prescribed in law in precise language, including by avoiding reference to vague terms such as “glorifying” or “promoting” terrorism; (d) must include an actual (objective) risk that the act incited will be committed; (e) should expressly refer to two elements of intent, namely intent to communicate a message and intent that this message incite the commission of a terrorist act; and (f) should preserve the application of legal defences or principles leading to the exclusion of criminal liability by referring to “unlawful” incitement to terrorism.[23]", "35. At the same time, as noted by the Working Group on Countering the Use of Internet for Terrorist Purposes, one of the nine working groups of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force, the available means to suppress content deemed to be incitement to terrorism are often “clumsy or ineffective, or both”,[24] and thus it may be more effective to devise strategies that work with the Internet rather than against it, including the dissemination of rapid counter-narratives to extremist messages which constitute incitement to terrorism.", "36. That being the case, in addition to the prohibition of incitement to terrorism in domestic legislation, the Special Rapporteur notes that, at a practical level, a more effective strategy than attempting to restrict materials deemed to incite terrorism may be to use the Internet as a positive means of countering such incitement. Participants at the Riyadh Conference on the Use of the Internet to Counter the Appeal of Extremist Violence recommended, inter alia, that counter-narratives should be disseminated through all relevant media channels, including on social networking websites, to counter the appeal of extremist messages.[25]", "B. Impermissible restrictions", "37. The four types of expression examined above (III.A) fall under the first category of the types of expression that constitute offences under international criminal law and/or international human rights law and which States are required to prohibit at the domestic level. However, as they all constitute restrictions to the right to freedom of expression, they must also comply with the three-part test of prescription by: unambiguous law; pursuance of a legitimate purpose; and respect for the principles of necessity and proportionality.", "38. The most common method of restricting the types of prohibited expression on the Internet is through the blocking of content (see III.A above). In this regard, the Special Rapporteur reiterates the recommendations made in his most recent report to the Human Rights Council that States should provide full details regarding the necessity and justification for blocking a particular website, and determination of what content should be blocked should be undertaken by a competent judicial authority or a body which is independent of any political, commercial, or other unwarranted influences to ensure that blocking is not used as a means of censorship.[26]", "39. In addition, the Human Rights Committee has affirmed that any “restrictions on the operation of websites, blogs or any other Internet-based, electronic or other such information dissemination system, including systems to support such communication, such as Internet service providers or search engines, are only permissible to the extent that they are compatible with paragraph 3 [of article 19]. Permissible restrictions generally should be content-specific; generic bans on the operation of certain sites and systems are not compatible with paragraph 3. It is also inconsistent with paragraph 3 to prohibit a site or an information dissemination system from publishing material solely on the basis that it may be critical of the government or the political social system espoused by the government”.[27]", "40. Moreover, given the importance of the right to freedom of expression and free flow of information as a foundation for every free and democratic society,[28] the Special Rapporteur underscores that all other types of expression that are not mentioned above should not be criminalized, including defamation laws aimed at protecting the reputation of individuals, as criminalization can be counter-effective and the threat of harsh sanctions exert a significant chilling effect on the right to freedom of expression. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur reiterates the view that for the types of expression that do not rise to criminal or civil sanctions, but still raise concerns in terms of civility and respect for others, effort should be focused on addressing the root causes of such expression, including intolerance, racism and bigotry by implementing strategies of prevention.¹⁶", "41. To do so, and to bring about real changes in mindsets, perceptions and discourse, a broad set of policy measures are necessary, for example in the areas of intercultural dialogue or education for diversity, equality and justice and in strengthening freedom of expression and promoting a “culture of peace”. Indeed, the Special Rapporteur has previously stated that the strategic response to expressions deemed as offensive or intolerant is more speech: more speech that educates about cultural differences; more speech that promotes diversity and understanding; more speech to empower and give voice to minorities and indigenous peoples, for example through the support of community media and their representation in mainstream media.¹⁶ More speech can be the best strategy to reach out to individuals, changing what they think and not merely what they do, as has been recognized in the outcome document of the Durban Review Conference, which also affirmed the role that the right to freedom of opinion and expression can play in the fight against racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance worldwide.[29]", "42. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur stresses that, as stipulated in Human Rights Council resolution 12/16 (para. 5 (p) (i)), the following types of expression should never be subject to restrictions: discussion of government policies and political debate; reporting on human rights, government activities and corruption in government; engaging in election campaigns, peaceful demonstrations or political activities, including for peace or democracy; and expression of opinion and dissent, religion or belief, including by persons belonging to minorities or vulnerable groups.", "43. Similarly, the Human Rights Committee has asserted that article 19, paragraph 3, of the International Covenant on limitations “may never be invoked as a justification for the muzzling of any advocacy of multi-party democracy, democratic tenets and human rights. Nor, under any circumstance, can an attack on a person, because of the exercise of his or her freedom of opinion and expression, including such forms of attack as arbitrary arrest, torture, threats to life and killing, be compatible with article 19”.[30] The Committee has also noted that journalists and bloggers are frequently subjected to such threats, intimidation and attacks because of their activities, as are persons who engage in the gathering and analysis of information on the human rights situation and who publish human rights-related reports, including judges and lawyers. Indeed, the Special Rapporteur remains deeply concerned about such threats and attacks against, as well as killings and imprisonment, of bloggers, journalists and human rights defenders who rely upon the Internet to carry out their work.", "44. States should thus forbid restrictions to the right to freedom of expression, except for the specific categories mentioned above, in order to prevent the illegitimate imprisonment of individuals and should vigorously investigate all attacks and prosecute the perpetrators in a timely fashion and, in the case of killings, provide effective redress to the victims’ representatives.", "C. Digital literacy", "45. In addition to the availability of relevant content online which is free of censorship, the Special Rapporteur also notes the importance of ensuring that individuals possess the necessary skills to make full use of the Internet, or what is often referred to as “digital literacy”. The Special Rapporteur encourages States to provide support for training in information and communications technology (ICT) skills, which can range from basic computer skills to creating web pages. In terms of the right to freedom of expression, course modules should not only clarify the benefits of accessing information online, but also of responsibly contributing information, which can also contribute to combating the third type of expression mentioned above.", "46. In addition, the Special Rapporteur believes that Internet literacy should be included in school curricula, as well as in learning modules outside of schools. One example is the ThutoNet programme in Botswana, which will not only provide all schools in Botswana with computers and access to the Internet, but will train teachers on how to use ICT as a classroom tool, including formal ICT education as part of the school curriculum. This programme aims to assist the country’s children for success in the digital age, and will also involve the development of locally produced educational software to assist with e-learning and to ensure local content and subject relevance.[31]", "47. The Special Rapporteur also underscores the importance of educating individuals about Internet safety and security, including fraud, potential consequences of revealing private information on the Internet and the use of encryption or circumvention technologies to protect information from unwarranted interference, which is of particular importance for human rights defenders. Children should also be trained from an early age with regard to Internet safety.", "48. Moreover, the Special Rapporteur calls upon States to empower marginalized groups by ensuring that they receive effective digital literacy training. As the Special Rapporteur has noted in his previous reports, it is critical to strengthen the voice of those without power, especially people living in extreme poverty. Having access to the Internet allows people who are disadvantaged, discriminated against or marginalized to obtain information, assert their rights and participate in the public debate concerning social and political changes. Furthermore, the Internet allows minorities and indigenous peoples to express and reproduce their cultures, language and traditions, preserving their heritage and making a valuable contribution to others in a truly multicultural world. However, basic ICT skills are essential if users are to benefit from the full potential of the Internet.", "1. Persons with disabilities", "49. Persons with disabilities often face additional obstacles in making full and effective use of the Internet. For example, in the United States of America, where 81 per cent of the total population has access to the Internet, this figure reaches only 54 per cent among people with disabilities.[32]", "50. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities outlines general principles to which States that have ratified the Convention should adhere, including full and effective participation and inclusion in society and accessibility (article 3, paras. (c) and (f)). The Convention further stipulates that States should “promote the availability and use of new technologies, including information and communications technologies, mobility aids, devices and assistive technologies, suitable for persons with disabilities, giving priority to technologies at an affordable cost” (article 4, para. 1 (g)), and “promote access for persons with disabilities to new information and communications technologies and systems, including the Internet” (article 9, para. 2 (g)). To ensure fulfilment of these obligations, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) has recommended the following principles for ICT accessibility: equal access, functional equivalency, accessibility, affordability and design for all.[33]", "51. The Special Rapporteur underscores that the needs of persons with disabilities should be taken into account when designing and implementing Internet infrastructure at all levels. This can be in relation to distribution, user facilities as well as access devices.³¹ Some positive examples include the “Community Access” programme in Canada, which seeks to provide an appropriate number of sites with enhanced accessibility to meet the broad range of needs of persons with disabilities. The programme also aims to provide Internet access to less likely users, such as individuals with low incomes, rural or Aboriginal population, the elderly and immigrants.[34]", "52. In the United States of America, the Senate unanimously passed the “Twenty-first Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act” in 2010. The Act seeks to ensure full access for users who are deaf, hard of hearing, late deafened or deaf-blind to evolving high-speed broadband, wireless and other Internet protocol technologies. Moreover, the Act stipulates that accessibility features are preserved when materials are offered online, that telephones used over the Internet must be compatible with hearing aids and that television programmes must also be captioned when delivered over the Internet.³¹", "53. The Special Rapporteur welcomes such initiatives, and stresses the need for States to ensure that everyone, including persons with disabilities, can fully participate in the information society.", "2. Language barriers", "54. With a few languages dominating the online environment, language barriers can also be a further impediment to access online content. However, the Special Rapporteur notes the increasing number of sophisticated online translation services.", "55. Other positive initiatives to overcome language barriers include, for example, the World Digital Library, which provides free, multilingual access to documentary heritage held in institutions around the world, aimed at a diverse audience, from students, teachers to ordinary members of the public.[35] Furthermore, the content is contributed by partner institutions in the language of origin and is accessed through an interactive interface in seven languages, and allows for voice enabled browsing and can allow easy access to people with visual disabilities.[36]", "56. The Special Rapporteur also notes that the Board of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers has approved the internationalized domain name (IDN) ccTLD Fast Track Process, which enables countries and territories that use languages based on scripts other than Latin to offer their user’s domain names in non-Latin characters.", "57. The Special Rapporteur also reiterates his call on Governments to honour their obligation to promote indigenous cultural diversity in the public and private media.[37] This includes making governance information available in all relevant languages, including minority languages, in line with the principles enshrined in the 1992 Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities.", "3. Internet access and gender dimension", "58. The Special Rapporteur underlines the importance of equal and effective access to the Internet for women, which can play a key role in promoting their empowerment. Indeed, as highlighted in the latest report by the Broadband Commission, the Internet promotes empowerment by connecting women to a wide range of resources, for example to improve health, bolster education, allow for informed decisions and pursue economic opportunities.³¹ In this regard, there is an ongoing research project in India, which focuses on how ICT, such as mobile phone services, can facilitate women’s entrepreneurship in the country, and also seeks to identify factors which enhance the ability of technology to transform women’s economic experiences.[38]", "59. The United Nations Girls’ Education Initiative, evolving from the Millennium Villages project, is an example of “e-education” initiatives which also help promote girls’ education. This initiative has launched a global campaign to promote universal and equality Internet access in secondary education in developing countries, with an emphasis on girls’ education. ICT skills will be used to enhance the quality of education and to connect schoolchildren worldwide.³¹", "60. The Special Rapporteur encourages further research on concrete initiatives around the world and on how ICT can help women to further improve their skills and knowledge, in particular in the employment sphere as well as citizen participation.", "IV. Access to Internet connection", "61. Although access to the Internet is not yet a human right as such, the Special Rapporteur would like to reiterate that States have a positive obligation to promote or to facilitate the enjoyment of the right to freedom of expression and the means necessary to exercise this right, which includes the Internet. Moreover, access to the Internet is not only essential to enjoy the right to freedom of expression, but also other rights, such as the right to education, the right to freedom of association and assembly, the right to full participation in social, cultural and political life and the right to social and economic development.", "62. Recently, the Human Rights Committee, in its general comment No. 34 on the right to freedom of opinion and expression, also underscored that States parties should take all necessary steps to foster the independence of new media, such as the Internet, and to ensure access of all individuals thereto.[39]", "63. Indeed, given that the Internet has become an indispensable tool for full participation in political, cultural, social and economic life, States should adopt effective and concrete policies and strategies, developed in consultation with individuals from all segments of society, including the private sector as well as relevant Government ministries, to make the Internet widely available, accessible and affordable to all.", "A. The digital divide and the Millennium Development Goals", "64. Public and private policies aimed at extending Internet access have substantially increased the presence of Internet facilities in developing States. Yet despite these efforts, Internet usage is still lagging in developing States, perpetuating the “digital divide”, a term that refers to the gap between people with effective access to digital and information technologies, in particular the Internet, and those with very limited or no access at all. In his previous report, the Special Rapporteur expressed concern that without Internet access, which facilitates economic development and the enjoyment of a range of human rights, marginalized groups and developing States remain trapped in a disadvantaged situation, thereby perpetrating the existing socio-economic disparities both within and between States.[40]", "65. There are a number of factors that pose challenges to ensuring Internet access at the national level. For example, in many countries, the Internet market, and particularly the backbone infrastructure and international gateway, remain under the monopoly of one or very few telecommunications operators. Furthermore, both limited competition and scarce international Internet bandwidth tend to keep prices for Internet access high and often unaffordable in the area of fixed broadband access.[41] Moreover, the relatively high cost of accessing the Internet and the purchase of basic equipment makes it impossible for many people to have Internet access at home, with public access the only way to go online.", "66. To overcome these barriers, it is particularly important for States to play a proactive role, for example, by making the Internet more affordable, and by allowing as many people as possible to have Internet access at home while at the same time ensuring public access for people in rural areas and for people with low income levels. States can use their regulatory powers in circumstances where competition is limited, as a way to limit costs. States should also consider the possibility of subsidizing Internet services and the necessary hardware to facilitate access to the poorest sectors of the population.", "67. The Millennium Development Goals, including target 8.F, aim to make available, in cooperation with the private sector, the benefits of new technologies, especially ICT. This target is measured by the indicators of the number of telephone lines, mobile cellular subscriptions and Internet users per 100 people. Currently access to the Internet is far less widespread than mobile communications. At the end of 2009, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) estimated that some 1.7 billion people around the world were using the Internet, or just over a quarter of the world’s population (26 per cent). In developing countries, around 17.8 per cent were online. By the end of 2010, only Europe had achieved the target, with average Internet penetration rate at 67 per cent, and the Americas had reached around 50.7 per cent.⁴¹ These figures include public, communal centres and other kinds of Internet access. Moreover, according to the latest Millennium Development Goals Report 2011, although the number of Internet users continues to expand, penetration levels in the developing world remain relatively low, at 21 per cent at the end of 2010, compared to 72 per cent in the developed regions. Globally, two out of three people are not using the Internet. In the least developed countries, Internet penetration was as low as 3 per cent at the end of 2010.", "B. Access to broadband connection", "68. An increasing number of web services require high-speed Internet connectivity, in particular to access content on video-oriented websites. Thus, to effectively use the Internet, broadband access is increasingly becoming the norm. However, there is also a significant digital divide between those who enjoy fast access to multimedia content online and those still struggling with slow, shared dial-up links.[42] The Special Rapporteur notes that, according to ITU, 24.6 per cent of inhabitants in developed States have access to fixed broadband Internet connection, versus 4.4 per cent in developing States.", "69. There are, however, some encouraging initiatives to promote broadband Internet connection at the national level. Sweden, for example, was the first European country to develop a broadband policy in 1999, with the Government aiming to provide broadband in rural and remote areas where there is no market incentive to do so.[43] In Brazil, the Government has been active in developing programmes that make broadband Internet access available to people in lower income brackets. For example, the e-government citizens’ support service (GESAC) was set up in early 2002 for the purpose of increasing social inclusion by promoting digital inclusion, with the use of wireless technologies, such as satellite and WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), to roll out broadband to poorly served areas. The Government also operates a network of community telecentres that offer Internet access free of charge. Through GESAC, the Government aims to ensure that all of Brazil’s 5,565 municipalities have at least one broadband access point.³¹", "C. Access to the Internet and the right to education", "70. The importance of the Internet as an educational tool needs to be properly recognized. It provides access to a vast and expanding source of knowledge, supplements or transforms traditional forms of schooling and makes, through “open access” and active initiatives, previously unaffordable scholarly research available to people in developing States. Internet access allows students, teachers and parents alike to communicate more frequently and to keep abreast of the latest developments and issues related to their fields. Furthermore, the educational benefits attained from Internet usage directly contribute to the human capital of States. Therefore, the Special Rapporteur believes that access to the Internet will progressively be a key element of the right to education.", "71. Keeping the above in mind, the Special Rapporteur strongly emphasizes the importance of promoting and providing support to projects which seek to ensure the access to information and communication. In this regard, the global project “One Laptop per Child” is a good initiative. As stated in the most recent report of the Special Rapporteur to the Human Rights Council,[44] this kind of initiative helps to spread the availability of ICT in developing countries. The project, supported by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and several partners, has benefited not just children, but their families as well, since one of the essential aspects of the permanently connected laptop is its free use at home, which allows the child and the family to increase their access to information and to the outside world. Two important elements of these laptops are that they can be charged by solar or mechanical power; and they have been designed to provide an engaging wireless network, which allows the laptops to be connected automatically to others nearby.[45]", "72. The Special Rapporteur wishes to highlight how the successful example of “Plan Ciebal” in Uruguay has expanded and replicated around the world, and is a good example of partnership between the different private and public sectors. Among the countries participating in the “One Laptop per Child” project include Afghanistan, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Cambodia, Canada, China, India, Iraq, Nepal, South Africa, Rwanda, Thailand, Lebanon and Niue.[46]", "73. Another example of national strategies is that of Brazil, where in early 2008 a “Broadband in Schools” programme was launched in Brazil through a partnership involving the federal Government, the regulator National Telecommunications Agency (ANATEL) and several telecommunications operators. The project aims to connect 56,865 state schools nationwide, which would then benefit 37.1 million pupils, or 84 per cent of the Brazilian student population.³¹", "74. In New Zealand, a Government-funded programme, the Rural Broadband Initiative, aims to improve the availability of fibre backhaul links in less-urbanized parts of the country, as well as to provide country schools with reliable, high-speed connectivity.", "D. Mobile technology", "75. The digital divide in terms of access to mobile technology is much smaller than the Internet, with an estimated 67.6 per cent of individuals in developing States using mobile phones.³¹ While cellular phones do not provide the same benefits as direct computer-based Internet access, the Special Rapporteur is of the view that mobile technology can be a stepping stone to attain Internet connectivity, especially in remote areas where fixed line access is more difficult to establish.", "76. Recent reports show that access to the Internet using mobile phones is a growing trend, including in many developing countries and regions, including in Africa.⁴¹ According to the ITU, almost three quarters of the world’s rural inhabitants were covered by mobile cellular signal by the end of 2008. Moreover, the report suggests that coverage in rural parts of Africa could exceed 90 per cent by 2015, with mobile cellular technology playing a crucial role in expanding communications networks.⁴¹", "77. Broadband Internet access through mobile phones is also increasing rapidly. According to ITU statistics, by the end of 2010, the total number of mobile broadband subscriptions worldwide had reached 940 million. This number is expected to top 1 billion in 2011, from 73 million in 2005. One key reason for the growth in mobile broadband is that operators are offering both competitive and affordable data packages. This development is complemented and supported by new technologies, which are bringing more efficiency to networks.³¹ Singapore is one such example with a 100 per cent penetration rate for mobile phones, and with a majority of households having at least one mode of broadband access.³¹ In addition, in 2008 and 2009, the Government selected two companies to work on a coordinated nationwide roll-out of the network. As stipulated under the terms of the broadband deployment, one of these companies will waive all installation charges for home and building owners when the network first reaches their area. These companies are also to provide network connectivity to outdoor locations.³¹", "V. Conclusions and recommendations", "78. The Internet has become one of the most important vehicles by which individuals exercise their right to freedom of opinion and expression, and it can play an important role to promote human rights, democratic participation, accountability, transparency and economic development. However, as with all technological innovations, the Internet can also be used to cause harm, which has raised concerns among Governments as to whether to regulate content online.", "79. The general rule should be to maintain openness and the free flow of information over the Internet, with limitations, which should conform to the criteria established under international human rights law, as the exception. To protect the right to freedom of expression from undue restrictions, the Special Rapporteur has attempted to distinguish the types of expression: (a) which constitute an offence under international law and which States are required to prohibit; (b) which are not criminally punishable but may justify a civil suit; and (c) which do not give rise to criminal or civil sanctions, but still raise concerns in terms of tolerance, civility and respect for others. Each category poses different issues of principle, and thus requires different legal responses, as highlighted below.", "80. The Special Rapporteur also remains concerned that the majority of the world’s population remain without access to Internet connection. Although access to the Internet is not yet recognized as a right in international human rights law, States have a positive obligation to create an enabling environment for all individuals to exercise their right to freedom of opinion and expression.", "Recommendations", "A. Access to online content", "81. States are obliged to guarantee a free flow of ideas and information and the right to seek and receive as well as to impart information and ideas over the Internet. States are also required under international law to prohibit under its criminal law the following types of content: (a) child pornography; (b) direct and public incitement to commit genocide; (c) advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or violence; and (d) incitement to terrorism. However, the Special Rapporteur reminds all States that any such laws must also comply with the three criteria of restrictions to the right to freedom of expression, namely: prescription by unambiguous law; pursuance of a legitimate purpose; and respect for the principles of necessity and proportionality.", "82. With regard to technical measures taken to regulate the above-mentioned type of prohibited expression, such as the blocking of content, the Special Rapporteur reiterates that States should provide full details regarding the necessity and justification for blocking a particular website and that the determination of what content should be blocked must be undertaken by a competent judicial authority or a body that is independent of any political, commercial or other unwarranted influences in order to ensure that blocking is not used as a means of censorship.", "83. The Special Rapporteur recommends that all other types of expression which do not fall under the above-mentioned category be decriminalized, as criminalization may be counter-effective and the threat of harsh sanctions can exert a significant chilling effect on the right to freedom of expression. Moreover, States should focus their efforts on combating the root problems of racist or offensive speech, such as bigotry and bias, which includes promoting more speech to counter such negative types of expression, improving understanding among peoples of the world and building a culture of peace.", "84. Enabling individuals to effectively use the content made available via the Internet requires a number of elements, including the skills to use the technology. The Special Rapporteur thus recommends that States include Internet literacy skills in school curricula and support similar learning modules outside of schools. In addition to basic skills training, modules should clarify the benefits of accessing information online and of responsibly contributing information. Training can also help individuals learn how to protect themselves against harmful content, such as the potential consequences of revealing private information on the Internet, as well as against undue restrictions by States or corporations through the use of encryption or circumvention technology.", "85. The Special Rapporteur encourages the translation of websites into multiple languages, including languages spoken by minorities and indigenous peoples, and their accessibility to persons with disabilities. Allowing people speaking different languages or with disabilities to participate in the same communication platform facilitates a truly global society. In addition, he recommends that all States ensure that all relevant governance information, including on the local levels, is available and accessible in the language of all those concerned.", "86. The Special Rapporteur also underscores the importance of applying a gender dimension for Internet access and recommends that States develop strategies for ensuring effective access to online content, including through ICT training.", "B. Access to Internet connection", "87. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that the access to information, the ability to exercise the right to freedom of expression and the participation that the Internet provides to all sectors of society is essential for a truly democratic society.", "88. Moreover, given the essential role played by the Internet to facilitate the enjoyment of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, as well as other rights, such as education, freedom of association and assembly, citizen participation and economic and social development, the Special Rapporteur believes that it is not only important but imperative that States adopt effective and concrete policies and strategies, developed in consultation with individuals from all segments of society, including the private sector and relevant Government ministries, in order to make the Internet widely available, accessible and affordable to all, based on the principles of non-discrimination of any kind, including on the grounds of race, colour, sex, language, disability, economic origin or any other status.", "89. In particular, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States take proactive measures to ensure that Internet connectivity is available on an individual or communal level in all inhabited localities of the State, by working on initiatives with the private sector, including in remote or rural areas. Such measures involve the adoption and implementation of policies that facilitate access to Internet connection and to low-cost hardware, including in remote and rural areas, including the subsidization of service, if necessary.", "90. Given the increasing amount of multimedia content online, broadband access should also be actively promoted and encouraged by States.", "91. As mobile technology is increasingly being used, and is more accessible in developing States, the Special Rapporteur recommends that States support policies and programmes to facilitate connection to the Internet through the use of mobile phones.", "92. At the international level, the Special Rapporteur reiterates his call on States, in particular developed States, to honour their commitment, expressed, inter alia, in the Millennium Development Goals, to facilitate technology transfer to developing States and to integrate effective programmes to facilitate universal Internet access in their development and assistance policies.", "[1] Human Rights Council resolution 7/36, para. 4 (f).", "[2] Available from http://www.ohchr.org.", "[3] See A/HRC/17/27, paras. 53-59.", "[4] CCPR/C/GC/34, para. 36.", "[5] Ibid., para. 21.", "[6] See A/HRC/12/23.", "[7] See Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Case No. ICTR-96-4-T, October 1998, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.", "[8] Prosecutor v. Riggiu, Case No. ICTR-97-32-S (Trial Chamber), 12 May 2005, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.", "[9] See, inter alia, Prosecutor v. Nahimana et al., Case No. ICTR-99-52-A, 28 November 2007, and Prosecutor v. Simon Bikindi, Case No. ICTR-01-72-T, 2 December 2008, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.", "[10] See the contribution to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Initiative on Incitement to National, Racial or Religious Hatred by Susan Benesch, consultant to the United Nations Special Adviser on the Prevention of Genocide, 2011 (see http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/experts_papers.htm).", "[11] CCPR/C/GC/34, para. 50.", "[12] Ibid., para. 51.", "[13] As noted in principle 12.1 of the Camden Principles on Freedom of Expression and Equality, “hatred” refers to intense and irrational emotions of opprobrium, enmity and detestation towards the target group. Available from http://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principles-on-freedom-of-expression-and-equality.pdf.", "[14] The term “incitement” refers to statements about national, racial or religious groups which create an imminent risk of discrimination, hostility or violence against persons belonging to those groups (principle 12.1 of the Camden Principles).", "[15] Available from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/ experts_papers.htm.", "[16] Joint submission by the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief and the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance is available from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_ iccpr/docs/experts_papers.htm.", "[17] See http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/comments.htm.", "[18] Presentation at the Bangkok workshop on the prohibition of incitement to national, racial or religious hatred by Huang Yongan, July 2011, available from http://www2.ohchr.org/english/ issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_Bangkok/HuangYongan.pdf.", "[19] The United Nations defines terrorism indirectly by relying on 16 international legal instruments which define “terrorist acts”, see http://www.un.org/terrorism/instruments.shtml.", "[20] See A/HRC/16/51, para. 32.", "[21] See A/HRC/6/17/Add.1, A/HRC/10/3/Add.2 and A/HRC/16/51.", "[22] The Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism has proposed the following model definition of terrorism: “Terrorism means an action or attempted action where:", "“1. The action:", "(a) Constituted the intentional taking of hostages; or", "(b) Is intended to cause death or serious bodily injury to one or more members of the general population or segments of it; or", "(c) Involved lethal or serious physical violence against one or more members of the general population or segments of it;", "and", "“2. The action is done or attempted with the intention of:", "(a) Provoking a state of terror in the general public or a segment of it; or", "(b) Compelling a Government or international organization to do or abstain from doing something;", "and", "“3. The action corresponds to:", "(a) The definition of a serious offence in national law, enacted for the purpose of complying with international conventions and protocols relating to terrorism or with resolutions of the Security Council relating to terrorism; or", "(b) All elements of a serious crime defined by national law.” (A/HRC/51, para. 28).", "[23] A/HRC/16/51, para. 31.", "[24] Report of the Working Group on Countering the Use of the Internet for Terrorist Purposes, para. 88 (available from http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/wg6-internet_rev1.pdf).", "[25] Riyadh Conference on the Use of the Internet to Counter the Appeal of Extremist Violence, 24-26 January 2011, summary and follow-up recommendations available from http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/CTITF%20Riyadh%20Conference%20-%20Summary% 20&%20Recommendations.pdf.", "[26] A/HRC/17/27, para. 70.", "[27] CCPR/C/GC/34, para. 43.", "[28] Ibid., para. 2.", "[29] A/CONF.211/8, chap. I, para. 58.", "[30] CCPR/C/GC/34, para. 23.", "[31] See International Telecommunication Union (ITU)/United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Broadband: A Platform for Progress, a report by the Broadband Commission for Digital Development, June 2011 (see http://www.broadbandcommission.org/report2/full-report.pdf).", "[32] Susannah Fox, “Americans living with disability and their technology profile”, Pew Internet & American Life Project, 21 January 2011 (http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/ Disability.aspx).", "[33] See ITU, “e-Accessibility Policy Handbook for Persons with Disabilities”, 2010.", "[34] http://www.ic.gc.ca/cic/site/cap-pac.nsf/eng/home.", "[35] World Digital Library (http://www.wdl.org/en/).", "[36] Partners in the World Digital Library are mainly libraries, archives or other institutions that have collections of cultural content that they contribute to the Library. Partners may also include institutions, foundations and private companies that contribute to the project in other ways, for example by sharing technology, convening or co-sponsoring meetings of working groups, or contributing financially.", "[37] A/HRC/14/23, para. 60.", "[38] ITU, “Women entrepreneurs in India and ICT”, 14 July 2011 (http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/sis/ newslog/CategoryView,category,Gender.aspx).", "[39] CCPR/C/GC/34, para. 15.", "[40] A/HRC/17/27, para. 62.", "[41] See World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report 2010: Monitoring the WSIS Targets: A mid-term review, p. 201 (http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_10/material/ WTDR2010_e_v1.pdf).", "[42] See United Nations, The Millennium Development Goals Report 2010 (http://www.un.org/ millenniumgoals/).", "[43] Ministry of Enterprise, Energy and Communications, Sweden (www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/573/a/ 12566/action/search/type/simple?query=broadband+access).", "[44] A/HRC/17/27, para. 63.", "[45] See http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Core_principles/lang-en.", "[46] See http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Deployments and http://one.laptop.org." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员弗兰克·拉卢依照人权理事会第16/4号决议提交的报告。", "* A/66/150。", "促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员的报告", "摘要", "本报告是促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员依照人权理事会第7/36号和第16/4号决议向大会提交的报告。本报告扩充了特别报告员上一次向理事会提交的关于人人有权通过因特网寻求、接受和传播各种信息和思想这一问题上的主要趋势和挑战的报告(A/HRC/17/27)，并通过因特网信息获取两个同等重要的方面即在线内容的获取(第三节)和因特网连接的获取(第四节)，讨论这一问题。在第三节中，特别报告员概述了依照国际法应特别要求各国加以禁止各类的言论(第三节A)，鉴于当前有关因特网内容监管的讨论，还讨论了不可允许的限制(第三节B)。本报告还讨论了数字识字能力和通过信息和通讯技术技能训练使人们能以一种有效和实际的方式获得在线内容的重要性。虽然因特网连接的获取尚未被确认为一项人权，但本报告强调了各国促进通过因特网享受言论自由权的积极义务，并概述了实现社会各阶层有因特网可用、没有限制又负担得起这一方面所存在的挑战和提出的积极举措(第四节)。本报告在结尾部分提出建议，确保人们尤其是边缘群体和弱势群体，充分获取不受审查的在线内容和因特网连接。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.特别报告员的活动 4\nA.参加会议和研讨会的情况 4\nB.国家访问 5\n3.在线内容的获取 5\nA.依照国际法必须要求各国加以禁止特殊类型的言论 7\nB.不可允许的限制 12\nC.数字识字能力 13\n4.因特网连接的获取 16\nA.数字鸿沟与千年发展目标 16\nB.获得宽带连接 17\nC.获得因特网和接受教育的权利 18\nD.移动技术 19\n5.结论与建议 19\nA.访问在线内容 20\nB.获得因特网连接 21", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告是促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员依照人权理事会第7/36号和第16/4号决议向大会提交的。尤其是在第7/36号决议中，理事会要求特别报告员“继续就新的信息和通信技术，包括因特网和移动技术，对行使意见和言论自由权，包括寻求、接受和传播信息的权利，所带来的好处和挑战，以及信息来源的多样性和人人都可进入信息社会的问题，酌情提出意见”。[1] 在这一基础上，本报告扩充了特别报告员上一次向理事会提交的关于人人有权通过因特网寻求、接受和传播各种信息和思想这一问题上的主要趋势和挑战的报告(A/HRC/17/27)。", "2. 本报告通过因特网信息获取两个同等重要的方面，即在线内容的获取(第三节)和因特网连接的获取(第四节)，讨论这一问题。在一些国家中，虽然因特网连接已经广泛普及，在线内容却可能受到严格的限制。在另一些国家中，尽管个人可以不受审查地获取在线内容，但对大多数人来说，因特网连接却可能不够普及。因此，特别报告员强调，所有国家都应履行其尊重、保护和实现意见和言论自由权的现有义务，有效保证因特网信息获取的两个方面。", "二. 特别报告员的活动", "A. 参加会议和研讨会的情况", "3. 2011年4月6日和7日，特别报告员以专家身份参加了联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)在内罗毕举办的禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题第二次地区性研讨会。", "4. 2011年5月1日至3日，特别报告员在华盛顿哥伦比亚特区参加了纪念世界新闻自由日的一系列活动和会议。5月16日和17日，特别报告员以专家身份参加了日内瓦国际人道主义法和人权学院举办的“公民抗议和和平变革：捍卫人权”会议。5月30日和31日，特别报告员参加了荷兰外交部和国会的一场会议，并参加了莱顿大学的一场会议。", "5. 2011年6月1日和2日，特别报告员应匈牙利政府邀请，对该国进行了一次访问，就媒体法问题会见了国会议员和民间社会组织代表。6月3日，特别报告员向日内瓦人权理事会提交了年度报告。6月5日，特别报告员参加了美洲国家组织大会言论自由和防止青年暴力问题小组的活动。", "6. 2011年7月6日和7日，特别报告员以专家身份参加了人权高专办在曼谷举办的禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题第三次地区性研讨会。7月8日至16日，特别报告员在泰国、柬埔寨、马来西亚和印度尼西亚参加了由民间社会组织举办的一系列学术活动。", "B. 国家访问", "1. 2011年已经进行的访问", "7. 2011年4月10日至17日，特别报告员访问了阿尔及利亚。此次访问的报告将于2012年提交给人权理事会会议。有关本次访问的新闻稿以及特别报告员的初步结论和建议，可参见人权高专办的网站。[2]", "2. 即将进行的访问", "8. 特别报告员对以色列和巴勒斯坦被占领土的访问已被推迟。访问将于2011年12月4日至18日进行。", "3. 等候答复的请求", "9. 截至2011年3月，特别报告员向下列国家发出的访问请求尚无回音：委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国(2003年和2009年分别发出请求)；伊朗伊斯兰共和国(2010年2月发出请求)；斯里兰卡(2009年6月发出请求)；突尼斯(2009年发出请求)；乌干达(2011年发出请求)。", "三. 在线内容的获取", "10. 因特网已成为一种重要的通讯媒介。通过这一媒介，个人能够行使《世界人权宣言》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》两个文件的第19条所保证的言论自由权，或不论国界寻求、接受和传播各种信息和思想的权利。与先前任何其他通讯媒介不同，因特网使人们能以瞬时和廉价的方式进行交流，这对人们分享和获取信息和思想的方式，也对新闻业本身，都带来了巨大的影响。", "11. 尽管因特网为一切形式的信息和思想的传播和获取提供了更多的新机会，但若忽略了它同时也可以被用作监视、识别、追踪和锁定通过因特网传播关键或敏感信息的个人的工具，则既是天真的，又是危险的。不但如此，包括通过社交网络网站在内，网上可以得到的大量个人信息也引起了对于隐私权的严重关注，诸如什么人可以获知这种特定的个人信息、如何使用这种信息、是否保留这种信息、保留时间多长等问题。特别报告员此前曾强调政府在充分保证所有人的隐私权方面的作用。没有这种隐私权，人们不可能充分享受意见和言论自由权。[3]", "12. 尽管因特网有可能被滥用于非法活动，特别报告员认为，正如“阿拉伯之春”所揭示的因特网主要可以用作一种积极的工具，提高当权者行为的透明度，提供多样化信息来源，激发市民积极参与民主社会的建设，反对独裁统治。因此，特别报告员愿意重申，一般说来，除非在国际法规定的旨在保护其他人权的少数非常特殊和有限的情况下，对因特网上的信息流动应尽量少加限制。", "13. 任何接入因特网的人现在都有可能向全球受众传播信息。在新闻记者信息来源有限的情况下，例如在人道主义危机或自然灾害时刻，由手机拍摄的图像或由博客和社交网络网站在线发布的消息，在让国际社会了解实地情况方面已经发挥了重要的作用。随着Web 2.0平台的推广使用，信息不再是职业记者的专属领地，因为参与新闻的收集、过滤和传播过程的人的范围大为增加。“众包”就是说明这一趋势的一个例子。与此同时，传统的通讯媒介，如电视、广播和报纸，也能利用因特网以象征性的价格扩大其受众。因特网上贴出的由业余爱好者所拍摄的视频和对事件的第一手报道，其现实意义和受依赖程度与日俱增，已经对新闻业产生了深远的影响，但是，职业记者在研究、组织以及提供新闻事件的分析和背景方面，继续发挥着不可或缺的作用。因此，因特网应被视为对建立在信息单向传输基础上的大众媒介的一种补充媒介。", "14. 特别报告员重申，国际人权法的框架，尤其是有关言论自由权的条款，仍然具有现实意义，并且适用于因特网。的确，通过明确规定人人有通过他所选择的任何媒介且不论国界的言论自由权，《世界人权宣言》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》两份文件的第19条在起草之际，已有包容未来技术发展，让个人能够借以行使此项权利的远见。", "15. 因此，依照国际人权法可能加以限制的有关离线信息或言论类型，也适用于在线内容。同样，对于通过因特网行使言论自由权所进行的任何限制，也必须遵循国际人权法，包括下列三方面的累积标准：", "(a) 任何限制均应由法律规定，法律规定必须有足够的精确性，让个人能够相应调节其行为，还必须让公众能够查阅；", "(b) 任何限制都必须符合《国际公约》第19条第3款规定的进行限制的合法理由之一，即㈠ 尊重他人的权利或名誉；或㈡ 保障国家安全或公共秩序，或公共卫生或道德：", "(c) 任何限制都必须证明是必要和适度的，或者只采取实现上述特定目标之一的最低限制手段。", "16. 特别报告员欢迎最近通过的人权委员会关于《国际公约》第19条的第34号一般性意见。这份意见强调一国援引对言论自由权进行限制的合法理由时，必须以明确、具体的方式说明威胁的确切性质，所采取的具体行动的必要性和适度性，尤其是必须确定要加以限制的言论和威胁之间的直接联系。[4]", "17. 特别报告员同时认为有必要重申，施行限制不应该危害权利本身，权利和限制、规范和例外之间的关系不应被颠倒。[5] 另外，任何限制言论自由权的立法必须由一个独立于任何政治、商业或其他不适当影响的机构，以非随意、非歧视的方式来实施，并有足够的保障防止滥用，包括提出质询的可能性以及滥用发生时的补救措施。", "18. 特别报告员强调，国际法要求各国加以禁止的非法内容，像儿童色情制品，和没有要求各国加以禁止或罪罚但属有害、令人不快、引起反感或不受欢迎的内容，两者之间有所不同。在这一方面，特别报告员认为明确区分三类言论十分重要：(a) 依照国际法构成犯罪、可以被刑事起诉的言论：(b) 不会受到刑事处罚、但可加以限制或被民事起诉的言论；以及(c) 不会引起刑事或民事制裁、但仍在宽容、文明和尊重他人宗教或信仰方面引起关注的言论。这些不同类型的内容提出了不同的原则问题，需要有不同的法律和技术对策。", "19. 鉴于当前关于因特网内容监管的讨论，特别报告员提出了依照国际刑法和/或国际人权法需要特别要求各国加以禁止的各类言论(第三节A)，然后讨论不可允许的限制(第三节B)。", "A. 依照国际法必须要求各国加以禁止特殊类型的言论", "1. 儿童色情制品", "20. 由于因特网已成为在线儿童色情制品传播的主要途径这一事实，控制这类内容已成为监管的焦点。依照国际法，特别是《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题任择议定书》，儿童色情制品的传播被明确加以禁止(第2(c)条的规定)。《任择议定书》要求缔约国应起码确保本国刑法对于为第三条所述的目的制作、分销、传播、进口、出口、出售、销售或拥有儿童色情制品做出充分的规定，不论这些犯罪行为是在国内还是跨国实施的，也不论是个人还是有组织地实施的(第三条第1(c)段)。", "21. 因此，儿童色情制品是规则一个明显的例外，通过因特网传播这类内容被依法限制，甚至还要求各国将此作为刑事犯罪加以禁止。正如买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员在其向理事会第十二届会议所提交的报告中所指出的，相关的立法应该清楚而且全面，应将因特网儿童色情制品视为严重侵犯儿童权利的犯罪行为。特别报告员认为，儿童色情制品构成对儿童的暴力行为和对其人类尊严的侵害，这种行为引起更多对儿童的暴力行为。此外，受害者的隐私应得到保护，应提供合适的保护措施，提供符合儿童需要和特点的照料。[6]", "22. 特别报告员强调，如同任何限制一样，禁止通过因特网传播儿童色情制品的法律，例如通过使用封锁和过滤的技术，必须具有足够的精确性，而且必须有足够和有效的保障防止滥用或误用，包括独立、公正的法庭或监管机构的监督和审查。此外，特别报告员重申，鉴于买卖儿童、贩卖儿童、强迫劳动、儿童卖淫、性旅游和儿童色情制品之间的诸多联系，各国除了采取封锁措施之外，还应全面针对剥削儿童的根本原因，调查并起诉相关责任人。", "2. 直接、公开煽动灭绝种族", "23. 国际刑法在《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》第3条、《国际刑事法院罗马规约》第25条第3(e)款、《前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭规约》第4条第3(c)款以及《卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭规约》第2条第3(c)款中，禁止直接、公开煽动灭绝种族。由于种族灭绝作为“罪上罪”所特别应受谴责的性质，煽动灭绝种族在历史上已被合理地列为一种刑事犯罪。[7] 的确，卢旺达问题国际法庭反复强调直接、公开煽动灭绝种族的罪行“极为严重”，并强调媒体是极端主义分子动员和煽动人们参与种族灭绝的主要工具。这一意见导致了该法庭对Georges Riggiu提前释放请求的否决。[8]", "24. 自从1998年对煽动灭绝种族罪首次定罪以来，⁷ 这一主题已经成为相当数量判例的焦点。[9] 该罪有三方面的界定要求：它应该是直接的、公开的、带有特定的犯罪故意(犯罪意图)而犯的。卢旺达问题国际法庭通过说明“直接和公开的煽动必须被界定为……不论是通过在公共场所或公共集会上发出的言论、呼喊或威胁，或是通过在公共场所或公共集会上销售或传播、提供销售或展示书面材料或印刷品，或是通过公开的展示板或标语牌或海报，或通过其他音视频通讯手段，直接鼓动行为实施者进行种族灭绝”，将“直接和公开”的诠释涵盖了多种通讯方式。⁷", "25. 特别报告员注意到对于因特网可能被用作煽动他人进行种族灭绝手段的关注，尤其是考虑到因特网直达广大受众的能力。为了防止对言论自由权施行过度和不适当的限制，特别报告员强调煽动灭绝种族首先应该由国内法加以禁止，而且所实施的任何限制，例如通过封锁或删除因特网上的这类言论，只有在审慎评估了这类言论的威胁，包括评估发言者、目标受众、发言的内容或意义、其社会历史背景、传播方式等因素[10] 以及其他由消除种族歧视委员会在其对预防种族灭绝罪行宣言采取后续行动的决定中所列的各项指标(CERD/C/67/1)，认定其直接煽动种族灭绝之后才可进行。特别报告员还强调，煽动灭绝种族罪，其性质极为严重，必须与其他类型的煽动，如煽动歧视，加以区别。", "3. 鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨，构成煽动歧视、敌视或强暴者", "26. 通过因特网传播“煽动仇恨的言论”也推动了对在线内容的监管。然而，国际法对煽动仇恨的言论并没有界定，而特别报告员注意到，多种形式的煽动仇恨的言论并未达到《国际公约》第20条第2款所规定的严重程度。第20条第2款规定，任何鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨，构成煽动歧视、敌视或强暴者，各国应以法律加以禁止。", "27. 如同最近通过的人权委员会关于《国际公约》第19条的第34号一般性意见所指出的，《公约》第19条和第20条互为协调、相互补充，第20条所开列的行为都要受到第19条第3款的限制。因此，依据第20条属于正当的限制，必须符合第19条第3款。[11] 不但如此，该委员会已经澄清，“第20条所开列的行为与依照第19条第3款可能加以限制的其他行为的区别是，对于第20条所开列的行为，《公约》说明了各国应做出的具体反应：由法律加以禁止。只有在这一限度内，第20条才可被视为关于第19条的特别法”。[12]", "28. 依照《国际公约》第20条第2款必须禁止的各类言论有两个关键要素：首先，只包含鼓吹仇恨，[13] 其次，必须构成煽动[14] 所开列的三种结果之一。因此，鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨本身并不违反《公约》第20条第2款。只有同时构成煽动歧视、敌视或强暴时；换言之，当说话人试图激起受众的反应(以言取效的行为)、¹⁰ 并且其言论与随后的歧视、敌视或强暴风险之间联系非常密切时，这种鼓吹才成为一种罪行。在这一点上，语境是决定一项特定言论是否构成煽动的关键。", "29. 正如2011年人权高专办举办的禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题一系列专家研讨会的联合文件所强调指出的，[15] 特别报告员仍然关注到一些禁止煽动的国内法律条款定义含糊。这些条款包括反对“煽动宗教骚动”、“促使宗教信仰者与非信仰者之间的分裂”、“诽谤宗教”、“煽动暴力”、“怂恿仇视和藐视政权”、“煽动颠覆国家政权”和“危害公共安定罪行”。[16] 这类含糊和笼统的词汇显然并不符合法律精确性的要求。", "30. 特别报告员重申，在拟订限制措施时应该明确，其唯一的目的在于保护个人免受敌视、歧视或强暴，而不是保护信仰体系、宗教或此类机构不受批评。言论自由权意味着对思想、见解、信仰体系和机构，包括宗教机构，有可能严格审查、公开辩论和批评，甚至不管多么苛刻和无理，只要这种批评不构成鼓吹仇恨并煽动对个人或群体的敌视、歧视或强暴。", "31. 另外，《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第4条规定，缔约国应宣告，凡传播基于种族优越论或仇恨的思想并煽动种族歧视的行为，皆为犯罪行为，应依法惩处。消除种族歧视委员会在其第15号一般性建议中声明，“该委员会认为，禁止传播一切基于种族优越论或仇恨的思想并不违背意见和言论自由权。”[17] 另外，该委员会还声明，它将《公约》第4条视为《公约》缔约国均应履行的一项强制义务。它认为此项义务符合《世界人权宣言》和《公民及政治权利国际公约》所确认的意见和言论自由权，指出上述法条明确将煽动种族歧视、仇恨和强暴列为违法。它认为这些条款对于防止有组织种族暴力是必不可少的。[18]", "4. 煽动恐怖主义", "32. 除了以上讨论的四种类型的煽动之外，第五种形式的煽动，即煽动恐怖主义，是安全理事会第1624号决议(2005年)的主题。在该决议中，安理会吁请各国“在法律上禁止煽动实施一种或多种恐怖行为”并防止这类行为。", "33. 然而，特别报告员关注到，特别鉴于国际法中没有对“恐怖主义”的一致定义，[19] 各国在诠释什么类型的言论构成煽动恐怖主义方面，具有很大的自由裁量空间。在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员注意到这一缺陷，在最佳做法的基础上，提出了关于恐怖主义以及煽动恐怖主义的示范定义：对于煽动恐怖主义罪，他提出了关于煽动恐怖主义罪的如下条文范本：“煽动恐怖主义罪是指蓄意、非法向公众传播或以其他方式提供信息，意图教唆实施恐怖犯罪，此种行为，无论是否明确鼓动恐怖犯罪，导致可能实施一项或数项此类犯罪的危险。”[20] 这一条文涵盖了两方面的条件：(a) 煽动实施恐怖犯罪的意图；和(b) 存在着随后将实施此行为的实际风险。[21]", "34. 特别报告员重申，任何禁止煽动恐怖主义的国内刑法必须经过一个限制言论自由权三方面的检验。这要求煽动恐怖主义罪：(a) 必须仅限于煽动在本质上确实属于依照适当定义的恐怖主义行为：[22] (b) 对于言论自由权的限制不得超出保护国家安全、公共秩序和安全、公共卫生或公共道德所必要的限度；(c) 必须由法律做出明确规定，包括避免采用“光大”或“推广”恐怖主义这类含糊的用语；(d) 必须包括被煽动行为得到实施的实际(客观)风险；(e) 必须明确涉及意图的双重因素，一是传播信息的意图，二是通过相关信息煽动实施恐怖行为的意图；以及(f)如适用“非法”煽动恐怖主义罪，应保留进行法律或可以解除刑事责任的原则。[23]", "35. 与此同时，正如反恐执行工作队九个工作小组之一制止为恐怖主义目的使用因特网工作组所指出的，查禁被视为煽动恐怖主义的内容的手段往往是“笨拙或无效的，或既笨拙又无效”，[24] 因此，制定顺应而不对抗因特网的策略可能更为有效，包括迅速传播对构成煽动恐怖主义的极端主义信息的反击言论。", "36. 在这种情况下，除了通过国内法禁止煽动恐怖主义之外，特别报告员注意到，在实际操作层面上，比力图限制被视为煽动恐怖主义的信息更为有效的策略，可能是将因特网作为一种积极的手段反击这类煽动。利用因特网消除极端主义暴力的吸引力利雅得会议的与会者建议，反击言论应通过包括社交网络网站在内的所有相关的媒体渠道进行传播，以消除极端主义信息的吸引力。[25]", "B. 不可允许的限制", "37. 以上讨论的四种类型的言论(第三节A)属于依照国际刑法和/或国际人权法构成犯罪、各国应在国内加以禁止的第一类言论。然而，由于它们都构成了对言论自由权的限制，因此还必须符合一个三方面的检验标准，即由法律明确规定、符合合法目的以及尊重必要性和适度性原则。", "38. 限制因特网上各类被禁止的言论最常用的方法是对内容进行封锁(见上述第三节A)。在这方面，特别报告员重申了他最近在向人权理事会提交的报告中所做的建议，即各国应该就封锁某一特定网站的必要性和正当性做出详细说明，关于何种内容应加以封锁的决定应由一个主管司法部门或一个独立于任何政治、商业或其他不适当影响的机构做出，以确保封锁不会被用作新闻检查的一种手段。[26]", "39. 另外，人权委员会申明任何“对于网站、博客或任何其他基于因特网的、电子的或其他此类信息传播系统包括支持这类传播的系统如因特网服务提供商或搜索引擎运作的限制，只有在符合[第19条]第3款的限度内才是可接受的”。可接受的限制一般应该针对特定的内容；对某些网站和系统运作的一般性禁止并不符合第3款的规定。纯粹因为一个网站或一个信息传播体系可能批评政府或者政府所支持的政治社会制度，就禁止其发布信息，也不符合第3款的规定。[27]", "40. 另外，鉴于言论自由权和信息的自由流动作为每一个自由和民主社会的基础的重要性，[28] 特别报告员强调，上文未述及的所有其他各类言论不应入罪，包括旨在保护个人名誉的诽谤法也不例外，因为入罪可能带来负面影响，而严厉制裁的威胁会对言论自由权的行使产生巨大的消极影响。此外，特别报告员重申这一观点，对于不会引起刑事或民事制裁、但仍在文明和尊重他人方面引起关注的各类言论，应通过实施预防策略，集中努力消除这类言论的根源，包括不容忍、种族主义和偏见。¹⁶", "41. 采取这些做法，并给人们的心态、观念和言谈带来真正的改变，需要一套广泛的政策措施，如在跨文化对话或多样化、平等和公正教育领域，以及关于加强言论自由和促进“和平文化”的政策措施。的确，特别报告员此前已申明，对被视为冒犯或不可容忍的言论的战略对策是传播更多的言论：教导文化差异的言论；提倡多样性和理解的言论；通过支持社区媒体和他们在主流媒体中的代表等方式，壮大少数群体和本地人民的力量并让他们发表意见的言论。¹⁶ 更多的言论可能是启发个人心智的最好战略，不仅可改变他们的所作所为也可改变他们的想法，正如德班审查会议的成果文件所肯定的，这也证明了意见和言论自由权在世界范围内与种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理及与此相关的不容忍行为的斗争中所能发挥的作用。[29]", "42. 不但如此，特别报告员强调，正如人权理事会第12/16号决议(第5(p)(i)段)所规定的，下列各类言论绝不应该受到限制：讨论政府政策和政治辩论；报道人权情况、政府活动和政府中的腐败现象；从事竞选、和平示威或政治活动，包括争取和平与民主的政治活动；表达见解和不同意见、宗教或信仰，包括属于少数群体的人或弱势群体的人的此类活动。", "43. 同样，人权委员会坚持《国际公约》关于限特措施第19条第3款“绝不应被用来作为压制任何多党民主、民主原则和人权主张的托辞。而且不管在什么情况下，由于个人行使意见和言论自由权而加害于他/她的行为，包括任意逮捕、酷刑、对生命的威胁和杀人，都不符合第19条。”[30] 人权委员会还注意到，记者和博客因为他们所从事的活动往往面临这种威胁、恐吓或侵害，从事人权状况的信息收集和分析以及发布人权相关报道的人们，包括法官和律师，也往往面临着这种威胁。的确，特别报告员仍然深切关注这种针对利用因特网开展工作的博客、记者和人权捍卫者的威胁和侵害、以及杀戮和监禁。", "44. 因此，除了上述的特定类别之外，各国应该禁止对言论自由权的限制，以防止对个人的非法囚禁，并应彻查一切侵害事件，及时起诉行为人，而对于杀人案件，应对受害人的代表提供有效的救济。", "C. 数字识字能力", "45. 除了能够获取不受审查的有关在线内容，特别报告员还指出了确保个人具有充分利用因特网所必需的技能的重要性，或人们常说的“数字识字能力”。特别报告员鼓励各国支持信息和通讯技术(信通技术)技能的培训，这种培训的范围可以从基本计算机技能开始到网页的制作。在言论自由权方面，课程模块不但应该讲清从网上获取信息的好处，而且应该讲清如何负责任地发布信息，这样做还有利于反击上述第三类的言论。", "46. 另外，特别报告员认为学校课程以及课外学习模块中应该包括因特网识字能力。博茨瓦纳的Thuto Net(教学网)项目就是一个例子，该项目不但给博茨瓦纳所有学校提供计算机和因特网接入，而且培训教师如何将信通技术用作课堂教学工具，包括将正式的信通技术教育纳入学校的课程中。这一项目旨在帮助该国的儿童在数字时代获得成功，也涉及本地制造的教育软件的开发，以协助电子学习以及保证本地内容和课程的现实意义。[31]", "47. 特别报告员还强调了对人们进行因特网安全问题教育的重要性，因特网安全问题包括欺诈行为，在因特网上披露私人信息可能带来的后果，以及加密和规避技术的使用，以保护信息免受不利的干扰，这对人权捍卫者来说尤其重要。对儿童有关因特网安全的训练也应尽早进行。", "48. 另外，特别报告员吁请各国，通过确保边缘人群获得有效的数字识字能力培训，增强他们的权能。正如特别报告员在之前的报告中所指出的，增强无权势的人们，特别是生活在极度贫困中的人们的声音至关重要。进入因特网使弱势的、受歧视的或被边缘化了的人们能够获取信息、主张权利和参加有关社会和政治变革的公众讨论。另外，因特网使少数族群和本土人民能够表现和再造其文化、语言和传统，保留其遗产并在一个真正多文化的世界里为其他族群做出宝贵的贡献。然而，用户要充分地受益于因特网，基本的信通技术技能是必不可少的。", "1. 残疾人", "49. 残疾人在充分和有效地利用因特网方面经常面临着更多的障碍。例如，在美国，总人口的81%已经接入因特网，而残疾人的网民比例只达到54%。[32]", "50. 《残疾人权利公约》概述了批准该公约的各国应该遵循的一般原则，包括充分和切实地参与和融入社会以及无障碍上网等(第3条c和f)。该公约进一步规定，各国应该“促进提供和使用适合残疾人的新技术，包括信息和通信技术、助行器具、用品、辅助技术，优先考虑价格低廉的技术”(第4条g)，并“促使残疾人有机会使用新的信息和通信技术和系统，包括因特网”(第9条g)。为确保这些义务的履行，国际电联建议无障碍使用信通技术的以下原则：同等接入、同等功能、无障碍、低价格、为人人共享而设计。[33]", "51. 特别报告员强调，所有层次因特网基础设施的设计和实施，都应该考虑到残疾人的需要。这可能关系到分布、用户设备以及接入设备。³¹ 部分正面的例子包括加拿大的社区资讯直达计划，该计划力图提供适当数量的强化无障碍网站，以满足残疾人广泛的需要。该项目还规划为机会较少的用户提供因特网接入，如低收入个人、乡村或土著人口、老年人和移民。[34]", "52. 在美利坚合众国，众议院在2010年一致通过了“二十一世纪通讯与视讯无障碍法”。该法案力图保证耳聋、重听、后天失听和聋盲者能够充分使用不断发展中的高速宽带、无线和其他因特网协议技术。另外，该法案规定，在线提供的资料必须保留其无障碍特征，因特网上使用的电话必须与助听器兼容，因特网上播放的电视节目也必须配有字幕。³¹", "53. 特别报告员欢迎这些举措，并强调各国需要确保包括残疾人在内的每一个人，都能充分参与到信息社会中。", "2. 语言障碍", "54. 由于只有少数语言主导在线空间，语言障碍可能成为获取在线内容的另一个障碍。然而，特别报告员注意到精良的在线翻译服务的数量正在增加。", "55. 其他克服语言障碍的积极举措包括像世界数字图书馆这样的机构。该馆面向从学生、教师到普通公众等多样化的受众，免费提供世界各地机构收藏的、多语言文献遗产。[35] 另外，馆藏内容由伙伴机构以文献的原本语言提供，可通过七种语言的交互界面浏览，并可使用声控浏览，让视觉残疾人使用更加方便。[36]", "56. 特别报告员还强调，因特网名称与数字地址分配机构(ICANN)董事会已经批准了国际化域名(IDN)国家和地区代码顶级域名(ccTLD)快速跟踪计划，该项计划让使用非拉丁语脚本的国家和领土能够为用户提供非拉丁语字符的域名。", "57. 特别报告员还再次呼吁各国政府，履行其在公共和私人媒体上促进本土文化多样性的义务。[37] 这包括遵循《在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言》的原则，用所有相关的语言包括少数族裔语言公布政府信息。", "3. 因特网与两性平等问题", "58. 特别报告员强调妇女平等有效利用因特网的重要性，它可以在增强妇女能力方面发挥关键的作用。的确，正如宽带委员会在其最近的一份报告中所着重指出的，因特网通过为妇女提供广泛的资源而增强妇女的能力，如增进健康、提升教育、能够做出知情的决策和追求经济机会。³¹ 在这方面，印度正在进行一项研究，重点关注像移动电话服务这类信通技术如何促进该国妇女创办企业，并力图确定能够通过增强技术能力以改变妇女经济状况的因素。[38]", "59. 从“千年村”项目演变而来的《联合国女童教育倡议》是“电子教育”倡议的一个例子，这一倡议也有利于促进女童教育。这一倡议发起了一场全球行动，推动发展中国家中等教育实现普遍和平等的因特网接入，重点强调女童教育。信通技术将被用来提高教育质量，并将全世界的学童连接在一起。³¹", "60. 特别报告员鼓励对全球范围内各种具体倡议开展进一步研究，以及信通技术如何帮助妇女进一步增强技能和知识，尤其是在就业领域以及公民参与方面。", "四. 因特网连接的获取", "61. 虽然访问因特网的权利本身并不是一项人权，但特别报告员希望重申：各缔约国确有义务促进或推动享有言论自由权和行使这一权利的必要手段，包括因特网。此外，访问因特网不仅对于享有言论自由权，而且对于享有其他权利也是必不可少的，例如接受教育的权利、自由结社和集会权、全面参与社会、文化和政治生活的权利以及社会与经济发展的权利。", "62. 人权事务委员会在其关于意见自由权和言论自由权的第34号一般性评论中也强调说，各缔约国应采取一切必要措施促进因特网等新闻媒体的独立，并确保所有个人均能使用之。[39]", "63. 实际上，鉴于因特网业已成为全面参与社会、文化和政治生活的不可或缺的工具之一，各缔约国应与来自社会各阶层(包括私营部门和政府有关部委)的个人开展协商，制订并采用有效和具体的政策和战略，使所有人都能广泛、方便地使用和负担得起因特网。", "A. 数字鸿沟与千年发展目标", "64. 旨在改进访问因特网条件的公共和私人政策大幅增加了发展中国家缔约国的因特网设施。然而，尽管如此，发展中国家缔约国的因特网使用率仍然较低，从而造成了“数字鸿沟”的长期存在。该术语系指能够有效获取数字化信息技术(特别是因特网)的人与获取机会非常有限或根本没有机会的人之间的差距。特别报告员在其前一份报告中指出，访问因特网有利于经济发展和享有各种人权。如果无法访问因特网，边缘群体和发展中国家缔约国将持续陷于不利的处境，从而导致缔约国内部和各个缔约国之间的现有社会经济差距持续存在。特别报告员对这一前景表示关切。[40]", "65. 还有诸多因素对确保国家一级的因特网连接构成挑战。例如，许多国家的因特网市场(特别是骨干基础设施和国际网关)仍处于一个或少数电信运营商的垄断之下。此外，有限的竞争和因特网国际带宽的稀缺使得固定宽带上网领域的因特网接入费用居高不下，而且往往令人无法负担。[41] 此外，由于访问因特网和购买基本设备的成本较高，许多人根本无法在家中上网，公共网络服务成为了上网的唯一途径。", "66. 为克服这些障碍，缔约国尤其需要发挥积极的作用。例如，缔约国可以降低上网的成本，让尽可能多的人在家中上网，同时确保农村人口和收入水平较低的居民能够利用公共网。作为降低上网费用的办法之一，缔约国可以在市场竞争有限的情况下动用监管权力。缔约国还应考虑为因特网服务和必要的硬件提供补贴，以方便最贫困的人口阶层上网。", "67. 千年发展目标中的目标8.F旨在与私营部门合作，让人人皆可分享新技术的惠益，特别是信通技术的惠益。这一目标的衡量指标是每100人中的固定电话线路数、移动电话用户人数和因特网用户。因特网用户普及率目前远远低于移动通信普及率。据国际电信联盟(国际电联)估计，截至2009年年底，全球约有17亿人使用因特网，略高于世界人口的四分之一(26%)。在发展中国家，约有17.8%的人口上网。到2010年底，只有欧洲实现了因特网普及率达到平均67%的目标，美洲则为50.7%左右。⁴¹ 这些数字包括公共网、社区中心和其他类型的因特网接入。此外，根据最新的《2011年千年发展目标报告》，虽然因特网用户的人数仍在增长，但发展中国家的普及率仍然较低，截至2010年底仅为21%，而发达国家已达到72%。在全球范围内，有三分之二的人不使用因特网。截至2010年底，最不发达国家的因特网普及率仅有3%。", "B. 获得宽带连接", "68. 越来越多的网络服务需要高速因特网连接，特别是在访问基于视频的网站内容时。因此，为了有效地使用因特网，宽带连接蔚然成风。但是，能够快速访问在线多媒体内容的人和那些仍在艰难地使用慢速的共享拨号连接的人之间，也横亘着一道巨大的数字鸿沟。[42] 特别报告员指出，根据国际电联的统计数据，发达国家缔约国有24.6%的居民使用固定宽带因特网连接，而发展中国家缔约国仅为4.4%。", "69. 不过，在国家一级也推出了一些促进宽带因特网连接的令人鼓舞的措施。例如，瑞典在1999年成为第一个制定宽带政策的欧洲国家，瑞典政府的目标是在市场激励机制缺位的农村和边远地区提供宽带服务。[43] 在巴西，政府一直积极参与制定方案，使低收入阶层的居民也可以使用宽带上网。例如，巴西政府于2002年初推出了电子政府计划的公民支助服务(GESAC)，以通过推动数字包容来增进社会包容，通过使用卫星和WiMAX(全球微波接入互操作性)无线网络等无线技术，向网络服务较差的地区推广宽带上网。此外，巴西政府还经营社区电信中心网络，免费提供因特网接入。通过电子政府计划的公民支助服务，巴西政府旨在确保巴西5 565个市都至少有一个宽带接入点。³¹", "C. 获得因特网和接受教育的权利", "70. 必须充分认可因特网作为一种教育工具的重要性。通过因特网可以访问不断扩充的大量知识，补充或改变传统的学校教育形式。通过“开放式访问”和各类积极的举措，因特网让发展中国家缔约国的公民也可以利用以往负担不起的学术研究资料。因特网让学生、教师和家长们之间能够开展更为频繁的交流，了解各自领域的最新发展和问题。此外，因使用因特网而产生的教育惠益对缔约国的人力资本作出了直接贡献。因此，特别报告员认为，访问因特网的权利将逐步成为接受教育的权利的关键要素之一。", "71. 考虑到以上因素，特别报告员着重强调，必须促进和支持那些努力确保获取信息和通讯的项目。在这方面，全球性项目“每个儿童一台笔记本电脑”就是一个很好的举措。正如特别报告员在其提交人权事务委员会的最近一份报告中所述，[44] 这种倡议有助于在发展中国家拓展信通技术的可用性。在联合国开发计划署(开发署)和若干合作伙伴的支持下，该项目不仅令儿童受益，而且也造福于他们的家庭，因为这种永久连接网络的笔记本电脑的一个重要特色就是可以免费在家中使用，让孩子和家庭更多地获取信息和了解外部世界。这些笔记本电脑的两个重要特点是可以用太阳能或机械动力充电；而且根据设计，这些电脑提供嵌入式的无线网络，会自动连接到附近的其他笔记本电脑。[45]", "72. 特别报告员强调指出，乌拉圭树立的成功典范“木棉计划”已扩大和推广到世界各地，这是不同的私人和公共部门之间建立伙伴关系的典范。参与“每个儿童一台笔记本电脑”项目的国家还有阿富汗、阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、柬埔寨、加拿大、中国、印度、伊拉克、尼泊尔、南非、卢旺达、泰国、黎巴嫩和纽埃。[46]", "73. 国家战略的另一个典范是巴西于2008年初通过联邦政府、监管机构国家电信管理局(ANATEL)和几个电信运营商结成的合作伙伴关系推出的“校园宽带”计划。该项目旨在将全国56 865所公立学校联结在一起，届时将惠及3 710万学生，占巴西学生总人数的84%。³¹", "74. 由新西兰政府资助的“农村宽带倡议”方案旨在更好地向该国城市化程度较低的地区提供光纤回程连接，并为该国的学校提供可靠的高速网络连接。", "D. 移动技术", "75. 在移动技术接入方面的数字鸿沟比因特网领域更小，据估计，发展中国家缔约国有67.6%的人使用手机。³¹ 虽然手机无法提供直接基于电脑的因特网接入所提供的惠益，但特别报告员认为，移动技术可以成为获取因特网连接的踏脚石，特别是在固定线路上网比较困难的偏远地区。", "76. 最近的报告表明，在包括非洲在内的诸多发展中国家和地区，使用手机上网是日益成为潮流。⁴¹ 根据国际电联的统计，到2008年底，全球农村居民中有近四分之三的人能够接收到手机信号。此外，报告还显示，非洲地区的农村手机覆盖率到2015年将超过90%，蜂窝移动技术将在拓展通信网络方面发挥至关重要的作用。⁴¹", "77. 通过手机上宽带网也在迅速增加。据国际电联统计，截至2010年底，全球移动宽带用户总数从2005年的7 300万增至9.4亿，并有望在2011年突破10亿。移动宽带增长的一个主要原因是移动运营商提供了有竞争力和可承受的数据流量计划。给网络带来更高效率的新技术也为这一发展提供了补充和支持。³¹ 新加坡就是这方面的典范。该国的手机普及率达到100%，大多数家庭至少有一种宽带接入方式。³¹ 此外，新加坡政府还于2008年和2009年选定了两家公司，协调在全国推广网络的工作。根据宽带铺设的条款规定，当网络首次进入一个新区域时，其中一家公司将免除家庭和楼宇业主所有的安装费。这些公司还为户外地点提供网络连接。³¹", "五. 结论与建议", "78. 因特网已经成为个人行使意见和言论自由权的最重要媒介之一，能够在促进人权、民主参与、问责制、透明度和经济发展方面发挥重要作用。然而，和所有的技术创新一样，因特网也可能被用来造成危害，从而引发各国政府关于是否应监管在线内容的关切。", "79. 总的规则应当是保持因特网的开放性和信息的自由流动，对其施加的限制只能是例外情况，并应符合国际人权法确定的标准。为保护表达自由权免受不适当的限制，特别报告员试图对以下三类言论作出区分：(a) 根据国际法构成犯罪，缔约国必须禁止;(b) 不应受刑事处罚，但可能引发民事诉讼;(c) 不触发刑事或民事制裁，但在宽容、文明和对他人的尊重方面仍然引发关切。每一类言论都提出了不同的原则问题，因而需要下文中重点提出的不同法律对策。", "80. 世界上大多数人口仍然无法获得因特网连接，特别报告员对此仍感关注。虽然国际人权法尚未承认访问因特网的权利是一项人权，但缔约国有积极的义务为所有个人行使自己的意见和言论自由权创造一个有利的环境。", "建议", "A. 访问在线内容", "81. 缔约国有责任保证思想和信息的自由流动以及通过因特网获取、接收和传播信息和思想的权利。根据国际法，缔约国还必须在本国的刑法中禁止以下几种类型的在线内容：(a) 儿童色情;(b) 直接和公开煽动种族灭绝;(c) 构成煽动歧视、敌视或暴力行为、宣传民族、种族或宗教仇恨的主张;(d) 煽动恐怖主义。但是，特别报告员提醒所有缔约国，任何此类法律都必须符合限制言论自由权的三项标准，亦即：法律明确规定；依据合法的目的；尊重必要性和相称性原则。", "82. 关于为规范禁止表达的上述几类内容而采取的技术措施(如阻止访问网页内容)，特别报告员重申，缔约国应提供关于封锁特定网站的必要性和理由的详细说明，而且必须由主管司法当局或独立于任何政治、商业或其他不正当影响的机构来决定禁止访问哪些网页内容，以确保对网站的封锁不被用作一种审查手段。", "83. 特别报告员建议，不属于上述类别的所有其他类型的言论均不应入罪，因为将其入罪会起到相反的效果，威胁予以严厉的制裁会对言论自由权产生显著的寒蝉效应。此外，缔约国应重点开展努力打击造成种族主义或攻击性言论的根本问题，例如偏狭和偏见。可以开展的努力包括：促进更多的自由言论，以反击此类负面的言论类型；增进世界各民族之间的理解；建设和平文化等。", "84. 让个人能够有效地利用因特网提供的内容需要具备很多条件，包括使用因特网技术的技能。特别报告员建议，缔约国应将上网基本技能纳入学校课程之中，并支持校外类似的学习单元。除基本技能培训之外，这些学习单元应明确阐述在线获取信息的裨益，以及用负责任的方式贡献信息的益处。培训还可以帮助个人学会如何防范有害的内容，例如在因特网上泄露隐私信息的可能后果，并学会通过使用加密或规避技术保护自己免受缔约国或公司施加的无理限制。", "85. 特别报告员鼓励将网站翻译成多种语文，包括少数民族语文和土著语文，且让残疾人可以无障碍访问。允许讲不同语言的人或残疾人参与同一个沟通平台有利于建立一个真正意义上的全球性社会。此外，他还建议所有缔约国应确保所有有关人士均可用自己的语文无障碍地访问一切有关的治理信息(包括地方各级的治理信息)。", "86. 特别报告员还强调，将性别层面应用于连接因特网的权利十分重要，并建议缔约国制定各种策略，包括通过信通技术培训等手段，以确保有效地访问在线内容。", "B. 获得因特网连接", "87. 特别报告员强调，因特网使社会各界享有了获取信息的能力、言论自由权和切身的参与，这是一个真正民主的社会不可或缺的。", "88. 此外，鉴于因特网在促进享受意见和言论自由权以及其他权利(如受教育的权利、自由结社和集会权、公民参与权、经济和社会发展权)方面发挥着关键作用，特别报告员认为，缔约国应与来自社会各阶层(包括私营部门和政府有关部委)的个人开展协商，根据禁止任何形式的歧视(包括基于种族、肤色、性别、语言、残疾、经济来源或任何其他状况的歧视)的原则，制订并采用有效和具体的政策和战略，使所有人都能广泛、方便地使用和负担得起因特网。这样做不仅至关重要，而且也势在必行。", "89. 特别报告员特别建议缔约国采取积极措施，与私营部门的倡议携手合作，确保在缔约国所有有人居住的地方(包括边远或农村地区)均可在个人或社区一级获得因特网连接。此类措施包括在边远地区和农村等地区采用和实施将有助于获得因特网连接和低成本硬件的政策，包括在必要时提供补贴。", "90. 鉴于在线多媒体内容越来越多，缔约国亦应积极推动和鼓励宽带上网。", "91. 随着移动通信技术在发展中国家缔约国获得越来越多、越来越方便的使用，特别报告员建议缔约国支持促进使用手机连接因特网的各种政策和方案。", "92. 在国际层面上，特别报告员重申，他呼吁缔约国(特别是发达国家缔约国)履行自己在千年发展目标等文书中作出的承诺，推动向发展中国家缔约国转移技术，并将促进普及因特网访问的有效方案纳入其发展援助政策之中。", "––––––––––––––", "[1] 人权理事会第7/36号决议，第4(f)段。", "[2] 可查阅http://www.ohchr.org。", "[3] 见A/HRC/17/27，第53-59段。", "[4] CCPR/C/GC/34，第36段。", "[5] 同上，第21段。", "[6] 见A/HRC/12/23。", "[7] 见检察官诉Akayesu，ICTR-96-4-T号案件，卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭，1998年10月。", "[8] 见检察官诉Riggiu，ICTR-97-32-S号案件(审判分庭)，卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭，2005年5月12日。", "[9] 见检察官诉Nahimana等人，ICTR-99-52-A号案件，2007年11月28日以及检察官诉Simon Bikindi，ICTR-01-72-T号案件，卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭，2008年12月2日。", "[10] 见防止种族灭绝问题特别顾问咨询人Susan Benesch对人权高专办《关于煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨问题的倡议》的贡献，2011年(见http://www.2.ohchr.org/english/issues/Opinion/ arficles/1920-Iccpr/experts-papers，htm)。", "[11] CCPR/C/GC/34，第50段。", "[12] 同上，第51段。", "[13] 如同《关于言论自由和平等的卡姆登原则》原则第12条第1款所指出，“仇恨”指针对目标群体的羞辱、敌意和憎恶等强烈而不合理的情绪。可查阅：http://www.article19.org/data/ files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principles-on-freedom-of-expression-and-equality.pdf。", "[14] “煽动”一词指关于民族、种族或宗教群体并引起针对属于该群体的个人即时的歧视、敌视或强暴风险的言论(《卡姆登原则》原则第12条第1款)。", "[15] 可查阅http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/experts_ papers.htm。", "[16] 促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员、宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员和当代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为问题特别报告员联合提交的报告，可查阅：http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/experts_papers/ htm。", "[17] 见http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/comments.htm。", "[18] 黄永安在禁止煽动民族、种族和宗教仇恨问题曼谷研讨会上的报告，2011年7月，可查阅：http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/docs/expert_papers_ Bangkok/HuangYongan.pdf。", "[19] 联合国借助界定“恐怖主义行为”的16项国际法律文书间接地界定恐怖主义，见http://www.un.org/terrorism/instruments.shtml。", "[20] 见A/HRC/16/51，第32段。", "[21] 见A/HRC/6/17/Add.1、A/HRC/10/3/Add.2和A/HRC/16/51。", "[22] 在反恐时促进和保护人权与基本自由问题特别报告员提出了以下关于恐怖主义的示范定义：", "“恐怖主义是指如下行动或未遂行动：", "1. 行动：", "(a) 构成蓄意劫持人质；或者", "(b) 蓄意致使广大公众或其部分民众当中的一名或多名成员死亡或受到严重身体伤害；或者", "(c) 针对广大公众或其部分民众当中的一名或多名成员使用致命或严重的肢体暴力；", "以及", "2. 行动或未遂行动的目的是：", "(a) 在广大公众或其部分民众当中制造恐怖状态；或者", "(b) 迫使政府或国际组织采取或不采取某些行动；", "以及", "3. 行动符合：", "(a) 国内法律关于重罪的定义，颁布该法律的目的是遵守关于恐怖主义的国际条约和议定书或是关于恐怖主义的安全理事会决议；或者", "(b) 国内法律关于重罪定义的所有要素。”(A/HRC/16/51，第28段)", "[23] A/HRC/16/51，第31段。", "[24] 制止为恐怖主义目的使用因特网工作组的报告，第88段。可查阅http://www.un.org/ terrorism/pdfs/wg6-internet_rev1.pdf。", "[25] 利用因特网消除极端主义暴力的吸引力问题利雅得会议，2011年1月24日至26日，摘要和后续建议，可查阅http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/CTITF%20Riyadh%20Conference%20- %20Summary%20&%20Recommendations.pdf.", "[26] A/HRC/17/27，第70段。", "[27] CCPR/C/GC/34，第43段。", "[28] 同上，第2段。", "[29] A/CONF.211/8，第1章，第58段。", "[30] CCPR/C/GC/34，第23段。", "[31] 见国际电信联盟(国际电联)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)，宽带：进步的平台，数字发展宽带委员会的报告，2011年6月(见http://www.broadbandcommission.org/ report2/full-report.pdf)。", "[32] Susammah Fox, “Americans living with disability and their technology profile”, Pew Internet & American Life Project, 21 January 2011.(http://www.pewinternet.org/ Reports/2011/Disability.aspx)。", "[33] 见国际电联，《残疾人无障碍使用电子技术政策手册》，2010年。", "[34] http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/cap-pac.nsf/eng/home.", "[35] 世界数字图书馆(http://www.wdl.org/en/)。", "[36] 世界数字图书馆的伙伴机构主要有向该馆捐赠文化类文献的图书馆、档案馆或其他机构，还可能包括以其他方式进行捐助的机构、基金和私人公司，例如通过技术的分享、工作小组，举行或共同主办会议或捐助资金。", "[37] A/HRC/14/23，第60段。", "[38] 国际电联，“印度女企业家与ICT”，2011年7月14日(http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/sis/ newslog/CategoryView，category，Gender.aspx)。", "[39] CCPR/C/GC/34，第15段。", "[40] A/HRC/17/27，第62段。", "[41] 参见《2010年世界电信/信通技术发展报告：监测信息社会世界首脑会议各项目标的进展情况：中期审查》，第201页(http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_10/material/ WTDR2010_e_v1.pdf。", "[42] 参见联合国《2010年千年发展目标报告》(http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/)。", "[43] 瑞典企业、能源与通信部(www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/573/a/12566/action/search/type/simple? query:broadband+access)。", "[44] A/HRC/17/27，第63段。", "[45] 参见http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Core_principles/lang-en。", "[46] 参见http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Deployments和http://one.laptop.org/。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "增进和保护见解和言论自由权", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递促进和保护意见和言论自由权问题特别报告员弗兰克·拉鲁根据人权理事会第16/4号决议提交的报告。", "增进和保护见解和言论自由权问题特别报告员的报告", "内容提要", "本报告由增进和保护见解和言论自由权问题特别报告员根据人权理事会第7/36和16/4号决议提交大会。 本报告扩充了特别报告员提交理事会的上一份报告(A/HRC/17/27),该报告涉及所有个人通过互联网寻求、接受和传递各种信息和思想的权利所面临的主要趋势和挑战,并通过互联网接入的两个同样重要的方面来处理这一问题:在线内容的获取(第三节)和互联网连接的获取(第四节)。 在第三节中,特别报告员概述了国际法(III.A)特别要求各国禁止的言论类型,并讨论了不允许的限制(III.B)。 报告还谈到数字扫盲和对个人进行信息和通信技术技能培训的重要性,使他们能够有效和有意义地获得在线内容。 虽然互联网连接尚未被确认为一项人权,但报告侧重于各国促进通过互联网享有言论自由权的积极义务,并概述了向社会所有阶层提供、利用和负担得起的互联网的挑战和积极举措(第四节)。 报告最后提出建议,确保充分获取不受审查的在线内容和互联网连接,特别是边缘化和弱势群体。", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 4 特别会议活动4\n报告员A. 4\nB. 国家. 5\n访问情况 在线访问 5\nA. 例外 8 类言论,各国根据《公约》\nB. 不可允许性 13\nC. 数字 15\n识字 上网18次\nA. 18个数字鸿沟与千年发展\n目标B. 接入宽带19\nC. 互联网接入20和\nD. 移动 21\n五、结 论. 22 和\nA. 在线访问22\nB. 进入互联网23\n连接", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告由增进和保护见解和言论自由权问题特别报告员根据人权理事会第7/36和16/4号决议提交大会。 理事会第7/36号决议特别请特别报告员“继续酌情就新的信息和通信技术,包括互联网和移动技术对行使见解和言论自由权利和挑战,包括寻求、接受和传递信息的权利,以及各种来源的关联性,以及所有人进入信息社会的机会,提出意见”。 [1] 据此,报告扩充了特别报告员向理事会提交的关于所有个人通过互联网寻求、接受和传递各种信息和思想的权利所面临的主要趋势和挑战的上一份报告(A/HRC/17/27)。", "2. 联合国 报告通过因特网接入的两个同样重要的方面来处理这一问题:在线访问(第三节)和因特网连接(第四节)。 虽然有些国家广泛提供互联网接入,但网上内容可能受到严重限制。 在其他国家,即使个人可以不受审查地获得在线内容,但大多数人口可能无法广泛获得互联网。 因此,特别报告员强调,所有国家都应有效确保获得服务这两个方面,以此作为尊重、保护和实现见解和言论自由权的现有义务的一部分。", "二. 特别报告员的活动", "A. 参加会议和研讨会", "3个 2011年4月6日和7日,特别报告员作为专家参加了由联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)在内罗毕举办的关于禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的第二次区域讲习班。", "4. 2011年5月1日至3日,特别报告员参加了在华盛顿特区举行的世界新闻自由日的一些活动和会议。 5月16日和17日,特别报告员作为小组成员参加了由日内瓦国际人道主义法和人权学院组织的 \" 公民抗议与和平变革:维护人权 \" 会议。 5月30日和31日,特别报告员参加了荷兰外交部和议会的会议,并在莱顿大学参加了一次会议。", "5 (韩语). 2011年6月1日和2日,特别报告员应匈牙利政府的邀请访问了匈牙利,就媒体立法问题会见了议会议员和民间社会代表。 6月3日,特别报告员在日内瓦向人权理事会提交了年度报告。 6月5日,特别报告员参加了美洲国家组织大会关于言论自由和防止青年暴力的小组讨论会。", "6. 国家 2011年7月6日和7日,特别报告员作为专家参加了由人权高专办在曼谷举办的关于禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨的第三次区域讲习班。 7月8日至16日,特别报告员参加了由泰国、柬埔寨、马来西亚和印度尼西亚民间社会组织组织的一系列学术活动。", "B. 国别访问", "1. 联合国 2011年进行的访问", "7. 2011年4月10日至17日,特别报告员访问了阿尔及利亚。 访问报告将提交人权理事会2012年今后的一届会议。 载有他的初步结论和建议的新闻稿可在人权高专办网站上查阅。 [2]", "2. 联合国 即将进行的特派团", "8. 联合国 特别报告员对以色列和巴勒斯坦被占领土的访问被推迟。 访问将于2011年12月4日至18日进行。", "3个 待处理的请求", "9. 国家 截至2011年3月,特别报告员的下列访问请求尚待处理:委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国(2003年和2009年提出请求);伊朗伊斯兰共和国(2010年2月提出请求);斯里兰卡(2009年6月提出请求);突尼斯(2009年提出请求);乌干达(2011年提出请求)。", "三. 获取在线内容", "10个 互联网已成为一个重要的通信媒介,个人可以利用这一媒介行使其言论自由的权利,或寻求、接受和传递各种信息和思想的权利,而不论国界如何,这是《世界人权宣言》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十九条所保障的。 互联网与以前没有任何其他传播媒介一样,允许个人瞬间和廉价地交流,并对信息和思想的分享和获取方式以及新闻本身产生了巨大影响。", "11个 虽然因特网为传播和获取各种信息和想法提供了新的和更多的机会,但忽略同时使用因特网作为监测、识别、定位和针对通过因特网传播关键或敏感信息的个人的工具,是天真而危险的。 此外,网上提供的大量个人信息,包括通过社交网站提供的个人信息,也令人严重关切隐私权,例如谁能够获得具体的个人信息,信息如何使用,信息是否以及储存多长时间。 特别报告员以前曾强调,各国政府在充分保障所有个人的隐私权方面发挥着重要作用,没有这一权利,见解和言论自由的权利就无法充分享受。 [3]", "12个 尽管互联网有可能被滥用于非法活动,但特别报告员认为,互联网主要可以作为一个积极工具来提高当权者行为的透明度,获得各种信息来源,促进公民积极参与民主社会建设并打击独裁政权,“阿拉伯之春”就证明了这一点。 因此,特别报告员想重申,作为一般规则,除了国际法为保护其他人权而规定的极少数非常例外和有限的情况之外,对互联网上信息流动的限制应尽可能少。", "13个 任何能够上网的人现在都有可能向全球受众传播信息。 在记者接触机会有限的情况下,例如在人道主义危机或自然灾害期间,在手机上记录的图像或博客和社交网站在网上张贴的信息在使国际社会了解当地情况方面发挥了关键作用。 事实上,随着Web 2.0 平台的使用增加,信息已不再是专业记者的专属保护地,因为更多的人参与收集、过滤和分发新闻。 “群包”就是这一趋势的一个例子。 同时,电视,广播和报纸等传统传播媒体也可以以名义成本使用互联网来扩大受众. 虽然对业余录像和互联网上张贴的事件的第一手资料越来越贴切和依赖,对新闻业产生了深远的影响,但专业记者在新闻事件的研究、组织和分析和背景方面继续发挥着不可或缺的作用。 因此,应将因特网视为以单向传递信息为基础的大众媒体的补充媒介。", "14个 特别报告员重申,国际人权法框架,特别是有关言论自由权的规定,仍然与互联网相关并适用。 实际上,《世界人权宣言》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第19条通过明确规定,人人有权通过任何选择的媒体自由发表意见,而不论国界,因此起草时具有远见,以纳入并照顾到个人通过行使这一权利的未来技术发展。", "15个 因此,国际人权法对离线内容可能加以限制的信息或表达类型也适用于在线内容。 同样,对通过互联网行使言论自由权的任何限制也必须符合国际人权法,包括下列三部分累积标准:", "(a) 国家 任何限制都必须由法律规定,法律的制定必须足够精确,使个人能够相应规范其行为,必须向公众开放;", "(b) 国家 任何限制都必须符合《国际公约》第十九条第3款所列限制的合法理由之一,即(一) 尊重他人的权利或名誉;或(二) 保护国家安全或公共秩序,或公共卫生或道德;", "(c) 必须证明任何限制是必要和相称的,或是实现上述某一具体目标的限制性最小的手段。", "16号. 特别报告员欢迎人权事务委员会最近就《国际公约》第十九条通过的第34号一般性意见,其中强调,当一国援引限制言论自由权的合法理由时,它必须以具体和个性化的方式表明威胁的确切性质、所采取具体行动的必要性和相称性,特别是在言论与威胁之间建立直接和直接的联系。 [4]", "17岁。 特别报告员还认为应该重申,这种限制不得危及权利本身,权利与限制之间的关系以及规范与例外之间的关系不得被扭转。 [5] 此外,任何限制言论自由权的立法都必须由一个独立于任何政治、商业或其他不合理影响的机构以既非任意又非歧视性的方式加以适用,并有充分的保障防止滥用,包括有可能对滥用言论自由权提出质疑并给予补救。", "18岁。 特别报告员强调,国际法要求各国禁止非法内容,如儿童色情制品,与那些被认为有害、冒犯性、可反对或不受欢迎,但各国既不禁止也不将非法内容定为犯罪的内容之间有区别。 在这方面,特别报告员认为,必须明确区分三种表达方式:(a) 构成国际法下的罪行并可被刑事起诉的表达方式;(b) 不受到刑事处罚但可成为限制和民事诉讼理由的表达方式;(c) 不引起刑事或民事制裁,但在容忍、文明和尊重他人方面仍然引起关切的表达方式。 这些不同类别的内容提出了不同的原则问题,需要不同的法律和技术对策。", " 19. 19. 鉴于目前关于互联网内容管制的辩论,特别报告员概述了国际刑法和/或国际人权法(III.A)特别要求各国禁止的表达方式,然后提到不允许的限制(III.B)。", "A类. A. 国际法要求各国禁止的特殊类型表达", "1. 联合国 儿童色情制品", "20号. 解决网上儿童色情制品问题已成为监管的主要重点,因为因特网已成为传播此类内容的主要门户。 国际法,特别是《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》(第2条(c)项所定义)明确禁止传播儿童色情制品。 《任择议定书》要求缔约国确保至少将制作、分销、传播、进口、出口、提供、出售或拥有儿童色情制品(为第3条所列目的)充分纳入本国刑法或刑法,无论此类罪行是在国内或跨国实施的,还是个人或有组织的(第3条第1(c)款)。", "21岁 因此,儿童色情制品是这一规则的明显例外,通过互联网传播内容受到合法限制,甚至要求国家将禁止这种内容作为刑事犯罪。 正如买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题特别报告员在她提交理事会第十二届会议的报告中指出的,有关立法应明确而全面,并应将互联网上儿童色情制品视为严重侵犯儿童权利和犯罪行为。 [6] 特别报告员认为,儿童色情制品构成对儿童的暴力行为并侵犯其人的尊严,从而挑起了对儿童的更多暴力。 此外,必须保护受害者的隐私,必须提供适合儿童需要和特点的适当保护措施和照顾。", "22号. 特别报告员强调,与任何限制一样,禁止通过互联网传播儿童色情制品的立法,例如通过使用屏蔽和过滤技术传播儿童色情制品的立法,必须足够精确,必须有充分和有效的保障措施,防止滥用或滥用,包括由独立和公正的法庭或管理机构进行监督和审查。 此外,特别报告员还重申,鉴于买卖儿童、贩运儿童、强迫劳动、儿童卖淫、性旅游和儿童色情制品之间的联系,各国还必须超越阻挠措施,从整体上解决剥削儿童的根源,并调查和起诉责任人。", "2. 直接和公开煽动实施灭绝种族罪", "23. 联合国 根据《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》第3条、《国际刑事法院罗马规约》第25条第3款(e)项、《前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭规约》第4条第3款(c)项和《卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭规约》第2条第3款(c)项,国际刑法禁止直接和公开煽动实施灭绝种族罪行。 煽动实施灭绝种族行为在历史上一直被证明是刑事犯罪,因为灭绝种族行为具有特别应受谴责的“罪行”性质。 [7] 事实上,卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭一再强调直接和公开煽动灭绝种族罪的 \" 最严重 \" 罪行,并强调指出,媒体是卢旺达极端分子动员和煽动民众灭绝种族的关键工具,因此拒绝乔治斯·鲁格吉乌关于早日释放的请求。 [8]", "24 (韩语). 自1998年第一次判定煽动实施灭绝种族罪以来,7 这一主题已成为大量新判例的重点。 [9] 犯罪有三个定义要求:犯罪必须是直接的、公开的和有具体意图的(犯罪意图)。 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭将“直接和公开”解释为包括多种通信形式,指出“直接和公开煽动......必须被定义为直接煽动犯罪人实施灭绝种族,无论是通过在公共场所或公众集会上发表演说、高喊或威胁,还是在公共场所或公众集会上出售或传播、提供或展示书面材料或印刷品,或通过公共展示或牌子或海报,或通过任何其他视听通信手段。”", "25岁 特别报告员注意到,人们担心互联网可能被用作煽动他人实施种族灭绝的手段,特别是考虑到互联网能够深入广大受众。 为了防止过度和不适当地限制言论自由权,特别报告员强调,必须首先在国内法中禁止煽动实施灭绝种族罪行,任何限制,例如通过因特网阻止或消除这种言论,必须在认真评估这种言论可能直接煽动灭绝种族之后适用,包括诸如演讲者、预期受众、言论的内容或含义、社会历史背景、传播方式、[10]以及消除种族歧视委员会关于防止灭绝种族宣言后续行动的决定(CERD/C/67/1)所概述其他指标。 特别报告员还强调,煽动实施种族灭绝是极其严重的,必须同煽动歧视等其他类型的煽动加以区分。", "3个 鼓吹构成煽动歧视、敌视或暴力的民族、种族或宗教仇恨", "26. 联合国 通过互联网传播“仇恨言论”也促使人们努力规范网上内容。 但是,国际法中没有仇恨言论的定义,特别报告员指出,许多形式的仇恨言论不符合《国际公约》第二十条第2款规定的严肃程度,该条规定,各国应依法禁止任何构成煽动歧视、敌意或暴力的鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨的行为。", "27个 正如人权事务委员会最近通过的关于《国际公约》第十九条的第34号一般性意见所指出,《公约》第十九条和第二十条相互兼容并相互补充,第二十条所处理的行为均受第十九条第3款的限制。 因此,根据第20条提出的合理限制也必须符合第19条第3款。 [11] 此外,委员会澄清说,将第20条述及的行为与第19条第3款可能受限制的其他行为区分开来的原因是,对于第20条述及的行为,《公约》表明要求国家作出的具体反应:法律禁止这些行为。 只有这样,第20条才能被视为与第19条有关的特别法。", "28岁 《国际公约》第二十条第2款所禁止的言论类型有两个关键因素:第一,只包括鼓吹仇恨[13],第二,必须构成煽动[14] 所列三项结果之一。 因此,鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨本身并不违反《公约》第二十条第2款。 只有当这种宣传也构成煽动歧视、敌意或暴力时,这种宣传才成为犯罪;换言之,当演讲者试图引起听众的反应(减少行为)时,10 而言论与由此产生的歧视、敌意或暴力的风险之间有着非常密切的联系。 在这方面,背景是确定某一言论是否构成煽动的核心。", "29. 国家 正如联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)2011年举办的禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨系列专家讲习班的联合文件所强调的那样,[15] 特别报告员仍然对禁止煽动行为的一些国内法律条款措辞模糊表示关切。 其中包括打击“煽动宗教动乱”、“煽动宗教信徒与非信徒之间的分裂”、“诽谤宗教”、“煽动侵权行为”、“煽动仇恨和不尊重统治政权”、“煽动颠覆国家政权”和“破坏公共安宁的罪行”。 [16] 这种含糊而宽泛的术语显然不符合法律明确性的标准。", "30 (英语). 特别报告员重申,制定限制措施时必须明确,其唯一目的是保护个人免受敌视、歧视或暴力,而不是保护信仰体系、宗教或机构不受批评。 言论自由权意味着,只要不鼓吹煽动对个人或群体敌视、歧视或暴力的仇恨,就应当能够仔细审查、公开辩论和批评,甚至严厉和不合理地批评思想、见解、信仰体系和机构,包括宗教制度和机构。", "31岁 此外,《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第四条规定,缔约国应宣布一切传播基于种族优越或仇恨的思想和煽动种族歧视的行为为可依法惩处的罪行。 消除种族歧视委员会在其第15号一般性建议中说,“委员会认为,禁止传播一切基于种族优越或仇恨的思想符合见解和言论自由权”。 [17] 此外,委员会还表示,它认为《公约》第4条是《公约》缔约国的一项强制性义务。 它认为这项义务符合《世界人权宣言》和《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》所申明的见解和言论自由,并指出,上述这类行为特别将煽动种族歧视、仇恨和暴力定为非法行为。 委员会认为这些规定是防止有组织种族暴力所必要的。 [18]", "4. 煽动恐怖主义", "32. 国家 除了上文讨论的四种类型的煽动之外,第5种形式的煽动、煽动恐怖主义是安全理事会第1624(2005)号决议的主题。 安理会在该决议中呼吁各国“依法禁止煽动实施一种或多种恐怖行为”,并预防这种行为。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 然而,特别报告员特别关切的是,鉴于国际法中没有关于“恐怖主义”的商定定义,[19] 各国有广泛的酌处权来解释何种言论构成煽动恐怖主义。 反恐中注意增进与保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员注意到这一空白,根据最佳做法提出了恐怖主义以及煽动恐怖主义的示范定义。 关于后者,他提议采用以下措词作为煽动恐怖主义的示范罪行:“故意和非法向公众散发或以其他方式向公众提供旨在煽动实施恐怖主义罪行的信息是一种罪行,如果这种行为,不论是否明确鼓吹恐怖主义罪行,都构成可能实施一项或多项这种罪行的危险”。 [21]", "34. 国家 特别报告员重申,禁止煽动恐怖主义的任何国内刑法都必须符合限制言论自由权的三部分标准。 这就要求煽动恐怖主义:(a) 必须限于煽动真正属于适当定义的恐怖主义性质的行为;[22](b) 必须限制言论自由的权利,但不得超出保护国家安全、公共秩序和安全或公共健康或道德所必需的范围;(c) 必须在法律中以准确的措辞作出规定,包括避免提及 \" 炫耀 \" 或 \" 促进 \" 恐怖主义等模糊用语;(d) 必须包括煽动行为将发生的实际(客观)风险;(e) 应明确提及两个意图要素,即传递信息的意图和这一信息煽动实施恐怖行为的意图;(f) 应保留法律辩护或原则的适用,以提及 \" 非法 \" 煽动恐怖主义而排除刑事责任。 [23]", "35. 联合国 同时,如反恐怖主义执行工作队九个工作组之一的打击为恐怖主义目的使用因特网工作组所指出,镇压被认为煽动恐怖主义的内容的现有手段往往“笨拙或无效,或两者兼而有之”,[24] 因此,制定与因特网合作而不是与之相对抗的战略可能更为有效,包括迅速传播反煽动恐怖主义的极端主义信息。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 因此,除了在国内立法中禁止煽动恐怖主义之外,特别报告员指出,实际上,比试图限制被认为煽动恐怖主义的材料更为有效的战略,可能是利用互联网作为打击这种煽动的积极手段。 利用因特网消除极端主义暴力呼吁利雅得会议的与会者除其他外建议,应通过所有相关媒体渠道,包括在社交网络网站上传播反言论,以抵制极端主义信息的吸引力。 [25] (中文(简体) ).", "B. 不可允许的限制", "37. 联合国 上述四类言论(III.A)属于构成国际刑法和(或)国际人权法下的罪行并要求各国在国内予以禁止的第一类言论。 然而,由于这些限制都构成对言论自由权的限制,它们也必须遵守对时效的三部分检验:明确的法律;追求合法目的;尊重必要性和相称性原则。", "38. 国家 限制互联网上被禁言论类型最常见的方法是封锁内容(见上文三.A. 在这方面,特别报告员重申他在最近提交人权理事会的报告中提出的建议,即各国应提供详细信息,说明封锁某一网站的必要性和理由,以及应由主管司法当局或独立于任何政治、商业或其他不正当影响的机构确定哪些内容应予封锁,以确保封锁不被用作审查手段。", "39. 联合国 此外,人权事务委员会申明,“对网站、博客或任何其他互联网、电子或其他信息传播系统,包括互联网服务提供商或搜索引擎等支持此类通信的系统的运作的任何限制,只有在符合[第十九条]第3款的情况下,才允许。 允许的限制一般应针对具体内容;一般禁止某些网站和系统的运作不符合第3款。 禁止网站或信息传播系统仅以可能批评政府或政府支持的政治社会制度为由发表材料也不符合第3款。”", " 40. 40. 此外,鉴于言论自由和信息自由流通权作为每个自由和民主社会的基础的重要性,特别报告员强调,不应将上述所有其他形式的言论定为犯罪,包括旨在保护个人名誉的诽谤法,因为定罪可能适得其反,而严厉制裁的威胁对言论自由权利产生重大震撼作用。 此外,特别报告员还重申,对于没有受到刑事或民事制裁,但仍引起对文明和尊重他人的关切的言论,应当通过实施预防战略,集中努力消除这种言论的根源,包括不容忍、种族主义和偏见等。", "41. 国家 为此,为了真正改变心态、观念和言论,必须采取一系列广泛的政策措施,例如在文化间对话或多样性、平等和正义教育领域,以及加强言论自由和促进“和平文化”方面。 事实上,特别报告员以前曾指出,对被视为冒犯或不容忍言论的战略反应是更多的言论:更多的言论教育文化差异;更多的言论促进多样性和理解;更多的言论赋予少数群体和土著人民权力并赋予他们发言权,例如通过社区媒体的支持和他们在主流媒体中的代表权。 正如德班审查会议成果文件所确认,更多的言论可以成为接触个人的最佳战略,改变他们的想法,而不仅仅是改变他们的行为,该文件还肯定了见解和言论自由权在世界各地反对种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍现象的斗争中可以发挥的作用。", "42. 国家 此外,特别报告员强调,根据人权理事会第12/16号决议(第5(p)(一)段)的规定,下列各类言论绝不应受到限制:讨论政府政策和政治辩论;报道人权、政府活动和政府中的腐败;参与竞选活动、和平示威或政治活动,包括促进和平或民主;表达意见和不同意见、宗教或信仰,包括少数群体或弱势群体成员的言论。", "43. 东帝汶 同样地,人权事务委员会声称,《国际公约》关于限制的第十九条第3款“绝不可被援引为对多党民主、民主原则和人权的任何鼓吹的混淆。 在任何情况下,由于个人行使见解和言论自由,包括任意逮捕、酷刑、威胁生命和杀害等形式的攻击,也不符合第十九条。” 30 委员会还指出,记者和博客经常因其活动而受到威胁、恐吓和攻击,参与收集和分析人权状况信息并发表与人权有关的报告的人,包括法官和律师。 的确,特别报告员仍然对依靠互联网开展工作的博客、记者和人权维护者受到这种威胁和攻击并遭到杀害和监禁深感关切。", "44. 国家 因此,各国应当禁止限制言论自由权,但上述具体类别除外,以防止对个人的非法监禁,并应当积极调查所有攻击并及时起诉肇事者,在杀人的情况下,为受害者代表提供有效的补救。", "C. 数字扫盲", "45. 国家 除了在网上提供不受审查的相关内容外,特别报告员也指出,必须确保个人具备充分利用互联网的必要技能,或通常被称为“数字通识”的能力。 特别报告员鼓励各国支持信息和通信技术技能培训,从基本的计算机技能到创建网页不等。 在言论自由权方面,课程单元不仅应澄清在线获取信息的好处,还应说明负责任地提供信息的好处,这也有助于打击上述第三类言论。", "46. 经常预算: 此外,特别报告员认为,应当将互联网扫盲纳入学校课程以及校外学习单元。 博茨瓦纳的ThutoNet方案就是一例,它将不仅为博茨瓦纳所有学校提供计算机和上网机会,而且将培训教师如何使用信息和通信技术作为课堂工具,包括将正规的信息和通信技术教育作为学校课程的一部分。 该方案旨在协助该国儿童在数字时代取得成功,还将开发当地制作的教育软件来协助电子学习,并确保当地内容和主题的相关性。 [31]", "47. 国家 特别报告员还强调,必须教育个人了解互联网的安全和安保,包括欺诈、在互联网上披露私人信息的潜在后果,以及使用加密或规避技术保护信息不受不必要的干扰,这对人权维护者特别重要。 儿童也应该从小接受有关互联网安全的培训。", " 48. 48. 此外,特别报告员还呼吁各国通过确保边缘化群体获得有效的数字扫盲培训,赋予他们权力。 正如特别报告员在前几次报告中所指出的,必须加强没有权力的人,特别是生活在赤贫中的人的声音。 能够上网使处境不利、受歧视或被排斥的人能够获得信息,维护自己的权利并参与有关社会和政治变革的公开辩论。 此外,因特网使少数群体和土著人民能够表达和复制他们的文化、语言和传统,保护他们的遗产,并在一个真正多文化的世界中为其他人作出宝贵贡献。 然而,要使用户从互联网的全部潜力中受益,基本的信通技术技能是必不可少的。", "1. 联合国 残疾人", "49. (中文(简体) ). 残疾人在充分和有效利用互联网方面往往面临更多障碍。 例如,在美利坚合众国,总人口的81%能够上网,而残疾人中这一数字仅为54%。 [32] (中文(简体) ).", " 50. 50. 《残疾人权利公约》概述了已批准《公约》的国家所应遵守的一般原则,包括充分和有效地参与和融入社会以及无障碍(第3条(c)和(f)款)。 《公约》还进一步规定,各国应“促进提供和使用适合残疾人的新技术,包括信息和通信技术、助行器、装置和辅助技术,并优先采用负担得起的技术”(第4条第1(g)款)和“促进残疾人利用新的信息和通信技术和系统,包括互联网”(第9条第2(g)款)。 为确保履行这些义务,国际电信联盟(国际电联)已就信通技术的可获取性提出下列原则:人人平等获取、功能等同、可获取性、可负担性和设计。", "51. 联合国 特别报告员强调,在设计和实施各级互联网基础设施时,应考虑到残疾人的需要。 这可能与分发、用户设施和访问设备有关。 一些积极的例子包括加拿大的“社区无障碍”方案,该方案力求提供适当数量的无障碍设施,以满足残疾人的广泛需要。 该方案还旨在为低收入者、农村或土著居民、老年人和移民等不太可能的用户提供互联网接入。 [34]", "52. (中文(简体) ). 在美利坚合众国,参议院于2010年一致通过了\"二十一世纪通信和视频无障碍法\". 该法力求确保聋人、听力困难、晚聋人或聋人盲的用户能够充分利用不断发展的高速宽带、无线和其他因特网协议技术。 此外,该法规定,在网上提供材料时,无障碍功能得到保留,在因特网上使用的电话必须与助听器相容,在通过因特网传送时,电视节目也必须配有字幕。", "53. 联合国 特别报告员欢迎这些举措,并强调指出,各国需要确保每个人,包括残疾人,都能充分参与信息社会。", "2. 联合国 语言障碍", "54. 联合国 由于少数语言主导了在线环境,语言障碍也可能是获取在线内容的进一步障碍. 然而,特别报告员注意到,精密的在线翻译服务越来越多。", "55. 国家 克服语言障碍的其他积极举措包括,例如,世界数字图书馆,它提供免费、多语种的查阅世界各地机构所保存的文献遗产的机会,面向从学生、教师到普通公众等不同受众。 [35] 此外,这些内容由伙伴机构以原用语言提供,并通过7种语言的交互式界面访问,并允许语音方便地浏览,便于视障者查阅。 [36]", "56. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员还指出,因特网指定名称和号码公司理事会已核准国际化域名(IDN)ccTLD快道程序,使使用拉丁文以外文字的国家和地区能够以非拉丁文提供用户域名。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 特别报告员还再次呼吁各国政府履行其在公共和私人媒体中促进土著文化多样性的义务。 这包括按照1992年《在民族或族裔、宗教和语言上属于少数群体的人的权利宣言》所揭示的原则,以包括少数群体语言在内的所有相关语言提供治理信息。", "3个 因特网接入和性别层面", "58. 联合国 特别报告员强调妇女平等和有效地利用互联网的重要性,这在促进赋予妇女权利方面可以发挥关键作用。 事实上,正如宽带委员会最新报告所强调,因特网通过将妇女与广泛的资源联系起来来增强权能,例如改善健康、加强教育、作出知情决定并寻求经济机会。 在这方面,印度正在开展一个研究项目,其重点是信息和通信技术,例如移动电话服务,如何能促进印度妇女创业,并设法查明哪些因素能加强技术改造妇女经济经验的能力。 [38]", "59. (中文(简体) ). 从千年村项目演变而来的 \" 联合国女童教育倡议 \" 是 \" 电子教育 \" 倡议的一例,它也有助于促进女童教育。 该倡议发起了一项全球运动,以促进发展中国家中学教育普及和平等上网,并将重点放在女童教育上。 信息和通信技术技能将用于提高教育质量并连接世界各地的学童。", "60. (中文(简体) ). 特别报告员鼓励进一步研究世界各地的具体举措,以及信通技术如何能帮助妇女进一步提高技能和知识,特别是在就业领域和公民参与方面。", "四、结 论 上网", "61. 国家 虽然进入互联网本身尚未成为一项人权,但特别报告员想重申,各国有积极的义务促进或便利享有言论自由权,以及行使这一权利的必要手段,包括互联网。 此外,上网不仅是享有言论自由权的必要条件,也是其他权利,如受教育权、结社和集会自由权、充分参与社会、文化和政治生活的权利以及社会和经济发展的权利。", "62. 联合国 最近,人权事务委员会在关于见解和言论自由权的第34号一般性意见中也强调,缔约国应采取一切必要步骤,促进互联网等新媒体的独立性,并确保所有个人都能利用互联网。", "63. 国家 实际上,鉴于因特网已成为充分参与政治、文化、社会和经济生活所不可或缺的工具,各国应同社会各阶层的个人,包括私营部门和有关政府部委协商,制定出有效和具体的政策和战略,使因特网广泛提供,供所有人使用并负担得起。", "A类. 数字鸿沟与千年发展目标", "64. (中文(简体) ). 旨在扩大互联网接入的公共和私人政策已大大增加了互联网设施在发展中国家的存在。 然而,尽管作出了这些努力,互联网的使用在发展中国家仍然滞后,使“数字鸿沟”永久化,该词指能够有效获得数字和信息技术,特别是互联网的人与接入非常有限或根本没有接入的人之间的差距。 特别报告员在前一份报告中表示关切的是,没有因特网,促进经济发展和享受一系列人权,边缘化群体和发展中国家仍然处于不利境地,从而造成国家内部和国家之间现有的社会经济差距。", "65. 国家 有一些因素对确保国家一级的互联网接入构成挑战。 例如,在许多国家,互联网市场,特别是主干基础设施和国际网关,仍然由一家或极少数电信运营商垄断。 此外,在固定宽带接入领域,竞争有限,国际互联网带宽稀少,往往使互联网接入价格居高不下,而且往往负担不起。 [41] 此外,上网和购买基本设备的费用相对较高,使许多人无法在家里上网,只有公众上网。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 为了克服这些障碍,各国尤其需要发挥积极主动的作用,例如,使互联网更负担得起,允许尽可能多的人在家里使用互联网,同时确保农村地区人民和低收入者能够公开上网。 在竞争有限的情况下,国家可以利用其管理权来限制成本。 各国还应考虑对互联网服务和必要的硬件进行补贴的可能性,以方便最贫穷人口阶层的利用。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 千年发展目标,包括具体目标8.F,旨在与私营部门合作,提供新技术,特别是信息和通信技术的惠益。 这一目标是根据每100人中电话线路、移动电话用户和因特网用户数目的指标来衡量的。 与移动通信相比,目前上网的普及程度要低得多。 截至2009年底,国际电信联盟(国际电联)估计,全世界约有17亿人正在使用因特网,仅占世界人口的四分之一(26%)。 在发展中国家,约有17.8%的人在线。 截至2010年底,只有欧洲实现了目标,互联网平均普及率为67%,美洲达到约50.7%。 这些数字包括公共、社区中心和其他类型的互联网接入。 此外,根据最新《2011年千年发展目标报告》,虽然互联网用户人数继续增加,但发展中世界的渗透率仍然较低,2010年底为21%,而发达区域为72%。 在全球范围内,三分之一的人没有使用互联网。 在最不发达国家,2010年底互联网普及率低至3%。", "B. 宽带接入", "68. (中文(简体) ). 越来越多的网络服务需要高速的互联网连接,特别是访问以视频为导向的网站的内容。 因此,为了有效利用互联网,宽带接入正日益成为规范。 然而,在网上迅速获得多媒体内容的人与仍在缓慢、共享的拨号链接中挣扎的人之间也存在着巨大的数字鸿沟。 [42] 特别报告员注意到,据国际电联称,24.6%的发达国家居民可以使用固定宽带互联网连接,而发展中国家的这一比例为4.4%。", "69. 联合国 然而,在国家一级促进宽带互联网连接方面有一些令人鼓舞的举措。 例如,瑞典是1999年制定宽带政策的第一个欧洲国家,政府的目标是向没有市场刺激的农村和偏远地区提供宽带。 [43] 在巴西,政府一直积极制定方案,向低收入阶层的人提供宽带互联网接入。 例如,电子政府公民支助服务(GESAC)于2002年初设立,目的是通过促进数字包容来增加社会包容,利用卫星和WiMAX(微波接入的世界互通性)等无线技术向服务差的地区推广宽带。 政府还建立了一个社区电信中心网络,免费提供因特网接入。 通过GESAC,政府旨在确保巴西5 565个市镇至少有一个宽带接入点。", "C. 上网和受教育权", "70. 联合国 必须适当认识到因特网作为教育工具的重要性。 它提供获得广泛和不断扩大的知识来源的机会,补充或改变传统形式的学校教育,并通过“开放获取”和积极倡议,向发展中国家人民提供以前负担不起的学术研究。 互联网的接入使学生、教师和家长能够更频繁地交流,并随时了解最新动态和与其领域有关的问题。 此外,互联网使用带来的教育惠益直接促进了各国的人力资本。 因此,特别报告员认为,进入互联网将是受教育权的一个关键要素。", "71. 联合国 考虑到上述情况,特别报告员大力强调,必须促进和向旨在确保获得信息和通信的项目提供支助。 在这方面,“每个儿童一台膝上型计算机”全球项目是一个好倡议。 正如特别报告员最近向人权理事会提交的报告所指出,[44] 此类举措有助于在发展中国家推广信通技术。 该项目得到联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)和若干伙伴的支持,不仅使儿童受益,而且使他们的家庭受益,因为永久连接的膝上型计算机的一个基本方面是在家里免费使用,这使儿童和家庭能够增加获得信息和接触外界的机会。 这些笔记本电脑的两个重要元素是它们可以被太阳能或机械电能充电;它们的设计是为了提供一个有接触力的无线网络,这使得膝上型电脑可以自动地连接到附近的其他人. [45]", "72. 联合国 特别报告员想强调乌拉圭“Ciebal计划”的成功范例如何在全世界得到推广和推广,是不同私营和公共部门之间伙伴关系的好例子。 参加“每个儿童一台笔记本电脑”项目的国家包括阿富汗、阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、柬埔寨、加拿大、中国、印度、伊拉克、尼泊尔、南非、卢旺达、泰国、黎巴嫩和纽埃。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 国家战略的另一个例子是巴西。 2008年初,巴西通过联邦政府、国家电信管理局(ANATEL)和若干电信运营商之间的伙伴关系,启动了“学校宽带”方案。 该项目旨在连接全国56 865所国立学校,使3 710万学生受益,占巴西学生人口的84%。", "74. 国家 在新西兰,一项由政府资助的方案,农村宽带倡议,旨在改善该国城市化程度较低的地区提供纤维回廊连接,并为国家学校提供可靠的高速连接。", "D. 移动技术", "75. 国家 获得移动技术方面的数字鸿沟远小于因特网,估计发展中国家67.6%的个人使用移动电话。 虽然移动电话不能提供与直接使用计算机的互联网同样的好处,但特别报告员认为,移动技术可以是实现互联网连通的垫脚石,特别是在难以建立固定线路连通的偏远地区。", "76. 联合国 最近的报告显示,使用移动电话上网是一个日益增长的趋势,包括在许多发展中国家和区域,包括在非洲。 据国际电联称,到2008年底,全世界将近四分之三的农村居民都使用移动手机信号。 此外,报告提出,到2015年,非洲农村地区覆盖面可超过90%,移动蜂窝技术在扩大通信网络方面发挥关键作用。", "77. 国家 通过移动电话的宽带互联网接入也在迅速增加。 据国际电联统计,截至2010年底,全球移动宽带用户总数已达9.4亿. 预计这一数字从2005年的7 300万增加到2011年的10亿。 移动宽带增长的一个关键原因是,运营商正在提供具有竞争力和负担得起的数据包。 这一发展得到新技术的补充和支持,新技术正在提高网络的效率。 新加坡就是一个例子,移动电话的普及率达到100%,而且大多数家庭至少有一种宽带接入方式。 此外,在2008年和2009年,政府选定了两家公司,以协调全国的网络推广工作。 按照宽带部署规定,其中一家公司将在网络首次到达其所在区域时免除住房和建筑业主的所有安装费用。 这些公司还将为户外地点提供网络连接。", " V. 结论和建议", "78. 国家 互联网已成为个人行使见解和言论自由权的最重要工具之一,它可以在促进人权、民主参与、问责制、透明度和经济发展方面发挥重要作用。 然而,同所有技术革新一样,互联网也可以被用来造成伤害,这引起了各国政府对是否对在线内容进行管理的关切。", "79. 联合国 一般规则应当是保持信息在互联网上的开放性和信息自由流动,并有限制,这应作为例外符合国际人权法规定的标准。 为了保护言论自由权不受不适当的限制,特别报告员试图区分以下几类言论:(a) 根据国际法构成犯罪并需要国家禁止的;(b) 不受到刑事处罚但可提出民事诉讼理由的;(c) 不引起刑事或民事制裁,但在容忍、文明和尊重他人方面仍然引起关切的言论。 每一类别都提出了不同的原则问题,因此需要不同的法律反应,如下文所强调。", "80个 特别报告员还对世界上大多数人口仍然无法使用互联网络表示关注。 虽然进入互联网在国际人权法中尚未被确认为一项权利,但各国有积极义务为所有人行使见解和言论自由权创造有利环境。", "建议", "A类. 获取在线内容", "81个 国家有义务保障思想和信息的自由流通,并有权通过互联网寻求和接受以及传递信息和思想。 国际法还要求各国在其刑法中禁止下列类型的内容:(a) 儿童色情制品;(b) 直接和公开煽动灭绝种族;(c) 鼓吹民族、种族或宗教仇恨并构成煽动歧视、敌意或暴力;(d) 煽动恐怖主义。 然而,特别报告员提醒所有国家,任何此类法律也必须符合限制言论自由权的三项标准,即:通过明确的法律作出规定;追求合法目的;尊重必要性和相称性原则。", "82. 关于管制上述被禁言论的技术措施,如封杀内容,特别报告员重申,各国应提供详细情况,说明封锁某一网站的必要性和理由,确定哪些内容应予封杀必须由主管司法当局或独立于任何政治、商业或其他不正当影响的机构作出,以确保封杀不被用作审查手段。", "83个 特别报告员建议,将不属于上述类别的所有其他类型的言论非刑罪化,因为刑事定罪可能具有反效果,而严厉制裁的威胁可能对言论自由权造成重大的寒冷影响。 此外,各国应集中努力打击种族主义或攻击性言论的根源问题,例如偏执和偏见,包括促进更多的言论来对抗这种消极的言论,增进世界各国人民之间的理解并建设和平文化。", "第八十四会. 使个人能够有效利用通过互联网提供的内容需要一些要素,包括使用技术的技能。 因此,特别报告员建议各国将互联网扫盲技能纳入学校课程,并支助校外的类似学习单元。 除了基本技能培训外,模块还应澄清在线获取信息和负责任地提供信息的益处。 培训还可以帮助个人学习如何保护自己免受有害内容的影响,例如在因特网上披露私人信息的潜在后果,以及国家或公司通过使用加密或规避技术而施加的不当限制。", "85. 特别报告员鼓励将网站翻译成多种语言,包括少数群体和土著人民所讲的语言,并方便残疾人使用。 允许讲不同语言或残疾人参与同一交流平台有助于建立一个真正的全球社会。 此外,他建议所有国家确保所有相关治理信息,包括地方一级的信息,能够以所有相关者的语言提供和获取。", "86号. 特别报告员还强调在互联网接入方面应用性别层面的重要性,并建议缔约国制定战略,确保有效获取在线内容,包括通过信通技术培训。", "B. 接入因特网", "87个 特别报告员强调,获得信息、行使言论自由权的能力以及互联网为社会所有部门提供的参与,对于真正的民主社会至关重要。", "88个 此外,鉴于互联网在促进享有见解和言论自由权以及其他权利,如教育、结社和集会自由、公民参与以及经济和社会发展等方面发挥的关键作用,特别报告员认为,各国不仅必须而且必须同包括私营部门和相关政府部委在内的社会各阶层的个人协商,采取有效和具体的政策和战略,以便根据不歧视的原则,包括基于种族、肤色、性别、语言、残疾、经济出身或任何其他身份的歧视,使所有人能够广泛获得互联网,并负担得起互联网的费用。", "89. 国家 特别报告员特别建议各国采取主动措施,确保在国家所有有人居住的地区,包括边远或农村地区,通过与私营部门合作,在个人或社区一级提供互联网连接。 这些措施包括采取和执行便利互联网连接和获得低成本硬件的政策,包括在偏远和农村地区,包括在必要时对服务给予补贴。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 鉴于在线多媒体内容日益增多,各国还应积极促进和鼓励宽带接入。", "91. 联合国 由于移动技术日益被使用,而且在发展中国家更容易获得,特别报告员建议各国支持各项政策和方案,以通过使用移动电话促进与互联网的连接。", "92. 国家 在国际一级,特别报告员再次呼吁各国,特别是发达国家,履行其在《千年发展目标》等目标中作出的承诺,便利向发展中国家转让技术,并结合有效的方案来便利互联网普遍进入其发展和援助政策。", "[1] 人权理事会第7/36号决议,第4(f)段。", "[2] 可查阅http://www.ohchr.org。", "[3] 见A/HRC/17/27, 第53至59段。", "[4] CCPR/C/GC/34, 第36段。", "[5] 同上,第21段。", "[6] 见A/HRC/12/23。", "[7] 见检察官诉Akayesu案,第ICTR-96-4-T号案件,1998年10月,卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭。", "[8] 检察官诉Riggiu,第ICTR-97-32-S号案件(审判分庭),2005年5月12日,卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭。", "[9] 除其他外,见检察官诉纳希马纳等案,第ICTR-99-52-A号案件,2007年11月28日;检察官诉西蒙·比金迪案,第ICTR-01-72-T号案件,2008年12月2日;卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭。", "[10] 见2011年联合国防止灭绝种族罪行问题特别顾问顾问苏珊·贝内施对联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨倡议的贡献(见http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/experts_papers.htm)。", "[11] CCPR/C/GC/34, 第50段。", "[12] 同上,第51段。", "[13] 正如《关于言论和平等自由的卡姆登原则》原则12.1所指出,“仇恨”是指对目标群体的强烈和不理智的敌对情绪。 可查阅http://www.article19.org/data/files/pdfs/standards/the-camden-principles-on-freedom-expression-and-equality.pdf。 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011-12-22.", "[14] “煽动”一词是指关于民族、种族或宗教团体的言论,这种言论对属于这些群体的人造成歧视、敌视或暴力的迫切危险(《卡姆登原则》原则12.1)。", "[15] 可查阅http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_iccpr/ (原始内容存档于2013-10-12). Expert_papers.htm.", "[16] 增进和保护见解和言论自由权问题特别报告员、宗教或信仰自由问题特别报告员和当代形式种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和有关不容忍行为问题特别报告员联合提交的材料可查阅http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/opinion/articles1920_ iccpr/docs/专家_papers.htm。", "[17] 见 http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/cerd/comments.htm。 (原始内容存档于2018-09-29).", "[18] 黄永安在禁止煽动民族、种族或宗教仇恨曼谷讲习班上的发言,2011年7月,可查阅http://www2.ohchr.org/english/ 问题/意见/第1920-iccpr/docs/专家_论文-曼谷/广延安.pdf。", "[19] 联合国依靠界定“恐怖主义行为”的16个国际法律文书间接地界定了恐怖主义,见http://www.un.org/terrorism/instruments.shtml。", "[20] 见A/HRC/16/51, 第32段。", "[21] 见A/HRC/6/17/Add.1、A/HRC/10/3/Add.2和A/HRC/16/51。", "[22] 反恐中注意增进与保护人权和基本自由问题特别报告员提出了下列恐怖主义的示范定义:“恐怖主义是指下列情况下的行动或未遂行动:", "\" 1. 国家 行动:", "(a) 构成蓄意劫持人质;或", "(b) 国家 (一) 意图使普通人口或部分人口死亡或受重伤;或", "(c) 对普通人口或部分人口或多人实施致命或严重身体暴力;", "财务报告和审定财务报表", "“2. 采取或企图采取以下行动:", "(a) 在一般公众或其中一部分人中引起恐怖状态;或", "(b) 迫使一国政府或国际组织做或不做某事;", "财务报告和审定财务报表", "“3. 监测 该动作对应:", "(a) 国家 (一) 为遵守关于恐怖主义的国际公约和议定书或安全理事会关于恐怖主义的决议而颁布的国内法对严重犯罪的定义;或", "(b) 国内法所定义的严重犯罪的所有要素。”", "[23] A/HRC/16/51, 第31段。", "[24] 打击为恐怖主义目的使用因特网工作组的报告,第88段(见http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/wg6-internet_rev1.pdf)。", "[25] 2011年1月24日至26日,利雅得利用因特网应对极端主义暴力呼吁会议,摘要和后续建议,可查阅http://www.un.org/terrorism/pdfs/STRF%20Riyadh%20Conference%20-%20Summary%20&%20建议.pdf。", "[26] A/HRC/17/27, 第70段。", "[27] CCPR/C/GC/34, 第43段。", "[28] 同上,第28段。 2. 联合国", "[29] A/CONF.211/8,第一章,第58段。", "[30] CCPR/C/GC/34, 第23段。", "[31] 见国际电信联盟(国际电联)/联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织),宽带:进步平台,宽带数字发展委员会的报告,2011年6月(见http://www.broadbandcommission.org/report2/ful-report.pdf)。", "[32] Susannah Fox,“美国残疾人及其技术概况”,Pew Internet & American Life Project,2011年1月21日(http://www.pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/ (原始内容存档于2018-10-25). Department.aspx.", "[33] 见国际电联,“残疾人电子无障碍政策手册”,2010年。", "[34] http://www.ic.gc.ca/cic/site/cap-pace.nsf/eng/home. 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2013-12-21.", "[35] 世界数字图书馆(http://www.wdl.org/en/).", "[36] 世界数字图书馆的伙伴主要是图书馆,档案馆或其他收藏文化内容的机构,它们为图书馆作出贡献. 合作伙伴还可包括以其他方式为项目作贡献的机构、基金会和私营公司,例如通过分享技术、召集或共同主办工作组会议或提供资金。", "[37] A/HRC/14/23, 第60段。", "[38] 国际电联,“印度女企业家与信通技术”,2011年7月14日(http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/sis/ newslog/CategoryView, CategoryView, Category.aspx)。", "[39] CCPR/C/GC/34, 第15段。", "[40] A/HRC/17/27, 第62段。", "[41] 见世界电信/信通技术 2010年发展报告:监测信息社会世界峰会的目标: 中期审查,第201页(http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/publications/wtdr_10/material/WTDR2010_e_v1.pdf)。", "[42] 见联合国,《2010年千年发展目标报告》(http://www.un.org/千年目标/)。", "[43] 瑞典企业、能源和通信部(www.sweden.gov.se/sb/d/573/a/12566/action/search/type/simple?query=宽带+接入)。", "[44] A/HRC/17/27, 第63段。", "[45] 见http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Core_principles/lang-en.", "[46] 见http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Deploduments和http://one.laptop.org。" ]

[ "2011 United Nations Pledging Conference", "for Development Activities", "New York, 8 November 2011", "Operational activities for development of the United Nations system", "Note by the Secretary-General", "1. In paragraph 31 of the annex to its resolution 32/197, the General Assembly requested the Secretariat, in preparing for the Pledging Conference for Development Activities, to make available to Governments information concerning previous and current contributions from Governments and other sources for the various programmes covered by the Pledging Conference. That information will be issued as document A/CONF.208/2011/2.", "2. A report providing a comprehensive statistical analysis of the funding of operational activities for development of the United Nations system for 2009 is contained in document A/66/79-E/2011/107." ]

[ "2011年联合国发展活动认捐会议", "2011年11月8日，纽约", "联合国系统发展业务活动", "秘书长的说明", "1. 大会在第32/197号决议附件第31段中请秘书处在筹备发展活动认捐会议时，向各国政府提供资料，说明各国政府和其他来源以前和现在为认捐会议所涉各项方案捐助的情况。这些资料见A/CONF.208/2011/2号文件。", "2. 关于2009年联合国系统发展业务活动筹资情况的全面统计分析载于A/66/79-E/2011/107号文件。" ]

[ "2011年联合国认捐会议", "联合国", "2011年11月8日,纽约", "联合国系统发展方面的业务活动", "秘书长的说明", "1. 联合国 大会第32/197号决议附件第31段请秘书处在筹备发展活动认捐会议时,向各国政府提供各国政府和其他来源以前和现在为认捐会议所包括的各种方案提供捐款的资料。 这些资料将作为A/CONF.208/2011/2号文件印发。", "2. 联合国 A/66/79-E/2011/107号文件载有2009年联合国系统发展方面业务活动资金筹措情况综合统计分析报告。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 19 (d), (e) and (f) of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development: Protection of global climate", "for present and future generations of humankind", "Implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat", "Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious", "Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa", "Convention on Biological Diversity", "Implementation of United Nations environmental conventions", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The Secretary-General has the honour to transmit to the General Assembly the reports submitted by the secretariats of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa and the Convention on Biological Diversity.", "I. Report of the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change on the United Nations Climate Change Conference, Cancun, Mexico, 2010, and its follow-up", "A. Introduction", "1. The General Assembly, in its resolution 65/159, invited the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the work of the Conference of the Parties. The present report is submitted in response to that invitation.", "B. Outcomes of the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "1. Summary", "2. The United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in Cancun, Mexico, from 29 November to 10 December 2010, and comprised the following sessions:", "(a) Sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention;", "(b) Sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol;", "(c) Thirty-third session of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation;", "(d) Thirty-third session of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice;", "(e) Fifteenth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol;", "(f) Thirteenth session of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention.", "3. The Cancun Conference had a high level of participation and was attended by 16 Heads of State and Government, approximately 5,100 government delegates, 5,300 observers and 1,200 media representatives. Prior to the Conference, various sessions of the ad hoc working groups and a number of informal consultations among parties on various elements of the Bali Action Plan helped to lay the foundations for an agreement. During those sessions and consultations, as well as throughout the Conference, the Presidency of the Conference and the Chairs of the ad hoc working groups and the subsidiary bodies made progress through an open, transparent and inclusive process. This allowed for exchanges among parties that would ultimately lead to an agreed outcome in Cancun.", "4. The Cancun Conference was a major step forward that put in place a solid framework for action on climate change. The set of decisions known as the Cancun Agreements,[1] adopted by the Conference of the Parties and the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, addresses the long-term challenges of climate change collectively and comprehensively over time. The decisions envisage concrete action now to speed up the global response and advance the implementation of actions to combat climate change, particularly for the following issues:", "(a) Adaptation. Its priority was affirmed and the Cancun Adaptation Framework was established;", "(b) Technology. A technology mechanism that will support innovation and the development of new technologies and will give priority to the diffusion, deployment and transfer of technologies was created;", "(c) Finance. A new Green Climate Fund was established as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention and a standing committee was established to assist in improving coherence and coordination in the delivery of climate change finance;", "(d) Policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries (REDD-plus).[2] Guidance and safeguards were provided and a work programme was established.", "5. The Conference of the Parties adopted 12 decisions and the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol adopted 13 decisions. The decisions contained in the Cancun Agreements set the foundation for a far-reaching collective effort to address climate change. The outcome reached at the Cancun conference established the basis for a comprehensive operational architecture of implementation on adaptation, mitigation, finance, technology and capacity-building.", "2. High-level segment", "6. The joint high-level segment of the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties and the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol was opened by the President, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Mexico, and was preceded by a welcoming ceremony attended by the President of Mexico, the Secretary-General and other dignitaries.", "7. The Secretary-General delivered a statement on behalf of the United Nations system, acknowledging that the negotiations would not end in Cancun, but stating that complacency and “business as usual” were not options. He recognized that countries face political and economic constraints, but he emphasized that the longer the world delays action on climate change, the higher the costs will be, economically and environmentally and in human lives. He therefore asked parties for determination, leadership, flexibility and compromise in the negotiations.", "8. During the high-level segment, statements were made by 165 parties, of which 16 were made by Heads of State or Government, 9 by either vice-presidents or deputy prime ministers, 100 by ministers and 40 by representatives of parties.", "3. Outcomes of the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties", "Cancun Agreements", "9. Based on and following the structure of the Bali Action Plan, the Cancun Agreements provide a comprehensive package of decisions adopted by the international community to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to help developing country parties cope with climate change, including through the provision of financial, technological and capacity-building support for both mitigation of and adaptation to the adverse effects of climate change.", "Shared vision, global goal and review", "10. Parties to the Convention recognized that deep cuts in global greenhouse gas emissions are required to reach the global goal of holding the increase in global average temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels, which is to be reviewed periodically for its adequacy, together with the progress made towards achieving that goal. In the context of the first review, which is to start in 2013 and be concluded by 2015, Parties also recognized the need to consider strengthening the long-term global goal on the basis of the best available scientific knowledge, including in relation to a global average temperature rise of 1.5°C.", "Adaptation", "11. The Cancun Agreements include a number of institutions and processes to address adaptation to climate change. The Cancun Adaptation Framework was established with the objective of enhancing action on adaptation.", "12. In the Cancun Agreements, the Conference of the Parties and the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol requested the Subsidiary Body for Implementation to take up a newly established work programme to address the loss and damage associated with the impacts of climate change. A process was also established through the Agreements to enable least developed country parties to formulate and implement national adaptation plans as a means of identifying medium- and long-term adaptation needs and implementing strategies and programmes to address those needs.", "13. An Adaptation Committee will promote the coherent implementation of enhanced action on adaptation, providing support, guidance and recommendations to parties. The Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention has been requested by the Conference of the Parties to elaborate the composition of, and modalities and procedures for, the Adaptation Committee during 2011.", "Mitigation", "14. Under the Cancun Agreements and building on emission reduction targets that had been put forward informally in 2010, all industrialized nations have officially communicated, and have committed themselves to developing, low-carbon development plans or strategies. Additionally, a number of developing country parties have officially communicated their nationally appropriate mitigation actions,[3] which seek a deviation from “business as usual” emissions by 2020, with financial and technological support.", "15. Industrialized nations have committed to improving the reporting on their mitigation targets and to enhancing their provision of support to developing country parties. Additionally, developing country parties may voluntarily report on their mitigation actions. A registry will be set up in order to record information on the following: mitigation actions of developing country parties for which international support is sought; support available from developed country parties for mitigation actions; and support provided for mitigation actions.", "16. The Conference of the Parties established a work programme on REDD-plus, which is to be developed by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and is to include the development of modalities for measuring, reporting and verifying emissions and removals of greenhouse gases related to the forest sector.", "17. The Conference of the Parties requested the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention to elaborate market and non-market mechanisms that would enhance the cost-effectiveness of and promote mitigation actions. The market mechanisms to be elaborated are to maintain and build upon existing mechanisms, including those under the Kyoto Protocol, such as the clean development mechanism and joint implementation.", "18. The Chairs of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice and the Subsidiary Body for Implementation were mandated by the Conference of the Parties to convene a forum on the impact of the implementation of response measures to mitigate climate change. In 2011, the two Subsidiary Bodies are to develop a work programme on response measures.", "Finance, technology and capacity-building", "19. The secretariat was requested to compile information on the resources provided for the fulfilment of the commitment made at the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties by developed country parties to provide $30 billion in fast-start finance for developing countries for the period 2010-2012. Furthermore, at the Cancun Conference, developed country parties also made official their commitment to long-term finance, in the order of $100 billion per year by 2020, to address the needs of developing country Parties.", "20. At the Cancun Conference, the Green Climate Fund was established to provide long-term financing to projects, programmes, policies and other activities in developing country Parties. The Fund is being designed by a transitional committee, which will present its recommendations for approval by the Conference of the Parties at its seventeenth session in Durban, South Africa, at the end of 2011.", "21. A technology mechanism was also established at the Cancun Conference and is to be operational in 2012. The mechanism will facilitate international cooperation on technology for both mitigation and adaptation, enabled through increased public and private investments.", "22. The technology mechanism consists of the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network. The Committee will provide an overview of technological needs, analyse policy and technical issues related to the development and transfer of technologies and recommend related actions. The Centre and Network will mobilize the required expertise and resources from the public and private sectors to assist developing country parties, at their request, to establish technology-related policies, programmes and projects in support of action on mitigation and adaptation.", "23. The Conference of the Parties recognized that capacity-building is a cross-cutting issue that is necessary in order to enable developing country parties to enhance their actions for addressing climate change. During 2011, the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention is to elaborate modalities on the institutional arrangements for capacity-building under the Convention.", "Other decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties", "24. The Conference of the Parties provided additional guidance to the Global Environment Facility (GEF), calling on it to complete its reforms as soon as possible in order to facilitate the successful completion of its fifth replenishment cycle and requesting it to further simplify its procedures and improve its effectiveness and efficiency.", "25. On other finance matters, the Conference of the Parties decided to conclude its assessment of the status of the implementation of decision 1/CP.12, paragraph 2, on the Special Climate Change Fund, and provided further guidance to GEF for the operation of the Least Developed Countries Fund. The Conference of the Parties will assess progress made in the implementation of its guidance.", "26. At the Cancun Conference, the Least Developed Countries Expert Group had its mandate extended by the Conference of the Parties in order to continue providing technical guidance and advice. The Group is to develop a two-year rolling programme of work for consideration by the Subsidiary Body for Implementation. At its twenty-first session, in 2015, the Conference of the Parties will review the progress, need for continuation and terms of reference of the Group.", "27. The Conference of the Parties invited all parties and international organizations to enhance the support provided for in article 6 of the Convention on education, training and public awareness to the national focal points of developing country parties.", "28. The Conference of the Parties requested the secretariat to prepare a compilation and synthesis report containing information from the fifth national communications from parties included in annex I to the Convention (annex I parties). The secretariat has prepared a synthesis report on the information contained in the national communications of 40 annex I parties that had been submitted by 31 March 2011.", "29. The Conference of the Parties also requested the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention to continue consideration of issues relevant to the promotion of access by annex I parties undergoing the process of transition to a market economy to technology, capacity-building and finance, in order to enhance their ability to develop low-emission economies.", "4. Outcomes of the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "Cancun Agreements", "30. As part of the Cancun Agreements, the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol adopted a decision in which it agreed that the Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for annex I parties under the Kyoto Protocol should complete its work as early as possible and in time to ensure that there is no gap between the first and second commitment periods of the Kyoto Protocol. Annex I parties were also urged to raise the level of ambition of their mitigation targets.", "31. The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol also adopted decisions as part of the Cancun Agreements with regard to the following: the base year for the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol; the continued use of emissions trading and project-based mechanisms; measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance removals resulting from land use, land-use change and forestry activities; the global warming potentials to be used for calculations; and the continued consideration of information on the potential consequences of tools, policies, measures and methodologies.", "32. The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol agreed to use the same definitions as in the first commitment period of various key terms in relation to land use, land-use change and forestry. It mandated the secretariat to assess the forest management reference levels of annex I parties. The secretariat has already finalized this technical assessment.", "Other decisions adopted by the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "33. The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol adopted amendments to the terms and conditions of service to be provided by the interim trustee of the Adaptation Fund and decided to carry out a review of the Adaptation Fund at its seventh session and every three years thereafter.", "34. The secretariat was requested by the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol to prepare the compilation and synthesis of supplementary information from the fifth national communications of annex I parties, as well as to organize centralized reviews of such national communications.", "35. The Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol provided further guidance on the clean development mechanism, including general guidance with regard to governance, accreditation, baseline and monitoring methodologies, standardized baselines, registration of project activities, regional and subregional distribution and capacity-building, and the resources for work on the mechanism.", "36. Guidance was also provided by the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol on the implementation of article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol on joint implementation.", "5. Progress on the implementation of the Cancun Agreements", "37. Since the Cancun Conference, parties have continued negotiations on the implementation of the Cancun Agreements. They have worked on a road map and a procedure to make the technology mechanism operational in 2012. Further discussions on technology development and transfer have been in relation to the possible linkage between the technology mechanism and the financial arrangements, and the relationship between the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network.", "38. Parties have also achieved further clarity on the work ahead under the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention and the progress that the Cancun Agreements represent. Parties have continued negotiations under the framework of the outcomes of the conferences in Bali, Indonesia, and Cancun, in order to take the decisions adopted at the Cancun Conference to their full implementation, while at the same time addressing those issues that were not resolved during the Conference in Cancun.", "39. Progress has been made by parties under the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention in bringing together their views on various aspects of the Adaptation Committee established by the Cancun Agreements (see para. 13 above). In particular, progress has been made with regard to the governance, modalities and procedures, linkages with other institutions and composition of the Adaptation Committee.", "40. Parties have engaged in useful discussions with each other on the issue of mitigation under the Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention. Such discussions have included the type of elements to be contained in biennial reports by developed country parties, where there is broad recognition of the need to build upon the existing reporting and review system. On mitigation by developing country parties, discussions have focused on biennial update reports, a registry for nationally appropriate mitigation actions (see para. 15 above) and international consultation and analysis.", "41. The Ad Hoc Working Group on Long-term Cooperative Action under the Convention is continuing discussions on REDD-plus and addressing the issue of its financing. In parallel, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice has initiated consideration of views on methodological guidance for activities relating to REDD-plus, as mandated by the Cancun Agreements. Such initial consideration has focused on reference levels and reference emission levels.", "42. Parties have also had discussions on finance focusing on the Standing Committee on Finance. Those discussions addressed various aspects of the Committee, including its functions, composition, membership, participation, key principles and reporting lines.", "43. Furthermore, parties have initiated discussions on the consideration of further commitments for annex I parties under the Kyoto Protocol. The main issues under discussion relate to the need for clarity on the outstanding political questions pertaining to a second commitment period and the rules and concerns regarding continuity of the Kyoto Protocol and comparability of efforts and achievements to date relating to greenhouse gas emission reductions by annex I parties. In reference to common metrics, parties have made progress towards an agreement on key technical issues on new gases, with options clearly identified and ready for a political decision. The Ad Hoc Working Group on Further Commitments for Annex I Parties under the Kyoto Protocol is also considering the issue of the potential environmental, economic and social consequences, including spillover effects of tools, policies, measures and methodologies.", "C. Conclusions and recommendations", "44. The General Assembly may wish, inter alia, to:", "(a) Take note of the report of the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, as transmitted by the Secretary-General;", "(b) Note the outcomes of the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties and the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, hosted by the Government of Mexico from 29 November to 10 December 2010;", "(c) Pledge its support to the continued negotiating processes under the Bali Road Map and encourage progress towards the full and prompt implementation of the Cancun Agreements;", "(d) Invite the Executive Secretary to continue to report to it on the work of the Conference.", "II. Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of resolution 65/160 and the implementation of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa", "A. Introduction", "45. In its resolution 65/160, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of that resolution. The present report constitutes an update to the Assembly on the principal activities that have been undertaken in implementation of the resolution.", "B. Implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/160", "1. Background", "46. By its resolution 65/160, the General Assembly decided to convene a one-day high-level meeting on the theme “Addressing desertification, land degradation and drought in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication”, on 20 September 2011, just before the opening of the general debate of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. It encouraged the holding of the meeting at the highest possible political level with, inter alia, the participation of Heads of State and Government.", "47. The Assembly also decided that:", "(a) The preparations for the meeting would be undertaken under the authority of the President of the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session and that the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, would serve as the focal point for the meeting;", "(b) The high-level meeting would be structured around an opening plenary meeting, followed by an interactive panel in the morning and a second interactive panel in the afternoon, followed by a closing plenary meeting;", "(c) The panels would be co-chaired by one Head of State or Government from the North and one from the South for each panel, to be appointed by the President of the General Assembly, with due regard to geographical balance, in consultation with regional groups.", "48. In addition, in resolution 65/160 the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to prepare a background paper for the meeting, in consultation with Member States, to be made available no later than June 2011.", "49. The Assembly also expressed concern that one billion inhabitants of drylands are amongst the poorest on the planet and are lagging behind in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. It invited Member States, in particular the donor community and the United Nations system, to address the needs of the inhabitants of the drylands by encouraging appropriate investments to contribute to achieving the internationally agreed goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in those areas.", "50. The Assembly also invited all parties and all involved institutions to engage in and actively support the process of strengthening the scientific basis of the activities on desertification and drought under the Convention, in particular those required to assess the economic impacts of desertification, land degradation and drought, and to measure the impact of the implementation of the Convention and the subsequent enhancement of the technical capabilities of national coordination bodies and national focal points of the Convention.", "2. Preparations for the high-level meeting", "51. Shortly after the adoption of resolution 65/160, the Executive Secretary of the Convention, in his capacity as the focal point for the high-level meeting, started consultations with key stakeholders to initiate preparations for the meeting. In early February 2011, he met with the President of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly to brief him on those preparations, to coordinate organizational efforts during the preparatory process and to discuss the cooperation necessary to ensure its success.", "52. As mandated in resolution 65/160, arrangements were made to assist the Secretary-General by providing inputs to his background document. The Convention secretariat also assisted in the consultations with Member States on the background paper that was to be prepared by the Secretary-General for the high-level meeting.", "53. The Convention secretariat also organized several briefings for parties to the Convention on this matter during the ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention, held in Bonn in February 2011. To create further awareness and in order to facilitate a consistent level of participation, the Executive Secretary has pursued his approach of featuring the event in all his encounters with the representatives of various parties. In addition, parties have been notified of the meeting through correspondence sent to all Ministers of Foreign Affairs and to those line ministers who are responsible for the Convention. To create further sufficient publicity and support and ensure that the high-level event is adequately covered by the media, the Convention secretariat has also developed a media strategy to promote the high-level meeting.", "3. Ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention and second special session of the Committee on Science and Technology", "54. The ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention and the second special session of the Committee on Science and Technology were held in Bonn, Germany, from 16 to 25 February 2011. At the sessions the intersessional work related essentially to impact and performance indicators, as agreed upon at the ninth session of the Conference of the Parties, was reviewed.", "55. The second special session of the Committee on Science and Technology, considered the status of work on methodologies and baselines for the effective use of the subset of impact indicators on strategic objectives 1, 2 and 3 of the 10-year Strategic Plan and Framework to enhance the implementation of the Convention (the Strategy), along with an assessment of the organization of the first Scientific Conference, held in Buenos Aires in 2009; preparations for the second Scientific Conference; the role of science and technology correspondents; and progress made on the implementation of the knowledge-management system. The development and implementation of the impact indicators to measure the three strategic objectives of the Strategy was the key focus of the scientists at this meeting. The GEF Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel was involved in this exercise and the indicators have been opened for public consultation through an e-forum.", "56. However, the scientists also observed that some alignment between the GEF portfolio level indicators and the set of impact indicators of the Convention would improve the reporting obligations of parties. They therefore recommended that the Panel be more closely involved in the process of harmonizing the objectives and methodologies for collecting and reporting on indicators.", "57. Progress was also made in setting up a scientific knowledge-management system. Interest was also expressed at the second special session in establishing a geographically-balanced ad hoc advisory group of experts to support the refinement of the impact indicators and in establishing an institutional partners group. The institutional partners would comprise the organizations that would contribute to the generation and management of the data sets of the impact indicators of desertification, land degradation and drought.", "58. The ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention considered issues relating to preliminary analyses of information contained in the reports of parties, United Nations agencies and intergovernmental organizations, and civil society organizations on implementation of the Convention against performance indicators; best practices in the implementation of the Convention; and improving the procedures for communication of information, as well as the quality and format of reports to be submitted to the Conference of the Parties. Delegates also engaged in an open dialogue with representatives of civil society organizations and in an interactive thematic discussion on the outcome of the reporting process. There was appreciation of the assessment and outcomes of progress related to impact and performance indicators. The Committee recognized the important feature of the online reporting tool that ensures the uploading of information contained in national reports provided by parties and other reporting entities into the portal of the performance review and assessment of implementation system.", "59. As a result, for the first time in the history of the Convention parties were able to quantify the fruits of their labour, thanks to the use of a comprehensive monitoring and reporting process. The financial support of the GEF and other donors, including the European Commission, was crucial in the implementation of the performance review and assessment of implementation system. By the time the ninth session of the Committee opened, more than 50 per cent of affected country parties and almost 30 per cent of developed country parties had submitted their national reports. As of November 2010, 89 per cent of affected countries had submitted their reports. This successful project has become the cornerstone of an indicator-driven monitoring and online reporting of the implementation of the 10‑year strategy of the Convention. This is a paradigm shift for the Convention towards becoming an instrument that pursues measurable results and whose strategy provides a road map for all its stakeholders.", "60. The performance review and assessment of implementation system was well received, and there was considerable discussion of this improvement in the reporting system and in dissemination of the results. Discussions also focused on the development of a knowledge-management system, the compilation of best practices identified through the performance review system reports and the further refinement of the impact indicators, among others. On all agenda items, the second special session of the Committee on Science and Technology and the ninth session of the Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention adopted reports summarizing the ideas, suggestions and proposals of delegates, leaving the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties with a variety of options to pursue and on which to take decisions.", "4. United Nations Decade for Deserts and the Fight Against Desertification", "61. In pursuance of resolution 64/201, the Decade for Deserts and the Fight Against Desertification, mandated by the General Assembly, was launched on 16 August 2010 in Fortaleza, Brazil. The primary objective of the Decade is to raise awareness and stimulate action to improve the protection and management of the world’s drylands, home to one third of the world’s population and facing serious economic and environmental threats.", "62. Regional launches were also organized, including in Nairobi for the African region on 16 August 2010. The launch for the Asian region took place on 12 October 2010 in Seoul with the objective of highlighting the fact that in Asia the threats of desertification, land degradation and drought affect more people and land than in any other region of the world. The North American launch was hosted by Colorado State University on 11 November 2010. The launch ceremony was followed by short seminars addressing land degradation issues in North America and the signing of a letter of intent between the Convention secretariat and the university to work closely on future research into desertification. The European launch was organized on 16 December 2010 in London and focused on exploring the links between drylands and global human security with a special focus on Europe, including the state of its soil degradation. Two observances of the Decade were held this year on the occasion of the regional launches of the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity in Havana and Addis Ababa on 4 and 22 July 2011 respectively.", "5. Observance of the 2011 World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought", "63. The World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought is observed every year on 17 June all over the world. The aim of the United Nations in designating a day of observance is to sensitize the public and policymakers to the increasing dangers of desertification, land degradation and drought for the international community. The observance events are designed to get everyone to undertake at least one action that year to help minimize the threat that is highlighted. As 2011 is the International Year of Forests, the World Day for 2011 focused specifically on the forests in the drylands areas of the world, guided by the motto “Forests keep drylands working”. On the occasion of the celebration of the World Day, the Secretary-General, the Executive Secretary of the Convention and other senior United Nations officials issued special messages. The main thrust of those messages was that people who live in the arid lands, which account for more than 40 per cent of the world’s land area, are among the world’s poorest and most vulnerable to hunger and frequently depend on land that is degraded and where productivity has shrunk to below subsistence levels. They also pointed out that in the world’s efforts to meet the Millennium Development Goals, the challenges facing these “forgotten billion” men, women and children deserve special attention. Flagging the importance of educating the global community about the relevance of forests for drylands, in that dry forests and scrubland provide the backbone of arid ecosystems, the messages also indicated that unsustainable land management and agriculture are a significant cause of the land degradation and desertification that inevitably follow. One key message was a call to reward those who make drylands productive, so that they will prosper and others will seek to emulate their example.", "6. Land Day", "64. Since the last report to the General Assembly, the Convention secretariat has organized two Land Days.", "65. Land Day 3 was organized on 23 October 2010 in the margins of the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, which was held in Nagoya, Japan, from 18-29 October. Ambassador Koh of Singapore, who served as the Chair of the Preparatory Committee for and the Main Committee of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit), delivered a keynote address to the participants. Land Day 3 was attended by government delegates and representatives of intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, academic institutions and business and research organizations. The event was a joint initiative of the secretariats of the Convention on Biodiversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and was part of the Rio Conventions ecosystem and climate change pavilion.", "66. Important points that emerged from the discussion included land degradation as a local issue with global consequences; an axiomatic relationship between the two conventions; biodiversity loss, climate change and land degradation as a vicious cycle; the challenges of overcoming a compartmentalized approach to the implementation of the three sister Rio Conventions, whereas there is no separation at the local level; and the need for an integrated approach, when addressing the issues, for high-level political commitment and to facilitate communication and focus on the underlying drivers.", "67. Land Day 4 was organized in Bonn, Germany, on 11 June 2011. The Land Day was designed with four main aims: to examine the climate change adaptation and mitigation scenarios that can be implemented at the national level and where climate financing is required; to demonstrate how long-term food security can be achieved by adapting to climate change and to sustainable land management; to address how long-term cooperative action can be realized through concrete implementation as set forth in the national action programmes of the Convention to Combat Desertification and the national adaptation programmes of action of the Framework Convention on Climate Change, through partnerships at global and national levels; and to involve business and other stakeholders in the exchange over green growth and the green economy. Important points that emerged from the interactive discussions included the case for sustainable land management and the highlighting of the fact that land has an unlimited potential to sequester carbon over time and by a magnitude greater than that of oceans. It also emerged from the discussions that soil quality would be a key priority for climate-resilient growth.", "7. Collaboration with the Global Environment Facility", "68. The Convention secretariat continued to strengthen its partnership with GEF, in particular in the light of the amendment of the GEF Instrument to list the Convention among the treaties for which the Facility plays the role of financial mechanism. The partnership was also strengthened by the decision of the GEF Council to support the enabling activities of the Convention and the new system for transparent allocation of resources.", "69. To further operationalize that reform, the first ever joint retreat of the Convention and GEF secretariats was organized in Bonn, Germany, on 4 January 2011. Co-hosted by the Executive Secretary of the Convention and the Chief Executive Officer and Chair of the GEF, the overall objective of the retreat was to jointly discuss and clarify key aspects of the policies and programmes of the fifth replenishment cycle as they relate to supporting the implementation of the Convention by affected country parties. Discussions during the retreat covered, inter alia, GEF reforms and the implications for ongoing Convention activities, and procedures of the system for transparent allocation of resources under the land degradation focal area. During the discussions, priorities that were identified included the need to build on the performance review system and a pilot tracking exercise for all indicators in targeted countries.", "70. The outcome of the retreat was a joint action plan that includes a set of recommendations for strengthening collaboration between the two secretariats in order to advance the implementation by the parties of the Convention and its 10‑year strategy. For each of the recommendations, roles and expectations for the two secretariats were discussed and agreed upon based on the actions and milestones proposed. Recommendations that emerged from the retreat included the need for enhanced advocacy and awareness of the land agenda among key stakeholders and the need for increased investment in sustainable land management globally, including the effective use of GEF resources. The retreat also recommended actions at the policy level to facilitate stronger engagement by GEF in Convention processes, as well as in building synergies with the other Conventions, particularly at the country level, to facilitate planning and programming of resources for sustainable land management.", "8. Joint Liaison Group of the Rio Conventions", "71. The Convention secretariat also pursued close collaboration with the secretariats of the other two Rio Conventions. The eleventh meeting of the Joint Liaison Group of the Rio Conventions was held on 11 April 2011 in Bonn, Germany. The Executive Secretary of the Convention to Combat Desertification chaired the meeting which discussed (a) current and requested activities undertaken by the Joint Liaison Group, (b) support for the coordination of national planning and reporting processes, (c) cooperation on gender mainstreaming (d) plans for joint events at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, including the Rio Conventions pavilion, and (e) joint outreach and communication initiatives. The main outcomes from the meeting included an agreement to formalize the terms of reference and modus operandi of the Joint Liaison Group, a set of joint high-level activities identified for the Conference and for the 20th anniversary of the Conventions in 2012, and new and revised joint publications on climate change adaptation, forests and gender. In September 2010, the Joint Liaison Group had met to discuss issues of common interest, including synergies. That meeting was chaired by the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity and attended by the Executive Secretaries of the Convention to Combat Desertification and the Framework Convention on Climate Change.", "C. Observations and possible General Assembly actions", "72. The adoption of General Assembly resolution 65/160 convening a high-level meeting on desertification, land degradation and drought constitutes a milestone in the process of the Convention. For the first time since its inception, the core issues of the Convention will be addressed at the highest political level. The outcome of the meeting will be conveyed to the Conference of the Parties and to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. The Assembly may therefore wish to take note of the said outcome and pursue its support for raising the profile of issues relating to desertification, land degradation and drought.", "73. Furthermore, the Assembly has frequently called for strengthening the scientific basis of the Convention. The most recent session of the Committee on Science and Technology made important strides in this respect. The Assembly may wish to reiterate its support for more involvement of science to better comprehend issues relating to desertification, land degradation and drought.", "74. The effective implementation of the Convention requires assessment and monitoring of all its phases. Recent developments have featured a paradigm shift for the Convention towards becoming an instrument that pursues measurable results and whose strategy provides the road map for all its stakeholders. In this respect, the new performance review and assessment of implementation system promises to respond to this quest. In the same vein, as the international community engages with preparations for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, it is becoming increasingly clear that sustainable land use, agriculture, food security and forestry will constitute a cornerstone of the green economies for poverty eradication and sustainable development. The Assembly may wish therefore to add its support to the new reporting system of the Convention, encourage the move towards setting quantitative targets and consider the possibility of a “zero net land degradation rate” as a sustainable development target.", "III. Report of the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity", "A. Introduction", "75. In its resolution 65/161, the General Assembly invited the Executive Secretary of the Convention on Biological Diversity to report on the work of the Conference of the Parties. The present report is submitted in response to that invitation.", "B. Outcome of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity", "76. The tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Nagoya, Japan, from 18 to 29 October 2010, on the theme “Life in harmony, into the future”. At the Conference, attended by more than 18,000 participants, the parties adopted 47 decisions including a strategic plan for biodiversity for 2011-2020, comprising 20 ambitious targets known as the Aichi Biodiversity Targets. At the time of the submission of the present report, the secretariat, with the financial support of Japan, had organized nine regional and subregional workshops with over 400 participants, including representatives of parties and relevant organizations, with a view to revising national biodiversity strategies and action plans and incorporating the Aichi Targets at national level. The Government of Japan is also supporting 30 other capacity-building projects to assist developing countries to implement the outcomes of the conference. In partnership with Japan, the secretariat organized a series of briefings on the Nagoya biodiversity compact at all major United Nations offices and at the headquarters of the regional economic commissions.", "77. The Conference of the Parties also adopted the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefit Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Protocol, which was deposited with the Secretary-General, was opened for signature in New York on 2 February 2010 and had received 40 signatures at the time of submission of the present report. The Protocol will remain open for signature until 1 February 2012. It will enter into force 90 days after the date of deposit of the fiftieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. A GEF medium-sized project, implemented by UNEP, has been adopted to facilitate the early entry into force of the Protocol. In addition, at the initiative of Japan, a GEF trust fund for the Nagoya Protocol has also been established. The first meeting of the Intergovernmental Committee of the Nagoya Protocol was held in Montreal, Canada, from 6 to 10 June 2011. It elected the Bureau and adopted four decisions on modalities of operation of the clearing house mechanism, capacity-building, compliance and awareness-raising. The second meeting of the Committee will be held in New Delhi from 9 to 13 April 2012.", "78. At the tenth meeting, the Conference of the Parties committed to substantially increasing resources from all sources, balanced with the effective implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and its strategic plan for the period 2011-2020, against an established baseline. In addition, with a view to adopting targets for resource mobilization at the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties, the parties agreed to specific indicators for monitoring the implementation of the strategy for resource mobilization. The parties also agreed to undertake a full assessment of the funds necessary to implement the biodiversity agenda for the sixth replenishment period of GEF.", "79. The parties recognized the urgent need to improve capacity for mainstreaming the three objectives of the Convention into poverty eradication strategies and plans. In this context, they established an expert group on biodiversity for poverty eradication and development. In addition to observers from international organizations, the parties have nominated 25 experts to the group, which is scheduled to meet in December 2011 at the Forestry Research Institute of India in Dehradun.", "80. The parties further advanced the engagement of business, encouraging the establishment of national and regional business and biodiversity initiatives by facilitating a forum for dialogue between parties and other Governments, business and other stakeholders, with a particular focus on the global level. In decision X/21 the parties also asked the secretariat to compile information on, and analyse the effectiveness of, existing tools to further engage businesses in integrating biodiversity concerns into corporate strategies and decision-making. The secretariat has undertaken a renewed programme of outreach to the business community, which will lead to the establishment of national business and biodiversity networks; launched phase 1 of the website of the Global Platform on Business and Biodiversity; and, in conjunction with partner organizations, is undertaking a gap analysis of existing standards, tools and mechanisms.", "81. Aware of the critical importance of urbanization and local action on biodiversity, the Conference of the Parties also endorsed a plan of action on cities and biodiversity (decision X/22), which has been developed through several meetings of the Global Partnership on Cities and Biodiversity[4] since 2006. The plan was also supported by the 650 representatives of cities, states and regions attending the City Biodiversity Summit in Nagoya on May 25 and 26 2010, including 220 mayors. Implementation of the plan was discussed at the first meeting on the implementation of the Plan of Action on Subnational Governments, Cities and Other Local Authorities for Biodiversity (2011-2020), held in Montpellier, France, from 17 to 19 January 2011. The parties also requested the secretariat of the Convention to prepare an assessment of the links and opportunities between urbanization and biodiversity for the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties, based on the third edition of the Global Biodiversity Outlook.", "82. In decision X/23, the Conference of the Parties also welcomed the Multi-Year Plan of Action for South-South Cooperation on Biodiversity for Development, adopted by the first Forum on South-South Cooperation on Biodiversity for Development convened by the Group of 77 and China in partnership with the secretariat.[5] Following up on the further development of the Plan, the third expert meeting on this initiative was held in Incheon, Republic of Korea, from 18 to 20 May 2011[6] and the Plan will be submitted for consideration and adoption at the fourth meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group on the Review of Implementation of the Convention on Biological Diversity and the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties to be held in Hyderabad, India, in October 2012.", "83. With respect to traditional knowledge, the Conference of the Parties reached another milestone with the adoption of the Tkarihwaié:ri Code of Ethical Conduct to Ensure Respect for the Cultural and Intellectual Heritage of Indigenous and Local Communities (decision X/42). The Code aims to promote respect for the cultural and intellectual heritage of indigenous and local communities that is relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.", "84. The Conference of the Parties also provided comprehensive guidance on how to further enhance the implementation of the programme of work of the Convention on marine and coastal biodiversity, including setting in place a mechanism for the identification of ecologically and biologically significant areas and expediting national, regional and global efforts towards achieving the 2012 target of the World Summit on Sustainable Development for marine protected areas, as well as addressing the impacts on marine and coastal biodiversity of unsustainable fishing, ocean fertilization, ocean acidification, underwater noise and other human activities. Many of these relate to processes under the General Assembly and other United Nations entities, including the Ad Hoc Open-ended Informal Working Group to study issues relating to the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity beyond areas of national jurisdiction. Accordingly, the secretariat is working closely with these entities in undertaking its expert processes and holding regional workshops and other activities in implementing decision X/29 on marine and coastal diversity adopted at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties.", "85. The Conference of the Parties also adopted a decision on biodiversity and climate change (decision X/33), including guidance on ecosystem-based approaches to adaptation and mitigation and on a process for developing advice, including on the application of relevant safeguards for biodiversity, without pre-empting any future decisions taken under the Framework Convention on Climate Change, so that actions are consistent with the objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity and avoid negative impacts on and enhance benefits for biodiversity. In the decision the Conference of the Parties also proposed a process for further enhancing synergies with the Convention to Combat Desertification and the Framework Convention on Climate Change. The secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity is collaborating closely with other United Nations entities in the implementation of this decision.", "86. At the initiative of Japan, the Conference of the Parties recommended that the General Assembly proclaim the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. In adopting its resolution 65/161, the General Assembly proclaimed 2011-2020 the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity. A draft strategy for the celebration of the Decade was adopted as well as the official logo. The Republic of Korea launched the Decade in Songwan on 19 May 2011. India, as incoming President of the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties, launched the Decade for Asia and the Pacific in New Delhi on 23 May 2011. The President of the Philippines launched the Decade for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations on 29 May 2011 and adopted a presidential decree declaring 2011-2020 a biodiversity decade for the Philippines. On 4 July, Cuba launched the Decade for the Caribbean region and, on 13 July, Ecuador launched the decade for South America. Ethiopia launched the decade for Africa in Addis Ababa on 22 July in collaboration with the African Union and the Economic Commission for Africa. The event was attended by the President of Ethiopia. Japan, as President of the Conference of the Parties, will host an international event to launch the Decade on 17 and 18 December 2011.", "C. Outcome of the fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity", "87. The fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was held from 11 to 15 October 2010 in Nagoya, Japan, bringing together more than 1,600 participants. The parties adopted 17 decisions, including the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety. The Supplementary Protocol provides international rules and procedures in the field of liability and redress relating to living modified organisms. The Secretary-General is the depository for the instrument and the Supplementary Protocol was opened for signature on 7 March 2011 in New York. At the time of submission of the present report, the Supplementary Protocol had received 24 signatures. It will remain open for signature until 6 March 2012. The Supplementary Protocol will enter into force on the ninetieth day after the date of deposit of the fortieth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.", "88. The parties to the Protocol also adopted the first Strategic Plan for the Biosafety Protocol, covering the period from 2011 to 2020, and a programme of work for their next three meetings. They also adopted a programme of work for public awareness, education and participation for 2011 to 2015; a methodology and indicators for the second assessment and review of the effectiveness of the Protocol, which it is planned will be conducted in 2012; and a format for the second national reports. Furthermore, the parties welcomed the guidance on risk assessment developed by a group of experts and extended the mandate of the group to further improve the guidance. It also considered a report and recommendations from the Compliance Committee under the Protocol and adopted decisions to strengthen the role of the Committee. The parties also took decisions with regard to the Biosafety Clearing House, capacity-building, financial mechanism and resources, and cooperation with other organizations, conventions and initiatives.", "D. Meetings of the subsidiary organs", "89. The first meeting of the Bureau of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties was held in Kanazawa, Japan, on 19 December 2010, at which a workplan was adopted for the implementation of the decisions adopted by the Conference at its tenth meeting. It was followed by the first meeting of the Bureau of the fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol. The second meeting of the Bureau of the Conference of the Parties was held in Montreal on 4 June 2011 and was followed by a joint meeting with the Bureau of the Open-ended Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Committee for the Nagoya Protocol.", "90. The fifteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice to be held from 7 to 11 November 2011 in Montreal, will develop recommendations for the consideration of the Conference of the Parties at its eleventh meeting in 2012. Among other issues, the meeting will consider: (a) tools and guidance for monitoring implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020, including the use of indicators needed to assess progress in achieving the Aichi Targets and (b) ways and means to support ecosystem restoration activities following a decision taken at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to restore and safeguard by 2020 ecosystems that provide essential services and contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, and to conserve and restore at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems and thus contribute to climate change mitigation and adaptation and to combating desertification. Other issues on the agenda of the fifteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body are related to water, invasive alien species, sustainable use, capacity-building for the Global Taxonomy Initiative and arctic biodiversity. Finally, the Subsidiary Body will discuss ways and means to implement its mandate more efficiently and effectively, bearing in mind that the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services will meet a month prior to the fifteenth meeting of the Subsidiary Body.", "91. The seventh meeting of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Intersessional Working Group on Article 8 (j) and Related Provisions of the Convention will be held from 31 October to 4 November to advance the decisions of the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties. Of particular significance is a new major component of work on article 10 (c) of the Convention on customary sustainable use of biological diversity, as well as continuing work on repatriation of traditional knowledge and associated cultural property; indicators for traditional knowledge and customary sustainable use; guidelines for benefit sharing, prior informed consent and obligations of countries of origin; guidelines to stop unlawful appropriation of traditional knowledge; and guidelines for the implementation of article 8 (j) including definitions, all of which may assist and be complementary to the implementation of the Nagoya Protocol.", "E. International Year of Biodiversity and other United Nations observances", "92. In its resolution 61/203, in which it proclaimed 2010 the International Year of Biodiversity, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session. The Secretary-General submitted an interim report to the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly (A/65/294). Some 191 parties celebrated the Year and more than 2,000 national and international events took place. At the time of submission of the present report, 54 parties had submitted their national reports to the secretariat of the Convention. The logo and slogan were used by 1,751 registered users. During 2010, the website for the year (www.cbd.int/2010) had 952,184 unique page views, with a peak of 14,517 views on 11 January 2010. The Facebook page for the Year had over 56,000 friends. Overall, the web presence of the Year was extensive. A simple Google search for “International Year of Biodiversity” produced over 8 million pages in English, 3.5 million in Spanish, over 2 million in French, over 250,000 pages in Chinese, over 50,000 pages in Russian and almost 17,000 pages in Arabic. Twenty-six countries (Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Canada, China, Dominican Republic, Hungary, Iceland, India, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Malta, Morocco, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Singapore, South Africa, Switzerland, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago and United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna and the United Nations Postal Administration have produced stamps to commemorate the Year. The Secretary-General appointed the American cinematographer and actor Edward Norton as United Nations Goodwill Ambassador for Biodiversity. The official closing of the Year was held in Kanazawa, Japan, on 18 and 19 December 2010, which included a ceremony bridging the International Year of Biodiversity to the International Year of Forests. The International Year of Biodiversity was also honoured by the Green Awards (2010) which characterized it as the best green international campaign.", "93. Supportive of the International Year of Forests, the International Day for Biological Diversity was celebrated on 22 May 2011 under the theme of forest biodiversity. In a significant contribution to this observance, more than 325 schools and groups in 47 countries took part in the Green Wave for biodiversity, an ongoing global initiative for children and youth to raise awareness of and educate others on biodiversity. The theme for the International Day in 2012 will be marine and coastal biodiversity.", "F. Collaboration with other conventions", "94. The secretariat continued to actively pursue collaboration with the secretariats of the other two Rio Conventions in order to build on successes realized in 2010. For example, the Rio Conventions ecosystems and climate change pavilion was convened in Nagoya, Japan, at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties. This new collaborative outreach activity involves the secretariats of the three Rio Conventions, with support from GEF and other important partners, including parties to the Convention, the United Nations and non-governmental organizations. The pavilion provides a platform for raising awareness and sharing information about the latest practices and scientific findings on the mutually reinforcing benefits that can be realized through implementation of the three Rio Conventions. With over 50 sessions convened during the Conference and attended by over 2,000 participants, presenters and panel members, those taking part in pavilion activities included ministers, scientists, policymakers and civil society representatives. The pavilion was also convened during the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change held in Cancun, Mexico, in November and December 2011. This year, the pavilion will be convened in October 2011 at the tenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention to Combat Desertification in Changwon, Republic of Korea, and at the seventeenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention on Climate Change in Durban, South Africa. The pavilion partners will also extend the momentum of these collaborative initiatives to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to be held in Brazil in 2012, as well as to the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity to be held in Hyderabad, India, in October 2012.", "95. The eleventh meeting of the Joint Liaison Group of the Rio Conventions was convened in Bonn on 11 April 2011, chaired by the Executive Secretary of the Convention to Combat Desertification. Participants in the meeting discussed: (a) current and requested activities undertaken by the Group; (b) support for the coordination of national planning and reporting processes; (c) cooperation on gender mainstreaming; (d) plans for joint events at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012, including the Rio Conventions pavilion; and (e) joint outreach and communication initiatives. The main outcomes from the meeting include an agreement to formalize the terms of reference and modus operandi of the Joint Liaison Group, a set of joint high-level activities identified for the Conference and for the twentieth anniversary of the conventions in 2012, and new and revised joint publications on climate change adaptation, forests and gender. The draft modus operandi of the Group was discussed at the teleconference held on 2 August 2011 and will be submitted for the consideration of the relevant bodies under each of the conventions.", "96. The secretariat continued to actively pursue cooperation with the other conventions related to biodiversity. The first ever high-level retreat for the secretariats of these conventions was held on 1 September 2010 in Geneva. The second high-level retreat will take place on 4 September 2011 in Geneva to discuss collaboration on the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. The eighth meeting of the Liaison Group of the Biodiversity-related Conventions was held on 13 April 2011 in Geneva, hosted by the secretariat of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. The meeting addressed the following items: (a) update on the activities of the Japan Biodiversity Fund and capacity-building support for the implementation of the Nagoya outcomes; (b) other activities being undertaken by members of the Group in support of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020; (c) activities in preparation for the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity; and (d) the need for a more formal, agreed modus operandi for the Group. A draft modus operandi for the Group has been prepared by the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity and circulated to other members of the Group, and will be adopted at the retreat in September 2011.", "G. Recommendations", "97. At its sixty-sixth session, the General Assembly may wish to:", "(a) Stress the importance of the eleventh meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity to be held in Hyderabad, India, from 8 to 19 October 2012, including its high-level segment scheduled from 17 to 19 October 2012, since this provides a unique opportunity to assess the progress achieved in the implementation of the Nagoya biodiversity outcomes;", "(b) Call on all United Nations departments, agencies, funds, programmes and regional commissions to fully support and implement the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011 2020, as appropriate;", "(c) Welcome the establishment of the Japan Biodiversity Fund and call on other donors to finance the implementation of decisions adopted at the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity and at the fifth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity serving as the Meeting of the Parties to the Cartagena Protocol;", "(d) Welcome the adoption of the Tkarihwaié:ri Code of Ethical Conduct to Ensure Respect for the Cultural and Intellectual Heritage of Indigenous and Local Communities;", "(e) Urge States that have not yet done so to ratify or accede to the Convention and thereby make participation universal;", "(f) Urge parties to the Convention that have not yet done so to ratify or accede to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety as soon as possible;", "(g) Urge parties to the Convention to sign and ratify or accede to the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization at the earliest opportunity;", "(h) Urge Parties to the Cartagena Protocol to sign and ratify or accede to the Nagoya-Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety at the earliest opportunity;", "(i) Welcome the progress achieved in raising public awareness during the celebration of the 2010 International Year on Biodiversity and invite all relevant United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes and regional commissions to contribute to achieving the objectives of the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity for 2011-2020.", "[1] See FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, decision 1/CP.16 and FCCC/KP/CMP/2010/12/Add.1, decisions 1/CMP.6 and 2/CMP.6.", "[2] See the Bali Action Plan (FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1, para. 1 (b) (iii)).", "[3] As of 19 April 2011, 48 developing countries had made their nationally appropriate mitigation actions official. See FCCC/AWGLCA/2011/INF.1", "[4] See http://www.cbd.int/authorities/Gettinginvolved/GlobalPartnership.shtml.", "[5] The Plan is available from http://www.cbd.int/ssc/mypa/ and the report of the Forum at http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=SSC-FOR-01.", "[6] The report of the meeting is available from http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=EMSSC-03." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目19(d)、(e)和(f)", "可持续发展：为人类今世后代保护全球气候", "《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国 家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》的执行情况", "生物多样性公约", "联合国各项环境公约的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "秘书长谨向大会转递《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处、《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》秘书处和《生物多样性公约》秘书处提出的报告。", "一. 《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行秘书关于2010年在墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化会议及其后续行动的报告", "A. 导言", "1. 联合国大会在其第65/159号决议中邀请《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处向大会第六十六届会议报告缔约方会议的工作情况。本报告就是响应该项邀请提出的。", "B. 《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议第十六届会议和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议的成果", "1. 摘要", "2. 联合国气候变化会议于2010年11月29日至12月10在墨西哥坎昆举行，包括下列几届会议：", "(a) 《公约》缔约方会议第十六届会议；", "(b) 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议；", "(c) 履约附属机构第三十三届会议；", "(d) 科学和技术咨询附属机构第三十三届会议；", "(e) 附件一缔约方根据《京都议定书》做出进一步承诺问题特设工作组第十五届会议；", "(f) 《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组第十三届会议。", "3. 参加坎昆会议的人数很多，计有16位国家元首和政府首脑、约5 100名政府代表、5 300名观察员和1 200名媒体代表出席会议。在会议之前，有若干特设工作组举行会议，《公约》缔约各方举行若干次非正式磋商讨论《巴厘行动计划》的一些内容，有助于为达成协议奠定基础。在这些会议和协商期间，以及本届会议从头到尾，会议主席团以及各个特设工作组和附属机构的主席都通过一个公开、透明、包容各方的进程取得进展。这种情况使缔约方能在坎昆交流意见，最后取得协商一致的成果。", "4. 坎昆会议是向前迈出的一大步，制定了关于气候变化的一个坚固的行动框架。缔约方会议和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议所通过的整套决定，即所谓《坎昆协定》，[2] 以集体和全面方式随时应对气候变化的长期挑战。这些决定设想现在就采取具体行动促进全球对策并进一步实施对抗气候变化的行动，特别是下列问题：", "(a) 适应。确定其优先性，并制定《坎昆适应框架》；", "(b) 技术。建立一个技术机制，以支持创新和研发新技术，并优先进行技术的传播、利用和转让；", "(c) 财务。设立一个新的绿色气候基金，作为《公约》财务机制的操作机构，并成立一个常设委员会，以便更好地联系和协调气候变化方面资金的筹措工作；", "(d) 减少发展中国家毁林和森林退化造成的排放量有关问题的政策步骤和积极奖励办法以及发展中国家在养护、可持续管理森林和扩大森林矿储量方面的作用(REDD-plus)。[3] 提供指导和保障办法并制定工作方案。", "5. 缔约方会议通过了12项决定，作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议则通过了13项决定。《坎昆协定》中所载的决定为采取影响深远的集体努力应对气候变化奠定基础。坎昆会议取得的成果则为实施适应、减缓、财务、技术和能力建设的全面业务结构奠定基础。", "2. 高级别部分", "6. 缔约方会议第十六届会议高级别部分和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议由墨西哥总统、外交部长宣布开幕，在此之前，墨西哥总统、秘书长和其他显要人士还出席了一个欢迎会。", "7. 秘书长代表联合国系统发表讲话，承认谈判工作不会在坎昆结束，但声称不能感到自满而“维持现状”。他确认各国面临政治和经济的抑制因素，但强调世人越是推迟采取行动应对气候变化，在经济、环境和人命方面的牺牲就越重大。因此，他要求缔约各方在谈判期间表现出决心、领导能力、灵活性和折衷精神。", "8. 在高级别部分期间，有16个缔约方发言，其中16次是国家元首或政府首脑发言，9次是副总统或副总理发言，100次是部长发言，40次是缔约各方的代表发言。", "3. 缔约方会议第十六届会议的成果", "坎昆协定", "9. 《坎昆协定》根据并仿照《巴厘行动计划》的结构，提出国际社会通过的全面性一揽子决定，来减少温室气体的排放量，并帮助发展中国家缔约方应对气候变化，包括提供财政、技术和能力建设等方面的支助，以减轻和适应气候变化的不利影响。", "共同愿望、全球目标和审查", "10. 《公约》缔约各方确认，必须大幅减少全球温室气体排放量，才能达到下述全球目标：把全球平均温度的增加幅度维持在高于工业化以前水平摄氏2度之下，并应定期审查其适当性以及该目标的进展情况。第一次审查定于2013年开始，2015年以前结束，在这次审查的范围内，缔约各方还确认需要根据现有最佳的科学知识，考虑加强长期的全球目标，包括全球平均温度增幅为摄氏1.5度。", "适应", "11. 《坎昆协定》包括若干制度和程序来处理气候变化的适应问题。现已制定一个《坎昆适应框架》，其目的在促进适应行动。", "12. 在《坎昆协定》中，缔约方会议和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议请履约附属机构采用新近制定的一项工作方案，处理与气候变化的影响有关的损失和破坏。此外，还通过《协定》建立一个程序，使最不发达国家能制订和实施本国的适应计划，借此确定所需的中期和长期适应办法，并采取战略和方案来使满足这些需要。", "13. 适应委员会将促使协调实施扩大的适应行动，向缔约各方提供支助、指导和建议。缔约方会议已经请《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组在2011年内拟定适应委员会的组成、工作方式和程序。", "减轻", "14. 根据《坎昆协定》，并在2010年非正式提出的排放量减少指标的基础上，所有工业化国家已经正式宣布并承诺制订低碳发展计划或战略。此外，若干发展中国家缔约方已经正式宣布本国适当减排行动，[4] 要在2020年以前设法提供财务和技术支助，以改变“维持现状”的排放情况。", "15. 工业化国家已经承诺改进其减排目标的汇报工作，并加紧向发展中国家缔约方提供支助。此外，发展中国家缔约方可以自愿地报告其的减排行动。将设立一个登记处，以便记录下列情况：发展中国家缔约方寻求国际支助的减排行动；发达国家可为减排行动提供的支助；以及为减排行动提供的支助。", "16. 缔约方会议制定关于“降排加”(REDD-plus)的工作方案，这项方案将由科学和技术咨询附属机构负责拟订，包括制订测量、汇报和核查林业部门有关温室气体排放量和吸收量的方法。", "17. 缔约方会议请《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组拟订市场机制和非市场机制，以增加减排行动的成本效益，并促进这种行动。所要拟订的市场机制将维持并扩充现有的机制，包括《京都议定书》规定的机制，例如清洁发展机制和联合履约机制。", "18. 缔约方会议已授权科学和技术咨询附属机构主席和履约附属机构主席召开一个论坛，讨论采取应对措施减轻气候变化的影响。在2011年内，这两个附属机构将拟订应对措施的工作方案。", "财务、技术和能力建设", "19. 秘书处已被要求汇编资料，说明已经提供何种资源，以供兑现发达国家在缔约方会议第十五届会议所作承诺，即承诺在2010-2012年向发展中国家提供快速启动资金300亿美元。此外，发达国家还在坎昆会议正式承诺在2020年以前提供大约1 000亿美元的长期资金，以应付发展中国家缔约方的需要。", "20. 坎昆会议设立了绿色气候基金，以便长期资助发展中国家缔约方境内的项目、方案、政策和其他活动。这个基金正由一个过渡委员会负责设计，该委员会拟在2011年底将其建议提交在南非德班举行的缔约方会议第十届会议核准。", "21. 坎昆会议还建立了一个技术机制，将于2012年开始运作。这个机制将通过增加公私投资，促进减排和适应两方面的国际技术合作。", "22. 技术机制包括技术执行委员会和气候技术中心和网络。该委员会将纵览技术上的需要、分析技术研发和转让方面的政策和技术问题，并建议有关的行动。该中心和网络将从公私部门调动所需的专门人才和资源，以便根据发展中国家缔约方的请求，协助它们制订技术有关的政策、方案和项目，借以支援减排和适应行动。", "23. 缔约方会议确认，能力建设是一个跨领域的问题，需要进行能力建设，使发展中国家缔约方能扩大采取应对气候变化的行动。2011年，《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组将制定《公约》规定的能力建设的体制安排方式。", "缔约方会议通过的其他决定", "24. 缔约方会议向全球环境基金提供额外的指导，要求该基金尽可能迅速完成其改革，促使顺利完成基金的第五个充资周期，还请基金继续简化其程序并改进其效率和成效。", "25. 关于其他气候资金问题，缔约方会议决定结束第1/CP.12号决定第2段关于特别气候变化基金的执行现状的评估，并就最不发达国家基金的营运问题向全球环境基金提供进一步的指示。缔约方会议将评估其指示的执行情况。", "26. 在坎昆会议上，缔约方会议延长最不发达国家专家组的任务期限，以便继续提供技术指导和意见。该专家组将制订为期两年的滚动工作方案，供履约附属机构审议。缔约方会议将于2015年第二十一届会议审查该专家组的进展情况、继续存在的需要和职权范围。", "27. 缔约方会议邀请所有缔约方和国际组织向发展中国家缔约方的国家协调中心扩大提供《公约》第6条所规定的教育、培训和公共意识方面的支助。", "28. 缔约方会议请秘书处制作一份汇编和综合报告，内载《公约》附件一所列缔约方(附件一缔约方)提出的第五份国家文件中的资料。秘书处已经制作一份综合报告，内载截至2011年3月31日为止40个附件一缔约方已经提出的国家文件中的资料。", "29. 缔约方会议还请《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组继续审议与下列有关的各种问题：促进处于市场经济过渡进程的附件一缔约方取得技术、能力建设和资金的机会，以加强其发展低排放量经济体的能力。", "4. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议的成果", "坎昆协定", "30. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议通过了一项决定，成为《坎昆协定》的一部分，在该项决定中，缔约方会议同意《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组应尽可能早日及时完成工作，确保《京都议定书》第一个和第二个承诺期之间没有空缺。还敦促附件一缔约方提高其减排目标的雄心。", "31. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议还就下列事项通过了多项决定，成为《坎昆协定》的一部分：《京都议定书》第二个承诺期的基准年；继续采用排放量交易和以项目为基础的机制；采取措施减少排放量并通过土地用途、改变土地用途和林业的活动增加吸收量；利用全球变暖潜势作为计算方法；继续审议各种工具、政策、措施和方法的可能后果的有关资料。", "32. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议同意与土地用途、改变土地用途和林业有关的各个关键用语沿用与第一个承诺期相同的定义。作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议授权秘书处评估附件一缔约方的森林管理基准水平。秘书处已经完成这项技术性评估。", "作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议所通过的其他决定", "33. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议通过了适应基金临时托管机构提供服务的规定和条件的修正案，并决定在作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第七届会议，以及其后每三年，审查适应基金。", "34. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议请秘书处制作汇编和综合报告，内载附件一缔约方第五份国家文件中的补充资料，并组织这种国家文件的集中审查工作。", "35. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议提供关于清洁发展机制的进一步指导，包括与下列事项有关的一般性指导：项目活动的治理、认证、基线和监测方法，以及额外贷款、标准基线和登记、区域和次区域分配及能力建设，以及该机制的工作资源。", "36. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议还就《京都议定书》第6条(关于联合执行)的执行问题提供指导。", "5. 《坎昆协定》执行情况的进展", "37. 自坎昆会议以来，缔约各方继续商讨《坎昆协定》的执行问题。它们拟订了一个路线图和程序，要使技术机制在2012年开始运作。技术研发和转让问题的进一步讨论是针对技术机制与财务安排之间的可能关联和技术执行委员会与气候技术中心和网络之间的关系。", "38. 缔约各方还进一步明确了解《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组的未来工作和《坎昆协定》所代表的进步。缔约各方继续在印度尼西亚巴厘会议和坎昆会议的成果框架之下进行谈判，促使充分执行坎昆会议所通过的各项决定，同时讨论在坎昆会议期间没有解决的多项问题。", "39. 缔约各方在《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组之下取得了进展，把它们对《坎昆协定》设立的适应委员会各个方面的意见集合起来(见第13段)。尤其是在适应委员会的治理、方式和程序、与其他机构的联系和该委员会的组成等方面取得了进展。", "40. 缔约各方在《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组之下，就减排问题，彼此进行有用的讨论。这些讨论包括发达国家缔约方两年一次的报告中应载有哪一类的内容，在讨论中，各方广泛承认需要扩大现有的报告和审查制度。在发展中国家缔约方的减排问题上，集中讨论两年一次最新报告、本国适当减排行动登记处(见第15段)和国际协商与分析。", "41. 《公约》规定长期合作行动特设工作组继续讨论“降排加”(REDD-plus)，并讨论“降排加”的供资问题。与此同时，科学和技术咨询附属机构已经按照《坎昆协定》的规定，开始审议对“降排加”相关活动方法指示的各种意见。这项初步审议集中讨论基准水平和基准排放水平。", "42. 缔约各方还多次讨论财务问题，把重点放在财务问题常设委员会。这些讨论针对委员会各个方面，包括委员会的职务、组成、成员、参加资格、主要原则和报告关系。", "43. 此外，缔约各方开始讨论附件一缔约方根据《京都议定书》作出进一步承诺问题的审议情况。所讨论的主要问题涉及是否需要澄清与第二个承诺期有关而尚未解决的政治问题，还涉及《京都议定书》继续生效的问题以及附件一缔约方在减少温室气体排放量方面迄今为止的努力和成就是否相符的问题。关于通用的衡量标准，缔约各方已在商定新气体的关键性技术问题方面取得进展，明确指出各种选项，并准备做出政治决定。附件一缔约方根据《京都议定书》做出进一步承诺问题特设工作组在讨论期间还考虑到潜在的环境、经济和社会后果问题，包括各种工具、政策、措施和方法的溢出效应。", "C. 结论和建议", "44. 除其他外，大会不妨：", "(a) 注意到秘书长转递的《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行秘书的报告;", "(b) 意到墨西哥政府在2010年11月29日至12月10日主办的缔约方会议第十六届会议和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议的成果；", "(c) 承诺支持按照《巴厘路线图》继续进行的谈判进程，并鼓励进一步充分、迅速实施《坎昆协定》；", "(d) 请执行秘书继续向大会报告缔约方会议的工作。", "二. 秘书长关于第65/160号决议执行情况和《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》执行情况的报告", "A. 导言", "45. 大会在2010年12月20日第65/160号决议中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告该决议的执行情况。本报告向大会汇报为执行上述决议已经进行的各项主要活动的最新情况。", "B. 大会第65/160号决议执行情况", "1. 背景", "46. 大会在第65/160号决议中决定在大会第六十六届会议一般性辩论开始前于2011年9月20日召开一次为期一天的高级别全体会议，主题是“在可持续发展和消除贫穷背景下处理荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题”。大会鼓励以尽可能高的政治级别举行此次会议，酌情由国家元首或政府首脑等出席会议。", "47. 大会还决定：", "(a) 此次会议的筹备工作将在大会第六十五届会议主席主持下进行，并由《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化公约》执行秘书担任会议协调人；", "(b) 这次高级别会议的安排，先举行开幕式全体会议，上午举行一次互动式小组讨论，下午举行第二次互动式小组讨论，最后举行闭幕式全体会议；", "(c) 小组讨论将分别由一位来自北方和一位来自南方的国家元首或政府首脑共同主持，这些国家元首或政府首脑将由大会主席与各区域集团协商指定，其间应适当顾及地域平衡。", "48. 此外，在第65/160号决议中，大会还请秘书长与会员国协商为高级别会议编写一份背景文件，至迟于2011年6月提交。", "49. 大会表示关切十亿旱地居民属于世界上最贫穷的人，在实现千年发展目标方面落在了后头。大会邀请会员国特别是捐助界和联合国系统满足十亿旱地居民的需要，鼓励适当投资，以推动在这些领域实现国际商定目标，包括千年发展目标。", "50. 大会还邀请各缔约方和各参与机构参加并积极支持加强根据《公约》开展的有关荒漠化和干旱活动的科学依据，特别是评估荒漠化、土地退化和干旱的经济影响以及衡量公约执行工作的影响所需的科学依据，继而支持提高《公约》的国家协调机构和国家协调中心的技术能力。", "2. 高级别会议的筹备工作", "51. 第65/160号决议通过后不久，《公约》执行秘书以大会指派的高级别会议协调人的身份，开始与主要的利益攸关各方协商，以便展开早期筹备工作。2011年2月初，他会见联合国大会第六十五届会议主席，向其简报执行秘书正在进行的筹备工作，协调筹备过程中的组织问题，并讨论为确保会议成功必须进行的合作。", "52. 根据大会第65/160号决议的授权做出安排，协助联合国秘书长，提供资料纳入秘书长的背景文件。《公约》秘书处也协助与各会员国商讨秘书长负责为高级别会议编写的背景文件。", "53. 《公约》秘书处还在2011年2月在波恩举行公约执行情况审查委员会第九届会议期间，为公约缔约各方举办了关于这个问题的几次简报会。为了进一步提高意识并促使出席情况稳定不变，执行秘书采取步骤，每逢他与缔约各方代表会晤时，都特意描述这项活动。此外，还向所有各国外交部长和负责处理《公约》事务的部长发送信函，把这次会议的消息告知缔约各方。为了做出进一步的宣传和支持，并确保媒体适当报道这次高级别活动，《公约》秘书处还制订一个媒体战略，来宣扬这次高级别会议。", "3. 公约执行情况审查委员会第九届会议及科学和技术委员会第二届特别会议", "54. 公约执行情况审查委员会第九届会议及科学和技术委员会第二届特别会议于2011年2月16日至25日在德国波恩举行。这两届会议审查了闭会期间主要涉及缔约方会议第九届会议商定的影响和业绩指标的工作。", "55. 科学和技术委员会第二届会议审议为促进公约的实施有效利用《十年战略计划和框架》(简称“战略”)内战略目标1、2和3的小套影响指标的方法和基线的工作现况，并评估第一届科学会议的组办情况；第二届科学会议的筹备工作；科学和技术通讯员的作用；知识管理系统的实施进展情况。科学家们在这次会议所专注的主要工作是拟订和实施影响指标以衡量这个《战略》的三个战略目标。全球环境基金的科学和技术咨询小组参与了这项工作，这些指标已经通过一个电子论坛，开放给公众协商。", "56. 但是，科学家们也指出，全球环境基金的一揽子指标与《公约》的整套影响指标之间某种程度的协调，将改进缔约各方的报告义务。因此，他们建议该小组更密切地参与统一收集和汇报指标的目的和方法的进程。", "57. 在建立科学知识管理系统方面，也取得了进展。第二届特别会议还表示有意成立一个地域平衡的特设专家咨询小组，以协助修订影响指标，并成立一个机构伙伴小组。机构伙伴将包括那些有助于产生和管理荒漠化、土地退化和干旱影响的数据集的组织。", "58. 公约执行情况审查委员会第九届会议，根据业绩指标，审议缔约各方、联合国各机构和政府间组织以及民间社会组织执行公约情况的报告中所载初步资料分析的有关问题；执行公约的最佳做法；并改进信息交流程序以及提交缔约方会议的报告的质量和方式。代表们还就报告程序的结果，同民间社会组织的代表进行公开对话和互动式的专题讨论。会议赞赏影响指标和业绩指标方面进展情况的评估和成果。委员会承认联机汇报工具的重要特点是确保将缔约各方和其他汇报实体提出的国家报告所载资料上载到考绩和执行情况评估系统的门户网站。", "59. 结果，因为使用全面监测和报告程序，《公约》有史以来第一次，缔约各方能够以数量表示它们努力的成果。全球环境基金和其他捐助者(包括欧洲联盟委员会)的财政支持，对考绩和执行情况评估系统的实施，至关重要。委员会第九届会议开幕前，有50%以上的受害国家缔约方和几乎30%的发达国家缔约方提出了国家报告。截至2010年11月，89%的受害国家已经提出报告。这个成功的项目已经成为根据指标监测和在线汇报《公约》10年战略执行情况的基石。这是《公约》的一个典型转变，逐渐成为一项追求可衡量结果的文书，它的《战略》为公约所有的利益攸关者提供一个路线图。", "60. 考绩和执行情况评估系统很受欢迎，各方踊跃讨论报告制度和传播成果方面的这个改进方法。会议还集中讨论建立一个知识管理系统，汇编通过考绩和执行情况评估系统的报告查明的最佳做法，进一步修订影响指标等等。科学和技术委员会第二届会议和公约执行情况审查委员会第九届会议，按照所有的议程项目，通过多项报告，其中摘录代表们的意见、建议和提案，把各种不同的备选方案留给缔约方会议第十届会议去探讨并做出决定。", "4. 联合国荒漠及防治荒漠化十年", "61. 按照第64/201号决议的规定，大会宣布的荒漠及防治荒漠化十年于2010年8月16日在巴西福塔莱萨展开。这个《十年》的主要目的是提高意识和激发行动，以改进世界三分之一人口所居住、面临经济和环境严重威胁的干旱地区的保护和管理。", "62. 各区域也展开这项活动，包括非洲区域于2010年8月16日在内罗毕展开这项活动。亚洲区域则于2010年10月12日在首尔展开这项活动，目的在凸显一个事实：荒漠化、土地退化和干旱的威胁在亚洲所影响的人民和土地，比在世界任何其他区域更多。北美洲的这项活动于2010年11月11日在科罗拉多州立大学主持下展开。展开仪式之后，举行几个简短讨论会，讨论北美洲土地退化问题，并由《公约》秘书处与该大学签署一项意向书，要在今后荒漠化研究方面进行密切合作。欧洲的这项活动于2010年12月16日在伦敦展开，把重点放在探索干旱地区与全球人类安全之间的关系，特别着重欧洲，包括土壤退化的状况。今年举行了这个《十年》的两次纪念活动，分别于2011年7月4日和22日在哈瓦那和亚的斯亚贝巴展开联合国生物多样性十年的区域活动。", "5. 纪念防治荒漠化和干旱世界日", "63. 全世界每年都在6月17日举办防治荒漠化和干旱世界日。联合国指定这个纪念日的目的是促使公众和决策者理解荒漠化、土地退化和干旱对国际社会不断增加的危险。各种纪念活动旨在促使每个人在那一年至少采取一个行动，帮助减少凸显的威胁。因为2011年是国际森林年，2011年世界日特别专注于世界干旱地区的森林，所遵循的格言是：“森林保存旱地的生机”。在举办这个世界日之际，联合国秘书长、《公约》执行秘书和联合国其他高级官员都发表特别文告。这些文告的主旨是：干旱地区占全世界陆地总面积的40%以上，居住在干旱地区的人是世界上最贫穷的人，最容易陷于饥饿，而通常赖以生存的土地已经退化，生产力减缩到不足维生的程度。文告还指出，在全世界努力实现《千年发展目标》之际，应当特别注意这“被遗忘的一亿”男女老幼所面临的挑战。文告揭示亟需促使全球社会理解森林对旱地的重要性，因为干燥林和灌木丛林地是旱地生态系统的支柱，并指出不可持续的土地管理和农业是造成土地退化和不可避免随之而来的荒漠化的主要原因。有一篇重要的文告呼吁奖赏能使旱地有所出产的人，使他们兴旺起来，也使其他的人努力效法他们的榜样。", "6. 土地日", "64. 自从向大会提交上一次报告以来，《公约》秘书处举办了两个土地日。", "65. 第3个土地日于2010年10月23日在《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十届会议的外围举行(该届会议于10月18日至29日在日本名古屋举行)。新加坡的许通美大使(他担任联合国环境与发展会议(地球问题首脑会议)筹备委员会主席)向与会者发表主旨演讲。出席第3个土地日的人士计有政府代表、政府间组织和非政府组织代表，以及学术机构、企业和研究机构的代表。这项活动由《生物多样性公约》秘书处和《联合国防治荒漠化公约》秘书处共同发起，也是《里约公约》生态系统和气候变化展览馆的一部分。", "66. 从讨论中产生的要点包括：土地退化作为一个具有全球影响的地方性问题；两项公约之间不言而喻的关系；生物多样性的损失、气候变化和土地退化作为一个恶性循环；克服三项《里约公约》分开执行的办法所造成的挑战，因为在地方一级无法分开；为了高级别的政治承诺，在处理这些问题时必须采用一种综合办法，促进意见交流并注视根本的驱动因素。", "67. 第4个土地日于2011年6月11日在德国波恩举办。这个土地日有四个目标：研讨国家一级可以实施但需要提供气候资源的各种适应和减轻气候变化假想办法；说明如何通过适应气候变化和可持续土地管理获得长期的粮食安全；讨论如何按照《防治荒漠化公约》的国家行动方案和《气候变化框架公约》的国家行动计划所规定的具体执行办法，通过全球和国家两级的伙伴关系，实现长期合作行动；并延揽企业界和其他利益攸关者参与绿色增长和绿色经济方面的意见交流。从互动式讨论中出现的要点包括采用可持续土地管理的理由，明确指出土地有长期无限制吸收炭质的潜能，其容量大于海洋的容量。讨论期间还有人提出：土壤的素质是气候复原力增长的一个重要先决条件。", "7. 与全球环境基金进行协作", "68. 《公约》秘书处亟需与全球环境基金加强伙伴关系，尤其是鉴于《全环基金通则》的修正案把《公约》列为由该基金发挥财务机制作用的多项条约之一。全球环境基金理事会决定支持《公约》的赋能活动和新的透明分配资源制度，也使伙伴关系得到加强。", "69. 为了进一步推动这项改革，《公约》秘书处和全球环境基金秘书处于2011年1月4日在德国波恩举办了有史以来第一次联合务虚会。务虚会由《公约》执行秘书和全球环境基金总裁和主席共同主持，总的目标是共同讨论和澄清全球环境基金第五次充资周期的政策和方案中涉及支助受害国家缔约方执行《公约》的若干重要方面。务虚会的讨论，除其他外，涵盖：全球环境基金各项改革及其对《公约》经常活动的影响，以及在土地退化关注领域之下透明分配资源制度的程序。在讨论期间确定的优先事项包括需要扩大考绩和执行情况评估系统，并在目标国家对各项指标进行试验性的追踪工作。", "70. 务虚会的成果是一项联合行动计划，其中包括一套建议，主张加强两个秘书处之间的合作，以促进缔约各方执行《公约》及其10年《战略》的情况。每一项建议都根据拟议的行动和里程碑，讨论并商定两个秘书处的作用和期望。务虚会提出的建议包括：需要在主要的利益攸关者中间加强土地议程的宣传并提高其意识，并且需要全面增加可持续土地管理方面的投资，包括有效利用全球环境基金的资源。务虚会还建议在政策一级采取行动，促使全球环境基金更积极参与《公约》的进程，并与其他公约发挥增效作用，特别是在国家一级，以便利制定可持续土地管理所需资源的计划和方案。", "8. 《里约公约》的联合联络组", "71. 《公约》秘书处还寻求与其他两项《里约公约》的秘书处进行密切协作。《里约公约》联合联络组第十一次会议于2011年4月11日在德国波恩举行。《防治荒漠化公约》执行秘书担任会议主席，会上讨论：(a) 联合联络组目前进行和被要求进行的活动；(b) 支持国家规划和报告程序的协调；(c) 合作推动性别平等主流化；(d) 在2012年联合国可持续发展大会期间举办联合活动的计划，包括《里约公约》展览馆；(e) 外联和通信的联合倡议。这次会议的主要成果包括：同意正式制定联合联络组的职权范围和工作方式；指定在2012年为上述会议和公约20周年进行的一系列高级别联合活动；关于适应气候变化、森林和性别的多项新的和修订的出版物。2010年9月，联合联络组开会讨论共同关心的问题，包括增效作用。这次会议由《生物多样性公约》执行秘书担任主席，出席会议的还有《防治荒漠化公约》的执行秘书和《气候变化框架公约》的执行秘书。", "C. 意见和可供大会采取的行动", "72. 大会通过第65/160号决议召开关于荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题的一次高级别会议，是《公约》进程中一个里程碑。《公约》通过以来第一次，将在最高政治级别处理《公约》的核心问题。这次会议的成果将转达给缔约方会议和联合国可持续发展大会。因此，大会不妨注意到上述成果并支持增加高级别会议关于荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题的明确性。", "73. 此外，大会经常要求加强《公约》的科学基础。科学和技术委员会最近一届会议在这方面取得重大的进展。大会不妨重申支持更加运用科学，以求更深切了解关于荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题。", "74. 要有效执行《公约》，必须对所有执行阶段进行评估和监测。最近各种发展显示出《公约》的一个典型转变，逐渐成为一项追求可衡量结果的文书，它的《战略》为公约所有的利益攸关者提供一个路线图。在这方面，新的考绩和执行情况评估系统预料可以响应这种追求。同样，在国际社会着手进行2012年联合国可持续发展大会的筹备工作之际，越来越明显的一种情况是：可持续的土地用途、农业、粮食安全和森林将构成绿色经济的一个基石，借以消除贫穷并促进可持续发展。因此，大会不妨支持《公约》新的报告制度，鼓励进一步制定数量指标，并考虑可否以“土地零净退化率”作为可持续发展的一个指标。", "三. 《生物多样性公约》执行秘书的报告", "A. 导言", "75. 大会在第65/161号决议中邀请《生物多样性公约》执行秘书报告缔约方会议的工作。本报告就是响应这项邀请提出的。", "B. 《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十次会议的成果", "76. 《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十次会议于2010年10月18日至29日在日本名古屋举行，主题是“和谐生活，及于未来”。会议共有18 000多人出席，缔约各方在这次会议通过了47项决定，包括2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划，其中载有20项远大的目标，称为“爱知生物多样性目标”。在日本的财政支持下，截至本报告提出时间，秘书处共举办了9个区域和次区域讲习班，共有400多人参加，其中包括缔约方和有关组织，目的在修订国家的生物多样性战略和行动计划，并将“爱知目标”纳入国家一级。日本政府还支助其他30多个能力建设项目，以帮助发展中国家落实这个会议的成果。秘书处与日本合作，在联合国各个主要办事处和区域经济委员会总部举办关于“名古屋生物多样性协定”的一系列简报会。", "77. 缔约方会议还通过了《生物多样性公约遗传资源获取以及利用遗传资源所产生惠益公平公正分享问题名古屋议定书》。这项《议定书》已交给秘书长保管，于2010年2月2日在纽约开放签字，截至本报告提出时间，已有40个缔约方签字。这项《议定书》将继续开放签字，直至2012年2月1日。该《议定书》将于第50份批准书、接受书、核准书或加入书交存日期之后90天生效。现已通过全球环境基金的一个中型项目，由环境署执行，促使《议定书》早日生效。此外，根据日本的倡议，还设立了全球环境基金的一个名古屋议定书信托基金。《名古屋议定书》政府间委员会第一次会议于2011年6月6日至10日在蒙特利尔举行。这次会议选出委员会的主席团，并就信息交换机制的作业方式、能力建设、履约和提高意识，通过了4项决定。政府间委员会第二次会议将于2012年4月9日至13日在印度新德里举行。", "78. 在第十次会议上，缔约方会议承诺“从各方面大量增拨资源，按照既定的基线，平衡兼顾《生物多样性公约》及其2011-2020年战略计划的有效执行。此外，为了在缔约方会议第十一次会议上通过调动资源的目标，缔约各方商定多项具体指标，供监测《公约》调动资源战略的执行情况。缔约各方还同意对全球环境基金第六个充资期间落实生物多样性议程所需资金总额进行全面评估。", "79. 缔约各方承认迫切需要加强能力，以便将《公约》的三个目标纳入灭贫战略和计划成为主流。在这方面，它们设立了一个生物多样性促进灭贫和发展问题专家组。除了来自国际组织的许多观察员之外，缔约各方提名25个专家组成该专家组，该专家组定于2011年12月在台拉登的印度森林研究所举行会议。", "80. 缔约各方进一步促进企业界的参与，鼓励制订国家和区域企业和生物多样性倡议，促成缔约各方与其他政府、企业界和其他利益攸关者之间进行对话的一个论坛，特别注重全球一级。在X/21号决定中，缔约各方还要求《公约》秘书处汇编现有各种工具的有关资料并分析其效率，进一步促使企业界把生物多样性的问题纳入企业的战略和决策。秘书处重新推动一个争取企业界的外联方案，这个方案将导致建立全国性的企业和生物多样性网络；展开企业和生物多样性问题全球纲领网站的第一阶段；并与伙伴组织合作，进行现有各种标准、工具和机制的差距分析。", "81. 缔约方会议深知城市化和生物多样性的地方行动的关键重要性，还赞同一项城市和生物多样性问题行动计划(X/22号决定)，[5] 这项计划是通过生物多样性地方行动全球伙伴关系自2006年以来的若干次会议制订的。出席2010年5月25日和26日在名古屋举行的生物多样性问题城市首脑会议的650名城市、国家和区域代表，包括220名市长，也支持这项计划。2011年1月17日至19日在法国蒙彼利埃举行的(2011-2020)国家以下政府、城市和其他地方管理当局促进生物多样性行动计划执行情况第一次会议讨论了这个计划的执行情况。缔约各方还请秘书处根据《全球生物多样性概况》第三版，为缔约方会议第十一次会议编写关于城市化与生物多样性的关联和机会的一份评估。", "82. 在X/23号决定中，缔约各方还欢迎77国集团和中国与秘书处合作召开的生物多样性促进发展问题南南合作第一论坛所通过的《生物多样性促进发展问题南南合作多年期行动计划》。[6] 为了追踪这项《计划》的进一步发展，于2011年5月18日至20日在大韩民国仁川举行关于这个倡议的第三次专家会议，[7] 这项《计划》将提交定于2012年10 在印度海德拉巴举行的审查《生物多样性公约》执行情况工作组第四次会议和缔约方会议第十一次会议审议和通过。", "83. 在传统知识方面，缔约方会议达到了另一个里程碑，通过Tkarihwaié:ri 《确保尊重土著和地方社区文化和知识传统的道德守则》(X/42号决定)。这项《守则》的目的在促使人们尊重土著和地方社区关于生物多样性的保护和可持续利用的文化和知识传统。", "84. 缔约方会议还提供关于如何进一步促进《公约》的海洋和沿海生物多样性工作方案的执行全面性指南，包括建立一个机制来鉴定环境和生物方面的重要地区，并加速推动国家、区域和全球的努力，以求实现2012年可持续发展问题世界首脑会议关于海洋保护区的目标，并处理不可持续的捕鱼方式、海洋施肥、海洋酸化、水下噪音和其他人类活动对海洋和沿海生物多样性的影响。其中许多种影响涉及大会和联合国其他实体管辖下的工作，包括研究国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题不限成员名额非正式特设工作组的工作。因此，秘书处正与这些实体密切合作从事其专门性工作，并举行区域讲习班和其他活动，以落实缔约方会议第十次会议所通过的关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的X/29号决定。", "85. 缔约方会议还通过关于生物多样性和气候变化的一项决定(X/33号决定)，其中载有关于以生态系统为基础的适应和减轻影响方法以及拟具咨询意见方法的指南，包括采用生物多样性有关的保障措施，但不预先阻止今后根据《联合国气候变化框架公约》采取任何行动，以便各项行动都符合《生物多样性公约》的目标，避免对生物多样性有不利影响，并增进对生物多样性的各种利益。在这项决定中，缔约方会议还建议一个程序，进一步与《防治荒漠化公约》和《气候变化框架公约》加强增效作用。《生物多样性公约》秘书处正与联合国其他实体密切协作执行这项决定。", "86. 根据日本的倡议，缔约方会议建议大会宣布联合国生物多样性十年。大会通过第65/161号决议，宣布2011-2020为联合国生物多样性十年。还通过十年庆祝战略草案，作为正式标志。大韩民国于2011年5月19日在松原推出这个《十年》。印度作为即将举行的缔约方会议第十一次会议主席，于2011年5月23日在新德里为亚洲及太平洋区域推出这个《十年》。菲律宾总统于2011年5月29日为东南亚国家联盟推出这个《十年》，并发布一项总统令，宣布2011-2020年为菲律宾生物多样性十年。古巴在7月4日为加勒比区域推出这个《十年》。厄瓜多尔于7月13日为南美洲推出这个《十年》。埃塞俄比亚与非洲联盟和非洲经济委员会合作，于7月22日在亚的斯亚贝巴为非洲推出这个《十年》，埃塞俄比亚总统出席了这项活动。日本作为缔约方会议主席，将于2011年12月17日和18日主办一项国际活动，借以推出这个《十年》。", "C. 作为《生物多样性公约卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》缔约方会议的《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第五次会议的成果", "87. 作为《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第五次会议于2010年10月11日至15日在日本名古屋举行，有1 600多人参加会议。缔约各方通过了17项决定，包括《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书关于赔偿责任和补救的名古屋-吉隆坡补充议定书》。这项《补充议定书》载有关于改性活生物体的赔偿责任和补救方面的国际规则和程序。秘书长是这项文书的保管人，这项《补充议定书》于2011年3月7日在纽约开放签字。截至本报告提出时间，《补充议定书》已获得24方签字。议定书将继续开放签字，直至2012年3月6日。《补充议定书》将于第十四份批准书、接受书、核准书或加入书交存日期后90天生效。", "88. 《议定书》缔约各方还通过了涵盖2011-2020年期间的第一项《生物安全战略计划》及其以后三次会议的工作方案。它们还通过了2011-2015年关于公众意识、教育和参与的工作方案；拟在2012年举行的《议定书》效率第二次评估和审查的方法和指标；以及第二份国家报告的格式。此外，缔约各方欢迎一个专家组拟订的风险评估指南，并延长专家组的任务期限，以便进一步改进这份指南。会议还审议了根据《议定书》设立的履约委员会的一份报告和多项建议。缔约各方还做出关于生物安全信息中心、能力建设、财务机制与资源以及同其他组织、公约和倡议进行合作的决定。", "D. 附属机构的会议", "89. 缔约方会议第十次会议主席团第一次会议于2010年12月19日在日本金泽举行，会上通过关于执行缔约方会议第十次会议各项决定的工作计划。接着举行作为《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》缔约方会议的《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第五次会议主席团第一次会议。缔约方会议主席团第二次会议于2011年6月4日在蒙特利尔举行，接着与不限除成员名额的《名古屋议定书》特设政府间委员会主席团举行一次联席会议。", "90. 定于2011年11月7日至11日在蒙特利尔举行的科学和技术咨询附属机构第十五次会议将拟具建议，供2012年缔约方会议第十一次会议审议。除其他问题外，会议将审议：(a) 监测《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》执行情况的工具和指南，包括采用必要指标评估《爱知目标》；(b) 支持生态系统复原活动的方法和途径，在此之前，缔约方会议第十次会议决定在2020年以前恢复和保障各种对健康、生计和福祉提供必要服务并做出贡献的生态系统，并养护和恢复至少15%退化的生态系统，从而有助于减少和适应气候变化并防治荒漠化。附属机构第十五次会议议程上所列的其它问题涉及水、外来入侵物种、可持续用途、全球生物分类倡议的能力建设及北极生物多样性。最后，附属机构将讨论更切实有效执行本身任务的方法和途径，同时考虑到生物多样性和生态系统事务政府间科学政策平台将于附属机构第十五次会议之前一个月举行会议。", "91. 《公约》第8(j)条和有关规定特设不限成员名额闭会期间工作组将于10月31日至11月4日举行第七次会议，以推动缔约方会议第十次会议的各项决定。特别重要的是与《公约》第10(c)条(生物多样性的习惯使用方式)有关工作的一个新增重要组成部分，并继续推动传统知识和有关文化财产的归还；传统知识和可持续习惯使用方式的指标；利益分享、事先知情同意和原产国义务的准则；制止非法盗用传统知识的准则；第10(j)条、包括各项定义的执行准则；以上各点可能帮助和补充《名古屋议定书》的执行。", "E. 国际生物多样性年和联合国其他纪念活动", "92. 大会在第65/203号决议中宣布2010年为国际生物多样性年，请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。秘书长向大会第六十五届会议提出了一份临时报告(A/65/294)。约有191个缔约方庆祝这个国际年，并举办了2 000多项全国性和国际性活动。截至本报告提出时间，有54个缔约方向《公约》秘书处提出了国家报告。有1 751个登记在案的使用者使用这个标志和标语。在2010年内，该年度网址(www.cbd.int/2010)接受952 184次单独的页面访问，在2010年1月11日达到了14 517次页面访问的巅峰。该年度的脸书页面有56 000多个网友。总的来说，该年度的网络接触面很广。在“谷歌”简单搜索“国际生物多样性年”，可取得英文资料800多万页、西班牙文资料350万页、法文资料2万多页、中文资料25万多页，俄文资料5万多页、阿拉伯文资料将近17 000页。有26个国家(阿根廷、白俄罗斯、巴西、加拿大、中国、多米尼加共和国、匈牙利、冰岛、印度、伊拉克、日本、马来西亚、马耳他、摩洛哥、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、圣卢西亚、圣多美和普林西比、新加坡、南非、瑞士、叙利亚、泰国、特立尼达和多巴哥、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)、联合国日内瓦和维也纳办事处及联合国邮政管理局发行了这个国际年的纪念邮票。秘书长委派美国电影制片人和演员埃德·诺顿为联合国生物多样性名誉大使。国际年的正式闭幕式于2010年12月18日至19日在日本金泽举行。其中包括国际生物多样性年与国际森林年衔接的一个仪式。国际生物多样性年还荣获2010年绿色奖，把这个国际年形容为最佳国际绿色运动。", "93. 为了支援国际森林年，2011年5月22日在森林生物多样性的主题下，庆祝生物多样性国际日。47个国家境内325个以上的学校参加了生物多样性的绿色浪潮，这是为儿童和青年举办的一项经常性全球活动，旨在提高生物多样性的意识并教导他人了解生物多样性。2012年这个国际日的主题将为海洋和沿海生物多样性。", "F. 与其他公约的协作", "94. 秘书处继续积极寻求与其他两项《里约公约》的秘书处进行协作，以扩大2010年取得的成就。例如《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十次会议期间在日本名古屋开办《里约公约》生态系统和气候变化展览馆。这项新的合作性外联活动包括三个《里约公约》的秘书处，并得到全球环境基金和其他重要伙伴的支持，其中包括缔约各方、联合国各组织和非政府组织。展览馆提供一个平台，供提高意识并分享关于最新做法和科学研究结果的信息，说明通过三项《里约公约》的实施可以取得的互补性利益。在会议期间，举行了50多次会议，有2 000多人出席，参加展览馆各项活动的主持人和小组成员包括部长、科学家、决策人士和民间社会代表。2011年11月和12月在墨西哥坎昆举行《气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议第十六届会议期间，也举办这个展览馆。2011年10月在大韩民国昌原举行《防治荒漠化公约》缔约方会议第十次会议期间以及在南非德班举行《气候变化框架公约》缔约方会议第十七届会议期间，也将举办这个展览馆。展览馆的伙伴机构也拟将这些合作活动的势头延长到2012年在巴西举行的联合国可持续发展大会和定于2012年10月在印度海德拉巴举行的《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十一次会议。", "95. 《里约公约》联合联络组第十一次会议于2011年4月11日在波恩举行，由《防治荒漠化公约》执行秘书担任主席。参加会议人士讨论：(a) 该组目前进行和被要求进行的活动；(b) 支持国家规划和报告进程的协调工作；(c) 进行合作，将性别纳入主流；(d) 联合国可持续发展大会期间的联合活动计划，包括《里约公约》展览馆的计划；(e) 合办外联和通信计划。这次会议产生的主要成果包括一项关于正式制定联合联络组的职权范围和工作方式的协议，在2012年为该大会和各项公约20周年纪念指定的一系列高级别合办活动，以及关于适应气候变化、森林和性别的多项新的和修订的出版物。联络组的工作方式草案已在2011年8月2日举行的电视会议上讨论，将提交每项公约所设的有关机构审议。", "96. 秘书处继续积极寻求与生物多样性有关的其他公约进行合作。这些公约秘书处之间有史以来第一次高级别务虚会于2010年9月1日在日内瓦举行。第二次高级别务虚会将于2011年9月4日在日内瓦举行，讨论如何合作执行《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》。生物多样性有关公约联络组第八次会议于2011年4月13日举行，由日内瓦《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》秘书处主办。这次会议讨论下列项目：(a) 日本生物多样性基金各项活动的最新情况和能力建设支持执行名古屋成果；(b) 联络组成员为支持《2010-2020年生物多样性战略计划》而进行的其他活动；(c) 联合国生物多样性十年的筹备活动；(d) 联络组需要更正式、商定的工作方式。《生物多样性公约》秘书处已经拟订一份联络组工作方式草案，分发给联络组其他成员，将于2011年9月的务虚会上通过。", "G. 建议", "97. 大会在第六十六届会议不妨：", "(a) 强调将于2012年10月8日至19日在印度海德拉巴举行的《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十一次会议(包括定于2012年10月17日至19日举行的高级别部分)的重要性，因为这次会议提供一个独特的机会，供评估名古屋生物多样性成果的执行工作所获进展；", "(b) 要求联合国各部门、机构、基金、方案和区域委员会酌情全力支持和执行《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》；", "(c) 欢迎日本生物多样性基金的设立，并敦促其他捐助者提供资金，以执行《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十次会议和作为《卡塔赫纳议定书》缔约方会议的《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第五次会议所通过的各项决定；", "(d) 欢迎Tkarihwaié:ri 《确保尊重土著和地方社区文化和知识传统的道德守则》的通过；", "(e) 敦促尚未这样做的国家批准或加入《公约》，藉此促成普遍参加；", "(f) 敦促尚未这样做的《公约》缔约各方尽快批准或加入《关于生物多样性的卡塔赫纳议定书》；", "(g) 敦促《公约》缔约各方尽早签署和批准或加入《遗传资源获取以及利用遗传资源所产生惠益公平公正分享问题名古屋议定书》；", "(h) 敦促《卡塔赫纳议定书》缔约各方尽早签署和批准或加入《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书关于赔偿责任和补救的名古屋-吉隆坡补充议定书》；", "(i) 欢迎在庆祝2010年国际生物多样性年期间在提高意识方面所获进展，并邀请联合国各有关部门、机构、基金和方案以及区域委员会为实现2011-2020联合国生物多样性十年各项目做出贡献。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 见FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1，第1/CP.16号决定，及FCCC/KP/CMP/2010/12/Add.1，第1/CMP.6号和第2/CMP.6号决定。", "[3] 见《巴厘行动计划》(FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1，第1(b)㈢段)。", "[4] 截至2011年4月19日，已有48个发展中国家正式宣布本国适当减排行动。见FCCC/AWGLCA/ 2011/INF.1号文件。", "[5] 见http://www.cbd.int/authorities/Gettinginvolved/GlobalPartnership.shtml。", "[6] 该计划可在 http://www.cbd.int/ssc/mypa网站上查阅，或在http://www.cbd.int/doc/? meeting=SCC-FOR-01网站上的论坛报告中查阅。", "[7] 会议的报告可在http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=EMSSC-03网站上查阅。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目19(d)、(e)和(f)", "可持续发展: 保护全球气候", "人类今世后代的发展", "《联合国防治荒漠化公约》的执行情况", "《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家", "干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约", "生物多样性公约", "联合国各项环境公约的执行情况", "秘书长的说明", "秘书长谨向大会转递《联合国气候变化框架公约》、《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》和《生物多样性公约》等秘书处所提交的报告。", "一. 《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行秘书关于2010年在墨西哥坎昆举行的联合国气候变化会议的报告及其后续行动", "A. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第65/159号决议请联合国气候变化框架公约秘书处向大会第六十六届会议报告缔约方会议的工作情况。 本报告是应该邀请而提交的。", "B. 联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方会议第十六届会议和作为京都议定书缔约方会议的公约缔约方会议第六届会议的成果", "1. 联合国 内容提要", "2. 联合国气候变化会议于2010年11月29日至12月10日在墨西哥坎昆举行,由下列会议组成:", "(a) 公约缔约方会议第十六届会议;", "作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议;", "附属履行机构第三十三届会议;", "附属科学技术咨询机构第三十三届会议;", "附件一缔约方在《京都议定书》之下的进一步承诺问题特设工作组第十五届会议;", "《公约》之下的长期合作行动问题特设工作组第十三届会议。", "3个 坎昆会议的与会者很多,有16名国家元首和政府首脑、约5 100名政府代表、5 300名观察员和1 200名媒体代表出席。 在会议之前,特设工作组的多届会议和缔约方之间就《巴厘岛行动计划》各项内容进行的若干非正式协商有助于为达成协议奠定基础。 在这些届会和磋商期间,以及在整个会议期间,会议主席以及特设工作组和附属机构的主席通过一个公开、透明和包容的进程取得了进展。 这使各方得以进行交流,最终在坎昆取得商定结果。", " 4.四. 坎昆会议是向前迈出了一大步,为气候变化方面的行动确立了坚实的框架。 《公约》缔约方会议和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议通过的被称为《坎昆协定》[1]的一套决定,集体地和全面地处理了气候变化的长期挑战。 这些决定设想现在采取具体行动来加快全球反应,并推进应对气候变化行动的执行,特别是针对下列问题:", "(a) 适应。 其优先事项得到确认并建立了坎昆适应框架;", "(b) 技术。 建立了一个技术机制,支持创新和新技术的开发,并优先考虑技术的传播、应用和转让;", "(c) 财务。 设立了一个新的绿色气候基金,作为《公约》资金机制的经营实体,并设立了一个常设委员会,协助改善提供气候变化资金的连贯性和协调性;", "(d) 关于减少发展中国家毁林和森林退化所致排放量问题的政策方针和积极激励办法,以及发展中国家森林养护、可持续管理和森林碳储存增加的作用(降排加)。 [2] 提供了指导和保障措施并制定了工作方案。", "5 (韩语). 缔约方会议通过了12项决定,作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议通过了13项决定。 《坎昆协定》中的各项决定为应对气候变化的深远集体努力奠定了基础。 坎昆会议取得的成果为适应、缓解、资金、技术和能力建设的全面业务结构奠定了基础。", "2. 联合国 高级别部分", "6. 国家 2. 缔约方会议第十六届会议和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议的联合高级别会议由主席、墨西哥外交部长宣布开幕,墨西哥总统、秘书长和其他要人出席了欢迎仪式。", "7. 联合国 秘书长代表联合国系统发言,承认谈判不会在坎昆结束,但指出自满和“一切照旧”不是选择。 他承认,各国面临政治和经济限制,但他强调,世界拖延气候变化行动的时间越长,在经济和环境方面以及人的生命成本就越高。 因此,他要求各方在谈判中表现出决心,发挥领导作用,表现出灵活性并作出妥协。", "8. 联合国 在高级别会议上,165个缔约方作了发言,其中16个由国家元首或政府首脑发言,9个由副总统或副总理发言,100个由部长发言,40个由缔约方代表发言。", "3个 缔约方会议第十六届会议的成果", "坎昆协定", "9. 国家 根据并遵循《巴厘岛行动计划》的结构,《坎昆协定》提供了国际社会为减少温室气体排放和帮助发展中国家缔约方应对气候变化而通过的一揽子综合决定,包括提供资金、技术和能力建设支持来缓解和适应气候变化的不利影响。", "共同愿景、全球目标和审查", "10个 《公约》缔约方认识到,要达到全球平均气温高于工业化前水平2°C的全球目标,就必须大幅度削减全球温室气体排放量,并定期审查其适足性,以及实现这一目标的进展情况。 在将于2013年开始并将于2015年完成的第一次审查中,缔约方还认识到需要考虑在现有最佳科学知识的基础上加强长期全球目标,包括与全球平均气温上升1.5°有关的目标。 C C.", "适应", "11个 《坎昆协定》包括若干机构和进程,以处理适应气候变化的问题。 设立坎昆适应框架的目的是加强适应行动。", "12个 在《坎昆协定》中,《公约》缔约方会议和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议请附属履行机构着手处理与气候变化影响有关的损失和损害问题。 还通过这些协议建立了一个进程,使最不发达国家缔约方能够制定和执行国家适应计划,以此确定中期和长期适应需要,并落实应对这些需要的战略和方案。", "13个 适应委员会将促进协调一致地执行强化适应行动,为缔约方提供支持、指导和建议。 缔约方会议已请《公约》之下的长期合作行动问题特设工作组在2011年期间详细拟订适应委员会的组成以及模式和程序。", "缓解", "14个 根据《坎昆协定》并借鉴2010年非正式提出的减排目标,所有工业化国家正式通报并承诺制定低碳发展计划或战略。 此外,一些发展中国家缔约方已正式通报其适合本国的缓解行动,[3] 这些行动寻求在财政和技术支助下,到2020年偏离“一切照旧”的排放。", "15个 工业化国家已承诺改进关于其缓解目标的报告工作并加强其对发展中国家缔约方的支持。 此外,发展中国家缔约方可自愿报告其缓解行动。 将建立一个登记册,以记录以下方面的信息:寻求国际支持的发展中国家缔约方的缓解行动;发达国家缔约方为缓解行动提供的支助;为缓解行动提供的支助。", "16号. 缔约方会议制定了REDD+工作方案,该方案将由附属科学技术咨询机构制定,并将包括制定衡量、报告和核实与森林部门有关的温室气体排放量和清除量的模式。", "17岁。 缔约方会议请《公约》之下的长期合作行动问题特设工作组制定市场机制和非市场机制,以提高缓解行动的成本效益并促进缓解行动。 有待拟订的市场机制是维持并巩固现有机制,包括《京都议定书》之下的机制,如清洁发展机制和联合执行机制。", "18岁。 缔约方会议授权附属科学技术咨询机构和附属履行机构主席召开一次论坛,讨论执行缓解气候变化应对措施的影响。 2011年,两个附属机构将制定应对措施工作方案。", "资金、技术和能力建设", " 19. 19. 请秘书处汇编资料,说明为发达国家缔约方履行在缔约方会议第十五届会议上作出的2010-2012年期间向发展中国家提供300亿美元快速启动资金的承诺而提供的资源。 此外,在坎昆会议上,发达国家缔约方还正式承诺到2020年每年提供1,000亿美元的长期资金,以满足发展中国家缔约方的需求。", "20号. 坎昆会议设立了绿色气候基金,为发展中国家缔约方的项目、方案、政策和其他活动提供长期资金。 基金由一个过渡委员会设计,该委员会将提出建议,供2011年底在南非德班举行的缔约方会议第十七届会议批准。", "21岁 坎昆会议还建立了一个技术机制,将于2012年开始运作。 该机制将通过增加公共和私人投资促进缓解和适应技术方面的国际合作。", "22号. 技术机制由技术执行委员会和气候技术中心和网络组成。 委员会将概述技术需要,分析与技术开发和转让有关的政策和技术问题,并提出关于行动的建议。 中心和网络将调动公共和私营部门所需的专门知识和资源,应发展中国家缔约方的请求协助它们制定与技术有关的政策、方案和项目,以支持缓解和适应行动。", "23. 联合国 缔约方会议认识到,能力建设是一个跨领域问题,是使发展中国家缔约方能加强应对气候变化的行动所必须的。 2011年期间,《公约》之下的长期合作行动问题特设工作组将拟订《公约》之下的能力建设体制安排的模式。", "缔约方大会通过的其他决定", "24 (韩语). 缔约方会议向全球环境基金(环境基金)提供了进一步的指导,呼吁其尽快完成改革,以利圆满完成其第五个充资周期,并请其进一步简化程序并提高其效力和效率。", "25岁 关于其他财务问题,缔约方会议决定完成关于气候变化特别基金的第1/CP.12号决定第2段执行情况的评估,并就最不发达国家基金的运作向环境基金提供进一步指导。 缔约方大会将评估在实施其指导方面取得的进展。", "26. 联合国 在坎昆会议上,最不发达国家专家组的任务期限由缔约方会议延长,以便继续提供技术指导和咨询意见。 该小组将制定一项为期两年的滚动工作方案,供附属履行机构审议。 在其2015年第二十一届会议上,缔约方会议将审查该小组的进展、继续存在的必要性和职权范围。", "27个 缔约方会议请所有缔约方和国际组织向发展中国家缔约方的国家联络点提供《公约》第6条所提供教育、培训和公众意识方面的支持。", "28岁 缔约方会议请秘书处编写一份汇编和综合报告,收录《公约》附件一所列缔约方(附件一缔约方)第五次国家信息通报中的信息。 秘书处编写了一份关于截至2011年3月31日提交的40个附件一缔约方国家信息通报所载信息的综合报告。", "29. 国家 缔约方会议还请《公约》之下的长期合作行动问题特设工作组继续审议与促进正在向市场经济过渡的附件一缔约方获得技术、能力建设和资金有关的问题,以增强其发展低排放经济的能力。", " 4.四. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议的成果", "坎昆协定", "30岁。 作为《坎昆协定》的一部分,作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议通过了一项决定,其中商定,附件一缔约方在《京都议定书》之下的进一步承诺问题特设工作组应尽早并及时完成工作,以确保《京都议定书》第一个承诺期和第二个承诺期之间没有差距。 页:1 还敦促缔约方提高其缓解目标的雄心。", "31岁 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议还通过了作为《坎昆协定》一部分的下列决定:《京都议定书》第二个承诺期的基准年;继续使用排放量交易和基于项目的机制;减少由土地利用、土地利用的变化和林业活动引起的温室气体排放量和增加清除量的措施;用于计算的全球升温潜能值;继续审议关于工具、政策、措施和方法的潜在后果的信息。", "32. 联合国 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议同意在土地利用、土地利用的变化和林业方面使用与第一个承诺期相同的关键术语的定义。 它授权秘书处评估附件一缔约方的森林管理参考水平。 秘书处已经完成了这项技术评估。", "作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议通过的其他决定", "33. (中文(简体) ). 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议通过了适应基金临时受托人对服务条款和条件的修正,并决定在第七届会议上和此后每三年对适应基金进行一次审查。", "34. 国家 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议请秘书处编制附件一缔约方第五次国家信息通报补充信息的汇编和综合,并组织对这类国家信息通报的集中审评。", "35. 联合国 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议就清洁发展机制提供了进一步的指导,包括关于治理、认证、基准和监测方法、标准化基线、项目活动登记、区域和分区域分布和能力建设以及关于该机制工作的资源等一般性指导。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议还就联合执行《京都议定书》第六条的执行情况提供了指导意见。", "5 (韩语). 《坎昆协定》的执行进展情况", "37. 联合国 自坎昆会议以来,各方继续就执行《坎昆协定》进行谈判。 他们制定了路线图和程序,使技术机制在2012年开始运作。 关于技术开发和转让的进一步讨论涉及技术机制与财务安排之间可能的联系,以及技术执行委员会与气候技术中心和网络之间的关系。", "38. 国家 缔约方还进一步澄清了《公约》之下的长期合作行动问题特设工作组今后的工作以及《坎昆协议》所代表的进展。 各缔约方继续在印度尼西亚巴厘和坎昆会议成果的框架内进行谈判,以便充分执行坎昆会议所通过的决定,同时解决坎昆会议未能解决的问题。", "39. 联合国 缔约方在《公约》之下的长期合作行动问题特设工作组之下,在汇集它们对《坎昆协定》所设立的适应委员会各个方面的意见方面取得了进展(见上文第13段)。 特别是在治理、模式和程序、与其他机构的联系以及适应委员会的组成方面取得了进展。", " 40. 40. 缔约方在《公约》之下的长期合作行动问题特设工作组之下就缓解问题相互进行了有益的讨论。 此类讨论包括发达国家缔约方两年期报告中所要载列的要素类型,其中广泛承认需要以现有报告和审查制度为基础。 关于发展中国家缔约方的缓解,讨论的重点是两年期更新报告、适合本国的缓解行动登记册(见上文第15段)以及国际磋商和分析。", "41. 国家 《公约》之下的长期合作行动问题特设工作组正在继续讨论REDD+并处理其筹资问题。 同时,附属科学技术咨询机构已着手审议关于《坎昆协定》规定的与REDD+有关的活动的方法指导意见的意见。 这种初步审议的重点是参考水平和参考排放水平。", "42. 国家 缔约方还就资金问题进行了讨论,重点是融资问题常设委员会。 这些讨论涉及委员会的各个方面,包括其职能、组成、成员、参与、关键原则和报告关系。", "43. 东帝汶 此外,缔约方已开始讨论附件一缔约方在《京都议定书》之下的进一步承诺问题。 讨论中的主要问题涉及需要澄清与第二个承诺期有关的未决政治问题、关于《京都议定书》连续性的规则和关切,以及附件一缔约方迄今为止在减少温室气体排放方面的努力和成就的可比性。 就通用指标而言,各方已取得进展,就关于新气体的关键技术问题达成协议,明确提出备选方案,并准备作出政治决定。 附件一缔约方在《京都议定书》之下的进一步承诺问题特设工作组也正在审议潜在的环境、经济和社会影响问题,包括工具、政策、措施和方法的外溢效应。", "C. 结论和建议", "44. 国家 除其他事项外,大会不妨:", "(a) 注意到由秘书长转递的联合国气候变化框架公约执行秘书的报告;", "注意到2010年11月29日至12月10日由墨西哥政府主办的缔约方会议第十六届会议和作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第六届会议的成果;", "(c) 承诺支持根据《巴厘路线图》继续开展谈判进程,并鼓励在充分和迅速执行《坎昆协定》方面取得进展;", "(d) 请执行秘书继续就缔约方会议的工作向大会提出报告。", "二. 秘书长关于第65/160号决议的执行情况和《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》执行情况的报告", "A. 导言", "45. 国家 大会第65/160号决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告该决议的执行情况。 本报告向大会介绍了为执行该决议所开展主要活动的最新情况。", "B. 大会第65/160号决议的执行情况", "1. 联合国 背景情况", "46. 经常预算: 大会第65/160号决议决定,在大会第六十六届会议一般性辩论开始前,于2011年9月20日召开一次为期一天的高级别会议,主题为“在可持续发展和消除贫穷的背景下处理荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题”。 委员会鼓励在尽可能高的政治级别举行会议,特别是由国家元首和政府首脑参加。", "47. 国家 大会还决定:", "(a) 国家 会议筹备工作由大会第六十五届会议主席授权进行,由《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》执行秘书担任会议的协调中心;", "(b) 国家 高级别会议将围绕开幕全体会议安排,然后在上午举行互动小组讨论,下午举行第二次互动小组讨论,然后举行闭幕全体会议;", "(c)) 各小组由来自北方的国家元首或政府首脑和来自南方的国家元首或政府首脑担任共同主席,每个小组由大会主席同各区域集团协商,在适当考虑到地域平衡的情况下任命。", " 48. 48. 此外,大会在第65/160号决议中请秘书长同会员国协商,为会议编写一份背景文件,至迟于2011年6月提供。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 大会还表示关切的是,有10亿旱地居民是地球上最穷的人,在实现千年发展目标方面落在后面。 会议请会员国,特别是捐助界和联合国系统,通过鼓励适当的投资来帮助在这些领域实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定目标,满足旱地居民的需要。", " 50. 50. 大会还邀请所有各方和所有有关机构参与并积极支持加强《公约》下荒漠化和干旱活动的科学基础的进程,特别是评估荒漠化、土地退化和干旱的经济影响、衡量执行《公约》的影响以及随后加强国家协调机构和《公约》国家协调中心的技术能力所需的科学基础。", "2. 联合国 高级别会议的筹备工作", "51. 联合国 在第65/160号决议通过后不久,《公约》执行秘书以高级别会议协调人的身份开始与主要利益攸关方磋商,以启动会议筹备工作。 2011年2月初,他会晤了大会第六十五届会议主席,向他介绍了这些筹备工作,协调了筹备过程中的组织工作并讨论了确保会议成功所需的合作。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 根据第65/160号决议的授权,已作出安排,向秘书长的背景文件提供投入,以协助秘书长。 公约秘书处还协助与会员国就秘书长为高级别会议编写的背景文件进行协商。", "53. 联合国 在2011年2月于波恩举行的《公约》执行情况审评委员会第九届会议期间,《公约》秘书处还为《公约》缔约方举办了几次关于这一事项的简报会。 为了提高人们的认识并便利始终如一的参与程度,执行秘书采取了他的做法,在与各方代表的所有会晤中突出这一活动。 此外,还通过致函所有外交部长和负责《公约》的各级部长,向各方通报了会议情况。 为了进一步提供充分的宣传和支持,并确保媒体充分报道高级别活动,《公约》秘书处还制定了一项媒体战略来宣传高级别会议。", "3个 《公约》执行情况审评委员会第九届会议和科学和技术委员会第二届特别会议", "54. 联合国 《公约》执行情况审评委员会第九届会议和科学和技术委员会第二届特别会议于2011年2月16日至25日在德国波恩举行。 会议审查了缔约方会议第九届会议所商定的主要与影响和业绩指标有关的闭会期间工作。", "55. 国家 科学和技术委员会第二届特别会议审议了关于有效使用推进执行《公约》的十年战略规划和框架( \" 战略 \" )战略目标1、2和3影响指标子集的方法和基线的工作现状,并评估了2009年在布宜诺斯艾利斯举行的第一次科学会议的组织情况;第二次科学会议的筹备工作;科学和技术联络员的作用;以及在执行知识管理系统方面取得的进展。 制定并执行影响指标,以衡量《战略》的三项战略目标,是科学家们在会上的主要重点。 全球环境基金科学和技术咨询小组参与了这项工作,并通过一个电子论坛开放指标供公众协商。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 然而,科学家们也认为,在全球环境基金组合层面的指标与《公约》的一套影响指标之间取得某种一致,将可改善缔约方的报告义务。 因此,他们建议小组更密切地参与统一指标收集和报告的目标和方法的进程。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 在建立科学知识管理系统方面也取得了进展。 在第二届特别会议上,也有人表示有兴趣设立一个地域平衡的特设专家组,以支持完善影响指标并建立一个机构伙伴小组。 机构伙伴将包括协助编制和管理荒漠化、土地退化和干旱影响指标数据集的组织。", "58. 联合国 1. 《公约》执行情况审评委员会第九届会议审议了与初步分析缔约方、联合国各机构和政府间组织以及民间社会组织关于对照业绩指标执行《公约》的报告中所载信息;执行《公约》的最佳做法;改进信息通报程序以及提交缔约方会议报告的质量和格式有关的问题。 代表们还同民间社会组织的代表进行了公开对话,并就报告进程的结果进行了互动式专题讨论。 与会者赞赏与影响和业绩指标有关的进展评估和结果。 委员会认识到在线报告工具的重要特点,即确保将缔约方和其他报告实体提供的国家报告所载信息上载到执行情况业绩审查和评估系统门户网站。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 因此,由于采用了全面的监测和报告程序,《公约》缔约国有史以来第一次能够量化其劳动成果。 全球环境基金和包括欧洲联盟委员会在内的其他捐助方的财政支助,对于执行执行情况业绩审查和评估制度至关重要。 到委员会第九届会议开幕时,50%以上的受影响国家缔约方和近30%的发达国家缔约方已提交了国家报告。 截至2010年11月,89%的受影响国家已提交报告。 这一成功的项目已成为以指标为导向监测和在线报告《公约》十年战略执行情况的基石。 这是《公约》的范式转变,将它转变为一项追求可衡量成果的文书,其战略为《公约》的所有利益攸关方提供了路线图。", "60. 联合国 执行情况业绩审查和评估制度受到好评,对报告制度和传播结果方面的这种改进进行了大量讨论。 讨论的重点还包括发展知识管理系统、汇编通过业绩审查制度报告确定的最佳做法并进一步完善影响指标等。 关于所有议程项目,科学和技术委员会第二届特别会议和《公约》执行情况审评委员会第九届会议通过了报告,总结了代表们的想法、建议和提议,使缔约方会议第十届会议有各种备选办法有待探讨并作出决定。", "4. 联合国荒漠与防治荒漠化十年", "61. 国家 根据第64/201号决议,大会授权的荒漠和防治荒漠化十年于2010年8月16日在巴西福塔莱萨启动。 十年的主要目标是提高认识和鼓励采取行动,改善世界旱地的保护和管理,这些旱地是世界三分之一人口的家园,面临严重的经济和环境威胁。", "62. 联合国 还组织了区域启动活动,包括2010年8月16日在内罗毕为非洲区域开展的启动活动。 2010年10月12日在汉城为亚洲地区举行了启动仪式,目的是强调在亚洲,荒漠化、土地退化和干旱的威胁对人和土地的影响比世界任何其他地区都多。 北美发布会由科罗拉多州立大学于2010年11月11日主办. 在启动仪式后,举行了一些简短的研讨会,讨论北美的土地退化问题,以及《公约》秘书处和大学签署一份意向书,就荒漠化问题的未来研究进行密切合作。 2010年12月16日在伦敦组织了欧洲启动活动,重点是探索干地与全球人类安全之间的联系,并特别注重欧洲,包括其土壤退化状况。 今年分别在2011年7月4日和22日在哈瓦那和亚的斯亚贝巴举行了两次 \" 联合国生物多样性十年 \" 纪念活动。", "5 (韩语). 纪念2011年世界防治荒漠化和干旱日", "63. 国家 每年6月17日世界各地都纪念防治荒漠化和干旱世界日。 联合国指定纪念日的目的是使公众和决策者了解荒漠化、土地退化和干旱对国际社会日益严重的危险。 纪念活动旨在让所有人在当年至少采取一项行动,帮助尽量减少突出的威胁。 由于2011年为国际森林年,2011年世界日特别以世界干地地区的森林为重点,以“森林保持干地工作”为口号。 在庆祝世界日之际,秘书长、《公约》执行秘书和联合国其他高级官员发表了特别致辞。 这些信息的主旨是,生活在占世界土地面积40%以上的干旱地上的人是世界上最贫穷并最容易遭受饥饿的人,他们往往依赖已退化和生产力已降至维持生计水平以下的土地。 他们还指出,在世界实现千年发展目标的努力中,这些 \" 被遗忘的十亿 \" 的男女老少面临的挑战值得特别注意。 这些信息强调教育全球社会了解森林对干地的重要性,因为干燥的森林和洗涤地是干旱生态系统的支柱。 这些信息还表明,不可持续的土地管理和农业是必然导致土地退化和荒漠化的重要原因。 一个关键的信息是呼吁奖励那些使旱地产生生产力的人,以便他们能够繁荣起来,其他人将设法效仿他们的榜样。", "6. 国家 土地日", "64. (中文(简体) ). 自上次向大会提交报告以来,《公约》秘书处组织了两个土地日。", "65. 国家 2010年10月23日,在10月18日至29日在日本名古屋举行的生物多样性公约缔约方会议第十届会议期间,举办了 \" 第3个土地日 \" 活动。 担任联合国环境与发展会议(地球问题首脑会议)筹备委员会和主要委员会主席的新加坡的科赫大使向与会者作了主旨发言。 出席土地日3的有政府代表以及政府间组织和非政府组织、学术机构、商业和研究组织的代表。 该活动是《生物多样性公约》和《联合国防治荒漠化公约》秘书处的一项联合倡议,也是《里约公约》生态系统和气候变化展馆的一部分。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 讨论中提出的重要观点包括:土地退化是一个具有全球后果的地方问题;两个公约之间的必然关系;生物多样性丧失、气候变化和土地退化是一个恶性循环;克服执行三个姐妹的里约公约的分化办法的挑战,而地方一级没有分离;在处理这些问题时,需要采取一种综合的办法,以便作出高级别政治承诺并便利沟通和注重根本驱动因素。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 土地日4于2011年6月11日在德国波恩举行。 \" 土地日 \" 的设计有四个主要目标:审查可在国家一级执行的气候变化适应和缓解设想以及需要气候融资的地方;说明如何通过适应气候变化和可持续土地管理实现长期粮食安全;讨论如何通过具体执行《防治荒漠化公约》和《气候变化框架公约》的国家适应行动方案,通过全球和国家两级的伙伴关系,实现长期合作行动;让工商界和其他利益攸关方参与关于绿色增长和绿色经济的交流。 互动讨论产生的要点包括可持续土地管理问题,以及强调土地具有无限潜力长期固碳,其规模大于海洋。 讨论中还提出,土壤质量将是具有气候抗御力的增长的关键优先事项。", "7. 与全球环境基金的合作", "68. (中文(简体) ). 《公约》秘书处继续加强与全球环境基金的伙伴关系,特别是鉴于对《全球环境基金文书》作了修正,将《公约》列为全球环境基金发挥财务机制作用的条约之一。 全球环境基金理事会还决定支持《公约》的扶持活动并采用新的资源透明分配制度,从而加强了伙伴关系。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 为了进一步落实这一改革,2011年1月4日在德国波恩组织了有史以来第一次《公约》和环境基金秘书处联合务虚会。 务虚会由《公约》执行秘书和全环基金首席执行官兼主席共同主办,其总体目标是共同讨论和澄清第五个充资周期的政策和方案中与支持受影响国家缔约方执行《公约》有关的关键方面。 务虚会的讨论,除其他外,涉及环境基金的改革和对正在进行的《公约》活动的影响,以及土地退化重点领域下资源透明分配制度的程序。 在讨论中,确定的优先事项包括需要利用业绩审查制度和试点跟踪目标国家的所有指标。", "70. 联合国 务虚会的成果是一项联合行动计划,其中包括加强两个秘书处之间协作的一套建议,以推进缔约方执行《公约》及其十年战略。 就每项建议而言,根据提议的行动和里程碑,讨论并商定了两个秘书处的作用和期望。 务虚会提出的建议包括:需要增强主要利益攸关方对土地议程的倡导和认识;需要在全球增加对可持续土地管理的投资,包括有效利用全球环境基金的资源。 务虚会还建议在政策一级采取行动,促进环境基金更有力地参与《公约》进程,并与其他公约建立协同作用,特别是在国家一级,以利可持续土地管理资源的规划和规划。", "8. 《里约公约》联合联络组", "71. 联合国 《公约》秘书处还与其他两项里约公约的秘书处进行了密切合作。 2011年4月11日在德国波恩举行了里约公约联合联络组第十一次会议。 《防治荒漠化公约》执行秘书主持了会议,讨论了:(a) 联合联络组目前开展的活动和要求开展的活动;(b) 支持协调国家规划和报告进程;(c) 性别平等主流化方面的合作;(d) 2012年联合国可持续发展大会联合活动的计划,包括里约公约会馆;(e) 联合外联和沟通举措。 会议的主要成果包括商定正式确定联合联络组的职权范围和工作方式,为2012年会议和《公约》20周年确定了一系列高级别联合活动,以及关于气候变化适应、森林和性别问题的新和订正联合出版物。 2010年9月,联合联络小组举行会议,讨论共同关心的问题,包括协同作用问题。 这次会议由生物多样性公约执行秘书主持,防治荒漠化公约和气候变化框架公约执行秘书也出席了会议。", "C. 意见和大会可能采取的行动", "72. 联合国 大会通过第65/160号决议,召开荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题高级别会议,是《公约》进程中的一个里程碑。 《公约》自成立以来首次在最高政治级别得到处理。 会议的成果将传达给缔约方大会和联合国可持续发展大会。 因此,大会不妨注意到上述成果并继续支持提高对荒漠化、土地退化和干旱问题的重视。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 此外,大会经常呼吁加强《公约》的科学基础。 科学和技术委员会最近一届会议在这方面取得了重大进展。 大会不妨重申支持科学更多地参与,以更好地理解与荒漠化、土地退化和干旱有关的问题。", "74. 国家 有效执行《公约》需要对其所有阶段进行评估和监测。 最近的事态发展表明,《公约》的范式已转向成为一项追求可衡量的成果的文书,其战略为所有利益攸关方提供了路线图。 在这方面,新的执行情况审查和评估制度有望响应这一要求。 同样,随着国际社会参与2012年联合国可持续发展大会的筹备工作,越来越明显的是,可持续的土地利用、农业、粮食安全和林业将成为绿色经济消除贫穷和可持续发展的基石。 因此,大会不妨进一步支持《公约》新的报告制度,鼓励着手制定量化目标,并审议将“零净土地退化率”作为可持续发展目标的可能性。", "三. 生物多样性公约执行秘书的报告", "A. 导言", "75. 国家 大会第65/161号决议请生物多样性公约执行秘书就缔约方会议的工作提出报告。 本报告是应该邀请而提交的。", "B. 生物多样性公约缔约方大会第十次会议的成果", "76. 联合国 生物多样性公约缔约方大会第十次会议于2010年10月18日至29日在日本名古屋举行,主题是“和谐生活,展望未来”。 出席这次会议的有18 000多名与会者,缔约方通过了47项决定,包括2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划,其中包括20个雄心勃勃的目标,称为爱知生物多样性目标。 在提交本报告时,秘书处在日本的资助下,举办了9个区域和次区域讲习班,参加者超过400人,其中包括缔约方和有关组织的代表,目的是修订国家生物多样性战略和行动计划并在国家一级纳入爱知目标。 日本政府还支持其他30个能力建设项目,以协助发展中国家执行会议的成果。 秘书处同日本合作,在联合国所有主要办事处和各区域经济委员会总部组织了一系列关于名古屋生物多样性契约的简报会。", "77. 国家 缔约方会议还通过了《生物多样性公约关于获取遗传资源和公正公平分享利用遗传资源所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》。 该议定书已交存秘书长,于2010年2月2日在纽约开放供签署,在提交本报告时已有40个签名。 《议定书》开放供签署至2012年2月1日。 《公约》自第五十份批准书、接受书、核准书或加入书交存之日起90天后生效。 现已通过由环境署执行的全球环境基金中型项目,以促进《议定书》早日生效。 此外,在日本的倡议下,还设立了全球环境基金名古屋议定书信托基金。 名古屋议定书政府间委员会第一次会议于2011年6月6日至10日在加拿大蒙特利尔举行。 会议选出了主席团,并通过了关于信息交换所机制的运作方式、能力建设、遵约和提高认识的四项决定。 委员会第二次会议将于2012年4月9日至13日在新德里举行。", "78. 国家 在第十次会议上,缔约方大会承诺从所有来源大幅增加资源,同时按照既定基线有效执行《生物多样性公约》及其2011-2020年战略计划。 此外,为了在缔约方大会第十一次会议上通过资源调集目标,缔约方商定了监测资源调集战略执行情况的具体指标。 缔约方还同意全面评估实施全球环境基金第六次充资期间生物多样性议程所需的资金。", "79. 联合国 双方认识到迫切需要提高能力,将《公约》的三项目标纳入消除贫穷战略和计划的主流。 在这方面,他们设立了一个生物多样性促进消除贫穷和发展专家组。 除国际组织观察员外,双方还提名了25名专家参加该小组,该小组定于2011年12月在德拉敦的印度林业研究所举行会议。", "80个 双方进一步推动企业参与,鼓励建立国家和区域企业和生物多样性倡议,为此为缔约方与其他政府、企业和其他利益攸关方进行对话提供论坛,尤其注重全球一级。 缔约方在第X/21号决定中还请秘书处汇编现有工具的信息并分析其有效性,以进一步促使企业将生物多样性关切纳入公司战略和决策。 秘书处对企业界开展了新的外联方案,这将导致建立国家企业和生物多样性网络;启动了全球企业和生物多样性平台网站的第一阶段;并与伙伴组织一道,对现有标准、工具和机制进行差距分析。", "81个 认识到城市化和地方生物多样性行动至关重要,缔约方大会还核可了城市和生物多样性行动计划(第X/22号决定),该计划自2006年以来通过全球城市和生物多样性伙伴关系的多次会议来制定。 出席2010年5月25日和26日在名古屋举行的城市生物多样性峰会的城市、州和地区的650名代表也支持了该计划,其中包括220名市长。 2011年1月17日至19日在法国蒙彼利埃举行的关于实施次国家政府、城市和其他地方当局生物多样性行动计划(2011-2020年)的第一次会议讨论了该计划的执行情况。 缔约方还请求公约秘书处根据《全球生物多样性展望》第三版,为缔约方大会第十一次会议编写一份关于城市化与生物多样性之间的联系和机会的评估。", "82. 在第X/23号决定中,缔约方大会还欢迎77国集团和中国与秘书处合作召开的生物多样性促进发展南南合作论坛第一届会议通过的《生物多样性促进发展南南合作多年期行动计划》。 [5] 继进一步制定《计划》后,关于这一倡议的第三次专家会议于2011年5月18日至20日在大韩民国仁川举行[6],《计划》将提交审查《生物多样性公约》执行情况不限成员名额特设工作组第四次会议和定于2012年10月在印度海得拉巴举行的缔约方大会第十一次会议审议和通过。", "83个 关于传统知识,缔约方会议通过《确保尊重土著和地方社区文化和知识遗产的道德行为守则》(第X/42号决定),达到了又一里程碑。 《守则》旨在促进尊重土著和地方社区与保护和可持续利用生物多样性有关的文化和知识遗产。", "第八十四会. 缔约方会议还就如何进一步加强执行《公约》关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的工作方案提供了全面指导,包括建立一个机制,以查明具有生态和生物重要性的地区,并加快国家、区域和全球努力,以实现可持续发展问题世界首脑会议2012年关于海洋保护区的目标,并解决不可持续的捕捞、海洋肥化、海洋酸化、水下噪音和其他人类活动对海洋和沿海生物多样性的影响。 其中许多涉及大会和其他联合国实体下的进程,包括研究国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性的养护和可持续利用问题的不限成员名额非正式特设工作组。 因此,秘书处正与这些实体密切合作,开展专家进程,并举办区域讲习班和其他活动,以执行缔约方大会第十次会议通过的关于海洋和沿海多样性的第X/29号决定。", "85. 缔约方会议还通过了一项关于生物多样性和气候变化的决定(第X/33号决定),其中包括关于基于生态系统的适应和减缓方针的指导意见,以及关于制定咨询意见的进程的指导意见,包括关于适用生物多样性相关保障措施的指导意见,同时不预先阻止今后根据《气候变化框架公约》做出任何决定,使行动符合《生物多样性公约》的目标并避免对生物多样性产生消极影响并增加生物多样性的惠益。 在该决定中,缔约方会议还提出了进一步加强与《防治荒漠化公约》和《气候变化框架公约》的协同作用的进程。 《生物多样性公约》秘书处正与联合国其他实体密切合作执行这项决定。", "86号. 在日本的倡议下,缔约国会议建议大会宣布联合国生物多样性十年。 大会通过第65/161号决议,宣布2011-2020年为 \" 联合国生物多样性十年 \" 。 会议通过了庆祝十年的战略草案和正式标志。 大韩民国于2011年5月19日在松万启动了十年。 印度作为缔约方大会第十一次会议的下任主席,于2011年5月23日在新德里启动了亚洲及太平洋十年。 菲律宾总统于2011年5月29日启动了东南亚国家联盟十年,并通过一项总统令,宣布2011-2020年为菲律宾生物多样性十年。 7月4日,古巴启动了加勒比区域十年;7月13日,厄瓜多尔启动了南美洲十年。 埃塞俄比亚与非洲联盟和非洲经济委员会合作,于7月22日在亚的斯亚贝巴启动了非洲十年。 埃塞俄比亚总统出席了这次活动。 日本作为缔约方大会主席,将于2011年12月17和18日主办一次启动十年的国际活动。", "C. 作为《生物多样性公约卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》缔约方会议的生物多样性公约缔约方大会第五次会议的成果", "87个 作为《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第五次会议于2010年10月11日至15日在日本名古屋举行,共有1 600多名与会者。 缔约方通过了17项决定,包括《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书关于赔偿责任和补救的名古屋-吉隆坡补充议定书》。 《补充议定书》规定了与改性活生物体有关的赔偿责任和补救方面的国际规则和程序。 秘书长是该文书的保存人,《补充议定书》于2011年3月7日在纽约开放供签署。 在提交本报告时,《补充议定书》已有24个签署国。 《议定书》开放供签署至2012年3月6日。 《补充议定书》自第四十份批准书、接受书、核准书或加入书交存之日起第九十天起生效。", "88个 《议定书》缔约方还通过了涵盖2011至2020年期间的《生物安全议定书》第一个战略计划和今后三次会议的工作方案。 他们还通过了2011-2015年公众认识、教育和参与工作方案;计划于2012年进行的《议定书》效力第二次评估和审查的方法和指标;第二次国家报告的格式。 此外,缔约方欢迎由专家组制定的风险评估指南,并延长了专家组的任期,以进一步改进指南。 会议还审议了《议定书》遵约委员会的报告和建议,并通过了关于加强委员会作用的决定。 缔约方还就生物安全信息中心、能力建设、财务机制和资源以及与其他组织、公约和倡议的合作作出了决定。", "D类. 附属机构的会议", "89. 国家 缔约方大会第十次会议主席团第一次会议于2010年12月19日在日本金泽举行,会上通过了关于执行缔约方大会第十次会议所通过的决定的工作计划。 随后,作为卡塔赫纳议定书缔约方会议的生物多样性公约缔约方大会第五次会议主席团举行了第一次会议。 缔约方大会主席团第二次会议于2011年6月4日在蒙特利尔举行,随后与名古屋议定书不限成员名额特设政府间委员会主席团举行了一次联席会议。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 科学、技术和工艺咨询附属机构第十五次会议将于2011年11月7日至11日在蒙特利尔举行,会议将提出建议,供2012年缔约方大会第十一次会议审议。 除其他问题外,会议将审议:(a) 监测《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》执行情况的工具和指导,包括使用评估实现爱知目标所取得进展所需的指标;(b) 支持生态系统恢复活动的方式方法,这是在缔约方大会第十次会议作出决定后作出的,即到2020年恢复和保护提供基本服务并有利于健康、生计和福祉的生态系统,并养护和恢复至少15%已退化的生态系统,从而促进减缓和适应气候变化并防治荒漠化。 附属机构第十五次会议议程上的其他问题涉及水、外来入侵物种、可持续利用、全球分类学倡议的能力建设和北极生物多样性。 最后,考虑到生物多样性和生态系统服务政府间科学政策平台将在附属机构第十五次会议之前一个月举行会议,附属机构将讨论如何更高效和有效地执行其任务。", "91. 联合国 《公约》第8(j)条和相关条款不限成员名额特设工作组第七次会议将于10月31日至11月4日举行,以推进缔约方大会第十次会议的各项决定。 特别重要的是,《公约》第10(c)条关于生物多样性的习惯可持续使用的工作,以及关于归还传统知识和相关文化财产的持续工作,传统知识和习惯可持续使用的指标,利益分享、事先知情同意和原籍国义务的准则,制止非法侵占传统知识的准则,以及包括定义在内的第8(j)条执行准则,所有这些都可能有助于并补充了《名古屋议定书》的执行。", "E. 国际生物多样性年和联合国其他纪念活动", "92. (中文(简体) ). 大会在第61/203号决议中宣布2010年为国际生物多样性年,并请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。 秘书长向大会第六十五届会议提交了一份临时报告(A/65/294)。 约有191个政党庆祝了国际年,并举办了2 000多场国家和国际活动。 在提交本报告时,有54个缔约方向公约秘书处提交了国家报告。 该标志和口号被1,751名注册用户所使用. 2010年期间,该年的网站(www.cbd.int/2010)有952 184个独特的网页浏览量,2010年1月11日的浏览量最高为14 517个。 国际年的Facebook网页有56 000多名朋友。 总体而言,国际年的网络存在很广。 对“国际生物多样性年”进行简单的谷歌搜索,以英文制作的网页超过800万页,以西班牙文制作的超过350万页,以法文制作的超过200万页,以中文制作的超过25万页,以俄文制作的超过5万页,以阿拉伯文制作的将近17 000页。 26个国家(阿根廷、白俄罗斯、巴西、加拿大、中国、多米尼加共和国、匈牙利、冰岛、印度、伊拉克、日本、马来西亚、马耳他、摩洛哥、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、圣卢西亚、圣多美和普林西比、新加坡、南非、瑞士、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、泰国、特立尼达和多巴哥和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)、联合国日内瓦和维也纳办事处和联合国邮政管理处为纪念国际年制作了邮票。 秘书长任命美国电影编剧和演员爱德华·诺顿为联合国生物多样性亲善大使。 2010年12月18日和19日在日本金泽举行了国际生物多样性年正式闭幕会,包括一次将国际生物多样性年与国际森林年相衔接的仪式。 国际生物多样性年还荣获绿色奖(2010年),称其为最佳绿色国际运动。", "93. 国家 为了支持国际森林年,2011年5月22日以森林生物多样性为主题庆祝了生物多样性国际日。 作为对这一纪念活动的重大贡献,47个国家的325多所学校和团体参加了生物多样性绿色浪潮,这是目前为儿童和青年开展的提高他人对生物多样性的认识并教育他人的一项全球倡议。 2012年国际日的主题是海洋和沿海生物多样性。", "F. 与其他公约的合作", "94. 国家 秘书处继续积极与另外两项里约公约的秘书处合作,以在2010年取得的成功基础上更上一层楼。 例如,里约公约生态系统和气候变化展馆在日本名古屋召开的缔约方会议第十次会议。 这项新的合作外联活动涉及里约三公约的秘书处,得到了全球环境基金和其他重要伙伴,包括《公约》缔约方、联合国和非政府组织的支持。 该展馆提供了一个平台,以提高认识并分享关于可通过执行里约三公约而实现的相辅相成效益的最新做法和科学结论的信息。 会议期间举行了50多场会议,有2 000多名与会者、发言者和小组成员出席,参加展馆活动的人员包括部长、科学家、决策者和民间社会代表。 该展馆还在2011年11月和12月在墨西哥坎昆举行的气候变化框架公约缔约方会议第十六届会议期间举行。 今年的展馆将于2011年10月在大韩民国昌原举行的防治荒漠化公约缔约方会议第十届会议以及在南非德班举行的气候变化框架公约缔约方会议第十七届会议上举行。 展馆伙伴还将扩大这些合作倡议的势头,使之能推动定于2012年在巴西举行的联合国可持续发展大会以及定于2012年10月在印度海得拉巴举行的生物多样性公约缔约方大会第十一次会议。", "95号. 里约公约联合联络组第十一次会议于2011年4月11日在波恩举行,由防治荒漠化公约执行秘书主持。 与会者讨论了:(a) 小组目前和要求开展的活动;(b) 支持协调国家规划和报告进程;(c) 性别平等主流化合作;(d) 2012年联合国可持续发展大会联合活动的计划,包括里约公约展馆;(e) 联合外联和沟通举措。 会议的主要成果包括商定正式确定联合联络组的职权范围和工作方式,为2012年缔约方会议和公约二十周年确定一系列高级别联合活动,以及关于气候变化适应、森林和性别问题的新和订正联合出版物。 2011年8月2日举行的电话会议讨论了审议组的工作方式草案,并将提交每项公约的有关机构审议。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 秘书处继续积极同与生物多样性有关的其他公约进行合作。 2010年9月1日在日内瓦举行了这些公约秘书处第一次高级别务虚会。 第二次高级别务虚会将于2011年9月4日在日内瓦举行,以讨论在执行2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划方面的合作。 生物多样性相关公约联络组第八次会议于2011年4月13日在日内瓦举行,由濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约秘书处主办。 会议讨论了以下项目:(a) 日本生物多样性基金活动的最新情况和为执行名古屋成果提供的能力建设支助;(b) 小组成员为支持《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》而正在开展的其他活动;(c) 筹备联合国生物多样性十年的活动;(d) 需要为小组制定更正式、商定的工作方式。 生物多样性公约秘书处已编写了该小组的工作方式草案并分发给该小组其他成员,该草案将在2011年9月的务虚会上通过。", "G. 建议", "97. 国家 大会第六十六届会议不妨:", "(a) 强调定于2012年10月8日至19日在印度海得拉巴举行的生物多样性公约缔约方大会第十一次会议的重要性,包括定于2012年10月17日至19日举行的高级别会议的重要性,因为这为评估在执行名古屋生物多样性成果方面取得的进展提供了一个独特的机会;", "(b) 呼吁联合国所有部门、机构、基金、方案和区域委员会酌情全力支持和执行《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》;", "(c) 欢迎设立日本生物多样性基金,并呼吁其他捐助者为执行生物多样性公约缔约方大会第十次会议和作为卡塔赫纳议定书缔约方会议的生物多样性公约缔约方大会第五次会议所通过的决定提供资金;", "(d) 欢迎通过《关于确保尊重土著和地方社区文化和知识遗产的道德行为守则》;", "(e) 敦促尚未批准或加入《公约》并从而实现普遍参与的国家批准或加入《公约》;", "(f) 敦促尚未批准或加入《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书》的公约缔约方尽快批准或加入该议定书;", "(g) 敦促《公约》缔约方尽早签署并批准或加入《关于获取遗传资源和公正公平分享利用遗传资源所产生惠益的名古屋议定书》;", "(h) 敦促《卡塔赫纳议定书》缔约方尽早签署并批准或加入《卡塔赫纳生物安全议定书关于赔偿责任和补救的名古屋-吉隆坡补充议定书》;", "(一) 欢迎2010年国际生物多样性年庆祝活动期间在提高公众认识方面取得的进展,并邀请联合国所有相关部门、机构、基金和方案以及区域委员会为实现2011-2020年联合国生物多样性十年的目标作出贡献。", "[1] 见FCCC/CP/2010/7/Add.1, 第1/CP.16号决定和FCCC/KP/CMP/2010/12/Add.1, 第1/CMP.6和2/CMP.6号决定。", "[2] 见《巴厘岛行动计划》(FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1, 第1(b)(三)段)。", "[3] 截至2011年4月19日,48个发展中国家已正式确定了适合本国的缓解行动。 见FCCC/AWGLCA/2011/INF.1。", "[4] 见http://www.cbd.int/authorities/Gettinginvoved/GlobalPartnership.shtml。", "[5] 该计划可查阅http://www.cbd.int/sc/mypa/和论坛的报告http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=SSC-FOR-01。", "[6] 会议报告可查阅http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=EMSSC-03。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Third Committee", "Organization of the work of the Third Committee", "Note by the Secretariat", "Allocation of items", "1. The agenda items allocated by the General Assembly to the Third Committee will be issued in document A/C.3/66/1. Background information on those items may be found in the annotations to the agenda (see A/66/100 and Add.1).", "Programme of work", "2. The draft programme of work (see annex) has been prepared bearing in mind paragraph (b) of rule 99 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, Assembly decision 65/539 on the programme of work of the Third Committee for the sixty-sixth session, the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session (A/66/150), relevant resolutions and decisions adopted by the Assembly on the rationalization of its work and that of the Third Committee, as well as past experience in the utilization of conference services.", "Question time and interactive dialogues and debates", "3. In accordance with the established practice of the Committee and pursuant to paragraphs 3 (c) and (d) of the annex to General Assembly resolution 58/316, immediately following the introduction of reports by executive heads and senior members of the Secretariat at the beginning of each debate, interactive dialogues and “question time” will be held with heads of departments and offices, representatives of the Secretary-General, special rapporteurs and other special mechanisms as part of the formal proceedings of the Committee. Delegations are invited to participate actively in these dialogues with questions and unscripted comments. The general discussion of each agenda item or cluster of agenda items is to follow the “question time”.", "Statements", "4. The list of speakers for the general discussion on agenda items allocated to the Third Committee will be opened on Monday, 26 September 2011.", "5. In accordance with the established practice of the Committee, statements made during the general discussion under each agenda item or cluster of agenda items will be limited to 7 minutes for individual delegations and to 15 minutes for statements made on behalf of a group of delegations.", "6. Under item 69 of the provisional agenda, “Promotion and protection of human rights”, delegations may make one statement under sub-item (a) and one statement under sub-item (d), which are to be discussed sequentially. Under sub-items (b) and (c), which are to be considered jointly, delegations may make two separate statements (one under sub-item (b) and one under sub-item (c)).", "7. Under items 67, “Elimination of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance”, and 68, “Right of peoples to self-determination”, which are to be discussed jointly, delegations may also make two separate statements.", "8. In accordance with previous decisions of the General Assembly, delegations should exercise their right of reply at the end of the day whenever two meetings have been scheduled for the consideration of the relevant agenda item on that day, or at the conclusion of the consideration of the item, if that is sooner. The first statement should be limited to five minutes and the second, if any, to three minutes.", "List of documents", "9. Attention is drawn to the addendum to the present note (to be issued as A/C.3/66/L.1/Add.1), which will list the documentation submitted under each agenda item expected to be allocated to the Third Committee.", "Conference facilities and meeting arrangements", "10. Unless otherwise specified, official meetings of the Committee will be held from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. and from 3 to 6 p.m. The General Assembly has stressed that a punctual start of meetings is critical to the efficient utilization of services allocated to the intergovernmental bodies of the United Nations. In accordance with past practice, it is proposed that rule 108 of the Committee’s rules of procedure be waived with respect to the quorum needed to declare a meeting open.", "Report of the Economic and Social Council", "11. In paragraph 4 (c) of the annex to General Assembly resolution 58/316, the Assembly decided that the item entitled “Report of the Economic and Social Council” should be considered in its entirety in plenary meeting. Subsequently, it was clarified that, in implementing that decision, the relevant parts of chapter I of the report of the Economic and Social Council that related to agenda items allocated to the Main Committees would be considered by the Committee concerned, for final action by the Assembly (see document A/59/250/Add.1).", "Report of the Human Rights Council", "12. In its resolution 65/281, entitled “Review of the Human Rights Council”, the General Assembly decided to continue its practice of allocating the agenda item entitled “Report of the Human Rights Council” to the plenary of the Assembly and to the Third Committee, in accordance with its decision 65/503 A, with the additional understanding that the President of the Council will present the report in her or his capacity as President to the plenary of the Assembly and the Third Committee and that the Third Committee will hold an interactive dialogue with the President of the Council at the time of her or his presentation of the report of the Council to the Third Committee. Pending final confirmation from the Office of the President of the General Assembly and the President of the Human Rights Council, agenda item 64, “Report of the Human Rights Council”, has been tentatively scheduled for consideration in the draft programme of work of the Third Committee during the morning of 28 October 2011.", "Conclusion of the work of the Committee", "13. Bearing in mind the number of meetings allocated to the Third Committee, a target date of 22 November has been set for the conclusion of its work. The Committee will, however, endeavour to conclude its work earlier, if possible.", "Annex", "Draft programme of work of the Third Committee", "Date/time\tItem/programme^(a) \nWeek of 3-7October \nMonday, 3October \n 10 a.m. Election of officers \n Organizational matters Item135Item27\tProgramme planningIntroductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials andgeneral discussion of: Social development (a) Implementation of the outcome ofthe World Summit for Social Developmentand of the twenty-fourth specialsession of the General Assembly (b) Social development, includingquestions relating to the world socialsituation and to youth, ageing,disabled persons and the family \n (c) Follow-up to the International Yearof Older Persons: Second World Assemblyon Ageing\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers on item27\n3 p.m.\tItem27\tGeneral discussion (continued)\nTuesday, 4October \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItem27\tGeneral discussion (concluded)\n6 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitem 27\nWednesday, 5October \n10 a.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials andgeneral discussion of:\n\tItem107\tCrime prevention and criminal justice\n\tItem108\tInternational drug control\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers on items107 and 1083 p.m.\tItems107\tGeneral discussion (continued) \n and 108 \nThursday, 6October 10 a.m.\tItems107\tGeneral discussion (concluded) \n and 108 \n1 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitems 107 and 108\nWeek of 10-14October \nMonday, 10October \n10 a.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials and generaldiscussion of:\tItem28\tAdvancement of women(a) Advancement of women \n (b) Implementation of the outcome ofthe Fourth World Conference on Womenand of the twenty-third special sessionof the General Assembly\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers on item28\n3 p.m.\tItem28\tGeneral discussion (continued)\nTuesday, 11October \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItem28\tGeneral discussion (continued)\nWednesday, 12October \n10 a.m.\tItem28\tGeneral discussion (concluded)\n1 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitem 28\n3 p.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials and generaldiscussion of:\tItem65\tPromotion and protection of the rightsof children (a) Promotion and protection of therights of children \n (b) Follow-up to the outcome of thespecial session on children\n6 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers on item65\nThursday, 13October \n10 a.m.\tItem65\tGeneral discussion (continued)\n3 p.m.\tItem65\tAction on proposals\n General discussion (continued) \nFriday, 14October \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItem65\tGeneral discussion (concluded)\n6 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitem 65\nWeek of 17-21October \nMonday, 17October \n10 a.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials and generaldiscussion of:\tItem66\tRights of indigenous peoples(a) Rights of indigenous peoples \n (b) Second International Decade of theWorld’s Indigenous People\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers on item66\n3 p.m.\tItem66\tGeneral discussion (concluded)\n6 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitem 66\nTuesday, 18October \n10 a.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials and generaldiscussion of:\tItem69\tPromotion and protection of humanrights \n (a) Implementation of human rightsinstruments\n Followed by introductory statements,dialogue with senior Secretariatofficials and general discussion of:\n\tItem69\t(d) Comprehensive implementation of andfollow-up to the Vienna Declaration andProgramme of Action\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers onitems 69 (a) and (d)\n3 p.m.\tItem69(d)\tGeneral discussion (concluded)\n6 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitems 69 (a) and (d)\nWednesday, 19October \n10 a.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials andgeneral discussion of:\tItem69\tPromotion and protection of humanrights (b) Human rights questions, includingalternative approaches for improvingthe effective enjoyment of human rightsand fundamental freedoms \n (c) Human rights situations and reportsof special rapporteurs andrepresentatives\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers onitems 69 (b) and (c)\n3 p.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tDialogue with special rapporteurs,special representatives and independentexperts\nThursday, 20October \n10 a.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tDialogue with special rapporteurs,special representatives and independentexperts (continued)\n3 p.m. Action on proposals under items 27, 28,65, 107 and 108, followed by dialoguewith special rapporteurs, specialrepresentatives and independent experts(continued)\nFriday, 21October \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tDialogue with special rapporteurs,special representatives and independentexperts (continued)\nWeek of 24-28October \nMonday, 24October \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tDialogue with special rapporteurs,special representatives and independentexperts (continued)\nTuesday, 25October \n10 a.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tDialogue with special rapporteurs,special representatives and independentexperts (concluded), followed bygeneral discussion (resumed)\n3 p.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tGeneral discussion (continued)\nWednesday, 26October \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tGeneral discussion (continued)\nThursday, 27October \n10 a.m.\tItems69(b)and(c)\tGeneral discussion (continued)\n3 p.m. Action on proposals, followed bygeneral discussion (concluded)\n6 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitems 69 (b) and (c)\nFriday, 28October 10 a.m.\tItem64\tIntroductory statement by the Presidentof the Human Rights Council followed byan interactive dialogue and generaldiscussion of: \n Report of the Human Rights Council^(b) \n11 a.m. Closure of the list of speakers on item64\n1 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitem 64\nWeek of 31October-4 November \nMonday, 31October \n10 a.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials andgeneral discussion of:\tItem67\tElimination of racism, racialdiscrimination, xenophobia and relatedintolerance (a) Elimination of racism, racialdiscrimination, xenophobia and relatedintolerance \n (b) Comprehensive implementation of andfollow-up to the Durban Declaration andProgramme of Action\n\tItem68\tRight of peoples to self-determination\n1 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers onitems 67 and 683 p.m.\tItems67\tGeneral discussion (continued) \n and 68 \nTuesday, 1November \n10 a.m.1 p.m.\tItems67and 68\tGeneral discussion (concluded)Deadline for submission of proposals onitems 67 and 68\n3 p.m. Introductory statements, dialogue withsenior Secretariat officials andgeneral discussion of:\n\tItem62\tReport of the United Nations HighCommissioner for Refugees, questionsrelating to refugees, returnees anddisplaced persons and humanitarianquestions\n6 p.m. Closure of the list of speakers on item62\nWednesday, 2November \n10 a.m. and 3p.m.\tItem62\tGeneral discussion (concluded)\n6 p.m. Deadline for submission of proposals onitem 62\nThursday, 3November \n 3 p.m. Action on proposals \nWeek of 7-11November \nTuesday, 8November \n 3 p.m. Action on proposals \nFriday, 10November \n10 a.m. and 3p.m. Action on proposals\nWeek of 14-18November \nTuesday, 15November \n10 a.m. and 3p.m. Action on proposals\nThursday, 17November \n1 p.m. Deadline for submission of alloutstanding draft proposals\n 3 p.m. Action on proposals \nWeek of 21-25November \nMonday, 21November \n 3 p.m. Action on proposals \nTuesday, 22November \n10 a.m.\tItem121\tRevitalization of the work of theGeneral Assembly^(c)\n Action on outstanding proposals 3 p.m. Action on outstanding proposals \n Conclusion of the work of the ThirdCommittee", "^(a) Item of the provisional agenda (A/66/150).", "^(b) Tentative date of consideration of the item, pending final confirmation.", "^(c) The agenda item is to be allocated to the Third Committee for the sole purpose of considering and taking action on the tentative programme of work of the Committee for the sixty-seventh session of the General Assembly." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "第三委员会", "第三委员会的工作安排", "秘书处的说明", "项目的分配", "1. 大会分配给第三委员会的议程项目将载于A/C.3/66/1号文件。这些项目的背景资料载于议程的附加说明(见A/66/100和Add.1)。", "工作方案", "2. 编制工作方案草案(见附件)时考虑到了大会议事规则第九十九条(乙)款、大会关于第六十六届会议第三委员会工作方案的第65/539号决定、第六十六届会议临时议程(A/66/150)、大会关于使其工作和第三委员会的工作合理化的相关决议和决定、以及过去利用会议服务的经验。", "提问时间、互动对话和辩论", "3. 依照委员会惯例，并根据大会第58/316 号决议附件第3(c)和(d)段，每次辩论开始时，先由秘书处行政主管和高级官员介绍报告，紧接着与各部厅负责人、秘书长代表、特别报告员和其他特别机制进行互动辩论，提出问题，这是委员会正式会议进程的一部分。邀请各代表团踊跃参加对话，提出问题和随意评论。“提问”后即进行各议程项目或议程项目组的一般性讨论。", "发言", "4. 关于分配给第三委员会的议程项目的一般性讨论的发言者名单将在2011年9月26日星期一开放供报名。", "5. 依照委员会惯例，在各议程项目或议程项目组一般性讨论期间，单个代表团的发言以7 分钟为限，代表若干代表团的发言以15分钟为限。", "6. 在讨论临时议程项目69“促进和保护人权”时，代表团可就相继讨论的分项(a)和(d)各发言一次。代表团还可就一并审议的分项(b)和(c)分别发言一次(一次是就分项(b)，一次是就分项(c))。", "7. 议程项目67“消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为”和项目68“人民自决的权利”将一并讨论，代表团也可分别发言一次。", "8. 根据大会以往的决定，如果同一天排定两次会议审议相关议程项目，代表团应在当日会议结束时行使答辩权，如果关于该项目的审议提前结束，则在该项目审议结束时行使答辩权。第一次发言以5 分钟为限，如要作第二次发言，以3分钟为限。", "文件清单", "9. 请注意本说明增编(将作为A/C.3/66/L.1/Add.1印发)，其中将载列预计分配给第三委员会的各个议程项目下提交的文件。", "会议设施和会议安排", "10. 除非另有规定，委员会正式会议定于上午10 时至下午1 时和下午3 时至6时举行。大会着重指出，会议准时开始对于有效利用分配给联合国政府间机构的服务至关重要。依照惯例，建议暂不适用委员会议事规则关于宣布开会所需法定人数的第一○八条。", "经济及社会理事会的报告", "11. 大会第58/316号决议附件第4(c)段决定，题为“经济及社会理事会的报告”的项目应作为一个整体在全体会议上审议。其后作出说明，在执行这一决定时，经济及社会理事会报告第一章中涉及分配给各主要委员会的议程项目的相关部分将由有关委员会审议，供大会采取行动(见A/59/250/Add.1)。", "人权理事会的报告", "12. 在题为“审查人权理事会”的大会第65/281号决议中，大会决定继续依照惯例，根据其第65/503 A 号决定，将题为“人权理事会的报告”的议程项目分配给大会全体会议和第三委员会，并另有一项谅解，即理事会主席将以其主席身份，向大会全体会议和第三委员会提出报告，第三委员会将在理事会主席向委员会提出理事会报告时与其进行互动对话。在大会主席办公室和人权理事会主席办公室最后确认之前，第三委员会工作方案草案已经将对题为“人权理事会的报告”的议程项目64的审议暂定在2011年10月28日上午。", "结束委员会的工作", "13. 考虑到分配给第三委员会的会议次数，第三委员会将11月22日定为结束工作的目标日期。但是第三委员会将努力尽可能提前结束工作。", "附件", "第三委员会工作方案草案", "日期/时间\t议程项目/工作安排^(a) \n 10月3日至7日的一周 \n 10月3日，星期一 \n 上午10时 选举主席团成员 \n 组织事项 \n 项目135 方案规划 \n 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论：\n 项目27 社会发展 \n (a)社会发展问题世界首脑会议和大会第二十四届特别会议成果的执行情况\n (b)社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题\n (c)国际老年人年的后续行动：第二次老龄问题世界大会 \n 下午1时 项目27的发言报名截止 \n 下午3时 项目27 一般性讨论(续) \n 10月4日，星期二 \n 上午10时和下午3时 项目27 一般性讨论(结束) \n 下午6时 项目27的提案提交截止时间 \n 10月5日，星期三 \n上午10时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论：\n 项目107 预防犯罪和刑事司法 \n 项目108 国际药物管制 \n 下午1时 项目107和108的发言报名截止 \n下午3时\t项目107和108\t一般性讨论(续) \n 10月6日，星期四 \n上午10时\t项目107和108\t一般性讨论(结束)\n 下午1时 项目107和108的提案提交截止时间 \n 10月10日至14日的一周 \n 10月10日，星期一 \n上午10时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论： 项目28 提高妇女地位 (a) 提高妇女地位 \n (b)第四次妇女问题世界会议和大会第二十三届特别会议成果的执行情况\n 下午1时 项目28的发言报名截止 \n 下午3时 项目28 一般性讨论(续) \n 10月11日，星期二 \n 上午10时和下午3时 项目28 一般性讨论(续) \n 10月12日，星期三 \n 上午10时 项目28 一般性讨论(结束) \n 下午1时 项目28的提案提交截止时间 \n下午3时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论： 项目65 促进和保护儿童权利 (a) 促进和保护儿童权利 \n (b)儿童问题特别会议成果的后续行动\n 下午6时 项目65的发言报名截止 \n 10月13日，星期四 \n 上午10时 项目65 一般性讨论(续) \n 下午3时 项目65 对提案采取行动 \n 一般性讨论(续) \n 10月14日，星期五 \n 上午10时和下午3时 项目65 一般性讨论(结束) \n 下午6时 项目65的提案提交截止时间 \n 10月17日至21日的一周 \n 10月17日，星期一 \n上午10时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论： 项目66 土著问题 (a) 土著问题 \n (b) 第二个世界土著人民国际十年\n 下午1时 项目66的发言报名截止 \n 下午3时 项目66 一般性讨论(结束) \n 下午6时 项目66的提案提交截止时间 \n 10月18日，星期二 \n上午10时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论： 项目69 促进和保护人权 \n (a) 人权文书的执行情况 \n 随后是介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论：\n\t项目69\t(d)《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动\n 下午1时 项目69(a)和(d)的发言报名截止 \n 下午3时 项目69(d) 一般性讨论(结束) \n下午6时 项目69(a)和(d)的提案提交截止时间\n 10月19日，星期三 \n上午10时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论： 项目69 促进和保护人权 (b)人权问题，包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径 \n (c)人权状况及特别报告员和代表的报告\n 下午1时 项目69(b)和(c)的发言报名截止 \n下午3时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家对话 \n 10月20日，星期四 \n上午10时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家对话(续)\n下午3时 对项目27、28、65、107和108的提案采取行动，随后与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家对话(续) \n 10月21日，星期五 \n上午10时和下午3时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家对话(续) \n 10月24日至28日的一周 \n 10月24日，星期一 \n上午10时和下午3时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家对话(续) \n 10月25日，星期二 \n上午10时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家对话(结束)，随后进行一般性讨论(复会)\n下午3时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t一般性讨论(续) \n 10月26日，星期三 \n上午10时和下午3时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t一般性讨论(续) \n 10月27日，星期四 \n上午10时\t项目69(b)和(c)\t一般性讨论(续)\n下午3时 对提案采取行动，随后进行一般性讨论(结束)\n下午6时 项目69(b)和(c)的提案提交截止时间 \n 10月28日，星期五 \n上午10时 人权理事会主席的介绍性发言，然后是互动对话和一般性讨论：\n 项目64 人权理事会的报告^(b) \n 上午11时 项目64的发言报名截止 \n 下午1时 项目64的提案提交截止时间 \n10月31日至11月4日的一周 \n 10月31日，星期一 \n上午10时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论：\t项目67\t消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为 (a)消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和相关不容忍行为 \n (b)《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动\n 项目68 人民自决的权利 \n 下午1时 项目67和68的发言报名截止 \n下午3时\t项目67和68\t一般性讨论(续) \n 11月1日，星期二 \n上午10时\t项目67和68\t一般性讨论(结束)\n 下午1时 项目67和68的提案提交截止时间 \n下午3时 介绍性发言，与秘书处高级官员对话，并就下列项目举行一般性讨论：\n\t项目62\t联合国难民事务高级专员的报告：与难民、回返者和流离失所者有关的问题以及人道主义问题\n 下午6时 项目62的发言报名截止 \n 11月2日，星期三 \n 上午10时和下午3时 项目62 一般性讨论(续和结束) \n 下午6时 项目62的提案提交截止时间 \n 11月3日，星期四 \n 下午3时 对提案采取行动 \n 11月7日至11日的一周 \n 11月8日，星期二 \n 下午3时 对提案采取行动 \n 11月10日，星期四 \n 上午10时和下午3时 对提案采取行动 \n 11月14日至18日的一周 \n 11月15日，星期二 \n 上午10时至下午3时 对提案采取行动 \n 11月17日，星期四 \n 下午1时 所有未决提案草案的提交截止时间\n 下午3时 对提案采取行动 \n 11月21日至25日的一周 \n 11月21日，星期一 \n 下午3时 对提案采取行动 \n 11月22日，星期二 \n 上午10时 项目121 大会工作的振兴^(c) \n 对未决提案采取行动 \n 下午3时 对未决提案采取行动 \n 结束第三委员会的工作", "^(a) 临时议程项目(A/66/150)。", "^(b) 审议此项目的暂定日期，尚待最后确认。", "^(c) 这个议程项目将分配给第三委员会，仅供审议大会第六十七届会议第三委员会暂定工作方案并就此采取行动。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "第三委员会", "第三委员会的工作安排", "秘书处的说明", "项目的分配", "1. 联合国 大会分配给第三委员会的议程项目将在A/C.3/66/1号文件中印发。 这些项目的背景资料见议程说明(见A/66/100和Add.1)。", "工作方案", "2. 联合国 拟订工作方案草案(见附件)时考虑到了大会议事规则第99条(b)款、大会关于第六十六届会议第三委员会工作方案的第65/539号决定、第六十六届会议临时议程(A/66/150)、大会就第三委员会工作合理化问题通过的相关决议和决定以及过去在利用会议服务方面的经验。", "提问时间和互动对话及辩论", "3个 按照委员会的既定惯例并根据大会第58/316号决议附件第3(c)和(d)段,在每次辩论开始时由秘书处行政首长和高级成员介绍报告后,将立即同各部厅首长、秘书长代表、特别报告员和其他特别机制进行互动对话并安排“提问时间”,作为委员会正式程序的一部分。 请各代表团积极参加这些对话,提出问题和无说明的评论。 对每个议程项目或一组议程项目的一般性讨论将在“提问时间”之后进行。", "发言", " 4.四. 关于分配给第三委员会的议程项目的一般性讨论的发言名单将于2011年9月26日星期一开放。", "5 (韩语). 根据委员会惯例,一般性讨论期间就每个议程项目或一组议程项目发言,单个代表团以7分钟为限,代表一组国家发言的代表团以15分钟为限。", "6. 国家 在临时议程项目69“促进和保护人权”下,各代表团可就分项(a)作一次发言,就分项(d)作一次发言,然后依次讨论。 各代表团可就合并审议的分项(b)和(c)作两次单独发言(一次在分项(b)下,一次在分项(c)下)。", "7. 联合国 在项目67“消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和有关不容忍行为”和项目68“人民自决的权利”下,各代表团也可分别作两次发言。", "8. 联合国 根据大会以前的决定,如果当天安排了两次会议审议有关议程项目,各代表团应在会议结束时行使答辩权;如果在结束审议该议程项目之前排定两次会议,则在结束审议时行使答辩权。 第一次发言以5分钟为限,如果有,第二次以3分钟为限。", "文件清单", "9. 国家 请注意本说明增编(将作为A/C.3/66/L.1/Add.1印发),其中将列出在每个议程项目下提交的、预计将分配给第三委员会的文件。", "会议设施和会议安排", "10个 除非另有说明,委员会正式会议将于上午10时至下午1时和下午3时至6时举行。 大会已强调,准时开会对于有效利用分配给联合国政府间机构的服务至关重要。 根据惯例,建议放弃委员会议事规则第108条关于宣布开会所需法定人数的规定。", "经济及社会理事会的报告", "11个 大会第58/316号决议附件第4(c)段决定由全体会议整体审议题为“经济及社会理事会的报告”的项目。 随后,会议澄清,在执行该决定时,经济及社会理事会报告第一章中与分配给各主要委员会的议程项目有关的部分将由有关委员会审议,由大会采取最后行动(见A/59/250/Add.1号文件)。", "人权理事会的报告", "12个 大会在题为“审查人权理事会”的第65/281号决议中决定继续其惯例,即根据其第65/503 A号决定,将题为“人权理事会的报告”的议程项目分配给大会全体会议和第三委员会,但有一项谅解,即理事会主席将以主席身份向大会全体会议和第三委员会提交报告,第三委员会将在理事会主席向第三委员会提交报告时与其进行互动对话。 在大会主席办公室和人权理事会主席最后确认之前,暂定于2011年10月28日上午在第三委员会工作方案草案中审议议程项目64“人权理事会的报告”。", "结束委员会的工作", "13个 考虑到分配给第三委员会的会议次数,预定于11月22日结束其工作。 但是,如果可能,委员会将努力提前结束其工作。", "页:1", "第三委员会工作方案草案", "日期/时间 项目(a)\n10月3日至7日这一周\n联合国\n上午10:00 选举主席团成员\n项目135 方案规划 介绍性发言,同高级官员的对话 秘书处官员和一般性讨论:(a) 社会发展问题世界首脑会议和大会第二十四届特别会议成果的执行情况 (b) 社会发展,包括有关世界社会状况和有关青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭的问题\n(c) 国际老年人年的后续行动:第二次老龄问题世界大会\n下午1:00 项目27发言报名截止\n下午3:00 项目27 一般性讨论(续)\n10月4日星期二,日内瓦\n上午10时和下午3时 项目27 一般性讨论(结束)\n下午6时 提交关于项目27的提案的截止时间\n纽约\n上午10:00 介绍性发言、与秘书处高级官员的对话和一般性讨论:\n项目107 预防犯罪和刑事司法\n项目108 国际药物管制\n下午1:00 项目107和1083的发言报名截止。 项目107 一般性讨论(续)\n和108号决议\n10月6日星期四上午10时 项目107 一般性讨论(结束)\n和108号决议\n下午1时 提交关于项目107和108的提案的截止时间\n10月10日至14日这一周\n联合国\n上午10:00 介绍性发言、与秘书处高级官员的对话和一般性讨论:\n(b) 第四次妇女问题世界会议和大会第二十三届特别会议成果的执行情况\n下午1:00 项目28发言报名截止\n下午3:00 项目28 一般性讨论(续)\n10月11日星期二,日内瓦\n上午10时和下午3时 项目28 一般性讨论(续)\n联合国\n上午10:00 项目28 一般性讨论(结束)\n下午1时 提交关于项目28的提案的截止时间\n下午3:00 介绍性发言、与秘书处高级官员的对话和一般性讨论:项目65 促进和保护儿童权利(a) 促进和保护儿童权利\n(b) 儿童问题特别会议成果的后续行动\n项目65发言报名截止\n10月13日星期四,日内瓦\n上午10:00 项目65 一般性讨论(续)\n项目65 就提案采取行动\n一般性讨论(续)\n安全理事会\n上午10时和下午3时 项目65 一般性讨论(结束)\n下午6时 提交关于项目65的提案的截止时间\n10月17-21日的一周\n联合国\n上午10:00 介绍性发言、与秘书处高级官员的对话和一般性讨论:项目66 土著人民权利\n(b) 第二个世界土著人民国际十年\n下午1:00 项目66发言报名截止\n下午3:00 项目66 一般性讨论(结束)\n下午6时 提交关于项目66的提案的截止时间\n10月18日星期二,日内瓦\n上午10:00 介绍性发言、与秘书处高级官员的对话和一般性讨论:项目69 促进和保护人权\n(a) 人权文书的执行情况\n随后作介绍性发言,与秘书处高级官员进行对话并进行一般性讨论:\n项目69 (d) 《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动\n下午1:00 项目69(a)和(d)的发言报名截止\n下午3:00 项目69(d) 一般性讨论(结束)\n下午6:00 提交项目69(a)和(d)提案的截止时间\n联合国\n上午10:00 介绍性发言、与秘书处高级官员的对话和一般性讨论:项目69 促进和保护人权(b) 人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径\n(c) 人权状况及特别报告员和代表的报告\n下午1:00 项目69(b)和(c)的发言报名截止\n下午3:00 项目69(b)和(c) 与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家的对话\n联合国\n上午10:00 项目69(b)和(c) 与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家的对话(续)\n下午3:00 就项目27、28、65、107和108下的提案采取行动,并随后同特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家进行对话(续)\n安全理事会\n上午10时和下午3时 项目69(b)和(c) 与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家的对话(续)\n10月24-28日的一周\n联合国\n上午10时和下午3时 项目69(b)和(c) 与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家的对话(续)\n10月25日星期二,日内瓦\n上午10:00 项目69(b)和(c) 与特别报告员、特别代表和独立专家的对话(结束),然后是一般性讨论(续)\n下午3:00 项目69(b)和(c) 一般性讨论(续)\n安全理事会\n上午10时和下午3时 项目69(b)和(c) 一般性讨论(续)\n安全理事会\n上午10:00 项目69(b)和(c) 一般性讨论(续)\n下午3:00 就提案采取行动,然后进行一般性讨论(结束)\n下午6时 项目69(b)和(c)的提案提交截止时间\n项目64 人权理事会主席作介绍性发言,随后进行互动对话并作一般性讨论:\n人权理事会的报告 ^(b)\n上午11:00 项目64发言报名截止\n下午1时 提交关于项目64的提案截止时间\n10月31日至11月4日的一周\n联合国\n上午10:00 介绍性发言、与秘书处高级官员的对话和一般性讨论:项目67 消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和有关不容忍行为(a) 消除种族主义、种族歧视、仇外心理和有关不容忍行为\n(b) 《德班宣言和行动纲领》的全面执行和后续行动\n项目68 人民自决的权利\n下午1:00 项目67和683发言报名截止 项目67 一般性讨论(续)\n和68个\n11月1日星期二,日内瓦\n上午10:00-下午1:00 项目67和68 一般性讨论(结束) 项目67和68的提案提交日期\n下午3:00 介绍性发言、与秘书处高级官员的对话和一般性讨论:\n项目62 联合国难民事务高级专员的报告:与难民、回返者和流离失所者有关的问题和人道主义问题\n项目62发言报名截止\n安全理事会\n上午10时和下午3时 项目62 一般性讨论(结束)\n下午6时 提交关于项目62的提案的截止时间\n页:1\n下午3时 就提案采取行动\n11月7日至11日的一周\n11月8日星期二,日内瓦\n下午3时 就提案采取行动\n安全理事会\n上午10时和下午3时 就提案采取行动\n11月14日至18日这一周\n11月15日星期二,日内瓦\n上午10时和下午3时 就提案采取行动\n11月17日星期四,日内瓦\n提交所有未决提案草案的截止时间\n下午3时 就提案采取行动\n11月21日至25日的一周\n11月21日星期一,日内瓦\n下午3时 就提案采取行动\n11月22日星期二,日内瓦\n上午10:00 项目121 大会工作的振兴\n对未决提案采取行动 下午3时 对未决提案采取行动\n结束第三委员会的工作", "^(a) 临时议程项目(A/66/150)。", "^(b) 审议该项目的暂定日期,以待最后确认。", "•(c) 该议程项目将分配给第三委员会,唯一目的是审议大会第六十七届会议期间第三委员会的暂定工作方案并采取行动。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 34 \nProtracted conflicts in the GUAMarea and their implications forinternational peace, security anddevelopment", "Identical letters dated 9 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia dated 5 August 2011 concerning the third anniversary of the August war (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex issued as an official document of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 34, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Alexander Lomaia Permanent Representative", "Annex to the identical letters dated 9 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia regarding the third anniversary of the August war", "7 August 2011 marks the third anniversary of Russia’s open and full-scale military aggression against Georgia. Unfortunately, three years after the August war, Russia still continues its aggression policy directed towards the destruction of the statehood, sovereignty and independence of Georgia, as well as against Georgian nationals.", "Since the break-up of the Soviet Union and the restoration of Georgia’s independence, the Russian Federation has been engaged in a consistent and deliberate fight against the independent State of Georgia. The Russian Federation employs many methods in this fight and does not even refrain from the flagrant violation of the fundamental norms of international law. During the last 20 years, the Russian Federation has conducted several waves of ethnic cleansing in Georgia’s integral regions of Abkhazia and Tskhinvali. As a result, hundreds of thousands of citizens were forced to leave their places of residence. Since 2000 Russia has actively used its economic and energy levers against Georgia. The embargo Russia imposed on Georgian products is still in place. In August 2008, the Russian Federation carried out large-scale military aggression against Georgia, occupied 20 per cent of its territory and recognized as “independent States” the occupation regimes created by Russia itself. The Russian Federation has now proceeded to new methods in its fight against Georgia — from 2010 onwards, Russia has masterminded over 12 terrorist acts in the territory of Georgia, most of which, fortunately, were thwarted by the Georgian law enforcement agencies.", "By taking such actions, the Russian Federation demonstratively breaches the main norms and principles of international law and its bilateral and multilateral obligations, including all resolutions on Georgia adopted by the Security Council and all provisions of the six-point ceasefire agreement of 12 August 2008. It is significant to note that the Russian Federation “got rid” of any international presence in the Tskhinvali region and Abkhazia, thus making these regions into so-called “black holes” of organized crime, trafficking and violation of human rights. Hence, the international community is today deprived of any access to objective information from the occupied territories.", "On the third anniversary of the war, the Russian Federation is still proceeding with its attempts to “buy” so-called “independence” of the Tskhinvali region and Abkhazia by holding trainings of occupation troops in the occupied territories, carrying out visits of high-ranking Russian officials, conducting rapid militarization of the regions and construction of military bases there. Of particular concern is the deployment of rocket launchers and artillery mounts in the occupied territories.", "Russia’s aggressive policy against Georgia has recently taken on a new dimension, manifesting itself in organizing and funding terrorist acts in the remaining non-occupied territory of Georgia by representatives of the Russian occupation forces, in particular, by officials of the Ministry of Defence Main Intelligence Directorate and the Federal Security Service. This has resulted in casualties among the peaceful population.", "The foregoing lays bare Russia’s aggressive plans regarding Georgia and poses a threat to the peace and stability of the entire Caucasus and Black Sea regions. It is obvious that the Russian Federation does not seem to reject the idea of a new full-scale military aggression against Georgia.", "It is a regrettable fact that the Russian Federation’s aggressive policy makes it impossible for hundreds of thousands of people internally displaced as a result of ethnic cleansing to return to their places of origin. Russia adopts a clearly discriminatory approach to people of Georgian origin. Moreover, even ethnic Georgians holding Russian citizenship are denied their rights, including property rights, in the occupied territories. The policy of ethnic cleansing is still continuing, this time by changing the names of historical and geographical sites in the occupied areas, destroying Georgian architectural monuments or reshaping them in the Russian style.", "Despite such actions of Russia, the Georgian Government has elected to pursue a peaceful policy oriented towards development, dialogue and engagement. Georgia fully complies with all obligations under the ceasefire agreement of 12 August 2008 and adheres to the memorandums of understanding signed by the Ministry of Defence and Ministry of Internal Affairs with the European Union Monitoring Mission. In his address to the European Parliament on 23 November 2010, the President of Georgia made a unilateral declaration not to use force in order to restore control over our illegally divided country, neither against the occupation forces, nor against their proxies.", "Georgia spares no diplomatic effort to achieve the restoration of the presence of international organizations in the occupied territories and to provide objective information to international organizations concerning the current security and human rights situation. Georgia continues constructive engagement in the Geneva talks and remains committed to holding an unconditional dialogue with the Russian Federation at any stage for the peaceful resolution of the existing problems.", "In parallel, the Government of Georgia is motivated to create favourable conditions for the residents of the Tskhinvali region and Abkhazia to live in a stable, peaceful and developed Georgia. For this purpose, the Georgian Government worked out a strategy and a plan of action for these regions, which are oriented towards improving the economic and social conditions for our Abkhazian and Ossetian compatriots and ending the isolation of these regions.", "The past three years have shown that Georgia’s European and Euro-Atlantic integration is an irreversible process and the only right way to develop the country. Integration with the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization remains at the top of the list of Georgia’s foreign political priorities, the fulfilment of which will ensure against the recurrence of any aggression similar to that of August 2008.", "Three years after the 2008 war, Georgia still remains in a vulnerable international environment. Fundamental threats continue to emanate from the Russian Federation. In spite of this, Georgia is convinced that the correct strategy it has chosen to pursue and a security policy focused on peace, dialogue and engagement will yield results and the threats proceeding from Russia will never materialize. A tribute for this, quite naturally, goes to the international community’s support and the civilized world’s firm position on Georgia’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, as well as the inadmissibility of Russia’s occupation of the territories of Georgia.", "Tbilisi, 5 August 2011" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目34", "古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其 对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "2011年8月9日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨转交2011年8月5日格鲁吉亚外交部就8月战争3周年发表的声明(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会第六十五届会议议程项目34的正式文件和安全理事会的正式文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "亚历山大·洛马亚(签名)", "2011年8月9日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "格鲁吉亚外交部就8月战争三周年发表的声明", "2011年8月7日是俄罗斯公开和全面军事侵略格鲁吉亚三周年。遗憾的是，8月战争三年之后，俄罗斯仍在继续其侵略政策，目的是毁掉格鲁吉亚的国家、主权和独立，这一侵略政策同样针对格鲁吉亚国民。", "自从苏联解体和格鲁吉亚恢复独立以来，俄罗斯联邦一直一贯和蓄意打击独立的格鲁吉亚国。俄罗斯联邦在这场打击中运用多种方法，甚至不惜公然违反国际法的根本规范。在过去20年中，俄罗斯联邦在格鲁吉亚不可分割的组成部分阿布哈兹和茨欣瓦利地区进行几波种族清洗浪潮。结果，数以十万计的公民被迫离开他们的居住地。自2000年以来，俄罗斯一直积极利用经济和能源手段来对付格鲁吉亚。俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚产品实施的禁运仍然存在。2008年8月，俄罗斯联邦对格鲁吉亚进行大规模军事侵略，占领了其领土的20%，并承认俄罗斯自身建立的占领政权为“独立国家”。现在，俄罗斯联邦已着手运用新的办法来打击格鲁吉亚——从2010年起，俄罗斯已在格鲁吉亚领土上策划了超过12起恐怖主义行动，幸运的是，其中大多数被格鲁吉亚执法机构挫败了。", "俄罗斯联邦采取此类行动，明确违反了国际法的主要规范和原则及其承担的双边和多边义务，包括安全理事会通过的关于格鲁吉亚的所有决议以及2008年8月12日六点停火协议的所有条款。必须指出，俄罗斯联邦“铲除了”任何在茨欣瓦利地区和阿布哈兹的国际存在，从而使这些地区成为有组织犯罪、贩运和侵犯人权的所谓“黑洞”。因此，国际社会今天被剥夺了获得来自被占领土的任何客观信息的机会。", "在8月战争三周年之际，俄罗斯联邦仍然在尝试“购买”所谓的茨欣瓦利地区和阿布哈兹的“独立”，在被占领土上对占领部队进行训练、俄罗斯高官进行访问、对这些地区进行迅速的军事化，并在那里修建军事基地。特别令人关切的是在被占领土上部署火箭发射器和炮架。", "俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚的侵略政策最近有了一个新的层面，表现在俄罗斯占领部队的代表，特别是，国防部情报总局和和联邦安全局官员在剩余的未被占领的格鲁吉亚领土上组织和资助恐怖活动。这造成了和平居民的伤亡。", "上述情况赤裸裸地暴露了俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚的侵略计划，并对整个高加索和黑海地区的和平与稳定构成威胁。显而易见，俄罗斯联邦似乎并没有拒绝对格鲁吉亚发动一场新的全面军事侵略的想法。", "一个令人遗憾的事实是，俄罗斯联邦的侵略政策，使得由于种族清洗而在境内流离失所的数以十万计的人无法返回原籍地。俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚籍的人采取明显的歧视性做法。而且，在被占领土上，甚至拥有俄罗斯国籍的格鲁吉亚族人也被剥夺了权利，包括财产权。种族清洗政策仍在继续，这一次是通过改变被占领地区的历史和地理场址名称以及破坏格鲁吉亚的建筑遗迹或将其重建为俄罗斯风格来继续这一政策。", "尽管俄罗斯采取此类行动，但格鲁吉亚政府仍然选择追求发展、对话和接触的和平政策。格鲁吉亚全面遵守2008年8月12日停火协议的所有义务，遵守国防部和内政部与欧洲联盟监测团签署的谅解备忘录。2010年11月23日，格鲁吉亚总统在欧洲议会发表讲话时，单方面宣布不使用武力来恢复对我们被非法分裂国家的控制，既不对占领军，也不对他们的代理人使用武力。", "格鲁吉亚不遗余力地开展外交努力，以恢复国际组织在被占领土上的存在，并向国际组织提供有关当前的安全和人权状况的客观信息。格鲁吉亚继续建设性地参与日内瓦会谈，并仍然致力于在任何阶段与俄罗斯联邦进行无条件对话，以和平解决现有问题。", "与此同时，格鲁吉亚政府正在积极为茨欣瓦利地区和阿布哈兹的居民生活在稳定、和平和发达的格鲁吉亚创造有利条件。为此，格鲁吉亚政府为这些地区制定了战略和行动计划，其目的是要改善我们的阿布哈兹和奥塞梯同胞的经济和社会条件，并结束这些地区的隔离。", "过去三年表明，格鲁吉亚的欧洲一体化和欧洲-大西洋一体化是一个不可逆转的进程，是发展本国的唯一正确途径。与欧洲联盟和北大西洋公约组织的一体化仍然排在格鲁吉亚对外政治优先事项清单的前列，实现这些目标将确保防止再次发生任何类似2008年8月的侵略。", "2008年战争的三年之后，格鲁吉亚仍然处于脆弱的国际环境之中。根本威胁继续来自俄罗斯联邦。尽管如此，格鲁吉亚相信，它所选择执行的正确战略以及注重和平、对话和接触的安全政策将会带来成果，来自俄罗斯的威胁将永远不会成为现实。这很自然得归功于国际社会的支持和文明世界对格鲁吉亚的主权和领土完整以及不容许俄罗斯占领格鲁吉亚领土的坚定立场。", "2011年8月5日，第比利斯" ]

[ "大会第六十五届会议 议程项目34\n古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "2011年8月9日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨随函转递2011年8月5日格鲁吉亚外交部关于8月战争三周年的声明(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会第六十五届会议议程项目34和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。 常驻代表", "亚历山大·洛梅亚(签名)", "2011年8月9日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "格鲁吉亚外交部关于8月战争三周年的声明", "2011年8月7日是俄罗斯公开和全面军事侵略格鲁吉亚三周年. 不幸的是,在八月战争三年后,俄罗斯仍然继续其侵略政策,旨在摧毁格鲁吉亚的国家、主权和独立,并破坏格鲁吉亚国民。", "自苏联解体并恢复格鲁吉亚独立后,俄罗斯联邦一直对格鲁吉亚独立国家进行一贯和蓄意的斗争. 俄罗斯联邦在这场斗争中采用了许多方法,甚至没有避免公然违反国际法的基本准则。 在过去20年中,俄罗斯联邦在格鲁吉亚的阿布哈兹和茨欣瓦利地区进行了多起种族清洗。 因此,数十万公民被迫离开居住地。 自2000年以来,俄罗斯积极利用其经济和能源杠杆打击格鲁吉亚。 俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚产品的禁运仍然有效。 2008年8月,俄罗斯联邦对格鲁吉亚进行了大规模军事侵略,占领了该国20%的领土并承认俄罗斯自己建立的占领政权为“独立国家”。 俄罗斯联邦现在在打击格鲁吉亚的斗争中采取了新的方法——从2010年起,俄罗斯在格鲁吉亚领土上策划了12起恐怖行为,所幸大多数恐怖行为被格鲁吉亚执法机构所挫败。", "俄罗斯联邦采取这种行动,明显违反了国际法的主要规范和原则及其双边和多边义务,包括安全理事会就格鲁吉亚问题通过的所有决议和2008年8月12日六点停火协定的所有规定。 必须指出,俄罗斯联邦“摆脱”了在茨欣瓦利地区和阿布哈兹的任何国际存在,从而使这些地区成为有组织犯罪、贩运和侵犯人权的所谓“黑洞”。 因此,国际社会今天被剥夺了从被占领土获取客观信息的机会。", "在战争三周年之际,俄罗斯联邦仍在试图“购买”所谓茨欣瓦利地区和阿布哈兹的“独立”,在被占领土上对占领军进行培训,俄罗斯高级官员进行访问,对该地区迅速军事化,并在那里建造军事基地。 特别令人关切的是在被占领土上部署火箭发射器和火炮站。", "俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚的侵略政策最近有了一个新的层面,表现为俄罗斯占领军的代表,特别是国防部情报总局和联邦安全局的官员,在格鲁吉亚其余未被占领的领土上组织和资助恐怖行为。 这已造成和平民众的伤亡。", "上述情况暴露了俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚的侵略计划,对整个高加索和黑海地区的和平与稳定构成威胁。 显然,俄罗斯联邦似乎没有拒绝对格鲁吉亚进行新的全面军事侵略的想法。", "令人遗憾的是,俄罗斯联邦的侵略政策使数十万因种族清洗而流离失所的人无法返回原籍地。 俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚血统的人采取了明显歧视性的做法。 此外,即使在被占领土上,拥有俄罗斯国籍的格鲁吉亚裔人也被剥夺了权利,包括财产权。 种族清洗政策仍在继续,这次是改变被占领地区历史和地理遗址的名称,摧毁格鲁吉亚的建筑遗迹或以俄罗斯风格重塑这些遗迹。", "尽管俄罗斯采取了这些行动,格鲁吉亚政府还是选择奉行以发展、对话和参与为目标的和平政策。 格鲁吉亚充分遵守2008年8月12日停火协定规定的所有义务并遵守国防部和内政部与欧洲联盟监测团签署的谅解备忘录。 2010年11月23日,格鲁吉亚总统在欧洲议会发言,单方面宣布不使用武力来恢复对我们非法分裂国家的控制权,既不针对占领军,也不针对其代理人。", "格鲁吉亚不遗余力进行外交努力,以恢复国际组织在被占领土上的存在,并向国际组织提供关于目前安全和人权状况的客观资料。 格鲁吉亚继续建设性地参与日内瓦会谈,并继续致力于在和平解决现有问题的任何阶段同俄罗斯联邦进行无条件对话。", "与此同时,格鲁吉亚政府致力于为茨欣瓦利地区和阿布哈兹居民在稳定、和平和发达的格鲁吉亚生活创造有利条件。 为此目的,格鲁吉亚政府为这些地区制定了一项战略和行动计划,旨在改善阿布哈兹和奥塞梯同胞的经济和社会条件并结束这些地区的孤立。", "过去三年表明,格鲁吉亚的欧洲和欧洲-大西洋一体化是一个不可逆转的进程,也是发展该国的唯一正确途径。 与欧洲联盟和北大西洋公约组织的合并仍然是格鲁吉亚外国政治优先事项的首位,完成这些优先事项将确保不再发生任何与2008年8月类似的侵略。", "2008年战争三年后,格鲁吉亚仍然处于脆弱的国际环境中。 根本威胁继续来自俄罗斯联邦。 尽管如此,格鲁吉亚相信,它所选择的正确战略和以和平、对话和接触为重点的安全政策将产生结果,俄罗斯的威胁永远不会实现。 这自然要归功于国际社会的支持和文明世界对格鲁吉亚主权和领土完整的坚定立场,以及俄罗斯对格鲁吉亚领土的占领是不可接受的。", "2011年8月5日,第比利斯" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 107 \nMeasures to eliminate internationalterrorism", "Letter dated 8 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "As you are aware the Islamic Republic of Iran organized a conference in Tehran, the International Conference on the Global Fight against Terrorism, on 25 and 26 June 2011. At that conference a number of Heads of State and Government, high-level officials and prominent experts from 60 countries as well as representatives of relevant international and regional organizations participated. The purpose of the Tehran Conference was to exchange views on the global fight against terrorism and find practical ways to further mobilize political will and strengthen international capacities in countering terrorism at national and international levels.", "The Tehran Conference is yet another firm indication of the seriousness of Iran’s stance with regard to the urgency of international action in the elimination of the threats posed by terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, including State terrorism, by whomever and against whomever it may be committed.", "I have the honour to transmit herewith the Chairman’s Conclusion of the International Conference on the Global Fight against Terrorism (see annex). It would be highly appreciated if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 107, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Eshagh Al Habib", "Ambassador", "Chargé d’affaires a.i.", "Annex to the letter dated 8 August 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Chairman’s Conclusion International Conference on the Global Fight against Terrorism", "Tehran, 25 and 26 June 2011", "1. At the initiative of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, the International Conference on the Global Fight against Terrorism was held on 25 and 26 June 2011 in Tehran. Heads of State and Government from the neighbouring countries Afghanistan, Iraq and Pakistan, as well as from the Republic of the Sudan, Tajikistan and Mauritania, the Vice-President of Cuba and Ministers and other high-level delegates from 60 States, representatives of the United Nations (Officer in Charge of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force), the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and other regional organizations as well as distinguished scholars and researchers and peace activists from all around the world participated in the Conference.", "2. The participants expressed their deep appreciation to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran for its constructive and timely initiative in organizing the International Conference on the Global Fight against Terrorism, and congratulated the Islamic Republic of Iran on the successful organization of the event. The participants stressed the high importance of such gatherings in further mobilizing political will and strengthening international capacities in countering terrorism at national and international levels.", "3. The participants reiterated their unequivocal condemnation of all acts of terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, including State terrorism and economic terrorism wherever, against whomever and by whomever it may be committed. It was underlined that State terrorism has long posed a real threat to the peace and stability of many nations across the globe through unlawful use or threat of force, aggression and occupation.", "4. It was acknowledged that terrorism is a global challenge the elimination of which requires a globally approved approach under the United Nations auspices and through participation of all responsible members of the international community. It also requires the use of all potentials of the competent regional and international organizations in order to promote cooperation and coordination in countering terrorism.", "5. The vital importance of considering terrorism in a holistic and comprehensive manner and in all its aspects was underscored. In this context, the importance of addressing the historical and continuing underlying root causes of terrorism, including foreign aggression and occupation, poverty and discrimination as well as interventionist policies by some States was highlighted.", "6. The participants underlined, as also reiterated by Iran’s Supreme Leader, the need for providing a consensual definition of terrorism without prejudicing or affecting, in any manner, the recognized rules and principles of international humanitarian law. It was emphasized that legitimate struggles of peoples under colonial rule or foreign occupation for their inalienable right to self-determination should not be labelled as terrorism.", "7. The importance of countering terrorism in a transparent, rule of law-based, and non-discriminatory manner was emphasized. It was underlined that counter-terrorism measures shall be adopted and carried out in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations and international law, including international human rights and humanitarian law. The participants rejected selective or double-standard approaches in dealing with terrorism and terrorist groups and warned that such approaches could undermine international trust and cooperation in countering terrorism globally.", "8. The distinctive role of the United Nations, especially the General Assembly, in building international consensus and promoting cooperation and coordination against terrorism was highlighted. In this context, the imperative of following the consensual approach in the international counter-terrorism norm-making processes was underlined. Also the important status of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy and the need for its balanced implementation as well as its further reviews with a view to its strengthening was emphasized.", "9. The participants underlined the need to extend cooperation and interaction among all States in countering terrorism, in all its aspects, at bilateral, regional and international levels. The participants recalled the responsibility of all States in taking necessary measures to bring terrorists to justice, and requested all States to strengthen cooperation to this end.", "10. The participants highlighted the unequivocal denunciation by all divine religions of acts of terrorism and indiscriminate violence against innocent people and the high importance these religions attach to human life and dignity as well as peaceful coexistence among nations. The participants rejected any vicious attempt to associate or attribute terrorism to a particular culture, religion or nationality and expressed their concern over certain circles’ attempts to associate intolerance, extremism, terrorism and violence with religions, particularly Islam, and condemned any offensive or provocative act against divine values and religious sanctities.", "11. The participants expressed their sympathy with victims of terrorism, including State terrorism. The participants expressed their deep concern over excessive and/or disproportionate use of military force in the name of countering terrorism, which has claimed the lives of an increasing number of innocent civilians, and stressed the importance of addressing the plight of these victims. The participants applauded the initiative of the Conference to commemorate the victims of acts of terrorism.", "12. The participants welcomed the Islamic Republic of Iran’s initiative to establish a standing headquarters for the Conference as a follow-up to further mobilize international and regional political will and preserve the momentum in promoting cooperation and coordination in countering terrorism. In this context, the participants welcomed the offer made by the Republic of Iraq to hold the next Conference in Iraq at a date to be announced in due course." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目107", "消除国际恐怖主义的措施", "2011年8月8日伊朗伊斯兰共和国常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "如你所知，2011年6月25日和26日，伊朗伊斯兰共和国在德黑兰召开全球反恐国际会议。来自全球60个国家的国家元首、政府首脑、高级官员和知名专家以及相关国际和区域组织的代表参加了这次会议。德黑兰会议的目的是就全球反恐问题交换看法，为在国家和国际各级打击恐怖主义找到切实可行的方法并进一步调动政治意愿和加强国际能力。", "德黑兰会议再次有力显示了伊朗在这方面的严肃立场，那就是迫切需要采取国际行动，消除包括国家恐怖主义在内的一切形式和表现的恐怖主义所构成的威胁，而不论恐怖行为由谁和对谁犯下。", "谨随信转递全球反恐国际会议主席的结论(见附件)。请将此信及其附件作为大会议程项目107下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "临时代办", "大使", "埃沙格·哈比卜(签名)", "2011年8月8日伊朗伊斯兰共和国常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "全球反恐国际会议主席的结论", "2011年6月25日和26日，德黑兰", "1. 在伊朗伊斯兰共和国政府倡议下，全球反恐国际会议于2011年6月25日和26日在德黑兰举行。来自邻国阿富汗、伊拉克和巴基斯坦和来自苏丹共和国、塔吉克斯坦和毛里塔尼亚的国家元首和政府首脑、古巴副总统和来自60个国家的部长和其他高级代表、联合国代表(反恐执行工作队代理主管)、伊斯兰会议组织和其他区域组织的代表以及来自世界各地的一批杰出学者、研究人员及和平活动家出席了这次会议。", "2. 与会者对伊朗伊斯兰共和国政府建设性和及时地倡议举办这次全球反恐国际会议深表赞赏，并祝贺伊朗伊斯兰共和国成功组织这次大型活动。与会者强调了这种聚会对于为在国家和国际各级打击恐怖主义进一步调动政治意愿和加强国际能力至关重要。", "3. 与会者重申，他们毫不含糊地谴责包括国家恐怖主义和经济恐怖主义在内的一切形式和表现的恐怖主义行为，而不论恐怖行为由谁和对谁犯下。会上强调指出，长期以来，国家恐怖主义通过非法使用或威胁使用武力、侵略和占领，对世界各地许多国家的和平与稳定构成了真正的威胁。", "4. 会上确认，恐怖主义是一个全球性挑战，消除恐怖主义需要在联合国主持下采取全球核定的方针，并需要国际社会所有负责任成员的参与，同时还需要利用区域和国际主管组织的所有潜力，以促进反恐合作和协调。", "5. 会上强调了以综合全面方式审议恐怖主义所有层面问题的极端重要性。在此背景下，会上强调了处理恐怖主义历史性和持续存在的深层根源问题的重要性，其中包括外国侵略和占领、贫困和歧视以及一些国家的干涉政策。", "6. 与会者强调，正如伊朗最高领袖重申的那样，需要对恐怖主义提出一个协商一致的定义，这一定义不能妨碍或以任何方式影响公认的国际人道主义法规则和原则。会上强调指出，殖民统治或外国占领下的人民为争取他们不可剥夺的自决权利而进行的合法斗争，不应被贴上恐怖主义的标签。", "7. 会上强调了以一种透明、基于法治和非歧视方式打击恐怖主义的重要性。会上强调指出，应依照《联合国宪章》和包括国际人权法和人道主义法在内的国际法采取和执行反恐措施。与会者驳斥了在对待恐怖主义和恐怖团体方面的选择性或双重标准做法，并警告说这种做法可能会危害全球反恐中的国际信任与合作。", "8. 会上强调联合国、尤其是大会在建立国际共识和促进反恐合作和协调方面具有独特作用。在此情况下，会上强调在制订国际反恐规范的进程中，必须采取协商一致的做法。会上还强调了《联合国全球反恐战略》的重要地位，并强调指出该战略必须均衡执行，而且还必须对其作进一步审查，以期加强这一战略。", "9. 与会者强调必须在所有国家之间扩大反恐所有方面的双边、区域和国际合作与互动。与会者提请注意所有国家都有责任采取必要措施，将恐怖分子绳之以法，并请所有国家为此加强合作。", "10. 与会者强调指出，所有神圣宗教都毫不含糊地谴责恐怖主义和不分青红皂白暴力伤害无辜民众的行为，并高度重视人类生命和尊严以及国家之间的和平共处。与会者驳斥了任何把恐怖主义与某一特定文化、宗教或国籍挂钩或归因于其的恶意企图，对某些圈子企图把不容忍、极端主义、恐怖主义和暴力行为与宗教、特别是与伊斯兰教相挂钩的企图表示关切，并谴责对神圣价值观和宗教圣所的一切冒犯或挑衅行为。", "11. 与会者对包括国家恐怖主义在内的恐怖主义的受害者表示同情。与会者对以反恐名义过度和(或)不成比例动用军事力量的做法深表关切，指出这种做法夺走了越来越多无辜平民的生命，并强调解决这些受害者困境的重要性。与会者称赞这次会议关于纪念恐怖主义行为受害者的倡议。", "12. 与会者欢迎伊朗伊斯兰共和国提出倡议为这此会议建立一个常设总部，以采取后续行动进一步调动国际和区域政治意愿并在推动反恐合作和协调过程中保持势头。在这方面，与会者欢迎伊拉克共和国提出在伊拉克举行下届会议，会议日期将在适当的时候宣布。" ]

[ "大会第六十五届会议 议程项目107\n消除国际恐怖主义的措施", "2011年8月8日伊朗伊斯兰共和国常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信", "如你所知,伊朗伊斯兰共和国于2011年6月25日和26日在德黑兰组织了一次全球打击恐怖主义国际会议。 来自60个国家的国家元首和政府首脑、高级官员和知名专家以及相关国际和区域组织的代表参加了会议。 德黑兰会议的目的是就全球打击恐怖主义问题交换意见,并找到在国家和国际两级进一步调动政治意愿和加强国际反恐能力的实际办法。", "德黑兰会议再次坚定地表明,伊朗对迫切需要采取国际行动,消除一切形式和表现的恐怖主义所构成的威胁,包括国家恐怖主义所造成的威胁,无论恐怖主义是何人所为或针对何人所为。", "谨随函附上全球打击恐怖主义国际会议主席的结论(见附件)。 请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目107下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "埃沙格·哈比卜(签名)", "联合国", "临时代办", "2011年8月8日伊朗伊斯兰共和国常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信的附件", "全球打击恐怖主义国际会议", "2011年6月25日和26日,德黑兰", "1. 联合国 在伊朗伊斯兰共和国政府的倡议下,2011年6月25日和26日在德黑兰举行了全球打击恐怖主义国际会议。 来自邻国阿富汗、伊拉克和巴基斯坦以及苏丹共和国、塔吉克斯坦和毛里塔尼亚的国家元首和政府首脑、古巴副总统、60个国家的部长和其他高级代表、联合国(反恐执行工作队负责人)、伊斯兰合作组织和其他区域组织的代表以及世界各地杰出的学者和研究人员及和平活动家参加了会议。", "2. 联合国 与会者对伊朗伊斯兰共和国政府采取建设性和及时的举措组织全球打击恐怖主义国际会议深表感谢,并祝贺伊朗伊斯兰共和国成功组织这次会议。 与会者强调,此类会议对于进一步调动政治意愿和加强国家和国际两级打击恐怖主义的国际能力至关重要。", "3个 与会者重申明确谴责一切形式和表现的恐怖主义行为,包括国家恐怖主义和经济恐怖主义,不论在何处发生、针对何人或由何人所为。 有人强调,国家恐怖主义长期以来通过非法使用或威胁使用武力、侵略和占领,对全球许多国家的和平与稳定构成真正的威胁。", " 4.四. 人们承认,恐怖主义是一项全球性挑战,要消除恐怖主义,就必须在联合国主持下,通过国际社会所有负责任的成员的参与,采取得到全球批准的办法。 它还需要利用有关区域和国际组织的所有潜力,以促进反恐方面的合作与协调。", "5 (韩语). 与会者强调,以全面综合的方式审议恐怖主义的所有方面至关重要。 在这方面,有人强调必须解决恐怖主义的历史和持续根源,包括外国侵略和占领、贫穷和歧视以及一些国家的干预政策。", "6. 国家 与会者强调,正如伊朗最高领导人所重申的那样,必须就恐怖主义提出一个协商一致的定义,但不得以任何方式损害或影响公认的国际人道主义法规则和原则。 有人强调,不应将殖民统治或外国占领下的人民争取其不可剥夺的自决权的合法斗争称为恐怖主义。", "7. 联合国 会议强调必须以透明、以法治和不歧视的方式打击恐怖主义。 有人强调,应根据《联合国宪章》和国际法,包括国际人权和人道主义法采取并执行反恐措施。 与会者反对在打击恐怖主义和恐怖主义集团方面采取选择性或双重标准的做法,并警告说,这种做法会破坏全球反恐方面的国际信任与合作。", "8. 联合国 强调了联合国,特别是大会在建立国际共识和促进反恐合作与协调方面的独特作用。 在这方面,强调在国际反恐规范制定过程中必须遵循协商一致的做法。 还强调了《联合国全球反恐战略》的重要性及其均衡执行的必要性,以及为加强该战略而进行的进一步审查。", "9. 国家 与会者强调需要扩大所有国家在双边、区域和国际各级在打击恐怖主义的所有方面的合作和互动。 与会者回顾所有国家都有责任采取必要措施将恐怖分子绳之以法,并要求各国为此加强合作。", "10个 与会者强调,所有神圣宗教都明确谴责针对无辜人民的恐怖主义行为和不分青红皂白的暴力,这些宗教高度重视人的生命和尊严以及国家间的和平共处。 与会者反对任何将恐怖主义与某一特定文化、宗教或国籍联系起来或归属的恶毒企图,并对某些圈子将不容忍、极端主义、恐怖主义和暴力与宗教特别是伊斯兰教联系起来的企图表示关切,并谴责任何侵犯和挑衅神圣价值观和宗教圣洁的行为。", "11个 与会者对恐怖主义,包括国家恐怖主义的受害者表示同情。 与会者对以反恐为名过度和(或)不相称地使用军事力量深表关切,因为这已使越来越多的无辜平民丧生,他们强调必须解决这些受害者的困境。 与会者赞扬会议关于纪念恐怖主义行为受害者的倡议。", "12个 与会者欢迎伊朗伊斯兰共和国倡议为会议设立一个常设总部,作为进一步调动国际和区域政治意愿并保持促进反恐合作和协调的势头的后续行动。 在这方面,与会者欢迎伊拉克共和国提出在适当时候宣布的日期在伊拉克举行下次会议。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 48 of the provisional agenda*", "Assistance in mine action", "Assistance in mine action", "Report of the Secretary-General", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report, covering the period from August 2009 to July 2011, is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/84, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of that resolution and on follow-up to previous resolutions on assistance in mine clearance and mine action, including on relevant United Nations policies and activities.", "2. The report stresses the impact of mine action in the five major areas of United Nations work, namely peace and security; humanitarian affairs; economic development; human rights and international law, and describes the efforts of the United Nations Mine Action Team (consisting of 12 United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes,[1] including, as observer entities, the Office of Legal Affairs, the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the World Bank and the International Committee of the Red Cross) to integrate mine action in all five areas. The report begins with an update on efforts to promote the universalization and implementation of international legal instruments related to mine action, with key developments, including the adoption of the Cartagena Action Plan 2010-2014 to support enhanced implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention), the entry into force of the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 1 August 2010, and the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, held in Vientiane from 9 to 12 November 2010.", "3. The report highlights efforts to integrate mine action into United Nations peacekeeping operations and humanitarian and development programming and provides an overview of the coordination and rapid response mechanisms developed to address the threats of landmines and explosive remnants of war, including obsolete and degraded ammunition stockpiles and improvised explosive devices. In addition, the report notes that mine action is based on effective partnerships within the United Nations as well as between the Organization, its Member States and civil society, including non-governmental organizations and individuals.", "4. The report also outlines the achievements made since the previous report of the Secretary-General (A/64/287) in the implementation of the four strategic objectives identified in the United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy 2006-2010. In recognition of the evolving mine action landscape, the report outlines a series of recommendations, including enhanced cooperation among United Nations mine action partners in the area of ammunition stockpile management, to address the increased threats posed by improvised explosive devices and the vast circulation of illicit small arms and light weapons.", "II. Update on international instruments related to mine action", "5. The United Nations continued to assist Member States in the development and implementation of international instruments aimed at protecting civilians from the scourge of landmines and explosive remnants of war. To date, 156 countries have ratified or acceded to the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention since it opened for signature in 1997. Eighty-six States parties have completed their stockpile destruction obligations, collectively destroying over 45 million stockpiled anti-personnel mines. In 2009 and 2010, Albania, Greece, Nicaragua, Rwanda, Tunisia and Zambia declared that they had completed their clearance obligations. Ten States parties which were unable to clear and destroy their anti-personnel mines within the 10-year deadline requested extensions of the deadline.", "6. The Second Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction took place in Cartagena, Colombia, from 30 November to 4 December 2009. The Conference, entitled “The Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World”, reviewed progress made and focused on the remaining challenges for States parties and other partners in achieving full compliance with the Convention. The Conference adopted the Cartagena Declaration (“A shared commitment for a mine-free world”) and the Cartagena Action Plan 2010-2014, which provide guidance and a framework for the implementation and universalization of the Convention in the coming years.", "7. The Tenth Meeting of States Parties to the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, held in Geneva from 29 November to 3 December 2010, reviewed the intersessional work programme for 2011 and established a new Standing Committee on Resources, Cooperation and Assistance. The meeting also endorsed the report of the special task force set up at the Second Review Conference to evaluate the Implementation Support Unit at the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (ISU), adopting changes that would increase the independence and performance of the Unit under the direct guidance of States parties. States parties also welcomed the Geneva progress report on the status and operation of the Convention since the Second Review Conference.", "8. Since it opened for signature in December 2008, 109 countries have signed or acceded to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, including 38 countries that have used, produced, exported or stockpiled cluster munitions. Following the deposit of the thirtieth instrument of ratification on 16 February 2010, the Convention entered into force on 1 August 2010. As at 8 July 2011, the Convention had been ratified, accepted or acceded to by 59 countries.", "9. Nine States parties (Austria, Belgium, Ecuador, Hungary, Montenegro, Norway, Portugal, the Republic of Moldova and Spain) and two signatories (Colombia and the Czech Republic) have completed destruction of their stockpiles of cluster munitions. In 2010, two signatories (Afghanistan and Angola) reported that their stocks of cluster munitions had been destroyed as part of broader weapons disposal programmes. All States parties with stockpiles of such weapons indicated that they have either begun their physical destruction or are in the process of doing so, and 10 countries have enacted national legislation to implement the Convention.", "10. The First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions was held in Vientiane from 9 to 12 November 2010. The fact that Albania is serving as President of the Tenth Meeting of States Parties to the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, coupled with the Presidency of the Lao People’s Democratic Republic for the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention, reflects a promising trend towards increased ownership by affected States over the humanitarian disarmament conventions. Following the current presidencies, Lebanon will serve as President of the Second Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions in September 2011, and Cambodia will serve as President of the Eleventh Meeting of States Parties to the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention in November 2011.", "11. The Vientiane Declaration and Vientiane Action Plan adopted at the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions will guide the implementation of the Convention. States parties adopted national reporting formats for their reports under article 7 of the Convention regarding transparency measures. A work programme for 2011 was approved, including provisions for an intersessional meeting in 2011 to discuss the future architecture and implementation framework of the Convention. The Office for Disarmament Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provided substantive and logistical support to the Lao People’s Democratic Republic in advance of the First Meeting. At the meeting, UNDP was appointed Executive Coordinator, under the Lao Presidency, with responsibility for the preparations for the Second Meeting of States Parties, including the organization of an intersessional meeting in Geneva from 27 to 30 June 2011, in cooperation with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining.", "12. Within the context of the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, commonly known as the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the group of governmental experts continued negotiations on a protocol on cluster munitions. The United Nations Mine Action Team actively engaged with delegations and provided technical inputs to their deliberations. The United Nations Mine Action Team also provided technical advice to the 2010 intersessional expert meetings of States parties to amended Protocol II on mines, booby traps and other devices, and Protocol V on explosive remnants of war of the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, which focused, respectively, on improvised explosive devices and the implementation of Protocol V, including its plan of action on victim assistance.", "13. Since my last report, 102 States have ratified or acceded to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and 62 have adopted the Optional Protocol to the Convention. The United Nations Mine Action Team continued to encourage Member States to accede to the Convention, stressing its relevance in addressing the rights and needs of victims of mines and explosive remnants of war. At the programme level, opportunities were identified to integrate assistance to mine and explosive remnants of war victims into broader public health and support frameworks.", "III. Mine action response within the United Nations and outside", "14. The mine action landscape continued to evolve over the past two years. Further progress was made towards meeting the strategic objectives set out in the United Nations Mine Action Strategy 2006-2010, and some national mine action programmes reached completion. A case in point is Albania, which, having finished demining in 2009, is now working to transform its mine action programme to support the Government’s demilitarization programme, which includes ammunition stockpile management and the disposal of obsolete and degraded ammunition. A number of other countries also have begun to explore potential synergies between mine action and other sectors, recognizing that the tools and expertise developed to respond to the threat of landmines may be effective in addressing other threats, such as those posed by degraded and poorly managed ammunition stockpiles and improvised explosive devices.", "15. Nevertheless, several countries, including Afghanistan, Cambodia and the Sudan, remain severely affected by landmines. It is also worrisome that in some places, for example Colombia, new mines are being laid while existing landmines are being removed. The use of anti-personnel mines by non-State actors was also confirmed in Afghanistan, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Myanmar, Pakistan, Somalia, the Sudan and Yemen. In response to the threat posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war, the United Nations continued to implement various mine action programmes in support of the efforts of national authorities. The support of the United Nations has been critical to the provision and coordination of the mine action response during and in the immediate aftermath of conflict, notably in Pakistan, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and Côte d’Ivoire, as well as to the development of capacities and mechanisms to ensure that the mine action response is provided in the most effective way.", "16. In its resolution 64/84, “Assistance in mine action”, the General Assembly identified “the need for a comprehensive and independent evaluation of the scope, organization, effectiveness and approach of the work of the United Nations in mine action”. After extensive consultations, the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action agreed that the Joint Inspection Unit would undertake the evaluation. The United Nations Mine Action Team supported the evaluation of the Joint Inspection Unit, including the allocation of funding for it from the Voluntary Trust Fund.", "A. Integrating mine action in the United Nations system", "17. During the reporting period, increased focus was placed on integrating mine action within United Nations peacekeeping, humanitarian and development efforts. Mine action is a growing component of peacekeeping and special political missions, based on explicit reference to mine action in mission mandates or through contributions to the protection of civilians and the safe conduct of other mandated activities. The United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT, closed on 31 December 2010), the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO), the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL), the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS, closed on 9 July 2011), the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS, established on 9 July 2011) and the United Nations Support Office for the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) (UNSOA) all had mine action components.", "18. Mine action and problems related to explosive remnants of war, stockpile management and improvised explosive devices have been referenced in reports to the Security Council, in particular those addressing the situation in countries where peacekeeping operations or special political missions are or have been deployed. These include my reports on Afghanistan, the Central African Republic and Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Kosovo, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, Somalia, the Sudan (including Darfur), the Syrian Arab Republic and Western Sahara. Elements on mine action were also included in a number of thematic reports, including reports on women and peace and security; children and armed conflict; the protection of civilians in armed conflict; and peacebuilding in the immediate aftermath of conflict. In my report on children in armed conflict (S/2010/181), I highlighted the fact that, during the reporting period, more than 1,000 children were confirmed to have been killed or injured in conflict-related violence, victims, inter alia, of mines, unexploded ordnance and improvised explosive devices. In response to the threat posed to children by such weapons, in 2010, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) integrated mine and explosive remnants of war risk education and advocacy against the use of landmines and other indiscriminate weapons into its “Core Commitments for Children in Emergencies”, a framework that guides the UNICEF response to emergency situations.", "19. Continued efforts were made to include mine action in United Nations humanitarian and development plans as well as consolidated appeals processes. Mine action projects were included in the humanitarian appeals for Afghanistan, Chad, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gaza, Somalia and the Sudan. Mine action was further included in the humanitarian response to the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, with a mine action sub-cluster established under the protection cluster and five mine action projects included in the revised flash appeal launched by the Emergency Relief Coordinator in May 2011. The United Nations and bilateral, multilateral and civil society development agencies also began to integrate mine action into their programmes, as a sector of development in itself and as a means of advancing work in more traditional development sectors.", "20. In order to further promote gender equality in mine action, the United Nations revised the “Gender Guidelines for Mine Action Programmes” through the sharing of good practices and lessons learned from field programmes. The revised guidelines identify measures to be implemented in mine action programmes in order to balance the participation of women and men as beneficiaries, practitioners and decision makers and to ensure that mine action projects have an equally proportionate impact on women and girls, boys and men.", "B. Coordination and partnerships", "21. United Nations departments, offices, programmes, funds and agencies involved in mine action continued to coordinate their activities through the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action, chaired by the Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations, in accordance with “Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Inter-Agency Policy”.", "22. Following a review of existing mechanisms for the coordination of mine action, the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action agreed in October 2010 that the mine action area of responsibility within the global protection cluster should be fully activated in order to: align the coordination of mine action with the accepted cluster approach throughout the United Nations system; facilitate coordination with a broader group of stakeholders (for example, non-governmental organizations); and ensure a direct link with United Nations country teams. In coordination with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), which leads the Global Protection Cluster, the United Nations Mine Action Service drafted terms of reference for the mine action area of responsibility that were adopted by the membership, which includes the United Nations, non-governmental organizations and other partners.", "23. In order to promote coordination with non-governmental organizations and other implementing partners, the United Nations Mine Action Service chaired meetings of the Committee on Mine Action on the margins of the thirteenth and fourteenth International Meetings of National Mine Action Programme Directors and United Nations Advisers, held in Geneva in March 2010 and 2011 to discuss issues of common concern. The group also met during the intersessional meetings on the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention, held in Geneva in June 2011.", "24. In recognition of the complementarity between mine action and work to curb the illicit proliferation of small arms and light weapons, efforts have been made to ensure coherence and synergies among the two processes within the United Nations. Examples of these include the participation of members of the United Nations Mine Action Team in the Coordinating Action on Small Arms (CASA) mechanism, chaired by the Office for Disarmament Affairs, and the provision of technical expertise by the United Nations Mine Action Team to the development of the International Small Arms Control Standards, for which the International Mine Action Standards served as a model.", "25. The Office for Disarmament Affairs, together with the United Nations Mine Action Service, continued to develop the international ammunition technical guidelines, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/51, in which the Assembly encouraged Member States to contribute to the development of technical guidelines to assist countries, on a voluntary basis, to improve their national stockpile management capacity, prevent the growth of surpluses and address wider risk mitigation. The United Nations delivered a well-received presentation on the guidelines at the second General Assembly of the Latin American Association of Peacekeeping Operations Training Centres, held in Rio de Janeiro in August 2010. I welcome the continued development of the guidelines by the Office for Disarmament Affairs, in partnership with the United Nations Mine Action Service, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and others, which is critical to avoid explosive remnants of war contamination created by unintended explosions.", "26. During the reporting period, I called on the Department of Safety and Security to coordinate the development of a comprehensive policy on the United Nations approach to improvised explosive devices that are part of active hostilities and that threaten personnel and facilities of the Organization. In view of the similarities between the threat of landmines and that of improvised explosive devices, I recommended that the experiences of the members of the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action be taken into account in the development of the aforementioned policy, which is expected to be presented to the Steering Group of the Inter-Agency Security Management Network in late 2011.", "C. Servicing the mine action community", "27. In 2009, in recognition of the critical role that can be played by standing capacities in the planning and start-up of missions, the United Nations Mine Action Service established its Standing Mine Action Capacity mechanism. Since its establishment, the mechanism has been deployed to provide immediate response to emergency situations, reinforce existing programmes and conduct needs assessments and programme evaluations. Most recently, in March 2011, the United Nations Mine Action Service deployed its personnel assigned to the mechanism to Cairo to coordinate the mine action response to the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to establish the mine action area of responsibility under the protection cluster.", "28. The post-electoral crisis in Côte d’Ivoire left a trail of explosive remnants of war, which posed a direct threat to human security and prevented the Government and humanitarian and development actors from safely pursuing reconstruction and rehabilitation efforts. In response to that threat, on 14 April 2011, the United Nations Mine Action Service deployed a technical expert to Côte d’Ivoire to assess the scope and nature of contamination in Abidjan and to identify the requirements for clearance of priority hazardous areas in support of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) and other stakeholders, including national authorities. In future, the discovery of ammunition stockpiles and arms caches, in Abidjan and beyond, will require the implementation of ammunition and weapons management projects in support of national security institutions. In this connection, the Mine Action Service has begun to assist UNOCI to address ammunitions and weapons management in support of its disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and its security sector reform efforts.", "29. At the request of my Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in Guinea-Bissau (UNIOGBIS), the United Nations Mine Action Service conducted technical assessment missions to Guinea-Bissau from 24 to 28 May 2010 and from 13 to 19 February 2011. The 2010 mission undertook a preliminary assessment of existing ammunition storage, management and destruction capacities to assist Guinea-Bissau in addressing its surplus ammunition stockpile. The follow-on mission focused on reducing the immediate hazard and laying the foundations for a longer-term ammunition management regime, in accordance with the international ammunition technical guidelines currently under development.", "30. The United Nations Mine Action Service, in conjunction with the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency, held its seventh and eighth annual rapid response exercises in Sweden in June 2010 and 2011. As in previous years, the exercises focused on establishing a mine action coordination centre in an emergency environment. The annual exercise is included in the workplan of the global protection cluster, and a number of member agencies send staff to the exercise to enhance future responses.", "31. The development and maintenance of International Mine Action Standards continued to be an essential element of United Nations support to the mine action community. The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining assists the United Nations Mine Action Service to manage the annual review process, in order to ensure that the Mine Action Standards maintain their relevance. Amendments have been made to all of the Mine Action Standards, including recognition of issues related to cluster munitions. In addition, in 2010, the International Mine Action Standards Review Board approved a new standard, developed by UNICEF, on mines and explosive remnants of war risk education, which replaced seven existing standards on mine risk education.", "32. As noted above, the thirteenth and fourteenth International Meetings of National Mine Action Programme Directors and United Nations Advisers were held in Geneva in March 2010 and 2011. Organized by the United Nations Mine Action Team in partnership with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, the annual meetings provide an opportunity for up to 300 mine action practitioners to assess progress achieved and future challenges in the sector. It is encouraging that national directors took an increased role in chairing and facilitating the meetings.", "33. From 6 to 8 September 2010, the United Nations Mine Action Service, in coordination with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining, hosted the third mine action technology workshop in Geneva entitled “Merging mine action technology and methodology”. This biannual event brings together mine action practitioners, equipment manufacturers and research and development organizations to review current technology and future needs. The workshop focused on the use of satellite and aerial imagery along with remote analysis and sensing technology to identify mined areas.", "34. During the reporting period, UNDP continued to promote South-South cooperation through its Mine Action Exchange Programme, which facilitates cooperation and peer review among affected countries and the dissemination of good practices. In 2010, initiatives undertaken under the programme included exchanges of information and experience among the mine action programmes of Angola, Cambodia and Mozambique.", "D. Resource mobilization/allocation", "35. According to the Landmine and Cluster Munitions Monitor (an initiative of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines), around $1 billion was generated in support of mine action efforts between 2009 and 2011, confirming that funding levels remained stable in spite of the global financial crisis. The vast majority of funds were directed to a relatively small number of States and territories, however, and primarily allocated to mine clearance, which is but one of the five pillars of mine action (also including mine risk education, victim assistance, stockpile destruction and advocacy).", "36. From 1 August 2009 to 8 July 2011, contributions to the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action totalled $172 million, benefiting 21 affected States and territories. In addition, peacekeeping assessed funds for mine action totalled over $161 million for the period from 1 July 2009 through 30 June 2011. Troop-contributing countries also provided in-kind mine action capacity in direct support of mission mandates.", "37. Between 2009 and 2010, donor funding through the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery and UNDP country offices totalling $80 million supported 28 national mine action programmes. During the same period, over $25 million was provided to UNICEF for its mine action support to over 10 countries and territories.", "38. The United Nations Mine Action Team continued to assist the Mine Action Support Group, a forum of donors providing political and financial support to mine action activities. Under the chairmanship of the United States of America, the Support Group held its annual meeting in New York on 14 October 2010, with 37 members in attendance. For the first time, participants included representatives from Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, reflecting the increasing pool of donors with an interest in mine action. The Group also met in Geneva on 10 May 2011 to address the mine action requirements for the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which I welcome as a positive development for donor coordination in the area of mine action.", "39. On 30 November 2009, the United Nations organized the launch of the Portfolio of Mine Action Projects 2010 in Cartagena, to coincide with the Cartagena Summit on a Mine-Free World. An annual publication, the portfolio provides an overview of how affected countries plan to address problems posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war, in partnership with the United Nations, non-governmental organizations and other actors at the local, national and international levels. In 2010, the United Nations organized a review of the Portfolio of Mine Action Projects process. Based on the outcome of the review process, a new methodology and templates are being developed, aimed at increasing the use of the portfolio as a reference by mine action donors in making decisions about allocation of resources. The Portfolio of Mine Action Projects 2011, which includes 238 projects covering all five pillars of mine action, was launched online on 18 March 2011.", "IV. Implementation of the United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy for 2006-2010", "40. In order to measure the implementation of the United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy 2006-2010, the United Nations Mine Action Team distributed a survey to 49 mine action programmes that had received its support. Preliminary results underscored the decreasing rate of civilian deaths and injuries, the positive correlation between mine action and enhanced humanitarian and development responses, the integration of mine action into national development and reconstruction plans and the establishment of national mine action authorities. By identifying successes and gaps, the survey results will inform the strategic objectives of the United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy 2011-2015. A list of progress and achievements during the reporting period is presented below.", "A. Strategic objective 1: Reduction of death and injury by at least 50 per cent", "41. Statistics from several countries reflect a noticeable reduction of death and injury due to landmines and other explosive remnants of war. In 2010, Afghanistan averaged 33 casualties per month (26 per cent from landmines and 74 per cent from unexploded ordnance), representing a 29 per cent decrease from 2009. Of the victims, 16 per cent were female, and 65 per cent were children, with boys between the ages of 7 to 14 accounting for 55 per cent of all victims under the age of 18. Similarly in Chad, victim surveillance reported a reduction in reported casualties from 51 in 2009 to 17 in 2010.", "42. In Gaza, the United Nations Mine Action Team provided life-saving interventions in the aftermath of “Operation cast lead”, creating a safer environment for the civilian population and humanitarian delivery. The mine action programme conducted risk assessments of 2,187 sites, including housing sites, which were estimated to benefit 80,132 persons, and provided risk education to 5,426 individuals. Civilian casualties fell from 39 in 2009 to 16 in 2010, a 41 per cent decrease.", "43. In Nepal, United Nations support to the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction in developing and implementing a national mine action strategy contributed to a further decrease in casualties. Available data for 2010 revealed 43 victims of mines and explosive remnants of war, representing a 39 per cent decrease over 2009. The data indicated that the majority of victims were under 18 years of age and that they were injured by victim-activated improvised explosive devices.", "44. In the Somaliland and Puntland regions of Somalia, enhanced coordination and clearance capacity contributed to reducing civilian casualties and enabling development activities. In south central Somalia, increased monitoring of accidents resulted in significant improvements in prioritization and targeting for mine action implementers. Risk education was prioritized in central Somalia, which helped prevent death and injury among migrants escaping clashes in the south of the country. Mogadishu and the Afgoye corridor were especially targeted owing to high levels of contamination and casualty rates in these densely populated areas. The United Nations Mine Action Service provided risk education to 361,843 Somalis in central Somalia, the Afgoye corridor and Mogadishu and established a local identification and disposal capacity in three of the most densely populated and mine-affected regions in the south.", "45. In a notable development, the United Nations Mine Action Service, as part of UNSOA, began to work with AMISOM to increase the awareness of mines, explosive remnants of war and improvised explosive devices among the troops and to improve their ability to undertake explosive ordnance disposal operations safely and efficiently. In October 2009, with support from the United Nations Mine Action Service, AMISOM began the disposal of explosive remnants of war in Mogadishu. By April 2011, it had destroyed 5,591 mines, explosive remnants of war and items of small arms ammunitions. Systematic baseline surveys were conducted for the first time in districts of Mogadishu, giving a view of the pervasiveness of contamination in areas accessible to humanitarian assistance. Nevertheless, new mine use has been reported in several areas where armed opposition groups have reportedly mined key roads and strategic arteries. It must noted that eight Somali regions remain under the control of armed groups that have impeded clearance activities.", "46. In Colombia, where non-State armed groups continue to use landmines and improvised explosive devices, the number of victims remains very high, with approximately two casualties reported daily. Nevertheless, the overall number of incidents has decreased in recent years, with 512 victims, 30 per cent of whom were civilian, reported in 2010, compared to 741 in 2009.", "47. In the Sudan, the number of victims of landmines and explosive remnants of war increased by 35 per cent in 2010, although this may be partly explained by increased access to areas previously closed to civilians due to security concerns. In 2010, under the coordination of the United Nations Mine Action Office, a grouping of United Nations entities led by the United Nations Mine Action Service, with UNICEF as lead agency on risk education, the mine action community in the Sudan delivered community-based risk education to 330,015 people, with special focus on internally displaced persons and returnees.", "48. Mines and unexploded ordnance continued to pose a serious threat to people in the conflict-affected governorates of Yemen, in particular children, who tend to be concentrated in high-risk areas or to mistake mines and unexploded ordnance for toys. In 2010, over 34 children died from mines and explosive remnants of war and 24 sustained serious injuries. Lack of access for mine clearance units was the main impediment to reducing risk in the affected areas. Following the signing of the ceasefire agreement between the Government and the Al-Houthi armed group in February 2010, UNICEF, in coordination with the Yemen Executive Mine Action Centre and UNDP, initiated risk education activities, including three campaigns targeting over 28,000 people, training-of-trainers courses and the distribution of risk education material.", "B. Strategic objective 2: Mitigate the risk to community livelihoods and expand freedom of movement for at least 80 per cent of the most seriously affected communities", "49. Significant strides were made towards improving the livelihoods of those who face the socio-economic impact and restriction of movement because of landmines and explosive remnants of war. In Cambodia, UNDP supported the work of the Cambodian Mine Action Centre in coordinating the restoration of 14 million square metres of contaminated land, destroying, in the process, 14,000 anti-personnel mines, 403 anti-tank mines and over 80,000 items of unexploded ordnance. Over 80,000 people are expected to have benefited from demining activities by gaining access to agricultural land, sources of irrigation, roads, health centres and other infrastructure. Nearly 2,000 students now have access to schools in areas that were demined.", "50. In eastern Chad, the clearance of 2,500 kilometres of road, including 4,700,000 square metres of war-torn land and 212 dangerous areas, and the destruction of 21,000 explosive remnants of war and items of ammunition resulted in a reduced risk to host communities, refugees and internally displaced persons. Since, agricultural land represented 78 per cent of the land cleared, this action improved the livelihoods of thousands of people.", "51. In Ethiopia, the Ethiopian Mine Action Office, with support from UNDP, continued to conduct mine clearance and risk education, further reducing the risks posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war. During the reporting period, 10,178,977 square metres of land were released for agricultural use and other economic activities, and risk education was provided to 94,815 community members.", "52. Strides towards mitigating the risk to community livelihoods and expanding freedom of movement were also made in Iraq, with support from UNDP, increasing access to agriculture and schools. UNDP also continued to support clearance activities in Mozambique, where 136 areas previously blocked to economic development were cleared in 2010.", "53. In the Sudan, significant progress was made to open roads, 96 per cent of which are now deemed safe. The opening of roads improved freedom of movement and facilitated the return of internally displaced persons and refugees as well as the delivery of humanitarian assistance. Clearance operations have also resulted in the use of land for agricultural purposes and other development and income-generating activities.", "54. In Western Sahara, increased resources have produced an improved programme performance, namely, the destruction of over 7,600 explosive remnants of war east of the berm and the creation of a significant reduction in the overall threat level in the highly contaminated areas of Mehaires and Tifariti. With priority being given to environmental conditions, the scarcity of resources and the need of nomads to access grazing land, the programme has had a positive impact on the local population, facilitating their access to wadis and water sources and promoting food security. Nevertheless, despite the above achievements, casualty rates within Western Sahara reportedly increased in 2010, highlighting the urgent need for risk education.", "55. Elsewhere, progress has been hindered by a number of factors, including security concerns, gender issues and political considerations. For example, in Afghanistan, although clearance of over 189 square kilometres of land has led to improved access to roads and pasture lands, contamination levels remain high, with 6,545 known minefields, covering 627 square kilometres of land and impacting the lives and livelihoods of 2,056 communities, still to be cleared. A shift to community-based demining, whereby Afghan demining experts train and mentor local community members to conduct clearance, has proved to be an effective way of operating in highly insecure parts of the country, which has also contributed to enhanced stability. Since my last report, over 1.7 million Afghans have received risk education, including 250,000 women and almost 500,000 girls. This figure is all the more remarkable since often times women cannot attend public risk education sessions, and female trainers who can reach women in their homes remain few. To address this challenge, a radio campaign is being launched, highlighting the importance of allowing girls to attend risk education sessions.", "56. In 2010, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, verification and clearance took place on 7,637 kilometres of roads and 428,000 square metres of land, mainly in the eastern part of the country, and risk education was provided to 568,600 individuals. However, ongoing insecurity, adverse weather and reduced financial resources negatively impacted mine action operations. In addition, violence involving local militias resulted in new contamination around Mbandaka and Gemena airports in Equateur province. The presence or perception of landmines and explosive remnants of war continued to hinder livelihoods, free movement, access to basic services and markets and the rehabilitation of infrastructure. The danger posed by large, unmanaged stockpiles of ammunition in the country has already been highlighted in the final report of the Group of Experts on the Democratic Republic of the Congo (S/2008/773). In response, the United Nations Mine Action Service within MONUSCO destroyed ammunition stocks, including over 50,000 small arms ammunition near Goma, in March 2010. To complement ongoing efforts by implementing partners, in February 2011, the United Nations Mine Action Service recruited a technical officer specialized in ammunition to work with the Congolese Armed Forces on eliminating the hazard posed by obsolete, degraded and poorly managed stocks.", "C. Strategic objective 3: Integration of mine action needs into national development and reconstruction plans and budgets in at least 15 countries", "57. During the reporting period, the United Nations worked with national counterparts to promote the integration of mine action into national development and reconstruction plans. The Mine Action Coordination Centre of Afghanistan, managed by the United Nations Mine Action Service at the request of the Government, worked with a range of ministries to ensure the integration of mine action into wider development plans. The Centre also worked to ensure that mine action operations are in line with Government objectives, as outlined in the Afghanistan Compact and the Afghan National Development Strategy.", "58. With support from UNDP, the National Mine Action Coordination Centre of Guinea-Bissau highlighted the need for integration of mine action into the national development strategy. A national mine action plan has been developed, in cooperation with the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining.", "59. Until the peacekeeping operation closed on 31 December 2010, the United Nations Mine Action Service within MINURCAT supported the development of the Chadian national mine action strategy and action plan, which is based on the obligations of the Government of Chad under the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention and the socio-economic and humanitarian needs of communities. UNDP assisted the national mine action authorities in revising the national mine action plan to take account of the results of an ongoing technical survey aimed at clarifying the extent of contamination.", "60. In Iraq, the mine action strategy for 2010-2012 was approved and launched in early 2010, with support from UNDP. Iraq also has a national mine action plan that integrates mine action needs into national and local reconstruction and development plans.", "61. In the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, the unexploded ordnance sector is governed by a national strategic document that underlines the “strong correlation between poverty and food insecurity on the one hand, and the presence of unexploded ordnance, on the other”. Based on that strategy, the Lao National Regulatory Authority, with support from UNDP, worked to ensure that the national socio-economic development plan for 2011-2015 refers to unexploded ordnance as a cross-cutting issue. In 2010, the Government introduced a ninth Millennium Goal — to reduce the impact of explosive remnants of war on development. In addition, a post-clearance impact assessment, facilitated by the Regulatory Authority, was completed in 2010 to obtain a better understanding of how clearance contributes to the Government’s poverty reduction efforts.", "62. In Mozambique, the national mine action plan (2008-2014) supports the national poverty reduction plan as a cross-cutting issue impacting development sectors. The challenge, however, is to ensure that all relevant ministries and local authorities take account of mine action issues in the development and implementation of their respective development plans. In Sri Lanka, integration with development plans takes place at the district level, where UNDP and UNICEF support the development of annual district mine action plans, specifying clearance, risk education and victim assistance priority activities, based on the national mine action strategy and in line with district development plans. More efforts are still required to ensure the integration of mine action needs into national development and reconstruction plans.", "63. For the first time in 2010, the Somaliland Mine Action Centre in Somalia participated in the development of the Somaliland regional development plan. This and ongoing advocacy efforts with local authorities resulted in a financial contribution of $44,000 by the Government to the Centre in 2011. The Centre has also undertaken liaison with the regional administration to ensure the integration of mine action requirements in all development plans. In collaboration with UNDP and the United Nations Mine Action Service, mine action was included in the United Nations Development Assistance Framework for the Sudan for the period from 2009 to 2012 and the Sudan five-year strategy for the period from 2007 to 2012.", "D. Strategic objective 4: Assist the development of national institutions to manage the landmine/explosive remnants of war threat, and at the same time prepare for residual capacity in at least 15 countries", "64. During the reporting period, the United Nations worked with national mine action authorities in various countries to build local capacity and ensure national ownership over mine action strategies and priorities. In Afghanistan, the Coordination Centre continued to work with the Department of Mine Clearance, in anticipation of the transfer of responsibility for planning and coordination of mine action activities from the former to the latter in 2013. As regards victim assistance, the Centre worked with the Ministry of Public Health, the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Martyrs and the Disabled and the Ministry of Education to ensure the rights and needs of persons with disabilities, including landmine survivors, are addressed and embedded into national structures.", "65. UNDP provided further capacity development support to the Cambodian Mine Action Authority, including assistance in conducting a 2009 capacity assessment aimed at enhancing the Authority’s ability to deliver against its mandate. Similarly in Chad, following the closure of MINURCAT at the end of 2010, the United Nations Mine Action Service continued to assist the national demining centre and its regional centre in Abeche in developing residual capacity, including through the training of 25 staff on the International Mine Action Standards.", "66. In Colombia, following a decision enshrined in a national mine action bill adopted in December 2010 to allow civilian demining organizations to operate in the country, the Presidential programme for integrated mine action requested technical assistance from the United Nations Mine Action Service to develop an operational coordination system for civilian mine clearance that complements the ongoing assistance being provided by UNICEF and UNDP. The Mine Action Service supported the development of national guidelines and technical standards for mine clearance operations, as well as procedures for accreditation, quality assurance and information management.", "67. Security Council resolution 1925 (2010), which established MONUSCO, mandated the Mission, inter alia, to “assist the Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in enhancing its demining capacity”. The United Nations Mine Action Service within MONUSCO supported the drafting and adoption of a national mine action law, endorsed by the National Assembly on 15 October 2010, which established a national mine action centre and stipulated the inclusion of provisions for mine action within the national budget. In Ethiopia, UNDP provided technical advice to the national authority in the development of a mine action plan, from July 2010 to December 2011, and supported the development of national mine action standards in accordance with the International Mine Action Standards.", "68. The United Nations Mine Action Team continued to work closely with the Nepal Army Mine Action Coordination Centre to develop local capacity and meet its clearance obligations under the 2006 Comprehensive Peace Agreement. In addition, the United Nations Mine Action Team continued to support the newly established mine action section within the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction, including in developing and implementing a national mine action strategy and an annual workplan. In December 2010, UNICEF started to develop the section’s mine risk education coordination capacity, with a view to starting the handover of responsibilities by December 2011. UNICEF also supported the prevention capacity of key governmental bodies, including the Department of Education, the Nepal Police and the Armed Police Force, which now have the ability to deliver risk education in any of the 25 most affected districts. As a clear sign of the increased role of the national authorities in the coordination and implementation of mine action activities, in August 2010, the national mine action section began to lead the Mine Action Joint Working Group, which it previously co-chaired with the United Nations Mine Action Team.", "69. In 2010, the United Nations Mine Action Service in Somalia supported the establishment of an explosive ordnance disposal capacity within the Transitional Federal Government that has the potential to expand into all 10 regions in south central Somalia. Similar capacities established in Somaliland and Puntland provide an effective call-out service within the respective regions. These services are able to remove and destroy explosive remnants of war with limited support.", "70. In Sri Lanka, a national mine action centre was formally established in 2010 to manage mine action activities. UNDP has been providing support to the centre through its regional mine action offices in Jaffna and Vavuniya, in order to promote implementation of Government mine action policies and activities, while UNICEF supports the national mine risk education and victim assistance efforts.", "71. The United Nations also continued to support the further development of the National Mine Action Centre in Khartoum and the South Sudan Demining Authority. Since early 2010, the National Mine Action Centre has become increasingly proactive in all pillars of mine action. Since 2009, the South Sudan Demining Authority has increased joint operations with the United Nations Mine Action Office in the Sudan in field quality assurance and accreditation for clearance and mine risk education activities. In early 2011, the South Sudan Demining Authority also began to host monthly and quarterly mine action coordination meetings, with support from the United Nations Mine Action Service.", "72. In Tajikistan, UNDP supported the development of a strategic plan for 2011-2015, ensuring a wide consultative approach, as well as the adoption of national mine action standards. UNDP also supported the development of a national mine action strategy in Thailand, which was submitted by the Thai Mine Action Centre for the approval of the Government in 2010.", "V. Observations and recommendations", "73. As noted above, mine action has an impact in all five major areas of the work of the United Nations. With regard to international law, the tenth anniversary of the entry into force of the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention provided an opportunity for the United Nations, States parties and relevant partners to take stock of progress made towards a mine-free world and how best to address remaining challenges to the full implementation of the Convention. I welcome the adoption, at the Second Review Conference of States Parties to the Convention, of the Cartagena Action Plan 2010-2014 and the Cartagena Declaration, and look forward to their implementation in the coming years. Another major development in this area was the entry into force of the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 1 August 2010 and the subsequent First Meeting of States Parties in Vientiane in November 2010, an important step towards eliminating those weapons. I encourage all Member States which have not yet done so to accede to the Convention, and to enact the national legislation to implement it effectively.", "74. As regards the impact of mine action in the other four areas of the Organization’s work, increased efforts at integrating mine action into United Nations peacekeeping operations as well as humanitarian and development programmes reflect an increased awareness that mine action is critical to bringing about long-term peace and security, the safe delivery of humanitarian assistance, sustainable development and respect for human rights. A prime example is the visit of the Acting Director of the United Nations Mine Action Service to Western Sahara in July 2011, at the request of my Personal Envoy, to further the constructive role of mine action in the ongoing talks.", "75. In order to promote the positive impact of mine action, coordination and rapid response mechanisms have been enhanced. The area of responsibility within the global protection cluster has been fully activated, facilitating the coordination of mine action in response to the crisis in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in 2011. Member States also strengthened their coordination of mine action within the framework of the Mine Action Support Group, supported by the United Nations Mine Action Service, which now includes a wider membership and meets to address ad hoc crises. More can still be done to ensure that the United Nations provides the most effective response to the threat to peace and security, economic development and human rights posed by landmines and explosive remnants of war. In this regard, I welcome the ongoing evaluation of United Nations work in mine action by the Joint Inspection Unit and look forward to the report and its recommendations, which I trust will further strengthen our work in this area.", "76. As noted above, the landscape in which the United Nations operates has evolved, with the threat posed by improvised explosive devices, obsolete, degraded and poorly managed ammunition stockpiles and the circulation of illicit small arms and light weapons on the rise even as the threat of landmines and explosive remnants of war diminishes. I have encouraged continued cooperation among United Nations partners in the development of policies and instruments to respond to the aforementioned security threats, including at the country-level, in recognition of the added value of their respective contributions. In particular, I have directed the United Nations Mine Action Service to continue to work with other relevant United Nations agencies, funds and programmes to address such issues, in view of the expertise and capacity that it has developed since its establishment in 1997.", "77. Significant strides have been made in the field of mine action, including the establishment of concrete international norms and the application of proven solutions, however, this work is far from completed. It is essential not to overlook the continued threat posed by landmines. I am especially concerned by the continued landmine use reported in Afghanistan, Colombia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Yemen, and by the new mine usage reported in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Somalia and the Sudan in 2011, which show that gains made towards the elimination of landmines can easily be eroded. Most recently, credible reports indicate that new landmines have been laid in Southern Kordofan state in the Sudan and the contested Abyei area, where the United Nations is currently deploying a new peacekeeping mission, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA). With the liquidation of UNMIS, the United Nations may be less able to address the threat of landmines in Southern Kordofan.", "78. Given the persistent threat posed by landmines, further efforts are required before mine action can be removed from the international community’s agenda. The United Nations will continue to assist the development and implementation of mine action programmes, in cooperation with national authorities and international partners. As noted above, a new United Nations Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy for 2011-2015 is being developed, with refined objectives to better address outstanding challenges. In reaffirming the United Nations commitment to mine action, I call upon the international community to provide continued political and financial support for the elimination of landmines and explosive remnants of war. The continued threat posed by these weapons should not be underestimated, lest we pay a high price in terms of human lives, as well as undermine our collective efforts at promoting long-term peace and security, sustainable development and human rights.", "79. In closing, I pay tribute to all the deminers who have lost their lives in the line of duty, and condemn in the strongest terms all attacks against mine action personnel. Such attacks must be seen as attacks on the fundamental principles of peace, security and humanitarian assistance that lie at the very core of the work of the United Nations. In view of the highly insecure environments in which mine action personnel operate, I commend them for their continued dedication and commitment to providing life-saving services to vulnerable communities, regardless of political, religious, ethnic or geographical considerations.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "The 12 entities are: the United Nations Mine Action Service of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Office for Disarmament Affairs, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Food Programme (WFP) and the World Health Organization (WHO)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目48", "协助地雷行动", "协助地雷行动", "秘书长的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告涵盖2009年8月至2011年7月期间，是根据大会第64/84号决议提交的，大会在该决议中请秘书长就该决议的执行情况以及关于协助扫雷和协助地雷行动的历项决议的后续行动，包括联合国的相关政策和活动，向大会第六十六届会议提交报告。", "2. 报告强调地雷行动对联合国工作五大领域的影响，这些领域是和平与安全、人道主义事务、经济发展、人权和国际法；介绍联合国地雷行动小组(包括联合国12个部门、机构、基金和方案，¹ 以及观察员实体，即法律事务厅、联合国裁军研究所(裁研所)、世界银行和红十字国际委员会)把地雷行动纳入所有五个领域的工作。报告一开始说明为促进有关地雷行动的国际法律文书的普遍化和实施作出的最新努力，介绍关键事态发展，包括通过《2010−2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》，以支持大力执行《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》(《禁雷公约》)；《集束弹药公约》于2010年8月1日生效；2010年11月9日至12日《集束弹药公约》缔约国第一次会议在万象召开。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "¹ 12个实体是：维持和平行动部联合国地雷行动处、裁军事务厅、联合国开发计划署(开发署)、联合国人道主义事务协调厅、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、世界粮食计划署(粮食署)和世界卫生组织(世卫组织)。", "3. 报告突出强调了把地雷行动纳入联合国维持和平行动及人道主义和发展方案规划的努力，概述了所制订的协调和快速反应机制，用以消除地雷和战争遗留爆炸物，包括陈旧和退化的弹药储存和简易爆炸装置的威胁。此外，报告指出，地雷行动是以联合国内部及联合国、会员国和包括非政府组织和个人在内的民间社会之间的有效伙伴关系为基础。", "4. 报告还概述了自秘书长上一次报告(A/64/287)以来在执行2006-2010年联合国机构间地雷行动战略确定的四个战略目标方面取得的成就。报告认识到地雷行动的背景不断变化，概述了一系列建议，包括联合国地雷行动伙伴在弹药储存管理领域加强合作，消除简易爆炸装置及非法小武器和轻武器广为流通造成的更大威胁。", "二. 有关地雷行动的国际文书的最新情况", "5. 联合国继续协助会员国制订和实施旨在保护平民免受地雷和战争遗留爆炸物祸害的国际文书。至目前为止，《禁雷公约》自1997年开放供签署后，有156个国家批准或加入了该公约。86个缔约国已完成了销毁储存的义务，共销毁4 500多万枚储存的杀伤人员地雷。在2009年和2010年，阿尔巴尼亚、希腊、尼加拉瓜、卢旺达、突尼斯和赞比亚宣布完成了扫雷义务。10个缔约国无法在10年期限内扫除和销毁杀伤人员地雷，要求延长期限。", "6. 《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》缔约国第二次审议大会于2009年11月30日至12月4日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳召开。名为“卡塔赫纳无雷世界峰会”的该次会议审查了进展情况，侧重讨论缔约国和其他伙伴在全面遵守公约方面面临的余下挑战。会议通过了《卡塔赫纳宣言》(“共同致力于一个无地雷的世界”)和《2010-2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》，为未来几年公约的实施和普遍化提供指导和框架。", "7. 《禁雷公约》缔约国第十次会议于2010年11月29日至12月3日在日内瓦举行，会议审查了2011年闭会期间工作方案，成立了一个新的资源、合作和援助常设委员会。会议还认可了第二次审议大会设立的特别工作队的报告，该工作队负责评价日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心执行支助股的工作。会议采纳了一些变动，以提高该股在缔约国直接指导下的独立性和业绩。缔约国还欢迎关于第二次审议大会以来公约状况和运作的日内瓦进展报告。", "8. 自《集束弹药公约》于2008年12月开放供签署以来，有109个国家签署或加入了该公约，其中38个国家曾使用、制造、出口或储存集束弹药。2010年2月16日第三十份批准书交存后，该公约于2010年8月1日生效。截至2011年7月8日，59个国家批准、接受或加入了公约。", "9. 9个缔约国(奥地利、比利时、厄瓜多尔、匈牙利、黑山、挪威、葡萄牙、摩尔多瓦共和国和西班牙)和两个签署国(哥伦比亚和捷克共和国)销毁了其储存的集束弹药。2010年，两个签署国(阿富汗和安哥拉)报告，作为更广泛的武器处置方案的一部分，它们的集束弹药储存已销毁。拥有此种武器储存的所有缔约国都表示，它们已经开始实际销毁或正在销毁过程中；10个国家已制定国家立法，以落实公约。", "10. 2010年11月9日至12日，在万象举行了《集束弹药公约》缔约国第一次会议。阿尔巴尼亚担任《禁雷公约》缔约国第十次会议主席，再加上老挝人民民主共和国担任《集束弹药公约》缔约国第一次会议主席，这反映了一个很有希望的趋势，说明受影响的国家对人道主义裁军公约有越来越多的自主性。现任主席任期结束后，黎巴嫩将担任2011年9月的《集束弹药公约》缔约国第二次会议主席，柬埔寨将担任2011年11月的《禁雷公约》缔约国第十一次会议主席。", "11. 《集束弹药公约》缔约国第一次会议通过的《万象宣言》和《万象行动计划》将指导公约的执行。缔约国通过了根据公约有关透明度措施的第7条提交报告的国家报告格式。批准了2011年工作方案，其中包括为2011年讨论公约未来的架构和实施框架的一次闭会期间会议编列的经费。在第一次会议之前，裁军事务厅和开发计划署(开发署)向老挝人民民主共和国提供了实质性和后勤支持。开发署在会议上被任命为主席国老挝之下的执行协调员，负责筹备缔约国第二次会议，包括与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心合作，于2011年6月27日至30日在日内瓦举行闭会期间会议。", "12. 在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(俗称《特定常规武器公约》)范围内，政府专家组继续关于集束弹药议定书的谈判。联合国地雷行动小组与各代表团积极合作，为审议提供技术投入。联合国地雷行动小组还提供技术意见，协助关于地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的修正第二号议定书和《特定常规武器公约》的《关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书》缔约国2010年闭会期间专家会议，两者分别侧重简易爆炸装置和第五号议定书的执行，包括其援助受害者行动计划的执行。", "13. 自本人上次报告以来，有102个国家批准或加入了《残疾人权利公约》，62个国家通过了公约的任择议定书。联合国地雷行动小组继续鼓励会员国加入公约，强调其有助于满足地雷和战争遗留爆炸物受害者的权利和需要。在方案一级找出了机会，以便将援助地雷和战争遗留爆炸物受害者的工作纳入更广泛的公众健康和支持框架。", "三. 联合国内外的地雷行动反应", "14. 地雷行动的情况在过去两年继续演变。实现联合国2006-2010年地雷行动战略所列战略目标的工作取得新进展。一些国家的地雷行动方案已经完成。一个典型的例子是阿尔巴尼亚，它在2009年完成了排雷工作，现正改造其地雷行动方案，用以支助政府的非军事化方案，其中包括弹药储存管理和处置陈旧退化的弹药。另一些国家也已经开始探讨地雷行动与其他部门之间的潜在协同效应，认识到为应对地雷威胁而开发的工具和专门知识，还可有效应对其他威胁，如退化和管理不善的弹药储存和简易爆炸装置构成的威胁。", "15. 不过，包括阿富汗、柬埔寨和苏丹在内的几个国家仍然受地雷的严重影响。还让人担忧的是，在一些地方，如哥伦比亚，在清除现有地雷的同时，还在埋设新地雷。在阿富汗、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、缅甸、巴基斯坦、索马里、苏丹和也门，也证实非国家行为者使用杀伤人员地雷。联合国为应对地雷和战争遗留爆炸物所造成的威胁，继续实施各种地雷行动方案，支持国家主管部门的努力。联合国提供的支持对于在冲突期间和冲突结束后立即提供和协调地雷行动反应发挥了关键作用，特别是在巴基斯坦、阿拉伯利比亚民众国和科特迪瓦等国，对于发展能力和机制，确保以最为有效的方式提供地雷行动反应也起到关键作用。", "16. 大会题为“协助地雷行动”的第64/84号决议确定了“需要对联合国地雷行动工作的规模、组织、实效和办法作出全面和独立的评价”。机构间地雷行动协调小组经过广泛协商，商定由联合检查组进行评价。联合国地雷行动小组支持联合检查组的评价工作，包括从自愿信托基金为其拨款。", "A. 统一联合国系统地雷行动", "17. 在本报告所述期间，更加重视把地雷行动纳入联合国维持和平、人道主义和发展努力。由于特派团任务规定中明确提及地雷行动，或是通过地雷行动为保护平民和其他授权活动的安全进行作出的贡献，地雷行动日益成为维和特派团和特别政治任务的组成部分。联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团(中乍特派团，2010年12月31日结束)、联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、联合国阿富汗援助团(联阿援助团)、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)、联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队(联塞部队)、联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)、联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团，2011年7月9日结束)、联合国南苏丹特派团(南苏丹援助团，成立于2011年7月9日)和联合国非洲联盟驻索马里特派团(非索特派团)支助办事处(非索特派团支助办)都有地雷行动部分。", "18. 地雷行动和有关战争遗留爆炸物、储存管理和简易爆炸装置的问题，已在向安全理事会提交的报告中提到，特别是在关于正在部署或已经部署维持和平行动或特别政治任务的国家的情况的报告中。这些报告包括本人关于阿富汗、中非共和国和乍得、科特迪瓦、塞浦路斯、刚果民主共和国、伊拉克、科索沃、黎巴嫩、利比里亚、尼泊尔、索马里、苏丹(包括达尔富尔)、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和西撒哈拉的报告。地雷行动内容也列入若干专题报告，包括关于妇女与和平与安全；儿童与武装冲突；武装冲突中平民保护；冲突结束后立即着手建设和平工作等专题的报告。本人关于武装冲突中的儿童的报告(S/2010/181)强调，在该报告所述期间，有1 000多名儿童被证实已在与冲突有关暴力事件中被杀害或受伤，特别是沦为地雷、未爆弹药和简易爆炸装置的受害者。为应对这些武器对儿童的威胁，2010年，联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)把地雷和战争遗留爆炸物风险教育和反对使用地雷和其他滥杀滥伤武器的宣传纳入了“对紧急情况中儿童的核心承诺”，这是一个指导基金会应对紧急情况的框架。", "19. 继续作出努力，把地雷行动纳入联合国人道主义和发展计划以及联合呼吁程序。地雷行动项目列在阿富汗、乍得、刚果民主共和国、加沙、索马里和苏丹的人道主义呼吁中。地雷行动也包括在对阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机的人道主义反应中，即在保护问题专题组下设立地雷行动分组，并将5个地雷行动项目列入紧急救济协调员2011年5月发出的经修订的紧急呼吁。联合国以及双边、多边和民间社会发展机构也开始把地雷行动纳入方案，自成一个发展部门，并推进更传统的发展部门的工作。", "20. 为进一步促进地雷行动中的两性平等，联合国通过交流外地方案的良好做法和经验教训订正了“地雷行动方案两性准则”。修订后的准则确定在地雷行动方案中实施措施，让男女都作为受益者、实践者和决策者平等参与，确保地雷行动项目对妇女和女孩、男孩和男子产生同样相称的影响。", "B. 协调和伙伴关系", "21. 根据“地雷行动和有效协调：联合国机构间政策”，参与地雷行动的联合国各部门、办事处、方案、基金和机构继续通过由主管维持和平行动副秘书长主持的机构间地雷行动协调小组协调活动。", "22. 在审查现有的地雷行动协调机制后，机构间地雷行动协调小组在2010年10月商定，全球保护问题专题组内的地雷行动责任领域应充分启动，以使地雷行动的协调与整个联合国系统已经接受的专题组办法相一致；协助与更广泛的利益攸关方(例如非政府组织)的协调；确保与联合国国家工作队的直接联系。与联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)(领导全球保护问题专题组)协调，联合国地雷行动处起草了地雷行动责任领域的职权范围，由包括联合国、非政府组织和其他合作伙伴在内的成员通过。", "23. 为促进与非政府组织和其他执行伙伴的协调，联合国地雷行动处在2010年和2011年3月在日内瓦举行的国家地雷行动方案主任和联合国顾问第十三和第十四届国际会议之际，主持了地雷行动委员会会议，讨论共同关心的问题。小组还在2011年6月日内瓦《禁雷公约》闭会期间举行了会议。", "24. 由于认识到地雷行动和遏制小武器和轻武器非法扩散之间的互补性，因此作出了努力，确保联合国内两个进程之间的一致性和协同性。这方面的例子包括，联合国地雷行动小组成员参加由裁军事务厅主持的小武器问题协调行动机制，联合国地雷行动小组提供技术专长，协助拟订国际小武器管制标准，国际地雷行动标准成为其范本。", "25. 裁军事务厅以及联合国地雷行动处根据大会第64/51号决议继续制订国际弹药技术准则。大会在该决议中鼓励各会员国协助制订技术准则，以协助各国自愿提高本国的储存管理能力，防止过剩弹药的增加，更广泛地减少风险。联合国在拉丁美洲维持和平行动训练中心协会2010年8月里约热内卢第二次大会上，介绍了该准则，反应良好。我欢迎裁军事务厅继续与联合国地雷行动处、联合国开发计划署(开发署)和其他方面合作编写准则，这对避免战争遗留爆炸物意外爆炸造成的污染至关重要。", "26. 在本报告所述期间，我呼吁安全和安保部协调制订一项全面政策，说明联合国处理简易爆炸装置问题的办法，这些装置成为当前敌对活动的一部分，并威胁到联合国人员和设施。鉴于地雷和简易爆炸装置的威胁类似，我建议在制订上述政策时考虑到机构间地雷行动协调小组成员的经验，预计该政策将在2011年底提交给机构间安全管理网络指导小组。", "C. 为地雷行动界服务", "27. 联合国地雷行动处认识到常设能力在特派团规划和开办中可以发挥至关重要的作用，于2009年建立了地雷行动常设能力机制。这一机制自成立以来已得到使用，以提供即时的应急反应，加强现有的方案，并进行需求评估和方案评价。最近，在2011年3月，联合国地雷行动处部署了该机制人员到开罗，协调针对阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机的地雷行动，建立保护问题专题组下的地雷行动责任领域。", "28. 科特迪瓦选举后的危机留下了许多战争遗留爆炸物，直接威胁到人的安全，阻碍政府、人道主义和发展行动者安全地进行重建和恢复工作。为应对这一威胁，2011年4月14日，联合国地雷行动处部署一名技术专家到科特迪瓦，评估阿比让的污染范围和性质，确定清除重点危险区域以支持联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)和国家当局等其他利益攸关方的需要。今后，如在阿比让及以外地方发现弹药储存和武器储藏处，将需要实施弹药和武器管理项目，以支持国家安全机构。在这方面，地雷行动处已开始协助联科行动处理弹药和武器管理问题，以支持其解除武装、复员和重返社会以及安全部门改革的努力。", "29. 应我的特别代表兼联合国几内亚比绍建设和平综合办事处(联几建和办)负责人的请求，联合国地雷行动处派团于2010年5月24日至28日和2011年2月13日至19日对几内亚比绍进行了技术评估。2010年的评估团初步评估了现有的弹药储存、管理和销毁能力，以协助几内亚比绍处理其过剩弹药储存。后续评估团的重点是，按照目前正在制订的国际弹药技术准则，减少眼前的危险，为长期的弹药管理制度奠定基础。", "30. 联合国地雷行动处与瑞典民事应急机构一起，在2010年和2011年6月举行了第七届和第八届年度快速反应演习。与往年一样，演习侧重于在紧急情况下建立地雷行动协调中心。年度演习包含在全球保护问题专题组的工作计划内，一些成员机构派人参加演习，以增强今后的反应。", "31. 国际地雷行动标准的制订和维护，继续是联合国支持地雷行动界的重要组成部分。日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心协助联合国地雷行动处管理年度审查进程，以确保地雷行动标准保持相关性。对所有地雷行动标准都作了修订，包括确认有关集束弹药的问题。此外，国际地雷行动标准审查委员会在2010年批准了儿基会编写的关于地雷和战争遗留爆炸物风险教育的新标准，该标准代替现有七个关于地雷风险教育的标准。", "32. 如上所述，国家地雷行动方案主任和联合国顾问第十三届和第十四届国际会议于2010年和2011年3月在日内瓦举行。这些年度会议由联合国地雷行动小组与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心合作主办，为多达300名地雷行动从业人员提供机会，评估取得的进展和该部门未来的挑战。令人鼓舞的是，各位国家主任在主持和推动会议进行方面起到更大的作用。", "33. 2010年9月6日至8日，联合国地雷行动处与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心协调，在日内瓦主办了第三次地雷行动技术讲习班，题为“汇集地雷行动技术和方法”。这一年两次的活动汇集了地雷行动从业人员、设备制造商和研究与发展组织，审查当前技术和未来的需求。讲习班的重点是使用卫星和航空图像以及远程分析和遥感技术确定雷区。", "34. 在本报告所述期间，开发署继续通过地雷行动交流方案，促进受影响国家间合作和同行审查，推广良好做法，从而促进南南合作。2010年，这项方案下采取的举措包括在安哥拉、柬埔寨和莫桑比克等国的地雷行动方案之间交流信息和经验。", "D. 资源调动/分配", "35. 根据地雷和集束弹药监测(国际禁止地雷运动的一项举措)的信息，在2009年至2011年间，调集了约10亿美元，用于支持地雷行动。这证实尽管发生全球金融危机，但供资水平仍然稳定。但绝大多数资金用于数量相对较少的国家和地区，并主要用于扫雷，但这仅是地雷行动的五大支柱(还包括地雷风险教育、援助受害者、销毁储存和宣传)之一。", "36. 2009年8月1日至2011年7月8日，给联合国协助地雷行动自愿信托基金的捐款共计1.72亿美元，惠及21个受影响的国家和地区。此外，2009年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间，用于地雷行动的维和摊款共计1.61多亿美元。部队派遣国也提供了实物地雷行动能力，直接支持特派团的任务。", "37. 2009年至2010年，捐助者通过开发署危机预防和恢复专题信托基金和开发署国家办事处，共捐助8 000万美元，支持28个国家地雷行动方案。同一时期，向儿基会提供了2 500多万美元，用于其向10多个国家和地区提供的地雷行动支助。", "38. 联合国地雷行动小组继续协助地雷行动支助小组，这是一个为地雷行动活动提供政治和财政支持的捐助者的论坛。在美利坚合众国主持下，支助小组于2010年10月14日在纽约召开年会，37个成员出席。与会者第一次包括来自沙特阿拉伯和阿拉伯联合酋长国的代表，反映了越来越多的捐助者对地雷行动感兴趣。小组还于2011年5月10日在日内瓦开会，商讨阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机的地雷行动需要，我表示欢迎这一地雷行动方面捐助者协调的积极发展。", "39. 2009年11月30日，联合国在卡塔赫纳举办《2010年地雷行动项目概览》的发行活动，配合卡塔赫纳无雷世界峰会。概览每年出版，概述受影响国家如何拟定计划，与联合国、非政府组织和地方、国家和国际各级其他行动者合作，解决地雷和战争遗留爆炸物造成的问题。2010年，联合国组织了《地雷行动项目概览》进程的审查。根据审查进程的结果，正在拟定新方法和模板，旨在让地雷行动捐助者更多使用概览作为参考，就有关资源分配作出决定。《2011年地雷行动项目概览》包括238个项目，涉及地雷行动的所有五大支柱，于2011年3月18日在网上推出。", "四. 2006-2010年联合国机构间地雷行动战略的执行情况", "40. 为了衡量2006-2010年联合国机构间地雷行动战略的执行情况，联合国地雷行动小组向49个得到其支助的地雷行动方案分发了一份调查。初步调查结果强调平民伤亡人数的下降、地雷行动与加强人道主义和发展对策之间的正向关联、地雷行动纳入国家发展和重建计划及建立国家地雷行动管理机构等方面。通过找出成功经验和差距，调查结果将有助于制订2011-2015年联合国机构间地雷行动战略的战略目标。下文列出报告期内的进展和成就：", "A. 战略目标1：将死伤人数至少减少50%", "41. 来自几个国家的统计数据反映出，地雷和其他战争遗留爆炸物造成的死伤显著减少。 2010年，阿富汗平均每月33人伤亡(26%由于地雷，74%由于未爆弹药)，比2009年减少29%。在受害者中，16%为女性，65%是儿童，在未满18岁的所有受害者中，7至14岁的男童占55%。同样，在乍得，受害者监测报告表明，2009年的报告伤亡人数为51人，2010年降至17人。", "42. 在加沙，联合国地雷行动小组在“铸铅行动”后提供拯救生命干预，为平民人口和人道主义援助创造更安全的环境。地雷行动方案对包括居住地点在内的2 187个地点进行了风险评估，估计有80 132人受益；为5 426名个人提供了风险教育。平民伤亡人数从2009年的39人，降至2010年的16人，下降了41%。", "43. 在尼泊尔，联合国支持和平与重建部制定实施国家地雷行动战略，为进一步减少人员伤亡作出贡献。2010年现有数据显示，有43人成为地雷和战争遗留爆炸物受害者，比2009年减少39%。数据表明，受害者绝大多数在18岁以下，是本人触发了简易爆炸装置。", "44. 在索马里的索马里兰和邦特兰地区，加强了协调和扫雷能力，有助于减少平民伤亡和开展发展活动。在索马里中南部，增加了对事故的监测，显著改善了地雷行动执行者确定优先次序和有针对性开展行动的工作。风险教育在索马里中部得到重视，这有助于防止逃避该国南部冲突的移民的死伤。尤其重视摩加迪沙和Afgoye走廊，因为这两个地方地雷密布，人口稠密，伤亡率高。联合国地雷行动处在索马里中部、Afgoye走廊和摩加迪沙为361 843名索马里人提供风险教育，在南部三个人口最稠密并受地雷影响的地区设立地方探雷和排雷能力。", "45. 一个显著的发展是，联合国地雷行动处作为非索特派团支助办的一部分，开始与非索特派团一道工作，让部队更多认识到地雷、战争遗留爆炸物和简易爆炸装置的危害，并提高其安全、高效率地进行爆炸物处理作业的能力。2009年10月，在联合国地雷行动处的支持下，非索特派团开始在摩加迪沙处理战争遗留爆炸物。到2011年4月，销毁了5 591枚地雷、战争遗留爆炸物和小武器弹药。在摩加迪沙各区，首次进行了系统的基线调查，了解了有人道主义援助活动的地方的地雷埋设情况。不过，一些地区据报埋设了新的地雷；据报反对派武装团体在这些地区的主要道路和战略动脉上埋设地雷。必须指出，索马里8个地区仍处在武装团体控制之下，无法进行扫雷活动。", "46. 在哥伦比亚，非国家武装团体继续使用地雷和简易爆炸装置，受害者人数仍很多，大约每天报告两人伤亡。不过，近年来，伤亡事件总数有所下降，2010年报告有512人受害，其中30%是平民，2009年则为741人。", "47. 在苏丹，地雷和战争遗留爆炸物受害者人数在2010年增加了35%，虽然部分原因可能是，以前出于安全考虑对平民封闭的地区现日益开放。2010年，在联合国地雷行动办事处协调下，苏丹境内的地雷行动界向330 015人提供了以社区为基础的风险教育，并特别注重境内流离失所者和回返者。该办事处由一些联合国实体组成，联合国地雷行动处负责牵头，儿基会是开展风险教育方面的牵头机构。", "48. 地雷和未爆弹药继续严重威胁到也门受冲突影响省份的人民，特别是儿童。儿童往往集中在高风险地区，或者误把地雷和未爆弹药当作玩具。2010年，超过34名儿童因地雷和战争遗留爆炸物丧生，24人身受重伤。扫雷单位难以进入，是减少受影响地区风险的主要障碍。政府与Al-Houthi武装团体在2010年2月签订停火协议后，儿基会与也门执行地雷行动中心和开发署协调，启动风险教育活动，包括开展3场针对28 000多人的运动，开办培训员培训课程，分发风险教育材料。", "B. 战略目标2：减轻社区生计面临的风险，扩大行动自由，惠及至少80%受影响最严重的社区", "49. 在改善由于地雷和战争遗留爆炸物而受到社会经济影响和行动受限的人的生计方面取得长足进展。在柬埔寨，开发署支持柬埔寨地雷行动中心协调在1 400万平方米土地上排除地雷，在过程中销毁了14 000枚杀伤人员地雷、403枚反坦克地雷和80 000多件未爆弹药。预计将有80 000多人受益于排雷活动，能够前往农田、使用灌溉来源、道路、医疗中心和其他基础设施。现在，近2 000名学生能够到曾是雷区的地方上学。", "50. 在乍得东部，为2 500公里道路扫雷，包括为4 700 000平方米战区土地和212个危险区扫雷，并销毁了21 000件战争遗留爆炸物和弹药，减缓了东道社区、难民和境内流离失所者面临的风险。由于农业用地占被扫雷土地的78%，这一行动改善了数千人的生计。", "51. 在埃塞俄比亚，埃塞俄比亚地雷行动办公室在开发署的支助下继续开展扫雷和风险教育，进一步减少地雷和战争遗留爆炸物造成的风险。在本报告所述期间，清理了10 178 977平方米土地，可以用于农业和其他经济活动，向94 815名社区成员提供了风险教育。", "52. 在伊拉克，在开发署的支持下，在减少社区生计面临的风险和扩大行动自由方面也取得了长足进步，人们可以开展更多农业活动，前往更多学校。开发署还继续支持莫桑比克的扫雷活动，该国136个先前无法进行经济发展的地区在2010年扫除了地雷。", "53. 在苏丹，道路开放取得了显著进展，现在96%的道路是安全的。道路的开放改善了行动自由，便利了境内流离失所者和难民的回返以及人道主义援助的运送。扫雷行动也使人们能够将土地用于农耕及其他发展和创收活动。", "54. 在西撒哈拉，资源的增加改进了方案业绩，销毁了护堤以东7 600多件战争遗留爆炸物，大大降低了高污染地区Mehaires和Tifariti的整体威胁。因优先考虑环境条件、资源的匮乏以及游牧民对放牧地的需要，方案对当地居民产生积极影响，便利他们进入河谷和获得水源，促进了粮食安全。尽管取得上述成就，但据报西撒哈拉境内的伤亡率在2010年有所上升，突出说明急需风险教育。", "55. 在其他地方，进展受制于若干因素，包括安全关切、性别问题和政治考虑。例如，在阿富汗，虽然为超过189平方公里的土地扫除了地雷，使人们可以使用更多道路和草场，但污染程度仍然很高，有6 545多个已知雷场仍待扫雷，占地627平方公里，影响2 056个社区的生活和生计。转为以社区为基础的排雷，由阿富汗排雷专家培训和指导当地社区成员开展扫雷，已证明是在该国高度不安全的地区开展行动的有效途径，也有助于增强稳定。自我上次报告以来，170多万阿富汗人接受了风险教育，包括25万名妇女和近50万女童。这一数字很是可观，因为妇女常常无法出席公共风险教育课程，可到妇女家中的女性培训人员仍然很少。为了应对这一挑战，正在开展广播运动，突出宣传让女童参加风险教育课程的重要性。", "56. 2010年，在刚果民主共和国，对主要是在该国东部地区的7 637公里公路和428 000平方米土地进行了核查和扫雷，向568 600人提供了风险教育。不过，持续的不安全状况、恶劣的天气和财政资源的减少，都影响到地雷行动。此外，涉及地方民兵的暴力活动导致赤道省姆班达卡机场和盖梅纳机场周围出现新污染。存在地雷和战争遗留爆炸物或认为其存在的情况，继续阻碍生计、行动自由、基本服务的获取和市场的利用及基础设施的恢复。刚果民主共和国存有大量无人管理的弹药，其危险在刚果民主共和国问题专家组的最后报告(S/2008/773)中已经突出说明。针对这种情况，联刚稳定团内的联合国地雷行动处销毁了弹药储存，其中包括2010年3月在戈马附近销毁的50 000多件小武器弹药。为配合执行伙伴的不断努力，2011年2月，联合国地雷行动处征聘了一名弹药技术干事，与刚果武装部队合作消除陈旧、退化和管理不善的弹药储存带来的危险。", "C. 战略目标3：将地雷行动需要纳入至少15个国家的国家发展和重建计划和预算", "57. 在本报告所述期间，联合国与国家对口单位合作，促进把地雷行动纳入国家发展和重建计划。应政府要求由联合国地雷行动处管理的阿富汗地雷行动协调中心，与各部委合作，确保将地雷行动纳入更广泛的发展计划。该中心还努力确保地雷行动的活动与《阿富汗契约》和《阿富汗国家发展战略》所列的政府目标相一致。", "58. 在开发署的支持下，几内亚比绍国家地雷行动协调中心强调把地雷行动纳入国家发展战略的需要。已与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心合作编写了国家地雷行动计划。", "59. 直到中乍特派团在2010年12月31日结束，该维和行动内的联合国地雷行动处一直支持拟订乍得国家地雷行动战略和行动计划。该文件是基于乍得政府在《禁雷公约》下的义务及社区的社会经济和人道主义需求拟定的。开发署协助国家地雷行动机构修订国家地雷行动计划，以考虑到旨在查明受污染程度的持续技术调查的结果。", "60. 在伊拉克，2010-2012年地雷行动战略获得批准，在开发署支持下在2010年初启动。伊拉克还拥有一个国家地雷行动计划，把地雷行动需求纳入了国家和地方的重建和发展计划。", "61. 在老挝人民民主共和国，未爆弹药部门是由国家战略文件规范，该文件强调，“贫穷和粮食不安全与未爆弹药的存在之间有很强的相关性”。根据这一战略，老挝国家管理当局在开发署支持下，努力确保2011-2015年国家社会经济发展计划将未爆弹药问题作为一个跨领域问题提及。政府在2010年推出了第九个千年目标——减少战争遗留爆炸物对发展的影响。此外，扫雷后影响评估得到国家管理当局协助，在2010年完成，以求更好地了解扫雷工作如何有助于政府的扶贫努力。", "62. 在莫桑比克，国家地雷行动计划(2008-2014年)作为一个影响各发展部门的交叉问题，支持国家扶贫计划。不过，面临的挑战是，确保所有有关部委和地方当局在制订实施各自发展计划时，考虑到地雷行动问题。在斯里兰卡，纳入发展计划的工作在县一级开展，开发署和儿基会支持根据国家地雷行动战略和县发展计划制订年度县级地雷行动计划，确定扫雷、风险教育和受害者援助的优先活动。仍需作出更大努力，确保把地雷行动需要纳入国家发展和重建计划。", "63. 2010年，索马里的索马里兰地雷行动中心第一次参加索马里兰区域发展计划的编制。这一努力及对地方当局的持续宣传工作，促成了2011年政府给中心捐款44 000美元。中心还与地区政府联系，确保地雷行动需求纳入所有发展计划。经与开发署和联合国地雷行动处合作，地雷行动被纳入2009年至2012年联合国对苏丹发展援助框架和2007年至2012年苏丹五年战略。", "D. 战略目标4：协助至少15个国家的国家机构发展，控制地雷/战争遗留爆炸物的威胁，同时筹备剩余能力", "64. 在本报告所述期间，联合国与各国国家地雷行动当局合作，建立当地能力，确保国家对地雷行动战略和优先事项的自主权。在阿富汗，协调中心继续与扫雷工作署合作，准备在2013年把地雷行动规划和协调的责任从中心转至该署。关于受害者援助，中心与卫生部、劳动、社会事务、烈士和残疾人部和教育部合作，确保残疾人，包括地雷幸存者的权利和需要得到处理，并纳入国家结构。", "65. 开发署向柬埔寨地雷行动管理局提供了进一步的能力发展支持，包括协助进行2009年能力评估，以加强管理局执行任务的能力。同样，在乍得，中乍特派团在2010年底结束后，联合国地雷行动处继续协助国家排雷中心和阿贝歇区域中心发展剩余能力，包括为此培训25名工作人员掌握国际地雷行动标准。", "66. 在哥伦比亚，国家地雷行动法案在2010年12月通过，其中一项决定允许民间排雷组织在国内开展活动。在这之后，总统综合地雷行动方案请联合国地雷行动处提供技术援助，发展一套民间扫雷业务协调系统，补充儿基会和开发署提供的持续援助。地雷行动处支持制定国家扫雷行动准则和技术标准，以及认证、质量保证和信息管理程序。", "67. 设立联刚稳定团的安全理事会第1925(2010)号决议授权该特派团除其他外，“协助刚果民主共和国政府加强排雷能力”。联刚稳定团内的联合国地雷行动处支持国家地雷行动法的起草和通过。该法由国民议会于2010年10月15日批准，成立了国家地雷行动中心，规定国家预算内列入地雷行动款项。在埃塞俄比亚，从2010年7月至2011年12月，开发署向国家主管部门提供技术咨询，制定地雷行动计划，并支持按照国际地雷行动标准编写国家地雷行动标准。", "68. 联合国地雷行动小组继续与尼泊尔陆军地雷行动协调中心紧密合作，以便其发展当地能力，并根据2006年《全面和平协定》履行扫雷义务。此外，联合国地雷行动小组继续支持和平与重建部内新成立的地雷行动科，包括制定实施国家地雷行动战略和年度工作计划。儿基会在2010年12月开始发展该科的地雷风险教育协调能力，以期到2011年12月开始职责移交。儿基会还支持教育部、尼泊尔警察和武装警察部队等关键政府机构的预防能力，这些机构现在有能力在25个受影响最严重县中的任何一个县提供风险教育。国家主管部门在协调执行地雷行动中发挥越来越大的作用，这方面的一个明确迹象是，2010年8月，国家地雷行动科开始牵头地雷行动联合工作组，而先前是与联合国地雷行动小组共同主持。", "69. 2010年，联合国地雷行动处在索马里支持过渡联邦政府内建立爆炸物处理能力，还可能扩大到索马里中南部所有10个地区。在索马里兰和邦特兰建立的类似能力在各自区域内提供了有效的呼叫服务，能够在有限支助下，清除和销毁战争遗留爆炸物。", "70. 在斯里兰卡，国家地雷行动中心正式成立于2010年，负责管理地雷行动。开发署一直通过其在贾夫纳和瓦武尼亚的区域地雷行动办公室支持中心，以促进执行政府的地雷行动政策和活动，而儿基会则支持国家地雷风险教育和向受害者提供援助的努力。", "71. 联合国还继续支持在喀土穆的国家地雷行动中心和苏丹南方排雷机构的进一步发展。自2010年初以来，国家地雷行动中心日益积极从事地雷行动所有支柱的活动。2009年以来，苏丹南方排雷机构增加了与联合国地雷行动办事处在苏丹的联合行动，涉及实地扫雷质量保证和认证及地雷风险教育活动。2011年初，苏丹南方排雷机构还在联合国地雷行动处支持下，开始主持月度和季度地雷行动协调会议。", "72. 在塔吉克斯坦，开发署支持制定2011-2015年战略计划，确保采取广泛协商办法，并支持通过国家地雷行动标准。开发署还支持制定泰国国家地雷行动战略，该战略由泰国地雷行动中心于2010年提交，供泰国政府批准。", "五. 意见和建议", "73. 如上所述，地雷行动影响联合国工作的所有五个主要领域。关于国际法，《禁雷公约》生效十周年，为联合国、缔约国和有关合作伙伴提供了机会，可以回顾实现无雷世界方面的进展以及如何最好地应对全面执行《公约》方面的其余挑战。我欢迎公约缔约国第二次审议大会通过《2010-2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》和《卡塔赫纳宣言》，并期待在未来几年内付诸实施。这方面另一个主要进展是，《集束弹药公约》于2010年8月1日生效，以及随后缔约国第一次会议于2010年11月在万象召开，这是消除这些武器的重要一步。我鼓励所有尚未加入的会员国加入该公约，并制定有效实施公约的国家立法。", "74. 关于地雷行动对联合国工作其他四个领域的影响，把地雷行动纳入联合国维持和平行动以及人道主义和发展方案的更多努力反映了人们越来越认识到，地雷行动是实现长期和平与安全、安全运送人道主义援助、可持续发展和尊重人权的关键。一个最好的例子是，2011年7月，应我个人特使的请求，联合国地雷行动处代理处长访问西撒哈拉，以推动地雷行动在正在进行的会谈中的建设性作用。", "75. 为促进地雷行动产生积极影响，加强了协调和快速反应机制。全球保护问题专题组内的责任领域完全启动，促进地雷行动的协调，应对2011年阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机。会员国还加强了地雷行动支助小组框架内的地雷行动协调，该小组得到联合国地雷行动处的支助，现在包括更广泛的成员，并开会处理随时出现的危机。仍可作出更多努力，确保联合国最有效地应付地雷和战争遗留爆炸物对和平与安全、经济发展和人权的威胁。在这方面，我欢迎联合检查组正在对联合国地雷行动工作进行评价，期待其报告及建议；我相信，报告和建议将进一步加强我们在这一领域的工作。", "76. 如上所述，联合国运作的环境已经变化，简易爆炸装置、陈旧、退化和管理不善的弹药储存和非法小武器和轻武器的流通造成的威胁在增加，虽然地雷和战争遗留爆炸物的威胁在减少。我鼓励联合国伙伴之间继续合作，制定政策和工具，应对上述安全威胁，包括在国家一级继续合作，同时认识到各自贡献的价值。我特别指示联合国地雷行动处，鉴于其自1997年成立以来发展的专门知识和能力，继续与联合国其他相关机构、基金和方案合作，处理这些问题。", "77. 地雷行动领域取得了显著的进展，包括制定具体的国际规范和适用经证明的解决方案；但是，工作还远未完成。切勿忽视地雷造成的持续威胁。我特别关切的是，据报在阿富汗、哥伦比亚、缅甸、巴基斯坦和也门仍然使用地雷，而且据报2011年在阿拉伯利比亚民众国、索马里和苏丹开始使用地雷；这说明在消除地雷方面的进展很容易被侵蚀。最近，可信的报告表明，在苏丹南科尔多凡州和有争议的阿卜耶伊地区埋设了新的地雷；在那里，联合国目前正在部署新的维和特派团：联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队。随着联苏特派团的清理结束，联合国处理南科尔多凡州地雷威胁的能力可能减小。", "78. 鉴于地雷所造成的持续威胁，还需要进一步努力，才能把地雷行动从国际社会议程中去除。联合国将继续与国家当局和国际伙伴合作，协助地雷行动方案的制定和实施。如上所述，正在拟定新的2011-2015年联合国机构间地雷行动战略，订出完善的目标，以更好地处理悬而未决的挑战。为重申联合国对地雷行动的承诺，我呼吁国际社会提供持续政治和财政支持，以消除地雷和战争遗留爆炸物。不应低估这些武器所构成的持续威胁，否则，我们将在人的生命方面付出高昂的代价，并损害我们的集体努力，无法促进长期和平与安全、可持续发展和人权。", "79. 最后，我要向所有因公殉职的排雷人员致敬，最强烈地谴责所有对地雷行动人员的攻击。这种攻击必须被视作对作为联合国工作核心的和平、安全和人道主义援助基本原则的攻击。鉴于地雷行动人员是在高度不安全的环境中工作，我赞扬他们持续奉献，矢志不移，不计政治、宗教、种族或地理因素，向脆弱社区提供挽救生命的服务。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目48", "协助排雷行动", "协助排雷行动", "秘书长的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告涵盖2009年8月至2011年7月期间,是根据大会第64/84号决议提交的。 大会在该决议中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交报告,说明该决议的执行情况和以往关于协助排雷和地雷行动的各项决议的后续行动,包括联合国的相关政策和活动。", "2. 联合国 报告强调了地雷行动在联合国五个主要工作领域的影响,即和平与安全;人道主义事务;经济发展;人权和国际法,并介绍了联合国地雷行动小组(由12个联合国部门、机构、基金和方案组成)[1] 包括作为观察员实体的法律事务厅、联合国裁军研究所(裁研所)、世界银行和红十字国际委员会为将地雷行动纳入所有五个领域而作的努力。 报告首先介绍了为促进普遍加入和执行与地雷行动有关的国际法律文书而作的努力的最新情况,并介绍了主要的事态发展,包括通过了《2010-2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》,以支持加强执行《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》(《禁止杀伤人员地雷公约》)、《集束弹药公约》于2010年8月1日生效;2010年11月9日至12日在万象举行了集束弹药公约缔约国第一次会议。", "3个 本报告重点介绍了将地雷行动纳入联合国维持和平行动及人道主义和发展方案的努力,并概述了为应对地雷和战争遗留爆炸物的威胁而建立的协调和快速反应机制,包括过时和已退化的弹药储存和简易爆炸装置。 此外,报告指出,排雷行动的基础是联合国内部以及本组织、其会员国和包括非政府组织和个人在内的民间社会之间的有效伙伴关系。", " 4.四. 本报告还概述了自秘书长上次报告(A/64/287)以来,在执行《2006-2010年联合国机构间地雷行动战略》中确定的四项战略目标方面取得的成就。 鉴于地雷行动情况不断变化,报告概述了一系列建议,包括加强联合国地雷行动伙伴之间在弹药储存管理方面的合作,以应对简易爆炸装置和非法小武器和轻武器广泛流通所构成的更大威胁。", "二. 与排雷行动有关的国际文书的最新情况", "5 (韩语). 联合国继续协助会员国制定和执行旨在保护平民免受地雷和战争遗留爆炸物祸害的国际文书。 自1997年《禁止杀伤人员地雷公约》开放供签署以来,迄今已有156个国家批准或加入了该公约。 86个缔约国已履行其销毁储存的义务,集体销毁了4 500多万枚所储存的杀伤人员地雷。 2009年和2010年,阿尔巴尼亚、希腊、尼加拉瓜、卢旺达、突尼斯和赞比亚宣布已履行清除义务。 无法在10年期限内清除并销毁杀伤人员地雷的10个缔约国要求延长最后期限。", "6. 国家 《关于禁止使用、储存、生产和转让杀伤人员地雷及销毁此种地雷的公约》缔约国第二次审查会议于2009年11月30日至12月4日在哥伦比亚卡塔赫纳举行。 会议题为“卡塔赫纳无地雷世界首脑会议”,审查了取得的进展,并重点讨论了缔约国和其他伙伴在充分遵守《公约》方面面临的其余挑战。 会议通过了《卡塔赫纳宣言》( \" 无地雷世界的共同承诺 \" )和《2010-2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》,为今后几年执行和普遍加入《公约》提供了指导和框架。", "7. 联合国 2010年11月29日至12月3日在日内瓦举行的《禁止杀伤人员地雷公约》缔约国第十次会议审查了2011年闭会期间工作方案并设立了一个新的资源、合作与援助常设委员会。 会议还核可了第二次审查会议上设立的特别工作队的报告,该工作队负责评估日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心执行支助股的工作,通过了一些改变,以便在缔约国的直接指导下,提高该股的独立性和业绩。 缔约国还欢迎关于《公约》自第二次审议会议以来的状况和实施情况的日内瓦进度报告。", "8. 联合国 自2008年12月开放供签署以来,109个国家已经签署或加入了《集束弹药公约》,其中包括已经使用、生产、出口或储存集束弹药的38个国家。 2010年2月16日第三十份批准书交存后,《公约》于2010年8月1日生效。 截至2011年7月8日,已有59个国家批准或加入了《公约》。", "9. 国家 9个缔约国(奥地利、比利时、厄瓜多尔、匈牙利、黑山、挪威、葡萄牙、摩尔多瓦共和国和西班牙)和2个签署国(哥伦比亚和捷克共和国)已销毁了所储存的集束弹药。 2010年,两个签署国(阿富汗和安哥拉)报告说,作为更广泛的武器处置方案的一部分,已销毁了所储存的集束弹药。 拥有此类武器储存的所有缔约国都表示,它们已经开始或正在着手实际销毁这些武器,有10个国家已颁布执行《公约》的国家立法。", "10个 《集束弹药公约》缔约国第一次会议于2010年11月9日至12日在万象举行。 阿尔巴尼亚担任《禁止杀伤人员地雷公约》缔约国第十次会议主席,加上老挝人民民主共和国担任《公约》缔约国第一次会议主席,反映出受影响国家对人道主义裁军公约拥有更多自主权的有希望的趋势。 在现任主席之后,黎巴嫩将担任2011年9月《集束弹药公约》缔约国第二次会议主席,柬埔寨将担任2011年11月《禁止杀伤人员地雷公约》缔约国第十一次会议主席。", "11个 《集束弹药公约》缔约国第一次会议通过的《万象宣言》和《万象行动计划》将指导《公约》的执行。 缔约国根据《公约》第七条关于透明度措施的报告采用了国家报告格式。 核准了2011年工作方案,包括2011年闭会期间会议讨论《公约》未来结构和执行框架的规定。 裁军事务厅和联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)在第一次会议之前向老挝人民民主共和国提供了实质性和后勤支助。 会上,开发署被任命为执行协调员,由老挝担任主席,负责筹备缔约国第二次会议,包括与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心合作,于2011年6月27日至30日在日内瓦组织一次闭会期间会议。", "12个 在《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(通称《特定常规武器公约》)的范围内,政府专家组继续就集束弹药议定书进行谈判。 联合国地雷行动小组与各代表团积极接触,并为它们的审议工作提供技术投入。 联合国地雷行动小组还向2010年关于地雷、诱杀装置和其他装置的经修正的第二号议定书和关于战争遗留爆炸物的《特定常规武器公约》第五号议定书缔约国闭会期间专家会议提供技术咨询,这两项议定书分别侧重于简易爆炸装置和执行第五号议定书,包括其援助受害者行动计划。", "13个 自上次报告以来,102个国家批准或加入了《残疾人权利公约》,62个国家通过了《公约任择议定书》。 联合国地雷行动小组继续鼓励会员国加入《公约》,强调《公约》在处理地雷和战争遗留爆炸物受害者的权利和需要方面的相关性。 在方案一级,确定了将援助地雷和战争遗留爆炸物受害者纳入更广泛的公共卫生和支助框架的机会。", "三. 联合国内外的排雷行动对策", "14个 过去两年来,排雷行动情况继续演变。 在实现《2006-2010年联合国地雷行动战略》规定的战略目标方面已取得进一步进展,一些国家地雷行动方案已告完成。 阿尔巴尼亚就是一个例子,它已于2009年完成了排雷工作,目前正在努力改变其排雷行动方案,以支持政府的非军事化方案,其中包括弹药储存管理和过时和已退化弹药的处置。 其他一些国家也开始探索地雷行动与其他部门之间的潜在协同作用,认识到为应对地雷威胁而开发的工具和专门知识可能能有效地应对其他威胁,例如弹药储存和简易爆炸装置的退化和管理不善造成的威胁。", "15个 然而,包括阿富汗、柬埔寨和苏丹在内的一些国家仍然受地雷的严重影响。 同样令人担忧的是,在一些地方,例如哥伦比亚,在排除现有地雷的同时,正在埋设新的地雷。 阿富汗、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、缅甸、巴基斯坦、索马里、苏丹和也门也证实非国家行为者使用杀伤人员地雷。 为应对地雷和战争遗留爆炸物所构成的威胁,联合国继续实施各种地雷行动方案,以支持国家当局的努力。 联合国的支持对于在冲突期间和冲突结束后立即提供和协调排雷行动对策至关重要,特别是在巴基斯坦、阿拉伯利比亚民众国和科特迪瓦,对于发展能力和机制以确保以最有效的方式提供排雷行动对策至关重要。", "16号. 大会在题为“协助地雷行动”的第64/84号决议中确定,“需要对联合国地雷行动工作的范围、组织、效力和方法进行全面和独立的评价”。 经过广泛磋商后,机构间排雷行动协调小组同意由联合检查组进行评价。 联合国地雷行动小组支持联合检查组的评价,包括从自愿信托基金中为其拨款。", "A类. 将排雷行动纳入联合国系统", "17岁。 在本报告所述期间,更加注重将地雷行动纳入联合国维持和平、人道主义和发展工作。 地雷行动是维持和平特派团和政治特派团日益扩大的组成部分,其依据是在特派团任务中明确提及地雷行动,或通过为保护平民和安全地开展其他已获授权的活动作出贡献。 联合国驻中非共和国和乍得特派团(中乍特派团,于2010年12月31日关闭)、联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、联合国阿富汗援助团(联阿援助团)、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)、联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队(联塞部队)、联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)、联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团,于2011年7月9日关闭)、联合国苏丹特派团(南苏丹特派团,于2011年7月9日设立)和联合国非洲联盟驻索马里特派团支助办事处(非索特派团)都设有地雷行动部门。", "18岁。 提交给安全理事会的报告已提及地雷行动和与战争遗留爆炸物、储存管理和简易爆炸装置有关的问题,特别是涉及已部署或已部署维持和平行动或政治特派团的国家局势的报告。 这些报告包括我关于阿富汗、中非共和国和乍得、科特迪瓦、塞浦路斯、刚果民主共和国、伊拉克、科索沃、黎巴嫩、利比里亚、尼泊尔、索马里、苏丹(包括达尔富尔)、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和西撒哈拉的报告。 一些专题报告也包括关于地雷行动的内容,包括关于妇女与和平与安全、儿童与武装冲突、武装冲突中保护平民和冲突结束后立即建设和平的报告。 我在关于武装冲突中的儿童的报告(S/2010/181)中强调,在本报告所述期间,确认有1 000多名儿童在与冲突有关的暴力中被杀死或被打伤,其中包括地雷、未爆弹药和简易爆炸装置的受害者。 针对这种武器对儿童构成的威胁,联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)在2010年将地雷和战争遗留爆炸物风险教育和反对使用地雷和其他滥杀滥伤武器的宣传纳入其 \" 紧急情况下儿童的核心承诺 \" ,这是指导儿童基金会应对紧急情况的框架。", " 19. 19. 继续努力将排雷行动纳入联合国人道主义和发展计划以及联合呼吁程序。 阿富汗、乍得、刚果民主共和国、加沙、索马里和苏丹的人道主义呼吁中包括了排雷行动项目。 地雷行动还被纳入了对阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机的人道主义反应中,在保护专题组下设立了一个地雷行动分专题组,在紧急救济协调员2011年5月发起的订正紧急呼吁中列入了五个地雷行动项目。 联合国以及双边、多边和民间社会发展机构也开始将排雷行动纳入其方案,作为发展本身的一个部门,并作为推动更传统发展部门工作的一种手段。", "20号. 为了进一步促进排雷行动中的两性平等,联合国通过分享良好做法和从外地方案中吸取的教训,修订了“排雷行动方案两性平等准则”。 订正准则确定了排雷行动方案中所要执行的措施,以平衡妇女和男子作为受益者、从业人员和决策者的参与,并确保排雷行动项目对妇女和女孩、男孩和男子产生同样相称的影响。", "B. 协调和伙伴关系", "21岁 参与排雷行动的联合国各部、厅、方案、基金和机构继续根据“地雷行动和有效协调:联合国机构间政策”通过由主管维持和平行动副秘书长主持的机构间排雷行动协调小组来协调其活动。", "22号. 地雷行动机构间协调小组在审查地雷行动的现有机制后,于2010年10月商定,全球保护专题组内的地雷行动责任领域应被充分启用,以便:使地雷行动的协调与整个联合国系统公认的分组办法保持一致;促进与更广泛的利益攸关方(例如非政府组织)的协调;确保与联合国国家工作队直接联系。 联合国地雷行动处与领导全球保护小组的联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)协调,起草了包括联合国、非政府组织和其他伙伴在内的会员国通过的地雷行动责任领域的职权范围。", "23. 联合国 为了促进同非政府组织和其他执行伙伴的协调,联合国地雷行动处主持了地雷行动委员会2010年3月和2011年在日内瓦举行的第十三届和第十四次国家地雷行动方案主任和联合国顾问国际会议,讨论共同关心的问题。 该小组还在2011年6月于日内瓦举行的关于《禁止杀伤人员地雷公约》的闭会期间会议上举行了会议。", "24 (韩语). 认识到排雷行动与制止小武器和轻武器非法扩散工作之间的互补性,已努力确保联合国内这两个进程之间的一致性和协同作用。 这方面的例子包括联合国地雷行动小组成员参加由裁军事务厅主持的小武器问题协调行动机制,以及联合国地雷行动小组为制定国际小武器管制标准提供技术专门知识,国际地雷行动标准是这一标准的一个范例。", "25岁 裁军事务厅与联合国地雷行动处一道,继续根据大会第64/51号决议制定国际弹药技术准则,其中大会鼓励会员国协助制定技术准则,以协助各国在自愿基础上提高国家库存管理能力,防止过剩弹药增加并更广泛地减少风险。 联合国2010年8月在里约热内卢举行的拉丁美洲维持和平行动训练中心协会第二届大会上就准则作了受欢迎的介绍。 我欢迎裁军事务厅继续与联合国排雷行动处、联合国开发计划署(开发署)和其他机构合作制定准则,这对避免意外爆炸造成的战争遗留爆炸物污染至关重要。", "26. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,我呼吁安全和安保部协调制定一项全面政策,以制定联合国处理作为现行敌对行动一部分、威胁本组织人员和设施的简易爆炸装置的办法。 鉴于地雷威胁和简易爆炸装置威胁之间的相似性,我建议在制定上述政策时考虑到地雷行动机构间协调小组成员的经验,预计将于2011年底提交机构间安保管理网指导小组。", "C. 为地雷行动界提供服务", "27个 2009年,联合国地雷行动处认识到常备能力在特派团的规划和开办方面能起关键作用,建立了常备地雷行动能力机制。 自成立以来,该机制已经部署到位,以便立即对紧急情况作出反应,加强现有方案并进行需要评估和方案评价。 最近,2011年3月,联合国地雷行动处向开罗部署了其派往该机制的人员,以协调对阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机的地雷行动反应,并设立保护专题组下的地雷行动责任区。", "28岁 科特迪瓦选举后的危机留下了战争遗留爆炸物,对人类安全构成直接威胁,使政府以及人道主义和发展行为体无法安全地开展重建和恢复工作。 针对这一威胁,2011年4月14日,联合国地雷行动处向科特迪瓦部署了一名技术专家,以评估阿比让污染的范围和性质,并查明清理优先危险区的要求,以支持联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)和其他利益攸关方,包括国家当局。 今后,在阿比让及其他地方发现弹药储存和武器储藏所将需要执行弹药和武器管理项目,以支持国家安全机构。 在这方面,地雷行动处已着手协助联科行动处理弹药和武器管理问题,以支持其解除武装、复员和重返社会以及安全部门改革工作。", "29. 国家 应我的特别代表兼联合国几内亚比绍建设和平综合办事处(联几建和办)负责人的请求,联合国地雷行动处于2010年5月24日至28日和2011年2月13日至19日对几内亚比绍进行了技术评估。 2010年特派团对现有弹药储存、管理和销毁能力进行了初步评估,以协助几内亚比绍处理剩余弹药储存问题。 后续特派团的重点是根据目前正在拟订的国际弹药技术准则,减少眼前的危险并奠定长期弹药管理制度的基础。", "30岁。 2010年6月和2011年6月,联合国地雷行动处与瑞典民事应急局在瑞典举行了第七次和第八次年度快速反应演习。 同往年一样,演习的重点是在紧急情况下建立一个排雷行动协调中心。 年度活动被列入全球保护专题组的工作计划,一些成员机构派工作人员参加,以加强今后的应对措施。", "31岁 制定和维持国际排雷行动标准仍然是联合国支助排雷行动的一个基本要素。 日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心协助联合国排雷行动处管理年度审查进程,以确保排雷行动标准保持其相关性。 对所有排雷行动标准进行了修正,包括承认与集束弹药有关的问题。 此外,2010年,国际地雷行动标准审查理事会核准了由儿基会制定的关于地雷和战争遗留爆炸物风险教育的新标准,该标准取代了7个关于地雷风险教育的现有标准。", "32. 联合国 如上所述,第十三和第十四次国家地雷行动方案主任和联合国顾问国际会议于2010年3月和2011年在日内瓦举行。 年度会议由联合国地雷行动小组与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心合作组织,为多达300名地雷行动工作者提供了一个机会,以评估该部门取得的进展和今后面临的挑战。 令人鼓舞的是,各国主任在主持和促进这些会议方面发挥了更大的作用。", "33. 2010年9月6日至8日,联合国地雷行动处与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心协调,在日内瓦主办了第三次地雷行动技术讲习班,题为 \" 正在形成的地雷行动技术和方法 \" 。 这一半年一度的活动汇集了地雷行动从业人员、设备制造商和研发组织,审查目前的技术和今后的需要。 讲习班的重点是利用卫星和航空图像以及遥感和遥感技术来查明雷区。", "34. 国家 在本报告所述期间,开发署继续通过其地雷行动交流方案促进南南合作,该方案为受影响国家之间的合作和同行审议以及良好做法的传播提供了便利。 2010年,在该方案下采取的举措包括安哥拉、柬埔寨和莫桑比克排雷行动方案交流信息和经验。", "D. 资源调动/分配", "35. 联合国 据地雷和集束弹药监测组织(国际禁止地雷运动的一项举措)称,2009至2011年期间,为支持地雷行动努力筹集了约10亿美元,证实尽管发生了全球金融危机,供资水平仍保持稳定。 然而,绝大多数资金都用于相对较少的国家和地区,主要用于排雷,而排雷只是排雷行动的五个支柱之一(还包括地雷危险教育、援助受害者、销毁储存和倡导)。", "36. 2009年8月1日至2011年7月8日,对联合国协助地雷行动自愿信托基金的捐款共计1.72亿美元,惠及21个受影响的国家和地区。 此外,2009年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间用于地雷行动的维持和平摊款总额为1.61亿美元以上。 部队派遣国还提供实物排雷行动能力,以直接支助特派团的任务。", "37. 联合国 2009至2010年期间,捐助者通过开发署预防危机和复原专题信托基金和开发署国家办事处提供的资金共计8 000万美元,支助了28个国家地雷行动方案。 在同一时期,向儿童基金会提供了2 500多万美元,用于向10个以上国家和地区提供排雷行动支助。", "38. 国家 联合国地雷行动小组继续协助地雷行动支助小组,这是一个捐助者为地雷行动活动提供政治和财政支助的论坛。 在美利坚合众国的主持下,支助小组于2010年10月14日在纽约举行了年度会议,37名成员出席了会议。 与会者第一次包括沙特阿拉伯和阿拉伯联合酋长国的代表,这反映出越来越多的捐助者关心排雷行动。 专家组还于2011年5月10日在日内瓦举行会议,讨论阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机的地雷行动需要,我对此表示欢迎,认为这是在地雷行动领域捐助者协调方面的积极进展。", "39. 联合国 2009年11月30日,联合国在卡塔赫纳组织了2010年地雷行动项目组合的启动仪式,与卡塔赫纳无地雷世界首脑会议同时举行。 这份年度出版物概述了受影响国家计划如何与联合国、非政府组织和地方、国家和国际各级的其他行动者合作,解决地雷和战争遗留爆炸物所造成问题。 2010年,联合国组织了一次地雷行动项目组合进程审查会。 根据审查过程的结果,正在开发一种新方法和模板,目的是增加排雷行动捐助者在作出资源分配决定时将项目组合用作参考。 2011年3月18日在网上启动了2011年地雷行动项目组合,其中包括238个涵盖地雷行动所有五个支柱的项目。", "四、结 论 2006-2010年联合国机构间地雷行动战略的执行情况", " 40. 40. 为了衡量2006-2010年联合国机构间地雷行动战略的执行情况,联合国地雷行动小组向49个得到其支持的地雷行动方案分发了一份调查。 初步结果突出表明了平民伤亡率的下降,地雷行动与增强人道主义和发展对策之间的正相关,将地雷行动纳入国家发展和重建计划以及建立国家地雷行动当局。 通过查明成功之处和差距,调查结果将为《2011-2015年联合国机构间地雷行动战略》的战略目标提供参考。 本报告所述期间的进展和成就清单如下:", "A类. 战略目标 1:将死伤人数至少减少50%", "41. 国家 几个国家的统计数字显示,地雷和其他战争遗留爆炸物造成的伤亡明显减少。 2010年,阿富汗平均每月有33人伤亡(26%来自地雷,74%来自未爆弹药),比2009年减少29%。 在受害者中,16%是女性,65%是儿童,7至14岁的男孩占所有18岁以下受害者的55%。 同样,在乍得,对受害者的监视报告,报告的伤亡人数从2009年的51人减少到2010年的17人。", "42. 在加沙,联合国地雷行动小组在 \" 铸铅行动 \" 后提供了拯救生命的干预措施,为平民和人道主义交付创造了更安全的环境。 地雷行动方案对2 187个场地,包括住房场地进行了风险评估,估计80 132人从中受益,并为5 426人提供了风险教育。 平民伤亡从2009年的39人降至2010年的16人,下降了41%。", "43. 东帝汶 在尼泊尔,联合国支持和平与重建部制订和执行国家排雷行动战略,有助于进一步减少伤亡人数。 2010年的现有数据表明有43名地雷和战争遗留爆炸物受害者,比2009年减少了39%。 数据表明,大多数受害者不满18岁,他们被由受害者引爆的简易爆炸装置所伤害。", "44. 国家 在索马里索马里兰和邦特兰地区,加强协调和排雷能力有助于减少平民伤亡并促成发展活动。 在索马里中南部,由于加强了对事故的监测,在地雷行动执行者的优先顺序和针对性方面有了重大改进。 索马里中部将风险教育列为优先事项,这有助于防止逃离该国南部冲突的移徙者死伤。 由于这些人口稠密地区的高污染和高伤亡率,摩加迪沙和阿夫戈耶走廊尤其成为目标。 联合国地雷行动处向索马里中部、阿夫戈耶走廊和摩加迪沙的361 843名索马里人提供了风险教育,并在南部人口最稠密和受地雷影响最严重的三个地区建立了当地识别和处置能力。", "45. 国家 一个显著的事态发展是,联合国地雷行动处作为非索特派团支助办的一部分,开始同非索特派团合作,提高部队对地雷、战争遗留爆炸物和简易爆炸装置的认识,并提高其安全有效地开展爆炸物处置行动的能力。 2009年10月,在联合国地雷行动处的支持下,非索特派团开始在摩加迪沙处置战争遗留爆炸物。 截至2011年4月,该国已销毁了5 591枚地雷、战争遗留爆炸物和小武器弹药。 摩加迪沙各区首次进行了系统的基线调查,从中可以看出,人道主义援助可进入的地区普遍存在污染。 然而,据报告,在若干地区,武装反对派团体在关键道路和战略干道上埋设了地雷。 必须指出,8个索马里地区仍在武装团体的控制下,这些武装团体阻碍排雷活动。", "46. 经常预算: 在哥伦比亚,非国家武装团体继续使用地雷和简易爆炸装置,受害者人数仍然很高,据报每天约有2人伤亡。 尽管如此,近年来事件总数已经减少,2010年报告了512起受害者,其中30%是平民,而2009年为741起。", "47. 国家 在苏丹,地雷和战争遗留爆炸物受害者人数在2010年增加了35%,尽管部分原因可能是由于安全考虑而增加了进入以前禁止平民进入的地区的机会。 2010年,在联合国地雷行动办公室的协调下,由联合国地雷行动处牵头的一组联合国实体(由儿基会担任风险教育牵头机构),苏丹地雷行动界向330 015人提供了基于社区的风险教育,并特别关注境内流离失所者和回返者。", " 48. 48. 地雷和未爆弹药继续对也门受冲突影响省份的人民,特别是儿童构成严重威胁,他们往往集中在高风险地区,或将地雷和未爆弹药误作玩具。 2010年,超过34名儿童被地雷和战争遗留爆炸物炸死,24名儿童受重伤。 排雷单位无法进入是受影响地区减少风险的主要障碍。 2010年2月政府与胡塞武装团体签署停火协定后,儿基会与也门地雷行动执行中心和开发署协调,启动了风险教育活动,包括以28 000多人为对象的三项运动、培训员培训课程和风险教育材料的分发。", "B. 战略目标 2:减轻社区生计面临的风险,并至少为80%受影响最严重的社区扩大行动自由", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在改善因地雷和战争遗留爆炸物而面临社会经济影响和行动限制的人的生计方面取得了重大进展。 在柬埔寨,开发计划署支助柬埔寨排雷行动中心协调恢复被污染的1 400万平方米土地的工作,并在此过程中销毁了14 000个杀伤人员地雷、403个反坦克地雷和80 000多件未爆弹药。 预计有80 000多人将从排雷活动中受益,他们可进入农田、灌溉水源、道路、保健中心和其他基础设施。 近2 000名学生现在可以进入已排雷地区的学校。", " 50. 50. 在乍得东部,清理了2 500公里的道路,包括被战争破坏的4 700 000平方米土地和212个危险地区,并销毁了21 000个战争遗留爆炸物和弹药,从而减少了收容社区、难民和境内流离失所者的风险。 由于农业用地占已清理土地的78%,这项行动改善了成千上万人的生计。", "51. 联合国 在埃塞俄比亚,埃塞俄比亚地雷行动办公室在开发署的支持下,继续开展扫雷和危险性教育,以进一步减少地雷和战争遗留爆炸物所构成的风险。 在本报告所述期间,有10 178 977平方米的土地被放出用于农业和其他经济活动,并向94 815名社区成员提供了风险教育。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 在伊拉克,在开发署的支持下,还努力减轻社区生计面临的风险,扩大行动自由,增加获得农业和上学的机会。 开发署还继续支持莫桑比克的排雷活动,2010年在那里清理了以前阻碍经济发展的136个地区。", "53. 联合国 在苏丹,在开放道路方面取得了重大进展,其中96%现在被认为安全了。 道路的开放改善了行动自由并便利了境内流离失所者和难民的回返以及人道主义援助的提供。 扫雷行动还导致将土地用于农业和其他发展和创收活动。", "54. 联合国 在西撒哈拉,由于资源增加,方案执行情况有所改善,即销毁了护堤以东7 600多起战争遗留爆炸物,并大大减少了梅海雷斯和提法里提高污染地区的总体威胁程度。 该方案优先重视环境条件、资源匮乏和游牧民获得牧场的需要,对当地居民产生了积极影响,便利了他们获得瓦地和水源,并促进了粮食安全。 尽管如此,尽管取得了上述成就,据报西撒哈拉境内的伤亡人数在2010年有所增加,突出表明迫切需要开展风险教育。", "55. 国家 在其他地方,一些因素阻碍了进展,其中包括安全关切、性别问题和政治考虑。 例如,在阿富汗,虽然清除了189多平方公里的土地,改善了道路和牧场的通路,但污染程度仍然很高,已知有6 545个雷场,覆盖了627平方公里的土地,并影响到2 056个社区的生活和生计,仍有待清除。 向社区排雷转变,使阿富汗排雷专家培训和辅导当地社区成员开展排雷工作,已证明是在该国高度不安全的地区开展行动的有效方式,也有助于加强稳定。 自我上次报告以来,170多万阿富汗人接受了风险教育,包括25万妇女和近50万女童。 这一数字尤其出人意料,因为妇女往往不能参加公共风险教育课程,而且在家里接触妇女的女培训员仍然很少。 为了应对这一挑战,正在发起一个广播运动,强调让女孩参加风险教育课程的重要性。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 2010年,在刚果民主共和国,主要在该国东部7 637公里的公路和428 000平方米的土地上进行了核查和排雷,并向568 600人提供了风险教育。 然而,持续的不安全、不利的天气和财政资源的减少对排雷行动产生了不利影响。 此外,涉及当地民兵的暴力导致赤道省姆班达卡和盖梅纳机场周围出现新的污染。 地雷和战争遗留爆炸物的存在或感觉继续阻碍生计、行动自由、获得基本服务和市场以及恢复基础设施。 刚果民主共和国问题专家组的最后报告(S/2008/773)已经强调了该国大量无管理的弹药储存构成的危险。 为此,联刚稳定团内的联合国地雷行动处于2010年3月在戈马附近销毁了弹药储存,包括50 000多发小武器弹药。 2011年2月,为配合执行伙伴正在进行的努力,联合国地雷行动处征聘了一名弹药专业技术干事,与刚果武装部队合作消除陈旧、退化和管理不善的库存所构成的危险。", "C. 战略目标 3:至少15个国家将排雷行动需要纳入国家发展和重建计划及预算", "57. 萨尔瓦多 在本报告所述期间,联合国与国家对口部门合作,促进将地雷行动纳入国家发展和重建计划。 阿富汗地雷行动协调中心由联合国地雷行动处应政府要求管理,与一系列部委合作,确保将地雷行动纳入更广泛的发展计划。 中心还努力确保地雷行动符合《阿富汗契约》和《阿富汗国家发展战略》中概述的政府目标。", "58. 联合国 在开发署的支持下,几内亚比绍国家地雷行动协调中心强调必须将地雷行动纳入国家发展战略。 与日内瓦国际人道主义排雷中心合作,制定了一项国家排雷行动计划。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 在维持和平行动于2010年12月31日结束之前,中乍特派团内的联合国地雷行动处根据乍得政府根据《禁止杀伤人员地雷公约》承担的义务以及社区的社会经济和人道主义需要,支持乍得国家地雷行动战略和行动计划的制定。 开发计划署协助国家排雷行动当局修订国家排雷行动计划,以考虑到正在进行的旨在澄清污染程度的技术调查的结果。", "60. 联合国 在伊拉克,在开发署的支持下,2010-2012年地雷行动战略于2010年初得到核准并启动。 伊拉克还制定了国家排雷行动计划,将排雷行动需要纳入国家和地方重建和发展计划。", "61. 国家 在老挝人民民主共和国,未爆弹药部门受一份国家战略文件的制约,该文件强调 \" 贫穷与粮食无保障以及未爆弹药的存在之间的密切关系 \" 。 根据该战略,老挝国家监管局在开发署的支持下,努力确保2011-2015年国家社会经济发展计划将未爆弹药视为一个贯穿各领域的问题。 2010年,政府提出了第九个千年目标——减少战争遗留爆炸物对发展的影响。 此外,在管理局的协助下,2010年完成了清理后影响评估,以更好地了解清理工作如何有助于政府的减贫努力。", "62. 联合国 在莫桑比克,国家地雷行动计划(2008-2014年)支持国家减贫计划,将其作为影响发展部门的贯穿各领域的问题。 然而,面临的挑战是确保所有相关部委和地方当局在制定和实施各自的发展计划时考虑到地雷行动问题。 在斯里兰卡,与发展计划的结合是在县一级进行的,开发计划署和儿童基金会支持制定年度县级排雷行动计划,根据国家排雷行动战略并根据县级发展计划,具体规定排雷、危险性教育和受害者援助等优先活动。 仍然需要作出更多努力,以确保将排雷行动需要纳入国家发展和重建计划。", "63. 国家 2010年,索马里索马里兰地雷行动中心首次参与制定索马里兰区域发展计划。 2011年,政府向该中心提供了44 000美元的财政捐助。 中心还与区域行政当局进行联络,以确保将排雷行动要求纳入所有发展计划。 与开发署和联合国地雷行动处合作,地雷行动被纳入了2009-2012年期间联合国苏丹发展援助框架和苏丹2007-2012年期间五年战略。", "D. 战略目标 4: 协助建立国家机构来管理地雷/战争遗留爆炸物的威胁,并同时为至少15个国家的剩余能力做好准备", "64. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,联合国与各国的国家地雷行动当局合作,建设地方能力,并确保国家对地雷行动战略和优先事项拥有自主权。 在阿富汗,协调中心继续与排雷部合作,预计2013年排雷行动的规划和协调责任将从前者移交给后者。 在援助受害者方面,中心与公共卫生部、劳动、社会事务、烈士和残疾人部以及教育部合作,确保包括地雷幸存者在内的残疾人的权利和需要得到处理并纳入国家结构。", "65. 国家 开发署向柬埔寨排雷行动管理局进一步提供能力发展支助,包括协助进行2009年能力评估,目的是加强管理局执行任务的能力。 同样,在乍得,在中乍特派团于2010年底关闭之后,联合国地雷行动处继续协助阿贝歇国家排雷中心及其区域中心发展剩余能力,包括培训25名工作人员了解国际地雷行动标准。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 在哥伦比亚,2010年12月通过了一项国家地雷行动法案,允许民间排雷组织在该国开展活动,根据该决定,总统综合地雷行动方案请联合国地雷行动处提供技术援助,以建立一个民间排雷业务协调系统,补充儿童基金会和开发署提供的持续援助。 排雷行动处支持制定国家排雷行动准则和技术标准以及核证、质量保证和信息管理程序。", "67. 安全理事会第1925(2010)号决议设立了联刚稳定团,授权特派团除其他外, \" 协助刚果民主共和国政府加强其排雷能力 \" 。 联刚稳定团内的联合国地雷行动处支持起草和通过2010年10月15日国民议会核准的《国家地雷行动法》,该法设立了一个国家地雷行动中心,并规定将地雷行动经费列入国家预算。 在埃塞俄比亚,开发署就2010年7月至2011年12月制定地雷行动计划向国家当局提供技术咨询,并支助根据国际地雷行动标准制定国家地雷行动标准。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 联合国地雷行动小组继续与尼泊尔陆军地雷行动协调中心密切合作,以发展当地能力并履行2006年《全面和平协定》规定的排雷义务。 此外,联合国地雷行动小组继续支持和平与重建部新设立的地雷行动科,包括制定和实施国家地雷行动战略和年度工作计划。 2010年12月,儿童基金会开始发展该科的地雷风险教育协调能力,以期到2011年12月开始移交责任。 儿童基金会还支持包括教育部、尼泊尔警察和武装警察部队在内的主要政府机构的预防能力,这些机构现在有能力在25个受影响最严重的地区中的任何地区开展风险教育。 2010年8月,国家地雷行动科开始领导地雷行动联合工作组,该工作组曾与联合国地雷行动小组共同主持工作,这是国家当局在协调和执行地雷行动活动方面发挥更大作用的明显迹象。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 2010年,联合国索马里地雷行动处支持在过渡联邦政府内建立爆炸物处理能力,有可能扩展到索马里中南部的所有10个地区。 在索马里兰和邦特兰建立的类似能力在各自区域内提供有效的停电服务。 这些服务能够在有限的支助下去除并销毁战争遗留爆炸物。", "70. 联合国 在斯里兰卡,2010年正式设立了一个国家地雷行动中心,以管理地雷行动活动。 开发计划署一直通过其在贾夫纳和瓦武尼亚的区域排雷行动办事处向该中心提供支助,以促进执行政府的排雷行动政策和活动,而儿童基金会则支助国家地雷危险教育和受害者援助工作。", "71. 联合国 联合国还继续支持喀土穆国家地雷行动中心和南苏丹排雷管理局的进一步发展。 自2010年初以来,国家地雷行动中心在地雷行动的所有支柱中越来越积极主动。 自2009年以来,南苏丹排雷局加强了与联合国地雷行动办公室在苏丹开展的实地质量保证和排雷及地雷风险教育活动认证方面的联合行动。 2011年初,南苏丹排雷局还开始在联合国地雷行动处的支持下,主办每月和每季度一次的地雷行动协调会议。", "72. 联合国 在塔吉克斯坦,开发署支持制定2011-2015年战略计划,确保采取广泛的协商办法并采用国家地雷行动标准。 开发署还支持泰国制定国家地雷行动战略,该战略由泰国地雷行动中心于2010年提交政府批准。", " V. 意见和建议", "73 (中文(简体) ). 如上所述,排雷行动对联合国工作的所有五个主要领域都有影响。 在国际法方面,《禁止杀伤人员地雷公约》生效十周年为联合国、缔约国和有关伙伴提供了一个机会,评估在建立一个无地雷世界方面取得的进展,以及如何最好地应对充分执行《公约》方面仍然存在的挑战。 我欢迎《公约》缔约国第二次审议大会通过《2010-2014年卡塔赫纳行动计划》和《卡塔赫纳宣言》,并期待着在今后几年予以执行。 这方面的另一个重大发展是《集束弹药公约》于2010年8月1日生效,随后于2010年11月在万象举行了缔约国第一次会议,这是消除这些武器的一个重要步骤。 我鼓励尚未加入《公约》的所有会员国加入《公约》并颁布国家立法来有效执行《公约》。", "74. 国家 关于排雷行动对联合国其他四个工作领域的影响,将排雷行动纳入联合国维持和平行动以及人道主义和发展方案的进一步努力反映出人们日益认识到排雷行动对实现长期和平与安全、安全提供人道主义援助、可持续发展和尊重人权至关重要。 一个最突出的例子是,2011年7月,应我的个人特使的请求,联合国地雷行动处代理处长对西撒哈拉进行了访问,以进一步发挥地雷行动在当前谈判中的建设性作用。", "75. 国家 为了促进排雷行动的积极影响,加强了协调和快速反应机制。 全球保护专题组内的责任领域已充分启动,为协调地雷行动以应对2011年阿拉伯利比亚民众国危机提供了便利。 会员国还在联合国地雷行动处支持下,在地雷行动支助小组框架内加强了对地雷行动的协调,该支助组现在包括了更广泛的成员,并开会处理临时危机。 还可以做更多的工作,以确保联合国对地雷和战争遗留爆炸物对和平与安全、经济发展和人权所构成的威胁作出最有效的反应。 在这方面,我欢迎联合检查组目前对联合国排雷行动工作的评价,并期待着该报告及其建议。 我相信,这些报告及其建议将进一步加强我们在这一领域的工作。", "76. 联合国 如上所述,联合国开展活动的地貌已发生变化,简易爆炸装置、过时、已退化和管理不善的弹药储存以及非法小武器和轻武器流通构成的威胁日益严重,尽管地雷和战争遗留爆炸物的威胁正在减少。 我鼓励联合国伙伴继续合作,制定政策和文书,以应对上述安全威胁,包括在国家一级,因为认识到各自贡献的附加值。 我特别指示联合国排雷行动处继续与联合国其他有关机构、基金和方案合作来解决这些问题,因为该处自1997年成立以来已发展出专门知识和能力。", "77. 国家 在排雷行动领域已取得重大进展,包括制定具体的国际准则和采用经证明的解决办法,但这项工作远未完成。 绝不能忽视地雷所构成的持续威胁。 我尤其感到关切的是,据报阿富汗、哥伦比亚、缅甸、巴基斯坦和也门继续使用地雷,2011年阿拉伯利比亚民众国、索马里和苏丹报告了新的地雷使用情况,这表明在消除地雷方面取得的进展很容易被侵蚀。 最近,有可靠报告显示,苏丹南科尔多凡州和有争议的阿卜耶伊地区已埋设了新的地雷,联合国目前正在部署一个新的维持和平特派团 -- -- 联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队(联阿安全部队)。 随着联苏特派团的清理结束,联合国可能不太有能力应对南科尔多凡的地雷威胁。", "78. 国家 鉴于地雷造成的持续威胁,需要进一步努力,才能将排雷行动从国际社会的议程中删除。 联合国将同国家当局和国际伙伴合作,继续协助制订和执行排雷行动方案。 如上所述,目前正在制定新的2011-2015年联合国机构间地雷行动战略,并完善目标,以更好地应对尚未解决的挑战。 在重申联合国对地雷行动的承诺时,我呼吁国际社会为消除地雷和战争遗留爆炸物提供持续的政治和财政支持。 不应低估这些武器所构成的持续威胁,以免我们为人的生命付出高昂代价,并破坏我们促进长期和平与安全、可持续发展和人权的集体努力。", "79. 联合国 最后,我向所有因公殉职的排雷人员致敬,并最强烈地谴责对地雷行动人员的所有袭击。 这种攻击必须被看作是对联合国工作核心的和平、安全和人道主义援助基本原则的攻击。 鉴于地雷行动人员在非常不安全的环境中开展工作,我赞扬他们不顾政治、宗教、族裔或地理因素,继续全心全意地致力于向脆弱社区提供救生服务。", "[1] (中文(简体) ).", "这12个实体是:维持和平行动部联合国地雷行动处、裁军事务厅、联合国开发计划署(开发署)、联合国人道主义事务协调厅(人道协调厅)、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、世界粮食计划署(粮食署)和世界卫生组织(世卫组织)。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 9", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 18 August 2001.", "Report of the Economic and Social Council", "Proposed amendment to the General Regulations of the World Food Programme", "Note by the Secretary-General", "By its decision 2011/270 of 29 July 2011, the Economic and Social Council decided to recommend to the General Assembly the adoption of a draft decision entitled “Proposed amendment to the General Regulations of the World Food Programme” (see annex).", "Annex", "Proposed amendment to the General Regulations of the World Food Programme", "The General Assembly decides to recommend that, consistent with article XV of the General Regulations of the World Food Programme, article XIV.6 of the General Regulations be amended by replacing the word “biennial” in article XIV.6 (a) with the word “annual”, in order for article XIV.6 to read as follows:", "“6. The Executive Director will submit the following to the Executive Board for approval:", "“(a) The annual World Food Programme budget, and supplementary World Food Programme budgets whenever prepared in exceptional circumstances;", "“(b) Annual financial statements of the World Food Programme, together with the report of the External Auditor;", "“(c) Other financial reports.", "“These will also be submitted to the Finance Committee of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Administrative Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions for their review and comments. The reports of these bodies will be submitted to the Board.”" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目9", "经济及社会理事会的报告", "《世界粮食计划署总条例》拟议修正案", "秘书长的说明", "经济及社会理事会在2011年7月29日第2011/270号决定中决定建议大会通过一项题为“《世界粮食计划署总条例》拟议修正案”的决定草案(见附件)。", "^(*) 由于技术原因于2011年8月18日重新印发。", "附件", "《世界粮食计划署总条例》拟议修正案", "大会决定建议，根据《世界粮食计划署总条例》第十五条，对《总条例》第十四条第6款进行修正，删去第十四条第6款(a)项中“两年期”一词，代之以“年度”一词，修正后的第十四条第6款案文如下：", "“6. 执行主任将向执行局提交以下文件供批准：", "“(a) 世界粮食计划署年度预算，以及在例外情况下编制的世界粮食计划署追加预算；", "“(b) 世界粮食计划署年度财务报表，以及外聘审计人的报告；", "“(c) 其他财务报告。", "“这些文件也将提交给联合国粮食及农业组织财政委员会和行政和预算问题咨询委员会以便审查并提出意见。这些机构的报告将提交给执行局。”" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目9", "* 由于技术原因于2001年8月18日重新印发。", "经济及社会理事会的报告", "《世界粮食计划署总条例》拟议修正案", "秘书长的说明", "经济及社会理事会2011年7月29日第2011/270号决定决定建议大会通过题为“《世界粮食计划署总条例》拟议修正案”的决定草案(见附件)。", "页:1", "《世界粮食计划署总条例》拟议修正案", "大会决定建议,根据《世界粮食计划署总条例》第十五条,将第十四条第六款(a)项中的“两年期”改为“年度”,将第十四条第六款修改如下:", "“6. 执行主任将提交下列文件供执行局核准:", "“(a) 世界粮食计划署年度预算以及在特殊情况下编制的世界粮食计划署补充预算;", "“(b) 世界粮食计划署的年度财务报表以及外聘审计员的报告;", "“(c) 其他财务报告。", "“这些也将提交联合国粮食及农业组织财务委员会及行政和预算问题咨询委员会审查并提出意见。 这些机构的报告将提交理事会。 “" ]

[ "United Nations Children’s Fund", "Executive Board", "Second regular session 2011", "12-15 September 2011", "* E/ICEF/2011/13.", "Item 6 of the provisional agenda*", "Office of Internal Audit 2010 annual report to the Executive Board", "Corrigendum", "Paragraph 45", "1. For the existing text substitute", "45. In 2010, seven Member States viewed 14 internal audit reports, pursuant to Executive Board decision 2009/8 (table 6).", "2. Replace table 6 with the table below.", "Table 6 Audit reports disclosed to Member States during 2010", "Disclosed audit reports Member State \n Central African Republic country office France \nCôte d’Ivoire country office\tCôte d’Ivoire, France,United States\n Guinea country office France \n Ethiopia country office France \n India country office France, India \nMozambique country office\tDenmark, Mozambique,United States,Netherlands\n Myanmar country office United States \n Nigeria country office France \n Zimbabwe country office Denmark, France \nGuidance and support for efficientoperation functions in country offices\tUnited States\nManagement of pilot initiatives incountry offices\tDenmark, United States\nProcess for promoting ethics and UNICEFvalues in country offices\tDenmark, United States\nRisk assessment on the management ofpartnerships with civil societyorganizations\tNetherlands\nSummary report of office administrationin field offices 2005-2007\tNetherlands" ]

[ "联合国儿童基金会", "执行局", "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月12日至15日", "临时议程^(*) 项目6", "内部审计办公室提交执行局的2010年年度报告", "更正", "第45段", "1． 将现有案文改为", "45. 2010年，有七个会员国按照执行局第2009/8号决定的规定查阅了14个内部审计报告(表6)。", "2． 将表6改为下表。", "表6 2010年向会员国披露的审计报告", "披露的审计报告 会员国", "中非共和国国家办事处 法国", "科特迪瓦国家办事处 科特迪瓦、法国、美国", "几内亚国家办事处 法国", "埃塞俄比亚国家办事处 法国", "印度国家办事处 法国、印度", "莫桑比克国家办事处 丹麦、莫桑比克、美国、荷兰", "^(*) E/ICEF/2011/13。", "披露的审计报告 会员国", "缅甸国家办事处 美国", "尼日利亚国家办事处 法国", "津巴布韦国家办事处 丹麦、法国", "指导和支持国家办事处高效开展业务活动 美国", "管理国家办事处的试点举措 丹麦、美国", "在国家办事处提倡道德操守和儿童基金会价值的程序 丹麦、美国", "管理与民间社会合作伙伴关系的风险评估 荷兰", "2005-2007年外地办事处办公行政管理报告摘要 荷兰" ]

[ "联合国儿童基金会", "执行局", "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月12日至15日,纽约", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目6", "内部审计办公室提交执行局的2010年年度报告", "页:1", "执行部分第45段", "1. 联合国 将现有案文改为:", "45. 国家 2010年,7个会员国根据执行局第2009/8号决定(表6),查阅了14份内部审计报告。", "2. 联合国 将表6改为下表。", "表6 2010年向会员国披露的审计报告", "披露的审计报告 会员国\n中非共和国国家办事处 法国\n科特迪瓦、法国、美国国家办事处\n几内亚国家办事处 法国\n埃塞俄比亚国家办事处 法国\n印度国家办事处 法国、印度\n莫桑比克国家办事处 丹麦、莫桑比克、美国、荷兰\n缅甸国家办事处\n尼日利亚国家办事处 法国\n津巴布韦国家办事处 丹麦、法国\n对国家办事处高效运作职能的指导和支持\n丹麦、美国国家办事处试点举措的管理\n在丹麦、美国国家办事处促进道德操守和儿童基金会价值的进程\n与民间社会组织的伙伴关系管理风险评估 荷兰\n2005-2007年外地办事处办事处行政情况摘要报告 荷兰" ]

[ "Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Forty-ninth session", "11-29 July 2011", "Concluding observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Nepal", "1. The Committee considered the combined fourth and fifth report of Nepal (CEDAW/C/NPL/4-5) at its 989th and 990th meetings, on 20 July 2011 (see CEDAW/C/SR.989 and 990). The Committee’s list of issues and questions is contained in CEDAW/C/NPL/Q/4-5 and the responses of Nepal are contained in CEDAW/C/NPL/Q/4-5/Add.1.", "Introduction", "2. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its combined fourth and fifth periodic report. The report generally followed the Committee’s guidelines for the preparation of reports, with references to the previous concluding observations. The Committee expresses its appreciation to the State party for its oral presentation, written replies to the list of issues and questions raised by the Committee’s pre-session working group and further clarification in response to the questions posed orally by the Committee.", "3. The Committee commends the State party for its multisectoral delegation headed by the Permanent Representative of Nepal to the United Nations in New York, which included representatives from various Government ministries and departments. However, the Committee regrets the absence of the Minister for Women, Children and Social Welfare, who is at the highest level of decision-making in the area of women’s empowerment. The Committee appreciates the constructive dialogue between the delegation and the members of the Committee, while noting that answers to some questions were vague and some questions were left unanswered.", "Positive aspects", "4. The Committee welcomes the adoption and implementation, since the consideration of the last report (CEDAW/C/NPL/2-3) in 2004, of several legislative measures aimed at the promotion of gender equality and the elimination of discrimination against women and at the achievement of compliance with the obligations under the Convention. The Committee welcomes, in particular, the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007; the five-year strategic plan of the National Women’s Commission (2009-2014); the Domestic Violence (Crime and Punishment) Act, 2009; the Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007; the National Women’s Commission Act, 2007; and the Gender Equality Act, 2006. The Committee notes with appreciation the Supreme Court decision of 21 December 2007 (2064-9-6).", "5. The Committee notes with satisfaction that the State party has adopted a number of policies, programmes and plans of action to promote gender equality and eliminate discrimination against women, such as the national plan of action for the implementation of the Convention, in 2004; the Women Development’s Programme; the national plan of action against trafficking in children and women for sexual and labour exploitation; the safe delivery incentive programme (Aama programme) for free delivery services; and the interim plan (2008-2011) for the social rehabilitation of conflict-affected and displaced women and the active participation of women in the peace process.", "6. The Committee also notes with satisfaction that, since the consideration of the previous report, the State party has ratified or acceded to the following international instruments: the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, in 2007; the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, in 2007; the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography, in 2006; the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol, in 2010; the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, in 2006, and the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the Convention, in 2008; and the South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution, in 2007.", "Principal areas of concern and recommendations", "7. The Committee recalls the obligation of the State party to systematically and continuously implement all the provisions of the Convention and views the concerns and recommendations identified in the present concluding observations as requiring the priority attention of the State party between now and the submission of the next periodic report. Consequently, the Committee urges the State party to focus on those areas in its implementation activities and to report on actions taken and results achieved in its next periodic report. The Committee calls upon the State party to submit the present concluding observations to all relevant ministries, the Constituent Assembly and the judiciary, in order to ensure their full implementation.", "Parliament", "8. While reaffirming that the Government has the primary responsibility and is particularly accountable for the full implementation of the obligations of the State party under the Convention, the Committee stresses that the Convention is binding on all branches of Government and invites the State party to encourage the Constituent Assembly/Parliament, in line with its procedures, where appropriate, to take the necessary steps with regard to the implementation of the present concluding observations and the Government’s next reporting process under the Convention. The Committee also recommends that the Constituent Assembly take into account the provisions of the Convention and the recommendations of the Committee when drafting the new Constitution.", "Definition of equality and non-discrimination", "9. While noting that the Interim Constitution states that “no woman shall be discriminated against in any way on the basis of gender”, the Committee is concerned that the Constitution does not embody the principle of equality between women and men and does not prohibit discrimination against women in line with article 1 of the Convention, which covers both direct and indirect discrimination, article 2 (e), which covers acts of both public and private actors, and general recommendation No. 28 of the Committee.", "10. The Committee urges the State party to include in the new Constitution the principle of equality between women and men, provisions prohibiting discrimination against women, in line with the definition contained in article 1 of the Convention, and a definition of discrimination that encompasses both direct and indirect discrimination and discrimination in the public and private spheres, in accordance with article 2 (e) and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 28.", "Discriminatory laws", "11. The Committee notes with appreciation the efforts of the State party to review and revise discriminatory legislation, including in the Interim Constitution and in the 2006 Gender Equality Act which revised discriminatory provisions in the areas of property, marital rape and the age of marriage. However, the Committee remains concerned about the persistence of a significant number of discriminatory laws and provisions.", "12. The Committee calls upon the State party to repeal all the remaining discriminatory laws and provisions and to ensure that the new Constitution does not contain any discriminatory provisions.", "National machinery for the advancement of women", "13. While welcoming the coordinating and gender mainstreaming role of the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare, the Committee is concerned about the limited short-term progress in women’s rights.", "14. In accordance with its general recommendation No. 6 and the guidance provided in the Beijing Platform for Action, the Committee calls upon the State party to provide the national machinery for the empowerment of women at the central and local levels with the necessary human, financial and technical resources for their effective functioning in all areas of women’s empowerment. It also calls upon the State party to strengthen its monitoring mechanisms for the implementation of laws and plans of actions aimed at achieving de facto equality between women and men, and to further the development of a comprehensive gender indicator system, with a view to improving the collection of sex-disaggregated data as a means of assessing the impact and effectiveness of policies and programmes aimed at mainstreaming gender equality and enhancing women’s enjoyment of their human rights.", "Temporary special measures", "15. The Committee welcomes the measures ensuring the presence of 33 per cent of women in the Constituent Assembly, the special gender-inclusive measures in the recruitment process in public service, the economic empowerment programmes for women and the measures increasing women’s access to land. It also notes with appreciation that the State party acknowledges the need for additional temporary special measures to reach de facto equality. However, the Committee is concerned that temporary special measures in accordance with article 4 (1) of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25 are not systematically applied as a necessary strategy to accelerate the achievement of de facto or substantive equality between men and women, in particular women facing multiple forms of discrimination, in all areas of the Convention, including health, employment, education, housing, land ownership and public life.", "16. The Committee encourages the State party to:", "(a) Adopt temporary special measures to accelerate the advancement of women in areas in which women, in particular those facing multiple forms of discrimination, are underrepresented or disadvantaged, including in political representation, Government administration and the judiciary, and access to health, education, employment, housing and land ownership;", "(b) Include in its legislation specific provisions on the adoption of temporary special measures that encourage their use in both the public and private sectors.", "Stereotypes and harmful traditional practices", "17. The Committee is concerned that patriarchal attitudes and deep-rooted stereotypes that discriminate against women remain entrenched in the social, cultural, religious, economic and political institutions and structures of Nepalese society and in the media. It is also concerned about the persistence of harmful traditional practices in the State party, such as child marriage, the dowry system, son preference, polygamy, widows accused of witchcraft, and such practices as chaupadi, jhuma, deuki and dhan-khaane.", "18. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Put in place without delay a comprehensive strategy, with concrete goals and timetables, to eliminate patriarchal attitudes and stereotypes that discriminate against women, in accordance with articles 2 (f) and 5 (a) of the Convention;", "(b) Strengthen its awareness-raising and educational efforts, targeted at both women and men, with the involvement of civil society and community and religious leaders, to eliminate harmful traditional practices, and collaborate with the media to enhance a positive, non-stereotypical and non-discriminatory portrayal of women;", "(c) Promptly enact the draft law on harmful social practices; ensure that it covers all forms of such practices; ensure full implementation of the law without delay; and monitor its effective implementation.", "Violence against women", "19. The Committee welcomes the enactment of the Domestic Violence Act, 2009 and the launch of a national plan of action on gender-based violence. However, it is concerned about the continued prevalence of violence against women and girls, including domestic violence, in particular against disadvantaged groups of women such as Dalit women. The Committee is concerned that most of the incidents are undocumented and have not been addressed. It is further concerned about the lack of statistical data on violence against women, including sexual violence and domestic violence; the existence of a statute of limitation’s on the registration of sexual violence cases; and the weak penalty for marital rape.", "20. The Committee urges the State party to give priority attention to combating violence against women and girls and to adopt comprehensive measures to address such violence, in accordance with its general recommendation No. 19. To this end, the Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Ensure the effective implementation of the Domestic Violence Act, 2009 and other existing legislation and the proper prosecution and punishment of perpetrators of such violence;", "(b) Develop a nationwide data collection programme on cases of violence against women;", "(c) Take immediate measures to abolish the statute of limitations on the registration of sexual violence cases, to ensure women’s effective access to courts for the crime of rape and other sexual offences;", "(d) Continue to provide the police, public prosecutors, the judiciary and other relevant Government bodies, as well as health-care providers, with the necessary training in domestic and sexual violence and undertake wider awareness-raising programmes in all communities, including the Dalit community, specifically targeting men and boys;", "(e) Adopt and enact without delay the draft law, currently under preparation, which significantly increases the punishment for marital rape, as mentioned during the dialogue, and undertake an awareness-raising campaign on the new provisions in this regard.", "Trafficking and exploitation of prostitution", "21. The Committee welcomes the adoption of the national plan of action against trafficking in children and women for sexual and labour exploitation. However, it is concerned about the lack of specific data on trafficking in women and girls, the lack of effective implementation of the Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007, the persistence of sexual exploitation, in particular among the Dalit community, and the persistence of the root causes of trafficking and prostitution, including poverty.", "22. The Committee urges the State party to fully implement article 6 of the Convention by:", "(a) Collecting and analysing data on all aspects of trafficking and prostitution, disaggregated by age, sex and country of origin, in order to identify trends;", "(b) Implementing the Human Trafficking and Transportation (Control) Act, 2007 to ensure that perpetrators are punished and victims adequately protected, assisted and provided with shelters;", "(c) Strengthening preventive measures aimed at improving the economic situation of girls and women, gainful employment and other resources to eliminate their vulnerability to traffickers;", "(d) Strengthening its efforts to cooperate, at the international, regional and bilateral levels, with countries of origin and transit in order to address the causes of trafficking more effectively and improve the prevention of trafficking through information exchange;", "(e) Ensuring the effective implementation of the SAARC Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution;", "(f) Ratifying the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime;", "(g) Providing information and training with respect to the anti‑trafficking legislation to the judiciary, law enforcement officials, including immigration and border police, and social workers in all parts of the country, and undertaking awareness-raising campaigns among the population.", "Participation in political and public life", "23. The Committee welcomes the 33 per cent representation of women in the Constituent Assembly. However, it is deeply concerned about the extremely low representation of women, in particular Dalit and indigenous women, in high-level decision-making positions, public service, the judiciary and the diplomatic service; in the National Human Rights Commission; and at the local level.", "24. The Committee recommends that:", "(a) The quota system for women’s representation in the Constituent Assembly be increased in the future Parliament;", "(b) The State party fully utilize the Committee’s general recommendation No. 23 and adopt temporary special measures, in accordance with article 4 (1) of the Convention and the Committee’s general recommendation No. 25, in order to accelerate the full and equal participation of women in public and political life. To this end, the Committee recommends that the State party:", "(i) Establish concrete goals and timetables in order to accelerate the increase in the representation of women, including Dalit and indigenous women, in elected and appointed bodies in all areas of public life from the local level, including the Village Development Committee, to the national and diplomatic levels;", "(ii) Implement awareness-raising activities on the importance of the participation of women in decision-making for society as a whole, and develop targeted training and mentoring programmes for women candidates and women elected to public office, and programmes on leadership and negotiation skills for current and future women leaders.", "Nationality", "25. While noting the State party’s explanation that women are not subjected to discrimination in access to citizenship, the Committee remains deeply concerned about obstacles affecting women who wish to transfer citizenship to their children and foreign husband and married women who wish to obtain citizenship certificates and about the persistence of the underlying conditions obstructing access to citizenship, including poverty, geographic isolation and onerous administrative requirements.", "26. The Committee strongly urges the State party to:", "(a) Ensure that the new Constitution provides for equal and full citizenship rights for women, including the right to transfer citizenship to their children and foreign husband;", "(b) Implement training programmes for Government officials at all levels on legal provisions relating to the transfer of citizenship;", "(c) Conduct a second comprehensive national campaign to issue citizenship certificates, taking into account the difficulties faced by women in securing proof of nationality;", "(d) Accede to the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness;", "(e) Ensure that children born in the territory of Nepal who would otherwise be stateless be granted Nepalese citizenship.", "Education", "27. While welcoming the overall increase in gender parity in primary and secondary education, the Committee is concerned about the minimal increase in female enrolment, the extremely high drop-out rate for girls, the urban/rural disparities in access to education and illiteracy rates, and the low literacy rate for female adults. The Committee is further concerned about the extremely low number of female teachers at all levels of education.", "28. The Committee urges the State party to enhance its compliance with article 10 of the Convention and to raise awareness of the importance of education as a human right and as the basis for the empowerment of women. To this end, it urges the State party to:", "(a) Strengthen its efforts to achieve universal provision of quality education for girls at each level of the education system in urban, rural and remote areas and to provide access to education to girls with disabilities through the improvement of infrastructures and the provision of support systems, with special attention to girls from Dalit, indigenous and other disadvantaged groups;", "(b) Adopt concrete measures, including effective enforcement of provisions banning early marriage, to prevent girls from dropping out of school;", "(c) Strengthen its efforts to improve the literacy rate for women through the adoption of comprehensive formal and non-formal educational and training programmes;", "(d) Increase the training and recruitment of female teachers.", "Employment", "29. While welcoming the prohibition of so-called bonded labour, the Committee is concerned about reports that this practice still exists among the indigenous Tharu community. It is further concerned about the high rate of child labour, particularly among girls between the ages of 8 and 14; the high proportion of women in the informal sector; and the widespread prevalence of sexual harassment in the workplace. The Committee notes with concern that the draft law on sexual harassment has been pending before Parliament since 2009.", "30. The Committee recommends that the State party ensure equal opportunities for women in the labour market, in accordance with article 11 of the Convention. To this end, it recommends that the State party:", "(a) Strengthen its efforts to eradicate bonded labour and child labour and ensure effective implementation of the International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour (Convention No. 105);", "(b) Regulate the informal sector to ensure that women in this sector are not exploited;", "(c) Align the draft law on sexual harassment in the workplace with the Committee’s general recommendation No. 19, enact it without delay and ensure its effective implementation;", "(d) Develop a confidential and safe system of filing complaints, facilitate access to justice for victims of sexual harassment and conduct awareness-raising campaigns targeting working women in particular, to break the culture of silence surrounding sexual harassment;", "(e) Consider ratifying the ILO Convention concerning Decent Work for Domestic Workers (Convention No. 189).", "Health", "31. The Committee welcomes the Aama programme for free delivery services and the decrease in the maternal mortality rate. However, it is deeply concerned about the low access to basic medical care, in particular by women living in poverty, rural women and women with disabilities; the persistence of an extremely high maternal mortality and morbidity rate, in particular among rural, poor and young mothers; the challenges in accessing delivery services, especially emergency obstetric care; poor nutrition, which is strongly correlated with higher risks of maternal mortality and morbidity; the high prevalence of uterine prolapse despite efforts of the State party to provide corrective surgery; the high rate of unsafe abortion, in particular for women living in poverty, women from rural villages and women from marginalized communities within urban areas, in spite of the legalization of abortion in 2002; the lack of access to family planning and the unmet need for contraception, in particular among rural women, adolescents, poor women and women with disabilities; and the lack of data on HIV prevalence among pregnant women.", "32. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Ensure access to basic health care and health-related services, within the framework of the Committee’s general recommendation No. 24, in particular for poor and rural women and women with disabilities, and enhance the number of medical staff, including female doctors and other health-care providers;", "(b) Develop and pursue effective policies and programmes to further reduce the maternal mortality rate;", "(c) Prioritize programmes that ensure access to a full range of maternal health services, including antenatal, postnatal and emergency obstetric care, in particular for poor women, rural women and young mothers;", "(d) Address discriminatory and harmful practices against women and girls, such as the lack of provision of sufficient food and the chaupadi practice, which jeopardize the well-being and health of women and girls, including reproductive health;", "(e) Take preventive measures to combat the problem of uterine prolapse, such as adequate access to family planning, awareness-raising and training under existing safe motherhood programmes, and ensure sufficient allocation of funds for quality corrective surgeries and follow-up visits, which prevent post-operative complications such as fistula and other health problems;", "(f) Improve access to abortion services throughout the country;", "(g) Address the unmet need for contraception by prioritizing universal access to the full range of contraceptive methods, information and services, including emergency contraception, with a particular focus on rural women, poor women and adolescent girls.", "Women migrant workers", "33. While noting the adoption of the New Foreign Employment Act in 2007, the Committee remains concerned about the situation of Nepalese women migrant workers and in particular, the fact that a large number of Nepalese women are undocumented, which increases their vulnerability to sexual exploitation, forced labour and abuse. It is also concerned about their concentration in the informal sector; the limited initiatives to ensure pre-departure information and skills training; and the lack of institutional support both in the State party and in countries of employment to promote and protect the rights of Nepalese women migrant workers.", "34. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Investigate the cause of women’s migration, create employment or self-employment opportunities for women within the country and ensure that women have access to loans;", "(b) Establish mechanisms to promote safe migration procedures and protect and fulfil women’s rights throughout the migration cycle;", "(c) Enforce and monitor standardized and comprehensive pre-departure orientation and skills training;", "(d) Sign bilateral agreements with the country of employment with adequate provisions ensuring the security of women migrant workers and establishing mechanisms in the country of destination to deal with the violation of the rights of women migrant workers during employment;", "(e) Provide assistance for migrant women who are seeking redress;", "(f) Create alternative livelihood opportunities for returnees and promote their reintegration;", "(g) Prosecute and punish persons engaged in illegal recruitment processes that fuel trafficking in women in the name of foreign employment.", "Women affected by the armed conflict", "35. While welcoming the adoption of the national action plan on Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000) and 1820 (2008) in October 2010, the Committee remains deeply concerned that cases of sexual violence, including rape allegedly committed by both security forces and Maoist combatants during the armed conflict, are not being investigated and perpetrators have not been brought to justice. The Committee is also concerned that a large number of women affected by the conflict face difficulties in accessing justice and that the statute of limitations on filing complaints relating to rape and other sexual offences could obstruct access to justice by women victims of rape and other sexual offences during the conflict. The Committee is further concerned that many survivors of sexual violence during the conflict are suffering from acute post-traumatic stress disorder and other mental and physical health problems. In addition, the Committee expresses its concern about the lack of women’s participation in peace and reconstruction processes.", "36. The Committee urges the State party to:", "(a) Prioritize the consideration of the draft laws on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Commission of Inquiry on Disappearances; ensure that the Commissions are gender-sensitive, independent and authoritative and that the Truth and Reconciliation Commission deals with sexual violence; and pay particular attention to the social and security dimension of public testimony for victims of sexual violence;", "(b) Investigate, prosecute and punish all acts of violence, including acts of sexual violence perpetrated by the armed forces, Maoist combatants and private actors, through transitional and restorative justice, and ensure that, under the draft law on the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, the statute of limitations on filing complaints relating to rape and other forms of sexual offences during the conflict does not preclude women’s access to justice;", "(c) Initiate a thorough and complete investigation into the perpetration of sexual abuse during the armed conflict and post-conflict periods;", "(d) Ensure women’s access to justice and make legal aid available and accessible to all women affected by the conflict, including women victims of sexual violence during the conflict and post-conflict periods;", "(e) Ensure the protection of victims and witnesses and provide shelter homes for victims of sexual violence, including in rural and remote areas;", "(f) Ensure the effective implementation of the national plan of action on Security Council resolutions 1325 (2000) and 1820 (2008) and ensure that victims of sexual crimes receive appropriate reparations, rehabilitation and counselling;", "(g) Establish counselling centres for women to address their traumatic experiences, specifically with regard to sexual violence, and provide adequate access to health-care services;", "(h) Enhance the inclusion and representation of women survivors in peacebuilding institutions and mechanisms at the decision-making, policymaking and implementation levels.", "Women living in poverty", "37. While welcoming the implementation of programmes for the development of women, the Committee remains concerned about the overall living conditions of women living in poverty, especially rural women and women heads of households, and their lack of access to land, adequate food, safe drinking water and fuel for cooking and heat. The Committee is also concerned about discrimination against girl children and women in food distribution within the household.", "38. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Pursue and implement macroeconomic, social and sectoral policies that are geared towards eradicating poverty and reducing gender-based inequality; encourage broad-based sustained economic growth; and address the structural causes of poverty within the overall framework of achieving people-centred sustainable development;", "(b) Strengthen initiatives aimed at encouraging sustainable economic empowerment of women, including the promotion of women’s access to land and credit and the promotion of training in microenterprise development and management, and monitor the impact of these initiatives;", "(c) Ensure equal access by women to resources and nutritious food by eliminating discriminatory practices, guaranteeing land ownership rights for women and facilitating women’s access to safe drinking water and fuel;", "(d) Provide for the right to adequate food in the new Constitution.", "Women facing multiple forms of discrimination", "39. The Committee is deeply concerned about the multiple forms of discrimination against disadvantaged groups of women such as Dalit and indigenous women, widows and women with disabilities.", "40. The Committee urges the State party to prioritize combating multiple forms of discrimination against women from various disadvantaged groups through the collection of data on the situation of these women and the adoption of legal provisions and comprehensive programmes, including public education and awareness-raising campaigns involving the mass media and community and religious leaders.", "Asylum-seeking and refugee women", "41. The Committee is concerned that the State party report does not provide any information about its national policy with regard to applications from asylum-seekers or the vulnerable situation of asylum-seeking and refugee women and girls from neighbouring countries.", "42. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Provide comprehensive information in its next report on its national policy on applications from asylum-seeking and refugee women in Nepal;", "(b) Provide an enabling environment and gender-sensitive policy in dealing with applications from women asylum-seekers and provide an enabling environment for asylum-seeking and refugee women to report acts of sexual harassment;", "(c) Pay particular attention to the vulnerability of asylum-seeking and refugee women.", "Discrimination in marriage and family relations", "43. The Committee is concerned about the persistence of early marriage despite legal provisions banning the practice; the existence of discriminatory legal provisions relating to unequal inheritance rights for married daughters; the existence of contradictory legal provisions that both recognize and criminalize bigamy; and the lack of clear legislation providing for the equal share of all marital property upon dissolution of marriage.", "44. The Committee recommends that the State party:", "(a) Enforce the legal minimum age of marriage, which is 20 years of age, and undertake awareness-raising measures throughout the country on the negative effects of early marriage on women’s enjoyment of their human rights, especially their right to health and education;", "(b) Take legal measures ensuring that women and men have equal rights to inheritance;", "(c) Adopt without delay the draft law repealing the provision on bigamy, which is currently under preparation, so that polygamous marriages are invalidated;", "(d) Ensure that women and men are granted equal rights, in law and in practice, to all marital property upon dissolution of marriage.", "National Human Rights Commission", "45. The Committee recommends that the State party amend the draft law on the National Human Rights Commission, with a view to achieving full compliance with the Paris Principles, and that the Commission continue to strengthen its cooperation with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal.", "Amendment to article 20, paragraph 1, of the Convention", "46. The Committee encourages the State party to accept, as soon as possible, the amendment to article 20 (1) of the Convention concerning the meeting time of the Committee.", "Dissemination", "47. The Committee requests the wide dissemination in Nepal of the present concluding observations in order to make the population, including Government officials, politicians, members of the Constituent Assembly and women’s and human rights organizations, aware of the steps that have been taken to ensure the de jure and de facto equality of women and of the additional steps that are required in that regard. The Committee recommends that the dissemination include the local community level. The State party is encouraged to organize a series of meetings to discuss progress achieved in the implementation of the present observations. The Committee requests the State party to continue to disseminate widely, in particular to women’s and human rights organizations, the Committee’s general recommendations, the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action and the outcome of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly on the theme “Women 2000: gender equality, development and peace for the twenty-first century”.", "Ratification of other treaties", "48. The Committee notes that the adherence of the State party to the nine major international human rights instruments[1] would enhance the enjoyment by women of their human rights and fundamental freedoms in all aspects of life. The Committee therefore encourages the Government of Nepal to consider ratifying the treaties to which it is not yet a party, namely: the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families and the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance.", "Follow-up to concluding observations", "49. The Committee requests the State party to provide, within two years, written information on the steps undertaken to implement the recommendations contained in paragraphs 26 and 36 above.", "Technical assistance", "50. The Committee recommends that the State party avail itself of technical assistance in the development and implementation of a comprehensive programme aimed at the implementation of the above recommendations and the Convention as a whole. The Committee also calls upon the State party to further strengthen its cooperation with specialized agencies and programmes of the United Nations system, including the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women), the United Nations Development Programme, the United Nations Children’s Fund, the United Nations Population Fund, the World Health Organization and the Statistics Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat. The Committee recommends, in particular, that the State party continue its cooperation with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal.", "Preparation and date of next report", "51. The Committee requests the State party to ensure the wide participation of all ministries and public bodies in the preparation of its next report and to consult a variety of women’s and human rights organizations during that phase.", "52. The Committee requests the State party to respond to the concerns expressed in the present concluding observations in its next periodic report under article 18 of the Convention. It invites the State party to submit its sixth periodic report in July 2015.", "53. The Committee invites the State party to follow the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the international human rights treaties, including guidelines on a common core document and treaty-specific documents, approved at the fifth inter-committee meeting of the human rights treaty bodies, in June 2006 (HRI/MC/2006/3 and Corr.1). The treaty-specific reporting guidelines adopted by the Committee at its fortieth session, in January 2008, must be applied in conjunction with the harmonized reporting guidelines on a common core document. Together, they constitute the harmonized guidelines on reporting under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. The treaty-specific document should be limited to 40 pages and the updated common core document should not exceed 80 pages.", "[1] The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination; the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment; the Convention on the Rights of the Child; the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families; the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance; and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities." ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论意见", "尼泊尔", "1. 2011年7月20日,委员会第989和990次会议(见CEDAW/C/SR.989和990)审议了尼泊尔的第四次和第五次合并报告(CEDAW/C/NPL/4-5)。委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/NPL/Q/4-5，尼泊尔的答复载于CEDAW/C/NPL/Q/ 4-5/Add.1。", "导言", "2. 委员会感谢缔约国的第四次和第五次合并定期报告。报告基本上遵循了委员会的报告编写导则，提到了以前的结论意见。委员会赞赏缔约国的口头介绍、对委员会会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单的书面答复及针对委员会口头提出的问题的进一步澄清。", "3. 委员会赞扬缔约国派出由尼泊尔常驻纽约联合国代表率领的多部门代表团，其中包括来自政府各部委的代表。然而，委员会感到遗憾的是，未见妇女、儿童和社会福利部长，即赋予妇女权力领域的最高决策者。委员会赞赏代表团与委员会成员之间的建设性对话，同时也注意到，对一些问题的回答是模糊的，对一些问题则未予回答。", "积极方面", "4. 委员会欣见自2004年审议最后一次报告(CEDAW/C/NPL/2-3)以来通过和实施了若干立法措施，用以促进性别平等和消除对妇女的歧视，并履行《公约》规定的义务。委员会尤其欢迎2007年《尼泊尔临时宪法》、全国妇女委员会五年战略计划(2009-2014年)、2009年《家庭暴力(罪行和处罚)法》、2007年《贩运人口(管制)法》、2007年《全国妇女委员会法》和2006年《性别平等法》。委员会赞赏地注意到最高法院2007年12月21日的裁决(2064-9-6)。", "5. 委员会满意地注意到，缔约国已采取一些政策、方案和行动计划，促进性别平等和消除对妇女的歧视，如2004年用以实施《公约》的国家行动计划；《妇女发展方案》；打击为性剥削和劳动剥削目的贩卖妇女和儿童的国家行动计划；关于免费分娩服务的安全分娩奖励方案(母亲方案)；关于受冲突影响和流离失所的妇女的社会康复和妇女积极参与和平进程的中期计划(2008-2011年)。", "6. 委员会还满意地注意到，自审议上次报告以来，缔约国已经批准或加入下列国际文书：《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》(2007年)、《儿童权利公约》关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书(2007年)、《儿童权利公约》关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品的任择议定书(2006年)、《残疾人权利公约》及其《任择议定书》(2010年)、《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》(2006年)和补充该《公约》的《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的议定书》(2008年)；南亚区域合作联盟(南盟)《防止和打击贩卖妇女和儿童卖淫的公约》(2007年)。", "主要关注领域和建议", "7. 委员会回顾，缔约国有义务系统地、持续地执行《公约》的各项规定，认为本结论意见中确定的关注和建议，从现在到提交下一次定期报告期间需要得到缔约国的优先重视。因此，委员会敦促缔约国侧重于其执行活动中的这些领域，并在其下次定期报告中报告所采取的行动和取得的成果。委员会吁请缔约国将本结论意见提交各相关部委、制宪会议和司法机构，以确保其充分执行。", "议会", "8. 委员会重申，政府对全面履行缔约国根据《公约》承担的义务负有首要责任并接受专门问责，强调《公约》对政府所有部门都具有约束力，邀请缔约国鼓励制宪会议/议会酌情按照程序采取必要步骤，履行本结论意见和政府的下次公约报告进程。委员会并建议制宪会议在拟定新《宪法》时考虑《公约》的规定和委员会的建议。", "平等和非歧视的定义", "9. 委员会指出，《临时宪法》规定“不得以任何方式对妇女进行性别歧视”，但同时关切地注意到，《宪法》并没有列入妇女男子平等原则，没有按照有关直接和间接歧视的《公约》第1条和有关公共和私营行为体行为的《公约》第2条(e)的规定及委员会第28号一般性建议，禁止针对妇女的歧视行为。", "10. 委员会敦促缔约国在新《宪法》中列入妇女男子平等原则、根据《公约》第1条禁止针对妇女歧视的规定、以及根据《公约》第2条(e)的规定，包括直接和间接歧视及公共和私营部门歧视的定义及委员会第28号一般性建议。", "歧视性法律", "11. 委员会赞赏地注意到，缔约国审查和修订了歧视性法律，包括《临时宪法》和《2006年性别平等法》。后项法律对财产、婚内强奸和婚姻年龄方面的歧视性规定进行了修改。但是，委员会依然对大量歧视性法规继续存在表示关切。", "12. 委员会呼吁缔约国废止所有其他歧视性法律法规，确保新《宪法》中没有歧视性规定。", "提高妇女地位国家机制", "13. 委员会欢迎妇女、儿童和社会福利部在协调和性别主流化方面发挥的作用，但是对有关妇女权利的现行政策和计划产生的即时影响有限表示关切。", "14. 根据第6号一般性建议和《北京行动纲要》的指导意见，委员会呼吁缔约国为中央和地方各级增强妇女权利国家机制提供必要的人力、财政和技术资源，使其在增强妇女权利各个领域发挥有效作用。委员会并呼吁缔约国，加强旨在实现妇女男子事实平等的法律和行动计划执行情况的监督机制，进一步开发性别平等指数综合系统，以便更好地收集分类数据，对旨在实现性别平等主流化和促进妇女享受人权的各项政策和方案的实效进行评估。", "暂行特别措施", "15. 委员会欢迎为确保33%女议员比例而采取的措施、公务员招聘中的特别性别包容措施、增强妇女经济能力的方案和增加妇女获得土地的措施，并赞赏地注意到缔约国承认应该采取更多的暂行特别措施，实现事实平等。但是，委员会关切地注意到，根据《公约》第4条和委员会第25号一般性建议采取的暂行特别措施没有作为一项必要战略加以系统采用，以加速实现《公约》所涉各领域中妇女男子的事实平等和实际平等，包括卫生、就业、教育、住房、土地拥有权、公共生活和遭遇多种歧视的妇女。", "16. 委员会鼓励缔约国：", "(a) 采取各种暂行特别措施，在妇女、特别是面临多种形式歧视的妇女代表不足或不利领域加快提高妇女地位，包括政治代表、政府行政与司法、保健、教育、就业、住房和土地拥有领域；", "(b) 在法律中列入关于采取暂行特别措施的具体规定，鼓励公共和私营部门采取暂行特别措施。", "陈规定型和有害做法", "17. 委员会关切地注意到，重男轻女传统和一些根深蒂固的陈规定型仍然深深扎根于尼泊尔的社会、文化、宗教、经济和社会体制结构，也深深地扎根于尼泊尔媒体。委员会还关切一些有害做法在缔约国长期存在，如童婚、女方嫁妆、偏爱男孩、一夫多妻、把寡妇视作巫婆、以及女性生育生理歧视(Chaupadi)、卖淫(Jhuma)、女童献神(Deuki)和陪嫁制(Dhan-Khaane)做法等。", "18. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 按照《公约》第2(f)和5(e)条的规定，迅速制订消除歧视妇女态度和陈规定型的综合战略，并确定目标和时间表；", "(b) 加大针对妇女和男子的提高认识和教育工作力度，争取民间社会及社区和宗教领袖参与，消除有害做法，并与媒体合作积极树立妇女的积极、非歧视和脱离陈规定型的形象；", "(c) 迅速颁布关于有害做法的法律草案；确保其包括各种形式的有害做法；确保该法得到及时、充分执行，并监测其有效执行。", "针对妇女的暴力", "19. 委员会欢迎尼泊尔颁布《2009年家庭暴力法》和启动《制止性别暴力国家行动计划》。但是，委员会关切地注意到，针对妇女女孩的暴力普遍存在，包括家庭暴力，特别是针对达利特等弱势妇女群体的暴力。委员会并关切地注意到，限制性暴力案件登记的法规以及婚内强奸处罚力度不足，造成多数事件缺乏记录，也得不到解决。委员会还对缺乏针对妇女暴力，包括性暴力和家庭暴力的统计数据表示关切。", "20. 委员会敦促缔约国根据第19号一般性建议优先关注打击针对妇女女孩暴力的工作，采取综合措施解决这种暴力问题。为此，委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 确保有效执行2009年《家庭暴力法》和其他现行法律，酌情起诉和惩罚这种暴力的肇事者；", "(b) 制订全国针对妇女暴力案件数据收集方案；", "(c) 立即采取措施，消除限制登记性暴力案件的法规，确保妇女能够把强奸罪有效地诉诸司法；", "(d) 继续为警察、公共监察官、司法和政府其他有关部门以及医疗单位提供家庭暴力和性暴力方面的必要培训，扩大各社区，包括达利特社区专门针对男子男孩的提高认识方案；", "(e) 迅速通过和颁布正在拟定的法律草案，按照对话精神明显加大对婚内强奸的处罚，并就这方面的新规定开展提高认识活动。", "贩卖人口与利用妇女卖淫营利", "21. 委员会欢迎尼泊尔通过打击贩卖儿童妇女从事性剥削和劳工剥削《国家行动计划》。但是委员会关切地注意到，缺乏贩卖妇女女孩的具体数据，《2007年人口贩卖和运输(管制)法》没有得到有力执行，性剥削问题长期存在，特别是在达利特社区，贫穷等贩卖人口和卖淫行为的根本原因长期存在。", "22. 委员会敦促缔约国采取以下行动全面执行《公约》第6条的规定：", "(a) 收集和分析按年龄、性别和原籍国分类的人口贩卖和卖淫各个方面的数据以发现趋势；", "(b) 履行《2007年人口贩卖和运输(管制)法》，确保对肇事者进行惩罚，为受害者提供具有充分保护、协助和服务的收容场所；", "(c) 加强预防措施，改善女孩妇女的经济状况和有酬职业，并提供其他资源，以消除贩卖脆弱性；", "(d) 加强与原籍国和过境国的国际、区域和双边合作，更有效地解决人口贩卖的根本原因，交流信息以更好地预防人口贩卖；", "(e) 确保有效履行《南盟防止和打击贩运妇女儿童从事卖淫公约》；", "(f) 批准补充《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的《关于预防、制止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的议定书》；", "(g) 为司法、执法官员，包括移民和边防警察和国家各地的社会工作者提供打击人口贩卖法律方面的培训，开展全民提高认识运动。", "参与政治和公共生活", "23. 委员会欣见，在制宪会议中女议员人数占33%。然而，委员会深切关注的是，在高级决策职位、公共服务部门、司法机构、外交部门和国家人权委员会中并在地方一级，妇女的代表人数极少，特别是达利特妇女和土著妇女。", "24. 委员会建议：", "(a) 在今后的议会中，增加制宪会议妇女代表人数的配额；", "(b) 缔约国充分利用委员会第23号一般性建议，并依照《公约》第4条(1)款以及委员会第25号一般性建议，采取暂行特别措施，以加快妇女充分、平等地参与公共和政治生活的步伐。为此目的，委员会建议缔约国：", "㈠ 制定具体目标和时间表，以便从地方一级，包括村发展委员会，到国家和外交机构一级，在公共生活所有领域的民选和任命机构中，加快增加妇女代表人数的速度，包括达利特妇女和土著妇女；", "㈡ 就妇女参与决策对整个社会的重要意义开展提高认识活动，并为妇女候选人和当选担任公职的妇女制定有针对性的培训和辅导方案，为现在和未来的女性领导人制定有关领导能力和谈判技能的方案。", "国籍", "25. 委员会注意到缔约国有关妇女在获得公民身份方面不受歧视的解释，但委员会仍深切关注的是，在妇女将公民身份传给子女和外籍丈夫以及已婚妇女要获得公民身份证件方面仍面临障碍，此外，贫穷、地理位置偏僻、行政要求繁琐等阻碍获取公民身份的基本条件依然存在。", "26. 委员会强烈敦促缔约国：", "(a) 确保新《宪法》规定妇女享有平等和充分的公民权利，包括将公民身份传给子女和外籍丈夫的权利；", "(b) 对各级政府官员实施有关转移公民身份法律规定的培训方案；", "(c) 开展发放公民身份证件的第二次综合国家行动，同时考虑到妇女在获得国籍证据方面面临的困难；", "(d) 加入1954年《关于无国籍人地位的公约》以及1961年《减少无国籍状态公约》；", "(e) 确保给予在尼泊尔境内出生但如不授予尼泊尔国籍即成为无国籍人士的儿童尼泊尔公民身份。", "教育", "27. 委员会欣见，在初等和中等教育中性别均等程度总体提高，但委员会感到关切的是，女性入学率增长缓慢，女孩辍学率非常高，在受教育机会和文盲率方面，城乡存在差异，成年妇女的识字率很低。委员会还感到关切的是，在各级教育中，女性教师的人数极少。", "28. 委员会敦促缔约国，进一步遵守《公约》第10条的规定，并提高对教育作为一项人权和作为增强妇女权能的基础所具有的重要意义的认识。为此目的，委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 加强努力，实现城市、农村和偏远地区各级在教育体系普及向女孩提供的优质教育；通过改善设施并通过建立特别关注达利特女孩、土著女孩和其他弱势群体女孩的支助制度，向残疾女孩提供受教育的机会；", "(b) 采取具体措施，包括有效执行禁止早婚的规定，防止女孩从学校辍学；", "(c) 加紧努力，通过开展各种正式和非正式的教育和培训综合方案，进一步提高妇女的识字率；", "(d) 增加培训和招聘女性教师的人数。", "就业", "29. 委员会欣见，缔约国禁止抵押劳工的作法，但对有关塔鲁土著社区中仍存在此类作法的报告表示关切。委员会还感到关切的是，尤其是8至14岁的女孩中间使用童工的比例很高，；在非正规经济部门中，妇女所占的比例很高，工作场所中性骚扰十分普遍。 委员会关切地注意到，性骚扰法律草案自2009年以来一直在议会待定。", "30. 委员会建议，缔约国依照《公约》第11条的规定，确保妇女在就业市场享有平等机会。为此目的，委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 加强努力，消除抵押劳工和童工作法，确保有效执行国际劳工组织有关废除强迫劳动的公约(第105号公约)；", "(b) 规范非正规经济部门，确保妇女在这一部门不受剥削；", "(c) 使工作场所性骚扰法律草案符合委员会第19号一般性建议，并从速通过该法律草案；", "(d)建立保密和安全的投诉制度，为性骚扰受害者获得司法救助提供便利，开展提高认识运动，特别是面向工作妇女，以打破围绕性骚扰问题的沉默文化；", "(e) 考虑批准劳工组织有关家政工人体面工作的公约(第189号公约)。", "卫生", "31. 委员会欣见，缔约国实施提供免费分娩服务的母亲方案，以及孕产妇死亡率下降。然而，委员会深切关注的是：获得基本医疗服务的机会有限，特别是贫穷妇女、农村妇女和残疾妇女；孕产妇死亡率和发病率仍然极高；在获得分娩服务，特别是产科急诊服务方面，存在挑战；营养状况不佳，这与孕产妇死亡率和发病率风险增加密切相关；尽管缔约国努力提供矫正手术，但子宫下垂的发病率很高；尽管人工流产在2002年实现合法化，但采用不安全人工流产做法的比率很高，特别是贫穷妇女、乡村妇女和城市边缘化群体的妇女；农村妇女、青少年、贫穷妇女和残疾妇女无法获得计划生育服务，她们避孕需要的满足率最低；缺乏孕妇艾滋病毒流行率的数据。", "32. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 在委员会第24号一般性建议框架内，确保妇女获得基本保健和相关保健服务，特别是贫穷妇女、农村妇女和残疾妇女，增加医务人员的人数，包括女医生和其他保健提供者；", "(b) 制订和施行有效的政策和方案，进一步降低孕产妇死亡率；", "(c) 优先关注确保妇女获得各种孕产妇保健服务的方案，包括产前、产后和产科急诊服务，特别是贫穷妇女、农村妇女和年轻母亲；", "(d) 纠正危害妇女和女孩福祉和健康，包括生殖健康的歧视性作法和有害作法，包括缺乏营养食物和Chaupadi作法；", "(e) 为解决子宫下垂相关问题采取预防措施，如使妇女获得充分的计划生育服务，在已实施的“安全孕产”方案中开展提高认识和预防培训，并确保为优质矫正手术和后续检查分配足够的资金，从而防止出现术后并发症，如瘘管病和其他健康问题；", "(f) 在全国各地扩大人工流产服务；", "(g) 解决避孕需要得不到满足的问题，把普遍获得各种避孕方法包括紧急避孕措施信息和服务作为一个优先事项，并特别关注农村妇女、贫穷妇女和少女。", "女性移民工人", "33. 委员会注意到尼泊尔于2007年通过了新的《外国人就业法》，但仍对以下情况表示关注：尼泊尔女性移民工人的状况，特别是考虑到大量的尼泊尔妇女都是无证移徙者，这加剧了她们遭受性剥削、强迫劳动和性虐待的脆弱性。委员会还关注的是，她们主要集中在非正规经济部门；确保她们在出发前获得有关信息和技能培训的措施十分有限；缔约国和就业国都缺乏制度上的支持，难以促进和保护尼泊尔女性移民工人的权利。", "34. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 重点调查导致妇女移民的原因，为本国的妇女创造就业或自营职业的机会，并确保为妇女提供贷款的机会；", "(b) 建立各种机制，以促进有安全保障的移民程序，在整个移民周期中保护和履行妇女的权利；", "(c) 实施和监测规范、完善的离境前指导和技能培训；", "(d) 与就业国签署双边协定，并作出充分的规定，以确保女性移民工人的安全，并在目的地国建立各种机制，处理在就业过程中侵犯女性移民工人权利的问题；", "(e) 协助移民妇女寻求补救措施；", "(f) 为返乡的妇女创造替代生计机会，促成她们重新融入社会；", "(g) 起诉和惩罚从事非法招聘进程、以出国工作的名义助长拐卖妇女行为的分子。", "受武装冲突影响的妇女", "35. 委员会在对2010年10月通过的关于安理会第1325(2000)和1820(2008)号决议的国家行动计划表示欢迎的同时，对以下情况深表关切：安全部队和毛派战斗人员在武装冲突期间犯下的性暴力案件(包括强奸案)没有受到调查，犯罪分子没有绳之以法；对投诉强奸案和其他性罪行设置限制的诉讼时效法规可能有碍于冲突期间的强奸案和其他性罪行的女性受害者获得诉诸法律的机会；冲突期间性暴力行为的许多幸存者产生了严重的创伤后应激障碍以及其他心理和生理健康问题。委员会还对妇女参与和平与重建进程的程度不足感到关切。", "36. 委员会敦促缔约国：", "(a) 优先审议成立真相与和解委员会和失踪问题调查委员会的法律草案，并确保各委员会既具有独立性和权威性，又对性别问题具有敏感认识；确保真相与和解委员会处理性暴力问题，并特别注意性暴力受害者公开作证的社会和安全层面；", "(b) 通过过渡时期司法和恢复性正义，调查、起诉和惩罚所有的暴力行为，包括武装部队和毛派战斗人员以及私人行为者犯下的性暴力行为，并确保按照关于真相与和解委员会的法律草案、关于投诉冲突期间强奸和其他形式性犯罪的时效法规不会影响妇女获得诉诸法律的机会；", "(c) 对武装冲突期间和冲突后时期犯下的性虐待行为展开全面、彻底的调查；", "(d) 确保妇女可诉诸司法及受冲突影响的所有妇女和在冲突期间和冲突后时期的性暴力行为女性受害者获得法律援助；", "(e) 确保受害者和证人得到保护，为性暴力的受害者提供庇护场所，包括在农村和偏远地区；", "(f) 确保有效实施关于安理会第1325(2000)和1820(2008)号决议的国家行动计划，并确保性犯罪受害者获得适当的赔偿、康复和咨询服务；", "(g) 建立妇女心理辅导中心，以处理她们的创伤经历问题(特别是与性暴力犯罪有关的经历)，并为其提供充足的医疗服务；", "(h) 在决定、决策和执行层面上加强妇女/幸存者在建设和平机构和机制中的参与权和代表权。", "贫穷妇女", "37. 在对妇女发展方案的实施表示欢迎的同时，委员会关注处于贫困状况的妇女(特别是农村妇女和女户主)的整体生活条件，以及她们在获得土地、充足食物、安全饮用水、烹饪燃料和供暖等方面的困难。委员会还对家庭内部分配粮食过程中歧视女童和妇女的做法表示关注。", "38. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 着眼于执行宏观经济、社会和部门政策，以消除贫穷和减少基于性别的不平等；鼓励基础广泛的经济增长；在实现以人为中心的总体框架内化解贫穷的结构根源；", "(b) 加强为鼓励可持续增强妇女的可持续经济能力所采取的举措，包括增加妇女获得土地和信贷的机会，开展关于如何发展和管理微型企业的培训，以及监测这些方案所产生的影响；", "(c) 消除歧视性做法，保障妇女的土地所有权，并为妇女获得安全饮用水和燃料提供便利，以确保妇女平等获得资源和营养食物；", "(d) 在新《宪法》中规定充足食物权。", "面临多种形式歧视的妇女", "39. 委员会对于针对弱势群体妇女的多种形式的歧视深表关注，这些妇女包括寡妇、女残疾人、贱民和土著妇女、由于自身的性差异而受到歧视的妇女等。", "40. 委员会敦促缔约国优先打击针对各种弱势群体妇女的多种形式的歧视行为，收集有关这些妇女状况的数据，并通过法律规定和综合方案打击多种形式的歧视，包括涉及媒体及社区和宗教领袖的公共教育和提高意识活动。", "寻求庇护妇女和难民妇女", "41. 关于为处理来自邻国的寻求庇护者申请或寻求庇护妇女和难民妇女及女孩的脆弱性问题的国家政策，缔约国没有提供任何资料，委员会对此表示关切。", "42. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 在下一份报告中提供资料，全面说明尼泊尔关于寻求庇护妇女和难民妇女)的申请的国家政策；", "(b) 在处理寻求庇护妇女和难民妇女的申请时提供有利的环境和性别敏感政策，为寻求庇护妇女和难民妇女报告性骚扰行为提供有利环境；", "(c) 特别注意寻求庇护的妇女和难民妇女的脆弱性。", "在婚姻和家庭关系中的歧视现象", "43. 委员会深感关注的是：尽管法律规定禁止早婚，但早婚在现实中仍持续存在；存在歧视性的法律规定，即出嫁的女儿不能享受平等的继承权；在重婚问题上存在着互相矛盾的法律规定，既承认重婚，又将重婚定为刑事罪；缺乏规定在解除婚姻时妇女对婚姻期间获得的所有财产享有平等权利的明确立法。", "44. 委员会建议缔约国：", "(a) 强制执行20岁的最低法定结婚年龄，并在全国各地实施提高认识的措施，宣传早婚对于妇女享受人权(尤其是健康权和教育权)的负面影响；", "(b) 采取法律措施，确保男性和女性享有平等的继承权；", "(c) 毫不拖延地通过正在拟订的废除重婚条款的法律草案，宣布一夫多妻制婚姻无效；", "(d) 确保在法律上和实践中，妇女和男子在解除婚姻时对婚姻期间获得的所有财产享有平等的权利。", "全国人权委员会", "45. 委员会建议缔约国修订关于全国人权委员会的法律草案，以期全面遵守《巴黎原则》，并建议全国人权委员会继续加强与联合国人权事务高级专员办事处驻尼泊尔办事处的合作。", "对《公约》第20条第1款的修正", "46. 委员会敦促缔约国尽快接受对《公约》第20条第1款关于委员会会议时间的修正。", "传播", "47. 委员会要求在尼泊尔广泛传播本结论意见，使所有人(包括政府官员、政治家、议员以及妇女和人权组织)都认识到为了确保妇女在法律和事实上平等而采取的步骤，以及这方面需要采取的其他步骤。委员会建议将结论意见传播到社区一级。鼓励缔约国举行一系列会议，讨论在实施本结论意见方面取得的进展。委员会请缔约国继续广泛传播，特别是向妇女和人权组织传播委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言》和《行动纲要》以及主题为“2000年妇女：二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平”的大会第二十三届特别会议的成果文件。", "批准其他条约", "48. 委员会指出，缔约国加入所有九项主要国际人权文书[1] 将有助于妇女进一步享有生活所有领域人权和基本自由。因此，委员会鼓励尼泊尔考虑批准其尚未加入的公约，即《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》。", "结论意见的后续行动", "49. 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面材料，说明为落实上文第26段和第36段所载各项建议而采取的措施。", "技术援助", "50. 委员会建议缔约国利用技术援助拟定并执行一项综合性方案，以实施上述各项建议及整个《公约》。委员会还吁请缔约国进一步加强与联合国系统各专门机构和方案在能力建设等领域的合作，包括联合国开发计划署、联合国妇女发展基金、联合国儿童基金会、联合国人口基金、世界卫生组织以及秘书处经济和社会事务部统计司和提高妇女地位司。委员会特别建议缔约国继续与联合国人权事务高级专员驻尼泊尔办事处开展合作。", "下次报告的编写和日期", "51. 委员会要求缔约国确保各个部委和公共机构广泛参与其下一次报告的编写，并在此阶段与各种妇女和人权组织协商。", "52. 委员会要求缔约国根据《公约》第18条的规定，在其下次定期报告中对本结论意见表达的关注做出回应。委员会请缔约国于2015年7月提交其第六次定期报告。", "53. 委员会请缔约国遵循国际人权条约规定的统一报告导则，包括2006年6月人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议批准的关于共同核心文件和具体条约文件的导则(HRI/MC/2006/3和Corr.1)。委员会在2008年1月其第四十届会议通过的具体条约报告导则，必须结合关于共同核心文件的统一报告导则应用。它们共同构成《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》规定的统一报告导则。该具体条约的文件应限制在40页内，而更新的共同核心文件不应超过80页。", "[1] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》。" ]

[ "消除对妇女歧视委员会", "第四十九届会议", "2011年7月11日至29日,日内瓦", "消除对妇女歧视委员会的结论性意见", "尼泊尔", "1. 联合国 1. 2011年7月20日,委员会第989和990次会议审议了尼泊尔第四次和第五次合并定期报告(CEDAW/C/NPL/4-5)(见CEDAW/C/SR.989和990)。 委员会的议题和问题清单载于CEDAW/C/NPL/Q/4-5,尼泊尔的答复载于CEDAW/C/NPL/Q/4-5/Add.1。", "导言", "2. 联合国 委员会对缔约国第四次和第五次合并定期报告表示赞赏。 该报告基本上遵循了委员会编写报告的准则,并提到了以前的结论性意见。 委员会感谢缔约国作出口头陈述,对委员会会前工作组提出的议题和问题清单作出书面答复并进一步澄清委员会口头提出的问题。", "3个 委员会赞扬缔约国派遣由尼泊尔常驻纽约联合国代表率领的多部门代表团出席会议,代表团成员包括政府各部委的代表。 然而,委员会感到遗憾的是,妇女、儿童和社会福利部长不在,他在赋予妇女权力方面处于最高决策层。 委员会赞赏代表团同委员会成员之间的建设性对话,同时指出,对一些问题的答复含糊不清,有些问题没有得到答复。", "B. 积极方面", " 4.四. 2. 委员会欢迎自2004年审议上次报告(CEDAW/C/NPL/2-3)以来,通过并实施了旨在促进两性平等和消除对妇女的歧视并履行《公约》义务的若干立法措施。 委员会尤其欢迎2007年《尼泊尔临时宪法》;全国妇女委员会五年战略计划(2009-2014年);2009年《家庭暴力(犯罪和惩罚)法》;2007年《人口贩运和运输(管制)法》;2007年《全国妇女委员会法》;2006年《两性平等法》。 委员会赞赏地注意到最高法院2007年12月21日的裁决(2064-9-6)。", "5 (韩语). 委员会满意地注意到,缔约国通过了若干政策、方案和行动计划来促进两性平等并消除对妇女的歧视,例如2004年执行《公约》的国家行动计划;妇女发展方案;打击为性剥削和劳动剥削而贩运儿童和妇女的国家行动计划;免费分娩服务的安全分娩奖励方案(阿马方案);受冲突影响和流离失所的妇女的社会康复以及妇女积极参与和平进程的临时计划(2008-2011年)。", "6. 国家 委员会还满意地注意到,自审议上次报告以来,缔约国批准或加入了下列国际文书:2007年《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约任择议定书》;2007年《儿童权利公约关于儿童卷入武装冲突问题的任择议定书》;2006年《儿童权利公约关于买卖儿童、儿童卖淫和儿童色情制品问题的任择议定书》;2010年《残疾人权利公约》及其任择议定书;2006年《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》;2008年《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》;以及2007年《南亚区域合作联盟(南盟)防止和打击贩运妇女和儿童从事卖淫活动公约》;", "主要关切领域和建议", "7. 联合国 委员会回顾,缔约国有义务系统地、持续地执行《公约》的所有条款,认为从现在到提交下次定期报告期间,缔约国必须优先注意本结论意见提出的各项关切和建议。 因此,委员会敦促缔约国将执行活动的重点放在这些领域上,并在下一次定期报告中报告所采取的行动和取得的成果。 委员会呼吁缔约国将本结论意见发交各相关部委、制宪会议和司法机构,以确保这些意见得到充分落实。", "议会", "8. 联合国 委员会重申,政府对全面执行《公约》规定的缔约国义务负有首要责任,尤其要对此负责,同时强调《公约》对政府所有部门都具有约束力,并请缔约国鼓励制宪会议/议会酌情根据其程序,就执行本结论意见和政府根据《公约》开展下一次报告进程采取必要步骤。 委员会还建议制宪大会在起草新宪法时考虑到《公约》的规定和委员会的建议。", "平等和不歧视的定义", "9. 国家 委员会注意到《临时宪法》规定“不得以任何方式以性别为由歧视妇女”,但感到关切的是,《宪法》没有体现男女平等的原则,也没有按照《公约》第1条(涵盖直接和间接歧视)、第2条(e)项(涵盖公共和私人行为者的行为)和委员会第28号一般性建议禁止对妇女的歧视。", "10个 委员会敦促缔约国按照《公约》第1条所载定义,将男女平等原则、禁止歧视妇女的规定,以及根据第2(e)条和委员会第28号一般性建议,在新《宪法》中列入歧视的定义,包括公共和私人领域的直接和间接歧视及歧视。", "歧视性法律", "11个 委员会赞赏地注意到缔约国努力审查和修订歧视性立法,包括《临时宪法》和2006年《两性平等法》,其中修订了财产、婚内强奸和结婚年龄等方面的歧视性规定。 然而,委员会仍对大量歧视性法律和规定持续存在感到关切。", "12个 委员会呼吁缔约国废除所有其余的歧视性法律和规定,确保新《宪法》不包含任何歧视性规定。", "提高妇女地位的国家机构", "13个 委员会欢迎妇女、儿童和社会福利部发挥协调和将性别观点纳入主流的作用,但对妇女权利方面的短期进展有限感到关切。", "14个 委员会根据其第6号一般性建议和《北京行动纲要》提供的指导,吁请缔约国向中央和地方各级赋予妇女权力的国家机构提供必要的人力、财政和技术资源,使这些机构能在所有赋予妇女权力领域有效运作。 委员会还吁请缔约国加强监测机制,以实施旨在实现男女事实上平等的法律和行动计划,并进一步发展全面的性别指标系统,以期改进按性别分列的数据的收集工作,以此评估旨在将两性平等纳入主流并增进妇女享受人权的政策和方案的影响和效力。", "暂行特别措施", "15个 委员会欢迎采取措施,确保制宪会议中有33%的妇女,在公务员征聘过程中采取包括两性平等在内的特殊措施,执行赋予妇女经济权力的方案并采取措施增加妇女获得土地的机会。 委员会还赞赏地注意到,缔约国承认需要额外的暂行特别措施来达到事实上的平等。 然而,委员会感到关切的是,根据《公约》第4条第1款和委员会第25号一般性建议采取的暂行特别措施没有被系统地作为必要的战略来加速实现男女,特别是面临多种形式歧视的妇女之间在《公约》所有领域的实际或实质性平等,包括保健、就业、教育、住房、土地所有权和公共生活。", "16号. 委员会鼓励缔约国:", "(a) 采取暂行特别措施,在妇女,特别是面临多种形式歧视的妇女代表不足或处于不利地位的领域,包括在政治代表、政府行政和司法领域,以及在获得保健、教育、就业、住房和土地所有权方面,加速提高妇女地位;", "在立法中纳入关于采取暂行特别措施的具体规定,鼓励在公共和私营部门使用这些措施。", "定型观念和有害的传统习俗", "17岁。 委员会感到关切的是,歧视妇女的重男轻女态度和根深蒂固的定型观念仍然根深蒂固地存在于尼泊尔社会的社会、文化、宗教、经济和政治机构和结构以及媒体中。 委员会还关切缔约国持续存在有害的传统习俗,如童婚、嫁妆制度、重男轻女、一夫多妻、被控告施巫术的寡妇等;以及诸如chapadi、jhuma、deuki和dhan-khaane等习俗。", "18岁。 委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 国家 根据《公约》第2条(f)项和第5条(a)项,立即制定一项具有具体目标和时间表的综合战略,以消除歧视妇女的重男轻女态度和定型观念;", "(b) 加强针对妇女和男子的提高认识和教育努力,并让民间社会、社区和宗教领袖参与,以消除有害的传统习俗,并同媒体合作,以提高妇女的积极、非陈规定型和非歧视性的形象;", "(c) 迅速颁布关于有害社会习俗的法律草案;确保该法涵盖所有形式的此类习俗;确保毫不拖延地全面执行该法;并监督其有效实施。", "暴力侵害妇女行为", " 19. 19. 5. 委员会欢迎2009年颁布《家庭暴力法》并启动打击基于性别的暴力国家行动计划。 然而,委员会关切地感到,暴力侵害妇女和女孩,包括家庭暴力,特别是侵害达利特妇女等弱势妇女群体的暴力行为仍然普遍存在。 委员会感到关切的是,大多数事件没有记录,而且没有得到处理。 委员会还感到关切的是,缺乏关于对妇女的暴力行为,包括性暴力和家庭暴力的统计数据;性暴力案件登记有时效规定;对婚内强奸的处罚较轻。", "20号. 委员会敦促缔约国根据委员会第19号一般性建议,优先注意打击暴力侵害妇女和女孩的行为,并采取全面措施处理此类暴力行为。 为此,委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 国家 确保有效执行2009年《家庭暴力法》和其他现行法律,并适当起诉和惩罚此类暴力行为的肇事者;", "(b) 制订关于暴力侵害妇女案件的全国数据收集方案;", "(c) 立即采取措施废除性暴力案件登记的诉讼时效,确保妇女能因强奸罪和其他性犯罪而有效地诉诸法院;", "(d) 继续向警察、检察官、司法机构和其他相关政府机构以及保健提供者提供家庭暴力和性暴力方面的必要培训,并在包括达利特社区在内的所有社区开展更广泛的提高认识方案,具体针对男子和男孩;", "(e) 立即通过和颁布目前正在起草的法律草案,如对话期间所提到,该法律草案大大加重了对婚内强奸的处罚,并就这方面的新规定开展提高认识运动。", "贩运和利用妇女卖淫营利", "21岁 委员会欢迎通过打击为性剥削和劳动剥削而贩运儿童和妇女的国家行动计划。 然而,委员会感到关切的是,缺乏关于贩运妇女和女童的具体数据,2007年《贩运人口和运输(管制)法》没有得到有效执行,性剥削现象持续存在,特别是在达利特社区,以及贩运和卖淫的根源持续存在,包括贫困。", "22号. 222. 委员会敦促缔约国充分执行《公约》第六条,具体做法是:", "(a) 收集和分析按年龄、性别和原籍国分列的关于贩运和卖淫所有方面的数据,以查明趋势;", "(b) 执行2007年《人口贩运和运输(管制)法》,确保犯罪者受到惩罚,受害者得到充分的保护、援助和庇护;", "(c) 加强预防措施,以改善女孩和妇女的经济状况、有酬就业和其他资源,消除她们受贩运者之害的脆弱性;", "(d) 加强努力,在国际、区域和双边各级同来源国和过境国合作,以更有效地解决贩运的根源,并通过信息交流更好地预防贩运;", "(e) 确保有效执行《南盟防止和打击贩运妇女和儿童从事卖淫公约》;", "批准《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》;", "(g) 向全国各地的司法人员、执法人员(包括移民和边境警察)和社会工作者提供打击贩运立法方面的信息和培训,并开展提高民众认识的运动。", "参与政治和公共生活", "23. 联合国 委员会欢迎妇女在制宪会议中占33%。 然而,委员会深为关切的是,妇女,特别是达利特和土著妇女,在高级别决策职务、公共服务、司法和外交部门、国家人权委员会以及地方一级的代表人数极低。", "24 (韩语). 委员会建议:", "(a) 国家 在今后的议会中增加妇女在制宪议会的名额制度;", "(b) 国家 缔约国充分利用委员会第23号一般性建议,并依照《公约》第4条第1款和委员会第25号一般性建议采取暂行特别措施,以加速妇女充分而平等地参与公共和政治生活。 为此,委员会建议缔约国:", "(一) 制定具体目标和时间表,以加快增加妇女,包括达利特和土著妇女,从地方一级,包括乡村发展委员会,到国家和外交各级,在公共生活所有领域的民选和任命机构中的代表性;", "(二) 开展提高认识活动,宣传妇女参与决策对整个社会的重要性,并为妇女候选人和当选担任公职的妇女制定有针对性的培训和辅导方案,并为现任和未来的妇女领导人制定领导才能和谈判技巧方案。", "国籍", "25岁 委员会注意到缔约国解释说妇女在获得公民身份方面没有受到歧视,但委员会仍然深为关切的是,那些希望将公民身份传给其子女的妇女以及希望获得公民身份证书的外国丈夫和已婚妇女所面临的障碍,并深为关切阻碍获得公民身份的根本条件持续存在,包括贫穷、地理上孤立和行政要求繁琐等。", "26. 联合国 委员会强烈敦促缔约国:", "(a) 确保新《宪法》规定妇女享有平等和充分的公民权,包括将公民身份传给其子女和外国丈夫的权利;", "(b) 为各级政府官员实施有关国籍转让的法律规定的培训方案;", "(c) 考虑到妇女在取得国籍证明方面面临的困难,开展第二次颁发国籍证明的全国全面运动;", "加入1954年《关于无国籍人地位的公约》和1961年《减少无国籍状态公约》;", "确保在尼泊尔领土上出生、否则无国籍的儿童获得尼泊尔公民身份。", "学历", "27个 在欢迎小学和中学教育两性均等总体增加的同时,委员会关切女性入学率最低、女童辍学率极高、在获得教育和文盲率方面的城乡差距以及成年女性识字率低等情况。 委员会还对各级教育中女教师人数极少感到关切。", "28岁 委员会敦促缔约国加强对《公约》第10条的遵守,并提高人们对教育作为一项人权和赋予妇女权力的基础的重要性的认识。 为此,委员会敦促缔约国:", "(a) 加强努力,在城市、农村和偏远地区的各级教育系统中为女孩提供优质教育,并改进基础设施和提供支助系统,为残疾女孩提供教育机会,并特别关注来自达利特、土著和其他弱势群体的女孩;", "采取具体措施,包括有效执行禁止早婚的规定,防止女孩辍学;", "加强努力,通过全面的正规和非正规教育和培训方案来提高妇女的识字率;", "增加女教师的培训和招聘。", "就业", "29. 国家 委员会欢迎禁止所谓的债务劳役,但感到关切的是,有报告称,土著人民中仍然存在这种做法。 塔鲁社区. 委员会还关切地感到,特别是8至14岁女童的童工比率高;妇女在非正规部门的比例高;工作场所普遍存在性骚扰现象。 委员会关切地注意到,关于性骚扰的法律草案自2009年以来一直有待议会审议。", "30岁。 委员会建议缔约国根据《公约》第十一条确保妇女在劳动力市场上享有平等机会。 为此,委员会建议缔约国:", "加强努力,消除债务劳役和童工,并确保有效执行国际劳工组织(劳工组织)《废除强迫劳动公约》(第105号公约);", "(b) 国家 规范非正规部门,确保该部门的妇女不受剥削;", "(c) 使关于工作场所性骚扰的法律草案与委员会第19号一般性建议相一致,毫不拖延地颁布,并确保其有效执行;", "(d) 建立一个保密和安全的申诉制度,为性骚扰受害者诉诸司法提供便利,并特别针对工作妇女开展提高认识运动,以打破对性骚扰保持沉默的文化;", "考虑批准劳工组织《家政工人体面工作公约》(第189号公约)。", "卫生", "31岁 委员会欢迎Aama提供免费分娩服务和降低产妇死亡率的方案。 然而,委员会深感关切的是,特别是贫穷妇女、农村妇女和残疾妇女获得基本医疗服务的机会很少;产妇死亡率和发病率仍然很高,特别是农村、贫穷和年轻母亲;在获得分娩服务,特别是紧急产科护理方面面临挑战;营养不良与孕产妇死亡和发病风险较高密切相关;尽管缔约国努力提供矫正外科手术,但子宫脱垂率仍然很高;不安全堕胎率很高,特别是贫穷妇女、农村妇女和城市地区边缘化社区的妇女,尽管2002年堕胎合法化;缺乏计划生育机会,避孕需求未得到满足,特别是农村妇女、青少年、贫穷妇女和残疾妇女;缺乏关于孕妇中艾滋病毒流行率的数据。", "32. 联合国 委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 在委员会第24号一般性建议的框架内,确保获得基本保健和与保健有关的服务,特别是为贫穷妇女和农村妇女以及残疾妇女,并增加医务人员的人数,包括女医生和其他保健提供者;", "(b) 制定并推行有效的政策和方案来进一步降低产妇死亡率;", "(c) 优先制定方案,确保提供各种孕产妇保健服务,包括产前、产后和产科急诊,特别是为贫穷妇女、农村妇女和年轻母亲提供这些服务;", "(d) 解决对妇女和女孩的歧视性和有害做法,如缺乏足够的食物和恶搞做法,这些做法危及妇女和女孩的福祉和健康,包括生殖健康;", "(e) 采取预防措施,解决子宫脱垂问题,例如根据现有的安全孕产方案,充分提供计划生育、提高认识和培训,并确保为高质量的矫正外科手术和后续访问拨出充足资金,以预防瘘管病等手术后并发症和其他健康问题;", "(f) 改善全国获得堕胎服务的机会;", "(g) 解决未得到满足的避孕需要,优先提供各种避孕方法、信息和服务,包括紧急避孕,并特别关注农村妇女、贫穷妇女和少女。", "移徙女工", "33. (中文(简体) ). 委员会注意到2007年通过了新的《外国就业法》,但仍关切尼泊尔移徙女工的处境,特别是大量尼泊尔妇女没有证件,这增加了她们遭受性剥削、强迫劳动和虐待的可能性。 委员会还关切地感到,她们集中在非正规部门;确保离境前信息和技能培训的举措有限;缔约国和就业国缺乏体制支持来促进和保护尼泊尔移徙女工的权利。", "34. 国家 委员会敦促缔约国:", "(a) 调查妇女移徙的原因,为国内妇女创造就业机会或自营职业机会,并确保妇女获得贷款;", "(b) 建立机制,在整个移徙周期促进安全移徙程序并保护和实现妇女权利;", "(c) 实施和监测标准化和全面的出发前指导和技能培训;", "(d) 与就业国签署双边协定,并作出适当规定,确保移徙女工的安全,并在目的地国建立机制,处理移徙女工在就业期间权利受到侵犯的问题;", "(e) 为寻求补救的移徙妇女提供援助;", "为返回者创造其他谋生机会并帮助他们重新融入社会;", "(g) 起诉并惩处以外国就业为名从事助长贩运妇女的非法招募过程的人。", "受武装冲突影响的妇女", "35. 联合国 委员会欣见2010年10月通过了关于安全理事会第1325(2000)号和第1820(2008)号决议的国家行动计划,但仍然深为关切的是,性暴力案件,包括据称安全部队和毛派战斗人员在武装冲突期间实施的强奸案件,没有受到调查,肇事者没有被绳之以法。 委员会还关切地感到,受冲突影响的大量妇女在诉诸司法方面面临困难,而就强奸和其他性犯罪提出申诉的诉讼时效可能妨碍冲突期间被强奸和其他性犯罪的妇女受害者诉诸司法。 委员会还感到关切的是,冲突期间许多性暴力幸存者患有严重创伤后应激障碍和其他身心健康问题。 此外,委员会对妇女参与和平与重建进程不足表示关切。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 委员会敦促缔约国:", "(a) 优先审议关于真相与和解委员会和失踪问题调查委员会的法律草案;确保这两个委员会对性别问题有敏感认识、独立和权威,并确保真相与和解委员会处理性暴力问题;并特别注意性暴力受害者公开证词的社会和安全方面;", "(b) 通过过渡和恢复性司法,调查、起诉并惩处所有暴力行为,包括武装部队、毛派战斗人员和私人行为者所犯下的性暴力行为,并确保根据真相与和解委员会的法律草案,在冲突期间就强奸和其他形式性犯罪提出申诉的诉讼时效不妨碍妇女诉诸司法;", "(c) 开始彻底和彻底地调查武装冲突期间和冲突后的性虐待行为;", "(d) 确保妇女获得司法救助,并向所有受冲突影响的妇女,包括冲突期间和冲突后期间受性暴力之害的妇女提供法律援助;", "(e) 协助 确保保护受害者和证人,并为性暴力受害者提供收容所,包括在农村和偏远地区;", "(f) 确保有效执行关于安全理事会第1325(2000)和1820(2008)号决议的国家行动计划,并确保性犯罪受害者获得适当赔偿、康复和咨询;", "(g) 为妇女设立咨询中心,处理她们遭受的创伤,特别是在性暴力方面,并提供充分的保健服务;", "(h) 在决策、决策和执行层面,加强将妇女幸存者纳入建设和平机构和机制并增加其代表性。", "生活贫困的妇女", "37. 联合国 在欢迎实施妇女发展方案的同时,委员会仍关切地感到,生活贫穷的妇女,特别是农村妇女和女户主的总体生活条件,以及她们缺乏获得土地、充足食物、安全饮用水和做饭和取暖用燃料的机会。 委员会还对家庭中粮食分配中对女童和妇女的歧视感到关切。", "38. 国家 委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 奉行和执行旨在消除贫穷和减少两性不平等的宏观经济、社会和部门政策;鼓励基础广泛的持续经济增长;并在实现以人为中心的可持续发展的总体框架内解决贫穷的结构性原因;", "(b) 加强旨在鼓励赋予妇女可持续经济权力的倡议,包括促进妇女获得土地和信贷,促进微型企业发展和管理方面的培训,并监测这些倡议的影响;", "(c) 消除歧视性做法,保障妇女的土地所有权并便利妇女获得安全饮用水和燃料,以确保妇女平等获得资源和营养食品;", "(d) 在新宪法中规定取得足够食物的权利。", "面临多种形式歧视的妇女", "39. 联合国 委员会深为关切对达利特和土著妇女、寡妇和残疾妇女等弱势妇女群体的多种形式的歧视。", " 40. 40. 委员会敦促缔约国优先打击针对不同弱势群体妇女的多种形式的歧视,办法是收集关于这些妇女状况的数据,并制订法律规定和综合方案,包括大众传媒、社区和宗教领袖参与的公共教育和提高认识运动。", "寻求庇护和难民妇女", "41. 国家 委员会感到关切的是,缔约国报告没有提供任何资料,说明该国关于寻求庇护者申请的国家政策,或邻国寻求庇护和难民妇女和女童的脆弱处境。", "42. 国家 委员会建议缔约国:", "在下次报告中提供全面资料,说明尼泊尔关于寻求庇护和难民妇女申请的国家政策;", "(b) 提供有利环境和对性别问题有敏感认识的政策,处理寻求庇护妇女的申请,为寻求庇护和难民妇女举报性骚扰行为提供有利环境;", "特别关注寻求庇护和难民妇女的脆弱性。", "婚姻和家庭关系中的歧视", "43. 东帝汶 委员会感到关切的是,尽管法律规定禁止早婚,但早婚现象依然存在;存在与已婚女儿不平等继承权有关的歧视性法律规定;存在既承认重婚又将重婚定为犯罪的自相矛盾的法律规定;以及没有明确的立法规定解除婚姻时所有婚姻财产的平等份额。", "44. 国家 委员会建议缔约国:", "(a) 国家 规定法定最低结婚年龄为20岁,并在全国采取提高认识措施,宣传早婚对妇女享有人权,特别是享有健康和教育权的负面影响;", "(b) 国家 采取法律措施,确保男女享有平等的继承权;", "(c) 毫不拖延地通过法律草案,废除目前正在起草的重婚条款,以便一夫多妻婚姻无效;", "(d) 国家 确保男女在法律上和实践中在婚姻解除后享有平等的权利。", "国家人权委员会", "45. 国家 委员会建议缔约国修订关于国家人权委员会的法律草案,以全面遵守《巴黎原则》,并建议该委员会继续加强与联合国人权事务高级专员办事处在尼泊尔的合作。", "对《公约》第20条第1款的修正", "46. 经常预算: 委员会鼓励缔约国尽快接受对《公约》关于委员会会议时间的第20条第1款的修正。", "传播", "47. 国家 委员会要求在尼泊尔广泛传播本结论意见,使尼泊尔人民,包括政府官员、政界人士、制宪会议成员以及妇女组织和人权组织,了解为确保妇女在法律上和事实上的平等已经采取的步骤以及在这方面需要采取的其他步骤。 委员会建议传播的内容应包括当地社区一级。 委员会鼓励缔约国组织一系列会议来讨论在执行本意见方面取得的进展。 委员会请缔约国继续广泛宣传委员会的一般性建议、《北京宣言和行动纲要》以及以 \" 2000年妇女:二十一世纪两性平等、发展与和平 \" 为主题的大会第二十三届特别会议的成果,特别是向妇女组织和人权组织开展宣传。", "批准其他条约", " 48. 48. 委员会指出,缔约国加入九项主要国际人权文书[1] 将促进妇女在生活的各个方面享受人权和基本自由。 因此,委员会鼓励尼泊尔政府考虑批准它尚未成为缔约国的条约,即:《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》和《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》。", "结论意见的后续行动", "49. (中文(简体) ). 委员会请缔约国在两年内提供书面资料,说明为执行上文第26和36段所载建议而采取的步骤。", "技术援助", " 50. 50. 委员会建议缔约国利用技术援助来制定和执行旨在落实上述建议和整个《公约》的综合方案。 委员会还吁请缔约国进一步加强同联合国系统各专门机构和方案的合作,其中包括联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)、联合国开发计划署、联合国儿童基金会、联合国人口基金、世界卫生组织和秘书处经济和社会事务部统计司。 委员会特别建议缔约国继续与联合国人权事务高级专员驻尼泊尔办事处合作。", "下一次报告的编写和日期", "51. 联合国 委员会请缔约国确保所有部委和公共机构广泛参与下一次报告的编写工作,并在此阶段同各种妇女组织和人权组织协商。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 委员会请缔约国在根据《公约》第18条提交的下次定期报告中答复本结论意见所关切的问题。 委员会请缔约国于2015年7月提交第六次定期报告。", "53. 联合国 委员会请缔约国遵循2006年6月人权条约机构第五次委员会间会议批准的国际人权条约统一报告准则,包括编写共同核心文件和具体条约报告的准则(HRI/MC/2006/3和Corr.1)。 委员会2008年1月第四十届会议通过的条约专要报告准则必须与共同核心文件统一报告准则一并适用。 它们共同构成根据《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》提交报告的协调准则。 条约专要文件应限于40页,更新的共同核心文件不应超过80页。", "[1] 《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》、《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》、《禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚公约》、《儿童权利公约》、《保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利国际公约》、《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》和《残疾人权利公约》。" ]

[ "United Nations", "Report of the International Court of Justice", "1 August 2010-31 July 2011", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 4", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 4", "[] United Nations • New York, 2011", "Report of the International Court of Justice", "1 August 2010-31 July 2011", "A/66/4", "ISSN 0251-8473", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[11 August 2011]", "Contents", "Chapter Page\nI.Summary 1II.Organization 8 of the \nCourt \nA.Composition 8B.Privileges 9 and \nimmunities III.Jurisdiction 11 of the \nCourt A.Jurisdiction 11 of the Court in contentious \ncases B.Jurisdiction 11 of the Court in advisory \nproceedings IV.Functioning 13 of the \nCourt A.Committees 13 constituted by the \nCourt \nB.Registry 13\nC.Seat 20\nD.Museum 20V.Judicial 21 work of the \nCourt A.General 21 \noverview B.Pending 22 contentious proceedings during the period under \nreview 1.Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros 22 Project \n(Hungary/Slovakia) 2.Ahmadou 22 Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the \nCongo) 3. Armed 25 Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. \nUganda) 4.Application 26 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. \nSerbia) 5.Territorial 27 and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. \nColombia) 6.Certain 31 Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. \nFrance) 7.Maritime 31 Dispute (Peru v. \nChile) 8.Aerial 32 Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. \nColombia) 9.Application 33 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian \nFederation) 10.Application 36 of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. \nGreece) 11. Jurisdictional 37 Immunities of the State (Germany v. \nItaly) 12. Questions 41 relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. \nSenegal) 13.Jurisdiction 44 and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. \nSwitzerland) 14.Whaling 45 in the Antarctic (Australia v. \nJapan) 15.Frontier 45 Dispute (Burkina \nFaso/Niger) 16.Certain 47 Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. \nNicaragua) 17.Request 50 for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. \nThailand) C.Pending advisory proceedings during the period under \nreview: Judgment 54 No. 2867of theAdministrative Tribunalof theInternationalLabour Organization uponacomplaintfiled against theInternational Fund for Agricultural Development (request for advisory \nopinion) VI. Visits 58 to the Court and other \nactivities VII. Publications, 60 documents and website of the \nCourt VIII.Finances 62 of the \nCourt A.Method 62 of covering \nexpenditure B.Drafting 62 of the \nbudget C.Budget 62 \nimplementation D.Budget 62 of the Court for the biennium \n2010-2011 \nAnnex InternationalCourtof 65 Justice:organizationalstructure and post distributionasat31 July \n 2011", "Chapter I", "Summary", "Composition of the Court", "1. The International Court of Justice, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, consists of 15 judges elected for a term of nine years by the General Assembly and the Security Council. Every three years, one third of the seats fall vacant. The next elections to fill such vacancies will be held in the last quarter of 2011.", "2. It should, however, be noted that, during the period under review, Judge Thomas Buergenthal resigned with effect from 6 September 2010. A seat having thereby fallen vacant, the General Assembly and the Security Council on 9 September 2010 elected Joan E. Donoghue (United States of America) as a member of the Court with immediate effect. Pursuant to Article 15 of the Statute of the Court, Judge Donoghue will hold office for the remainder of Judge Buergenthal’s term, which will expire on 5 February 2015.", "3. As at 31 July 2011, the composition of the Court was as follows: President, Hisashi Owada (Japan); Vice President, Peter Tomka (Slovakia); and Judges, Abdul G. Koroma (Sierra Leone), Awn Shawkat Al Khasawneh (Jordan), Bruno Simma (Germany), Ronny Abraham (France), Kenneth Keith (New Zealand), Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor (Mexico), Mohamed Bennouna (Morocco), Leonid Skotnikov (Russian Federation), Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade (Brazil), Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf (Somalia), Christopher Greenwood (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland), Xue Hanqin (China) and Joan E. Donoghue (United States of America).", "4. The Registrar of the Court is Philippe Couvreur, a national of Belgium. The Deputy Registrar of the Court is Thérèse de Saint Phalle, a national of France and the United States of America.", "5. The number of judges ad hoc chosen by States parties in cases during the period under review was 28; the associated duties were carried out by 18 individuals (the same person is on occasion appointed to sit as judge ad hoc in more than one case).", "Role of the Court", "6. The International Court of Justice is the only international court of a universal character with general jurisdiction. That jurisdiction is twofold.", "7. First, the Court has to decide upon disputes freely submitted to it by States in the exercise of their sovereignty. In this respect, it should be noted that, as at 31 July 2011, 193 States were parties to the Statute of the Court and that 66 of them had deposited with the Secretary-General a declaration of acceptance of the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction in accordance with Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute. Further, some 300 bilateral or multilateral treaties provide for the Court to have jurisdiction in the resolution of disputes arising out of their application or interpretation. The Court’s jurisdiction can also be founded, in the case of a specific dispute, on a special agreement concluded between the States concerned. Finally, a State, when submitting a dispute to the Court, may propose to found the Court’s jurisdiction upon consent yet to be given or manifested by the State against which the application is made, in reliance on article 38, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court. If the latter State gives its consent, the Court’s jurisdiction is established on the date on which the consent is given (a situation known as forum prorogatum).", "8. Second, the Court may also be consulted on any legal question by the General Assembly or the Security Council and, on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities, by other organs of the United Nations and agencies so authorized by the General Assembly.", "Cases referred to the Court", "9. During the period under review, two new cases were initiated before the Court. As at 31 July 2011, the number of contentious cases on the Court’s List stood at 14.[1] An advisory proceeding was also pending before the Court as at that date. The aforementioned contentious cases came from all over the world: four were between European States, four between Latin American States, three between African States and one between Asian States, while the remaining two were intercontinental in character. This regional diversity once again illustrates the Court’s universality.", "10. The subject matter of these cases is extremely varied: territorial and maritime delimitation, environmental concerns, jurisdictional immunities of the State, violation of territorial integrity, racial discrimination, violation of human rights, interpretation and application of international conventions and treaties etc.", "11. Cases referred to the Court are growing in factual and legal complexity. In addition, they frequently involve a number of phases as a result of, for example: preliminary objections by respondents to jurisdiction or admissibility; submission of requests for the indication of provisional measures, which have to be dealt with as a matter of urgency; and applications by third States to intervene.", "Main judicial events (in chronological order)", "12. During the reporting period, the Court held public hearings in five contentious cases. It handed down four judgments and six orders. The President of the Court made three orders (see paras. 102-108).", "13. By an order of 16 November 2010, further to a request to such effect from the Congo, the Court removed from its General List the case concerning Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France) (see paras. 145 and 146).", "14. On 18 November, Costa Rica instituted proceedings before the Court against Nicaragua on the basis of an “incursion into, occupation of and use by Nicaragua’s Army of Costa Rican territory as well as breaches of Nicaragua’s obligations towards Costa Rica” under a number of international conventions and treaties (case concerning Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)). On the same day, Costa Rica also filed a request for the indication of provisional measures (see paras. 231-244).", "15. On 30 November, the Court delivered its judgment in the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo). It found that, in carrying out the arrest, detention and expulsion of Mr. Diallo during the period 1995-1996, the Democratic Republic of the Congo had violated his fundamental rights, but that it had not violated his direct rights as associé in the companies Africom Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire (see paras. 110-114).", "16. On 8 March 2011, the Court delivered its order on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Costa Rica in the case concerning Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (see paras. 231-244). In its order, the Court indicated the following provisional measures:", "(1) ... Each Party shall refrain from sending to, or maintaining in the disputed territory, including the caño [canal], any personnel, whether civilian, police or security;", "(2) ... Notwithstanding point (1) above, Costa Rica may dispatch civilian personnel charged with the protection of the environment to the disputed territory, including the caño, but only insofar as it is necessary to avoid irreparable prejudice being caused to the part of the wetland where that territory is situated; Costa Rica shall consult with the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention in regard to these actions, give Nicaragua prior notice of them and use its best endeavours to find common solutions with Nicaragua in this respect;", "(3) ... Each Party shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve;", "(4) ... Each Party shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above provisional measures.", "17. On 1 April, the Court delivered its judgment on the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation in the case concerning the Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation). The Court found that it had no jurisdiction to decide the dispute. In its judgment, the Court “(1) (a) ... [r]eject[ed] the first preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation; (b) ... [u]ph[e]ld the second preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation; (2) ... [fou]nd that it ha[d] no jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by Georgia on 12 August 2008” (see paras. 160-172).", "18. By an order of 5 April 2011, further to a request to that effect from Belgium, the Court removed from its General List the case concerning Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland) (see paras. 218-224).", "19. On 28 April, by an application filed in the Registry of the Court, Cambodia made a request for interpretation of the judgment rendered by the Court on 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand). Cambodia accompanied its request for interpretation with a request for the indication of provisional measures (see paras. 245-258).", "20. On 4 May, the Court delivered its judgment on the admissibility of the application for permission to intervene filed by Costa Rica in the case concerning the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia). In its judgment, the Court “[fou]nd that the Application for permission to intervene in the proceedings filed by the Republic of Costa Rica under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court [could] not be granted” (see paras. 126-144).", "21. Also on 4 May, the Court delivered its judgment on the admissibility of the application for permission to intervene filed by Honduras in the case concerning the Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia). In its judgment, the Court “[found] that the Application for permission to intervene in the proceedings, either as a party or as a non party, filed by the Republic of Honduras under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court [could] not be granted” (see paras. 126-144).", "22. By an order of 4 July, the Court granted Greece permission to intervene as a non-party in the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy) (see paras. 184-206).", "23. On 18 July, the Court gave its decision on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Cambodia in the case concerning Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand). In its order, the Court first rejected request of Thailand that the case be removed from the List. It then indicated the following provisional measures:", "(1) ... Both Parties shall immediately withdraw their military personnel currently present in the provisional demilitarized zone, as defined in paragraph 62 of the present order, and refrain from any military presence within that zone and from any armed activity directed at that zone;", "(2) ... Thailand shall not obstruct Cambodia’s free access to the Temple of Preah Vihear or Cambodia’s provision of fresh supplies to its non-military personnel in the Temple;", "(3) ... Both Parties shall continue the cooperation which they have entered into within ASEAN [Association of Southeast Asian Nations] and, in particular, allow the observers appointed by that organization to have access to the provisional demilitarized zone;", "(4) ... Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve.", "The Court decided that each party should inform it as to its compliance with the above provisional measures, and that, until the Court had rendered its judgment on the request for interpretation, it would remain seised of the matters which formed the subject of the order (see paras. 245-258).", "Perspectives on the sustained level of activity of the Court", "24. Just as the judicial year 2010/11 was busy, with four cases under deliberation at the same time, so will the judicial year 2011/12 be very full, owing in particular to the referral to the Court, between 1 August 2010 and 31 July 2011, of two new contentious cases.", "25. The sustained level of activity on the part of the Court has been made possible thanks to the significant number of steps it has taken over recent years to enhance its efficiency and thereby enable it to cope with the steady increase in its workload. The Court continually re-examines its procedures and working methods, and has updated on a regular basis its practice directions (adopted in 2001) for use by the States appearing before it. Moreover, it sets itself a particularly demanding schedule of hearings and deliberations in order that it may consider several cases at the same time and deal as promptly as possible with the incidental proceedings which are growing in number (requests for the indication of provisional measures, counterclaims, applications for permission to intervene).", "26. The Court has successfully cleared its backlog of cases, and States considering coming to the principal judicial organ of the United Nations can now be confident that, as soon as the written phase of the proceedings has come to a close, the Court will be able to move to the oral proceedings in a timely manner.", "Human resources: establishment of posts", "27. In its budget submission for the 2010-2011 biennium, following a security audit carried out in response to an increase in the anti-terrorism alert level in the Netherlands, the Court had sought the establishment of four additional posts to strengthen its existing security team, which currently comprises just two staff members in the General Service category. The Court thus requested the establishment of a P-3 post for Head of Security and of three more posts in the General Service category for security guards. At the end of 2009, the General Assembly approved the establishment of only one of the additional four posts considered necessary by the Department of Safety and Security of the United Nations Secretariat: one security guard post in the General Service category. While the Court is grateful to the General Assembly for having approved the establishment of the post, it nevertheless reiterates the need for the additional posts requested in order to improve security. In its budget submission for the 2012-2013 biennium, the Court has renewed its request for the establishment of a P-3 post for a security specialist and of one post in the General Service category (Other level) for a security information assistant. The establishment of these posts will in particular enable the Court to strengthen the security team in the performance of its traditional duties and to confront new technical challenges in the area of information systems security. The Court expresses the hope that the General Assembly will give favourable consideration to those requests when it examines the Court’s draft budget for the coming biennium in the second half of 2011.", "28. In its budget submission for the biennium 2012-2013, the Court has also requested the establishment of a P-2 post of Associate Legal Officer in the Department of Legal Matters. This post has been made necessary by the growing complexity (both factual and legal) of the cases referred to the Court, the increase in the number of incidental proceedings (in the handling of which the Court’s Department of Legal Matters plays a very substantial role) and the fact that the Court now deliberates on several cases at the same time (meaning that some of the drafting committees, whose work requires assistance from the Department of Legal Matters, are sitting simultaneously). The creation of this post would put the current members of the Department in a better position to cope with the increase in its legal duties relating to cases before the Court, and enable them to provide the Court with timely assistance in its judicial activities. The incumbent of the new post would essentially concentrate on the other legal activities for which the Department is responsible, such as the drafting of diplomatic correspondence and minutes of Court meetings, the selection of documents for publication, and provision of general legal assistance to the other departments and divisions of the Registry, in particular with regard to external contracts and to questions relating to the terms of employment of staff.", "29. In its budget submission for the biennium 2012-2013, the Court has also sought the establishment of one post in the General Service category (Other level) for an assistant in the Publications Division. This Division currently consists of three Professional posts: the Head of Division (P-4) and two proofreader/copy preparers (P-3 and P-2), one for each of the official languages of the Court. It has been clear for some time that to ensure a better distribution of the workload and more efficient handling of the growing number of publication requests, there is a need for an administrative and editorial assistant in the General Services category. The incumbent of the new post would provide technical assistance to the professional staff, in particular by preparing electronic versions of texts for publication according to established formats, making a typographical check of texts to ensure that they conform to the Court’s house style and rules and making sure that any additional changes to texts are incorporated into the final print ready files, as well as compiling relevant statistical data for the Division.", "Modernization of the Great Hall of Justice in the Peace Palace", "30. The Court requested and received from the General Assembly, at the end of 2009, an appropriation of a significant amount for the replacement and modernization of the audio-visual equipment in its historic courtroom (the Great Hall of Justice in the Peace Palace) and nearby rooms (including the Press Room), to be spent during the biennium 2010-2011. These areas are to be renovated in cooperation with the Carnegie Foundation, which owns the building. In particular, the appropriation is intended to cover the costs of installing information technology resources on the judges’ bench, resources which all of the international tribunals have adopted in recent years but which are still lacking at the Court. All of the equipment for which funding was approved by the General Assembly will be purchased before the end of 2011.", "Promoting the rule of law", "31. The Court takes the opportunity afforded by the submission of its annual report to the General Assembly to comment on its current role in promoting the rule of law, as it was invited to do once again by the Assembly in resolution 65/32. In February 2008, the Court completed the questionnaire received from the Codification Division of the Office of Legal Affairs to be used in preparing an inventory, and which remains current today. In this connection, it should be kept in mind that the Court, as a court of justice and, moreover, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, occupies a special position. The Court would again recall that everything it does is aimed at promoting the rule of law: it hands down judgments and gives advisory opinions in accordance with its Statute, which is an integral part of the Charter of the United Nations, and thus contributes to promoting and clarifying international law. It also ensures the greatest possible global awareness of its decisions through its publications, its multimedia offerings and its website, which now contains its entire jurisprudence and that of its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice.", "32. Members of the Court and the Registrar, as well as the Information Department and the Department of Legal Matters, give presentations on a regular basis on the functioning of the Court, its procedure and its jurisprudence. What is more, the Court receives a very large number of visitors every year. Finally, it offers an internship programme which enables students from various backgrounds to familiarize themselves with the institution and to further their knowledge of international law.", "33. In conclusion, the International Court of Justice welcomes the reaffirmed confidence that States have shown in its ability to resolve their disputes. The Court will give the same meticulous and impartial attention to present and future cases coming before it in the 2011/12 judicial year as it has during 2010/11.", "Chapter II", "Organization of the Court", "A. Composition", "34. The composition of the Court as at 31 July 2011 is as follows: President, Hisashi Owada; Vice-President, Peter Tomka; Judges, Abdul G. Koroma, Awn Shawkat Al-Khasawneh, Bruno Simma, Ronny Abraham, Kenneth Keith, Bernardo Sepúlveda-Amor, Mohamed Bennouna, Leonid Skotnikov, Antônio Augusto Cançado Trindade, Abdulqawi Ahmed Yusuf, Christopher Greenwood, Xue Hanqin and Joan E. Donoghue.", "35. The Registrar of the Court is Philippe Couvreur. The Deputy Registrar is Thérèse de Saint Phalle.", "36. In accordance with Article 29 of its Statute, the Court annually forms a Chamber of Summary Procedure, which is constituted as follows:", "Members", "President Owada", "Vice-President Tomka", "Judges Koroma, Simma and Sepúlveda-Amor", "Substitute members", "Judges Skotnikov and Greenwood.", "37. In the case concerning the Gabčíkovo Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia), Judge Tomka having recused himself under Article 24 of the Statute of the Court, Slovakia chose Krzysztof J. Skubiszewski to sit as judge ad hoc.[2]", "38. In the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo), Guinea chose Ahmed Mahiou and the Democratic Republic of the Congo chose Auguste Mampuya Kanunk’a Tshiabo to sit as judges ad hoc.", "39. In the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), the Democratic Republic of the Congo chose Joe Verhoeven and Uganda chose James L. Kateka to sit as judges ad hoc.", "40. In the case concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia), Croatia chose Budislav Vukas and Serbia chose Milenko Kreća to sit as judges ad hoc.", "41. In the case concerning Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), Nicaragua chose Giorgio Gaja and Colombia chose Yves L. Fortier and, following the latter’s resignation, Jean-Pierre Cot to sit as judges ad hoc.", "42. In the case concerning Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France), the Congo chose Jean Yves de Cara to sit as judge ad hoc. Judge Abraham having recused himself under Article 24 of the Statute of the Court, France chose Gilbert Guillaume to sit as judge ad hoc.", "43. In the case concerning Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile), Peru chose Gilbert Guillaume and Chile chose Francisco Orrego Vicuña to sit as judges ad hoc.", "44. In the case concerning Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia), Ecuador chose Raúl Emilio Vinuesa and Colombia chose Jean-Pierre Cot to sit as judges ad hoc.", "45. In the case concerning Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), Georgia chose Giorgio Gaja to sit as judge ad hoc.", "46. In the case concerning Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece), the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia chose Budislav Vukas and Greece chose Emmanuel Roucounas to sit as judges ad hoc.", "47. In the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy), Italy chose Giorgio Gaja to sit as judge ad hoc.", "48. In the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal), Belgium chose Philippe Kirsch and Senegal chose Serge Sur to sit as judges ad hoc.", "49. In the case concerning Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan), Australia chose Hilary Charlesworth to sit as judge ad hoc.", "50. In the case concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger), Burkina Faso chose Jean-Pierre Cot and the Niger chose Ahmed Mahiou to sit as judges ad hoc.", "51. In the case concerning Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), Costa Rica chose John Dugard and Nicaragua chose Gilbert Guillaume to sit as judges ad hoc.", "52. In the case concerning Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), Cambodia chose Gilbert Guillaume and Thailand chose Jean-Pierre Cot to sit as judges ad hoc.", "B. Privileges and immunities", "53. Article 19 of the Statute provides: “The members of the Court, when engaged on the business of the Court, shall enjoy diplomatic privileges and immunities”.", "54. In the Netherlands, pursuant to an exchange of letters between the President of the Court and the Minister for Foreign Affairs, dated 26 June 1946, the members of the Court enjoy, generally, the same privileges, immunities, facilities and prerogatives as heads of diplomatic missions accredited to Her Majesty the Queen of the Netherlands (I.C.J. Acts and Documents No. 6, pp. 204 211 and pp. 214 217).", "55. By resolution 90 (I) of 11 December 1946 (ibid., pp. 210-215), the General Assembly approved the agreements concluded with the Government of the Netherlands in June 1946 and recommended that: “if a judge, for the purpose of holding himself permanently at the disposal of the Court, resides in some country other than his own, he should be accorded diplomatic privileges and immunities during the period of his residence there”, and “judges should be accorded every facility for leaving the country where they may happen to be, for entering the country where the Court is sitting, and again for leaving it. On journeys in connection with the exercise of their functions, they should, in all countries through which they may have to pass, enjoy all the privileges, immunities and facilities granted by these countries to diplomatic envoys”.", "56. In the same resolution the General Assembly recommended that the authorities of Members of the United Nations recognize and accept United Nations laissez-passer issued to the judges by the Court. Such laissez-passer have been issued by the Court since 1950. They are similar in form to those issued by the Secretary-General.", "57. Furthermore, Article 32, paragraph 8, of the Statute provides that the “salaries, allowances and compensation” received by judges and the Registrar “shall be free of all taxation”.", "Chapter III", "Jurisdiction of the Court", "A. Jurisdiction of the Court in contentious cases", "58. As at 31 July 2011, the 193 States Members of the United Nations were party to the Statute of the Court.", "59. Sixty-six States have made a declaration (some with reservations) recognizing as compulsory the jurisdiction of the Court, as contemplated by Article 36, paragraphs 2 and 5, of the Statute. They are: Australia, Austria, Barbados, Belgium, Botswana, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, India, Japan, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Senegal, Slovakia, Somalia, Spain, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Uganda, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Uruguay. The texts of the declarations filed by the above States can be found on the Court’s website (www.icj-cij.org), under the heading “Jurisdiction”.", "60. Further, some 300 multilateral and bilateral conventions providing for the jurisdiction of the Court are currently in force. A representative list of those treaties and conventions can also be found on the Court’s website, under the heading “Jurisdiction”.", "B. Jurisdiction of the Court in advisory proceedings", "61. In addition to United Nations organs (the General Assembly and the Security Council, which are authorized to request advisory opinions of the Court “on any legal question”, and the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Interim Committee of the General Assembly), the following organizations are at present authorized to request advisory opinions of the Court on legal questions arising within the scope of their activities:", "International Labour Organization", "Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural", "Organization", "International Civil Aviation Organization", "World Health Organization", "World Bank", "International Finance Corporation", "International Development Association", "International Monetary Fund", "International Telecommunication Union", "World Meteorological Organization", "International Maritime Organization", "World Intellectual Property Organization", "International Fund for Agricultural Development", "United Nations Industrial Development Organization", "International Atomic Energy Agency", "62. A list of the international instruments that make provision for the advisory jurisdiction of the Court is available on the Court’s website (www.icj-cij.org), under the heading “Jurisdiction”.", "Chapter IV", "Functioning of the Court", "A. Committees constituted by the Court", "63. The committees constituted by the Court to facilitate the performance of its administrative tasks met on a regular basais during the period under review; as at 31 July 2011, their composition was as follows:", "(a) Budgetary and Administrative Committee: President Owada (Chair), Vice President Tomka and Judges Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Yusuf and Greenwood;", "(b) Library Committee: Judge Simma (Chair) and Judges Abraham, Bennouna and Cançado Trindade.", "64. The Rules Committee, constituted by the Court in 1979 as a standing committee, met a number of times during the period under review and, as at 31 July 2011, was composed of Judge Al-Khasawneh (Chair) and Judges Abraham, Keith, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade and Greenwood.", "B. Registry", "65. The Court is the only principal organ of the United Nations to have its own administration (see Art. 98 of the Charter). The Registry is the permanent international secretariat of the Court. Its role is defined by the Statute and the Rules of Court (in particular arts. 22-29 of the Rules). Since the Court is both a judicial body and an international institution, the role of the Registry is both to provide judicial support and to act as a permanent administrative organ. The organization of the Registry is prescribed by the Court on proposals submitted by the Registrar and its duties are set out in detail in instructions drawn up by the Registrar and approved by the Court (see Rules, art. 28, paras. 2 and 3). The Instructions for the Registry were drawn up in October 1946; having become obsolete in many respects, they are in the process of being revised. An organizational chart of the Registry appears in the annex to the present report.", "66. Registry officials are appointed by the Court on proposals by the Registrar or, for General Service staff, by the Registrar with the approval of the President. Short-term staff are appointed by the Registrar. Working conditions are laid down in the Staff Regulations adopted by the Court (see Rules, art. 28). Registry officials enjoy, generally, the same privileges and immunities as members of diplomatic missions in The Hague of comparable rank. They enjoy a status, remuneration and pension rights corresponding to those of Secretariat officials of the equivalent category or grade.", "67. Over the past 20 years, the Registry’s workload, notwithstanding the adoption of new technologies, has grown considerably on account of the substantial increase in the number of cases brought before the Court and their mounting complexity.", "68. The total number of posts at the Registry is at present 114, namely, 58 posts in the Professional category and above (of which 50 are established posts and 8 are biennium posts) and 56 in the General Service category (of which 53 are established posts and 3 are biennium posts).", "69. On 17 March 2011, the Registrar promulgated a number of important amendments to the Staff Regulations for the Registry, so as to render applicable to Registry staff various rules and regulations of the Staff Regulations and Staff Rules of the United Nations, which had come into force in the Secretariat in July 2009. In addition, the Registrar submitted to the Court a draft revision of the Staff Regulations for the Registry relating to disciplinary measures, with a view to clarifying them and ensuring greater legal security for the staff.", "70. Further to the adoption by the United Nations of a new internal justice system, the specific appeals system for Registry staff members has had to be restructured slightly. In 1998, the Court recognized the jurisdiction of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal which, in the new system, has been replaced by the United Nations Appeals Tribunal. By means of an exchange of letters between the President of the Court and the Secretary-General of the United Nations between 20 April and 10 June 2011, the Court has provisionally recognized the jurisdiction of the Appeals Tribunal to rule on applications by Registry staff members in circumstances similar to those in which it had previously recognized the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal (failure of conciliation proceedings).", "1. Registrar", "71. The Registrar is the regular channel of communications to and from the Court and, in particular, is responsible for all communications, notifications and transmissions of documents required by the Statute or the Rules of Court. The Registrar, inter alia: (a) keeps the General List of all cases, entered and numbered in the order in which the documents instituting proceedings or requesting an advisory opinion are received in the Registry; (b) is present in person, or represented by the Deputy Registrar, at meetings of the Court, Chambers and various committees, provides any assistance required and is responsible for the preparation of reports or minutes of such meetings; (c) makes arrangements for such provision or verification of translations and interpretations into the official languages of the Court (English and French) as the Court may require; (d) signs all judgments, advisory opinions and orders of the Court, as well as minutes; (e) is responsible for the administration of the Registry and for the work of all its departments and divisions, including the accounts and financial administration in accordance with the financial procedures of the United Nations; (f) maintains relations with the parties to a case, has responsibility for the management of proceedings, attends to all the Court’s external relations, in particular with other organs of the United Nations and with other international organizations and States, and is responsible for information concerning the Court’s activities and for the Court’s publications; and (g) has custody of the seals and stamps of the Court, of its archives and of such other archives as may be entrusted it (including the archives of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal).", "72. Pursuant to the exchange of letters and General Assembly resolution 90 (I) (see paras. 54 and 55 above), the Registrar is accorded the same privileges and immunities as heads of diplomatic missions in The Hague and, on journeys to third States, all privileges, immunities and facilities granted to diplomatic envoys.", "2. Deputy Registrar", "73. The Deputy Registrar assists the Registrar and acts as Registrar in the latter’s absence. Since 1998, the Deputy Registrar has been entrusted with wider administrative responsibilities, including direct supervision of the Archives, Indexing and Distribution Division and the Information and Communications Technology Division.", "3. Substantive divisions and units of the Registry", "Department of Legal Matters", "74. The Department of Legal Matters, composed of eight posts in the Professional category and one in the General Service category, is responsible, under the direct supervision of the Registrar, for all legal matters within the Registry. In particular, its task is to assist the Court in the exercise of its judicial functions. The Department acts as secretariat to the drafting committees which prepare the Court’s draft decisions. It also acts as secretariat to the Rules Committee. It carries out research in international law, examining judicial and procedural precedents, and prepares studies and notes for the Court and the Registrar as required. It also prepares for signature by the Registrar all correspondence in pending cases and, more generally, diplomatic correspondence relating to the application of the Statute or the Rules of Court. It is also responsible for monitoring the headquarters agreements with the host country. Further, it draws up the minutes of the Court’s meetings. Finally, the Department may be consulted on any legal questions relating to external contracts and to the terms of employment of Registry staff.", "75. In view of the increased workload of the Department of Legal Matters, the Court has requested for the biennium 2012-2013 the establishment of a post of Associate Legal Officer (P-2) in this Department (see para. 28 above).", "Department of Linguistic Matters", "76. The Department of Linguistic Matters, currently composed of 17 posts in the Professional category and one in the General Service category, is responsible for the translation of documents to and from the Court’s two official languages and provides linguistic support to judges. The Court works equally in its two official languages at all stages of its activity. The documents translated include: case pleadings and other communications from States parties; verbatim records of hearings; draft judgments, advisory opinions and orders of the Court, together with their various working documents; judges’ notes, and opinions and declarations appended to judgments, advisory opinions and orders; minutes of meetings of the Court and of its subsidiary bodies, including the Budgetary and Administrative Committee and other committees; internal reports, notes, studies, memorandums and directives; speeches by the President and judges to external bodies; and reports and communications to the Secretariat etc. The Department also provides interpretation at private and public meetings of the Court and, as required, at meetings held by the President and members of the Court with agents of the parties and other official visitors.", "77. Following the creation in 2000 of 12 posts in the Department, there was initially a substantial decrease in recourse to external translators. However, in view of the increase in the Court’s workload, the need for external translators has begun to rise again. The Department has nevertheless done its best to make use of home translation (less expensive than bringing freelance translators in to work in the Registry) and remote translation (performed by other language services within the United Nations system). For Court hearings and deliberations, outside interpreters are used. However, to reduce costs, achieve greater flexibility in the event of changes to the Court’s schedule and ensure more effective synergy among the various tasks of the Department, the Department has initiated a programme to train translators as interpreters; one English-to-French translator has already become capable of interpreting at the requisite professional level.", "Information Department", "78. The Information Department, composed of three posts in the Professional category and one in the General Service category, plays an important part in the Court’s external relations. Its duties consist of replying to requests for information on the Court, preparing all documents containing general information on the Court (in particular the annual report of the Court to the General Assembly, the Yearbook, and handbooks for the general public), and encouraging and assisting the media to report on the work of the Court (e.g. by preparing press releases and developing new communication products, particularly audio-visual). The Department gives presentations on the Court to various interested audiences (diplomats, lawyers, students and others) and is responsible for keeping the Court’s website up to date. Its duties also extend to internal communication.", "79. The Information Department is also responsible for organizing the public sittings of the Court and all other official events, in particular a large number of visits, including those by distinguished guests. On those occasions it serves as a protocol office.", "Administrative and Personnel Division", "80. The Administrative and Personnel Division, currently composed of two posts in the Professional category and 12 in the General Service category, is responsible for various duties related to administration and staff management, including planning and implementation of staff recruitment, appointments, promotions, training and separations from service. In its staff management functions, it ensures observance of the Staff Regulations for the Registry and of those United Nations Staff Regulations and Rules which the Court has determined to be applicable. As part of its recruitment tasks, the Division prepares vacancy announcements, reviews applications, arranges interviews for the selection of candidates, prepares contracts for successful candidates and handles the intake of new staff members. The Division also administers staff entitlements and various benefits, is responsible for follow-up to relevant administrative notices and liaises with the Office of Human Resources Management of the Secretariat and the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund.", "81. The Administrative and Personnel Division is also responsible for procurement, inventory control and, in liaison with the Carnegie Foundation which owns the Peace Palace building, building-related matters. It has certain security responsibilities and also oversees the General Assistance Division which, under the responsibility of a coordinator, provides general assistance to members of the Court and Registry staff in regard to messenger, transport and reception services.", "Finance Division", "82. The Finance Division, composed of one post in the Professional category and two in the General Service category, is responsible for financial matters. Its duties include in particular preparing the draft budget, ensuring that the budget is properly implemented, keeping the financial accounting books, financial reporting, managing vendor payments and payroll, and carrying out payroll-related operations for members of the Court and Registry staff (e.g. various allowances and expense reimbursements). The Finance Division is also responsible for paying the pensions of retired members of the Court, for treasury and banking matters, and for maintaining regular contact with the tax authorities of the host country.", "Publications Division", "83. The Publications Division, composed of three posts in the Professional category, is responsible for the preparation of texts, proofreading and correction of proofs, study of estimates and choice of printing firms in relation to the following official publications of the Court: (a) reports of judgments, advisory opinions and orders; (b) pleadings, oral arguments and documents; (c) acts and documents concerning the organization of the Court; (d) bibliographies; and (e) yearbooks. It is also responsible for various other publications, as instructed by the Court or the Registrar. In addition, the Division is responsible for the preparation, conclusion and implementation of contracts with printers, including control of all invoices. In view of the increased workload of the Publications Division, the Court has requested for the biennium 2012-2013 the establishment of a post of Administrative and Editorial Assistant (General Service (Other level)) in this Division, which currently has no assistant posts (see para. 29). (For more information on the Court’s publications, see chap. VII.)", "Documents Division and Library of the Court", "84. The Documents Division, composed of two posts in the Professional category and four in the General Service category, has as its main task acquiring, conserving, classifying and making available the leading works on international law, as well as a significant number of periodicals and other relevant documents. The Division prepares bibliographies on cases brought before the Court, and other bibliographies as required. It also assists the translators with their reference needs. The Division provides access to an increasing number of databases and online resources in partnership with the United Nations System Electronic Information Acquisition Consortium, as well as to a comprehensive collection of electronic documents of relevance for the Court. The Division has acquired integrated software for managing its collection and operations, and will soon launch an online catalogue accessible to all members of the Court and Registry staff. The Division operates in close collaboration with the Peace Palace Library of the Carnegie Foundation.", "85. The Documents Division is also responsible for the archives of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal (including paper documents, gramophone records, films and certain other objects). A project to conserve and digitize these archives is under way.", "Information and Communications Technology Division", "86. The Information and Communications Technology Division, composed of two posts in the Professional category and four in the General Service category, is responsible for the efficient functioning of the information and communications technology at the Court. Its task is to support the judicial work of the members of the Court and the various activities of the Registry by providing appropriate and effective information technology resources. The Division offers personalized assistance to users and ensures information system security.", "87. The Information and Communications Technology Division is charged in particular with the administration and functioning of the Court’s servers, the maintenance and inventory of equipment and the management of the local and wide-area networks, including the communications systems. The Division implements mechanisms to monitor the security of its information system and systematically keeps abreast of technical developments, enabling it to track developing risks. Finally, it advises and trains users in all aspects of information technology and fosters communication between itself and the various departments and divisions of the Registry.", "Archives, Indexing and Distribution Division", "88. The Archives, Indexing and Distribution Division, composed of one post in the Professional category and five in the General Service category, is responsible for indexing, classifying and storing all correspondence and documents received or sent by the Court, and for the subsequent retrieval of any such item on request. The duties of the Division include, in particular, maintaining an up-to-date index of incoming and outgoing correspondence, as well as of all documents, both official and otherwise, held on file. It is also responsible for checking, distributing and filing all internal documents, some of which are strictly confidential. The Division now has a computerized records management system for both internal and external documents.", "89. The Archives, Indexing and Distribution Division also handles the dispatch of the Court’s official publications to Members of the United Nations, as well as to numerous institutions and various individuals.", "Text Processing and Reproduction Division", "90. The Text Processing and Reproduction Division is composed of one post in the Professional category and nine in the General Service category. It carries out all of the typing work of the Registry and, as necessary, the reproduction of documents.", "91. In addition to correspondence proper, the Division is responsible in particular for the typing and reproduction of the Court’s judgments, advisory opinions and orders. It is also responsible for the typing and reproduction of the following documents: translations of written pleadings and annexes; verbatim records of hearings and their translations; translations of judges’ notes and judges’ amendments to draft judgments; and translations of judges’ opinions. In addition, it is responsible for checking documents and references, reviewing and page layout.", "Law clerks and Special Assistant to the President", "92. The President of the Court is aided by a special assistant (P-3) who is administratively attached to the Department of Legal Matters. Since the approval by the General Assembly of six additional associate legal officer (P-2) posts for the biennium 2010-2011, the other members of the Court are now each assisted by a law clerk. The 14 associate legal officers are also officially members of the Registry staff, administratively attached to the Department of Legal Matters.", "93. The law clerks carry out research for the members of the Court and the judges ad hoc, and work under their responsibility. Generally, the work of the law clerks is overseen by a coordination and training committee made up of members of the Court and senior Registry staff.", "Secretaries to judges", "94. The 15 secretaries to judges, working under the authority of a coordinator, undertake manifold duties. In general, the secretaries are responsible for the typing of notes, amendments and opinions, as well as all correspondence of the judges and judges ad hoc. They assist the judges in the management of their work diary and in the preparation of relevant papers for meetings, as well as in dealing with visitors and enquiries.", "Senior Medical Officer", "95. Since 1 May 2009, the Registry has employed a senior medical officer on a quarter-time contract, paid out of the temporary assistance appropriation. The medical officer conducts emergency and periodic medical examinations, and initial medical examinations for new staff. During the period under review, 190 medical consultations were conducted by the Medical Unit, including 16 initial medical examinations for new staff and six periodic medical examinations (security guards and drivers). The senior medical officer advises the Registry administration on health and hygiene matters, work-station ergonomics and working conditions. In total, 19 ergonomic assessments were carried out on work-stations. Finally, the medical officer organizes information, screening, prevention and vaccination campaigns. Between September and November 2010, 62 individuals received influenza vaccinations.", "4. Staff committee", "96. The Registry staff committee was established in 1979 and is governed by article 9 of the Staff Regulations for the Registry. During the period under review, the Committee, with the Registrar’s support, organized an event at the Peace Palace on 18 April, involving the entire Registry staff, to commemorate the sixty-fifth anniversary of the Court. It also organized the first Registry Staff Day, on 22 June, aimed at promoting a sense of team spirit among the staff. The Committee worked in constructive partnership with management, seeking to promote dialogue and a listening attitude within the Registry, and had fruitful exchanges with the staff committees of other international organizations located in The Hague and in Geneva.", "C. Seat", "97. The seat of the Court is established at The Hague; this, however, does not prevent the Court from sitting and exercising its functions elsewhere whenever it considers it desirable to do so (Statute, Art. 22, para. 1; Rules, art. 55). The Court has so far not held sittings outside The Hague.", "98. The Court occupies premises in the Peace Palace at The Hague. An agreement of 21 February 1946 between the United Nations and the Carnegie Foundation, which is responsible for the administration of the Peace Palace, determines the conditions under which the Court uses these premises and provides, in exchange, for the payment to the Carnegie Foundation of an annual contribution. That contribution was increased pursuant to supplementary agreements approved by the General Assembly in 1951 and 1958, as well as subsequent amendments. The annual contribution by the United Nations to the Carnegie Foundation amounts to €1,236,334 for 2011. Negotiations are under way between United Nations Headquarters and the Carnegie Foundation for a further amendment to the agreement, in particular concerning the extent and quality of the areas reserved for the Court, security of persons and property and the level of services provided by the Carnegie Foundation.", "D. Museum", "99. In 1999, the Secretary General inaugurated the museum of the International Court of Justice in the south wing of the Peace Palace. Plans are currently under way to refurbish and modernize the museum and to facilitate public access to the historical items exhibited inside.", "Chapter V", "Judicial work of the Court", "A. General overview", "100. During the period under review, 17 contentious cases and one advisory procedure were pending; 14 contentious cases and one advisory procedure remain so as at 31 July 2011.", "101. During this period, two new contentious cases were submitted to the Court, in the order shown: Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua); and Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand).", "102. During the same period, the Court held public hearings in five cases (shown in chronological order): Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation; Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia): the Court held separate but consecutive hearings on the admission of application of Costa Rica for permission to intervene and on the admission of the application of Honduras for permission to intervene; Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua), request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Costa Rica; Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece); and Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand), request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Cambodia.", "103. During the period under review, the Court delivered four judgments, in four cases (shown in chronological order): Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo); Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation), preliminary objections to jurisdiction raised by the Russian Federation; Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia), application of Honduras for permission to intervene; and Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia) (application of Costa Rica for permission to intervene).", "104. By an order of 4 July 2011, the Court granted Greece permission to intervene as a non-party in the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy).", "105. The Court made an order on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Cambodia in the case concerning the Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand).", "106. The Court also made orders fixing time limits for the filing of written pleadings in two cases (shown in chronological order): Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger); and Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua).", "107. Further, it made orders removing two cases from the General List (shown in chronological order): Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France); and Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland).", "108. During the period under review, the President of the Court made three orders extending the time limits for the filing of written pleadings: in the case concerning Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland); in the advisory proceedings initiated by the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) on questions concerning Judgment No. 2867 of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization upon a complaint filed against the International Fund for Agricultural Development; and in the case concerning Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal).", "B. Pending contentious proceedings during the period under review", "1. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia)", "109. On 2 July 1993, Hungary and Slovakia jointly notified to the Court a special agreement, signed on 7 April 1993, for the submission of certain issues arising out of differences regarding the implementation and the termination of the Budapest Treaty of 16 September 1977 on the construction and operation of the Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros barrage system (see annual reports 1992/93 et seq.). In its judgment of 25 September 1997, the Court found that both Hungary and Slovakia had breached their legal obligations. It called upon both States to negotiate in good faith in order to ensure the achievement of the objectives of the 1977 Budapest Treaty, which it declared was still in force, while taking account of the factual situation that had developed since 1989. On 3 September 1998, Slovakia filed in the Registry of the Court a request for an additional judgment in the case. Such an additional judgment was necessary, according to Slovakia, because of the unwillingness of Hungary to implement the judgment delivered by the Court in that case on 25 September 1997. Hungary filed a written statement of its position on the request for an additional judgment made by Slovakia within the time limit of 7 December 1998 fixed by the President of the Court. The parties have subsequently resumed negotiations and have informed the Court on a regular basis of the progress made. The case remains pending.", "2. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo)", "110. On 28 December 1998, Guinea filed in the Registry an application instituting proceedings against the Democratic Republic of the Congo in respect of a dispute concerning “serious breaches of international law” alleged to have been committed “upon the person of a Guinean national”, Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (see annual reports 1998/99 et seq.). Guinea filed its memorial within the time limit, as extended by the Court. On 3 October 2002, within the time limit as extended for the filing of its counter-memorial, the Democratic Republic of the Congo raised a number of preliminary objections in respect of the admissibility of the application. On 24 May 2007, the Court rendered a judgment declaring the application of Guinea to be admissible insofar as it concerned protection of Mr. Diallo’s rights as an individual and of his direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, but inadmissible insofar as it concerned protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of alleged violations of the rights of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire. By an order of 27 June 2007, the Court fixed 27 March 2008 as the time limit for the filing of a counter-memorial by the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The counter-memorial was filed within the time limit thus fixed. By an order of 5 May 2008, the Court authorized the submission of a reply by Guinea and a rejoinder by the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It fixed 19 November 2008 and 5 June 2009 as the respective time limits for the filing of those written pleadings, which were filed within the time limits thus fixed.", "111. Public hearings were held from 19 to 29 April 2010. At the conclusion of their oral arguments, the parties presented their final submissions to the Court.", "112. Guinea requested the Court to adjudge and declare:", "(a) that, in carrying out arbitrary arrests of its national, Mr. Ahmadou Sadio Diallo, and expelling him; in not at that time respecting his right to the benefit of the provisions of the 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations; in submitting him to humiliating and degrading treatment; in depriving him of the exercise of his rights of ownership, oversight and management in respect of the companies which he founded in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and in which he was the sole associé; in preventing him in that capacity from pursuing recovery of the numerous debts owed to the said companies both by the Democratic Republic of the Congo itself and by other contractual partners; and in expropriating de facto Mr. Diallo’s property, the Democratic Republic of the Congo has committed internationally wrongful acts which engage its responsibility to the Republic of Guinea;", "(b) that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is accordingly bound to make full reparation on account of the injury suffered by Mr. Diallo or by the Republic of Guinea in the person of its national;", "(c) that such reparation shall take the form of compensation covering the totality of the injuries caused by the internationally wrongful acts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including loss of earnings, and shall also include interest.", "Guinea further requested the Court:", "kindly to authorize it to submit an assessment of the amount of the compensation due to it on this account from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in a subsequent phase of the proceedings in the event that the two Parties should be unable to agree on the amount thereof within a period of six months following delivery of the Judgment.", "113. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, “[i]n the light of the arguments [which it made] and of the Court’s Judgment of 24 May 2007 on the preliminary objections, whereby the Court declared the application of Guinea to be inadmissible insofar as it concerned protection of Mr. Diallo in respect of alleged violations of rights of Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire, ... respectfully request[ed] the Court to adjudge and declare that: 1. [it] has not committed any internationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s individual personal rights; 2. [it] has not committed any internationally wrongful acts towards Guinea in respect of Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire; 3. accordingly, the Application of the Republic of Guinea is unfounded in fact and in law and no reparation is due”.", "114. On 30 November 2010, the Court delivered its judgment on the merits, the operative clause of which reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "(1) By eight votes to six,", "Finds that the claim of the Republic of Guinea concerning the arrest and detention of Mr. Diallo in 1988-1989 is inadmissible;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice President Tomka; Judges Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mampuya;", "Against:", "Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;", "(2) Unanimously,", "Finds that, in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was expelled from Congolese territory on 31 January 1996, the Democratic Republic of the Congo violated article 13 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 12, paragraph 4, of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights;", "(3) Unanimously,", "Finds that, in respect of the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was arrested and detained in 1995 1996 with a view to his expulsion, the Democratic Republic of the Congo violated article 9, paragraphs 1 and 2, of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and article 6 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights;", "(4) By thirteen votes to one,", "Finds that, by not informing Mr. Diallo without delay, upon his detention in 1995 1996, of his rights under article 36, paragraph 1 (b), of the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, the Democratic Republic of the Congo violated the obligations incumbent upon it under that subparagraph;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;", "Against:", "Judge ad hoc Mampuya;", "(5) By twelve votes to two,", "Rejects all other submissions by the Republic of Guinea relating to the circumstances in which Mr. Diallo was arrested and detained in 1995-1996 with a view to his expulsion;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mampuya;", "Against:", "Judge Cançado Trindade; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;", "(6) By nine votes to five,", "Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo has not violated Mr. Diallo’s direct rights as associé in Africom-Zaire and Africontainers-Zaire;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Mampuya;", "Against:", "Judges Al-Khasawneh, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf; Judge ad hoc Mahiou;", "(7) Unanimously,", "Finds that the Democratic Republic of the Congo is under obligation to make appropriate reparation, in the form of compensation, to the Republic of Guinea for the injurious consequences of the violations of international obligations referred to in subparagraphs (2) and (3) above;", "(8) Unanimously,", "Decides that, failing agreement between the Parties on this matter within six months from the date of this Judgment, the question of compensation due to the Republic of Guinea shall be settled by the Court, and reserves for this purpose the subsequent procedure in the case.", "Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade and Yusuf appended a joint declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judges Al-Khasawneh and Yusuf appended a joint dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judges Keith and Greenwood appended a joint declaration to the Judgment of the Court; Judge Bennouna appended a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge Cançado Trindade appended a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc Mahiou appended a dissenting opinion to the Judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc Mampuya appended a separate opinion to the Judgment of the Court.", "3. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda)", "115. On 23 June 1999, the Democratic Republic of the Congo filed an application instituting proceedings against Uganda for “acts of armed aggression perpetrated in flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter and of the Charter of the Organization of African Unity” (see annual reports 1998/99 et seq.). Public hearings on the merits of the case were held from 11 to 29 April 2005.", "116. In the judgment which it rendered on 19 December 2005 (see annual report 2005/06), the Court found in particular that the parties were under obligation to one another to make reparation for the injury caused; it decided that, failing agreement between the parties, the question of reparation would be settled by the Court. It reserved for this purpose the subsequent procedure in the case. The parties have transmitted to the Court certain information concerning the negotiations they are holding to settle the question of reparation, as referred to in points (6) and (14) of the operative clause of the judgment and paragraphs 260, 261 and 344 of the reasoning in the judgment.", "4. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Croatia v. Serbia)", "117. On 2 July 1999, Croatia instituted proceedings before the Court against Serbia (then known as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia) with respect to a dispute concerning alleged violations of the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide committed between 1991 and 1995.", "118. In its application, Croatia contends, inter alia, that, “[b]y directly controlling the activity of its armed forces, intelligence agents, and various paramilitary detachments, on the territory of ... Croatia, in the Knin region, eastern and western Slavonia, and Dalmatia”, Serbia is liable for “ethnic cleansing” committed against Croatian citizens, “a form of genocide which resulted in large numbers of Croatian citizens being displaced, killed, tortured, or illegally detained, as well as extensive property destruction”.", "119. Accordingly, Croatia requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Serbia has “breached its legal obligations” to Croatia under the Genocide Convention and that it has “an obligation to pay to ... Croatia, in its own right and as parens patriae for its citizens, reparations for damages to persons and property, as well as to the Croatian economy and environment ... in a sum to be determined by the Court” (see annual reports 1998/99 et seq.).", "120. As basis for the Court’s jurisdiction, Croatia invokes article IX of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, to which, it claims, both States are party.", "121. By an order of 14 September 1999, the Court fixed 14 March 2000 and 14 September 2000 as the respective time limits for the filing of a memorial by Croatia and a counter-memorial by Serbia. These time limits were twice extended, by orders of 10 March 2000 and 27 June 2000. Croatia filed its memorial within the time limit as extended by the latter order.", "122. On 11 September 2002, within the time limit for the filing of its counter-memorial as extended by the order of 27 June 2000, Serbia raised certain preliminary objections in respect of jurisdiction and admissibility. Pursuant to article 79 of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were suspended. Croatia filed a written statement of its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections raised by Serbia on 25 April 2003, within the time limit fixed by the Court.", "123. Public hearings on the preliminary objections in respect of jurisdiction and admissibility were held from 26 to 30 May 2008 (see annual report 2007/08).", "124. On 18 November 2008, the Court rendered its judgment on the preliminary objections (see annual reports 2008/09 et seq). In its judgment, the Court found, inter alia, that, subject to its statement concerning the second preliminary objection raised by the respondent, it had jurisdiction, on the basis of article IX of the Genocide Convention, to entertain the application of Croatia. The Court added that the second preliminary objection raised by Serbia did not, in the circumstances of the case, possess an exclusively preliminary character. It then rejected the third preliminary objection raised by Serbia.", "125. By an order of 20 January 2009, the President of the Court fixed 22 March 2010 as the time limit for the filing of the counter-memorial of Serbia. That pleading, containing counterclaims, was filed within the time limit thus prescribed. By an order of 4 February 2010, the Court directed the submission of a reply by Croatia and a rejoinder by Serbia concerning the claims presented by the parties. It fixed 20 December 2010 and 4 November 2011, respectively, as the time limits for the filing of those written pleadings. The reply of Croatia was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "5. Territorial and Maritime Dispute (Nicaragua v. Colombia)", "126. On 6 December 2001, Nicaragua filed an application instituting proceedings against Colombia in respect of a dispute concerning “a group of related legal issues subsisting” between the two States “concerning title to territory and maritime delimitation” in the western Caribbean.", "127. In its application, Nicaragua requests the Court to adjudge and declare:", "First, that ... Nicaragua has sovereignty over the islands of Providencia, San Andrés and Santa Catalina and all the appurtenant islands and keys, and also over the Roncador, Serrana, Serranilla and Quitasueño keys (insofar as they are capable of appropriation);", "Second, in the light of the determinations concerning title requested above, the Court is asked further to determine the course of the single maritime boundary between the areas of continental shelf and exclusive economic zone appertaining respectively to Nicaragua and Colombia, in accordance with equitable principles and relevant circumstances recognized by general international law as applicable to such a delimitation of a single maritime boundary.", "128. Nicaragua further indicates that it “reserves the right to claim compensation for elements of unjust enrichment consequent upon Colombian possession of the islands of San Andrés and Providencia as well as the keys and maritime spaces up to the 82 meridian, in the absence of lawful title”. It also “reserves the right to claim compensation for interference with fishing vessels of Nicaraguan nationality or vessels licensed by Nicaragua” (see annual reports 2001/02 et seq.).", "129. As basis for the Court’s jurisdiction, Nicaragua invokes article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá, to which both Nicaragua and Colombia are party, as well as the declarations of the two States recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court.", "130. By an order of 26 February 2002, the Court fixed 28 April 2003 and 28 June 2004 as the respective time limits for the filing of a memorial by Nicaragua and a counter memorial by Colombia. The memorial of Nicaragua was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "131. Copies of the pleadings and documents annexed were requested by the Governments of Honduras, Jamaica, Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Venezuela and Costa Rica by virtue of article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court. Pursuant to that same provision, the Court, after ascertaining the views of the parties, acceded to those requests.", "132. On 21 July 2003, within the time limit set by article 79, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, Colombia raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court.", "133. Public hearings on the preliminary objections were held from 4 to 8 June 2007.", "134. On 13 December 2007, the Court rendered a judgment, in which it found that Nicaragua’s application was admissible insofar as it concerned sovereignty over the maritime features claimed by the parties other than the islands of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, and in respect of the maritime delimitation between the parties (see annual report 2007/08).", "135. By an order of 11 February 2008, the President of the Court fixed 11 November 2008 as the time limit for the filing of the counter-memorial of Colombia. The counter-memorial was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "136. By an order of 18 December 2008, the Court directed Nicaragua to submit a reply and Colombia a rejoinder, and fixed 18 September 2009 and 18 June 2010 as the respective time limits for the filing of those written pleadings, which were filed within the time limits thus fixed.", "137. On 25 February 2010, Costa Rica filed an application for permission to intervene in the case. In its application, Costa Rica stated among other things that “[b]oth Nicaragua and Colombia, in their boundary claims against each other, claim maritime area to which Costa Rica is entitled”. It made clear that it was seeking to intervene in the proceedings as a non-party State. The application of Costa Rica was immediately communicated to Nicaragua and Colombia, and the Court fixed 26 May 2010 as the time limit for the filing of written observations by those States. The written observations were filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "138. On 10 June 2010, of Honduras also filed an application for permission to intervene in the case. It asserted in the application that Nicaragua, in its dispute with Colombia, was putting forward maritime claims that lie in an area of the Caribbean Sea in which Honduras had rights and interests. Honduras stated in its application that it was seeking primarily to intervene in the proceedings as a party. The application of Honduras was immediately communicated to Nicaragua and Colombia. The President of the Court fixed 2 September 2010 as the time limit for these two States to furnish written observations. The written observations were filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "139. Public hearings on the admission of the application of Costa Rica for permission to intervene were held from 11 to 15 October 2010.", "140. At the close of the hearings, the agents of Costa Rica and the parties presented the following submissions to the Court:", "For Costa Rica:", "On behalf of the Republic of Costa Rica, I should like to restate the remedy which my Government requests from the Court in this intervention. We seek the application of the provisions of Article 85 of the Rules of Court, namely:", "Paragraph 1: the intervening State shall be supplied with copies of the pleadings and documents annexed and shall be entitled to submit a written statement within a time limit to be fixed by the Court; and", "Paragraph 3: [t]he intervening State shall be entitled, in the course of the oral proceedings, to submit its observations with respect to the subject matter of the intervention.", "For Nicaragua:", "In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having regard to the Application for permission to intervene filed by the Republic of Costa Rica and oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua respectfully submits that the Application filed by the Republic of Costa Rica fails to comply with the requirements established by the Statute and the Rules of Court, namely, Article 62, and paragraph 2 (a) and (b) of Article 81, respectively.", "For Colombia:", "In light of the considerations stated during these proceedings, my Government wishes to reiterate what it stated in the Written Observations it submitted to the Court, to the effect that, in Colombia’s view, Costa Rica has satisfied the requirements of Article 62 of the Statute and, consequently, that Colombia does not object to Costa Rica’s request for permission to intervene in the present case as a non-party.", "141. On 5 May 2011, the Court delivered its judgment on the admission of the application for permission to intervene filed by Costa Rica. The operative part of the judgment reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "By nine votes to seven,", "Finds that the Application for permission to intervene in the proceedings filed by the Republic of Costa Rica under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court cannot be granted.", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Xue; Judge ad hoc Cot;", "Against:", "Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Gaja.", "Judges Al-Khasawneh and Abraham appended dissenting opinions to the judgment of the Court; Judge Keith appended a declaration to the judgment of the Court; Judges Cançado Trindade and Yusuf appended a joint dissenting opinion to the judgment of the Court; Judge Donoghue appended a dissenting opinion to the judgment of the Court; Judge ad hoc Gaja appended a declaration to the judgment of the Court.", "142. Public hearings on the admission of the application of Honduras for permission to intervene were held from 18 to 22 October 2010.", "143. At the close of the hearings, the agents of Honduras and the parties presented the following submissions to the Court.", "For Honduras:", "Having regard to the Application and the oral pleadings,", "May it please the Court to permit Honduras:", "(1) to intervene as a party in respect of its interests of a legal nature in the area of concern in the Caribbean Sea (paragraph 17 of the Application) which may be affected by the decision of the Court; or", "(2) in the alternative, to intervene as a non-party with respect of those interests.", "For Nicaragua:", "In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having regard to the Application for permission to intervene filed by the Republic of Honduras and its oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua respectfully submits that, [t]he Application filed by the Republic of Honduras is a manifest challenge to the authority of the res judicata of your 8 October 2007 Judgment. Moreover, Honduras has failed to comply with the requirements established by the Statute and the Rules of Court, namely, Article 62, and paragraph 2 (a) and (b) of Article 81 respectively, and therefore Nicaragua (1) opposes the granting of such permission, and (2) requests that the Court dismiss the Application for permission to intervene filed by Honduras.", "For Colombia:", "In light of the considerations stated during these proceedings, my Government wishes to reiterate what it stated in the Written Observations it submitted to the Court, to the effect that, in Colombia’s view, Honduras has satisfied the requirements of Article 62 of the Statute and, consequently, that Colombia does not object to Honduras’s request for permission to intervene in the present case as a non party. As concerns Honduras’s request to be permitted to intervene as a party, Colombia likewise reiterates that it is a matter for the Court to decide in conformity with Article 62 of the Statute.", "144. On 5 May 2011, the Court delivered its judgment on the admission of the application for permission to intervene filed by Honduras. The operative part of the judgment reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "By thirteen votes to two,", "Finds that the Application for permission to intervene in the proceedings, either as a party or as a non party, filed by the Republic of Honduras under Article 62 of the Statute of the Court cannot be granted.", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Xue; Judges ad hoc Cot, Gaja;", "Against:", "Judges Abraham, Donoghue.", "Judge Al-Khasawneh appended a declaration to the judgment of the Court; Judge Abraham appended a dissenting opinion to the judgment of the Court; Judge Keith appended a declaration to the judgment of the Court; Judges Cançado Trindade and Yusuf appended a joint declaration to the judgment of the Court; Judge Donoghue appended a dissenting opinion to the judgment of the Court.", "6. Certain Criminal Proceedings in France (Republic of the Congo v. France)", "145. On 9 December 2002, the Congo filed an application instituting proceedings against France seeking the annulment of the investigation and prosecution measures taken by the French judicial authorities further to a complaint for crimes against humanity and torture filed by various associations against the President of the Congo, Denis Sassou Nguesso, the Minister of the Interior, Pierre Oba, and other individuals, including General Norbert Dabira, Inspector-General of the Congolese Armed Forces. The application further stated that, in connection with those proceedings, an investigating judge of the High Court (Tribunal de grande instance) of Meaux had issued a warrant for the President of the Congo to be examined as witness (see annual reports 2002/03 et seq.).", "146. By a letter dated 5 November 2010 and received in the Registry the same day, the agent of the Congo, referring to article 89 of the Rules of Court, informed the Court that his Government “withdraws its application instituting proceedings” and requested the Court “to make an order officially recording the discontinuance of the proceedings and directing the removal of the case from the List”. A copy of that letter was immediately communicated to the Government of France, which was simultaneously informed that the time limit provided for in article 89, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, within which France might state whether it opposed the discontinuance of the proceedings, had been fixed as 12 November 2010. By a letter dated 8 November 2010 and received in the Registry the same day, the agent of France informed the Court that her Government “has no objection to the discontinuance of the proceedings by the Republic of the Congo”. On 16 November 2010, the Court, placing on record the discontinuance by the Congo of the proceedings, ordered that the case be removed from the List.", "7. Maritime Dispute (Peru v. Chile)", "147. On 16 January 2008, Peru filed an application instituting proceedings against Chile concerning a dispute in relation to “the delimitation of the boundary between the maritime zones of the two States in the Pacific Ocean, beginning at a point on the coast called Concordia ... the terminal point of the land boundary established pursuant to the Treaty ... of 3 June 1929”,[3] and also to the recognition in favour of Peru of a “maritime zone lying within 200 nautical miles of Peru’s coast, and thus appertaining to Peru, but which Chile considers to be part of the high seas” (see annual reports 2007/08 et seq.).", "148. Peru “requests the Court to determine the course of the boundary between the maritime zones of the two States in accordance with international law ... and to adjudge and declare that Peru possesses exclusive sovereign rights in the maritime area situated within the limit of 200 nautical miles from its coast but outside Chile’s exclusive economic zone or continental shelf”.", "149. As basis for the Court’s jurisdiction, Peru invokes article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá of 30 April 1948, to which both States are party without reservation.", "150. By an order of 31 March 2008, the Court fixed 20 March 2009 and 9 March 2010 as the respective time limits for the filing of a memorial by Peru and a counter-memorial by Chile. Those pleadings were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "151. The Plurinational State of Bolivia, Colombia and Ecuador, relying on article 53, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, requested copies of the pleadings and annexed documents produced in the case. In accordance with that provision, the Court, after ascertaining the views of the parties, acceded to those requests.", "152. By an order of 27 April 2010, the Court authorized the submission of a reply by Peru and a rejoinder by Chile. It fixed 9 November 2010 and 11 July 2011 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings. The reply and rejoinder were filed within the time limits thus fixed.", "8. Aerial Herbicide Spraying (Ecuador v. Colombia)", "153. On 31 March 2008, Ecuador filed an application instituting proceedings against Colombia in respect of a dispute concerning the alleged “aerial spraying [by Colombia] of toxic herbicides at locations near, at and across its border with Ecuador”.", "154. Ecuador maintains that “the spraying has already caused serious damage to people, to crops, to animals, and to the natural environment on the Ecuadorian side of the frontier, and poses a grave risk of further damage over time”. It contends that it has made “repeated and sustained efforts to negotiate an end to the fumigations” but that “these negotiations have proved unsuccessful” (see annual reports 2007/08 et seq.).", "155. Ecuador accordingly requests the Court:", "to adjudge and declare that:", "(a) Colombia has violated its obligations under international law by causing or allowing the deposit on the territory of Ecuador of toxic herbicides that have caused damage to human health, property and the environment;", "(b) Colombia shall indemnify Ecuador for any loss or damage caused by its internationally unlawful acts, namely, the use of herbicides, including by aerial dispersion, and in particular:", "(i) death or injury to the health of any person or persons arising from the use of such herbicides; and", "(ii) any loss of or damage to the property or livelihood or human rights of such persons; and", "(iii) environmental damage or the depletion of natural resources; and", "(iv) the costs of monitoring to identify and assess future risks to public health, human rights and the environment resulting from Colombia’s use of herbicides; and", "(v) any other loss or damage; and", "(c) Colombia shall:", "(i) respect the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ecuador; and", "(ii) forthwith, take all steps necessary to prevent, on any part of its territory, the use of any toxic herbicides in such a way that they could be deposited onto the territory of Ecuador; and", "(iii) prohibit the use, by means of aerial dispersion, of such herbicides in Ecuador, or on or near any part of its border with Ecuador.", "156. As basis for the Court’s jurisdiction, Ecuador invokes article XXXI of the Pact of Bogotá of 30 April 1948, to which both States are party. Ecuador also relies on article 32 of the 1988 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.", "157. In its application, Ecuador reaffirms its opposition to “the export and consumption of illegal narcotics” but stresses that the issues presented to the Court “relate exclusively to the methods and locations of Colombia’s operations to eradicate illicit coca and poppy plantations — and the harmful effects in Ecuador of such operations”.", "158. By an order of 30 May 2008, the Court fixed 29 April 2009 and 29 March 2010 as the respective time limits for the filing of a memorial by Ecuador and a counter-memorial by Colombia. Those pleadings were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "159. By an order of 25 June 2010, the Court directed the submission of a reply by Ecuador and a rejoinder by Colombia. It fixed 31 January 2011 and 1 December 2011, respectively, as the time limits for the filing of those pleadings. The reply of Ecuador was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "9. Application of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (Georgia v. Russian Federation)", "160. On 12 August 2008, Georgia instituted proceedings against the Russian Federation on the grounds of “its actions on and around the territory of Georgia in breach of [the 1965 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]”. In its application, Georgia “also seeks to ensure that the individual rights” under the Convention “of all persons on the territory of Georgia are fully respected and protected”.", "161. Georgia claimed that the Russian Federation, “through its State organs, State agents, and other persons and entities exercising governmental authority, and through the South Ossetian and Abkhaz separatist forces and other agents acting on the instructions of, and under the direction and control of the Russian Federation, is responsible for serious violations of its fundamental obligations under [the Convention], including articles 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6”. According to Georgia, the Russian Federation “violated its obligations under [the Convention] during three distinct phases of its interventions in South Ossetia and Abkhazia” during the period from 1990 to August 2008.", "162. Georgia requests the Court to order “the Russian Federation to take all steps necessary to comply with its obligations under [the Convention]”.", "163. As a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, Georgia relies on article 22 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. It also reserves its right to invoke, as an additional basis of jurisdiction, article IX of the Genocide Convention, to which Georgia and the Russian Federation are party.", "164. The application of Georgia was accompanied by a request for the indication of provisional measures, in order to preserve its rights under the International Convention “to protect its citizens against violent discriminatory acts by Russian armed forces, acting in concert with separatist militia and foreign mercenaries” (see annual reports 2008/09 et seq.).", "165. Public hearings were held from 8 to 10 October 2008 to hear the oral observations of the parties on the request for the indication of provisional measures.", "166. On 15 October 2008, the Court handed down an order in which it indicated provisional measures for both parties (see annual reports 2008/09 et seq.).", "167. By an order of 2 December 2008, the President fixed 2 September 2009 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by Georgia and 2 July 2010 as the time limit for the filing of a counter-memorial by the Russian Federation. The memorial of Georgia was filed within the time limit thus prescribed.", "168. On 1 December 2009, within the time limit set in article 79, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Russian Federation filed preliminary objections in respect of jurisdiction. Pursuant to article 79, paragraph 5, of the Rules of Court, the proceedings on the merits were then suspended.", "169. By an order of 11 December 2009, the Court fixed 1 April 2010 as the time limit for the filing by Georgia of a written statement containing its observations and submissions on the preliminary objections in respect of jurisdiction raised by the Russian Federation. The written statement was filed by Georgia within the time limit thus prescribed.", "170. Public hearings on the preliminary objections were held from 13 to 17 September 2010. At the end of the hearings, the agents of the parties presented the following submissions to the Court:", "For the Russian Federation:", "For the reasons advanced in the written Preliminary Objections and during the oral pleadings, the Russian Federation requests the Court to adjudge and declare that it lacks jurisdiction over the claims brought against the Russian Federation by Georgia, referred to it by the Application of Georgia of 12 August 2008.", "For Georgia:", "For the reasons advanced in the Written Statement of Georgia on Preliminary Objections and during the oral pleadings Georgia respectfully requests the Court:", "1. to dismiss the preliminary objections presented by the Russian Federation;", "2. to hold that the Court has jurisdiction to hear the claims presented by Georgia and that these claims are admissible.", "171. On 1 April 2011, the Court delivered its judgment on the preliminary objections raised by the Russian Federation. The operative part of the judgment reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "(1) (a) by twelve votes to four,", "Rejects the first preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Gaja;", "Against:", "Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Skotnikov, Xue;", "(b) by ten votes to six,", "Upholds the second preliminary objection raised by the Russian Federation;", "In favour:", "Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue;", "Against:", "President Owada; Judges Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Gaja;", "(2) by ten votes to six,", "Finds that it has no jurisdiction to entertain the Application filed by Georgia on 12 August 2008.", "In favour:", "Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Keith, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue;", "Against:", "President Owada; Judges Simma, Abraham, Cançado Trindade, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Gaja.", "172. In its judgment, the Court, recalling that, by an order of 15 October 2008, it had indicated certain provisional measures, stated that this order ceased to be operative upon the delivery of the judgment on the preliminary objections. It added, however, that the parties had a duty to comply with their obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, of which they were reminded in the said order.", "10. Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia v. Greece)", "173. On 17 November 2008, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia instituted proceedings against Greece for what it describes as “a flagrant violation of [Greece’s] obligations under Article 11” of the Interim Accord signed by the parties on 13 September 1995.", "174. In its application, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia requests the Court “to protect its rights under the Interim Accord and to ensure that it is allowed to exercise its rights as an independent State acting in accordance with international law, including the right to pursue membership of relevant international organisations”.", "175. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia requests the Court to order Greece to “immediately take all necessary steps to comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1” and “to cease and desist from objecting in any way, whether directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation and/or of any other ‘international, multilateral and regional organizations and institutions’ of which [Greece] is a member ...” (see annual reports 2008/09 et seq.).", "176. The applicant invokes, as a basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, article 21, paragraph 2, of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995, which provides that “[a]ny difference or dispute that arises between the Parties concerning the interpretation or implementation of this Interim Accord may be submitted by either of them to the International Court of Justice, except for the differences referred to in Article 5, paragraph 1”.", "177. By an order of 20 January 2009, the Court fixed 20 July 2009 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and 20 January 2010 as the time limit for the filing of a counter memorial by Greece. Those pleadings were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "178. On 9 March 2010, the Government of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia indicated that it wished to be able to respond to the counter-memorial of Greece, including the objections to jurisdiction and admissibility contained therein, by means of a reply, and to have available for that purpose a time limit of approximately four and one half months as from the filing of the counter-memorial. The Government of Greece had no objection to the granting of this request, provided that it could in turn submit a rejoinder and have an identical time limit for that purpose.", "179. By an order of 12 March 2010, the Court authorized the submission of a reply by the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and a rejoinder by Greece. It fixed 9 June 2010 and 27 October 2010 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings. The reply of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and the rejoinder of Greece were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "180. Public hearings were held from 21 to 30 March 2011. At the end of those hearings, on the basis of the evidence produced and the legal arguments presented in their written and oral pleadings, the parties presented their final submissions.", "181. The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia requests the Court:", "(i) to reject the Respondent’s objections as to thejurisdiction of the Court and the admissibility of the Applicant’s claims;", "(ii) to adjudge and declare that the Respondent, through its State organs and Agents, has violated its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord; and", "(iii) to order that the Respondent immediately take all necessary steps to comply with its obligations under Article 11, paragraph 1, of the Interim Accord, and to cease and desist from objecting in any way, whether directly or indirectly, to the Applicant’s membership of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and/or of any other ‘international, multilateral and regional organizations and institutions’ of which the Respondent is a member, in circumstances where the Applicant is to be referred to in such organization or institution by the designation provided for in paragraph 2 of United Nations Security Council resolution 817 (1993).", "182. Greece requests the Court to adjudge and declare:", "(i) that the case brought by the Applicant before the Court does not fall within the jurisdiction of the Court and that the Applicant’s claims are inadmissible;", "(ii) in the event that the Court finds that it has jurisdiction and that the claims are admissible, that the Applicant’s claims are unfounded.", "183. The Court has begun its deliberation and will deliver its judgment at a public sitting on a date to be announced at a subsequent stage.", "11. Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy; Greece intervening)", "184. On 23 December 2008, Germany instituted proceedings against the Italy, alleging that “[t]hrough its judicial practice ... Italy has infringed and continues to infringe its obligations towards Germany under international law”.", "185. In its application, Germany contends that “[i]n recent years, Italian judicial bodies have repeatedly disregarded the jurisdictional immunity of Germany as a sovereign State. The critical stage of that development was reached by the judgment of the Corte di Cassazione of 11 March 2004 in the Ferrini case, where [that court] declared that Italy held jurisdiction with regard to a claim ... brought by a person who during World War II had been deported to Germany to perform forced labour in the armaments industry. After this judgment had been rendered, numerous other proceedings were instituted against Germany before Italian courts by persons who had also suffered injury as a consequence of the armed conflict”.", "186. The applicant states that enforcement measures have already been taken against German assets in Italy: a “judicial mortgage” on Villa Vigoni, the German-Italian centre of cultural exchange, has been recorded in the land register. In addition to the claims brought against it by Italian nationals, Germany also cites “attempts by Greek nationals to enforce in Italy a judgment obtained in Greece on account of a ... massacre committed by German military units during their withdrawal in 1944” .", "187. Germany concludes its application by requesting the Court to adjudge and declare that Italy:", "(1) by allowing civil claims based on violations of international humanitarian law by the German Reich during World War II from September 1943 to May 1945 to be brought against the Federal Republic of Germany, committed violations of obligations under international law in that it has failed to respect the jurisdictional immunity which the Federal Republic of Germany enjoys under international law;", "(2) by taking measures of constraint against ‘Villa Vigoni’, German State property used for government non commercial purposes, also committed violations of Germany’s jurisdictional immunity;", "(3) by declaring Greek judgments based on occurrences similar to those defined above in request No. 1 enforceable in Italy, committed a further breach of Germany’s jurisdictional immunity.", "Accordingly, the Federal Republic of Germany prays the Court to adjudge and declare that:", "(4) the Italian Republic’s international responsibility is engaged;", "(5) the Italian Republic must, by means of its own choosing, take any and all steps to ensure that all the decisions of its courts and other judicial authorities infringing Germany’s sovereign immunity become unenforceable;", "(6) the Italian Republic must take any and all steps to ensure that in the future Italian courts do not entertain legal actions against Germany founded on the occurrences described in request No. 1 above.", "188. As the basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, Germany invokes, in its application, article 1 of the European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes of 29 April 1957, ratified by Italy on 29 January 1960 and by Germany on 18 April 1961 (see annual reports 2008/09 et seq.).", "189. By an order of 29 April 2009, the Court fixed 23 June 2009 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by Germany and 23 December 2009 as the time limit for the filing of a counter memorial by Italy. Those pleadings were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "190. In chapter VII of the counter memorial filed by Italy, the respondent, referring to article 80 of the Rules of Court, made a counterclaim “with respect to the question of the reparation owed to Italian victims of grave violations of international humanitarian law committed by forces of the German Reich” (see annual report 2009/10).", "191. Having received full and detailed written observations from each of the parties, the Court judged that it was sufficiently well informed of the positions they held as to whether the Court could entertain the claim presented as a counterclaim by Italy in its counter-memorial. Accordingly, the Court did not consider it necessary to hear the parties further on the subject and, on 6 July 2010, made an order on the admissibility of the counterclaim of Italy. By that order, the Court, by thirteen votes to one, found “that the counterclaimpresented by Italy ... is inadmissible as such and does not form part of the current proceedings” (see annual report 2009/10). The Court then unanimously authorized the submission of a reply by Germany and a rejoinder by Italy, relating to the claims brought by Germany, and fixed 14 October 2010 and 14 January 2011 as the respective time limits for the filing of those pleadings. The reply of Germany and the rejoinder of Italy were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "192. On 12 January 2011, Greece filed in the Registry an application for permission to intervene in the case concerning Jurisdictional Immunities of the State (Germany v. Italy).", "193. In its application, Greece first set out the legal interest which it considered may be affected by the decision in the case: it indicated that “the interests — even if only indirect — of a legal nature of Greece that may be affected by a judgment of the Court are the sovereign rights and jurisdiction enjoyed by Greece under general international law” and that “[i]t is the purpose of Greece to present and demonstrate its legal rights and interests to the Court and, appropriately, state its views as to how the claims of Germany may or may not affect the legal rights and interests of Greece”. Greece further stated that its legal interest “derives from the fact that Germany has acquiesced to, if not recognised, its international responsibility vis‑à‑vis Greece for all acts and omissions perpetrated by the Third Reich between 6 April 1941, when Germany invaded Greece and the unconditional surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945”.", "194. In its application, Greece set out the precise object of the intervention. It stated that its request had two objects:", "First, to protect and preserve the legal rights of Greece by all legal means available. These include, inter alia, the ones emanating from disputes created by particular acts and the general practice of Germany during World War II and the ones enjoyed under general international law, especially with respect to jurisdiction and the institution of State responsibility; and", "Secondly, to inform the Court of the nature of the legal rights and interests of Greece that could be affected by the Court’s decision in light of the claims advanced by Germany to the case before the Court.", "195. Greece recalled that, in its application filed on 23 December 2008, Germany had requested the Court to adjudge and declare, inter alia, that: “(3) by declaring Greek judgments based on occurrences similar to those defined ... in request No. 1 [in the application] enforceable in Italy, [Italy] committed a further breach of Germany’s jurisdictional immunity”. Greece further stated that “its intention is to solely intervene in the aspects of the procedure relating to judgements rendered by its own (domestic ...) Tribunals and Courts on occurrences during World War II and enforced (exequatur) by the Italian Courts”.", "196. Lastly, Greece set out the basis of jurisdiction claimed to exist as between itself and the parties to the case. It stated that it did not seek “to become a party to the case” and that its request to intervene “is based solely and exhaustively upon Article 62 of the Statute of the Court”.", "197. In accordance with article 83, paragraph 1, of the Rules of Court, the Registrar transmitted certified copies of the application of Greece for permission to intervene to the German and Italian Governments, and informed them that the Court had fixed 1 April 2011 as the time limit within which they could submit their written observations on the application. These written observations were submitted within the time limit thus fixed.", "198. In its written observations on the application of Greece, Germany, while drawing the Court’s attention to certain considerations which would indicate that the application did not meet the criteria set out in Article 62, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court, expressly stated that it did not “formally object” to the application being allowed. Italy, for its part, indicated that it did not object to the application being granted.", "199. In the light of article 84, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, and taking into account the fact that neither party had filed an objection, the Court decided that it was not necessary to hold hearings on the question of whether the application of Greece for permission to intervene should be granted. Having nevertheless decided that Greece should be given an opportunity to comment on the observations of the parties and that the parties should be allowed to submit additional written observations on those comments, the Court fixed 6 May 2011 as the time limit for the submission by Greece of its written observations on those of the parties and 6 June 2011 as the time limit for the submission by the parties of additional observations on the written observations of Greece. All of the observations were submitted within the time limits thus fixed.", "200. In its written observations, in order to establish its interest of a legal nature, Greece stated that the Court, in the decision that it would be called upon to render in the case between Germany and Italy, would rule on the question of whether “a judgment handed down by a Greek court can be enforced on Italian territory (having regard to Germany’s jurisdictional immunity)”. Greece, in this regard, referred to the judgment of the Court of First Instance of Livadia, a Greek judicial body, in the Distomo case. It pointed out that “a Greek judicial body and Greek nationals lie at the heart of the Italian enforcement proceedings”. According to Greece, it followed that the decision of the Court as to whether Italian and Greek judgments may be enforced in Italy was directly and primarily of interest to Greece and could affect its interest of a legal nature.", "201. In its written observations, Greece expressed its wish to inform the Court “on Greece’s approach to the issue of State immunity, and to developments in that regard in recent years”. Greece made it clear that it was not presenting this element as indicating the existence of an interest of a legal nature, but rather as providing context for its application for intervention.", "202. In its additional written observations, Germany observed that Greece no longer claimed that it had a general interest in the legal issues which the Court would have to address; neither did it submit that it wished to place before the Court the occurrences of the Second World War. Germany accordingly limited its additional comments as to the granting of the Greek application to a consideration of the question of whether a State could be deemed to have a legal interest in the enforceability, in foreign countries, of the judgments rendered by its courts. Germany expounded its position according to which the execution of a judgment outside national boundaries “is entirely committed to the public authorities of the country where the planned measures of constraint are to be taken” and therefore does not affect the legal interests of the State whose courts handed down the relevant judicial decision. Germany further emphasized that the Distomo decision had in effect been overruled in Greece by the judgment rendered in the Margellos case, which upheld Germany’s jurisdictional immunity in a comparable situation. Germany left it to the Court to assess the admissibility of the Greek application as it saw fit.", "203. Italy, in its additional written observations, confirmed that it did not object to the application of Greece being granted.", "204. By an order dated 4 July 2011, the Court granted Greece permission to intervene as a non party in the case. In its order, the Court stated that, in the judgment that it would render in the principal proceedings, it “might find it necessary to consider the decisions of Greek courts in the Distomo case, in light of the principle of State immunity, for the purposes of making findings with regard to the third request in Germany’s submissions”. The Court concluded that this was sufficient to indicate that Greece had an interest of a legal nature which might be affected by the judgment in the principal proceedings. It pointed out that “in light of the scope of the intervention sought by Greece, as specified in its written observations, and of the conclusions which the Court has reached … Greece may be permitted to intervene as a non-party insofar as this intervention is limited to the decisions of Greek courts as referred to … above”.", "205. Intervening as a non party allows Greece to have access to the written pleadings of the parties and “to inform the Court of the nature of [its] legal rights and interests ... that could be affected by the Court’s decision in light of the claims advanced by Germany” in the principal proceedings. To this end, by the same order, the Court fixed 5 August 2011 as the time limit for the filing of the written statement of Greece, and 5 September 2011 as the time limit for the filing of the written observations of Germany and Italy on that statement. The subsequent procedure was reserved for further decision.", "206. Article 85 of the Rules of Court provides, inter alia, that “[t]he intervening State shall be entitled, in the course of the oral proceedings, to submit its observations with respect to the subject matter of the intervention”. Its non-party status denies Greece the possibility of asserting rights of its own in the context of the principal proceedings between the parties (Germany and Italy). The judgment that the Court will render on the merits of the case will not be binding on Greece, whereas it will have binding force and be without appeal for the parties.", "12. Questions relating to the Obligation to Prosecute or Extradite (Belgium v. Senegal)", "207. On 19 February 2009, Belgium instituted proceedings against Senegal, on the grounds that a dispute exists “between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Republic of Senegal regarding Senegal’s compliance with its obligation to prosecute” the former President of Chad, Hissène Habré, “or to extradite him to Belgium for the purposes of criminal proceedings”. Belgium also submitted a request for the indication of provisional measures, in order to protect its rights pending the Court’s judgment on the merits.", "208. In its application, Belgium maintains that Senegal, where Mr. Habré has been living in exile since 1990, has taken no action on its repeated requests to see the former President of Chad prosecuted in Senegal, failing his extradition to Belgium, for acts characterized as including crimes of torture and crimes against humanity (see annual reports 2008/09 et seq.).", "209. To found the Court’s jurisdiction, Belgium in its application first invokes the unilateral declarations recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court made by the parties pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court, on 17 June 1958 (Belgium) and 2 December 1985 (Senegal).", "210. Moreover, the applicant indicates that “[t]he two States have been parties to the United Nations Convention against Torture of 10 December 1984” since 21 August 1986 (Senegal) and 25 June 1999 (Belgium). Article 30 of that Convention provides that any dispute between two States parties concerning the interpretation or application of the Convention which it has not been possible to settle through negotiation or arbitration may be submitted to the International Court of Justice by one of the States. Belgium contends that negotiations between the two States “have continued unsuccessfully since 2005” and that it reached the conclusion on 20 June 2006 that they had failed. Belgium states, moreover, that it suggested recourse to arbitration to Senegal on 20 June 2006 and notes that the latter “failed to respond to that request ... whereas Belgium has persistently confirmed in notes verbales that a dispute on this subject continues to exist”.", "211. At the end of its application, Belgium requests the Court to adjudge and declare that:", "– the Court has jurisdiction to entertain the dispute between the Kingdom of Belgium and the Republic of Senegal regarding Senegal’s compliance with its obligation to prosecute Mr. H. Habré or to extradite him to Belgium for the purposes of criminal proceedings;", "– Belgium’s claim is admissible;", "– the Republic of Senegal is obliged to bring criminal proceedings against Mr. H. Habré for acts including crimes of torture and crimes against humanity which are alleged against him as perpetrator, co perpetrator or accomplice;", "– failing the prosecution of Mr. H. Habré, the Republic of Senegal is obliged to extradite him to the Kingdom of Belgium so that he can answer for these crimes before the Belgian courts.", "212. The application of Belgium was accompanied by a request for the indication of provisional measures. It explains therein that while “Mr. H. Habré is [at present] under house arrest in Dakar ... it transpires from an interview which the President of Senegal, A. Wade, gave to Radio France International that Senegal could lift his house arrest if it fails to find the budget which it regards as necessary in order to hold the trial of Mr. H. Habré”. The applicant states that, “in such an event, it would be easy for Mr. H. Habré to leave Senegal and avoid any prosecution”, which “would cause irreparable prejudice to the rights conferred on Belgium by international law ... and also violate the obligations which Senegal must fulfil”.", "213. Public hearings were held from 6 to 8 April 2009 to hear the oral observations of the parties on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Belgium.", "214. At the close of the hearings, Belgium asked the Court to indicate the following provisional measures: “the Republic of Senegal is requested to take all the steps within its power to keep Mr. Hissène Habré under the control and surveillance of the Senegalese authorities so that the rules of international law with which Belgium requests compliance may be correctly applied”. For its part, Senegal asked the Court “to reject the provisional measures requested by Belgium”.", "215. On 28 May 2009, the Court gave its decision on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Belgium. The operative clause of the order of 28 May 2009 reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "By thirteen votes to one,", "Finds that the circumstances, as they now present themselves to the Court, are not such as to require the exercise of its power under Article 41 of the Statute to indicate provisional measures.", "In favour:", "President Owada; Judges Shi, Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Sepúlveda-Amor, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judges ad hoc Sur, Kirsch;", "Against:", "Judge Cançado Trindade.", "Judges Koroma and Yusuf appended a joint declaration to the order of the Court; Judges Al-Khasawneh and Skotnikov appended a joint separate opinion to the order; Judge Cançado Trindade appended a dissenting opinion to the order; Judge ad hoc Sur appended a separate opinion to the order.", "216. By an order of 9 July 2009, the Court fixed 9 July 2010 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by Belgium and 11 July 2011 as the time limit for the filing of a counter memorial by Senegal. The memorial of Belgium was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "217. By an order of 11 July 2011, the President of the Court extended the time limit for the filing of the counter-memorial of Senegal from 11 July to 29 August 2011. In his order, he explained that, by a letter dated 10 July 2011 and received in the Registry on 11 July 2011, a copy of which was immediately communicated to the Belgian Government, the agent of Senegal, referring to a decision of the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States of 18 November 2010 and to the developments prior to and following the adoption, on 1 July 2011, of a decision by the Assembly of the African Union, had asked the Court to extend the time limit for the filing of his Government’s counter memorial until 29 August 2011. In the same order, the President explained that, by a letter dated 11 July 2011 and received in the Registry the same day, containing his Government’s views on the request for an extension of the time limit, the agent of Belgium indicated, inter alia, that the decision rendered by the Court of Justice of the Economic Community of West African States did not drastically alter the substance of the dispute between Belgium and Senegal and that the decision of the Assembly of the African Union of 1 July 2011 merely reiterated the decision adopted by the same Assembly in January 2011. The agent of Belgium asserted, moreover, that the further time limit requested by Senegal, supposing it to be essential, was too long. He nevertheless added that his Government would leave the decision on the request of Senegal to the wisdom of the Court.", "13. Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters (Belgium v. Switzerland)", "218. On 21 December 2009, Belgium initiated proceedings against Switzerland in respect of a dispute concerning “the interpretation and application of the Lugano Convention of 16 September 1988 on jurisdiction and the enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters ... and the application of the rules of general international law that govern the exercise of State authority, in particular in the judicial domain, [and relating to] the decision by Swiss courts not to recognize a decision by Belgian courts and not to stay proceedings later initiated in Switzerland on the subject of the same dispute”.", "219. In its application, Belgium stated that the dispute in question “has arisen out of the pursuit of parallel judicial proceedings in Belgium and Switzerland” in respect of the civil and commercial dispute between the “main shareholders in Sabena, the former Belgian airline now in bankruptcy”. The Swiss shareholders in question were SAirGroup (formerly Swissair) and its subsidiary SAirLines; the Belgian shareholders were the Belgian State and three companies in which it held the shares.", "220. To found the jurisdiction of the Court, Belgium cited solely the unilateral declarations recognizing the compulsory jurisdiction of the Court made by the parties pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of its Statute, on 17 June 1958 (Belgium) and 28 July 1948 (Switzerland) (see annual report 2009/10).", "221. By an order of 4 February 2010, the Court fixed 23 August 2010 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by Belgium and 25 April 2011 as the time limit for the filing of a counter-memorial by Switzerland.", "222. By an order of 10 August 2010, the President of the Court, at the request of the Government of Belgium and after having ascertained the views of the Government of Switzerland, extended the time limits for the filing of the memorial of Belgium and the counter-memorial of Switzerland to 23 November 2010 and 24 October 2011, respectively. The memorial of Belgium was filed within the time limit thus prescribed.", "223. On 18 February 2011, Switzerland raised preliminary objections to the jurisdiction of the Court and to the admissibility of the application in this case.", "224. By a letter dated 21 March 2011 and received in the Registry the same day, the agent of Belgium, referring to article 89 of the Rules of Court, informed the Court that his Government “in concert with the Commission of the European Union, considers that it can discontinue the proceedings instituted [by Belgium] against Switzerland” and requested the Court “to make an order recording Belgium’s discontinuance of the proceedings and directing that the case be removed” from the Court’s General List. In his letter, the agent explained in particular that Belgium had taken note that, in paragraph 85 of its preliminary objections, “Switzerland states ... that the reference by the [Swiss] Federal Supreme Court in its 30 September 2008 judgment to the ‘non-recognizability’ of a future Belgian judgment does not have the force of res judicata and does not bind either the lower cantonal courts or the Federal Supreme Court itself, and that there is therefore nothing to prevent a Belgian judgment, once handed down, from being recognized in Switzerland in accordance with the applicable treaty provision”. A copy of the letter from the agent of Belgium was immediately communicated to the agent of Switzerland, who was informed that the time limit provided for in article 89, paragraph 2, of the Rules of Court, within which Switzerland might state whether it opposed the discontinuance of the proceedings, had been fixed as Monday 28 March 2011. Since Switzerland did not oppose the said discontinuance within the time limit thus fixed, the Court, placing on record the discontinuance by Belgium of the proceedings, ordered that the case be removed from the List on 5 April 2011.", "14. Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan)", "225. On 31 May 2010, Australia instituted proceedings against Japan, alleging that “Japan’s continued pursuit of a large-scale program of whaling under the Second Phase of its Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic (‘JARPA II’) [is] in breach of obligations assumed by Japan under the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (‘ICRW’), as well as its other international obligations for the preservation of marine mammals and the marine environment” (see annual report 2009/10).", "226. At the end of its application, Australia requests the Court to adjudge and declare that “Japan is in breach of its international obligations in implementing the JARPA II program in the Southern Ocean”, and to order that Japan: “(a) cease implementation of JARPA II; (b) revoke any authorisations, permits or licences allowing the activities which are the subject of this application to be undertaken; and (c) provide assurances and guarantees that it will not take any further action under the JARPA II or any similar program until such program has been brought into conformity with its obligations under international law”.", "227. As the basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, the applicant invokes the provisions of Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Court’s Statute, referring to the declarations recognizing the Court’s jurisdiction as compulsory made by Australia on 22 March 2002 and by Japan on 9 July 2007.", "228. By an order of 13 July 2010, the Court fixed 9 May 2011 as the time limit for the filing of a memorial by Australia and 9 March 2012 as the time limit for the filing of a counter-memorial by Japan. The memorial of Australia was filed within the time limit thus fixed.", "15. Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso/Niger)", "229. On 20 July 2010, Burkina Faso and the Niger jointly submitted a frontier dispute between them to the Court. By a joint letter dated 12 May 2010 and filed in the Registry on 20 July 2010, the two States notified to the Court a special agreement signed in Niamey on 24 February 2009, which entered into force on 20 November 2009. Under the terms of article 1 of the special agreement, the parties have agreed to submit their frontier dispute to the Court, and that each of them will choose a judge ad hoc. Article 2 of the special agreement indicates the subject of the dispute as follows:", "The Court is requested to:", "1. determine the course of the boundary between the two countries in the sector from the astronomic marker of Tong Tong (latitude 14° 25' 04\" N; longitude 00° 12' 47\" E) to the beginning of the Botou bend (latitude 12° 36' 18\" N; longitude 01° 52' 07\" E);", "2. place on record the Parties’ agreement on the results of the work of the Joint Technical Commission on demarcation of the Burkina Faso-Niger boundary with regard to the following sectors:", "(a) the sector from the heights of N’Gouma to the astronomic marker of Tong-Tong;", "(b) the sector from the beginning of the Botou bend to the River Mekrou.", "In article 3, paragraph 1, the parties request the Court to authorize the following written proceedings:", "(a) a Memorial filed by each Party not later than nine (9) months after the seising of the Court;", "(b) a Counter-Memorial filed by each Party not later than nine (9) months after exchange of the Memorials;", "(c) any other pleading whose filing, at the request of either of the Parties, shall have been authorized or directed by the Court.", "Article 7 of the special agreement, entitled “Judgment of the Court”, reads as follows:", "1. The Parties accept the Judgment of the Court given pursuant to this Special Agreement as final and binding upon them.", "2. From the day on which the Judgment is rendered, the Parties shall have eighteen (18) months in which to commence the work of demarcating the boundary.", "3. In case of difficulty in the implementation of the Judgment, either Party may seise the Court pursuant to Article 60 of its Statute.", "4. The Parties request the Court to nominate, in its Judgment, three (3) experts to assist them in the demarcation.", "Lastly, article 10 contains the following “Special undertaking”:", "Pending the Judgment of the Court, the Parties undertake to maintain peace, security and tranquillity among the populations of the two States in the frontier region, refraining from any act of incursion into the disputed areas and organizing regular meetings of administrative officials and the security services.", "With regard to the creation of socio-economic infrastructure, the Parties undertake to hold preliminary consultations prior to implementation.", "The Special Agreement was accompanied by an exchange of notes dated 29 October and 2 November 2009 embodying the agreement between the two States on the delimited sectors of the frontier.", "230. By an order of 14 September 2010, the Court fixed 20 April 2011 and 20 January 2012 as the respective time limits for the filing of a memorial and a counter-memorial by each of the parties. The memorials were filed within the time limits thus prescribed.", "16. Certain Activities carried out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua)", "231. On 18 November 2010, Costa Rica instituted proceedings against Nicaragua in respect of an alleged “incursion into, occupation of and use by Nicaragua’s Army of Costa Rican territory as well as [alleged] breaches of Nicaragua’s obligations towards Costa Rica” under a number of international treaties and conventions.", "232. In its application, Costa Rica claims that “[b]y sending contingents of its armed forces to Costa Rican territory and establishing military camps therein, Nicaragua is not only acting in outright breach of the established boundary regime between the two States, but also of the core founding principles of the United Nations, namely the principle of territorial integrity and the prohibition of the threat or use of force against any State ...”.", "233. Costa Rica charges Nicaragua with having occupied, in two separate incidents, the territory of Costa Rica in connection with the construction of a canal across Costa Rican territory from the San Juan River to Laguna los Portillos (also known as Harbor Head Lagoon), and with having carried out certain related works of dredging on the San Juan River. Costa Rica states that the “ongoing and planned dredging and the construction of the canal will seriously affect the flow of water to the Colorado River of Costa Rica, and will cause further damage to Costa Rican territory, including the wetlands and national wildlife protected areas located in the region”.", "234. The applicant claims that Nicaragua rejected all calls for withdrawal of its armed forces from the occupied territory and all means of negotiation. Costa Rica states further that Nicaragua does not intend to comply with the resolution of 12 November 2010 of the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States calling, in particular, for the withdrawal of Nicaraguan armed forces from the border region, and requests the avoidance of the presence of military or security forces in the area in order to create a favourable climate for dialogue between the two nations.", "235. Costa Rica accordingly", "requests the Court to adjudge and declare that Nicaragua is in breach of its international obligations ... as regards the incursion into and occupation of Costa Rican territory, the serious damage inflicted to its protected rainforests and wetlands, and the damage intended to the Colorado River, wetlands and protected ecosystems, as well as the dredging and canalization activities being carried out by Nicaragua on the San Juan River. In particular, the Court is requested to adjudge and declare that, by its conduct, Nicaragua has breached:", "(a) the territory of the Republic of Costa Rica, as agreed and delimited by the 1858 Treaty of Limits, the Cleveland Award and the first and second Alexander Awards;", "(b) the fundamental principles of territorial integrity and the prohibition of use of force under the Charter of the United Nations and the Charter of the Organization of American States;", "(c) the obligation imposed upon Nicaragua by Article IX of the 1858 Treaty of Limits not to use the San Juan River to carry out hostile acts;", "(d) the obligation not to damage Costa Rican territory;", "(e) the obligation not to artificially channel the San Juan River away from its natural watercourse without the consent of Costa Rica;", "(f) the obligation not to prohibit the navigation on the San Juan River by Costa Rican nationals;", "(g) the obligation not to dredge the San Juan River if this causes damage to Costa Rican territory (including the Colorado River), in accordance with the 1888 Cleveland Award;", "(h) the obligations under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands;", "(i) the obligation not to aggravate and extend the dispute by adopting measures against Costa Rica, including the expansion of the invaded and occupied Costa Rican territory or by adopting any further measure or carrying out any further actions that would infringe Costa Rica’s territorial integrity under international law.", "236. The Court is also requested in the application to determine the reparation which must be made by Nicaragua, in particular in relation to any measures of the kind referred to in the paragraph above.", "237. As the basis for the jurisdiction of the Court, the applicant invokes Article 36, paragraph 1, of the Statute of the Court by virtue of the operation of article XXXI of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement of 30 April 1948 (“Pact of Bogotá”), as well as the declarations of acceptance made by Costa Rica on 20 February 1973 and by Nicaragua on 24 September 1929 (modified on 23 October 2001), pursuant to Article 36, paragraph 2, of the Statute of the Court.", "238. On 18 November 2010, Costa Rica also filed a request for the indication of provisional measures, in which it stated that “Costa Rica’s rights which are subject of the dispute and of this request for provisional measures are its right to sovereignty, to territorial integrity and to non-interference with its rights over the San Juan River, its lands, its environmentally protected areas, as well as the integrity and flow of the Colorado River”. Costa Rica indicated that the protection of its rights was of real urgency and pointed out that “[t]here is a real risk that without a grant of provisional measures, action prejudicial to the rights of Costa Rica will continue and may significantly alter the factual situation on the ground before the Court has the opportunity to render its final decision”.", "239. Costa Rica accordingly", "requests the Court as a matter of urgency to order the following provisional measures so as to rectify the presently ongoing breach of Costa Rica’s territorial integrity and to prevent further irreparable harm to Costa Rica’s territory, pending its determination of this case on the merits:", "(1) the immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all Nicaraguan troops from the unlawfully invaded and occupied Costa Rican territories;", "(2) the immediate cessation of the construction of a canal across Costa Rican territory;", "(3) the immediate cessation of the felling of trees, removal of vegetation and soil from Costa Rican territory, including its wetlands and forests;", "(4) the immediate cessation of the dumping of sediment in Costa Rican territory;", "(5) the suspension of Nicaragua’s ongoing dredging programme, aimed at the occupation, flooding and damage of Costa Rican territory, as well as at the serious damage to and impairment of the navigation of the Colorado River, giving full effect to the Cleveland Award and pending the determination of the merits of this dispute;", "(6) that Nicaragua shall refrain from any other action which might prejudice the rights of Costa Rica, or which may aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court.", "240. Public hearings on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Costa Rica were held from 11 to 13 January 2011.", "241. At the close of its second round of oral observations, the agent of Costa Rica set out the provisional measures requested by that State as follows:", "Costa Rica requests the Court to order the following provisional measures:", "A. Pending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua shall not, in the area comprising the entirety of Isla Portillos, that is to say, across the right bank of the San Juan river and between the banks of the Laguna Los Portillos (also known as Harbor Head Lagoon) and the Taura river (“the relevant area”):", "(1) station any of its troops or other personnel;", "(2) engage in the construction or enlargement of a canal;", "(3) fell trees or remove vegetation or soil;", "(4) dump sediment.", "B. Pending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua shall suspend its ongoing dredging programme in the River San Juan adjacent to the relevant area.", "C. Pending the determination of this case on the merits, Nicaragua shall refrain from any other action which might prejudice the rights of Costa Rica, or which may aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court.", "242. At the close of its second round of oral observations, the agent of Nicaragua presented the following submissions on behalf of his Government:", "In accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having regard to the Request for the indication of provisional measures of the Republic of Costa Rica and its oral pleadings, the Republic of Nicaragua respectfully submits that, [f]or the reasons explained during these hearings and any other reasons the Court might deem appropriate, the Republic of Nicaragua asks the Court to dismiss the Request for provisional measures filed by the Republic of Costa Rica.", "243. On 8 March 2011, the Court delivered its decision on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Costa Rica. In its order, it indicated the following provisional measures:", "(1) Unanimously,", "Each Party shall refrain from sending to, or maintaining in the disputed territory, including the caño [the canal cut by Nicaragua], any personnel, whether civilian, police or security;", "(2) By thirteen votes to four,", "Notwithstanding point (1) above, Costa Rica may dispatch civilian personnel charged with the protection of the environment to the disputed territory, including the caño, but only insofar as it is necessary to avoid irreparable prejudice being caused to the part of the wetland where that territory is situated; Costa Rica shall consult with the Secretariat of the Ramsar Convention in regard to these actions, give Nicaragua prior notice of them and use its best endeavours to find common solutions with Nicaragua in this respect;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al‑Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Dugard;", "Against:", "Judges Sepúlveda-Amor, Skotnikov, Xue; Judge ad hoc Guillaume;", "(3) Unanimously,", "Each Party shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve;", "(4) Unanimously,", "Each Party shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above provisional measures.", "Judges Koroma and Sepúlveda-Amor appended separate opinions to the order; Judges Skotnikov, Greenwood and Xue appended declarations to the order; Judge ad hoc Guillaume appended a declaration to the order; Judge ad hoc Dugard appended a separate opinion to the order.", "244. By an order of 5 April 2011, the Court, taking account of the views of the parties, fixed 5 December 2011 and 6 August 2012, respectively, as the time limits for the filing of a memorial by Costa Rica and a counter-memorial by Nicaragua. The subsequent procedure was reserved for further decision.", "17. Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand)", "245. On 28 April 2011, Cambodia submitted, by an application filed in the Registry, a request for interpretation of the judgment rendered by the Court on 15 June 1962 in the case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand).", "246. In its application, Cambodia indicates the “points in dispute as to the meaning or scope of the Judgment”, as stipulated by article 98 of the Rules of Court. It states in particular that:", "(1) according to Cambodia, the Judgment [rendered by the Court in 1962] is based on the prior existence of an international boundary established and recognized by both States;", "(2) according to Cambodia, that boundary is defined by the map to which the Court refers on page 21 of its Judgment ... a map which enables the Court to find that Cambodia’s sovereignty over the Temple is a direct and automatic consequence of its sovereignty over the territory on which the Temple is situated ...;", "(3) according to [Cambodia], Thailand is under an obligation [pursuant to the judgment] to withdraw any military or other personnel from the vicinity of the Temple on Cambodian territory. [T]his is a general and continuing obligation deriving from the statements concerning Cambodia’s territorial sovereignty recognized by the Court in that region.", "Cambodia asserts that “Thailand disagrees with all of these points”.", "247. The applicant seeks to base the jurisdiction of the Court on Article 60 of the Statute of the Court, which provides that “[i]n the event of dispute as to the meaning or scope of the judgment, the Court shall construe it upon the request of any party”. Cambodia also invokes article 98 of the Rules of Court.", "248. It explains in its application that, while “Thailand does not dispute Cambodia’s sovereignty over the Temple — and only over the Temple itself”, it does, however, call into question the 1962 judgment in its entirety.", "249. Cambodia contends that “in 1962, the Court placed the Temple under Cambodian sovereignty, because the territory on which it is situated is on the Cambodian side of the boundary”, and that “[t]o refuse Cambodia’s sovereignty over the area beyond the Temple as far as its ‘vicinity’ is to say to the Court that the boundary line which it recognized [in 1962] is wholly erroneous, including in respect of the Temple itself”.", "250. Cambodia emphasizes that the purpose of its request is to seek an explanation from the Court regarding the “meaning and ... scope of its Judgment, within the limit laid down by Article 60 of the Statute”. It adds that such an explanation, “which would be binding on Cambodia and Thailand ... could then serve as a basis for a final resolution of this dispute through negotiation or any other peaceful means”.", "251. Regarding the facts underlying its application, Cambodia recalls that it instituted proceedings against Thailand in 1959, and that certain problems arose after the Court had given its judgment on the merits of the case in 1962. It goes on to describe the more recent events which directly motivated the present application (failure of endeavours aimed at achieving agreement between the two States on a joint interpretation of the 1962 judgment; deterioration in relations following “discussions within UNESCO [the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization] to have the Temple declared a World Heritage Site”; and armed incidents between the two States in April 2011).", "252. At the close of its application, Cambodia asks the Court to adjudge and declare that:", "[t]he obligation incumbent upon Thailand to ‘withdraw any military or police forces, or other guards or keepers, stationed by her at the Temple, or in its vicinity on Cambodian territory’ (point 2 of the operative clause [of the judgment rendered by the Court in 1962]) is a particular consequence of the general and continuing obligation to respect the integrity of the territory of Cambodia, that territory having been delimited in the area of the Temple and its vicinity by the line on the map [referred to on page 21 of the judgment], on which [the judgment] is based.", "253. On the same day, Cambodia filed a request for the indication of provisional measures, pursuant to Article 41 of the Statute and article 73 of the Rules of Court. The applicant explained that “[s]ince 22 April 2011, serious incidents have occurred in the area of the Temple of Preah Vihear ... as well as at several locations along that boundary between the two States, causing fatalities, injuries and the evacuation of local inhabitants”. Cambodia stated that “[s]erious armed incidents are continuing at the time of filing ... [its] request [for interpretation], for which Thailand is entirely responsible”.", "254. According to the applicant, “[m]easures are urgently required, both to safeguard the rights of Cambodia pending the Court’s decision — rights relating to its sovereignty, its territorial integrity and to the duty of non-interference incumbent upon Thailand — and to avoid aggravation of the dispute”. Cambodia further explained that, “in the unfortunate event that its request were to be rejected, and if Thailand persisted in its conduct, the damage to the Temple of Preah Vihear, as well as irremediable losses of life and human suffering as a result of these armed clashes, would become worse”.", "255. In conclusion, Cambodia:", "respectfully requests the Court to indicate the following provisional measures, pending the delivery of its judgment:", "– an immediate and unconditional withdrawal of all Thai forces from those parts of Cambodian territory situated in the area of the Temple of Preah Vihear;", "– a ban on all military activity by Thailand in the area of the Temple of Preah Vihear;", "– that Thailand refrain from any act or action which could interfere with the rights of Cambodia or aggravate the dispute in the principal proceedings.", "256. Public hearings on the request for the indication of provisional measures filed by Cambodia were held on 30 and 31 May 2011.", "257. At the close of the second round of oral observations, Cambodia reiterated its request for the indication of provisional measures; the agent of Thailand, for his part, presented the following submissions on behalf of his Government: “[i]n accordance with Article 60 of the Rules of Court and having regard to the Request for the indication of provisional measures of the Kingdom of Cambodia and its oral pleadings, the Kingdom of Thailand respectfully requests the Court to remove the case introduced by the Kingdom of Cambodia on 28 April 2011 from the General List”.", "258. On 18 July 2011, the Court delivered its order on the request for the indication of provisional measures submitted by Cambodia. The operative part of the order reads as follows:", "For these reasons,", "The Court,", "(A) Unanimously,", "Rejects the Kingdom of Thailand’s request to remove the case introduced by the Kingdom of Cambodia on 28 April 2011 from the General List of the Court;", "(B) Indicates the following provisional measures:", "(1) By eleven votes to five,", "Both Parties shall immediately withdraw their military personnel currently present in the provisional demilitarized zone, as defined in paragraph 62 of the present Order, and refrain from any military presence within that zone and from any armed activity directed at that zone;", "In favour:", "Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood; Judge ad hoc Guillaume;", "Against:", "President Owada; Judges Al-Khasawneh, Xue, Donoghue; Judge ad hoc Cot;", "(2) By fifteen votes to one,", "Thailand shall not obstruct Cambodia’s free access to the Temple of Preah Vihear or Cambodia’s provision of fresh supplies to its non-military personnel in the Temple;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al‑Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue;", "(3) By fifteen votes to one,", "Both Parties shall continue the cooperation which they have entered into within ASEAN and, in particular, allow the observers appointed by that organization to have access to the provisional demilitarized zone;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al‑Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue;", "(4) By fifteen votes to one,", "Both Parties shall refrain from any action which might aggravate or extend the dispute before the Court or make it more difficult to resolve;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue;", "(C) By fifteen votes to one,", "Decides that each Party shall inform the Court as to its compliance with the above provisional measures;", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue;", "(D) By fifteen votes to one,", "Decides that, until the Court has rendered its judgment on the request for interpretation, it shall remain seised of the matters which form the subject of this Order.", "In favour:", "President Owada; Vice-President Tomka; Judges Koroma, Al-Khasawneh, Simma, Abraham, Keith, Bennouna, Skotnikov, Cançado Trindade, Yusuf, Greenwood, Xue; Judges ad hoc Guillaume, Cot;", "Against:", "Judge Donoghue.", "President Owada appended a dissenting opinion to the order of the Court; Judge Koroma appended a declaration to the order of the Court; Judge Al-Khasawneh appended a dissenting opinion to the order of the Court; Judge Cançado Trindade appended a separate opinion to the order of the Court; Judges Xue and Donoghue appended dissenting opinions to the order of the Court; Judge ad hoc Guillaume appended a declaration to the order of the Court; Judge ad hoc Cot appended a dissenting opinion to the order of the Court.", "C. Pending advisory proceedings during the period under review", "Judgment No. 2867 of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization upon a complaint filed against the International Fund for Agricultural Development (request for advisory opinion)", "259. On 26 April 2010, the Court received a request for an advisory opinion from IFAD, aimed at obtaining the reversal of a judgment rendered by an administrative court, the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization (hereinafter “the Tribunal” or “ILOAT”).", "260. In its Judgment No. 2867 (S-G. v. IFAD), delivered on 3 February 2010, the Tribunal found that it had jurisdiction under the terms of Article II of its Statute to rule on the merits of a complaint against IFAD introduced by Ms S-G., a former staff member of the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (hereinafter “the Global Mechanism”). Ms S‑G. held a fixed-term contract of employment which was due to expire on 15 March 2006 (see annual report 2009/10).", "261. The Executive Board of IFAD, by a resolution adopted at its ninety-ninth session on 22 April 2010, acting within the framework of article XII of the annex to the statute of the Tribunal, decided to challenge the above mentioned judgment of the Tribunal and to refer the question of the validity of that judgment to the International Court of Justice for an advisory opinion.", "262. The request for an advisory opinion was transmitted to the Court by a letter from the President of the Executive Board of IFAD dated 23 April and received in the Registry on 26 April 2010.", "263. The request contains the nine following questions:", "I. Was the ILOAT competent, under article II of its statute, to hear the complaint introduced against the International Fund for Agricultural Development (hereby the Fund) on 8 July 2008 by Ms A.T. S-G., an individual who was a member of the staff of the Global Mechanism of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (hereby the Convention) for which the Fund acts merely as housing organization?", "II. Given that the record shows that the parties to the dispute underlying the ILOAT’s Judgment No. 2867 were in agreement that the Fund and the Global Mechanism are separate legal entities and that the Complainant was a member of the staff of the Global Mechanism, and considering all the relevant documents, rules and principles, was the ILOAT’s statement, made in support of its decision confirming its jurisdiction, that ‘the Global Mechanism is to be assimilated to the various administrative units of the Fund for all administrative purposes’ and that the ‘effect of this is that administrative decisions taken by the Managing Director in relation to staff in the Global Mechanism are, in law, decisions of the Fund’ outside its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "III. Was the ILOAT’s general statement, made in support of its decision confirming its jurisdiction, that ‘the personnel of the Global Mechanism are staff members of the Fund’ outside its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "IV. Was the ILOAT’s decision confirming its jurisdiction to entertain the Complainant’s plea alleging an abuse of authority by the Global Mechanism’s Managing Director outside its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "V. Was the ILOAT’s decision confirming its jurisdiction to entertain the Complainant’s plea that the Managing Director’s decision not to renew the Complainant’s contract constituted an error of law outside its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "VI. Was the ILOAT’s decision confirming its jurisdiction to interpret the Memorandum of Understanding between the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa and IFAD (hereby the MoU), the Convention, and the Agreement Establishing IFAD beyond its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "VII. Was the ILOAT’s decision confirming its jurisdiction to determine that by discharging an intermediary and supporting role under the MoU, the President was acting on behalf of IFAD outside its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "VIII. Was the ILOAT’s decision confirming its jurisdiction to substitute the discretionary decision of the Managing Director of the Global Mechanism with its own outside its jurisdiction and/or did it constitute a fundamental fault in the procedure followed by the ILOAT?", "IX. What is the validity of the decision given by the ILOAT in its Judgment No. 2867?", "By letters dated 26 April 2010, the Registrar of the Court gave notice, pursuant to Article 66, paragraph 1, of the Statute, of the request for an advisory opinion to all States entitled to appear before the Court.", "264. By an order of 29 April 2010, the Court:", "(a) Decided that the International Fund for Agricultural Development and its member States entitled to appear before the Court, the States parties to the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification entitled to appear before the Court and those specialized agencies of the United Nations which have made a declaration recognizing the jurisdiction of the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization pursuant to article II, paragraph 5, of the statute of the Tribunal were considered likely to be able to furnish information on the questions submitted to the Court for an advisory opinion;", "(b) Fixed 29 October 2010 as the time limit within which written statements on these questions could be presented to the Court, in accordance with Article 66, paragraph 2, of its Statute;", "(c) Fixed 31 January 2011 as the time limit within which States and organizations having presented written statements could submit written comments on the other written statements, in accordance with Article 66, paragraph 4, of the Statute;", "(d) Decided that the President of IFAD should transmit to the Court any statement setting forth the views of the complainant in the proceedings against IFAD before the Administrative Tribunal of the International Labour Organization which the said complainant may wish to bring to the attention of the Court; and fixed 29 October 2010 as the time limit within which any possible statement by the complainant who is the subject of the judgment could be presented to the Court and 31 January 2011 as the time limit within which any possible comments by the complainant could be presented to the Court. The subsequent procedure has been reserved for further decision.", "265. On 26 October 2010, the General Counsel of IFAD submitted its written statement and a statement setting forth the views of the complainant.", "266. On 28 October 2010, the Ambassador of the Plurinational State of Bolivia to the Netherlands submitted a written statement of the Bolivian Government.", "267. By an order of 24 January 2011, the President of the Court extended to 11 March 2011 the time limit within which States and organizations having presented written statements may submit written comments on the other written statements, in accordance with Article 66, paragraph 4, of the Statute, as well as the time limit within which any comments by the complainant in the proceedings against IFAD before the Tribunal may be presented to the Court. The time limits were extended in response to a request to that effect made by the General Counsel of IFAD.", "268. The written comments of the Fund and those of the complainant were presented within the time limit thus extended.", "Chapter VI", "Visits to the Court and other activities", "269. On 13 December 2010, the Court was visited by the President of the Senate of Thailand, H.E. Mr. Prasobsook Boondech, who was accompanied by senators and other dignitaries. The delegation attended a presentation on the activities of the Court and was received by its President, Judge Hisashi Owada.", "270. On 17 March 2011, the Court was paid a visit by the President of the Parliament of Norway, H.E. Mr. Dag Terje Andersen. Mr. Andersen was accompanied by four Members of Parliament and three representatives of the Embassy of Norway in The Hague. The delegation was received by the Registrar of the Court, Philippe Couvreur. The Registry organized a presentation on the activities of the Court, during which it answered the questions put to it by the Norwegian Members of Parliament.", "271. On 2 May, the Court was visited by the President of Ireland, H.E. Ms. Mary McAleese, who was accompanied by an official delegation which included her spouse, and the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs of Ireland, H.E. Ms. Frances Fitzgerald, the Ambassador of Ireland to the Netherlands, H.E. Ms. Mary Whelan, as well as other high-ranking officials. President McAleese was welcomed by the President of the Court, Judge Hisashi Owada, and his spouse, and by the Registrar. President McAleese and principal members of the delegation were then escorted to the ante-chamber of the Great Hall of Justice, where they were introduced by President Owada to members of the Court and their spouses, and by the Registrar to senior Registry officials. At a solemn sitting held afterwards in the Great Hall of Justice and attended by the diplomatic corps, representatives of the Netherlands authorities and senior officials of other international institutions located in The Hague, speeches were made by President Owada and President McAleese.", "272. In addition, during the period under review, the President and members of the Court, as well as the Registrar and Registry officials, welcomed a large number of dignitaries, including members of governments, diplomats, parliamentary representatives, presidents and members of judicial bodies and other senior officials, to the seat of the Court.", "273. There were also many visits by researchers, academics, lawyers and other members of the legal profession, and journalists, among others. Presentations were made during a number of these visits by the President, members of the Court, the Registrar or Registry officials.", "274. A noteworthy development has been the increasing interest on the part of leading national and regional courts in visiting the Court for an exchange of ideas. The Court has also conducted electronic exchanges of information with a number of other courts and tribunals.", "275. On 19 September 2010, the Court welcomed some 600 visitors as part of The Hague International Day, organized in conjunction with the municipality of The Hague, the purpose of which is to introduce the expatriate community and citizens of the Netherlands to the international organizations based in the city. This was the third time that the Court had taken part in this event. During the course of the open day, the Information Department screened its new institutional film in English and in French, and its staff answered visitors’ questions and distributed various brochures containing information on the Court.", "276. On 1 April 2011, to celebrate the sixty fifth anniversary of the Court’s inaugural sitting, an exhibition of photographs and authentic items relating to the judicial activity of the Court was unveiled, and President Owada officially received the first copies of three new postage stamps designed for the Court. This event took place in the Atrium of the City Hall in The Hague, at a ceremony organized by the Court’s Registry, with the help of the municipality, in the presence of members of the Court, the Mayor of The Hague, aldermen, representatives of the diplomatic corps and senior officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands and international organizations based in The Hague. The exhibition, which was held in the City Hall for two weeks and then for the following two weeks at the Peace Palace, briefly traced the history of the Court and its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice; the various photos and other exhibits illustrated the Court’s role as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations.", "Chapter VII", "Publications, documents and website of the Court", "277. The publications of the Court are distributed to the Governments of all States entitled to appear before the Court, and to the world’s major law libraries. The distribution of these publications is handled chiefly by the sales and marketing section of the Secretariat in New York. The catalogue, published in English and French, is distributed free of charge. An updated version of the catalogue, containing the 13-digit ISBN references, was published in mid-2009 and is available on the Court’s website (www.icj-cij.org), under the heading “Publications”.", "278. The publications of the Court consist of several series, three of which are published annually: (a) the Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders (published in separate fascicles and as a bound volume); (b) the Yearbook; and (c) the Bibliography, comprising the works and documents relating to the Court.", "279. At the time of preparation of the present report, the bound volume of Reports 2008 had been printed, and the bound volume of Reports 2009 is to appear early in the second half of 2011. The Yearbook 2007-2008 was printed during the period under review, while the Yearbook 2008-2009 was being finalized. The Bibliography of the International Court of Justice, No. 55, was published during the period under review. The Bibliography of the International Court of Justice, Nos. 56, 57 and 58, is to be published at the end of the second half of 2011.", "280. The Court also publishes bilingual printed versions of the instruments instituting proceedings in the contentious cases referred to it (applications instituting proceedings and special agreements), and of the applications for permission to intervene and requests for advisory opinions that it receives. In the period under review, the Court received two applications instituting proceedings and one application for permission to intervene, which are currently being printed.", "281. The pleadings and other documents submitted to the Court in a case are usually made accessible to the public by the Court once the case is concluded. They are published, after the instruments instituting proceedings, in the series Pleadings, Oral Arguments, Documents. These volumes, which contain the full texts of the written pleadings, including annexes, as well as the verbatim reports of the public hearings, provide practitioners with a complete overview of the arguments elaborated by the parties.", "282. The following volumes were published during the reporting period or will be published in the near future: Sovereignty over Pulau Ligitan and Pulau Sipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia) (nine volumes); and Dispute regarding Navigational and Related Rights (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) (five volumes, to be issued in the second half of 2011).", "283. In the series Acts and Documents concerning the Organization of the Court, the Court publishes the instruments governing its functioning and practice. The most recent edition, No. 6, which was completely updated and includes the Practice Directions adopted by the Court, was issued in 2007. An offprint of the Rules of Court, as amended on 5 December 2000, is available in English and French. These documents can be found on the Court’s website (www.icj-cij.org), under the heading “Basic Documents”. Unofficial translations of the Rules of Court are also available in the other official languages of the United Nations and in German and may also be found on the Court’s website.", "284. The Court issues press releases and summaries of its decisions.", "285. It also publishes a handbook intended to facilitate a better understanding of the history, organization, jurisdiction, procedures and jurisprudence of the Court. The fifth edition of the handbook was issued in January 2006 in the Court’s two official languages. The sixth edition will be published shortly in those two languages, and will subsequently be translated into the other official languages of the United Nations and into German.", "286. The Court also produces a general information booklet in the form of questions and answers. The booklet is produced in all official languages of the United Nations and in Dutch. A revised version will be released in the second half of 2011.", "287. A special, lavishly illustrated, book, The Illustrated Book of the International Court of Justice, was published in 2006.", "288. A leaflet for the general public about the Court was produced in December 2009. It gives an overview of the history and composition of the Court, as well as its mission (contentious and advisory jurisdiction).", "289. In 2010, the Registry produced a 15-minute documentary film about the Court. The film is available online on the Court’s website and is shown on a regular basis on a big screen to visitors at the Peace Palace. It has also been supplied to United Nations audio-visual broadcasting services, such as UNifeed.", "290. Thanks to its clearly organized website, the Registry is able to post various multimedia files online for the print and broadcast media and, when necessary, to provide live broadcasts of the Court’s public hearings.", "291. The website makes it possible to access the entire jurisprudence of the Court since 1946, as well as that of its predecessor, the Permanent Court of International Justice. It also gives easy access to the principal documents (not including annexes) from the written and oral proceedings of all cases, all of the Court’s press releases, a number of basic documents (Charter of the United Nations, Statute of the Court, Rules of Court and practice directions), declarations recognizing the Court’s compulsory jurisdiction and a list of treaties and conventions providing for that jurisdiction, general information on the Court’s history and procedure, biographies and portraits of the judges and the Registrar, information on the organization and functioning of the Registry and a catalogue of publications.", "292. The site also provides a calendar of hearings and events, and online application forms for groups and individuals wishing to attend hearings or presentations on the activities of the Court. Pages listing vacancy announcements and internship opportunities can also be found on the website.", "293. Finally, the “Press Room” page provides online access to all necessary services and information for reporters wishing to cover the Court’s activities (in particular, the online accreditation procedures). The photo gallery offers them digital photos, which can be downloaded free of charge (for non-commercial use only). Audio and video clips from hearings and readings of the Court’s decisions are also available in several formats (flash, MPEG2, MP3).", "Chapter VIII", "Finances of the Court", "A. Method of covering expenditure", "294. In accordance with Article 33 of the Statute of the Court, “The expenses of the Court shall be borne by the United Nations in such a manner as shall be decided by the General Assembly”. As the budget of the Court has been incorporated in the budget of the United Nations, Member States participate in the expenses of both in the same proportion, in accordance with the scale of assessments determined by the General Assembly.", "295. In accordance with established practice, sums derived from staff assessment, sales of publications (dealt with by the sales sections of the Secretariat), bank interest etc., are recorded as United Nations income.", "B. Drafting of the budget", "296. In accordance with articles 26 to 30 of the Instructions for the Registry, a preliminary draft budget is prepared by the Registrar. This preliminary draft is submitted for the consideration of the Budgetary and Administrative Committee of the Court and then for approval to the Court itself.", "297. Once approved, the draft budget is forwarded to the Secretariat for incorporation in the draft budget of the United Nations. It is then examined by the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and is afterwards submitted to the Fifth Committee of the General Assembly. It is finally adopted by the General Assembly in plenary meeting, within the framework of decisions concerning the budget of the United Nations.", "C. Budget implementation", "298. The Registrar is responsible for implementing the budget, with the assistance of the Finance Division (see para. 82 above). The Registrar has to ensure that proper use is made of the funds voted and must see that no expenses are incurred that are not provided for in the budget. The Registrar alone is entitled to incur liabilities in the name of the Court, subject to any possible delegations of authority. In accordance with a decision of the Court, adopted on the recommendation of the Subcommittee on Rationalization, the Registrar communicates, on a regular basis, a statement of accounts to the Budgetary and Administrative Committee of the Court.", "299. The accounts of the Court are audited every year by the Board of Auditors appointed by the General Assembly. At the end of each biennium, the closed accounts are forwarded to the Secretariat.", "D. Budget of the Court for the biennium 2010-2011", "300. Regarding the budget for the 2010-2011 biennium, the Court, as mentioned in its previous report, was pleased to note that its requests for new posts and an appropriation for the modernization of the Great Hall of Justice, where it holds its hearings, were largely granted (see also chap. I).", "Budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "(United States dollars, after recosting)", "Programme \n Members of the Court \n 0311025 Allowances for various expenses 877 200 \n 0311023 Pensions 3 886 600 \n 0393909 Duty allowance: judges ad hoc 1 165 100 \n 2042302 Travel on official business 50 800 \n 0393902 Emoluments 7 456 900 \n Subtotal 13 436 600 \n Registry \n 0110000 Permanent posts 15 217 700 \n 0170000 Temporary posts for the biennium 1 829 200 \n 0200000 Common staff costs 6 841 500 \n1540000 Medical and associated costs, aftersuspension of services\t346 500\n 0211014 Representation allowance 7 200 \n 1210000 Temporary assistance for meetings 1 622 700 \n 1310000 General temporary assistance 295 000 \n 1410000 Consultants 89 400 \n 1510000 Overtime 128 500 \n 2042302 Official travel 47 500 \n 0454501 Hospitality 19 900 \n Subtotal 26 445 100 \n Programme support \n 3030000 External translation 362 700 \n 3050000 Printing 361 400 \n 3070000 Data‑processing services 404 000 \n 4010000 Rental/maintenance of premises 3 301 700 \n 4030000 Rental of furniture and equipment 191 500 \n 4040000 Communications 237 800 \n 4060000 Maintenance of furniture and equipment 87 000 \n 4090000 Miscellaneous services 31 800 \n 5000000 Supplies and materials 293 500 \n 5030000 Library books and supplies 215 700 \n 6000000 Furniture and equipment 171 500 \n 6025041 Acquisition of office automation equipment 554 700 \n 6025042 Replacement of office automation equipment 510 800 \n Subtotal 6 724 100 \n Total 46 605 800", "301. More comprehensive information on the work of the Court during the period under review is available on its website, broken down by case. It will also be found in the Yearbook 2010-2011, to be issued in due course.", "(Signed) Hisashi Owada President of the International Court of Justice", "The Hague, 1 August 2011", "Annex", "International Court of Justice: organizational structure and post distribution as at 31 July 2011", "[TABLE]", "Abbreviations: OL, General Service (Other level); PL, General Service (Principal level); TA, temporary assistance.", "140911", "*1145058*", "[1] The Court delivered its judgment in the case concerning the Gabčikovo Nagymaros Project (Hungary/Slovakia) on 25 September 1997. The case nevertheless technically remains pending, given that, in September 1998, Slovakia filed in the Registry of the Court a request for an additional judgment. Hungary filed a written statement of its position on the request for an additional judgment made by Slovakia within the time limit of 7 December 1998 fixed by the President of the Court. The parties have subsequently resumed negotiations over implementation of the 1997 judgment and have informed the Court on a regular basis of the progress made. The Court also delivered its judgment in the case concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda) in December 2005. The case also technically remains pending, in the sense that the parties could again turn to the Court, as they are entitled to do under the judgment, to decide the question of reparation if they are unable to agree on this point. Finally, the Court delivered its judgment in the case concerning Ahmadou Sadio Diallo (Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo) on 30 November 2010. The case remains on the Court’s General List, in the sense that the parties could again turn to the Court, as they are entitled to do under the judgment, to decide the question of reparation owing by the Democratic Republic of the Congo if they are unable to agree on this point (see paras. 110-114 of the present report).", "[2] H.E. Professor Krzysztof Skubiszewski, President of the Iran-United States Claims Tribunal and judge ad hoc at the Court, passed away on 8 February 2010.", "[3] Treaty between Chile and Peru for the settlement of the dispute regarding Tacna and Arica, signed at Lima on 3 June 1929." ]

[ "联 合 国", "国际法院的报告", "2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第4号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第4号", "[] 联合国 • 2011年，纽约", "国际法院的报告", "2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日", "A/66/4", "说明", "ISSN 0251-8503", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年8月11日]", "目录", "页次\n1.摘要 1\n2.法院组织 7\nA.组成 7\nB.特权和豁免 8\n3.法院的管辖权 10\nA.法院对诉讼案件的管辖权 10\nB.法院对咨询事项的管辖权 10\n4.法院的运作 12\nA.法院设立的各委员会 12\nB.书记官处 12\nC.法院所在地 17\nD.博物馆 18\n5.法院的司法工作 19\nA.概况 19\nB.本报告所述期间的待决诉讼程度 20\n1.加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯项目(匈牙利/斯洛伐克) 20\n2.艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国) 20\n3.刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉乌干达) 23\n4.《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(克罗地亚诉塞尔维亚) 24\n5.领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚) 25\n6.法国国内的若干刑事诉讼程序(刚果共和国诉法国) 28\n7.海洋争端(秘鲁诉智利) 29\n8.空中喷洒除草剂(厄瓜多尔诉哥伦比亚) 30\n9.《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦) 31\n10. 1995年9月13日《临时协议》的适用(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊) 33\n11. 国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利；希腊参加诉讼) 35\n12. 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题(比利时诉塞内加尔) 38\n13.民事和商事管辖权和判决的执行(比利时诉瑞士) 40\n14. 南极捕鲸(澳大利亚诉日本) 41\n15. 边界争端(布基纳法索/尼日尔) 42\n16.尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜) 4317. 请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案所作判决(柬埔寨 47 \n诉泰国) \nC.在本报告所述期间待决的咨询事项 51国际劳工组织行政法庭就针对国际农业发展基金提出的指控所作第2867号判决 51 \n(请求发表咨询意见) \n6.访问法院和其他活动 54\n7.法院的出版物、文件和网站 56\n8.法院财务 58\nA.经费筹措方法 58\nB.预算的编制 58\nC.预算执行 58\nD.法院2010-2011两年期预算 58 \n 附件 \n国际法院：2011年7月31日的组织结构和员额分配 61", "第一章", "摘要", "法院的组成", "1. 国际法院是联合国的主要司法机构，由大会和安全理事会选出的15名法官组成，法官任期9年。法院法官每三年有三分之一须予以重选。下一次重选将于2011年最后一季度举行。", "2. 但应注意到，在本报告所述期间，托马斯·比尔根塔尔法官辞职，辞职于2010年9月6日生效，因此出现空缺。大会和安全理事会于2010年9月9日选出琼•多诺霍(美国)为法院成员，即刻生效。依照《法院规约》第十五条，多诺霍法官将任满比尔根塔尔法官未满任期，到2015年2月5日为止。", "3. 2011年7月31日，法院的组成如下：院长：小和田恒(日本)；副院长：彼得·通卡(斯洛伐克)；法官：阿卜杜勒·科罗马(塞拉利昂)、奥恩·肖卡特·哈苏奈(约旦)、布鲁诺·西马(德国)、龙尼·亚伯拉罕(法国)、肯尼斯·基思(新西兰)、贝尔纳多·塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔(墨西哥)、穆罕默德·本努纳(摩洛哥)、列昂尼德·斯科特尼科夫(俄罗斯联邦)、安东尼奥·奥古斯托·坎卡多·特林达德(巴西)、阿布杜勒卡维·艾哈迈德·优素福(索马里)、克里斯托弗·格林伍德(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)、薛捍勤(中国)和琼·多诺霍(美利坚合众国)。", "4. 法院书记官长为比利时国民菲利普·库弗勒先生。法院副书记官长为法国和美利坚合众国国民泰蕾兹·德圣法勒女士。", "5. 在本报告所述期间，当事国选定的专案法官有28名，而行使相关责任的为18人(有时同一人被指派担任不止一个案件的专案法官)。", "法院的作用", "6. 国际法院是唯一具有一般管辖权的普遍性国际法院。法院的管辖权有两个方面。", "7. 首先，法院须就各国行使主权自愿向其提交的争端作出裁决。在这方面，应当指出，截至2011年7月31日，有193个国家为《国际法院规约》缔约国，其中66个国家根据《规约》第三十六条第二项向秘书长交存了承认法院强制管辖权的声明。此外，约有300份双边或多边条约规定，在解决这些条约的适用或解释所引起的争端方面，法院具有管辖权。在特定争端案件中，法院的管辖权也可依据有关国家间订立的特别协定。最后，一国在向法院提交争端时，可按照《法院规则》第38条第5款，以请求书所针对国家有待作出或表示的同意作为法院具有管辖权的依据。如后一国家表示同意，则法院的管辖权即在表示同意之日确立(由此成为当事方同意的法院)。", "8. 其次，大会或安全理事会可就任何法律问题咨询法院意见，经大会授权的联合国其他机关和专门机构也可就其活动范围内出现的法律问题咨询法院意见。", "提交法院的案件", "9. 在本报告所述期间，向法院提起的有两个新案件。截至2011年7月31日，法院总表上所列诉讼案件有14个。[1] 截至该日，法院待决的咨询程序有一个。上述诉讼案件来自世界各地：四个案件为欧洲国家间的案件，四个为拉丁美洲国家间的案件，三个为非洲国家间的案件，一个为亚洲国家间的案件，其余两个为洲际性质。区域多样性再次显示了法院的普遍性。", "10. 这些案件所涉的问题极为多样：领土和海洋划界、环境问题、国家的管辖豁免、侵犯领土完整、种族歧视、侵犯人权、国际公约和条约的解释和适用等等。", "11. 提交法院的案件在事实及法律方面都越来越复杂。此外，这些案件还经常要分几个阶段处理，原因各异，例如被告对管辖权或可受理性提出初步反对意见，要求指明临时措施的请求必须作为紧急事项处理，有第三国请求参加诉讼等等。", "主要司法事件(按时间顺序排列)", "12. 在本报告所述期间，法院就五个诉讼案件举行了公开听讯。法院作了四项判决，发出了六项命令。法院院长发出了三项命令(见第102-108段)。", "13. 应刚果请求，法院于2010年11月16日命令从总表上去除关于法国国内的若干刑事诉讼程序(刚果共和国诉法国)的案件(见第145和146段)。", "14. 11月18日，哥斯达黎加国在法院对尼加拉瓜启动诉讼程序，理由是“尼加拉瓜军队入侵、占领、使用哥斯达黎加领土，并违反一些国际公约和条约规定的尼加拉瓜对哥斯达黎加的义务”(关于尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)的案件)。同日，哥斯达黎加还请求指明临时措施(见第231-244段)。", "15. 11月30日，法院就艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)一案作了判决。法院认定，刚果民主共和国在1995-1996年逮捕、拘留、驱逐迪亚洛先生的行为侵犯了他的基本权利，但没有侵犯他作为Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司合伙人的直接权利(见第110-114段)。", "16. 2011年3月8日，法院就哥斯达黎加在关于尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)的案件中提交的指明临时措施的请求发出了命令(见第231-244段)。法院在命令中指明了下列临时措施：", "⑴ ……每一方均不应向包括caño在内的有争议领土派出或在那里继续驻留任何人员，无论是文职人员、警务人员还是安全人员；", "⑵ ……尽管有上述第一点的要求，哥斯达黎加仍可派遣文职人员负责保护包括caño在内的有争议领土的环境，但以防止对领土所在湿地造成不可挽回的损害的需要为限；哥斯达黎加应就这些行动与《拉姆萨尔公约》秘书处协商，事先通知尼加拉瓜，并尽最大努力与尼加拉瓜就此找到共同解决办法；", "⑶ ……每一方均不应采取可能使法院审理的争端恶化或使之更难解决的任何行动；", "⑷ ……每一方均应将其遵守上述临时措施的情况告知法院。", "17. 4月1日，法院就俄罗斯联邦在关于《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)的案件中提出的初步反对意见作了判决。法院认定，法院对该争端的裁定没有管辖权。法院在其判决中“(1)(a)……驳回了俄罗斯联邦提出的初步反对意见；(b)……赞成俄罗斯联邦提出的第二项初步反对意见；(2)……认定法院无权审理格鲁吉亚2008年8月12日提出的请求书”(见第160-172段)。", "18. 2011年4月5日，法院应比利时王国的请求，命令从总表上去除关于民事和商事管辖权和判决的执行(比利时诉瑞士)的案件(见第218-224段)。", "19. 4月28日，柬埔寨王国向法院书记官处提交请求书，要求解释法院1962年6月15日关于柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)一案的判决。柬埔寨在请求作出解释的同时还请求指明临时措施(见第245-258段)。", "20. 5月4日，法院就哥斯达黎加要求参加领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)一案诉讼的请求书可受理性作了判决。法院在判决中“认定不能核准哥斯达黎加共和国依照《法院规约》第六十二条的规定要求参加诉讼程序的请求”(见第126-144段)。", "21. 5月4日，法院还就洪都拉斯要求参加领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)一案诉讼的请求书可受理性作了判决。法院在判决中“认定不能核准洪都拉斯共和国依照《法院规约》第六十二条的规定要求作为当事方或非当事方参加诉讼程序的请求”(见第126-144段)。", "22. 7月4日，法院命令准许希腊作为非当事方参加国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利)一案的诉讼(见第184-206段)。", "23. 7月18日，法院就柬埔寨在关于请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案所作判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)的案件中关于指明临时措施的请求作了裁决。法院在其命令中首先驳回泰国关于将案件从总表上去除的请求，随后指明下列临时措施：", "⑴ ……当事双方均应立即从本命令第62段界定的临时非军事区撤出现有军事人员，不要在该非军事区派驻任何军事人员，也不要针对该区进行任何武装活动；", "⑵ 泰国不应阻碍柬埔寨方面自由出入柏威夏寺或为该寺内的非军事人员供应新物品；", "⑶ ……双方均应继续其在东盟框架内商定的合作，尤其是允许东盟指定的观察员进入临时非军事区；", "⑷ ……双方均不得采取可能使法院审理的争端恶化或使之更难解决的任何行动。", "法院裁定，每一方均应将其遵守上述临时措施的情况告知法院，法院在就关于解释判决的请求作出判决之前，将继续处理作为本命令主题的事项(见第245-258段)。", "法院持续工作量透视", "24. 2010/11司法年度是繁忙的一年，有四个案件在同时审理，2011/12司法年度也会安排得很满，尤其是因为在2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间，有两个新的诉讼案件提交法院审理。", "25. 法院之所以能够应付一直如此繁忙的活动，是因为法院近年来采取了多种步骤来提高效率，因而能够应对工作量的不断增加。法院不断重新审查其程序和工作方法，定期更新(2001年通过的)程序指引，供出庭国家使用。此外，法院还为自己设定了特别严格的听讯和评议时间表，这样就可以同时审理多个案件，并尽可能迅速地处理日趋增加的附带程序(请求指明临时措施、反诉、请求参加诉讼)。", "26. 法院已成功地清理了其积压的案件。考虑利用联合国主要司法机关的国家现在可以确信，一旦程序的书面阶段了结，法院就能及时开始口述程序。", "人力资源：设立员额", "27. 由于荷兰增强反恐警戒，法院进行一次安保审计。为此，法院在其提交的2010-2011两年期预算中，请求增设四个员额，增强现有安保队伍，目前只有两名一般事务职类的安保工作人员。法院请求设立一个P-3职等安保干事员额，增设三个一般事务职类的警卫员额。2009年底，大会仅核准设立联合国秘书处安全和安保部认为必要的四个员额中的一个：一个警卫员额(一般事务职类)。法院感谢大会核准设立该员额，但重申增设其他员额对于改进安保工作的必要性。在2012-2013两年期预算中，法院再次请求设立一个P-3职等安保专家员额和一个一般事务职类(其他职等)安全信息助理员额。设立这些员额尤其将使法院能够加强安保队伍，履行传统职责，同时应对信息系统安全方面新的技术挑战。法院希望大会在2011年下半年审查法院下个两年期预算草案时将积极考虑这些请求。", "28. 法院在其2012-2013两年期预算中还请求在法律事务部设一P-2职等协理法律干事员额。需要设这一员额，是因为提交法院的案件越来越复杂(在事实和法律方面都是如此)，附带程序数目增加(法院的法律事务部在处理附带程序方面发挥很大的作用)，而且法院现在同时就多个案件进行评议(这意味着需要法律事务部协助的一些起草委员会在同时工作)。增设该员额将使法律事务部现有人员能更好地应对该部与法院审理的案件有关的法律职责的增加，使其能够及时协助法院的司法工作。新员额的任职人将主要从事该部负责的其他法律活动，例如起草外交函件和法院会议记录，筛选文件供发表，为书记官处其他各部门提供一般法律协助，尤其是与外部合同及工作人员雇用条件有关的协助。", "29. 法院在其2012-2013两年期预算中还寻求在出版处设一个一般事务职类(其他职等)助理员额。出版处目前有三个专业员额：一个处长(P-4)、两个校对员/制版员(P-3和P-2)。两个校对员/制版员各负责法院一种正式语文的工作。一段时间来已经很明确的是，为了确保更好地分配工作量，更加高效地处理与日俱增的出版请求，需要设一个一般事务职类的行政和编辑助理员额。新员额的任职人将为专业人员提供技术协助，特别是按照既定格式准备出版文本的电子版本，对文本进行排版检查，确保文本符合法院的风格和规则，确保对文本的任何进一步修改都能纳入最终待印文档，并为出版处汇编相关统计数据。", "和平宫司法大会堂的现代化", "30. 法院提出请求后，已于2009年底从大会收到一笔数额不小的款项，用来在2010-2011两年期更换和更新其具有历史性的审判室(和平宫司法大会堂)以及附近房间(包括新闻发布室)的视听设备。法院将与拥有和平宫所有权的卡内基基金会合作，对这些厅室进行翻修。大会的拨款特别用于在法官席安装信息技术装置。近年来，所有国际法庭都已采用了这种技术，只有法院还没有采用。大会已核准经费的所有设备将在2011年底前购置。", "“促进法治”", "31. 法院根据大会第65/32号决议再次发出的邀请，借此向大会提交年度报告的机会，“对[法院]目前促进法治的作用发表评论”。2008年2月，法院完成了法律事务厅编纂司发来的将被用来编写一份清单的调查问卷，其中的内容至今仍不过时。在这方面应当记住的是，国际法院作为一个法院，以及作为联合国的主要司法机关，占有特殊的地位。法院今年要再一次指出，法院所做的一切都是为了促进法治：法院按照作为《联合国宪章》整体构成部分的《规约》作出判决和提供咨询意见，并通过其出版物、多媒体产出和网站，确保全球尽可能多的人了解其所作的裁决。网站现在刊载法院以及其前身国际常设法院的全部判例。", "32. 法院成员、书记官长、新闻部和法律事务部经常介绍法院运作情况、法院的程序及其判例。此外，法院每年接待大批来访者。最后，法院还设有一个实习方案，让不同背景的学生能够熟悉本机构，并增进其国际法知识。", "33. 最后，国际法院欣见各国重申对法院解决争端的能力具有信心。在2011/12年度，法院将一如在2010/11年度一样，一丝不苟、不偏不倚地对待现有案件和将接到的案件。", "第二章", "法院的组织", "A. 组成", "34. 2011年7月31日，法院目前组成如下：院长：小和田恒；副院长：彼得·通卡；法官：阿卜杜勒·科罗马、奥恩·肖卡特·哈苏奈、布鲁诺·西马、龙尼·亚伯拉罕、肯尼斯·基思、贝尔纳多·塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔、穆罕默德·本努纳、列昂尼德·斯科特尼科夫、安东尼奥·奥古斯托·坎萨多·特林多德、阿布杜勒卡维·艾哈迈德·优素福、克里斯托弗·格林伍德、薛捍勤和琼·多诺霍。", "35. 法院的书记官长为菲利普·库弗勒。副书记官长为泰蕾兹·德圣法勒。", "36. 法院依照《规约》第二十九条每年设立一个简易程序分庭，其组成如下：", "成员", "小和田院长", "通卡副院长", "科罗马法官、西马法官和塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔法官", "候补成员", "斯科特尼科夫法官和格林伍德法官。", "37. 在加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯项目(匈牙利/斯洛伐克)案中，由于通卡法官根据《法院规约》第二十四条自行回避，斯洛伐克选定克日什托夫·斯库比谢夫斯基为专案法官。[2]", "38. 在艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)案中，几内亚选定艾哈迈德·马伊乌，刚果民主共和国选定奥古斯特·曼普亚·卡农卡·齐亚博为专案法官。", "39. 在刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉乌干达)案中，刚果民主共和国选定乔·费尔赫芬，乌干达选定詹姆斯·卡特卡为专案法官。", "40. 在《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(克罗地亚诉塞尔维亚)案中，克罗地亚选定布迪斯拉夫·武卡斯，塞尔维亚选定米伦科·克雷恰为专案法官。", "41. 在领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)案中，尼加拉瓜选定乔治·加亚，哥伦比亚选定伊夫·福捷为专案法官，福捷辞职后，让-皮埃尔·科特担任专案法官。", "42. 在法国国内的若干刑事诉讼程序(刚果共和国诉法国)案中，刚果选定让伊夫·德卡拉为专案法官。由于亚伯拉罕法官根据《法院规约》第二十四条自行回避，法国选定吉尔贝·纪尧姆为专案法官。", "43. 在海洋争端(秘鲁诉智利)案中，秘鲁选定吉尔贝·纪尧姆，智利选定弗朗西斯科·奥雷戈·比库尼亚为专案法官。", "44. 在空中喷洒除草剂(厄瓜多尔诉哥伦比亚)案中，厄瓜多尔选定劳尔·埃米利奥·比努埃萨，哥伦比亚选定让-皮埃尔·科特为专案法官。", "45. 在《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)案中，格鲁吉亚选定乔治·加亚为专案法官。", "46. 在1995年9月13日《临时协议》的适用(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊)案中，前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国选定布迪斯拉夫·武卡斯，希腊选定埃曼努埃尔·鲁库纳斯为专案法官。", "47. 在国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利)案中，意大利选定乔治·加亚为专案法官。", "48. 在与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题(比利时诉塞内加尔)案中，比利时选定菲利普·基尔希，塞内加尔选定塞尔日·苏尔为专案法官。", "49.在南极捕鲸(澳大利亚诉日本)案中，澳大利亚选定希拉里·查尔斯沃思为专案法官。", "50. 在边界争端(布基纳法索诉尼日尔)案中，布基纳法索选定让-皮埃尔·科特，尼日尔选定艾哈迈德·马伊乌为专案法官。", "51. 在尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)案中，哥斯达黎加选定约翰·杜尔加德，尼加拉瓜选定吉尔贝·纪尧姆为专案法官。", "52. 在关于请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)所作判决(柬埔寨诉法国)的案件中，柬埔寨选定吉尔贝·纪尧姆，泰国选定让-皮埃尔·科特为专案法官。", "B. 特权和豁免", "53. 《规约》第十九条规定：“法官于执行法院职务时，应享受外交特权及豁免”。", "54. 根据1946年6月26日法院院长与荷兰外交大臣的换函，法院法官在荷兰一般享有派驻荷兰王国的外交使团团长所享有的特权、豁免、便利和权利(《国际法院法令和文件第6号》，英文本第204-211和214-217页)。", "55. 大会在1946年12月11日第90(I)号决议(同上，英文本第210-215页)中核准了1946年6月与荷兰政府缔结的协定，并建议“如法官为长期担任法院工作而旅居其本国以外之国家，该法官于旅居该国期间内应享有外交特权与豁免”，“法官应享有离开其所在国国境，进入法院开庭所在国及离开该国之一切便利”。法官“因行使职务外出旅行时，无论须经何国，均应享有各该国给予外交使节之一切特权、豁免及便利”。", "56. 大会还在该决议中建议联合国会员国当局承认并接受法院发给法官的联合国通行证。这种通行证从1950年开始签发，其形式类似联合国秘书长签发的通行证。", "57. 此外，《规约》第三十二条第八项规定，法官和书记官长领取的“俸给津贴及酬金，应免除一切税捐”。", "第三章", "法院的管辖权", "A. 法院对诉讼案件的管辖权", "58. 2011年7月31日，联合国的193个会员国都是《法院规约》的缔约国。", "59. 目前共有66个国家依照《规约》第三十六条第二和第五项提出声明，承认法院的管辖权具有强制性(其中许多国家附有保留)。这些国家是：澳大利亚、奥地利、巴巴多斯、比利时、博茨瓦纳、保加利亚、柬埔寨、喀麦隆、加拿大、哥斯达黎加、科特迪瓦、塞浦路斯、刚果民主共和国、丹麦、吉布提、多米尼克、多米尼加共和国、埃及、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、冈比亚、格鲁吉亚、德国、希腊、几内亚、几内亚比绍、海地、洪都拉斯、匈牙利、印度、日本、肯尼亚、莱索托、利比里亚、列支敦士登、卢森堡、马达加斯加、马拉维、马耳他、毛里求斯、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼加拉瓜、尼日利亚、挪威、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、塞内加尔、斯洛伐克、索马里、西班牙、苏丹、苏里南、斯威士兰、瑞典、瑞士、多哥、乌干达、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和乌拉圭。上述各国声明的文本见法院网站(www.icj-cij.org)“管辖权”条目。", "60. 约有300项现行有效的多边和双边公约规定法院具有管辖权。这些条约和公约名录同样见法院网站“管辖权”条目。", "B. 法院对咨询事项的管辖权", "61. 除联合国机构(有权就“任何法律问题”请法院发表咨询意见的大会和安全理事会以及经济及社会理事会、托管理事会、大会临时委员会)之外,下列组织目前也受权就其活动范围内出现的法律问题请法院发表咨询意见：", "国际劳工组织", "联合国粮食及农业组织", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织", "国际民用航空组织", "世界卫生组织", "世界银行", "国际金融公司", "国际开发协会", "国际货币基金组织", "国际电信联盟", "世界气象组织", "国际海事组织", "世界知识产权组织", "国际农业发展基金", "联合国工业发展组织", "国际原子能机构", "62. 规定法院具有咨询管辖权的国际文书清单见法院网站(www.icj-cij.org) “管辖权”条目。", "第四章", "法院的运作", "A. 法院设立的各委员会", "63. 在本报告所述期间，法院为便利其行政工作而设立的两个委员会定期开会；2011年7月31日，这些委员会的组成如下：", "(a) 预算和行政委员会：小和田院长(主席)、通卡副院长、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官；", "(b) 图书馆委员会：西马法官(主席)、亚伯拉罕法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官。", "64. 规则委员会是法院于1979年设立的常设机构，在报告所述期间，也召开了若干次会议；2011年7月31日，由哈苏奈法官(主席)、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、格林伍德法官组成。", "B. 书记官处", "65. 法院是联合国唯一拥有自己行政部门的主要机关(见《宪章》第九十八条)。书记官处是法院的常设国际秘书处，《规约》和《规则》(特别是《规则》第22至29条)界定了该处的职责。由于法院既是司法机关又是国际机构，书记官处的作用是一方面提供司法协助，一方面作为一个永久行政机构运作。书记官处的组织由法院根据书记官长提出的建议加以规定，该处的职责由书记官长详细起草并经法院批准的指示予以确定(见《规则》第28条第2款和第3款)。《对书记官处的指示》是1946年10月拟定的，在许多方面已经过时，正在修订。本报告后面附有书记官处的组织结构图。", "66. 书记官处官员由法院根据书记官长的建议任用；一般事务人员由书记官长征得院长批准后任用。短期工作人员由书记官长任用。工作条件在由法院通过的《工作人员条例》(见《规则》第28条)中规定。一般而言，书记官处官员享有驻海牙外交使团级别相当的官员所享有的同样特权和豁免，其地位、薪酬和养恤金权利与职类或职等相当的秘书处官员相同。", "67. 在过去20年中，尽管书记官处采用了新技术，但其工作量随着提交法院的案件大大增多以及案件更加复杂而大量增加。", "68. 目前书记官处共有114个员额：58个专业及以上职类员额(其中50个为常设员额，8个为两年期员额)，56个一般事务职类员额(其中53个为常设员额，3个为两年期员额)。", "69. 2011年3月17日，书记官长颁发了几项对《书记官处工作人员条例》的重要修正，以便将2009年7月在联合国秘书处生效的《联合国工作人员条例》和《工作人员细则》的各项细则和条例适用于书记官处工作人员。此外，书记官长向法院提交了一份关于《书记官处工作人员条例》的纪律措施的修订草案，以澄清这些措施，并确保工作人员有更多的法律保障。", "70. 在联合国采用了新的内部司法系统之后，书记官处工作人员的具体上诉制度须略加调整。法院曾在1998年承认联合国行政法庭的管辖权，在新系统中行政法庭已由联合国上诉法庭取代。通过法院院长在2011年4月20日至6月10日期间与联合国秘书长换函的方式，法院已临时承认上诉法庭对书记官处工作人员在类似于法院原来承认行政法庭管辖权的那些情况(调解程序失败)中提出的申请做出裁决的管辖权。", "1. 书记官长", "71. 书记官长是法院公文往来的正常渠道，特别负责办理《规约》或《规则》所要求的一切公文、通知和文件传送。书记官长的任务包括：(a) 保存案件总表，按照书记官处收到提起诉讼或请求提供咨询意见的文件次序予以登记和编号；(b) 亲自或由副书记官长代表出席法院、各分庭和各委员会的会议，提供一切所需协助，并负责编写这些会议的报告或记录；(c) 按照法院的要求安排提供或核对译成法院正式语文(法文和英文)的笔译和口译；(d) 签署法院的所有判决书、咨询意见和命令及会议记录；(e) 负责书记官处的行政管理以及各部和各处的工作，包括依照联合国财务程序管理账目和财务；(f) 保持与案件当事方的联系，负责管理诉讼程序，处理法院的一切对外关系，特别是与联合国其他机关、其他国际组织和各国的关系，负责提供关于法院活动和法院出版物的信息；(g) 保管法院印章、法院档案以及委托法院保管的其他档案(包括纽伦堡国际军事法庭的档案)。", "72. 根据有关换函和大会第90(I)号决议(见上文第54和第55段)，书记官长享有与驻海牙外交使团团长同等的特权和豁免，到第三国旅行时也享有外交使节获得的一切特权、豁免和便利。", "2. 副书记官长", "73. 副书记官长协助书记官长工作，在书记官长不在时代行其职务。从1998年起，副书记官长被授予更广泛的行政责任，包括直接监督档案、索引编制和分发处及信息通信技术处的工作。", "3. 书记官处各个实务处和单位", "法律事务部", "74. 法律事务部有8个专业职类员额和1个一般事务职类员额，在书记官长直接监督下，负责处理书记官处内的所有法律事务，特别是协助法院履行其司法职能。该部也作为起草法院裁决书的各个起草委员会的秘书处，同时作为规则委员会的秘书处。该部按要求对国际法问题进行研究，审查司法和程序先例，并为法院和书记官长编写研究报告和说明。该部还撰写待决案件中的所有信函以及更一般的有关《法院规约》或《规则》适用问题的外交信函，供书记官长签发。该部负责监督与东道国缔结的各项总部协定的执行情况。此外，该部负责编写法院会议记录。最后，该部就与外部合同和书记官处工作人员雇用条件有关的所有法律问题提供咨询。", "75. 鉴于法律事务部工作量增加，法院请求在2012-2013两年期在该部设立1个协理法律干事员额(P-2)(见上文第28段)。", "语文事务部", "76. 语文事务部目前有17个专业职类员额和1个一般事务职类员额，负责法院文件两种正式语文对译工作，并向法官提供语文支持。法院在其活动的所有阶段都同样多地使用其两种正式语文。所翻译的文件包括：缔约国的案件书状和其他函件；听讯的逐字记录；法院判决书、咨询意见和命令的草稿及其各种工作文件；判决书、咨询意见和命令所附的法官笔录、意见和声明；法院和及其下属机构的会议记录，包括预算和行政委员会和其他委员会的会议记录；内部报告、说明、研究报告、备忘录和指示；院长和法官向外界机构发表的演讲；给秘书处的报告和函件等。该部还为法院的非公开会议和公开会议提供口译服务，并按需要为院长和法院成员与当事方代理人和其他官方来访者举行的会议提供口译服务。", "77. 该部在2000年新设了12个员额之后，聘用外部笔译员的情况已大大减少。然而，由于法院的工作量增加，对外部笔译员的需要又开始增多。但该部尽量利用在家里翻译(比传统上要求自由应聘笔译员来书记官处工作花费较少)和远距离笔译(由联合国系统内的其他语文部门进行)。法院进行听讯和评议时使用的是外聘口译员；但为了减少开支，为了在法院时间安排有变化时能有较大的灵活性，并为了确保更有效地协调该部的各项工作，该部已开始实施将笔译员培养为口译员的方案。一名英译法笔译员已经达到所要求的专业口译水平。", "新闻部", "78. 新闻部有3个专业职类员额和1个一般事务职类员额，在法院对外关系中发挥重要的作用。该部的职责包括答复要求提供法院信息资料的询问，编写所有载有法院一般资料的文件(特别是法院向大会提交的年度报告、《年鉴》和各种面向一般公众的手册)，以及鼓励和协助媒体报道法院的工作(例如，通过编写新闻稿和开发新的通信产品，尤其是视听材料)。该部还举行介绍会，向有关受众(外交人员、律师、学生及其他人)介绍法院的情况，并负责更新法院网站内容。该部的职责也包括内部交流。", "79. 新闻部还负责安排法院的公开庭和所有其他正式活动，特别是大量来访，包括贵宾来访。在这种情况下，该部履行礼宾职责。", "行政和人事处", "80. 行政和人事处目前有2个专业职类员额和12个一般事务职类员额，负责行政和工作人员管理方面的各种职责，包括规划和进行工作人员的征聘、任用、升级、培训和离职事务。在工作人员管理方面，该处确保《书记官处工作人员条例》以及法院认定适用的《联合国工作人员条例和细则》得到遵守。作为征聘工作的一部分，该处编写空缺通知，审查应聘申请书，为遴选应聘人安排面试，为获聘任者拟定合同，办理新工作人员的上岗事项。该处也管理工作人员的应享权利和各种福利，负责有关行政通知的后续行动，并与秘书处人力资源管理厅和联合国合办工作人员养恤基金联系。", "81. 行政和人事处还负责采购、库存管理，并同和平宫的业主卡内基基金会联络，处理与建筑物有关的事项。该处负有某些安保方面的责任，并且也监督一般助理处的工作。一般助理处由一位协调员负责，向法院成员和书记官处工作人员提供送信、交通运输和接待等一般协助。", "财务处", "82. 财务处有１个专业职类员额和2个一般事务职类员额，负责财务事项。该处的职责特别包括：编制预算草案，确保预算执行得当，保管财务会计账簿，进行财务报告，管理给供应商的付款和薪金支付，处理与法院成员和书记官处工作人员薪给有关的工作(如各种津贴和费用报销)。财务处还负责支付法院退休成员的养恤金，处理司库和银行事务，并与东道国税务部门保持经常联系。", "出版处", "83. 出版处有3个专业职类员额，负责法院下列正式出版物的文稿制备、校对、样张改正、估价和挑选印刷公司等工作：(a) 《判决书、咨询意见和命令汇辑》；(b) 《书状、口头辩论和文件》；(c) 《关于法院组织的法令和文件》；(d) 文献目录；(e) 《年鉴》。该处还按照法院或书记官长的指示负责其他各种出版物的工作。此外，该处负责与印刷商拟订、签订和执行合同，包括办理所有账单。鉴于该处工作量增加，法院请求在2012-2013两年期在该处设立1个行政和编辑助理员额(一般事务(其他职等))，该处目前没有助理员额(见第29段)。关于法院出版物的更多资料，见第七章。", "文件处——法院图书馆", "84. 文件处有2个专业职类员额和4个一般事务职类员额，主要任务是取得、保存、分类和提供主要国际法著作及大量期刊和其他有关文件。该处针对提交法院的案件，编制文献目录，并按要求编制其他文献目录。该处还向笔译员提供所需的参考资料。该处与联合国系统电子信息采购集团合作，让用户能查阅越来越多的数据库和在线资源以及与法院有关的各种电子文件。该处已经购置用于管理其收藏的资料和业务工作的集成软件，不久将推出一个在线目录，供法院成员和书记官处所有工作人员使用。该处在工作中同卡内基基金会和平宫图书馆密切合作。", "85. 该处还负责保管纽伦堡国际军事法庭的档案(包括纸面文件、录音资料、影片和某些其他物品)。这些档案的保护和数字化项目正在实施之中。", "信息通信技术处", "86. 信息通信技术处有2个专业职类员额和4个一般事务职类员额，负责信息通信技术在法院的高效运作。该处的任务是通过提供适当、有效的信息技术资源，支持法院成员的司法工作和书记官处的各项活动。该处还向用户提供个性化帮助，并确保信息系统安全。", "87. 该处特别负责法院各服务器的管理和运作、设备的维护和盘存及地方网和广域网的管理，包括通信系统的管理。该处实施多个机制来监测其信息系统的安全，并系统地跟上技术发展的步伐，使之能够跟踪正在出现的风险。最后，该处就信息技术的所有方面问题向用户提供咨询和培训，并促进该处与书记官处各部和各处之间的沟通。", "档案、索引编制和分发处", "88. 档案、索引编制和分发处有1个专业职类员额和5个一般事务职类员额，负责法院收发的所有函件和文件的索引编制、分类和保存，以及随后根据要求调取。该处的职责特别包括编制来往函件和所有存档的正式文件和其他文件的最新索引，并负责所有内部文件的检查、分发和归档，其中一些文件须严格保密。该处现在已经有一个用于管理内部和外部文件的计算机化记录系统。", "89. 档案、索引编制和分发处还负责将法院的正式出版物分发给联合国会员国以及许多机构和个人。", "文本处理和复制处", "90. 文本处理和复制处有１个专业职类员额和9个一般事务职类员额，负责书记官处的所有打字工作，并按需要复制文件。", "91. 除函件外，该处特别负责法院判决书、咨询意见和命令的打字和复制。该处还负责以下文件的打字和复制：书状和附件的译本、听讯的逐字记录及其译本、法官笔录和法官对判决书草案的修正的译本、法官意见的译本。此外，该处负责核对文件和参考资料以及复核和排版。", "书记官和院长特别助理", "92. 法院院长由1名特别助理(P-3)协助工作，特别助理在行政上隶属法律事务部。由于大会已批准2010-2011两年期增设6个协理法律干事(P-2)员额，法院每位其他成员均由一名书记官协助工作。这14名协理法律干事也是书记官处正式工作人员，行政上隶属法律事务部。", "93. 书记官在法院成员和专案法官的责任范围内工作，为他们进行调研。书记官的工作一般由协调和训练委员会监督，该委员会由法院成员和书记官处高级工作人员组成。", "法官秘书", "94. 法官的15名秘书由一名协调人领导，履行各种职责。一般而言，秘书们负责法官和专案法官的笔录、修正和意见及所有函件的打字工作，协助法官管理其工作日志，为会议准备相关文件，以及接待来访者和答复询问。", "主任医官", "95. 从2009年5月1日起，书记官处聘用了一位主任医官(四分之一时间任职)，薪金由批给临时人员的经费支付。医官负责紧急体检、定期体检以及新任工作人员的首次体检。在本报告所述期间，医务股进行了190次门诊，包括16次首次体检(新工作人员)和6次定期体检(警卫和司机)。主任医官就健康和卫生问题、工作台人机工效事项和工作条件向书记官处提供咨询。最后，医官还负责组织宣传、体检、预防、接种等活动。2010年9月至11月期间为62人打了流感预防针。", "4 工作人员委员会", "96. 书记官处工作人员委员会成立于1979年，须遵循《书记官处工作人员条例》第9条的规定。在本报告所述期间，委员会在书记官长的支持下于4月18日在和平宫举办纪念法院成立六十五周年的活动，书记官处所有工作人员都参加了这次活动。委员会还于6月22日举办首次“书记官处工作人员日”活动，旨在弘扬工作人员团体精神。委员会与管理层进行建设性合作，努力促进书记官处内的对话，发扬善于听取意见的精神，并与设在海牙和日内瓦的其他国际组织的工作人员委员会进行卓有成效的交流。", "C. 法院所在地", "97. 法院设在海牙，但法院如认为合宜时，可在他处开庭及行使职务(《规约》第二十二条第一项；《规则》第55条)。迄今法院从未在海牙以外开庭。", "98. 法院使用海牙和平宫的房地。1946年2月21日，联合国与负责管理和平宫的卡内基基金会达成协议，确定了法院使用这些房地的条件，并规定每年为此向卡内基基金会缴款。根据大会1951年和1958年核准的补充协定以及随后的修正，缴款数额有了增加。2011年联合国向卡内基基金会的年度缴款为1 236 334欧元。目前，联合国正与卡内基基金会进行谈判，以进一步修正该协定，特别是关于法院保留地区的范围和质量、人员和财产安全及卡内基基金会提供的服务级别。", "D. 博物馆", "99. 1999年，秘书长为国际法院当年在和平宫南楼开设的博物馆揭幕。目前正在制订计划，以翻修博物馆，使其现代化，方便公众参观馆内历史展品。", "第五章", "法院的司法工作", "A. 概况", "100.　在本报告所述期间，17个诉讼案件和1个咨询程序有待审理；截至2011年7月31日，14个诉讼案件和1个咨询程序仍然有待审理。", "101.　在此期间，法院又收到2个新的诉讼案件，其提交的时间顺序如下：", "尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)；", "请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案所作判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)。", "102.　在同一期间，法院就下述5个案件举行了公开听讯(按时间顺序排列)：", "《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)，俄罗斯联邦提出的初步反对意见；", "领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)：法院分别但连续举行听讯，审理是否受理哥斯达黎加要求准许它参加该案诉讼的请求书和洪都拉斯要求准许它参加该案诉讼的请求书；", "尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)，哥斯达黎加请求指明临时措施；", "1995年9月13日临时协议的适用(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊)；", "请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案所作判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)，柬埔寨请求指明临时措施。", "103.　在本报告所述期间，法院对下列4个案件作出了判决(按时间顺序排列)：", "艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)；", "《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)，俄罗斯联邦对管辖权提出的初步反对意见；", "领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)，洪都拉斯请求准许它参加该案诉讼；", "领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)，哥斯达黎加请求准许它参加该案诉讼。", "104.　2011年7月4日，法院命令允许希腊以非当事方身份参加国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利)案的诉讼。", "105.　在请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案所作判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)一案中，法院就柬埔寨关于指明临时措施的请求发出了一项命令。", "106.　法院还发出命令，设定两个案件提交书面诉状的时限(按时间顺序排列)：", "边界争端(布基纳法索/尼日尔)；", "尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)。", "107.　此外，法院还命令从总表上去除两个案件(按时间顺序排列)：", "法国国内的若干刑事诉讼程序(刚果共和国诉法国)；", "民事和商事管辖权和判决的执行(比利时诉瑞士)。", "108.　在本报告所涉期间，法院院长发出3项命令，延长就下列案件提交书状的时限：关于民事和商事管辖权和判决的执行(比利时诉瑞士)的案件；国际农业发展基金(农发基金)就关于国际劳工组织行政法庭就针对国际农业发展基金的指控所作第2867号判决的问题启动的咨询程序；关于与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题(比利时诉塞内加尔)的案件。", "B. 本报告所述期间的待决诉讼程序", "1. 加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯项目(匈牙利/斯洛伐克)", "109.　1993年7月2日，匈牙利和斯洛伐克共同通知法院，它们于1993年4月7日签署了一项特别协议，同意将因在执行和终止1977年9月16日关于建筑和经营加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯拦河坝系统的《布达佩斯条约》方面存在分歧而产生的某些问题(见1992/93及其后的年度报告)提交法院。法院在1997年9月25日的判决中裁定，匈牙利和斯洛伐克双方都违反了自己的法律义务。法院认为1977年《布达佩斯条约》仍然有效，呼吁两国考虑1989年以来出现的实际情况，真诚地进行谈判，确保实现《条约》各项目标。1998年9月3日，斯洛伐克向法院书记官处提交一项请求，请法院对该案件再作出一项判决。斯洛伐克称，之所以需要再作出一项判决，是因为匈牙利不愿执行法院1997年9月25日的判决。匈牙利在法院院长设定的1998年12月7日时限之前提交了其书面陈述，针对斯洛伐克关于再作出一项判决的请求，表明其立场。当事双方此后恢复谈判，并定期向法院通报进展情况。该案件仍然待决。", "2. 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)", "110.　1998年12月28日，几内亚共和国向法院书记官处提出申请，就所称“严重违反国际法”“侵害几内亚国民”艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛的争端，对刚果民主共和国提起诉讼(见1998/99及其后的年度报告)。几内亚在法院延长后的时限内提交了诉状。刚果民主共和国在法院延长后的提交辩诉状时限内，于2002年10月3日对法院是否可受理该申请问题提出若干初步反对意见。2007年5月24日，法院作出判决，宣布几内亚的请求书中关于保护迪亚洛先生个人的权利以及他作为Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司合伙人的直接权利的部分可予受理，但关于在所称Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司的权利受到侵犯的情况下向迪亚洛先生提供保护的部分不可受理。法院于2007年6月27日发出命令，将刚果民主共和国提交辩诉状的期限定为2008年3月27日。辩诉状已在规定期限内提交。2008年5月5日，法院发出命令，核准几内亚提出答辩状、刚果民主共和国提出复辩状，并将提交这些书状的期限分别定为2008年11月19日和2009年6月5日。这些书状都已在所设定的期限内提交。", "111.　2010年4月19日至29日期间举行了公开听讯。在口头辩论结束后，各当事方向法院提交了最后呈件。", "112.　几内亚共和国请法院裁定并宣告：", "(a) 由于任意逮捕和驱逐几内亚国民艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛先生执行强制逮捕和驱逐，没有根据1963年《维也纳领事关系公约》尊重他的权利，给予他侮辱性和有辱人格的待遇，剥夺他拥有、监督和管理在刚果民主共和国创立并担任唯一合伙人的公司的权利，阻止他追讨刚果民主共和国本身和其他合同方拖欠上述公司债务，并在事实上征用迪亚洛先生的财产，刚果民主共和国实施了国际不法行为，因而需对几内亚共和国负责；", "(b) 刚果民主共和国因此必须对迪亚洛先生遭受的伤害或几内亚共和国通过其国民遭受的伤害作出全面赔偿；", "(c) 这种赔偿应覆盖刚果民主共和国的国际不法行为所造成的全部伤害，包括收入损失，并应包括利息。", "几内亚还请求法院：", "在判决作出后6个月内，如当事双方无法商定赔偿数额，则在之后的诉讼阶段批准由几内亚评估刚果民主共和国在这方面应付给它的赔偿数额。", "113.　刚果民主共和国“考虑到其作出的辩护以及法院2007年5月24日就初步反对意见所作的判决(其中法院宣布几内亚的请求书中在侵犯Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司权利的指控方面关于保护迪亚洛先生的要求不可受理，……)，谨请法院裁定并宣告：1. 刚果民主共和国在迪亚洛先生的个人权利方面并没有对几内亚实施任何国际不法行为；2. 刚果民主共和国在迪亚洛先生作为Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司合伙人的直接权利方面没有对几内亚实施任何国际不法行为；3. 因此，几内亚共和国的请求书没有事实和法律根据，因而也没有赔偿可言”。", "114.　2010年11月30日，法院对案情实质作出判决，判决执行部分如下：", "“基于这些原因，", "法院，", "⑴ 以8票对6票，", "认定几内亚共和国关于迪亚洛先生在1988和1989年期间被逮捕和拘留的指控不可受理；", "赞成：小和田院长；通卡副院长；亚伯拉罕法官、基思、塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔、斯科特尼科夫法官、格林伍德法官；曼普亚专案法官；", "反对：哈苏奈法官、西马法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官；马希乌专案法官；", "⑵ 一致，", "认定关于迪亚洛先生1996年1月31日从刚果领土被驱逐出境一事，刚果民主共和国违反了《公民及政治权利国际公约》第13条和《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第12条第4款；", "⑶ 一致，", "认定关于为了驱逐迪亚洛先生而在1995和1996年期间将其逮捕和拘留一事，刚果民主共和国违反了《公民及政治权利国际公约》第9条第1和第2款和《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第6条；", "⑷ 以13票对1票，", "认定刚果民主共和国在1995-1996年拘留迪亚洛先生时没有毫不拖延地告知他根据《维也纳领事关系公约》第36条第1款b项享有的权利，因而违反了该国根据该项承担的义务；", "赞成：小和田院长；通卡副院长；哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官；马希乌专案法官；", "反对：曼普亚专案法官；", "⑸ 以12票对2票，", "驳回几内亚共和国关于为驱逐迪亚洛先生而在1995和1996年期间将其逮捕和拘留一事的所有其他呈件；", "赞成：小和田院长；通卡副院长；哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官；曼普亚专案法官；", "反对：坎卡多·特林达德法官；马希乌专案法官；", "⑹ 以9票对5票，", "认定刚果民主共和国没有侵犯迪亚洛先生作为Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司合伙人的直接权利；", "赞成：小和田院长；通卡副院长；西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达·阿莫尔法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、格林伍德法官；曼普亚专案法官；", "反对：哈苏奈法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官；马希乌专案法官；", "⑺ 一致，", "认定刚果民主共和国有义务就上文(2)和(3)项所指违反国际义务行为造成的伤害，向几内亚共和国作出适当赔偿，补偿造成的伤害；", "⑻ 一致，", "决定如果从本判决之日起六个月内，该事项当事双方不能就补偿几内亚共和国问题达成协议，法院将予以裁决，法院并决定为此目的保留该案件的后续程序。", "哈苏奈法官、西马法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官和优素福法官在法院判决书后附上了一项联合声明；哈苏奈和优素福法官在法院判决书后附上了联合反对意见；基思法官和格林伍德法官在法院判决书后附上了联合声明；本努纳法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见；坎卡多·特林达德法官在法院判决书后附上了个别意见；马希乌专案法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见；曼普亚专案法官在法院判决书后附上了个别意见。", "3. 刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉乌干达)", "115.　1999年6月23日，刚果民主共和国提交请求书，对乌干达提起诉讼，指控其“公然违反《联合国宪章》和《非洲统一组织宪章》实施武装侵略行为”(见1998/99及其后的年度报告)。2005年4月11日至29日，法院就此案的案情实质举行了公开听讯。", "116.　2005年12月19日，法院作出判决(见2005/06年年度报告)，其中特别认定双方均有义务赔偿给对方造成的损害；法院决定，如果当事双方不能就赔偿问题取得协议，法院将作出裁决。为此目的，法院保留了此案的后续程序。当事双方按照判决书执行条款第6和14点和判决书理由说明部分第260、261和344段所述，向法院通报了解决赔偿问题的谈判情况。", "4. 《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(克罗地亚诉塞尔维亚)", "117.　1999年7月2日，克罗地亚就其与塞尔维亚(当时称为南斯拉夫联盟共和国)之间的争端，向法院提起诉讼，指控其在1991至1995年期间实施了违反1948年《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的行为。", "118.　克罗地亚在请求书中，除其他外，指称塞尔维亚须为“直接控制其在克罗地亚境内克宁区、斯拉沃尼亚东部和西部及达尔马提亚的武装部队、情报人员和各种准军事分遣队的活动”，对克罗地亚公民实施“种族清洗”这种“导致许多克罗地亚公民流离失所、惨遭杀害、遭受酷刑或非法拘押并且造成大量财产被破坏的灭绝种族行为”负起责任。", "119.　为此，克罗地亚请求法院裁定并宣告塞尔维亚“违反了其[根据《灭绝种族罪公约》对克罗地亚负有的]法律义务”，所以“有义务向……克罗地亚本身以及作为其公民的政府监护者赔偿因上述违反国际法的行为而对人身和财产以及对克罗地亚经济和环境造成的损害，数额由法院裁定”(见1998/99及其后的年度报告)。", "120.　克罗地亚援引《灭绝种族罪公约》第九条作为法院管辖权的依据，并称，克罗地亚和塞尔维亚都是该《公约》的缔约国。", "121.　法院于1999年9月14日发出命令，设定2000年3月14日和2000年9月14日分别为克罗地亚提交诉状和塞尔维亚提交辩诉状的期限。法院又于2000年3月10日和2000年6月27日发出命令，两度延长了这些期限。克罗地亚在后一项命令所延长的期限内提交了诉状。", "122.　2002年9月11日，塞尔维亚在2000年6月27日命令所延长的提交辩诉状期限内，就管辖权和可受理性问题提出了一些初步反对意见。按照《法院规则》第79条，审理案情实质的程序暂时停止。2003年4月25日，克罗地亚在法院设定的期限内提交了书面陈述，表明其对塞尔维亚初步反对意见的看法和意见。", "123.　2008年5月26日至30日，法院就关于管辖权和可受理性的初步反对意见举行了公开听讯(见2007/08年度报告)。", "124.　2008年11月18日，法院对初步反对意见作出判决(见2008/09及其后年度报告)。法院在判决中认定，除其他外，根据其有关被告提出的第二项初步反对意见的声明，根据《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》第九条，法院具有受理克罗地亚请求书的管辖权。法院还裁定在本案的情况下，塞尔维亚提出的第二项初步反对意见不完全属于初步性质。之后法院驳回了塞尔维亚提出的第三项初步反对意见。", "125.　法院院长于2009年1月20日发出命令，设定2010年3月22日为塞尔维亚提交辩诉状的期限。包含辩诉状的书状已在规定的时限内提交。法院于2010年2月4日发出命令，指示双方就提交的索赔事项，由克罗地亚提出答辩状，塞尔维亚提出复辩状。并将提交这些书状的期限分别定为2010年12月20日和2011年11月4日。", "5. 领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)", "126. 2001年12月6日，尼加拉瓜提交请求书，就其与哥伦比亚两国间存在的与西加勒比“领土和海洋划界有关的一些相关法律问题”的争端，对哥伦比亚提起诉讼。", "127.　尼加拉瓜在请求书中请法院裁定并宣告：", "第一，……尼加拉瓜对普罗维登西亚岛、圣安德烈斯岛和圣卡塔利娜岛及所有附属岛屿和礁群拥有主权，并对(可以实效占有的)龙卡多尔、塞拉纳、塞拉尼亚和基塔苏埃尼奥礁群拥有主权；", "第二，要求法院根据对上文所要求的所有权的裁决，按照公平原则以及适用于划定单一海洋边界的一般国际法所承认的相关情况，在分属尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚的大陆架和专属经济区之间确定单一海洋边界线的走向。", "128.　尼加拉瓜还表示，它“保留就哥伦比亚在没有合法所有权的情况下占有圣安德烈斯岛和普罗维登西亚岛以及直至82度经线以内的礁群和海洋空间而获取的各项不当利益提出索赔的权利”，并且“保留就尼加拉瓜国籍渔船或尼加拉瓜发照的船只受到的干预提出索赔的权利”(见2001/02及其后的年度报告)。", "129.　尼加拉瓜援引尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚都是缔约国的《波哥大公约》第三十一条，以及两国承认法院强制管辖权的声明，作为法院具有管辖权的依据。", "130.　法院于2002年2月26日发出命令，设定2003年4月28日和2004年6月28日分别为尼加拉瓜提交诉状和哥伦比亚提交辩诉状的期限。尼加拉瓜的诉状已在规定的期限内提交。", "131.　洪都拉斯、牙买加、智利、秘鲁、厄瓜多尔、委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国和哥斯达黎加政府根据《法院规则》第53条第1款，请求获得各书状及其所附文件的副本。法院根据该款的规定，在了解当事双方的意见之后，同意了这些国家的请求。", "132.　2003年7月21日，哥伦比亚在《法院规则》第79条第1款所定的期限之内，对法院的管辖权提出了初步反对意见。", "133.　2003年6月4日至8日，对初步反对意见举行了公开听讯。", "134. 2007年12月13日，法院作出判决，认定就当事双方对除圣安德烈斯岛、普罗维登西亚岛和圣卡塔利娜岛以外的其他海洋地物所主张的主权而言，以及在当事双方的海洋划界方面，尼加拉瓜的请求书可予受理(见2007/08年度报告)。", "135.　法院院长于2008年2月11日发出命令，设定2008年11月11日为哥伦比亚提交辩诉状的期限。辩诉状已在规定的期限内提交。", "136.　法院于2008年12月18日发出命令，指示尼加拉瓜提出答辩状、哥伦比亚提出复辩状，并将提交这些书状的期限分别定为2009年9月18日和2010年6月18日。", "137.　2010年2月25日，哥斯达黎加提交请求书，要求准许参加此案诉讼。哥斯达黎加在请求书中除其他外说：“尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚两国在对双方提出的边界主张中，均对属于哥斯达黎加的海区提出了主张。”哥斯达黎加在请求书中表示想作为非当事方参与诉讼。该请求书被立即传给尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚，法院设定2010年5月26日为两国提交书面意见的期限。两国已在规定的期限内提交书面意见。", "138.　2010年6月10日，洪都拉斯共和国也提交请求书，要求准许参加此案诉讼。洪都拉斯称，对于尼加拉瓜在与哥伦比亚的争端中提出的海洋主张所在的加勒比海地区，洪都拉斯拥有权利和利益。洪都拉斯在请求书中称，其主要目的是作为一当事方参加诉讼。洪都拉斯的请求书被立即传给尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚。法院院长设定2010年9月2日为两国就该请求书提交书面意见的期限。两国已在规定的期限内提交书面意见。", "139. 2010年10月11日至15日，就可否受理哥斯达黎加参加诉讼的请求举行了公开听讯。", "140. 听讯结束时，哥斯达黎加代理人和当事方代理人对法院发表了如下意见。", "哥斯达黎加：", "“谨代表哥斯达黎加共和国在此诉讼中再次要求法院给予补救。我们寻求适用《法院规则》第85条的规定：", "第一款：　应向参加诉讼国提供书状和所附文件副本，参加诉讼国有权在法院设定的时限内提交书面陈述：", "第三款：　在口述程序期间，参加诉讼国有权就参加诉讼的主题提出意见。", "尼加拉瓜：", "根据《法院规则》第60条的规定，并考虑到哥斯达黎加共和国参加诉讼的请求书和口头诉状，尼加拉瓜共和国谨表示，哥斯达黎加共和国提交的申请书未遵守《规约》和《法院规则》的规定，即第62条及第81条第2款(a)项和(b)项的规定。", "哥伦比亚：", "鉴于诉讼中所述因素，我国政府希望重申提交给法院的书面意见，即哥伦比亚认为，哥斯达黎加符合《规约》第六十二条的要求，因此，哥伦比亚不反对哥斯达黎加请求作为非当事方获准参与本案诉讼。", "141. 2011年5月5日，法院就哥斯达黎加参加诉讼的请求可否获准一事作出判决。判决书执行部分内容如下：", "“基于这些原因，", "法院，", "以9票对7票，", "认定不能核准哥斯达黎加共和国根据《法院规约》第六十二条的规定要求参加诉讼的请求。", "赞成：小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达－阿莫尔法官、努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、薛法官；科特专案法官；", "反对：哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、坎萨多·特林多德法官、优素福法官、多诺霍法官；加亚专案法官。", "哈苏奈法官和亚伯拉罕法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见；基思法官在法院判决书后附上了声明；坎萨多·特林多德法官和优素福法官在法院判决书后附上了联合反对意见；多诺霍法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见；加亚专案法官在法院判决书后附上了声明。", "142. 关于是否接受洪都拉斯参加诉讼的请求的公开听讯于2010年10月18日至22日举行。", "143. 听讯结束时，洪都拉斯代理人和当事方代理人对法院发表了如下意见。", "洪都拉斯：", "关于申请和口头诉状，", "请法院允许洪都拉斯：", "⑴ 作为当事方参加诉讼，因为其在加勒比海有关海区的法律利益(请求书第17段)可能会受法院裁决的影响;或", "⑵ 否则，为维护这些利益，作为非当事方参加诉讼。", "尼加拉瓜：", "按照《法院规则》第60条，关于洪都拉斯共和国要求参加诉讼的请求和口头诉状，尼加拉瓜共和国谨表明，洪都拉斯共和国提出的请求是对法院2007年10月8日的判决既判力权威的明显挑战。此外，洪都拉斯未遵守《规约》和《法院规则》的规定，即第62条和第81条第2款(a)项和(b)项的规定，因此，尼加拉瓜⑴ 反对准许这一请求，⑵ 请法院驳回洪都拉斯要求参加诉讼的请求。", "哥伦比亚：", "鉴于在诉讼中所述因素，我国政府希望重申提交给法院的书面意见，即哥伦比亚认为，洪都拉斯符合《规约》第六十二条的要求，因此，哥伦比亚不反对洪都拉斯请求作为非当事方获准参与本案诉讼。关于洪都拉斯请求获准作为当事方参加本案诉讼一事，哥伦比亚同样重申，此事应由法院根据《规约》第六十二条决定。", "144. 2011年5月5日，法院就洪都拉斯参加诉讼的请求可否获准一事作出判决。判决书执行部分内容如下：基于这些原因，", "法院，", "以13票对2票，", "认定不能核准洪都拉斯共和国根据《法院规约》第六十二条的规定要求作为当事方或非当事方参加诉讼的请求。", "赞成：小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、努纳法官，坎萨多·特林多德法官、优素福法官、薛法官；科特法官、加亚专案法官；", "反对：亚伯拉罕法官、多诺霍法官。", "哈苏奈法官在法院判决书后附上了声明；亚伯拉罕法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见；法官基思在法院判决书后附上一项声明；坎萨多·特林多德法官和优素福法官在法院判决书后附上了联合声明；多诺霍法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见。", "6. 法国国内的若干刑事诉讼程序(刚果共和国诉法国)", "145.　2002年12月9日，刚果提交请求书，对法国提起诉讼，诉请取消法国司法当局在收到一些团体针对刚果总统德尼·萨苏·恩格索、刚果内政部长皮埃尔·奥巴和包括刚果武装部队监察长诺尔贝特·达比拉将军在内的其他个人提出的指称他们实施危害人类罪和酷刑罪的指控之后所采取的调查和起诉措施。请求书还指出，在那些程序中，莫城高等法院一名负责调查的法官已发出传票，要求刚果总统以证人身份接受询问(见2002/03及其后的年度报告) 。", "146. 2010年11月5日，刚果代理人来函，书记官处当日收到该函。来函提及《法院规则》第89条，告知法院，刚果政府“撤回诉讼请求书“，并请法院“正式发布命令，记录中止诉讼，并指示从总表上去除该案”。来函副本立即转给法国政府，并同时告知法国政府，按照《法院规则》第89条第2款关于时限的规定，现已设定2010年11月12日为法国可表明是否反对中止诉讼的时限。2010年11月8日，法国代理人来函，书记官处当日收到该函。来函告知法院，法国政府“不反对刚果共和国中止诉讼。”2010年11月16日，法院正式记录了刚果诉讼的中止，命令从总表上去除该案。", "7. 海洋争端(秘鲁诉智利)", "147.　2008年1月16日，秘鲁向法院提交请求书，对智利提起诉讼，争端涉及“两国在太平洋以海岸名为康科迪亚处为起点……以依照1929年6月3日……条约确定的陆地边界为终点的海区划界问题”，[3] 并涉及承认“被智利认为是公海一部分的海区位于离秘鲁海岸200海里内，因此属于秘鲁”(见2007/08及其后的年度报告)。", "148.　秘鲁“请求法院按照国际法判定两国海区边界的走向……并裁定和宣告秘鲁对在本国海岸200海里界限以内且在智利专属经济区或大陆架以外的海区拥有专属主权权利”。", "149.　秘鲁援引1948年4月30日《波哥大公约》第三十一条作为法院管辖权的依据。两国都是该公约缔约国，而且没有对该公约提出保留。", "150.　法院于2008年3月31日发出命令，设定2009年3月20日和2010年3月9日分别为秘鲁提交诉状和智利提交辩诉状的期限。书状均已在规定的期限内提交。", "151.　多民族玻利维亚国、哥伦比亚和厄瓜多尔根据《法院规则》第53条第1款，要求获得案件的这些书状及其所附文件的副本。法院根据该条款在了解当事双方的意见后，同意它们的要求。", "152.　法院于2010年4月27日发出命令，核准秘鲁提出答辩状、智利提出复辩状，并将提交这些书状的期限分别定为2010年11月9日和2011年7月11日。答辩状和复辩状均在规定的时限内提出。", "8. 空中喷洒除草剂(厄瓜多尔诉哥伦比亚)", "153. 2008年3月31日，厄瓜多尔提交请求书，对哥伦比亚提起诉讼，指称哥伦比亚“在靠近、位于和跨越哥伦比亚与厄瓜多尔之间边界的若干地点从空中喷洒有毒除草剂”。", "154.　厄瓜多尔宣称，“喷洒除草剂已对边境厄瓜多尔一边的居民、作物、动物和自然环境造成了严重损害，而且在今后还很可能造成进一步损害”。厄瓜多尔指出，它“一再持续努力通过谈判结束喷药活动”，但“这些谈判都没有取得成功”(见2007/08及其后的年度报告)。", "155.　因此，厄瓜多尔请求法院：", "裁定并宣告：", "(a) 哥伦比亚违背其国际法义务，造成或允许有毒除草剂沉降到厄瓜多尔境内，对人的健康、财产和环境造成了损害；", "(b) 哥伦比亚应为其国际非法行为——即使用除草剂，包括空中喷洒——对厄瓜多尔造成的任何损失或损害作出赔偿，特别是：", "㈠ 使用此类除草剂引起的人员死亡或健康伤害；", "㈡ 此类人员的财产、生计或人权受到的任何损失或损害；", "㈢ 环境损害或自然资源损耗；", "㈣ 进行监测以确定和评估哥伦比亚使用除草剂将来给公众健康、人权和环境带来的危险的费用；", "㈤ 任何其他损失或损害；", "(c) 哥伦比亚应：", "㈠ 尊重厄瓜多尔的主权和领土完整；", "㈡ 立即采取一切必要步骤，制止在其境内任何地方以有可能沉降到厄瓜多尔境内的方式使用任何有毒除草剂；", "㈢ 禁止在厄瓜多尔境内或在任何位于或靠近其与厄瓜多尔之间边界的地方以空中散播的方式使用此类除草剂。", "156.　厄瓜多尔援引1948年4月30日《波哥大公约》第三十一条作为法院管辖权的依据，两国都是该《公约》缔约国。厄瓜多尔还依据1988年《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》第32条。", "157.　厄瓜多尔在请求书中重申，厄瓜多尔反对“非法麻醉品的输出和使用”，但强调指出，厄瓜多尔向法院提出的问题“只涉及哥伦比亚进行铲除古柯和罂粟非法种植场行动的方法和地点，以及这种行动在厄瓜多尔境内造成的有害影响”。", "158.　法院于2008年5月30日发出命令，设定2009年4月29日和2010年3月29日分别为厄瓜多尔提交诉状和哥伦比亚提交辩诉状的期限。这些书状已在规定的期限内提交。", "159.　法院于2010年6月25日发出命令，指示厄瓜多尔提出答辩状、哥伦比亚提出复辩状，并将提交这些书状的期限分别定为2011年1月31日和2011年12月1日。厄瓜多尔在规定的期限内提交了答辩状。", "9. 《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)", "160. 格鲁吉亚于2008年8月12日提起对俄罗斯联邦的诉讼，理由是“它在格鲁吉亚境内和周围的行动违反1965年《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》”。格鲁吉亚在其请求书中“还要求确保格鲁吉亚境内所有的人”按照该公约享有的“个人权利得到充分尊重和保护”。", "161. 格鲁吉亚声称，俄罗斯联邦“通过其国家机关、国家人员和行使政府权力的其他人和实体，以及通过在俄罗斯联邦指示、指挥和控制下的南奥塞梯和阿布哈兹分离主义势力及其他代理人，对严重违反该《公约》(包括第2条、第3条、第4条、第5条和第6条)规定的基本义务负有责任”。据格鲁吉亚称，俄罗斯联邦“在1990年到2008年8月期间，在其介入南奥塞梯和阿布哈兹的三个不同时期违反了该《公约》规定的义务”。", "162. 格鲁吉亚请求法院命令“俄罗斯联邦采取一切必要步骤，遵守《公约》规定的义务”。", "163. 格鲁吉亚以《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第22条作为法院管辖权的依据。格鲁吉亚还保留援引《灭绝种族罪公约》第九条作为管辖权另一依据的权利，格鲁吉亚和俄罗斯联邦都是该公约缔约国。", "164. 格鲁吉亚的请求书附有关于指明临时措施的请求，目的是维护它根据《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》“防止其公民遭受俄罗斯武装部队协同分离主义民兵和外国雇佣军采取的歧视性暴力行为所害”的权利（见2008/09年及其后的年度报告）。", "165. 法院于2008年10月8日至10日举行公开听讯，听取当事双方对关于指明临时措施的请求的口头意见。", "166. 2008年10月15日，法院发出命令，指明双方应采取的临时措施（见2008/09 年及其后的年度报告）。", "167. 院长于2008年12月2日发出命令，设定2009年9月2日为格鲁吉亚提交诉状的期限，2010年7月2日为俄罗斯联邦提交辩诉状的期限。格鲁吉亚的诉状已在规定的期限内提交。", "168. 俄罗斯联邦按照《法院规则》第79条第1款规定的期限，于2009年12月1日就管辖权提出了初步反对意见。按照《法院规则》第79条第5款，审理案情实质的程序随后暂时停止。", "169. 法院于2009年12月11日发出命令，设定2010年4月1日为格鲁吉亚就俄罗斯联邦关于管辖权的初步反对意见提交载有其意见和呈件的书面陈述的期限。书面陈述已在规定的时限内提交。", "170. 法院于2010年9月13日至17日就初步反对意见举行公开听讯。听讯结束时，当事双方的代理人对法院发表了如下意见：", "俄罗斯联邦：", "“由于在书面初步反对意见中和在口头诉辩时提出的原因，俄罗斯联邦请求法院裁定并宣告，法院对2008年8月12日格鲁吉亚提交法院的请求书中格鲁吉亚对俄罗斯联邦提出的申诉没有管辖权。”", "格鲁吉亚：", "“由于在格鲁吉亚关于初步反对意见的书面陈述中和在口头诉辩时提出的原因，格鲁吉亚敬请法院：", "1. 驳回俄罗斯联邦提出的初步反对意见；", "2. 认定法院拥有听取格鲁吉亚的申诉的管辖权，并可受理这些申诉。”", "171. 2011年4月1日，法院就俄罗斯联邦提出的初步反对意见作出判决。判决书的执行部分内容如下：", "“基于这些原因，", "法院，", "(1)(a) 以12票对4票，", "驳回俄罗斯联邦提出的第一项初步反对意见；", "赞成：", "小和田院长；哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、坎萨多·特林多德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、多诺霍法官；加亚专案法官；", "反对：", "通卡副院长；科罗马法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、薛法官；", "(b) 以10票对6票，", "赞成俄罗斯联邦提出的第二项初步反对意见；", "赞成：", "通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；", "反对：", "小和田院长；西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、坎萨多·特林多德法官、多诺霍法官；加亚专案法官；", "(2) 以10票对6票，", "认定法院没有受理格鲁吉亚2008年8月12日提交的请求书的管辖权。", "赞成：", "通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；", "反对：", "小和田院长；西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、坎萨多·特林多德法官、多诺霍法官；加亚专案法官。”", "172. 法院在判决书中回顾说，法院于2008年10月15日发出命令，指明一些临时措施，并指出在作出关于初步反对意见的判决之后，该命令即失效。但法院补充说，该命令中提请当事双方注意它们有责任遵守《公约》规定的义务。", "10. 1995年9月13日《临时协议》的适用(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊)", "173. 2008年11月17日，前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国向法院提起对希腊的诉讼，指称希腊“悍然违反”双方1995年9月13日签订的《临时协议》“第11条规定的[希腊]的义务”。", "174. 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国在请求书中请法院“保护《临时协议》规定的权利，并确保其行使作为独立国家按照国际法行事的权利，包括争取加入相关国际组织的权利”。", "175. 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国请法院命令希腊“立即采取一切必要步骤，遵守第11条第1款规定的义务”，“停止并且不再以任何方式直接或间接反对请求国成为北大西洋公约组织和(或)[希腊]也是成员的任何其他‘国际、多边或区域组织和机构’的成员”（见2008/09 年及其后的年度报告）。", "176. 请求书援引1995年9月13日《临时协议》第21条第2款作为法院管辖权的依据，该款规定，“当事双方对本《临时协议》的解释或执行出现的歧见或争端，除第5条第1款所述的歧见之外，可由任一方向国际法院提出”。", "177. 法院于2009年1月20日发出命令，设定2009年7月20日为前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国提交诉状的期限，2010年1月20日为希腊提交辩诉状的期限。这些书状已在规定的时限内提交。", "178. 2010年3月9日，前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国政府表示希望能够通过提交答辩状对希腊的辩诉状作出反应，包括对其中关于管辖权和可受理性的反对意见作出反应，并能够为此设定从辩诉状提出之日起约4个半月的时限。希腊政府对同意这项要求不持异议，前提是希腊可随后提交复辩状，并为此设定相同时限。", "179. 法院于2010年3月12日发出命令，批准前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国提出答辩状、希腊提出复辩状。法院设定2010年6月9日和2010年10月27日分别为递交上述书状的时限。前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国已在规定期限内提交答辩状，希腊已在规定期限内提交复辩状。", "180. 2011年3月21日至30日举行公开听讯。听讯结束时，当事双方在其书状和口头诉辩中提出的证据和法律论据的基础上，发表了最后意见。", "181. 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国“请求法院", "㈠ 驳回被告国关于法院管辖权和请求国申诉的可受理性的反对意见；", "㈡ 裁定并宣告被告国通过其国家机构和人员违反《临时协议》第11条第1款规定的义务；及", "㈢ 命令被告国立即采取一切必要步骤，遵守《临时协议》第11条第1款规定的义务，停止并且不再以任何方式直接或间接反对请求国成为北大西洋公约组织和(或)被告国也是成员的任何其他‘国际、多边或区域组织和机构'的成员，但请求国在这种组织或机构中所用的名称须符合联合国安全理事会第817(1993)号决议第2段规定的名称。”", "182. 希腊“请求法院裁定并宣告：", "㈠ 请求国向法院提交的案件不属于法院管辖范围，请求国的申诉不可受理；", "㈡ 请求国的申诉没有根据(如果法院认定法院拥有管辖权，并可受理这些申诉）。”", "183. 法院已经开始评议，将在公开庭上作出判决，开庭日期稍后宣布。", "11. 国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利；希腊参加诉讼)", "184. 2008年12月23日，德国提起对意大利的诉讼，指称“意大利在其司法实践中……已违反并继续违反其按照国际法对德国承担的义务”。", "185. 德国在请求书中指称，“近年来，意大利的司法机构一再无视德国作为一个主权国家的管辖豁免。这种情况发展以2004年3月11日上诉法院对费里尼案的判决达到了临界点，[该法院]宣布，意大利对一个在第二次世界大战期间被驱送到德国被迫为军械工业劳动的人所提出的……索赔具有管辖权。在这项判决作出之后，许多同样在那场武装冲突中遭受伤害的人也向意大利的法院提起对德国的诉讼”。", "186. 请求国指出，意大利已经针对德国在意大利的资产采取了执行措施：对德意文化交流中心Villa Vigoni实施的“司法抵押”已记入土地登记册。除了意大利国民向德国提出的索赔之外，德国还举出了“希腊国民意图在意大利执行在希腊作出的一项事关德国军事部队在1944年撤退时实施的……大屠杀的判决”的例子。", "187. 德国最后在请求书中请求法院裁定并宣告意大利：", "“(1) 允许基于德意志帝国在第二次世界大战从1943年9月至1945年5月期间违反国际人道主义法的行为对德意志联邦共和国提出民事索赔的做法，违反了国际法规定的义务，因为意大利不尊重德意志联邦共和国根据国际法享有的管辖豁免；", "(2) 对德国用于政府非商业性目的的财产‘Villa Vigoni’采取限制措施，也侵犯了德国的管辖豁免；", "(3) 宣布希腊基于发生与以上第1项请求所述类似的情况而作出的判决可以在意大利执行，是另一种侵犯德国管辖豁免的行为。", "因此，德意志联邦共和国恳请法院裁定并宣告：", "(4) 意大利共和国的国际责任必须得到履行；", "(5) 意大利必须以它自己选择的方式，采取一切步骤，确保其法院和其他司法当局所作出的所有侵犯德国主权豁免的裁决都是不可执行的；", "(6) 意大利共和国必须采取一切步骤，确保意大利的法院今后不再受理基于发生以上第1项请求所述的情况而对德国提起的法律行动。”", "188. 德国在请求书中援引1957年4月29日《关于和平解决争端的欧洲公约》第1条作为法院管辖权的依据，意大利和德国分别于1960年1月29日和1961年4月18日批准了该公约（见2008/09年及其后的年度报告)。", "189. 法院于2009年4月29日发出命令，设定2009年6月23日为德国提交诉状的时限，2009年12月23日为意大利提交辩诉状的时限。这些书状已在规定的时限内提交。", "190. 被告国意大利提出的辩诉状第七章中提及《法院规则》第80条，“对德意志帝国部队严重违反人道主义法行为的意大利受害人应得到的赔偿问题”提出反诉(见2009/10年度报告)。", "191. 在收到当事双方的全部详细书面意见之后，法院判定，法院已经充分了解当事双方就法院可否受理意大利辩诉书中作为反诉提出的申诉所持立场。因此，法院认为无须就这一问题进一步听取当事双方的意见；法院于2010年7月6日就是否受理意大利的反诉发布一项命令。法院在13票对1票通过的命令中认定，“意大利提出的反诉……无法受理，并且不构成现程序的一部分”(见2009/10年度报告)。关于德国提出的申诉，法院随后一致批准由德国提出答辩状、意大利提出复辩状，并设定2010年10月14日和2011年1月14日分别为递交这些书状的时限。德国和意大利分别在规定时限内提交了答辩状和复辩状。", "192. 2011年1月12日,希腊向国际法院书记官处提交请求书，要求获准参加国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利)案的诉讼。", "193. 希腊在请求书中首先提出它认为可能受该案裁决影响的法律利益：希腊指出“希腊可能受法院判决影响（即使只是间接影响）的具有法律性质的利益是希腊根据一般国际法享有的主权权利和管辖权”，“希腊的目的是向法院提出并说明其法律权益，并就德国的申诉如何可能影响或可能不影响希腊的法律权益陈述自己的观点”。希腊还指出，希腊的法律利益“源自德国默许（如果不是承认）德国因1941年4月6日德国入侵希腊至1945年5月8日德国无条件投降期间第三帝国的所有作为和不作为对希腊所负的国际责任”。", "194. 希腊在请求书中还提出参加诉讼的确切目的，称希腊的请求有两个目的：", "“第一，以一切现有法律手段保护和维护希腊的法律权利，包括源于德国在第二次世界大战期间的特定行为和一般做法引起的争端的法律权利，以及根据一般国际法享有的法律权利，尤其是在管辖权和国家责任制度方面的权利等等；”", "“第二，让法院了解，鉴于德国对提交法院的这个案件的申诉，法院裁决可能影响希腊法律权益的性质。”", "195. 希腊在2008年12月23日提交的请求书中回顾说，德国请求法院除其他外，裁定并宣告：“(3)通过宣布希腊基于发生与第1项请求所述类似的情况而作出的判决可以在意大利执行，[意大利]进一步侵犯了德国的管辖豁免”。希腊还称，“希腊打算只在与希腊本国(国内)法庭和法院就第二次世界大战期间事件作出并由意大利法院执行的判决有关的程序方面参加诉讼”。", "196. 最后，希腊提出声称希腊和案件当事方之间存在的管辖权依据。希腊称，希腊不寻求“成为案件当事方”，希腊参加诉讼的请求“仅仅而且完全基于《法院规约》第六十二条”。", "197. 按照《法院规则》第83条第1款，书记官长向德国政府和意大利政府转递了希腊参加诉讼的请求书核证副本，告知它们，法院已设定2011年4月1日为两国就该请求书提出其书面意见的时限。两国已在规定的时限内提交书面意见。", "198. 德国在关于希腊请求书的书面意见中提请法院注意，某些考虑因素显示希腊请求书没有达到《法院规约》第六十二条第一项规定的标准，但明确表示德国不“正式反对”受理该请求书。意大利也表示不反对受理请求书。", "199. 按照《法院规则》第84条第2款，并考虑到当事方都未提出反对意见，法院裁定不必就可否同意希腊参加诉讼的请求问题举行听讯，但裁定希腊应有机会就当事方的意见发表评论，并应允许当事方就这些评论提交补充书面意见。法院设定2011年5月6日为希腊就当事方的书面意见提出自己书面意见的时限，2011年6月6日为当事方就希腊书面意见提交补充意见的时限。所有这些意见均在规定的时限内提交。", "200. 为了确定具有法律性质的利益，希腊在书面意见中指出，在请法院就德国和意大利之间案件作出的裁定中，法院将就“希腊法院作出的判决是否能够在意大利境内执行(涉及德国管辖豁免)”的问题作出裁决。在此方面，希腊提到希腊司法机构Livadia初审法院在Distomo案中作出的判决。希腊指出，“希腊司法机构和希腊国民处于意大利执行程序的核心”。希腊称，由此可见，法院关于意大利和希腊的判决可否在意大利执行的裁判直接而且首先涉及希腊利益，可能影响希腊具有法律性质的利益。", "201. 希腊在书面意见中还想让法院了解“希腊对待国家豁免问题和近年来此方面事态发展的态度”。希腊明确指出，希腊提出此要素并非为了说明具有法律性质的利益的存在，而是说明其参加诉讼的请求书的背景。", "202. 德国在补充书面意见中表示，希腊不再声称它在法院必须处理的法律问题中具有一般利益，也未表示希望在法院陈述在第二次世界大战期间发生的事件。因此，德国在关于可否受理希腊的请求书的补充意见中仅仅谈及可否认为一国对其法院所作判决在外国执行具有法律利益的问题。德国阐明了其立场，认为判决在国家境外的执行“完全由准备采取预定限制措施的国家的公共当局负责”，因此不影响法院作出相关司法裁判的国家的法律利益。德国还强调指出，Distomo 案裁决实际上在希腊已被Margello案的判决否决，关于后者的判决维持德国在可比情况中的管辖豁免。德国请法院酌情评估希腊请求书的可受理性。", "203. 意大利在补充书面意见中确认，意大利不反对受理希腊请求书。", "204. 2011年7月4日法院发布命令，准许希腊作为非当事方参加该案诉讼。法院在命令中指出，法院在主要诉讼程序期间作出的判决中，“可能认为有必要根据国家豁免原则，考虑希腊法院在Distomo案中所作的各项裁定，以便就德国呈件中的第三项请求作出认定”。法院的结论是，这足以说明希腊有法律性质的利益，这一利益可能受到主要诉讼程序中的判决的影响。法院指出，“考虑到希腊请求书中具体说明的参加诉讼的范围以及法院已经得出的各项结论……，只要参加诉讼的范围限于希腊法院的上述裁定，就可允许希腊作为非当事方参加诉讼”。", "205. 作为“非当事方”参加诉讼，使希腊能够调阅当事方的书状，并“让法院了解”在主要程序中“法院就德国的申诉所作的裁判可能影响的[希腊]法律权益的性质……”。为此，法院在同一命令中设定2011年8月5日为希腊提交书面陈述的时限，2011年9月5日为德国和意大利就该陈述提交书面意见的时限。随后程序留待进一步裁判。", "206. 《法院规则》第85条特别规定，“在口头诉讼过程中，介入国应有权就介入的主题提出意见”。希腊的非当事方地位使之不能在当事方(德国和意大利)之间的主要诉讼程序中申明自己的权利。法院将就案件实质作出的判决对希腊不具约束力，但对当事方具有约束力，而且不得上诉。", "12. 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题(比利时诉塞内加尔)", "207.　2009年2月19日，比利时对塞内加尔提起诉讼，理由是“比利时王国与塞内加尔共和国之间对于塞内加尔履行其起诉”乍得前总统侯赛因·哈布雷“或为刑事诉讼目的将他引渡到比利时的义务”存在争端。比利时还提出了指明临时措施的请求，以便在法院就案情实质作出判决之前保护比利时的权利。", "208.　比利时在请求书中指称，哈布雷先生自从1990年流亡国外，一直住在塞内加尔，比利时一再要求塞内加尔即使不将这位乍得前总统引渡到比利时，也应在塞内加尔对他包括酷刑罪和危害人类罪在内的行为进行起诉，但塞内加尔却没有采取任何行动(见2008/09年及其后的年度报告)。", "209.　比利时在其请求书中首先援引了当事双方按照《法院规约》第三十六条第二项于1958年6月17日(比利时)和1985年12月2日(塞内加尔)作出的承认法院强制管辖权的单方面声明作为法院管辖权的依据。", "210.　此外，请求国指出，“两国[自1986年8月21日(塞内加尔)和1999年6月25日(比利时)以来]都是1984年12月10日《联合国禁止酷刑公约》的缔约国”。该公约第30条规定，两个缔约国如果对公约的解释或适用有任何争端，又未能通过谈判或仲裁解决的，可由其中一国提交国际法院。比利时指出，两国之间的谈判“从2005年持续至今没有成果”，比利时于2006年6月20日作出了谈判失败的结论。而且，比利时指出，它在2006年6月20日向塞内加尔建议将争端提交仲裁，但塞内加尔“没有对这一请求作出回应……而比利时则一直以普通照会确认在这个问题上仍然存在争端”。", "211.　在请求书的末尾，比利时请求法院裁定并宣告：", "– 法院具有审理比利时王国和塞内加尔共和国在塞内加尔履行起诉哈布雷先生或为刑事诉讼目的将他引渡到比利时的义务一事上的争端的管辖权；", "塞内加尔共和国有义务对哈布雷先生被指控作为主犯、共同主犯或共犯实施的包括酷刑罪和危害人类罪在内的行为提起刑事诉讼；", "塞内加尔共和国如果不起诉哈布雷先生，就有义务将他引渡到比利时王国，在比利时的法院为这些罪行接受审判。", "212.　比利时的请求书附有一项指明临时措施的请求，其中解释说，虽然“哈布雷先生[目前]在达喀尔受到软禁，……但塞内加尔总统瓦德在接受法国国际电台一次采访时透露，塞内加尔如果找不到它认为必要的预算经费对哈布雷先生进行审判，就可能会解除对他软禁”。请求国说，“在这种情况下，哈布雷先生就很容易离开塞内加尔并逃避任何起诉”。这样，“就会无可弥补地损害国际法赋予比利时的权利……并且也违反塞内加尔必须履行的义务”。", "213.　法院于2009年4月6日至8日举行公开听讯，就比利时提出的指明临时措施的请求听取当事双方口头陈述意见。", "214.　在听讯结束时，比利时请法院指明下列临时措施：“请塞内加尔共和国在其权力范围内采取一切步骤，将侯赛因·哈布雷先生置于塞内加尔当局的控制和监视之下，以便比利时所要求遵守的国际法规则可以得到正确实行”。塞内加尔方面则请法院“拒绝比利时所请求的临时措施”。", "215.　2009年5月28日，法院就比利时关于指明临时措施的请求作出裁定。", "2009年5月28日发出的命令的执行部分内容如下：", "“基于这些原因，", "法院，", "以13票对1票，", "认定根据法院现时掌握的情况，无须行使《规约》第四十一条所授的指示临时措施的权力。", "赞成：", "小和田院长；史久镛法官、科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官；苏尔专案法官、基尔希专案法官；", "反对：", "坎卡多·特林达德法官。”", "科罗马法官和优素福法官在法院命令中附上了一份联合声明；哈苏奈法官和斯科特尼科夫法官在命令中附上了联合个别意见；坎卡多·特林达德法官在命令中附上了反对意见；苏尔专案法官在命令中附上了个别意见。", "216.　法院于2009年7月9日发出命令，设定2010年7月9日为比利时提交诉状的期限，2011年7月11日为塞内加尔提交辩诉状的期限。比利时的诉状已在规定时限内提出。", "217.　2011年7月11日，法院院长将塞内加尔提交辩诉状的期限从2011年7月11日延期到2011年8月29日。他在命令中解释说，书记官处于2011年7月11日收到塞内加尔代理人2011年7月10日的信，信函副本立即提交比利时政府，其中谈及西非国家经济共同体法院于2010年11月18日的决定以及非洲联盟大会2011年7月1日的决定通过前后的发展情况，要求法院将其政府提交辩诉状的期限延至2011年8月29日。院长在同一项命令中解释说，书记官处于2011年7月11日收到比利时政府代理人当日的信函，信中提出了比利时政府对延长时限请求的意见，比利时代理人表示，西非国家经济共同体法院的决定并没有重大改变比利时和塞内加尔争端的实质，非洲联盟大会2011年7月1日的决定只是重申了同一大会在2011年1月通过的决定。此外，比利时代理人认为，塞内加尔请求再延长时限，即使很有必要，时间也太长些。不过，他补充说，比利时请法院就塞内加尔的请求作出裁定。", "13. 民事和商事管辖权和判决的执行(比利时诉瑞士)", "218.　2009年12月21日，比利时对瑞士提起诉讼，争端涉及“1988年9月16日关于民事和商业事项管辖权和判决的执行问题的《卢加诺公约》的解释和适用……以及关于行使国家权力(特别是在司法领域)的一般国际法规则的适用，[并涉及]瑞士法院裁定不承认比利时法院的裁决，不暂停瑞士后来就同一争端事由所提诉讼”。", "219.　比利时在其请求书中说，这一争端“产生于在比利时和在瑞士”就“现已破产的比航(前比利时航空公司)的主要股东之间”的民事和商事纠纷“平行开展的司法程序”。瑞士的有关股东是SAirGroup(前Swissair)及其所属的SAirLines；比利时的股东是比利时国及其持有股份的三家公司。", "220.　比利时仅引用双方根据《法院规约》第三十六条第二项分别于1958年6月17日(比利时)和1948年7月28日(瑞士)作出承认法院强制管辖权的单方面声明作为法院管辖的依据(见2009/10年度报告)。", "221.　法院于2010年2月4日发出命令，设定2010年8月23日为比利时提交诉状的期限，2011年4月25日为瑞士提交辩诉状的期限。", "222.　法院院长于2010年8月10日发出命令，根据比利时政府的要求并征得瑞士政府的意见，将比利时提交诉状和瑞士提交辩诉状的期限分别延到2010年11月23日和2011年10月24日。比利时的诉状已在规定的期限内提交。", "223.　2011年2月18日，瑞士对此案中法院的管辖权和请求书的可受理性提出了初步反对意见。", "224.　书记官处于2011年3月21日收到比利时代理人同日的信函，信中提到《法院规约》第八十九条，并告知法院，比利时政府“与欧洲联盟委员会协作”，认为它可以停止 [比利时]对瑞士提起的诉讼”，并请法院“发布命令，记录比利时停止诉讼事宜，同时命令从总表中去除此案”。他在信中特别解释说，比利时在其初步反对意见的第85段指出，“瑞士表示…… [瑞士]联邦最高法院在其2008年9月30日判决中提及比利时未来判决的“不可识别性”，而这并不具有既判案件的效力，对地方县级法院或联邦最高法院本身也不具约束力，因此，一旦比利时作出判决，将没有办法阻止其按照条约适用规定在瑞士得到认可”。比利时代理人的信的副本被立即转交给瑞士代理人。瑞士代理人被告知，按照《法院规则》第89条第2款的规定，瑞士提出其是否反对停止诉讼的时限已定在2011年3月28日星期一。由于瑞士在上述时限内没有反对停止诉讼，法院即记录比利时停止诉讼一事，于2011年4月5日命令从总表上去除此案件。", "14. 南极捕鲸(澳大利亚诉日本)", "225.　2010年5月31日，澳大利亚对日本提起诉讼，指控“日本凭借南极特别许可证以第二阶段日本鲸鱼研究方案(‘JARPA II’)的名义继续推行大规模捕鲸计划的做法，[是]违反了日本根据《国际管制捕鲸公约》承担的义务以及日本在保护海洋哺乳动物和海洋环境方面的其他国际义务”(见2009/10年度报告)。", "226.　澳大利亚在其请求书结尾部分，请法院裁定并宣告“日本在南大洋执行JARPA II方案违反了其国际义务”，并请法院命令日本“(a) 停止JARPA II的执行；(b) 撤销允许开展属于本请求书事由之活动的任何授权、许可或执照；(c) 在这种方案经修订能符合国际法规定的义务之前，提出日本不在JARPA II或任何类似方案下采取进一步行动的保证和担保”。", "227.　作为法院管辖权的依据，请求国援引了《法院规约》第三十六条第二项的规定，同时提到澳大利亚于2002年3月22日和日本于2007年7月9日作出的承认法院管辖权具有强制性的声明。", "228.　法院于2010年7月13日发出命令，设定2011年5月9日为澳大利亚提交诉状的期限，2012年3月9日为日本提交辩诉状的期限。澳大利亚的诉状已在规定时限内提出。", "15. 边界争端(布基纳法索/尼日尔)", "229.　2010年7月20日，布基纳法索和尼日尔向法院联合提交了它们之间的边界争端。两国于2010年5月12日联名写信，于2010年7月20日提交书记官处，通知法院说，两国于2009年2月24日在尼亚美签订了一项特别协定，协定于2009年11月20日生效。根据该《特别协定》第1条的规定，双方同意将它们的边界争端提交法院，并且每一方都将挑选一名专案法官。", "《特别协定》第2条说明争端事由如下：", "“请法院：", "1. 确定两国之间从天文标记Tong Tong(北纬14°25′04″；东经00°12′47″)到Botou弯起始处(北纬12°36′18″；东经01°52′07″)这一段边界的走向；", "2. 将双方就联合技术委员会在划定布基纳法索-尼日尔边界的工作中有关下列各段的结果所达成的共识记录在案：", "(a) 从N’Gouma高地至天文标记Tong Tong段；", "(b) 从Botou弯起始处至梅克鲁河段。", "在第3条第1款中，双方请法院批准以下书面程序：", "(a) 每一方在法院受理后至迟九(9)个月内提交一份诉状；", "(b) 每一方在交换诉状后至迟九(9)个月内提交一份辩诉状；", "(c) 应双方之中任何一方的要求提交任何其他书状都应获得法院批准或指示。”", "《特别协定》题为“法院判决”的第7条内容如下：", "“1.　根据本《特别协定》，双方接受法院判决为具有约束力的终局判决。", "2. 从作出判决之日起，双方将在十八(18)个月的时间内开始划定边界的工作。", "3. 如在执行判决时遇到困难，任何一方均可根据《法院规约》第六十条请求法院予以解释。", "4. 双方请法院在其判决书中提名三(3)位专家协助它们划界。”", "最后，第10条载有以下“特别承诺”：", "“在法院判决之前，双方承诺在两国边境地区民众中保持和平、安全与安宁，不采取任何侵入争议地区的行动，并定期召开行政官员和治安部门会议。", "关于社会经济基础设施的建设，双方承诺在实施之前举行初步协商。”", "除《特别协定》外，两国还于2009年10月29日和11月2日互换照会，以体现就边界地段的选定所达成的协议。", "230.　法院于2010年9月14日发出命令，设定2011年4月20日和2012年1月20日分别为双方提出诉状和辩诉状的期限。诉状均已在规定的期限内提交。", "16. 尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)", "231. 2010年11月18日，哥斯达黎加对尼加拉瓜共和国提起诉讼，称“尼加拉瓜军队入侵、占领和使用哥斯达黎加领土，［据称］违反尼加拉瓜根据若干国际条约和公约对哥斯达黎加应负有的义务”。", "232. 哥斯达黎加在其请求书中称，“尼加拉瓜派遣其武装部队特遣队进入哥斯达黎加领土并建立军营，不仅完全违反了两国之间既定的边界安排，而且违背了联合国的核心基本原则，即领土完整和不得对任何国家进行武力威胁或使用武力的原则……”。", "233. 哥斯达黎加指控尼加拉瓜在两起事件中分别侵占了哥斯达黎加领土，一次涉及兴建一条跨越哥斯达黎加领土连接圣胡安河和波蒂略泻湖(又称港头泻湖)的运河，另一次涉及执行疏浚圣胡安河的某些相关工程。哥斯达黎加表示，“正在和计划进行的疏浚和兴建运河工程将严重影响进入哥斯达黎加科罗拉多河的水流，并会进一步的损害哥斯达黎加领土，包括位于该地区的一些湿地和国家野生生物保护区。”", "234. 请求国称，尼加拉瓜拒不接受所有要求从被占领土撤出其军队的呼吁，也不接受所有谈判方式。哥斯达黎加还指出，尼加拉瓜不打算遵守美洲国家组织常设理事会2010年11月12日的决议，该决议特别要求尼加拉瓜武装部队从边境地区撤出，并要求避免在该地区出现军队或安全部队，以便创造一个有利于两国对话的氛围。", "235. 哥斯达黎加因此“请法院……就尼加拉瓜入侵和占领哥斯达黎加领土，对哥斯达黎加受保护的雨林和湿地造成严重损害，并意图对科罗拉多河、湿地和受保护的生态系统造成损害，以及尼加拉瓜在圣胡安河上进行的疏浚和开挖运河活动……裁定和宣告尼加拉瓜违反其国际义务。哥斯达黎加特别是请求法院裁定并宣告，尼加拉瓜的行为：", "(a) 侵犯了1858年《边界条约》、克利夫兰仲裁裁决以及第一和第二次亚历山大裁决商定和划定的哥斯达黎加共和国领土；", "(b) 违反了《联合国宪章》及《美洲国家组织宪章》规定的领土完整和不得使用武力的基本原则；", "(c) 违反了1858年《边界条约》附件九规定的尼加拉瓜不得使用圣胡安河从事敌对行为的义务；", "(d) 违反了不得损害哥斯达黎加领土的义务；", "(e) 违反了没有哥斯达黎加的同意不得人为将圣胡安河引离其天然水道的义务；", "(f) 违反了不得禁止哥斯达黎加国民在圣胡安河上航行的义务；", "(g) 违反了根据1888年克利夫兰裁决如对哥斯达黎加领土(包括科罗拉多河)造成损害则不得疏浚圣胡安河的义务；", "(h) 违反了《拉姆萨尔湿地公约》规定的义务；", "(i) 违反了不得加剧和扩大争端的义务，对哥斯达黎加采取了各种措施，包括扩大其入侵和占领的哥斯达黎加领土，或采取了有损于国际法规定的哥斯达黎加领土完整的其他措施和行动。", "236. 请求书还请法院确定尼加拉瓜必须做出的赔偿，特别是就上文提到的措施做出赔偿。", "237. 请求国援引通过1948年4月30日《美洲和平解决条约》(《波哥大公约》)第三十一条施行的《法院规约》第三十六条第一项以及哥斯达黎加和尼加拉瓜分别1973年2月20日和1929年9月24日(2001年10月23日修改)根据《法院规约》第三十六条第二项发表的接受法院管辖权的声明，作为法院管辖权的依据。", "238. 2010年11月18日，哥斯达黎加还请求指明临时措施。哥斯达黎加在该请求中表示，“本次争端和临时措施请求所涉哥斯达黎加权利，是指哥斯达黎加主权、领土完整以及哥斯达黎加对于圣胡安河、本国土地和本国环境保护区及科罗拉多河的完整和流动的权利不受侵犯之权。”哥斯达黎加还表示保护其权利是当务之急，并指出，“目前确实存在的风险是，如果不指明临时措施，损害哥斯达黎加权利的行为就会继续下去，并在法院得以做出最终裁定前严重改变当地的实际情况。”", "239. 因此，哥斯达黎加“请法院作为紧急事项，在确定案情实质前下令采取以下临时措施，以便纠正当前正在对哥斯达黎加领土完整进行的侵犯，并防止对哥斯达黎加领土造成进一步不可挽回的损害：", "(1) 尼加拉瓜所有部队立即从非法入侵和占领的哥斯达黎加领土无条件地撤出；", "(2) 立即停止兴建横跨哥斯达黎加领土的运河；", "(3) 立即停止在哥斯达黎加境内(包括湿地和森林中)砍伐树木、清除植被和土壤；", "(4) 立即停止在哥斯达黎加境内倾倒泥沙；", "(5) 在确定争端的案情实质前，中止尼加拉瓜旨在占领、淹没和损害哥斯达黎加领土并对科罗拉多河造成严重损害及妨碍该河航行的现行疏浚工程，充分履行克利夫兰裁决；", "(6) 尼加拉瓜不得采取任何可能妨碍哥斯达黎加权利或者可能加剧或扩大诉至法院的本次争端的其他行动。", "240. 2011年1月11日至13日就哥斯达黎加提出的关于指明临时措施的请求举行了公开听讯。", "241. 在口头意见陈述第二轮结束时，哥斯达黎加代理人列出了该国请求的下列临时措施：", "哥斯达黎加请求法院下令采取以下临时措施：", "A. 在确定本案的案情实质前，尼加拉瓜不得在整个波蒂略岛区域，即整个圣胡安河右岸以及波蒂略泻湖(又称港头泻湖)湖岸和陶拉河岸之间(“关联区”)：", "⑴ 派驻任何部队或其他人员；", "⑵ 兴建或扩大运河；", "⑶ 砍伐树木或清除植被或土壤；", "⑷ 倾倒泥沙。", "B. 在确定本案的案情实质前，尼加拉瓜应中止其正在毗邻关联区的圣胡安河上进行的疏浚工程。", "C. 在确定本案的案情实质前，尼加拉瓜不得采取任何可能妨碍哥斯达黎加权利或者可能加剧或扩大诉至法院的本次争端的其他行动。", "242. 在口头意见陈述第二轮结束时，尼加拉瓜代理人代表该国政府提出以下意见：", "“根据《法院规则》第60条，并考虑到哥斯达黎加共和国关于指明临时措施的请求以及该国的口头诉状，尼加拉瓜共和国谨此提出，出于在听讯期间解释过的理由以及法院可能认为适当的其他任何理由，尼加拉瓜共和国请求法院驳回哥斯达黎加共和国关于指明临时措施的请求。”", "243. 2011年3月8日，法院就哥斯达黎加关于指明临时措施的请求做出裁决。法院在命令中指明以下临时措施：", "(1) 一致，", "各方不得向包括caño[尼加拉瓜开挖的运河]在内的争议领土派遣或留驻任何人员，不论是文职人员、警察还是安全人员；", "(2) 以13票对4票，", "虽有上文第(1)点，哥斯达黎加仍可向包括caño在内的争议领土派遣负有保护环境之责的文职人员，但仅以避免对该领土所在的湿地部分造成不可弥补的损害所必要为限；哥斯达黎加应就这些行动与拉姆萨尔公约秘书处协商，事先将行动通知尼加拉瓜，并尽最大努力在这方面同尼加拉瓜找到共同的解决办法；", "赞成：", "小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、多诺霍法官；杜加尔德专案法官；", "反对:", "塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、薛法官；纪尧姆专案法官；", "(3) 一致，", "各方均不得采取任何可能加剧或扩大诉至法院的争端或使其更难以解决的行动；", "(4) 一致，", "各方应向法院通报其遵守以上临时措施的情况。", "科罗马法官和塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官在判决书后附上了个别意见；斯科特尼科夫法官、格林伍德法官和薛法官在判决书后附上了声明；纪尧姆专案法官在判决书后附上了声明；杜加尔德专案法官在判决书后附上了声明。", "244. 2011年4月5日，法院下达命令，考虑到各方的意见，分别设定2011年12月5日和2012年8月6日为哥斯达黎加提出诉状和尼加拉瓜提出答辩状的时限。随后的程序留待进一步裁决。", "17. 请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺(柬埔寨诉泰国)案所作判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)", "245. 2011年4月28日，柬埔寨向法院书记官处提交申请书，要求法院解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)作出的判决。", "246. 根据《法院规则》第98条的规定，柬埔寨在其请求书中说明了“关于判决书的意义或范围的争议之处”。该国特别指出：", "(1) 柬埔寨认为，[法院1962年作出的]判决的依据是此前存在的一条两国确定和承认的国际边界；", "(2) 柬埔寨认为，这一边界是法院在其判决书第21页提及的地图所标明的边界……这一地图使法院得以认定，柬埔寨对柏威夏寺所在领土的主权直接并自动导致柬埔寨对该寺拥有主权……；", "(3) [柬埔寨]认为，[按照这一判决，]泰国有义务从柬埔寨境内的该寺周边撤出所有军事或其他人员。这是有关柬埔寨在该地区得到法院承认的领土主权的各项声明所规定的一个总体和持续的义务。", "柬埔寨坚称，泰国对这几点均持有异议。", "247. 请求国试图援引《法院规约》第六十条作为法院管辖权的依据。该条规定，“判词之意义或范围发生争端时，经任何当事国之请求后，法院应予解释。”柬埔寨还援引了《法院规则》第98条。", "248. 柬埔寨在请求书中解释说，尽管“泰国并没有争论柬埔寨对该寺(仅对该寺)的主权”，但该国却对1962年的整个判决持有疑问。", "249. 柬埔寨争辩说，“1962年，法院将该寺置于柬埔寨主权之下，原因是该寺所在领土位于边界线的柬埔寨一侧”，而“否认柬埔寨对该寺以外周边地区的主权，等于是对法院表示，其[于1962年]承认的边界线，包括有关柏威夏寺本身，是完全错误的。”", "250. 柬埔寨强调，提出请求的目的，是要法院“在《规约》第六十条的范围内”解释“其判决的意义和范围”。柬埔寨还说，这样的解释，“将对柬埔寨和泰国具有约束力，……可以作为通过谈判或任何其他和平手段最终解决这一争端的依据。”", "251. 关于请求书的相关事实情况，柬埔寨回顾说，柬埔寨于1959年对泰国提起诉讼，1962年法院对案情实质作出判决后产生了一些问题。柬埔寨接下来描述了最近发生的直接导致本次申诉的更多事件(两国旨在就共同解释1962年判决达成一致意见的努力失败；在“联合国教育、科学及文化组织讨论宣布该寺为世界遗产”后两国关系恶化；2011年4月两国发生武装冲突事件)。", "252. 柬埔寨在请求书的结尾请法院裁定并宣告：", "泰国有义务‘撤出驻扎在柏威夏寺或临近地区的柬埔寨领土的军队、警察、警卫或看护人’([法院1962年判决]执行部分第2点)，这一义务是尊重柬埔寨领土完整的总体持续义务的特定结果，而柬埔寨在柏威夏寺及其周边地区的领土已按照[判决书第21页提及的][判决书]所依据的地图上的界线划定。", "253. 同一天，柬埔寨还根据《法院规约》第四十一条和《法院规则》第73条提出了关于指明临时措施的请求。请求国解释说，“自2011年4月22日以来，柏威夏寺地区……及两国边界沿线的若干地点发生了一些恶性事件，造成当地居民伤亡和撤离。”", "柬埔寨指出，“在提出……[解释]请求时，恶性武装事件还在继续发生，泰国对此要负完全的责任。”", "254. 请求国认为，“迫切需要采取措施，以便在法院作出裁决前捍卫柬埔寨的权利，即有关其主权、领土完整和泰国不得干涉的义务的权利，同时也是为了避免争端加剧。”柬埔寨进一步表示，“如请求不幸遭到拒绝，并且如果泰国坚持其行为，这些武装冲突对柏威夏寺的破坏以及不可弥补的生命丧失和人的痛苦就会继续恶化。”", "255. 最后，柬埔寨：", "恭请法院在作出判决前指明以下临时措施：", "– 立即无条件地从柬埔寨位于柏威夏寺地区的领土上撤出所有泰国军队；", "– 禁止泰国在柏威夏寺地区从事任何军事活动；", "– 泰国不得采取任何可能妨碍柬埔寨权利或加剧本诉讼所审争端的行动。", "256. 2011年5月30日和31日就柬埔寨提出的关于指明临时措施的请求举行了公开听讯。", "257. 在口头意见陈述第二轮结束时，柬埔寨重申其关于指明临时措施的请求；泰国代理人则代表本国政府提出了以下意见：“根据《法院规则》第60条，并考虑到柬埔寨王国关于指明临时措施的请求以及该国的口头诉状，泰王国谨请求法院将柬埔寨王国2011年4月28日提出的案件从总表上去除。”", "258. 2011年7月18日，法院就柬埔寨提出的关于指明临时措施的请求作出裁定。该命令的执行部分内容如下：", "基于这些原因，", "法院，", "(A) 一致，", "驳回泰王国关于将柬埔寨王国2011年4月28日提出的案件从法院案件总表上去除的请求；", "(B) 指明以下临时措施：", "(1) 以11票对5票，", "双方均应立即撤出目前在本命令第62段所指临时非军事区的军事人员，不在该区派驻任何军事人员和采取以该区为目标的武装活动；", "赞成：", "通卡副院长；科罗马法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官；纪尧姆专案法官；", "反对：", "小和田院长；哈苏奈法官、薛法官、多诺霍法官；科特专案法官；", "(2) 以15票对1票，", "泰国不得阻碍柬埔寨一方自由进出柏威夏寺或向其在该寺的非军事人员提供补给；", "赞成：", "小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；纪尧姆专案法官、科特专案法官；", "反对:", "多诺霍法官；", "(3) 以15票对1票，", "双方均应继续其在东盟框架内开展的合作，允许该组织指派的观察员进入临时非军事区；", "赞成：", "小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；纪尧姆专案法官、科特专案法官；", "反对:", "多诺霍法官；", "(4) 以15票对1票，", "双方均不得采取任何可能加剧或扩大诉至法院的争端或使其更难以解决的行动；", "赞成：", "小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；纪尧姆专案法官、科特专案法官；", "反对：", "多诺霍法官；", "(C) 以15票对1票，", "裁定各方应向法院通报其遵守以上临时措施的情况；", "赞成：", "小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；纪尧姆专案法官、科特专案法官；", "反对:", "多诺霍法官；", "(D) 以15票对1票，", "裁定法院在就关于解释的请求作出判决前，将继续积极审理本命令所针对的事项。", "赞成：", "小和田院长；通卡副院长；科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官；纪尧姆专案法官、科特专案法官；", "反对：", "多诺霍法官。", "小河田院长在法院命令后附上了反对意见；科罗马法官在法院命令后附上了声明；哈苏奈法官在法院命令后附上了反对意见；坎卡多·特林达德法官在法院命令后附上了个别意见；薛法官和多诺霍在法院命令后附上了反对意见；纪尧姆专案法官在法院命令后附上了声明；科特专案法官在法院命令后附上了反对意见。", "C. 在本报告所述期间待决的咨询事项", "国际劳工组织行政法庭就针对国际农业发展基金提出的指控所作第2867号判决(请求发表咨询意见)", "259.　法院于2010年4月26日收到农发基金征询咨询意见的请求，其中要求撤销一个行政法庭的一项判决，即国际劳工组织行政法庭(以下称为“法庭”或“劳工组织行政法庭”)的一项判决。", "260.　法庭在2010年2月3日所作的第2867号判决(S-G诉农发基金)中认定，根据其规约第二条规定，法庭有权就S-G女士针对农发基金提出的指控的实质问题做出裁决。S-G女士是《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠公约》全球机制的前工作人员，她曾持有的定期雇佣合同应于2006年3月15日期限届满(见2009/10年度报告)。", "261.　农发基金执行局在法庭规约附件第十二条框架内采取行动，于2010年4月22日第九十九届会议上通过一项决议，决定质疑法庭的上述判决并将该判决是否有效问题提交国际法院，请法院发表咨询意见。", "262.　农发基金执行局总裁于2010年4月23日写信向法院转递要求提供咨询意见的请求，书记官处于4月26日收到该信。", "263.　信中载有下列九个问题：", "一. 劳工组织行政法庭根据其规约第二条是否有权审理《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》(《公约》)全球机制前工作人员A.T.S.G.女士于2008年7月8日对国际农业发展基金(基金)提出的指控？基金仅仅是为《公约》全球机制提供房舍的组织。", "二. 记录显示，劳工组织行政法庭第2867号判决书所涉争议的双方都同意基金与全球机制是两个独立法律实体且原告曾是全球机制的工作人员。有鉴于此，并考虑到所有相关文件、规则和原则，劳工组织行政法庭为支持确认其管辖权的裁决所作的陈述是否超出其管辖范围，并且/或者是否构成法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？劳工组织行政法庭在陈述中指出，“全球机制的全部行政功能都将并入基金各行政单位”且“其效果是，执行董事就全球机制工作人员所作的行政决定在法律上是基金的决定”。", "三. 劳工组织行政法庭为支持确认其管辖权的裁决所作称“全球机制的人员是基金的工作人员”的一般性陈述，是否超出其管辖范围，并且/或者是否构成劳工组织行政法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？", "四. 劳工组织行政法庭所作裁决确认其有权受理原告指控全球机制执行董事滥用职权的诉求。该裁决是否超出劳工组织行政法庭的管辖范围，并且/或者是否构成法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？", "五. 劳工组织行政法庭所作裁决确认其有权受理原告关于执行董事决定不给原告合同延期构成适用法律之错误的诉求。该裁决是否超出劳工组织行政法庭的管辖范围，并且/或者是否构成法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？", "六. 劳工组织行政法庭所作的裁决确认其有权解释《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》缔约方会议与农发基金之间的谅解备忘录(备忘录)、《公约》以及设立农发基金的协定。该裁决是否超出劳工组织行政法庭的管辖范围，并且/或者构成法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？", "七. 劳工组织行政法庭所作裁决确认其有权确定，农发基金总裁履行备忘录所规定的中间人和支助作用，是在代表农发基金行事。该裁决是否超出劳工组织行政法庭的管辖范围，并且/或者是否构成法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？", "八. 劳工组织行政法庭所作裁决确认其有权用其自己的决定代替全球机制执行董事酌处的决定。该裁决是否超出劳工组织行政法庭的管辖范围，并且/或者是否构成法庭在诉讼程序上的重大错误？", "九. 劳工组织行政法庭在其第2867号判决书中所作裁决是否有效？", "法院书记官长在2010年4月26日的信中，按照《规约》第六十六条第一项规定，将法院收到请其发表咨询意见的要求一事，通知所有有权在法院出庭的国家。", "264.　法院在2010年4月29日的一项命令中：", "(a) 裁定农发基金以及有权在法院出庭的农发基金成员国、有权在法院出庭的《联合国防治荒漠化公约》缔约国、根据劳工组织行政法庭规约第二条第五项规定作出声明确认该法庭管辖权的联合国专门机构很可能能够就提请本法院发表咨询意见的问题提供资料；", "(b) 根据《规约》第六十六条第二项，设定2010年10月29日为就此问题向法院提交书面陈述的截止时限；", "(c) 根据《规约》第六十六条第四项，设定2011年1月31日为已提交书面陈述的国家和组织就其他书面陈述提交书面评论的时限；", "(d) 农发基金总裁应向法院转递原告在劳工组织行政法庭控告农发基金的诉讼过程中所作的且原告可能希望提请法院注意的意见陈述；将2010年10月29日定为作为判决书主体的原告可以向法院提交任何可能陈述的截止日期，并将2011年1月31日定为原告可以提交任何可能评论的截止日期。其后的程序留待进一步裁决。", "265.　2010年10月26日，农发基金的总法律顾问提交了一份基金的书面陈述以及一份载列原告意见的陈述。", "266.　2010年10月28日，多民族玻利维亚国驻荷兰王国大使提交了玻利维亚政府的书面陈述。", "267.　法院院长于2011年1月24日发布命令，根据《规约》第六十六条第四项的规定，将已提交书面陈述的国家和组织就其他书面陈述提交书面评论的时限延长至2011年3月11日，并将基金在法庭被诉案件中的原告可以向法院提交评论的时限也延长到2011年3月11日。延长时限是应农发基金总法律顾问的请求作出的。", "268.　基金和原告均在已延长的时限内提交了书面评论。", "第六章", "访问法院和其他活动", "269.　2010年12月13日，泰王国上议院议长巴索素·汶德先生阁下在上议院议员和其他贵宾的陪同下访问了法院。代表团听取了对法院活动的介绍，并受到法院院长小和田恒法官的接待。", "270.　2011年3月17日，挪威王国议长达格·泰耶·安德森先生阁下访问了法院。陪同安德森先生的有四位议员和挪威驻海牙使馆的三位代表。书记官长菲利普·库弗勒先生接待了该代表团。书记官长安排了关于法院活动的介绍，其间回答了挪威议员提出的问题。", "271.　2011年5月2日，爱尔兰总统玛丽·麦卡利斯女士阁下访问了法院。法院院长小和田恒法官及其夫人小和田由美子女士与书记官长菲利普·库弗勒先生迎接了玛丽·麦卡利斯女士以及陪同她的官方代表团成员，包括她的丈夫马丁·麦卡利斯、儿童和青年事务部部长弗朗西斯·菲茨杰拉德女士阁下、爱尔兰驻荷兰王国大使玛丽·惠兰女士阁下以及其他高级官员。随后，麦卡利斯总统和代表团主要成员被陪同前往司法大会堂前厅，由小和田院长向他们介绍各位法官及其配偶，书记官长则介绍书记官处各位高级官员。随后在司法大会堂隆重举行会议，出席会议的有各外交使团、荷兰政府的代表以及其他设在海牙的国际机构的高级官员。小和田院长和麦卡利斯总统致辞。", "272.　此外，在本报告所述期间，院长和法官以及书记官长和书记官处官员还在法院所在地迎接了许多贵宾，其中包括政府官员、外交官、议员、司法机构长官和成员以及其他高级官员。", "273.　还有许多研究人员、学者、律师和其他法律专业人员、记者以及其他人员拜访了法院。院长、法官、书记官长或书记官处官员为其中一些来访人员介绍了法院情况。", "274.　一个值得注意的发展态势是，主要的国家和区域法院越来越有兴趣访问法院并交换看法。法院还利用电子手段与其他一些法院和法庭交换信息资料。", "275. 作为与海牙市联合举办的向荷兰公民和外国人介绍该市各大机构的“海牙国际日”活动的组成部分，法院于2010年9月19日(周日)接待了约600名访客。这是法院第三次参加为广大公众举办的这项活动。新闻部在本次公开日活动中以英语和法语放映了新的“机构介绍影片”，回答了访客的问题并分发了关于法院的各种资料手册。", "276.　2011年4月1日，为庆祝法院首次开庭六十五周年，举办了法院司法活动照片和实物展开幕式，小和田院长正式接受了为法院设计的三枚新邮票的首版。这次活动在海牙市政厅正厅举行，是法院书记官处在海牙市协助下举办的庆祝仪式的一部分，法院各位法官、海牙市长、市政委员会委员、各外交使团的代表以及荷兰外交部和海牙各国际组织的高级官员出席了活动。展览在市政厅展出两周，随后在和平宫展出两周，简要回顾了法院及其前身——常设国际法院的历史。照片和其他展品展示了法院作为联合国主要司法机关的作用。", "第七章", "法院的出版物、文件和网站", "277.　法院的出版物向有权在法院出庭的各国政府以及世界各大法律图书馆分发。这些出版物的销售主要由秘书处在纽约的销售和推销科办理。以英文和法文出版的目录免费分发。包含新的13位国际标准书号的修订更新版目录已在2009年中期出版，可在法院网站(www.icj cij.org)“出版物”项下查阅。", "278.　法院的出版物分几个系列，其中每年出版的有3个系列：(1)《判决书、咨询意见和命令汇辑》(以单行本和合订本出版)；(2)《年鉴》；(3) 与法院有关的各种著作和文件的《文献目录》。", "279.　在本报告编写时，《2008年汇辑》的合订本已经印刷完毕。《2009年汇辑》合订本将在2011年下半年之初问世。《2007-2008年年鉴》已在本报告所述期间印刷，《2008-2009年年鉴》正在最后定稿。第55号《国际法院文献目录》也在本报告所述期间印刷完毕。第56、57和58号《国际法院文献目录》将在2011年下半年结束时问世。", "280.　法院还以双语编印向法院提起诉讼案件的文件(提起诉讼的请求书和特别协定)以及要求允许参加诉讼和请法院发表咨询意见的请求。在本报告所述期间，法院收到2份提起诉讼的请求书和1份允许参加诉讼的请求书，均正在印制。", "281.　每个案件结束后，提交给法院的书状和其他文件通常会由法院向公众公开。这些文件会在提起诉讼的文书之后，编成《书状、口头辩论和文件》系列案卷出版。这些案卷现在载有书状的全文，包括其附件，以及公开听讯的逐字记录，让从业人员能够全面了解各当事方所阐述的论点。", "282.　下列案卷已在本报告所述期间印好或即将付印：利吉丹岛和西巴丹岛的主权归属(印度尼西亚/马来西亚)(九卷)；关于航行和有关权利的争端(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)(五卷，将在2011年下半年分发)。", "283.　法院还在《关于法院组织的法令和文件》系列中，出版指导其运作和做法的文书。最新的第六版已全面更新，纳入了法院所通过的各项程序指引，已在2007年出版。2000年12月5日修正的《法院规则》选印本提供了英、法文两种版本。这些文件也可以在法院的网站(www.icj cij.org)“基本文件”项下查阅。法院还以其他几种联合国正式语文以及德文提供《法院规则》的非正式译本，可在法院网站查阅。", "284.　法院分发新闻稿和裁决摘要。", "285.　法院还出版便于人们更好地了解法院的历史、组织、管辖权、程序和案例的手册。该手册的第五版于2006年1月以法院的两种正式语文出版。第六版很快将以这两种语文出版，并将随后译为其他几种联合国正式语文和德文。", "286.　法院还以所有联合国正式语文以及荷兰文制作以问答形式介绍法院概况的小册子。修订版将于2011年下半年印发。", "287.　2006年还特别出版了一本图文并茂的《国际法院图解》。", "288.　2009年12月制作了向公众介绍法院的传单，概括地介绍法院的历史和组成及其任务，即诉讼和咨询管辖。", "289.　2010年，书记官处还制作了关于法院的15分钟纪录电影。该影片可在法院网站在线观看，也在和平宫定期用大银幕上为访客放映。这部电影还提供给联合国电视广播平台等联合国视听广播服务部门。", "290.　由于网站条理分明，书记官处得以在网上张贴多个多媒体文件，供平面和广播媒体使用，并在必要时提供法院公开听讯的现场直播。", "291.　在网站上可以查阅法院自1946年以来的全部判例以及法院前身常设国际法院的判例，还可以查阅所有案件书面和口述程序的主要文件(不包括附件)、法院的全部新闻稿、一些基本文件(《联合国宪章》、《法院规约》和《规则》及程序指引)、承认法院强制管辖权的声明和与强制管辖权有关的条约及其他协定清单、关于法院历史和程序的一般性资料、法官和书记官长的履历和照片、关于书记官处的组织和运作的资料以及出版物目录。", "292.　网站上还有活动和听讯日程表，以及给团体和个人申请出席听讯或参加关于法院活动的演讲会的在线表格。网站上还有一些网页刊登空缺通知和实习机会。", "293. 最后，“新闻室”网页使希望报道法院活动的记者可以在线查阅所有必要服务和信息(特别是在线认可程序)。照片库的数码照片可以免费下载用于非商业用途。网站还以若干种格式(Flash、MPEG2、MP3)提供听讯和宣读判决的音频和视频材料。", "第八章", "法院财务", "A． 经费筹措方法", "294.　根据《法院规约》第三十三条，“法院经费由联合国负担，其负担方法由大会定之。”由于法院的预算是编入联合国预算的，所以会员国依照大会确定的会费分摊比额表，以相同比例参与承付两者的开支。", "295.　根据一项既定规则，工作人员薪金税、出版物的销售(由秘书处销售科处理)、银行利息等所得款项记为联合国收入。", "B. 预算的编制", "296.　根据《关于书记官处的指示》第二十六至第三十条，初步预算草案由书记官长编制。该初步草案先交由法院预算和行政问题委员会审议，再提交法院核准。", "297.　一旦核准，预算草案便转交给秘书处，以纳入联合国预算草案。然后，在行政和预算问题咨询委员会审查后，提交给大会第五委员会。最后，由大会全体会议在就联合国预算作决定的框架中予以通过。", "C. 预算执行", "298.　书记官长负责在财务处协助下执行预算(见上文第82段)。书记官长要确保妥善使用核准的资金，而且必须确保不要承付预算中没有开列的费用。只有书记官长本人有权以法院的名义发生债务，但他可将此权授予他人。按照法院根据合理化问题小组委员会的建议通过的一项决定，书记官长现在须定期向法院的预算和行政委员会提交一份账目报表。", "299.　法院的账目每年由大会任命的审计委员会审计。在每个两年期结束时，向秘书处转交已结清的账目。", "D. 法院2010-2011两年期预算", "300.　关于2010-2011两年期预算，如上次报告所述，法院高兴地注意到，它提出的增设新员额和为翻新举行听讯的司法大会堂拨款的请求已大部分获准(另见本报告第一章)。", "2010-2011两年期预算", "(美元——重计费用后)", "方案", "法院成员", "0311025 各种支出津贴 877 200", "0311023 养恤金 3 886 600", "0393909 职务津贴：专案法官 1 165 100", "2042302 公务差旅 50 800", "0393902 薪酬 7 456 900", "小计 13 436 600", "书记官处", "0110000 常设员额 15 217 700", "0170000 两年期临时员额 1 829 200", "0200000 一般人事费 6 841 500", "1540000 (服务中止后的医疗及连带费用) 346 500", "0211014 出席会议津贴 7 200", "1210000 会议临时人员 1 622 700", "1310000 一般临时人员 295 000", "1410000 咨询人 89 400", "1510000 加班费 128 500", "2042302 公务差旅 47 500", "0454501 招待费 19 900", "小计 26 445 100", "方案支助", "3030000 外包翻译 362 700", "3050000 印刷 361 400", "3070000 数据处理事务 404 000", "4010000 房地租金/维修费 3 301 700", "4030000 家具设备租金 191 500", "4040000 电信费 237 800", "4060000 家具和设备维修费 87 000", "4090000 杂项事务 31 800", "5000000 用品和材料 293 500", "5030000 图书馆书籍和用品 215 700", "6000000 家具和设备 171 500", "6025041 采购办公自动化设备 554 700", "6025042 更换办公自动化设备 510 800", "小计 6 724 100", "共计 46 605 800", "301.　关于法院在本报告所述期间工作的更多综合资料在网站上按案件分列，另见《2010-2011年年鉴》，该年鉴将按时印发。", "国际法院院长", "小和田恒(签名)", "2011年8月1日，海牙", "附件 国际法院：2011年7月31日的组织结构和员额分配", "11-45057 (C) 090911 140911", "*1145057*", "[1] 法院于1997年9月25日对加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯项目(匈牙利/斯洛伐克)一案作了判决。但是，此案在技术上仍然属于待决案件，原因是斯洛伐克于1998年9月向法院书记官处提出了请法院作出附加判决的请求。匈牙利在法院院长设定的期限1998年12月7日之前提出一份书面陈述，说明它对斯洛伐克请求作出附加判决一事的立场。当事方后来已就1997年判决的执行恢复谈判，并定期向法院通报谈判进展情况。", "法院于2005年12月对刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉卢旺达)一案作了判决。此案在技术上仍然属于待决案件，原因是根据判决规定的权利，如果当事方无法商定赔偿问题，可再次请法院裁定。", "最后，法院于2010年11月30日对艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)一案作了判决。此案也仍留在法院总表上，原因是根据判决规定的权利，如果当事方无法商定刚果民主共和国应得到的赔偿数额，可再次请法院裁定(见本报告第110至114段）。", "[2] 伊朗-美国索赔法庭庭长兼国际法院专案法官克日什托夫·斯库比谢夫斯基教授阁下于2010年2月8日去世。", "[3] 1929年6月3日智利与秘鲁于利马签署的解决塔克纳和阿里卡争端的条约。" ]

[ "联 合 国", "国际法院的报告", "2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日,日内瓦", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第4号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第4号", "[联合国]2011年,纽约", "国际法院的报告", "2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日,日内瓦", "A/66/4号文件", "ISSN 0251-8473 (英语).", "说明", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。 凡是提到这种编号,就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年8月11日]", "目录", "段次 页次\n一. 概要 12 联合国\n法院\nA. 组合 8B. 特权 9和\n三、《公约》的管辖范围. 11\nA. 法院管辖权11\nB. 法院咨询意见中的11项管辖权\n程序 第13条\nA. 最高法院组成的委员会 13\n法院\nB. 登记. 13\nC. 结 论. 20\nD.Museum 20V (英语). 司法机构的21项工作\nA. 概况. 21\nB. 在报告所涉期间提出22起诉讼\n1. Gabčíkovo-Nagymaros 项目 22\n(匈牙利/斯洛伐克) 2. 艾哈迈德. 22 (几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)\n刚果) 3. 刚果境内的25起武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉刚果民主共和国)\n乌干达) 4. 《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》第26条的适用(克罗地亚诉荷兰)\n5. 区域争端(尼加拉瓜诉塞尔维亚)\n哥伦比亚) 6. 法国的31起刑事诉讼(刚果共和国诉哥伦比亚)\n7. 海事争端(秘鲁诉法国)\n8. 空中32起喷洒除草剂案(厄瓜多尔诉智利)\n9. 《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第33条的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯)\n10. 1995年9月13日《临时协议》第36条的适用(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉荷兰)\n页:1 11. 国家的管辖豁免 37 (德国诉德国)\n12. 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题41(比利时诉意大利)\n塞内加尔) 13. 管辖权44和民事及商事判决的执行(比利时诉荷兰)\n联合国 14. 南极洲第45条(澳大利亚诉澳大利亚)\n15. Frontier 45争端(布基纳法索)\n16. 尼加拉瓜在边境地区开展的活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼日尔) 47\n17. 请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)(柬埔寨诉泰国)的判决。\n(泰国)\n审查:国际劳工组织行政法庭第54号判决,第2867号\n意见) 六、结 论 访问法院和其他\n活动七。 出版物、60个文件和网站\n法院\nA. Method 62号法院,\nB. 起草项目62\nC. 预算. 62\n法院2002-2003两年期预算\n2010-2011两年期\n司法:组织结构和员额分配31 7月(半天会议)\n2011 (英语).", "第一编", "内容提要", "法院的组成", "1. 联合国 国际法院是联合国的主要司法机关,由大会和安全理事会选出的15名法官组成,任期9年。 每三年,三分之一的席位空缺. 下一次填补这些空缺的选举将于2011年最后一个季度举行。", "2. 联合国 但应当指出,在本报告所述期间,托马斯·比尔根塔尔法官自2010年9月6日起辞职。 大会和安全理事会于2010年9月9日选举琼·多诺霍(美利坚合众国)为国际法院法官,立即生效。 根据《法院规约》第十五条,多诺霍法官将任职至比尔根塔尔法官的剩余任期至2015年2月5日止。", "3个 截至2011年7月31日,法院的组成如下:院长:小和田恒(日本);副院长:彼得·通卡(斯洛伐克);法官:阿卜杜勒·科罗马(塞拉利昂)、奥恩·肖卡特·哈苏奈(约旦)、布鲁诺·西马(德国)、龙尼·亚伯拉罕(法国)、肯尼斯·基思(新西兰)、贝尔纳多·塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔(墨西哥)、穆罕默德·本努纳(摩洛哥)、列昂尼德·斯科特尼科夫(俄罗斯联邦)、安东尼奥·奥古斯托·坎萨多·特林达德(巴西)、阿卜杜勒卡维·艾哈迈德·优素福(索马里)、克里斯托弗·格林伍德(大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国)、薛捍勤(中国)和琼·多诺霍(美利坚合众国)。", " 4.四. 法院书记官长为比利时国民Philippe Couvreur。 法院副书记官长是法国和美利坚合众国国民Thérèse de Saint Pharle。", "5 (韩语). 在审查所涉期间,缔约国在案件中选定的专案法官为28名;相关职责由18名个人履行(同一人有时被任命为不止一个案件中的专案法官)。", "法院的作用", "6. 国家 国际法院是唯一具有普遍管辖权的普遍性国际法院。 这种管辖权具有双重性质。", "7. 联合国 第一,法院必须就各国在行使主权时自由提交给它的争端作出裁决。 在这方面,应当指出,截至2011年7月31日,法院《规约》有193个缔约国,其中66个国家已按照《规约》第三十六条第二项向秘书长交存了接受法院强制管辖权的声明。 此外,约300个双边或多边条约规定,法院在解决这些条约的适用或解释所引起的争端方面拥有管辖权。 在发生具体争端时,法院的管辖权也可以有关国家之间缔结的特别协定为依据。 最后,一国在向法院提交争端时,可依据《法院规则》第38条第5款,根据申请所针对的国家尚未表示同意或表示的同意,提议裁定法院的管辖权。 如果后者表示同意,法院的管辖权则在表示同意之日确定(这种情况称为法院同意)。", "8. 联合国 第二,大会或安全理事会也可就任何法律问题同法院协商,经大会授权的联合国其他机关和机构也可就其活动范围内出现的法律问题同法院协商。", "提交法院的案件", "9. 国家 在本报告所述期间,法院受理了两个新案件。 截至2011年7月31日,法院清单上的诉讼案件为14起。 [1] 截至该日,法院仍在等待咨询程序。 上述诉讼案件出自世界各地:4起发生在欧洲国家之间,4起发生在拉丁美洲国家之间,3起发生在非洲国家之间,1起发生在亚洲国家之间,而其余2起则具有洲际性质. 这种区域多样性再次表明法院的普遍性。", "10个 这些案件的主题极为不同:领土和海洋划界、环境问题、国家管辖豁免、侵犯领土完整、种族歧视、侵犯人权、国际公约和条约的解释和适用等。", "11个 提交法院的案件在事实和法律方面日趋复杂。 此外,它们还经常涉及若干阶段,例如由于:被申请人对管辖权或可受理性的初步反对;提出指示临时措施的请求,这些措施必须作为紧急事项处理;第三国申请干预。", "主要司法事件(按时间顺序排列)", "12个 在本报告所述期间,法院就5起诉讼案件举行了公开听讯。 它作出了四项判决和六项命令。 法院院长发出了三项命令(见第102-108段)。", "13个 法院于2010年11月16日发出命令,应刚果的请求,将法国国内某些刑事诉讼(刚果共和国诉法国)案从总清单中删除(见第145和146段)。", "14. 11月18日,哥斯达黎加根据 \" 尼加拉瓜军队侵入、占领和使用哥斯达黎加领土并违反尼加拉瓜根据若干国际公约和条约对哥斯达黎加承担的义务 \" (尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动案(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜))向法院提起诉讼。 同一天,哥斯达黎加还提出了指示临时措施的请求(见第231-244段)。", "15个 11月30日,法院就艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)案作出判决。 它认为,在1995-1996年期间逮捕、拘留和驱逐Diallo先生时,刚果民主共和国侵犯了他的基本权利,但没有侵犯他作为Africom Zaire和Africontainers-Zaire公司合伙人的直接权利(见第110-114段)。", "16号. 2011年3月8日,法院就哥斯达黎加就尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)一案提出的指示临时措施的请求发出命令(见第231至244段)。 法院在其命令中指明了下列临时措施:", "(1) . (中文(简体) ). 每一方不得向有争议领土,包括[运河]派遣或维持任何人员,无论是文职人员、警察人员还是安全人员;", "(2) .... 尽管有上述第(1)点,哥斯达黎加仍可派遣负责保护环境的文职人员前往有争议领土,包括caño,但必须避免对该领土所在湿地造成不可弥补的损害;哥斯达黎加应就这些行动同拉姆萨尔公约秘书处协商,事先通知尼加拉瓜,并尽最大努力同尼加拉瓜在这方面找到共同解决办法;", "(3) (3). 每一当事方应避免采取任何可能使法院审理的争端恶化或扩大争端或使其更难解决的行动;", "(4) . (中文(简体) ). 每一当事方应将遵守上述临时措施的情况通知法院。", "17岁。 4月1日,法院就俄罗斯联邦在《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)案中提出的初步反对意见作出判决。 法院认为,它无权裁决该争端。 法院在其判决中“(1)(a).排除了俄罗斯联邦提出的第一项初步反对意见;(b).与俄罗斯联邦提出的第二项初步反对意见相呼应;(2).没有管辖权受理格鲁吉亚于2008年8月12日提出的请求书”(见第160至172段)。", "18岁。 法院于2011年4月5日发出命令,继比利时就此提出请求后,将民事和商事管辖权和执行判决案(比利时诉瑞士)从总清单中删除(见第218-224段)。", " 19. 19. 4月28日,柬埔寨向法院书记官处提出申请,请求解释法院1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)的判决。 柬埔寨在请求解释时附上了指示临时措施的请求(见第245至258段)。", "20号. 5月4日,法院就哥斯达黎加在领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)案中提出的允许参加诉讼的申请的可受理性作出判决。 法院在其判决中“认为哥斯达黎加共和国根据《法院规约》第六十二条提出的诉讼请求不能获准”(见第126-144段)。", "21岁 5月4日,法院还就洪都拉斯在领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)案中提出的准许参加诉讼的申请的可受理性作出判决。 法院在判决中“认为洪都拉斯共和国根据《法院规约》第六十二条提出的以当事方或非当事方身份参与诉讼的请求不能予以批准”(见第126-144段)。", "22号. 法院于7月4日发布命令,准许希腊作为非当事方参与国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利)案(见第184-206段)。", "23. 联合国 7月18日,法院就柬埔寨就请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)的判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)提出的指示临时措施的请求作出裁决。 法院在命令中首先驳回了泰国关于将此案从清单中删除的请求。 然后,它指出了下列临时措施:", "(1) . (中文(简体) ). 双方应立即撤出本命令第62段所定义的临时非军事区内的军事人员,并不得在该非军事区内有任何军事存在和以该区为对象的任何武装活动;", "(2) .... 泰国不应阻碍柬埔寨自由进入柏威夏寺或向寺内的非军事人员提供新鲜用品;", "(3) (3). 双方应继续在东盟[东南亚国家联盟]内进行合作,特别是允许该组织所任命的观察员进入临时非军事区;", "(4) . (中文(简体) ). 双方应避免采取任何可能使法院审理的争端恶化或扩大争端范围或使其更难解决的行动。", "法院裁定,每一当事方应通知法院其遵守上述临时措施的情况,在法院就解释请求作出判决之前,法院将继续处理构成命令标的的事项(见第245至258段)。", "关于法院持续活动水平的看法", "24 (韩语). 正如2010/11司法年度繁忙,同时审议四个案件一样,2011/12司法年度将非常满,特别是因为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间将两个新的诉讼案件移交法院。", "25岁 由于法院近年来采取了许多步骤来提高效率,从而使其能够应付工作量的稳步增加,使法院得以持续开展活动。 法院不断重新审查其程序和工作方法,并定期更新其做法指示(2001年通过),供出庭国使用。 此外,它为自己规定了一个特别苛刻的听讯和评议时间表,以便同时审议若干案件并尽快处理日益增多的附带程序(要求指示临时措施、反诉、请求准许介入)。", "26. 联合国 法院已成功地清理了积压的案件,考虑诉诸联合国主要司法机关的国家现在可以相信,一旦诉讼的书面阶段结束,法院将能够及时进入口头程序。", "人力资源:设立员额", "27个 在2010-2011两年期预算中,法院针对荷兰反恐警戒水平的提高进行了安全审计后,寻求增设4个员额,以加强其现有的安保小组,目前只有2名一般事务职类工作人员。 因此,法院要求设立1个P-3级安保主管员额,并再增设3个一般事务职类的警卫员额。 2009年底,大会核准在联合国秘书处安全和安保部认为必要的4个新增员额中只设立1个:1个一般事务职类警卫员额。 虽然法院感谢大会批准设立该员额,但重申需要增设员额,以加强安全。 法院在提交的2012-2013两年期预算中再次要求设立一个P-3安保专家员额和一个一般事务职类(其他职等)安保信息助理员额。 这些员额的设立将特别使法院能够加强安全小组履行其传统职责,并应对信息系统安全方面的新的技术挑战。 法院希望大会在2011年下半年审查法院下一个两年期的预算草案时积极考虑这些请求。", "28岁 法院还在其2012-2013两年期预算中要求在法律事务部设立一个P-2协理法律干事员额。 这个员额之所以有必要,是因为提交法院的案件日益复杂(既包括事实问题,也包括法律问题),附带诉讼数量增加(法院法律事务部在处理这些诉讼时发挥了非常重大的作用),以及法院现在同时审议若干案件(意味着一些起草委员会同时开庭,其工作需要法律事务部的协助)。 设立这一员额将使该部现任成员能够更好地应付法院所审理案件的法律职责的增加,并使他们能够为法院的司法活动提供及时的协助。 新员额的任职者将主要集中于该部所负责的其他法律活动,例如起草外交信件和法院会议记录、选择出版文件、向书记官处其他部厅提供一般法律援助,特别是在外部合同和与工作人员雇用条件有关的问题方面。", "29. 国家 在提交的2012-2013两年期预算中,法院还寻求在出版物司设立一个一般事务职类(其他职等)助理员额。 该司目前由3个专业员额组成:司长(P-4)和2个校对员/复印员(P-3和P-2),每个正式语文各一个。 一段时间以来,为确保更好地分配工作量并更有效地处理日益增多的出版请求,需要一般事务职类的行政和编辑助理。 新设员额的任职者将向专业工作人员提供技术援助,特别是按既定格式编制电子文本供出版,对文本进行打字检查,以确保文本符合法院的风格和规则,并确保文本的任何额外改动纳入已准备好的最后印刷档案,并汇编该司的有关统计数据。", "和平宫司法大会堂的现代化", "30岁。 2009年底,法院请求并收到大会的一笔大笔批款,用于更换其历史审判室(和平宫司法大会堂)和附近房间(包括新闻室)的视听设备并进行现代化改造,这些设备将在2010-2011两年期使用。 这些地区将与拥有大楼的卡内基基金会合作进行翻修。 特别是,该批款用于在法官席上安装信息技术资源的费用,所有国际法庭近年来都采用了这些资源,但法院仍然缺乏这些资源。 经大会核准的所有设备将在2011年底前购置。", "促进法治", "31岁 法院利用向大会提交年度报告的机会,就法院目前在促进法治方面的作用发表评论,大会第65/32号决议再次邀请法院这样做。 2008年2月,法院完成了从法律事务厅编纂司收到的问卷,用于编制一份清单,该清单目前仍然有效。 在这方面,应当铭记,法院作为一个法院,而且作为联合国的主要司法机关,占有特殊地位。 法院再次回顾,它所做的一切都是为了促进法治:它根据《规约》作出判决并提供咨询意见,《规约》是《联合国宪章》的组成部分,因此有助于促进和澄清国际法。 它还通过其出版物、多媒体节目和网站,确保全球对其决定的最大了解,网站现在载有其全部判例及其前身国际法院的判例。", "32. 联合国 法院法官和书记官长以及新闻部和法律事务部成员定期介绍法院的运作、程序和判例。 此外,法院每年接待大量来访者。 最后,它提供了一个实习方案,使来自不同背景的学生能够熟悉该机构,并增进他们对国际法的了解。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 最后,国际法院欢迎各国重申对国际法院解决争端的能力的信心。 法院将像2010/11年度一样,对2011/12司法年度提交给它的现有和今后案件给予同样的认真和公正的关注。", "第二章 联合国", "法院的组织", "A. 组成", "34. 国家 法院截至2011年7月31日的组成如下: 小和田恒院长;彼得·通卡副院长;法官:阿卜杜勒·科罗马、奥恩·肖卡特·哈苏奈、布鲁诺·西马、龙尼·亚伯拉罕、肯尼斯·基思、贝尔纳多·塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔、穆罕默德·本努纳、列昂尼德·斯科特尼科夫、安东尼奥·奥古斯托·坎卡多·特林达德、阿卜杜勒卡维·艾哈迈德·优素福、克里斯托弗·格林伍德、薛汉勤和琼·多诺霍。", "35. 联合国 法院书记官长为菲利普·库弗勒。 副书记官长为Thérèse de Saint Pharle。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 法院根据其《规约》第二十九条,每年设立一个简易程序分庭,其组成如下:", "成员", "小和田主席", "通卡副总统", "科罗马法官、西马法官和塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官", "替代成员", "斯科特尼科夫法官和格林伍德法官。", "37. 联合国 在加布奇科沃·大毛罗斯项目(匈牙利/斯洛伐克)案中,通卡法官根据《法院规约》第二十四条回避,斯洛伐克选定克日什托夫·斯库比谢夫斯基为专案法官。", "38. 国家 在艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)案中,几内亚选定艾哈迈德·马希乌,刚果民主共和国选定奥古斯特·曼普亚·卡农克·齐亚博为专案法官。", "39. 联合国 在刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉乌干达)案中,刚果民主共和国选定Joe Verhoeven,乌干达选定James L.Kateka为专案法官。", " 40. 40. 在《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(克罗地亚诉塞尔维亚)案中,克罗地亚选定了Budislav Vukas,塞尔维亚选定Milenko Kreća为专案法官。", "41. 国家 在领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)案中,尼加拉瓜选定乔治·加亚,哥伦比亚选定伊夫·福蒂埃,在后者辞职后,让-皮埃尔·科特担任专案法官。", "42. 国家 在法国的若干刑事诉讼(刚果共和国诉法国)案中,刚果选定让·伊夫·德卡拉为专案法官。 由于亚伯拉罕法官根据《法院规约》第二十四条回避,法国选定吉尔贝·纪尧姆为专案法官。", "43. 东帝汶 在海洋争端(秘鲁诉智利)案中,秘鲁选定吉尔贝·纪尧姆,智利选定弗朗西斯科·奥雷戈·维库尼亚为专案法官。", "44. 国家 在空中喷洒除草剂(厄瓜多尔诉哥伦比亚)案中,厄瓜多尔选定劳尔·埃米利奥·维努埃萨,哥伦比亚选定让-皮埃尔·科特为专案法官。", "45. 国家 在《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)案中,格鲁吉亚选定乔治·加亚为专案法官。", "46. 经常预算: 在1995年9月13日《临时协议》的适用(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊)案中,前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国选定了布迪斯拉夫·武卡斯,希腊选定埃马纽埃尔·鲁库纳斯为专案法官。", "47. 国家 在国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利)案中,意大利选定乔治·加亚为专案法官。", " 48. 48. 在与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题(比利时诉塞内加尔)案中,比利时选定Philippe Kirsch,塞内加尔选定Serge Sur为专案法官。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在南极捕鲸案(澳大利亚诉日本)中,澳大利亚选定希拉里·查尔斯沃思为专案法官。", " 50. 50. 在边界争端(布基纳法索/尼日尔)案中,布基纳法索选定让-皮埃尔·科特,尼日尔选定艾哈迈德·马希乌为专案法官。", "51. 联合国 在尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)案中,哥斯达黎加选定约翰·杜加尔德,尼加拉瓜选定吉尔贝·纪尧姆为专案法官。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 在请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)(柬埔寨诉泰国)所作判决的案件中,柬埔寨选定吉尔贝·纪尧姆,泰国选定让-皮埃尔·科特为专案法官。", "B. 特权和豁免", "53. 联合国 《规约》第十九条规定:“法院法官执行法院职务时,应享有外交特权和豁免”。", "54. 联合国 在荷兰,根据1946年6月26日法院院长和外交部长的换文,法院法官一般享有派驻荷兰女王陛下的外交使团团长的特权、豁免、便利和特权(《国际法院法令和文件》第6号,第204至211页和214至217页)。", "55. 国家 大会1946年12月11日第90(I)号决议(同前,第210-215页)核准了1946年6月同荷兰政府缔结的协定,并建议:“如果法官为长期供法院支配的目的,在其本国以外的国家居住,则应在居住期间给予其外交特权和豁免”,“法官应获得一切便利,以便离开其所在国,进入法院开庭所在国并再次离开该国。 在因行使其职能而旅行时,他们应在可能途经的所有国家享有这些国家给予外交使节的一切特权、豁免和便利”。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 大会同一项决议建议联合国会员国当局承认并接受法院发给法官的联合国通行证。 自1950年以来,法院一直发放这种通行证。 其形式与秘书长发布的类似。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 此外,《规约》第三十二条第八款规定,法官和书记官长领取的“薪金、津贴和报酬”“应免税”。", "第三章 联合国", "法院的管辖权", "A类. 法院对诉讼案件的管辖权", "58. 联合国 截至2011年7月31日,193个联合国会员国加入了《法院规约》。", "59. 66 根据《规约》第三十六条第二款和第五款的设想,各国发表了一项声明(有些有保留),承认法院的管辖权是强制性的。 它们是:澳大利亚、奥地利、巴巴多斯、比利时、博茨瓦纳、保加利亚、柬埔寨、喀麦隆、加拿大、哥斯达黎加、科特迪瓦、塞浦路斯、刚果民主共和国、丹麦、吉布提、多米尼克、多米尼加共和国、埃及、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、冈比亚、格鲁吉亚、德国、希腊、几内亚、几内亚比绍、海地、洪都拉斯、匈牙利、印度、日本、肯尼亚、莱索托、利比里亚、列支敦士登、卢森堡、马达加斯加、马拉维、马耳他、毛里求斯、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼加拉瓜、尼日利亚、挪威、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、塞内加尔、斯洛伐克、索马里、西班牙、苏丹、苏里南、斯威士兰、瑞典、瑞士、多哥、乌干达、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和乌拉圭。 上述国家提出的声明案文可在法院网站(www.icj-cij.org) \" 管辖 \" 标题下查阅。", "60. 联合国 此外,规定法院管辖权的约300项多边和双边公约目前生效。 这些条约和公约的代表性清单也可在法院的 \" 管辖权 \" 标题下查阅。", "B. 法院对咨询程序的管辖权", "61. 国家 除联合国各机关(受权就“任何法律问题”请法院发表咨询意见的大会和安全理事会以及经济及社会理事会、托管理事会和大会临时委员会)外,下列组织目前也受权就其活动范围内出现的法律问题请法院发表咨询意见:", "国际劳工组织", "联合国粮食及农业组织", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织", "组织", "国际民用航空组织", "世界卫生组织", "世界银行", "国际金融公司", "国际开发协会", "国际货币基金组织", "国际电信联盟", "世界气象 组织", "国际海事组织", "世界知识分子协会 财产组织", "国际农业发展基金", "联合国工业发展组织", "国际原子能机构", "62. 联合国 法院网站(www.icj-cij.org) \" 管辖权 \" 标题下载有规定法院咨询管辖权的国际文书清单。", "第四章 联合国", "法院的运作", "A类. 法院组成的委员会", "63. 国家 在本报告所述期间,法院为便利执行行政任务而成立的各委员会定期在巴赛岛举行会议;截至2011年7月31日,其组成如下:", "(a) 预算和行政委员会:小和田院长(主席)、通卡副院长和基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、优素福法官和格林伍德法官;", "(b) 图书馆委员会:西马法官(主席)和亚伯拉罕法官、本努纳法官和坎卡多·特林达德法官。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 规则委员会由法院于1979年作为一个常设委员会组成,在本报告所述期间举行了多次会议,截至2011年7月31日由哈苏奈法官(主席)和亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官和格林伍德法官组成。", "B. 书记官处", "65. 国家 法院是联合国唯一拥有自己行政机构的主要机关(见《宪章》第九十八条)。 书记官处是法院常设国际秘书处。 其作用由《规约》和《法院规则》(特别是《规则》第22-29条)来界定。 由于法院既是司法机构又是国际机构,书记官处的作用是既提供司法支助又作为一个常设行政机构。 书记官处的组织由法院根据书记官长提出的建议来规定,其职责由书记官长起草并经法院批准的指示详细列出(见《规则》第二十八条第二款和第三款)。 1946年10月拟订了《书记官处指示》;这些指示在许多方面已经过时,目前正在修订之中。 书记官处组织结构图见本报告附件。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 书记官处官员由法院根据书记官长的提议任命,一般事务人员由书记官长经院长核准后任命。 短期工作人员由书记官长任用。 法院通过的《工作人员条例》规定了工作条件(见《规则》第28条)。 书记官处官员一般享有与驻海牙外交使团相当级别人员相同的特权和豁免。 他们享有与秘书处同等职类或职等官员同等的地位、薪酬和养恤金权利。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 过去20年来,尽管采用了新技术,书记官处的工作量已大大增加,原因是提交法院的案件数目大量增加,而且案件日益复杂。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 目前书记官处的员额总数为114个,即58个专业及专业以上职类员额(其中50个为常设员额,8个为两年期员额)和56个一般事务职类员额(其中53个为常设员额,3个为两年期员额)。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 2011年3月17日,书记官长颁布了《书记官处工作人员条例》的若干重要修正案,使2009年7月在秘书处生效的《联合国工作人员条例和细则》的各项规则和条例适用于书记官处工作人员。 此外,书记官长向法院提交了一份《书记官处工作人员条例》关于纪律措施的订正草案,以澄清这些措施并确保工作人员享有更大的法律保障。", "70. 联合国 继联合国采用新的内部司法系统后,书记官处工作人员的具体上诉制度不得不稍作调整。 1998年,法院承认联合国行政法庭的管辖权,在新系统中,该法庭被联合国上诉法庭所取代。 法院在2011年4月20日至6月10日期间通过法院院长与联合国秘书长的换文,暂时承认上诉法庭有权对书记官处工作人员在类似于法院先前承认行政法庭管辖权的情况下(调解程序失败)提出的申请作出裁决。", "1. 联合国 书记官长", "71. 联合国 书记官长是法院来往函件的经常渠道,尤其负责《规约》或《法院规则》所要求的所有函件、通知和文件传送。 书记官长除其他外:(a) 保存所有案件的总清单,按书记官处收到提起诉讼或请求提供咨询意见的文件的顺序输入和编号;(b) 书记官处亲自或由副书记官长代表,出席法院、分庭和各委员会的会议,提供所需的任何协助并负责编写这种会议的报告或会议记录;(c) 作出安排,提供或核查法院可能要求的法院正式语文(英文和法文)的笔译和口译;(d) 签署法院的所有判决、咨询意见和命令以及会议记录;(e) 负责书记官处的行政管理及其所有部门和司的工作,包括按照联合国的财务程序进行的账户和财务管理;(f) 与案件当事方保持关系,负责管理诉讼,出席法院的所有对外关系,特别是与联合国其他机关和其他国际组织及国家的对外关系,并负责法院活动和法院出版物的有关资料和法院的保管(g) 保存其他法庭档案和法庭档案的印章。", "72. 联合国 根据换文和大会第90(I)号决议(见上文第54和55段),书记官长享有与驻海牙外交使团团长相同的特权和豁免,在前往第三国时,享有给予外交使节的一切特权、豁免和便利。", "2. 副书记官长", "73 (中文(简体) ). 副书记官长协助书记官长,并在书记官长不在时担任书记官长。 自1998年以来,副书记官长被赋予更广泛的行政职责,包括直接监督档案、索引编制和分发司及信息和通信技术司。", "3个 书记官处实务司和单位", "法律事务部", "74. 国家 法律事务部由8个专业职类员额和1个一般事务职类员额组成,在书记官长的直接监督下,负责书记官处内的所有法律事务。 特别是,它的任务是协助法院行使其司法职能。 该部担任起草法院决定草案的起草委员会的秘书处。 它还担任规则委员会的秘书处。 它进行国际法研究,审查司法和程序先例,并视需要为法院和书记官长编写研究报告和说明。 它还编写待决案件中的所有信件,更一般地编写与适用《规约》或《法院规则》有关的外交信件,供书记官长签署。 它还负责监测与东道国签订的总部协定。 此外,还起草法院会议记录。 最后,该部可就与外部合同和书记官处工作人员的雇用条件有关的任何法律问题进行协商。", "75. 国家 鉴于法律事务部工作量增加,法院已要求在2012-2013两年期在该部设立一个协理法律干事(P-2)员额(见上文第28段)。", "语文事务部", "76. 联合国 语文事务部目前由17个专业职类员额和1个一般事务职类员额组成,负责法院两种正式语文之间的文件翻译,并向法官提供语文支助。 法院在其活动的各个阶段都以两种正式语文平等工作。 翻译的文件包括:缔约国的案件书状和其他来文;听讯逐字记录;法院判决书、咨询意见和命令草案及其各种工作文件;判决书、咨询意见和命令所附法官说明、意见和声明;法院及其附属机构、包括预算和行政委员会和其他委员会的会议记录;内部报告、说明、研究报告、备忘录和指示;庭长和法官向外部机构所作的发言;以及给秘书处的报告和来文等。 该部还为法院的非公开和公开会议以及必要时法院院长和法官与当事方代理人和其他正式来访者提供口译服务。", "77. 国家 在2000年该部设立12个员额后,聘用外部笔译员的情况最初大幅度减少。 然而,鉴于法院工作量的增加,对外部笔译员的需求又开始增加。 不过,大会部已尽力利用家用翻译(比请自由应聘笔译员到书记官处工作的费用低)和远距离翻译(由联合国系统内其他语文部门执行)。 在法院听讯和评议时,使用外部口译。 然而,为了减少费用,在法院时间表发生变化时实现更大的灵活性,并确保该部各项任务之间更有效的协同作用,该部已启动一个培训笔译员作为口译员的方案;一名英文至法文笔译员已有能力按必要的专业水平进行口译。", "新闻部", "78. 国家 新闻部由3名专业人员和1名一般事务人员组成,在法院对外关系中起重要作用。 其职责包括答复关于法院资料的要求,编写载有法院一般资料的所有文件(特别是法院提交大会的年度报告、《年鉴》和面向一般公众的手册),并鼓励和协助媒体报道法院的工作(例如编写新闻稿和开发新的传播产品,特别是视听产品)。 该部向各种感兴趣的受众(外交官、律师、学生等)介绍法院的情况,并负责使法院网站不断更新。 其职责还包括内部交流。", "79. 联合国 新闻部还负责组织法院的公开庭和所有其他正式活动,特别是大量来访,包括贵宾来访。 在这些场合,它充当礼宾办公室。", "行政和人事司", "80个 行政和人事司目前由2个专业职类员额和12个一般事务职类员额组成,负责与行政和工作人员管理有关的各种职责,包括规划和执行工作人员的征聘、任用、晋升、培训和离职。 在其工作人员管理职能中,书记官处确保遵守《书记官处工作人员条例》和法院确定适用的《联合国工作人员条例和细则》。 作为其征聘任务的一部分,该司编写空缺通知,审查申请,安排甄选候选人的面试,为成功的候选人拟订合同并处理新工作人员的录用。 该司还管理工作人员的应享权利和各种福利,负责有关行政通知的后续行动并与秘书处人力资源管理厅和联合国合办工作人员养恤基金联络。", "81个 行政和人事司还负责采购、库存管制,并与拥有和平宫大楼的卡内基基金会联络,处理与建筑物有关的事项。 它负有某些安保责任并监督一般助理司,该司由一名协调员负责,在送信、运输和接待服务方面向国际法院法官和书记官处工作人员提供一般协助。", "财务司", "82. 财务司由1个专业职类员额和2个一般事务职类员额组成,负责财务事项。 其职责特别包括编制预算草案,确保预算得到适当执行,保存财务会计账簿,提交财务报告,管理供应商付款和薪金,并为法院和书记官处工作人员开展与薪金有关的业务(例如各种津贴和费用偿还)。 财务司还负责支付法院退休法官的养恤金、财务和银行事务,并负责与东道国税务当局保持经常联系。", "出版物司", "83个 出版物司由3个专业职类员额组成,负责就法院下列正式出版物编写文本、校对和校正证据、研究估计数和选择印刷公司:(a) 判决书、咨询意见和命令的报告;(b) 书状、口头辩论和文件;(c) 关于法院组织的法令和文件;(d) 书目目录;(e) 年鉴。 它还负责法院或书记官长指示的其他各种出版物。 此外,该司还负责编制、缔结和执行与打印机的合同,包括控制所有发票。 鉴于出版物司工作量增加,法院已要求在2012-2013两年期在该司设立一个行政和编辑助理员额(一般事务(其他职等)),该司目前没有助理员额(见第29段)。 (关于法院出版物的详情,见第一章,A节。) (七.)", "法院文件司和图书馆", "第八十四会. 文件司由2个专业职类员额和4个一般事务职类员额组成,其主要任务是获取、保存、分类和提供国际法方面的主要著作以及大量期刊和其他相关文件。 该司就提交法院的案件编写文献目录,并视需要编写其他文献目录。 它还协助笔译员处理其参考资料需要。 该司与联合国系统电子信息采购集团合作,提供越来越多的数据库和在线资源,并全面收集与法院有关的电子文件。 该司已购置了管理其收集和业务的综合软件,并将很快推出供法院所有成员和书记官处工作人员使用的在线目录。 该司与卡内基基金会和平宫图书馆密切合作。", "85. 文件司还负责纽伦堡国际军事法庭的档案工作(包括纸上文件、录音、电影和某些其他物品)。 目前正在执行一个保存这些档案并将其数字化的项目。", "信息和通信技术司", "86. 信息和通信技术司由2个专业职类员额和4个一般事务职类员额组成,负责法院信息和通信技术的有效运作。 其任务是通过提供适当而有效的信息技术资源,支持法院法官的司法工作和书记官处的各种活动。 该司向用户提供个性化援助,并确保信息系统的安全。", "87个 信息和通信技术司特别负责法院服务器的管理和运作、设备的维护和盘存以及包括通信系统在内的局域网和广域网的管理。 该司实施各种机制来监测其信息系统的安全,并系统地跟上技术发展,使其能够跟踪正在形成的风险。 最后,它就信息技术的所有方面向用户提供咨询和培训,并促进它与书记官处各部门和司之间的交流。", "档案、索引和分发司", "88个 档案、索引和分发司由1个专业职类员额和5个一般事务职类员额组成,负责法院收到或发来的所有信件和文件的索引、分类和储存,并随后应要求检索任何此类物品。 该司的职责特别包括维持收发信件以及存档的所有正式文件和其他文件的最新索引。 它还负责检查、分发和归档所有内部文件,其中一些文件是严格保密的。 该司现在有一个内部和外部文件的计算机化记录管理系统。", "89. 国家 档案、索引和分发司还负责向联合国会员国以及许多机构和个人发送法院的正式出版物。", "文本处理和复制司", "90. (中文(简体) ). 文本处理和复制司由1个专业职类员额和9个一般事务职类员额组成。 它负责书记官处的所有打字工作,并视需要复制文件。", "91. 联合国 除公文外,该司还特别负责法院的判决、咨询意见和命令的打字和复制。 它还负责打字和复制下列文件:书状和附件的翻译;听讯的逐字记录及其翻译;法官说明和法官对判决书草案的修正的翻译;法官意见的翻译。 此外,它还负责检查文件和参考资料、审查和页面布局。", "书记官和总统特别助理", "92. (中文(简体) ). 法院院长由一名特别助理(P-3)协助工作,该助理在行政上隶属于法律事务部。 自大会核准2010-2011两年期增设6个协理法律干事(P-2)员额以来,法院其他法官现在都由1名书记官协助工作。 这14名协理法律干事也是书记官处的正式成员,行政上隶属于法律事务部。", "93. 国家 书记官为法院法官和专案法官进行研究,并按其职责开展工作。 一般而言,书记官的工作由一个协调和培训委员会监督,该委员会由法院成员和书记官处高级工作人员组成。", "法官秘书", "94. 国家 15名法官秘书在协调员领导下开展工作,履行多种职责。 一般而言,秘书负责法官和专案法官的笔记、修正和意见以及所有信件的打字。 他们协助法官管理工作日记,为会议编写相关文件,以及处理来访者和询问。", "高级医务干事", "95号. 自2009年5月1日以来,书记官处聘用了一名高级医务干事,合同期限为四分之一,由临时助理人员批款支付。 医务干事对新工作人员进行紧急和定期体检并进行初步体检。 在本报告所述期间,医务股进行了190次医疗咨询,包括为新工作人员进行16次初步体检和6次定期体检(警卫和司机)。 高级医务干事就保健和卫生事项、工作站人文工程和工作条件向书记官处行政部门提供意见。 总共对工作站进行了19次人工工程评估。 最后,医务干事组织信息、筛查、预防和接种运动。 2010年9月至11月期间,62人接受了流感疫苗接种。", " 4.四. 工作人员委员会", "96. (中文(简体) ). 书记官处工作人员委员会成立于1979年,受《书记官处工作人员条例》第9条管辖。 在本报告所述期间,委员会在书记官长的支持下,于4月18日在和平宫组织了一次有书记官处全体工作人员参加的活动,以纪念法院成立六十五周年。 它还于6月22日举办了第一个书记官处工作人员日,目的是在工作人员中促进团队精神。 委员会与管理层建立了建设性的伙伴关系,力求促进书记官处内的对话和倾听态度,并与设在海牙和日内瓦的其他国际组织的工作人员委员会进行了富有成果的交流。", "C. 席位", "97. 国家 法院所在地设在海牙;但是,这并不妨碍法院在认为适当时在其他地方开庭和行使职能(《规约》第二十二条第一款;《规则》第五十五条)。 法院迄今没有在海牙以外开庭。", "98 (英语). 法院使用海牙和平宫的房地。 1946年2月21日,联合国与负责管理和平宫的卡内基基金会达成协议,确定法院使用这些房地的条件,并作为交换,规定向卡内基基金会支付年度捐款。 这笔捐款是根据大会1951年和1958年核准的补充协定以及随后的修正案而增加的。 联合国2011年每年向卡内基基金会提供的捐款为1 236 334欧元。 联合国总部正同卡内基基金会进行谈判,以进一步修订协定,特别是关于法院保留区的范围和质量、人员和财产的安全以及卡内基基金会提供的服务水平。", "D. 博物馆", "99号. 1999年,秘书长为和平宫南楼的国际法院博物馆揭幕. 目前正在计划翻修博物馆并使之现代化,并便利公众查阅馆内展示的历史物品。", "第五章", "法院的司法工作", "A. 概况", "一百个 在本报告所述期间,有17起诉讼案件和1起咨询程序待决;截至2011年7月31日,仍有14起诉讼案件和1起咨询程序待决。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 在此期间,向法院提交了两个新的诉讼案件,按所示顺序排列:尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜);请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)的判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)。", "102. 国家 同一期间,法院就五个案件举行了公开听讯(按时间顺序排列):《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦),俄罗斯联邦提出的初步反对意见;领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚):法院就哥斯达黎加提出的准许参加诉讼的申请和洪都拉斯提出的准许参加诉讼的申请分别举行了连续听讯;尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜),哥斯达黎加提出的指示临时措施的请求;1995年9月13日《临时协议》的适用(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊);以及请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)的判决(柬埔寨诉泰国),柬埔寨提出的指示临时措施的请求。", "第103页。 在本报告所述期间,法院就四个案件作出了四项判决(按时间顺序排列): 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国);《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦),俄罗斯联邦对管辖权提出的初步反对意见;领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚),洪都拉斯要求准许进行干预的申请;领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)(哥斯达黎加要求准许进行干预的申请)。", "104 (韩语). 法院于2011年7月4日发布命令,准许希腊作为非当事方参加国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利)案。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 法院就柬埔寨在请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)的判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)案中提出的指示临时措施的请求发出命令。", "106. (中文(简体) ). 法院还下令确定两个案件提交书状的时限(按时间顺序排列): 边界争端(布基纳法索/尼日尔);尼加拉瓜在边界地区进行的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)。", "107 (韩语). 此外,它还下令将两个案件从总清单中删除(按时间顺序排列):法国的某些刑事诉讼(刚果共和国诉法国);民事和商事案件的管辖权和执行(比利时诉瑞士)。", "108. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,法院院长发出三项命令,延长提交书状的时限:民事和商事管辖权和执行判决案(比利时诉瑞士);国际农业发展基金(农发基金)就国际劳工组织行政法庭针对国际农业发展基金提出的第2867号判决所提问题的咨询程序;以及与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题案(比利时诉塞内加尔)。", "B. 本报告所述期间的未决诉讼", "1. 加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯项目(匈牙利/斯洛伐克)", "第109页. 1993年7月2日,匈牙利和斯洛伐克共同通知法院一项于1993年4月7日签署的特别协定,其中提出因执行和终止1977年9月16日关于建造和运营加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯大坝系统的《布达佩斯条约》方面的分歧而产生的某些问题(见1992/93及其后的年度报告)。 法院在1997年9月25日的判决中裁定,匈牙利和斯洛伐克都违反了其法律义务。 它呼吁两国本着诚意进行谈判,以确保1977年《布达佩斯条约》的目标得以实现。 它宣布该条约仍然有效,同时考虑到自1989年以来出现的实际情况。 1998年9月3日,斯洛伐克向法院书记官处提出请求,要求就此案作出进一步判决。 斯洛伐克认为,这种附加判决是必要的,因为匈牙利不愿意执行法院1997年9月25日对该案的判决。 匈牙利就斯洛伐克在法院院长规定的1998年12月7日时限内作出补充判决的请求提交了一份书面声明。 双方随后恢复谈判并定期向法院通报已取得的进展。 此案尚未结案。", "2. 联合国 艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥 Diallo(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)", "110. 国家 1998年12月28日,几内亚向书记官处提出申请,就据称“对几内亚国民”艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛所犯“严重违反国际法”的争端对刚果民主共和国提起诉讼(见1998/99及其后的年度报告)。 几内亚在法院延长的时限内提交了诉状。 2002年10月3日,刚果民主共和国在延长的提交辩诉状时限内,就申请的可受理性提出若干初步反对意见。 2007年5月24日,法院作出判决,宣布几内亚的申请可予受理,因为它涉及保护迪亚洛先生作为个人的权利以及他作为Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司合伙人的直接权利,但就据称侵犯Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司的权利而言,就保护迪亚洛先生而言,不可受理。 法院于2007年6月27日发出命令,确定2008年3月27日为刚果民主共和国提交辩诉状的时限。 辩诉状已在规定时限内提交。 法院于2008年5月5日发出命令,授权几内亚提交答辩状,刚果民主共和国提交复辩状。 分庭将2008年11月19日和2009年6月5日分别定为在规定时限内提交这些书状的时限。", "111. 2010年4月19日至29日举行了公开听讯。 在口头辩论结束时,双方向法院提交了最后意见。", "112号. 几内亚请求法院裁定并宣布:", "(a) 任意逮捕其国民艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛并驱逐他;当时不尊重他享受1963年《维也纳领事关系公约》规定的权利;使他受到侮辱和有辱人格的待遇;剥夺他在刚果民主共和国成立、他是唯一合伙人的公司的所有权、监督和管理权;阻止他以这种身份追讨刚果民主共和国本身和其他合同伙伴欠上述公司的大量债务;以及剥夺迪亚洛先生事实上的财产,刚果民主共和国犯下了对几内亚共和国负有责任的国际不法行为;", "(b) 因此,刚果民主共和国有义务就迪亚洛先生或几内亚共和国国民遭受的损害提供充分赔偿;", "(c) 此种赔偿应采取赔偿形式,赔偿刚果民主共和国国际不法行为所造成的损害,包括收入损失,并应包括利息。", "几内亚还请求法院:", "谨请授权它在诉讼的后一阶段对刚果民主共和国应就这一帐户的赔偿额提出评估,如果当事双方在作出判决后六个月内不能就赔偿额达成协议。", "113号. 刚果民主共和国, \" 鉴于[它]的论点和法院2007年5月24日关于初步反对意见的判决,其中法院宣布几内亚的申请不可受理,因为它涉及保护迪亚洛先生在据称侵犯Africom-Zaire和Africontainers-Zaire权利方面的权利,.敬请法院裁定并宣告:1. 在迪亚洛先生的个人权利方面,几内亚没有犯下任何国际不法行为;2. 在迪亚洛先生作为Africom-Zaire和Africontainers-Zaire协会的合伙人的直接权利方面,几内亚没有犯下任何国际不法行为;3. 因此,几内亚共和国的适用事实上是没有根据的,在法律上是没有根据的,而且不应给予赔偿 \" 。", "114 (韩语). 2010年11月30日,法院就案情实质作出判决,其执行条款如下:", "出于这些原因,", "法院,", "(1) 以8票对6票,", "裁定几内亚共和国关于1988-1989年逮捕和拘留迪亚洛先生的申诉不可受理;", "赞成:", "小和田院长;通卡副院长;亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、格林伍德法官;曼普亚专案法官;", "反对:", "哈苏奈法官、西马法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官;马希乌专案法官;", "(2) 一致,", "认定,关于1996年1月31日迪亚洛先生被从刚果领土驱逐的情况,刚果民主共和国违反了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第十三条和《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第十二条第四款。 权利;", "(3) 一致,", "裁定,关于迪亚洛先生于1995年被逮捕和拘留以被驱逐出境的情况,刚果民主共和国违反了《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》第九条第1和2款以及《非洲人权和人民权利宪章》第六条。 权利;", "(4) 以13票对1票,", "裁定刚果民主共和国没有在迪亚洛先生于1995年被拘押时立即告知他根据《维也纳领事关系公约》第36条第1款(b)项所享有的权利,因而违反了该分款下的义务;", "赞成:", "小和田院长;通卡副院长;哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官;马希乌专案法官;", "反对:", "曼普亚专案法官;", "(5) 以12票对2票,", "2. 驳回几内亚共和国就迪亚洛先生于1995-1996年被逮捕和拘留以被驱逐出境的情况提出的所有其他意见;", "赞成:", "小和田院长;通卡副院长;哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官;曼普亚专案法官;", "反对:", "坎卡多法官 Trindade;马希乌专案法官;", "(6) 以9票对5票,", "认定刚果民主共和国没有侵犯迪亚洛先生作为Africom-Zaire公司和Africontainers-Zaire公司合伙人的直接权利;", "赞成:", "小和田院长;通卡副院长;西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、格林伍德法官;曼普亚专案法官;", "反对:", "哈苏奈法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官;马希乌专案法官;", "(7) 一致,", "认定刚果民主共和国有义务就违反上文第(2)和(3)分段所述国际义务所造成的损害性后果向几内亚共和国作出适当赔偿;", "(8) 一致,", "决定,如果双方不能自本判决之日起六个月内就此事达成协议,应由法院解决应支付给几内亚共和国的赔偿问题,并为此保留该案的后继程序。", "哈苏奈法官、西马法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官和优素福法官在法院判决书后附上了联合声明;哈苏奈法官和优素福法官在法院判决书后附上了联合反对意见;基思法官和格林伍德法官在法院判决书后附上了联合声明;本努纳法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见;坎卡多·特林达德法官在法院判决书后附上了个别意见;马希乌专案法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见;曼普亚专案法官在法院判决书后附上了个别意见。", "3. 刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉乌干达)", "115. (中文(简体) ). 1999年6月23日,刚果民主共和国以“公然违反《联合国宪章》和《非洲统一组织宪章》的武装侵略行为”对乌干达提起诉讼(见1998/99及其后的年度报告)。 2005年4月11日至29日就案情实质举行了公开听讯。", "116 (英语). 法院在2005年12月19日的判决(见2005/06年度报告)中特别认定,当事方有义务对所造成的损害作出赔偿;法院裁定,如果当事方之间不能达成协议,赔偿问题将由法院解决。 为此,法院保留了本案随后的程序。 双方向法院转交了它们为解决赔偿问题所进行谈判的某些资料,如判决执行条款第(6)和(14)点以及判决理由第260、261和344段所提到。", "4. 《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的适用(克罗地亚诉塞尔维亚)", "117号 1999年7月2日,克罗地亚就1991至1995年期间据称违反1948年《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》的争端向法院起诉塞尔维亚(当时称为南斯拉夫联盟共和国)。", "118. 克罗地亚在诉请书中除其他外认为,“塞尔维亚直接控制其武装部队、情报人员和各种准军事分遣队在克宁地区、斯拉沃尼亚东部和西部和达尔马提亚等地的活动,应对对克罗地亚公民所犯下的“种族清洗”负责,“这种种族灭绝形式造成大批克罗地亚公民流离失所、被杀害、遭受酷刑或被非法拘留,并造成大量财产被破坏”。", "119. 因此,克罗地亚请求法院裁定并宣布,塞尔维亚已“违反了”《灭绝种族罪公约》对克罗地亚规定的法律义务,并“有义务......以克罗地亚本身的身份并作为克罗地亚公民的爱国者向......克罗地亚提供赔偿,赔偿对人和财产以及......克罗地亚经济和环境的损害,数额由法院确定”(见1998/99及其后的年度报告)。", "120号. 作为法院管辖权的依据,克罗地亚援引了《防止及惩治灭绝种族罪公约》第九条,它声称这两个国家都是该公约的缔约国。", "121. (中文(简体) ). 法院于1999年9月14日发出命令,规定2000年3月14日和2000年9月14日分别为克罗地亚提出诉状和塞尔维亚提出辩诉状的时限。 2000年3月10日和2000年6月27日的命令两次延长了这些时限。 克罗地亚在后一命令所延长的时限内提交了诉状。", "122. (中文(简体) ). 2002年9月11日,塞尔维亚在2000年6月27日命令所延长的提交辩诉状时限内,就管辖权和可受理性提出了某些初步反对意见。 根据《法院规则》第79条,关于案情实质的程序被中止。 克罗地亚在法院确定的时限内就塞尔维亚2003年4月25日提出的初步反对意见提出了书面陈述并提出意见和看法。", "123. 国家 2008年5月26日至30日举行了关于管辖权和可受理性的初步反对意见的公开听讯(见2007/08年度报告)。", "124. (中文(简体) ). 2008年11月18日,法院就初步反对意见作出判决(见2008/09及其后的年度报告)。 法院在判决中除其他外认定,法院根据《灭绝种族罪公约》第九条的规定,在就被告提出的第二项初步反对意见作出陈述的前提下,有权受理克罗地亚的申请。 法院还补充说,塞尔维亚提出的第二项初步反对意见在本案情况下并不完全属于初步性质。 法院随后驳回了塞尔维亚提出的第三项初步反对意见。", "125. (中文(简体) ). 法院院长于2009年1月20日发出命令,确定2010年3月22日为塞尔维亚提交辩诉状的时限。 载有反诉的诉状是在规定时限内提出的。 法院于2010年2月4日发出命令,指示克罗地亚提交答复,塞尔维亚就双方提出的诉求提出复辩。 委员会分别确定2010年12月20日和2011年11月4日为提交这些书状的时限。 克罗地亚已在规定时限内提交了答辩状。", "5 (韩语). 领土和海洋争端(尼加拉瓜诉哥伦比亚)", "126. (中文(简体) ). 2001年12月6日,尼加拉瓜提出诉请书,就两国“关于领土所有权和西加勒比海洋划界”的“一组有关的法律问题”争端对哥伦比亚提起诉讼。", "127 (韩语). 尼加拉瓜在请求书中请法院裁定并宣告:", "第一,尼加拉瓜对普罗维登西亚岛、圣安德烈斯岛和圣卡塔琳娜岛以及所有附属岛屿和礁石拥有主权,对龙卡多尔岛、塞拉纳岛、塞拉尼利亚岛和克塔苏埃尼奥岛拥有主权(只要它们能够占有);", "第二,根据上文要求的关于所有权的裁定,还请法院按照适用于划定单一海洋边界的一般国际法所承认的公平原则和有关情况,确定分别属于尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚的大陆架和专属经济区之间的单一海洋边界路线。", "128. (英语). 尼加拉瓜还表示,它“保留对哥伦比亚在没有合法所有权的情况下占有圣安德烈斯岛和普罗维登西亚岛以及直至82米长的礁石和海洋空间而导致的不公正致富要素要求赔偿的权利”。 它还“保留因尼加拉瓜国籍渔船或尼加拉瓜许可的船只受到干扰而要求赔偿的权利”(见2001/02及其后的年度报告)。", "129. 国家 尼加拉瓜援引尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚均为缔约国的《波哥大公约》第三十一条以及两国承认法院强制管辖权的声明,作为法院管辖权的依据。", "130. (中文(简体) ). 法院于2002年2月26日发出命令,规定2003年4月28日和2004年6月28日分别为尼加拉瓜提出诉状和哥伦比亚提出反诉状的时限。 尼加拉瓜的诉状已在规定时限内提交。", "131. 国家 洪都拉斯、牙买加、智利、秘鲁、厄瓜多尔、委内瑞拉和哥斯达黎加政府根据《法院规则》第53条第1款要求提供书状和所附文件的副本。 根据同一规定,法院在查明当事方的意见后,同意了这些请求。", "132. (中文(简体) ). 2003年7月21日,哥伦比亚在《法院规则》第79条第1款规定的时限内,对法院的管辖权提出初步反对意见。", "133. (中文(简体) ). 2007年6月4日至8日就初步反对意见举行了公开听讯。", "134. 2007年12月13日,法院作出判决,裁定尼加拉瓜的申请可以受理,因为它涉及对除圣安德烈斯岛、普罗维登西亚岛和圣卡塔琳娜岛以外的各方主张的海洋地貌的主权,以及双方的海洋划界(见2007/08年度报告)。", "135. (中文(简体) ). 法院院长于2008年2月11日发出命令,确定2008年11月11日为哥伦比亚提交辩诉状的时限。 辩诉状已在规定时限内提交。", "136. (中文(简体) ). 法院于2008年12月18日发出命令,指示尼加拉瓜提交答辩状,哥伦比亚提交复辩状,并确定2009年9月18日和2010年6月18日分别为提交这些书状的时限。", "137号. 2010年2月25日,哥斯达黎加提出申请,请求准许介入此案。 哥斯达黎加在请求书中除其他外说,“尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚在相互提出的边界要求中,对哥斯达黎加有权使用的海洋区域提出权利主张”。 它明确指出,它试图作为一个非缔约国介入程序。 哥斯达黎加的申请立即送交尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚,法院将2010年5月26日定为这些国家提交书面意见的时限。 书面意见已在规定时限内提交。", "138. 2010年6月10日,洪都拉斯也提出申请,请求允许介入此案。 它在请求书中声称,尼加拉瓜在同哥伦比亚的争端中,正在提出位于洪都拉斯享有权利和利益的加勒比海地区的海事主张。 洪都拉斯在请求书中声明,它主要寻求作为当事方参与诉讼程序。 洪都拉斯的申请立即送交尼加拉瓜和哥伦比亚。 法院院长确定2010年9月2日为这两个国家提出书面意见的时限。 书面意见已在规定时限内提交。", "139. (中文(简体) ). 2010年10月11日至15日就接受哥斯达黎加的干预请求举行了公开听讯。", "140. 国家 在听讯结束时,哥斯达黎加代理人和当事双方向法院提出下列意见:", "哥斯达黎加:", "我谨代表哥斯达黎加共和国重申我国政府在本次发言中请求法院采取的补救措施。 我们寻求适用《法院规则》第85条的规定,即:", "第1款:应向干预国提供书状和所附文件的副本并有权在法院确定的时限内提交书面陈述;", "第3款:干预国有权在口头审理过程中就干预的主题事项提出意见。", "关于尼加拉瓜:", "根据《法院规则》第60条,并考虑到哥斯达黎加共和国提出的诉讼请求和口头答辩,尼加拉瓜共和国谨指出,哥斯达黎加共和国提出的请求书没有分别符合《规约》和《法院规则》的要求,即第六十二条和第八十一条第二款第1项和(b)项。", "哥伦比亚:", "鉴于这些诉讼期间的考虑,我国政府想重申它在提交法院的书面意见中所说的话,即哥伦比亚认为,哥斯达黎加已经满足了《规约》第六十二条的要求,因此哥伦比亚不反对哥斯达黎加请求准许作为非当事国参与本案。", "141 (英语). 2011年5月5日,法院就接受哥斯达黎加提出的诉讼许可申请作出判决。 判决的执行部分内容如下:", "出于这些原因,", "法院,", "以9票对7票,", "裁定不能批准哥斯达黎加共和国根据《法院规约》第六十二条提出的允许参与诉讼的申请。", "赞成:", "小和田院长;通卡副院长;科罗马法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、薛法官;科特专案法官;", "反对:", "哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、多诺霍法官;加亚专案法官。", "哈苏奈法官和亚伯拉罕法官在法院判决后附上了反对意见;基思法官在法院判决后附上了声明;坎卡多·特林达德法官和优素福法官在法院判决后附上了联合反对意见;多诺霍法官在法院判决后附上了反对意见;加亚专案法官在法院判决后附上了声明。", "142. (中文(简体) ). 2010年10月18日至22日,就接受洪都拉斯的干预请求举行了公开听讯。", "143. (中文(简体) ). 在听讯结束时,洪都拉斯代理人和当事双方向法院提交了下列意见。", "洪都拉斯:", "考虑到申请书和口头答辩,", "谨请法院允许洪都拉斯:", "(1) 在加勒比海所关切地区(申请书第17段)作为当事方对其法律利益进行干预,该利益可能受法院裁决的影响;或", "(2) 作为非当事方干预这些利益。", "关于尼加拉瓜:", "根据《法院规则》第60条并鉴于洪都拉斯共和国提出的允许参加诉讼的申请及其口头诉状,尼加拉瓜共和国谨指出,洪都拉斯共和国提出的申请显然质疑你2007年10月8日判决已决案的权威。 此外,洪都拉斯没有遵守《规约》和《法院规则》的要求,即第六十二条和第八十一条第2款(a)和(b)项,因此,尼加拉瓜(1)反对给予这种许可,并(2)请求法院驳回洪都拉斯提出的准许参加诉讼的申请。", "哥伦比亚:", "鉴于这些诉讼期间的考虑,我国政府想重申其在提交法院的书面意见中所说的,即哥伦比亚认为,洪都拉斯已满足了《规约》第六十二条的要求,因此,哥伦比亚不反对洪都拉斯请求允许它作为非当事方介入本案。 关于洪都拉斯请求获准作为当事方参加诉讼的问题,哥伦比亚也重申,应由法院根据《规约》第六十二条作出决定。", "144. (中文(简体) ). 2011年5月5日,法院就接受洪都拉斯提出的诉讼许可申请作出判决。 判决的执行部分内容如下:", "出于这些原因,", "法院,", "以13票对2票,", "裁定不能批准洪都拉斯共和国根据《法院规约》第六十二条以当事方或非当事方身份提出的准许参与诉讼的申请。", "赞成:", "小和田院长;通卡副院长;科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、薛法官;科特专案法官;加亚专案法官;", "反对:", "法官亚伯拉罕,多诺霍。", "哈苏奈法官在法院判决书后附上了声明;亚伯拉罕法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见;基思法官在法院判决书后附上了声明;坎卡多·特林达德法官和优素福法官在法院判决书后附上了联合声明;多诺霍法官在法院判决书后附上了反对意见。", "6. 法国的若干刑事诉讼(刚果共和国诉法国)", "145 (英语). 2002年12月9日,刚果提出申请,对法国提起诉讼,要求取消法国司法当局针对刚果总统德尼·萨苏-恩格索、内政部长皮埃尔·奥巴和包括刚果武装部队监察长诺伯特·达比拉将军在内的其他个人提出的危害人类罪和酷刑指控采取的调查和起诉措施。 申请书还称,关于这些诉讼,Meaux高等法院(Tribunal de grande case)的一名调查法官签发了令状,要求刚果总统作为证人接受讯问(见2002/03及其后的年度报告)。", "146. 国家 刚果代理人在2010年11月5日给书记官处的信中提及《法院规则》第89条,通知法院,刚果政府“撤回其提起诉讼的申请”,并请求法院“发出命令,正式记录诉讼中止的情况并指示将案件从清单中删除”。 这封信的副本立即送交法国政府,同时通知法国政府,《法院规则》第89条第2款规定的时限已定为2010年11月12日,法国可在该时限内说明是否反对中止诉讼程序。 法国代理人在同日书记官处收到的2010年11月8日的信中通知法院,法国政府“不反对刚果共和国中止诉讼程序”。 2010年11月16日,法院正式宣布刚果中止诉讼程序,下令将此案从名单中删除。", "7. 联合国 海洋争端(秘鲁诉智利)", "147页. 2008年1月16日,秘鲁递交了诉请书,对智利提起诉讼,争端涉及 \" 两国太平洋海洋区的划界问题,从1929年6月3日条约所设陆地边界的终点康科迪亚.开始 \" ,以及承认秘鲁 \" 位于秘鲁海岸200海里以内、因而属于秘鲁、但智利认为是公海一部分的海洋区 \" (见2007/08及其后的年度报告)。", " 148. 148. 秘鲁 \" 请法院根据国际法确定两国海洋区之间的分界线.并裁定和宣布秘鲁在距其海岸200海里以内、但位于智利专属经济区或大陆架以外的海域拥有专属主权权利 \" 。", "149 (英语). 秘鲁援引1948年4月30日《波哥大公约》第三十一条作为法院管辖权的依据,两国无保留地加入了该公约。", "150 (英语). 法院于2008年3月31日发出命令,确定2009年3月20日和2010年3月9日分别为秘鲁提交诉状和智利提交辩诉状的时限。 这些书状已在规定的时限内提交。", "151 (英语). 多民族玻利维亚国、哥伦比亚和厄瓜多尔根据《法院规则》第53条第1款,要求提供该案书状和所附文件的副本。 根据这项规定,法院在查明当事方的意见后,同意了这些请求。", "152. (中文(简体) ). 法院于2010年4月27日发出命令,授权秘鲁提交答辩状,智利提交复辩状。 法庭确定2010年11月9日和2011年7月11日分别为提交这些书状的时限。 答辩状和复辩状已在规定时限内提交。", "8. 空中喷洒除草剂(厄瓜多尔诉哥伦比亚)", "153 (英语). 2008年3月31日,厄瓜多尔提交诉请书,就据称“哥伦比亚在其与厄瓜多尔接壤的边界附近、附近和另一侧地区空中喷洒有毒除草剂”的争端对哥伦比亚提起诉讼。", "154 (英语). 厄瓜多尔认为,“喷洒剂已经给边境厄瓜多尔一侧的人、农作物、动物和自然环境造成严重损害,并构成长期进一步损害的严重危险”。 它辩称,它已“为谈判结束熏蒸而再作和持续努力”,但“这些谈判证明是失败的”(见2007/08及其后的年度报告)。", "155 (英语). 厄瓜多尔因此请求法院:", "裁定并宣告:", "(a) 哥伦比亚造成或允许有毒除草剂存放在厄瓜多尔境内,对人类健康、财产和环境造成损害,从而违反了国际法规定的义务;", "(b) 哥伦比亚应赔偿厄瓜多尔因其国际非法行为,即使用除草剂,包括空中放行所造成的任何损失或损害,特别是:", "(一) 因使用这种除草剂而使任何人或数人的健康受死亡或伤害;和", "(二) 这些人的财产、生计或人权的任何损失或损害;和", "(三) 环境损害或自然资源损耗;", "(四) 监测费用,以查明和评估哥伦比亚使用除草剂对公共卫生、人权和环境的未来风险;", "(五) 任何其他损失或损害;和", "(c) 哥伦比亚应:", "(一) 尊重厄瓜多尔的主权和领土完整;", "(二) 立即采取一切必要步骤,防止在其领土上任何地方使用可沉入厄瓜多尔境内的任何有毒除草剂;", "(三) 禁止在厄瓜多尔境内或在同厄瓜多尔接壤的边界的任何部分或附近以空中散布方式使用这种除草剂。", "156 (英语). 厄瓜多尔援引两国均为缔约国的1948年4月30日《波哥大公约》第三十一条作为法院管辖权的依据。 厄瓜多尔还依据了1988年《联合国禁止非法贩运麻醉药品和精神药物公约》第32条。", "157. (中文(简体) ). 厄瓜多尔在请求书中重申反对 \" 出口和消费非法麻醉品 \" ,但强调向法院提出的问题 \" 仅涉及哥伦比亚铲除非法古柯和罂粟种植园的行动的方法和地点,以及这种行动在厄瓜多尔的有害影响 \" 。", "158 (英语). 法院于2008年5月30日发出命令,规定2009年4月29日和2010年3月29日分别为厄瓜多尔提交诉状和哥伦比亚提交辩诉状的时限。 这些书状已在规定的时限内提交。", "159 (英语). 法院于2010年6月25日发出命令,指示厄瓜多尔提交答辩状,哥伦比亚提交复辩状。 法庭分别确定2011年1月31日和2011年12月1日为提交这些书状的时限。 厄瓜多尔已在规定时限内提交了答复。", "9. 《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》的适用(格鲁吉亚诉俄罗斯联邦)", "160 (英语). 2008年8月12日,格鲁吉亚以“格鲁吉亚境内外违反[1965年《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约 的行为”为由,对俄罗斯联邦提起诉讼。 格鲁吉亚在请求书中“还力求确保《公约》规定的“格鲁吉亚境内所有人”的个人权利得到充分尊重和保护”。", "161 (英语). 格鲁吉亚声称,俄罗斯联邦“通过其国家机关、国家代理人、行使政府权力的其他个人和实体,并经由南奥塞梯和阿布哈兹分裂势力和根据俄罗斯联邦指示并在俄罗斯联邦指挥和控制下行事的其他代理人,对严重违反《公约》包括第2、3、4、5和6条所规定的基本义务的行为负责”。 据格鲁吉亚称,俄罗斯联邦在1990至2008年8月期间“在其干预南奥塞梯和阿布哈兹的三个不同阶段中违反了《公约》规定的义务”。", "162 (英语). 格鲁吉亚请求法院命令“俄罗斯联邦采取一切必要步骤来履行[《公约 规定的义务”。", "163 (英语). 作为法院管辖权的依据,格鲁吉亚依据了《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》第22条。 它还保留作为管辖权的补充依据援引格鲁吉亚和俄罗斯联邦所加入的《灭绝种族罪公约》第九条的权利。", "164. (中文(简体) ). 在格鲁吉亚申请的同时,还请求指示临时措施,以维护其根据《国际公约》所享有的权利,“保护其公民免遭俄罗斯武装部队与分离主义民兵和外国雇佣军协同采取的暴力歧视行为”(见2008/09及其后的年度报告)。", "165 (英语). 2008年10月8日至10日举行了公开听讯,听取双方对指示临时措施请求的口头意见。", "166 (英语). 2008年10月15日,法院发布命令,指明双方的临时措施(见2008/09及其后的年度报告)。", "167. (中文(简体) ). 庭长于2008年12月2日发出命令,确定2009年9月2日为格鲁吉亚提交诉状的时限,2010年7月2日为俄罗斯联邦提交辩诉状的时限。 格鲁吉亚的诉状已在规定时限内提交。", "168 (英语). 2009年12月1日,俄罗斯联邦在《法院规则》第七十九条第一款规定的时限内就管辖权提出了初步反对意见。 根据《法院规则》第79条第5款,关于案情实质的程序随后被中止。", "169 (英语). 法院于2009年12月11日发出命令,将2010年4月1日定为格鲁吉亚就俄罗斯联邦提出的管辖权初步反对意见提交书面陈述的时限。 格鲁吉亚在规定的时限内提交了书面陈述。", "170 (英语). 2010年9月13日至17日就初步反对意见举行了公开听讯。 听讯结束时,双方代理人向法院提出下列意见:", "俄罗斯联邦:", "由于书面初步反对意见和口头答辩中提出的理由,俄罗斯联邦请求法院裁定并宣布它对格鲁吉亚2008年8月12日诉请书提交给它的格鲁吉亚对俄罗斯联邦提出的索偿要求没有管辖权。", "格鲁吉亚:", "基于格鲁吉亚关于初步反对意见的书面声明和口头答辩中提出的理由,格鲁吉亚谨请求法院:", "1. 驳回俄罗斯联邦提出的初步反对意见;", "2. 认为法院有权审理格鲁吉亚提出的主张,这些主张可以受理。", "171 (英语). 2011年4月1日,法院就俄罗斯联邦提出的初步反对意见作出判决。 判决的执行部分内容如下:", "出于这些原因,", "法院,", "(1) (a) 以12票对4票,", "1. 驳回俄罗斯联邦提出的第一项初步反对意见;", "赞成:", "小和田院长;哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、多诺霍法官;加亚专案法官;", "反对:", "通卡副院长;科罗马法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、薛法官;", "(b) 以10票对6票,", "维持俄罗斯联邦提出的第二项初步反对意见;", "赞成:", "通卡副院长;科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官;", "反对:", "小和田院长;西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、多诺霍法官;加亚专案法官;", "(2) 以10票对6票,", "裁定法院无权受理格鲁吉亚于2008年8月12日提交的请求书。", "赞成:", "通卡副院长;科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、基思法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官;", "反对:", "小和田院长;西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、多诺霍法官;加亚专案法官。", "172 (英语). 法院在判决中回顾,法院于2008年10月15日发布命令,指明了某些临时措施,指出在就初步反对意见作出判决后,该命令不再有效。 然而,它补充说,当事方有义务遵守《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》规定的义务,上述命令提醒他们遵守这些义务。", "10. 1995年9月13日《临时协议》的适用(前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国诉希腊)", "173 (英语). 2008年11月17日,前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国对希腊提起诉讼,声称希腊 \" 公然违反了双方于1995年9月13日签署的《临时协议》第11条规定的义务 \" 。", "174 (英语). 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国在请求书中请法院“保护其根据《临时协议》所享有的权利,并确保允许法院作为一个独立国家根据国际法行使其权利,包括争取加入有关国际组织的权利”。", "175 (英语). 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国请求法院命令希腊 \" 立即采取一切必要步骤来履行第11条第1款规定的义务 \" 并 \" 停止和停止以任何方式直接或间接地反对申请者加入北大西洋公约组织和(或)[希腊]为成员的任何其他 \" 国际、多边和区域组织和机构 \" (见2008/09及其后的年度报告.)。", "176 (英语). 申请人援引1995年9月13日《临时协议》第21条第2款作为法院管辖权的依据,其中规定“双方在解释或执行本临时协议方面发生的任何分歧或争端,除第5条第1款所述的分歧外,可以由任何一方提交国际法院”。", "177 (英语). 法院于2009年1月20日发出命令,确定2009年7月20日为前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国提交诉状的时限,2010年1月20日为希腊提交辩诉状的时限。 这些书状已在规定的时限内提交。", "178 (英语). 2010年3月9日,前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国政府表示,它希望能够答复希腊的辩诉状,包括其中对管辖权和可受理性的反对意见,并为此规定从提交辩诉状起约四个半月的时限。 希腊政府不反对批准这一请求,但希腊政府必须能够提交复辩状,并为此规定相同的时限。", "179 (英语). 法院于2010年3月12日发出命令,授权前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国提出答辩状,希腊提出复辩状。 法庭确定2010年6月9日和2010年10月27日分别为提交这些书状的时限。 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国和希腊在规定的时限内提交了答辩状和复辩状。", "180 (英语). 2011年3月21日至30日举行了公开听讯。 在这些听讯结束时,根据提出的证据以及书面和口头诉状中提出的法律论据,双方提出了最后意见。", "181 (英语). 1. 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国请法院:", "(一) 驳回被告对法院管辖权和申请人申诉可受理性的异议;", "(二) 裁定并宣告被告通过其国家机关和代理人违反《临时协议》第11条第1款规定的义务;", "(三) 命令答辩人立即采取一切必要步骤,遵守《临时协议》第11条第1款规定的义务,停止和停止以任何方式直接或间接地反对申请者加入北大西洋公约组织和(或)答辩人所加入的任何其他 \" 国际、多边和区域组织及机构 \" ,如果申请者是根据联合国安全理事会第817(1993)号决议第2段的规定在这种组织或机构被指名的。", "182 (英语). 希腊请法院裁定并宣布:", "(一) 申请人向法院提交的案件不属于法院管辖权范围,申请人的申诉不可受理;", "(二) 如果法院认为法院具有管辖权,而且申诉可以受理,申诉人的申诉是没有根据的。", "183 (英语). 法院已开始审议,将在以后阶段宣布的日期举行公开庭作出判决。", "11个 国家的管辖豁免(德国诉意大利;希腊参加)", "184 (英语). 2008年12月23日,德国对意大利提起诉讼,指称“意大利通过其司法实践......已违反并继续违反国际法对德国所负义务”。", "185 (英语). 德国在请求书中称,“近年来,意大利司法机构一再无视德国作为一个主权国家的管辖豁免。 2004年3月11日Corte di Cassazione对Ferrini案的判决达到了这一发展的关键阶段,[该法院]宣布,意大利对二战期间被驱逐到德国从事军火工业强迫劳动的人提出的一项主张拥有管辖权。 在作出这项判决后,由于武装冲突而受伤害的人在意大利法院对德国提起了许多其他诉讼”。", "186 (英语). 申诉人说,已经针对德国在意大利的资产采取了执法措施:在土地登记册中记录了对德国-意大利文化交流中心Villa Vigoni的“司法抵押”。 除了意大利国民对其提出的索赔外,德国还援引“希腊国民企图在意大利执行一项在希腊获得的判决,原因是德国军事部队在1944年撤退期间犯下了大屠杀”。", "187 (英语). 德国最后请求法院裁定并宣告意大利:", "(1) 允许对德意志联邦共和国提出基于德意志帝国在1943年9月至1945年5月第二次世界大战期间违反国际人道主义法行为的民事索赔,违反了国际法规定的义务,因为它没有尊重德意志联邦共和国根据国际法享有的管辖豁免;", "(2) 对用于政府非商业目的的德国国有财产 \" Viilla Vigoni \" 采取强制措施,也侵犯了德国的管辖豁免;", "(3) 宣布希腊根据类似于上述第1号请求中定义的事件作出的判决在意大利可以执行,进一步侵犯了德国的管辖豁免。", "因此,德意志联邦共和国请求法院裁定并宣告:", "(4) 意大利共和国负有国际责任;", "(5) 意大利共和国必须自行选择采取任何步骤,确保其法院和其他司法当局侵犯德国主权豁免的所有决定都无法执行;", "(6) 意大利共和国必须采取所有步骤,确保意大利法院今后不受理基于上述第1号请求所述事件而对德国提起的诉讼。", "188 (英语). 作为法院管辖权的依据,德国在请求书中援引了意大利于1960年1月29日和德国于1961年4月18日批准的1957年4月29日《欧洲和平解决争端公约》第1条(见2008/09及其后的年度报告)。", "189 (英语). 法院于2009年4月29日发出命令,确定2009年6月23日为德国提交诉状的时限,2009年12月23日为意大利提交辩诉状的时限。 这些书状已在规定的时限内提交。", "190 (英语). 在意大利提出的辩诉状第七章中,被告提到《法院规则》第80条,提出反诉,“关于德意志帝国部队严重违反国际人道主义法行为对意大利受害者的赔偿问题”(见2009/10年度报告)。", "191 (英语). 在收到每一当事方的全面而详细的书面意见后,法院裁定,法院已充分了解它们的立场,即法院是否可以受理意大利在辩诉状中作为反诉提出的主张。 因此,法院认为没有必要就此问题进一步听取当事方的意见,并于2010年7月6日就意大利反诉的可受理性下达了命令。 法院根据这项命令,以13票对1票,裁定“意大利提出的反诉......因此不可受理,不构成目前程序的一部分”(见2009/10年度报告)。 法院随后一致授权德国就德国提出的索偿要求提交答辩状和意大利的复辩状,并确定2010年10月14日和2011年1月14日分别为提交这些书状的时限。 德国和意大利在规定的时限内提交了答辩状和复辩状。", "192 (英语). 2011年1月12日,希腊向书记官处提出申请,请求准许参与国家管辖豁免(德国诉意大利)案。", "193 (英语). 希腊在诉请书中首先阐述了它认为可能受该案裁决影响的法律利益:“希腊法律性质的利益——即使只是间接的利益——可能受法院裁决影响,是希腊在一般国际法下享有的主权权利和管辖权”,“希腊的目的是向法院提出和表明其合法权利和利益,并适当表明其对德国的主张可能或可能不影响希腊法律权利和利益的看法”。 希腊还说,它的法律利益“来自德国默认(如果不承认的话)它对希腊在1941年4月6日德国入侵希腊和1945年5月8日德国无条件投降期间所犯下的一切作为或不作为所负的国际责任”。", "194 (英语). 希腊在请求书中列出了干预的确切目的。 它说,它的请求有两个目的:", "第一,通过一切可用的法律手段保护并维护希腊的合法权利。 其中包括二战期间德国因特定行为和一般惯例所引发的争端,以及一般国际法所规定的争端,特别是在管辖权和国家责任制度方面;", "第二,根据德国向法院提出的诉讼要求,通知法院希腊的法律权利和利益的性质可能受到法院裁决的影响。", "195 (英语). 希腊回顾,德国在2008年12月23日提交的请求书中,除其他外,请法院裁定并宣布: \" (3) [意大利]根据与第1号请求中界定的.在意大利可执行的类似事件宣布希腊判决,进一步侵犯了德国的管辖豁免 \" 。 希腊还说,“它的意图是仅仅干预与本国(国内)所作判决有关的程序的各个方面......”。 关于二战期间发生的事件的法庭和法院,由意大利法院执行(执行)。", "196 (英语). 终于, 希腊规定了声称在它与案件当事方之间存在管辖权的依据。 它说,它并不寻求“成为本案的当事方”,它提出的介入请求“完全是以《法院规约》第六十二条为依据的”。", "197 (英语). 根据《法院规则》第83条第1款,书记官长向德国和意大利政府转递了希腊要求准许参加诉讼的申请的核证副本,并通知它们,法院已把2011年4月1日定为两国就申请提交书面意见的时限。 这些书面意见是在规定时限内提交的。", "198 (英语). 德国在就希腊的申请提出的书面意见中,提请法院注意某些考虑,这些考虑将表明该申请不符合《法院规约》第六十二条第一款规定的标准,同时明确指出,德国 \" 正式反对 \" 允许该申请。 意大利则表示不反对批准申请。", "199 (英语). 根据《法院规则》第84条第2款,并考虑到双方都没有提出异议,法院裁定没有必要就是否应当准许希腊申请干预的问题举行听讯。 尽管如此,法院还是决定应让希腊有机会就双方的意见发表评论,并允许双方就这些评论提出补充书面意见,因此确定2011年5月6日为希腊就双方提出书面意见的时限,而2011年6月6日为双方就希腊书面意见提出补充意见的时限。 所有意见均在规定时限内提交。", "200块 为了确定其法律性质的利益,希腊在其书面意见中说,法院在要求它在德国和意大利之间的案件中作出的裁决中,将裁定 \" 希腊法院作出的判决是否可以在意大利领土上执行(考虑到德国的管辖豁免) \" 的问题。 在这方面,希腊提到希腊司法机构利瓦迪亚初审法院对Distomo案的判决。 它指出,“一个希腊司法机构和希腊国民是意大利执行程序的核心”。 希腊认为,法院关于意大利和希腊判决可否在意大利执行的决定直接和主要是希腊感兴趣的,可能影响其法律利益。", "201 (英语). 希腊在其书面意见中表示希望告知法院 \" 希腊对国家豁免问题的态度以及近年来这方面的事态发展 \" 。 希腊明确表示,它提出这一要素并不是表示存在法律性质的利益,而是为申请干预提供背景。", "202 (英语). 德国在其补充书面意见中指出,希腊不再声称它对法院必须处理的法律问题普遍感兴趣;它也没有提出它希望将第二次世界大战的发生提交法院。 因此,德国将其对希腊申请的补充意见限于审议一国是否可以被视为其法院所作判决在外国的可执行性具有法律利益的问题。 德国阐述了其立场,即执行国家边界以外的判决“完全由拟采取所计划的强制措施的国家的公共当局负责”,因此不影响法院作出相关司法裁决的国家的法律利益。 德国还强调指出,Distomo案的裁决在希腊实际上已被Margellos案的判决所推翻,后者维持德国在类似情况下的管辖豁免。 德国让法院酌情评估希腊申请的可受理性。", "203 (英语). 意大利在其补充书面意见中确认,它不反对希腊的申请。", "204 (英语). 法院于2011年7月4日发出命令,准许希腊作为非当事方参与此案。 法院在其命令中说,在它将在主要诉讼中作出的判决中,它 \" 可能认为有必要根据国家豁免原则,审议希腊法院在Distomo案中的裁决,以便就德国呈件中的第三项请求作出裁定 \" 。 法院的结论是,这足以表明希腊具有法律性质的利益,可能受到主要诉讼判决的影响。 它指出,\"根据希腊在其书面意见中要求的干预的范围,以及法院所达成的结论. 可以允许希腊作为非当事方介入,只要这种介入仅限于上文.提到的希腊法院的裁决。”", "205 (英语). 作为非当事方进行交涉,使希腊能够查阅当事方的书状并 \" 告知法院在主要诉讼中[其]法律权益的性质.这些权益可能受法院根据德国提出的诉讼要求作出的决定所影响 \" 。 为此,法院在同一命令中将2011年8月5日定为希腊提交书面陈述的时限,将2011年9月5日定为德国和意大利提交书面陈述的时限。 随后的程序留待进一步决定。", "206 (英语). 《法院规则》第85条除其他外规定,“干预国有权在口头诉讼过程中就干预的主题事项提出意见”。 其非党派地位被剥夺 希腊在当事方之间的主要程序中主张自己权利的可能性(德国和意大利)。 法院将就案情实质作出的判决对希腊没有约束力,但该判决将具有约束力,对当事方不得上诉。", "12. 与起诉或引渡义务有关的问题(比利时诉塞内加尔)", "2017 (英语). 2009年2月19日,比利时对塞内加尔提起诉讼,理由是 \" 比利时王国同塞内加尔共和国之间存在关于塞内加尔履行其起诉义务的争端 \" ,乍得前总统侯赛因·哈布雷 \" 或为了刑事诉讼的目的将他引渡到比利时 \" 。 比利时还请求指示临时措施,以便在法院对案情作出判决之前保护比利时的权利。", "2018 (英语). 比利时在请求书中认为,自1990年以来,Habré先生一直流亡在塞内加尔,但塞内加尔一再要求乍得前总统在塞内加尔受到起诉,但没有将他引渡到比利时,但塞内加尔没有采取行动,因为这种行为被定性为包括酷刑和危害人类罪(见2008/09及其后的年度报告)。", "209 (英语). 为了确定法院的管辖权,比利时在请求书中首先援引了当事双方根据《法院规约》第三十六条第二项于1958年6月17日(比利时)和1985年12月2日(塞内加尔)作出的承认法院强制管辖权的单方面声明。", "210 (英语). 此外,申诉人指出,“自1986年8月21日(塞内加尔)和1999年6月25日(比利时)起,两个国家一直是1984年12月10日《联合国禁止酷刑公约》的缔约国”。 《公约》第30条规定,两个缔约国之间关于《公约》的解释或适用的任何争端,如未能通过谈判或仲裁解决,可由其中一国提交国际法院。 比利时辩称,两国之间的谈判“自2005年以来一直没有成功”,并于2006年6月20日得出结论,认为谈判失败了。 此外,比利时指出,它建议于2006年6月20日向塞内加尔提交仲裁,并指出塞内加尔“未能对该项请求作出答复......而比利时在普通照会中一直确认,关于这一主题的争端仍然存在”。", "211 (英语). 比利时在请求书结束时请法院裁定并宣告:", "- 法院有权审理比利时王国同塞内加尔共和国之间关于塞内加尔遵守起诉哈布雷先生或将其引渡到比利时进行刑事诉讼的义务的争端;", "- 比利时的申诉可以受理;", "- 塞内加尔共和国有义务就H. Habré先生被指控为行为人、共同行为人或共犯的行为,包括酷刑和危害人类罪,对其提起刑事诉讼;", "- 不起诉H. Habré先生,塞内加尔共和国有义务将他引渡到比利时王国,以便他能够在比利时法院对这些罪行负责。", "212 (英语). 比利时的申请附有指示临时措施的请求。 它解释说,虽然“H. Habré先生[目前]在达喀尔被软禁......,但从塞内加尔总统A. Wade给法国国际广播电台的一次访谈中得知,如果塞内加尔未能找到它认为审判H. Habré先生所需的预算,则可以解除对他的软禁”。 申诉人说,“在这种情况下,H. Habré先生很容易离开塞内加尔并避免受到任何起诉”,这“会无可挽回地损害国际法赋予比利时的权利......并违反塞内加尔必须履行的义务”。", "213 (英语). 2009年4月6日至8日举行了公开听讯,听取双方对比利时提出的指示临时措施请求的口头意见。", "214 (英语). 在听讯结束时,比利时请法院指明下列临时措施:“请塞内加尔共和国在其权力范围内采取一切步骤,将侯赛因·哈布雷先生置于塞内加尔当局的控制和监视之下,以便比利时要求遵守的国际法规则得到正确适用”。 塞内加尔要求法院“拒绝比利时要求的临时措施”。", "215 (英语). 2009年5月28日,法院就比利时提出的指示临时措施的请求作出裁决。 2009年5月28日命令的执行条款如下:", "出于这些原因,", "法院,", "以13票对1票,", "认定法院目前面对的情况并不要求法院行使《规约》第四十一条规定的权力,指示临时措施。", "赞成:", "小和田院长;史久镛法官、科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官;苏尔专案法官、基尔希专案法官;", "反对:", "坎卡多·特林达德法官.", "科罗马法官和优素福法官在法院命令后附上了联合声明;哈苏奈法官和斯科特尼科夫法官在命令后附上了联合单独意见;坎卡多·特林达德法官在命令后附上了反对意见;苏尔专案法官在命令后附上了单独意见。", "216 (英语). 法院于2009年7月9日发出命令,确定2010年7月9日为比利时提交诉状的时限,2011年7月11日为塞内加尔提交辩诉状的时限。 比利时的诉状已在规定时限内提交。", "217 (英语). 2011年7月11日,法院院长发出命令,将塞内加尔提交辩诉状的时限从2011年7月11日延长至8月29日。 他在命令中解释说,2011年7月10日的一封信于2011年7月11日在书记官处收到,其副本立即送交塞内加尔代理人比利时政府,其中提及西非国家经济共同体法院2010年11月18日的一项决定,以及非洲联盟大会通过一项决定之前和之后的事态发展,请法院将比利时政府提交辩诉状的时限延长至2011年8月29日。 在同一命令中,主席解释说,比利时代理人在2011年7月11日的一封信中表示比利时政府对延长时限请求的意见,该信载有比利时政府的意见。 除其他外,比利时代理人指出,西非国家经济共同体法院的裁决没有大幅度改变比利时与塞内加尔之间争端的实质,非洲联盟大会2011年7月1日的裁决只是重申了2011年1月同一大会通过的决定。 此外,比利时代理人声称,塞内加尔要求的又一时限(假定该时限至关重要)太长了。 然而,他补充说,塞内加尔政府将把关于塞内加尔请求的决定留给法院明智处理。", "13. 民事和商事管辖权和判决的执行(比利时诉瑞士)", "218 (英语). 2009年12月21日,比利时就“1988年9月16日关于民事和商事管辖权和执行判决的《卢加诺公约》的解释和适用......以及关于行使国家权力,特别是在司法领域行使国家权力的一般国际法规则的适用”的争端对瑞士提起了诉讼,瑞士法院决定不承认比利时法院的裁决,不中止后来在瑞士就同一争端所启动的程序。”", "219 (英语). 比利时在诉请书中说,就“比利时前航空公司萨贝纳的主要股东现已破产”之间的民事和商业纠纷,有关争端“产生于比利时和瑞士的平行司法程序”。 所涉瑞士股东是SAirGroup(原为Swissair)及其子公司SAirLines;比利时股东是比利时国家和三家公司,持有这些股份。", "220 (英语). 为了确定法院的管辖权,比利时只援引了双方根据《法院规约》第三十六条第二项于1958年6月17日(比利时)和1948年7月28日(瑞士)作出的承认法院强制管辖权的单方面声明(见2009/10年度报告)。", "221 (英语). 法院于2010年2月4日发出命令,确定2010年8月23日为比利时提交诉状的时限,2011年4月25日为瑞士提交辩诉状的时限。", "222 (英语). 法院院长于2010年8月10日发出命令,应比利时政府的请求,并在确定瑞士政府的意见后,将比利时提交诉状和瑞士提交辩诉状的时限分别延长至2010年11月23日和2011年10月24日。 比利时的诉状已在规定时限内提交。", "223 (英语). 2011年2月18日,瑞士对法院的管辖权和本案申请的可受理性提出了初步反对意见。", "224 (英语). 比利时代表在2011年3月21日的一封信中提及《法院规则》第89条,通知法院,比利时政府 \" 与欧洲联盟委员会合作,认为可以终止[比利时]对瑞士提起的诉讼 \" ,并请求法院 \" 发出命令,记录比利时中止诉讼的情况并指示将案件从法院总清单中除名 \" 。 代理人在信中特别解释说,比利时已注意到,在其初步反对意见第85段中, \" 瑞士指出.联邦最高法院在2008年9月30日的判决中提及比利时未来判决的`不可承认性 ' ,并不具有既判效力,对州下级法院或联邦最高法院本身都没有约束力,因此,没有任何规定阻止比利时的判决一经作出,即根据适用的条约规定在瑞士得到承认 \" 。 比利时代理人的信副本立即送交瑞士代理人。 瑞士代理人获悉,《法院规则》第89条第2款规定的时限已定为2011年3月28日星期一,瑞士可在该时限内说明是否反对中止诉讼程序。 由于瑞士不反对在规定的时限内终止诉讼,法院正式宣布比利时终止诉讼,于2011年4月5日下令将该案从名单中删除。", "14个 南极捕鲸(澳大利亚诉日本)", "225 (英语). 2010年5月31日,澳大利亚对日本提起诉讼,指控 \" 日本继续在其根据南极特别许可的日本鲸鱼研究方案第二阶段( \" 日本鲸鱼研究方案第二阶段 \" )下推行大规模捕鲸方案,这违反了日本根据《国际捕鲸管理公约》( \" 国际捕鲸公约 \" )承担的义务,以及保护海洋哺乳动物和海洋环境的其他国际义务 \" (见2009/10年度报告)。", "226 (英语). 在申请结束时,澳大利亚请法院裁定并宣布“日本违反了其在南大洋执行JARPA II方案的国际义务”,并命令日本:“(a) 停止执行JARPA II;(b) 撤销任何授权、许可或许可证,允许开展本申请所涉活动;(c) 提供保证和保证,保证在JARPA II或任何其他类似方案符合其国际法义务之前,不采取任何进一步行动”。", "227 (英语). 作为法院管辖权的依据,申请人援引了《法院规约》第三十六条第二项的规定,提及澳大利亚和日本分别于2002年3月22日和2007年7月9日作出的承认法院管辖权为强制性的声明。", "228 (英语). 法院于2010年7月13日发出命令,确定2011年5月9日为澳大利亚提交诉状的时限,2012年3月9日为日本提交辩诉状的时限。 澳大利亚的诉状已在规定时限内提交。", "15个 边界争端(布基纳法索/尼日尔)", "229 (英语). 2010年7月20日,布基纳法索和尼日尔共同向法院提交了两国之间的边界争端。 两国于2010年5月12日联合致函书记官处,于2010年7月20日向法院通报了2009年2月24日在尼亚美签署的特别协定,该协定于2009年11月20日生效。 根据\"特别协定\"第1条的规定,双方同意将边界争端提交法院,双方各自选择一名专案法官. 特别协定第2条指明争端的主题如下:", "请法院:", "1. 确定两国在该地段的边界走向,从通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通通.", "2. 将双方关于布基纳法索-尼日尔边界标定联合技术委员会的工作结果的协议正式记录在案,涉及下列地区:", "(a) 从N-Gouma高地到Tong-Tong的天文标志;", "(b) 从Botou弯道起至Mekrou河段。", "在第3条第1款中,双方请求法院批准下列书面程序:", "(a) 每一当事方至迟在法院成立后九(9)个月内提出诉状;", "(b) 每一当事方最迟于交换诉状后九(9)个月提交的辩诉状;", "(c) 应任一当事方的请求,经法院授权或指示提出诉讼的任何其他书状。", "《特别协定》第7条题为“法院的判决”,其内容如下:", "1. 联合国 双方接受法院根据本\"特别协定\"作出的判决为终局判决并对他们具有约束力.", "2. 联合国 自作出判决之日起,双方应有十八(18)个月的时间开始划界工作。", "3个 如果执行判决有困难,任何一方均可依照《规约》第六十条向法院提起诉讼。", " 4.四. 双方请法院在判决书中提名三名专家协助划界。", "最后,第10条载有下列“特别承诺”:", "在法院作出判决之前,双方承诺维持两国边境地区居民的和平、安全和安宁,不采取任何入侵争议地区的行动,并定期组织行政官员和安全部门的会议。", "关于建立社会经济基础设施,缔约方承诺在执行之前举行初步磋商。", "《特别协定》还附有2009年10月29日和11月2日的换文,其中体现了两国关于边界被划定部分的协定。", "230 (英语). 法院于2010年9月14日发出命令,确定2011年4月20日和2012年1月20日分别为双方提交诉状和辩诉状的时限。 诉状已在规定的时限内提交。", "16. 尼加拉瓜在边境地区开展的某些活动(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)", "231 (英语). 2010年11月18日,哥斯达黎加根据一些国际条约和公约,对尼加拉瓜提起诉讼,指控 \" 尼加拉瓜军队侵入、占领和使用哥斯达黎加领土并[指称]违反尼加拉瓜对哥斯达黎加的义务 \" 。", "232 (英语). 哥斯达黎加在请求书中声称,“尼加拉瓜派遣武装部队分遣队前往哥斯达黎加领土并在境内建立军营,不仅公然违反两国间既定的边界制度,而且违反联合国的核心基本原则,即领土完整原则和禁止对任何国家使用或威胁使用武力......”。", "233 (英语). 科斯塔语 哥斯达黎加指控尼加拉瓜在两次不同的事件中占领哥斯达黎加领土,在哥斯达黎加境内修建了一条从圣胡安河到拉古纳洛斯波蒂略斯(又名 \" 港头湖 \" )的运河,并在圣胡安河上进行了某些相关的疏浚工程。 科斯塔语 哥斯达黎加说,“进行中的和计划进行的疏浚和修建运河将严重影响通往哥斯达黎加科罗拉多河的水流,并给哥斯达黎加领土,包括位于该地区的湿地和国家野生动物保护区造成进一步损害”。", "234 (英语). 申诉人声称,尼加拉瓜拒绝所有要求从被占领土上撤出其武装部队的呼吁和一切谈判手段。 科斯塔语 哥斯达黎加还称,尼加拉瓜不打算遵守美洲国家组织常设理事会2010年11月12日的决议,该决议特别要求尼加拉瓜武装部队从边境地区撤出,并请求避免在该地区派驻军事或安全部队,以创造有利于两国对话的气氛。", "235 (英语). 科斯塔语 哥斯达黎加", "请法院裁定并宣告尼加拉瓜违反其国际义务,.侵入和占领哥斯达黎加领土,对其受保护的雨林和湿地造成严重损害,并破坏科罗拉多河、湿地和受保护的生态系统,以及尼加拉瓜正在圣胡安河上进行疏浚和运河化活动。 特别是,请法院裁定并宣告尼加拉瓜的行为违反了:", "(a) 1858年《限制条约》所商定并划定的哥斯达黎加共和国领土、克利夫兰奖和第一次和第二次亚历山大奖;", "(b) 《联合国宪章》和《美洲国家组织宪章》规定的领土完整和禁止使用武力的基本原则;", "(c) 1858年《限制条约》第九条规定尼加拉瓜有义务不使用圣胡安河从事敌对行动;", "(d) 不破坏哥斯达黎加领土的义务;", "(e) 未经哥斯达黎加同意不得人为地将圣胡安河引出其自然水道;", "(f) 不禁止哥斯达黎加国民在圣胡安河上航行的义务;", "(g) 根据1888年克利夫兰裁决,如果对哥斯达黎加领土(包括科罗拉多河)造成损害,则有义务不疏浚圣胡安河;", "(h) 《拉姆萨尔湿地公约》规定的义务;", "(一) 有义务不对哥斯达黎加采取措施,包括扩大被侵略和占领的哥斯达黎加领土,或采取任何进一步措施或采取任何进一步行动,侵犯哥斯达黎加根据国际法的领土完整,从而不加剧和扩大争端。", "236 (英语). 请求书中还请法院确定尼加拉瓜必须作出何种赔偿,尤其是与上段所述措施有关的赔偿。", "237 (英语). 申请人援引《法院规约》第三十六条第一款作为法院管辖权的依据,其依据是1948年4月30日《美洲和平解决条约》(《波哥大公约》)第三十一条的实施,以及哥斯达黎加和尼加拉瓜根据《法院规约》第三十六条第二项于1973年2月20日和1929年9月24日(2001年10月23日修订)作出的接受声明。", "238 (英语). 2010年11月18日,哥斯达黎加还提出了指示临时措施的请求,其中指出, \" 争端所涉的哥斯达黎加的权利和要求临时措施的请求,是其对圣胡安河、其土地、环境保护区以及科罗拉多河完整和流动的主权、领土完整和不干涉权 \" 。 科斯塔语 哥斯达黎加指出,保护其权利确实十分紧迫,并指出,“如果不给予临时措施,损害哥斯达黎加权利的行动就会继续下去,并可能大大地改变法院有机会作出最后裁决之前的实际情况”。", "239 (英语). 哥斯达黎加", "请法院作为紧急事项,命令采取下列临时措施,以纠正目前对哥斯达黎加领土完整的侵犯,并预防对哥斯达黎加领土造成无法弥补的进一步损害,直至法院根据案情对此案作出裁决:", "(1) 立即无条件从非法入侵和占领的哥斯达黎加领土上撤出所有尼加拉瓜军队;", "(2) 立即停止在哥斯达黎加境内修建运河;", "(3) 立即停止砍伐树木、清除哥斯达黎加领土上的植被和土壤,包括湿地和森林;", "(4) 立即停止在哥斯达黎加境内倾倒沉积物;", "(5) 中止尼加拉瓜目前正在进行的疏浚方案,其目的是占领、淹没和破坏哥斯达黎加领土,并严重损害和损害科罗拉多河的通航,充分执行克利夫兰裁决,直至确定该争端的案情;", "(6) 尼加拉瓜应避免采取可能损害哥斯达黎加权利或可能使法院审理的争端恶化或扩大的任何其他行动。", "240 (英语). 2011年1月11日至13日,就哥斯达黎加提出的指示临时措施的请求举行了公开听讯。", "241 (英语). 哥斯达黎加代理人在第二轮口头评论结束时提出该国请求采取的临时措施如下:", "哥斯达黎加请法院下令采取下列临时措施:", "A类. 在根据案情对此案作出裁决之前,尼加拉瓜不应在由整个波蒂略斯岛组成的地区,即圣胡安河右岸和拉古纳洛斯波蒂略斯(又称港头湖)和陶拉河(“有关地区”)两岸之间:", "(1) 部署其部队或其他人员;", "(2) 建造或扩建运河;", "(3) 倒倒倒的树木或去除植被或土壤;", "(4) 倾倒沉积物。", "B. 在根据案情对本案作出裁定之前,尼加拉瓜应暂停在有关地区相邻的圣胡安河正在进行的疏浚方案。", "C. 在根据案情实质确定本案之前,尼加拉瓜应避免采取任何可能损害哥斯达黎加权利或可能使提交法院的争端恶化或扩大的任何其他行动。", "242 (英语). 在第二轮口头评论结束时,尼加拉瓜代理人代表尼加拉瓜政府提出了以下意见:", "根据《法院规则》第60条并鉴于哥斯达黎加共和国关于指示临时措施的请求及其口头诉状,尼加拉瓜共和国谨指出,尼加拉瓜共和国请求法院驳回哥斯达黎加共和国提出的临时措施请求,或法院在这些听讯中解释的理由和任何其他可能认为适当的理由。", "243 (英语). 2011年3月8日,法院就哥斯达黎加提出的指示临时措施的请求作出裁决。 法院在命令中指明了下列临时措施:", "(1) 一致,", "每一方不得向有争议领土,包括尼加拉瓜切断的运河,派遣或维持任何文职人员、警察或安全人员;", "(2) 以13票对4票,", "尽管有上述第(1)点,哥斯达黎加仍可派遣负责保护环境的文职人员前往有争议领土,包括caño,但必须避免对该领土所在湿地造成不可弥补的损害;哥斯达黎加应就这些行动同拉姆萨尔公约秘书处协商,事先通知尼加拉瓜,并尽最大努力同尼加拉瓜在这方面找到共同解决办法;", "赞成:", "小和田院长;通卡副院长;科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、多诺霍法官;杜加尔德专案法官;", "反对:", "塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、薛法官;纪尧姆专案法官;", "(3) 一致,", "每一当事方应避免采取任何可能使法院审理的争端恶化或扩大争端或使其更难解决的行动;", "(4) 一致,", "每一当事方应将遵守上述临时措施的情况通知法院。", "科罗马法官和塞普尔韦达-阿莫尔法官在命令后附上了个别意见;斯科特尼科夫法官、格林伍德法官和薛法官在命令后附上了声明;纪尧姆专案法官在命令后附上了声明;杜加尔德专案法官在命令后附上了个别意见。", "244 (英语). 法院于2011年4月5日发出命令,考虑到当事双方的意见,将哥斯达黎加提交诉状和尼加拉瓜提交辩诉状的时限分别定为2011年12月5日和2012年8月6日。 随后的程序留待进一步决定。", "17岁。 请求解释1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)的判决(柬埔寨诉泰国)", "245 (英语). 2011年4月28日,柬埔寨向书记官处提出申请,请求解释法院1962年6月15日对柏威夏寺案(柬埔寨诉泰国)的判决。", "246 (英语). 柬埔寨在请求书中说明了《法院规则》第98条规定的“关于判决的含义或范围的争议要点”。 它特别指出:", "(1) 柬埔寨认为,[法院于1962年作出 判决的依据是两国先前确定并承认的国际边界的存在;", "(2) 柬埔寨认为,该边界由法院在其判决书第21页提到的地图所界定.该地图使法院能够认定柬埔寨对该寺的主权是其对该寺所在领土主权的直接和自动后果.;", "(3) [柬埔寨]认为,泰国[根据判决]有义务从柬埔寨领土上圣殿附近撤出任何军事人员或其他人员。 这是法院在该区域承认的关于柬埔寨领土主权的声明所产生的一项普遍和持续的义务。", "柬埔寨称,“泰国不同意所有这些观点”。", "247 (英语). 申请人试图以《法院规约》第六十条作为法院管辖权的依据,该条规定,“如对判决的含义或范围有争议,法院应任何一方的请求予以解释”。 柬埔寨还援引了《法院规则》第98条。", "248 (英语). 缔约国在其请求书中解释说, \" 泰国对柬埔寨对该寺的主权没有争议 -- -- 仅对该寺本身有争议 \" ,但它确实对整个1962年的判决提出质疑。", "249 (英语). 柬埔寨辩称, \" 1962年,法院将该寺置于柬埔寨主权之下,因为其所在的领土位于边界的柬埔寨一侧 \" , \" 拒绝柬埔寨对该寺外地区的主权,只要其`毗连 ' 即对法院说,它[1962年]承认的边界线是完全错误的,包括该寺本身。", "250块. 柬埔寨强调,柬埔寨请求法院解释“在《规约》第六十条规定的限度内,其判决的含义和范围”。 它还说,这种解释“对柬埔寨和泰国具有约束力......然后可作为通过谈判或任何其他和平手段最终解决争端的基础”。", "251 (英语). 关于它的申请所依据的事实,柬埔寨回顾,它在1959年对泰国提起诉讼,在法院于1962年就该案的案情实质作出判决之后出现了某些问题。 报告接着描述了最近发生的直接促使目前申请的事件(未能努力使两国就1962年判决的共同解释达成协议;在“教科文组织内部关于宣布该寺为世界遗产的讨论”之后关系恶化;以及两国于2011年4月发生的武装事件)。", "252 (英语). 柬埔寨在请求书结束时请法院裁定并宣告:", "有义务 泰国将 \" 撤销她驻扎在该寺或其附近柬埔寨领土的军队或警察部队或其他警卫或看守人员 \" ([法院于1962年作出的判决]执行条款第2点),这是尊重柬埔寨领土完整这一普遍和持续义务的一个特别后果,即该寺及其附近地区被[判决书第21页所 地图上[根据该地图]的界线所划定的领土。", "253 (英语). 同一天,柬埔寨根据《规约》第41条和《法院规则》第73条提出指示临时措施的请求。 申诉人解释说,“自2011年4月22日以来,在柏威夏寺一带.以及在两国边界沿线若干地点发生了严重事件,造成人员伤亡和当地居民撤离”。 柬埔寨说,“......在提出[解释]请求时,严重武装事件仍在继续,泰国对此负有全部责任”。", "254 (英语). 申请人认为, \" 迫切需要获得资金,以保障柬埔寨在法院作出裁决之前的权利 -- -- 与其主权、领土完整和泰国所承担的不干涉义务有关的权利 -- -- 并避免争端恶化 \" 。 柬埔寨还解释说,“在拒绝其请求的不幸事件中,如果泰国坚持其行为,这些武装冲突对柏威夏寺的破坏以及无可弥补的生命损失和人的痛苦将变得更加严重”。", "255 (英语). 最后,柬埔寨:", "谨请法院在作出判决之前指明下列临时措施:", "- 所有泰国部队立即无条件从位于柏威夏寺一带的柬埔寨领土撤出;", "- 禁止泰国在柏威夏寺地区的一切军事活动;", "- 泰国不得采取任何可能干扰柬埔寨权利或使主要诉讼中的争端恶化的行为或行动。", "256 (英语). 2011年5月30日和31日就柬埔寨提出的指示临时措施的请求举行了公开听讯。", "257 (英语). 在第二轮口头评论结束时,柬埔寨重申其指示临时措施的请求;泰国代表代表本国政府提出下列意见:“根据《法院规则》第60条,并鉴于柬埔寨王国指示临时措施的请求及其口头诉状,泰王国敬请法院将柬埔寨王国2011年4月28日提出的案件从总清单中删除”。", "258 (英语). 2011年7月18日,法院就柬埔寨提出的指示临时措施的请求发出命令。 该命令的执行部分内容如下:", "出于这些原因,", "法院,", "(A) 一致,", "驳回泰王国关于将柬埔寨王国2011年4月28日提出的案件从法院总清单中除名的请求;", "(B) 指明下列临时措施:", "(1) 以11票对5票,", "双方应立即撤出目前在本命令第62段所定义的临时非军事区的军事人员,并不得在该非军事区内有任何军事存在和以该区为对象的任何武装活动;", "赞成:", "通卡副院长;科罗马法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官;纪尧姆专案法官;", "反对:", "小和田院长;哈苏奈法官、薛法官、多诺霍法官;科特专案法官;", "(2) 以15票对1票,", "泰国不得阻挠 柬埔寨自由进入柏威夏寺,或向寺内的非军事人员提供新鲜用品;", "赞成:", "小和田院长;通卡副院长;科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官;纪尧姆专案法官;科特专案法官;", "反对:", "多诺霍法官;", "(3) 以15票对1票,", "双方应继续在东盟内进行合作,特别是允许该组织所任命的观察员进入临时非军事区;", "赞成:", "小和田院长;通卡副院长;科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官;纪尧姆专案法官;科特专案法官;", "反对:", "多诺霍法官;", "(4) 以15票对1票,", "双方应避免采取任何可能使争端恶化或扩大争端或使其更难解决的行动;", "赞成:", "小和田院长;通卡副院长;科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官;纪尧姆专案法官;科特专案法官;", "反对:", "多诺霍法官;", "(C) 以15票对1票,", "1. 决定每一当事方应将遵守上述临时措施的情况通知法院;", "赞成:", "小和田院长;通卡副院长;科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官;纪尧姆专案法官;科特专案法官;", "反对:", "多诺霍法官;", "(D) 以15票对1票,", "决定,在法院就口译请求作出判决之前,法院应继续处理构成本命令主题的事项。", "赞成:", "小和田院长;通卡副院长;科罗马法官、哈苏奈法官、西马法官、亚伯拉罕法官、基思法官、本努纳法官、斯科特尼科夫法官、坎卡多·特林达德法官、优素福法官、格林伍德法官、薛法官;纪尧姆专案法官;科特专案法官;", "反对:", "多诺霍法官", "小和田院长在法院命令后附上了反对意见;科罗马法官在法院命令后附上了声明;哈苏奈法官在法院命令后附上了反对意见;坎卡多·特林达德法官在法院命令后附上了个别意见;薛法官和多诺霍法官在法院命令后附上了反对意见;纪尧姆专案法官在法院命令后附上了声明;科特专案法官在法院命令后附上了反对意见。", "C. 本报告所述期间未决的咨询程序", "国际劳工组织行政法庭关于向国际农业发展基金提出申诉的第2867号判决(请求提供咨询意见)", "259 (英语). 2010年4月26日,法院收到农发基金要求发表咨询意见的请求,目的是推翻一个行政法庭、国际劳工组织行政法庭(下称“法庭”或“劳工组织行政法庭”)的判决。", "260 (英语). 在2010年2月3日作出的第2867号判决(S-G.诉农发基金)中,法庭认为,根据其《规约》第二条的规定,法庭有权就《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》(下称“全球机制”)全球机制前工作人员S-G.女士对农发基金提出的指控的案情作出裁决。 S-G.女士持有一份将于2006年3月15日到期的定期雇用合同(见2009/10年度报告)。", "261 (英语). 农发基金执行局在第九十九届会议2010年4月22日通过的一项决议中,在《法庭规约》附件第十二条的框架内采取行动,决定对法庭上述判决提出质疑,并将该判决的有效性问题提交国际法院以征求咨询意见。", "262 (英语). 农发基金执行局主席于2010年4月23日致函法院,请求发表咨询意见,书记官处于2010年4月26日收到该函。", "263 (英语). 请求中包含以下九个问题:", "我当然知道 I. 劳工组织行政法庭是否有权根据其章程第二条审理A.T.S-G.女士于2008年7月8日对国际农业发展基金(即基金)提出的指控,此人是《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》(即《公约》)全球机制工作人员之一,基金仅作为住房组织行事。", "二. 鉴于记录表明,劳工组织行政法庭第2867号判决所依据的争端当事方一致认为,基金和全球机制是单独的法律实体,申诉人是全球机制工作人员之一,并考虑到所有相关文件、规则和原则,劳工组织行政法庭为支持其确认其管辖权的决定所作的声明是否为 \" 全球机制为了所有行政目的应与基金各行政单位同化 \" ,而 \" 其影响是,总裁就全球机制工作人员所作的行政决定在法律上是基金在其管辖范围外的决定并/或是否构成劳工组织行政法庭所遵循程序的根本错误?", "三. 劳工组织行政法庭为支持其确认其管辖权的决定所作的一般性声明是 \" 全球机制的工作人员是基金的工作人员 \" 在其管辖范围外,还是构成劳工组织行政法庭所遵循程序的根本错误?", "四、结 论 劳工组织行政法庭决定确认它有权受理申诉人关于全球机制总裁在其管辖范围外滥用职权的抗辩,是否构成劳工组织行政法庭所遵循程序的根本错误?", " V. 劳工组织行政法庭的决定是否确认它有权受理申诉人关于总裁不延长申诉人合同的决定构成其管辖范围外的法律错误和(或)是否构成劳工组织行政法庭所遵循程序的根本错误的抗辩?", "六、结 论 劳工组织行政法庭决定确认其有权解释《联合国关于在发生严重干旱和/或荒漠化的国家特别是在非洲防治荒漠化的公约》缔约方会议与农发基金之间的《谅解备忘录》(下称《谅解备忘录》)、《公约》和《建立农发基金协定》是否超出其管辖范围和/或是否构成劳工组织行政法庭所遵循程序的根本错误?", "页:1 劳工组织行政法庭的决定是否确认其管辖权,以确定主席根据《谅解备忘录》履行中介和支助作用,是否代表农发基金在其管辖范围外行事,是否构成劳工组织行政法庭所遵循程序的根本错误?", "第八编. 劳工组织行政法庭的决定是否确认其管辖权,将全球机制总裁的裁量决定取而代之,将其置于其管辖范围之外? 是否构成劳工组织行政法庭所遵循程序的根本错误?", "第九编. 劳工组织行政法庭在第2867号判决中作出的裁决有何效力?", "法院书记官长在2010年4月26日的信中,根据《规约》第六十六条第一款,通知所有有权在法院出庭的国家,请它们提供咨询意见。", "264 (英语). 法院于2010年4月29日发布命令:", "(a) 决定国际农业发展基金及其有权出庭的成员国、有权出庭的《联合国防治荒漠化公约》缔约国和已根据《国际劳工组织行政法庭规约》第二条第5款发表声明承认其管辖权的联合国专门机构可能能够就提交法院征求咨询意见的问题提供资料;", "(b) 根据《规约》第六十六条第二项,确定2010年10月29日为就这些问题向法院作书面陈述的时限;", "(c) 根据《规约》第六十六条第四款,确定2011年1月31日为提交书面陈述的国家和组织可就其他书面陈述提出书面意见的时限;", "(d) 决定农发基金总裁应向法院转递申诉人在国际劳工组织行政法庭对农发基金的诉讼中提出的意见,申诉人不妨提请法院注意这些看法;确定2010年10月29日为作为判决主体的申诉人可能作出的任何陈述可提交法院的时限;确定2011年1月31日为申诉人可向法院提出任何可能意见的时限。 随后的程序留待进一步决定。", "265 (英语). 2010年10月26日,农发基金总法律顾问提交了书面陈述和陈述,陈述了申诉人的意见。", "266 (英语). 2010年10月28日,多民族玻利维亚国驻荷兰大使提交了玻利维亚政府的书面声明。", "267 (英语). 法院院长于2011年1月24日发出命令,将提交书面陈述的国家和组织根据《规约》第六十六条第四款就其他书面陈述提交书面评论的时限,以及申诉人在法庭对农发基金的诉讼中向法院提出任何评论的时限,延长至2011年3月11日。 应农发基金总法律顾问的要求,延长了时限。", "268 (英语). 基金和申诉人的书面评论已在延长的时限内提出。", "第六章 联合国", "访问法院和其他活动", "269 (英语). 2010年12月13日,泰国参议院议长普拉索布苏克·布恩德赫先生阁下在参议员和其他要人陪同下访问了法院。 代表团出席了关于法院活动的专题介绍会,并受到院长小和田恒法官的接见。", "270 (英语). 2011年3月17日,挪威议会议长达格·泰耶·安德森先生阁下访问了法院。 Andersen先生由挪威驻海牙大使馆的四名议员和三名代表陪同。 法院书记官长菲利普·库弗勒接见了代表团。 书记官处组织了关于法院活动的介绍会,在介绍会中回答了挪威议员提出的问题。", "271 (英语). 5月2日,爱尔兰总统玛丽·麦卡莱塞女士阁下和爱尔兰儿童和青年事务部长弗朗切斯·菲茨杰拉德女士阁下、爱尔兰驻荷兰大使玛丽·惠兰女士阁下以及其他高级官员访问了法院。 法院院长小和田恒及其配偶和书记官长对麦卡莱塞庭长表示欢迎。 随后,麦克阿莱塞庭长和代表团主要成员被护送到大司法厅前厅,由小和田院长向法院法官及其配偶介绍,由书记官长向书记官处高级官员介绍。 外交团、荷兰当局的代表和设在海牙的其他国际机构的高级官员出席了在司法大会堂举行的庄严会议,小和田总统和麦卡莱塞总统在会上作了发言。", "272 (英语). 此外,在本报告所述期间,法院院长和法官以及书记官长和书记官处官员欢迎大批要人,包括政府成员、外交官、议会代表、司法机构主席和成员以及其他高级官员来到法院所在地。", "273 (英语). 研究人员、学者、律师和法律界其他成员以及记者等也进行了多次访问。 在这些访问期间,院长、法院法官、书记官长或书记官处官员作了介绍。", "274 (英语). 一个值得注意的事态发展是,主要国家和区域法院越来越有兴趣访问法院以交换意见。 法院还与若干其他法院和法庭进行了电子信息交流。", "275 (英语). 2010年9月19日,法院接待了约600名来访者,这是与海牙市政府联合举办的 \" 海牙国际日 \" 的一部分,其目的是向设在该市的国际组织介绍荷兰的侨民和公民。 这是法院第三次参加这一活动。 在开放日期间,新闻部以英文和法文放映了新的机构电影,其工作人员答复了来访者的问题并分发了各种小册子,其中载有关于法院的资料。", "276 (英语). 2011年4月1日,为庆祝法院成立六十五周年,与法院司法活动有关的照片和真品展览揭幕,小和田院长正式收到为法院设计的三张新邮票的第一批副本。 这项活动在海牙市政厅的Atrium举行,这是法院书记官处在市政府的帮助下,在法院成员、海牙市长、阿尔德门、外交使团代表以及荷兰外交部和设在海牙的国际组织高级官员的出席下组织的仪式。 该展览在市政厅举行,为期两周,随后两周在和平宫举行。 该展览简要回顾了法院及其前身常设国际法院的历史;各种照片和其他展品说明了法院作为联合国主要司法机关的作用。", "第七章 联合国", "法院的出版物、文件和网站", "277 (英语). 法院的出版物分发给有权在法院出庭的各国政府以及世界各主要法律图书馆。 这些出版物的发行主要由纽约秘书处销售和推销科负责。 该目录以英文和法文出版,免费分发。 该目录的最新版本载有13个数字的ISBN参考文献,于2009年年中出版,可在法院网站(www.icj-cij.org) \" 出版物 \" 下查阅。", "278 (英语). 法院的出版物由若干个系列组成,其中三个每年出版:(a) 《判决、咨询意见和命令汇编》(以单独的分册和合订本出版);(b) 《年鉴》;和(c) 《参考书目》,包括与法院有关的著作和文件。", "279 (英语). 在编写本报告时,已印刷了《2008年报告》合订本,《2009年报告》合订本将于2011年下半年初出版。 在本报告所述期间印刷了《2007-2008年年鉴》,《2008-2009年年鉴》正在定稿。 在本报告所述期间,出版了《国际法院参考书目》(第55号)。 《国际法院文献目录》,第56、57和58号,将于2011年下半年末出版。", "280 (英语). 法院还出版双语印刷本,介绍向其提交的诉讼案件提起诉讼的文书(提起诉讼的申请和特别协定),以及法院收到的关于准许参与诉讼的申请和征求咨询意见的请求。 在本报告所述期间,法院收到两份提起诉讼的申请和一份要求准许参与诉讼的申请,目前正在印刷这些申请。", "281 (英语). 案件审结后,法院通常向公众提供案件书状和其他文件。 这些文件在提起诉讼的文书之后,以书状、口头辩论和文件系列出版。 这几卷载有书状全文,包括附件,以及公开听讯的逐字记录,为从业人员全面概述了各方阐述的论点。", "282 (英语). 下列各卷在报告所述期间出版或将在近期出版: 对Pulau Ligitan和Pulau Sipadan(印度尼西亚/马来西亚)的主权(九卷);航行和有关权利争端(哥斯达黎加诉尼加拉瓜)(五卷,将于2011年下半年印发)。", "283 (英语). 在《关于法院组织的法令和文件》系列中,法院公布有关其运作和做法的文书。 最新版本第6号已于2007年印发,该版本已全面更新并包括法院通过的程序指示。 2000年12月5日修订的《法院规则》的外印本有英文和法文本。 这些文件可在法院网站(www.icj-cij.org) \" 基本文件 \" 标题下查阅。 《法院规则》的非正式译本也以联合国其他正式语文和德文提供,也可在法院网站上查阅。", "284 (英语). 法院发布新闻稿和裁决摘要。", "285 (英语). 它还出版了一本手册,旨在帮助人们更好地了解法院的历史、组织、管辖权、程序和判例。 该手册第五版于2006年1月以法院的两种正式语文印发。 第六版不久将以这两种语文出版,随后将翻译成联合国其他正式语文并译成德文。", "286 (英语). 法院还以问答形式制作一般资料手册。 该小册子以联合国所有正式语文和荷兰文出版。 修订版将于2011年下半年发布。", "287 (英语). 2006年出版了一本特别而粗略的书 -- -- 《国际法院图解》。", "288 (英语). 2009年12月为公众制作了关于法院的传单。 报告概述了法院的历史和组成及其使命(争议和咨询管辖权)。", "289 (英语). 2010年,书记官处制作了一部15分钟的关于法院的纪录片。 影片可在网上查阅法院网站,并定期在和平宫的大屏幕上播放。 它还提供给联合国电视广播平台等联合国视听广播服务。", "290 (英语). 书记官处由于有明确组织的网站,能够在网上张贴各种多媒体文件,供印刷和广播媒体使用,并在必要时现场广播法院的公开听讯。", "291 (英语). 该网站使人们能够查阅自1946年以来国际法院及其前身常设国际法院的全部判例。 它还便于查阅所有案件书面和口头程序的主要文件(不包括附件)、法院的所有新闻稿、一些基本文件(《联合国宪章》、《法院规约》、《法院规则》和《惯例指示》)、承认法院强制管辖权的声明以及规定这一管辖权的条约和公约清单、关于法院历史和程序的一般资料、法官和书记官长的传记和肖像、关于书记官处的组织和运作的资料以及出版物目录。", "292 (英语). 该网站还为希望出席听讯或介绍法院活动的团体和个人提供听讯和活动日历以及在线申请表。 网站上还有列明空缺通知和实习机会的网页。", "293 (英语). 最后, \" 新闻室 \" 网页为希望报道法院活动(特别是网上核证程序)的记者提供在线服务和信息。 相片展厅提供它们的数字相片,可以免费下载(仅供非商业使用). 听讯和阅读法院裁决的录音和录像片段也以几种形式提供(闪烁、MPEG2、MP3)。", "第八章", "法院财务", "A类. A. 经费筹措方法", "294 (英语). 根据《法院规约》第三十三条,“法院费用由联合国以大会决定的方式负担”。 由于法院的预算已纳入联合国预算,会员国按照大会确定的分摊比额表,以同样比例参与支付两者的费用。", "295 (英语). 按照惯例,工作人员薪金税、出版物销售(由秘书处销售科处理)、银行利息等所得款项记作联合国收入。", "B. 起草预算", "296 (英语). 根据《关于书记官处的指示》第26至30条,由书记官长编制初步预算草案。 本初步草案提交法院预算和行政委员会审议后再由法院核准。", "297 (英语). 预算草案一经核准,即送交秘书处,以纳入联合国预算草案。 然后由行政和预算问题咨询委员会审查,然后提交大会第五委员会。 最后,大会全体会议在关于联合国预算的决定框架内通过该决议草案。", "C. 预算执行情况", "298 (英语). 书记官长在财务司的协助下负责执行预算(见上文第82段)。 书记官长必须确保适当使用所投票出的资金,并必须确保不发生预算中未编列的费用。 只有书记官长有权以法院的名义承担债务,但须服从任何可能的授权。 根据法院根据合理化问题小组委员会的建议通过的一项决定,书记官长定期向法院预算和行政委员会提交账目报表。", "299 (英语). 法院的账目每年由大会任命的审计委员会审计。 在每个两年期结束时,将结清的账目送交秘书处。", "D. 法院2010-2011两年期预算", "300块。 关于2010-2011两年期预算,如上次报告所提及,法院高兴地注意到,法院为举行听讯的大司法会堂提供新员额和现代化批款的请求已基本获准(另见第一章)。 (单位:千美元)", "2010-2011两年期预算", "(美元,重计费用后)", "计划\n法院法官\n0311025 (英语). 各种费用津贴 877 200\n0311023 养恤金\n0393909 (英语). 职务津贴:专案法官 1 165 100\n2042302 (英语). 公务差旅 50 800\n0393902 薪酬\n小计 13 436 600\n书记官处\n常设员额 15 217 700\n0170000 (英语). 两年期临时员额 1 829 200\n0200000 (英语). 一般人事费\n1540 000 医疗和相关费用,服务暂停后 346 500\n代表津贴 7 200\n1210,000 个 会议临时助理人员 1 622 700\n1310 000人次(千人次) 一般临时助理人员\n顾问\n加班费 128 500\n2042302 (英语). 公务差旅 47 500\n0454501 招待费 19 900\n小计 26 445 100\n方案支助\n3030000 (英语). 外部翻译 362 700\n3050000 印刷 361 400\n3070 000 个 数据处理事务 404 000\n401000 房地租金/维修费 3 301 700\n4030000 (英语). 家具和设备租金 191 500\n4040000 通讯 237800\n4060000 (英语). 家具和设备维修\n4090000 (英语). 杂项事务 31 800\n5000 000 个 用品和材料 293 500\n5030000人次 (单位:千人次) 图书馆书籍和用品 215 700\n60000000 (英语). 家具和设备 171 500\n页:1 购置办公室自动化设备 554 700\n6025042 (英语). 更换办公室自动化设备\n小计 6 724 100\n共计 46 605 800", "301 (英语). 在本报告所述期间,法院工作的更全面信息可在其网站上查阅,按案件分列。 《2010-2011年年鉴》也将在适当时候印发。", "小和田恒(签名)", "2011年8月1日,海牙", "页:1", "国际法院:截至2011年7月31日的组织结构和员额分配", "[表", "缩写:OL:一般事务(其他职等);PL:一般事务(特等);TA:临时助理人员。", "140911", "*1145058*", "[1] 法院于1997年9月25日对加布奇科沃-大毛罗斯项目案(匈牙利/斯洛伐克)作出判决。 然而,鉴于斯洛伐克于1998年9月向法院书记官处提出追加判决的请求,该案在技术上仍然悬而未决。 匈牙利就斯洛伐克在法院院长规定的1998年12月7日时限内作出补充判决的请求提交了一份书面声明。 双方随后就1997年判决的执行恢复谈判,并定期向法院通报已取得的进展。 法院还于2005年12月就刚果境内的武装活动(刚果民主共和国诉乌干达)案作出判决。 案件在技术上仍然悬而未决,因为当事方根据判决有权再次请求法院在不能就这一点达成协议时裁定赔偿问题。 最后,法院于2010年11月30日对艾哈迈杜·萨迪奥·迪亚洛(几内亚共和国诉刚果民主共和国)案作出判决。 该案仍列在法院的总清单中,因为当事方可以再次向国际法院提出它们根据判决有权提出的赔偿问题,如果它们不能就这一点达成协议,则由刚果民主共和国作出赔偿问题的决定(见本报告第110-114段)。", "[2] 伊朗-美国索赔法庭庭长兼法院专案法官克日什托夫·斯库比谢夫斯基教授阁下于2010年2月8日去世。", "[3] 智利和秘鲁关于解决塔克纳和阿里卡争端的条约,1929年6月3日在利马签署." ]

[ "United Nations", "Advisory Committee on Administrative and", "Budgetary Questions", "First report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "General Assembly", "Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 7", "General Assembly Official Records Sixty-sixth Session Supplement No. 7", "[] United Nations • New York, 2011", "Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "First report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "A/66/7", "ISSN 0255-1470", "Note", "Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document.", "[11 August 2011]", "Contents", "Chapter Page\nPreface viiI.General 1 comments, observations and \nrecommendations A.Format 13 and presentation of the proposed programme \nbudget \nB.Methodology 18C.Effects 18 of \nreform D.Efficiency 19 \ngains E. Personnel 20 \nmatters F.Non-post 32 objects of \nexpenditure \nG.Training 36H.Information 37 and communications \ntechnology I.Impact 41 of the strengthening of the development \npillar J.Business 42 \ncontinuity K. Other 45 assessed \nresources L.Extrabudgetary 46 \nresources M.Cooperation 47 with other United Nations \nbodies N.Overall 50 position of the Advisory Committee on the initial estimates for the biennium \n2012-2013 II.Detailed 51 recommendations on the proposed programme \nbudget Estimatesof 51 \nexpenditure PartI 51 Overallpolicymaking,direction and \ncoordination Section1. 51 Overallpolicymaking,direction and \ncoordination Section2. 63 General Assembly and Economic andSocial Council affairs \nandconferencemanagement PartIIPolitical 78 \naffairs Section3.Political 78 \naffairs Section4. 92 \nDisarmament Section5. 95 \nPeacekeepingoperations Section6. 104 Peaceful \nusesofouterspace PartIIIInternational 106 justice and \n law Section7.InternationalCourtof 106 \nJustice Section8.Legal 110 \naffairs PartIVInternational 114 cooperation for \ndevelopment Section9. 114 Economic andsocial \naffairs Section 119 10.Leastdevelopedcountries,landlockeddevelopingcountries \nandsmallislanddevelopingStates Section 121 11.United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa’s \nDevelopment Section 123 12.Trade and \ndevelopment Section 127 \n13.InternationalTradeCentre Section 129 14. \nEnvironment Section 132 15.Human \nsettlements Section 136 16.International drug control,crime andterrorismprevention and criminal \njustice Section 150 17. \nUN-Women PartV 155 Regional cooperation for \ndevelopment Section 164 18. Economic andsocial \ndevelopmentinAfrica Section 164 18A. \nRegionalcommission Section 168 18B. Regional Commissions New \nYorkOffice Section 169 19. Economic andsocial developmentin Asia and the \nPacific Section 175 20. Economic \ndevelopmentinEurope Section 179 21. Economic andsocial developmentinLatin America and \ntheCaribbean Section 183 22. Economic andsocial developmentin Western \n Asia Section 188 23. Regularprogrammeoftechnical \ncooperation PartVIHumanrights 192 and humanitarian \naffairs Section 192 \n24.Humanrights Section 201 25.International protection, durablesolutions andassistanceto \nrefugees Section 204 26.Palestine \nrefugees Section 209 27. \nHumanitarianassistance PartVIIPublic 213 \ninformation Section 213 28.Public \ninformation PartVIIICommon 223 support \nservices Section 223 29.Management and support \nservices Section 224 29A.Officeof the Under-Secretary-General \nforManagement Section 229 29B.OfficeofProgrammePlanning,Budget and \nAccounts Section 235 \n29C.OfficeofHumanResourcesManagement Section 243 29D.Officeof Central Support \nServices Section 256 29E. \nAdministration,Geneva Section 259 29F. \nAdministration,Vienna Section 262 29G. Administration, \nNairobi Section 267 30.Officeof Information \nandCommunicationsTechnology PartIX 277 \nInternaloversight Section 277 31. \nInternaloversight PartX 283 Jointly financedadministrativeactivities and special \nexpenses Section 283 32. Jointly \nfinancedadministrativeactivities InternationalCivil 284 \nServiceCommission JointInspection 286 \n Unit UnitedNationsSystemChiefExecutivesBoard 288 forCoordination,including theInternationalPublicSectorAccountingStandards \nproject Section 291 33. Special \nexpenses PartXI 295 Capital \nexpenditures Section 295 34.Construction, alteration, improvement andmajor \nmaintenance PartXIISafety 305 and \nsecurity Section 305 35.Safety and \nsecurity PartXIII 317 Development \nAccount Section 317 36. Development \nAccount \nPartXIVStaffassessment 320Section 320 \n37.Staffassessment \nEstimatesofincome 320Incomesection1.Income 320 \nfromstaffassessment Incomesection2. 321 \nGeneralincome Incomesection3. 321 Servicesto \nthepublic \nAnnexes I.Number 326 of posts by source of funds and grade \nlevel A. Posts 326 other than at peacekeeping \noperations B.Authorized 327 civilian posts in all peacekeeping \noperations C.Jointly 328 financed \nposts III.Summary 330 of proposed changes in established and temporary \nposts A. Posts 330 proposed for \nabolition B.Proposed 332 new \nposts IV.Newposts 335 proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance, contractual services and extrabudgetary \nfunding A.Summary 335 of new posts proposed for conversion from general temporary \nassistance B.Summary 335 of new posts proposed for conversion from contractual \nservices C.Summary 336 of new posts proposed for conversion from extrabudgetary \nfunding V. Posts 337 proposed for \nreclassification VI.General 338 temporary assistance positions funded as at 31 March 2011 and expected to continue in the biennium \n2012-2013 VII. Status 341 of posts approved by the General Assembly in resolution 63/260, on development-related \nactivities", "Preface", "1. The major functions of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, as defined by the General Assembly in its resolution 14 (I) of 13 February 1946, are:", "(a) To examine and report on the budget submitted by the Secretary-General to the General Assembly;", "(b) To advise the General Assembly concerning any administrative and budgetary matters referred to it;", "(c) To examine on behalf of the General Assembly the administrative budgets of the specialized agencies and proposals for financial arrangements with such agencies;", "(d) To consider and report to the General Assembly on the auditors’ reports on the accounts of the United Nations and of the specialized agencies.", "The Advisory Committee also reports on the financing of peacekeeping operations, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. In addition, the Committee reports on administrative budgets and other matters to the governing bodies of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) (voluntary funds), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (Environment Fund), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR), the United Nations Institute for Training and Research (UNITAR), the United Nations University (UNU), the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), the United Nations Office for Project Services (UNOPS) and the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women).", "2. Under rule 156 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, the members of the Advisory Committee, no two of whom shall be nationals of the same State, shall be selected on the basis of broad geographical representation, personal qualifications and experience.", "3. The Advisory Committee, as at 21 July 2011, had the following membership:", "Collen V. Kelapile (Chair) Alejandro Torres Lépori (Vice-Chair) Stafford Oliver Neil Mohammad Mustafa Tal Nonye Udo Peter Maddens Aicha Afifi Renata Archini Vladimir A. Iosifov Jasminka Dinić Akira Sugiyama Namgya C. Khampa Richard Moon", "Carlos Ruiz Massieu Zhang Wanhai", "4. The present report contains the conclusions and recommendations arrived at by the Advisory Committee on the basis of the Secretary-General’s proposals for the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, supplemented, to the extent possible, by additional information supplied orally or in writing by representatives of the Secretary-General.", "[]", "Collen V. Kelapile Chair", "Chapter I", "General comments, observations and recommendations", "1. The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 65/262, the General Assembly invited the Secretary-General to prepare his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 on the basis of a preliminary estimate of $5,396,697,200 at revised 2010-2011 rates. In the same resolution, the General Assembly decided on the priorities for the biennium 2012-2013 and requested the Secretary-General to reflect them when presenting his proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The priorities are as follows:", "(a) Promotion of sustained economic growth and sustainable development, in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and recent United Nations conferences;", "(b) Maintenance of international peace and security;", "(c) Development of Africa;", "(d) Promotion of human rights;", "(e) Effective coordination of humanitarian assistance efforts;", "(f) Promotion of justice and international law;", "(g) Disarmament;", "(h) Drug control, crime prevention and combating international terrorism in all its forms and manifestations.", "2. The Secretary-General proposes a programme budget[1] for the biennium 2012-2013 amounting to $5,343,758,100 for the expenditure sections and $611,531,300 for the income sections (both at 2012-2013 rates).[2] On a net basis, the estimates total $4,732,226,800. The proposals for 2012-2013 under the expenditure sections total $5,196,993,400 at revised 2010-2011 rates, a decrease of 3.7 per cent as compared with the approved outline for 2012-2013.", "3. In table 1 below, the estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 (at preliminary 2012-2013 rates) are compared with the revised estimates for 2010-2011, as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/260, and with final expenditure and income for the biennium 2008-2009. The decrease in the expenditure estimates for 2012-2013 is $170.2 million, or 3.2 per cent, at revised 2010-2011 rates.", "Table 1", "Comparison of income and expenditure for the bienniums 2008-2009, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)\n Estimate Revised Revised 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 rates rates", "Component Actual Revised Revised Preliminary Amount Percentage Amount Percentage 2008-2009 appropriation 2010-2011 2012-2013 (3)-(2) (5)/(2) (4)-(2) (7)/(2) 2010-2011 rates rates", "Expenditure 4 749 420.8 5 367 5 196 5 343 (170 (3.2) (23 (0.4) 234.7 993.4 758.1 241.3) 476.6)", "Income 559 038.1 592 594 611 1 484.7  0.3  18 3.1 971.8 456.5 531.3 559.5", "Net 4 190 382.7 4 774 4 602 4 732 (171 (3.6) (42 (0.9) 262.9 536.9 226.8 726.0) 036.1)", "4. In his introduction to the proposed programme budget, the Secretary-General indicates that the delayed impact in the biennium 2012-2013 of the 248 posts established in 2010-2011 amounts to $24,930,300 (A/66/6 (Introduction), table 10). In addition, information is provided on the delayed impact in 2014-2015, at current rates, of the proposals for the establishment of 99 new posts in 2012-2013, which is estimated at $12,010,300 (ibid., table 11).", "5. Estimates in the category “other assessed resources”, comprising funds for the capital master plan, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the support account for peacekeeping operations, total $823,088,000 (ibid., table 8). The Advisory Committee was informed that following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 65/290 on strengthening the capacity of the United Nations to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations for the period 2011/12, the revised estimate was $692,021,100 (see table 2).", "Table 2", "Total budget", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "2010-2011\t2012-2013 Increase(decrease)\t\n Amount Percentage \n Regular budget Expenditure\t5 367234.7\t5 343758.1\t(23 (0.4) \n 476.6) \nGeneral income\t37 930.8\t52 558.0\t14627.2 38.6\nSubtotal\t5 329303.9\t5 291200.1\t(38103.8) (0.7)\nStaff assessmentincome\t555041.0\t558973.3\t3932.3 0.7\nNet regular budget\t4 774262.9\t4 732226.8\t(42036.1) (0.9)\n Other assessed^(a) \nSupport activities\t700087.9\t692021.8\t(8066.1) (1.2)\nSubtotal\t700087.9\t692021.8\t(8066.1) (1.2) \n Extrabudgetary \nSupport activities\t416858.2\t425019.0\t8160.8 2.0\nSubstantiveactivities\t2 166360.8\t2 538881.8\t372521.0 17.2\nOperationalactivities\t9 066870.6\t9 477672.9\t410802.3 4.5\nSubtotal\t11 650089.6\t12 441573.7\t791484.1 6.8\nTotal\t17 124440.4\t17 865822.3\t791381.9 4.3", "^(a) Reflecting the decision of the General Assembly in resolution 65/290 with respect to the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "6. The level of extrabudgetary resources during the biennium 2012-2013 is estimated at $12,441,573,700 (ibid., table 9). As indicated in table 2 above, the estimated total comprises $425,019,000 for support activities, $2,538,881,800 for substantive activities and $9,477,672,900 for operational activities.", "7. The estimated total for activities funded by the regular budget, other assessed resources and extrabudgetary funds for the biennium 2012-2013 amounts to $17,865,822,300.", "8. The Advisory Committee was further informed that, for the periods from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 and 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, the estimates for peacekeeping operations, which have a different financial period, would total approximately $14 billion. This figure excludes the costs of the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) and special political missions, which are covered under the regular budget.", "9. The proposed budgets for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for the biennium 2012-2013 will be submitted for the consideration of the Advisory Committee in the third quarter of 2011. The revised appropriations for the two Tribunals for 2010-2011 total $578,315,900 gross ($525,414,900 net) (see General Assembly resolutions 65/252 and 65/253).", "10. The Secretary-General indicates in the introduction to the proposed programme budget that the budget was prepared in accordance with the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 (A/65/6/Rev.1), as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/229, and has been guided by the priorities, objectives and mandates set by Member States. The Secretary-General also states that in formulating the proposals, programme activities and their associated resources were scrutinized. An extensive and rigorous review of processes was undertaken as part of an effort to reduce overlap, embrace innovation, build greater synergies and deliver the programme of work. Although the proposed programme budget is below the approved level of the budget outline, the Secretary-General states that it is aimed at enabling the Organization to deliver its mandates in full (A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 1 and 3).", "11. While the overall budget level is lower than the revised appropriation for 2010-2011, the Secretary-General highlights a number of areas that are proposed to be strengthened, namely, UNODC, UN-Women, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), UNRWA, the secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS). The Secretary-General highlights additional provisions related to the enterprise resource planning project, the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards and investments in information and communications technology and for improving and modernizing access to the services provided by the Dag Hammarskjöld Library (ibid., paras. 12-14).", "12. The Advisory Committee was informed that in the second quarter of 2011, the Secretary-General requested his senior managers to work below the approved level of the budget outline by at least 3 per cent without affecting the Organization’s ability to carry out its mandates or programmes. The Secretary-General informed the Committee that this request had not been made on the basis of an in-depth analysis of programmes, but rather reflected the reality of the austere times that followed the global financial crisis and also his commitment to ensure that the Organization carries out its mandates in a cost-effective manner. The Secretary-General had requested programme managers to conduct a thorough review not only of their programmes and related activities but, more importantly, of their business processes. He said that programme managers had been given full authority to devise the optimal mix of resources while ensuring programme delivery. The Committee was informed that the process was an interactive one and, depending on the mutually identified efficiency gains in each area, differentiated targets had been achieved with regard to the different budget sections.", "13. The Advisory Committee has consistently emphasized the importance of the ongoing review of programmes and business processes to ensure the most effective and efficient implementation of mandates. The Committee therefore welcomes the initiative of the Secretary-General in requesting such a review by programme managers. The Committee is of the view, however, that the time frame available to programme managers was insufficient to allow for such a review to be carried out in a comprehensive manner. In this regard, the Committee considers that this shortcoming is reflected in the proposals being put forward. In particular, the Committee is of the view that the overall reductions proposed are neither significant nor structural in nature. As such, it is considered unlikely that the proposed cuts, if approved, would be sustained in future budgets.", "14. In the present report, the Advisory Committee has therefore highlighted a number of aspects of the proposals on which it has concerns. These include the profile of the staffing changes being proposed, which would reduce the number of entry-level Professional posts, and the possible impact of reductions in departments and offices that received additional resources under resolution 63/260 on the strengthening of development-related activities. With regard to the level of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee observes that the overall level of resources will be affected both by the submission of proposals for special political missions and by decisions taken on the separate reports with financial implications, which will be submitted to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. In addition, the Committee notes that reductions of approximately $18 million under section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management, relating to the production of summary records and the provision of conference services to United Nations funds and programmes, are contingent on decisions of the Assembly on the proposed changes.", "15. The Advisory Committee notes the indication by the Secretary-General that the proposals are aimed at enabling the Organization to carry out its mandates in full. During its hearings, however, a number of programme managers indicated that the reduction in resources would have an impact on the functioning of the offices concerned, even if not directly on mandate delivery. For example, with regard to the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), the Committee was informed that while reductions had been made in the area of programme support so as not to reduce resources for the programme of work, the capability to service intergovernmental bodies would be decreased. As a result, ESCAP would no longer translate non-legislative documentation or service expert bodies where translation was not mandatory (see also chap. II, paras. V.46-V.47).", "16. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the full impact of the budget proposals will become apparent only over time and will be considered, in due course, by the General Assembly through the performance reporting mechanism. The Committee expects, however, that steps will be taken to mitigate any unintended consequences so that mandate delivery is not adversely affected and so that there is no change in the overall level of support provided to Member States.", "17. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposals of the Secretary-General amount to $170.2 million less than the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010‑2011. The distribution of resources compared with the revised appropriation for the current biennium is presented in paragraph 17 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget (see table 3 below). Seven parts of the budget reflect decreases, with the largest reductions in percentage terms being in the areas of political affairs (8.4 per cent), overall policymaking, direction and coordination (5.2 per cent) and public information (3.0 per cent). Increased resources are proposed for six parts, the most significant being in the areas of capital expenditures (5.9 per cent), human rights and humanitarian affairs (3.8 per cent) and common support services (1.5 per cent).", "Table 3 Distribution of resources in 2012-2013 compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011", "(Thousands United States dollars)", "2010-2011revisedappropriation Change 2012-2013resources(beforerecosting)\n Amount Percentage \nI.\tOverall policymaking,direction andcoordination\t756270.0\t(39345.0) (5.2)\t716925.0\nII.\tPolitical affairs\t1 457909.0\t(122233.6) (8.4)\t1 335675.4\nIII.\tInternational justiceand law\t92002.3\t109.7 0.1\t92 112.0\nIV.\tInternationalcooperation fordevelopment\t428505.3\t(1828.8) (0.4)\t426676.5\nV.\tRegional cooperationfor development\t513210.9\t(9562.7) (1.9)\t503648.2\nVI.\tHuman rights andhumanitarian affairs\t298021.2\t11384.7 3.8\t309405.9\nVII.\tPublic information\t184996.6\t(5564.4) (3.0)\t179432.2\nVIII.\tCommon support services\t598091.2\t8894.0 1.5\t606985.2\nIX.\tInternal oversight\t38925.0\t100.3 0.3\t39 025.3\nX.\tJointly financedadministrativeactivities and specialexpenses\t126127.5\t(2955.7) (2.3)\t123171.8\nXI.\tCapital expenditures\t60326.8\t3589.3 5.9\t63 916.1\nXII.\tSafety and security\t238447.7\t298.0 0.1\t238745.7\nXIII.\tDevelopment Account\t23651.3\t— —\t23 651.3\nXIV.\tStaff assessment\t550749.9\t(13127.1) (2.4)\t537622.8\nTotal 5 367234.7\t(170241.3) (3.2)\t5 196993.4", "18. A summary of proposals, by budget section, is provided in table 3 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposals for 21 budget sections reflect reductions in comparison with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011, totalling $206.3 million, while the resources for 4 budget sections remain unchanged and 18 sections reflect increases totalling $36.1 million.", "19. As detailed in table 4 below, proposals are made for eight budget sections that are 3 per cent or more above the revised appropriation for 2010-2011, with the combined increase amounting to $28.6 million. In certain cases, the Advisory Committee notes that the proposed increases reflect General Assembly decisions calling for strengthening in the area concerned, as with section 16, International drug control, crime and terrorism prevention and criminal justice, and section 26, Palestine refugees. Others reflect new mandates approved during the current biennium, for example, in section 24, Human rights. At the same time, the proposals reflect the priority given by the Secretary-General to modernizing the Organization, which is expected to lead eventually to significant savings. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that given this priority, the Secretary-General’s requirement for a 3 per cent cut was not applied to the Office of Information and Communications Technology (see also para. 32 below).", "Table 4 Budget sections reflecting an increase of 3 per cent or greater compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Budgetsection 2010-2011appropriation Resourcegrowth 2012-2013resourcesbeforerecosting\n Amount Percentage \n13.\tInternational TradeCentre\t31793.3\t997.1 3.1\t32 790.4\n16.\tInternational drugcontrol, crime andterrorism preventionand criminal justice\t39191.1\t1927.5 4.9\t41 118.6\n17.\tUN-Women^(a)\t13532.5\t1304.4 9.6\t14 836.9\n24.\tHuman rights\t141191.4\t6043.5 4.3\t147 234.9\n26.\tPalestine refugees\t43712.4\t5000.0 11.4\t48 712.4\n29A.\tOffice of theUnder-Secretary-Generalfor Management\t26126.1\t6690.0 25.6\t32 816.1\n30.\tOffice of Informationand CommunicationsTechnology^(b)\t72120.0\t3000.0 4.2\t75 120.0\n34.\tConstruction,alteration,improvement and majormaintenance\t60326.8\t3589.3 5.9\t63 916.1", "^(a) UN-Women was established as a composite entity effective 1 January 2011 in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/289. For comparison and presentation purposes only, in the present report the revised appropriation level has been technically adjusted to reflect the biennial level.", "^(b) The report of the Secretary-General on enterprise information and communications technology initiatives for the United Nations Secretariat (A/66/94) contains further proposals totalling $6,423,400 from the regular budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "20. With regard to budget sections for which reduced requirements are proposed, five sections reflect decreases of 3 per cent or more and account for $169 million in reduced requirements (see table 5 below).", "Table 5 Budget sections reflecting a reduction of 3 per cent or greater compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Resourcegrowth \nBudgetsection 2010-2011appropriation\tAmount\tPercentage\t2012-2013resourcesbeforerecosting \n2.\tGeneral Assembly andEconomic and SocialCouncil affairs andconference management\t656070.4\t(41958.2)\t(6.4)\t614 112.2\n3.\tPolitical affairs\t1 314847.4\t(119734.3)\t(9.1)\t1 195113.1\n10.\tLeast developedcountries, landlockeddeveloping countriesand small islanddeveloping States\t7406.1\t(740.6)\t(10.0)\t6 665.5\n28.\tPublic information\t184996.6\t(5564.4)\t(3.0)\t179 432.2\n32.\tJointly financedadministrativeactivities\t11993.4\t(999.6)\t(8.3)\t10 993.8", "21. The Advisory Committee notes that the overall reduction of $170.2 million in comparison with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011 is largely based on two elements: a reduction of $120.8 million in the estimated provision for special political missions and a reduction of $43.7 million under other staff costs, due primarily to reductions in the provision for temporary assistance for meetings and general temporary assistance. Other categories of expenditure showing decreased requirements include staff assessment ($13.1 million), supplies and materials ($7.5 million), furniture and equipment ($5.9 million), consultants ($2.0 million) and travel of staff ($1.0 million). Those reductions are partially offset by increases under posts ($12.9 million), travel of representatives ($2.9 million), improvement of premises ($1.0 million) and grants and contributions ($10.8 million), which were due largely to an increased provision of $6.6 million for the enterprise resource planning project.", "22. As noted previously, the Secretary-General stated that programme managers had been given full authority to determine the mix of resources required to ensure that mandates were carried out. The Advisory Committee was informed that no specific direction had been given to apply any particular efficiency measure in a cross-cutting manner. As a result, the proposals reflect a variety of approaches through which reductions were achieved. For instance, reductions in staffing levels are proposed for 13 budget sections, with the decreases being concentrated in the junior Professional or General Service and related categories. In a few cases, notably in a number of the regional economic commissions, the majority of the overall reduction in resources is attributable to the abolition of posts. With regard to non-post areas of expenditure, the Committee notes a range of measures being taken, including the retention of furniture and equipment beyond its normal replacement cycle, the reduction of requirements for consultants and a proposed requirement that economy class be used for all travel undertaken with regular budget training funds.", "23. The disparate approaches being taken by different programme managers may best be illustrated through the proposals under section 18, Economic and social development in Africa, and section 21, Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean, offices of comparable size and mandate. The proposals reflect reductions of similar levels, $2.8 million (2.3 per cent) and $2.9 million (2.6 per cent), respectively. However, in the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA), all reductions are proposed in non-post areas, with no reduction in staffing. In contrast, the majority of the reductions in the Economic Commission for Latin American and the Caribbean (ECLAC) are due to the proposed abolition of 12 posts.", "24. The Advisory Committee notes that reductions in the current level of resources are proposed in all but one of the budget sections strengthened in 2009 on the basis of the report of the Secretary-General on development-related activities (A/62/708). Of the 91 new posts approved in resolution 63/260 for nine budget sections, 38 posts in six sections are now proposed for abolition. The abolitions include four of the posts specifically approved in resolution 63/260: two under section 9, Economic and social affairs (P-4, P-3), and two under section 20, Economic development in Europe (P-4, P-3). In particular, the Committee notes that of the 34 Professional level posts being proposed for abolition in the budget as a whole, 20 come from three regional economic commissions, namely, the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE), ESCAP and ECLAC.", "25. The Advisory Committee takes note of the information provided in the proposed programme budget of the early positive impact of the new posts approved under resolution 63/260, many of which were encumbered only in 2010, on the work of the offices concerned (see paras. 126-128 below). While recognizing that the budgetary process offers the opportunity to review and reassess how to most effectively deliver on mandates, the Committee is concerned by the extent of the reductions in staffing being proposed for certain departments and offices, especially those recently strengthened under resolution 63/260. The Committee is of the view that the reductions appear to call into question the basis on which elements of the original proposals for strengthening were made.", "Estimates for special political missions", "26. As noted in paragraph 21 above, the main factor in the reduction in the level of the proposed programme budget is the reduced estimate for special political missions under section 3, Political affairs. The estimate provides for an amount of $1.1 billion, reflecting a reduction of $120.8 million compared with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the reduced provision reflected two elements. First, adjustments totalling $85.8 million were made in respect of missions whose mandates had been completed or discontinued or where there had been changes in the scope of mandates, namely the United Nations Mission in Nepal (UNMIN), the United Nations representative to the International Advisory and Monitoring Board and the United Nations Office in Burundi (BNUB). Second, it was stated that a further reduction of $35.0 million had been made with respect to other special political missions on the basis of the expected delivery of objectives and mandates in a cost-effective and efficient manner.", "27. The Advisory Committee points out that funding for special political missions during the biennium will be dependent on decisions of the General Assembly and/or the Security Council to establish or renew mandates. As such, the provision is subject to change. Because resource proposals for 2012 for special political missions have yet to be prepared, the Committee is of the opinion that the additional reduction of $35 million in the estimate for ongoing missions can be considered only a preliminary projection at this point. For this reason, and in view of past experience, which indicates an inability to make predictions about such missions, the Committee is of the view that the level of reduction reflected in the Secretary-General’s projections for special political missions during the biennium 2012-2013 may prove optimistic, and therefore does not necessarily amount to savings. In this regard, the Committee believes it is essential that the Secretary-General demonstrate restraint when presenting the budgetary proposals for special political missions.", "Additional reports to be submitted to the General Assembly", "28. The Secretary-General states that in addition to matters that may arise from the Main Committees of the General Assembly during its sixty-sixth session, there are a number of other evolving issues on which separate reports will be submitted to the Assembly and which the Secretary-General indicates may have a significant bearing on the programme of work for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 16). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with the following information on additional reports that the Secretary-General expects to submit to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session:", "Reports with financial implications \nInformation and communications technology strategy (resolution65/259), enterprise content management, customer relationshipmanagement and disaster recovery and business continuity(resolutions 63/262, 63/269 and 64/243)\nThe strategic heritage plan at the United Nations Office at Geneva(resolution 64/243)\n Administration of justice (resolution 65/259) \nRequirements that may arise from the Fourth United Nations Conferenceon the Least Developed Countries\n Reports with possible financial implications \n Annual report on the activities of the Ethics Office \nReport of the Secretary-General on the emergency management framework(resolution 64/260)\nAdministrative and financial implications of the decisions andrecommendations contained in the report of the International CivilService Commission for 2011\nReport of the Secretary-General on the administrative and financialimplications arising from the report of the United Nations JointStaff Pension Board\n Other reports[3] \nOverseas property management and construction projects in progress(resolution 65/259)\nReview of current arrangements for funding and backstopping ofspecial political missions (resolution 65/259)\nFeasibility study of long-term United Nations Headquartersaccommodation requirements\n Report on accountability: implementation of resolution 64/259", "29. The Advisory Committee was informed that it is envisaged that the above-mentioned reporting on administration of justice, pursuant to resolution 65/259, will be addressed in two separate reports, covering the formal system (Office of the Administration of Justice and other offices) and the informal system, which will be addressed in the context of the annual report on the activities of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services.", "30. In addition to the reports indicated above, the Advisory Committee was informed that following the establishment of the post of Director-General of the United Nations Office at Nairobi, support arrangements in the Office were being reviewed. The Committee was informed that any related revisions to requirements for 2012-2013 would be reported to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, in accordance with established practice.", "31. The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly has, for the past two bienniums, requested the Secretary-General to take the steps necessary to avoid a piecemeal approach to the budget process and to ensure that the fullest possible picture of the Organization’s requirements is included in the proposed programme budget (see resolution 62/236, para. 9, and resolution 64/243, para. 15). With regard to information and communications technology, the Committee also recalls that the Assembly requested in its resolutions 64/243 and 65/259 that the proposals be submitted in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The Committee recognizes that unforeseen requirements could arise that need to be addressed outside the normal biennial regular budget cycle. The Committee is of the view, however, that issues foreseen during the preparation of the proposed programme budget could have been included in the Secretary-General’s proposals. If a full submission of those items was not possible, the Committee would have expected that indicative estimates of the resource requirements, at a minimum, would have been reflected in the proposed programme budget in order to provide Member States with the most comprehensive information possible at the time.", "32. In this regard, the Advisory Committee received and considered a report of the Secretary-General on enterprise information and communications technology initiatives for the United Nations Secretariat (A/66/94). The Committee notes that the report contains additional resource proposals amounting to some $42.8 million for the biennium 2012-2013, of which $6.4 million is requested from the regular budget.", "33. Although the reports listed above will be before the General Assembly when it considers the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee is concerned that the piecemeal approach does not provide the Committee with the full information it requires at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals to be able to render advice to the Assembly on the proposed programme budget.", "Change management initiative", "34. The Secretary-General indicates that during 2012-2013 work will continue on examining and updating the way in which the Organization works through a change management process aimed at ensuring that the Organization serves Member States and its beneficiaries more effectively and efficiently. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that a change management team had been established to facilitate that process. The team is to be led by an Assistant Secretary-General and consist of six to eight additional staff serving on secondment from their departments or offices together with a small number of consultants with expertise in change management, human resources and information and communications technologies (ICT). It was also indicated that the work of the team would be overseen by the Deputy Secretary-General.", "35. The Advisory Committee was informed that the tasks of the change management team would be:", "(a) To focus its work on six categories: programme effectiveness; human resources; ICT; procurement and common services; innovation in business processes; and governing body processes, including the design of an engagement strategy both internally and with Member States;", "(b) To assess the feasibility and cost of all proposed reforms;", "(c) To ensure consistency in the implementation of reform measures;", "(d) To cross-fertilize efforts with other important work streams;", "(e) To develop a prioritized implementation plan with timelines for the consideration of the Secretary-General.", "36. The Advisory Committee was informed that the primary task of the change management team was to analyse and assess the change initiatives emanating from senior managers, staff and other stakeholders and to formulate an implementation plan. It was expected that the work would be completed by the end of 2011, while implementation of the change initiatives themselves would have different time frames, with some expected to be completed in 2011 and other initiatives continuing into 2012 or longer. The Committee was also informed that it was too early to predict the impact of the activities of the change management team on resource requirements in the biennium 2012-2013.", "37. The Advisory Committee was also informed that the change management initiatives would vary in scope and impact and, while some may involve changes to internal processes under the Secretary-General’s authority, others may involve changes requiring approval of the General Assembly. In this regard, it was stated that the change management team would design an engagement strategy to communicate its work and to seek appropriate guidance from Member States and the appropriate intergovernmental bodies. The Committee underscores the importance of regular communication, both internally and with Member States, on the activities of the team, including with respect to its objectives, the timeline for its activities and the initiatives being considered and undertaken.", "38. With regard to funding, the Advisory Committee was informed that it was envisaged that the change management team would be funded through extrabudgetary resources for the period of its engagement to 31 December 2011. While the main support for the team would be through the secondment of staff from various offices within the Organization, the Committee was informed that it was envisaged that approximately $700,000 would be needed to carry out the initiative. As at 26 July 2011, the Committee was informed that, in addition to the Assistant Secretary-General, the team consisted of four Professional staff on secondment from OIOS, the Department of Management, the Department of Political Affairs and the Department of Public Information, and another member was due to join from the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. In addition, discussions were ongoing to identify a member to represent the agencies, funds and programmes. Administrative support was being provided by a General Service staff member on secondment from the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.", "39. The Advisory Committee recognizes that initiatives to increase efficiency and effectiveness are developed and implemented on an ongoing basis by programme managers at all levels in various departments and offices. The Committee is of the view, however, that to date there has been insufficient focus on identifying those measures which are found to be most effective and ensuring that they are effectively implemented throughout the Organization as a whole. As such, the Committee sees merit in the creation of temporary capacity focused on such change management initiatives. The Committee points out that had such a team been set up earlier, the results of its work could have been reflected in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "40. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that to date no evaluations of change management or reform initiatives in the United Nations had been completed. The Committee was informed, however, that the change management team would evaluate previous such initiatives and take into account lessons learned. The Committee emphasizes the importance of conducting a thorough review of all previous initiatives and reforms with a view to drawing lessons, particularly in instances where such initiatives have failed to have the desired impact.", "41. The Advisory Committee notes that the change management team is expected to complete its primary task by the end of 2011. The Committee expects that the implementation and impact of the initiatives themselves will thereafter be overseen by the existing mechanisms, notably the Steering Committee on the Implementation of Change Management Measures, chaired by the Deputy Secretary-General, and other senior management forums, such as the Management Committee and, where appropriate, the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB).", "Contingency fund", "42. The Advisory Committee recalls the provisions of General Assembly resolutions 41/213 and 42/211. It also recalls that, in its resolution 65/262, the Assembly decided that the level of the contingency fund for the biennium 2012-2013, within which additional requirements should be accommodated, would be $40,475,200.", "A. Format and presentation of the proposed programme budget", "43. The Advisory Committee regrets that its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 was affected by the late submission of the introduction to the proposed programme budget and of a number of the individual budget sections. The Committee reiterates the importance of ensuring that the budgetary process, including the timeliness of the submission of documents and of additional information requested by the Committee, is fully respected.", "44. The format of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 remains basically unchanged from that of 2010-2011. The Secretary-General indicated that, in accordance with the terms of General Assembly resolution 58/269, the programme narratives had been strictly formulated on the basis of the approved strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 (A/65/6/Rev.1) and that any differences would be reported to the Committee for Programme and Coordination. As indicated in paragraph 54 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget, differences resulting from new and/or revised mandates affect section 3, Political affairs, section 15, Human settlements, section 17, UN-Women, and section 22, Economic and social development in Western Asia. The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General has presented a consolidated report on the changes to the biennial programme plan (A/66/82) for review by the Committee for Programme and Coordination in accordance with resolution 58/269.", "Results-based-budgeting framework", "45. The Advisory Committee recalls that the Board of Auditors, in its report on the United Nations for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/65/5 (Vol. I), chap. II), highlighted a number of shortcomings in the presentation of the logical frameworks. These included, in certain instances, a lack of clarity in the link between expected accomplishments and the corresponding objective and also between the indicators of achievement used and the related expected accomplishment. More fundamentally, the Board identified a number of structural and deep-rooted obstacles to changing the results-based-budgeting system as currently designed and implemented. As such, the Board expressed the opinion that the expectations behind the decision to develop results-based budgeting did not appear to have been matched by the process as implemented in the Secretariat. From the viewpoint of its role in the budgetary review process, the Committee has raised concerns similar to those articulated by the Board of Auditors (see A/64/7, paras. 13-22). The Committee acknowledges the continued efforts being made to refine and improve the presentation of the logical frameworks. However, on the basis of its review of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee considers that the concerns remain valid. In this regard, the Committee looks forward to reviewing the proposals resulting from the work of a results-based management task force, which are to be presented to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "Discontinued outputs", "46. In accordance with regulation 5.6 and rule 105.6 of the Regulations and Rules Governing Programme Planning, the Programme Aspects of the Budget, the Monitoring of Implementation and the Methods of Evaluation, the Secretary-General reports that a total of 1,792 outputs delivered in 2010-2011 will be discontinued in 2012-2013, reflecting the outcome of the review of outputs delivered in 2010-2011. The discontinuation of outputs is reported in the relevant sections of the budget and a summary is provided in the table in paragraph 23 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget. The Advisory Committee reiterates its view that the information on discontinued outputs would be more useful if the budget documents identified whether new outputs were being proposed in lieu of the activities concerned. In addition, where discontinued outputs are not being specifically replaced by new outputs, the Committee remains of the view that attempts should be made to identify the totality of resources that would be made available for redeployment as a result of the proposed discontinuation (see A/60/7, para. 15).", "47. The Advisory Committee recalls its recommendation that the proposed programme budget indicate the extent of involvement of the intergovernmental bodies in formulating programmes related to activities funded by the regular budget (ibid., para. 18). In this regard, as part of the process leading to the termination of the outputs referred to above, the Committee notes that the programmes of work for sections 2, 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24 and 28 have been reviewed by the relevant bodies (A/66/6 (Introduction), annex I).", "Monitoring and evaluation", "48. The proposed programme budget identifies resources related to monitoring and evaluation within each section pursuant to paragraph 20 of General Assembly resolution 58/269. The Advisory Committee notes that for 2012-2013, the resources devoted to monitoring and evaluation would amount to $57.3 million, representing an increase of $6.5 million, or some 13 per cent, over the estimates for the biennium 2010-2011. The regular budget provision is $33.5 million, an increase of $2.6 million as compared to 2010-2011, while other assessed provisions and extrabudgetary resources account for $4.3 million and $19.4 million respectively. The distribution of the resources among budget sections is shown in table 6 below.", "Table 6", "Estimated resource requirements for monitoring and evaluation", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Budget section Regular Extrabudgetary Other Total budget assessed", "2. General Assembly and Economic and 3 191.7 — — 3 191.7 Social Council affairs and conference management", "3. Political affairs 39.3 15.6 — 54.9", "4. Disarmament 301.4 20.0 — 321.4", "5. Peacekeeping operations — — 1 581.3 1 581.3", "6. Peaceful uses of outer space 321.3 116.1 — 437.4", "8. Legal affairs 970.1 — 172.0 1 142.1", "9. Economic and social affairs 598.1 42.6 — 640.7", "10. Least developed countries, 112.4 — — 112.4 landlocked developing countries and small island developing States", "11. United Nations support for the New 171.7 — — 171.7 Partnership for Africa’s Development", "12. Trade and development 996.5 374.9 — 1 371.4", "14. Environment 377.6 1 513.2 — 1 890.8", "15. Human settlements 396.5 2 713.3 — 3 109.8", "16. International drug control, crime 868.6 2 327.6 — 3 196.2 and terrorism prevention and criminal justice", "17. UN-Women — 3 735.5 — 3 735.5", "18. Economic and social development in 2 536.3 714.0 — 3 250.3 Africa", "19. Economic and social development in 3 616.8 430.2 — 4 047.0 Asia and the Pacific", "20. Economic development in Europe 822.0 6.0 — 828.0", "21. Economic and social development in 718.4 212.5 — 930.9 Latin America and the Caribbean", "22. Economic and social development in 663.0 148.4 — 811.4 Western Asia", "24. Human rights 1 251.9 251.2 — 1 503.1", "25. International protection, durable 1 256.0 2 344.0 — 3 600.0 solutions and assistance to refugees", "26. Palestine refugees 1 748.8 1 903.0 — 3 651.8", "27. Humanitarian assistance 401.2 1 389.4 — 1 790.6", "28. Public information 2 792.0 — — 2 792.0", "29A. Office of the 109.3 — — 109.3 Under-Secretary-General for Management", "29B. Office of Programme Planning, 2 234.7 459.3 246.4 2 940.4 Budget and Accounts", "29C. Office of Human Resources 411.1 36.1 42.4 489.6 Management", "29D. Office of Central Support 1 846.4 34.6 2 044.5 3 925.5 Services", "29E. Administration, Geneva 1 001.8 360.6 — 1 362.4", "29F. Administration, Vienna 266.2 270.6 — 536.8", "29G. Administration, Nairobi 246.6 5.6 — 252.2", "30. Office of Information and 41.8 — — 41.8 Communications Technology", "31. Internal oversight 753.3 — 256.7 1 010.0", "35. Safety and security 2 449.2 — — 2 449.2", "Total 33 512.0 19 424.3 4 343.3 57 279.6", "49. The Advisory Committee observes that the level of resources devoted to monitoring and evaluation activities is significant and continues to grow. The Committee emphasizes the importance of regular monitoring and evaluation of programme activities to determine the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the Organization’s activities and also considers that such activities are a central element of effective management. As such, the Committee is of the view that there should be an increase in the level of information provided on how the resources in this area are utilized and on the results of the activities undertaken.", "50. The Secretary-General provides information on the type of monitoring and evaluation activities carried out in the introduction to the proposed programme budget. The Advisory Committee notes that the bulk of the resources in this area continue to be directed towards internal evaluations, consisting of self-evaluations as well as the self-assessments carried out in the context of monitoring and programme performance reporting, with only approximately 2 per cent being devoted to mandated or discretionary external evaluations (A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 74 and 76). The Committee remains of the view that there is no substitute for independent evaluation as a source of objective analysis of the achievements and shortcomings of United Nations programmes and activities and that mechanisms and offices for that purpose exist within the system.", "51. The Advisory Committee further notes that the estimates in respect of section 31, Internal oversight, reflect only approximately $1 million in resources for the evaluation by the Office of Internal Oversight Services of its own activities (A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.12). The estimates provided in the proposed programme budget do not include, however, the cost of the external monitoring and evaluation activities of OIOS and the Joint Inspection Unit. The Committee is of the view that the inclusion of information on the resources available to OIOS and the Joint Inspection Unit for the evaluation of the activities of other departments and offices is important and would more accurately present the totality of resources devoted to monitoring and evaluation throughout the Organization.", "52. The Advisory Committee continues to note significant variation in the level of projected expenditures for monitoring and evaluation across Secretariat departments and offices. This is notable even when the functions of the offices could be considered as broadly similar in nature and scope, for example, the regional economic commissions. The Committee also notes, however, that the variation may, in part, reflect differences in how the resources involved are measured by different departments and offices. For instance, while a number of departments and offices have discrete monitoring and evaluation capacities, with staff devoted full time to such activities, in many others such activities are carried out, on an ad hoc basis, by staff as part of their ongoing duties. In the latter cases, the proposed programme budget reflects estimates made on the basis of the time devoted by its staff, on a part-time basis, to such activities. This results in a situation where consistency in approach, including as to what elements of a manager’s responsibilities are identified as distinct monitoring and evaluation activities, is likely to be difficult to achieve. The Advisory Committee is thus of the view that the focus in the budget presentation should be on the nature and results of monitoring and evaluation activities rather than just on their estimated cost.", "53. In this regard, the Advisory Committee notes that in the preparation of the proposed programme budget, each programme manager is required to submit an evaluation plan detailing both the external and internal evaluations planned for the next biennium. While each budget section includes an estimate of the resources required for the evaluation activities planned for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee is of the view that the budget document, in general, lacks information on the specific activities involved. The Committee requests that future programme budgets provide information on the main evaluation activities planned by each department or office.", "54. The Secretary-General provides information on a range of benefits from monitoring and evaluation activities that have been undertaken (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 79). Information on such results is also included, in varying degrees, in some individual budget sections. The Advisory Committee welcomes the inclusion of such information but is of the view that greater effort is required. The Committee regrets that information on monitoring and evaluation activities that had been undertaken was not included in a number of budget sections. It reiterates its request that future budget presentations highlight more consistently the major evaluation activities carried out, how the lessons learned were implemented in order to improve programme delivery and, where applicable, any impact on the proposed allocation of resources (see A/64/7, para. 26).", "B. Methodology", "55. As indicated in the introduction to the proposed budget, the methodology used to prepare the financial requirements remains unchanged from that used for the current biennium, as endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 47/212 A. The proposed budget includes a provision of $25 million related to the delayed impact of new posts approved in 2010-2011 and the deduction of one-time costs of $65 million approved for that biennium (see A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 46 and 47). Resources in the amount of some $1.1 billion are included for special political missions. Additional requirements for special political missions, should they become necessary, would continue to be treated in accordance with the provisions of General Assembly resolution 41/213.", "56. As indicated in paragraph 50 of the introduction to the proposed budget, a uniform vacancy rate of 9.6 per cent for Professional staff and 4.0 per cent for General Service staff is proposed for continuing posts. For field security staff, a vacancy rate of 14.0 per cent for Professional staff and 14.7 per cent for General Service staff is proposed. These reflect the rates approved for the biennium 2010-2011 by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243. The Advisory Committee was informed that actual average vacancy rates, as at 31 May 2011, stood at 6.0 per cent for Professional staff and 5.1 per cent for General Service staff (see also para. 90 below).", "57. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed vacancy rate for Professional posts of 9.6 per cent is significantly higher than the current actual vacancy rate of 6.1 per cent. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the rates proposed reflected a continuation of the rates approved by the General Assembly for the biennium 2010-2011. The Committee was also informed that at the time of its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Assembly would be provided with updated vacancy rates in the revised estimates on recosting. The Committee notes that a 1 per cent decrease in the vacancy rate applied to Professional posts would result in an increase in post costs of approximately $16.9 million, with an additional $2.5 million under staff assessment.", "C. Effects of reform", "58. In its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee expressed the view that the budget document should contain more information on major management issues and structural changes affecting the resource requirements (A/64/7, para. 29). In its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly recalled paragraph 29 of the report of the Committee and stressed that the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 should provide a clear picture of the reform measures that have been taken, their budgetary implications, the efficiency gains derived from their implementation and an assessment of progress in accomplishing the objectives. The Committee regrets that such information was not included in the proposals for the biennium 2012-2013 and regards this as a serious omission. The Committee reiterates that information on the status and results of major reform measures should be contained in the introduction to proposed programme budgets.", "D. Efficiency gains", "59. The Secretary-General states that the proposals for the biennium 2012-2013 take into account measures aimed at increasing efficiency and effectiveness in the implementation of programmes and the related utilization of resources. With regard to staffing resources, the Secretary-General indicates that the proposals reflect efforts to reduce overlap and streamline roles and responsibilities to bring greater synergies in workflows as a result of investments in information and communications technology (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 26).", "60. The Advisory Committee welcomes the stated emphasis on realizing efficiency gains, which should have an impact on the level or distribution of resources. The Committee regrets, however, that the proposed programme budget lacks specific information linking the impact of the efficiency measures to resource requirements. In this regard, the Committee reiterates that a summary of the most significant efficiency measures, together with information on the resources actually or expected to be freed up by their implementation, should be included in the introduction to proposed programme budgets. Where future efficiencies are projected, clear timelines should be provided as to when they would be realized. In addition, more detailed information with regard to each department or office should be included in the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee (see A/60/7, para. 102).", "61. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the exact savings or gains resulting from the initiatives being undertaken could not be determined, as there were no systems in place to accurately determine the cost of each activity and output. The Committee is concerned with this unsatisfactory situation and the apparent lack of any progress in this area. In this regard, the Committee recalls resolution 64/259, in which the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to identify appropriate methods and tools to portray the efficiency with which the Secretariat undertakes its work. The Committee expects that the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of that resolution, which is to be submitted to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, will reflect progress in this area.", "62. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on posts proposed for abolition because of a return on investment in information technology. The distribution of the 54 General Service (Other level) posts by budget section is provided in table 7 below. The Committee continues to hold the view that the considerable investment in information and communications technology should lead to measurable benefits, efficiencies and economies in the support functions of the Organization. As such, the Committee welcomes the fact that the staffing proposals reflect the impact of such investment in a number of areas. The Committee observes, however, that the proposed staffing reductions relate to only three budget sections, and it is of the view that similar measures should be applied in other departments and offices.", "Table 7 Summary of posts proposed for abolition owing to investments in information and communications technology", "Section\tNumber\tLevel\tDescription \nSection 2. General Assemblyand Economic and SocialCouncil affairs andconference management \nMeetings and publishingservices, New York\t37\tTC\tAbolition\n\t4\tGS(OL)\tAbolition\n The proposedabolitions reflect areturn on investmentin technology andstreamlining ofworkflow processes\n Subtotal 41 \n 28. Public information \n\t1\tP-5\tAbolition\n\t1\tP-2/1\tAbolition\n\t9\tGS(OL)\tAbolition\n The proposedabolitions result fromimprovements intechnology andmodified processes inthe Dag HammarskjöldLibrary\n Subtotal 11 \n 29E. Administration, Geneva \nLibrary services\t2\tGS(OL)\tAbolition\n The proposedabolitions result fromimprovements intechnology andincreased use ofelectronic resources(as well as theredistribution oftasks andresponsibilities andthe streamlining ofprocesses)\n Total 54", "E. Personnel matters", "63. In its resolutions 65/247 and 65/248, the General Assembly approved the granting of continuing contracts and a number of recommendations of the International Civil Service Commission relating to the harmonization of the conditions of service of staff. Those decisions, which were built on resolution 63/250, by which the Assembly approved a new contractual framework, were further milestones in a series of major human resources reforms in recent years. The Advisory Committee is of the view that those reforms have established a framework that should allow the Organization to address many persistent problems in the area of human resources management in a coherent manner and expects that the focus will now shift to ensuring their effective implementation. The Committee further expects that future reports submitted to the Assembly will include an analysis of the results achieved.", "64. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee continues to note high vacancy rates in a number of departments and offices, including posts that had been left vacant for a long period of time. In addition, a number of programme managers expressed a desire for increased delegation of authority, particularly in the area of recruitment. It was also apparent that continued efforts were necessary with regard to improving the representation of unrepresented and underrepresented Member States and achieving the goal of gender parity in staffing. The Committee expects that those issues will be comprehensively addressed in the next report of the Secretary-General on human resources management, which is to be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-seventh session. As such, in the present report, the Committee has limited its discussion of personnel policy matters, and it will revert to broader human resources issues in greater detail at that time.", "65. The Advisory Committee notes that the staffing resources available for carrying out the work programme of the Organization include established posts, temporary posts, temporary assistance, contractual services, consultants and ad hoc expert groups and overtime, which are financed from the regular budget, other assessed resources and extrabudgetary funds.", "66. For the biennium 2012-2013, the cost of posts is estimated at $2,369,447,800 (at 2010-2011 rates) and other staff costs at $219,062,400, for a total of $2,588,510,200 (excluding staff assessment) under the expenditure sections. If the estimate under income section 3, Services to the public, of $25,958,100 for posts and other staff costs is added, the total amounts to $2,614,468,300. The cost of extrabudgetary posts (including related other staff costs) and posts funded under other assessed resources are estimated at $4,067,800,300. The combined personnel costs to be financed from the regular budget and other assessed and extrabudgetary resources in 2012-2013 are therefore estimated to amount to $6,682,268,600.", "67. The Advisory Committee recalls that financial statement V of the United Nations for the biennium ended 31 December 2009 indicated that out of total regular budget expenditure of $4,749,421,000, some $3,516,845,000, or approximately 74.0 per cent, related to salaries and other personnel costs (see A/65/5 (Vol. I), chap. V). This reflected a slight reduction compared with the 74.6 per cent such charges represented in the biennium 2006-2007.", "Regular budget established and temporary posts", "68. Under the expenditure sections and income section 3, Services to the public, of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Secretary-General requests a total of 10,352 posts. In table 8 below, the request for 2012-2013 is compared with the authorized staffing table for 2010-2011.", "Table 8 Post requirements", "Professional General Total category and Service and above related categories\n Posts 2010-2011 2012-2013 Increase 2010-2011 2012-2013 Increase 2010-2011 2012-2013 Increase (decrease) (decrease) (decrease)", "Established 4 521 4 554 33  5 733 5 689 (44) 10 254 10 243 (11)", "Temporary 55 45 (10) 87 64 (23) 142 109 (33)", "Total^(a) 4 576 4 599 23  5 820 5 753 (67) 10 396 10 352 (44)", "^(a) Including 89 posts under Income section 3.", "69. The net decrease of 44 regular budget established and temporary posts under the expenditure sections is the result of proposals for 63 new posts, 40 conversions from general temporary assistance, extrabudgetary resources or contractual services and 147 abolitions. In addition, 10 temporary posts are proposed to be converted to established posts. A further 55 posts are proposed for reclassification (see A/66/6 (Introduction), table 5 and paras. 24-45).", "70. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the total number of approved and proposed posts by source of funds and grade level, which is contained in annex I to the present report. Annex II contains a list of proposals for the abolition or creation of posts by section of the proposed programme budget. Information on posts proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance, extrabudgetary funding or contractual services is provided in annex III. Details of proposed reclassifications are outlined in annex IV.", "71. The Advisory Committee notes that proposals are made for an increase in staffing levels for 8 budget sections, while decreases are proposed for 13 sections (see table 9 below). The remaining budget sections that contain posts funded by the regular budget reflect no change in overall staffing levels.", "Table 9 Proposed changes in staffing levels^(a)", "Overall\tProfessionalandhigher\tGeneralServiceandrelated \nBudgetsectionsreflectingincreasesinstaffinglevels \n7. International Court ofJustice\t4\t2 2\n16. International drugcontrol, crime andterrorism preventionand criminal justice\t7\t8 (1)\n17. UN-Women\t2\t2 \n24. Human rights\t11\t7 4\n26. Palestine refugees\t13\t13 \n27. Humanitarian assistance\t2\t2 \n29D. Office of CentralSupport Services\t26\t6 20\n31. Internal oversight\t7\t7 \nSubtotal 72\t47 25\nBudgetsectionsreflectingdecreasesinstaffinglevels 1. Overall (2) (2) policymaking, direction and \n coordination 2. General (45)\t(4) (41) Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference \n management 3. Political (4)\t(2) (2) \n affairs 9. Economic (10)\t(2) (8) and social \n affairs 12. Trade (1) (1) and \n development 19. Economic (7)\t(6) (1) and social development in Asia and the \n Pacific 20. Economic (7)\t(5) (2) development in \n Europe 21. Economic (12)\t(8) (4) and social development in Latin America and the \n Caribbean 22. Economic (1)\t3 (4) and social development in Western \n Asia 28.\tPublic (15)\t(1) (14) \n\tinformation 29B.\tOffice (1) (1) of Programme Planning, Budget and \n\tAccounts 29E.\tAdministration, (3) (3) \n\tGeneva 35.\tSafety (8) (8) and \n\tsecurity \nSubtotal (116)\t(25) (91)\nTotal (44)\t22 (66)", "^(a) Section 18, Economic and social development in Africa contains a proposal for the reclassification of a post from the Field Service to the Professional level, but there is no change in the overall staffing level of the section.", "Abolition of posts", "72. Proposals are made in 16 budget sections to abolish 147 posts. These consist of 113 posts in the General Service and related categories and 34 Professional level posts, namely, 4 P-5, 7 P-4, 9 P-3 and 14 P-2/1 posts. Of those, 29 abolitions relate to temporary posts. Detailed information with respect to the posts proposed for abolition is provided in annex II. The distribution by budget section is summarized in table 10 below.", "Table 10 Proposals for the abolition of posts", "Budgetsection Total\tProfessionalandhigher\tGeneralServiceandrelated \n1.\tOverall policymaking,direction andcoordination\t2 2\n2.\tGeneral Assembly andEconomic and SocialCouncil affairs andconference management\t45\t4 41\n3.\tPolitical affairs\t6\t3 3\n5.\tPeacekeeping operations\t2 2\n9.\tEconomic and socialaffairs\t12\t4 8\n12.\tTrade and development\t1 1\n16.\tInternational drugcontrol, crime andterrorism prevention andcriminal justice\t1 1\n19.\tEconomic and socialdevelopment in Asia andthe Pacific\t8\t7 1\n20.\tEconomic development inEurope\t7\t5 2\n21.\tEconomic and socialdevelopment in LatinAmerica and theCaribbean\t12\t8 4\n22.\tEconomic and socialdevelopment in WesternAsia\t4 4\n24.\tHuman rights\t2\t1 1\n28.\tPublic information\t20\t2 18\n29B.\tOffice of ProgrammingPlanning, Budget andAccounts\t1 1\n29E.\tAdministration, Geneva\t3 3\n35.\tSafety and security\t21 21 147 34 113 \nTotal", "73. The Advisory Committee has consistently highlighted the need for an ongoing review of staffing components to ensure that the number, level and location of personnel is adjusted to ensure the most effective and efficient implementation of mandates. As such, in principle, the Committee welcomes the efforts of programme managers to do so in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "74. In terms of reductions in staffing, the Advisory Committee notes that the largest single component relates to efficiencies attributed to the impact of initiatives related to business processes under section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management. The Committee welcomes the realization of such efficiencies and encourages similar efforts to rationalize business processes throughout the Organization as a whole. In this regard, the Committee notes that under the various components of section 29, Management and support services, which account for some 12.5 per cent of the overall staffing table, only 4 General Service posts were proposed for abolition and, overall, a net increase of 22 posts is proposed.", "75. As highlighted in paragraph 24 above, the Advisory Committee notes that 38 posts are proposed for abolition from budget sections that were strengthened under resolution 63/260 following consideration of the report of the Secretary-General on development-related activities (A/62/708). These include four posts approved at that time. The Committee notes in particular that 20 of the 34 Professional level posts being proposed for abolition in the budget as a whole are from three regional economic commissions.", "76. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that many of the posts being proposed for abolition were not currently vacant. The Committee was also informed that in a number of instances there was an insufficient numbering of vacant posts at the proper level in the departments or offices concerned by which to absorb the staff. The Committee expects that appropriate measures will be taken to ensure that the impact of post reductions is dealt with in full accordance with human resources rules and procedures.", "Redeployments", "77. The Advisory Committee notes that 62 posts are proposed for redeployment among budget sections for the biennium 2012-2013 (see table 11).", "Table 11 Summary of posts redeployed across sections", "Section\tNumber Level\tDescription \n1. Overall policymaking,direction and coordination United Nations Office tothe African Union\t(6)\tASG,D-2, 6 posts redeployed tosection 3, PoliticalAffairs as a separatecomponent given thatprogrammatically theOffice carries outsubstantive functionsrelated to peace andsecurity. P-5, P-4, 2GS \n (OL) \n Subtotal (6) \n2. General Assembly andEconomic Social affairs andconference management Division of ConferenceManagement, Geneva\t(54)\tD-1,2P-5, Redeployment of 54posts to section 29E,Administration,Geneva, Libraryservices, as part ofthe realignment oflibrary servicesaccording toorganizationalreporting lines; alsoincludes 2 GeneralService (Other level)posts proposed forabolition P-4, 6P-3, 10P-2/1, 1GS (PL), 33GS \n (OL) \nDivision of ConferenceManagement, Vienna\t(2)\tP-3,GS(OL) Redeployment of 2posts to section 29F,Administration,Vienna, as part ofthe realignment oflibrary servicesaccording toorganizationalreporting lines\nSubtotal\t(56) \n 3. Political affairs United Nations Office tothe African Union\t6\tASG, 6 posts redeployedfrom section 1,Overall policymaking,direction andcoordination (seeabove) D-2, P-5, P-4, 2GS \n (OL) \n Subtotal 6 \n 29E. Administration, Geneva Library services\t54\tD-1, Redeployment of 54posts from section 2as part of therealignment oflibrary services (seeabove) 2 P-5, P-4, 6 P-3, 10 P-2/1, 1GS (PL), 33 GS \n (OL) \n Subtotal 54 \n 29F. Administration, Vienna Support services\t2\tP-3, Redeployment of 2posts from section 2as part of therealignment oflibrary services (seeabove) \n GS(OL) \n Subtotal 2 \n Total —", "Reclassifications", "78. A total of 55 posts are proposed for reclassification. Details of the proposals, by budget section, are contained in annex IV. In summary, the proposed reclassifications consist of the following changes in levels:", "4 D-1 to D-2", "7 P-5 to D-1", "14 P-4 to P-5", "1 P-4 to P-3", "6 P-3 to P-4", "1 Field Service to P-4", "14 Field Service to Local level", "1 Field Service to National Officer", "7 Local level to National Officer", "79. The Advisory Committee notes that the total of 55 proposals for reclassification represents a significant increase in comparison with the number put forward in recent years and is more than double the 27 proposals contained in the proposed programme budgets for the past three bienniums combined. Furthermore, while the proposals include the nationalization of a number of Field Service positions and the downward reclassification of one Professional post, the Committee notes that the majority of the proposals continue to reflect an upward trend, including 25 proposals for reclassification to P-5 level or above.", "80. The Advisory Committee has previously commented on the consistent upward bias in reclassifications, which contributes to “grade creep” — an upward shift in the grade structure of the staffing table. The Committee remains concerned by this trend, particularly when the proposed reclassifications are viewed in conjunction with the overall profile of the staffing proposals being made in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (see para. 86 below).", "81. Although they do not have an impact on the regular budget staffing table, the Advisory Committee notes the proposal in section 35, Safety and security, for the downward reclassification of eight P-4 jointly financed posts to the P-2/1 level to provide additional entry-level opportunities (A/66/6 (Sect. 35), para. 35.41). Further information in respect of this proposal is outlined in chapter II, paragraph XII.25, below. The Committee welcomes the proposal of the Department of Safety and Security, which contrasts with the overall reduction in entry-level Professional posts being proposed in staffing financed by the regular budget.", "82. The Advisory Committee’s specific observations and recommendations regarding the proposals for the reclassification of posts for the biennium 2012‑2013 are contained in chapter II.", "Conversions", "83. The Advisory Committee was provided with a summary of the proposed conversion for 2012-2013 of positions previously funded under general temporary assistance, extrabudgetary resources or contractual services to established posts. A total of 14 positions are proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance funding, 2 from extrabudgetary resources and 24 from contractual services (see annex III).", "84. The Advisory Committee notes the proposals under section 29D, Office of Central Support Services, for the conversion of conference engineer and electrical maintenance positions from contractual services to posts. The Committee is of the view that similar proposals should, in future, be presented as requests for new posts. Positions funded under general temporary assistance or by extrabudgetary funds are classified and created in accordance with United Nations human resources policies. As such, proposals to establish such posts under the regular budget can be viewed as a conversion to a different funding source. The Committee does not consider proposals related to functions being carried out by a private company to be analogous.", "85. The Advisory Committee’s observations and recommendations regarding proposed conversions for the biennium 2012-2013 are contained in chapter II of the present report.", "Staffing profile", "86. The staffing proposals being made would result in a net decrease of 67 posts in the General Service and related categories and an increase of 23 posts in the Professional and higher categories, including an increase of 1 Assistant Secretary-General, 4 D-2, 10 D-1, 9 P-5 and 9 P-3 posts and a reduction of 2 P-4 and 8 P-2/1 posts (see A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 27, graph). The Advisory Committee notes the proposed reduction in entry-level P-2/1 posts, which contrasts with the increases in senior posts being put forward. The Committee has concerns about this trend and is of the view that this situation should be kept under review by the Secretary-General.", "87. In table 12 below, information is provided on staffing levels for a 10-year period, with authorized staffing in the biennium 2004-2005 being compared with the proposed staffing for 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that, should the proposals for 2012-2013 be approved, there would be an overall increase of 725 posts during the period, the majority of which would be in the Professional and higher categories. The Advisory Committee notes that since the biennium 2004-2005, additional posts have been approved for all levels in the Professional category but is of the opinion that greater emphasis should have been placed on P-2/1 posts.", "88. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the provision of sufficient entry-level posts is a fundamental component of effective human resources management. The recruitment of new staff into such positions also contributes to the rejuvenation and revitalization of the Secretariat. In addition, the Committee is aware that P-2/1 posts are the primary avenue for the recruitment of staff through the young professionals programme and also allow for the advancement of General Service staff who are successful in the competitive examination for recruitment to the Professional category of staff members from other categories.", "89. The Advisory Committee has previously called for reductions in the ratio of posts in the General Service and related categories to Professional posts. In the view of the Committee, such reductions would reflect changing work practices in the Organization, including the impact of information and communications technology on the requirement for clerical support (see A/58/7, paras. 61 and 62). As indicated in paragraph 62 above, the Committee was informed that of the 113 post abolitions proposed in this category, 54 were attributable to investments in information technology. As shown in table 12 below, the General Service and related categories account for 55.3 per cent of the proposed regular budget staffing component, compared with 58.5 per cent of authorized established and temporary posts in 2004-2005.", "Table 12 Comparison of authorized staff for 2004-2005 with proposed staffing for 2012-2013", "Category Approved Proposed Change 2004-2005 2012-2013\n Number Percentage", "DSG 1 1 —", "USG 29 33 4 13.8", "ASG 21 29 8 38.1", "D-2 86 105 19 22.1", "D-1 254 287 33 13.0", "P-5 713 842 129 18.1", "P-4 1 216 1 419 203 16.7", "P-3 1 162 1 340 178 15.3", "P-2/1 481 528 47 9.8", "Subtotal 3 963 4 584 621 15.7", "PL 279 281 2 0.7", "OL 2 746 2 717 (29) (1.1)", "SS 306 320 14 4.6", "LL 1 877 2 014 137 7.3", "FS 147 129 (18) (12.2)", "NO 39 78 39 100.0", "TC 181 140 (41) (22.7)", "Subtotal 5 575 5 679 104 1.9", "Total 9 538 10 263 725 7.6", "Vacancy rates", "90. The Advisory Committee was provided with updated vacancy statistics for authorized established and temporary regular budget posts as at 31 May 2011, at which point the vacancy rates were 6.0 per cent for Professional posts and 5.1 per cent for General Service and related categories, with the overall vacancy rate being 5.5 per cent. The Committee notes that this compares with rates of 8.4 per cent for Professional posts and 3.5 per cent for posts in the General Service and related categories at the time of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the average vacancy rate during the five years from 2006 to 2010 ranged from 7.0 to 8.9 per cent for Professional posts and 3.3 and 4.2 per cent for posts in the General Service and related categories. Although it remains concerned by the persistent high vacancy rates in a number of departments and offices, the Committee welcomes the improvement in the overall vacancy rate for Professional posts and expects that this trend will continue. The Committee is, however, concerned with the increase in the overall vacancy rates for posts at the General Service and related categories.", "91. The Advisory Committee notes that the average amount of time from the date of issuance of vacancy announcements to the date of selection for all regular vacancies in 2010-2011 was estimated at 210 days (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), table 29C.11). During the Committee’s hearings, a number of programme managers expressed frustration with the recruitment process, citing it as a factor contributing to high vacancy rates and long-standing vacancies. On occasion, the desire was also expressed for a greater level of delegation of authority on recruitment matters. In this regard, the Committee was informed that a performance review group, composed of representatives of the Office of Human Resources Management and the Field Personnel Division of the Department of Field Support, had been established and that it had identified a number of steps in the recruitment process that required further study to determine the cause of delays. The Committee was further informed that the performance of each department and office with regard to recruitment was reviewed by the Management Performance Board on an annual basis within the framework of the senior managers’ compacts. The Committee expects that every effort will be made to streamline the recruitment process. It is of the view, however, that reducing recruitment timelines requires, in addition, that programme managers be responsible and held accountable for ensuring that timely action is taken on those steps that are within their purview, including with regard to the timely issuance of vacancy announcements.", "92. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee noted a number of instances in which posts had been vacant for a long period of time. The Committee reiterates that the continuing need for long-vacant posts should be reviewed on an ongoing basis and, in particular, before proposals for new posts are put forward to the General Assembly. The Committee is of the view that the continued need for posts that have been vacant for two years or longer should be rejustified in the context of the proposed programme budget, together with an explanation for the vacancy.", "93. The Advisory Committee was informed that, on occasion, vacant posts were utilized for functions other than those approved by the General Assembly, a practice referred to as “vacancy management”. Although recognizing the flexibility that this provides to address temporary requirements, the Committee is of the view that “vacancy management” should not be used to establish positions on a longer-term basis to carry out functions for which no approval has been given. In addition, the Committee notes that, once a post is encumbered, it would not be reflected in the vacancy rates used for budgetary purposes, irrespective of the use to which it is being put. The practice of “vacancy management” may therefore mask situations where, for long periods, posts are not used for their intended functions. As such, in the context of its recommendation in paragraph 92 above, the Committee is of the view that rejustification should be required if, for a two-year period, a post has not been encumbered by a staff member carrying out the approved functions of the post. The Committee further considers that the management of this area of human resources would be enhanced through greater transparency on how vacancies are being utilized throughout the Organization.", "Harmonization of conditions of service", "94. In its resolution 65/248, the General Assembly decided that additional costs arising from the changes in the conditions of service approved in that resolution were to be absorbed by the Organization from within existing resources, without affecting operational costs or undermining the implementation of mandated programmes and activities. The Advisory Committee notes that in the proposed programme budget only two proposed post changes were attributed to the impact of the decision of the Assembly on the absorption of the costs of the harmonization of conditions of service. Upon enquiry, however, the Committee was informed that initially 37 vacant posts/positions (4 in UNTSO and 33 under special political missions) had been identified for abolition in the context of that decision. In addition, 64 vacant Field Service posts and positions (13 in regular budget-funded peacekeeping operations and 51 in special political missions) had been earmarked for conversion to the National Staff category.", "95. The Advisory Committee was further informed, however, that following consultation with UNTSO, two of the four posts identified for abolition were proposed for abolition under section 5, Peacekeeping operations. In addition, 15 Field Service posts were proposed for reclassification to the National Staff category (1 from section 3, Political affairs, in the Office of the United Nations Special Coordinator for Middle East Peace process; 14 from section 5, Peacekeeping operations; 13 in UNTSO; and 1 in UNMOGIP). The Committee notes the reduction in the number of posts being proposed for abolition. The Committee expects that offsetting adjustments will be made in proposals for special political missions to ensure that overall, the provision of General Assembly resolution 65/248 on the absorption of costs arising from the changes in the conditions of service is fully implemented.", "National Professional Officers", "96. The Advisory Committee recalls that in its first report on the programme budget for the biennium 2006-2007, it encouraged a sustained effort to attract and employ National Professional Officers wherever practical and feasible, such as in the regional commissions, the United Nations Office at Nairobi and in the United Nations information centres (see A/60/7, paras. 70 and 71).", "97. The Advisory Committee also recalls its observations on National Professional Officers in the context of the United Nations peacekeeping operations that have a regional dimension. The Committee expressed the opinion that, while efforts to maintain the integrity of the original concept of National Professional Officers, as set out in General Assembly resolution 49/223, should continue, consideration should be given to allowing nationals from the concerned region to be offered National Professional Officer positions (A/63/746, para. 123). For example, given their regional mandate, the Committee considers that recruitment to National Professional Officer posts in the regional economic commissions could be open to nationals of Member States of the region they cover. The Committee recommends that the Assembly consider requesting the International Civil Service Commission to examine this issue.", "Secondments", "98. The Advisory Committee believes that it is beneficial for the regular budget staffing of offices whose mandates have a system-wide focus to be complemented by secondments from United Nations agencies, funds and programmes. It nevertheless recognizes that secondments and extrabudgetary resources can be unpredictable. The Committee is of the view, therefore, that relying exclusively on these types of resources to implement core regular budget programmes and activities is imprudent, since such resources cannot be guaranteed.", "99. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee noted that a proposal for a new post in the Rule of Law Unit in the Executive Office of the Secretary-General was justified primarily by the fact that a secondment arrangement had been discontinued (see A/66/6 (Sect. 1), paras. 1.147 and 1.148). Similarly, the Secretary-General indicates that while the Peacebuilding Support Office had benefited from eight secondments during 2008-2009, only four would be continued by the end of 2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 3, table 3.34). The Committee was informed that, in both cases, the agencies, funds and programmes concerned had indicated that budgetary constraints were the reason for the discontinuation of the secondments. Given the system-wide scope of these offices, the Committee emphasizes that such secondment arrangements are of benefit not only to the Secretariat but also to the agencies, funds and programmes. The Committee is of the view that the regular budget should not be used to subsidize activities that would more appropriately be undertaken jointly and funded from extrabudgetary resources.", "F. Non-post objects of expenditure", "Other staff costs", "100. The proposals for other staff costs for the biennium 2012-2013 of $219,062,400 reflect a decrease of $43.7 million, or 16.6 per cent, in comparison with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. Information on the components of this category of expenditure is provided in table 13 below.", "Table 13 Other staff costs by object of expenditure for 2010-2011 (revised appropriation) and 2012-2013 (before recosting)", "(United States dollars)", "Revised Proposed Change appropriation 2012-2013 2010-2011\n Object of expenditure Amount Percentage", "Temporary assistance for 71 010 000 37 965 200 (33 044 (46.5) meetings 800)", "General temporary 50 102 700 44 429 900 (5 672 (11.3) assistance 800)", "Overtime and night 18 141 000 14 269 300 (3 871 (21.3) differential 700)", "Personal service contracts 1 682 700 1 763 200 80 500 4.8", "Other personnel related 17 781 500 20 095 500 2 314 13.0 costs 000", "After-service health 104 031 600 100 539 300 (3 492 (3.4) insurance 300)", "Total 262 749 500 219 062 400 (43 687 (0.2) 100)", "Temporary assistance for meetings", "101. The provision under temporary assistance for meetings, which reflects a reduction of approximately $33 million, is requested for short-term interpreters, translators, typists and other conference-servicing staff. The observations of the Advisory Committee on temporary assistance for meetings are contained in chapter II, part I, section 2 below.", "General temporary assistance", "102. A provision of $44,429,900 is made for general temporary assistance for the biennium 2012-2013. This represents a reduction of $5,672,800, or 11.3 per cent, as compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The distribution by budget section is detailed in table 14 below. The Advisory Committee notes that the reductions in certain sections, for example in section 24, Human rights, and section 31, Internal oversight, reflect in part the proposed conversion of existing positions funded under general temporary assistance to posts.", "103. The Secretary-General provides information on the number of general temporary assistance positions as at 31 March 2011, which totalled 302 (see A/66/6 (Introduction), table 12). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, of those positions, 142 were estimated to continue in the biennium 2012-2013 (see annex V). The Committee emphasizes that general temporary assistance is intended for additional support during periods of peak workload as well as the replacement of staff on maternity leave or prolonged sick leave. The Committee considers that it should be used solely for those purposes and, therefore, proposals for funding should be time limited. The Committee welcomes the reduction in the provision for general temporary assistance for the biennium 2012-2013 and expects that this trend will continue.", "Table 14 Proposals for general temporary assistance", "Budget Revised Proposed section appropriation 2012-2013 2010-2011", "1. Overall policymaking, direction and 2 966.0 2 390.2 coordination", "2. General Assembly and Economic and Social 2 418.1 2 418.1 Council affairs and conference management", "3. Political affairs 910.5 887.1", "4. Disarmament 249.2 244.3", "5. Peacekeeping operations 1 539.8 288.9", "6. Peaceful uses of outer space 18.7 18.7", "7. International Court of Justice 284.0 256.2", "8. Legal affairs 165.1 143.5", "9. Economic and social affairs 1 119.6 1 135.6", "10. Least developed countries, landlocked 776.1 83.2 developing countries and small island developing States", "11. United Nations support for the New 153.4 153.4 Partnership for Africa’s Development", "12. Trade and development 1 350.6 1 127.2", "14. Environment 27.4 27.4", "15. Human settlements 209.5 209.5", "16. International drug control, crime and 586.2 472.6 terrorism prevention and criminal justice", "17. UN-Women 26.0 26.0", "18. Economic and social development in Africa 1 343.5 1 364.1", "19. Economic and social development in Asia and 468.4 435.6 the Pacific", "20. Economic development in Europe 239.1 239.1", "21. Economic and social development in Latin 1 597.1 1 610.8 America and the Caribbean", "22. Economic and social development in Western 769.6 757.2 Asia", "24. Human rights 6 160.2 4 822.3", "26. Palestine refugees 13.4 19.9", "27. Humanitarian assistance 625.1 625.1", "28. Public information 4 896.5 4 155.7", "29. Management and central support services 9 540.1 9 812.0", "29A. Office of the Under-Secretary-General for 174.0 174.0 Management", "29B. Office of Programme Planning, Budget and 1 125.6 1 073.2 Accounts", "29C. Office of Human Resources Management 2 275.9 2 257.8", "29D. Office of Central Support Services 1 731.1 1 673.6", "29E. Administration, Geneva 1 968.5 2 577.4", "29F. Administration, Vienna 1 381.6 1 172.6", "29G. Administration, Nairobi 883.4 883.4", "30. Office of Information and Communications 1 943.4 5 380.5 Technology", "31. Internal oversight 1 062.1 262.7", "35. Safety and security 8 644.0 5 063.0", "Total 50 102.7 44 429.9", "Travel", "104. The proposed requirements for travel of staff, $37,270,000, reflect a reduction of $1 million, or 2.7 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee welcomes this reduction and expects that continued efforts will be made to utilize videoconferencing and other electronic means of communication where possible. In addition, the Committee believes that maximum use should be made of staff assigned to the duty stations or to nearby regional or subregional offices. The Committee considers that this would reduce the need for travel or, should the travel of a senior official be required, reduce the requirement for accompanying staff.", "105. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretary-General was in the process of revising the relevant administrative instruction pertaining to travel to require that, in future, staff participating in training-related activities funded by the Office of Human Resources Management travel in economy class, irrespective of the duration of the travel. The Committee welcomes this initiative and is of the view that further cost-saving measures in the area of travel could be implemented by the Secretary-General in the forthcoming biennium.", "Consultants, experts and contractual services", "106. The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/247, expressed concern over the increase in the use of consultants, especially in the core activities of the Organization. It requested the Secretary-General to make the greatest possible use of in-house capacity. The Committee notes that for the proposed programme budget as a whole, the resource proposals for consultants of $10,994,700 for 2012-2013 reflect a reduction of $1,956,600, or 15.1 per cent, in comparison with the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The largest single contributor to the decrease is the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts (sect. 29B), for which no resources for consultants are sought, although the provision for 2010-2011 is $491,400. The Committee also notes that in section 1, no provision for consultancy services is made for the Executive Office of the Secretary-General, although $125,000 was approved for the current biennium. The Committee welcomes the example being set by both of those offices. The Committee notes decreases in the provision for consultants in the majority of budget sections, with the reduced requirements being attributed in many cases to an increased reliance on in-house capacity. The Committee welcomes this trend and expects that it will continue.", "107. During its consideration of section 22, Economic and social development in Western Asia, the Advisory Committee was informed that a consultant had been engaged to review elements of the structure of ESCWA and to recommend adequate organizational arrangements or structures and their corresponding staffing requirements (see chap. II, paras. V.92 and V.93). The Committee reiterates its view that the ultimate responsibility for developing proposals with regard to the structure and staffing of the Organization rests with the Secretariat, using in‑house institutional knowledge and available resources (see A/65/782, para. 23).", "108. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed resources, under contractual services, some $139 million, reflect only a minor reduction of $480,400 on current funding levels in this area. The Committee also notes that the utilization of contractual services is particularly significant in section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management ($27.3 million), section 29C, Office of Human Resources Management ($25.6 million), section 28, Public information ($16.1 million), and section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology ($15.8 million). While recognizing that the use of contractual services may be appropriate in certain areas, the Committee is of the view that their use should be limited and that the maximum use should be made of in-house capacity.", "Publications", "109. The Advisory Committee notes that publications as part of the programme of work in many departments and offices were the subject of continued review and in most cases reductions were reflected in the budget. The Committee also notes an increased use of electronic publications, in several cases in conjunction with the issuance of a print version. The Committee recognizes the continued need for the use of traditional means of communication (i.e. radio and printed media), particularly in developing countries. It welcomes, however, efforts to increase the use of electronic means of publication, whenever it is considered feasible and cost-effective. The Committee also reiterates the importance of multilingualism in the context of the issuance of publications and the need to ensure that United Nations publications are available in more language versions, as appropriate (see General Assembly resolution 63/306).", "110. The Advisory Committee notes inconsistencies in the manner in which information on publications was presented in the proposed programme budget. For example, with respect to UNEP, the information provided in the budget document reflected a continued downward trend in the number of publications (A/66/6 (Sect. 14), para. 14.28). However, upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the numbers provided did not include publications that were published only electronically. On the other hand, in section 15, Human settlements, where the overall level of publications reflected a small increase (A/66/6 (Sect. 15), para. 15.14), the Committee notes that the data provided also include solely electronic publications. The Committee underscores the need for consistency in the presentation of all aspects of the proposed programme budget. The Committee recommends that the format in which information is provided on publications should be adjusted to reflect the increased usage of electronic publications. Information should indicate not only recurrent and non-recurrent publications, as is currently the practice, but should also differentiate between the number of publications proposed to be issued in print version, electronic version or both.", "G. Training", "111. The Secretary-General indicates that the proposed programme budget includes an amount of $31.2 million for training activities, consisting of centrally managed provisions of $17.9 million, language training provisions of $9.7 million and other provisions of $3.6 million (see A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 69-72).", "112. With regard to the monitoring and evaluation of training activities, the Advisory Committee was informed that, at present, evaluation efforts focused primarily on assessing the perceived value to participants of training courses and the effect of those courses on participants’ confidence levels. Going forward, however, the Committee was informed that greater emphasis would be placed on assessing the business impact of training courses and the eventual return on investment for the Organization (see chap. II, para. VIII.52). The Committee recognizes the importance of training in building a highly competent workforce capable of implementing the Organization’s mandates in the most effective and efficient manner. The Committee reiterates, however, that training programmes and objectives should be linked to mandate implementation and organizational goals (see A/65/743, para. 115). Given the significant level of resources devoted to training, the Committee further reiterates the importance of developing a framework and methodology for the evaluation of training programmes and their impact on enhancing the ability of staff members to discharge their duties, as well as on the efficiency and effectiveness with which such programmes are conducted (ibid., para. 137).", "113. As highlighted by the Board of Auditors in its report on the United Nations for the biennium 2008-2009, regular budget training funds for departments and offices are in many cases supplemented by extrabudgetary resources. The Board noted that the Office of Human Resources Management was, however, not aware of the extent of such funding or its uses. As a result, the Board recommended that the Administration assess its total training expenditure, irrespective of the funding source (A/65/5 (Vol. I), paras. 380-383). The Advisory Committee supports the recommendation of the Board of Auditors and shares the view that a more complete and transparent picture of training activities and the related resources throughout the Organization is required.", "H. Information and communications technology", "114. Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for ICT for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $255,622,100 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $3,783,400, or 1.5 per cent, over the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. A breakdown of the resources allocated to ICT by budget section is provided in the introduction to the proposed programme budget (see A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 90). The Secretary-General indicates that the proposed regular budget resources would address ongoing requirements and projects. A separate report is submitted for concurrent consideration by the General Assembly pursuant to resolutions 65/259, 64/243, 63/269 and 63/262 (A/66/94). That report includes proposals for four initiatives, with financial implications, in relation to the implementation of the ICT strategy, enterprise content management, customer relationship management and business continuity. The initiatives are proposed to be carried out over a four-year period, from 2012 to 2015, and are to be funded on the basis of the cost-sharing arrangement approved for the enterprise resource planning project.[4] For the biennium 2012-2013, the additional requirement for the four initiatives amounts to $42,822,500, comprising $6,423,400 under the regular budget, $26,550,000 under the support account for peacekeeping operations and $9,949,100 under the special accounts for programme support costs (see para. 31 above and chap. II, paras. VIII.126-VIII.129 below).", "115. In his report on the status of the implementation of the ICT strategy (A/65/491), the Secretary-General estimated that annual ICT expenditures of the Organization had risen to approximately $774 million (see also para. 119 below). The Advisory Committee notes that a major portion of the resources allocated for ICT are provided from the budgets of peacekeeping missions and the support account for peacekeeping operations, as well as the extrabudgetary special accounts for programme support costs. The information provided in the introduction to the budget, which relates to the regular budget only, therefore provides only a partial picture of the overall resources allocated for ICT. Furthermore, little explanation is provided on the composition of the expenditures[5] or the utilization of the resources proposed under each section of the proposed programme budget.", "116. Given the magnitude of the resources the Organization spends on ICT and the strategic importance of ensuring overall coherence in the utilization of resources, the Advisory Committee recommends that a comprehensive picture of the totality of the resources proposed for ICT be reflected in the introduction to the proposed programme budget, with a breakdown of the resources by budget section, distinguishing between different sources of funding. In addition, information on the utilization of the proposed resources should be provided, including expenditures related to ongoing operational requirements, the implementation of ICT projects and the provisions made for service-level agreements with the Office of Information and Communications Technology or other providers of ICT services. The estimates of the additional cost-recovery income available to the provider of ICT services through service-level agreements must also be included.", "117. The Advisory Committee further recommends that future budget submissions include, regardless of the source of funding, a clear ICT plan for each section containing proposals for the implementation of ICT projects, together with information on the expected results and benefits of investing in such projects. Such plans should be prepared in accordance with the ICT strategy for the Secretariat as a whole. This information should be provided in the overview section of the respective budget fascicles.", "118. In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, it noted the role of the Office of Information and Communications Technology in overseeing the global management of ICT and in reviewing budgets from all funding sources for all ICT initiatives and operations of the Secretariat (A/64/7, para. 63; see also A/62/793, para. 35 (b) and A/63/487, para. 21). The Committee emphasizes the need to ensure that all ICT‑related proposals are coherent and in line with the ICT strategy adopted by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/262. It reiterates its recommendation that the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts and the Office of Information and Communications Technology work closely to ensure that appropriate budgetary procedures are established that would allow such a review and that the procedures are fully complied with in the future.", "Implementation of the information and communications technology strategy", "119. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/262, in which the Assembly endorsed the ICT strategy for the Secretariat and decided to establish, effective January 2009, the Office of Information and Communications Technology, the Secretary-General submitted a report on the status of the implementation of the ICT strategy for the United Nations Secretariat (A/65/491). As requested, the Secretary-General also provided a comprehensive inventory of ICT capacities across the Secretariat, based on a structural review conducted in 2010 of more than 70 ICT units Secretariat-wide. The main findings of the review were as follows: (a) annual ICT expenditures were estimated at some $774 million, taking into account regular budget, peacekeeping, support account and extrabudgetary funding sources; (b) the total ICT staff count was estimated at 4,219, including United Nations personnel, volunteers and temporary and contractual staff; (c) there were 1,994 application programmes; (d) there were an estimated 211 server rooms and data centres supporting multiple server environments; and (e) there were approximately 131 ICT server desks supporting multiple variable workstation environments and providing telecommunications support. In short, the ICT environment and processes remained decentralized, fragmented, duplicative and non-standardized; ICT boundaries were not well defined, resulting in a lack of clarity as to what constitutes an ICT activity or role; and ICT job descriptions did not reflect ICT demands and industry best practices. Those weaknesses had a negative impact on the costs of ICT operations, prevented the Organization from realizing economies of scale and resulted in inadequate ICT support for administrative and programmatic activities and timely decision-making.", "120. To address those weaknesses, the Secretary-General proposed four structural review projects (globalizing service desks; streamlining data centres; rationalizing ICT organization; and strengthening the Office of Information and Communications Technology) to be undertaken over a four- to five-year period starting in 2011 at an overall cost of approximately $140 million. Those projects involved the proposed establishment of 51 posts under the regular budget, of which 23 were to be established in 2011 and 28 in the biennium 2012-2013. The structural review projects were proposed to be funded on the basis of the cost-sharing arrangement approved for the enterprise resource planning project.³", "121. In its related report, the Advisory Committee welcomed the comprehensive structural review and the presentation of an Organization-wide perspective on ICT resources and the ICT environment (A/65/576, para. 92). In its resolution 65/259, the General Assembly authorized the Secretary-General to proceed with structural review project 3 (rationalization of ICT organization), and also decided to provide general temporary assistance equivalent to seven P-4 positions for structural review project 4, on strengthening OICT, of which five were to be funded from within existing resources. The Assembly did not support structural review projects 1, on globalizing service desks, and 2, on streamlining data centres. In the same resolution, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to review the proposals on the implementation of the ICT strategy contained in his report (A/65/491) and to submit new and/or revised proposals in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. As indicated in paragraph 114 above, the Secretary-General has submitted a separate report (A/66/94) in response to that request, an advance copy of which was made available to the Committee at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s initial proposals for section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology, for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee’s related comments and recommendations will be provided in its second report on the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 (A/66/7/Add.1).", "122. The Secretary-General was also requested to report to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-fifth session on an in-depth assessment of the organizational arrangement, including the possibility of changing the placement of the Office of Information and Communications Technology in the structure of the Organization (see General Assembly resolution 63/262, sect. 1, para. 10 (c)). However, in the context of his progress report on the implementation of the ICT strategy (A/65/491), the Secretary-General assessed the internal structure of the Office but did not address the question of its placement. In its resolution 65/259, the General Assembly reiterated its earlier request that the in-depth assessment be submitted for its consideration at the sixty-eighth session. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the management and reporting arrangements must provide overall direction for the Office and ensure the effectiveness, supervision and accountability of the Organization’s ICT structures. It recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to rigorously examine current arrangements and to make any adjustments, as required, to ensure their effectiveness and efficiency, and to respond fully to the General Assembly’s request for an in-depth assessment for consideration no later than at its sixty-eighth session (see chap. II, paras. VIII.145 and VIII.146 below).", "Enterprise resource planning project (Umoja)", "123. In his second progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project (A/65/389), the Secretary-General indicated that the main focus of the enterprise resource planning project team during the reporting period (October 2009-August 2010) was the design phase. The Secretary-General stated that he expected the project to be completed and deployed within the projected time frame, by the end of 2013, and that the overall resource requirements remained unchanged, at $315.8 million. In its related report, the Advisory Committee welcomed the progress made towards completion of the design phase of the project (A/65/576). It also made observations and expressed some concerns on a number of issues, including delays in the staffing of the project team; the lengthy process of recruiting subject-matter experts; the need for closer cooperation between the project team and the Office of Information and Communications Technology in cataloguing and decommissioning the systems to be replaced by the enterprise resource planning system; the need for closer cooperation between the project team, the Office of Information and Communications Technology and the Department of Field Support in implementing technical activities and establishing infrastructure; and the complexity and number of the interfaces to be developed between the enterprise resource planning system and the human resources talent management system, Inspira. As regards the organizational structure and arrangements for the project, the Committee was assured that the structure and composition of the project steering committee, whose membership included the heads of the major departments involved in or affected by the project, would promote coherence and facilitate the smooth implementation of the project.", "124. During its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretariat was anticipating delays in the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project and, furthermore, that the project had been functioning without a Director since 31 May 2011. In view of that situation, the project steering committee had decided to deliver the project in phases, with the initial release of the system focusing primarily on the functionality needed to support the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). The Committee was informed that the Secretary-General would elaborate on the project achievements and propose measures to mitigate delays in the context of his next progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project. The Committee discusses this situation more fully under section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management (chap. II, paras. VIII.7-VIII.13 below). It will provide its comments on the Secretary-General’s progress report and his proposals for the continuation of the project and the related resources in a separate report.", "125. At this stage, the Advisory Committee believes that priority should be given to setting the project on the right track quickly so as to avoid further slippage, cost overruns and unproductive use of the resources dedicated to the project. While the Committee accepts the Secretary-General’s focus on the implementation of IPSAS in the first phase, it emphasizes that the enterprise resource planning system is the key enabler underpinning the Organization’s management reform agenda, including results-based management, risk management, a strengthened internal control framework and enhanced performance and accountability, as well as greater efficiency and effectiveness. These improvements remain essential organizational goals that should not be neglected in the Secretary-General’s proposals for the future direction of the project. In this connection, the Committee points out that the consequential investment made by Member States was justified, in part, on the basis of the expected improvements to management practices and service delivery as well as the enhanced efficiency and effectiveness in programme management that the system would allow. The Committee also expects that the Secretary-General will ensure that the project is delivered at its currently approved level of funding, through efficient utilization of the resources approved for the project, improved project management and prioritization and phasing of activities.", "I. Impact of the strengthening of the development pillar", "126. The Advisory Committee recalls the report submitted by the Secretary-General on development-related activities (A/62/708) pursuant to General Assembly resolution 62/236, which called for a comprehensive proposal with a view to improving the effective and efficient delivery of the mandates of the development-related activities of the Secretariat. In that report, the Secretary-General made proposals for resources for 11 budget sections, including the establishment of 150 new posts. Following its consideration of those proposals and the related report of the Advisory Committee (A/62/7/Add.40), the Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, approved a total of 91 posts under nine budget sections. In addition, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of the resolution in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "127. With the exception of section 19, Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific, information on the impact of the strengthening approved under resolution 63/260 is contained in each of the affected budget sections. All departments and offices concerned confirmed that the additional resources had improved their capacity to implement their mandates. The Committee was provided with additional information with regard to the impact of the posts approved for ESCAP, which reflected a similar positive impact (see chap. II, para. V.52). For ease of reference, the following table provides the relevant document reference from the proposed programme budget where the responses to the request of the General Assembly are provided.", "Table 15 Information on the implementation of resolution 63/260", "Economic and social affairs\tA/66/6 (Sect. 9),paras. 9.8-9.10\nLeast developed countries, landlockeddeveloping countries and small islanddeveloping States\tA/66/6 (Sect. 10),para. 10.11\nUnited Nations support for the NewPartnership for Africa’s Development\tA/66/6 (Sect. 11),para. 11.13\nTrade and development\tA/66/6 (Sect. 12),para. 12.13\nEconomic and social development inAfrica\tA/66/6 (Sect. 18),para. 18A.10\nEconomic and social development inEurope\tA/66/6 (Sect. 20),para. 20.12\nEconomic and social development in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean\tA/66/6 (Sect. 21),para. 21.13\nEconomic and social development inWestern Asia\tA/66/6 (Sect. 22),para. 22.17", "128. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with an update of the recruitment status relating to the 91 new posts approved under resolution 63/260 (see annex VI). The Committee notes that, as indicated in paragraph 24 above, proposals are made to abolish four of the posts approved in resolution 63/260: two under section 9, Economic and social affairs (P-4 and P-3), and two under section 20, Economic development in Europe (P-4 and P-3). In addition, the Committee notes that further post reductions are proposed for a number of subprogrammes strengthened under resolution 63/260.", "J. Business continuity", "129. The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly decided to appropriate an amount of $2.2 million for business continuity management, which covered resources for seven positions (4 at Headquarters, 2 at the United Nations Office at Nairobi and 1 at ECA). The Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "130. While information was not presented in a consolidated manner, the Advisory Committee notes that proposals have been put forward for the ongoing implementation of business continuity management, including continued funding for the seven positions approved in the biennium 2010-2011 as well as additional requirements under general temporary assistance and other non-post items. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the proposals being made, which include requests for ICT equipment for remote access capability and medical supplies, would ensure that United Nations Headquarters, offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions could effectively respond to any critical incidents that disrupt their operations.", "131. The Advisory Committee was also provided with information summarizing the requirements for business continuity in the proposed programme budget. The Committee notes that for departments and offices at headquarters, an amount of $862,400 is included for mobile office (Citrix) licences. The Committee was informed that as part of business continuity planning, departments and offices were required to identify their critical functions and processes and the number of staff needed to carry them out. The Committee was further informed that many staff could perform those functions from remote locations, but some required access to shared drives and certain core applications, which required the use of mobile office licences. The Committee was informed that at present, 616 staff across departments and offices who were deemed critical for business continuity purposes had been provided with Citrix licences. Details on the departments and offices concerned are provided in table 16 below. Given the costs involved, the Committee recommends that the number of staff assigned mobile office licences be kept under review to ensure that they are provided only to facilitate business continuity of critical functions and processes.", "Table 16", "Estimated requirements for mobile office licences", "(United States dollars)", "Budget Department/Office Number Proposed, section of 2012-2013 licences", "1. Overall policymaking, Executive Office of the 24 33 600 direction and Secretary-General coordination", "2. General Assembly and Department for General 125 175 000 Economic and Social Assembly and Conference Council affairs and Management conference management", "3. Political affairs Department of Political 40 56 000 Affairs", "4. Disarmament Office for Disarmament 12 16 800 Affairs", "5. Peacekeeping operations Department of Peacekeeping 25 35 000 Operations/Department of Field Support", "8. Legal affairs Office of Legal Affairs 10 14 000", "9. Economic and social Department of Economic and 24 33 600 affairs Social Affairs", "10. Least developed Office of the High 2 2 800 countries, landlocked Representative for the developing countries and Least Developed Countries, small island developing Landlocked Developing States Countries and Small Island Developing States", "27. Humanitarian assistance Office for the Coordination 37 51 800 of Humanitarian Affairs", "28. Public information Department of Public 46 64 400 Information", "29A. Office of the Office of the 11 15 400 Under-Secretary-General Under-Secretary-General for for Management Management", "29B. Office of Programme Office of Programme 35 49 000 Planning, Budget and Planning, Budget and Accounts Accounts", "29C. Office of Human Resources Office of Human Resources 64 89 600 Management Management", "29D. Office of Central Support Office of Central Support 39 54 600 Services Services", "30. Office of Information and Office of Information and 6 8 400 Communications Technology Communications Technology", "31. Internal oversight Office of Internal 21 29 400 Oversight Services", "35. Safety and security Department of Safety and 95 133 000 Security", "Total 616 862 400", "132. The Advisory Committee notes that for offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions, a further provision of $5.2 million is made to cover business continuity and emergency preparedness requirements, including remote access services, medical supplies and related infrastructure requirements. In addition, a provision of $996,000 is made for the continued functioning of the Business Continuity Management Unit in the Office of the Assistant Secretary-General for Central Support Services (sect. 28D). The details of the proposals, by section, are outlined in table 17 below.", "Table 17 Requirements for business continuity management", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Budget section Proposed resources, 2012-2013^(a)", "Regional commissions and offices away from Headquarters", "18. Economic and social development in Africa 1 109.2", "19. Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific 541.7", "21. Economic and social development in Latin America and the 465.0 Caribbean", "22. Economic and social development in Western Asia 384.8", "29E. Administration, Geneva 895.0", "29F. Administration, Vienna 608.0", "29G. Administration, Nairobi 1 213.4", "Subtotal 5 217.1", "Headquarters", "29D. Office of Central Support Services^(b) 996.0", "Total 6 213.1", "^(a) Includes recurrent provision for the funding of seven positions approved in General Assembly resolution 64/243.", "^(b) Does not include requirements for the funding of the mobile office licences for critical staff under section 29D, Office of Central Support Services, which are included under table 16 above.", "133. The Advisory Committee notes that in addition to the requirements set out in the proposed programme budget, the report of the Secretary-General on enterprise information and communications technology initiatives for the United Nations Secretariat (A/66/94) contains a provision of $9,827,900, including $1,474,200 from the regular budget, under an initiative to create a resilient ICT infrastructure. This initiative is described as seeking to streamline data centres worldwide and to establish an enhanced ICT disaster recovery and business continuity environment. The Committee’s observations and recommendations with respect to this proposal will be included in its second report on the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 (A/66/7/Add.1).", "134. The Advisory Committee was informed that guidance and direction with respect to business continuity activities was provided to all departments at Headquarters, offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions by the Business Continuity Management Unit, Office of Central Support Services. This included advice on the development of business continuity plans, including on the identification of critical functions and critical staff responsible for the performance of those functions, as well as the identification of the vital records and ICT applications linked to those functions. The Committee emphasizes the importance of the role of Headquarters in ensuring a well-coordinated approach to business continuity activities and in supporting departments and offices in this area. The Committee requests that information on business continuity activities and the related resource requirements be outlined in the introduction to future proposed programme budgets in a consolidated manner.", "K. Other assessed resources", "135. The Advisory Committee notes that, in accordance with the request of the General Assembly in paragraph 41 of its resolution 64/243, the presentation of non‑regular budget resources has been modified in order to make a distinction between voluntary and assessed contributions. The Committee welcomes this change in presentation.", "136. The category “other assessed resources” includes funds for the capital master plan, the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and resources available to support the activities of departments and offices under the support account for peacekeeping operations. Estimates of other assessed resources, totalling $823.1 million, are set out in table 1 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, with the distribution, by budget section, outlined in table 8. The Advisory Committee was informed that, following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 65/290 on strengthening the capacity of the United Nations to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations, the revised estimate was $692,021,800. A breakdown of this amount is provided in table 18 below.", "Table 18 Other assessed resources for the biennium 2012-2013", "Amount Percentage (thousands of United States dollars)", "Services in support of:", "International Criminal Tribunal for 861.3 0.1 Rwanda", "International Tribunal for the Former 725.6 0.1 Yugoslavia", "Capital master plan 850.1 0.1", "Peacekeeping operations^(a) 689 584.8 99.6", "Total 692 021.8 100", "^(a) Revised pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/290.", "L. Extrabudgetary resources", "137. The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources continue to account for a significant portion of the support provided for the United Nations programme of work. As shown in table 19 below, the bulk of extrabudgetary resources are related to UNHCR, UNRWA, UNODC, UNEP and UN-Habitat.", "Table 19 Extrabudgetary resources estimated for the biennium 2012-2013", "Amount Percentage (thousands of United States dollars)", "A. Programmes with separate governing bodies", "UNHCR 254 743.0 2.0", "UNRWA 6 558 244.2 52.7", "UNODC 476 140.5 3.8", "UNEP 461 357.0 3.7", "UN-Habitat 370 776.5 3.0", "Subtotal 8 121 261.2 65.3", "B. Technical cooperation funds 2 446 671.9 19.7", "C. Reimbursement for support and services 313 588.0 2.5 provided", "D. Substantive trust funds 1 560 052.6 12.5", "Subtotal 4 320 312.5 34.7", "Total 12 441 573.7 100.0", "138. As outlined in the introduction to the proposed programme budget, the level of extrabudgetary resources projected to be available during a biennium and the number of posts to be funded cannot be determined with complete precision owing to the nature of voluntary contributions. At present, however, the estimated level of extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 is some $12.4 billion, which would represent an increase of approximately $791.5 million, or 7 per cent, as compared with the current biennium. These funds are expected to finance 13,042 posts. The Secretary-General indicates that the bulk of the increase relates to the projected operations of UN-Women ($495.9 million), UNHCR ($167.8 million) and UNRWA ($88.7 million) (A/66/6 (Introduction), paras. 98-101).", "139. The Advisory Committee reviews and submits reports on administrative or support budgets to the various programmes mentioned in section A of table 19 (see also Preface and para. 141 below). For the most part, the Committee examines other extrabudgetary resources maintained in special accounts in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget. The Committee also receives information biannually on the status of trust funds. In its consideration of those programmes, the Committee continues to pay particular attention to system-wide initiatives such as results-based budgeting and the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards.", "140. Under the terms of section II, paragraph 2, of General Assembly resolution 35/217, the Advisory Committee reviews proposals for all new posts at the D-1 level and above funded through extrabudgetary sources that are not otherwise subject to scrutiny by an intergovernmental body. Since submitting its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Committee has reviewed and concurred with the requests of the Secretary-General to reclassify or establish the following extrabudgetary posts at the D-1 level and above:", "(a) Reclassification of the post of the Director of the International Computing Centre from D-1 to D-2;", "(b) Establishment of a D-1 post for the head of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Field Office in Haiti;", "(c) Establishment of a D-1 post for a team leader of the team of experts relating to the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict;", "(d) Extension of the post of Assistant Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction.", "The Advisory Committee recalls paragraph 39 of General Assembly resolution 64/243, in which the Assembly stressed that all extrabudgetary posts must be administered and managed with the same rigour as regular budget posts.", "M. Cooperation with other United Nations bodies", "141. Since the issuance of its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/64/7), the Advisory Committee has submitted reports to the following United Nations bodies:", "(a) The Executive Board of the United Nations Development Programme/ United Nations Population Fund/United Nations Office for Project Services:", "(i) UNFPA: Revision of financial regulations and rules (DP/FPA/2009/12);", "(ii) UNDP and United Nations Development Fund for Women budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 (DP/2010/3, DP/2010/7);", "(iii) Revision of the UNDP financial regulations and rules (DP/2011/36);", "(iv) UNDP institutional budget estimates for 2012-2013 (DP/2011/34);", "(v) UNOPS budget estimates for the biennium 2010-2011 (DP/2010/9);", "(vi) UNOPS budget estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 (DP/OPS/2011/5);", "(b) UNHCR: Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme:", "(i) UNHCR: biennial programme budget 2010-2011 (A/AC.96/1068);", "(ii) UNHCR: biennial programme budget 2010-2011 (revised) (A/AC.96/1087);", "(c) Executive Board of WFP:", "(i) Process for the selection and appointment of the external auditor for the term from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2016 (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-E/2) (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-E/1);", "(ii) Biennial management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-A/1); appointment of members to the Audit Committee (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-C/1); investment policy and guidelines (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-F/1); update on the WINGS II project (WFP/EB.2/2009/5-G/1);", "(iii) Selection and appointment of the external auditor (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-A/1); revised fee for the external auditor for the biennium 2008-2009 (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-B/1); report of the external auditor on the strategic planning and reporting at a WFP country office — Uganda and WFP management response (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-D/1 and Add.1); report of the external auditor on the IPSAS dividend: strengthening financial management and response of the secretariat (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1 and Add.1); update on the WFP biennial management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-F/1); final update on the WINGS II project (WFP/EB.1/2010/6-G/1);", "(iv) Audited annual accounts, 2009 (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-A/1); final report of the Evaluation Panel on the selection and appointment of the WFP external auditor for the term 1 July 2010-30 June 2016 (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-B/1); appointment of members to the Audit Committee (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-C/1); second update on the WFP management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-D/1); financial framework review options (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-E/1); proposed amendments to the terms of reference of the WFP Audit Committee (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-F/1); annual report of the WFP Audit Committee (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-G/1); progress report on the implementation of the external auditor recommendations (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-H/1); report of the Inspector General (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-I/1); report of the Executive Director on the utilization of contributions and waivers of costs (General Rules XII.4 and XIII.4 (g)) (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-J/1); investigation on WFP operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.A/2010/6-K/1);", "(v) Policy for disclosure of internal audit reports to Member States (WFP/EB.2/2010/4-B/1); WFP anti-fraud and anti-corruption policy (WFP/EB.2/2010/4-C/1); financial framework review (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-A/1); review of the Working Capital Financing Facility (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-B/1); third update on the WFP management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-C/1); second update on WFP management actions in Somalia (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-D/1); review of WFP operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.2/2010/5-E/1);", "(vi) Fourth update on the WFP management plan (2010-2011) (WFP/EB.1/2011/5-A/1); report of the external auditor on WFP operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.1/2011/5-B/1); WFP management response to the report of the external auditor on WFP operations in Somalia (WFP/EB.1/2011/5-B/1/Add.1); information note on funding of security management arrangements (WFP/EB.1/2011/12-B); workplan of the external auditor for the period July 2010 to June 2011 (WFP/EB.1/2011/5-C/1);", "(d) The Executive Board of UN-Women:", "(i) Support budget and Proposed Financial Regulations and Rules;", "(ii) Proposed financial regulations and rules for the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UNW/2011/5 and Add.1);", "(iii) Revised proposal for the use of regular budget resources for the normative support functions of UN-Women (A/65/531);", "(e) Board of Trustees of UNIDIR: activities of the Institute for the period from August 2009 to July 2010 and the proposed programme of work and estimated budget for 2010-2011 (A/65/177);", "(f) Consolidated budget for the biennium 2010-2011 for UNODC (E/CN.7/ 2009/13-E/CN.15/2009/23);", "(g) Board of Trustees of UNITAR:", "(i) Programme budget for 2010-2011;", "(ii) Proposed revision to the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011;", "(h) Advisory Commission of UNRWA: proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011;", "(i) Governing Council of UNEP: proposed biennial programme of work and budget for 2012-2013 (UNEP/GC.26/13);", "(j) Governing Council of UN-Habitat: proposed work programme and budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (HSP/GC/23/5);", "(k) United Nations Office for Partnerships:", "(i) Administrative budget for 2010 (A/CN.1/R.1211);", "(ii) Administrative budget for 2011 (A/CN.1/R.1212);", "(l) Executive Board of UNICEF:", "(i) Financial rules and regulations (E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.8);", "(ii) Institutional budget for 2012-2013 (E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.2).", "N. Overall position of the Advisory Committee on the initial estimates for the biennium 2012-2013", "142. As highlighted in the Introduction to the proposed programme budget, the proposals of the Secretary-General reflect a reduction, before recosting, of some $170.2 million compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 17, table). Having considered the proposals of the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013, and noting his assurance that mandates would be delivered in full, the Advisory Committee accepts, by and large, the level proposed by the Secretary-General.", "143. The Advisory Committee, in chapter II of the present report, makes a number of specific recommendations regarding posts and other objects of expenditure. For the most part, the Committee’s recommendations do not significantly affect the overall level of the budget. Accordingly, the Committee has refrained from providing a final costing for those recommendations since, if accepted by the General Assembly, they will be taken into account in the recalculation done by the Secretariat and furnished to the Fifth Committee before the adoption of the budget by the Assembly. The Committee notes that the overall proposed budget level, and its position on the proposals as a whole, will become apparent only after the submission by the Secretary-General of a number of separate reports and their consideration by the Committee.", "144. The Advisory Committee notes that the overall level of resources for the biennium 2012-2013 will be affected both by the submission of proposals for special political missions and by decisions to be taken on the separate reports with financial implications, which will be submitted to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. While recognizing that unforeseen requirements could arise that need to be addressed outside the normal biennial regular budget cycle, the Committee is of the view that issues foreseen during the preparation of the proposed programme budget could have been included in the Secretary-General’s proposals or, at a minimum, that indicative estimates could have been provided. While recognizing that the additional reports will be before the Assembly when it considers the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee is concerned that a piecemeal approach does not provide it with the full information it requires at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals to be able to render advice to the Assembly on the proposed programme budget.", "145. The Advisory Committee has consistently emphasized the importance of the ongoing review of programmes and business processes to ensure the most effective and efficient delivery of mandates. In this regard, the Committee is of the view that the proposed programme budget should reflect an increased emphasis on results, not only in programme delivery, but also with regard to the efficiency with which the resources approved by the General Assembly are utilized. As such, the Committee has made a number of recommendations with that objective in mind. In particular, the Committee is of the view that future proposed programme budgets should include more information on the status and results of major reform initiatives, the demonstrable impact of efficiency measures being undertaken and the conclusions drawn from monitoring and evaluation activities. The Committee trusts that its recommendations and observations will contribute to the goal of ensuring that resources are efficiently and effectively used to deliver on the mandates of the Organization.", "Chapter II", "Detailed recommendations on the proposed programme budget", "Estimates of expenditure", "Part I", "Overall policymaking, direction and coordination", "Section 1", "Overall policymaking, direction and coordination", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $102,812,800^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $100,199,600 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $56,105,300^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e., before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $13,358,600, amending theinformation contained in table 1.2 of A/66/6(Sect. 1) to reflect the decision taken by theGeneral Assembly in its resolution 65/290 withrespect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$42,746,900.", "I.1 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 1 amount to $102,812,800 before recosting, representing an increase of $2,613,200, or 2.6 per cent, over the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), table 1.2).", "I.2 Table I.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table I.1", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nAdvisory Committee onAdministrative andBudgetary Questions \nApproved for 2010-2011\t12\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 GS(PL), 4 GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t12\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 GS(PL), 4 GS (OL)\nUnited Nations Boardof Auditors \n Approved for 2010-2011 6 1 D-1, 1 P-4/3, 4 GS (OL) \n Proposed for 2012-2013 6 1 D-1, 1 P-4/3, 4 GS (OL) \nIndependent AuditAdvisory Committee \n Approved for 2010-2011 2 1 P-5, 1 GS (OL) \n Proposed for 2012-2013 2 1 P-5, 1 GS (OL) \nExecutive Office ofthe Secretary-General \nApproved for 2010-2011\t77\t1 DSG, 1 USG, 1 ASG, 5 D-2, 6 D-1,8 P-5,11 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 5 GS (PL), 37 GS(OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t75\t1 DSG, 1 USG, 1 ASG, 5 D-2, 6 D-1,8 P-5,11 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 5 GS (PL), 35 GS(OL)\n Abolitions 2 2 GS (OL) \nOffice of theDirector-General,United Nations Officeat Geneva \nApproved for 2010-2011\t18\t1 USG, 2 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1P-2/1, 2 GS (PL), 7 GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t18\t1 USG, 2 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1P-2/1, 2 GS (PL), 7 GS (OL)\nOffice of theDirector-General,United Nations Officeat Vienna \nApproved for 2010-2011\t9\t2 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 4 GS(OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t9\t2 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 4 GS(OL)\nOffice of theDirector-General,United Nations Officeat Nairobi \n Approved for 2010-2011 4 1 USG, 2 P-5, 1 LL \n Proposed for 2012-2013 4 1 USG, 2 P-5, 1 LL \nOffice of the SpecialRepresentative of theSecretary-General forChildrenand Armed Conflict \nApproved for 2010-2011\t10\t1 USG, 1 P-5, 5 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 2GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t10\t1 USG, 1 P-5, 5 P-4/3, 1 GS (PL), 2GS (OL)\nOffice of the SpecialRepresentative of theSecretary-General onSexual Violence inConflict \nApproved for 2010-2011\t9\t1 USG, 1 D-1, 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 3 GS(OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t9\t1 USG, 1 D-1, 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 3 GS(OL)\nOffice of the UnitedNations Ombudsman andMediation Services \nApproved for 2010-2011\t20\t1 ASG, 2 D-1, 7 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 5 GS(OL), 3 LL\nProposed for 2012-2013\t20\t1 ASG, 2 D-1, 7 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 5 GS(OL), 3 LL\nOffice ofAdministration ofJustice \nApproved for 2010-2011\t35\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 5 P-5, 13 P-4/3, 2P-2/1, 11 GS (OL),2 LL\nProposed for 2012-2013\t35\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 5 P-5, 13 P-4/3, 2P-2/1, 11 GS (OL),2 LL\n Ethics Office \nApproved for 2010-2011\t9\t1 D-2, 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 1GS (PL), 2 GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t9\t1 D-2, 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 1GS (PL), 2 GS (OL)\n Rule of Law Unit \n Approved for 2010-2011 5 1 P-5, 3 P-4/3, 1 GS (OL) \n Proposed for 2012-2013 5 1 D-1, 3 P-4/3, 1 GS (OL) \n Reclassification 1 1 P-5 to D-1 \n Extrabudgetary^(a) \nUnited Nations Boardof Auditors \n Proposed for 2012-2013 1 1 GS (OL) \nExecutive Office ofthe Secretary-General \nProposed for 2012-2013\t21\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 4 P-5, 8 P-4/3, 2P-2/1, 5 GS (OL)\nOffice of theDirector-General,United Nations Officeat Geneva \n Proposed for 2012-2013 3 3 GS (OL) \nOffice of the SpecialRepresentative of theSecretary-General onSexual Violence inConflict \n Proposed for 2012-2013 1 1 D-1 \nOffice of the UnitedNations Ombudsman andMediation Services \n Proposed for 2012-2013 7 3 P-5, 2 P-4/3, 2 FS", "^(a) Including 12 posts financed by other assessed resources, and 21 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Reclassification", "I.3 In the Rule of Law Unit, the Secretary-General is proposing the upward reclassification of a P-5 post to the D-1 level to head the Rule of Law Unit, owing to the significant managerial and representational functions required of the position, both within the Organization and externally (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), paras. 1.148 and 1.152). Upon request, the Advisory Committee was provided with a detailed justification of the Secretary-General’s proposal, including a full list of the functions of the D-1 post. The Committee was informed that, should the proposal be approved, the functions of the existing P-5 post would be absorbed by the remaining staff of the Unit and, if necessary, the Unit’s outputs would be scaled back.", "I.4 It was explained to the Advisory Committee, upon enquiry, that the proposed upward reclassification described in the preceding paragraph was designed to fill the gap left by the discontinuation of the secondment from UNDP of a staff member at the D-2 level to head the Unit. In that connection, the Committee was informed that, when the Unit was established, during the biennium 2006-2007, it was staffed exclusively through secondments: two posts (1 D-2 and 1 P-3) from UNDP, one P-4 post from the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and one P-5 post from the Office of Legal Affairs. It had quickly become apparent, however, that those arrangements could not be sustained in the longer term because the seconding entities had not budgeted for them and/or the seconded posts were needed by the entities concerned to perform the functions for which they had originally been established. Accordingly, in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009, the Secretary-General had submitted a request for seven regular budget posts, including a D-2 for the Head of Unit, and the General Assembly had subsequently approved the establishment of the four Professional posts that were reflected in the Unit’s staffing table (see resolution 63/263). Despite the Assembly’s request that the Secretary-General ensure that the post of Director of the Unit continue to be provided through secondment, the UNDP-funded secondment of a D-2 post had come to an end in June 2009. During the biennium 2010-2011, in order to mitigate the negative effects of the absence of a head of Unit on the latter’s functioning, a temporary post had been made available through a practice referred to as “vacancy management” (see also chap. I, para. 93, above). That post had been filled on 1 April 2010.", "I.5 The Advisory Committee was further informed, upon enquiry, that providing a post for a head of the Unit through rotational secondments from the member entities of the Rule of Law Coordination and Resource Group could create a conflict of interest, since the head of Unit was expected to mediate in disputes between members of that Group from a position of trust and neutrality, including the perception of neutrality, which would not be possible if he or she was a staff member of one of the entities concerned. In addition, short-term rotational secondments could hamper the Unit’s ability to develop a coherent strategic vision for its work and to establish and maintain partnerships with Member States and other actors working in the rule of law field, and might create undue administrative issues that could affect the Unit’s smooth functioning. The burden on the seconding entities could also undermine the desire of Group members to support the Unit’s coordination function.", "I.6 The Advisory Committee believes that it is beneficial for the regular budget staffing of offices whose mandates have a system-wide focus to be complemented by secondments from agencies, funds and programmes. It nevertheless recognizes that secondments and extrabudgetary resources can be unpredictable. The Committee is of the view, therefore, that relying exclusively on these types of resources to implement core regular budget programmes and activities is imprudent, since such resources cannot be guaranteed. For those reasons, the Committee recommends approval of the proposal to reclassify a P‑5 post to the D-1 level to head the Rule of Law Unit. The Committee has commented further on the use of secondments in chapter I above.", "Abolitions", "I.7 It is proposed that two General Service (Other level) posts be abolished in the Executive Office of the Secretary-General (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), para. 1.45). The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the streamlining of roles and responsibilities, the improvement of workflows and the redistribution of tasks among the existing staffing complement of the Office would make it possible to abolish the two posts in question. The Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposal.", "Recommendation on non-post resources", "I.8 Estimated non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $40,853,200, a decrease of $136,300, or 0.3 per cent, as compared with the appropriation of $40,989,500 for the preceding biennium. Subject to the comments and recommendations in the following paragraphs, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources under section 1.", "General comments and recommendations", "Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions", "I.9 Proposed regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Advisory Committee, including its secretariat, amount to $8,152,900 before recosting (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), table 1.9), reflecting a decrease of $22,100, or 0.3 per cent, as compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The decrease, all of which is under non-post resources, is attributable mainly to a reduction in requirements for data-processing services based on actual usage (ibid., para. 1.17).", "I.10 The Secretary-General indicates that the resources requested for 2012-2013 would provide, inter alia, for the travel and subsistence allowance of expert members of the Advisory Committee who are non-residents of New York for meetings held at Headquarters (ibid., para. 1.16). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that members of the Committee who were not associated with their permanent missions and whose travel expenses to and from Headquarters were met by the United Nations (i.e. those who lived outside commuting distance) were considered non-resident and were therefore entitled to subsistence allowance.", "I.11 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the Secretary-General’s estimates are based on the assumption that, during the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee will hold six sessions totalling 78 weeks, including 74 weeks at Headquarters and 4 weeks away from Headquarters. The Committee recalls that the decision to extend the Committee’s meeting time from 74 weeks to 78 weeks per biennium was taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243, in response to the Committee’s own recommendation. That recommendation, contained in the Committee’s first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, was based on an analysis of the Committee’s workload, which had increased in terms of both volume and complexity since the biennium 2000-2001 (see A/64/7, paras. 1.14-1.19).", "I.12 While the Advisory Committee welcomes the extension of the meeting time available to it, it is concerned that the extension alone may not fully address all the implications of its constantly increasing workload, which, inter alia, creates additional responsibilities for its Chair, both from an organizational perspective and in terms of time spent chairing meetings and attending meetings of the Fifth Committee. In this connection, the Committee recalls that, since 1994, it has had a Vice-Chair, who is not remunerated. The Committee is currently working on proposed terms of reference for its Vice-Chair, as well as suggested modalities for possible remuneration, which will be submitted to the General Assembly at the time of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "United Nations Board of Auditors", "I.13 Estimated regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the United Nations Board of Auditors, including its secretariat, amount to $6,479,400 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $925,400, or 16.7 per cent, over the appropriation for 2010‑2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 1), table 1.11). The proposed resources provide for the regular budget share of audit fees to be paid to the members of the Board, the costs associated with their attendance at meetings of the Board and of the Panel of External Auditors, the continuation of six posts for the secretariat of the Board and related operational costs. In addition, a total of $20,507,300 in other assessed and extrabudgetary resources is projected for the biennium, derived from audit fees paid directly from the budgets of other United Nations funds, programmes and affiliated bodies, ongoing missions and missions in liquidation, as well as from direct charges to trust funds and technical cooperation projects (ibid., paras. 1.25 and 1.26).", "I.14 The Secretary-General indicates that the net increase of $925,400 under non‑post resources is attributable to additional requirements for audit costs ($891,100) and to higher costs associated with the services provided by the Office of Information and Communications Technology ($42,900), partially offset by reduced requirements for the cost of communications and office automation equipment (ibid., para. 1.25).", "I.15 Upon request, the Advisory Committee was provided with an explanation of the methodology used by the Board for calculating its audit costs. The Committee was informed that fees were projected to increase in 2012-2013 because the Board would be performing a number of additional tasks, namely: reviewing the Administration’s plan for the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards and monitoring the related milestones; reviewing accounting policies selected by the Administration in respect of the 29 IPSAS standards; and providing advice and guidance on the pro forma financial statements and carrying out dry runs of those statements.", "I.16 With regard to the higher costs associated with the services provided by the Office of Information and Communications Technology, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Board would retain the same service-level agreement (level A) with the Office as it had in 2010-2011. The additional requirements were due to an increase in the number of network accounts: the Board anticipated that it would need 39 such accounts in 2012-2013. The Committee was also informed, upon enquiry, that network accounts were required not only for the secretariat of the Board but also for Board members and visiting auditors.", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board", "I.17 The Secretary-General is proposing regular budget resources in the amount of $14,013,300 for the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board, including the United Nations contribution to the costs of the secretariat of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund. Before recosting, that amount reflects the same level of resources as for the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 1.12). The Advisory Committee notes, however, that when the Secretary-General submitted his proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, the budget of the Pension Fund had not yet been finalized (ibid., para. 1.32). Accordingly, depending on the recommendations of the Pension Board on the budget of the Fund and any related action taken by the General Assembly, the estimates may be subject to further revision. The Committee points out, therefore, that a statement of programme budget implications might need to be submitted to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, which might result in additional resource requirements.", "I.18 With regard to the Board’s meeting schedule, the Secretary-General indicates that it has been a long-standing pattern of the Board to alternate between meeting in New York during odd-numbered years and in other locations during even-numbered years. However, owing to the ongoing construction at Headquarters in connection with the capital master plan, the Board decided that, as from 2009, all of its meetings would be held away from Headquarters until construction was completed (ibid., para. 1.27). The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that paragraph A.1 of the rules of procedure of the Fund authorized the Board to meet in a place decided by the Board or its Standing Committee. Accordingly, the fifty-sixth session of the Board (2009) was held in Vienna, the fifty-seventh (2010) in London and the fifty-eighth (2011) in Geneva.", "Executive Office of the Secretary-General", "I.19 Proposed regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Executive Office of the Secretary-General amount to $23,327,000 before recosting (ibid., table 1.19), a decrease of $703,200, or 2.9 per cent, as compared with the appropriation for 2010‑2011. The decrease is attributable to the proposed abolition of two posts in the Office (see para. I.7 above), as well as to reduced requirements for overtime and the elimination of requirements for consultants.", "I.20 With regard to overtime, the Advisory Committee was informed that the reduction of $244,000 under other staff costs reflected a conscious effort to reduce the need for overtime through the adoption of new institutional arrangements, such as staggered working hours, better monitoring and self-evaluation mechanisms and the introduction of information technology tools and software. The Committee commends the Office for the measures taken to reduce overtime payments.", "I.21 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, on the basis of experience gained during previous bienniums, the Secretary-General had decided to eliminate all requirements for consultants in his Executive Office (amounting to a reduction of $125,000) and to rely instead on existing in-house expertise. The Committee welcomes this development and encourages other departments and offices to make maximum use of available in-house expertise with a view to following the example set by the Executive Office of the Secretary-General. Any savings realized should be described in the context of the first performance report on the programme budget. The Committee comments further on the use of consultants in chapter I above.", "I.22 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under this section, the Advisory Committee enquired as to the role and functions of the Strategic Planning Unit. In response, the Committee was informed that the Unit, which had been established in 1997, was responsible for advising the Secretary-General on critical global trends and recommending strategic policy directions. More specifically, the Unit organized and provided secretariat services to the Secretary-General’s Policy Committee; developed and followed up on the strategic priorities identified by the Secretary-General; oversaw the work of the United Nations University and liaised with various United Nations and non-United Nations training and research institutes; and prepared the Secretary-General’s annual report on the work of the Organization.", "I.23 The Advisory Committee was further informed, upon enquiry, that the position of Assistant Secretary-General for Policy Planning/Head of the Strategic Planning Unit did not appear in the organization chart of the Executive Office of the Secretary-General because it was not part of the regular budget staffing table. The position had been created in August 2004 and was funded through the practice referred to as “vacancy management” and through general temporary assistance resources. The Committee is concerned about the continued use of general temporary assistance funds to finance, in full or in part, a senior-level position, particularly because this arrangement means that neither the Committee nor the General Assembly has had an opportunity to review the need for the position concerned, its level or its functions. In this connection, the Committee reiterates its concern about the flexible interpretation of the guidelines for the use of funds appropriated for general temporary assistance, which are intended to be used for the temporary replacement of staff on extended sick leave or maternity leave or the engagement of additional staff during peak workload periods, and not to finance de facto regular budget posts that are of a continuing nature (see, inter alia, A/50/7/Add.2). The Committee stresses that there is a need for greater transparency in the use of temporary positions. The Committee expects that the Secretary-General will clarify to the Assembly, at the time of its consideration of his proposals under section 1, how he intends to fund the position of Assistant Secretary-General for Policy Planning and any other senior-level positions in his Executive Office that have existed for more than 12 months without intergovernmental approval, during the biennium 2012-2013.", "Offices of the Directors-General, United Nations Offices at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi", "I.24 Estimated regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Offices of the Directors-General at the United Nations Offices at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi amount to $6,086,900, $2,431,700 and $1,526,300 before recosting, respectively (ibid., tables 1.20, 1.21 and 1.22).", "I.25 With specific reference to the Office of the Director-General at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the Advisory Committee notes that the estimated resource requirements of $1,526,300 reflect an increase of $258,600, or 20.4 per cent, over the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The Secretary-General indicates that the increase is due primarily to the delayed impact of the establishment, effective 1 January 2010, of a post at the Under-Secretary-General level for the Director-General of the Office (ibid., para. 1.58). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, consequent to the establishment of that post, the support arrangements in the Office were being reviewed. In accordance with established procedures, any resulting adjustments to the requirements for 2012-2013 would be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session in the context of revised estimates.", "I.26 On a more general note, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it questioned the logic behind the placement of the Offices of the Directors-General of the United Nations Offices at Geneva, Vienna and Nairobi in section 1, expressing the view that, in order to present a more coherent overview of the resources required for the various activities of the Organization, the Secretary-General should include the resource requirements of those Offices in the specific sections of the budget dedicated to them (A/64/7, para. I.26). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that discussions regarding the appropriate placement of the relevant resource requirements were still ongoing. The Committee encourages the Secretary-General to conclude those discussions as soon as possible and expects that their outcome will be reflected in the next budget submission.", "Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict", "I.27 The regular budget resources proposed for 2012-2013 for the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict amount to $3,693,100 before recosting (ibid., table 1.24), the same level as for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes that the estimates for the Office have been prepared on the assumption that its mandate, which is due to expire on 31 December 2011, will be renewed (ibid., para. 1.70). The Committee also notes that, should there be changes to the mandate, any related financial implications will be addressed in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly.", "Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict", "I.28 The proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 reflects, for the first time, the requirements for the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict, which was established effective 1 January 2011 pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/259 and Security Council resolution 1888 (2009). The Secretary-General indicates that the establishment of the Office fills the critical gap that has existed in terms of ensuring concerted and effective coordinated engagement with Member States, the Security Council, the General Assembly, other United Nations entities, non-governmental organizations, civil society and a diverse cross-section of high-level interlocutors (ibid., para. 1.75). The role and functions of the Special Representative and the Office are set out in paragraphs 1.74 to 1.77 of the budget document, and activities to be carried out by the Special Representative during the biennium 2012-2013 are enumerated in paragraph 1.78.", "I.29 The Secretary-General is proposing regular budget resources in the amount of $3,321,500 for the Office, reflecting an increase of $2,198,000, or 195.6 per cent, over the appropriation for 2010-2011 (ibid., table 1.26). The increase is attributable primarily to the delayed impact of the nine posts established effective 1 January 2011 (ibid., para. 1.83).", "I.30 The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 1.80 of the budget document that, as well as nine regular budget posts, the Office has three staff members (1 P-5, 1 P-3 and 1 General Service (Other level)) seconded from UN-Women and funded by the United Nations Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict initiative, an inter‑agency initiative created in 2006 to unite efforts across the United Nations system to combat sexual violence. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the secondments would continue for as long as the Special Representative served as the Chair of the United Nations Action Steering Committee.", "I.31 The Secretary-General alludes to Security Council resolutions 1888 (2009) and 1960 (2010), in which the Council decided to include specific provisions for the protection of women and children from rape and other sexual violence in the mandates of United Nations peacekeeping operations, including, on a case-by-case basis, the identification of women’s protection advisers in gender adviser and human rights protection units. He indicates that terms of reference for the women’s protection advisers were being developed (ibid., para. 1.79). It was explained to the Advisory Committee, upon enquiry, that the functions of the women’s protection advisers would probably be carried out within the existing human resources capacity of peacekeeping missions, but that additional sources of funding for that function would be explored. The Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to report on any relevant developments in a future submission.", "Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services", "I.32 Estimated regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services amount to $6,398,400 before recosting (ibid., table 1.28), remaining unchanged as compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The provision would continue to provide for 20 regular budget posts and related non-post resources.", "I.33 The Secretary-General indicates that the Office continued to see an increase in its case workload in 2010: the number of cases received from the United Nations Secretariat rose to 1,206, reflecting a 70 per cent increase over the preceding year, and the integrated Office of the Ombudsman, which covers the Secretariat, the United Nations funds and UNHCR, handled a total of 1,745 cases in 2010 as compared with 1,287 in 2009 (ibid., para. 1.89). The Advisory Committee was informed that, since the establishment of the Mediation Services component in January 2008, the Office had received a total of 77 requests for mediation services; 43 of those cases had been fully mediated. The year 2010 had marked the first year of operation of the seven regional branches of the Office. In this regard, the Secretary-General highlighted the advantages of in-person intervention, as well as the need to assist the regional offices through improved coordination and monitoring in the area of human resources and financial management and to ensure consistent practices and application of policies across the Organization.", "I.34 The Secretary-General states that the strengthening of the informal conflict resolution system as a preferred first step in resolving workplace issues has proven to be successful, pointing to the greater number of staff members contacting the Office as an alternative to formal proceedings, as well as the successful resolution of 79 per cent of the cases received (ibid., para. 1.91). The Advisory Committee notes that a dispute resolution referral training programme, designed to assist participants in effectively identifying, handling and referring cases for informal resolution, was offered to stakeholders in the formal system of administration of justice in December 2010. In this regard, the Committee was informed that the number of cases referred to the Office from the Tribunals and the Administration had increased, including those of a disciplinary nature. The Committee also notes from the budget document that, in 2012-2013, the Office will continue to focus on identifying systemic issues and analysing the root causes of conflicts and will provide regular reports to the Secretary-General, including comments on policies, procedures and practices that have come to its attention (ibid., para. 1.95 (c)). The Secretary-General also indicates that, in response to paragraph 32 (c) of General Assembly resolution 61/261, the Office was in the process of revising its terms of reference to incorporate changes to the functions, presence and locations of the Office that were approved by the Assembly (ibid., para. 1.87). The Committee was informed that the guidelines of the Mediation Division had recently been published on the Office’s website.", "I.35 The Advisory Committee has consistently emphasized that the informal system should be used wherever possible in order to avoid contentious litigation. It therefore welcomes the increase in the utilization of the services offered by the Office of the Ombudsman. The Committee was informed that, pursuant to paragraph 22 of General Assembly resolution 65/251, the next annual report of the Office, which would be submitted for consideration by the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, would contain detailed proposals for the full implementation in the biennium 2012-2013 of the recommendations contained in paragraphs 124 to 126 and 128 to 133 of the previous annual report of the Ombudsman (A/65/303) concerning the provision of incentives for staff to make use of the Office to resolve disputes. The Committee will comment further on the activities of the Office in the context of its consideration of the next annual report.", "Office of the Administration of Justice", "I.36 Estimated regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Office of the Administration of Justice amount to $12,566,800 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $686,100, or 5.2 per cent, as compared with the appropriation of $13,252,900 for 2010-2011 (ibid., table 1.30). The decrease is attributable to lower requirements under other staff costs ($599,900) and non-staff compensation ($741,800) because the one-time requirement for the temporary appointment of three ad litem judges for a period of one year to enable the Dispute Tribunal to clear the backlog of cases carried over from the previous system of administration of justice is no longer needed. The decrease would be partially offset by additional requirements under posts ($661,700) related to the delayed impact of five new posts established effective 1 January 2010. The proposed resources would continue to provide for 35 regular budget posts and other non-post requirements.", "I.37 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with an update on the status of the backlog of cases carried over from the previous system of administration of justice. It was informed that 313 cases had been transferred from the previous system to the United Nations Dispute Tribunal, including: (a) 169 cases pending before the Joint Disciplinary Committee/Joint Appeals Board that were transferred on 1 July 2009; and (b) 144 cases of the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, which had been transferred to the Dispute Tribunal on 1 January 2010. As at 31 May 2011, the Dispute Tribunal had disposed of 250 of the 313 cases transferred from the previous system; the remaining 63 cases were still pending.", "I.38 The Advisory Committee notes that no extrabudgetary resources are projected for 2012-2013, reflecting a reduction as compared with the estimated amount of $46,000 available during 2010-2011. The extrabudgetary resources for 2010-2011 reflect contributions to the Trust Fund for Staff Legal Assistance, which was created in early 2010 with a view to augmenting the capacity of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance (ibid., table 1.30). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, since its inception, apart from contributions of $50,000 from the Staff Coordinating Council at the United Nations Office at Geneva and $1,500 from the Staff Union at ECA, the trust fund had received only small contributions from individual satisfied clients of the Office of Staff Legal Assistance, such as a $255 monthly contribution from approximately 20 field-based staff who were members of the Field Staff Union. In short, the trust fund has largely failed to meet its expectations.", "I.39 The Advisory Committee was informed that, while no extrabudgetary resources were projected for 2012-2013 given the uncertain funding situation, efforts to raise funds would continue. The Committee continues to believe that the regular budget provision for staff legal assistance should be complemented by some form of staff participation (see A/62/7/Add.7). The General Assembly has also, on numerous occasions, invited staff representatives to explore further the possibility of establishing a staff-funded scheme that would provide legal advice and support to staff, and to consult with the Secretary-General as deemed appropriate (see resolutions 61/261 and 62/228). The Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be requested, in cooperation with staff representatives, to intensify efforts to seek viable solutions for a staff-funded legal assistance scheme that would make additional resources available for providing legal advice and support to staff. The Committee expects that, in accordance with paragraph 40 of Assembly resolution 65/251, the Secretary-General will submit proposals for a staff-funded scheme, including proposals that are based on a mandatory contribution from staff, to the Assembly no later than at its sixty-sixth session.", "I.40 The Advisory Committee notes from the introduction to the budget that, in addition to the proposals set out in section 1 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the Secretary-General will be presenting a separate report on administration of justice to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (A/66/6 (Introduction), para. 16). The Committee was informed that, since the budget for the new system of administration of justice for the biennium 2012-2013 had been developed before the full requirements were known, the aforementioned report would contain requests for resources that would allow the Office to maintain the current pace of work and continue to implement all relevant Assembly mandates. The Committee looks forward to considering that report.", "Ethics Office", "I.41 Proposed regular budget resources for 2012-2013 for the Ethics Office amount to $3,903,400 before recosting, representing an increase of $590,800, or 17.8 per cent, over the appropriation for 2010-2011 (ibid., (Sect. 1), table 1.32). The staffing of the Office would remain unchanged, with nine regular budget posts. The proposed increase in resources is attributable essentially to higher requirements under contractual services to provide for the regular budget share of the review of the financial disclosure statements, which is determined on the basis of the number of participants in the programme. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the number of Secretariat staff participating in the financial disclosure programme rose to 1,314 in 2010, representing 32.2 per cent of the total number of participants, an increase from the estimated 20.5 per cent provided for in the programme budget for 2010-2011. The regular budget resources would be complemented by other assessed resources in the amount of $3,202,200, provided from the support account for peacekeeping operations to cover requirements for staff in the field.", "I.42 Since the establishment of the Ethics Office, the Advisory Committee has expressed its concern as to the cost of the outsourcing arrangements for the review of the financial disclosure statements, which is linked directly to the number of participants and, according to the Secretary-General, is expected to increase owing to the natural growth of the participant base. In its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2008-2009, the Committee recommended that the General Assembly request the Secretary-General to conduct an in-depth analysis, by the end of the biennium 2008-2009, of the relative advantages or disadvantages, including costs, of conducting the review in-house as opposed to outsourcing arrangements (see A/62/7, para. I.17). The Committee notes from paragraphs 1.131 to 1.134 of the budget document that such an analysis was undertaken and completed in September 2010 by an external contractor and that a number of options were identified for conducting the review in-house or outsourcing it, in terms of both the review and the technological platform used. The Committee further notes that the study was reviewed by a high-level advisory group and that the Secretary-General will present his recommendation as part of the annual report of the Ethics Office that will be submitted to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. In this connection, the Committee was informed that one option envisaged for containing costs was to review the risk profiles of the Organization and to reassess the filing eligibility criteria, with a view to concentrating the focus of the programme on higher-risk groups. The Committee considers that efforts should also be directed towards negotiating more favourable terms for the contract with the external contractor. It looks forward to receiving further details on the outcome of that review and the Secretary-General’s related proposals in the context of its consideration of the next annual report of the Ethics Office.", "Section 2 General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $614,112,200^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $656,070,400^(b) \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $25,679,200  \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Excluding an amount of $15,495,900 forthe United Nations Library in Geneva and anamount of $1,269,000 for the United NationsLibrary — Vienna to ensure that this figureconstitutes a comparable base with thebiennium 2012-2013, as the two libraries arenow budgeted for under section 29E,Administration, Geneva, and section 29F,Administration, Vienna, respectively.", "I.43 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 2 amount to $614,112,200 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $41,958,200, or 6.4 per cent, as compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), table 2.5).", "I.44 The Advisory Committee was informed that the decrease in requirements responded to the Secretary-General’s request that all programme managers find ways to “work smarter”. The Committee notes that, in paragraph 2.17 of the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that the requirements for 2012-2013 reflect efforts to use resources more efficiently and effectively in order to cope with the projected increase in demand for conference services, particularly in Geneva.", "I.45 According to the Secretary-General, the following measures would contribute substantially to the overall reduction in resources:", "(a) The implementation of a new business model for delivering documentation services along the whole documents-processing chain, which will entail a reconfiguration of resource requirements. In parallel, the Department is proposing to revise delivery and quality control protocols, strictly control and limit all documentation, including publications, and carefully review all clients’ mandated entitlements. These measures are expected to lead to a net cost reduction of approximately $11.8 million during the biennium;", "(b) The proposed “handing back” to United Nations funds and programmes headquartered in New York of the resources currently budgeted for their conference-servicing needs. This proposal would lead to a reduction of approximately $8 million during the biennium 2012-2013;", "(c) Additional savings and efficiencies, estimated at around $10 million, relating to the production of documentation, including the discontinuation, limitation or deferral of the production of summary records at all duty stations; the discontinuation of the production of compilation documents; the introduction and enforcement of page limits for all reports of treaty bodies and reports of States parties to treaty bodies; and the one-time elimination of the backlog of documents awaiting processing;", "(d) The introduction of technological innovations and other efficiency measures, including the abolition of 41 posts and reduced requirements for printing supplies in the publishing services at Headquarters and in Geneva, resulting in a reduction of approximately $10.6 million during the biennium;", "(e) Improved utilization of resources and equipment leading to a reduction of $1.9 million under other operating costs.", "During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 2, the Advisory Committee was also informed that, in order to cope with the growing demand for services while at the same time limiting costs, the United Nations Office at Vienna had devised and implemented a quota system under which the entitlements of each of its main clients had been capped at a certain percentage of overall capacity. That system would continue to be implemented in 2012-2013.", "I.46 The Advisory Committee discusses some of the above-mentioned efficiency measures in more detail in the paragraphs below. At this stage, the Advisory Committee commends the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management for taking proactive and innovative steps to reduce its budgetary requirements through the re-engineering of business processes and the use of available technologies while maintaining all of its outputs.", "I.47 Table I.2 below summarizes the regular budget and jointly financed posts, including temporary posts, approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget and jointly financed posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium.", "Table I.2 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011^(a)\t1883\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 5 D-2, 20 D-1, 182 P-5,396 P-4, 373 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 84 GS (PL),706 GS (OL), 15 LL, 76 TC\nProposed for2012-2013\t1838\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 5 D-2, 20 D-1, 191 P-5,383 P-4, 373 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 84 GS (PL),702 GS (OL), 15 LL, 39 TC\nAbolitions\t41\t4 GS (OL), 37 TC in New York undersubprogramme 4\nReclassifications\t11\t6 P-4 to P-5 in Nairobi undersubprogramme 3\n 5 P-4 to P-5 in Nairobi undersubprogramme 4\nRedeployments\t26\t1 P-4 in New York from subprogramme 1to subprogramme 2\n 6 P-4 in New York from subprogramme 3to subprogramme 4\n 6 P-3 in New York from subprogramme 4to subprogramme 3\n 13 GS (OL) in New York fromsubprogramme 4 to subprogramme 2\nJointly financedbudget (Vienna) \nApproved for2010-2011^(b)\t174\t1 D-1, 20 P-5, 43 P-4, 21 P-3, 3 P-2/1,6 GS (PL), 80 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t174\t1 D-1, 20 P-5, 43 P-4, 21 P-3, 3 P-2/1,6 GS (PL), 80 GS (OL)\nRedeployment\t1\t1 P-2 from subprogramme 2 tosubprogramme 3\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t95\t1 D-1, 2 P-5, 8 P-4/3, 11 GS (PL), 9 GS(OL), 64 LL", "^(a) Including four temporary posts (2 P-5, 2 P-4) that are not continued in 2012-2013. Posts under Library Services, Geneva, under section 2 in the biennium 2010-2011, which are proposed for redeployment to section 29E, have been excluded to provide a comparable base with the biennium 2012-2013.", "^(b) Two posts (1 P-3 and 1 GS (OL)) under the Library Unit, which are proposed for redeployment to section 29F, have been excluded to provide a comparable base with the biennium 2012-2013.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Reclassifications", "I.48 The Secretary-General is proposing the upward reclassification of the following 11 posts at the United Nations Office at Nairobi:", "(a) In the Translation and Editorial Section (subprogramme 3), six P-4 posts of Reviser to the P-5 Senior Reviser level (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.104);", "(b) In the Interpretation and Publishing Section (subprogramme 4), five P-4 posts of Interpreter to the P-5 Senior Interpreter level (ibid., para. 2.109).", "In the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that he is submitting the proposal for 11 reclassifications pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/245. The Advisory Committee notes, in this connection, that in that resolution the Assembly did not pronounce itself on the proposed reclassifications; it merely requested the Secretary-General to resubmit the proposals he had made in his report on the pattern of conferences (A/65/122) in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013.", "I.49 In the report on the pattern of conferences, the Secretary-General justified the proposed upward reclassifications on the basis of the increased workload at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, coupled with the persistently high vacancy rate, which, according to the Secretary-General, made it necessary to enhance the capacity of the Office to attract and retain high-quality interpreters and translators. He also referred to the principle of equal grade for equal work and the acknowledgement by the Committee on Conferences that quality service required adequate staff at the appropriate level. At that time, the Secretary-General also indicated that, since 40 per cent of the Office’s translation workload was contracted out, appropriate quality control had to be ensured. According to the Secretary-General, quality control functions should be performed by a Senior Reviser at the P‑5 level (ibid., paras. 70-75). In its related report, the Advisory Committee stated that it would take any action it deemed appropriate when a formal proposal was submitted (A/65/484, para. 32).", "I.50 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with additional justification for the proposed upward reclassifications. The Committee was informed that the United Nations Office at Nairobi was the only conference-servicing duty station that did not have any P-5 posts for language staff, apart from the Chief of the Interpretation Section and the Chief and Deputy Chief of the Translation and Editorial Section. The Office continued to have difficulty recruiting and retaining language staff, as evidenced by the fact that its overall vacancy rate for language posts currently stood at 21 per cent. With specific reference to the interpreter posts, the Committee was informed that the proposed upgrades would improve staff morale and enhance the quality of interpretation provided, since the Office would be better placed to retain experienced staff and reduce the vacancy rate in the Interpretation Section, which stood at 34 per cent. In view of that situation, and with the aim of enhancing the quality of interpretation services provided at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the Committee recommends approval of the upward reclassification of five P-4 posts of Interpreter to the P-5 Senior Interpreter level. The Committee recalls, in this regard, that the General Assembly, in successive resolutions on the pattern of conferences, has requested the Secretary-General to take measures aimed at decreasing vacancy rates in the language services in Nairobi (see, inter alia, resolutions 63/248, 64/230 and 65/245).", "I.51 With regard to the translator posts, the Advisory Committee was informed that contractual translation accounted for 43 per cent of the Office’s translation workload, as compared with the original estimate of 40 per cent for the biennium 2010-2011. This meant that Senior Revisers were even more urgently needed to provide an appropriate level of quality control. The Committee recognizes the need to improve the quality of translation services provided at the United Nations Office at Nairobi and, in particular, given the extremely high level of outsourcing, to ensure appropriate quality control of translation done externally. For those reasons, and in view of the General Assembly’s repeated requests that the Secretary-General take measures aimed at decreasing vacancy rates in the language services in Nairobi (see, inter alia, resolutions 63/248, 64/230 and 65/245), it recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal to reclassify six P-4 posts of Reviser to the P-5 Senior Reviser level.", "Redeployments", "I.52 The Secretary-General is proposing the redeployment of 26 posts in New York, as follows:", "(a) One P-4 post from the Disarmament and Peace Affairs Branch (subprogramme 1) to the Central Planning and Coordination Service (subprogramme 2) in order to formally establish the training coordination function with a view to expanding and upgrading staff members’ skills, collaborating with international organizations and building outreach to universities (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), paras. 2.38 and 2.42);", "(b) Six P-4 posts from the translation services (one from each language) of the Documentation Division (subprogramme 3) to the Copy Preparation and Proofreading Section (2 posts) and the Verbatim Reporting Service (4 posts) of the Meetings and Publishing Division (subprogramme 4) in order to correct long-standing imbalances affecting the staffing of the services concerned (ibid., para. 2.48). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the imbalances in question related to the grade levels of posts in the various services: in the Copy Preparation and Proofreading Section, despite a formal decision to classify posts at a higher level, there was an insufficient number of higher-level posts available in all languages, while in the Verbatim Reporting Service there was an uneven number of staff across the language services, despite similar job profiles;", "(c) Six P-3 posts (2 from the Copy Preparation and Proofreading Section and 4 from the Verbatim Reporting Service) from the Meetings and Publishing Division (subprogramme 4) to the translation services (one to each language) of the Documentation Division (subprogramme 3) in order to correct long-standing imbalances affecting the staffing of the services concerned (ibid.; see also (b) above);", "(d) Thirteen General Service (Other level) posts from the Meetings and Publishing Division (subprogramme 4) to the Central Planning and Coordination Service (subprogramme 2) to strengthen information technology management functions (ibid., para. 2.42).", "The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments. The Committee expects, in particular, that the 12 redeployments between subprogrammes 3 and 4 will enhance the quality of services provided.", "Abolitions", "I.53 The Secretary-General is proposing to abolish 4 General Service (Other level) and 37 Trades and Crafts posts in the Reproduction Unit of the Publishing Section (subprogramme 4) in New York. He indicates that the proposed abolitions reflect a return on the Department’s investment in technology and the streamlining of its workflow (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.53). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Department’s printing output had dropped significantly as a result of, inter alia, the increased use of electronic distribution, and that the technology used had changed from offset to digital, which was considerably less labour intensive. Those developments obviated the need for the Trades and Crafts posts, the incumbents of which were responsible for operating, monitoring and maintaining the equipment in the reproduction plant. The ongoing decrease in the quantity of paper and supplies to be handled justified the abolition of the General Service (Other level) posts. The Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions. The Committee comments further on the Department’s printing operations in paragraph I.67 below.", "Recommendation on non-post resources", "I.54 Estimated non-post requirements for 2012-2013 amount to $123,653,800, representing a decrease of $36,981,700, or 23 per cent, as compared with the revised appropriation of $160,635,500 for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the most significant reductions in non-post resources are under other staff costs. Under subprogramme 2, Planning and coordination of conference services, the estimated provision for other staff costs, which covers requirements for temporary assistance for meetings, general temporary assistance and overtime in support of meetings, will decrease by $22,405,200 in New York and $12,599,400 in Geneva. According to the Secretary-General, the decrease is due to anticipated efficiencies arising from the proactive management and prioritization of resources, including through minimizing the non-local recruitment of temporary staff, technological investment in conference-servicing processes, stricter enforcement of page limits and increased use of contractual translation, as well as cost-reduction measures related to summary records and the provision of conference services to funds and programmes at Headquarters (see also para. I.45 above). Subject to its comments and recommendations in the following paragraphs, the Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources under section 2.", "General comments and recommendations", "Proposal for alternative methods of delivery of summary records", "I.55 The Secretary-General indicates that his estimates for the biennium 2012-2013 include efficiencies amounting to around $10 million ($3 million in Geneva and $7 million in New York) as a result of the proposed discontinuation, limitation or deferral of the production of summary records at all duty stations (A/66/16 (Sect. 2), para. 2.17 (c)). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that in its resolution 58/250, the General Assembly had requested the Secretary-General to conduct a thorough cost-benefit study of summary records with a view to assessing the need for them and to explore the possibility of delivering them in a more efficient and effective manner. In response to that request, the Secretary-General, in his report in 2004 on the reform of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, suggested five alternative methods of delivery, namely, replacing summary records with digital recordings; reducing the number of bodies entitled to summary records; producing summary records in English only; restricting their length; and providing only electronic (rather than paper) copies of the original records (A/59/172, paras. 53-63; see also A/60/93). In its resolution 60/236 B, the Assembly called for further discussion and analysis.", "I.56 It was explained to the Advisory Committee, upon enquiry, that the proposal put forward by the Secretary-General in his proposed programme budget for 2012‑2013 sought to take advantage of recent trends and available technology in order to achieve significant savings. It would entail the continued production of summary records in their original language (English or French), as well as the introduction of supplemental systems that would allow Member States to access secure digital recordings in all official languages almost in real time. The digital recordings would also include an electronic meeting log, showing the list of speakers and the times at which they spoke. Printed versions of the records in languages other than the original would be produced only upon request, within a time frame of around four weeks.", "I.57 The Advisory Committee was also informed, upon enquiry, that the Human Rights Council in Geneva had done without summary records for four years. Its meetings were webcast and saved to electronic files that were accessible over the Internet. The per meeting cost of webcasting was much lower than the cost of producing summary records. In Vienna, the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space was developing an alternative delivery method for its meeting records, which would consist of digital sound files supplemented, where available, with uploaded reference materials such as written statements and/or an English transcript of the meeting.", "I.58 The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 2.17 (c) of the budget document that the Secretary-General’s proposal for alternative methods of delivery of summary records requires the approval of the General Assembly. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the question would be discussed by the Committee on Conferences at its September 2011 session. The Committee was further informed that, should the Assembly choose to retain summary records in their current form, the projected $10 million in savings would have to be reprogrammed into the budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee notes the Department’s efforts to achieve savings by streamlining its operations and delivering services in a more effective and efficient manner. Notwithstanding the merits of the Secretary-General’s proposal for alternative methods of delivery of summary records, however, the Committee considers that it is premature to include savings of $10 million in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 when the initiative from which they are to be derived is subject to General Assembly approval and has yet to be considered by the relevant intergovernmental body. The Committee therefore recommends that the Assembly consider the Secretary-General’s proposal for the delivery of summary records in the light of the outcome of the relevant deliberations of the Committee on Conferences, also taking into account the views of the bodies entitled to summary records.", "Proposal to amend the current arrangements for the provision of conference services to funds and programmes", "I.59 The Secretary-General indicates that around $8 million in savings could be achieved by amending the arrangements for the provision of conference services to funds and programmes headquartered in New York (namely, UNDP, UNICEF and UNFPA). He also recalls that the current arrangements, whereby the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management provides conference services to funds and programmes headquartered in New York, were put in place pursuant to General Assembly resolution 47/202 (A/66/6 (Sect. 2) para. 2.17 (b)).", "I.60 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the resources for translating documents originating from the funds and programmes were currently provided from the regular budget under section 2. The Secretary-General was proposing to enter into a new arrangement with the funds and programmes concerned whereby they would contract directly with the Department for translation services on a “pay-as-you-go” basis. The Committee was further informed that notification of the proposed change had been sent to the Executive Heads of UNDP, UNICEF and UNFPA, and that the Department would be advising those entities on how to minimize their translation volume to reduce costs.", "I.61 The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 2.17 (b) of the budget document that the Secretary-General’s proposal for a “pay-as-you-go” arrangement to meet the translation needs of the funds and programmes requires the approval of the General Assembly. It is the Committee’s understanding that, should the Assembly decide not to approve the proposal, the projected $8 million in savings would have to be reprogrammed into the budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee sees merit in the Secretary-General’s proposal, particularly given its long-standing view that regular budget activities should not subsidize extrabudgetary ones (see A/50/7, para. 115). The Committee repeats its view, however, that it is premature to include savings of $8 million in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 when the initiative from which they are to be derived is subject to General Assembly approval and has yet to be considered by the relevant intergovernmental body. The Committee therefore recommends that the Secretary-General refer his proposal to the competent body, namely the Committee on Conferences, for discussion.", "Introduction and enforcement of page limits for reports of treaty bodies and reports of States parties to treaty bodies", "I.62 As indicated in paragraph I.45 above, one of the measures proposed by the Department to generate efficiencies and savings during the biennium 2012-2013 is the introduction and enforcement of page limits for all reports of treaty bodies and reports of States parties to treaty bodies. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that treaty body documentation included documents that were subject to page/word limits (submissions originating from the Secretariat and intergovernmental bodies) and those that were not (submissions from Member States). A review of available statistics at the United Nations Office at Geneva, where the majority of the treaty bodies are based, revealed that there had been a significant increase in the number of documents submitted by Member States in 2010, with a commensurate increase in the workload volume (number of words to be processed). Further increases were expected as a result of the establishment of the Committee on Enforced Disappearances, the expansion of the Subcommittee on the Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and other pending proposals.", "I.63 The Advisory Committee was informed that imposing page limits on Member State submissions would reduce the overall workload volume and minimize the number of excessively long documents that disrupted the processing chain. The Division of Conference Management in Geneva stood ready to work with treaty body secretariats to review their documentation requirements in order to ensure that the limited resources at its disposal were deployed to the areas of highest priority to the membership of the treaty bodies. Such a review could entail determining the average length of State party reports and using those data to negotiate a page/word limit. The Committee recognizes that the increase in the number of treaty bodies has resulted in additional work for the Department. The Committee considers, however, that the imposition of page/word limits on reports of States parties to treaty bodies is a matter to be decided by the General Assembly. The Secretary-General should therefore be requested to refer this question to the Committee on Conferences.", "Increased use of contractual translation", "I.64 The Secretary-General indicates that, as part of the introduction of a new business model for the delivery of documentation services, the Department anticipates a further increase in the use of contractual translation services (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.17 (a)). The related indicators of achievement in the results-based-budgeting frameworks show that between 2010-2011 and 2012-2013, the proportion of translation done contractually is expected to increase from 24 per cent to 25 per cent in New York (ibid., table 2.18), from 20 per cent to 25 per cent in Geneva (ibid., table 2.25), from 30 per cent to 32.5 per cent in Vienna (ibid., table 2.33) and to remain at 43 per cent in Nairobi (ibid., table 2.40). The Advisory Committee notes that while the increase in the proportion of translation done contractually will entail an increase in resources under contractual services, that increase will be more than offset by the corresponding decrease in requirements for temporary assistance for meetings.", "I.65 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, while contractual translation was the cheapest mode of delivery, it required in-house revision and quality control. In this connection, the Committee recalls that, in order to respond to the General Assembly’s concerns regarding appropriate control of external translation (see, inter alia, resolutions 61/236 and 62/225), a total of 12 P-5 Senior Reviser posts were established at Headquarters and in Geneva during the biennium 2008-2009, a further 5 P-4 Reviser posts at the United Nations Office at Vienna were upgraded to the P-5 level during the biennium 2010-2011, and, subject to the approval of the General Assembly, a further six P-4 Reviser posts at the United Nations Office at Nairobi will be reclassified to the P-5 Senior Reviser level during the biennium 2012-2013 (see paras. I.48-I.51 above). The Committee also recalls that, in order to further strengthen quality control and to ensure that translation contractors (both individuals and firms) are held accountable for their performance, the Department’s common roster of external contractors includes a standardized electronic template for quality control evaluations. Unified criteria for the inclusion of translators and text-processors in and their removal from the common roster as well as their evaluation were agreed upon in 2009 (see A/64/136, para. 80).", "I.66 The Advisory Committee continues to emphasize the paramount importance of providing language services of the highest quality. The Committee therefore welcomes the measures taken to enhance quality control of contractual translation and the possibility offered by those measures to increase further the proportion of translation done contractually, where that mode of delivery is the most cost-effective. In that connection, and bearing in mind its earlier recommendation that any savings and/or efficiencies arising from the increased use of contractual translation must not come at the expense of quality, the Committee points out that the above-mentioned indicators of achievement provide for an increase in the proportion of translation done contractually only where that mode of delivery yields a final product that is of comparable quality to translation done in-house.", "Evolution of the Department’s business model for publishing", "I.67 The Secretary-General indicates that the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management has identified savings in the order of $10.6 million as a result of streamlining the operations of the publishing services at Headquarters and in Geneva (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.17 (d)). In addition to the savings of $6.8 million anticipated as a result of the abolition of 41 posts (see para. I.53 above), a reduction of $3.8 million for printing supplies is expected during the biennium 2012-2013 owing to the significant drop in printing output. The Secretary-General explains that, following a review of hard-copy printing, the Publishing Section had reduced the number of page impressions of parliamentary documents from 336 million in 2009 to 220 million in 2010. It is anticipated that fewer than 150 million page impressions will be produced in 2011. As a result, the night shift for hard-copy distribution has been eliminated and capacity has been reallocated to earlier shifts, leading to savings in overtime and night differential payments and the more effective use of printing and reproduction capacity (ibid., paras. 2.11 (a) and (e)).", "I.68 The Advisory Committee notes that the electronic distribution of information to Member States, by means of e-mail and various other online tools, has contributed significantly to the drop in the printing output (ibid., para. 2.11 (g)). In that connection, during its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 2, the Committee was informed that the Department had recently developed a business model for paperless meetings, which had been used for the first time in May 2011 to service a meeting of the Committee on Non-Governmental Organizations. The Committee commends the Department for the steps it has taken to capitalize on new technologies in order to ensure the timely and cost‑effective distribution of documents.", "Integrated global management", "I.69 The Advisory Committee recalls that the integrated global management approach to conference services has been pursued by the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management for many years as a way of enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of its activities. In the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that the approach is continuing to evolve, as evidenced by the progressive standardization of administrative policies, practices and procedures across all conference-servicing duty stations (ibid., para. 2.4).", "I.70 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 2, the Advisory Committee was informed that, during the biennium 2010-2011, significant progress had been made in the implementation of the global information technology initiative, which was a fundamental pillar of the integrated global management approach. The initiative consisted of the following three projects:", "(a) Project 1, entitled “gData”: a global data warehouse designed to produce standardized performance reports and costing data across the four duty stations that would allow for the benchmarking, monitoring and streamlining of operations and enable global workload forecasting and capacity planning;", "(b) Project 2, entitled “gMeets”: a global meetings management system that would allow for the scheduling of meetings at all four duty stations with a view to generating and managing the global calendar of meetings interactively;", "(c) Project 3, entitled “gDoc”: an integrated global document management application, designed to allow for the real-time assessment of the global status of documentation, the standardized global reporting of document statistics, the tracking of documents at any duty station and an indication of global workload-sharing potential.", "Projects 1 and 2 had been implemented at all four duty stations during the biennium 2010-2011. Project 3 had been reconceptualized and was under development by a team operating in New York and Geneva.", "I.71 The Advisory Committee notes the continued development of the integrated global management approach and reiterates its support for that concept as a means of maximizing the efficient use of resources and improving the overall quality of conference services. The Committee welcomes the Department’s use of information technology tools in this regard and encourages the Department to finalize the development of project 3 as soon as possible so that it can be rolled out to all duty stations.", "I.72 The Advisory Committee recalls that one of the pillars of integrated global management is workload-sharing among the four conference-servicing duty stations, whereby capacity is shared in order to address peaks and valleys in the workload at individual duty stations, thereby ensuring the most efficient and effective use of resources. Upon request, the Committee was provided with the following information on the translation workload by duty station.", "(Thousands of words)", "2008-2009 2010-2011 2012-2013 actual estimated estimated", "In-house translation", "New York 171 083 178 286 187 200", "Geneva 108 941 118 000 120 000", "Vienna 34 573 37 340 37 320", "Nairobi 8 600 9 824 9 824", "Contractual translation", "New York 53 450 58 664 62 400", "Geneva 25 815 28 500 41 500", "Vienna 13 183 16 000 15 990", "Nairobi 6 703 7 411 7 411", "The Advisory Committee observes from the information in the table that, during the biennium 2012-2013, the estimated volume of both modes of translation will increase in New York and Geneva, whereas the estimated volume in Nairobi will remain the same and the estimated volume in Vienna will decrease. In the view of the Committee, this situation will create greater opportunities for workload-sharing. The Committee recommends that statistics illustrating how the Department has taken advantage of those opportunities be included in the relevant performance report.", "I.73 On a related matter, the Advisory Committee recalls that, following the evaluation of the progress achieved in integrated global management conducted by OIOS (A/64/166), the Department concluded, inter alia, that since the Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management is accountable for all expenditure under section 2 of the regular budget, he should also be able to exercise the corresponding authority in the management and disbursement of resources, both human and financial (see A/65/122, para. 28 (a)). In his 2010 report on the pattern of conferences, the Secretary-General indicated that the full implementation of integrated global management and the ensuing gains in efficiency and cost-effectiveness could be achieved only if the organizational structure and hierarchical reporting lines within the Department were revised in order to afford the Under-Secretary-General the authority required to fulfil General Assembly mandates (ibid., para. 28 (c)). Subsequently, the Assembly, in its resolution 65/245, requested the Secretary-General to assess the conference management efficiency and accountability mechanisms across the four main duty stations and to report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The Advisory Committee looks forward to considering the report. Any administrative and/or financial consequences of the findings of the Secretary-General should be reflected in the next budget submission.", "Succession planning", "I.74 Succession planning, which, in the view of the Advisory Committee, is a management issue with significant budgetary implications (see A/64/7, para. I.71), has been a long-standing concern of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management. According to the latest statistics, approximately 20 per cent of the Department’s language staff will have retired by 2016 (A/65/488, para. 17). During the biennium 2012-2013, the Secretary-General indicates that, in order to meet changing needs and address the demographic transition affecting language staff, the Department will continue to offer sustained support for training opportunities designed to upgrade staff members’ skills, collaborate with international organizations and strengthen outreach to universities to institutionalize training programmes (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.6). The relevant outputs are enumerated in paragraphs 2.41 (b) (vi) and 2.59 (e) of the budget document. In this connection, the Committee notes that, as indicated in paragraph I.52 (a) above, the Secretary-General is proposing the redeployment of one P-4 post from the Disarmament and Peace Affairs Branch (subprogramme 1) to the Central Planning and Coordination Service (subprogramme 2) in New York in order to formally establish the training coordination function, which has hitherto existed on an ad hoc basis.", "I.75 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under this section, the Advisory Committee was informed that, during the biennium 2010-2011, the Department had further strengthened its outreach activities with a view to raising language students’ awareness of employment opportunities at the United Nations and expanding the potential pool of language professionals. In particular, the Department has concluded additional memorandums of understanding with universities around the globe, bringing the total number of institutions having a formal relationship with the Organization to 19. Under the terms of those memorandums, universities promised to re-establish or develop language programmes in order to stimulate demand and interest in pursuing language careers. The Department had also continued to collaborate with language training institutions in order to develop its internship programme, which had proven to be an effective way of identifying, attracting and training talented young language professionals. Fifty-seven interns have been hosted in 2010 and 70 to date in 2011. Several graduates of the programme had passed competitive examinations and some had also been added to the rosters of freelance translators/interpreters and contractual translators.", "I.76 The Advisory Committee was informed, however, that since there were no dedicated budgetary resources for the internship programme, it would soon reach its limit in terms of the number of interns who could participate. In addition, many potential interns could not afford the cost of travelling to and living in cities such as New York, Geneva or Vienna, which limited the pool of interns and could lead to individuals with certain language combinations being underrepresented. To address that situation, preliminary approaches had been made to members of the League of Arab States to ascertain their interest in contributing to the Department’s training efforts for Arabic language translators and interpreters through a trust fund or other arrangement to be put in place by the Department. The Committee commends the Department for the proactive measures it has taken to reach out to potential recruits and expects that they will be pursued and further expanded during the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee trusts that those efforts will lead to a greater number of candidates successfully passing the competitive language examination and a corresponding decrease in vacancy rates. The Committee is concerned, however, that the lack of dedicated resources for the internship programme may have a disproportionately negative impact on young professionals with certain, less-common, language combinations. In this connection, the Committee welcomes the Department’s intention to approach Member States for support. The Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be encouraged to broaden those efforts with a view to securing extrabudgetary funding for training activities related to all six official languages.", "I.77 On the question of competitive examinations, the Advisory Committee noted in its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011 that such examinations were the only means of recruitment for language staff but that the capacity of the Examinations and Tests Section of the Office of Human Resources Management was insufficient to organize the number of examinations needed. At that time, the Committee once again called upon the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management and the Office of Human Resources Management to agree, as a matter of urgency, on adequate measures to ensure the prompt organization and scheduling of the necessary language examinations (A/64/7, paras. I.65-I.66). In table 2.45 of the budget document, the Secretary-General states that, in follow-up to the Committee’s recommendation, the Department conducted a study of the examination process and identified a number of actions designed to strengthen it, including adjustments to candidate-screening procedures, examination content and delivery, as well as scheduling. An interdepartmental working group composed of representatives of the Department and the Office of Human Resources Management is monitoring the implementation of the recommendations, which, when fully implemented, are expected to reduce considerably the time between the identification of a need for an examination and the recruitment of successful candidates from the roster. Given that staff shortages could significantly hinder the efficient and effective implementation of the Department’s mandate, the Committee welcomes the steps taken by the Department to improve the competitive examination process and looks forward to receiving information on the results achieved in a future submission.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "I.78 The Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, regular budget resources totalling approximately $3,041,000 have been identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation activities during the biennium 2012-2013. Those resources are equivalent to a total of 307.6 work-months, 115.6 at the Professional level and 192 at the General Service level (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.22).", "I.79 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, it was informed that, in response to General Assembly resolution 61/245 and as recommended by OIOS, the Department had begun work on the establishment of a robust monitoring, evaluation, risk analysis and statistical verification function (see A/64/7, para. I.73). During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013, the Committee was informed that a monitoring, evaluation, risk management and statistical verification capacity had been established, within existing resources, at Headquarters and in Geneva. It was focusing on workload forecasting and capacity planning for documents management and on the standardization of key performance indicators, and was also responsible for extracting and compiling statistics from all mission-critical systems at the four conference-servicing duty stations in order to produce various types of reports, including monthly internal management reports, using the global data warehouse (“gData” — see para. I.70 above). According to the Secretary-General, those reports allow for the comparison and better understanding of the operations at all duty stations, and made it possible for the Department’s managers to take informed decisions regarding the allocation of resources (A/66/6 (Sect. 2), para. 2.11 (h)). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, resources permitting, the monitoring and evaluation capacity in Vienna and Nairobi would be strengthened in the medium term. The Committee welcomes the steps taken to integrate monitoring and evaluation functions into the Department’s organizational structure. The Committee encourages the Secretary-General to ensure that the monitoring, evaluation, risk management and statistical verification entities make the best possible use of the new information technology tools at their disposal to further streamline the Department’s operations, identify potential areas of risk and highlight opportunities for efficiencies. More detailed information on their activities should be provided in the next budget submission. The Committee has commented further on monitoring and evaluation activities in chapter I above.", "Protocol services for the Office of the President of the General Assembly", "I.80 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 2, the Advisory Committee enquired as to why the Protocol and Liaison Service, which had been transferred to the Department as of the biennium 2008-2009, did not provide protocol services for the Office of the President of the General Assembly. The Committee was informed, in response, that the Protocol and Liaison Service had 10 dedicated posts. In order to cope with the heavy workload, one additional post was on loan to the Service from another unit of the Department, and temporary staff were recruited for specific events or during peak periods. The Service did not have sufficient capacity to provide services to the Office of the President of the General Assembly and, while the General Assembly had discussed the issue, to date it had not been supportive of providing additional dedicated resources for that purpose. In view of the high-level functions discharged by the President of the General Assembly on behalf of the Organization, the Committee is of the view that every effort should be made to assist the Office of the President with protocol and liaison services.", "Part II", "Political affairs", "Section 3", "Political affairs", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$1,195,113,100^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $1,314,847,400 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $49,284,200^(b) \nA summary of the Secretary-General’sproposals for regular budget posts iscontained in table 5 of the introduction tothe budget. A summary of the total number ofposts by source of funds and grade level iscontained in annex I to the present report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resources in theamount of $15,267,600, amending the informationin table 3.3 of the proposed budget (A/66/6(Sect. 3)) to reflect the decision taken inGeneral Assembly resolution 65/290, andextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$34,016,600.", "II.1 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 3, before recosting, amount to $1,195,113,100, representing a decrease of $119,734,300, or 9.1 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 3), paras. 3.13-3.18). The resources proposed include the requirements for the Department of Political Affairs ($82,649,700), special political missions ($1,083,036,300), the United Nations Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process ($16,949,200), the Peacebuilding Support Office ($5,220,500), the United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory ($5,346,700) and the United Nations Office to the African Union ($1,910,700).", "A. Department of Political Affairs", "II.2 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for the Department of Political Affairs of $82,649,700, before recosting, represent a decrease of $438,100, or 0.5 per cent, compared with the 2010-2011 biennium (ibid., table 3.3). The decrease is the net result of a reduction in the requirements for posts in the amount of $647,100 and an increase in non-post resources in the amount of $209,000, compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011. In terms of the overall components of the programme, the decrease is the net result of reductions in the programme of work, in particular subprogrammes 3 and 4 ($927,600 and $493,900, respectively), offset by an increase under subprogramme 6 ($703,400) and programme support ($367,800).", "II.3 Table II.1 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.1 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t275\t1 USG, 2 ASG, 8 D-2, 15 D-1, 37P-5, 50 P-4, 40 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 5 GS(PL), 93 GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t269\t1 USG, 2 ASG, 8 D-2, 15 D-1, 37P-5, 48 P-4, 39 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 5 GS(PL), 91 GS (OL)\nAbolitions\t6\t1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GS (OL) undersubprogramme 3, 1 P-4, 1 GS (OL)under subprogramme 4\n Extrabudgetary \n Proposed for 2012-2013 15 11 P-3, 4 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "II.4 The resources proposed for posts for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $74,875,600, before recosting, provide for 269 posts (174 Professional and 95 General Service) shown in table II.1 above. The decrease of $647,100, or 0.9 per cent, is the net result of a decrease in resources related to the abolition of six posts under subprogrammes 3 and 4 ($1,421,500), offset by an increase in the requirements for the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force ($774,400), reflecting the delayed impact of six posts approved in 2010-2011.", "II.5 Four posts (1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 General Service (Other level)) are proposed to be abolished under subprogramme 3, Security Council affairs, as part of the staffing adjustments within the Division, resulting in a reduction in the related resources of $927,600 (ibid., para. 3.52). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, subsequent to a review undertaken in 2010 of the Security Council Affairs Division, the Office of Internal Oversight Services had made nine recommendations, four of them in areas rated as high risk, concerning improving institutional memory, knowledge transfer, information-sharing and the formal definition of reporting lines. The Committee was further informed that, in order to improve knowledge transfer and information-sharing, the Division’s database (iSCAD) had been expanded and revamped and staff members had been trained to enter data and to use the database as a research tool and as a means of sharing information and transferring knowledge. In addition, individual responsibilities and reporting functions were outlined and streamlined in all branches of the Division. The revised reporting lines, as well as the increased Division-wide use of iSCAD, provided the Division with the impetus to rationalize synergies among the different branches, reprioritize working practices across the board and amend individual staff members’ responsibilities. In particular, the reduction in the duplication of tasks by staff members has led to a redefinition of their functions. Following an internal restructuring of the duties of staff within the Division and in line with the Secretary-General’s call for increased budgetary discipline, the Department of Political Affairs is proposing to adjust the overall staffing requirements of the Division by abolishing the four posts indicated above. The Committee was informed that the Division was reasonably confident that it would continue to be in a position to fully implement the mandates and tasks assigned to it. The Committee welcomes the action taken to implement the recommendations of OIOS and expects that action will also be taken to implement the pending recommendations.", "II.6 Two posts (1 P-4 and 1 General Service (Other level)) are also proposed to be abolished under subprogramme 4, Decolonization, as part of the staffing adjustments of the Unit, resulting in a reduction of $439,900 for the biennium 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 3.57). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the workload and related activities of the Decolonization Unit, in comparison with other parts of the Department, was fairly steady, with largely predictable expected outputs. Furthermore, the work of the Decolonization Committee, supported by the Unit, is cyclical, allowing for streamlining and better advance planning of its work. The Department is therefore proposing to adjust the staffing requirement by abolishing one P-4 and one General Service post (the first one being currently vacant and the second one temporarily encumbered). Upon enquiry, the Committee was further informed by the Department that it was reasonably confident that it would continue to be in a position to fully implement the mandates and tasks assigned to the Unit, with the understanding that the Unit’s staff would be supplemented at peak times, as required. In addition, there would be cooperation between the Unit and the relevant regional divisions, as necessary, to utilize the synergies in their respective work.", "II.7 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s staffing proposals and the related post resources for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.8 The non-post resources of $7,774,100 reflect an increase of $209,000 compared to the resources approved for 2010-2011, which is reflected mainly under general operating expenses ($181,500) and contractual services ($97,800).", "II.9 The Advisory Committee notes that the requirements for general temporary assistance and overtime are budgeted centrally under programme support, resulting in decreases under the subprogrammes. The resources for general operating expenses of $1,273,100 under programme support include communications costs. The increase of $230,000 over the resources approved for 2010-2011 relates to additional telecommunications charges, given the high roaming costs for staff on official travel, and the inward redeployment of resources previously budgeted under the various subprogrammes. The resources proposed for contractual services under programme support include the costs for support services provided by the Office of Information and Communications Technology and 40 mobile accounts for critical staff as part of the business continuity plan ($1,058,500). The increase of $192,200 compared with the previous biennium reflects the redeployment of resources previously budgeted under the subprogrammes. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed for the Department of Political Affairs.", "General comments and recommendations", "Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council", "II.10 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 65/31, the General Assembly called upon the Secretary-General to continue to update the Repertoire and to make it available electronically in all of its language versions. The Committee was informed that, in line with the “two-track” approach that allows the simultaneous preparation of two or more supplements, the Secretariat, over the past year, has worked on the fifteenth and sixteenth Supplements, covering the periods 2004-2007 and 2008-2009. The entire fifteenth Supplement has been completed and is available electronically on the Repertoire website in an advance version. Progress has also been made in the preparation of the sixteenth Supplement, which is expected to be completed by the end of 2011, and work has been initiated on the seventeenth Supplement, covering 2010-2011. In addition, the Repertoire website has been overhauled, further enhancing its search capabilities and providing a user-friendly interface that allows for quicker access. Depending on the level of available funds, the Secretariat will seek to have the website translated into all of the official languages. The finalized chapters of the Repertoire and those awaiting publication have been posted in an advance version.", "II.11 The Advisory Committee was informed that voluntary contributions to the trust fund for the updating of the Repertoire remained an important element for sustaining progress attained and maintaining the website in all six official languages. It was indicated that the extrabudgetary funds have enabled the Secretariat to retain the services of temporary staff assisting in the preparation of the Repertoire and to work simultaneously on several volumes of the publication. In the current environment of financial constraint, it was stated that the voluntary contributions to the trust fund remained an important element for sustaining progress in that regard. The Committee appreciates the work done to date and encourages the Department of Political Affairs to continue its fund-raising efforts in order to ensure that progress in updating the Repertoire of the Practice of the Security Council is maintained.", "General Assembly resolution 64/246 on unforeseen and extraordinary expenses", "II.12 The Advisory Committee was provided with information on the activities undertaken by the Department in support of the Secretary-General’s good offices efforts, as events have unfolded in the recent past in the Middle East and North Africa. The Committee was informed that it was not possible to support such surge activities from within existing resources. Funding has therefore been provided under the provisions of General Assembly resolution 64/246, by which the Secretary-General is authorized to enter into commitments up to a maximum of $8 million in any one year of the biennium 2010-2011 as he certifies relate to the maintenance of peace and security.", "II.13 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with a breakdown of the related commitments authorized so far by the Secretary-General pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/246 on unforeseen and extraordinary expenses for each year of the biennium 2010-2011, which is included in table II.2 below.", "Table II.2", "Commitments authorized by the Secretary-General for 2010 and 2011", "Description\tAmount(UnitedStatesdollars)\tPeriod covered \n 2010 \nUnited Nations arrangement insupport of the Geneva InternationalDiscussions and the Joint IncidentPrevention and Response Mechanism\t2 079800\t1 January-31December 2010\nPersonal Representative of theSecretary-General on the BorderControversy between Guyana andVenezuela\t108400\t1 March-30 August2010\nSpecial Envoy to the DemocraticPeople’s Republic of Korea\t65 000\t5 February-19February 2010\nPanel of Experts on the IslamicRepublic of Iran\t1 438500\t1 September-31December 2010\nPanel of Inquiry on the flotillaincident of 31 May 2010\t1 498400\t10 August-31December 2010\nPanel of Experts on Sri Lanka\t1 204800\t5 August-31December 2010\nSpecial Envoy of theSecretary-General for Assistance toPakistan\t106300\t27 September-31December 2010\nTotal 2010\t6 501200\t\n 2011 \nPanel of Inquiry on the flotillaincident of 31 May 2010\t318300\t1 January-30 April2011\nUnited Nations arrangement insupport of the Geneva InternationalDiscussions and the Joint IncidentPrevention and Response Mechanism\t215600\t1 January-31 March2011\nSpecial Envoy for Assistance toPakistan\t762800\t1 January-31 March2011\nSpecial Envoy to the Libyan ArabJamahiriya\t1 513400\tMarch-September2011 (6 months)\n Panel of Experts on Sri Lanka 59 700 1-31 May 2011 \nUnited Nations Support to theTransition in Egypt and Tunisia\t364000\t1 July-31 December2011(6 months)\nTotal 2011^(a)\t3 233800", "^(a) Not including the amounts used, in the interim, for the Panel of Experts on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the United Nations Representative to the Geneva International Discussions, pending the decision of the General Assembly on their budget proposals at the second part of its resumed sixty-fifth session. The Assembly has approved the budgets for these two operations and decided that their requirements would be met from the overall appropriations for special political missions for 2010-2011 (General Assembly resolution 65/288).", "B. Special political missions", "II.14 The provision for special political missions for 2012-2013 is estimated at $1,083,036,300, compared with the overall level of the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 amounting to $1,203,840,800 (A/66/6 (Sect. 3), table 3.25). The Advisory Committee notes that the amount is estimated on the basis of the pattern of expenditure for the current biennium, adjusted for missions whose mandates have been discontinued or completed, as well as for the delayed impact of new missions established during 2010-2011. The estimated resources therefore reflect the end of the mandates of the United Nations Mission in Nepal and the United Nations Representative on the International Advisory and Monitoring Board of the Development Fund for Iraq on 15 January and 30 June 2011, respectively, and the replacement of the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi by a follow-on mission, the United Nations Office in Burundi, on 1 January 2011. As indicated in chapter I above, this element relates to a reduction of $85.8 million; a further reduction of $35 million is anticipated as a result of the expected delivery of objectives and mandates in a more cost-effective and efficient manner (see also para. II.16 below).", "II.15 Information on the related provision under special political missions for 2010-2011, including the end of mandates, is shown in table II.3 below.", "Table II.3", "Special political missions, 2010-2011", "Cluster/mission\tAppropriation(thousandsofUnitedStatesdollars)\tMandateending\tRemarks \nThematic cluster I:special and personalenvoys, special advisersand personalrepresentatives of theSecretary-General \nSpecial Envoy of theSecretary-General forMyanmar\t1914.2\tOpen\t\nSpecial Adviser to theSecretary-General inCyprus\t6672.3\t15/12/2011\t\nSpecial Adviser to theSecretary-General on thePrevention of Genocide\t4068.6\tOpen\t\nPersonal Envoy of theSecretary-General forWestern Sahara\t1097.4\tOpen\t\nSpecial Envoy of theSecretary-General for theImplementation of SecurityCouncil resolution 1559(2004)\t1279.7\tOpen\t\nUnited NationsRepresentative on theInternational Advisory andMonitoring Board of theDevelopment Fund for Iraq\t82.2\t30/6/2011\t\nUnited NationsRepresentative to theGeneva InternationalDiscussions\t— The GeneralAssembly, in itsresolution65/288, approvedthe budget of$1,469,000 to bemet from withinthe overallappropriation of$1.2 billion forspecial politicalmissions\nSubtotal\t15114.4 \nThematic cluster II:sanctions monitoringteams, groups and panels \nMonitoring Group onSomalia\t3849.1\t31/7/2011\t\nPanel of Experts onLiberia\t1264.8\t16/12/2011\t\nGroup of Expertsconcerning Côte d’Ivoire\t2610.0\t30/4/2012\t\nGroup of Experts on theDemocratic Republic of theCongo\t2778.5\t30/11/2011\t\nPanel of Experts on theSudan\t3521.7\t19/2/2012\t\nPanel of Experts on theDemocratic People’sRepublic of Korea\t5963.0\t12/6/2012\t\nPanel of Experts on theIslamic Republic of Iran\t3217.7\t9/6/2012\t\nPanel of Experts on LibyanArab Jamahiriya\t—\t31/5/2012\tThe GeneralAssembly, in itsresolution65/288, approvedthe budget of$1,670,400 to bemet from withinthe overallappropriation of$1.2 billion forspecial politicalmissions\nAnalytical Support andSanctions Monitoring Teamestablished pursuant toSecurity Councilresolution 1526 (2004)concerning Al-Qaida andthe Taliban and associatedindividuals and entities\t8231.2\t31/12/2012\t\nSupport to the SecurityCouncil Committeeestablished pursuant toresolution 1540 (2004) onnon-proliferation of allweapons of massdestruction\t6334.6\t25/4/2021\t\nCounter-TerrorismCommittee ExecutiveDirectorate\t17290.7\t31/12/2013\t\nSubtotal\t55061.3 \nThematic cluster III:political offices,peacebuilding supportoffices andintegrated offices \nOffice of the SpecialRepresentative of theSecretary-General for WestAfrica\t13916.2\t31/12/2013\t\nUnited Nations IntegratedPeacebuilding Office inthe Central AfricanRepublic\t35988.7\t31/12/2011\t\nUnited Nations IntegratedPeacebuilding Office inGuinea-Bissau\t33076.9\t31/12/2011\t\nUnited Nations PoliticalOffice for Somalia\t32783.5\tOpen\t\nUnited Nations IntegratedPeacebuilding Office inSierra Leone\t33456.5\t15/9/2011\t\nUnited Nations support forthe Cameroon-Nigeria MixedCommission\t16834.9\t31/12/2011\t\nUnited Nations RegionalCentre for PreventiveDiplomacy for Central Asia\t6293.0\tOpen\t\nUnited Nations IntegratedOffice in Burundi/United Nations Office inBurundi\t58705.0\t31/12/2011\t\nUnited Nations Mission inNepal\t25804.1\t15/1/2010\t\nOffice of the UnitedNations SpecialCoordinator for Lebanon\t17432.1\t31/8/2011\t\nUnited Nations Office inCentral Africa\t3505.2\tS/2010/457:letterfromthePresidentof theSecurityCouncilto theSecretary-General\tThe Council tooknote of theletter from theSecretary-Generaldated 11 December2009 (S/2009/697)and believes itappropriate forthe proposedoffice to beestablished foran initial periodof two years,with a review ofits mandate after18 months\nSubtotal\t277796.1 \nUnited Nations AssistanceMission in Afghanistan\t497654.1\t23/3/2012\t\nUnited Nations AssistanceMission for Iraq\t355063.3\t31/7/2011\t\nSubtotal\t852717.4 \nTotal (net of staffassessment)\t1 200689.2", "II.16 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in accordance with established procedures, the utilization of the resources for special political missions is subject to individual legislative mandates and approval by the General Assembly, as the Assembly or the Security Council establishes or renews such mandates. Furthermore, a detailed justification of resource requirements will be submitted to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. As indicated in chapter I above, the Committee is of the opinion that the additional reduction of $35 million (see also para. II.14 above), made for ongoing missions, can be considered only a preliminary projection at this point. The Committee believes that it is essential that the Secretary-General demonstrate restraint when presenting the budgetary proposals for special political missions.", "II.17 The Advisory Committee will make its relevant comments and recommendations as regards the staffing and non-staffing proposals in the context of the report of the Secretary-General containing the estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council to be submitted to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session.", "II.18 The Advisory Committee also recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/259, requested the Secretary-General to conduct a thorough review of the current funding and backstopping arrangements for the special political missions with a view to identifying possible alternatives. In its report on strengthening the capacity to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations, the Committee indicated that it had been informed that the Department of Field Support, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the Department of Management and the Department of Political Affairs had been assessing options in order to report on this issue to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, as requested (A/65/827, para. 19). As stated therein, the Advisory Committee looks forward to the results of the review, which should provide a fuller picture and a clear analysis of the capacities, arrangements, processes and challenges involved in supporting special political missions, as well as recommendations for addressing any gaps identified.", "C. Office of the Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process", "II.19 The resources proposed for 2012-2013 in the amount of $16,949,200, before recosting, reflect an increase of $648,900 or 4.0 per cent, compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase is due mostly to additional requirements for posts ($530,700).", "II.20 Table II.4 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013.", "Table II.4", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t64\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 6 P-5, 3 P-4, 9 P-3,9 FS, 2 NO, 6 SS, 27 LL\nProposed for 2012-2013\t65\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 6 P-5, 3 P-4, 9 P-3,8 FS, 6 SS, 3 NO, 28 LL\n New 1 NO \n Reclassifications 1 1 Field Service to Local level", "II.21 The increase of $530,700, or 4.0 per cent, over the post resources approved for 2010-2011 of $13,364,000 reflects the delayed impact of eight posts approved in the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed establishment of one new post for a National Officer in the Regional Affairs Unit. As indicated in the proposed budget, the National Officer post is currently funded under extrabudgetary resources. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that funding would no longer be available beyond 2011 for this post, but that the functions (see A/66/6 (Sect. 3), para. 3.80) had proven invaluable in strengthening the effectiveness of United Nations outreach in Israel and would continue to be required. Furthermore, within the Unit, one Political Affairs Officer (P-3) is assigned the functions of focal point for governmental relations with Israel, while three Political Affairs Officers (1 P-5, 1 P-4 and 1 P-3) perform similar functions in relation to the Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank. The Committee recommends acceptance of the proposed National Officer post.", "II.22 A Field Service post within Mission Support, identified for conversion in the context of the harmonization of conditions of service, is proposed to be reclassified to the Local level (ibid.). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification.", "II.23 The amount proposed for non-post items of $3,054,500 represents an increase of $118,200 compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase is due mostly to additional requirements under furniture and equipment ($134,700) and supplies and materials ($47,700), which relate to the replacement of one armoured and four regular vehicles that have reached the end of their useful lives, out of a current fleet comprising two armoured and five light vehicles, as well as the increased cost of petrol, oil and lubricants. The additional requirements are offset by decreases in the resources proposed for other non-post items. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed for the Office of the Special Coordinator, while encouraging more rigorous management in the maintenance of its vehicle fleet.", "D. Peacebuilding Support Office", "II.24 The overall regular budget resources proposed for 2012-2013 for the Peacebuilding Support Office of $5,220,500, before recosting, reflect an increase of $677,800, or 14.9 per cent, over the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase is the net result of additional requirements for posts ($839,300), offset by a reduction in non-post requirements ($161,500).", "II.25 Table II.5 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.5", "Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t13\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 2 P-4, 1P-3, 1 GS (PL), 3 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t13\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 2 P-4, 1P-3, 1 GS (PL), 3 GS (OL)\nRedeployments\t1\tD-1 post from the PeacebuildingCommission Support Branch to thePolicy Planning and ApplicationsBranch\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t8\t1 D-1, 2 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GS(OL)", "Recommendations on posts", "II.26 The post requirements of $4,329,700 proposed for 2012-2013 represent an increase of $839,300, or 24.0 per cent, over the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase in the resources reflects the delayed impact of six new posts approved in 2010-2011 (2 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3 and 1 General Service (Other level)). The number of regular budget posts is proposed to remain at the same level as for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recalls that the Financing for Peacebuilding Branch, which combines the programmatic and financial stewardship of the Peacebuilding Fund, as well as resource mobilization, tracking of funding and analysis of funding gaps, is staffed with eight extrabudgetary posts (see table II.5), which are charged to the Peacebuilding Fund.", "II.27 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the Office proposes to redeploy the post of Chief, Peacebuilding Commission Support Branch (D-1), to the Policy Planning and Applications Branch to replace a D-1 post previously seconded by UNDP. The redeployment is intended to provide the required level of leadership, commensurate with the responsibilities and high-quality outputs expected in the areas of knowledge management, policy planning and development, in close collaboration with relevant United Nations departments, agencies, funds and programmes, as well as non-United Nations partners. The functions of the Chief, Peacebuilding Commission Support Branch, will be performed by the Director and Deputy Head of the Office (D-2), in addition to the duties and responsibilities of that post. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployment.", "II.28 The Advisory Committee recalls that a review of the functions and role of the Peacebuilding Support Office, including support for the Peacebuilding Commission, was undertaken in 2008 and that the structure of the Office was revised, taking into account lessons learned from the first years of operation (see A/64/7, paras. II.21-II.30). The Committee notes that the number of countries on the agenda of the Peacebuilding Commission has increased from two in 2006 to six in 2011: Burundi, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Central African Republic, Liberia and Guinea, with the possibility of another one coming on board in the near future. The Peacebuilding Fund has evolved into a 50-donor trust fund operating in 20 countries, articulating its strategy, for the first time, in a business plan for the period 2011-2013, by which it aims to raise, allocate and disburse $100 million per year in support of peacebuilding efforts globally.", "II.29 The Advisory Committee was informed that an increase in the number of countries on the Peacebuilding Commission agenda would have a substantial impact on the workload of the Office, as well as on its staffing needs and the travel requirements of representatives and staff to the countries on the agenda. The Peacebuilding Support Office has relied over the years on non-reimbursable secondments from the United Nations system and extrabudgetary resources to fund positions temporarily performing core functions in support of the work of the Commission. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, as of July 2011, the Peacebuilding Support Office had five posts provided through non-reimbursable secondment by other United Nations system organizations and non-United Nations partners (2 P-5 from UNDP, 1 P-5 from WFP, 1 P-5 from the World Bank and 1 P-4 from UNHCR). The Committee has previously noted that some of those posts are subject to a quick turnover and has stressed the importance of making efforts to obtain the sustained commitment of those entities to provide assignments of seconded personnel of longer duration, in order to ensure stability of functions (A/64/7, para. II.28).", "II.30 The Advisory Committee was informed that, in spite of efforts made to secure secondments from entities or contributions from donor countries to fund critical positions, it was becoming increasingly difficult in the current climate of austerity. The Committee believes that it is beneficial for the regular budget staffing of offices whose mandates have a system-wide focus to be complemented by secondments from agencies, funds and programmes. It nevertheless recognizes that secondments and extrabudgetary resources can be unpredictable. The Committee is of the view, therefore, that relying exclusively on these types of resources to implement core regular budget programmes and activities is imprudent, since such resources cannot be guaranteed. The Committee has commented further on the issue of secondments in chapter I above.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.31 The non-post resources of $890,800 proposed for 2012-2013 reflect a decrease of $161,500 compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011 of $1,052,300. The decrease in the requirements is due mostly to reductions in the provision under other staff costs ($22,200), owing to tighter control on the use of overtime; the provision for consultants and experts ($54,200) reflecting the planned utilization of available in-house expertise; travel of representatives ($55,500), reflecting the frequency of travel and greater use of videoconferencing facilities where possible; and general operating expenses ($29,600), reflecting the expenditure pattern. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the non-post resources proposed for the Peacebuilding Support Office.", "E. United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory", "II.32 The United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory was established under the provisions of General Assembly resolution ES-10/17. In accordance with that resolution, the Office of the Register of Damage was set up at the United Nations Office at Vienna, as a subsidiary organ of the Assembly. The resources proposed for 2012-2013 amount to $5,346,700 before recosting. The decrease of $158,400, or 2.9 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011 of $5,505,100, is the net result of additional resources for posts ($147,600) and reduced requirements for non-post items ($306,000).", "II.33 Table II.6 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.6", "Staffing resources", "Posts Level", "Regular budget", "Approved for 2010-2011 18 1 D-2; 1 P-5; 5 P-4; 1 P-3; 1 P-2/1; 9 GS (OL)", "Proposed for 2012-2013 19 1 D-2; 1 P-5; 5 P-4; 2 P-3; 1 P-2/1; 9 GS (OL)", "New 1 1 P-3 Claims Officer", "Extrabudgetary", "Proposed for 2012-2013 13 1 P-5; 12 LL", "II.34 The requirements for posts ($4,673,800) provide for the continuation in 2012-2013 of 18 temporary posts shown in table II.6 above and the proposed establishment of one new temporary post for a Claims Officer (P-3) in the Claims Processing Unit (a related increase of $147,600 over the resources approved for 2010-2011).", "II.35 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that, over the past two years, the gap between the number of claim forms collected and those reviewed and processed has grown. At the end of 2010, a total of 12,611 claims had been collected, while only 2,286 had been reviewed and processed. It is indicated that the proposed additional temporary Claims Officer post (P-3) would facilitate the processing of claims in accordance with the established eligibility criteria, keeping records of claims submitted and processed for preparing case summaries and maintaining the Register’s database. The Committee recommends acceptance of the proposed temporary P-3 post and expects that it will facilitate the timely processing of claims.", "II.36 The decrease of $306,000 in the non-post resources of $672,900 proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 relates to reductions under all objects of expenditure. The reduction under other staff costs ($15,200) reflects the Office’s efforts to redistribute additional work among the existing staff resources. The Committee commends the Office for its efforts in this regard. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding non-post resources for the Office of the Register of Damage.", "F. United Nations Office to the African Union", "II.37 The Advisory Committee recalls that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 63/310, a comprehensive review was undertaken in connection with the functional requirements for the peace and security partnership between the United Nations and the African Union, with a view to integrating the United Nations peace and security presence in Addis Ababa under a single United Nations office (see A/64/762). The Committee’s conclusions and recommendations in this regard (see A/64/792) were endorsed in General Assembly resolution 64/288, which established the United Nations Office to the African Union effective 1 July 2010.", "II.38 The Office integrated the former United Nations Liaison Office, the African Union Peacekeeping Support Team, the United Nations Planning Team for the African Union Mission in Somalia and the support elements of the Joint Support and Coordination Mechanism of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur. The Office is headed by a Special Representative of the Secretary-General at the Assistant Secretary-General level, who reports to the Under-Secretaries-General of the Departments of Peacekeeping Operations, Field Support and Political Affairs, but the Department of Political Affairs is primarily responsible for oversight of the Office.", "II.39 In its report on the proposed budget for the Office, the Advisory Committee pointed out that much remained to be done to streamline the arrangements at Headquarters for backstopping support provided to, and coordination with, the African Union, in line with the restructuring; it also expressed its concern about the complex reporting lines of the Office (A/64/792, para. 16). In its report on the support account budget for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/827, para. 86), the Committee also indicated that, according to the Secretary-General, given that the existing specific mandates and tasks requested by the Security Council and the General Assembly remain unchanged, the Office required the same level of support from the three departments and therefore reported separately to them on matters related to their respective mandates. The Committee was informed that the Office had effectively managed the three separate reporting lines without encountering problems and that a process of setting up an interdepartmental mechanism for regular consultation and information-sharing between the Office and the three departments was under way. The Committee expects that, as it fully completes its integration, information on the coordination and consultation arrangements between the relevant Headquarters departments and the Office will be included in the context of the next budget submission.", "II.40 The Advisory Committee notes that regular budget resources for the Office had been presented in section 1, Overall policymaking, direction and coordination, of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, since the United Nations Liaison Office, which became part of the United Nations Office to the African Union, had also been placed under the same section since its establishment. Given the programmatic functions carried out by the Office, which relate to peace and security, they have been included as a separate component under section 3, Political affairs, of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013.", "II.41 The resources proposed for 2012-2013 of $1,910,700 before recosting reflect an increase of $340,000, or 21.6 per cent, over the amount of $1,570,700 appropriated for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recalls that the Office is also funded under the support account for peacekeeping operations ($15,267,600 for the biennium 2012-2013), which covers the cost of 57 posts, shown in table II.7 below, and their related operational costs.", "II.42 Table II.7 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.7 Proposed staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t6\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 2 LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t6\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 2 LL\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t57\t2 P-5, 20 P-4, 3 P-3, 11 FS, 20LL, 1 UNV^(a)", "^(a) Financed under “other assessed resources”, reflecting the decision by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290 with respect to the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "II.43 The requirements for posts ($1,828,500) provide for the costs of the six continuing posts indicated in table II.7 above. The increase of $340,000 reflects the delayed impact of one post approved in 2010-2011. The non-post resources of $82,200 proposed are maintained at the level approved for 2010-2011.", "II.44 The Advisory Committee had noted that the structure of the Office would consist of a substantive component, providing support to the African Union in three areas, political affairs, operational planning and administrative planning, and a support component (A/64/792, para. 5). The Committee also noted that the structure was intended to be flexible, with the possibility for scaling up or down as the situation evolved (see also A/66/6 (Sect. 3), para. 3.118). The Committee reiterates its request that the support component of the Office, consisting of 32 posts out of 62, be kept under review and further assessed as the Office becomes fully staffed and operational, including arrangements for sourcing support services from ECA and sharing human resources to facilitate the support relationship (see A/64/792, para. 22 and A/65/827, para. 90).", "II.45 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s post and non-post resources proposed for the United Nations Office to the African Union.", "Section 4 Disarmament", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$22,711,800^(a)\t\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $22,134,800 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $16,643,000 \nA summary of the Secretary-General’sproposals for regular budget posts iscontained in table 5 of the introduction tothe budget. A summary of the total number ofposts by source of funds and grade level iscontained in annex I to the present report. \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e., before recosting).", "II.46 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 4, before recosting, amount to $22,711,800, representing an increase of $577,000, or 2.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 4), para. 4.9). The increase is related to additional requirements for posts ($274,400) and non-post resources ($302,600).", "II.47 In terms of the components of the programme, the increase is related mostly to the programme of work, in particular subprogramme 2, Weapons of mass destruction, resulting from increased requirements for ad hoc expert meetings in 2012-2013 on outer space transparency and confidence-building measures, as defined in General Assembly resolution 65/68 (see paras. II.51 and II.52 below); as well as to subprogramme 5, Regional disarmament, resulting from the delayed impact of four posts (2 P-3 and 2 Local level) approved in 2010-2011, the inclusion of the core operational requirements for the Regional Centre for Peace and Disarmament in Asia and the Pacific and the Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, and additional security requirements for the three regional centres (see para. II.54 below).", "II.48 The extrabudgetary funds for 2012-2013 are projected at $16,643,000, including $4,031,300 for the Trust Fund for UNIDIR, as compared with the estimate for the biennium 2010-2011 of $21,446,500. The decrease is related to funding provided in 2010-2011 for a specific activity under subprogramme 3, which is not expected to continue in 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 4), para. 4.10).", "II.49 Table II.8 summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.8 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t62\t1 USG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 13 P-5, 9 P-4,7 P-3, 4 P-2, 4 GS (PL), 15 GS(OL), 4 LL\nProposed for 2012-2013\t62\t1 USG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 13 P-5, 9 P-4,7 P-3, 4 P-2, 4 GS (PL), 15 GS(OL), 4 LL\n Extrabudgetary \n Proposed for 2012-2013 1 1 P-5", "Recommendations on posts", "II.50 The resources proposed for posts in the amount of $17,571,800 reflect an increase of $274,400, owing mostly to the delayed impact of four posts approved in 2010-2011 under subprogramme 5, Regional disarmament (2 P-3 and 2 Local level). As shown in table II.8 above, the staffing level remains unchanged. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the resources proposed for posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.51 The estimate of $5,140,000 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 reflects a net increase of $302,600 compared with the resources appropriated for 2010-2011. The requirements proposed for experts of $1,759,900 reflect an increase of $366,100 compared with the resources appropriated for 2010-2011. This is due to the inclusion of a provision under subprogramme 2, Weapons of mass destruction, for implementation of the terms of General Assembly resolution 65/68, in which the Secretary-General was requested to establish a group of governmental experts to conduct a study, commencing in 2012, on outer space transparency and confidence-building measures. The Committee notes that the Assembly, in paragraph 3 of the resolution, also requested the Secretary-General to provide the group of experts with any assistance and services, within existing resources, that may be required for the discharge of its tasks.", "II.52 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the related provision for experts of $366,100 included costs for the travel of 15 experts ($254,800), daily subsistence allowance ($93,500), terminal expenses ($5,700) and the services of one consultant ($12,100). The Committee notes that it is foreseen that one 10-day session will be held in 2012 in New York and two 10-day sessions will be held in 2013, one in New York and the other in Vienna.", "II.53 The proposal for grants and contributions is maintained at the same level as for the biennium 2010-2011, at $1,911,400. The resources proposed include an amount of $1,873,300 under subprogramme 1, multilateral negotiations on arms limitation and disarmament, for the fellowship programme ($1,295,500), which provides for up to 25 fellows per year, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 37/100 G, and for the subvention for UNIDIR ($577,800); as well as an amount of $38,100 under subprogramme 5, Regional disarmament, for mandatory minimum operating security standards of the three regional centres.", "II.54 The non-post resources proposed for subprogramme 5 in the amount of $989,300 also include an increase of $19,400 under other staff costs in order to ensure that the regional centres in Africa, Asia and the Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean are fully compliant with minimum operating security standards. In addition, the resources proposed for general operating expenses of $181,000 reflect an increase of $20,200, owing to the progressive response to General Assembly resolutions 62/216, 63/74 and 63/77, in which the Secretary-General was requested to make provisions for the inclusion of the operational costs related to the three regional centres in the regular budget. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed resources provide for the operating costs of the regional centres in Africa ($79,800), in Latin America and the Caribbean ($53,900) and in Asia and the Pacific ($47,300). The Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "II.55 The Advisory Committee notes that a new office of the Office of Disarmament Affairs will open in Vienna, as part of new initiative to respond to the growing need to cooperate and ensure effective interaction with intergovernmental organizations (A/66/6 (Sect. 4), paras. 4.23-4.26). The Committee was informed that the office, which would be inaugurated in September 2011, would be fully funded from extrabudgetary resources and that its continuation was entirely dependent on the availability of the necessary contributions from interested donors. A special trust fund has been established to support the office, and extrabudgetary funds have been secured and are available to support one P-5 post, the incumbent of which would head the Office, as well as one locally recruited General Service post for an initial period of 12 months. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the establishment of the office would not come at the expense of other activities funded from extrabudgetary resources that are carried out by the Office of Disarmament Affairs. The Committee recognizes the importance of the office in Vienna in ensuring cooperation and interaction with intergovernmental organizations, as well as enhancing the ability of the Office of Disarmament Affairs to keep abreast of developments, in particular in the nuclear field, and expects that the Office will continue its fund-raising activities in this regard.", "Section 5 Peacekeeping operations", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $109,779,100^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $112,903,800 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $536,891,900^(b) \nA summary of the Secretary-General’sproposals for regular budget posts by budgetsection is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report. ^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Revises the information included intable 5.5 of document A/66/6 (Sect. 5) toinclude other assessed resources in theamount of $319,178,400, reflecting thedecision in General Assembly resolution65/290 with regard to the support account forpeacekeeping operations and extrabudgetaryresources in the amount of $217,713,500.", "II.56 The resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 of $109,779,100 before recosting represent a decrease of $3,124,700, or 2.8 per cent, compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The overall resources proposed for section 5 include the Department of Peacekeeping Operations ($10,644,500) and the Department of Field Support ($8,252,500), as well as two peacekeeping missions, the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization ($69,672,300) and the United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan ($21,209,800).", "II.57 The overall decrease of $3,124,700 for section 5 reflects reductions in the provisions for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations ($2,616,000), the Department of Field Support ($53,300) and UNMOGIP ($1,208,600), offset by an increase in the provision for UNTSO ($753,200).", "II.58 The resources proposed for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support do not represent the full requirements, as the ability of both Departments to carry out their activities depend primarily on the provision of resources provided from the support account for peacekeeping operations (A/66/6 (Sect. 5), para. 5.14). In this connection, the Committee was informed that the regular budget resources represented approximately 2.7 per cent of the overall resources of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and 4.6 per cent of the overall resources of the Department of Field Support. In view of the decision in General Assembly resolution 65/290 with regard to the support account for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, the amount of other assessed resources for section 5, indicated in table 5.5 of the budget fascicle, would need to be revised to $319,178,400 for the biennium 2012-2013. Similarly, the total number of posts funded by other assessed resources indicated in table 5.6 should be revised to 852.", "II.59 The Advisory Committee recalls that in its report on strengthening the capacity to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations (see A/65/827), it referred to the issue of a staffing model for the support account, which has been the subject of several studies and reports on the evolution of the support account, including reports of the Board of Auditors and external consultants. The Committee reiterates its view that staffing models or support account proposals should take into account the totality of resources available, including support account posts, regular budget posts and other types of staffing designations in United Nations entities involved in backstopping peacekeeping operations. Furthermore, given the interconnection of regular budget posts and support account posts involved in supporting peacekeeping operations, the Committee reiterates that there should be a determination of what constitutes a core or basic capacity necessary to effectively manage and backstop peacekeeping operations, which is directly linked to the regular budget, and what constitutes a scalable capacity that responds to changes in the level of peacekeeping activity, which is related to the nature of support account resources.", "A. Department of Peacekeeping Operations", "II.60 The regular budget resource requirements proposed for the Department of Peacekeeping Operations of $10,644,500 represent a decrease of $2,616,000, or 19.7 per cent compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011, resulting from reductions in non-post requirements in the amount of $2,616,000, mainly under executive direction and management ($2,101,200).", "II.61 The overall estimated extrabudgetary resources for 2012-2013 amount to $420,390,700, including support account resources of $187,409,600, reflecting the decision in General Assembly resolution 65/290. In addition, the extrabudgetary resources include a projected amount of $217,713,500 under the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (including resources for 22 temporary posts), a projected amount of $7,969,500 under the Trust Fund in Support of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and a provision for $734,800 (including resources for 3 temporary posts) under the special account for programme support costs of extrabudgetary substantive activities. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the estimates for 2012-2013 for the Trust Fund in Support of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations were based on the pattern of expenditure for 2010-2011, which, as at 30 November 2010, had funded a total of 93 projects in the amount of $15,984,971. While the types of projects may be similar to those undertaken in 2010-2011, there is little knowledge of the projects that might be approved and financed by donors in 2012-2013.", "II.62 Table II.9 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.9 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t28\t1 USG, 3 ASG, 4 D-2, 4 D-1, 3 P-5,1 P-4, 1 P-3,2 P-2/1, 9 GS (OL)\nProposed 2012-2013\t28\t1 USG, 3 ASG, 4 D-2, 4 D-1, 3 P-5,1 P-4, 1 P-3,2 P-2/1, 9 GS (OL)\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed posts for2012-2013^(a)\t453\t5 D-2, 10 D-1, 45 P-5, 189 P-4, 95P-3, 10 P-2/1,2 GS (PL), 97 GS (OL)", "^(a) Including 428 posts funded from the support account for peacekeeping operations (4 D-2, 10 D-1, 42 P-5, 184 P-4, 88 P-3, 10 P-2/1, 2 GS (PL), 88 GS (OL), reflecting the decision in General Assembly resolution 65/290 with regard to the financing of the support account, and 22 posts funded under the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (1 D-2, 3 P-5, 5 P-4, 6 P-3, 7 GS (OL) and 3 posts funded from the special account for programme support costs of extrabudgetary substantive activities (1 P-3, 2 GS (OL)).", "Recommendations on posts", "II.63 The staffing complement of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations for 2012-2013 includes the continuation of 28 regular budget posts (19 Professional and 9 General Service) as well as 453 extrabudgetary posts (354 Professional and 99 General Service), including 428 posts funded from the support account (338 Professional and 90 General Service), 22 posts funded from the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (15 Professional and 7 General Service) and 3 posts funded from the special account in support of extrabudgetary substantive activities (1 Professional and 2 General Service). The resources for posts of $9,754,700 are proposed at the same level appropriated for 2010-2011, as the number of posts remains unchanged. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposals for posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.64 Non-post resources of $889,800 reflect a decrease of $2,616,000 compared with the resources appropriated for 2010-2011 of $3,505,800. The decrease reflects the reduction of the non-recurrent resources approved under unforeseen and extraordinary expenses relating to the initiatives of the Secretary-General with respect to the maintenance of peace and security, as reported in the first performance report (A/65/589, paras. 8 and 9) and included in the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The related reduction, which amounts to $2,101,200, is reflected in the context of the non-post objects of expenditure under executive direction and management, including other staff costs, travel of staff, contractual services, general operating expenses and supplies and materials.", "II.65 The resources proposed under programme support, in the amount of $1,071,600, reflect a decrease of $436,700, which is due mostly to a reduction in the requirements for other staff costs ($143,800) based on the provision of compensatory time to staff in lieu of payment of overtime, general operating expenses ($132,800) reflecting the reduction in the actual user charges for commercial communications, and furniture and equipment ($112,600) as a result of the postponement of office equipment replacement. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "B. Department of Field Support", "II.66 The resource requirements proposed for the Department of Field Support of $8,252,500 reflect a decrease of $53,300, or 0.6 per cent, compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011. The decrease is related entirely to a reduction in non-post resources. Other assessed resources for 2012-2013 are estimated at $131,768,800, following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 65/290.", "II.67 Table II.10 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table II.10 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t30\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5,2 P-4, 4 P-3,6 P-2/1, 11 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t30\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5,2 P-4, 4 P-3,6 P-2/1, 11 GS (OL)\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013^(a)\t424\t3 D-2, 8 D-1, 37 P-5, 87 P-4, 113P-3, 5 P-2/1,21 GS (PL), 150 GS (OL)", "^(a) Relating to posts funded from other assessed resources reflecting General Assembly resolution 65/290 with respect to the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "II.68 The staffing complement of the Department of Field Support for 2012-2013 includes the continuation of 30 regular budget posts (19 Professional and 11 General Service), as well as 424 extrabudgetary posts (253 Professional and 171 General Service) funded from support account resources. The regular budget provision for posts of $8,192,500, before recosting, reflects the same level of posts and related resources approved for 2010-2011.", "II.69 The decrease in non-post resources of $53,300 is reflected mainly under travel of staff. The requirements are reduced by $46,100 compared with the resources approved for 2010-2011 of $101,100, in view of greater reliance on videoconferencing.", "II.70 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the post and non-post resources proposed for the Department of Field Support.", "General comments and recommendations", "Outreach activities", "II.71 The Advisory Committee notes that one of the outputs listed for subprogramme 5, Field administrative support, includes outreach activities through participation in career and job fairs, targeted advertising on dedicated websites and professional publications, and recruitment missions to unrepresented and underrepresented countries (A/66/6 (Sect. 5), para. 5.57 (b)). The Committee sought additional information in this regard and was informed that attending job fairs raised the profile of the Organization as an employer of choice, promoted careers in the field and identified potential applicants for civilian rosters. At one such job fair in Germany, which attracted 200,000 visitors and 6,500 exhibitors from 65 countries, approximately 3,000 persons showed interest in a United Nations career. Of those, a total of 203 profiles, across 13 occupational groups, are now under consideration at Headquarters, and the candidates are being encouraged to apply.", "II.72 In addition, the Advisory Committee was informed that, over the past three years, the Outreach Unit had built a database of more than 800 contacts, including dedicated websites, universities, agencies, funds and programmes, permanent missions, specialized institutions and training centres. These are organized by occupational, regional, women’s and other groups and are used to generate interest in a specific occupation when a roster-based generic vacancy announcement is advertised or when very specialized functions are required by a particular field mission. Recently, in South Sudan, the database proved to be an effective mechanism in trying to attract candidates for a specialized function, where civilian rosters could not offer such capacity. The Committee welcomes the outreach activities carried out by the Field Personnel Division and encourages the continuation and expansion of the work done in this regard.", "Investigative activities", "II.73 According to the list of outputs expected to be delivered during the biennium 2012-2013, the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Field Support expects to process reports on investigations substantiating approximately 700 allegations of misconduct received from OIOS and other investigative entities in peacekeeping operations to enable disciplinary action by relevant internal and external entities (A/66/6 (Sect. 5), para. 5.52 (c)).", "II.74 The Advisory Committee was informed that, according to data collected, 993 allegations were substantiated through investigations in 2008 (195 classified as category I and 798 as category II); in 2009, the number of allegations was reduced to 890 (128 category I and 762 category II); and in 2010, 696 allegations were substantiated through investigations (91 category I and 605 category II). Those figures, however, do not reflect the outcome of ongoing investigations, explaining the decreasing number of substantiated allegations over the period. Using the latest data available indicating 1,188 allegations recorded for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (306 category I and 882 category II) and taking into account historical trends on the percentage of allegations substantiated through investigations and referred for disciplinary action, it is assumed that approximately 314 allegations (148 category I and 166 category II) would be referred for disciplinary action in one year. In its report on cross-cutting issues related to peacekeeping operations, the Committee noted the generally positive trend in the reduction of the number of allegations involving peacekeeping personnel and commended the joint efforts of the Secretary-General and troop- and police-contributing countries that brought this about (A/65/743, para. 103). Given the importance of the issue, the Committee emphasizes the need for sustained efforts in this regard.", "C. United Nations Truce Supervision Organization", "II.75 The Advisory Committee recalls that UNTSO was established under the provisions of Security Council resolution 50 (1948) for the purpose of supervising the truce in Palestine. Since then, it has been entrusted with a variety of tasks, and its functions have been modified from time to time. The Committee also recalls that UNTSO military observers assigned to the Israel-Lebanon and Israel-Syrian Arab Republic sectors have been placed under the operational control of the Force Commanders of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) and the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) to assist them in the fulfilment of their tasks, since the establishment of the two peacekeeping missions; this is without prejudice to the continued functioning of UNTSO in the two sectors should the mandates of the peacekeeping forces lapse (A/66/6 (Sect. 5), paras. 5.66 and 5.67).", "II.76 The resources proposed by the Secretary-General for UNTSO for 2012-2013 amounting to $69,672,300 reflect an increase of $753,200, or 1.1 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The increase is the net result of additional non‑post requirements ($2,645,500), offset by a reduction in the resources for posts ($1,892,300).", "II.77 Table II.11 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013.", "Table II.11 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \nApproved for2010-2012\t266\t1 ASG, 2 D-1, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 2 P-3, 1P-2, 146 LL, 111 FS\nProposed for2012-2013\t266\t1 ASG, 2 D-1, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 2 P-3, 1P-2, 1 NO, 160 LL, 96 FS\n New posts 2 2 LL \nReclassifications\t13\t13 FS to 12 LL and 1 NO\n Abolitions 2 2 FS", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "II.78 The resources proposed for posts of $45,939,800 would provide for 266 posts (9 Professional and above, 96 Field Service, 160 Local level and 1 National Officer), as shown in table II.11 above. The decrease of $1,892,300, or 4.0 per cent, reflects the net effect of the proposed establishment of 2 new posts, the delayed impact of 8 posts approved in 2010-2011, the reclassification of 12 posts and the abolition of 2 posts. The staffing changes proposed for 2012-2013 are as follows:", "(a) The abolition of 2 Field Service posts resulting from the consolidation of the support arrangements between UNTSO, UNIFIL and UNDOF for Observer Group Lebanon and Observer Group Golan;", "(b) The establishment of 2 new Local level posts proposed for drivers, whose functions were until now provided by staff with valid permits who were paid overtime to perform the functions but were not designated as drivers, leading to extended working hours not conducive to healthy working conditions;", "(c) The reclassification of 13 Field Service posts to 12 Local level and 1 National Officer post, identified in line with General Assembly resolution 64/269, which calls for greater use of national staff.", "II.79 The Advisory Committee was informed that the abolition of 2 Field Service posts and the reclassification of 13 Field Service posts to the Local level described above are proposed to ensure that the provision of General Assembly resolution 65/248 on the absorption of the costs of the harmonization of conditions of service, is adhered to (see also chap. I above). The Committee has no objection to the staffing changes indicated in paragraph II.78 above and recommends acceptance of the proposed post resources.", "II.80 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in the context of the budget for the biennium 2010-2011, proposals were made to integrate and consolidate UNTSO logistical support services with UNIFIL and UNDOF and that 37 posts were proposed to be eliminated (A/64/6 (Sect. 5)). The General Assembly did not approve the proposal. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, as at 18 July 2011, 18 posts were vacant at UNTSO, of which two would be filled by the end of August; all vacant posts were under recruitment and were expected to be filled in September 2011. The Committee was further informed that a number of posts had been kept vacant in view of the proposal made for integration. As the proposal was not approved, however, the mission is now looking into further post nationalizations. The Committee therefore expects that proposals in future budget submissions will include conversions into Local level posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.81 The provision for non-post resources for 2012-2013 amounts to $23,732,500. The net increase of $2,645,500 over the resources appropriated for the biennium 2010-2011 is due mostly to additional requirements under other staff costs ($1,594,500) owing to the increase in the rate of mission subsistence allowance for the 153 military observers ($1,499,800) and under furniture and equipment ($1,034,400), owing to the required replacement of vehicles and workshop equipment on the basis of age, mileage and condition of the fleet. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources for UNTSO.", "D. United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan", "II.82 The amount proposed for UNMOGIP, before recosting, of $21,209,800, represents a decrease of $1,208,600, or 5.4 per cent, compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011. The decrease is attributable to reduced non-post requirements.", "II.83 Table II.12 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for 2012-2013.", "Table II.12 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t76\t1 D-2, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 49 LL, 24FS\nProposed for 2012-2013\t76\t1 D-2, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 50 LL, 23FS", "Recommendations on posts", "II.84 The resources proposed for posts in the amount of $10,762,000 provide for the continuation of 76 posts shown in table II.12. The net increase of $10,300 over the resources approved for 2010-2011 reflects the delayed impact of two posts (1 P‑4 and 1 Local level) established in 2010-2011 in the context of the revised security management framework approved in General Assembly resolution 65/259, as well as the reclassification of a Field Service post to the Local level, in accordance with the provision in General Assembly resolution 65/248 on the absorption of the costs of harmonization of conditions of services (see also chap. I above). The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.85 The provision for non-post resources for 2012-2013 amounts to $10,447,800. The net decrease of $1,218,900 is due mainly to the discontinuation of non-recurrent resources approved for the biennium 2010-2011 in the context of the revised security management framework approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/259, which amounts to a reduction of $2,592,800 under improvement of premises and $647,900 under furniture and equipment. The decreases are mostly offset by additional requirements under other staff costs ($1,083,900) and general operating expenses ($1,018,700).", "II.86 The resources for other staff costs of $4,362,200 include additional requirements in the amount of $1,083,900 that are related mostly to reimbursement to mission personnel for residential security measures and the increase in the hazardous duty station allowance.", "II.87 The resources for general operating expenses of $3,126,600 provide for alteration of premises, maintenance services, utilities, communications, maintenance of furniture and equipment and transport equipment, as well as freight and related costs, general insurance and miscellaneous services. It is stated that the increase of $1,018,700 is related mainly to the refurbishment of the existing UNMOGIP headquarters complex in Islamabad, which consists of prefabricated structures requiring extension of their useful life beyond 2012.", "II.88 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/259, approved resources, including non-recurrent provisions, for the biennium 2010-2011, in the context of the revised security management framework relating to a strengthened and unified security management system for the United Nations. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, as at 30 June 2011, the funds had been utilized for the recruitment of staff for the two new approved posts (a P-4 Chief Security Officer and a Local level Security Information Assistant) and the acquisition of three armoured vehicles. In addition, it was informed that the procurement process for the acquisition of supplies and materials required to undertake security enhancement measures, including strengthening the exterior walls and roofs of prefabricated structures, as well as fortifying the external perimeter of the UNMOGIP Islamabad headquarters complex, was in an advanced stage, with completion planned in 2011.", "II.89 The Advisory Committee was also informed that the United Nations resident coordinator-led task force was in discussions with the Government of Pakistan for the allocation of land for the construction of the “One United Nations Village” project on behalf of all the United Nations funds and programmes with a presence in Islamabad, including UNMOGIP. The project, which would provide a headquarters structure for all the United Nations entities in Islamabad, was expected to be jointly funded once the land had been allocated and the design agreed and approved by all entities concerned. The negotiations between the UNDP office in Pakistan and the Government of Pakistan were ongoing, but there was no confirmed timeline for the completion of the project.", "II.90 The estimated requirements of $861,800 included for 2012-2013 are based on the need to refurbish the existing UNMOGIP headquarters until the acquisition of a more permanent structure is approved The major cost items include:", "(a) $477,000 for the construction of workshop and warehousing facilities, including a fire-protection system, and the installation of air-conditioning and alarms to safeguard assets in accordance with Department of Field Support standards. The facilities are currently housed in sea containers that have already been written off;", "(b) $212,000 for building works, including the removal and replacement of wooden floors and plywood ceilings and the replacement of internal electrical fittings;", "(c) $118,000 for reinforcing the earthquake-resistant elements of the containers;", "(d) $47,000 for the replacement of doors and windows;", "(e) $7,800 for other miscellaneous services.", "II.91 The Advisory Committee recognizes the need to proceed with the refurbishment and maintenance of the existing headquarters structures pending the completion of the negotiations, the allocation of land and the construction of permanent office accommodation for the United Nations presence in Islamabad. The Committee would expect that every effort will be made to ensure that any investment in the refurbishment of the existing structure during the biennium 2012-2013 will not be lost once the project for a more permanent structure is completed. On this basis, the Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed for UNMOGIP.", "Section 6 Peaceful uses of outer space", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $8,071,400^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $8,023,000 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $2,013,000 \nA summary of the Secretary-General’s proposalsfor regular budget posts is contained in table5 of the introduction to the budget. A summaryof the total number of posts by source offunds and grade level is contained in annex Ito the present report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "II.92 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 6, before recosting, amount to $8,071,400, representing an increase of $48,400, or 0.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011.", "II.93 Table II.13 below summarizes the posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table II.13 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t24\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 2 P-5, 8 P-4, 4P-3, 3 P-2/1, 5 GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t24\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 2 P-5, 8 P-4, 4P-3, 3 P-2/1, 5 GS (OL)", "II.94 The resources proposed for posts of $6,833,200 provide for the continuation of 24 posts for 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that, in 2011, the Office of Outer Space Affairs undertook a review of its organizational structure and consolidated the Space Applications Section and the United Nations Platform for Space-based Information for Disaster Management and Emergency Response (UN‑SPIDER) programme, in line with a recommendation of OIOS (A/66/6, (Sect. 6), para. 6.22).", "II.95 As indicated to the Advisory Committee and reported in the budget fascicle, the consolidation, effective from June 2011, is intended to result in an integrated concerted approach to planning and organizing activities related to issues that transcend the two units, such as climate change, tele-health, search and rescue, and water. The Secretary-General also expects that it will streamline operations, eliminate duplicative processes and allow the programme to deliver its mandate in a more cost-effective and efficient manner. The Committee notes that the consolidation will allow the new section to be headed by an existing Chief at the D‑1 level, who will be responsible for developing and planning the objectives of the programme on space applications and UN-SPIDER, including its regional support offices and United Nations-affiliated regional centres for space science and technology education. In addition, the functions of an existing P-5 post will be revised to include coordination of the UN-SPIDER programme, and an existing P-4 post will be redeployed to the Office of the Director to assist in the management of the programme. The Committee welcomes the consolidation undertaken and has no objection to the resources proposed for posts.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "II.96 The proposed non-post resources of $1,238,200 reflect an increase of $48,400 compared with the 2010-2011 appropriation. The increase is due mostly to additional requirements for furniture and equipment ($33,300), owing to the need to replace ageing information technology equipment, some of which, having been acquired in 2005, has outlived the standard replacement cycle of four years, and to upgrade previously acquired software packages. Resources proposed for general operating expenses also reflect an increase ($21,600), owing to the rise in the workstation service-level agreement rates for office staff computers and laptops. The increases are offset by a reduction in the requirements proposed for contractual services ($6,500), given the termination of the production of the publication Highlights in Space. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "General comments", "II.97 The Advisory Committee notes that the level of extrabudgetary resources, which complement resources from the regular budget in financing various activities, such as technical advisory services, training, workshops, seminars, field projects, publications, the preparation and distribution of booklets, the organization of special events and the enhancement of the International Space Information Service, is anticipated to increase to $2,013,000 for 2012-2013 (from a level of $1,887,000 for 2010-2011). This is related mainly to commitments received from donors in support of the UN-SPIDER programme, the setting up of an office in China in 2011 and activities of the International Committee on Global Navigation Satellite Systems.", "II.98 The Advisory Committee was informed that the outreach programme of the Office for Outer Space Affairs comprised a variety of activities, including training courses, expert meetings and workshops designed especially for building capacity on a regional basis, technical advisory missions conducted on a national basis and general public information events. Furthermore, the Office organizes its activities in different countries every year, ensuring that all regions are provided with the outreach programmes they need. In addition, the Office promotes the benefits of space science and technology through World Space Week celebrations and other special events. The Committee welcomes the outreach activities carried out by the Office, which should lead to further strengthening of the capacity and use of space science and technology and their applications.", "II.99 The supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee indicates that resources in the amount of $802,800 will provide for grants ($166,600) and individual fellowships ($636,200) under the regular budget. The Committee notes with appreciation the efforts to sustain the programme.", "Part III International justice and law", "Section 7 International Court of Justice", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $47,608,500^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $46,605,800 \nA summary of the Secretary-General’s proposalsfor regular budget posts is contained in table5 of the introduction to the budget. A summaryof the total number of posts by source offunds and grade level is contained in annex Ito the present report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates(i.e. before recosting).", "III.1 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 7, before recosting, amount to $47,608,500, representing an increase of $1,002,700, or 2.2 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The increase is due to additional requirements for posts in the amount of $1,223,000 over the resources of $23,895,600 approved for 2010-2011, owing mostly to the delayed impact of nine posts approved in the 2010-2011 budget (1 P-3, 6 P-2, 2 General Service (Other level)) and four new posts proposed for 2012-2013 (1 P-3, 1 P-2, 2 General Service (Other level)). The non-post resources reflect a decrease of $220,300 compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011 of $22,710,200. In terms of the components, the increase is mostly related to additional requirements for the Registry ($997,600).", "III.2 The Advisory Committee was informed that, at the time of its consideration of the proposed budget, there were 15 cases pending before the Court, of which three were being deliberated upon simultaneously. Furthermore, the number of cases on the Court’s list had remained relatively stable for several years, at an average of 15 to 16 cases, while the number of cases finally decided was comparable to the number of new cases submitted to it. However, according to the Court, this is considered somewhat uninformative in terms of evaluating the Court’s workload, as what really counts, in quantitative terms, is the varying balance between cases filed and cases decided and, in qualitative terms, the latter’s procedural and substantive complexity. The Committee was also informed that the most notable recent development was the significant increase in the number of incidental proceedings brought before the Court, which require comparable work to that required for the preparation of a decision on the merits of a case. The statement presented by the Registrar, at the time of the Committee’s hearings on the resources proposed, provided useful clarification. The Committee is of the view that, in future, such information should be incorporated in the budget proposals for the Court.", "III.3 Table III.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table III.1 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t114\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 4 P-5, 32 P-4/3, 19P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 50 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t118\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 4 P-5, 33 P-4/3, 20P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 52 GS (OL)\n New 4 1 P-3, 1 P-2 and 2 GS (OL) \nConversions\t10\t2 P-4, 6 P-3 and 2 GS (OL) fromtemporary to established posts", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "III.4 The establishment of two posts for a Head of Security (P-3) and a Security Information Assistant (General Service (Other level)) is proposed (A/66/6 (Sect. 7), para. 7.15). The Advisory Committee was informed that the request was made on the basis of recommendations by the Department of Safety and Security, following a security risk assessment. The proposed new Head of Security (P-3) would supervise the Court’s Security Unit, which comprises three existing security guards (General Service (Other level)), and would coordinate and manage the security operations of the Court, its members and staff, as well as ensure the protection of confidential information, evaluate risks on a case-by-case basis and propose appropriate solutions. The proposed Security Information Assistant would help develop and implement policies and procedures to address reliability and redundancy issues, provide support in connection with the Court’s information technology systems and make appropriate recommendations. It was indicated to the Committee that no staff member is currently entrusted with this precise function. The Committee was further informed that the Court has, so far, relied heavily on the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia to provide additional security support and personnel when holding proceedings on politically sensitive issues, including when Heads of State have visited. However, in the light of the downsizing of the International Tribunal, the Department of Safety and Security considers that the Court needs to develop its own in-house capacity in this area. The Committee recommends acceptance of the two posts requested for a Head of Security (P-3) and a Security Information Assistant (General Service (Other level)).", "III.5 The establishment of an Associate Legal Officer (P-2) post in the Registry’s Department of Legal Matters is requested, given the growth in the Department’s workload (A/66/6 (Sect. 7), para. 7.16). As indicated in the proposed budget, the incumbent of the additional post would assist the existing staff of the Department in drafting correspondence, providing advice related to relations with the host country, employment and contractual matters, and in preparing minutes and drafting speeches or notes. The Advisory Committee recalls that, by its resolution 62/236 on the budget for the biennium 2008-2009, the General Assembly approved three Associate Legal Officer (P-2) posts; in its resolution 64/243 on the budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it decided to increase the pool of law clerks by six additional posts, bringing the total number of law clerks to 15 (14 P-2 and 1 P-3). The Committee continues to hold the view that the pool of law clerks is the appropriate way to ensure effective legal support in response to changes in the overall workload of the Court (see A/62/7, para. III.5 and A/64/7, para. III.4). The Committee is of the opinion that the functions of the proposed Associate Legal Officer should be provided from within existing capacity and therefore recommends against approval of the additional P-2-level post.", "III.6 A General Service (Other level) post for an Administrative and Editorial Assistant is requested for the Publications Division (A/66/6 (Sect. 7), para. 7.17), in view of the increasing workload of the Court and the need to address, in particular, the backlog of pleadings publications. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the post proposed on a temporary basis. The continued need for this post should be reviewed in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015, taking into account the progress made in clearing the backlog.", "Conversions", "III.7 The conversion of 10 temporary posts to established posts, consisting of nine posts (2 P-4, 6 P-3, 1 General Service (Other level)) in the Department of Linguistic Matters and one post of Administrative Assistant (General Service (Other level)) in the Department of Information, is proposed (A/66/6 (Sect. 7), para. 7.18). The Advisory Committee was informed that the conversion of these posts, originally provided in 2000, is requested in view of the demonstrated continuing nature of the functions performed. The Committee notes that the conversions would not involve additional costs. The Committee has no objection to the proposed conversion of the 10 temporary posts (2 P-4, 6 P-3, 2 General Service (Other level)) to established posts.", "General comments", "III.8 The Advisory Committee requested clarification as to the Court’s targets with regard to human resources, given the absence of indicators of achievement relating to gender in its results-based framework. The Committee was informed that given the limited size of the Registry in terms of posts, emphasis in selecting candidates is put on recruiting staff demonstrating the highest standards of efficiency, competence and integrity. Although there is no formal policy for defined targets, gender and geographical parameters are taken into account when reviewing candidates. The Committee was also informed that approximately 58 per cent of the Registry staff in the Professional and higher categories were female and that, of the 11 heads of unit in the Registry, five were female and six male. The Committee commends the Court’s performance in this regard.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "III.9 The non-post resources of $22,489,900 proposed for 2012-2013 reflect a decrease of $220,300 compared to the resources appropriated for 2010-2011. This is the net result of a decrease in the requirements for furniture and equipment ($833,900) due to the reduction of the one-time costs provided for in the 2010-2011 budget for the renovation of the Great Hall of Justice. The decrease also relates to other staff costs ($289,600), owing mostly to anticipated reduced costs for temporary assistance for meetings, in view of the use of external translators in place of costlier free-lance translators (for whom daily subsistence allowance and travel costs are required), as well as the use of internal staff for interpretation, whenever possible.", "III.10 The Advisory Committee recalls that the renovation of the Great Hall of Justice was to be undertaken by the Carnegie Foundation, with the financial participation of the Government of the Netherlands, at a total cost of approximately $2 million. The replacement and upgrade of outdated technical equipment used by the judges, parties and interpreters would be the responsibility of the Organization. A provision of $880,000 was included for this purpose in the budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/64/7, para. III.10). As to the status of the renovation project, the Committee was informed that the project had been initially delayed because of differences of opinion between the Court and the architects hired by the Carnegie Foundation. The Committee was also informed that, while the acquisition of the electronic equipment depends on the progress of the project as a whole, outstanding issues have now been settled. The renovation work is due to start in the fall of 2011 and planned to be finished in early 2012. The Committee cautions against further delays in the renovation project, which could lead to cost escalation.", "III.11 The reductions in non-post requirements indicated in paragraph III.9 above are offset by additional resources proposed under contractual services, in the amount of $593,100 over the appropriation for 2010-2011 of $1,105,100. This is mostly due to additional resources requested for external printing, including an increase of $254,400 in order to clear the existing backlog in the Court’s publications by the end of the biennium 2012-2013; as well as additional resources proposed for data-processing services, representing an increase of $245,900 primarily for a project to create network area storage for the purpose of consolidating servers and data by moving to a virtual environment. Information relating to current and planned publications of the Publications Division is included in the budget fascicle (see workload indicators in A/66/6 (Sect. 7), annex, table A.7.1). The Advisory Committee requests that information be provided in the context of the proposed budget for 2014-2015 on the clearance of the backlog of the Publications Division (see also para. III.6 above).", "III.12 The requirements proposed for general operating expenses for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $4,000,500, reflecting an increase of $146,700 over the resources approved for 2010-2011. The increase mostly relates to the rental of temporary storage space for the Court’s publications ($83,600) due to the lack of available suitable space within the current premises, and the increased contractual cost of photocopiers ($58,500). The Advisory Committee was informed that the United Nations share of the general operating expenses for the facilities provided for the Court in the Peace Palace at The Hague was estimated at $3,317,900. The Committee recalls that the use of the Peace Palace is governed by a 1946 agreement between the United Nations and the Carnegie Foundation. The most recent supplementary agreement, which became effective on 1 July 2006, was approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 62/238 and was due to expire at the end of June 2011. The Committee was informed that negotiations were ongoing with the Carnegie Foundation, with the participation of the Procurement Division and the Office of Legal Affairs of the Secretariat. It is indicated that a report, including any revisions to the agreement reflecting the result of the negotiations, would be submitted to the General Assembly, in accordance with established procedures. The Committee trusts that the negotiations will lead to the most favourable terms for the Organization.", "III.13 The estimated requirements relating to the members of the Court amount to $13,535,800 for 2012-2013, covering honorariums and other entitlements of the judges, as well as pensions of former judges and surviving spouses. The increase of $99,200, as compared to the resources approved for 2010-2011, reflects increased pension costs associated with the retirement of two judges in 2010.", "III.14 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the non-post resources proposed.", "Section 8 Legal affairs", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $44,503,500^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $45,396,500 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $15,382,600^(b)\nA summary of the Secretary-General’s proposalsfor regular budget posts is contained in table5 of the introduction to the budget. A summaryof the total number of posts by source offunds and grade level is contained in annex Ito the present report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Includes other assessed resources in theamount of $6,968,400, amending the informationincluded in table 8.5 of theSecretary-General’s fascicle (A/66/6 (Sect.8)) to reflect the decision taken by theGeneral Assembly in its resolution 65/290 onthe support account for peacekeepingoperations, as well as extrabudgetaryresources in the amount of $8,414,200.", "III.15 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 8, before recosting, amount to $44,503,500, representing a decrease of $893,000, or 2.0 per cent, as compared to the resources approved for the 2010-2011 biennium. The decrease is mostly related to non-post requirements, reflecting a reduction in the amount of $1,019,200 as compared to the resources proposed for 2010-2011 of $7,035,300.", "III.16 Table III.2 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table III.2 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t144\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 4 D-2, 7 D-1, 18 P-5,19 P-4, 21 P-3,14 P-2/1, 11 GS (PL), 48 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t144\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 4 D-2, 7 D-1, 18 P-5,19 P-4, 21 P-3,14 P-2/1, 11 GS (PL), 48 GS (OL)Redeployments\t4\t2 GS (PL) from the Treaty Section,one each to the Codification Divisionand to the Division for Ocean Affairsand the Law of the Sea \n 2 GS (OL) to the Treaty Section, onefrom the Codification Division andone from the Division for OceanAffairs and the Law of the Sea\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t25\t2 D-1, 6 P-5, 9 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 6 GS(OL)^(a)", "^(a) Including 15 posts funded under other assessed resources, amending the information included in table 31.5 of A/66/6 (Sect. 31) to reflect the decision in General Assembly resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations, and 10 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "III.17 The resources proposed for posts of $38,487,400 would cover the costs relating to the continuation of 144 regular budget posts shown in table III.2. The increase of $126,200, compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011, primarily relates to the delayed impact of one post (P-3) approved in 2010-2011. The resources also reflect adjustments resulting from the redeployment of four posts within the programme of work component, in line with the Office’s efforts to rationalize and optimize staff distribution according to needs and priorities, as well as the anticipated expansion in substantive areas. Two General Service (Principal level) posts are proposed to be transferred from the Treaty Section under subprogramme 6, one each to the Codification Division under subprogramme 3, to help meet the substantive and increasing work demands in connection with the United Nations Programme of Assistance in the Teaching, Study, Dissemination and Wider Appreciation of International Law, and to the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea under subprogramme 4, to increase support and assistance to the Division, including in the conduct of research on assigned law of the sea issues, and for specialized documentation and legal publications and other specialized material. In exchange, two General Service (Other level) posts would be transferred, one each from subprogramme 3 and subprogramme 4, to subprogramme 6, Custody, registration and publication of treaties. It is stated that the realignment reflects greater reliance on the digital media and computerized work processes required to expedite the delivery of treaty-related information to Member States and its dissemination on the Internet. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed four redeployments.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "III.18 The non-post resources of $6,016,100 reflect a decrease of $1,019,200 or 14.5 per cent, which is distributed among all objects of expenditure, compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011 of $7,035,300.", "III.19 Requirements for contractual services amount to $1,805,900, before recosting, reflecting a reduction of $433,500 compared to the 2010-2011 appropriation. This is due to decreases in the resources for data-processing services ($211,700) attributable to the transition from the development and design phase to the maintenance phase of two recent applications and systems in use in the Office of Legal Affairs; a change in the service-level agreement for office automation equipment from level B to C (a reduction of $142,600), on the basis of the number of service calls made over the past years and the internal capability of the Office to rely on its own capacity for first-level support; training requirements for staff in the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea ($40,000) relating to Geographic Information Systems, the costs of which are now shared with other departments; and reduced rates for supporting data-processing services and infrastructure, primarily with respect to back-up and storage costs ($39,200).", "III.20 The resources of $700,900 proposed for travel of staff reflect a decrease of $372,200 compared to the resources appropriated for 2010-2011. This is mostly due to the proposed reduction in resources for travel of staff in relation to the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) from $290,800 in 2010-2011 to $16,600 for 2012-2013, on the basis that UNICTRAL would hold its meetings in Vienna, instead of alternately in Vienna and New York; as well as reductions under all subprogrammes, with the exception of subprogramme 2, as a result of greater use of video-conferencing as an alternative to travel, whenever possible.", "III.21 The Advisory Committee notes that the Commission, which concluded its forty-fourth session on 8 July 2011, considered the proposal to hold all its sessions in Vienna and decided to maintain the long-standing practice of holding sessions alternately in Vienna and New York, while reducing the time budgeted for meetings of UNCITRAL and its working groups from 15 to 14 weeks. This reduction would roughly achieve the savings indicated in paragraph III.20 above. Since the decision of the Commission requires endorsement by the General Assembly, in accordance with established procedure, the Advisory Committee recommends that updated financial information on the anticipated savings be provided to the Assembly at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposed budget for 2012-2013.", "III.22 The Advisory Committee notes that the resources in the amount of $2,019,200 proposed for travel of representatives in relation to the work of the International Law Commission reflect an increase of $119,200. The resources would cover the travel and subsistence allowance of the Chairman ($50,000) and the 33 members of the Commission ($1,969,200). The Committee recalls that, as from the year 2000, as mandated by the General Assembly and unless decided otherwise by the Assembly, the Commission holds 10 to 11-week split annual sessions in Geneva.", "III.23 The Advisory Committee was informed that while, in the past, it had been possible to absorb funding shortfalls through redeployment from other areas of the budget, there was no scope to alleviate any such shortfall in the future. Upon enquiry, the Committee was also informed that the estimates for travel and related costs for 10-week split sessions in Geneva amount to $2,337,400 per biennium. The calculation is based on historical attendance records of around 80 per cent and using the Geneva daily subsistence allowance rate, plus 40 per cent of $494, and an average airfare of $3,400. The Committee was further informed that, should the sessions not be split, the associated costs per biennium would amount to $1, 985,200. The Committee encourages the Office of Legal Affairs to consult with the members of the International Law Commission to determine if there are alternative ways to rationalize costs and achieve possible savings.", "General comments and recommendations", "Subprogramme 4, Law of the Sea and Ocean Affairs", "III.24 At the time of the Advisory Committee’s consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, the Committee learned that the Meeting of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea had adopted a decision, at its twenty-first meeting, increasing the number of weeks of meetings of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, in order to allow more effective consideration of submissions received (see SPLOS/229 of 16 June 2011, paras. 1 and 2). The Committee expects that, should the General Assembly subsequently approve any increase in the work-weeks of the Commission, any related resources required will be dealt with by the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session, in accordance with established procedure.", "Publications", "III.25 Information on recurrent and non-recurrent publications is provided in the presentation for each subprogramme. The Advisory Committee notes that most of the publications are issued in printed form. The Committee was informed that the Office was increasingly resorting to electronic form for the publication for some of its outputs. It was also discussing the possibility of generating revenue for online versions, hard copies and DVDs. The Committee has commented on the issue of publications in chapter I above. The Advisory Committee welcomes the Office’s initiative to look at means for generating revenue for its publications and encourages it to further adapt and tailor its publications to interested users, including through the use of electronic means, whenever possible.", "Cost-sharing arrangements for services provided by the Office of Legal Affairs in the area of the administration of justice", "III.26 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 8, the Advisory Committee was informed that the arrangements for sharing the costs of services provided by the Office of Legal Affairs to the funds and programmes in the area of the administration of justice had yet to be finalized. As a result, the Office was diverting regular budget funds to meet costs arising from extrabudgetary activities. The Advisory Committee expects that the Secretary-General will finalize a cost-sharing arrangement with the funds and programmes for the services provided by the Office of Legal Affairs on a headcount basis, as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 62/228, and that he will report on the outcome to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "Part IV International cooperation for development", "Section 9 Economic and social affairs", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $148,820,100^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $152,535,500 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $150,878,100 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "IV.1 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 9 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $148,820,100 before recosting, representing a decrease of $3,715,400, or 2.4 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 9), table 9.5). Table IV.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.1 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t505\t1 USG, 2 ASG, 9 D-2, 31 D-1, 64 P-5, 89P-4, 64 P 3,43 P-2/1, 33 GS (PL), 169 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t495\t1 USG, 2 ASG, 9 D-2, 31 D-1, 63 P-5, 88P-4, 65 P 3,42 P-2/1, 33 GS (PL), 161 GS (OL)\n New posts 2 2 P-3, Statistics Division \nAbolitions\t12\t1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3. 1 P-2 and 8 GS (OL)under subprogrammes 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and10\nRedeployments\t5\tThree posts to executive direction andmanagement (1 D-1 from subprogramme 5, 1P-4 from subprogramme 8, and 1 GS (PL)from programme support)\n Two posts from executive direction andmanagement (1 P-3 to subprogramme 8 and1 GS (OL) to programme support)\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t26\t2 P-5, 8 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL), 10GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "IV.2 The Advisory Committee was provided with clarification concerning the number of 505 regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 9), table 9.2), whereas 545 regular budget posts were reflected for the same biennium in document A/64/6 (Sect. 9). The Committee was informed that, initially, the Secretary-General proposed 545 regular budget posts for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/64/6 (Sect. 9), table 9.2). The General Assembly, in its resolution 64/244, approved the Secretary-General’s proposal and, in paragraph 77 of resolution 64/243, the Assembly decided to establish two additional posts (1 P-5 and 1 P-4) under section 9 of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 to provide programme support to the Development Account, making a total of 547 posts. Subsequently, under the terms of Assembly resolutions 64/289 and 65/259, 42 posts were transferred from section 9 to section 37, UN-Women, of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. Thus, the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 9)) correctly indicates the number of 505 as the approved level of regular budget posts under section 9 of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The report of the Secretary-General on the revised proposal for the use of regular budget resources for the normative support functions of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) (A/65/531) provides details on the transfer of resources, including the 42 posts from section 9 of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011.", "IV.3 The Advisory Committee was informed that, as of 30 April 2011, there were 27 vacant posts in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs (1 D-1, 2 P-5, 2 P-4, 6 P-3, 6 P-2/1, 1 General Service (Other level) and 9 General Service (Principal level)). The Committee notes that a significant number of these posts had remained vacant for a period of over six months by that date. The Committee expects that the vacancies will be filled expeditiously.", "New posts", "IV.4 The establishment of two new P-3 posts is proposed under subprogramme 5, Statistics, in connection with the functions previously provided under a contractual arrangement with the International Computing Centre. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that funding for the contractual arrangement with the Centre was made available through a biennial grant. The Committee was also informed that the need for Geneva-based technical support for mainframe servers was eventually eliminated when the Department of Economic and Social Affairs moved all of its mainframe applications to New York-based server operations. With this reduced level of service requirements, the only remaining support received from the Centre was on-site support provided by its two seconded P-3 staff. The Centre then decided that this arrangement was no longer practical and that it would terminate the arrangement for on-site support to the Department. In 2010, as an interim measure, funds were redeployed from grants and contributions to general temporary assistance to provide the required support. The redeployment allowed the Department to quickly recruit two short-term staff members at the P-3 level to ensure continuity of the required on-site technical support until the end of 2011. It was also indicated to the Committee that the staffing arrangement could no longer be appropriately funded under general temporary assistance and should be regularized, as the underlying requirement for the on-site technical support was long-term in nature and had been established since 1970.", "IV.5 The Advisory Committee was provided, upon request, with a comparative analysis of the requirements associated with the contractual arrangements with the International Computing Centre for 2006-2007 and 2008-2009, estimates for 2010‑2011, and the cost of two P-3 posts for 2012-2013 and 2014-2015, as follows:", "Requirements 2006-2007 2008-2009 2010-2011 2012-2013 2014-2015", "Payments to the $712 599 $798 648 $908 International Computing 000^(a) Centre", "Cost of 2 P-3 posts $312 $564 400^(b) 800^(c)", "^(a) Reflecting estimated requirement prior to the termination of the contract.", "^(b) New posts.", "^(c) Continuing posts.", "IV.6 The Advisory Committee notes that the estimated cost of two new P-3 posts would be more than offset by a reduction under grants and contributions (see A/66/6 (Sect. 9), para. 9.14 (c) (iv)). The Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal to establish two new P-3 posts for the Statistics Division.", "Abolitions", "IV.7 As indicated in para. 9.14 of the proposed budget, 12 posts are proposed for abolition, as the result of an effort to rationalize the post structure, as follows: 1 P-4 post under subprogramme 1, Economic and Social Council support and coordination; 2 General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 3, Social policy and development; 1 P-5 post under subprogramme 4, Sustainable development; 1 P-3, 1 P-2 and 1 General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 5, Statistics; 2 General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 7, Development policy and analysis; 2 General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 8, Public administration and development management; and 1 General Service (Other level) post under subprogramme 10, Financing for development. The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that two of the 12 posts proposed for abolition correspond to subprogrammes where the establishment of posts at the same level was previously approved by the General Assembly in resolution 63/260 (1 P-4 post under subprogramme 1 and 1 P-3 post under subprogramme 5).", "IV.8 The Advisory Committee recalls that, as indicated in paragraph 9.8 of the proposed budget, the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, approved 13 posts in response to requirements identified by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs as being critical to improving the effective and efficient delivery of the mandates of development-related activities. Five of the 13 posts have been transferred to the newly established entity for gender equality and the empowerment of women, UN-Women, and the remaining eight posts have been assigned to their respective offices and subprogrammes within the Department. Information on the distribution of the remaining eight posts between offices and subprogrammes is contained in paragraphs 9.9 and 9.10 of the proposed budget. The Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions.", "Redeployments", "IV.9 The redeployment of five posts is proposed: the inward redeployment of three posts to executive direction and management (1 D-1 post from subprogramme 5, Statistics, 1 P-4 post from subprogramme 8, Public administration and development management, and 1 General Service (Principal level) post from programme support) and the outward redeployment of two posts from executive direction and management (1 P-3 post to subprogramme 8, Public administration and development management, and 1 General Service (Other level) post to programme support).", "IV.10 As indicated in the proposed budget, the redeployment of three posts to executive direction and management is intended to strengthen the Strategic Planning Unit and to support the Department-wide programme management, monitoring and evaluation activities overseen centrally by the Office of the Under-Secretary-General (A/66/6 (Sect. 9), paras. 9.14 (b) and 9.43). The Advisory Committee notes that the Strategic Planning Unit aims to better and more effectively assist the Under-Secretary-General in specific strategic planning processes, targeting three areas: (i) pursuing substantive strategic priorities; (ii) enhancing interdivisional cooperation and enabling Department-wide strategic reviews and actions, particularly on cross-cutting issues; and (iii) engaging stakeholders, including Member States and key strategic partners in the Secretariat and United Nations system (ibid., para. 9.9). The Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in paragraph 24 of its resolution 57/300, welcomed the efforts of the Secretary-General to strengthen the management capacity of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the Secretariat, inter alia by establishing a policy planning unit. The Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments, including those for the Strategic Planning Unit.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.11 The estimate of $14,651,000 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 reflects a net decrease of $1,895,600 as compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011. The net decrease reflects reductions under most objects of expenditure, including $242,800 under consultants, mainly as a consequence of the increased use of in-house expertise, where possible; $104,700 under experts, resulting mainly from concerted efforts to combine meetings or reduce the number of experts and the duration of meetings, whenever possible; $121,200 under travel of staff, mainly attributable to increased utilization of video conferencing, combining trips and/or reducing the duration of travel as much as possible; $460,800 under contractual services, primarily owing to increased utilization of electronic means of disseminating publications; $111,000 under furniture and equipment, reflecting reduced requirements for the replacement of furniture and office equipment resulting from extending the lifespan of furniture and equipment; and $781,600 under grants and contributions, mainly owing to the termination of the contract with the International Computing Centre. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Publications", "IV.12 The proposed budget indicates that the reduction in the number of publications from 483 during the biennium 2010-2011 to 432 for the next biennium results from the increased utilization of electronic means, whenever possible for the issuance of non-recurrent publications (A/66/6 (Sect. 9), para. 9.12). Additionally, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Department is a member of a working group headed by the Department of Public Information and the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, established in 2010 to examine the entire publishing process in the United Nations Secretariat and to find ways to make it more efficient by: (i) combining publications; (ii) conducting an analysis of the need for a publication; and (iii) increased use of website publishing, with a view to reducing printed publications. These measures will be implemented out as soon as the recommendations of the working group have been accepted. It was also explained to the Committee that while consideration is being given to printing on demand as a viable mechanism for controlling printing costs, and to printing in locations that are cost-effective and easily accessible by target audiences, the Department currently uses the Organization’s procurement process to identify the most competitive vendors to print its publications. The Committee welcomes the emphasis being placed by the Secretariat on exploring various options for reducing the cost of publications. The Committee stresses that best practices in the printing of publications should be shared across all duty stations of the Secretariat (see also chap. I above). The Committee has commented further on the issue of publications in chapter I above.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "IV.13 The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 are estimated at $150,878,100, as compared to $163,547,900 for 2010-2011, a decrease of approximately 7.7 per cent. The extrabudgetary resources will supplement regular budget resources to finance substantive and technical cooperation activities, including consultancies, expert groups, travel, technical advisory services, training, workshops, seminars and field projects. As indicated in paragraph 9.17 of the proposed budget, the decrease in extrabudgetary resources results from: (i) the conclusion of extrabudgetary-funded projects in the biennium 2010-2011; and (ii) lack of commitments on the part of donors to extend funding arrangements in the biennium 2012-2013, in view of the current global financial situation. The Committee notes that the number of extrabudgetary posts will decrease from 28, during the current biennium, to 26 for the biennium 2012-2013. In view of the significant reduction in extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013, the Committee cautions that funding for the extrabudgetary posts of the Department may not be assured. The Department should take measures to broaden its donor base, which may contribute to increasing extrabudgetary resources.", "Section 10 Least developed countries, landlocked developing countries and small island developing States", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $6,665,500^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $7,406,100 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $1,486,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates(i.e. before recosting).", "IV.14 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 10 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $6,665,500 before recosting, representing a decrease of $740,600, or 10.0 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 10), table 10.5). Table IV.2 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.2 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \nApproved for2010-2011\t18\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 5 P-4, 2P-3, 1 P-2, 4 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t18\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 5 P-4, 2P-3, 1 P-2, 4 GS (OL)", "IV.15 No additional posts are being requested for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed staffing table.", "IV.16 The General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, provided the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States with three additional P-4 posts. The Advisory Committee was informed that all three additional P-4 posts had been filled and, as of 31 March 2011, there was only one P-3 post vacant. The Committee trusts that the vacancy will be filled expeditiously.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.17 The estimate of $772,300 for non-post resources for 2012-2013, which reflects a net decrease of $740,600 compared with the appropriation for 2010-2011, is attributable to: (i) a reduction of $692,900 as a result of the discontinuation of a non-recurrent provision for general temporary assistance for the preparation of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries; (ii) a reduction of $45,700 under travel of staff, due to the discontinuation of a non-recurrent provision for travel of staff to service the regional preparatory meetings for the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries; (iii) a reduction of $4,800 under furniture and equipment, resulting from the discontinuation of a non-recurrent provision for furniture and equipment for the preparation of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries; and (iv) an increase of $2,800 under contractual services for Citrix licences for business continuity. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Publications", "IV.18 It is estimated that the number of non-recurrent publications to be issued during the biennium 2012-2013 will increase from one for the current biennium to eight (see A/66/6 (Sect. 10), table 10.3). Upon enquiry, the Secretariat clarified that although one non-recurrent publication had been previously planned for the biennium 2010-2011, 10 non-recurrent publications are now envisaged to be issued in the context of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries. Thus, the number of proposed non-recurrent publications (8) to be issued for the biennium 2012-2013 reflects a decrease in non-recurrent publications, when compared to the number of non-recurrent publications (10) envisaged currently for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee has commented further on the issue of publications in chapter I above.", "Outcome of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries", "IV.19 The Advisory Committee notes that the projected decrease in the estimated requirements for the next biennium under this budget section is mainly attributable to the discontinuation of the one-time provision for the preparation and completion of the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries. The Committee was informed that the Conference, which was held in Istanbul in May 2011, adopted a comprehensive, ambitious and results-oriented 10-year Istanbul Programme of Action and the Istanbul Declaration that was mutually agreed upon by the least developed countries and development partners, including donor countries, developing countries, parliamentarians, the private sector, civil society and international financial and development institutions. The Committee was further informed that assessment is currently under way in order to determine the most effective means of addressing the outcome of the Conference; when the assessment is complete, the Secretary-General will submit a report on the outcome of the Conference and the related programme budget implication, if any, for consideration by the General Assembly. The Committee trusts that the report of the Secretary-General will be submitted in a timely manner during the main part of the forthcoming sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "Role of the Office of the High Representative", "IV.20 The Advisory Committee notes that the Under-Secretary-General continues to be responsible for three functions: High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States (sect. 10); acting Special Adviser on Africa for United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) (sect. 11); and representative to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (sect. 12) at high-level meetings and functions taking place at United Nations Headquarters.", "IV.21 As indicated in the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 10), para. 10.9), in 2008, the Secretary-General realigned, on an experimental basis, the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States.", "IV.22 The Advisory Committee reiterates its observations on section 10 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 that the current arrangements, whereby the High Representative is given the responsibility of handling three separate functions, could adversely affect the work of the Office (see A/64/7, para. IV.27). The related comments and observations on this matter are also contained in sections 11 and 12 below.", "Section 11 United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $12,641,000^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $12,641,000 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $1,460,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "IV.23 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 11 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $12,641,000, i.e. at the maintenance level of the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 11), table 11.6). Table IV.3 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.3 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \nApproved for2010-2011\t35\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 2 D-1, 4 P-5, 7 P-4,10 P-3, 1 GS (PL), 8 GS (OL), 1 LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t35\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 2 D-1, 4 P-5, 7 P-4,10 P-3, 1 GS (PL), 8 GS (OL), 1 LL", "IV.24 No additional posts are being requested for the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed staffing table.", "IV.25 As indicated in the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 11), para. 11.13), the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa has filled all the posts (2 P-3 and 1 P-4) provided to it under the terms of General Assembly resolution 63/260, on development-related activities. The Advisory Committee was informed, however, that there were five vacancies in this budget section as of May 2011, comprising 1 USG, 1 P-4 and 3 P-3 posts, which became vacant as follows: 1 USG post as of 1 May 2007, 1 P-4 post as of 22 June 2010, 1 P-3 post as of 7 March 2011, 1 P-3 post as of 1 April 2010, 1 P-3 post as of 1 July 2009. The Committee’s comments and observations with regard to the vacant USG post are contained in paras. IV.29 and IV.30 below. The Committee trusts that the remaining vacancies will be filled expeditiously.", "IV.26 The Advisory Committee notes that the second performance report of the Secretary-General on the programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/64/545) reflects a reduction in requirements under section 11 of the budget which is due, in part, to the vacant USG post. While the report of the Secretary-General did not include specific information on the vacancy, the Committee noted the vacancy in table 1 of its report (A/64/574). Since the vacancy has not yet been filled, the Committee expects that detailed information on the vacancy will be included in the second performance report of the Secretary-General for the biennium 2010‑2011.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.27 No additional non-post resources are being requested for the biennium 2012‑2013. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed non-post resources.", "General comments", "Monitoring mechanism", "IV.28 The Secretary-General indicates in paragraph 11.13 of the proposed budget that, with the increased human resources (see para. IV.25 above), the Office has been better placed to monitor Africa’s development needs and, in particular, progress in the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, and the commitments made by both African countries and the donor community, in the context of the improved monitoring mechanism that was submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session. The Advisory Committee was informed, in this connection, that Member States had requested the President of the General Assembly to continue informal consultations on the nature, scope, priorities and institutional arrangements for a monitoring mechanism that builds on existing mechanisms, as well as on the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General, with a view to making the monitoring mechanism operational by the end of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. The Committee was further informed that the President of the General Assembly was about to appoint a facilitator for the necessary intergovernmental negotiations who will seek to bring Member States to a consensus on the way forward with regard to the monitoring mechanism, possibly during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. The Committee notes that the Policy Analysis and Monitoring Unit is currently responsible for assessing and monitoring progress in implementing NEPAD and the related support provided by the international community. While the Committee looks forward to a successful completion of the intergovernmental negotiations on a monitoring mechanism, it is of the view that increased attention should be paid to further improving the effectiveness of the Policy Analysis and Monitoring Unit, which is currently headed by a D-1 staff member and has nine posts (1 D-1, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 3 P-3 and 2 General Service (Other level)).", "Post of Special Adviser on Africa", "IV.29 As indicated in paragraph 11.8 of the proposed budget, the Secretary-General initiated in 2008, on an experimental basis, the realignment of the Office of the Special Adviser on Africa and the Office of the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretary-General intends to provide an assessment of the impact of the experiment for consideration by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (see also A/66/6 (Sect. 11), para. 11.9). The Committee looks forward to receiving the Secretary-General’s assessment on this issue.", "IV.30 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 62/236, inter alia called upon the Secretary-General to urgently fill the position of Under-Secretary-General and Special Adviser on Africa as a matter of priority. In its resolution 63/260, the Assembly, inter alia decided not to abolish the post of Special Adviser on Africa, a decision it reaffirmed in its resolution 64/243. The Committee notes that, despite the above-mentioned decision of the General Assembly on this matter, the Secretary-General has not yet filled the post. In this regard, the Committee reiterates its observation on section 11 of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 that the post of Special Adviser on Africa must be filled expeditiously (A/64/7, para. IV.34). Related comments and observations of the Committee on this issue are also contained in sections 10 and 12.", "Section 12 Trade and development", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$135,478,600^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $136,629,800 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $75,830,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates(i.e. before recosting).", "IV.31 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 12 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $135,478,600 before recosting, representing a decrease of $1,151,200, or 0.8 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 12), table 12.5). Table IV.4 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.4 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t400\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 6 D-2, 20 D-1, 48 P-5,61 P-4, 74 P-3, 32 P-2/1, 12 GS(PL), 145 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t399\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 6 D-2, 20 D-1, 48 P-5,61 P-4, 74 P-3, 32 P-2/1, 12 GS(PL), 144 GS (OL)Redeployments\t16\t14 posts (1 D-2, 3 P-4, 2 P-3, 2 P-2and 6 GS (OL)) from programmesupport to executive direction andmanagement 1 P-3 from subprogramme 2 tosubprogramme 4 \n 1 P-2 from subprogramme 4 tosubprogramme 2\nAbolitions\t1\t1 GS (OL) post under programmesupport\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t21\t2 D-1, 1 P-5, 4 P-4/3, 4 P-2/1 and10 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "IV.32 The Advisory Committee notes that the redeployment of 14 posts (1 D-2, 3 P-4, 2 P-3, 2 P-2 and 6 GS (OL)) from programme support to executive direction and management is proposed in order to better align the functions of the Office of the Secretary-General of UNCTAD and thus enhance the substantive direction and coordination of the five subprogrammes of UNCTAD in the aftermath of the global economic crisis and its continuing impact on the world economy and on developing countries in particular (A/66/6 (Sect. 12), para. 12.19 (b)). In this context, it is proposed to redeploy the D-2 post of the Director, Division of Management to the Office of the Secretary-General of UNCTAD in the capacity of Coordinator on Research, Strategic Policy Planning and Capacity-Building, together with one General Service (Other level) post providing secretarial support. The Committee was informed that the redeployment of a D-2 post to executive direction and management is proposed to provide substantive leadership in management and coordination of the cross-cutting activities related to research. It was also indicated to the Committee that the management of programme support would not be adversely affected by the redeployment of a D-2 post and that key oversight responsibilities are now entrusted to the Deputy Secretary-General of UNCTAD. It is also proposed to redeploy 10 posts (2 P-4, 2 P-3, 1 P-2 and 5 General Service (Other level)) comprising the Communications, Information and Outreach Section, with the same functions as in programme support; and 1 P-4 and 1 P-2 post for the performance of evaluation and monitoring functions. In addition, 1 P-2 and 1 P-3 post would be redeployed between subprogrammes 2 and 4, to correct an earlier oversight whereby two posts authorized for redeployment during the biennium 2010-2011 were inadvertently inverted. The Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "IV.33 The Secretary-General also proposes the abolition of one General Service (Other level) post under programme support. The Advisory Committee notes that the proposal is in line with its observation in respect of the continuing need for General Service posts in the Division of Management. The Committee noted that, out of the total 95 posts of the Division, 60 posts were in the General Service category (see A/64/7, para. IV.46). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the functions of all General Service posts in the Division were examined during the preparation of the budget submission for the biennium 2012-2013 and, as a result, given that the functions of the concerned General Service post are of a secretarial nature, it is proposed for abolition. The Committee has no objection to the proposed abolition of one General Service post.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.34 The estimate of $12,367,300 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 represents a net decrease of $914,700 as compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011. Most objects of expenditure reflect reductions in resource requirements, including: $229,800 under other staff costs (general temporary assistance), mainly due to increased reliance on existing capacity to undertake any additional workload; $218,800 under general operating expenses, mainly resulting from expected stable international telecommunications costs in conjunction with stable to lower volume, as well as reduced mail and pouch requirements due to wider use of electronic communications; $154,000 under furniture and equipment, mainly due to the efforts to adjust replacement plans; $102,800 under consultants, as a result of increased utilization of in-house expertise; $96,300 under supplies and materials, relating mainly to reduced requirements for printed material, as a result of increased use of electronic means; $67,800 under grants and contributions, mainly due to the reconfiguration of infrastructure services outsourced through the International Computing Centre and the United Nations Office at Geneva, and $33,600 under contractual services, resulting mainly from the increased use of web-based products and of paperless data processing applications, electronic templates and e-mail.", "IV.35 The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts of UNCTAD to achieve efficiencies and recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Monitoring and evaluation", "IV.36 As indicated in the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 12), para. 12.17), the Secretary-General proposes the redeployment of the Evaluation and Monitoring Unit from programme support back to executive direction and management. This is intended to restore the focus of monitoring and evaluation on substantive programme delivery. The Advisory Committee was provided with additional information on the rationale for reverting to the previous structure, where monitoring and evaluation functions were implemented under executive direction and management. According to the information received, when the executive direction and management of UNCTAD was restructured in 2007, its programme planning and monitoring and evaluation functions were combined into the Evaluation and Planning Unit and redeployed to programme support in order to achieve better integration of the oversight, programmatic, budgetary and financial operational management of the UNCTAD secretariat.", "IV.37 The Advisory Committee was also informed that the experience of the last two bienniums showed that while operational integration of programmatic and budgetary aspects, as well as administrative audits and oversight, was satisfactory, the evaluation and monitoring of substantive programme delivery had become a less important aspect of the activities of the Evaluation and Planning Unit. It was also indicated to the Committee that, at the same time, the evaluation of the substantive programme of work had gained prominence within the United Nations system and was also attracting increasing attention from Member States and other stakeholders. Consequently, the evaluation and monitoring functions are proposed for redeployment from programme support back to executive direction and management to form an Evaluation and Monitoring Unit aimed at ensuring a more effective and holistic performance of this essential programme delivery function at the institutional level.", "IV.38 The Advisory Committee supports the proposed change and trusts that the Evaluation and Monitoring Unit will further enhance the capacity of UNCTAD to deliver effectively on its mandates. The Committee looks forward to receiving information on the impact of the redeployment in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "UNCTAD representation in New York", "IV.39 As noted above under sections 10 and 11, the Secretary-General previously designated the High Representative for the Least Developed Countries, Landlocked Developing Countries and Small Island Developing States to serve both as Special Representative of UNCTAD in New York, with the UNCTAD New York Liaison Office placed under the High Representative’s leadership, and as a focal point at United Nations Headquarters for all economic and social issues relating to Africa (see A/62/708, para. 31). The High Representative also serves as acting Special Adviser on Africa. In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that the UNCTAD New York Office consists of two Professional staff (1 P-5 and 1 P-3) and two General Service staff.", "IV.40 The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that the UNCTAD New York Office continues to assist the High Representative in the discharge of his functions as Special Representative to UNCTAD at United Nations Headquarters. It was also indicated to the Committee that there was no administrative relationship between UNCTAD and the Office of the High Representative and that resources were not shared between the two offices, with cooperation extending only to substantive areas and representational functions.", "IV.41 Notwithstanding the explanation provided, the Advisory Committee reiterates its observation that, while the mandated work programmes of budget sections 10, 11 and 12 are interlinked, the current arrangements could undermine the dedicated high-level attention necessary to ensure adequate advocacy and mobilization of international support to address the special needs of the groups of Member States served by those mandates (see A/64/7, para. IV.49). The Committee also reiterates its recommendation that the Secretary-General should review the current arrangement of having the High Representative serve also as Special Representative to UNCTAD at United Nations Headquarters (ibid.) (see also paras. IV.22 and IV.30 above). In the course of his review, the Secretary-General should propose for consideration by the General Assembly alternative measures for the exercise of representational functions to UNCTAD at United Nations Headquarters.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "IV.42 The projected extrabudgetary resources amounting to $75,830,000 represent a decrease of $852,100 in comparison with the biennium 2010-2011. As indicated in the proposed budget (see A/66/6 (Sect. 12), para. 12.20), the projected decrease reflects the fact that the extrabudgetary activities of UNCTAD are almost exclusively devoted to country-specific technical cooperation projects that are demand driven and subject to higher funding uncertainty, as well as being cyclical. The Advisory Committee is of the view that UNCTAD should take measures to broaden its donor base, which may contribute to increasing extrabudgetary resources.", "Section 13 International Trade Centre", "IV.43 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in section I of its resolution 59/276, endorsed revised arrangements for preparing the budget of the International Trade Centre (ITC) as set out in the report of the Secretary-General (A/59/405) and recommended by the Committee (A/59/543). Pursuant to that resolution, a proposal in the form of a simplified budget document, in United Nations format, is submitted to the General Assembly and the General Council of the World Trade Organization in the second quarter of the year preceding the forthcoming financial period, with a request that both bodies take note of the planned level of resources to be requested. A detailed budget is then submitted to the Assembly and the General Council in the fourth quarter of the same year.", "IV.44 Accordingly, the Secretary-General has submitted a preliminary estimate to accommodate the programme of activities of ITC for the biennium 2012-2013 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 13)). The estimated requirements for ITC for 2012-2013 amount to SwF 76,141,200 (combined shares of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations), with projected income of SwF 500,000 for the biennium. On that basis, the contribution from the World Trade Organization and the United Nations would amount to SwF 38,070,600 each for the biennium 2012-2013. It is indicated that the proposed contribution of each organization for the biennium 2012-2013, amounting to $32,790,400 before recosting, represents an increase of $997,100, or 3.14 per cent, over the 2010-2011 appropriation of $31,793,300 (at an exchange rate of SwF 1.085 to 1 United States dollar).", "IV.45 The proposed overall requirements for section 13 for the biennium 2012-2013, amounting to SwF 76,141,200, would comprise:", "(a) An amount of SwF 59,526,700 for 164 posts, including the continuation of 162 posts (91 Professional and 71 General Service) and the conversion of two positions (1 P-4 and 1 P-2) previously funded under general temporary assistance to established posts;", "(b) An amount of SwF 909,600 for the delayed impact of eight Professional posts (1 D-1, 2 P-5, 3 P-4, 2 P-2) approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and an amount of SwF 172,200 for the delayed impact of two posts (1 P-4, 1 P-2) previously funded under general temporary assistance in the same biennium;", "(c) An amount of SwF 16,032,700 for non-post requirements, reflecting a decrease of SwF 601,700 for the two positions funded under general temporary assistance proposed for conversion to established posts.", "IV.46 The Advisory Committee was informed that the delivery of trade-related technical assistance had grown by 23 per cent since 2008, reaching $40 million in 2011, with a further increase to $44 million being the target for 2011. ITC has completed the process of change management undertaken to realign its organizational structure to meet delivery requirements; changes will be documented in the detailed budget estimates (A/66/6 (Sect. 13), para. 13.6; see also A/64/7/Add.10, para. 5). In this connection, the Committee was further informed that ITC is committed to ensuring that all future projects have clear goals and rationale, approved workplans and budgets, and methods of measuring success, and that monitoring reports will be submitted regularly to senior management.", "IV.47 The Advisory Committee also notes that the Joint Advisory Group, which is the main intergovernmental policymaking organ of the Centre, endorsed the ITC strategic plan (2010-2012) and the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013, at its forty-third annual meeting, in December 2009, and that the proposed level of resources for 2012-2013 has been formulated on the basis of the strategic framework approved by the General Assembly (A/66/6 (Sect. 13), para. 13.6). The Joint Advisory Group also reviews the programme of work of ITC annually. In this connection, the Committee was informed that, at its most recent meeting, in December 2010, the Joint Advisory Group expressed its support for the proposal to convert the two positions provided under general temporary assistance funding to posts.", "IV.48 As indicated in the initial resource estimates (A/66/6 (Sect. 13), paras. 13.10 and 13.11), a detailed proposal for ITC for the biennium 2012-2013 will be submitted to the General Assembly and to the General Council of WTO in the fourth quarter of 2011. This will include information on the budgetary implications for ITC related to the implementation of IPSAS and the enterprise resource planning system (Umoja) and take into account any further adjustments deemed necessary to reflect the latest exchange rates to ensure consistency with the administrative arrangements for ITC, as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 59/276. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the preparation for implementation of IPSAS and Umoja was proceeding in coordination with the United Nations. With regard to IPSAS, ITC is progressing with the training of staff and the cleaning up of property and inventory records; discussions are also currently ongoing with the United Nations Secretariat as to the need to accommodate the use of the Swiss franc as the ITC budget currency in the design of Umoja, and the resulting costs associated with its implementation. Any additional or incremental associated costs will therefore be included in the detailed proposal.", "IV.49 The Advisory Committee recalls that the ITC budget is approved in Swiss francs and that expenditure is recorded in the same currency. Currency fluctuations can affect cash flow since the United Nations share is budgeted in United States dollars and is subject to adjustment in performance reports. The Committee was informed that WTO has informally indicated that it is prepared to advance its share of the ITC budget in the event of cash flow problems and that the issue is highlighted in the simplified fascicle, given the recent fluctuations in the United States dollar exchange rates.", "IV.50 Without prejudice to its consideration of the detailed proposed programme budget for ITC for the biennium 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee recommends that the General Assembly take note of the resources proposed in the preliminary budget estimate, including the request for conversion of the two positions (1 P-4, 1 P-2) currently funded under general temporary assistance to established posts.", "Section 14 Environment", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $14,124,400^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $14,211,300 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $475,609,300 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "IV.51 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 14 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $14,124,400 before recosting, representing a decrease of $86,900, or 0.6 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 14), table 14.5). Table IV.5 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.5 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t48\t1 USG, 3 D-2, 1 D-1, 8 P-5, 11 P-4, 5P-3, 2 P‑2, 1 GS (PL), 5 GS (OL), 11 LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t48\t1 USG, 3 D-2, 1 D-1, 8 P-5, 11 P-4, 5P-3, 2 P‑2, 1 GS (PL), 5 GS (OL), 11 LL\nRedeployments\t4\t2 P-5, 1 P-4 and 1 LL from “Executivedirection and management” to the newcomponent “Programme support”\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t545\t1 ASG, 5 D-2, 34 D-1, 62 P-5, 170 P-4/3,24 P-2/1, 249 LL", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "IV.52 The Secretary-General proposes the transfer of the Quality Assurance Section from executive direction and management to programme support, which entails the redeployment of four posts (2 P-5, 1 P-4 and 1 Local level) to programme support (see also paras. IV.61 to IV.63 below). The Committee recommends approval of the proposed redeployments.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.53 The proposed estimate of $957,100 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 reflects a net decrease of $232,700 as compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011. The decrease is attributable to reduced requirements for consultants ($54,200), travel of staff ($40,000), contractual services ($6,500), general operating expenses ($66,100), hospitality ($15,600), supplies and materials ($10,000), as well as furniture and equipment ($40,300). The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Extrabudgetary resources", "IV.54 The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 are estimated at $461,242,500, as compared to $433,725,200 for 2010-2011, an increase of approximately 6.3 per cent. The projected extrabudgetary resources represent approximately 97 per cent of the overall estimated resource requirements of UNEP for the biennium 2012-2013. As indicated in paragraph 14.30 of the proposed programme budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 14)), the projected resource requirements for 2012-2013 are based on: (a) the confidence expressed by Member States in the UNEP programme of work, and hence the expectation of an increase in the contribution to the Environment Fund; (b) the projected increase in trust funds directly supporting the UNEP programme of work; and (c) the increase in earmarked contributions as a result of the expected normal growth in that area of support.", "IV.55 The Advisory Committee emphasizes the importance of voluntary contributions for the implementation of programmes of activity of UNEP and welcomes the intention of the management of the Programme to increase its efforts to generate extrabudgetary resources.", "IV.56 A total of 545 extrabudgetary posts represents an overall decrease of 57 posts (29 Professional and 28 Local level posts) compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes the reduction in extrabudgetary posts, which reflects, inter alia, the Committee’s observation and comments included in its report on the proposed biennial programme and support budget for UNEP for the biennium 2010-2011 (UNEP/GC.25/12/Add.1).", "Matrix management approach", "IV.57 As indicated in paragraph 14.22 of the proposed budget, in response to lessons learned during previous bienniums, UNEP introduced, during the biennium 2010-2011, a matrix management approach to the implementation of its programme of work and budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 14.23 of the budget proposal that OIOS found in its 2010 audit of governance that, while the UNEP matrix approach to programme management had generally been welcomed, including by Member States, there was a real need for clarity as regards the “assigning of authority, responsibility and accountability of the various divisions and staff members involved in the implementation of subprogrammes”. The findings also included the observation that reporting lines in the new matrix approach were complex and staff members had yet to learn how to implement a single programme cutting across the six divisions.", "IV.58 The Secretary-General indicates in paragraphs 14.23 and 14.24 of the proposed budget that, in order to ensure management accountability for the delivery of its six cross-cutting subprogrammes, UNEP has adopted a new and simplified Programme Accountability Framework which describes the responsibilities of divisions with respect to the results required under the programmes of work for the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 (expected accomplishments, indicators of achievement and outputs). Furthermore, consultation and coordination mechanisms were also established through a Programme Advisory Group and a Project Review Committee. UNEP has also appointed coordinators for each subprogramme, who are responsible for ensuring coherence, coordination, programme performance monitoring and reporting at the subprogramme level.", "IV.59 The Advisory Committee notes that the organizational structure of the Programme includes the UNEP Evaluation Office, which reports directly to the Executive Director in order to ensure objective evaluation of the relevance, efficiency, effectiveness and impact of the activities of UNEP in relation to its approved programme of work. Paragraph 14.44 of the proposed budget describes the main functions of the Office, which include evaluating the extent to which the implementation by UNEP of its programme of work has achieved the planned results. The Office also coordinates UNEP activities related to the Joint Inspection Unit. On the basis of the evaluation findings, the Evaluation Office provides policy advice for improved programme planning and implementation. The findings are communicated through the Executive Director to the Committee of Permanent Representatives and the Governing Council, in accordance with the UNEP evaluation policy.", "IV.60 The Advisory Committee trusts that careful attention will be given to the OIOS recommendations and that information on the action taken will be provided in the next budget submission.", "Programme support", "IV.61 A new component, “programme support”, is proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 for the Office for Operations established during the current biennium. The Quality Assurance Section, comprising four regular budget posts (2 P-5, 1 P-4 and 1 LL posts), the Corporate Services Section and the Resource Mobilization Section, previously included under executive direction and management, are now included under programme support, to be managed, integrated and coordinated by the Office for Operations.", "IV.62 The Advisory Committee was informed that the main functions of the three sections of the Office for Operations are as follows: (i) the Quality Assurance Section is directly responsible for driving and supporting UNEP results-based management reforms and other corporate change-management processes. The section oversees the performance of UNEP strategic planning, programme and project review and approval processes, programme analysis, performance monitoring and reporting and management policy development; (ii) the Corporate Services Section is responsible for the strategic management of the Programme’s budgetary, financial and personnel resources and general administration, including the management of the staffing table and the project portfolio. The section is also responsible for monitoring, management and reporting on the status of contributions and budget performance; and (iii) the Resource Mobilization Section is responsible for facilitating, supporting and coordinating the resource mobilization efforts undertaken by UNEP programme managers, with the aim of securing adequate and predictable funding for the six UNEP subprogrammes, in particular through the Environment Fund and trust funds and earmarked contributions.", "IV.63 The Advisory Committee trusts that the establishment of the Office for Operations will further enhance the capacity of the Programme to deliver effectively on its mandates. The Committee looks forward to reviewing the effectiveness of the new component in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Section 15 Human settlements", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $20,201,000^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $20,564,700 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $370,776,500 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates(i.e. before recosting).", "IV.64 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 15 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $20,201,000 before recosting, representing a decrease of $363,700, or 1.8 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 15), table 15.5). Table IV.6 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table IV.6 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t75\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 4 D-1, 9 P-5, 16 P-4,14 P-3, 5 P-2/1, 2 GS (OL), 23 LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t75\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 4 D-1, 9 P-5, 16 P-4,14 P-3, 5 P-2/1, 2 GS (OL), 23 LL Redeployments 8 Inward redeployments: 3 LL posts to executive directionand management 5 posts (2 P-4, 1 P-3 and 2 LL) toprogramme support Outward redeployments: 2 posts (1 P-4 and 1 LL) fromsubprogramme 1, Shelter andsustainable human settlementsdevelopment \n 6 posts (1 P-4, 1 P-2 and 4 LL) fromsubprogramme 2, Monitoring theHabitat Agenda\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t206\t1 ASG, 4 D-2, 11 D-1, 32 P-5, 67P-4/3, 11 P-2/1, 5 GS (OL), 75 LL", "Recommendations on posts", "Redeployments", "IV.65 The proposed redeployments are the following: under executive direction and management, inward redeployment of three posts at the Local level (Press and Media Liaison Assistant, Publications Assistant, and Representation and Protocol Assistant) from subprogramme 2, Monitoring the Habitat Agenda; under subprogramme 1, Shelter and sustainable human settlements development, outward redeployment of two posts to programme support (1 P-4 Programme Planning and Coordination Officer and 1 Local level Programme Assistant); under subprogramme 2, Monitoring the Habitat Agenda, outward redeployment of three posts to programme support (1 P-4 Finance Management Officer, 1 P-3 Programme Management Officer and 1 Local level Administrative Assistant) and three Local level posts to the Office of External Relations under executive direction and management (Press and Media Liaison Assistant, Publications Assistant, and Representation and Protocol Assistant); and, under programme support, inward redeployment of two posts (1 P-4 and 1 LL post) from subprogramme 1, Shelter and sustainable human settlements development, and three posts (1 P-4, 1 P-3 and 1 LL posts) from subprogramme 2, Monitoring the Habitat Agenda.", "IV.66 As indicated in paragraph 15.15 (b) (i) and (ii) of the proposed budget, the outward redeployment of two posts to programme support and three posts to the Office of External Relations under executive direction and management is proposed, in line with the Advisory Committee’s recommendations (see A/60/7). The Committee points out, however, that its recommendation in paragraph IV.51 of document A/60/7 deals specifically with monitoring and evaluation functions within UN-Habitat. It is not clear from the budget document whether the redeployment of posts to the Office of External Relations and to programme support will support those functions. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the alignment of posts supports the functions of the Programme Support Division to ensure that activities related to monitoring and evaluation are centrally managed, and that the redeployment of three Local level posts to the Office of External Relations is reflective of the continuous efforts of UN-Habitat to realign its structure with the work programme. The Committee trusts that the proposed redeployment of these five posts will contribute to further strengthening of the monitoring and evaluation functions at UN-Habitat. The Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.67 The proposed estimate of $1,923,900 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 reflects a net decrease of $483,900 as compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011. The net decrease reflects the combined effect of a reduction of $143,300 under consultants, mainly resulting from improved staff competences from in-house retraining measures as well as a diversification in skill sets as part of the human resource planning strategy; an increase of $25,700 under experts, mainly due to requirements for expert group meetings under subprogramme 3, Regional and technical cooperation, and subprogramme 4, Human settlements financing; a reduction of $92,600 under travel of staff, mainly due to the use of videoconferencing and business process improvements linked to travel, including advance travel planning, as well as the pursuit of more competitive service providers/partnerships; a reduction of $118,900 under contractual services, mainly resulting from the use of in-house editing and design resources, greater use of digital and information technology, including decentralizing the production of publications to enable more publications to be translated into other United Nations languages; a reduction of $104,400 under supplies and materials, due to the automation of various business improvements; and a reduction of $37,300 under furniture and equipment, resulting from delayed replacement of information technology equipment.", "IV.68 Paragraph 15.18 of the proposed budget deals with the initiatives of the UN‑Habitat management to gain or improve efficiency. The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that in preparing the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the impact of the efficiency gains was taken into consideration, which results in a substantial decrease in resources for consultants, supplies and materials, contractual services and travel. The Committee commends the efforts of the UN-Habitat management to achieve efficiencies.", "IV.69 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Extrabudgetary resources", "IV.70 The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources for the biennium 2012-2013 are estimated at $370,776,500, as compared to $334,502,100 for 2010‑2011, an increase of approximately 10.8 per cent. The projected extrabudgetary resources represent approximately 95 per cent of the overall estimated resource requirements of UN-Habitat for the biennium 2012-2013. The estimated increase of $36.3 million over the current biennium is attributable mainly to project execution of specific technical country-level activities and to specific activities that are part of the work programme and the mandate of UN-Habitat. The existing arrangements for intergovernmental review and management of those extrabudgetary funds provide for the UN-Habitat Governing Council to approve biennial budgets governing the use of such extrabudgetary resources.", "IV.71 The Advisory Committee notes that the number of extrabudgetary posts projected for the biennium 2012-2013 will be reduced from 227 to 206, or by approximately 9.2 per cent. The Committee also notes that activities implemented under some subprogrammes are funded substantially from extrabudgetary resources. For example, subprogramme 3, Regional and technical cooperation, is implemented by five regular budget posts, including 1 D-2, and by 42 extrabudgetary posts; subprogramme 1, Shelter and sustainable human settlements development, is implemented by 21 regular budget posts and by 27 extrabudgetary posts, including 1 D-2 post. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the funding of the D‑2 posts in the respective divisions is historical in nature and is not based on the funding structure of the divisions. The Committee was further informed that, in the overall context of the budget proposals, efforts are made to fund core staffing requirements, including those at senior levels, under the regular budget, while maintaining the principle that activities which are operational in nature, including humanitarian and emergency activities and technical cooperation projects, are primarily funded by extrabudgetary funds. The Committee was also informed that recruitment against extrabudgetary posts would not take place until the necessary funding had been secured. The Committee concurs with that position and is of the view that, given the reliance of UN-Habitat on the receipt of extrabudgetary funding to finance the majority of its personnel, a prudent approach should be taken so that staffing is in alignment with the availability of resources.", "Training", "IV.72 The Advisory Committee notes that training programmes are included under executive direction and management as well as under all four subprogrammes to be implemented by UN-Habitat during the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee sought additional information concerning the relationship between the regular budget and extrabudgetary funding of the proposed training programmes. According to the information received, the resource requirements for training are based on the organization’s training plan and are apportioned in line with the number of staff funded from the regular budget and extrabudgetary resources, with the ratio being estimated at 27 per cent and 73 per cent respectively for 2012-2013. The proposed training programme, which is aimed at strengthening staff competencies, is funded primarily through extrabudgetary resources. The Committee was informed that training not only helps to increase efficiency but is also useful in retaining staff at UN-Habitat. As indicated in paragraph 15.34 (c) of the proposed budget, as part of technical cooperation activities funded by both the regular budget and extrabudgetary resources, training courses, seminars and workshops will be provided on an integrated capacity-building programme in results-based planning, programme management, monitoring and evaluation (training seminars, mentoring and systematic on-the-job learning), as well as a media workshop on urbanization for journalists and senior managers. However, no information was provided with regard to the number of United Nations staff and non-United Nations staff participating in training. The Advisory Committee is of the view that the presentation of training activities in the proposed programme budget should clearly indicate two broad categories of targeted audience for training, i.e. staff of the organization and other, non‑staff participants.", "Organizational structure", "IV.73 The Advisory Committee was provided, upon enquiry, with additional information on the programme support functions of the Programme Support Division of UN-Habitat and those undertaken by the Division of Administrative Services of the United Nations Office at Nairobi. According to the Secretariat, there is no duplication of responsibilities between these two divisions. While the Division of Administrative Services of the United Nations Office at Nairobi provides the back-end administrative services, inter alia accounting, human resource administration, information technology services, and procurement, the Programme Support Division of UN-Habitat provides the programme management support, focusing on operational field projects, budgetary and financial management for UN‑Habitat programme and project budgets, programme planning and coordination functions, including support to the programme review committee, legal review of agreements with partners, organizational methods, risk management and coordination of the oversight services, among other functions.", "Section 16 International drug control, crime and terrorism prevention and criminal justice", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $41,118,600^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $39,191,100 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $476,140,500 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "IV.74 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 16 amount to $41,118,600 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $1,927,500, or 4.9 per cent, over the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), table 16.5). The Secretary-General indicates in paragraph 16.14 of his report that the proposed regular budget resources will be complemented by voluntary contributions estimated at $476,140,500 for 2012-2013, comprising general purpose and earmarked funds. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 61/252, the consolidated budget for the biennium 2012-2013 for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) will be submitted, through the Advisory Committee, to the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice for approval at their reconvened sessions in December 2011.", "IV.75 In considering the Secretary-General’s proposals, the Advisory Committee bore in mind paragraph 13 of General Assembly resolution 65/227, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General, in his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, to devote due attention to the resource requirements for meeting the mandates entrusted to the Office (see also General Assembly resolution 64/243, para. 85).", "IV.76 The Advisory Committee was informed that, following consultations with Member States in 2009, UNODC undertook an internal organizational realignment of the Division for Operations and the Division for Treaty Affairs, with the key goals of enabling integrated planning across thematic and regional programmes, achieving synergies between normative and operational activities, improving support for thematic and regional programmes, and strengthening the system of governance. The two divisions were realigned through the establishment of five thematic clusters around the key mandates of the Office: organized crime and illicit trafficking; corruption; terrorism prevention; justice; and drug prevention and health. In addition, the Independent Evaluation Unit was re-established and measures were taken to ensure the sustainability of the Strategic Planning Unit. The organizational realignment was approved by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and by the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in the spring of 2010[6] and subsequently approved by the Economic and Social Council and by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/227. Upon enquiry, the Committee was provided with a summary of the posts redeployed among subprogrammes in the context of the realignment exercise, as well as detailed organization charts by division, branch, section and subprogramme, which are attached at the end of this section.", "IV.77 Table IV.7 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table IV.7 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t122\t1 USG, 2 D-2, 5 D-1, 14 P-5, 28P-4, 25 P-3,14 P-2/1, 3 GS (PL), 30 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t129\t1 USG, 2 D-2, 7 D-1, 15 P-5, 33P-4, 25 P-3,14 P-2/1, 3 GS (PL), 29 GS (OL)\n Abolition 1 1 GS (OL) \n New 8 2 D-1, 1 P-5, 5 P-4 \n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t228\t1 D-2, 8 D-1, 13 P-5, 42 P-4/3, 3P-2/1, 7 GS (PL), 67 GS (OL), 18NO, 69 LL", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Executive direction and management", "IV.78 The establishment of a P-4 post is proposed for an Evaluation Officer in the Independent Evaluation Unit to lead, organize and manage in-depth evaluations; develop evaluation policy; manage the dissemination of evaluation reports; align the evaluation portfolio with the strategic direction of UNODC; and develop the capacity of UNODC for self-evaluation (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.58). The proposal for the new post is related to the strengthening of the Independent Evaluation Unit in the context of the above-mentioned realignment exercise (see para. IV.76 above). It is also proposed to redeploy one P-3 Evaluation Officer from subprogramme 4, Justice. The Committee recalls that the P-5 post of the Chief of the Strategic Planning Unit was redeployed to head the Independent Evaluation Unit upon approval by the General Assembly of the revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session of 2010 (see A/65/319; A/65/505; General Assembly resolution 65/259). In his report (A/65/319, para. 12), the Secretary-General indicated that the Independent Evaluation Unit was composed of one P-4 and one General Service (Other level) post funded from voluntary contributions, and two Junior Professional Officer posts.", "IV.79 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the evaluation function of UNODC needed to be strengthened in order to ensure adherence to the norms established by the United Nations Evaluation Group for evaluation in the United Nations system, including through building evaluation capacity in the field, providing evaluation training, implementing a tracking system for evaluation recommendations and developing an up-to-date evaluation policy and handbook. Furthermore, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, as well as major donors, had emphasized the need to ensure the Unit’s functional and operational independence. The Office indicated that the addition of regular budget posts in the Independent Evaluation Unit was intended to provide such independence and impartiality, as well as the additional capacity required for normative work which could not yet be undertaken. In the light of the explanations provided, the Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals for the Independent Evaluation Unit. The Committee expects that, should the additional capacity be approved by the General Assembly, it will allow UNODC to enhance its evaluation capabilities in terms of the development of and adherence to relevant norms and standards as well as in the conduct of evaluations and, furthermore, that these enhancements will translate into improved programme implementation. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Subprogramme 1, Countering transnational organized crime and illicit trafficking, including drug trafficking", "IV.80 One P-5 post is proposed for a Senior Programme Manager, New and Emerging Crimes to manage and direct the UNODC cybercrime programme pursuant to additional mandates on cybercrime emanating from the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice and General Assembly resolution 65/230. The Secretary-General indicates that cybercrime is currently covered by one staff member on a part-time basis and that a full-time senior staff member is required for UNODC to manage and take the lead in implementing the global plan of action and mobilizing other agencies and institutions to take action (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.66). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Office remained focused on the crime prevention and criminal justice aspects of cybercrime, whereas the technical and security elements of information and communications technology were covered by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU). In this connection, UNODC indicated that it had recently concluded with ITU a memorandum of understanding on collaboration, in accordance with commonly agreed goals and the complementary mandates of the two organizations. The Committee was further informed that UNODC had received an increasing number of mandates related to cybercrime from the Economic and Social Council and the General Assembly in recent years, including with regard to the provision of support and expertise in this area to developing countries (see General Assembly resolution 65/230). The Office also indicated that the challenges relating to cybercrime and new and emerging crimes were increasingly being faced by developing countries, where the number of Internet users had already surpassed that of the developed nations and was continuing to grow. On the basis of the clarifications provided, the Committee recommends approval of the establishment of a P-5 post to manage and direct the UNODC cybercrime programme.", "IV.81 One P-4 post is proposed for a Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer to lead and coordinate anti-human trafficking work and work on migrant smuggling, pursuant to Economic and Social Council resolution 2008/33 and General Assembly resolution 64/178 and resolution 64/293, by which the Assembly adopted the United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.67). The Committee notes that a post for a Research Management Officer for data analysis in relation to trafficking in persons is also requested under subprogramme 6 (see also para. IV.87 below).", "IV.82 In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that in paragraph 7 of resolution 64/293 on the United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to present proposals to finance the related staffing and programmatic requirements through a reallocation of resources in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee requested further clarification as to the consistency between the proposal for a new P-4 post and the General Assembly’s request. It was informed that, in response to General Assembly resolution 64/293, UNODC had undertaken a careful review of the staffing structure and all established posts under section 16. On the basis of the review, the Office had determined that no vacant or encumbered posts could be redeployed to cover the functions of the two P-4 posts proposed in relation to combating human trafficking and migrant smuggling (one Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer and one Research Management Officer) without adversely affecting the functioning of UNODC. The Committee requested further clarification on the redeployment of one P-4 post from subprogramme 1 to subprogramme 4 in the context of the realignment exercise (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.65). It was informed that the functions of the redeployed P-4 post are not related to the area of human trafficking and migrant smuggling, but to the implementation of the relevant standards and norms in the area of crime prevention and criminal justice.", "IV.83 The Advisory Committee was further informed that, at present, there are no regular budget posts devoted to the area of human trafficking: the Anti-Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling Unit consists of two Associate Experts funded by Governments and four Professional project staff at the P-2 and P-3 levels, funded through voluntary contributions. The incumbent of the proposed P-4 post would lead the provision of substantive assistance to Member States in ratifying and implementing the Trafficking and Smuggling Protocols to the Convention on Transnational Organized Crime, including the servicing of intergovernmental bodies. In the light of the explanations provided, the Committee does not object to the new P-4 post for a Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Officer for the Anti-Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling Unit.", "Subprogramme 3, Terrorism prevention and combating", "IV.84 One P-4 post for a Programme Officer, Transport Terrorist Offences is proposed to provide specialized expertise on the legal and criminal justice aspects of transport-related offences covered by the international legal instruments against terrorism (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.78). The Advisory Committee was informed that the proposal was based on the need to respond to successive General Assembly mandates on the provision of support to Member States for the implementation of the international legal regime against terrorism (see General Assembly resolutions 64/118, 64/177 and 60/288). The Committee requested clarification as to the extent to which the activities in question are also carried out by other entities of the United Nations system. It was informed that UNODC has established strong partnerships with specialized agencies dealing with transportation and aviation issues, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization, based on a clear division of labour along the lines of their respective mandates and areas of expertise. On the basis of the explanations provided, the Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for a new P-4 Programme Officer, Transport Terrorist Offences.", "Subprogramme 4, Justice", "IV.85 One P-4 post is proposed for a Penal Reform Officer to lead the efforts of the Justice Section in a variety of areas relating to the treatment of prisoners, including the development of UNODC policies and strategies, and the delivery of training and special advisory services on penal reform, as well as the provision of support to joint programming with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Political Affairs in post-conflict settings (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.84). The Advisory Committee enquired as to the existing capacity of UNODC in this area, as well as the continuing nature of the functions of the proposed post and whether those functions could be performed more cost effectively by a consultant. It was informed that the revision of the relevant United Nations standards (the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners) was mandated by General Assembly resolution 65/230 and that there is currently no staff member at UNODC with specialized expertise in penal reform. While the Committee is of the view that at least a part of the requirement is of a temporary nature, it recognizes the need for developing some in-house capacity and expertise in this area. It therefore recommends approval of the request for a P-4 Penal Reform Officer in the Justice Section.", "Subprogramme 5, Health and livelihoods (Combating drugs and HIV)", "IV.86 One D-1 post is proposed for a Chief of the Drug Prevention and Health Branch to assist the Director of the Branch. As indicated, the Political Declaration and Plan of Action on International Cooperation towards an Integrated and Balanced Strategy to Counter the World Drug Problem, which was adopted at the high-level segment of the fifty-second session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, in March 2009, serves as the guiding document for this post (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.90). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Drug Prevention and Health Branch had a staffing component of 24 posts and positions at UNODC headquarters and 139 in the field. The Committee was further informed that the functions of Chief of the Drug Prevention and Health Branch were currently provided through an extrabudgetary post funded from a combination of project funds and programme support cost funds. UNODC indicated that those current arrangements presented some risks, since a core function such as that of the Chief of the Drug Prevention and Health Branch ought not to be financed through project funds, which were intended for technical assistance activities. The Committee recognizes the need to ensure the sustainability of the functions of the Chief of the Drug Prevention and Health Branch and recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for a D-1 post. However, in the interest of transparency, the Committee considers that the budget document should have clearly indicated that the functions of the proposed post are currently provided through an extrabudgetary post.", "Subprogramme 6, Research and trend analysis", "IV.87 One P-4 post is proposed for a Research Management Officer to lead the development of data collection, research and analysis of the patterns of trafficking in persons and flows at the national, regional and international levels, and the preparation of the requested biennial report, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/293 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.96). As indicated in paragraph IV.82 above, in that resolution the General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to cover requirements for the United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons through a reallocation of resources in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee was informed that UNODC was not able to identify existing posts to carry out the functions of the proposed P-4 Research Management Officer post. The Advisory Committee does not object to the Secretary-General’s proposal.", "Subprogramme 7, Policy support", "IV.88 One D-1 post is proposed for a Chief, Public Affairs and Policy Support Branch, to manage the Branch, direct and coordinate the policy support functions, and facilitate internal and external coherence (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.102). The Advisory Committee was of the view that the duties of the Chief of Branch appeared to overlap with some of those of the Executive Director. It was informed that, while the Executive Director was ultimately responsible for internal and external coherence of UNODC, the D-1 Chief of Branch would also contribute to ensuring coherence by linking together the Secretariat of the Governing Bodies, donor relations and resource mobilization, strategic planning, and communication and advocacy. The Committee recognizes the need to provide coherence among the multifaceted mandates of UNODC and recommends approval of the D-1 post proposed to manage the Branch.", "IV.89 It is proposed to abolish one General Service (Other level) post under subprogramme 7. The functions of the post would be provided through extrabudgetary funding (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.101). The Advisory Committee was informed that this was due to a change in the functions of the position that required more active, hands-on support to technical assistance delivery in the field. The Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "IV.90 Non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $6,139,300, representing a decrease of $874,300 as compared to the appropriation of $7,013,600 for the current biennium. The Secretary-General is proposing reductions under most non-post objects of expenditure, including consultants ($86,600, or 18.4 per cent), experts ($246,800, or 17.7 per cent), travel of staff ($40,600, or 5.9 per cent) and contractual services ($49,300, or 4.8 per cent). The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Presentation and logical framework", "IV.91 As indicated in paragraph IV.76 above, the Advisory Committee was provided with detailed organization charts of UNODC by division, branch, section and subprogramme, showing the number of existing and proposed posts by category and grade level; they are attached at the end of the present section. The Committee considers that such detailed organization charts facilitate its consideration of the proposed programme budget, particularly in instances where significant organizational changes, such as the internal realignment of UNODC in 2010, have been introduced since the previous budget submission. For example, in the absence of such detailed organization charts, it was not possible to ascertain from the information provided in the budget document that the functions for supporting the governing bodies, and the related posts, had been redeployed from the Office of the Director, Division for Treaty Affairs (subprogramme 1) to the Secretariat to the Governing Bodies (subprogramme 7). With a view to enhancing transparency, the Committee requests that detailed organization charts be included in future budget submissions.", "IV.92 In the view of the Advisory Committee, the proposed programme budget for section 16 should also have provided more information on the structural changes related to the realignment exercise that took place during the current biennium. For example, UNODC could have better explained the rationale for transferring the Secretariat to the Governing Bodies (servicing the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice) and the Secretariat of the International Narcotics Control Board from the Division for Treaty Affairs to the Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs, particularly with regard to the secretariats of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs and the International Narcotics Control Board, which are treaty bodies. The Committee also notes that, consequent upon the realignment exercise, in his current proposals for 2012-2013, the Secretary-General has proposed the establishment of eight new posts, including three senior-level posts. While the Committee has not objected to the Secretary-General’s proposals, it is of the view that the organizational structure of UNODC should be kept under review, with a view to ensuring an efficient and effective operational structure, as well as avoiding grade inflation. The Committee also emphasizes the need to provide information on the implementation of such significant organizational changes and an assessment of the resulting benefits, as well as details of the costs incurred, challenges faced and lessons learned. Accordingly, the Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to provide, in the context of the budget submission for 2014-2015, an assessment of the realignment exercise and the extent to which the intended goals were achieved.", "Mechanism for the Review of the United Nations Convention against Corruption", "IV.93 The Advisory Committee notes that additional resources are proposed under subprogramme 2 to cover expenditure resulting from the delayed impact of nine new posts (1 D-1, 1 P-5, 2 P-4, 1 P-3, 3 P-2/1, 1 General Service (Other level)) approved for 2010-2011 in relation to the UNODC realignment (see A/66/6 (Sect. 16), para. 16.72). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the nine posts related to the Mechanism for the Review of the United Nations Convention against Corruption. It was further informed that, in addition to the requirements for the above-mentioned nine posts, non-post expenditure incurred in the biennium 2010-2011 was estimated at $839,400. The Secretary-General also indicated that, at the time of the approval of those resources for 2010-2011 in December 2009, the General Assembly had been informed that $3.2 million in extrabudgetary resources would be required per biennium for country reviews, travel of participants, training and videoconferences. A provision for the continuation of those resources is included in the budget proposals for 2012-2013.", "IV.94 The Advisory Committee was informed that a detailed outline of estimated expenditure for the review mechanism in 2010-2011 and estimated requirements for the biennium 2012-2013 was contained in document CAC/COSP/IRG/2011/CRP.1. UNODC also indicated that detailed expenditure for the complete first year of the review mechanism, as well as more accurate estimates for the biennium 2012-2013, will be provided at the reconvened session of the Implementation Review Group in September 2011 and at the fourth session of the Conference of States Parties in October 2011. The decision taken by the Conference of States Parties will be communicated to the General Assembly in November 2011 and, if required, a full statement of programme budget implications will be prepared for consideration by the Committee and the General Assembly.", "Table IV.8 Summary of the posts redeployed among subprogrammes in the context of the 2009 internal realignment of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "Post\tTitle Redeployed from/to\tContext \nEXECUTIVEDIRECTIONANDMANAGEMENT \n+ 1P-5\tChief,IndependentEvaluationUnit Redeployed fromsubprogramme 7(ex-Chief, StrategicPlanning Unit)\tImplemented in2010-2011,Commission onNarcotic Drugsresolution52/14 andCommission onCrimePrevention andCriminalJusticeresolution 18/6Economic andSocial Councilresolution2010/258,GeneralAssemblyapproval ofEconomic andSocial Councilrevisedestimates(A/65/319)\n+ 1P-3\tEvaluationOfficer Redeployed fromsubprogramme 4 —Justice Section\t3% efficiencysavings\nSUBPROGRAMME1,Transnationalandorganizedcrimeandillicittrafficking \n- 1GS(OL)\tAdministrativeAssistant Redeployed tosubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-5\tChief,JusticeSection Redeployed tosubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-3\tDrugControlandCrimePreventionOfficer Redeployed tosubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-3\tCrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeOfficer Redeployed tosubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-2\tAssociateCrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeOfficer Redeployed tosubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-4\tDrugControlandCrimePreventionOfficer Redeployed tosubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\nSUBPROGRAMME2,Counteringcorruption \n+ 1P-4\tProgrammeManagementOfficer Redeployed fromsubprogramme 4\tRealignment ofUNODC\nSUBPROGRAMME4,Justice \n+ 1GS(OL) AdministrativeAssistant\tRedeployed fromsubprogramme 1\tRealignment ofUNODC\n+ 1P-5\tChief,JusticeSection Redeployed fromsubprogramme 1\tRealignment ofUNODC\n+ 1P-4\tDrugControlandCrimePreventionOfficer Redeployed fromsubprogramme 1\tRealignment ofUNODC\n+ 1P-3\tDrugControlandCrimePreventionOfficer Redeployed fromsubprogramme 1\tRealignment ofUNODC\n+ 1P-3\tCrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeOfficer Redeployed fromsubprogramme 1\tRealignment ofUNODC\n+ 1P-2\tAssociateCrimePreventionandCriminalJusticeOfficer Redeployed fromsubprogramme 1\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-4\tProgrammeManagementOfficer Redeployed tosubprogramme 2\tRealignment ofUNODC\n- 1P-3\tEvaluationOfficer Redeployed to theIndependentEvaluation Unit\t3% efficiencysavings\nSUBPROGRAMME6,Researchandtrendanalysis \n- 1P-5\tChief,StrategicPlanningUnit Redeployed to theIndependentEvaluation Unit asChief of the unit\tImplemented in2010-2011", "Detailed organization charts by division, branch, section and subprogramme", "A. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime", "[] Organizational structure and post distribution^(a)", "Abbreviations: RB, regular budget; XB, general purpose funds and programme support cost funds; GS (PL), General Service (Principal level); GS (OL), General Service (Other level); NO, National Officer; LL, Local level.", "^(a) Does not include Associate Experts.", "^(b) NYLO post funded from RB section 1, United Nations Office at Vienna.", "^(c) Does not include 2 general temporary assistance positions (1 L-6 and 1 L-5) funded from RB section 22, Regular programme of technical cooperation.", "R = Redeployment", "N = New", "B. Division for Operations", "Abbreviations: RB, regular budget; XB, general purpose funds and programme support cost funds; GS (PL), General Service (Principal level); GS (OL), General Service (Other level); NO, National Officer; LL, Local level.", "R = Redeployment", "N = New", "C. Division for Treaty Affairs", "[]", "D. Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs", "[]", "Section 17 UN-Women", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $14,836,900^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $13,532,500^(b) \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $993,272,200 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) At 2010-2011 rates. Figures in thepresent report, unless otherwise noted, are atrevised 2010-2011 rates (i.e. beforerecosting). \n^(b) UN-Women was established as a compositeentity effective 1 January 2011 in accordancewith General Assembly resolution 64/289. Forcomparison and presentation purposes only, inthe present report the revised appropriationlevel has been technically adjusted to reflectthe biennial level.", "IV.95 The proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 reflects, for the first time, the requirements of UN-Women, which was established as a composite entity effective 1 January 2011 in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/289 by consolidating and transferring to it the mandates and functions of four pre-existing entities, namely the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women, the Division for the Advancement of Women, the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) (see also A/65/531 and A/65/593). In accordance with the same resolution, UN-Women has the additional role of leading, coordinating and promoting the accountability of the United Nations system in its work on gender equality and the empowerment of women. The programme of work of UN-Women is drawn from subprogramme 2, Gender issues and advancement of women, of programme 7, Economic and social affairs, of the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 (A/65/6/Rev.1), but has been modified to reflect the provisions of the above-mentioned resolution. The Advisory Committee noted that, in accordance with established procedures, the revised strategic framework would be submitted to the Committee for Programme and Coordination at its fifty-first session.", "IV.96 With regard to the funding arrangements for UN-Women, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 64/289, the General Assembly decided that UN-Women would be funded from two sources: the regular budget and voluntary contributions. The resources required to service the normative intergovernmental processes are to be funded from the regular budget and approved by the General Assembly, while the resources required to service the operational intergovernmental processes and operational activities at all levels are to be funded from voluntary contributions and approved by the Executive Board of UN-Women. The latter portion of the resources of UN-Women is known as the “support budget”. Subsequently, in its resolution 65/259, the Assembly approved the use of a grant arrangement, similar to that used to administer the budgets of UNHCR, for the implementation of the regular budget portion of UN-Women.", "IV.97 Upon the adoption of General Assembly resolution 64/289, all the existing mandates, functions, assets, including facilities and infrastructure, and liabilities, including contractual obligations, of the Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women, the Division for the Advancement of Women, the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) and the International Research and Training Institute for the Advancement of Women (INSTRAW) were transferred to UN-Women, which was treated as section 37 of the programme budget for 2010-2011. The initial regular budget appropriation for 2011 for subprogramme 2, Gender issues and advancement of women, of section 9, Economic and social affairs ($6,615,700), was therefore transferred to the new section 37 and, in resolution 65/259, the General Assembly approved an additional amount of $367,800 under that section, to represent a charge against the contingency fund. The 2011 share of extrabudgetary resources under subprogramme 2 and the 2011 portion of the resources of INSTRAW and UNIFEM were also transferred. The Advisory Committee notes that, in the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, to facilitate comparison on a biennial basis between resources in 2010-2011 and 2012-2013, the resources approved in 2011 for UN-Women under sections 9 and 37 have been consolidated and are presented in the 2010-2011 appropriation column as a technical figure adjusted to reflect the biennial position.", "IV.98 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 17 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $14,836,900 before recosting, representing an increase of $1,304,400, or 9.6 per cent, over the technical revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), table 17.5). Table IV.8 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013, which are to be funded through the UN-Women support budget.", "Table IV.9", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t45\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 6 P-5,7 P-4, 5 P-3,5 P-2/1, 15 GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t47\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 6 P-5,7 P-4, 7 P-3,5 P-2/1, 15 GS (OL)\n New 2 2 P-3 posts under programme supportRedeployments\t5\t1 D-1 post and 3 P-4 posts fromsubprogramme 2 (b) to subprogramme2 (a) \n 1 GS (OL) from subprogramme 2 (b)to programme support\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for 2012-2013\t350\t1 ASG, 9 D-2, 25 D-1, 97 P-5, 77P-4/3, 6 P-2/1,19 GS (PL), 42 GS (OL), 74 LL", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "IV.99 The Secretary-General is proposing the establishment of two P-3 posts under programme support, one for an Administrative Officer and one for a Budget and Finance Officer (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), para. 17.14). The incumbents of the proposed posts would provide support in the areas of budget preparation, planning and reporting, financial and human resources management, procurement, information and communications technology and other administrative services that was previously provided by the Executive Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the two posts requested would help to address the complex budgetary, financial, administrative and human resources requirements deriving from the status of UN‑Women as a composite entity relying on both assessed and voluntary contributions. With specific reference to the Administrative Officer post, the Committee was further informed that none of the regular budget posts transferred to UN-Women from its constituent entities was dedicated to human resources management functions. The Committee was also informed that the capacity required to perform the functions of the two proposed posts could not be transferred from the Executive Office of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs because the six posts in that Office that were currently dedicated to human resources and financial management were already providing programme support services to a combined total of 559 posts in a number of departments and offices. In view of the foregoing, the Committee recommends approval of the establishment of the two P-3 posts.", "Redeployments", "IV.100 The Secretary-General is also proposing the following five redeployments:", "(a) One D-1 post of Focal Point for Gender Parity, one P-4 post of Personnel Policies Officer and two P-4 posts of Social Affairs Officer from subprogramme 2 (b), Policy and programme activities, to subprogramme 2 (a), Intergovernmental support and strategic partnerships, in order to align the functions of the posts, which relate primarily to collaboration and coordination across the United Nations system on the issues of gender mainstreaming and gender balance, with the activities of the appropriate subprogramme (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), para. 17.39);", "(b) One General Service (Other level) post of Information Technology Assistant from subprogramme 2 (b), Policy and programme activities, to programme support in order to provide technical support related to information technology equipment and software (ibid., para. 17.48).", "The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments", "IV.101 As indicated in table IV.8, UN-Women currently has 45 posts funded from the regular budget, all of which, according to the Secretary-General, support the functions of the intergovernmental processes and enhance coherence between such support and operational activities (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), para. 17.13). With regard to the future staffing complement of UN-Women and the precise criteria for determining which posts will be funded from the regular budget and which from extrabudgetary resources, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 65/259, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to specify whether the activities of UN-Women, including administrative, evaluation, coordination, research and analytical policy functions, would support or be considered normative intergovernmental processes; operational intergovernmental processes and operational activities; or a combination thereof. The Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to reflect, in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the necessary budget allocation resulting from that information so as to ensure an appropriate source of funding of the financial resources required, including the funding of senior-level posts. During its consideration of the resource proposals under section 17, the Committee was informed that the Secretary-General intended to respond to the Assembly’s request as part of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015, once UN-Women had been operational for two years. The Committee was also informed, however, that the two new posts referred to in paragraph IV.99 above were urgently needed and their establishment could not easily be deferred until that time. The Committee looks forward to considering the information requested by the General Assembly.", "Recommendation on non-post resources", "IV.102 Estimated non-post requirements for 2012-2013 amount to $1,354,400 before recosting, representing an increase of $82,000, or 6.4 per cent, over the technical revised appropriation for 2010-2011 of $1,272,400. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non‑post resources.", "General comments", "Monitoring and evaluation", "IV.103 In paragraph 17.18 of his report, the Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources amounting to $3,735,500 have been identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation during the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes that all those resources will come from extrabudgetary funds. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation activities in chapter I above.", "Publications", "IV.104 In table 17.3 of the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that, for the biennium 2012-2013, UN-Women plans to issue a total of 23 publications (18 recurrent and 5 non-recurrent), as compared to 19 (15 recurrent and 4 non-recurrent) during the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes from the annex to the supplementary information provided to it that less than half of those publications (two issues of the “Inventory of United Nations system activities to prevent and eliminate violence against women” and eight issues of the newsletter entitled “Words to action”) will be issued electronically. In order to minimize costs and ensure the widest possible dissemination of its publications, the Committee encourages UN-Women to make maximum use of electronic publishing techniques. The Committee has commented further on the issue of publications in chapter I above.", "Downward revision of projected voluntary contributions", "IV.105 In his proposed programme budget under section 17, the Secretary-General indicates that extrabudgetary funds in the amount of $993,272,200 are projected for the biennium 2012-2013, of which $986,498,400 represents the estimated requirements under the support budget for UN-Women and the remainder represents the estimated resources under the Trust Fund for the Implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (A/66/6 (Sect. 17), para. 17.17). However, during its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals, the Advisory Committee was informed that, following consultations with stakeholders and based on an analysis of past trends, commitments already made in 2011 and indications from Member States regarding future commitments, the projection for voluntary contributions for the biennium 2012-2013 had now been revised downwards to approximately $900 million. That adjustment would be reflected in the preparation of the 2012-2013 support budget, which would be submitted to the Committee for its review prior to its consideration by the Executive Board of UN‑Women.", "Part V Regional cooperation for development", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $503,648,200^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $513,210,900 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $140,204,800 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "General comments and recommendations", "V.1 The overall resources requested by the Secretary-General for part V amount to $503,648,200 before recosting, representing a decrease of $9,562,700, or 1.9 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The proposed resources provide for the mandated activities of the five regional commissions, the Regional Commissions New York Office and the regular programme of technical cooperation (see sects. 18-23 below). Those resources are supplemented by the Development Account (see sect. 36 below). The Advisory Committee has commented on development-related activities under part IV, International cooperation for development.", "V.2 The overall resources requested by the Secretary-General for the five regional commissions, including the Regional Commissions New York Office, amount to $451,402,000 before recosting, representing a decrease of $9,562,700, or 2.1 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011.", "Table V.1 Regional cooperation for development: proposed resources", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "2010-2011 Resource Total before appropriation growth recosting\n Section Amount Percentage", "18. Economic and social development 123 662.5 (2 815.8) (2.3) 120 846.7 in Africa^(a)", "19. Economic and social development 98 326.8 (1 523.9) (1.5) 96 802.9 in Asia and the Pacific", "20. Economic development in Europe 65 547.1 (1 794.3) (2.7) 63 752.8", "21. Economic and social development 110 129.9 (2 902.9) (2.6) 107 227.0 in Latin America and the Caribbean", "22. Economic and social development 63 298.4 (525.8) (0.8) 62 772.6 in Western Asia", "23. Regular programme of technical 52 246.2 — — 52 246.2 cooperation", "513 210.9 (9 562.7) (1.9) 503 648.2", "^(a) Including the Regional Commissions New York Office.", "V.3 As highlighted in table V.1, while the proposals for each of the regional commissions reflect decreases compared to current approved funding, the Advisory Committee noted differences in how such reductions were achieved. As noted in chapter I, the Secretary-General stated that programme managers were given full discretion to devise the optimal mix of resources while ensuring no impact on mandate delivery. The disparate approaches taken by the regional commissions is apparent from a review of section 18, Economic and social development in Africa and section 21, Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean, in relation to offices of comparable size and mandate. While the two proposals reflect reductions of similar levels, $2.8 million and $2.9 million respectively, at ECA all reductions are proposed in non-post areas, with no reduction in staffing being made. In contrast, the majority of the reduced requirements at ECLAC are due to the proposed abolition of 12 posts. Similarly, the proposed reductions under section 20, Economic development in Europe, are achieved mostly through the abolition of seven posts.", "V.4 The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General indicates that the proposals in the budget are aimed at enabling the Organization to deliver its mandates in full (A/66/6 (Introduction)). During its hearings, however, a number of programme managers, including from among the regional commissions, indicated that the reduction in resources would have an impact on the functioning of the offices concerned, even if not directly on mandate delivery. As highlighted in chapter I, paragraph 16, the Committee expects that steps will be taken to mitigate any unintended consequences, so that mandate delivery is not adversely affected and also that any change in the overall level of support to Member States is avoided.", "Posts", "V.5 The net effect of the staffing proposals being made with regard to the regional commissions is outlined in table V.2. Overall, the proposals would reduce the number of posts by a total of 27 posts from four of the regional commissions. The Advisory Committee notes that the decrease in post resources for the regional commissions in the next biennium results from the proposed abolition of 31 posts, which is partly offset by proposals for four new posts, three at the Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) (2 D-1 and 1 P-5) and one at ESCAP (D-1).", "Table V.2 Proposed staffing changes in 2012-2013 at the regional commissions", "Professional GS and related Total and above", "Section 18A, ECA 1 (1) 0", "Section 19, ESCAP (6) (1) (7)", "Section 20, ECE (5) (2) (7)", "Section 21, ECLAC (8) (4) (12)", "Section 22, ESCWA 3 (4) (1)", "Total (15) (12) (27)", "V.6 The Advisory Committee has commented on the abolition of posts in the proposed programme budget, and specifically on the high proportion of Professional posts that are proposed for abolition at the regional commissions (see chap. I, paras. 72-76). The Committee notes that of the 31 posts proposed for abolition at the regional commissions, 12 are at the P-2 level and 6 are at the P-3 level, entry-level posts open to candidates from the young professionals programme. As highlighted in chapter I, paragraph 88, the Committee has concerns with the proposed reduction of entry-level Professional posts and considers that its comments are of particular relevance to the regional commissions.", "V.7 The Advisory Committee recalls that in his report on development-related activities relating to the biennium 2008-2009 (A/62/708) the Secretary-General proposed a significant strengthening of a number of budget sections, including proposals for 87 new posts for the regional commissions. Following consideration of his report, the General Assembly approved a total of 60 new posts for the regional commissions in its resolution 63/260 (see table V.3). As noted in paragraph V.5 above, the proposals being put forward in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 would result in a net reduction of 27 posts for the regional commissions, including the abolition of two posts approved under resolution 63/260 for section 20, Economic development in Europe (1 P-4 and 1 P-3). The Committee has reflected concerns expressed by some programme managers of the regional commissions regarding the possible impact of the proposed staffing reductions in the individual sections in the present report and has noted the assurances of the Secretary-General that mandates will be delivered in full (see also chap. I, para. 25).", "Table V.3 Posts approved for the regional commissions for development-related activities under General Assembly resolution 63/260", "Professional and General Service Total above and related", "Section 18A, ECA 6 13 19", "Section 19, ESCAP 9 2 11", "Section 20, ECE 4 — 4", "Section 21, ECLAC 18 2 20", "Section 22, ESCWA 5 1 6", "Total 42 18 60", "V.8 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with the status of vacancies for all categories of personnel at the regional commissions as of 31 May 2011, which is presented in table V.4. The Committee notes that the current vacancy rates for Professional posts at four of the regional commissions, and in particular ECA (20.2 per cent), are significantly higher than the average vacancy rate for the Organization as a whole (6.0 per cent). While the vacancy rates for General Service and related posts were generally lower than the Organizational average of 5.5 per cent, the rate of 14 per cent at ECA was significantly higher. The Committee has expressed its concerns in chapter I, paragraph 90 above with regard to the persistent high vacancy rates in a number of offices. The Committee has also reiterated its view that the continuing need for long-vacant posts should be reviewed on an ongoing basis and, in particular, before proposals for new posts are put forward to the General Assembly. The Committee remains concerned at the continuing high vacancy rates for Professional posts at the regional commissions.", "Table V.4", "Vacancy rates at the regional commissions as at 31 May 2011", "Professional and General service Total above and related", "Section 18A, ECA 20.2 14.0 16.6", "Section 19, ESCAP 10.9 1.6 5.7", "Section 20, ECE 7.2 2.7 5.5", "Section 21, ECLAC 4.6 1.1 2.6", "Section 22, ESCWA 9.6 2.1 5.4", "Non-post resources", "V.9 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources in the amount of $129,749,800 under part V for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting a decrease of $4,560,600, or 3.4 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011.", "V.10 For the five regional commissions, including the Regional Commissions New York Office, the Secretary-General proposes non-post resources in the amount of $77,503,600 for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting a decrease of $4,560,600, or 5.6 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes that no decrease is proposed in the non-post resources under section 23, Regular programme of technical cooperation in the biennium 2012-2013. The resources requested for the regional commissions, by object of expenditure, are summarized in table V.8 at the end of the present section. The decreased requirement for non-post resources at the regional commissions is due mainly to reduced requirements under: other general operating expenses ($1,840,800) attributable to lower rental costs at several regional commissions; supplies and materials ($1,384,500); and furniture and equipment ($1,766,200) attributable to the delayed replacement of furniture and office automation equipment at a number of regional commissions. The Committee notes the overall decrease in non-post resources that is proposed and welcomes the reductions achieved, in particular through the delayed replacement of office automation equipment. The Committee is of the view, however, that the period of retention should be kept under review to ensure that additional costs are not incurred, for example, through higher maintenance costs.", "V.11 The Advisory Committee notes that resources are proposed to increase under a number of objects of expenditure in the sections pertaining to the regional commissions, including consultants (by $66,400); official travel of staff (by $271,300); and contractual services (by $79,100). The Committee has commented on the issue of travel in chapter I above. Given the Secretary-General’s call for budgetary restraint, the Committee would have expected the requirement of the regional commissions for official travel to decrease. The Committee expects that the maximum use of staff from the subregional offices of the commissions would be made, either to reduce the need for travel or, where the travel of a senior representative is required, to provide the necessary support and thereby minimize the need for the travel of accompanying staff. In addition, the Committee notes that under the regular programme of technical cooperation, the level of resources for the official travel of staff is proposed to be increased by $1,735,900, or 36.1 per cent.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "V.12 In accordance with paragraph 20 of General Assembly resolution 58/269, information is provided in the budget section of each regional commission on the estimated resources which will be devoted to monitoring and evaluation activities in the biennium 2012-2013. This information is summarized in table V.5.", "Table V.5", "Estimated resource requirements of the regional commissions for monitoring and evaluation activities", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Budget section Regular Extrabudgetary Total budget", "18, Economic and social development in Africa 2 536.3 714.0 3 250.3", "19, Economic and social development in Asia 3 616.8 430.2 4 047.0 and the Pacific", "20, Economic development in Europe 822.0 6.0 828.0", "21, Economic and social development in Latin 718.4 212.5 930.9 America and the Caribbean", "22, Economic and social development in 663.0 148.4 811.4 Western Asia", "Total 8 356.5 1 511.1 9 867.6", "V.13 The Advisory Committee notes that the provision of $9.9 million for monitoring and evaluation activities of the regional commissions under all sources of funding represents 17.2 per cent of the total provision of $57.3 million for such activities in the overall proposed programme budget. Given the importance of regular monitoring and evaluation of programme activities, the Advisory Committee welcomes the focus on this area by the regional commissions.", "V.14 The Advisory Committee notes, however, a significant variation between the regional commissions in the level of resources assigned for monitoring and evaluation. For example, although the overall level of proposed resources for ECLAC exceeds that of ESCAP, the latter regional commission is indicated as devoting four times the level of resources to monitoring and evaluation activities.", "V.15 The Advisory Committee notes that, in the case of all the regional commissions, no information was provided in the budget document on either the monitoring and evaluation activities carried out to date or the planned activities for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee has expressed its concerns in chapter I with regard to the information provided on monitoring and evaluation activities in the proposed programme budget as a whole. The Committee expects that information on both completed and planned monitoring and evaluation activities will be included in the proposals for each regional commission for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Coordination and cooperation among the regional commissions", "V.16 The Advisory Committee recalls that the General Assembly, in its resolution 63/260, encouraged the Secretary-General to enhance the coordination of the United Nations development system with a view to ensuring greater synergies, effectiveness, efficiency and coherence of efforts in the delivery of its social, economic and development mandates and requested him to report on the implementation of the resolution in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to report on and to share among the regional commissions the lessons learned through the strengthening of the subregional offices of ECA and the establishment of new subregional offices by ESCAP and ECE, and to exchange best practices in coping with emerging issues, such as the global economic crisis and climate change. The Committee notes that a number of initiatives were undertaken to implement joint activities in subregions served by two regional commissions. The Committee encourages these efforts and recommends that the General Assembly request the Secretary-General to ensure that the regional commissions deepen their mutual cooperation and coordinate their activities with United Nations resident coordinators and, where applicable, with peacekeeping missions.", "Administrative support", "V.17 The Advisory Committee was provided, upon enquiry, with information on the cost of the provision of administrative services and of the programme of work in comparison with the total budget for 2012-2013 for each of the regional commissions. This information is set out in table V.6. The proportion of the cost of administrative services, comprising programme support, policymaking organs and executive direction and management, of the total budget for the regional commissions will increase from 45.6 per cent in the biennium 2010-2011 to 46.7 per cent in the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee notes that the increase is due mainly to the cost of administrative support, inclusive of the estimated cost of the administrative support provided by the United Nations Office at Geneva for ECE, which reflects an increase from 46.7 per cent of the total cost of section 20 in the biennium 2010-2011 to 52.4 per cent. The Committee notes that conference services estimated to be provided to ECE in 2012-2013 will amount to $27,171,300, as compared to $19,386,000 in the biennium 2010-2011, an increase of 40.2 per cent. The Committee recalls that it had encouraged the regional commissions to continue their efforts to improve the ratio between programme support costs and programme of work costs by allocating more resources to the substantive activities of the programme of work. Given the significant increase in the cost of services provided to ECE by the United Nations Office at Geneva reflected in the proposed programme budget, the Committee considers that the cost of those services should be further analysed.", "Table V.6", "Ratio of administrative support costs and programme of work costs to total resources (regular budget)", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Component\tRegionalCommissionsNewYorkOffice\tECA\tESCAP\tECE\tECLAC\tESCWA\tTotal\n 18B 18A 19 20 21 22 \nA.Policymakingorgans\t—\t633.20\t1034.70\t—\t1288.80\t145.00\t3101.70\nB. Executivedirectionandmanagement\t—\t10981.70\t5927.40\t8056.50\t6300.40\t4018.10\t35284.10\nC. Programmeof work\t—\t68815.40\t51310.70\t49073.30\t59848.50\t32253.90\t261301.80\nD. Programmesupport\t1895.60\t38520.80\t38530.10\t6623.00\t39789.30\t26355.60\t151714.40\nSubtotal\t1895.60\t118951.10\t96802.90\t63752.80\t107227.00\t62772.60\t451402.00\nE. Programmesupportprovided byotheroffices 39280.8^(a) 39280.8\nTotal^(b) 103033.6 490682.8\nAdministrativesupport(percentage) \n 2010-2011 43.4 47.1 46.7 43.6 47.9 45.6 \n 2012-2013 — 42.2 47 52.4 44 48.6 46.7 \nProgramme ofwork(percentage) \n 2010-2011 56.6 52.9 53.3 56.4 52.1 54.4 \n 2012-2013 — 57.8 53 47.6 56 51.4 53.3", "^(a) Programme support provided by the United Nations Office at Geneva, including $10,823,700 under section 28E, Administration, Geneva, for administration and general services, $1,285,600, also under section 28E, for library services and $27,171,500 under section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management.", "^(b) Components A, B, D and E.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "V.18 The expenditure for 2008-2009 and the estimates for 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 under extrabudgetary resources for the regional commissions are provided in table V.7. The Advisory Committee notes that the trend of growth in extrabudgetary resources is uneven among the regional commissions and that, for ECE and ESCWA, it is anticipated that extrabudgetary resources will decline. Given the importance of extrabudgetary resources in complementing the financing of activities by the regular budget, the Committee encourages the regional commissions to intensify their efforts to raise extrabudgetary resources.", "Table V.7", "Extrabudgetary resources of the regional commissions", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "2008-2009 2010-2011 2012-2013 actual estimated projected", "Section 18A, ECA 21 525.3 36 002.8 44 773.6", "Section 19, ESCAP 27 196.8 30 218.2 32 619.0", "Section 20, ECE 25 651.5 31 736.4 25 012.7", "Section 21, ECLAC 28 627.0 29 500.0 30 000.0", "Section 22, ESCWA^(a) 5 437.7 9 588.6 7 799.5", "Total 108 438.3 137 046.0 140 204.8", "^(a) Revised projection for the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013 provided to the Advisory Committee during its consideration of section 22, Economic and social development in Western Asia.", "Table V.8 Comparison of resources for the regional commissions by object of expenditure, 2010-2011 and 2012-2013", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Section Section 18B, Section 19, Section 20, Section 21, Section 22, Total 18A, ECA Regional ESCAP ECE ECLAC ESCWA Commissions New York Office\n 2010- 2012- 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010- 2012- Difference 2011 2013 2011 2013", "Posts 86 041.3 86 1 784.2 1 784.2 85 304.1 83 677.9 61 076.1 59 488.0 91 891.9 89 762.7 52 802.9 53 061.0 378 373 (5 002.1) 124.6 900.5 898.4", "Other staff 3 428.2 3 445.0 17.8 17.8 1 670.5 1 650.1 250.9 250.9 2 235.7 2 263.6 985.8 973.4 8 588.9 8 600.8 11.9 costs", "Consultants 1 211.0 1 296.7 —  —  394.7 440.0 366.3 329.6 723.5 729.5 685.3 651.4 3 380.8 3 447.2 66.4", "Experts 2 962.2 2 989.5 —  —  563.8 505.3 29.5 29.5 705.1 746.1 1 052.3 1 054.2 5 312.9 5 324.6 11.7", "Travel of staff 2 539.3 2 724.3 35.1 35.1 1 430.7 1 460.9 963.3 963.3 1 789.7 1 817.6 615.3 643.5 7 373.4 7 644.7 271.3", "Contractual 4 570.6 4 415.7 24.4 24.4 930.4 955.3 652.5 611.3 1 720.1 1 802.1 1 250.5 1 418.8 9 148.5 9 227.6 79.1 services", "General 8 784.9 7 725.3 13.1 13.1 5 374.3 5 338.0 66.9 61.9 8 013.4 7 506.4 3 583.4 3 350.5 25 23 (1 840.8) operating 836.0 995.2 expenses", "Hospitality 34.8 34.8 1.5 1.5 35.1 35.1 23.0 23.0 33.9 30.7 24.8 24.8 153.1 149.9 (3.2)", "Supplies and 4 162.4 2 981.0 4.9 4.9 927.1 1 033.9 253.9 180.6 1 301.9 1 287.2 885.6 663.7 7 535.8 6 151.3 (1 384.5) materials", "Furniture and 6 512.2 5 675.5 14.6 14.6 1 689.8 1 700.1 518.3 468.3 1 714.7 1 281.1 1 002.8 546.6 11 9 686.2 (1 766.2) equipment 452.4", "Grants and 1 520.0 1 538.7 —  —  6.3 6.3 1 346.4 1 346.4 — — 409.7 384.7 3 282.4 3 276.1 (6.3) contributions", "Total 121 766.9 118 1 895.6 1 895.6 98 326.8 96 802.9 65 547.1 63 752.8 110 129.9 107 227.0 63 298.4 62 772.6 460 451 (9 562.7) 951.1 964.7 402.0", "Section 18 Economic and social development in Africa", "Section 18A Regional commission", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $118,951,100^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $121,766,900 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $44,773,600 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "V.19 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 18A for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $118,951,100, before recosting, representing a decrease of $2,815,800, or 2.3 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 18), para. 18A.14). The requested resources are supplemented by those of the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below).", "V.20 Table V.9 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table V.9 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t553\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 15 D-1, 42 P-5, 71 P-4, 75P-3, 29 P-2/1, 304 LL, 2 FS, 13 NO\nProposed for2012-2013\t553\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 15 D-1, 42 P-5, 72 P-4, 75P-3, 29 P-2/1, 303 LL, 1 FS, 14 NO\nReclassification\t2\t1 FS to P-4 and 1 LL to NO underprogramme support\nRedeployments\t22\t1 P-5 and 3 P-3 to subprogramme 1 fromsubprogramme 10\n 1 P-4 and 1 LL to subprogramme 1 fromsubprogramme 5\n 1 P-5, 2 P-3, 1 P-2 and 1 LL tosubprogramme 5 from subprogramme 1\n 1 P-5 and 1 LL to subprogramme 9 fromsubprogramme 4\n 1 P-4 to programme support fromsubprogramme 7 (a)\n 1 P-4 to programme support fromsubprogramme 4\n 2 P-4, 1 NO and 4 LL to programmesupport from executive direction andmanagements\nExtrabudgetary 2 D-1, 5 P-5, 9 P-4, 11 P-3, 2 P-2/1, 83LL, 2 NO\nProposed for2012-2013\t114\t2 D-1, 5 P-5, 9 P-4, 11 P-3, 2 P-2/1, 83LL, 2 NO", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.21 The Secretary-General proposes the continuation of 553 posts under the regular programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. No additional posts are being requested for ECA for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Reclassifications", "V.22 Under programme support, it is proposed to reclassify one Field Service post to the P-4 level. The incumbent of this post would head the Telecommunications Services Unit with responsibility for planning and directing major telecommunications projects, ensuring effective coordination with other United Nations agencies, liaising with external service providers and proposing appropriate connectivity solutions. In addition, it is proposed to reclassify one Local level post to the National Officer level for a Facilities Management Officer to provide technical documentation, design preparation and administrative support in the management of ECA facilities, and to provide the required value engineering for the lighting, the heating, ventilation and air conditioning, and architectural-related installations (ibid., para. 18A.117). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassifications.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.23 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $32,826,500, reflecting a decrease of $2,899,100, or 8.1 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease reflects the net effect of increases under other staff costs ($16,800), consultants ($85,700), experts ($27,300) and official travel of staff ($185,000), and decreased requirements under contractual services ($154,900), in particular specialized services and language training services; general operating expenses ($1,059,600), mainly attributable to a reduction of $1,086,500 in utility costs; supplies and materials ($1,181,400), based on the consumption pattern of previous periods; furniture and equipment ($836,700), due mainly to the delayed replacement of furniture and equipment ($670,000) and office automation equipment ($763,800), offset in part by additional requirements for software packages ($338,700). The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Publications", "V.24 The Secretary-General indicates that an in-depth review of publications as a part of the programme of work was undertaken in the context of each subprogramme, and that it was anticipated that a total of 107 recurrent and non-recurrent publications would be issued in the biennium 2012-2013, as compared to 102 in 2010-2011 (ibid., table 18A.3). The Advisory Committee was informed that the publications would be produced in English and in French. The Committee encourages the Commission to consider the issuance of its publications in other languages of the region, if this is deemed likely to increase their impact, as resources permit.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "V.25 The Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation are estimated at $3,250,300, including $2,536,300 from the regular budget, equivalent to 2.1 per cent of the total resources proposed for the Commission for 2012-2013. The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the proposals of the Secretary-General relating to monitoring and evaluation at the five regional commissions are contained in paragraphs V.12 to V.15 above. The Committee notes the significant resources devoted to monitoring and evaluation activities at ECA. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above. While welcoming the Commission’s continued focus on this important function, the Committee points out, however, that the proposed programme budget does not provide sufficient information on the results of monitoring and evaluation activities carried out to date at ECA or on the evaluation plan for 2012-2013 for which these resources will be utilized. The Committee expects that the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015 will contain such information.", "Business continuity", "V.26 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in resolution 64/243, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this regard, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for ECA contains proposals totalling $1,109,200 which are directly related to business continuity management. The Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "Support to the New Partnership for Africa’s Development and strengthening of subregional offices", "V.27 The Advisory Committee recalls its recommendation that the areas in which complementarities exist between section 11, United Nations support for the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), and section 18A, Economic and social development in Africa, should be clearly identified and reported in future programme performance reports and budget submissions (A/64/7, para. V.27). The Secretary-General indicates that measures have been taken in a number of areas in this regard (A/66/6 (Sect. 18), para. 18A.6). The Secretary-General also states that inter-agency coordination and collaboration among United Nations system agencies working in Africa will be strengthened through the regional consultation meetings of those agencies convened by ECA in support of the priorities of NEPAD (ibid., para. 18A.8).", "V.28 The Advisory Committee also recalls that it recommended that an assessment of the effectiveness of the strengthening of the subregional offices should be provided in the 2012-2013 budget submission, following measures implemented to strengthen ECA subregional offices in the biennium 2008-2009 (A/64/7, para. V.26). The Secretary-General states that the results of an independent external evaluation of the five subregional offices conducted in January 2010 confirmed that the strengthening of the subregional offices initiated in 2006 had largely succeeded (A/66/6 (Sect. 18), table 18A.40). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the independent external evaluation had been undertaken by consultants and that the recommendations of the external evaluation had been endorsed by the Commission in its resolution 874(XLIII). The Committee welcomes the progress made in this process and requests that continuous impact assessments be carried out in this regard and reported in future budget submissions (see also paras. V.29 and V.30 below).", "Follow-up on the repositioning of the Commission", "V.29 The Secretary-General indicates that ECA continues to make progress in achieving the objectives of the repositioning exercise begun in 2006, which has been fine-tuned through the clustering together of related areas of work and the development of enhanced synergies, coherence and complementarities between the respective units (ibid., para. 18A.6). In particular, ECA subregional offices have been strengthened and partnerships with other key development organizations operating in Africa improved, notably with the African Union Commission, the African Development Bank and major regional economic communities.", "V.30 The Secretary-General indicates that after nearly five years of implementation of the reform programme, lessons drawn from various reviews and assessments have identified a number of factors that continue to prevent ECA from realizing its full potential as a leading development organization in Africa, including: inadequate linkages between analytical and operational activities; inadequate internal collaboration in delivering flagship outputs; and the non-optimal utilization of the skill mix and broad range of experience available in the Commission (ibid., para. 18A.10). The Advisory Committee considers that the factors highlighted by the Secretary-General are internal to ECA itself and it is within the purview of its management to address them fully. The Committee expects that information on the remedial measures taken will be provided in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Recruitment and staffing", "V.31 The Advisory Committee was informed that, as at 31 May 2011, 48 Professional posts and 45 General Service posts were vacant at ECA, representing a vacancy rate of 20.2 per cent for Professional staff and 14 per cent for General Service staff. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that intensive efforts were being made to reduce those rates and that recruitment was in its final stage for a number of posts. As a result, the Committee was also informed, it was expected that the vacancy rate would be significantly reduced in the forthcoming months.", "V.32 Notwithstanding the assurances provided, the Advisory Committee remains concerned at the persistently high vacancy rates at ECA. The current level of vacancies there is significantly higher than at the time of the Committee’s consideration of the programme budget for the biennium 2010‑2011. The Committee requests that the root causes of the high vacancy rates be seriously addressed by the Commission, with the support of the Office of Human Resources Management, with a view to ensuring that sustainable strategies are put in place. The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the continuing need for long-vacant posts are contained in chapter I, paragraph 92, which it finds relevant in the case of ECA. The Committee further requests that the General Assembly be provided with updated information on the current status of existing vacancies and remedial action taken at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposed programme budget for 2012-2013.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "V.33 The Secretary-General indicates that the projected extrabudgetary resources $44,773,600 in the biennium 2012-2013 will be mobilized mostly from bilateral sources under agreements between ECA and global and regional institutions and organizations concerned with African development. The Advisory Committee notes that the number of posts to be financed from extrabudgetary resources in 2012-2013 is given as 114, a reduction of 15 compared with the number of posts so financed in the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 18), table 18A.6). The amount of projected extrabudgetary resources in the biennium 2012-2013 represents an increase of $8,770,800 over the level of such resources for the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., para. 18A.16). The Committee welcomes the increased efforts to mobilize extrabudgetary funds.", "Section 18B", "Regional Commissions New York Office", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$1,895,600^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $1,895,600 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of the totalnumber of posts by source of funds and grade levelis contained in annex I to the present report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unless otherwisenoted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e. beforerecosting).", "V.34 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 18B amount to $1,895,600 before recosting, the same level of resources as in the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6, table 18B.2).", "V.35 Table V.10 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013.", "Table V.10", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t6\t1 D-1, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t6\t1 D-1, 1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GS (OL)", "V.36 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposal of the Secretary-General for the Regional Commissions New York Office for the biennium 2012-2013.", "General comments", "Results-based budgeting", "V.37 The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General has introduced a results-based-budgeting framework for section 18B, Regional Commissions New York Office, for the biennium 2012-2013. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the relevant data for the performance measures under the indicators of achievement for the bienniums 2008-2009 and 2010-2011 had been maintained by the Regional Commissions New York Office, though not formally presented in previous programme budgets. The Committee welcomes the introduction of the results-based-budgeting framework for section 18B, Regional Commissions New York Office, for the biennium 2012-2013, which will provide the General Assembly with benchmarks against which to measure performance.", "Section 19", "Economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$96,802,900^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $98,326,800 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $32,619,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of the totalnumber of posts by source of funds and grade levelis contained in annex I to the present report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unless otherwisenoted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e. beforerecosting).", "V.38 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 19 amount to $96,802,900 before recosting, representing a decrease of $1,523,900, or 1.5 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 19), table 19.5). The requested resources are supplemented by those of the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below). In addition, extrabudgetary resources estimated at $32,619,000 will be utilized.", "V.39 Table V.11 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013.", "Table V.11", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t440\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 13 D-1, 36 P-5, 57 P-4,50 P-3, 35 P-2/1, 244 LL, 3 NO\nProposed for2012-2013\t433\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 14 D-1, 36 P-5, 57 P-4,45 P-3, 33 P-2/1, 244 LL, 2 NO\n New 1 1 D-1 for subprogramme 8 \n Abolitions 8 5 P-3, 2 P-2, 1 NO Redeployments\t3\t1 P-3 to executive direction andmanagement from programme support 1 P-3 to subprogramme 1 fromsubprogramme 5 \n 1 LL to subprogramme 8 from programmesupport\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t103\t2 D-1, 3 P-5, 14 P-4, 14 P-3, 3 P-2/1,66 LL, 1 NO", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.40 The Advisory Committee notes that a total of 433 posts is proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 under the regular budget, reflecting a net decrease of seven posts compared with 2010-2011. As further explained in the paragraphs below, the Secretary-General’s proposals include the establishment of one new post at the D-1 level and the abolition of eight posts (5 P-3, 2 P-2 and 1 National Officer).", "New post", "V.41 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of one D-1 post of Head of Office for the Subregional Office for North and Central Asia, Almaty, Kazakhstan, in order to strengthen that office as an important mechanism for subregional cooperation and the coordination of international projects; and to ensure that the priority areas identified by the Ad Hoc Intergovernmental Meeting on the New ESCAP Subregional Offices for East and North-East Asia, North and Central Asia, and South and South-West Asia are fully supported (A/66/6 (Sect. 19), para. 19.92).", "V.42 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Commission, at its sixty-sixth session, in May 2010, had noted the heavy workload of the Subregional Office for North and Central Asia and the areas of subregional cooperation under its responsibility, as well as the need for consistency in staffing levels among the subregional offices in order to balance the workload. The Committee was also informed that the Commission, in its resolution 66/13, had requested the Executive Secretary of ESCAP to strengthen and support the implementation of the Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia; to implement the Almaty Programme of Action; to assist landlocked countries and transit countries in promoting reciprocal arrangements for transit transport; and to strengthen the role and capacity of the Subregional Office for North and Central Asia as an important mechanism for subregional cooperation and the coordination of international projects. The Committee was further informed that the Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia was a collaborative programme of ESCAP and ECE, with project working groups focused on the areas of transport and border crossing; water and energy resources; information and communications technology for development; statistics; trade; and gender and economy.", "V.43 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposal for the establishment of a new D-1 post. The Committee expects that the establishment of such a post would strengthen the collaborative development activities jointly implemented by ESCAP and ECE under the Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia.", "Abolitions", "V.44 The Secretary-General proposes the abolition of eight posts under programme support, as follows:", "(a) Five P-3 Translators/Interpreters (two French, two Russian and one Chinese) in the Conference and Documentation Service (ibid., para. 19.107);", "(b) One P-2 Associate Librarian in the Conference and Documentation Service (ibid.);", "(c) One P-2 Associate Programme Management Officer in the Programme Management Division (ibid.);", "(d) One National Officer in the Central Support Services Section, Protocol Office (ibid.).", "V.45 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the proposed abolitions had resulted from a review of various options in order to implement the Secretary-General’s request for a 2012-2013 budget that was 3 per cent below the approved level of the budget outline. The Committee was also informed that the abolitions had been restricted to the area of programme support so as not to reduce the resources for the ESCAP programme of work.", "V.46 The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed abolitions include five P-3 posts of Translator/Interpreter in the Conference Management and Documentation Service. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the proposed abolitions would amount to a 30 per cent reduction in the 17 existing language posts, which would have the following negative consequences:", "(a) A reduction of approximately 30 per cent in the volume of documents translated for the legislative and intergovernmental bodies, or a withdrawal of such services from some of the bodies to enable the major ones, such as the ESCAP Commission and the eight ESCAP committees, to function at full capacity;", "(b) ESCAP may not be able to translate non-legislative documents or provide translation services for expert group meetings for which translation is not mandatory;", "(c) The Chiefs of the language units, who are the unit revisers, would have to do more translation and less revision or alternatively allow all their staff to be self-revising translators.", "V.47 The Advisory Committee notes the adverse impact of the proposed post abolitions on the capacity of ESCAP to deliver translation and interpretation services, which are essential for the functioning of the intergovernmental bodies. At the same time, the Committee notes that the proposed budget does not reflect any remedial measures, such as a provision for general temporary assistance, to help offset the anticipated reductions in translation and interpretation capacity. While the Committee does not object to the proposed abolition of posts, it recommends that the General Assembly request the Secretary-General to take appropriate measures to mitigate any negative impact and to report thereon in the performance reports for the biennium 2012-2013, taking into account the relevant General Assembly resolutions on multilingualism.", "Recruitment and staffing", "V.48 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals, the Advisory Committee was provided with information showing that there were 25 vacant posts at ESCAP as at 31 May 2011. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that every effort was being made to fill the posts and that recruitment for a number of those posts was in progress. In that regard, the Committee was also informed that six of the posts had already been filled and that candidates were under evaluation for eight other posts. It was further explained that the National Competitive Recruitment Examination roster was being reviewed to identify candidates for four vacant P-2 posts. The Committee emphasizes that vacant posts should be filled in a timely manner.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.49 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources for the biennium 2012‑2013 in the amount of $13,125,000, reflecting an increase of $102,300 or 0.8 per cent, compared with 2010-2011. The increase is mainly due to provisions for business continuity under supplies and materials ($106,800) and consultants ($45,300), partially offset by reduced requirements for expert group meetings ($58,500). The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Business continuity", "V.50 The Advisory Committee recalls General Assembly resolution 64/243, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this regard, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for ESCAP contains proposals totalling $541,700 which are directly related to business continuity management. The Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "Subregional offices", "V.51 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with an overview of the work of the ESCAP subregional offices. The Committee was informed that the work of the subregional offices is under the overall coordination of the Deputy Executive Secretary of ESCAP, and that they have a mandate to strengthen the presence and strategic position of ESCAP at the subregional level, enabling better targeting and delivery of programmes that address specific key priorities of member States in the subregions. The Committee was further informed that the offices provide an important geographical platform for strengthening subregional cooperation on key economic and social development issues, ensuring a reflection of subregional needs and perspectives in the promotion of broader regional cooperation in Asia and the Pacific. It was also explained that the work of the subregional offices extends to supporting capacity development through technical cooperation, including South‑South cooperation and triangular development cooperation among ESCAP member States.", "V.52 In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that in 2009 the General Assembly approved 11 new posts for ESCAP by its resolution 63/260, following consideration of the report of the Secretary-General on development-related activities (A/62/708). Upon enquiry, the Committee was provided with information on the impact of those 11 posts on ESCAP programme delivery. According to the information provided, four posts were intended for the establishment, in 2011, of the new Subregional Office for South and South-West Asia; three posts for establishing the now fully operational Subregional Office for East and North-East Asia; two posts for the establishment, later in 2011, of the new Subregional Office for North and Central Asia; and two posts for strengthening the already existing subregional office for the Pacific, the Pacific Operations Centre. The Committee was further informed that a fully operational Subregional Office for East and North-East Asia had demonstrated a significant impact on:", "(a) ESCAP relations with member States in the subregion, through intensified interaction and consultation;", "(b) The research and analytical capacity of ESCAP, as well as opportunities for ESCAP to intensify collaboration with major stakeholders, including civil society, subregional organizations and academic research institutes, which has led to the identification of new focus areas for the ESCAP substantive programme of work, with emphasis on subregion-specific challenges.", "V.53 With regard to the status of the host country arrangements for the subregional offices, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Host Country Agreement, as well as the Administrative and Financial Agreement, between ESCAP and the Government of the Republic of Korea for the Subregional Office for East and North-East Asia were expected to be finalized in August 2011. It was indicated that the City of Incheon would provide rent-free office space and that the host Government would provide an annual contribution to finance operational and programme costs for a period of four years. The Committee was also informed that the Host Country Agreement between ESCAP and the Government of Kazakhstan for the Subregional Office for North and Central Asia had been signed in May 2011 and that the Administrative and Financial Agreement was expected to be finalized in July 2011. It was stated that the host Government would provide rent-free office space, a one-time contribution for set-up costs, as well as an annual contribution for operational costs. Regarding the Subregional Office for South and South-West Asia, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Host Country Agreement between ESCAP and the Government of India was expected to be signed in July 2011, while consultations regarding the Administrative and Financial Agreement were in progress at the time of the Committee’s consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposed programme budget. A one-time contribution for set-up costs and an annual contribution for operational costs have been pledged by the host Government. According to the representatives of the Secretary-General, the subregional office for the Pacific is an established ESCAP office, already having a Host Country Agreement, and an Administrative and Financial Agreement. The Committee welcomes the progress made in the establishment of new and the strengthening of existing subregional offices, as well as the monetary and in kind contributions and pledges by the host Governments. The Committee reiterates its earlier opinion (A/64/7, para. V.14) that the lessons learned through the establishment of new offices should be shared among the regional commissions.", "Status of women", "V.54 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the status of and challenges facing women in the Asian and Pacific region indicating that factors such as biased macroeconomic and institutional structures, discriminatory laws and customs, and societal attitudes have contributed to the majority of the absolute poor being women. The Committee was informed that women are particularly vulnerable to exploitation, discrimination and violence, all of which exacerbate their experience of hardship. Among other issues, it was explained that the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals of the elimination of poverty and hunger, and the promotion of gender equality and women’s empowerment were interdependent.", "V.55 The Committee was further informed that ESCAP continues to play a leading role in the coordination of the United Nations system’s work on gender equality and women’s empowerment, as co-chair of the Asia-Pacific Regional Coordination Mechanism Thematic Working Group on Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment. ESCAP stated that, with its multidisciplinary focus, it had developed a programme of work aimed at strengthening the capacity of national women’s institutions through a combination of regional and subregional activities, as well as building national capacity to generate gender statistics and reliable data. Furthermore, the Committee was informed that ESCAP was facilitating the mainstreaming of gender concerns across all of its substantive subprogrammes.", "V.56 The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts being made by ESCAP to address the challenges faced by women in the region and emphasizes the importance of close cooperation with UN-Women in this regard.", "Section 20", "Economic development in Europe", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $63,752,800^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $65,547,100 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $25,012,700 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "V.57 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 20 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $63,752,800 before recosting, representing a decrease of $1,794,300, or 2.7 per cent, compared to 2010-2011. The requested resources are supplemented by those of the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below). The Secretary-General indicates that the estimated resources to be provided by the United Nations Office at Geneva to the Economic Commission for Europe for general, administrative, conference and library services during the biennium 2012‑2013 amount to $39,280,800 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 20), table 20.7). In addition, extrabudgetary resources estimated at $25,012,700 will complement regular budget resources (see also para. V.66 below.)", "V.58 The Advisory Committee was informed that, in the light of the Secretary-General’s request that resources be reduced, some of the member States of ECE felt that the cuts were legitimate, given the current budgetary constraints at the country level, while others had expressed their concerns about the cuts. The Committee was also informed that ECE will undertake a thorough review of its priorities and strategic direction in the course of the biennium 2011-2012, the results of which will be submitted to the Commission in 2013 for final approval and will feed into the preparation of the next biennial budget cycle.", "V.59 Table V.12 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table V.12", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t200\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 9 D-1, 23 P-5, 34 P-4,36 P-3, 21 P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 69 GS(OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t193\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 9 D-1, 23 P-5, 33 P-4,35 P-3, 18 P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 67 GS(OL)\n Abolitions 7 1 P-4, 1 P-3, 3 P-2 and 2 GS (OL) Redeployments\t6\t1 D-1, 1 P-3 and 2 GS (OL) toexecutive direction and managementfrom programme support 1 P-3 to subprogramme 1 fromprogramme support \n 1 P-2 to subprogramme 2 fromprogramme support\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t21\t7 P-4, 6 P-3, 3 P-2/1 and 5 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.60 The Secretary-General proposes the continuation of 193 posts under the regular programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 and the abolition of seven posts, resulting in a reduction in the requirement for post resources of $1,588,100. These seven posts comprise one P-4 post under executive direction and management, identified for abolition following a review of the structure of the Office of the Executive Secretary; one P-3 post under programme support, which had been redeployed internally to subprogramme 1, Environment, in the biennium 2010-2011 and assigned to the Joint ECE-ESCAP Office for the Special Programme for the Economies of Central Asia in the new ESCAP Subregional Office for North and Central Asia in Almaty, Kazakhstan, as well as one General Service (Other level) post under subprogramme 1, Environment; one General Service (Other level) post under subprogramme 2, Transport; two General Service (Other level) posts under subprogramme 3, Statistics; and one P-2 under subprogramme 6, Trade (A/66/6 (Sect. 20), para. 20.15).", "V.61 The Advisory Committee notes that ECE had received a total of four posts (2 P-4 and 2 P-3) under General Assembly resolution 63/260 on development-related activities, which, the Secretary-General indicates, has enabled ECE to strengthen support to countries with economies in transition, in particular low‑income and landlocked countries, in their efforts to achieve internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and to ensure greater synergies and coherence between the normative and operational work of ECE subprogrammes (ibid., para. 20.12). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that two of the posts proposed for abolition in the biennium 2012-2013 were among those approved for ECE under resolution 63/260; they consisted of one P-4 post in the Development Policies and Cross-Sectoral Coordination Unit under executive direction and management and the P-3 post assigned to the ESCAP Subregional Office for North and Central Asia. The Committee was further informed that the functions of the P-4 post under executive direction and management would be absorbed by the remaining Professional posts assigned to the Unit (1 D-1 and 2 P-5) and that the functions of the P-3 post assigned to the ESCAP Subregional Office for North and Central Asia would be carried out by regional advisers financed under the regular programme of technical cooperation and through partnerships with other international and regional organizations, and with donors having a presence in Almaty. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that of the seven posts proposed for abolition in the biennium 2012-2013 four are currently vacant. Taking into account the Secretary-General’s assurances that there would be no negative impact on the implementation of mandates, the Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts and recommends that the General Assembly keep this matter under review.", "Recruitment and staffing", "V.62 The Advisory Committee recalls its previous observations on recruitment at ECE in which it encouraged ECE to make greater efforts to improve its target for the timely recruitment and placement of staff (A/64/7, para. V.49). The Secretary-General indicates in his report that, in 2010, ECE undertook a review of all steps of its recruitment and placement process, including those steps involving the Human Resources Management Service of the United Nations Office at Geneva, in order to identify existing bottlenecks and problem areas, as well as a review of the structure of its Executive Office. As a result of these reviews, ECE has restructured the human resource-related side of its Executive Office and has proposed a number of related redeployments in the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 20), table 20.28). The Committee recognizes the support that the Human Resources Management Service of the United Nations Office at Geneva has provided to ECE in terms of the further training of its hiring managers to address problems identified in recruitment and placement.", "Vacancy rates", "V.63 The Advisory Committee was informed that the vacancy rate at ECE as of 31 May 2011 was 7.2 per cent in respect of the Professional category and 2.7 per cent in respect of the General Service category. The comments and recommendations of the Committee on the proposals of the Secretary-General relating to recruitment at the five regional commissions are contained in paragraph V.8 above. The Committee trusts that the internal measures taken by ECE will facilitate the recruitment process.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.64 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $4,264,800, reflecting a decrease of $206,200 compared to the 2010-2011 biennium, due mainly to decreased requirements under consultants ($36,700); contractual services ($41,200); general operating expenses ($5,000); supplies and materials ($73,300); and furniture and equipment ($50,000), related to efforts to critically review the replacement of information technology equipment. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Monitoring and evaluation", "V.65 The Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation will amount to $828,000 in the biennium 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 20.17). The Secretary-General further indicates that the restructuring of the secretariat and subsequent establishment of the Programme Management Unit and the Development Policies and Cross-Sectoral Coordination Unit in the Office of the Executive Secretary in January 2011 will further enhance synergies and coherence between the normative and operational work of ECE subprogrammes and increase the effectiveness and efficiency of its work (ibid., para. 20.12). It is stated in the Secretary-General’s report that the Programme Management Unit resulted from the merger of the Technical Cooperation Unit under programme support and the Programme Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Unit under executive direction and management (ibid., para. 20.27), and that its core function is to provide overall coordination of the programme planning, programme performance assessment and evaluation of all ECE activities funded from the regular budget and extrabudgetary resources (ibid., para. 20.23 (b)). The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the proposals of the Secretary-General relating to monitoring and evaluation at the five regional commissions are contained in paragraphs V.12 to V.15 above. The Committee notes that the proposed programme budget does not provide information either on the results of monitoring and evaluation activities carried out to date at ECE, or on the evaluation plan for 2012-2013 for which the resources are requested. The Committee requests that future programme budget submissions contain such information. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "V.66 The Secretary-General indicates that the projected extrabudgetary resources of $25,012,700 in the biennium 2012-2013, based on known and projected levels of contributions for new and continuing projects, will complement resources from the regular budget to finance various substantive and technical cooperation activities, including training, workshops, seminars and field projects. The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources are projected to decrease in 2012-2013 by $6,770,800, or 21.2 per cent, compared to 2010-2011, and that the number of posts financed from extrabudgetary sources will decrease by three posts, or 12.5 per cent, to a total of 21 extrabudgetary posts, compared to 2010-2011. The Committee trusts that ECE will continue to engage with the donor community to broaden its donor base.", "Section 21", "Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$107,227,000^(a)\t\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $110,129,900 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $30,000,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report. \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "V.67 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 21 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $107,227,000 before recosting, representing a decrease of $2,902,900, or 2.6 per cent, compared to 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 21), para. 21.15). The requested resources are supplemented by those of the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below). In addition, extrabudgetary resources estimated at $30,000,000 will be utilized (see also para. V.78 below).", "V.68 The representatives of the Secretary-General informed the Advisory Committee that the reductions in the budget necessitated the abolition of posts, as decreases in non-post items had reached “a very delicate and risky edge”. The Committee was further informed that it was proposed to accommodate the majority of the reductions within the programme support area under administration and under executive direction and management, while preserving the integrity of mandates and programme delivery on the substantive side. The Committee was informed that ECLAC, in formulating the budget, had strived to continue to be responsive to member States’ development policy needs and the emerging challenges of the Latin American and Caribbean region in the eight priority areas outlined in paragraph 21.9 of the proposed programme budget.", "V.69 Table V.13 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table V.13", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t496\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 14 D-1, 29 P-5, 63 P-4,59 P-3, 49 P-2/1, 4 GS (OL), 2 NO, 274LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t484\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 14 D-1, 29 P-5, 62 P-4,59 P-3, 42 P-2/1, 4 GS (OL), 2 NO, 270LL\n Abolitions 12 1 P-4, 7 P-2, 4 LL \nRedeployments\t7\t1 P-5, 2 P-4, 2 P-3 and 2 LL tosubprogramme 4 from subprogramme 3\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t42\t1 D-1, 2 P-5, 5 P-4, 2 P-3, 4 P-2/1,28 LL", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.70 The Secretary-General proposes the continuation of 484 posts under the regular budget for the biennium 2012-2013 and the abolition of 12 posts, including seven posts at the P-2 level, resulting in a reduction in the requirement for post resources in the amount of $2,129,200. These 12 posts comprise one P-2 post of Associate Economic Affairs Officer under executive direction and management; one P-2 post under subprogramme 1, Linkages with the global economy, regional integration and cooperation; one P-2 post under subprogramme 2, Production and innovation; one P-2 post under subprogramme 3, Macroeconomic policies and growth; one P-2 post under subprogramme 5, Social development and equality; one P-2 post under subprogramme 12, Subregional activities in Mexico and Central America; one Local level post under subprogramme 13, Subregional activities in the Caribbean; and one P-4 temporary post, one P-2 post and three Local level posts under programme support. The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on the proposals of the Secretary-General to effect budgetary reductions at the five regional commissions are contained in chapter I and in paragraph V.4 above. The post reductions under programme support are attributed to efficiency measures undertaken by ECLAC (A/66/6 (Sect. 21), para. 21.125). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that none of the 20 posts (2 P-5, 3 P-4, 10 P-3, 3 P-2, 2 Local level) authorized for ECLAC under General Assembly resolution 63/260 on development-related activities has been proposed for abolition in the biennium 2012-2013. However, the Committee notes that four P-2 posts proposed for abolition at ECLAC correspond to subprogrammes that were strengthened under resolution 63/260. Taking into account the Secretary-General’s assurances that there would be no negative impact on the implementation of mandates, the Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding posts and recommends that the General Assembly keep this matter under review.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.71 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $17,464,300, reflecting a decrease of $773,700 as compared to 2010-2011, due primarily to decreased requirements in the following areas:", "(a) General operating expenses ($507,000), of which, the Secretary-General indicates, $173,300 pertains to reduced rental costs following the renegotiation of contracts for the national offices with the Governments concerned and with landlords, $264,400 pertains to the use of more economical telecommunications and Internet Protocol telephony technology throughout ECLAC and $69,300 relates to reduced costs for utilities and the maintenance of office automation equipment;", "(b) Supplies and materials ($14,700), due to the decreased use of printed materials;", "(c) Furniture and equipment ($433,600), related to the delayed replacement of information technology equipment.", "V.72 The above decreases in non-post resources are offset, in part, by increases in requirements under, inter alia, other staff costs ($27,900), experts ($41,000), travel of staff ($27,900) and contractual services ($82,000).", "Business continuity", "V.73 The Advisory Committee recalls General Assembly resolution 64/243, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this regard, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for ECLAC contains proposals totalling $465,000 which are directly related to business continuity management. The Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "V.74 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "V.75 The Advisory Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for ECLAC introduces a new subprogramme 4, Financing for development, through the inward redeployment of existing resources from subprogramme 3, Macroeconomic policies and growth. The Secretary-General indicates that the subprogramme will be implemented in accordance with the strategy detailed under subprogramme 4 of programme 17 of the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 (A/65/6/Rev.1). The subprogramme is intended to improve the capacity of Latin American and Caribbean policymakers to develop counter-cyclical domestic financial instruments and early warning systems to prevent and mitigate the effects of financial crises, and to mobilize foreign resources, and generate and allocate domestic resources for financing for development in the productive, social and environmental areas (A/66/6 (Sect. 21), table 21.18). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the posts proposed for redeployment to this subprogramme (1 P-5, 2 P-4, 2 P-3 and 2 Local level) had been concerned with similar functions under subprogramme 3, Macroeconomic policies and growth. The activities under the new subprogramme will be carried out by the Financing for Development Division, to be headed at the P-5 level.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "V.76 Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation would amount to $930,900 (ibid., para. 21.17). The comments and recommendations of the Advisory Committee on monitoring and evaluation at the five regional commissions are contained in paragraphs V.12 to V.15 above. The Committee notes that the proposed programme budget does not provide information either on the results of monitoring and evaluation activities carried out to date at ECLAC or on the evaluation plan for 2012-2013 for which those resources will be utilized. The Committee expects that future budget submissions will contain this information. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Comprehensive audit of ECLAC by the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "V.77 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with a copy of the comprehensive audit of ECLAC by the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) (AN2010/730/01). The Committee notes that ECLAC accepted all the recommendations of OIOS and adopted a plan to implement them during the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee trusts that all the accepted recommendations will be implemented in a timely manner.", "Extrabudgetary resources", "V.78 The Secretary-General indicates that the projected extrabudgetary resources of $30,000,000 in the biennium 2012-2013 will be used for studies and for technical cooperation, including advisory services, assistance and support to the countries of the region and field projects on integration issues, and training courses for policymakers to build up institutional capacity to address poverty, social inequity and gender issues. The Advisory Committee notes that extrabudgetary resources are projected to increase in 2012-2013 by $500,000, or 1.7 per cent, compared to 2010-2011, and that the number of posts financed from extrabudgetary sources will also increase by 2 posts to a total of 42 extrabudgetary posts. The Committee trusts that ECLAC will continue to engage with the donor community to broaden its donor base.", "Section 22", "Economic and social development in Western Asia", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $62,772,600^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $63,298,400 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $7,799,500^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report. ^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n ^(b) Updated projection as at 30 June 2011.", "V.79 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 22 amount to $62,772,600 before recosting, representing a decrease of $525,800, or 0.8 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 22), table 22.5 (1)). The requested resources are supplemented by those of the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account (see also sects. 23 and 36 below).", "V.80 The Secretary-General’s report on the proposed budget indicates that extrabudgetary resources estimated at $5,199,500 (ibid., table 22.5 (2)) are expected to supplement the resources from the regular budget. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with revised estimates for extrabudgetary resources in the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013, and was informed that the estimates for 2012-2013, updated as at 30 June 2011, had increased from $5,199,500 to $7,799,500 (see table V.14). The Committee was also informed that the increase was a result of the re-energized fund-raising strategy of ESCWA.", "Table V.14", "Extrabudgetary resource requirements", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Component 2008-2009 2010-2011 2012-2013 expenditure estimate projection", "A. Policymaking organs — — —", "B. Executive direction and 30.4 973.5 442.5 management", "C. Programme of work 5 109.1 7 919.2 6 740.6", "D. Programme support 298.2 695.9 616.4", "Total 5 437.7 9 588.6 7 799.5", "V.81 Table V.15 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013.", "Table V.15", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t261\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 7 D-1, 24 P-5, 35P-4, 29 P-3, 18 P-2, 2 NO, 1 FS,143 LL\nProposed for 2012-2013\t260\t1 USG, 1 D-2, 9 D-1, 25 P-5, 34P-4, 30 P-3, 18 P-2, 2 NO, 1 FS,139 LL\nNew posts\t3\t1 D-1 for subprogramme 6; 1 D-1 and1 P-5 for subprogramme 7\n Reclassification 1 1 P-4 to P-3 in subprogramme 2 \n Abolitions 4 4 LL \nRedeployment\t1\t1 P-3 to subprogramme 7 fromsubprogramme 1", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "V.82 The Advisory Committee notes that a total of 260 posts is proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 under the regular budget, reflecting a net decrease of one post compared with 2010-2011. As further explained in the following paragraphs, the Secretary-General’s proposals include the establishment of three new posts (2 D-1 and 1 P-5), the abolition of four Local level posts and the downward reclassification of one P-4 post.", "New posts", "V.83 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of the following posts:", "(a) One D-1, Chief of the Division for Women, subprogramme 6 (A/66/6 (Sect. 22), para. 22.72), in line with the Commission’s resolution on upgrading the ESCWA Centre for Women to the level of a division in order to meet its increased responsibilities in terms of the number of requests for advisory services from member States; the growing number of requests for assistance in the area of legislative reform as more member States ratify the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women; and the need to respond to emerging issues arising from the recent uprisings in the region (see also para. V.95 below).", "(b) One D-1, Chief of the Emerging Trends and Conflict-related Issues Division, subprogramme 7 (A/66/6 (Sect. 22), para. 22.80), in line with the Commission’s resolution on upgrading the Section to a division. The incumbent will be responsible for managerial oversight of the subprogramme, with a focus on the areas of governance, instability and development, as well as emerging trends and conflict mitigation. It was explained that the function will involve the coordination of work within ESCWA, as well as assisting the Executive Secretary in preparing the conflict mitigation and development work programme of the Division.", "(c) One P-5, Chief of the Governance, Instability and Development Section, subprogramme 7 (ibid.), in line with the Secretary-General’s proposal to upgrade the Section to a division in order to focus on the areas of public sector reform and countries in transition. The incumbent’s role will include the oversight of staff to ensure quality outputs, as well as the production of a full study and two technical papers on Arab countries in transition; the incumbent will also organize, design and coordinate the necessary research and cooperation with relevant entities in relation to various meetings and conferences.", "V.84 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretary-General’s proposals originated from draft resolutions of the Commission (E/ESCWA/RES/L.294 and E/ESCWA/RES/L.295) in which it requested the upgrading of the Section for Emerging and Conflict-related Issues and of the Centre for Women to the level of divisions, and for the necessary support in terms of resources and administrative procedures. It was further explained that, unless decided otherwise by the General Assembly and/or the Economic and Social Council, the decisions constitute a mandate for the United Nations Secretariat, which the Secretary-General has addressed by including the required resource estimates in the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee notes that draft resolutions 294 and 295 were considered by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session in 2010, but the Council decided to defer further consideration of the draft resolutions to its substantive session in 2011. Upon further enquiry, the Committee was informed that the draft resolutions of ESCWA had been adopted by the Economic and Social Council, as Council resolutions 2011/3 and 2011/4, on 18 May 2011, with a modification to paragraph 1, in each resolution, replacing “endorses” with “takes note of”. The Committee notes that the budget proposals for the present section were prepared on the assumption that the Council would take action on those draft resolutions in 2011. The Committee will revert to the Secretary-General’s proposals, in accordance with established procedure.", "V.85 With regard to the proposed establishment of a new P-5 post under subprogramme 7, the Advisory Committee notes that the proposed Emerging Trends and Conflict-related Issues Division will have 11 staff, with three at the level of P-5 and above. The Committee is of the opinion that the activities envisaged for the Governance, Instability and Development Section can be accomplished within the existing staffing size and structure. With the above-mentioned considerations in mind, the Committee recommends against acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal to establish a new P-5 post under subprogramme 7.", "Abolitions", "V.86 The Secretary-General is proposing the abolition of four posts as follows:", "(a) Two Local level posts of Team Assistant, one each in the Economic Analysis Section and the Regional Integration Section, subprogramme 3 (ibid., para. 22.54);", "(b) One Local level post of Team Assistant in the Office of the Chief, Information and Communications Technology Division, subprogramme 4 (ibid., para. 22.60);", "(c) One Local level post of Team Assistant in Central Support Services, Administrative Services Division, programme support (ibid., para. 22.86).", "V.87 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions.", "Reclassifications", "V.88 The Secretary-General proposes the downward reclassification of one P-4 post of Social Affairs Officer in the Office of the Chief, Social Development Division, subprogramme 2, to the P-3 level as a result of rationalizing the post structure (ibid., para. 22.48).", "V.89 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification.", "Recruitment and staffing", "V.90 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the status of recruitment against the 14 posts that had been listed as vacant as at 30 April 2011. The information provided indicates that one post has since been filled; one post has been proposed for redeployment; one post has been advertised in Inspira; two posts are temporarily encumbered; six posts under subprogramme 3, in the Economic Development and Globalization Division, are being kept vacant pending the outcome of the ongoing discussions regarding the restructuring exercise (see para. V.93 below); and the selected candidates for two of the remaining three vacant posts declined the job offers. Upon further enquiry as to how subprogramme 3 is able to ensure delivery of its mandate with so many posts currently vacant, the Committee was informed that some staff have been deployed between sections for a transitional period, while some of the vacant posts have been filled temporarily to strengthen the capacity of the subprogramme. Upon enquiry, the Committee was further informed that a Regional Adviser had been recruited to undertake work on the Millennium Development Goals and that the work programme has since been reviewed and prioritized to focus available resources on two flagship publications, the Survey of Economic and Social Developments in the ESCWA Region and the Arab Millennium Development Goals Report. The Committee expects that the vacant posts will be filled expeditiously.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "V.91 The Secretary-General proposes non-post resources for the biennium 2012-2013 in the amount of $9,711,600, reflecting a decrease of $783,900, or 7 per cent, compared with 2010-2011. The decrease is mainly due to reduced requirements under general operating expenses ($232,900); supplies and materials ($221,900); and furniture and equipment ($456,200), mainly resulting from the extended use of equipment that is serviceable. The reduced requirements are partially offset by increased requirements under contractual services ($168,300), mainly relating to provisions for business continuity. The Advisory Committee’s comments on business continuity are contained in chapter I above. The Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Restructuring exercise", "V.92 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s report, the Advisory Committee was informed that an independent consultant had been engaged to examine the mandate, functions and responsibilities of the Economic Development and Globalization Division and the Office of the Executive Secretary, and to determine the extent to which existing organizational arrangements adequately address priority issues in the region and facilitate the effective management of the programme. The Committee was further informed that the consultant’s assignment had been concluded and that internal discussion, with a view to implementing the consultant’s recommended course of action, was ongoing.", "V.93 The Advisory Committee takes note of the restructuring initiative, as well as other initiatives, such as the new programme performance evaluation mechanism and the proposed upgrading of sections to divisions. The Committee, however, is concerned about the apparent lack of coherence in the approach being taken, with the Secretary-General proposing additional posts while at the same time maintaining six vacant posts, pending the outcome of the ongoing discussions regarding the restructuring exercise. The Committee notes the initiative taken towards the efficient and effective management of the programme, resulting in the restructuring exercise. The Committee expects the management of the Commission to remain focused on the expeditious implementation of the restructuring exercise and to report on the efficiencies achieved in the context of the relevant performance report. The Committee, however, maintains the view that the monitoring and evaluation of the ESCWA programme of work should not require consultants, but rather, it should be undertaken by management on a regular basis.", "ESCWA Centre for Women", "V.94 The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General’s budget proposals include upgrading of the ESCWA Centre for Women to enable it to play a greater role in the programme’s mandate. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that while UN-Women addresses women’s issues from a global perspective, the entities within the regional commissions concerned with the advancement of women address the regional and national specificities, and highlight the areas that require immediate attention. The Committee was further informed that the ESCWA Centre for Women provides the regional dimension to the work of UN-Women, including implementation of international instruments such as the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women and the Millennium Development Goals. The ESCWA Centre for Women is also able to promptly address developments at the national level.", "V.95 The representatives of the Secretary-General provided further information on the role of the upgraded ESCWA Centre for Women in addressing women’s issues, explaining that there is a clear indication that other fields of study, in addition to those covered by existing literature on women’s issues, remain unaddressed. As explained to the Advisory Committee, those new fields include gender budgeting and gender audits at the national level; implementation of Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on women and peace and security, especially in the light of the recent uprisings in the region; political participation of women, especially at the political party level; gender-based violence, especially domestic violence and human trafficking for sexual exploitation; follow-up on implementation of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, in the light of the increased number of member States that have ratified the Convention; and the impact of globalization and market trends on the gender division of labour. In addition, the Committee was informed that the involvement of women in the ongoing uprisings and political developments in the region is expected to generate new and additional demands for operational and advisory services, which could result in the need to raise more extrabudgetary funds to enable the Centre to respond to such new demands. The Secretary-General further indicated that the ESCWA Centre for Women is now expected to provide support to other divisions for gender-sensitive programming and implementation, as part of the ESCWA gender mainstreaming strategy adopted in 2010 (see also para. V.83 (a) above).", "V.96 The Advisory Committee welcomes the efforts made to address the challenges faced by women in the region and emphasizes the importance of close cooperation with UN-Women to avoid any duplication.", "Section 23 Regular programme of technical cooperation", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $52,246,200^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $52,246,200 \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "V.97 The resource requirements proposed by the Secretary-General for section 23 amount to $52,246,200, before recosting, which is at the same level as the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. Information with respect to the requirements by component, object of expenditure and programme is provided in tables 23.2 and 23.4 of the proposed budget (see A/66/6 (Sect. 23)).", "V.98 Activities undertaken under the regular programme of technical cooperation are divided into two components, as follows:", "(a) Sectoral advisory services, implemented by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UNCTAD, UNODC, UN-Habitat, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and OHCHR (ibid., paras. 23.26-23.33). The proposed requirements of $22,875,400, or 41.7 per cent, of the total resources requested under the section for 2012-2013, would provide for an estimated 772 work-months of the services, compared with 792 work-months in the current biennium. A summary of the requirements for 2012-2013 by subprogramme and implementing entity, with information on expenditure for 2008-2009 and appropriations for 2010-2011, is provided in table 23.6 of the proposed budget;", "(b) Regional and subregional advisory services, implemented by the five regional commissions (ibid., paras. 23.34-23.40). The proposed requirements for the services amount to $31,968,100, or 58.3 per cent, of the total requirements, which would provide for 1,114 work-months of the services in 2012-2013, compared with 1,320 work-months in the current biennium. Table 23.13 of the budget document provides a summary of the requirements for 2012-2013, expenditure for 2008-2009 and appropriations for 2010-2011.", "V.99 The Advisory Committee recalls that the regular programme of technical cooperation was established by the General Assembly in its resolution 58 (I) in 1946. According to the Secretary-General, the key element that differentiates the programme from other technical cooperation support available within the United Nations system is that it allows a fast and flexible response to requests to meet small-scale but urgent requirements of developing countries, least developed countries, countries with economies in transition and countries emerging from conflicts in their capacity development efforts. While the programme continues to deliver assistance through the same modalities, the Secretary-General indicates that there has been increased emphasis on the sharing of experience and knowledge across countries and regions, especially through South-South cooperation and the building of knowledge networks to help sustain inter-country cooperation (A/66/6 (Sect. 23), paras. 23.1, 23.4 and 23.5).", "V.100 The Secretary-General also indicates that, in line with General Assembly resolution 2514 (XXIV) and Economic and Social Council resolution 1434 (XLVII), activities financed under this section continue to focus on short-term advisory services, training and field projects, with special emphasis on learning and on transferring new knowledge, skills and technologies. Most of the interventions are targeted at specific elements identified by Member States as a requirement to meet their international commitments (A/66/6 (Sect. 23), para. 23.10). Paragraphs 23.11 to 23.17 of the budget document contain information with respect to short-term advisory services, field projects and training, as well as the objective, strategy and criteria for the allocation of resources under the programme. The Advisory Committee notes from the budget document that training activities, aimed at building knowledge and skills, contribute to the strengthening of national capacity for policy development and the effective implementation of national policies (ibid., para. 23.15). The Committee trusts that the programme will continue to strengthen national capacity through its future activities and, where feasible, to explore the possibility of utilizing the recipients, who have acquired skills through the regular programme of technical cooperation, to act as advisers or experts.", "V.101 The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that under the regular programme of technical cooperation, funding was allocated to each implementing entity at the subprogramme level. As an illustration of how regular programme of technical cooperation funds are programmed, the Committee was informed that, with respect to the allocation to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, each operational activity was established as a distinct project in order to facilitate effective monitoring, evaluation and reporting. Each project was also endorsed by the director of the relevant subprogramme and approved by the Capacity Development Office on behalf of the Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs. Similar approaches were followed by other implementing agencies. Further, projects under the programme were established, in a phased manner, throughout the biennium, which allowed for the optimal utilization of resources in response to unforeseen requests from Member States. In addition, projects were implemented during the same biennium for which funds were allocated.", "V.102 With respect to the distinction and complementarity between activities implemented under the regular programme of technical cooperation and those implemented under the Development Account (see sect. 36 below), the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that short-term and small-scale activities under the regular programme of technical cooperation were developed and implemented within the biennium for which funds were allocated, while medium-scale projects under the Development Account, on the other hand, were prepared in advance and then endorsed by the General Assembly, with an implementation cycle of four years. At the same time, both the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account supported the overall goal of assisting Member States to achieve internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. The Committee expects that the complementarity between the regular programme of technical cooperation and the Development Account will continue to be ensured and further developed to maximize the combined impact of the activities implemented through the two mechanisms.", "General comments and recommendations", "First progress report", "V.103 During its consideration of the proposals for section 23, the Advisory Committee also had before it an advance version of the first progress report on the regular programme of technical cooperation, which provides an overview of the roles and purposes of the programme, the results and impact of its activities, the management of the programme and the challenges encountered. The Committee notes from the progress report that one of the fundamental features of the programme is the multiplier effect, which links pilot activities of the programme with better-endowed funds so as to generate larger-scale benefits. Further, South-South cooperation is a particular mechanism through which the multiplier effect is realized. The Advisory Committee also notes that among the examples related to South-South cooperation provided in the progress report are the collaboration between ECLAC and the World Bank, and cross-regional collaboration among the five regional commissions. The Committee finds that the first progress report provides detailed and useful information with respect to the regular programme of technical cooperation, and recommends that the report be provided to the General Assembly in the context of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The Committee also expects that such information will be provided to it in advance of its consideration of the biennial resource requirements for the regular programme of technical cooperation.", "Results-based budgeting", "V.104 With respect to incorporating results-based budgeting and results-based management in the activities funded under section 23, the Advisory Committee recalls that the logical framework was initiated at the section level in the biennium 2004-2005, was expanded to the programme level in 2006-2007 and was further expanded to subprogrammes in 2008-2009. Accordingly, each implementing entity of a subprogramme is directly accountable for defining and determining expected accomplishments, indicators of achievement and, ultimately, the achievement of results (A/64/7, para. V.72). The budget document contains, under each subprogramme of an implementing entity, summary information relating to the proposed budget, output, activities and impact, in addition to expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement (A/66/6 (Sect. 23), paras. 23.26-23.40). While the Committee welcomes the information provided in the proposed programme budget, it encourages further improvement to the summary information, in particular, in relation to the anticipated impact of the activities proposed for the forthcoming biennium.", "V.105 The Advisory Committee recalls that the Board of Auditors, following its examination of the framework of results-based budgeting in the area of technical cooperation, observed that, owing to the lack of clear objectives and valid indicators, objective assessment of the activities carried out was rendered difficult and was reduced to narratives of progress. However, the Board also noted that the monitoring put in place regarding the Development Account was, on the whole, an exception to that finding. The Board therefore recommended that the Administration put in place, for all of its technical cooperation activities, a results-measurement mechanism comparable to that required for the projects funded under the Development Account. The Committee also recalls that it subsequently requested the Secretary-General to provide information on progress achieved in that regard (see A/64/7, para. V.73). In this connection, the Committee notes from the proposed budget that a monitoring mechanism has been established by all implementing entities, which facilitates better assessment and reporting on activities implemented, results achieved and benefits accrued by the countries concerned (A/66/6, para. 23.21). The Committee welcomes the establishment of the monitoring mechanism for activities undertaken under the regular programme of technical cooperation and expects that that mechanism will continue to be strengthened.", "V.106 In its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee recommended that information and progress related to the award and duration of contracts for advisers be included in future budget submissions (A/64/7, para. V.76). Further, the Committee noted at the time that the Secretary-General had not responded to its recommendation that the use of nationally and regionally recruited expertise be explored (ibid., para. V.74). In this connection, the Committee notes that the Secretary-General includes information in this regard in paragraphs 23.12 and 23.13 of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. According to the Secretary-General, all implementing entities of the programme update their advisory capacities with the intention of replacing advisers as needed, to ensure that the best skills and knowledge required are available to respond to the changing needs of Member States. Furthermore, it is indicated that contracts for advisers are now capped at five years, and short-term advisers who have the knowledge to respond to specific and distinct assignments of a limited duration are recruited as a complementary measure. In addition, national and regional expertise is drawn upon to address, in particular, country-specific issues, when expert knowledge is fundamental in ensuring the most relevant and targeted support. The Committee welcomes the inclusion of the relevant information it requested in the proposed programme budget. The Committee trusts that all implementing entities of the programme will continue to update their advisory capacities, including the use of nationally and regionally recruited expertise, and that such information will be regularly provided in future budget submissions.", "Other issues", "V.107 As shown in table 23.6 of the proposed budget for 2012-2013, the sectoral advisory services would have 19 subprogrammes. The Advisory Committee notes from the table that no provision is proposed for the subprogramme on gender issues and advancement of women under the sectoral advisory services. The Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that activities relating to gender issues and advancement of women would be undertaken by UN-Women.", "Part VI Human rights and humanitarian affairs", "Section 24 Human rights", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $147,234,900^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $141,191,400 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $254,743,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "VI.1 The total proposed estimates under budget section 24 comprise the requirements of $146,054,900 for the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and $1,180,000 for the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.18). The programme of work of OHCHR for the biennium 2012-2013 consists of four subprogrammes: human rights mainstreaming, right to development, and research and analysis; supporting human rights treaty bodies; advisory services, technical cooperation and field activities; and supporting the Human Rights Council, its subsidiary bodies and mechanisms. The activities relating to the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus are identified in a separate work programme under this budget section.", "VI.2 The resources of $147,234,900 requested for the biennium 2012-2013 reflect an increase of $6,043,500, or 4.3 per cent, compared to the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid.). The increase of $6,043,500 for OHCHR comprises (a) a net increase of $2,904,000 under policymaking organs; (b) a net decrease of $255,400 under executive direction and management; (c) a net overall increase of $3,372,500 for substantive activities; and (d) a net increase of $22,400 under programme support.", "VI.3 The Secretary-General indicates that the proposed estimates for section 24 do not take into consideration: possible decisions of the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the programme budget implications of the resolutions and decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth and seventeenth sessions; the request contained in General Assembly resolution 65/200 for concrete and tailored proposals on the human rights treaty bodies to increase their effectiveness; and resolutions and decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council at its special sessions, which would affect the human rights work programme for the biennium 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 24.19)", "VI.4 Table VI.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table VI.1", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \nRegularbudget \nApproved for2010-2011^(a)\t344\t1 USG, 2 ASG, 3 D-2, 9 D-1, 42 P-5, 90 P-4,89 P-3, 20 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL),79 GS (OL), 4 LL, 1 NO\nProposed for2012-2013\t355\t1 USG, 2 ASG, 3 D-2, 9 D-1, 42 P-5, 93 P-4,92 P-3, 21 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL),83 GS (OL), 4 LL, 1 NO\nNew\t9\t1 P-4, 2 P-3 and 2 GS (OL), subprogramme 2;1 P-4 and 1 P-3, subprogramme 4; 2 GS (OL),executive direction and management\nConversions\t4\t1 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 P-2 and 1 GS (OL),subprogramme 4Redeployments\t4\t1 GS (OL) to executive direction andmanagement from subprogramme 2 1 GS (OL) to executive direction andmanagement from subprogramme 4 \n 2 GS (OL) to subprogramme 4 fromsubprogramme 2\nExtrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t765\t3 D-1, 36 P-5, 95 P-4, 149 P-3, 24 P-2/1, 2GS (PL), 324 GS (OL), 132 NO", "^(a) Including two non-recurrent temporary posts (1 P-3 and 1 GS (OL)) expiring in 2011.", "VI.5 The Secretary-General had indicated in his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 that the doubling of the regular budget resources for OHCHR, as mandated by the General Assembly in its resolution 60/1, had been accomplished (see A/64/6 (Sect. 23), para. 23.16). The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General reiterates that this strengthening of OHCHR over five years has been achieved (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.12). The Secretary-General indicates, however, that some elements of the increase proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 relate to additional resources to support new and expanded mandates, including those that have been mandated by the Human Rights Council since its establishment (ibid., para. 24.14).", "VI.6 The Advisory Committee notes that, in the biennium 2012-2013, OHCHR will provide strengthened and consolidated organizational support to the Human Rights Council and its subsidiary bodies and mechanisms, including the universal periodic review, the special procedures and the Human Rights Council Advisory Committee and complaint procedure, as well as other relevant United Nations organs. It is indicated that the United Nations treaty-monitoring bodies, all supported by OHCHR, will receive strengthened support and advice (ibid., para. 24.6). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, in the past 10-year period, the number of treaty bodies serviced by OHCHR had increased from 5 to 10; the number of the sessions held annually by treaty bodies from 11 to 24; the number of weeks in which treaty bodies hold sessions annually from 44 to 73; and the number of treaty body experts from 74 to 172. Upon request, the Committee was provided with details of the pattern of expenditure on policymaking organs and expert bodies in recent bienniums (see table VI.2). The Committee notes that the information in the table excludes the cost of staff at OHCHR who support policymaking organs and expert bodies and who occupy the 134 regular budget posts proposed under subprogrammes 2 and 4, as well as the related support costs, which are included under sections 2 and 28E of the regular budget.", "Table VI.2", "Non-post expenditure in support of OHCHR policymaking organs and expert bodies", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "2000-2001 2002-2003 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2009 Projected Estimated 2010-2011 2012-2013", "Commission on Human 187.7 162.6 205.3 — — — — Rights", "Human Rights Council — — — 135.2 127.5 292.9 378.3", "Subcommission/Human 569.4 665.7 815.2 370.1 435.4 540.5 735.4 Rights Advisory Committee", "Human Rights Committee 1 181.5 1 204.0 1 309.6 1 509.3 1 625.6 1 863.3 1 789.3", "Special Committee to 204.2 169.7 229.3 210.1 251.8 271.2 342.4 Investigate Israeli Practices", "Committee on Economic, 813.1 613.6 719.7 761.9 958.3 1 160.4 883.2 Social and Cultural Rights", "Committee on the 551.0 832.4 1 426.0 1 462.4 1 751.7 1 896.3 1 870.2 Rights of the Child", "Committee against 336.1 365.3 460.1 437.4 528.0 821.1 608.9 Torture", "Committee on the 522.0 572.1 682.1 735.7 943.6 1 281.0 1 154.8 Elimination of Racial Discrimination", "Chairpersons of Human 44.8 37.4 41.6 49.6 112.9 113.7 114.4 Rights Bodies", "Permanent Forum on — 269.1 — — — — — Indigenous Issues", "Committee on the — — 170.5 184.4 323.7 525.3 542.4 Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families", "Committee on the — — — — 1 888.2 1 559.4 2 119.2 Elimination of Discrimination against Women", "Subcommittee on — — — 551.6 745.4 1 184.2 2 052.9 Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment", "Committee on the — — — — 616.2 562.9 1 349.2 Rights of Persons with Disabilities", "Committee on Enforced — — — — — 90.0 680.0 Disappearances", "Total 4 409.8 4 891.9 6 059.4 6 407.7 10 308.3 12 162.2 14 620.6", "VI.7 The Secretary-General notes that the General Assembly is reviewing the status of the Human Rights Council and, in that context, is considering the issue of funding for the implementation of urgent human rights activities mandated by the Council (ibid., para. 24.15). The Secretary-General also states that, although the General Assembly has approved additional resources in response to the new mandates established by the Council, the ever-expanding demands of the human rights treaty bodies and the Council and its mechanisms, at times assigned without corresponding resources, have affected the level of support provided to the Human Rights Council by OHCHR (ibid., para. 24.16). The Advisory Committee looks forward to the results of the review by the General Assembly of the status of the Human Rights Council and trusts that proposals stemming from that review on the issue of funding for new requirements will contain measures to ensure the most efficient and effective utilization of the existing resources of the Office.", "Organizational effectiveness programme", "VI.8 It is indicated that in the biennium 2012-2013 OHCHR will consolidate the management and efficiency gains achieved through the implementation of an organizational effectiveness programme aimed at redressing the weaknesses observed by OIOS in its report (A/64/203 and Corr.1 and Add.1) on the efficiency of the implementation of the mandate of OHCHR (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.9). OIOS recommended various improvements to sharpen strategic focus, develop an overarching field strategy, improve OHCHR work with human rights bodies through more systematic follow-up of their recommendations, strengthen partnerships, improve internal coordination and communication, and identify and document work processes. The Advisory Committee was informed that, following surveys undertaken in 2010 to collect the views of OHCHR staff, four critical work processes were identified for review: recruitment, strategic planning, mission preparation, and documentation submission and clearance. Simplified procedures have been introduced at OHCHR in the areas of planning, budgeting, reporting and recruitment, and OHCHR expects to implement all the remaining recommendations stemming from the organizational effectiveness programme by the end of 2011. The Committee expects that the impact of the implementation of the programme will be reported on in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "OHCHR New York Office", "VI.9 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly approved an Assistant Secretary-General post for the head of the OHCHR New York Office in the biennium 2010-2011. The Secretary-General, in proposing the post, indicated that an Assistant Secretary-General at the New York Office would allow OHCHR to participate at the appropriate level in executive decision-making committees and would ensure political-level representation and access to high-level policy discussions. In addition, it was stated that the post of Assistant Secretary-General would increase the decision-making and outreach capacity of the New York Office and thus improve the efficiency and effectiveness of OHCHR (A/64/6 (Sect. 23), para. 23.53). The Committee is of the view that the proposed programme budget does not sufficiently articulate the benefits that have been derived from the strengthening of the OHCHR New York Office, and requests that such information be included in the context of the performance report. Furthermore, the Committee is of the view that the establishment of the Assistant Secretary-General post should lead to a reduction in the requirement for official travel between Geneva and New York (see chap. I, para. 104 above and para. VI.20 below).", "Monitoring and evaluation", "VI.10 The Secretary-General indicates that resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation in the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $1,477,100, comprising $1,240,700 under the regular budget and $236,400 under extrabudgetary resources (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.21). It is noted that the OHCHR Policy, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Section will work to strengthen and further develop the monitoring and evaluation functions throughout the Office and will support the implementation of a system of performance evaluation throughout OHCHR in the biennium 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 24.53 (e)). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that a major internal self-evaluation at OHCHR of performance in supporting human rights mechanisms in their follow-up work and States’ capacity to meet their obligations was currently under preparation and that follow-up was under way for three evaluations carried out in the biennium 2008‑2009, comprising the OIOS external evaluation of the efficiency of the implementation of the OHCHR mandate (see para. VI.8 above) and two internal self-evaluations, on performance in mainstreaming human rights within the United Nations at the country level (April 2008) and on performance on gender mainstreaming (December 2009).", "VI.11 The Advisory Committee was also informed that the internal self-evaluations have concluded that OHCHR should make its priorities widely known; establish, review or strengthen processes, workflows and policy guidance; work more consistently and systematically with partners; review various policies, including on gender, regional offices, human rights advisers and field presences; streamline programming processes, guidance and guidelines on gender; improve capacity development on gender; and strengthen accountability on gender. OHCHR has used a follow-up action plan to systematically identify activities, the lead divisions for implementation and the time frame required to implement evaluation recommendations. Progress in implementation is also tracked periodically for the internal self-evaluations. The Committee was further informed that OHCHR had begun implementing several of the above-mentioned recommendations in 2010-2011 through an enhanced planning process, which included identifying global priorities, elaborating implementation strategies for those priorities and adopting OHCHR management outputs. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above. The Committee reiterates the importance of the monitoring and evaluation of programmes, and in particular its recommendation that budget presentations should make clear how the outcome of evaluations leads to improvements in mandate delivery and affects the proposed allocation of resources (see A/64/7, para. 26). The Committee takes note of the measures taken by OHCHR to strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of its programme of work and looks forward to receiving more detailed information on progress made in the context of the budget submission for the biennium 2014-2015.", "Extrabudgetary funding", "VI.12 The extrabudgetary resources of OHCHR are estimated at $254,743,000 in the biennium 2012-2013, compared to $258,214,000 in 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.20). The Secretary-General indicates that a total of 765 posts will be financed from extrabudgetary resources in the biennium 2012-2013, compared to 762 in 2010-2011 (ibid., table 24.6). The Advisory Committee was informed that, in the year 2010, OHCHR disbursed more funds in support of extrabudgetary activities than were received in voluntary contributions; however, sufficient balances under extrabudgetary resources remained to meet the overrun. The Committee trusts that OHCHR will continue to engage with donors and exercise prudence in implementing extrabudgetary-funded activities, to avoid disruptions due to shortfalls in such funding.", "Field presences", "VI.13 The Secretary-General indicates that reduced post resources are required under subprogramme 3 as three regular-budget posts were redeployed from the Office of the Director, Field Operations and Technical Cooperation Division until the establishment of the OHCHR Regional Office in Bangkok in 2010 (ibid., para. 24.89). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed, however, that the Regional Office in Bangkok had in fact been established under extrabudgetary resources since 2002 and that the three regular-budget posts had been assigned to the Bangkok Regional Office in 2010 after efforts to establish new regional offices in North Africa and in South Asia proved unsuccessful. The Committee is of the view that the budget presentation does not show the field presences of OHCHR with sufficient clarity, and recalls its previous recommendation that information on the capacity of OHCHR in the field, including in United Nations peace operations, be included in the proposed programme budget (A/64/7, para. VI.18). In this regard, the Committee was provided with information on OHCHR field presences, which is to be found in table VI.3 at the end of the present section.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "VI.14 Under executive direction and management, the Secretary-General proposes the establishment of two new General Service (Other level) posts for the Document Processing Unit, to meet the increased workload and to ensure that the service required by the Human Rights Council and the treaty bodies is adequate (A/66/6 (Sect. 24), para. 24.59). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the OHCHR Document Processing Unit was established in 2002 with a view to streamlining internal processes related to documentation management. Since 2005, the number of OHCHR documents processed by the unit has nearly doubled, from 1,525 to more than 3,000 in 2010. The Committee has no objection to the proposed establishment of two General Service (Other level) posts.", "VI.15 Under subprogramme 2, the Secretary-General proposes the establishment of three posts to assist the Committee on Enforced Disappearances: one P-4 post to liaise with petitioners and States parties concerned, draft decisions and views under the individual communications procedure and follow up on the implementation of the Committee’s views; one P-3 post to assist the Committee on Enforced Disappearances with the examination of States’ reports submitted under article 29 of the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Forced Disappearance; and one General Service (Other level) post to provide secretarial assistance in relation to individual communications (art. 31) and inquiries (art. 33) under the Convention. In addition, it is proposed that one new P-3 post and one new General Service (Other level) post be established to support the Subcommittee on Prevention of Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment in its new composition of 25 members, increased from 10, in view of the expected increase in the workload of the Subcommittee, particularly with respect to the demands that arise in the organization of field missions (ibid., para. 24.80). The Advisory Committee was provided with a detailed breakdown of the distribution of posts in support of treaty bodies under OHCHR. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the establishment of the five posts proposed (1 P-4, 2 P-3 and 2 General Service (Other level)).", "VI.16 Under subprogramme 4, the Secretary-General proposes the establishment of one P-4 post for the Secretary of the Consultative Group to lead and supervise the work of two staff members to manage the entire process of advertising positions and compiling applications, preparing and updating the public list of eligible candidates for positions of special rapporteur and independent expert and preparing documentation for meetings of the Group. One new P-3 post is proposed for the Civil and Political Rights Section owing to the increase in the workload relating to the special procedures (ibid., para. 24.104). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the establishment of the two posts proposed (1 P-4 and 1 P-3).", "Redeployments", "VI.17 The Secretary-General proposes the redeployment to the Document Processing Unit of two General Service (Other level) posts, one each from subprogrammes 2 and 4 (ibid., para. 24.59), and the redeployment of two General Service (Other level) posts from subprogramme 2 to subprogramme 4 that are assigned to the Human Rights Council Branch but that have continued to be reflected budgetarily under subprogramme 2 (ibid., para. 24.104). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "Conversions", "VI.18 The Secretary-General proposes the conversion from general temporary assistance positions of one P-4, one P-3, one P-2 and one General Service (Other level) to temporary posts under subprogramme 4 to support the Working Group on the elimination of discrimination against women in law and in practice, mandated by the Human Rights Council in resolution 15/23 (ibid.). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed conversions.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VI.19 The Secretary-General proposes a total of $971,200 for consultants under executive direction and management and the programme of work for the biennium 2012-2013, representing a decrease of $149,200 compared to the current biennium. The Secretary-General proposes a total of $19,565,500 for the travel of representatives under policymaking organs and the programme of work in the biennium 2012-2013, representing an increase of $3,261,600 over the biennium 2010-2011. A total of $4,238,800 is proposed for official travel of staff under policymaking organs, executive direction and management, the programme of work and programme support for the biennium 2012-2013, representing an increase of $753,000 over the current biennium.", "VI.20 The Advisory Committee notes the proposed decrease in the resources for consultants and considers that the growth in the staffing table of the Office in recent bienniums should result in a reduced reliance on outside expertise. With regard to travel, the Committee recognizes the need for representatives to undertake mandated regular field missions. However, the Committee considers that increased efforts should be made to utilize staff from OHCHR field and regional offices to support such missions and thus reduce the requirements under official travel of staff. Given the possibilities for such efficiencies, the Committee recommends a reduction of $424,000 in the proposed provision of $4,238,800 for travel of staff. The Committee recommends approval of the remaining proposals for non-post resources.", "Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $1,180,000^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $1,180,000 \n^(a) At 2010-2011 rates. Figures in the presentreport, unless otherwise noted, are at revised2010-2011 rates (i.e. before recosting).", "VI.21 The activities of the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus, which was established to ascertain the fate of missing persons through the good offices of the Secretary-General, are described in subsection E of the Secretary-General’s proposal. The Secretary-General indicates that the United Nations is responsible only for the expenses of the third member of the Committee on Missing Persons, his or her two assistants and the miscellaneous operating expenses of their office, and that the project on the exhumation, identification and return of the remains of missing persons in Cyprus is financed from extrabudgetary sources (ibid., para. 24.117). The amount of $1,180,000 is proposed for the biennium 2012-2013, the same amount as approved for the current biennium, comprising $1,082,500 for general temporary assistance for the fees of the United Nations member of the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus (the third member) at the D-1 level, an assistant to the third member at the P-4 level and two General Service staff, as well as other non-post resources in the amount of $97,500. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for the Committee on Missing Persons.", "Table VI.3", "OHCHR field presences, as at 31 May 2011", "Location\tEstablished \n Regional offices and centres (12) \n Regional Office for Southern Africa Pretoria 1998 \nSubregional Centre for Human Rightsand Democracy in Central Africa^(a)\tYaoundé\t2001\n Regional Office for East Africa Addis Ababa 2002 \n Regional Office for the Middle East Beirut 2002 \nRegional Office for South-EastAsia^(a)\tBangkok\t2002\n Regional Office for the Pacific Suva 2005 \n Regional Office for Central Asia^(a) Bishkek 2006 \nRegional Office for CentralAmerica^(a)\tPanama City\t2007\n Regional Office for West Africa^(a) Dakar 2008 \n Regional Office for Europe^(a) Brussels 2009 \nHuman Rights Training andDocumentation Centre for South-WestAsia and the Arab Region\tDoha\t2009\n Regional Office for South America^(a) Santiago 2009 \n Country and stand-alone offices (13) \n Cambodia^(a) Phnom Penh 1993 \n Occupied Palestinian Territories Gaza 1996 \n Ramallah 2000 \n Colombia Bogotá 1997 \n Kosovo (Serbia) Pristina 1998 \n Mexico Mexico City 2002 \nGuatemala\tGuatemalaCity\t2005\n Nepal Kathmandu 2005 \n Uganda Kampala 2005 \n Togo Lomé 2006 \n Plurinational State of Bolivia La Paz 2007 \n Guinea Conakry 2009 \n Mauritania Nouakchott 2009 \n Tunisia Tunis 2011 \n Human rights advisers (18) \n Sri Lanka Colombo 2004 \n Russia Federation Moscow 2005 \n Southern Caucasus Tbilisi 2006 \n Ecuador Quito 2007 \n Rwanda Kigali 2007 \n Serbia Belgrade 2007 \nThe former Yugoslav Republic ofMacedonia\tSkopje\t2007\n Kenya Nairobi 2008 \n Niger Niamey 2008 \n Papua New Guinea Port Moresby 2008 \n Republic of Moldova Chisinau 2008 \n Great Lakes Bujumbura 2009 \n Honduras Tegucigalpa 2010 \n Paraguay Asunción 2010 \n Tajikistan Dushanbe 2010 \n Chad N’Djamena 2011 \n Madagascar Antananarivo 2011 \n Ukraine Kiev 2011 \nHuman rights components inpeacekeeping and special politicalmissions (14) \nUnited Nations Office inBurundi,^(b) United NationsStabilization Mission in Haiti,United Nations OrganizationStabilization Mission in theDemocratic Republic of theCongo,^(b) United Nations AssistanceMission in Afghanistan, UnitedNations Assistance Mission for Iraq,African Union-United Nations HybridOperation in Darfur, United NationsIntegrated Peacebuilding Office inGuinea-Bissau, United NationsIntegrated Peacebuilding SupportOffice in Sierra Leone, UnitedNations Interim AdministrationMission in Kosovo, United NationsMission in Liberia, United NationsMission in the Sudan, United NationsIntegrated Mission in Timor-Leste,United Nations Operation in Côted’Ivoire, United Nations PoliticalOffice for Somalia", "^(a) Financed, in whole or in part, from regular budget resources.", "^(b) Includes integrated OHCHR field presence.", "Section 25", "International protection, durable solutions and assistance to refugees", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $83,717,500^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $83,717,500 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "VI.22 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 25 amount to $83,717,500, before recosting, which is the same level as the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 25), table 25.1 and para. 25.13). As noted in paragraph 25.23 of the proposed programme budget, in accordance with paragraph 20 of the Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), no expenditure other than administrative expenditures relating to the functioning of UNHCR shall be borne by the regular budget of the United Nations and all other expenditures relating to the activities of UNHCR shall be financed by voluntary contributions. It is estimated that extrabudgetary requirements would amount to $6,558,244,200, representing 98.7 per cent of the total projected resources of UNHCR for the biennium 2012-2013 (ibid., para. 25.14).", "VI.23 Table VI.4 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VI.4", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t2\t1 USG, 1 ASG\nProposed for2012-2013\t2\t1 USG, 1 ASG\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t7870\t2 ASG, 24 D-2, 86 D-1, 190 P-5, 1,247P-4/3, 205 P-2/1, 312 GS (PL), 313 GS(OL), 4,743 LL, 43 FS, 705 NO", "Lump-sum arrangement", "VI.24 The amount of $83,717,500 proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 under the lump-sum arrangement from the regular budget relates to the following (ibid., para. 25.24):", "(a) Provision for the posts of the High Commissioner and the Deputy High Commissioner ($1,232,700);", "(b) A grant to be utilized for the administrative costs of UNHCR ($82,484,800).", "VI.25 The Secretary-General indicates that the provision of funds from the regular budget for the administrative expenditures of UNHCR in the form of a grant, rather than as post and non-post resources, was initiated in the biennium 2002-2003 in order to simplify the UNHCR budgetary process, subject to a review after three bienniums (ibid., para. 25.24). Accordingly, the review of the lump-sum arrangement and the lessons learned from the three bienniums were reported to the General Assembly at its sixty-third session (A/63/537). The Assembly, in its resolution 63/263, endorsed the maintenance of the lump-sum arrangement for the regular-budget funding of UNHCR, as recommended by the Advisory Committee (A/63/616, para. 10). It was decided to present the funding for the posts of the High Commissioner and the Deputy High Commissioner separately from the grant (ibid., para. 7).", "VI.26 The Secretary-General further indicates that the lump sum from the regular budget for 2012-2013 would cover the equivalent of 220 posts in the management and administration category ($69,043,700), general operating expenses ($8,157,000), supplies and materials ($170,000) and contribution to joint activities ($6,346,800) (A/66/6 (Sect. 25), para. 25.13). UNHCR reports its expenditures under the regular budget, broken down into post and non-post resources, to United Nations Headquarters on an annual basis (A/63/616, para. 7).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VI.27 Prior to the implementation of the lump-sum arrangement described in paragraph VI.25 above, 220 posts, including the posts of the High Commissioner and the Deputy High Commissioner, were financed by the regular budget for the biennium 2000-2001. At that time, the 220 posts represented 50.8 per cent of the 433 posts categorized by UNHCR as management and administration posts (A/63/616, para. 5). The Advisory Committee notes that for 2010-2011, the equivalent of 220 posts financed by the regular budget represents 42.7 per cent of the 515 posts currently under the UNHCR management and administration category. For the biennium 2012-2013, the contribution from the regular budget would continue to finance the equivalent of 220 posts in the management and administration category, comprising the two posts of the High Commissioner and the Deputy High Commissioner and the other 218 posts under the grant. The Committee also notes from table 25.6 in the budget document that 7,870 posts at UNHCR would be financed by extrabudgetary contributions in the biennium 2012-2013, the same number as in the biennium 2010-2011.", "VI.28 The Advisory Committee enquired as to the grade levels of the 218 management and administration posts financed by the grant from the regular budget for 2012-2013. The Committee was informed that while the number of posts at the D-2/1 and P-4/3 levels would increase by five and six, respectively, there would be a decrease of four P-5 posts, five P-2 posts and two GS posts. The Committee notes that the number of posts in the higher grades has increased, while the number of posts at lower levels has decreased. In this connection, the Committee was further informed that since the implementation of the lump-sum arrangement, UNHCR had decided which of the management and administration posts should correspond to the 218 posts financed by the grant from the regular budget, with the remaining posts being financed by its voluntary contributions. Further, for the sake of consistency, UNHCR had tried to maintain the same proportion of grade levels regarding the 218 posts. However, owing to operational exigencies and the dynamic nature of UNHCR, it was not always possible to keep a static distribution of the 218 posts in terms of levels while adhering to the total budgetary ceiling for the lump sum.", "VI.29 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for 2012-2013. While the Committee accepts that the operational nature of UNHCR may require a flexible staffing table, it is nevertheless of the view that, for the purposes of transparency and accountability, the detailed composition of the 218 posts financed by the grant from the regular budget should continue to be provided in the context of the UNHCR biennial programme budgets.", "General comments and recommendations", "Service centres in Budapest", "VI.30 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011 (A/64/7, para. VI.27), it was informed that UNHCR had outposted certain administrative functions from Geneva to establish a Global Service Centre and a Global Learning Centre in Budapest. It was estimated at the time that start-up and transitional costs would amount to approximately $20 million and that, starting in 2010, savings of approximately $9.5 million would be realized annually.", "VI.31 In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes from table 25.4 of the proposed budget that annual savings of $6.15 million were already realized in 2009 and that the revised projections for annual savings would amount to $15.2 million for 2010, $17 million for 2011, and $16.3 million for 2012 and 2013 respectively. It is indicated that the estimates in table 25.4 take into account the contribution of the Government of Hungary, which is providing rent-free premises in central Budapest, office furniture and the cost of maintenance and utilities, and of reception and security services for a period of 10 years (A/66/6, para. 25.18).", "VI.32 The Advisory Committee was informed that the implementation of results-based management in 2010 had been one of the change initiatives undertaken by UNHCR to make the organization more transparent, flexible and responsive. Upon enquiry, the Committee was provided with an update on the efficiency gains achieved through various reform measures carried out by UNHCR. The Committee was informed that UNHCR had implemented wide-ranging internal reforms over the past five years, including the creation in 2007 of the service centres in Budapest, which was driven by a critical need to reduce administrative costs at the headquarters. Consequently, UNHCR headquarters costs had been reduced from 13.9 per cent of total expenditure in 2006 to 9.1 per cent in 2010, while the proportion of staff costs of overall UNHCR costs had decreased from 41.4 per cent to 27.1 per cent. Furthermore, the savings achieved through the reforms allowed UNHCR a margin of manoeuvre to allocate unearmarked voluntary contributions to underfunded operations and emergencies and to launch initiatives to improve its protection and emergency response capacities. The Committee welcomes the initiatives taken and progress achieved so far by UNHCR and expects that further efficiencies will be pursued.", "Publications", "VI.33 A summary of recurrent and non-recurrent publications is presented in table 25.3 of the proposed budget. In the annex to the proposed budget a list of publications which are to be discontinued in 2012-2013 is also provided. The Advisory Committee was informed that publications to be issued in the biennium 2012-2013, in both print and electronic format would include (a) an annual update of the UNHCR Statistical Yearbook showing global levels of and trends in the populations of concern to UNHCR, as well as durable solutions and (b) research papers commissioned on a range of priority protection-related themes. In addition, UNHCR will also issue electronic publications and regular updates on its work and issues relating to refugees and other populations of concern on its websites and on social media. The Committee has commented further on the issue of publications in chapter I, paragraphs 109 and 110.", "Section 26 Palestine refugees", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $48,712,400^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $43,712,400 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting).", "VI.34 The regular budget resources proposed by the Secretary-General for section 26 amount to $48,712,400, before recosting, representing an increase of $5,000,000, or 11.4 per cent, compared to the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 26), table 26.3). For 2012-2013, the regular budget share of the total biennial budget of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) would amount approximately to 2.7 per cent, based on the projection that $1,857,300,000 of extrabudgetary resources would be required (ibid., paras. 26.12 and 26.13).", "VI.35 The Secretary-General indicates that the General Assembly, in its resolution 3331 B (XXIX), decided that, with effect from 1 January 1975, the expenses for salaries of international staff in the service of UNRWA, which would otherwise have been charged to voluntary contributions, should be financed by the regular budget of the United Nations for the duration of the Agency’s mandate (ibid., para. 26.2). The proposed increase of $5,000,000 for 2012-2013 reflects the resources for the delayed impact of 14 new Professional posts approved by the General Assembly for 2010-2011 ($2,283,200); the proposed 13 new posts ($2,475,200); the reclassification of 5 posts ($236,600); and an increase of $5,000 in non-post resources (ibid., para. 26.22; see also paras. VI.40 and VI.48 below).", "VI.36 Table VI.5 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VI.5 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t133\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 4 D-2, 13 D-1, 23 P-5,54 P-4, 24 P-3,2 P-2/1, 11 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t146\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 8 D-2, 10 D-1, 27 P-5,57 P-4, 29 P-3,2 P-2/1, 11 GS (OL)\n New posts 13 1 D-1, 3 P-5, 4 P-4, 5 P-3 \n Reclassifications 5 4 D-1 to D-2 and 1 P-4 to P-5 \n Extrabudgetary \nProposed posts forthe biennium2012-2013^(a)\t75\t2 D-2, 2 D-1, 7 P-5, 54 P-4/3, 3P-2/1, 7 GS (OL)", "^(a) UNRWA local staff numbering approximately 31,800 are not included in the table (see A/66/6 (Sect. 26), table 26.4, footnote).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VI.37 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of 13 posts for 2012-2013, as follows (ibid., para. 26.23):", "(a) Judge (D-1) and Registrar (P-4) for the Dispute Tribunal of UNRWA (see also paras. VI.41-VI.44 below);", "(b) Chief of the Evaluation Division (P-5) and Financial Information and Systems Officer (P-4) at UNRWA headquarters;", "(c) Chief of the Partnerships Division (P-5), to be based in Jerusalem (see para. VI.50 below);", "(d) Senior Liaison Officer (P-4) in Brussels; Head (P-5) and Deputy Head (P-4) of the Representative Office in Washington, D.C. (see also para. VI.49 below);", "(e) Security Officers (5 P-3), to be based in each of the five field offices in the West Bank, Gaza, Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic and Lebanon.", "VI.38 The Secretary-General also proposes the upward reclassification of five posts as follows (ibid., para. 26.24):", "(a) Three of the five UNRWA Field Directors (West Bank, Lebanon and Gaza) from D-1 to D-2;", "(b) Director, Finance Department from D-1 to D-2;", "(c) Head of Safety and Security, at UNRWA headquarters, from P-4 to P-5.", "The Advisory Committee was informed that since the last UNRWA reclassification review, undertaken in 1983, the responsibilities and accountabilities had increased considerably for some posts at the higher levels. The Committee was also informed that the Compensation and Classification Section of the Office of Human Resources Management of the United Nations Secretariat had recently reviewed the D-1 posts and determined they could be reclassified at the D-2 level.", "VI.39 Based on the justifications provided by the Secretary-General, the Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal, including with regard to the proposed 13 new posts and 5 reclassifications.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VI.40 With respect to the proposed increase of $5,000 in non-post resources for 2012-2013 (see para. VI.35 above), the Advisory Committee was informed that the proposed increase reflected requirements for general temporary assistance under other staff costs to cover the replacement of staff on maternity or extended sick leave. The total non-post resources requested for 2012-2013 amount to $19,900. The Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "UNRWA Dispute Tribunal and the new administration of justice system", "VI.41 As indicated above, two of the new posts proposed, namely those for a Judge and a Registrar relate to the UNRWA Dispute Tribunal. The Secretary-General states that the Dispute Tribunal would hear and pass judgement on applications submitted for its consideration and that its decisions may be appealed by UNRWA or its staff members to the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, in accordance with the Statute of the Appeals Tribunal (ibid., para. 26.23 (a)). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the new internal justice system of UNRWA mirrored the United Nations two-tier system for the administration of justice. UNRWA, however, elected to establish its own Dispute Tribunal, as the option of participating in the United Nations Dispute Tribunal based on a headcount cost-sharing arrangement (see General Assembly resolution 63/253, para. 52), would expose the Agency to an additional cost of $8 million to $9 million per year, given its approximately 30,000 staff members. In addition to the cost of the proposed posts for a Judge and a Registrar, UNRWA also indicated that the operation of its administration of justice system would amount to $1 million per year, to be funded from the UNRWA General Fund.", "VI.42 The Advisory Committee was further informed that UNRWA would participate in the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, the second tier of the United Nations administration of justice system. In this connection, the Committee recalls that article 2.10 of the Statute of the United Nations Appeals Tribunal, as approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/253, provides for the conclusion of a special agreement with the Secretary-General if the organization concerned utilizes a neutral first instance process. Accordingly, the Committee was informed, UNRWA signed a special agreement with the Secretary-General in December 2009. Pursuant to that agreement, UNRWA would be responsible for the payment of a flat fee of $9,600 per case to the United Nations Appeals Tribunal. In addition, the staff regulations and rules of UNRWA were amended, effective 1 June 2010, on the model of the United Nations Staff Regulations and Rules.", "VI.43 With respect to the process for the selection of the Judge of the UNRWA Dispute Tribunal, the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that an independent judge was selected by the UNRWA Internal Justice Committee, comprised of one area staff member selected by the Inter-Staff Union Conference, one international staff member elected by international staff, the Director of Human Resources, the Legal Adviser and three distinguished external jurists. The Committee was also informed that the UNRWA Dispute Tribunal was fully operational as of 1 June 2011 and currently funded by extrabudgetary resources.", "VI.44 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was further informed that the new internal justice system of UNRWA also featured a strengthened framework for resolving disputes, through informal dispute resolution mechanisms such as mediation. It was, however, also indicated to the Committee that UNRWA did not have a separate Office of the Ombudsman, but used the Ethics Officer to perform those functions. In this connection, the Committee recalls that in establishing the United Nations administration of justice system, the General Assembly recognized that the informal resolution of conflict was a crucial element of the system and emphasized that all possible use should be made of it in order to avoid unnecessary litigation (see resolution 61/261, para. 11). In the same resolution, the Assembly decided to create an Office of the Ombudsman for the Secretariat, funds and programmes, as well as a Mediation Division. The Committee does not find the above-mentioned arrangement by UNWRA to be adequate. The Committee is of the view that UNRWA should ensure adequate support to its informal process of conflict resolution.", "Financial situation", "VI.45 The Advisory Committee recalls that it had previously raised the issue of the funding shortfall that UNRWA had experienced in the context of its review of the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011 (A/64/7, para. VI.45). In this connection, the Committee was informed that extrabudgetary contributions to UNRWA, while having risen gradually over the years, had not kept pace with the increasing population and rising costs. Further, the lack of adequate resources had already had the effect of eroding the quality of UNRWA programmes and that the Agency had faced considerable difficulties in addressing the emergency needs of refugees.", "VI.46 The Committee was further informed, upon enquiry, that the key issues contributing to the financial situation of UNRWA were as follows:", "(a) Inadequate working capital, due to a continued decline during the past 10 years, from over $80 million to $42 million as at 1 January 2011; the reserve was insufficient to cover one month’s expenditure of some $45 million to $50 million;", "(b) Inadequate annual income, based on a projected deficit of $62 million by the end of 2011;", "(c) Adverse internal and external factors, due to increased requirements as a result of inflation-related wage increases ($12 million), an aging workforce and severance pay ($4 million) and costs for food and medical supplies and utility services ($4 million), as well as the serious domestic economic challenges experienced by its donors.", "VI.47 Regarding its severance provision to its area staff, UNRWA expressed the concern that the implementation of IPSAS from 1 January 2012 would expose the value of the severance payments as a liability on the UNRWA balance sheet. As its severance liability was entirely unfunded, the total liabilities of UNRWA would be greater than its total assets by late 2013, which would have the effect of reporting negative net equity. UNRWA expected that its external auditors would express serious concerns regarding its financial viability. The Advisory Committee intends to revert to the issue when it considers the biennial budget of UNRWA for 2012-2013.", "VI.48 The Secretary-General indicates in the proposed budget that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/272, requested him to continue to support the institutional strengthening of the Agency through the provision of financial resources from the regular budget of the United Nations. Accordingly, resource growth of $5 million is proposed for 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Sect. 26), para. 26.11). The Advisory Committee notes that the cost of the delayed impact of 14 new Professional posts approved by the General Assembly for 2010-2011 amounts to $2,283,200, or 46 per cent, of the total increase proposed by the Secretary-General.", "Reform process", "VI.49 The Advisory Committee recalls that UNRWA initiated an organizational development plan to reform and strengthen management structures and processes (A/64/7, para. VI.35). In this connection, the Committee was informed that the organizational development reform process, already concluded, had instituted major improvements to the way UNRWA operated, including a medium-term strategy supported by a results-based planning system. Furthermore, UNRWA had introduced a new programme of reform, Sustaining Change, to improve the effectiveness of its delivery of health and education services and its approach to poverty alleviation. The Committee was further informed that it was in that context that UNRWA had requested the four posts to carry out resource mobilization activities in order to maintain and to improve its level of voluntary funding (see para. VI.37 (c) and (d) above).", "VI.50 With respect to the envisaged resource mobilization activities of UNRWA, the Advisory Committee was informed that the request for a post of Chief of the Partnerships Division stemmed from the recognition that the funding of development and humanitarian aid was not solely the purview of Member States. While WFP and UNHCR had obtained some 3.5 per cent of their resources through private fund-raising, the present level of private funding of UNRWA accounted for 0.1 per cent of its resources. There was, therefore, considerable potential for the Agency to increase its voluntary contributions through partnerships with foundations, private entities and the general public. The Committee welcomes the UNRWA initiative to strengthen its partnership with non-traditional donors so as to broaden its donor base. The Committee also encourages UNRWA to continuously explore further reform and efficiency initiatives.", "Section 27 Humanitarian assistance", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $29,741,100^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $29,399,900 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $496,114,400^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) This amount does not include grantsearmarked for non-Office for the Coordinationof Humanitarian Affairs activities providedthrough the Trust Fund for Disaster Relief(estimated at $150,000,000 for 2012-2013) andby the Central Emergency Response Fund(estimated at $800,000,000 for 2012-2013).", "VI.51 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General under section 27 amount to $29,741,100 for the biennium 2012-2013, representing an increase of $341,200, or 1.2 per cent, compared to 2010-2011. The Secretary-General indicates in the report that the increase reflects his continued commitment to gradually strengthening the regular budget component of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and is in response to General Assembly resolution 57/153, in which the Assembly emphasized that the Office should benefit from adequate and more predictable funding (A/66/6 (Sect. 27), para. 27.8).", "VI.52 The regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013 are summarized in table VI.6, which also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table VI.6 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t70\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 3 D-2, 3 D-1, 10 P-5, 16P-4, 14 P-3,5 P-2, 2 GS (PL), 15 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t72\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 3 D-2, 4 D-1, 11 P-5, 16P-4, 14 P-3,5 P-2, 2 GS (PL), 15 GS (OL)\nNew\t2\t1 D-1 for subprogramme 3, 1 P-5 forsubprogramme 2\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t1879\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 12 D-1, 79 P-5, 218 P-4,319 P-3,58 P-2/1, 4 GS/PL, 161 GS/OL, 340 NO,686 LL", "VI.53 The Secretary-General indicates that, during the biennium 2012-2013, projected extrabudgetary resources amounting to $496,114,400, representing 94 per cent of the overall resource requirements of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, would complement resources from the regular budget to finance various activities of the Office. The extrabudgetary proposals for 2012-2013 show a projected reduction of $23,690,700 in resources as compared with 2010-2011, as a result of an exercise aimed at aligning the financial requirements to the level of anticipated contributions (ibid., paras. 27.10 and 27.11).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New posts", "VI.54 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of one P-5 regular budget post for subprogramme 2, Coordination of humanitarian action and emergency response, for the Chief of Section, Consolidated Appeals Process, in the External Relations and Support Mobilization Branch, who would be responsible for the timely production of United Nations inter-agency humanitarian appeals, lead inter-agency policy development and implementation of the consolidated appeals process and good humanitarian donorship, as well as manage such public information tools as the financial tracking service and the online project system (ibid., para. 27.34). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the P-5 post of Chief of Section had been established in the biennium 2010-2011 and funded from extrabudgetary resources. While the Committee does not object to the establishment of the P-5 post under subprogramme 2, it points out that the proposal should have been accurately presented as a shift in funding from extrabudgetary sources to the regular budget.", "VI.55 Under subprogramme 3, Natural disaster reduction, it is proposed to establish one new D-1 post for the Chief of Branch, Regional Programmes and Policy Development. The Secretary-General indicates that the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction regional offices play a vital role in carrying out the mandate of the Strategy, namely to serve as the focal point in the United Nations system for the coordination of disaster reduction and to ensure synergies among the disaster reduction activities of the United Nations system and regional organizations and activities in socio-economic and humanitarian fields. The regional offices provide support to regional cooperation frameworks for disaster risk reduction and to the regional implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (ibid., para. 27.41). The General Assembly, in its resolution 65/157, acknowledged the growing demands on the secretariat of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction and the need for increased, timely, stable and predictable resources for the implementation of the Strategy. The Secretary-General indicates that the Strategy secretariat, which is currently funded exclusively through extrabudgetary resources, has taken a number of measures to increase the predictability of funds through the expansion of the donor base and the increase in unearmarked funds; however, by their nature, extrabudgetary resources do not ensure the necessary predictability and stability of funding of the core and recurrent activities of the Strategy secretariat (ibid., para. 27.42). The Advisory Committee notes the intention of the Secretary-General to submit to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a report containing recommendations in response to resolution 65/157, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to consider how best to support the implementation of the natural disaster reduction strategy (ibid.). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that among the recommendations to be contained in the report on the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction is the proposal to establish the D-1 post of Chief of Branch, Regional Programme and Policy Development, under the regular budget. The Committee does not object to the establishment of the D-1 post under subprogramme 3.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VI.56 The Secretary-General proposes a total of $7,311,900 under non-post resources, reflecting a decrease of $390,200 resulting from decreases under contractual services ($202,400), general operating expenses ($158,800), consultants ($14,700) and hospitality ($500), offset in part by increases in grants and contributions ($36,400), furniture and equipment ($23,900), other staff costs ($6,700) and supplies ($200). The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed non-post resources.", "General comments and observations", "VI.57 The Secretary-General indicates in table 27.21 of the report that a feasibility review will be undertaken in 2011, stemming from a recommendation of OIOS in its audit of the governance, arrangements of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs for the Common Humanitarian Fund for the Sudan, in which OIOS had found that the accountability of the Common Humanitarian Fund implementing agencies was limited to the submission of project implementation reports, and that there was no requirement to use monitoring, evaluation and audit results in approving projects and allocating funds (A/65/271 (Part I), para. 33). OIOS recommended that the Humanitarian Coordinator for the Sudan use the monitoring, evaluation and audit results of implementing agencies in the allocation process, in order to improve the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the implementation of Common Humanitarian Fund projects (AN2010/590/05, recommendation 4). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs had assessed the feasibility of the recommendation and had decided to develop in 2011 a general framework of monitoring and evaluation for the Common Humanitarian Fund for the Sudan, which would form an annex to the Fund’s guidelines. In this connection, a workshop was convened in April 2011 to improve the management of country-based pooled funds through strengthening monitoring and evaluation mechanisms. The Committee acknowledges the importance of strengthening accountability for projects implemented under the Fund and looks forward to the expeditious completion of the general framework, which should serve as a sound basis for monitoring and evaluation.", "Part VII Public information", "Section 28 Public information", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $179,432,200^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $184,996,600 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $6,339,100^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $1,433,000, amending theinformation contained in table 28.6 of documentA/66/6 (Sect. 28) to reflect the decision takenin General Assembly resolution 65/290 on thesupport account for peacekeeping operations, aswell as extrabudgetary resources in the amountof $4,906,100.", "VII.1 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 28 for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $179,432,200 before recosting, representing a decrease of $5,564,400, or 3.0 per cent, compared to the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), table 28.6).", "VII.2 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 28, the Advisory Committee was informed that the overall decrease in the resources required was due primarily to the streamlining of the activities of the Department of Public Information, in particular through the introduction of more modern information management technologies (see also paras. VII.17-VII.20 below), the more widespread use of the Internet and social media to disseminate information (see also paras. VII.14-VII.16 below) and the implementation of various online reporting and management tools (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.5). The Committee welcomes the efforts undertaken by the Secretary-General to reduce costs under section 28 and commends him, in particular, for introducing a number of measures that can been seen as “drivers of change” designed to alter the way in which the Department of Public Information does business, with a view to achieving longer-term efficiencies.", "VII.3 Table VII.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VII.1 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t738\t1 USG, 4 D-2, 20 D-1, 37 P-5, 75P-4, 89 P-3, 58 P-2/1,9 GS (PL), 226 GS (OL), 45 NO, 174LL\nProposed for 2012-2013\t723\t1 USG, 4 D-2, 20 D-1, 36 P-5, 75P-4, 89 P-3, 58 P-2/1,9 GS (PL), 217 GS (OL), 51 NO, 163LL\n New 1 1 P-2/1 under subprogramme 3 \n Redeployments 4 1 P-5 within subprogramme 1 \n 1 P-4 and 1 P-2 from subprogramme 2to subprogramme 3\n 1 P-3 from subprogramme 3 tosubprogramme 2\n Reclassifications 6 6 LL to NO under subprogramme 1 \n Conversions 4 4 GS (OL) under subprogramme 2 \n Abolitions 20 1 P-5, 1 P-2/1, 13 GS (OL), 5 LL \n Extrabudgetary^(a) \n Proposed for 2012-2013 14 3 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 10 GS (OL)", "^(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 4 other assessed posts funded by the support account for peacekeeping operations and 10 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "New post", "VII.4 The Secretary-General is proposing the establishment of one P-2/1 post in the Education Outreach Cluster (subprogramme 3) (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.49). In the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee, the Secretary-General indicates that the current staffing level of the Cluster (two Professional posts and one General Service (Other level) post) is not sufficient to support the widened range of activities foreseen for the biennium 2012-2013, which will focus on expanding the Organization’s relationships with academic and educational institutions. The Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that since youth was a priority audience for the Department (see also para. VII.13 below), educational outreach had become a strategic imperative. The incumbent of the proposed post would be responsible, inter alia, for assisting with the organization of United Nations student conferences and gathering information and undertaking research on the themes of those conferences; serving as a contact point for academic institutions interested in working with the United Nations; helping to identify and propose outreach opportunities and activities; and providing support for the United Nations Academic Impact programme, which encourages academic institutions to contribute substantively to the implementation of the Organization’s mandates. The Committee recommends approval of the proposal to establish one P-2/1 post in the Education Outreach Cluster.", "Redeployments", "VII.5 It is proposed to redeploy the following four posts:", "(a) One P-5 post of United Nations Information Centre Director from United Nations field offices, information component, to the United Nations Information Centre in Nairobi (subprogramme 1) in order to strengthen the staffing structure of the latter, which offers advice and support in designing information strategies for small United Nations offices and programmes in Kenya and eastern Africa and in disseminating relevant information to the press and the public, and provides a central access point for information about the local, regional and global work of the United Nations (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.33);", "(b) One P-4 post of Information Officer from the News and Media Division (subprogramme 2) to Outreach services (subprogramme 3) to strengthen the NGO Relations Cluster (ibid., para. 28.41);", "(c) One P-3 post of Information Officer from Outreach services (subprogramme 3) to the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General (subprogramme 2) in order to ensure that the staffing level of that Office is adequate to deal with the complex nature of the work undertaken (ibid., para. 28.40);", "(d) One P-2/1 post of Associate Administrative Officer from the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary-General (subprogramme 2) to Outreach services (subprogramme 3) in order to augment administrative support and oversight in the Outreach Division (ibid., para. 28.49).", "The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments. With the net addition, through redeployment, of one post to Outreach services, as well as the establishment of the P-2/1 post referred to in paragraph VII.4 above, the Committee expects that the Department will be able to further broaden the scope of its outreach activities.", "Reclassifications", "VII.6 The Secretary-General is proposing to reclassify six Local level posts (one at the United Nations Information Centre in Algiers and five at United Nations field offices in Belarus, Eritrea, Georgia, Ukraine and Uzbekistan) to the National Officer level. The proposed reclassifications are intended to ensure that the level of the posts is commensurate with the professional nature of the functions performed by the incumbents and to help attract qualified local professionals with the relevant expertise (ibid., paras. 28.33 and 28.34). The Advisory Committee notes that the Secretary-General’s proposal is also in line with its own earlier recommendation that national staff should be used as widely as possible at both the Professional and General Service levels (see A/60/7, paras. 70 and 71). The Committee recommends approval of the proposal to reclassify six posts from the Local level to the National Officer level.", "Conversions to established posts", "VII.7 The Secretary-General also proposes the conversion to established posts of four General Service (Other level) positions currently funded under general temporary assistance. The positions, which are located in the website units of the News and Media Division (subprogramme 2), are proposed for conversion in order to reflect the Department’s commitment to ensuring parity among the six official languages and because the functions performed by their incumbents are of a continuing nature (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.41). Bearing in mind that the General Assembly, in its resolution 65/107 B, requested the Department of Public Information to further improve the actions taken to achieve full parity among the six official languages on the United Nations website, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the conversion of four General Service (Other level) positions to established posts at the same level.", "Abolitions", "VII.8 It is proposed that the following 20 posts be abolished:", "(a) One P-5 Chief of Section, one P-2 Librarian and nine General Service (Other level) Library Assistant posts as a result of improvements in technology and modified processes in the Dag Hammarskjöld Library (subprogramme 3) (see also para. VII.20 below) (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.49);", "(b) One General Service (Other level) post of Secretary and three General Service (Other level) posts of Public Information Assistant in the News and Media Division (subprogramme 2) as a result of the realignment of resources to increase productivity (ibid., para. 28.41);", "(c) Five Local level posts at the United Nations information centres in Bucharest (2 posts), Lomé, Lima and Port of Spain (subprogramme 1), following a review of the Department’s information centre needs and its ability to perform the functions concerned within existing capacity, taking into account retirement and vacancy trends (ibid., para. 28.34).", "The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions.", "Recommendation on non-post resources", "VII.9 The estimate of $36,574,700 for non-post resources for 2012-2013 reflects a decrease of $3,676,400, or 9.1 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation for 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the Secretary-General is proposing decreases under all objects of expenditure, with the exception of travel of representatives. The Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources under section 28.", "General comments and recommendations", "Vacancy rates", "VII.10 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, as at 30 April 2011, 36 of the Department’s 738 regular budget posts authorized for the biennium 2010-2011 were vacant, representing a vacancy rate of 4.9 per cent. The Committee notes from the additional information provided to it that many of the Department’s vacant posts are located in the field. The Committee attaches importance to public information activities in the field, since they serve to promote greater public understanding of and support for the aims and activities of the United Nations by bringing information about the work of the Organization to people everywhere and by adapting that information for specific regional, national and local audiences (see also paras. VII.21-VII.24 below). The Committee therefore urges the Secretary-General to fill all remaining vacancies in the field expeditiously.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "VII.11 In paragraph 28.13 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 28)/Corr.1), the Secretary-General indicates that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 58/269, regular budget resources identified for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation total $2,792,000, which is equivalent to 292 work-months of staff.", "VII.12 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the entity responsible for monitoring and evaluation, the Evaluation and Communications Research Unit, was located in the Office of the Under-Secretary-General. Three Professional and two General Service staff members were involved in monitoring and evaluation activities on a full-time basis. The Committee was further informed that, during the biennium 2012-2013, the Department would assess:", "(a) The reach and utility of its weekly briefings programme for associated non-governmental organizations (NGOs);", "(b) The effectiveness of the annual NGO conference and the United Nations Citizen Ambassador programme in promoting civil society engagement with the work of the United Nations;", "(c) The effectiveness of the Global Model United Nations in improving young people’s understanding of the work of the Organization;", "(d) User satisfaction with its internal communications tools (iSeek and the Intranet);", "(e) The usefulness of the Messenger of Peace programme in promoting media coverage of priority issues;", "(f) The reach and impact of its news products;", "(g) The effectiveness of the sustainable development communications campaign in raising awareness of relevant issues;", "(h) The navigability and usability of the United Nations website (www.un.org), as well as its responsiveness to user queries.", "The Committee notes the wide range of monitoring and evaluation activities to be carried out by the Department of Public Information during the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee looks forward to receiving information on the outcome of those activities and any follow-up action taken, as well as an indication of lessons learned, in a future submission. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I, above.", "Youth as a strategic focus for the Department’s work", "VII.13 The Advisory Committee notes from paragraph 28.2 of the budget document that the Department of Public Information has identified youth as a strategic focus for its communications work. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, as part of its strategy to engage young people worldwide on important United Nations-related issues, the Department had already launched a number of initiatives, including the Global Model United Nations; a series of global student videoconferences on various themes; the United Nations Academic Impact programme; measures to ensure youth participation in the annual NGO conference; and outreach activities. The Committee welcomes the attention given by the Department to promoting the work of the Organization among young people. The Committee expects that the Secretary-General will continue his efforts in this regard and pursue new opportunities for engagement with youth. In the Committee’s view, the effective use of new media (see paras. VII.14-VII.16 below) should be an important part of those efforts.", "Use of new media", "VII.14 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 28, the Advisory Committee was informed that the constantly evolving technology landscape and the ongoing information revolution provided fertile ground for enhancing and modernizing the services offered by the Department of Public Information. In this connection, the Committee notes that a number of expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement for the biennium 2012-2013 refer to the use of the Internet and online social networking tools to broaden understanding of and support for the work of the United Nations.", "VII.15 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, in addition to running its own website (www.un.org), the United Nations currently had a presence on a number of social media platforms, including Twitter, Facebook and Youku. The Committee was provided with the following table, which quantifies social media traffic generated from platforms managed by the Department of Public Information as at 3 June 2011:", "Platform Facebook Twitter Flick’r YouTube Sina Tudou Youku microblog", "Number of 111 699 400 561 1 121 166 3 362 499 330 865 366 242 2 171 followers/ 676 views/subscribers", "VII.16 The Advisory Committee was also informed that, in order to make United Nations publications more easily available in electronic form to users worldwide, the Sales and Marketing Cluster had introduced e-books and applications (“apps”) for tablet computers and mobile reading devices. The Committee welcomes the efforts made by the Department to continue to broaden its constituency by using the Internet and social networking tools, which have grown considerably in popularity in recent years and, when used effectively, can help the Organization to portray itself as engaged, in touch and accessible. At the same time, however, the Committee notes that more traditional means of communication (i.e. radio and print media) remain an important part of efforts to ensure that the message of the Organization is effectively promoted, particularly in developing countries.", "Modernization of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library", "VII.17 The Advisory Committee notes that the evolving technology landscape and the information revolution referred to above are also providing the Department of Public Information with the opportunity to continue modernizing the operations of the Dag Hammarskjöld Library in order to ensure that it can provide enhanced services to United Nations staff and delegates and also serve as a virtual gateway to United Nations information for researchers and the general public worldwide (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.6).", "VII.18 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that $650,000 of the resources proposed under this section would be used for the modernization of the Library. Those resources would be used to acquire the technical solutions necessary to upgrade and customize current information management systems, migrate data and train staff. They would also cover requirements for system-related contractual services, installation and change management measures. The Committee was further informed that, in the longer term, a separate project would be developed to review the activities of United Nations libraries globally, with a view to increasing policy coherence and further harmonizing systems. To that end, the Department of Public Information would initiate, later in 2011, a review within the framework of the Steering Committee for the Modernization and Integrated Management of United Nations Libraries, which had been established following the issuance of the Secretary-General’s report entitled “Strengthening of the United Nations: an agenda for further change” (A/57/387).", "VII.19 The Advisory Committee notes that the measures outlined in the preceding paragraph are to be implemented in parallel with the ongoing project to digitize, retrospectively, United Nations parliamentary documents dating from 1946 to 1993 and upload them to the Official Document System (ODS). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that there were currently five staff members involved in that project, begun in January 1999, which, as at 31 October 2010, had resulted in the digitization and uploading of around 225,000 documents (1,900,000 pages) to ODS. Approximately 3,750,000 documents dating from before 1993 remained to be processed, but it was expected that only 25 per cent of them would be considered important enough to be digitized.[7] The Committee was further informed that the Department of Public Information had begun discussions with the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management and the Office of Information and Communications Technology regarding the establishment of a separate project for the digitization of United Nations documents, which would make it possible to complete the digitization of all pre-1993 documents within five years. Should that project be implemented, it might provide an opportunity to review the number of Library staff currently dealing with digitization. The Committee sees merit in the project, which has the potential to lead to further cost reductions, and encourages the departments concerned to conclude the relevant negotiations as soon as possible.", "VII.20 The Advisory Committee notes that the technological improvements and modified processes to be introduced during the biennium 2012-2013 would result in the abolition of 11 posts in the Library (one P-5, one P-2 and nine General Service (Other level) posts) (see para. VII.8 above). The Committee welcomes the ongoing efforts to modernize and streamline the Library’s operations, which are expected to yield a reduction in post costs, and looks forward to receiving a status update on the projects outlined above, including an assessment of their impact and an indication of their potential for future savings and of any lessons learned, in a future submission.", "United Nations information centres", "VII.21 Proposed regular budget requirements for the network of United Nations information centres for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $40,808,400 and would provide for 246 posts (39 Professional, 161 Local level and 46 National Officer) and the related non-post resources (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.34). The posts are distributed among the 53 United Nations information centres worldwide, 25 of which are headed by staff of the Department of Public Information and the remaining 28 by the respective United Nations Resident Coordinator. The centres function as the principal sources of information about the United Nations system in the countries in which they are located and are responsible for promoting greater public understanding of and support for the aims and activities of the United Nations by bringing information on the work of the Organization to people everywhere, especially in developing countries.", "VII.22 The Advisory Committee recalls, in this connection, that, in its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly approved the establishment of a new United Nations information centre in Luanda. The budget proposals for the biennium 2012-2013 include resources relating to the delayed impact of six posts established for that centre (A/66/6 (Sect. 28), para. 28.34). In response to a question regarding the current status of the Information Centre in Luanda, the Committee was informed that the Government of Angola had recently approved the allocation of resources for the construction of the necessary office space, and that the Department of Public Information was working with the Office of Legal Affairs on the relevant host country agreement.", "VII.23 During its consideration of the proposals under section 28, the Advisory Committee was informed by representatives of the Secretary-General that, given the prevailing economic climate, as well as the difficulties faced by the Organization in obtaining suitable premises at a reasonable cost, the Department of Public Information had begun to reassess and rationalize its strategy for the operation of United Nations information centres. In order to mitigate the impact of increased expenditure due to additional safety and security measures and rising rents and utility costs, the Department was reducing the physical office space assigned to United Nations information centres by, inter alia, donating library collections to local universities or sharing space with other members of the United Nations country team. As indicated in paragraph VII.8 above, the Secretary-General is also proposing the abolition of five Local level posts at four United Nations information centres following a review of needs and of the opportunity of redistributing functions within existing capacity. The Committee was informed that, in the longer term, the Department’s strategy was to ensure that its information centres could capitalize on the comparative advantages they offered to the United Nations country team and the Secretariat as providers of professional communications support and guidance informed by a good knowledge of the local environment and languages. In the future, the centres would focus more on helping their clients to access electronic information resources and on undertaking outreach activities away from office premises.", "VII.24 The Advisory Committee has been a long-standing supporter of United Nations information centres, since it is convinced that their role in disseminating information about the work of the United Nations and in adapting that information for local audiences constitutes a vital part of efforts to generate broad-based support for the Organization and its aims. In view of the constraints and uncertainties facing the information centres, the Committee considers that the Secretary-General should, in a future submission, present a detailed plan of action to ensure that the network of United Nations information centres can continue to operate effectively in the medium to long term.", "Update on the measures taken to enhance professional skills in the Graphic Design Unit", "VII.25 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it urged the Secretary-General, as a matter of priority, to present to the General Assembly proposals to enhance professional skills in the Graphic Design Unit (A/64/7, para. VII.12). In response to a query concerning the current status of those proposals, the Committee was informed that the majority of the design staff (6 of 11 staff members) in the Graphic Design Unit were Graphic Design Assistants at the General Service level. For those staff, promotion to the Professional level was possible only through the G to P or the competitive examination, and there was no dedicated examination for graphic design, only for web design and development. The Committee was further informed, however, that the staff of the Unit had been given priority access to external training programmes in order to enhance their skills. Given the importance of the Graphic Design Unit in communicating the messages of the United Nations, the Committee urges the Secretary-General to continue taking steps to enhance the professional skills and career development opportunities of staff in that Unit.", "Publications", "VII.26 Table 28.3 of the budget document presents a summary of the recurrent and non-recurrent publications to be issued by the Department of Public Information during the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee notes from the table that the number of publications is projected to decrease from 71 in 2010-2011 to 61 in 2012-2013, and that all 61 publications are of a recurrent nature. Although the Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that a number of depositary libraries in Member States had requested that the Department no longer send hard copies of publications because they could be downloaded from the Internet, it notes from the supplementary information provided to it that all 61 of the Department’s publications will be issued in print, with only 10 (two editions of the Yearbook of the United Nations and eight issues of the United Nations Chronicle) offered in an electronic format. The Committee encourages the Department of Public Information to continue to monitor its publications programme in order to ensure that it responds to Member States’ evolving requirements. The Committee has commented further on the issue of publications in chapter I, above.", "VII.27 On a related matter, the Advisory Committee notes that, in its report on the financial statements of the United Nations for the biennium ended 31 December 2009, the Board of Auditors recommended that the Administration re-examine and, where necessary, redistribute the missions and activities of the Publications Board (A/65/5 (Vol. I), para. 251). In table 28.26 of the budget document, the Secretary-General describes the steps taken and envisaged to respond to that recommendation, which include the convening of a working group of the Publications Board, as well as the establishment of the Working Group on Publishing. The Committee looks forward to receiving information on the outcome of that work at the appropriate time.", "Enhancing the responsiveness of the Department of Public Information to the Organization’s needs", "VII.28 The Advisory Committee reiterates its view that public information activities play a vital role in shaping the public perception of how the Organization is performing in delivering its mandated responsibilities (see also A/64/7, para. VII.2). However, now that the relevance of the mainstream news media is being challenged by the rising popularity of alternative sources, news distribution platforms are rapidly multiplying and diversifying and social media tools are revolutionizing the way in which people access and share information, the Committee wonders whether the time has come for the Department of Public Information to assess how it can enhance the responsiveness of its public information activities to the Organization’s needs, how it can bring greater creativity and innovation to its work, and how it can continue to promote the work of the United Nations in a way that is more relevant to the daily lives of individuals all around the world. The Committee notes that this matter falls within the purview of the Committee on Information and therefore invites the Secretary-General to refer the issue to that Committee for further consideration.", "Part VIII", "Common support services", "Section 29", "Management and support services", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $531,865,200^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $525,971,200 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $462,698,600^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $251,005,200, amending theinformation contained in table 29.1 of A/66/6(Sect. 29) to reflect the decision taken inGeneral Assembly resolution 65/290 withrespect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$211,693,400.", "VIII.1 The overall objectives of activities implemented under part VIII of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 are: (a) to enhance the accountability and efficiency of the Organization in managing its resources in four broad management areas: finance; human resources; information and communications technology; and support services, including procurement and infrastructure; (b) to provide support services to the intergovernmental processes of the Organization; (c) to secure financing for the mandated programmes and activities of the Secretariat; and (d) to support the implementation of those programmes and activities. Part VIII of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 covers section 29, Management and support services, which is divided into seven subsections dealt with separately below, and section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology.", "VIII.2 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29, Management and support services, amount to $531,865,200 before recosting, representing an increase of $5,894,000, or 1.1 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011.", "Section 29A", "Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $32,816,100^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $26,126,100 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $190,781,300^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $160,313,800, amending theinformation contained in table 29.1 of A/66/6(Sect. 29) to reflect the decision taken inGeneral Assembly resolution 65/290 withrespect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$30,467,500.", "VIII.3 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29A amount to $32,816,100 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $6,690,000, or 25.6 per cent, over the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29A), table 29A.4). A summary of the changes is provided in paragraph 29A.10 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29A)). As indicated, the increase is essentially related to the enterprise resource planning project (Umoja) component, reflecting the provision of the regular budget share of the requirements for the Umoja project for the biennium 2012-2013.", "VIII.4 In paragraph 29A.11 of the Secretary-General’s report (A/66/6 (Sect. 29A)), he indicates that the regular budget resources would be complemented by other assessed resources of $171,165,300, comprising $103,191,700 for the enterprise resource planning project and $67,973,600 from the support account for peacekeeping operations. During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals for section 29A, the Advisory Committee was informed that, subsequent to the decision taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290, on the support account for peacekeeping operations, the overall level of other assessed resources for the section was reduced to $160,313,800, comprising $94,370,400 for the enterprise resource planning project and $65,943,400 for the support account for peacekeeping operations. The Office will also have at its disposal estimated extrabudgetary resources of $30,467,500 from programme support income received as reimbursement for services provided by the central administration for extrabudgetary activities and from technical cooperation reimbursement resources, of which $27,702,100 is for the enterprise resource planning project.", "VIII.5 The key responsibilities of the Department of Management and its priorities for the biennium 2012-2013 are outlined in paragraphs 29A.1 to 29A.9 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29A)). In addition, the Secretary-General is to submit, for consideration by the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, a report on the implementation of its resolution 64/259, on the accountability framework, as well as a progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29A), para. 29A.30, and General Assembly resolution 64/243). During its consideration of the budget proposals, the Advisory Committee was provided with an update on the activities currently under way in these two areas.", "System of accountability", "VIII.6 As regards the development of the system of accountability in the Secretariat, the Advisory Committee was informed that activities had been undertaken and progress had been made, inter alia, with respect to: (a) the identification of clear linkages between institutional and personal accountability in the senior managers’ compacts for 2011; (b) the definition of clear roles and responsibilities, and ensuring systematic reporting and monitoring of delegation of authority under the Financial and Staff Regulations and Rules; (c) the development of a conceptual framework for results-based management, building on the framework approved by Member States in General Assembly resolution 63/276, while addressing the unique normative and operational requirements of the Organization; (d) the development of an enterprise risk management policy and methodology to guide the adoption of enterprise risk management and the strengthening of the internal control framework; and (e) the pilot deployment of the performance management system and initiation of a lessons-learned exercise in view of the wider deployment of the system across the Organization. The Committee looks forward to receiving further details on progress made towards the development of an accountability system in the Secretariat, and will provide comments on this matter in the context of its consideration of the above-mentioned report.", "Enterprise resource planning project (Umoja)", "VIII.7 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals for section 29A, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretariat was anticipating delays in the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project, and that the project had been without a Director since 31 May 2011. In the light of the situation, the project Steering Committee had decided to deliver the project in phases, focusing the initial release of the system primarily on the functionality needed to support adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). To that end, the Secretariat had partnered with the information and communications technology team of WFP to conduct a fit-gap analysis between the existing processes of the WFP enterprise resource planning system (WINGS II) and those of Umoja. The Committee was informed that since WFP had already achieved IPSAS compliance, it was expected that the joint exercise would facilitate the harmonization of certain Umoja solutions with those of the WINGS II system, and also allow the United Nations to benefit from the lessons learned by WFP during its transition to IPSAS.", "VIII.8 Following the joint exercise, which was expected to be completed in August 2011, an assessment will be made and the next steps to be taken to accelerate project delivery will be initiated. Pending completion of the fit-gap analysis and the assessment exercise, it was indicated that the Secretariat was not able to provide any specific information as to the extent or the impact of the delay. The Committee was further informed that the Secretary-General would elaborate on the project achievements and propose measures to mitigate delays in the context of his next progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project.", "VIII.9 With respect to the implementation of IPSAS, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 65/259, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to ensure that the implementation of the Standards at the United Nations would be completed no later than 2014. The Committee points out that the United Nations strategy is to synchronize IPSAS with the introduction of the new enterprise resource planning system, since the Organization’s existing information technology systems cannot meet the requirements of IPSAS without extensive and costly adaptation. The Committee also recalls that the adoption of IPSAS was previously deferred from 2012 to 2014 in order to take into account the “pilot first” strategy proposed for the Organization-wide deployment of the enterprise resource planning system (see A/64/380).", "VIII.10 The Advisory Committee is very disappointed to learn about the expected delay in the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system, given the potential impact of any delay in terms of cost escalation, as well as on the planned transition to IPSAS in 2014, which was already behind the original schedule (see para. VIII.9 above). In its previous report (A/65/576, para. 29), the Advisory Committee emphasized that the sustained commitment of the Secretary-General, the Management Committee and the Project Steering Committee would be required to facilitate the Organization’s adaptation to the change and the improved methods of work that the introduction of enterprise resource planning would bring about. The Committee continues to hold this view and believes that strengthened commitment is critical to the successful implementation of the project. At this stage, the Committee believes that priority should be given to setting the project on the right track so as to avoid further slippage, cost overruns and unproductive use of the resources dedicated to the project.", "VIII.11 The progress report on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system (see para. VIII.5 above) should be submitted to the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, in advance of the Assembly’s consideration of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013. The report should provide a full and transparent analysis of the organizational and operational factors impeding progress in the implementation of the project, as well as the lessons learned. The report should also contain clear proposals for the way forward and achieving organizational goals. While the Advisory Committee accepts the Secretary-General’s focus on the implementation of IPSAS in the first phase (see para. VIII.7 above), it emphasizes that the consequential investment made by Member States was justified, in part, on the basis of management improvements and reforms that the enterprise resource planning system would enable, including results-based management, risk management, a strengthened internal control framework, and enhanced performance and accountability, as well as greater efficiency and effectiveness. These improvements remain essential organizational goals that should not be neglected in the Secretary-General’s proposals for the future direction of the project.", "VIII.12 The Secretary-General will also need to provide assurances that current weaknesses are not perpetuated and that the requisite safeguards are in place, including robust project governance and monitoring mechanisms, that will ensure early detection of problems, escalation to the appropriate level and swift remedial action. The Advisory Committee further expects that the Secretary-General will make every effort to deliver the project through efficient utilization of the already approved resources for the project, improved project management, and prioritization and phasing of activities. Pending its consideration of the above-mentioned progress report of the Secretary-General, the Committee is not in a position to recommend commitment of the proposed resources for the enterprise resource planning project, which are based on the project timetable approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/262 (see para. VIII.17 below).", "VIII.13 In its previous reports on progress made in the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system (A/65/576, A/64/7/Add.9 and A/63/487), the Advisory Committee made observations and expressed some concerns on a number of issues, including the delays in staffing the project team; the lengthy process of recruiting subject-matter experts; the need for closer cooperation between the project team and the Office of Information and Communications Technology in cataloguing and decommissioning the systems to be replaced by the enterprise resource planning system; the need for closer cooperation between the project team and the Office of Information and Communications Technology and the Department of Field Support in implementing technical activities and infrastructure; and the complexity and number of the interfaces to be developed between the enterprise resource planning system and the human resources management system, Inspira. In its previous reports, the Committee also emphasized the need to keep the governance and project management arrangements under review and to make adjustments as appropriate, in the light of experience. The Committee believes that those observations remain relevant, and requests that the Secretary-General take them into account when preparing his next progress report on the project and making proposals for the continuation of the project.", "VIII.14 Table VIII.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.1", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t52\t1 USG, 2 D-2, 4 D-1, 9 P-5, 6 P-4,2 P-3, 2 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL), 22 GS(OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t52\t1 USG, 2 D-2, 4 D-1, 9 P-5, 6 P-4,2 P-3, 2 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL), 22 GS(OL)\n Extrabudgetary^(a) \n Proposed for 2012-2013 10 1 D-1, 7 P-4/3, 2 GS (OL)", "^(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 8 other assessed posts (financed exclusively by the support account for peacekeeping operations), amending the information contained in table 29.1 of A/66/6 (Sect. 29) to reflect the decision taken in General Assembly resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations, and 2 extrabudgetary posts (financed through programme support income).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.15 The Secretary-General proposes to continue 52 regular budget posts for the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposals.", "VIII.16 The Advisory Committee notes from the note to table 29A.5 of the budget document that, in addition to the posts funded from other assessed and extrabudgetary resources identified in table VIII.1 of the present report, there are 90 temporary posts for the enterprise resource planning project, approved by the General Assembly in its resolutions 64/243 and 65/260. Those posts are funded on the basis of the cost-sharing formula for the financing of the enterprise resource planning project: 15 per cent from the regular budget, 62 per cent from the peacekeeping support account (other assessed) and 23 per cent from extrabudgetary resources. As indicated in paragraph VIII.17 below, the Committee will revert to the question of the commitment of resources for the enterprise resource planning project in the context of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s next progress report on the enterprise resource planning system.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.17 Non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $18,586,900 before recosting, representing an increase of $6,588,200 as compared to the appropriation of $11,998,700 for the current biennium. For the biennium 2012-2013, the bulk of non-post resources proposed are for the enterprise resource planning project, in the form of a lump-sum provision of $17,806,300 under grants and contributions under subprogramme 2. In the light of its observations and recommendations on the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system in paragraphs VIII.7 to VIII.13 above, the Advisory Committee will provide its recommendation on this proposal in the context of its consideration of the above-mentioned next progress report of the Secretary-General on the enterprise resource planning project.", "VIII.18 As regards the remaining items, the Secretary-General is proposing net reductions under contractual services ($49,000, or 15.1 per cent); general operating expenses ($4,600, or 4.3 per cent) and supplies and materials ($2,200, or 6.8 per cent). The reductions are partially offset by higher requirements for furniture and equipment ($20,600, or 101.5 per cent) to provide for the replacement of office furniture and automation equipment that is no longer economical to repair. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources, except for the provision proposed for the enterprise resource planning system under grants and contributions (see para. VIII.17 above).", "General comments and recommendations", "VIII.19 Given the central responsibility of the Department of Management in ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of administrative processes and promoting good management practices across the Secretariat, the Advisory Committee believes that the Office of the Under-Secretary-General is in a unique position to lead by example in this regard, and could have made greater efforts to achieve more significant efficiency gains and improved cost-effectiveness in its budget proposals for 2012-2013. The Committee urges the Office to continue to pursue and to intensify its efforts to improve the efficiency of its processes and service delivery, and to comprehensively report on concrete achievements in the context of the next budget submission.", "Section 29B", "Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $37,441,900^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $38,552,500 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $61,864,600^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theIntroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report. ^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $39,539,200, amending theinformation contained in table 29B.4 ofA/66/6 (Sect. 29B) to reflect the decisiontaken in General Assembly resolution 69/290with respect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$22,325,400.", "VIII.20 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29B amount to $37,441,900 before recosting, reflecting a decrease of $1,110,600, or 2.9 per cent, over the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), table 29B.1). The decrease is due largely to lower requirements in connection with the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS).", "VIII.21 In addition, other assessed and extrabudgetary resources in the amount of $61,864,600 would be available to the Office to carry out its programme of work. Of this amount, $39,539,200 relates to the support account for peacekeeping operations, $19,594,500 to programme support income received as reimbursement for services provided by the central administration for extrabudgetary activities, funds and programmes, and $2,730,900 from other extrabudgetary resources. The amount of $39,539,200 relating to the support account for peacekeeping resources reflects the decision taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290, amending the figures indicated in paragraph 29B.14 and table 29B.4 of the Secretary-General’s report (A/66/6 (Sect. 29B)).", "VIII.22 The key responsibilities of the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts are listed in paragraph 29B.3 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29B)). In paragraphs 29B.5 to 29B.10, the Secretary-General highlights the Office’s priorities for the biennium 2012-2013. The Committee notes that the Office will continue to assume a leadership role in the implementation of IPSAS throughout the Secretariat, as well as in the acceleration of the implementation of results-based management. The Office will also continue to collaborate closely with the Umoja team in implementing the enterprise resource planning system and focus, inter alia, on strengthening internal controls, enhancing risk management, streamlining processes and improving the efficiency of its services.", "VIII.23 The Advisory Committee notes that the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts will continue to focus on further refining results-based budgeting and contributing to the implementation of results-based management, improving the budget presentation, carrying out periodic self-evaluations and strengthening cooperation with other departmental partners on monitoring and evaluation. The Office is also the co-chair of the Task Force established to make proposals for the acceleration of the implementation of results-based management and the development of a conceptual framework for results-based management, as requested by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/259, which will be reported at the main part of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), paras. 29B.6-29B.7). The Committee reiterates the importance of results-based budgeting as an essential tool for measuring performance of budget implementation. It looks forward to reviewing the Secretary-General’s proposals for results-based management in the context of its consideration of the above-mentioned report.", "VIII.24 Table VIII.2 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.2", "Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for 2010-2011\t141\t1 ASG, 3 D-2, 8 D-1, 10 P-5, 19P-4, 17 P-3, 9 P-2/1, 8 GS (PL), 66GS (OL)\nProposed for 2012-2013\t140\t1 ASG, 3 D-2, 8 D-1, 10 P-5, 19P-4, 17 P-3, 9 P-2/1, 8 GS (PL), 65GS (OL)\n Abolition 1 1 GS (OL) \n Extrabudgetary^(a) \nProposed for 2012-2013\t170\t1 D-2, 2 D-1, 12 P-5, 67 P-4/3, 3P-2/1, 12 GS (PL), 73 GS (OL)", "^(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 95 other assessed posts (financed exclusively by the support account for peacekeeping operations) and 75 extrabudgetary posts (financed through programme support income).", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.25 In the Financial Information Operations Service, one General Service (Other level) post is proposed to be abolished, owing to IT support functions no longer being provided by the Service but by the Office of Information and Communications Technology in the context of the established service level agreement (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), para. 29B.53). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposal.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.26 Non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $2,999,600, representing a decrease of $959,300 as compared to the appropriation of $3,958,900 for the current biennium. The Secretary-General is proposing net reductions under other staff costs ($36,700, or 2.9 per cent), consultants ($491,400, or 100 per cent), travel of staff ($42,000, or 18.4 per cent) and contractual services ($457,600, or 30.3 per cent). The reductions are partially offset by higher requirements for general operating expenses ($27,800, or 11.4 per cent), supplies and materials ($3,800, or 3.2 per cent) and furniture and equipment ($36,800, or 37.7 per cent). As indicated above, the reductions are due largely to reduced requirements in relation to the implementation of IPSAS (see also paras VIII.27 and VIII.28 below). The Committee recommends approval of the proposed non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "VIII.27 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with a breakdown of costs related to the implementation of IPSAS, which is presented in table VIII.3. The Committee was informed that IPSAS requirements are funded through non‑recurrent provisions, and that the level of resources is based on the programme of work during the biennium, consistent with the phased implementation of IPSAS and the timeline of the Umoja project. In an effort to realign and synchronize the implementation of IPSAS and Umoja, certain activities have been postponed from the period 2010-2011 to 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.3", "Breakdown of costs related to the implementation of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards", "(United States dollars)", "Object of expenditure 2010-2011 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 Revised One‑time Additional Proposals appropriation cost requirements", "Post 1 177 500 — — 1 177 500", "General temporary 662 400 (662 400) 524 300 524 300 assistance", "Consultants and experts 491 400 (491 400) — —", "Travel on official 156 500 (156 500) 108 100 108 100 business", "Contractual services 609 000 (586 800) 90 700 112 900", "General operating 15 300 (400) 4 500 19 400 expenses", "Supplies and materials 4 300 — 4 000 8 300", "Furniture and equipment 4 100 (4 100) 4 200 4 200", "Total 3 120 500 (1 901 735 800 1 954 700 600)^(a)", "^(a) The one-time costs relate mainly to data clean-up of non-expendable property, consultancy requirements for specialized expertise and training requirements.", "VIII.28 The estimated requirements proposed for IPSAS implementation for the biennium 2012-2013 include the following:", "(a) $1,177,500 for the continuation of four posts (1 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-3 and 1 GS/OL) for the IPSAS Implementation Unit under executive direction and management;", "(b) $524,300 under general temporary assistance to provide for four P-3 Asset Accountant positions to support data preparation of non-expendable property and expendable items at Headquarters, the United Nations Office at Geneva, the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the United Nations Office at Vienna and the regional commissions;", "(c) $108,100 under travel of staff to provide for: travel of the temporary asset accountants, who will be based in New York, to the United Nations Office at Geneva, the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the United Nations Office at Vienna and the regional commissions for on-site visits to work with the property managers and finance officers in those locations; two annual meetings of the Task Force on Accounting Standards; and travel of one member of the IPSAS implementation team to two of the eight IPSAS Board meetings scheduled in 2012-2013;", "(d) $112,900 under contractual services to meet the requirements for IPSAS awareness and conceptual training, including computer-based and instructor-led training courses for an estimated 1,300 staff, as well as for specialized expertise.", "VIII.29 The Advisory Committee requested clarification as to the distinction between the functions of the IPSAS implementation team located in the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts and the United Nations system-wide IPSAS implementation team, located within the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB). The Committee was informed that the CEB team addresses common concerns and facilitates the sharing of knowledge across all the United Nations-system organizations, whereas the United Nations IPSAS team focuses on ensuring the successful implementation of IPSAS within the Secretariat. A summary of the core functions of each team is provided in table VIII.4.", "Table VIII.4", "Core functions of the Chief Executives Board and United Nations International Public Sector Accounting Standards implementation teams", "System-wide IPSAS implementationteam (CEB)\tUnited Nations IPSASimplementation team \nMonitoring the activities of theIPSAS Board which is responsiblefor IPSAS standards and ensuringthat the United Nations system’sinterests are properly representedat the Board’s meeting everyquarter\tIdentifying and articulatingthe changes in FinancialRegulations and Rules andpolicies covering all areasof the Secretariat’soperations in relation to theimplementation of IPSAS\nSupporting the High-levelCommittee on Management Task Forceon Accounting Standards inproviding written comments of theUnited Nations systemorganizations on all consultationpapers and exposure drafts of newIPSAS standards published by theIPSAS Board\tServicing the United NationsIPSAS Steering Committee andsupporting the projectmanager in all managementreporting and oversight\nInfluencing the formulation of newIPSAS standards and guidanceissued by the IPSAS Board\t\nSupporting the High-levelCommittee on Management Task Forcein (a) issuing IPSAS guidancepapers for the United Nationssystem organizations, wherevernecessary, to ensure harmoniousinterpretation of IPSAS standardsacross the United Nations system;and (b) updating these guidancepapers (currently more than 60)based on the implications of newstandards and guidance issued bythe IPSAS Board\tGuiding the Secretariat-wideeffort to convert thenew/amended policies intostandard operating procedures\nInteracting with the TechnicalGroup of the Panel of ExternalAuditors of the United Nationssystem organizations, in order to(a) highlight inconsistencies inaudit approaches and opinions onsimilar accounting treatmentsacross the United Nations system,and (b) proactively seek theirparticipation in resolvingpotential problems in theinterpretation and application ofIPSAS standards within the UnitedNations system\tAssisting the Umoja projectin delivering the businessfunctionality needed tocomply with the new/amendedFinancial Regulations andRules, policies andprocedures\nFacilitating the meetings of theCEB system-wide IPSAS SteeringCommittee and the High-levelCommittee on Management Task Forceon Accounting Standards, andreporting on the progress of IPSASadoption across the United Nationssystem, to the High-levelCommittee on Management\tGuiding and coordinating theSecretariat-wide effort toprepare IPSAS-compliantopening balances (for assetsand liabilities) for thefirst fiscal year of IPSASimplementation\nFacilitating the exchange ofinformation and experiences amongthe United Nations systemorganizations before, during andimmediately after the IPSASimplementation\tLeading the Secretariat-widechange management effortneeded to embrace the changesin policies and proceduresintroduced by IPSAS adoption;this includes implementing acommunication plan and atraining plan\n\tManaging the Secretariat-wideimplementation of IPSAS andtransitioning to aninstitutionalized arrangementafter the implementation iscompleted", "VIII.30 The Committee will revert to this matter in the context of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s next progress report on the implementation of IPSAS, which is to be submitted for the consideration of the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session (see also paras. VIII.7-VIII.9 above).", "Other issues", "VIII.31 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that, as at the beginning of June 2011, a total of eight posts remained vacant under section 29B, including the posts of Deputy Controller at the D-2 level and the Chief of Contributions at the D-1. The Committee notes that the outgoing Deputy Controller retired on 30 April 2011; at the time of its consideration of the budget proposal in June 2011, the post had been vacant for over one month. The Committee has commented on the issue of vacant posts in chapter I above. The Committee reiterates that vacancies are expected to be advertised six months prior to an anticipated retirement. In the Committee’s view, the delay in filling the post of the Deputy Controller clearly indicates continuing weaknesses in the advance planning, recruitment and staff placement processes. The Committee urges the Secretary-General to ensure that such situations are avoided in the future through rigorous succession planning and the timely issuance of vacancy announcements.", "VIII.32 The Secretary-General indicates that the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts continues to improve its operations in accordance with the findings of reviews carried out in prior bienniums of the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of the organizational structure, staffing, management framework and operations (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), para. 29B.5). The Committee recalls that an external review undertaken in the biennium 2006-2007 of the organizational structure, staffing, management framework and operations of the Office identified numerous problems, such as deficient information systems and weak processes that were heavily manual and time-consuming. In its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Committee requested that detailed information be provided in the next proposed programme budget for 2012‑2013 with regard to specific measures taken by the Office in this regard, as well as on savings achieved as a result of such measures (see A/64/7, para. VIII.16).", "VIII.33 While the Advisory Committee notes the ongoing and planned efforts of the Office to improve the efficiency of its services, such as the implementation of e‑remittances for vendors and an automated travel payment card (A/66/6 (Sect. 29B), para. 29B.9), it is of the view that a more sustained effort needs to be directed towards improving working methods and streamlining business processes, with a view to achieving more significant and measurable efficiency gains and improved cost-effectiveness. The Committee believes that the Office is in a unique position to lead by example in this regard. It urges the Office to continue to pursue and to intensify its efforts to improve the efficiency of its processes and service delivery, and to report comprehensively in the context of the next budget submission.", "Section 29C Office of Human Resources Management", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $73,184,600^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $74,614,600 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $30,928,600^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $22,647,400, amending theinformation contained in table 29C.4 of A/66/6(Sect. 29C) to reflect the decision taken bythe General Assembly in its resolution 65/290with respect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$8,281,200.", "VIII.34 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29C for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $73,184,600 before recosting, representing a decrease of $1,430,000, or 1.9 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), table 29C.4).", "VIII.35 Table VIII.5 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.5 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t177\t1 ASG, 3 D-2, 5 D-1, 17 P-5, 23P-4, 19 P-3, 14 P-2/1, 11 GS(PL), 84 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t177\t1 ASG, 3 D-2, 5 D-1, 17 P-5, 23P-4, 19 P-3, 14 P-2/1, 11 GS(PL), 84 GS (OL)\nRedeployments\t2\t2 GS (OL) from component 2 tocomponent 3\n Extrabudgetary^(a) \nProposed for2012-2013\t64\t3 P-5, 28 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 4 GS(PL), 28 GS (OL)", "a The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 47 other assessed posts (financed exclusively by the support account for peacekeeping operations) and 17 extrabudgetary posts (financed through programme support income).", "Recommendation on posts", "VIII.36 The Secretary-General is proposing the redeployment of two General Service (Other level) posts from the Strategic Planning and Staffing Division (component 2) to the Learning, Development and Human Resources Services Division (component 3) as a result of the transfer of the Personnel Records Unit from the former to the latter (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), para. 29C.36). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "Comments and recommendation on non-post resources", "VIII.37 Estimated non-post requirements for 2012-2013 amount to $30,596,900, representing a decrease of $1,633,600, or 5.1 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation of $32,230,500 for 2010-2011. The Secretary-General is proposing reductions under all non-post objects of expenditure. The Advisory Committee was informed by representatives of the Secretary-General that those reductions would be achieved through the streamlining of production and service delivery in order to provide the best possible service at the lowest possible cost.", "VIII.38 In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the estimated provision of $22,310,900 for contractual services under component 3, Learning, development and human resources services, represents a decrease of $1,755,900, or 7.3 per cent, as compared to the revised appropriation of $24,066,800 for the preceding biennium. The Committee was informed that the reduction was due primarily to a reprioritization of training activities, including a review of consultants’ fees. As a result of that review, the higher special rates paid to learning consultants were to be abolished: it was anticipated that, during the biennium 2012-2013, those consultants would be paid the standard rate applicable to all consultants working for the United Nations. In addition, in order to achieve further savings, the Secretary-General was in the process of amending the current policy on travel for learning consultants, who currently received the same daily subsistence allowance as staff members when travelling on behalf of the Organization. Under the new policy, they would be provided with a lump sum to cover their travel and accommodation costs, and the other travel policies applicable to staff members, including the rules on the standard of accommodation for travel, would no longer apply. The Advisory Committee welcomes the steps taken to reduce consultancy costs in the Office of Human Resources Management. The Committee has commented further on the use of consultants in chapter I above.", "VIII.39 On a related matter, during its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under this section, the Advisory Committee was informed that, in order to further limit non-post expenditure, the Secretary-General was also in the process of revising the relevant administrative instruction pertaining to travel to provide that, in future, all staff participating in training-related activities funded by the Office of Human Resources Management would be required to travel in economy class, irrespective of the duration of the journey. The Advisory Committee welcomes this initiative and looks forward to receiving information on the resulting cost savings in a future submission.", "VIII.40 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that under component 2, Strategic planning and staffing, the Secretary-General is proposing a decrease of $33,700 under travel of staff. The decrease is attributable to less frequent travel for outreach campaigns because potential applicants can now access the United Nations Careers Portal through the Internet and because outreach missions will be better planned and organized, for example, by covering more than one country at a time. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, in order to ensure that outreach efforts were not adversely affected by the reduction in resources, discussions were under way with some Member States regarding the funding of outreach travel. In addition, the Office of Human Resources Management was continuing to reach out to the Permanent Missions of those States that were already, or in danger of becoming, represented or underrepresented. While emphasizing that every effort must be made to ensure compliance with organizational mandates relating to equitable geographical distribution and gender balance, the Advisory Committee welcomes the proposed reduction in requirements for outreach travel through the introduction of efficiency measures and the use of web-based tools. At the same time, however, the Committee underlines the continued importance of existing outreach methods, which still remain an effective means of attracting potential applicants.", "VIII.41 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Human resources management reform", "VIII.42 In paragraph 29C.1 of the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that the Office of Human Resources Management plays a strategic role in supporting the Organization’s efforts to align its human resources capacity to meet emerging challenges and in the establishment of new entities. Substantively, the Office develops and maintains the human resources management infrastructure through policy and system development, provides advice, monitors performance and develops the skills and potential of staff of the Secretariat consistent with the mandates set forth by the General Assembly. The Advisory Committee recalls that the Assembly, in its resolutions 63/250, 65/247 and 65/248, approved a number of human resources management reform initiatives. As indicated by the Secretary-General in paragraph 29C.3 of his report, the reform initiatives set out in those resolutions relate to contractual arrangements and harmonization of conditions of service, recruitment, mobility and career development.", "VIII.43 The Advisory Committee was informed that, during the current biennium, the Office of Human Resources Management had been working to ensure that the new contractual arrangements set out in General Assembly resolutions 63/250 and 65/247 were implemented and that the harmonized conditions of service for staff serving in the field approved in resolution 65/248 would be fully operational when the transition period ended, on 1 July 2011. The Office had also introduced a new talent management system and its electronic support tool, known as Inspira (see also paras. VIII.48-50 below), and had continued to focus on improving staff development opportunities through strengthened learning programmes and the voluntary initiative for network exchanges (VINEs). The Committee was also informed, upon enquiry, that it was too early to draw any conclusions about potential cost savings and/or efficiencies resulting from the new contractual arrangements and the harmonization of conditions of service because some elements of the reform had only just been implemented. The Committee expects that the Secretary-General will provide information on the benefits of the new contractual arrangements and the harmonization of conditions of service in the context of his next report on human resources management.", "VIII.44. Some of the activities to be carried out by the Office of Human Resources Management during the biennium 2012-2013 are enumerated in paragraph 29C.4 of the budget document. They include the implementation of the human resources management scorecard in order to strengthen accountability and enhance monitoring capacity; the further expansion of staff training and development programmes; the continued development and enhancement of the information technology tools necessary to ensure the efficient management of the Organization’s human resources; and the modernization and improvement of medical services, in particular to promote health in hardship locations.", "VIII.45 During its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals under this section, the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that human resources management was one of the six priority issues to be addressed by the recently established change management team. The Committee was further informed that, for the remainder of the biennium 2010-2011, the Office of Human Resources Management would be working closely with the Team to identify areas in which human resources management reform initiatives could be implemented more effectively and existing activities could be further streamlined. Two specific areas of focus would be recruitment, including the measures needed to respond to the recent independent review of civilian capacity in the aftermath of conflict (see A/65/747-S/2011/85), and staff mobility. With regard to the latter, the Office was already working on the comprehensive proposal on a mobility policy that would be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-seventh session. The Committee stresses that staffing issues are central to change management efforts at the United Nations. The Committee also stresses that the respective activities of the change management team and of the Office of Human Resources Management should be clear, compatible and complementary rather than duplicative and giving rise to undue levels of complexity. The Committee has commented further on the role and functions of the change management team in chapter I above.", "VIII.46 The Advisory Committee has stressed the importance of human resources management reform on a number of previous occasions (see A/63/526, para. 5, and A/64/7, para. VIII.29). The Committee remains supportive of the ongoing leadership role played by the Office of Human Resources Management in the implementation of reform initiatives.", "Recruitment and staffing", "VIII.47 The Advisory Committee notes from table 29C.11 of the budget document that, during the biennium 2012-2013, the Secretary-General intends to reduce the average number of days from the date of issuance of vacancy announcements to the date of selection for all regular vacancies from an estimated 210 days in 2010-2011 to 120 days. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, in order to meet the 120-day target, the Office of Human Resources Management had, inter alia, significantly redesigned its recruitment indicators to reflect more accurately the delineation of responsibilities between the various actors in the recruitment process. The new human resources management scorecard was being used to monitor compliance with the 11 steps of the staffing timeline, each of which had a specific owner as well as a target duration. In addition, the performance of each department, office and field operation in the area of recruitment was reported to the Management Performance Board on an annual basis within the framework of the senior managers’ compacts.", "VIII.48 In this connection, the Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 61/244, the General Assembly approved the implementation of a new talent management system for the Organization, which was to include a new technological infrastructure for e-staffing, a learning management system, a system for reporting and managing data, performance management (e-PAS) and a career website (see A/65/305/Add.3, para. 2). As indicated in figure II of document A/65/305/Add.3, total regular budget resources required to date for the new system, known as Inspira, amount to $2.9 million, spread over the bienniums 2008-2009 and 2010-2011.", "VIII.49 The Advisory Committee also recalls, however, that in its report on the proposed budget for the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, it noted that the deployment of Inspira had been delayed because it had not proved user-friendly. As a result, the Secretariat had decided to focus on stabilizing and enhancing existing modules of the system before rolling out any additional ones (A/65/827, paras. 180-184). In response to a request for updated information on the implementation status of Inspira, the Committee was informed that the revised roll-out schedule described in paragraph 182 of the aforementioned report, i.e. completion of stabilization efforts in late 2011 followed by the development and roll-out of the remaining modules, remained on track.", "VIII.50 The Advisory Committee notes the efforts being undertaken by the Office of Human Resources Management to reduce recruitment timelines and looks forward to receiving information on the results achieved. With regard to the deployment of Inspira, the Committee reiterates its earlier request that the Secretary-General ensure that the shortcomings identified are rectified as soon as possible and that he provide updated information on progress made, as well as lessons learned, to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "Learning and development", "VIII.51 Estimated regular budget resources for component 3, Learning, development and human resources services, for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $38,406,500 before recosting (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), table 29C.4). As indicated in table 29C.3 of the budget document, this component accounts for 52.5 per cent of the total regular budget resources under section 29C. The outputs to be delivered under this component are set out in paragraph 29C.35 of the budget document, and include the provision of a wide array of training programmes designed to build and sustain the Organization’s leadership and managerial capacity; improve the human and financial resources management expertise of programme managers and staff with administrative responsibilities; upgrade the information technology skills of Secretariat staff; build and strengthen linguistic capabilities; and support career development and upgrade substantive skills. From the supplementary information provided to it, the Advisory Committee observes that, during the biennium 2012-2013, it is anticipated that the training courses offered by the Organization will be attended by 63,830 participants, at a total cost of $22,310,900. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the cost per head of mandatory training courses varied from about $11 to $5,880. Online training courses entailed an initial start-up cost but had no ongoing cost per head.", "VIII.52 The Advisory Committee was further informed, upon enquiry, that in order to evaluate the impact of its learning and development activities, the Office of Human Resources Management carried out annual assessments, as well as periodic needs assessments, designed to ascertain whether training programmes were meeting the Organization’s requirements. The introduction of new policies and/or working practices, as well as input received from course participants and staff at large, informed the development of new programmes and/or the updating of existing ones. The Office’s basic approach to evaluation and monitoring was guided by a four-step framework devised by the Return on Investment Institute. At present, evaluation efforts focused primarily on steps 1 and 2 of the framework, which were designed to assess the perceived value to participants of training courses and the effect of those courses on participants’ confidence levels. Going forward, greater emphasis would be placed on levels 3 and 4 of the framework, which assessed the business impact of training courses and the eventual return on investment for the Organization. That type of assessment was more resource-intensive, however, since it had to be conducted over a period of six to nine months.", "VIII.53 The Advisory Committee recognizes that the learning and staff development activities carried out by the Office of Human Resources Management are necessary if the United Nations is to build a highly competent workforce capable of implementing the Organization’s mandates in the most effective and efficient manner. Given the substantial level of resources allocated to such activities, the Committee stresses that efforts must continue to be made to achieve efficiency gains, including through a more selective approach to training programmes that relate to non-substantive skills, while providing all staff with access to training opportunities.", "VIII.54 The Advisory Committee also reiterates its earlier recommendation that training programmes and objectives should be linked to mandate implementation and organizational goals (A/65/743, para. 115), and emphasizes that robust monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are required in order to assess whether or not the programmes offered are responding to the needs identified. In this regard, the Committee takes the view that the performance management system, which is currently being strengthened (see A/65/305), should include training-related indicators for supervisors as well as staff, in order to ensure that programme managers take responsibility for identifying skills gaps and assessing the impact of training activities on the performance of their units. The Secretary-General should provide a more detailed account of training activities in his next report on human resources management, including an indication of all resources invested in such activities during the bienniums 2010-2011 and 2012-2013.", "Emergency Preparedness and Support Unit", "VIII.55 In paragraph 29C.13 of the budget document, the Secretary-General indicates that the Emergency Preparedness and Support Unit was established pursuant to General Assembly resolution 64/260 to provide a dedicated capacity to support the survivors of malicious acts, natural disasters or other emergencies and the families of those who perish or are injured as a result of such incidents. The roles and responsibilities of the Unit, which is located in the Office of the Assistant Secretary-General for Human Resources Management, are described in paragraph 29C.14. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that total estimated resource requirements for the Unit for the biennium 2012-2013 amounted to $1,994,700 before recosting, comprising other staff costs in the amount of $1,328,200 for the continuation of five positions (2 P-5, 1 P-4, 1 P-2 and 1 GS (OL)) funded under general temporary assistance, as well as other non-post costs in the amount of $666,500. As indicated in paragraph 29C.17 of the budget document, the estimated resource requirements for the Unit have decreased by $211,300 as a result of the discontinuation of the one-time provision for consultants and furniture and equipment pending a review of the Unit’s requirements by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. That review will take place as part of the Assembly’s consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals on developing a comprehensive emergency management framework. The Advisory Committee is disappointed that the Secretary-General’s proposals on a comprehensive emergency management framework will not be considered in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, as originally requested by the Assembly in its resolution 64/260. The Committee expects that the Secretary-General will submit his report to the Assembly at the earliest possible opportunity.", "UN Cares programme", "VIII.56 Under component 4, Medical services, the Secretary-General is proposing an increase of $350,000 under grants and contributions, representing the contribution of the Secretariat to the implementation plan and budget for the biennium 2012-2013 of the United Nations system common programme entitled UN Cares (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), para. 29C.42). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the UN Cares programme had been launched by the Secretary-General in 2008 in order to increase the capacity of the United Nations system to respond to HIV/AIDS in its own workplace with a view to mitigating the impact of the epidemic on United Nations personnel, their families and the Organization as a whole. The programme was funded, on a voluntary basis, by 20 organizations of the common system and had a total approved budget of approximately $2.6 million. At present, efforts were focused on building capacity at Headquarters and in the field through advocacy, the development of online tools and training. To that end, the UN Cares team (four staff members at Headquarters and five regional coordinators) was currently working with over 300 focal points in approximately 125 countries.", "VIII.57 With regard to coordination between the UN Cares team and staff dealing with HIV/AIDS-related issues in peacekeeping operations, the Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that since its inception UN Cares had been working with the Department of Peacekeeping Operations through the latter’s mission-level HIV/AIDS advisers and focal points. Many peacekeeping operations were using the minimum standards set by UN Cares to guide their work. It was pointed out to the Committee, however, that the full-time, mission-level HIV/AIDS advisers had specific responsibilities relating to the training of uniformed personnel and could not substitute for the UN Cares regional coordinators. The Committee was also informed that the United Nations share of the UN Cares budget, which was calculated on a per capita basis, did not include provision for staff of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations because that Department already had dedicated staff to carry out HIV/AIDS-related activities. The Committee is supportive of the important work carried out within the framework of the UN Cares programme. The Secretary-General should provide detailed information on the results achieved in a future submission.", "Conduct of salary surveys", "VIII.58 The Advisory Committee notes that the outputs listed under component 1, Policy, include the conduct of salary surveys to determine salaries, allowances and other conditions of service for locally recruited staff members in the General Service and related category of staff working for the organizations of the United Nations common system worldwide, as well as the review, approval and promulgation of salary scales and allowances per year resulting from the analysis of data collected in the course of comprehensive and interim salary surveys conducted for 168 duty stations (A/66/6 (Sect. 29C), para. 29C.23 (c) (iii) (c)). The Committee further notes from the information provided to it that this activity is financed from both the regular budget and extrabudgetary resources (the support account for peacekeeping operations and programme support income received as reimbursement for services provided by the central administration).", "VIII.59 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, it encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to explore the possibility of using commercially available data for local salary surveys with a view to reducing the cost, in terms of both human and financial resources, of conducting them (A/64/7, para. VIII.50). Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the International Civil Service Commission had looked into that option in the context of its recent review of the General Service salary survey methodologies. The Commission had established a working group to evaluate the use of vendor-provided salary survey data and, based on the outcome of its evaluation, had recommended that such data be used as a residual source to complete surveys where the normal minimum number of 20 employers could not be surveyed owing to participation problems. Several options had been evaluated for the use of vendor data, including outsourcing the data collection and customizing off-the-shelf data. In general, however, the vendor databases did not have sufficiently robust data for support-level jobs similar to those in the General Service category. Moreover, customization of the data was more expensive and introduced a significant degree of volatility; the vendor databases did not always capture allowances and other benefits included under the current methodology; and the representation of public/non-profit employers was generally minimal.", "Section 29D Office of Central Support Services", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $176,844,300^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $174,871,100 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $105,001,300^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theIntroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $28,504,800, amending theinformation contained in table 29D.4 of A/66/6(Sect. 29D) to reflect the decision taken inGeneral Assembly resolution 65/290 with respectto the support account for peacekeepingoperations, as well as extrabudgetary resourcesin the amount of $76,496,500.", "VIII.60 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29D amount to $176,844,300 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $1,973,200, or 1.1 per cent, over the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29D), table 29D.1). The net increase reflects the combined effect of higher requirements for posts ($3.6 million), maintenance of communications equipment ($1.4 million), rental of premises ($1.5 million) and other maintenance ($1.1 million), offset in part by reductions under contractual services ($3.8 million) and electrical maintenance ($1.9 million). A description of these changes is provided in paragraph 29D.8 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)).", "VIII.61 In addition, other assessed and extrabudgetary resources estimated at $105,001,300 would be available to the Office to carry out its programme of work. Of this amount, $28,504,800 relates to the support account for peacekeeping operations and $76,496,500 to other extrabudgetary sources, comprising resources from reimbursement for support to extrabudgetary administrative structures, extrabudgetary substantive activities, technical cooperation reimbursement resources, the trust fund for German language translation and the special accounts for travel services, common services and building maintenance costs at United Nations Headquarters. The amount of $28,504,800 relating to the support account for peacekeeping resources reflects the decision taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290, amending the figures indicated in paragraph 29D.9 and table 29D.4 of the Secretary-General’s report (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)).", "VIII.62 The key responsibilities of the Office of Central Support Services and its priorities for 2012-2013 are outlined in paragraphs 29D.1 to 29D.5 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)). The main factors affecting the Secretary-General’s proposals for the biennium 2012-2013 include the following:", "(a) The restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section, in line with the operational and technical needs of the new broadcast audio-visual systems (see paras. VIII.63-VIII.66 and VIII.79-VIII.82 below);", "(b) The establishment of an in-house capacity in the Plant Engineering Section to address routine electrical maintenance tasks (see paras. VIII.67-VIII.68 below);", "(c) The implementation of a security-enhanced laissez-passer system, required to comply with the international standards for travel documents promoted by the International Civil Aviation Organization;", "(d) The progressive reoccupation of the Secretariat Building in 2012 and the need to restore the provision of a number of services that were reduced during the renovation because of lower occupancy.", "Restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section", "VIII.63 Under long-standing arrangements, broadcast audio-visual support capacity has been entirely provided through contractual services. At present, the Broadcast Conference Support Section has an overall staffing of 86, consisting of 17 United Nations staff for its television, radio/conference and special events units, and 69 contractual personnel for broadcast audio-visual services. The Advisory Committee was informed that an independent technical evaluation of the Section, conducted from March to June 2010, in view of the upcoming implementation of the new broadcast audio-visual systems under the activities associated with the capital master plan, concluded that the current capacity is no longer sufficient or adaptable enough to effectively manage the new systems to be implemented. The key findings of the technical review included the following:", "(a) The Secretariat relied too heavily on contractual services for this core function and was subject to periodic contract negotiation, which rendered continuation of services unpredictable;", "(b) Because of the outsourcing of the entire operation, including technical operators and supervisors, contractual personnel were autonomous, and largely self-managed. Consequently, they made important decisions on resource allocation that should be made by United Nations personnel, such as the assignment of tasks and the time required to complete tasks;", "(c) The tailor-made outsourcing arrangement in place, which required a contractor to provide supervisors as well as technical operators, reduced competition for the contract, since, in the marketplace, supervisors were less readily available than technical operators;", "(d) Work processes in the section were highly manual and inefficient, and remained largely undocumented;", "(e) Current engineering and support capacity for existing United Nations systems was based on technology in radio and conference operations that was obsolete and would soon be replaced by new digital systems in the context of the associated activities of the capital master plan. Consequently, the skills of the contractual personnel were out of date and had not kept up with technological developments in the broadcast industry;", "(f) The organizational structure of the Section was flat, without a middle management layer, and with too many staff reporting directly to the P-5 Section Chief.", "VIII.64 The Secretary-General indicated that the main recommendation emanating from the independent evaluation was that an in-house capacity to provide core, low-tier management and engineering maintenance services should be established by creating posts to provide the services currently provided by 17 of the 69 contractual personnel. Technical operator functions, such as those of camera operators, studio technicians and video editors, would continue to be outsourced and provided by the remaining 52 contractual personnel. The incumbents of the proposed 17 posts would be responsible for documenting and maintaining up-to-date knowledge of the operating practices and configuration of the technical systems, as well as for training the operators. They would also ensure that efficient working methods and processes were put into place, fully exploiting the technological capabilities of the new systems. The Secretary-General expects that the proposed restructuring will ensure effective control of the management of operations, create technological capacity and capability in the Secretariat, and thereby ensure business continuity. The Organization’s exposure to the risks of industrial dispute or vendor bankruptcy would also be minimized. The Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that the proposed restructuring was fully in line with the guidelines established by the General Assembly in its resolution 54/256 on outsourcing. Figure VIII.I provides the organizational charts reflecting the current and proposed structure of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section.", "VIII.65 In paragraph 29D.19 of his report (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)), the Secretary-General indicates that the proposed restructuring will give rise to a reduction in ongoing expenditure as compared to the current arrangement. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the annual cost of contractual personnel was $2,567,400 whereas the requirements for United Nations staff, at 2011 rates, at full costing, were estimated at $2,219,800. The proposed restructuring is expected to yield long-term sustainable cost avoidance of some $1 million per biennium on a continuing basis, comprising approximately $700,000 in reduced costs for salaries and overtime and $300,000 in management fees. Initial savings in the first biennium would be temporarily greater owing to the effect of the application of vacancy factors for new posts in the first year of their establishment (50 per cent for Professional and 35 per cent for General Service staff). In addition to these directly identifiable reduced costs, the Secretary-General expects further benefits, including savings arising from improved resource allocation and more competitive bidding for contracted functions as from 2014-2015. The Committee looks forward to receiving future updates on the restructuring of the section, including an assessment of its impact in terms of the improvements made to working methods and processes, efficiency gains, savings and other benefits realized.", "VIII.66 The Committee was provided with an update on the implementation status of the new broadcast audio-visual systems. It was informed that, in order to conform to the capital master plan timetable, the Secretary-General was undertaking a number of measures in the current biennium to transition to the new organizational arrangements, in advance of the General Assembly’s consideration of the above proposals. The Committee comments on those transitional measures in paragraphs VIII.79 to VIII.82 below.", "Plant Engineering Section", "VIII.67 The Organization’s electrical maintenance operations are fully outsourced at present. The Advisory Committee was informed that a total of 19 contractual personnel were deployed on site to provide this function. As indicated in paragraph 29D.20 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)), based on an independent evaluation of the electrical maintenance function conducted during the first half of 2010, it was determined that 70 per cent of all electrical work orders are related to routine maintenance that could be provided at lower cost by established staff as compared to contractual personnel. Such an in-house capacity would also enable a speedier first response to emergency calls, thereby reducing the risk of power supply interruption to critical infrastructure.", "VIII.68 In the light of the findings of the independent evaluation, the Secretary-General is proposing to establish an in-house electrical shop through the creation of seven posts at the Trades and Crafts level to perform the routine maintenance functions currently provided by the contractor. The in-house capacity would be complemented by a team of specialized contractual personnel, responsible for carrying out major corrective and preventive maintenance work. The Secretary-General states that such arrangements are commonly used by other large institutional buildings in New York City, and would also reduce the Organization’s vulnerability to unpredictable contract negotiations. The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that the Secretary-General’s proposals for an in-house building services shop would result in cost avoidance estimated at $830,000 per biennium on a continuing basis. A comparison of expenditures under the current and proposed arrangements is shown in table VIII.7 The Committee welcomes the efforts undertaken to develop in-house capacity for the electrical maintenance functions. In this context, therefore, the Secretary-General should be requested to provide an update on the efficiency gains and savings realized, as part of the next budget submission.", "Proposed staffing", "VIII.69 Table VIII.6 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.6 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t319\t1 ASG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 8 P-5, 12 P-4, 10P-3, 8 P-2/1,8 GS (PL), 174 GS (OL), 93 TC\nProposed for2012-2013\t345\t1 ASG, 2 D-2, 3 D-1, 8 P-5, 13 P-4, 15P-3, 8 P-2/1,13 GS (PL), 182 GS (OL), 100 TC\n New^(a) 26 1 P-4, 5 P-3, 5 GS (PL), 8 GS (OL), 7 TC\nExtrabudgetary^(b) \nProposed for2012-2013\t100\t1 D-1, 4 P-5, 41 P-4/3, 6 P-2/1, 3 GS(PL), 42 GS (OL),3 TC", "^(a) Includes 24 posts to be converted from contractual services.", "^(b) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 78 other assessed posts (financed exclusively by the support account for peacekeeping operations) and 22 extrabudgetary posts financed from reimbursement for support for extrabudgetary administrative structures; extrabudgetary substantive activities; and technical cooperation reimbursement resources.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.70 The Secretary-General’s proposals would increase the number of regular budget posts by 26, from 319 in the current biennium to 345 in 2012-2013, including 1 P-4, 5 P-3, 5 General Service (Principal level), 8 General Service (Other level) and 7 Trades and Crafts. The main factor in the increase is the establishment of 24 posts for functions currently provided through contractual services for the Broadcast and Conference Support Section and the electrical maintenance function in the Plant Engineering Section.[8] The overall requirement for posts amounts to $61,583,800, reflecting an increase of $3,623,300 as compared to the appropriation of $57,960,500 for 2010-2011. The increase reflects the net effect of: (a) the delayed impact of two new Professional posts (1 P-5 and 1 P-2) approved in the biennium 2010-2011 to strengthen the management and oversight of overseas properties, and two new General Service (Other level) posts approved in the biennium 2010-2011 to realign the functions of help-desk service with the tracking system for service requests; and (b) the proposed establishment of 26 posts, including 24 to replace existing contractual services positions. Paragraph 29D.8 (b) of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)) provides a summary of the proposed post changes.", "VIII.71 The Secretary-General proposes to establish 17 posts in relation to the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section, comprising:", "(a) Four P-3 posts for Supervisors to manage production operations, assignment of work orders and engineering operations;", "(b) Five General Service (Principal level) posts for Assistant Supervisors to assist in the management of production operations, assignment of work orders and engineering operations;", "(c) Eight General Service (Other level) posts for Maintenance Technicians to provide essential engineering maintenance services.", "With the proposed restructuring, the overall number of personnel would remain unchanged at 86, but would comprise 34 United Nations staff and 52 contractual personnel instead of the current 17 United Nations staff and 69 contractual personnel. The Advisory Committee was provided with detailed information on the proposed restructuring (see paras. VIII.63-VIII.66 above). It was also informed about the transitional measures being undertaken during the current biennium in advance of the proposed restructuring, which are discussed in paragraphs VIII.79-VIII.82 below. On the basis of the explanations provided, the Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals.", "VIII.72. Seven electrical maintenance posts at the Trades and Crafts level are proposed in the Plant Engineering Section, to form an in-house building services shop to address routine maintenance requirements, conduct daily inspections and minor electrical work, and provide the first response to emergencies. The Advisory Committee was provided additional information on the rationale and benefits expected from the new organizational arrangements for the provision of electrical maintenance services which are highlighted in paragraphs VIII.67 to VIII.68 above. Based on the explanations provided, the Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals for the establishment of seven Trades and Crafts posts in the Plant Engineering Section.", "VIII.73. One P-4 Programme Officer is proposed for the Facilities Management Service, responsible for reviewing and establishing policies and procedures relating to facilities management, office space, asset inventory and gift management, as well as for monitoring their implementation and developing mechanisms for compliance throughout the Secretariat, including monitoring and implementing audit recommendations. While the Advisory Committee believes that those functions are important, it is not convinced that a fully dedicated staff member is warranted. In view of the existing capacity in the Service, the Committee does not recommend acceptance of the purposed establishment of the P-4 Programme Officer post.", "VIII.74. One P-3 Travel Document Officer is proposed for the Travel and Transportation Section, responsible for supporting the implementation of the security-enhanced United Nations laissez-passer system, including the global administration of the issuing duty stations (Headquarters, the United Nations Office at Geneva and the United Nations Office at Vienna). The Advisory Committee was informed that the incumbent would be responsible for coordinating and liaising with various offices and entities, including with the Office of Information and Communications Technology to address issues related to the hosting of the system; the vendor in relation to the technical matters and upgrading of equipment; the Department of Safety and Security for perimeter security access control; the Umoja project team for human resources data and asset management; the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) for a lost or stolen travel document database; and the International Civil Aviation Organization. The Secretary-General indicated that the scale and complexity of the new laissez-passer system required full-time dedicated support with specific technical expertise, and that no such capacity was available in the Passport and Visa Team. On the basis of the justifications provided, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.75 Non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $115,260,500, representing a decrease of $1,650,100, or 1.4 per cent, as compared to the appropriation of $116,910,600 for the current biennium. The Secretary-General is proposing net reductions of $43,500 under other staff costs, $1,567,400 under contractual services and $475,600 under general operating expenses. The reductions are partially offset by higher requirements for consultants ($74,800, or 26.5 per cent), travel of staff ($5,500, or 4.2 per cent), supplies and materials ($181,200, or 8.7 per cent) and furniture and equipment ($187,300, or 10.8 per cent). Details on the increases and decreases by type of expenditure are provided in paragraph 29D.8 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 29D)).", "VIII.76 The Committee notes from the supplementary information provided to it that the overall decrease of $1,567,400 under contractual services reflects the reduced requirements in relation to the proposed creation of 17 posts to replace the existing conference engineers positions provided through contractual services in the Broadcast and Conference Support Section and 7 electrical maintenance posts in the Plant Engineering Section, offset by increased requirements for information technology services for the new broadcast audio-visual systems, as well as for proprietary software and printing related to the implementation of the new laissez-passer system.", "VIII.77 From the supplementary information provided to it, the Advisory Committee further notes that the proposed requirement for rental of premises under general operating expenses would increase by $1,719,100 for the Facilities Management Service, owing to the provision of office space for all new posts approved during 2010-2011 for Headquarters and additional space required to accommodate temporary staff and contractual personnel, as well as contractual obligations under the existing rental contracts for various spaces leased by the United Nations. In this connection, the Advisory Committee was provided with a table (see table VIII.8) showing the lease expiry, estimated annual rental costs and square footage of all United Nations leased properties, distinguishing between long-term leases concluded by the Facilities Management Service, capital master plan swing spaces, Facilities Management Service leases in the capital master plan swing spaces and properties leased by Facilities Management Service for the Umoja project. The Committee will revert to this matter in the context of its consideration of the next annual progress report on the capital master plan project, which is to be submitted for consideration by the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session.", "VIII.78 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals for non-post resources.", "Transitional measures related to the implementation of the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section", "VIII.79 The Secretary-General first proposed to replace the Organization’s obsolete broadcast equipment and to install new digital systems in the context of his report on the associated costs of the capital master plan.[9] Procurement of the broadcast audio-visual systems, initially planned for 2010, was deferred to 2011, in line with the revised schedule of the capital master plan. In order to ensure efficient integration and coordinated phasing, the broadcast audio-visual systems are procured and managed by the construction manager of the capital master plan.[10] Four main broadcast/audio-visual projects have been defined: the Media Asset Management System, the Permanent Broadcast Facility, Conference Management and Simultaneous Interpretation and Audiovisual. The Advisory Committee was informed that the contracts for the four broadcast audio-visual systems are to be awarded in the second part of 2011, starting in July. An overview of the timeline for the implementation of the audio-visual broadcast systems is provided in figure VIII.II. The Committee was further informed that the awarding of the contracts will be followed by a design review phase for the configuration of workflows and processes that should be carried out under the responsibility of United Nations managers and engineers rather than by contractual personnel. The Secretary-General stated that, for this reason, the 17 positions proposed to be converted from contractual services to posts needed to be filled and the incumbents trained on the new systems prior to the start of the design review phase, which was scheduled to commence in October 2011 for the first project.", "VIII.80 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was further informed that, in view of the time constraints, the Secretary-General had decided to provide the functions of the 17 posts proposed for the Broadcast and Conference Support Section through general temporary assistance from within existing resources for the biennium 2010‑2011, pending consideration of the proposal by the General Assembly in the context of its review of the programme budget for 2012-2013 at the main part of the sixty-sixth session. In this connection, the Committee points out that resources for those 17 general temporary assistance positions will be available up to 31 December 2011, and that the functions of those positions would be continued only into the biennium 2012-2013 based on a decision of the General Assembly regarding the Secretary-General’s proposals for the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section. The Committee was also informed that the recruitment process for the filling of the temporary positions was initiated at the beginning of 2011, with job descriptions established and job openings posted in March and April 2011 and interviews completed by 17 June 2011. At the time of the Committee’s consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals, the selection process was still under way. The Committee was informed that, once the temporary positions were filled, there would be a commensurate reduction in the services outsourced to the contractor, in accordance with the terms of the contract and standard outsourcing arrangements, which provide for flexible increases and decreases in the level of services contracted according to the needs of the Organization.", "VIII.81 The Advisory Committee recognizes the need to meet the requirements of the capital master plan schedule, and hence the reasoning behind the Secretary-General’s decision to proceed now with transitional measures for the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section. However, it remains concerned that the process has started before the General Assembly has had the opportunity to consider the Secretary-General’s proposals. The Committee cautions that the steps taken in this regard during the biennium 2010-2011 should be limited, to the extent possible, in order to avoid a de facto implementation of the proposed restructuring without specific approval by the Assembly. It requests that a full update on the status of the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section be provided to the General Assembly at the time of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposed budget. The Committee emphasizes that the actions initiated in regard to the restructuring of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section are subject to such decisions as the General Assembly may take on this matter.", "VIII.82 Furthermore, the Advisory Committee stresses that, in introducing the new arrangements for the Broadcast and Conference Support Section, the Secretary-General should give due consideration to the equitable treatment of contractual personnel who have served the Organization over many years and ensure that they can compete for the temporary positions being created. The Committee also stresses the importance it attaches to ensuring that the recruitment process is managed in a fair and even-handed manner. In this regard, the Committee was provided with assurances that the recruitment and selection processes were being conducted in full compliance with the guidelines established by the Office of Human Resources Management, and would be reviewed by the competent internal review bodies. The Committee was further informed that the selection process involved testing of technical competence on the basis of tests created with the assistance of an expert, who also provides similar services to the Society of Broadcast Engineers, a well-respected technical training and certification body in the broadcast industry. The Committee also emphasizes the need to ensure that long-serving contractual personnel are afforded an opportunity to be retrained to operate the new systems planned under the capital master plan.", "Figure VIII.I Current and proposed structure of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section^(a)", "^(a) The current and proposed structure of the Broadcast and Conference Support Section includes one general temporary assistance position funded from the capital master plan budget, representing an associated cost to the capital master plan.", "[]", "[]", "Table VIII.7 Current and projects cost for the electrical maintenance contract", "Current costs for the electrical maintenance contract", "(United States dollars)", "Contractor cost\n Description Number Hourly rate Annual cost per unit", "Chief foreman 1 129.44 282 696.96", "Clerk 1 40.16 87 709.44", "Chief foreman — shifts 1 110.92 211 968.12", "A class electrician 4 117.31 896 717.64", "Division of Building 4 74.26 567 643.44 Maintenance^(a) class electrician — Day", "Division of Building 3 84.57 484 839.81 Maintenance class electrician — Night", "Division of Building 5 79.41 758 762.55 Maintenance class electrician — Timken^(b)", "Total 19 3 290 337.96", "^(a) Division of Building Maintenance denoting electricians who perform maintenance work and minor modifications and additions.", "^(b) “Timken” denotes workers who work on rotating shifts.", "Projected costs for the electrical maintenance contract under the proposed organizational arrangements", "(United States dollars)", "Contractor cost\n Description Number Hourly rate Annual cost per unit", "Chief foreman 1 129.44 247 359.84", "Administrative assistant 1 40.16 76 745.76", "A class electrician 5 117.31 1 120 897.05", "Total 7 1 445 002.65", "United Nations cost", "Description Number Yearly rate Annual cost per unit", "Foreman (TC7) 1 115 685.00 115 685.00", "Journeyman electrician (TC6) 2 108 599.00 217 198.00", "Assistant journeyman (TC5) 3 101 530.00 304 590.00", "Apprentice electrician (TC4) 4 94 467.00 377 868.00", "Total 10 1 015 341.00", "Savings 829 994.31", "Table VIII.8 United Nations leased properties", "As of May 2011", "United Nations-owned buildings Available for Estimated Square occupancy annual footage rental costs (United States dollars)", "(S) Secretariat Late 2012 N/A 899 676", "(CB) Conference Bldg TBD 442 236", "Basements N/A 691 000", "(GA) General Assembly N/A 316 441", "(DHL) Library N/A 118 554", "(NL) North Lawn N/A 99 465", "(NLB) North Lawn Building TBD 165 883", "(SA) South Annex TBD 39 285", "(U) UNITAR Continuously 28 987", "United Nations-leased properties Lease expiry Estimated Square annual footage rental costs (United States dollars)", "Capital master plan swing space", "(AB) Albano 2017-Jul 9 807 549 187 060", "(M) 380 Madison 2014-Jan 25 276 875 485 128", "(CS) Court Square 2018-Apr 1 493 050 42 466", "(TB) Teacher’s Bldg 2013-Dec 3 183 973 79 599", "Total capital master plan 39 761 447", "Facilities Management Service lease in capital master plan swing space", "(M) 380 Madison 2014-Jan 3 491 985 66 514", "(CS) Court Square — 10 flr 2018-Apr 881 170 21 233", "(CS) Court Square — 11 flr 2018-Apr 638 270 15 380", "(TB) Teacher’s Bldg 2013-Dec 3 227 553 79 693", "Facilities Management Service for Umoja", "(MB) Mobile Bldg 2013-Dec 1 033 643 24 321", "Facilities Management Service 1 625 532 long-term", "(A) Alcoa 2015-Jul 1 625 532 30 845", "(DC1) DC One Bldg 2020-Mar 6 868 340 196 566", "(DC2) DC Two Bldg 2020-Mar 12 081 265 322 908", "(DHP) Dag Hammarskjöld 2014-Dec 88 641", "(DN) Daily News 2017-Apr 2 104 594 31 891", "(FAL) Falchi, LIC 2024-Sep 756 195 50 413", "(DRT) Piscataway, NJ 2011-Dec 874 599 3 969", "(FF) 304 E 45 St 2012-Oct 6 655 695 141 119", "(IN) 300 E 42 St 2018-Sep 7 747 976 126 979", "JFK Airport BA space 2010-Dec 11 610 180", "Total Facilities Management 47 998 425 Service", "Figure VIII.II Timeline for the implementation of the audio-visual broadcast systems", "[]", "Abbreviations: NMT, New Mobile Television", "VSG, Venue Services Group Inc.", "PPS, Priority Production Services LLC", "Section 29E Administration, Geneva", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $142,828,300^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $142,274,600^(b)\n Projected extrabudgetary resources $33,947,500 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including, for presentation purposes only,the appropriation related to the libraryservice in Geneva.", "VIII.83 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29E amount to $142,828,300, before recosting. This represents a net increase of $553,700, or 0.4 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29E), para. 29E.6). The net increase is attributable to a number of factors explained in detail in paragraph 29E.6 of the budget document.", "VIII.84 During the biennium 2012-2013, regular budget resources would be complemented by extrabudgetary resources, estimated at $33,947,500, which would represent an increase of $1,834,300 over the biennium 2010-2011. This includes the continuation of 142 posts and a proposal to establish an additional post at the P-3 level in the Human Resources Management Service. A range of services would be provided on a reimbursement basis to extrabudgetary administrative structures of United Nations organizations based in Geneva and to extrabudgetary substantive activities in a range of areas (see A/66/6 (Sect. 29E), para. 29E.8).", "VIII.85 As indicated by the Secretary-General in paragraph 29E.5 of the proposed programme budget, during the biennium 2012-2013 the Division of Administration of the United Nations Office at Geneva will: (a) assist the Under-Secretary-General for Management in coordinating and monitoring the implementation of management reform in Geneva; (b) provide administrative and other support services to 21 United Nations Secretariat departments and offices for their operations implemented in Geneva, as well as to entities of the United Nations common system; (c) maintain and safeguard the United Nations assets and properties in Geneva, including the new facilities and installations, in compliance with the headquarters minimum operating security standards; (d) provide and strengthen, in coordination with the Office of Information and Communications Technology, the information and communications technology infrastructure, knowledge-sharing, information security and the network at the United Nations Office at Geneva; (e) coordinate the execution of the preparatory work in Geneva for the implementation of the enterprise resource planning system and the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards; and (f) ensure business continuity of administrative support to the United Nations Office at Geneva, other Secretariat departments and offices and other United Nations common system entities based in Geneva, in the event of emergency situations.", "VIII.86 With regard to facilities, the Secretary-General indicates that preparatory work continues with regard to the development of a comprehensive renovation and refurbishment programme for the Palais des Nations, referred to as the “strategic heritage plan”. The Secretary-General notes, however, that the renovation envisaged under the plan would not start until the General Assembly had taken a decision on the matter and the capital master plan had been completed (A/66/6 (Sect. 29E), para. 29E.5 (c)). In this regard, the Secretary-General indicates that the conceptual engineering study of the plan has been completed. The Advisory Committee was informed that due to delays in its completion, the outcome of the study would be reported to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session rather than at the sixty-fifth session as requested in resolution 64/243.", "VIII.87 The Advisory Committee was informed that the strategic heritage plan included the refurbishment and renovation of 3 conference rooms at the Palais des Nations. The Committee was also informed that work on the renovation and upgrading of the remaining 18 conference rooms, which began in 2001, had been completed. Notwithstanding this, the Secretary-General indicates that other urgent and remedial work, which cannot be postponed until the biennium 2014-2015, needs to be undertaken to address the rapid deterioration of the facilities. In this regard, the related requirements, which are estimated at $5.8 million, are included among the proposals for projects in Geneva, which are presented under section 34, Construction, alteration, improvement and major maintenance. The Committee recognizes the need to proceed with these projects in order to avoid more costly repairs in the future, as well as to ensure personal safety in the Palais des Nations. The Committee was assured that these urgent health, safety and security-related repairs are separate to issues related to the strategic heritage plan and do not anticipate any actions or decisions thereon. Nonetheless, the Committee expects that these tasks will be consistent with the anticipated work under the strategic heritage plan.", "VIII.88 Table VIII.9 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.9 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t298\t1 D-2, 3 D-1, 8 P-5, 15 P-4, 12P-3, 12 P-2/1, 18 GS (PL), 229GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t349\t1 D-2, 4 D-1, 10 P-5, 16 P-4, 18P-3, 22 P-2/1, 19 GS (PL), 259GS (OL)\nRedeployments\t54\t1 D-1, 2 P-5, 1 P-4, 6 P-3, 10P-2, 1 GS (PL), 33 GS (OL)^(a)\n Abolitions 3 3 GS (OL) \n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t143\t3 P-5, 29 P-4/3, 3 GS (PL), 108GS (OL)", "^(a) Inward redeployment from section 2, General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management, to subprogramme 7, Library services, of section 29E.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.89 The Secretary-General proposes the inward redeployment of 54 posts from Conference management, Geneva, under section 2 to subprogramme 7, Library services under section 29E, Administration Geneva (ibid., para. 29E.7). The proposal is made to better reflect the established organizational reporting lines and is in line with a recommendation by the Office of Internal Oversight Services in its evaluation of the integrated global management initiative of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (see A/64/166). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployment.", "VIII.90 Three General Service (Other level) posts are proposed for abolition, one in the Purchase and Transportation Section, under subprogramme 4, and two under subprogramme 7, Library services. The Advisory Committee was informed that the proposed abolitions reflect an ongoing analysis of requirements, taking into account current methods of work that, through greater use of technology, have reduced clerical functions in certain areas. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolitions (see also chap. I, para. 62, above).", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.91 Non-post resources of $54,632,100 are proposed for 2012-2013, which represents an increase of $842,900, or 1.6 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The increase reflects the net effect of a decrease under supplies and materials ($111,500) and increased requirements in the following areas:", "(a) Other staff costs ($604,200), due largely to additional requirements for general temporary assistance at the P-4 level for 16 months for a business continuity specialist ($215,000) and at the P-3 level to assist in the administration of construction projects to be undertaken during the next biennium ($360,000);", "b) Contractual services ($136,800), due primarily to additional requirements for sound engineers to support meetings of the Human Rights Council ($83,900);", "(c) General operating expenses ($123,700), due largely to additional requirements related to business continuity and an upgrading of the information technology infrastructure;", "(d) Furniture and equipment ($79,700), due to additional requirements for business continuity ($421,900) which were largely offset by reductions in other areas;", "(e) Travel of staff ($10,000), due to additional requirements for travel for meetings with the Business Continuity Management Unit at headquarters.", "VIII.92 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Business continuity", "VIII.93 The Advisory Committee recalls that in General Assembly resolution 64/243 the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012–2013. In this regard, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for the United Nations Office at Geneva contains proposals totalling $895,000, which are directly related to business continuity management. The Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "Section 29F Administration, Vienna", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $39,553,600^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $40,396,000^(b) \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $12,800,000 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including, for presentation purposes only,the appropriation related to the libraryservice in Vienna.", "VIII.94 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 29F amount to $39,553,600, before recosting. This represents a net decrease of $842,400, or 2.1 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 29F), para. 29F.12). The net decrease is attributable to a number of factors explained in detail in paragraph 29F.12 of the budget document.", "VIII.95 During the biennium 2012-2013, projected extrabudgetary resources, estimated at $12,800,000, would be allocated to the Division for Management from the support budget of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and from programme support income as reimbursement for support services provided to extrabudgetary activities, funds and programmes. This is in line with the estimate for the biennium 2010-2011 of $12,756,600 and would fund the continuation of 61 posts.", "VIII.96 As indicated in the proposed programme budget (ibid., paras. 29F.2-29F.4), the Division for Management of the United Nations Office at Vienna provides administrative support to the United Nations Secretariat units located in Vienna, including UNODC, the Office for Outer Space Affairs, the International Trade Law Division, the secretariat of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, the United Nations Information Service, the Office of Internal Oversight Services and the United Nations Register of Damage Caused by the Construction of the Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.", "VIII.97 Under the terms of the tripartite memorandum of understanding of 1997 and subsequent amendments to it, the Division also provides some administrative support on a common service basis to other international organizations based in the Vienna International Centre, namely, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. Limited administrative support is also provided on a reimbursement basis to offices of other United Nations entities located in the Vienna International Centre, such as the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, located in Turin, Italy.", "VIII.98 Table VIII.10 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.10 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t91\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 4 P-5, 6 P-4, 6P-3, 3 P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 64 GS(OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t93\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 4 P-5, 6 P-4, 7P-3, 3 P-2/1, 6 GS (PL), 65 GS(OL)\nRedeployments\t2\t1 P-3, 1 GS (OL) from section 2to subprogramme 4, Supportservices\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t61\t2 D-1, 1 P-5, 8 P-4/3, 6 GS(PL), 44 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.99 The Secretary-General proposes the inward redeployment of one P-3 post and one General Service (Other level) post from the Conference Management Service, Vienna, under section 2 to subprogramme 4, Support services, under section 29F, Administration, Vienna. The proposal is made to better reflect the established organizational reporting lines and is in line with the recommendation of the Office of Internal Oversight Services in its evaluation of the integrated global management initiative of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management (see A/64/166). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployment.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.100 Non-post resources of $19,929,900 are proposed for 2012-2013, which represents a decrease of $842,400, or 4.2 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease reflects reduced requirements under other staff costs ($209,000), general operating expenditures ($828,700), supplies and materials ($85,300) and furniture and equipment ($124,200). These decreases are partially offset by increased requirements under grants and contributions ($254,800), consultants ($60,000), travel of staff ($40,000) and contractual services ($50,000). The increased requirements under consultants, travel of staff and contractual services all relate to activities in support of business continuity management (see para. VIII.104 below).", "VIII.101 The provision under grants and contributions reflects increased requirements for the Office’s share of building management costs compared to the 2010-2011 level. The proposed requirements are stated as reflecting the expectation of an increase in the allocated operational floor space following the reoccupation of the C building. The Advisory Committee was informed that the amount due from the United Nations for building maintenance costs would not be finalized until after approval of the UNIDO budget in late 2011. The Secretary-General states that should there be a significant change to the share owed by the United Nations Office at Vienna, the matter would be brought to the attention of the General Assembly, in accordance with established methodology (A/66/6 (Sect. 29F), para. 29F.37). For the current biennium, the Committee was informed that it was envisaged that any additional requirements would be addressed in the context of the second performance report for 2010-2011. The Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments", "Cost-sharing arrangements", "VIII.102 The Secretary-General indicates that during 2010-2011 progress was made with regard to cost-sharing among the organizations at the Vienna International Centre. With respect to translation and interpretations services, a revised methodology was agreed with UNIDO and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that previously the costs billed for translation work varied depending on whether internal resources or external translation contractors had been used. The key change in the revised methodology was the establishment of a standard rate that was charged per translated page. Although no direct costs savings are projected as a result of that change, the Committee was informed that it reduced the administrative workload involved in determining the cost of each translation job. In addition, the new methodology made the costs involved more predictable for the organizations using such services. The Committee welcomes this initiative and is of the view that the reduction in administrative workload should free up resources for other tasks. The Committee encourages the Office to seek to identify any savings resulting from this process change, if possible, and to report thereon in the context of the next proposed programme budget. With regard to building management, the Secretary-General indicates that an independent external review, sponsored by UNIDO, recommended that the current cost-sharing methodology be changed and that that recommendation is currently under consideration by the Vienna-based organizations (ibid., para. 29F.7).", "Asbestos-removal project", "VIII.103 With regard to the asbestos-removal work in the Vienna International Centre, the Secretary-General states that the C building, which consists mainly of conference areas, will be usable again by the biennium 2012-2013. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that although the bulk of the work with regard to the asbestos removal itself was nearing completion, the project also involved work to refurbish the building prior to it being reoccupied. The Committee was informed that it was envisaged that that work would be completed in early 2013. The Committee notes that the project had been expected to be completed by mid-2011 (see A/62/6 (Sect. 28F), para. 28F.8). The Committee expects that every effort will be made to ensure the completion of the remaining work without any further delays so as to enable the timely reoccupation of the building.", "Business continuity", "VIII.104 The Advisory Committee recalls that in General Assembly resolution 64/243 the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this regard, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for the United Nations Office at Vienna contains proposals totalling $608,000 that are directly related to business continuity management. The Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "Section 29G Administration, Nairobi", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $29,196,400^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $29,136,300 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $27,375,300 \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "VIII.105 Regular budget resources of $29,196,400, before recosting, are requested by the Secretary-General for section 29G, representing a net increase of $60,100, or 0.2 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The net increase is attributable to a number of factors explained in detail in paragraph 29F.7 of the budget document.", "VIII.106 As indicated in paragraph 29G.1 of the budget document, the United Nations Office at Nairobi provides the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-Habitat), under a memorandum of understanding and specific service agreements with them, with a full range of administrative and other support services, including in the areas of human resources administration, information and communications technology services, accounting and procurement. Under various agreements, the Office also administers common support services for offices of other organizations of the United Nations system located in Nairobi. The Office also manages the United Nations facilities in Nairobi. The responsibilities of the Office are set out in Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/2009/3.", "VIII.107 During the biennium 2012-2013, regular budget resources would be complemented by extrabudgetary resources, estimated at $27,375,300, representing an increase of $2,064,600 over the biennium 2010-2011. This amount would represent 46.5 per cent of the overall resource requirements for the Office. The extrabudgetary resources relate to common support services offered by the Office, with a major component of the funding deriving from reimbursements for services rendered to UNEP and UN-Habitat. In addition, the Secretary-General indicates that there have been significant increases in the workload and related income from common services provided to the office of the United Nations funds, programmes and specialized agencies located in Nairobi, a trend that is expected to continue (A/66/6 (Sect. 29G), para. 29G.8). The Committee was informed that this increase was partly due to the move of additional offices into the United Nations complex and that an increase of up to 20 per cent in the level of common services provided was anticipated for the next biennium.", "VIII.108 Table VIII.11 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.11 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t131\t1 D-2, 1 D-1, 8 P-5, 12 P-4, 17 P-3, 9P-2/1,2 National Officer, 81 General Service(Local level)\nProposed for2012-2013\t131\t1 D-2, 3 D-1, 8 P-5, 10 P-4, 17 P-3, 9P-2/1,2 National Officer, 81 General Service(Local level)\nReclassifications\t4\t2 P-5 posts to D-1 and 2 P-4 posts toP-5 under subprogrammes 3 and 4\nRedeployments\t3\t1 D-1, 1 P-2 and 1 General Service(Local level) from Executive Directionand Management to subprogramme 2\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t199\t1 P-4/3, 2 P-2/1, 7 National Officer,189 General Service (Local level)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Reclassifications", "VIII.109 With regard to the proposals for reclassifications, the Secretary-General recalls the review of the internal organization and post and grade structure of the United Nations Office at Nairobi that was undertaken by the Office of Human Resources Management in 2008 (ibid., para. 29G.4). The Secretary-General states that that review concluded that the post and grade structure of the Office had been classified lower than those of the United Nations Office at Geneva and the United Nations Office at Vienna. The Secretary-General indicates that it was proposed to restructure, in a gradual manner, the post and grade structure of the United Nations Office at Nairobi to bring it up to the level of the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna.", "VIII.110 The Advisory Committee was informed that the proposals in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 were the second phase of implementation of the Office of Human Resources Management review, following the reclassification of four P-4 posts in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The Committee was also informed that it was intended that the remaining recommendations for the review would be put forward in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015.", "VIII.111 The Advisory Committee reiterates its view that staffing proposals for the United Nations Office at Nairobi should reflect the longer-term strategy of the Office and its operational requirements and should clearly and objectively relate the grade structure of posts to the functions assigned to them (see A/64/7, para. VIII.89).", "VIII.112 For the biennium 2012-213, the Secretary-General proposes to reclassify two P-5 posts to the D-1 level, namely the Chief, Human Resources Management Service, and the Chief, Support Services Service, and two P-4 posts to the P-5 level, namely the Chief, Staff Administration Section, Human Resources Management Service, and the Chief, Procurement Section.", "VIII.113 With regard to the proposal for the reclassification to the D-1 level of the post of Chief, Human Resources Management Service, the Advisory Committee was informed that the number of staff administered by the Office in 2010 was 2,359, compared with 1,118 administered by the United Nations Office at Vienna and 4,272 by the United Nations Office at Geneva. In addition to supervising the work of the Staff Administration Section and the Recruitment and Classification Section, the Chief of the Service also has oversight of the Staff Training and Development Unit and the joint medical services that provide services to all agencies, funds and programmes based in Nairobi. The Committee was also informed that the Chief, Human Resources Management Service, is responsible for the supervision of 71 staff in the Service. The Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief, Human Resources Management Service.", "VIII.114 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the staffing of the human resources management services of the United Nations Offices at Geneva and Vienna, which is outlined in table VIII.12.", "Table VIII.12 Staffing of human resources management services", "Post level United United United Nations Nations Nations Office at Office at Office at Geneva Vienna Nairobi\n Regular Extrabudgetary Regular Extrabudgetary Regular Extrabudgetary budget budget budget", "D-1 1 — 1 — 1^(a) —", "P-5 1 2 1 — 3^(a) —", "P-4 3 4 1 1 1 —", "P-3 3 2 2 1 6 —", "P-2 1 — — — 2 —", "Subtotal 9 8 5 2 13 —", "GS (PL) 2 2 3 — — —", "GS (OL) 20 26 11 10 — —", "NO — — — — — 5", "LL — — — — 14 40", "Subtotal 22 28 14 10 14 45", "Total 31 36 19 12 27 45", "^(a) Reflecting proposed reclassification from P-5 to D-1 and from P-4 to P-5 for the biennium 2012-2013.", "VIII.115 With regard to the proposed reclassification from P-4 to P-5 of the post of Chief, Staff Administration Section, the Advisory Committee noted the number of staff administered by the Office. The Committee has no objection to the proposal of the Secretary-General.", "VIII.116 The Secretary-General also proposes the reclassification of the post of Chief, Support Services Service from P-5 to D-1. The Advisory Committee was informed that this Service is responsible for the administration and maintenance of buildings in the United Nations complex in Nairobi, the coordination of local and international procurement and the operation of registry and other general service provision, including mail, pouch, travel and shipping services, to all offices in the complex. The Committee was further informed that the proposal to upgrade the post of Chief of Service to D-1 level was in line with a recommendation of the Office of Internal Oversight Services.", "VIII.117 With regard to the proposal for the upgrade of the post of Chief, Procurement Section, within the Support Services Service, from P-4 to P-5, the Advisory Committee was provided with information on the level of procurement activity being carried out in the Office. During the biennium 2008-2009, the Office issued 3,939 purchase orders valued at $94 million, while the projected level of activity for 2010-2011 was estimated at 3,900 purchase orders valued at $115 million. The Committee was further informed that the proposed reclassification to the P-5 level was in line with a recommendation of the Office of Internal Oversight Services.", "VIII.118 On the basis of on their responsibilities, the Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassifications of the post of Chief, Support Services Service, to D-1 and of the Chief, Procurement Section, to P-5. The Committee expects that the provision of strengthened management to the Service will lead to improved responsiveness and effectiveness in the support provided to UNEP, UN-Habitat and other client offices. The Committee requests that information in this regard be provided in the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015.", "Redeployments", "VIII.119 Three posts (D-1, P-2 and GS (LL) are proposed for redeployment from Executive Direction and Management to the Budget and Financial Management Service, subprogramme 2, to reflect the current organizational structure (see also para. VIII.123 below). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.120 Non-post resources of $8,965,500 are proposed for 2012-2013, which represents an increase of $182,100, or 2 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. A decrease of $627,900 is reflected under general operating expenses, which is attributed to adjustments, based on patterns of expenditure, in areas such as requirements for utilities, maintenance of premises and rental of furniture and equipment. This decrease was partly offset by increased requirements related primarily to business continuity management in the following areas:", "(a) Furniture and equipment ($202,700), due primarily to the cost of an advance medical post and information and communications and technology requirements related to business continuity management;", "(b) Supplies and materials ($142,100), largely for medical vaccines, supplies and equipment;", "(c) Travel of staff ($60,000) related to the travel of the business continuity management coordinator, including travel to out-posted offices in Kenya for the training of critical staff.", "VIII.121 The Advisory Committee recalls that in General Assembly resolution 64/243 the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a fully justified proposal for post and non-post resources in relation to the work currently under way on business continuity management in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013. In this regard, the Committee notes that the proposed programme budget for the United Nations Office at Nairobi contains proposals totalling $1,213,400 that are directly related to business continuity management. This provision includes a continuation of two positions under general temporary assistance that were approved under resolution 64/243. The Committee has commented further on the issue of business continuity in chapter I above.", "VIII.122 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Organizational structure", "VIII.123 In its report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee highlighted the fact that the organizational structure of the United Nations Office at Nairobi as set out in Secretary-General’s bulletin ST/SGB/2009/3 differed from the structure contained in that budget document (A/64/7 (Sect. 28G), para. VIII.88). The redeployments referred to in paragraph VIII.119 above are proposed to address that inconsistency. The Committee was informed that there is a need to revise the Secretary-General’s bulletin to reflect the establishment of the post of Director-General of the United Nations Office at Nairobi. The Committee was further informed that that revision would also entail updating the organization chart and governance structure of the Office. The Advisory Committee trusts that the required revision to the Secretary-General’s bulletin will be completed in a timely manner.", "Monitoring and evaluation", "VIII.124 The Secretary-General indicates that resources totalling approximately $246,600 (regular budget) and $5,600 (extrabudgetary) would be utilized for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation activities (A/66/6 (Sect. 29G), para. 29G.9). The Advisory Committee was informed that the Office had no staff dedicated on a full-time basis to those tasks and that the work involved was carried out by staff as a part of their overall responsibilities. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above. The Committee considers that the effective monitoring and evaluation of programme activities is a key management function and expects that the Office will ensure that sufficient resources are devoted to this area.", "Section 30 Office of Information and Communications Technology", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $75,120,000^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $72,120,000 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $40,377,400^(b) \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $20,037,200, amending theinformation contained in table 30.4 of A/66/6(Sect. 30) to reflect the decision taken inGeneral Assembly resolution 65/290 withrespect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$20,340,200.", "VIII.125 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 30 amount to $75,120,000 before recosting, reflecting an increase of $3,000,000, or 4.2 per cent, over the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 30), table 30.4; see also para. VIII.129 and table VIII.14 below). The increase is essentially related to higher requirements for non-post resources under subprogramme 6, Information and communications technology operations, for enhancing and supporting resource management services for the biennium 2012‑2013 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 30), para. 30.8). The regular budget resources available to the Office would be complemented with an additional $20,037,200 from the peacekeeping support account and $20,340,200 from other extrabudgetary resources. The amount of $20,037,200 relating to the support account for peacekeeping resources reflects the decision taken by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/290, amending the figures indicated in paragraph 30.9 and table 30.4 of the Secretary-General’s report (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)).", "VIII.126 In its resolution 65/259 (sect. XVII, para. 8) the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to review the proposals on the implementation of the ICT strategy contained in his report A/65/491 and to submit new and/or revised proposals in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012‑2013. In response to that request, the Secretary-General has submitted a report entitled “Enterprise information and communications technology initiatives for the United Nations Secretariat” (A/66/94), for consideration by the General Assembly at the main part of its sixty-sixth session. The report also responds to previous resolutions in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit proposals for the implementation of enterprise content management and customer relationship management solutions in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 64/243, paras. 125 and 126) and the development of a unified ICT disaster recovery plan and business continuity approach (resolutions 63/262, 63/269 and 64/243, para. 127).", "VIII.127 In his report, the Secretary-General presents four revised cross-cutting, Organization-wide initiatives to implement the ICT strategy and comprehensively address institutional ICT needs, as follows: (a) improve enterprise ICT management; (b) leverage knowledge through ICT; (c) enhance ICT service delivery; and (d) create resilient ICT infrastructure. The four initiatives are to be carried out over a four-year period, from 2012 to 2015, and are proposed to be funded on the basis of the cost-sharing arrangement approved for the enterprise resource planning project.[11] The overall requirement for the four initiatives for the biennium 2012‑2013 is estimated at $42,822,500, comprising $6,423,400 to be funded from the regular budget, $26,550,000 from the support account for peacekeeping operations and $9,849,100 from the special accounts for programme support costs. The Advisory Committee was informed that the Secretary-General had issued a separate report (A/66/94), since the proposals for the enterprise ICT initiatives spanned multiple financial periods, and were proposed to be funded across multiple funding sources. The Committee provides its comments and recommendations on the four initiatives in its second report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, A/66/7/Add.1.", "VIII.128 In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget share of the resources proposed for the four initiatives is not reflected under the proposed programme budget for section 30 for 2012-2013, which therefore presents an incomplete picture of the overall regular budget resource requirements for the Office of Information and Communications Technology. The Committee was informed that the Office had faced some time constraints, given the adoption of the resolution 65/259 by the General Assembly on 24 December 2010, which did not allow time for the preparation and submission of a revised budget to the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts by the deadline of 15 December 2010. In paragraph 31 of chapter I above, the Committee expresses its view that, should the Secretary-General not have been in a position to incorporate a full submission on the proposals, indicative estimates at least of the related resource requirements should have been reflected under section 30 of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013.", "VIII.129 However, at the time of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013, the Advisory Committee was provided with an advance copy of the Secretary-General’s report on enterprise ICT initiatives and was able to consider the totality of regular budget resources and activities proposed for the biennium. The Secretary-General’s proposals for section 30 of the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 should be considered in conjunction with the above-mentioned report on enterprise ICT initiatives for the United Nations, along with the Committee’s related reports (A/66/7 and Add.1). Upon request, the Committee was provided with an updated table showing the combined regular budget resources proposed for 2012-2013 under section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)) and for enterprise ICT initiatives (A/66/94) (table VIII.14). As shown in table VIII.14, taking into account the regular budget share of $6,423,400 of the requirement for the four proposed enterprise ICT initiatives, the overall proposal for section 30 for the biennium 2012‑2013 would amount to $81,543,375, reflecting an increase of 13.1 per cent over the appropriation for 2010-2011.", "VIII.130 In paragraph 5 of the introduction to the proposed programme budget for 2012-2013 (A/66/6 (Introduction)), the Secretary-General refers to his change management initiative aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of the Organization. The Advisory Committee was informed that the initiative would involve examining and updating the way the Organization works in six areas, including information and communications technology. In particular, the goal was to move towards a “paperless environment” by 2015, focusing on electronic record-keeping, electronic signatures and knowledge management solutions. The Committee is of the opinion that the simultaneous proliferation of initiatives does not facilitate a clear understanding of the Secretary-General’s overall approach to change management. It recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to ensure that the activities envisaged in this regard will complement and not duplicate the work of the Knowledge Management Service of the Office of Information and Communications Technology and that of other departments or offices engaged in similar initiatives, and that close coordination and cooperation will be maintained between the respective teams of that Office and the change management initiative, given that the Office is responsible for ICT initiatives in the longer term.", "VIII.131 The Advisory Committee was provided with further details on the change management initiative, which are discussed in chapter I above. It was informed that the Office of Information and Communications Technology has appointed a reform focal point, responsible for working closely with the change management team, the Office of Information and Communications Technology and the senior management team to ensure cooperation and implementation of reform proposals within the Office. In addition, the Office would second one staff member to the change management team on a part-time basis.", "VIII.132 Table VIII.13 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding the regular budget posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table VIII.13", "Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t137\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 4 D-1, 13 P-5, 21P-4, 30 P-3, 7 P-2/1, 11 GS (PL),48 GS (OL), 1 TC\nProposed for2012-2013\t137\t1 ASG, 1 D-2, 4 D-1, 13 P-5, 21P-4, 30 P-3, 7 P-2/1, 11 GS (PL),48 GS (OL), 1 TC\n Extrabudgetary^(a) \nProposed for2012-2013\t24\t8 P-4/3, 3 P-2/1, 3 GS (PL), 10GS(OL)", "^(a) The number of extrabudgetary posts includes 12 other assessed posts financed exclusively from the support account for peacekeeping operations and 12 extrabudgetary posts financed through the telecommunications support account.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "VIII.133 The Secretary-General proposes to continue 137 regular budget posts for the Office of Information and Communications Technology. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals.", "VIII.134 In his report on enterprise ICT initiatives, the Secretary-General proposes to establish 14 additional regular budget posts to strengthen the Office, comprising two posts for executive direction and management; eight posts for subprogramme 5, Information and communications technology strategic management and coordination; two posts for subprogramme 6, Information and communications technology operations; and two posts for programme support. As indicated above, the Advisory Committee’s comments and recommendations regarding those requests are contained in its related report A/66/7/Add.1. In this connection, the Committee recalls that in the context of its consideration of the Secretary-General’s proposals on the implementation of the ICT strategy contained in his report A/65/491, the General Assembly decided to approve for 2011 general temporary assistance equivalent to seven P-4 positions, of which five positions were to be met from within existing resources (resolution 65/259, part XVII, para. 15). The Committee was informed that those five positions had not yet been funded and that the resources provided for the remaining two positions on a one-time basis during 2011 were not proposed to be continued in the budgetary proposals for section 30 for 2012-2013.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "VIII.135 Non-post resources proposed for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $40,196,500, representing a net increase of $3,000,000 as compared to the appropriation for the current biennium. Paragraph 30.8 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)) provides a summary of the changes, reflecting the combined effect of increases and decreases proposed under various objects of expenditure. The Secretary-General is proposing a net additional amount of $289,400 under executive direction and management in relation to change management activities (see para. VIII.136 below), and a net increase of $3,343,800 under non-post resources for subprogramme 6, Information and communications technology operations, including $2,758,900 for general temporary assistance, to respond to increased demands for enhancing and supporting resource management services at Headquarters and offices away from Headquarters. The increased requirements are partially offset by reductions under most other non-post object classes, including: travel of staff ($100,900, or 18.4 per cent), contractual services ($91,000, or 0.6 per cent), supplies and materials ($175,600, or 40.1 per cent), furniture and equipment ($188,900, or 17.2 per cent), and grants and contributions ($63,400, or 100 percent).", "VIII.136 As regards the additional $289,400 proposed for executive direction and management, in paragraph 30.8 (a) of his report (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)), the Secretary-General states that the additional resources are due to increased requirements under contractual services to cover professional services for the implementation of change management and to support increasing awareness and adoption of the ICT strategy. The services would include organizing, planning, developing and implementing large, complex communication campaigns related to ICT initiatives and ICT strategy implementation. The Advisory Committee requested additional justification in support of the Secretary-General’s request. The Committee believes that activities related to supporting and increasing awareness of the ICT strategy should be conducted by staff having a good knowledge of the Organization rather than external consultants, and that in-house capacity should be developed in this regard. Accordingly, the Committee recommends against approval of the additional amount of $289,400 proposed for contractual services. It recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s remaining proposals for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Format and presentation", "VIII.137 The proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 presents, for the second time, the requirements of the Office of Information and Communications Technology, which was established as an independent organizational unit under a separate budget section by the General Assembly in its resolution 63/262. In its first report on the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (A/64/7), the Advisory Committee highlighted a number of areas for improvement in the presentation of the budgetary proposals of the Office. While noting some progress, the Committee remains firmly of the view that many of its previous observations and recommendations are still relevant. The Office would therefore benefit from taking them into account when preparing its next budget submission. The Committee recommends that in preparing the next budget submission, efforts should continue to be made to fully reflect in the logical framework the work programme of the Office, with clearly defined objectives, expected accomplishments and indicators of achievement. The Office should also provide clear information on the mandated activities and outputs of the Office.", "VIII.138 The Advisory Committee also points out that the budget document does not provide a sufficiently clear picture of the staffing resources available for carrying out the work programme of the Office, which include, in addition to established posts, general temporary assistance and contractual services. For example, in paragraph 30.26 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)), containing a request for an additional $3.3 million in non-post resources, little information is provided on the proposed requirements for general temporary assistance, contractual personnel or consultants. Upon enquiry, the Committee was provided with a breakdown of the proposed resources, including the number of work months and the grade levels of the general temporary assistance and contractual personnel proposed, as well as the services or functions they would be required to perform. The Committee was also informed that, unlike other departments and offices, the Office of Information and Communications Technology relied heavily on contractual services to flexibly augment its capacity to address requirements for one-time ICT projects, reflecting a best practice by which staff positions were generally reserved for institution-specific functions and activities that required long-term preservation of institutional interests and memory. Given that a large number of ICT services are provided through temporary assistance and contractual personnel, the Committee recommends that the Secretary-General be requested to inform the General Assembly, as a matter of routine, of the breakdown of the utilization of those categories of expenditure, distinguishing between personnel costs and other requirements. The Committee also urges the Secretary-General to continue to pursue efforts to improve the clarity and comprehensiveness of the budget document and to provide a sufficient level of detail to allow the Assembly to gain a better understanding of the activities of the Office, its staffing and the services it provides, as well as the proposed utilization of resources. Such greater clarity in terminology will be important for the success of the Office’s communications activities, both within the Secretariat and with Member States.", "VIII.139 The Advisory Committee also notes a tendency towards the use of highly technical terms in the budget document, as well as in the supplementary information provided to it. While acknowledging that the use of some technological terms is inevitable given the nature of the activities of the Office, in the interest of greater clarity and transparency, the Committee requests that due attention be paid to formulating budget proposals in language that is accessible to non‑specialists, and to providing a glossary for any technological terms and concepts used, as appropriate.", "Costs of information and communications technology services", "VIII.140 In its first report on the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, the Advisory Committee emphasized that ICT services should be provided in the most cost-effective manner, with accurate pricing of real costs, and that transparent information on the basis for the costing of those services should be made available to client departments (A/64/7, para. VIII.122). The question of the costing of outputs and services is one of long standing. In paragraph 29 of its resolution 56/253, the General Assembly emphasized that a system of costing outputs was an important part of an effective and transparent decision-making process. More recently, in its resolution 63/262 (sect. VI, para. 4), the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to continue to improve the methods for calculating costs of support services.", "VIII.141 The Advisory Committee was informed that cost recovery mechanisms had been in place since the biennium 2000-2001, and had been implemented in consultation with the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts as part of the budget process. It was determined that, as the demand for ICT services continued to grow and exceed supply, central funding had proved to be an ineffective control mechanism, and that demand for such services needed to be regulated and monitored. The cost recovery mechanism in place allowed client departments to budget for and monitor their own use of ICT services, and also provided the Office of Information and Communications Technology with important information for planning its workload and expenditures. Provisions made under departmental budgets for service level agreements were transferred by the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts to extrabudgetary accounts for specific objects of expenditure, which are listed in table VIII.15. Those resources are made available to the Office of Information and Communications Technology under the relevant subprogramme providing the service, to cover requirements related to: (a) telephone and network services, (b) desktop services and (c) hosting services.", "VIII.142 The Advisory Committee was further informed that a distinction was made between fixed costs, which are budgeted under the Office of Information and Communications Technology, and variable expenditures, which are covered through the cost-recovery mechanism. Fixed costs pertained to capital expenditures, costs for facilities and shared resources such as management, administrative personnel and training, whereas variable costs covered the depreciation of hardware based on the duration of the replacement cycle, software maintenance and licence fees, and costs for in-house and outsourced personnel dedicated to the provision of ICT services. As regards desktop services, three service level agreement plans were available, offering different levels of support: level A for full support, level B for a reduced level of support and level C for minimum support. A comparison of the different levels of service and support provided under each plan is summarized in table VIII.16.", "VIII.143 In this connection, the Advisory Committee enquired whether such an arrangement could encourage departments and offices to procure equivalent ICT services through external providers, based on Office of Information and Communications Technology specifications and standards. It was informed that, while it was feasible for organizational units in smaller organizations to obtain ICT services from external vendors, in the context of the Secretariat such an approach would have a negative impact on the realization of economies of scale and would, in the long run, introduce additional fragmentation of ICT capacities and cost more.", "VIII.144 At present, provisions for ICT service level agreements are budgeted under the recipient departments and offices and appear under the broad category of extrabudgetary resources in the overview of section 30 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 30), table 30.4). The Advisory Committee is of the view that the budget document must provide complete transparency concerning cost-recovery income available to the Office of Information and Communications Technology, including information on the amounts paid by various departments and offices and any other entities for ICT services. Information must also be provided on the utilization of those resources by the Office, including for the funding of posts in the Office. In this connection, the Committee also considers that the income made available to the Office through cost recovery should be presented under a separate category in the overview of the budget section (see chap. I above, paras. 115-117). The Advisory Committee further reiterates that information on the basis for the pricing and costing of those services should be made available to client departments.", "Organizational arrangements for the Office of Information and Communications Technology", "VIII.145 By its resolution 63/262, the General Assembly established the Office of Information and Communications Technology as an independent organizational unit under a separate budget section, to be headed by the Chief Information Technology Officer at the level of Assistant Secretary-General. In the same resolution, the Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to report it at the main part of its sixty-fifth session on an in-depth assessment of the organizational arrangement, including the possibility of changing the placement of the Office of Information and Communications Technology in the structure of the Organization. However, while the Secretary-General assessed the internal structure of the Office, he did not address the question of the placement of the Office in the context of his progress report on the implementation of the ICT strategy (A/65/491). In its resolution 65/269 the Assembly reiterated its earlier request for an in-depth assessment, to be submitted for consideration at its sixty-eighth session.", "VIII.146 The Advisory Committee remains firmly of the view that the management and reporting arrangements must provide overall direction for the Office and ensure the effectiveness, supervision and accountability of the ICT structures of the Organization. The Committee points out that, to ensure continuing confidence in the Office, it is essential that the organizational arrangements in place be, and be seen to be, fit for purpose. In the light of the considerable investments being made in ICT infrastructure, systems and services, as well as the strategic importance of ongoing initiatives such as the implementation of the ICT strategy and the enterprise resource planning project (Umoja), the Secretary-General should be requested to rigorously examine current arrangements and to make any adjustments, as required, to ensure their effectiveness and efficiency and to fully respond to the General Assembly’s request for an in-depth assessment for consideration no later than at its sixty-eighth session.", "Replacement of information and communications technology equipment", "VIII.147 The Advisory Committee notes, as part of its review of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the decision taken by several departments and offices to defer replacement of ICT equipment with a view to lowering resource requirements under furniture and equipment. Upon enquiry as to its position on those proposals, and whether consideration had been given to changing the standard replacement cycle, even temporarily, during the current financial downturn, the Office of Information and Communications Technology stated that client departments and offices could, if they so desired, defer the replacement of personal computers beyond the current four-year cycle and that, in case of failure, a loaned personal computer was made available pending the procurement of a new one. The Office also indicated that, in general, the frequency of incidents and repairs increased significantly after a four-year period of usage. Furthermore, a lengthening of the current cycle for the replacement of personal computers at Headquarters could have an impact on the planned migration to the Windows 7 operating system by July 2014, in view of the fact over half of the existing personal computers did not have the minimum requirements to support Windows 7 and would have to be replaced before July 2014. It was also indicated that at present the Windows XP software currently in use at the United Nations would no longer be supported by Microsoft after July 2014.", "Table VIII.14", "Regular budget resources proposed for 2012-2013 for section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology (A/66/6 (Sect. 30)) and enterprise information and communications technology initiatives (A/66/94)", "(United States dollars)", "Object of 2010-2011 2012-2013 2012-2013 A/66/6 Resource expenditure appropriation A/66/6 A/66/94^(b) (Sect. growth^(c) (Sect. 30) 30)^(a) and A/66/94\n Amount Percentage", "Posts 34 923 500 34 923 500 432 540 35 356 432 540 1.2 040", "Other staff costs 1 974 700 5 408 800 278 670 5 687 470 3 712 188.0 770", "Consultants", "Travel of staff 549 300 448 400 76 650 525 050 -24 250 -4.4", "Contractual 15 890 600 15 799 500 3 904 230 19 703 3 813 24.0 services 730 130", "General operating 17 182 800 17 368 600 671 490 18 040 857 290 5.0 expenses 090", "Supplies and 438 200 262 600 174 915 437 515 -685 -0.2 materials", "Furniture and 1 097 500 908 600 884 880 1 793 480 695 980 63.4 equipment", "Grants and 63 400 — — — -63 400 -100.0 contributions", "Total 72 120 000 75 120 000 6 423 375 81 543 9 423 13.1 375 375", "^(a) All figures for 2012-2013 are before recosting.", "^(b) Figures represent the regular budget share of the requirements for enterprise ICT proposals.", "^(c) Resource growth as compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011.", "Table VIII.15", "Extrabudgetary accounts for specific objects of expenditure in relation to cost recovery", "Account code Description", "307 3709 Contractual services, contribution to support central data-processing services", "307 3710 Contribution to support office automation equipment", "307 3711 Contribution to support central data-processing infrastructure", "405 4304 Rental and maintenance of data-processing equipment", "Table VIII.16", "Comparison between service level agreement plans for desktop services", "Servicedescription\tSLAlevelA\tSLAlevelB\tSLAlevelC\tComponents covered\n\tAnnualcost(UnitedStatesdollars) \nNetworkaccount\t400\t400\t400\tNetwork infrastructure,licences, maintenance,contractual services andcarrier charges betweenbuildings\nE-mailaccount\t360\t360\t360\tE-mail infrastructure,licences, maintenance andcontractual services\nCentralManagementSoftware\t50\t50\t50\tContractual services tomaintain and configuredesktop software thatprovides each desktopwith anti-virus,operating system andapplication updates\nDesktoplicensing\t125\t125\t125\tSoftware licence fees forMicrosoft Office,anti-spam, PDF writer,etc.\nPersonalcontentmanagement\t40\t40\t40\t1 gigabyte of storage,backup and restoreservices for personaldata\nService deskservices\t542\t542\t$125\tService desk contractualservices; hazardous wastedisposal, hardwaresupport, loaner equipmentand remote supportlicences; SLA level Cincludes only limitedOffice of Information andCommunications Technologyservice desk contractualservices for diagnosingproblems\nLANadministration\t645\t—\t—\tLAN administrationservices include fulluser registration,training, problemdiagnosis and on-sitetechnical support\n Adjustment (62) (17) — \n Total 2 100 1 500 1 100", "Part IX Internal oversight", "Section 31 Internal oversight", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $39,025,300^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $38,925,000 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $73,664,400^(b) \nA summary of the Secretary-General’sproposals for regular budget posts iscontained in table 5 of the introduction tothe budget. A summary of the total number ofposts by source of funds and grade level iscontained in annex I to the present report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011rates (i.e. before recosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resourcesamounting to $57,170,200, amending theinformation contained in table 31.4 of A/66/6(Sect. 31) to reflect the decision taken inGeneral Assembly resolution 65/290 withrespect to the support account forpeacekeeping operations, as well asextrabudgetary resources in the amount of$16,494,200.", "IX.1 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 31, before recosting, amount to $39,025,300, representing an increase of $100,300, or 0.3 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011.", "IX.2 The increase is due to additional requirements for posts of $1,590,400 over the resources of $32,640,900 approved for 2010-2011, resulting from the delayed impact of three posts approved in 2010-2011 (under subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation), one new post proposed to be established under executive direction and management and the proposed conversion to established posts of six positions funded under general temporary assistance under subprogramme 2. This is offset by a decrease in non-post resources of $1,490,100, due mostly to reduced requirements for general temporary assistance, consultants, travel of staff, contractual services, general operating expenses, supplies and materials, and grants and contributions. In terms of the components of the programme, the increase is the net result of additional requirements under executive direction and management and programme support, reflecting increases of $259,000 and $15,000, respectively, offset by a decrease of $173,700 in the requirements for programme of work, related mostly to subprogramme 1, Internal audit, and subprogramme 3, Investigations.", "IX.3 The Advisory Committee notes that the Independent Audit Advisory Committee, in accordance with paragraph 2 (d) of its terms of reference (General Assembly resolution 61/275, annex), submitted a report on its review of the proposed programme budget for the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/85). The Committee met and exchanged views with the Chairman of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee in this regard.", "IX.4 Table IX.1 summarizes the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013. The table also shows extrabudgetary posts proposed for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Table IX.1 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t115\t1 USG, 3 D-2, 5 D-1, 13 P-5, 28 P-4, 20P-3, 12 P-2/1,8 GS (PL), 24 GS (OL), 1 LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t122\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 3 D-2, 5 D-1, 13 P-5, 28P-4, 23 P-3, 15 P-2/1, 8 GS (PL), 24 GS(OL), 1 LL\n New 1 1 ASG \nConversions\t6\t3 P-3 and 3 P-2 from general temporaryassistance funding\nRedeployments\t5\t1 P-4 from Nairobi to New York, 1 P-2from Vienna to Nairobi, 1 P-3 and 2 P-2from Vienna to New York, withinInvestigations Division\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013\t103^(a)\t1 D-1, 12 P-5, 39 P-4, 24 P-3, 16 FS, 1GS (PL), 6 GS (OL),4 LL", "^(a) The number of posts includes 103 other assessed posts, amending the information included in table 31.5 of A/66/6 (Sect. 31) to reflect the decision in General Assembly resolution 65/290 on the support account for peacekeeping operations and 46 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "IX.5 The Advisory Committee was informed by the Office of Internal Oversight Services that the overall vacancy rate for the Office had decreased from 17 per cent on 30 August 2010 to 11 per cent on 30 April 2011 and was expected to further decrease to 7.4 per cent after August 2011. The Committee recalls that the posts of the Director of the Inspection and Evaluation Division (D-2) and of the Director of the Investigations Division (D-2) have been vacant since 1 January 2008 and 1 August 2006, respectively. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the recruitment process had now been completed and that the individuals selected were expected to assume their functions in August 2011; the functions of those posts were performed throughout this period by the acting heads of each Division. Noting the Office’s history of high vacancy rates, the Committee welcomes the reduction and urges increased efforts to fill all outstanding vacancies.", "Executive direction and management", "IX.6 The establishment of an Assistant Secretary-General post is requested to support the Office of the Under-Secretary-General in carrying out its responsibilities (A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.18). Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the functions of the post include the following: overseeing operational activities; directing and managing the work of the Executive Office; ensuring coordination of the work of the Divisions and leading interdivisional activities or assignments; developing and overseeing implementation of the Office of Internal Oversight Services outreach programme; advising the Under-Secretary-General on policy matters concerning the operations of the Office; ensuring implementation of all resolutions and decisions of governing bodies, including those of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee; representing the Office on organization issues, as designated; and managing the Office in the absence of the Under-Secretary-General. The Committee was also informed that the establishment of the Assistant Secretary-General post would enhance the ability of the Under-Secretary-General to focus on strategic issues of the Office and to interact with various stakeholders, expanding the Office’s engagement and involvement capacity; enhance coordination and cooperation among the three Divisions; enhance accountability for the Office’s results, impact and use of resources; and ensure continuity of leadership during absences or transition periods between Under-Secretary-General appointments. The Committee recognizes the need to better support the Under-Secretary-General in carrying out his or her responsibilities in ensuring effective coordination among the subprogrammes, directing and managing the work of the Executive Office and providing assistance in implementing the Office of Internal Oversight Services mandate. The Committee is not convinced, however, that the functions proposed warranted a post at the Assistant Secretary-General level. It therefore recommends approval of a D-2 level post instead to provide the required support. The appropriate level of the post could be further reviewed in the context of the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015 on the basis of experience gained.", "Subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation", "IX.7 Six general temporary assistance positions (3 P-3 and 3 P-2) are proposed for conversion to established posts in support of the strengthened focus on inspection and evaluation and enhancing delivery of the programme of work (A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.28). The Advisory Committee recalls that nine general temporary assistance positions (1 D-2, 3 P-3, 4 P-2, 1 GS (OL)) were proposed for conversion to established posts in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The Committee recommended acceptance of the conversion of three positions (1 D-2, 1 P-2, 1 GS (OL)), pending assessment by the Inspection and Evaluation Division of the feasibility of adopting a risk assessment approach at the subprogramme level, as recommended by the Independent Audit Advisory Committee, as opposed to the current one at the programme level (A/64/7, paras. IX.8-IX.10). In its resolution 64/243, the General Assembly endorsed the Committee’s recommendation.", "IX.8 The Advisory Committee notes that the Inspection and Evaluation Division has concluded that it is not feasible to apply its risk assessment methodology at the subprogramme level, given the lack of data for the 12 proxy risk indicators at that level (A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.29). The Independent Audit Advisory Committee has concurred with that argument, while continuing to reiterate that risk assessment at the programme level is important in order to enable the effective allocation of resources (A/66/85, para. 16). The Secretary-General indicates that the resubmission for conversion of the six general temporary assistance positions is consistent with General Assembly resolution 62/236 and also justified by the continuing nature of the functions carried out. In view of the above, the Committee has no objection to the acceptance of the conversion of six positions to posts (3 P-3, 3 P-2) in the Inspection and Evaluation Division.", "Subprogramme 3, Investigations", "IX.9 The staffing resources of $9,939,600 proposed under subprogramme 3 for 2012-2013 provide for the continuation of 35 posts (27 Professional, 7 General Service and 1 Local level). The increase of $59,900 over the resources approved for 2010-2011 relates to adjustments under salaries and common staff costs associated with the redeployment of five posts between duty stations, within the subprogramme, as follows:", "(a) One Investigator (P-4) post from Nairobi to New York to cover demands related to the integration of the Procurement Task Force responsibilities and provide further support in procurement matters for all offices, given lesser demand for procurement investigations under the regular budget in Nairobi;", "(b) One Associate Investigator (P-2) post from Vienna to Nairobi to cover the reduced demand for procurement investigations, in lieu of the P-4 post indicated in paragraph IX.9 (a) above, and taking into account the fact that capacity exceeds demand in Vienna;", "(c) Two Associate Investigator (P-2) posts from Vienna to New York, to the Professional Practices Section, to provide investigative support in relation to the new system of administration of justice;", "(d) One Investigator (P-3) post from Vienna to New York to strengthen the work of the Forensics Unit, which is based at Headquarters.", "IX.10 The Advisory Committee recalls that a similar request was included in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011. The Committee had recommended approval of the redeployment of the five posts, which are now being resubmitted, out of a total of seven requested at the time (see A/64/7, paras. IX.11 and IX.21). The Committee further notes that, as indicated in the budget fascicle, the Secretary-General’s proposal for redeployment does not intend to pre-empt any requirements that may arise as a result of the outcome of the pilot project decided in General Assembly resolution 63/287, but is based on the more effective utilization of resources that would meet identified investigative requirements under the regular budget. The Committee referred to the Secretary-General’s preliminary report on the status of implementation of the pilot project and the report of the Board of Auditors on the audit of the implementation of the project, submitted to the General Assembly at the resumed part of its sixty-fifth session (see A/65/782, paras. 29-31, and A/65/827, paras. 212-214).", "IX.11 The Advisory Committee recalls that it has expressed the view that investigations, unlike audits, are by nature reactive, carried out as the need arises, and that their related resources are therefore inherently subject to change in the light of requirements (A/64/7, para. IX.22) The Committee therefore notes that, as indicated in the proposed budget, in terms of investigations workload, the number of new cases taken in for 2010 under the regular budget included 19 matters for New York, 13 matters for Vienna and 8 matters in Nairobi (A/66/7 (Sect. 31), para. 31.39).", "IX.12 Taking into account the views it has previously expressed, the Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the proposed redeployment of three posts (1 P-3, 2 P-2) from Vienna to New York, one post (P-2) from Vienna to Nairobi and one post (P-4) from Nairobi to New York in response to the identified investigative regular budget requirements and caseload.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IX.13 The non-post resources of $4,794,000 proposed for 2012-2013 reflect a decrease of $1,490,100 compared to the resources appropriated for 2010-2011. The decrease is due mostly to reductions for other staff costs ($806,200) under subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation, in view of the proposed conversion of six general temporary assistance positions to posts in 2010-2011 (see para. IX.7 above).", "IX.14 The resources of $1,857,800 proposed for travel of staff represent a decrease of $342,800 compared to the amount of $2,200,600 appropriated for 2010-2011. The decrease is reflected mostly under subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation ($235,200), as a result of fewer anticipated trips to offices away from Headquarters, given the lower number of inspections of programme-level monitoring and evaluation, as well as reduced requirements for daily subsistence allowance, in view of the reduced number of days on location. The decrease under subprogramme 3, Investigations ($102,700), reflects previous expenditure patterns, as well as efforts made to use alternative means, such as video and teleconferencing.", "IX.15 The resources of $866,100 proposed for consultants represent a decrease of $156,100 compared to the amount of $1,022,200 appropriated for 2010-2011. The reduction is reflected mainly under subprogramme 1, Internal audit ($103,300), owing to the decrease in the requirements for subject-matter experts from the level required for implementation of the 2010-2011 workplan, as well as under subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation ($32,000), owing to a decrease in the requirements for consultants’ travel as a result of trips of shorter duration being planned.", "IX.16 The overall decrease of $76,100 for general operating expenses, compared to the resources of $441,500 approved for 2010-2011, is related mostly to the reduction in the standard rates for telephone and facsimile services at Headquarters, centralized under programme support ($420 per staff member per year applied for 2012-2013, compared to $1,400 per staff member per year applied in the 2010-2011 budget period).", "IX.17 The net decrease of $60,100 under contractual services, compared to the resources of $1,149,700 approved for 2010-2011, reflects the discontinuation of requirements for software acquired in the 2010-2011 budget period under executive direction and management (a reduction of $50,900), as well as reduced requirements under subprogramme 3, Investigations, in view of the decrease in the costs associated with a case management system that was to be acquired in 2010-2011 ($174,000). In connection with the latter, the Advisory Committee was informed that, in the testing stages of the software, it became clear that technical shortfalls would make the system an inadequate solution, particularly for peacekeeping missions. Accordingly, the funds allocated for 2010-2011 will not be utilized and the unspent balance will be reported in the context of the second performance report. An alternative, less costly system ($130,100) that meets all accessibility, security and case management requirements has been identified for acquisition and included in the proposed budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "IX.18 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the proposed non‑post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "IX.19 The Advisory Committee notes that, as stated in the report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee (A/66/85), in preparing the audit workplan and prioritizing the audit assignments for 2012-2013, the Internal Audit Division identified top organizational risks, their possible causes and related key internal controls on the basis of inherent risk. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee has expressed its concern on the use of risk models based on inherent risks, which are not considered appropriate for proposing the total level of resource requirements. However, it has also noted the efforts made by the Office of Internal Oversight Services aimed at eventually guiding the Office in the articulation of residual risk (see A/66/85, para. 11, and A/65/827, para. 204). The Independent Audit Advisory Committee acknowledges that the audit of key controls proposed should lead to the establishment of the residual risks faced by the Organization and therefore supports the Office of Internal Oversight Services proposals contained in the proposed budget for 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee encourages the Office of Internal Oversight Services to continue its efforts in refining its risk assessment methodology. The Committee also concurs with the Independent Audit Advisory Committee’s recommendation that all Office of Internal Oversight Services divisions, including the Internal Audit Division, show the value of the services delivered to the Organization by reporting on the achievement of results.", "IX.20 With regard to subprogramme 2, Inspection and evaluation, the Advisory Committee notes that, pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/244, the programme evaluation cycle is to be reduced from the current time frame of 11 to 13 years to a periodic cycle of 8 years. The Inspection and Evaluation Division proposes to take a phased approach, reducing it first to 10 years, before proceeding to reduce it to 8 years. It therefore plans to evaluate five programmes in the biennium 2012-2013: the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UNHCR, UNODC, UNEP and ECA. Noting that most of those programmes are funded from extrabudgetary resources, it is indicated that the Division intends to seek funding from the respective programmes, taking into account the request by the General Assembly and the views of the Advisory Committee regarding the need to avoid having regular budget activities subsidize extrabudgetary activities and vice versa (see A/66/6 (Sect. 31), para. 31.33, and A/66/85, para. 18). The Committee was informed by the Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services that the current funding arrangements were overly complicated and required streamlining, and that the Office was considering this matter and intended to present proposals to the General Assembly. In this connection, the Committee recalls the observations and recommendations made in its report on the funding arrangements for the Office of Internal Oversight Services (A/61/880), as well as General Assembly resolution 61/275 (part III), in which the Assembly requested a reformulation of the funding arrangements submitted in the Secretary-General’s report (A/61/810), bearing in mind the recommendations in paragraphs 31 to 40 of the Advisory Committee’s report (A/61/880).", "Part X Jointly financed administrative activities and special expenses", "Section 32 Jointly financed administrative activities", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General(full budget)\t$37,723,800^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $37,125,400 \n United Nations share for 2012-2013 $10,993,800^(a) \n United Nations share for 2010-2011 $11,993,400 \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "X.1 Resources are requested under section 32 for three bodies of the United Nations that are financed on an inter-agency basis:", "(a) The International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) and its secretariat;", "(b) The Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) and its secretariat;", "(c) The secretariat of the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination (CEB), including the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) project.", "X.2 The full budgets of ICSC and JIU are presented to the General Assembly for consideration and approval in accordance with established arrangements. The full budget of CEB, including the IPSAS project, is presented for information purposes, while the United Nations share of it is presented for approval.", "X.3 The comments of the CEB member organizations on the original budget submissions of ICSC and JIU are provided in the annex to the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), annex). In the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee, the Secretary-General indicates that the original ICSC proposal reflecting a 0.59 per cent increase was supported by five out of the eight member organizations that provided comments; the other three insisted on a zero-growth budget. The comments of the member organizations indicated a general opposition to any increases in the budget, citing the financial constraints that they were facing. The Committee notes from the supplementary information that the original budget proposal presented by JIU reflected a 10.2 per cent increase. The consensus among the 11 member organizations that provided comments was that the proposed increase could not be supported in the current economic environment. Most of the member organizations were themselves facing zero nominal growth for their 2012-2013 budgets, while some were projecting real decreases in their income.", "X.4 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information showing the comments of the 10 CEB member organizations that responded to the request for comments on the CEB secretariat budget proposal. The consensus among the member organizations supported the zero nominal growth budget for the CEB secretariat.", "X.5 The Advisory Committee was provided with further information showing the conclusions of the Finance and Budget Network of the CEB High-level Committee on Management, according to which the Committee “Endorsed the 2012-2013 budgets of all jointly financed activities (Department of Safety and Security jointly financed activities, CEB secretariat, JIU and ICSC) at zero growth level”, and stated that “utmost efforts will be made to absorb any recosting adjustments through efficiencies” (CEB/2011/3, para. 95 (e)). In a separate decision, the Committee approved the extension of the IPSAS project team until the end of 2013, with corresponding resource requirements of $1,896,000 for 2012-2013, and with the strategic orientations and activities as approved by the Finance and Budget Network (ibid., para. 95 (b)).", "X.6 With regard to section 32, Jointly financed administrative activities, the full budget resources requested for the biennium 2012-2013 (inclusive of the requested regular budget resources) amount to $37,723,800 before recosting, representing an increase of $598,400, or 1.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), table 32.6). The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 32 amount to $10,993,800 before recosting, representing a decrease of $999,600, or 8.3 per cent, compared with the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.5).", "X.7 The Advisory Committee notes that the net decrease in the United Nations regular budget share under this section is due simply to the combined effects of the decrease of the United Nations percentage share in the requirements of the secretariat of ICSC and CEB, offset by an increase of the United Nations percentage share in the requirements of JIU and the IPSAS project. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the rationale for the cost-sharing for each organization depended on the proportion of the work each entity undertook on behalf of the Organization. In the case of ICSC, whose work is related to conditions of service for staff, personnel statistics are the determining measure, while in the case of the CEB secretariat, whose work encompasses a portfolio of system-wide matters, the percentage of cost-sharing is based 50 per cent on personnel and 50 per cent on the scale of activity, measured by audited expenditure levels (see also para. X.14 below).", "International Civil Service Commission", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General(full budget)\t$17,616,900^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $17,714,000  \n United Nations share for 2012-2013 $5,884,000^(a) \n United Nations share for 2010-2011 $6,910,900  \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "X.8 The full budget resources requested for the International Civil Service Commission (ICSC) (inclusive of requested regular budget resources) amount to $17,616,900 before recosting, representing a decrease of $97,100, or 0.5 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), table 32.6).", "X.9 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for ICSC under section 32 amount to $5,884,000 before recosting, representing a decrease of $1,026,900, or 14.9 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.5). The proposed resource level reflects the combined effect of a decrease in the United Nations share of the full budget of ICSC from the 39 per cent calculated for 2010-2011 to the 33.4 per cent used for the biennium 2012-2013, as well as the decrease of the full budget of ICSC (ibid., para. 32.17). Table X.1 summarizes the jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding such posts for 2012-2013. Details of the jointly financed posts are included in annex I.", "Table X.1 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Full budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t47\t1 D-2, 3 D-1, 4 P-5, 9 P-4, 3 P-3, 4P-2/1, 3 GS (PL), 20 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t47\t1 D-2, 3 D-1, 4 P-5, 9 P-4, 3 P-3, 4P-2/1, 3 GS (PL), 20 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts and non-post resources", "X.10 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that the proposed budget includes a provision of $922,700 for consultants whose activities relate mostly to the collection of data on prices, salaries and housing costs at various duty stations. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that wherever possible, the data-collection activities are undertaken by the staff of the secretariat, sometimes with the assistance of staff of the various organizations of the common system. The Committee was further informed that consultants are often required to provide the expertise for ICSC research and studies, which is often not available within the common system. With regard to the issue of using consultants rather than available United Nations system staff for the collection of data at field duty stations, the Committee was informed that the use of consultants avoids conflicts of interest. The Committee was further informed, in this connection, that the current methodology, approved by ICSC, stipulates that price data collected by its secretariat staff should be used only for comparisons with information on prices collected by independent pricing agents at other duty stations. The Committee is of the view that the methodology used by ICSC to collect its data is costly. The Committee suggests that the Commission consider alternative and more cost-effective means of data collection, while preserving the integrity of the process.", "X.11 The Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposed budget for ICSC for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Joint Inspection Unit", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General(full budget)\t$12,744,300^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $12,694,300 \n United Nations share for 2012-2013 $3,007,700^(a) \n United Nations share for 2010-2011 $2,982,800 \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "X.12 The full budget resources proposed by the Secretary-General for the Joint Inspection Unit (JIU) (inclusive of requested regular budget resources) amount to $12,744,300 before recosting, representing an increase of $50,000, or 0.4 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.6).", "X.13 The Advisory Committee notes that the United Nations share of costs requested under the regular budget for the Unit under section 32 amounts to $3,007,700 before recosting, representing an increase of $24,900, or 0.8 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.5). Table X.2 summarizes the jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding such posts for 2012-2013. Details of jointly financed posts are included in annex I.", "Table X.2 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Full budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t20\t1 D-2, 2 P-5, 7 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 1 GS(PL), 8 GS (OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t20\t1 D-2, 2 P-5, 7 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 1 GS(PL), 8 GS (OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts and non-post resources", "X.14 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the methodology used to determine the relative percentage cost share of the JIU budget since the biennium 1996-1997 is derived from the expenditure reported in the audited accounts of the participating organizations. The assumption is made that the greater the scale of activities of an organization, the greater the extent of oversight applied. The scale of activity is measured by audited expenditure figures. The above methodology explains the increase in the United Nations percentage share of the JIU budget from the 23.5 per cent used for the biennium 2010-2011 to the 23.6 per cent used for the biennium 2012-2013.", "General comments and recommendations", "Implementation of Joint Inspection Unit recommendations", "X.15 The Advisory Committee notes that the acceptance and implementation rate of JIU recommendations was 50 per cent in the biennium 2008-2009 and was expected to increase to just 53 per cent in the biennium 2010-2011. Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that, while the implementation rate of 50 per cent was not optimal, in general, implementation rates for evaluations and more strategic types of reports are much lower than the rates for audit reports. It was further explained that the JIU recommendations address strategic issues that require processes to take place over several years, at the level of governing bodies for all participating organizations, unlike audit recommendations that are compliance-focused and relate to individual organizations. Nonetheless, the Committee recommends that JIU should continue to formulate action-oriented recommendations and advice, and report on the rate of their implementation in the context of the next budget.", "Consultants", "X.16 The Advisory Committee notes that requirements for consultants in the proposed JIU budget amount to $170,300, representing an increase of $50,000 compared with the biennium 2010-2011. The requirements comprise $147,900 for technical expertise required for the implementation of the web-based follow-up system and $22,400 for specialized advice and technical services to the inspectors. While not objecting to the proposed activities, the Committee recommends that JIU be urged to make greater use of its secretariat and available expertise within the United Nations common system to provide such specialized advice and technical services to the inspectors. The Committee therefore recommends that the requirements for consultants for the biennium 2012-2013 be maintained at the same level as in the biennium 2010-2011 (see also paras. X.17-X.20 below).", "Web-based follow-up system", "X.17 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that a web-based system is being developed to track information related to the recommendations of JIU. The system will track the status of acceptance, implementation and impact achieved of reports, notes and letters or recommendations addressed by JIU to the participating organizations; manage the consideration of JIU reports by legislative bodies; and provide statistical information in terms of categories of acceptance, implementation and impact achieved of JIU recommendations contained in reports, notes and letters, which are eventually presented in the JIU annual report.", "X.18 The Advisory Committee was informed that in its resolution 65/270, the General Assembly had authorized the Secretary-General to enter into commitments in the amount of $71,300, reflecting the United Nations share of the total development costs of the web-based system in the amount of $302,000, and invited other participating organizations to contribute. The Committee was further informed that seven organizations, namely, UNDP, UNICEF, the International Labour Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, WTO and the International Atomic Energy Agency, have declined to contribute; four organizations, namely, UNFPA, UNOPS, the International Civil Aviation Organization and the World Meteorological Organization, have made commitments in the amounts of $7,852, $11,174, $3,322 and $1,208, respectively, totalling $23,556; four organizations, namely, WFP, ITU, the World Intellectual Property Organization and the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, are expected to provide written confirmations totalling $40,770; and three organizations, namely, the World Health Organization, the Universal Postal Union and the International Maritime Organization, are expected to respond with potential contributions amounting to $34,428. The Committee was also informed that the funds available for the development of the system in 2011 amount to $185,626, which includes the $71,300 authorized by the General Assembly, the above discretionary contributions and an additional $50,000 from savings identified in the 2010-2011 budget. The Committee was further informed that the above funds, plus requirements of $147,900 proposed in the 2012-2013 budget, were expected to fully cover the development and implementation of the system in 2012.", "X.19 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was further informed that the estimated cost of maintaining and operating the system is $466,800 per biennium and is not included in the proposed 2012-2013 budget. That amount covers the services of two Professional-level staff members, each working on a half-time basis, to ensure quality control, as well as the cost of training focal points and a recurrent maintenance cost. The Committee notes that a number of participating organizations, including UNDP and UNICEF, declined to contribute to the project due to the prevailing resource constraints as a result of which member organizations are being limited to zero-growth budgets by their governing bodies. The Committee further notes that UNFPA questioned the significant requirements under consultants, travel and training, the latter on the basis that modern web-based systems are generally designed to be intuitive and self-guided for users.", "X.20 The Advisory Committee is concerned about the ability and willingness of the member organizations to finance the recurrent cost of maintaining the web-based follow-up system. The Committee notes the opinions expressed by the member organizations. Taking into consideration its own comments in paragraph X.16 above, the Committee is of the view that any additional requirements for the implementation of the web-based follow-up system should be met from a more rational utilization of resources under staff travel and consultants, as well as contributions from member organizations. Subject to the above comments, the Advisory Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposed budget for JIU for the biennium 2012-2013.", "United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, including the International Public Sector Accounting Standards project", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General(full budget)\t$7,362,600^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $6,717,100 \n United Nations share for 2012-2013 $2,102,100 \n United Nations share for 2010-2011 $2,099,700 \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "X.21 The full budget resources requested for CEB (inclusive of requested regular budget resources) amount to $7,362,600 before recosting, which reflects an increase of $645,500, or 9.6 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), table 32.6). The increase of $645,500 comprises $81,000 for the CEB secretariat and $564,500 for the IPSAS project.", "X.22 The Advisory Committee notes that the regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for CEB under section 32 amount to $2,102,100 before recosting, representing an increase of $2,400, or 0.1 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (ibid., table 32.5). Table X.3 summarizes the jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding such posts for 2012-2013. Details of jointly financed posts are included in annex I.", "Table X.3 Staffing resources", "Posts Level \n Full budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t14\t1 D-2, 2 D-1, 2 P-5, 4 P-4/3, 5 GS(OL)\nProposed for2012-2013\t14\t1 D-2, 2 D-1, 2 P-5, 4 P-4/3, 5 GS(OL)", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "X.23 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the process to fill two vacant posts, one D-2 and one P-4, was ongoing. The Committee was further informed that the D-2 post of Executive Director had fallen vacant in November 2010, when the incumbent left on special leave without pay. Measures are now being taken to advertise the vacancy after the withholding of action to fill the post, pending the election of the incumbent as executive head of another international organization. With regard to the P-4 post, the Advisory Committee was informed that the post had been advertised from 30 December 2010 to 28 February 2011 and that candidates were currently under consideration.", "X.24 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that CEB was established following the 2000 review of its predecessor body, the Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC), which had been composed of four committees, each with a secretariat headed by an officer at the D-1 level. The review aimed to transform ACC into CEB and rationalize its subsidiary bodies into a two-pillar structure — the High-level Committee on Programmes and the High-level Committee on Management — supported by a single, jointly financed secretariat to ensure coherence of support and action. The Committee was informed that the rationale behind the two locations of the CEB secretariat was that it mirrored the ongoing practice, with support being provided to the subsidiary management bodies in Geneva as well as support to the senior management coordination mechanism and the High-level Committee on Programmes as its preparatory programmatic body in New York. The head of the secretariat and the Secretary of CEB have direct reporting lines to the Secretary-General, Chair of CEB. The Committee was further informed that a review of the role and functioning of the CEB secretariat carried out in 2007 did not change this dual-location structure but, rather, confirmed its appropriateness. Nevertheless, the Committee questions the CEB secretariat structure and believes that there is significant scope for greater managerial and financial effectiveness. The Committee urges the Secretary-General to develop a proposal for a less costly and more functionally effective amalgamation of the CEB secretariat and report back in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015. Subject to its comments above, the Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "X.25 The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that the proposed requirements for the CEB secretariat under consultants, staff travel and contractual services amount to $42,300, $268,500 and $312,300, respectively. Under consultants, the activities proposed by the Secretary-General include the analysis of emerging issues of concern to intergovernmental bodies. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the required expertise covered a range of areas, demonstrating that it was difficult to anticipate specific consultancy services. With regard to staff travel, it was explained that the activities proposed included training and learning programmes where inter-agency representation was required. Finally, under contractual services, the Committee was informed that the activities proposed included training for the CEB secretariat staff in such areas as negotiation and mediation. The Committee is not convinced of the necessity of the above activities for the fulfilment of the CEB mandate, which, the Committee notes, is to coordinate the policies and programmes of the member organizations. The Committee therefore recommends 10 per cent reductions in the proposed budgets for consultants, travel of staff and contractual services, in the amounts of $4,200, $26,800 and $31,200, respectively.", "International Public Sector Accounting Standards project", "X.26 According to the Secretary-General, the CEB High-level Committee on Management, at its March 2011 meeting, approved the extension of the IPSAS project team until the end of 2013 and approved its 2012-2013 budget. The Committee also decided that the continuation of the project until 2015 would be subject to a review to be undertaken before the end of 2013.", "X.27 The Advisory Committee notes that the increase of $564,500 (or 42.4 per cent) for the IPSAS project budget reflects an increase in the engagement of a General Service staff member from a half-time to a full-time basis, as well as increases in the standard costs of three Professional-level positions (1 P-5, 2 P-4), amounting to $254,000; and increased funds of $316,500 under consultancy services in specific areas where expertise is not available from within the common system (A/66/6 (Sect. 32), para. 32.43).", "X.28 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the Professional-level positions were tasked with four strategic activities, namely, facilitation and communication; IPSAS board monitoring and follow-up activities; coordination of accounting diversity; and guidance and support. The role of the consultants is to support or complement the project team where expertise in specific areas is not available internally and in the areas of managing accounting diversity. The Committee was further informed that the adoption of IPSAS is expected to substantially enhance the level of harmonization and comparability of financial information among United Nations common system organizations. Given that IPSAS standards are principle-based, the latitude for interpretation of standards gives rise to some diversity in reporting across organizations. In that regard, the external review of the IPSAS team’s role, conducted in 2010, recommended the use of consultants and experts by the project:", "(a) To achieve a higher degree of consensus on major issues at a critical period in the project life;", "(b) To obtain expertise in specific areas not available internally within the United Nations system, such as emerging issues; new and changed IPSAS standards; accounting policy diversity study issues; donor reporting; United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund accounting treatment; financial instruments with specific guidance; and the system-wide review process for 2012.", "X.29 The Advisory Committee encourages the Secretary-General to reduce the dependence on external consultants by developing in-house staff capacity for the post-implementation support of IPSAS.", "X.30 The Advisory Committee was further informed that, of the 23 organizations, 9 had implemented IPSAS by the end of 2010 and 11 more were working towards implementation by, or during, 2012. It was explained that six organizations of those that have implemented IPSAS had produced fully compliant financial statements with clean audit opinions by the end of 2010. The Committee notes the progress made towards full implementation of IPSAS within the United Nations common system. The Committee recommends that, as more organizations transition to IPSAS, the role of the IPSAS project team within the CEB secretariat be kept under review.", "Section 33", "Special expenses", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General(full budget)\t$112,178,000^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $114,134,100 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources $23,437,500 \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "X.31 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 33 amount to $112,178,000 before recosting, representing a decrease of $1,956,100, or 1.7 per cent, compared with the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 33), table 33.1).", "After-service health insurance", "X.32 The resource requirements under after-service health insurance amount to $100,649,100 (before recosting), a decrease of $3,382,500 (3.3 per cent) compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The requirements in the amount of $23,437,500 under extrabudgetary resources are estimated with respect to retirees from peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary activities of the Organization. According to the Secretary-General, the proposed resource level reflects the substantial increase in the enrolment of new staff members owing to the expansion of peacekeeping activities, which has permitted a containment of the premium rate increases that had been factored into the budget estimates for the biennium 2010‑2011. The projected increases in enrolment are 6.5 per cent on average for Headquarters plans, 7 per cent on average for Geneva and 7 per cent on average for plans administered by the United Nations Office at Vienna.", "X.33 In his report (A/66/6 (Sect. 33), para. 33.4), the Secretary-General explains that in its resolution 61/264, the General Assembly had approved changes to the after-service health insurance provisions for new staff members recruited on or after 1 July 2007. Under the terms of the resolution, staff members, following retirement, are eligible for cost-sharing of after-service coverage if they have participated in a United Nations system contributory health insurance plan for at least 10 years and are participating in a United Nations plan at the time of their retirement. Staff members recruited prior to 1 July 2007 who have participated in a United Nations contributory plan for at least 5 years are also eligible, provided that they pay the full premium for the period for which their participation falls short of the 10-year requirement for cost-shared participation.", "X.34 In its resolution 64/241 the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report at its sixty-seventh session on, inter alia, further measures to reduce the Organization’s costs related to health-care plans. According to the Secretary-General, one such measure is the introduction of a new requirement for United States-based plans during the biennium 2010-2011, applicable to all after-service health insurance participants younger than 75 years old who were enrolled as at 1 January 2011 and who are eligible for Medicare Part B. The measure is expected to help contain the premium costs of the insurance plans administered at Headquarters during the biennium 2012-2013. The Advisory Committee trusts that all possible measures are being taken to reduce the Organization’s costs related to health-care plans.", "General insurance", "X.35 The level of resources requested for general insurance amounts to $6,772,200, an increase of $1,189,000 (21.3 per cent) compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. According to the Secretary-General, the costs under this provision are based on the terms of the contracts recently signed with insurance providers at Headquarters. The increased requirements reflect an increase of $1,242,900 relating to the general insurance policy, partly offset by a reduction of $53,900 relating to the insurance for acts of terrorism (ibid., paras. 33.17-33.18).", "X.36 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with information (see table X.4) showing the composition of the increased requirements for general insurance, resulting mainly from the increase in property insurance, which is related to the expected completion of the renovation of Headquarters buildings under the ongoing capital master plan. The Secretary-General explains that as the renovation works are completed, the insurance will be transferred from the builder’s risk property insurance policy, which is specific to the capital master plan, to the property insurance policy.", "Table X.4", "General insurance", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "2010-2011 Resource 2012-2013 appropriation growth  estimate (before recosting)", "Air travel^(a) 282.0 38.6 320.6", "Foreign general liability 22.2 (0.1) 22.1", "General liability at 55.4 14.9 70.3 Headquarters", "Vehicles at Headquarters 161.1 39.3 200.4", "Letter of credit fees to JP 15.1 (0.1) 15.0 Morgan Chase", "Outside consulting services 231.6 (231.6) —", "Outside actuarial services 20.1 (0.1) 20.0", "Outside legal services 40.3 (0.2) 40.1", "Master aviation 25.2 (5.1) 20.1", "Property insurance^(b) 2 819.4 1 389.3 4 208.7", "Self-insurance fund 402.8 (2.0) 400.8", "General insurance 4 075.2  1 242.9 5 318.1", "Insurance for acts of 1 508.0 (53.9) 1 454.1 terrorism", "Total general insurance 5 583.2  1 189.0 6 772.2", "^(a) Air-travel policy includes Headquarters, Regional Commissions, United Nations Office at Geneva and United Nations Office at Vienna.", "^(b) Property insurance includes Headquarters, ECA, ESCWA and ECLAC.", "Compensatory payments", "X.37 The level of resources requested for compensatory payments amounts to $2,699,400, which reflects an increase of $176,400 (7.0 per cent) compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The increase is based on the current trends in expenditure under appendix D to the United Nations Staff Rules over the period from 2006 to 2009. The proposed budget does not include any changes related to the ongoing inter-agency review of appendix D to the Staff Rules, as these modifications will be presented to the General Assembly for consideration (ibid., paras. 33.11-33.16).", "Bank charges", "X.38 The level of resources requested for bank charges amounts to $822,200, the same amount as the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The requirements relate to fees for bank account maintenance, electronic fund transfers and other fees for services provided by banks, based on current expenditure patterns.", "Pension payments to former Secretaries-General", "X.39 The level of resources requested for pension payments to former Secretaries-General amounts to $1,235,100, an increase of $61,000 (5.2 per cent) compared with the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The requirements under this provision provide for the retirement allowances of three former Secretaries-General and the widow of one former Secretary-General at the half rate based on the maximum retirement benefit payable as from 1 January 2010.", "X.40 The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposals.", "Part XI Capital expenditures", "Section 34 Construction, alteration, improvement and major maintenance", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $63,916,100^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $60,326,800 \n Projected extrabudgetary resources — \nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of thetotal number of posts by source of funds andgrade level is contained in annex I to thepresent report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "XI.1 Section 34 contains requirements for capital expenditure projects for the modernization of existing buildings and technical installations of principal properties of the United Nations worldwide, categorized under three components: (a) alterations and improvements; (b) major maintenance; and (c) United Nations enterprise network. Staff and related costs for administration and management of the activities proposed in this section are included under the respective main sections of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 for New York, Vienna and Geneva and the regional commissions.", "XI.2 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 34 amount to $63,916,100 before recosting, reflecting a net increase of $3,589,300, or 5.9 per cent, over the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 34), table 34.3). The increase reflects the combined effect of higher requirements for major maintenance projects ($15,338,800, or 72.2 per cent) and the United Nations enterprise network ($1,793,800, or 32.4 per cent), offset by a decrease for alteration and improvement projects ($13,543,300, or 40.4 per cent).", "XI.3 The criteria used to determine whether a project falls under the category of alteration and improvement or major maintenance are set out in paragraphs 34.2 and 34.3 of the proposed budget. Table 34.3 of the budget document provides the distribution of resources by component and location. Table 34.4 shows the status of projects proposed for the biennium 2012-2013. The Secretary-General also distinguishes between new, recurrent and multi-year projects. Upon request, the Committee was provided with a definition of those categories and detailed list of projects proposed for 2012-2013 by component, location and category (see table XI.4).", "XI.4 A summary of the total requirements for alteration, improvement and major maintenance projects by duty station is provided in table XI.1.", "Table XI.1 Summary of total requirements by duty station", "2010-2011 Proposed for Variance Percentage appropriation 2012-2013", "Headquarters 11 937 100 18 872 400 6 935 300 58.1", "Geneva 10 743 100 17 192 800 6 449 700 60.0", "Vienna 3 726 900 4 147 800 420 900 11.3", "Nairobi 11 344 300 6 302 100 (5 042 200) (44.4)", "ESCAP 2 418 400 3 703 200 1 284 800 53.1", "ECLAC 2 108 100 2 670 700 1 307 800 96.0", "ECA 7 946 900 3 246 000 4 700 900 (59.2)", "ESCWA 4 564 700 450 000 (4 114 700) (90.1)", "Comments and observations", "Headquarters", "XI.5 The overall requirements proposed for alteration, improvement and major maintenance projects at Headquarters for the biennium 2012-2013 amount to $18,872,400, reflecting an increase of $6,935,300, or 58.1 percent, as compared to the appropriation for the current biennium. As indicated in paragraph 34.24 of the budget document, the proposed requirements take into account the schedule of the capital master plan for the reoccupation of the Secretariat and Conference buildings during 2012 and the restoration of a number of services that were reduced during the renovation period. The Advisory Committee was informed that swing spaces are expected to be vacated from the second part of 2012 to 2013, and that the Facilities Management Service will be required to operate those swing-space buildings until the relocation is complete. The North Lawn, Library and General Assembly buildings, as well as the basement areas of the Secretariat complex, will continue to operate at normal levels. The proposed provision for 2012-2013 also includes $4,981,600 for improvements to the information and communications technology infrastructure, including provisions for the acquisition of servers, additional data storage and network capacity, as well as $3,000,000 for the replacement of data switches in off-complex buildings, which were installed in 2002-2003 and are approaching the end of their useful life cycle.", "United Nations Office at Geneva", "XI.6 The Advisory Committee recalls that, in its resolution 64/243 (part XI, para. 133) the General Assembly approved funding of $1.1 million for 2010-2011 to conduct a conceptual engineering study in the context of the strategic heritage plan for the complete renovation and refurbishment of the United Nations Office at Geneva (see also A/64/7, para. XI.12). In paragraph 34.15 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 34)), the Secretary-General indicates that the conceptual engineering study was completed in early 2011 and that a report will be submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session presenting the findings of the review and a proposal for the next steps in continuing the development of the strategic heritage plan. In its resolution 64/243 (part XI, para. 136), the General Assembly also stressed that the strategic heritage plan should not start before the Assembly had taken a decision on that matter and before the capital master plan had been completed. The Committee agrees that major projects should be sequenced in a manner that allows the Organization and Member States to plan better for expenditures.", "XI.7 The proposed provision for 2012-2013 for the United Nations Office at Geneva amounts to $17,192,800, reflecting an increase of $6,449,700, or 60.0 per cent, as compared to the appropriation for the current biennium. As indicated in paragraph 34.28 of the budget document, the increase is due mainly to additional resources of $5.8 million required to address urgent health, safety and security-related repairs that cannot be postponed further. The Advisory Committee was informed that main projects envisaged included: (a) repairs, waterproofing and insulation for building E; (b) the replacement of the glass roof ceiling superstructure of the Assembly Hall in building A; and (c) the replacement of the twin passenger elevators in the Assembly building. Notwithstanding the future renovation envisaged in the context of the strategic heritage plan, the Committee recognizes the need to proceed with these projects immediately in order to avoid further deterioration of buildings, which could lead to more costly repairs in the future, as well as to ensure the safety of staff, delegates and other personnel present in the Palais des Nations (see para. VIII.87 above).", "Standardized access control project", "XI.8 An increase of $2.3 million is proposed for 2012-2013 as a one-time requirement for the implementation of the second and final phase of the standardized access control project (PACT II) at the United Nations Office at Geneva, the United Nations Office at Vienna and ESCAP. The Committee recalls that pursuant to General Assembly resolution 59/276, the Secretary-General submitted a report (A/60/695) in which he outlined the proposed scope, concept and revised course of action for standardized access control at all main locations of the Organization, to be implemented in two phases. In his report A/64/532, the Secretary-General set out a detailed strategy and cost estimates for PACT II for enhanced measures for protection, including intrusion protection, video surveillance and access control. During the biennium 2010-2011 PACT II is being implemented at the United Nations Office at Nairobi, ECA and ESCWA (see A/64/7/Add.15, paras. 15-20, and General Assembly resolution 64/243, para. 139).", "United Nations enterprise network", "XI.9 A provision of $7,331,100 is proposed under the third component, United Nations enterprise network, for its phased implementation during the biennium 2012-2013. The provision includes $4,133,100 to cover requirements for continuation of the implementation of the Internet protocol telephony (IPT) system at the United Nations Office at Geneva, the United Nations Office at Vienna, ESCAP, ECLAC and ECA, and $2,291,300 for a consolidated maintenance contract for all offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions, based on a unified vendor approach (see A/66/6 (Sect. 34), para. 34.56). The Advisory Committee was informed that this approach provides the following benefits: (a) significant worldwide discounts for all locations; (b) speedier diagnosis of problems, thereby minimizing unplanned downtime of the Organization’s networks; and (c) interoperability, which reduces finger-pointing among multiple vendors when incidents occur and also allows implementation of common end-user procedures for telephones at all offices.", "XI.10 Information on the background and phasing of the enterprise network project are provided in paragraphs 34.53 to 34.56 of the budget document. As indicated, the project incorporates an Organization-wide initiative to migrate from traditional telephone systems to Internet protocol telephony. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was provided with details on the current status of implementation of Internet protocol telephony at each duty station, which are summarized in table XI.2. It was informed that, although the Internet protocol telephony project was initiated as part of the standardization of the enterprise network, specific funding for its implementation at offices away from Headquarters was provided for the biennium 2010-2011 and is being proposed for 2012-2013. The project is expected to be fully implemented in 2014-2015. The total costs for the Internet protocol telephony project from 2010 to 2015 are estimated at $17,624,100. Should the current proposal be approved, the remaining requirements for 2014-2015 would amount to $8,650,000. A breakdown of the costs by duty station is provided in table XI.3.", "Table XI.2 Implementation status of Internet protocol telephony by duty station", "Duty station Phases Installation date", "United Nations Alcatel (at end of life) 1994 Office at Geneva", "Giuseppe Motta Building — IPT installed 2006", "Palais Wilson — IPT planned in current 2012-2013 budget request", "Palais des Nations — IPT planned for future 2014-2015 budget", "United Nations Nortel (at end of life) 1994 Office at Vienna", "Cisco IPT (phase I completed) 2006", "Phase II request planned in current budget 2012-2013 request", "United Nations Nortel (at end of life) 1996 Office at Nairobi", "IPT phase I installation in progress 2010-2011", "IPT phase II planned 2014-2015", "ECA Ericsson (will be at end of life in next 2004 biennium)", "IPT phase I planned in current budget 2012-2013 request", "ESCAP Nortel (at end of life) 1996", "IPT phase I installation in progress 2010-2011", "IPT phase II planned in current budget 2012-2013 request", "ECLAC Nortel (at end of life) 1995", "Cisco IPT (phase I and II completed) 2010", "IPT phase II planned in current budget 2012-2013 request", "ESCWA Alcatel (at end of life) 2000", "Cisco IPT installed 2010", "Table XI.3 Total requirements for Internet protocol telephony by duty station", "(United States dollars)", "Duty station Funded in Requested in Planned for 2010-2011 2012-2013 2014-2015", "United Nations Office at — 1 525 200 6 994 000 Geneva", "United Nations Office at — 112 000 — Vienna", "United Nations Office at 3 400 000 — 1 656 000 Nairobi", "ECA — 1 484 400 —", "ESCAP 1 441 000 746 500 —", "ECLAC — 265 000 —", "Total 4 841 000 4 133 100 8 650 000", "Overseas property management", "XI.11 Capital expenditure resources are requested centrally under section 34 to ensure a coherent and systematic approach to facilities management, major maintenance and construction. In its report A/65/518, the Advisory Committee emphasized the importance it attached to the central leadership role of the Office of Central Support Services in ensuring an Organization-wide perspective on the needs and priorities relating to construction, major maintenance and the overall management of United Nations facilities. The Committee further expressed its view that the role of the Office should be stronger, and that clearer lines of authority and responsibility should be established (see also A/64/7/Add.11). In response to General Assembly resolution 65/259, in which the Assembly endorsed the Committee’s conclusions and recommendations, the Secretary-General established an Overseas Property Management Unit under the Facilities Management Service to further support and guide offices away from Headquarters in planning and managing major construction projects. The Secretary-General indicates that this measure has enhanced the provision of guidance, support and technical advice to offices away from Headquarters and regional commissions in the planning, management and monitoring of their major construction projects (see A/66/6 (Sect. 34), para. 34.7). The Committee encourages the Secretary-General to continue to develop the leadership and coordination role of the Overseas Property Management Unit so that it can become an effective instrument for improving the midterm and longer-term projection of Organization-wide needs, as well as for more efficient planning and budgeting for United Nations properties and their overall management.", "XI.12 The Advisory Committee recalls that a strategic capital review of facilities at all offices away from Headquarters was launched in May 2009 to address concerns related to global facilities management, to establish an Organization-wide perspective on needs and priorities in relation to the development of new facilities and major maintenance of existing facilities, and to ensure adequate support for duty stations involved in such work (see A/65/351, paras. 6-8). The outcome of the review will form the basis of a 20-year strategic capital plan. The Committee notes that the Office of Central Support Services has started the process of conducting the review, which is to be carried out in three phases as described in paragraph 34.8 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 34)). The Secretary-General expects to complete the last phase in January 2013 and to submit a report to the General Assembly in late 2013 with the findings of the review and a proposal for a 20-year capital programme and prioritization strategy for the global premises of the United Nations Secretariat. In this regard, the Committee emphasizes the importance of the role of the Overseas Property Management Unit. It also reiterates the need to draw upon lessons learned and expertise accumulated during the course of the planning and implementation of the capital master plan at Headquarters and the United Nations Office at Nairobi construction project. The Committee also stresses that the 20-year global strategic plan should facilitate better management of United Nations facilities, including through greater efficiency and cost-effectiveness.", "Recommendation", "XI.13 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposals under section 34.", "Table XI.4 Proposed projects by category", "Definitions:", "• Multi-year projects are non-recurrent construction, alteration or improvement projects that, owing to their scale and complexity, have to be implemented in a phased manner and span more than one biennium", "• Recurrent projects are related to requirements that have to be provided in each biennium in order to ensure that buildings are maintained in good working order", "• New projects are new construction, alteration or improvement projects that are non-recurrent in nature and are required for only one biennium", "(Thousands of United States dollars)", "Project Amount Category", "1. Headquarters", "Alteration and improvement", "Canine unit area repair 220.0 New", "Conversion of courtroom for Dispute Tribunal 419.5 New", "Additional backup infrastructure to support the growth 637.6 Recurrent of virtual machines", "Physical server infrastructure upgrade 959.0 Recurrent", "Central data, storage and network capacity 385.0 Recurrent", "Replacement of switches in off-complex buildings 3 000.0 Multi-year", "Major maintenance", "Heating, ventilation, air conditioning and machine 4 943.3 Recurrent shop", "Electrical maintenance 990.0 Recurrent", "Plumbing maintenance 50.0 Recurrent", "Replacement of carpets, upholstery and draperies 329.6 Recurrent", "Carpentry 20.0 Recurrent", "Painting 367.5 Recurrent", "General maintenance 628.2 Recurrent", "Environmental quality monitoring and asbestos 200.0 Recurrent abatement", "Routine roof maintenance 250.0 Recurrent", "Reconfiguration of office space 2 539.3 Recurrent", "Maintenance of the Secretary-General’s residence 116.6 Recurrent", "Security and safety-related maintenance 2 816.8 Recurrent", "2. United Nations Office at Geneva", "Alteration and improvement", "Installation of 3 toilet facilities for persons with 308.7 New disabilities", "Conversion of courtroom for Dispute Tribunal 250.0 New", "Extension of the metropolitan area network 100.0 Multi-year", "Replacement of the backup architecture 700.0 New", "PACT II 1 199.5 New", "Major maintenance", "Repairing waterproofing and isolation for building E 3 453.0 New", "Repairing of the glass roof of building A in Assembly 1 600.0 New Hall", "Replacement of passenger elevators Nos. 13 and 15 645.0 Multi-year", "Repair of the roof cornices and stone facades 1 055.0 New", "Complete overhaul of air intakes and pits 1 014.0 New", "Renovation of the slab at the underground garage in 415.0 New building E", "Roof repairs and waterproofing in buildings C and K 566.3 New", "Daily maintenance of masonry and concrete works 184.0 New", "Maintenance of the main electrical substation boards 300.0 Multi-year", "Third phase of the replacement of the main sewers in 1 300.3 Multi-year Cour du Secretariat", "Identification and removal of hazardous materials 300.0 Recurrent", "Replacement of the water and drain columns in the C 1 060.0 Multi-year and D buildings", "Security and safety equipment maintenance 2 742.0 Recurrent", "3. United Nations Office at Vienna", "Alteration and improvement", "Contributions to the inter-agency fund for improvement 2 551.2 Recurrent of facilities and general infrastructure", "PACT II 295.8 New", "Major maintenance", "Contributions to the Common Fund for Financing Major 1 300.8 Recurrent Repairs and Replacements", "4. United Nations Office at Nairobi", "Alteration and improvement", "Last phase of a multi-year project to renovate 400.0 Multi-year interior offices to introduce an open plan", "Second phase of the environmental management plan 200.0 Multi-year", "Second phase of the multi-year project to reconfigure 760.0 Multi-year and expand the parking facilities", "Conversion of courtroom for Dispute Tribunal 389.0 New", "Renovation and fit-out of the delegates’ lounge 570.0 New", "Improving natural lighting in Conference Rooms 2, 3 150.0 New and 4 by installing glass walls", "Upgrades to interpretation booths in Conference Rooms 350.0 New 1 to 4", "Major maintenance", "Electrical maintenance 1 000.0 Recurrent", "General maintenance 550.0 Recurrent", "Structural and architectural maintenance 600.0 Recurrent", "Security and safety-related maintenance 1 333.1 Recurrent", "5. ECA", "Alteration and improvement", "First phase of renovation of the Africa Hall 437.0 New", "Improvement of energy management system 485.0 New", "Urgent repairs to access roads 388.0 Multi-year", "Upgrade of the water piping system and the flooring 286.0 New replacement in the United Nations Conference Centre", "Various security projects at Addis Ababa 333.0 Recurrent", "Various security projects at all five subregional 250.0 Recurrent offices", "Major maintenance", "Replacement of elevators 509.0 Multi-year", "Major maintenance works at all subregional offices 260.0 Recurrent", "Security and safety-related maintenance 298.0 Recurrent", "6. ESCAP", "Alteration and improvement", "Modification to the heating, ventilation and 291.0 New air-conditioning (HVAC) system to increase efficiency", "Replacement of one chiller to reduce peak loads 291.0 New", "Installation of stand-alone HVAC units and a fire 189.1 New suppression system to support the new IPT system", "Conference ventilation upgrade and kitchen hygiene 215.3 New improvement", "Second phase of the replacement of the simultaneous 291.0 Multi-year interpretation system in the United Nations Conference Centre", "Strengthening network security infrastructure 222.6 New", "Electronic storage upgrades 224.3 New", "Fire-safety systems upgrading in the United Nations 145.5 New Conference Centre", "Installation of fire sprinklers in the Secretariat and 219.0 New service buildings", "PACT II 848.1 New", "Major maintenance", "Electrical earthing 97.0 Recurrent", "Roof repair of the lift motor room in the service 97.0 New building", "Waterproofing membranes in the Conference Centre 164.9 Recurrent building", "Replacement of the existing wall covering in the ESCAP 126.1 Recurrent Hall", "Standby generator replacement 281.3 New", "7. ECLAC", "Alteration and improvement", "Replacement of the main building’s roofing system 110.0 Deferred", "Implementation of the “Sustainable UN” project 130.0 Deferred", "Alteration in the main building entrance lobby 200.0 Deferred", "Storage space in the ancillary building 180.0 Deferred", "Upgrading of facilities for persons with disabilities 60.0 Multi-year", "Resurfacing of vehicular pavements and damaged areas 270.0 New", "Minor reconfiguration work in the subregional offices 15.0 New", "Improvement in security and safety 85.7 Recurrent", "Major maintenance", "Maintenance of the HVAC system in the conference rooms 260.0 New", "Replacement of one elevator 100.0 New", "Replacement of electrical panels in the subregional 180.0 New office in Port-of-Spain", "Removal and replacement of obsolete cabling and 50.0 New ducting", "Replacement of underground diesel tanks 40.0 New", "Upgrading of the irrigation system 120.0 New", "Replacement of aged and worn-out carpeting in two main 50.0 Multi-year conference rooms", "Replacement of one obsolete power generator 170.0 Multi-year", "Replacement of lighting in public areas, parking 50.0 Multi-year areas, and interior vehicular and pedestrian areas", "Security and safety-related maintenance 600.0 Recurrent", "8. ESCWA", "Security and safety-related maintenance 450.0 Recurrent", "9. Enterprise network", "Continuation of the implementation of IPT across the 4 133.1 Multi-year Secretariat in ECA, ECLAC, ESCAP, United Nations Office at Geneva and United Nations Office at Vienna", "Consolidated maintenance contract in offices away from 2 291.3 Recurrent Headquarters and regional commissions", "Implementation of a network compression device in each 756.7 New major duty station", "Maintenance and renewal of checkpoint firewall 150.0 Recurrent software in seven duty stations", "Part XII Safety and security", "Section 35 Safety and security", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General(regular budget)\t$238,745,700^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $238,447,700 \nProposal submitted by the Secretary-General(jointly financed budget)\t$243,800,300^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $243,605,700 \nProjected extrabudgetary resources\t$13,310,100^(b)\nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theintroduction to the budget. A summary of the totalnumber of posts by source of funds and grade levelis contained in annex I to the present report.\t^(a) Figures in the present report, unless otherwisenoted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e. beforerecosting). \n^(b) Including other assessed resources amounting to$7,603,400, amending the information contained intable 35.6 of A/66/6 (Sect. 35) to reflect thedecision taken in General Assembly resolution 65/290with respect to the support account for peacekeepingoperations, as well as extrabudgetary resources of$5,706,700.", "XII.1 Regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for section 35 amount to $238,745,700, before recosting. This represents a net increase of $298,000, or 0.1 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The provision includes the United Nations share of the jointly financed safety and security costs. The net increase is attributable to a number of factors explained in detail in paragraph 35.9 of the budget document (A/66/6 (Sect. 35)).", "XII.2 The Secretary-General indicates that, given the dual responsibility of the Department of Safety and Security to provide, on the one hand, for the safety and security of staff, delegates and visitors at the main locations of the United Nations and, on the other hand, for the safety and security of the United Nations system operations in the field, the activities of the Department are financed both from the regular budget and on a cost-sharing basis with other organizations covered by the security management system in the field (ibid., para. 35.7).", "XII.3 For the biennium 2012-2013 the gross budget for jointly financed activities amounts to $243,800,300, before recosting. This represents a net increase of $194,600, or 0.1 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The net increase is attributable to a number of factors explained in detail in paragraph 35.10 of the budget document. The Secretary-General indicates that the financial responsibility of each participating organization is based on its proportional share of the personnel operating in the field (ibid., para. 35.7). The Advisory Committee was informed that the United Nations share of the gross budget for jointly financed activities for the biennium 2012-2013 is estimated at 23.74 per cent, which would amount to some $57.9 million.", "XII.4 The Secretary-General indicates that during the biennium 2012-2013, regular budget and jointly financed resources under this section would be supplemented by funding derived from: (a) the support account for peacekeeping operations; (b) reimbursement for the security and safety services rendered to the United Nations funds and programmes; and (c) funding earmarked by donors to support urgently required security measures. For the biennium 2012-2013, total other assessed and extrabudgetary resources are estimated in the amount of $13,676,400 (ibid., para. 35.11).", "XII.5 Table XII.1 summarizes the regular budget and jointly financed posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget and jointly financed posts for 2012-2013. The table also shows the extrabudgetary posts proposed for 2012-2013.", "Table XII.1 Staffing resources", "Posts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t1059\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 1 D-2, 2 D-1, 10 P-5, 20P-4, 21 P-3, 7 P-2/1, 8 GS (PL), 173 GS(OL), 314 SS, 501 LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t1072\t1 USG, 1 ASG, 1 D-2, 6 D-1, 6 P-5, 26P-4, 15 P-3, 7 P-2/1,8 GS (PL), 178 GS (OL), 314 SS, 509 LL\nNew\t13\t5 GS (OL) and 8 LL, subprogramme 1^(a)\nReclassifications\t10\t2 P-5 to D-1 and 4 P-3 to P-4, Executivedirection and management\n 2 P-5 to D-1 and 2 P-3 to P-4,subprogramme 1\nGross budget forjointly financedactivities \nApproved for2010-2011\t942\t1 D-2, 2 D-1, 35 P-5, 205 P-4, 115 P-3, 6P-2/1, 4 GS (PL), 26 GS (OL), 150 SS, 398LL\nProposed for2012-2013\t960\t1 D-2, 11 D-1, 28 P-5, 196 P-4, 115 P-3,14 P-2/1, 4 GS (PL), 26 GS (OL), 155 SS,410 LL\nNew\t20\t5 SS, subprogramme 1^(a)\n 10 LL, subprogramme 2, component 1 \n 1 P-4, 1 P-3 and 2 LL, subprogramme 2,component 2\n 1 P-4, subprogramme 2, component 2^(a) \nReclassifications\t20\t1 P-5 to D-1 and 1 P-3 to P-4,subprogramme 1\n 8 P-5 to D-1, 2 P-4 to P-5 and 8 P-4 toP-2/1, subprogramme 2, component 1\nRedeployments\t2\t1 P-4 and 1 P-3 from Field SupportService, HQ to regional training hub inNairobi\nAbolitions\t2\t2 P-4, subprogramme 2, component 1\n Extrabudgetary \nProposed for2012-2013^(b)\t40\t1 P-5, 11 P-4/3, 1 P-2/1, 15 GS (OL), 12SS", "^(a) Formerly approved on a temporary basis for the biennium 2010-2011 and now being proposed as established posts.", "^(b) Including 18 other assessed posts funded by the support account for peacekeeping operations and 22 extrabudgetary posts.", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "XII.6 In his statement to the Advisory Committee, the Under-Secretary-General for Safety and Security indicated that the Department was seeking to stabilize at the staffing levels approved for 2010-2011. The Committee was informed, however, that a number of proposals were being made to restructure and realign existing positions to ensure a management structure that provided for the requisite oversight and management of security operations worldwide. The Committee notes that the Department of Safety and Security has been through a period of sustained expansion since its establishment, with 204 new posts being approved during 2010-2011 alone. The Committee agrees with the intention of the Secretary-General to stabilize the staffing of the Department of Safety and Security at its current levels. The Committee is of the view that, in the context of the growth that has taken place, the Department should critically review and assess its available resources against its current operational needs and priorities and, if deemed necessary, redeploy resources to activities or duty stations considered to be in need of strengthening.", "Executive direction and management", "Regular budget", "Reclassifications", "XII.7 The Secretary-General proposes to reclassify the position of Special Assistant in the Office of the Under-Secretary-General from the P-5 to the D-1 level to create a position of Chief of Staff. In making this proposal, the Secretary-General highlights the level of inter- and intra-departmental, as well as inter-agency, system-wide coordination on security, human resources, common system and legislative issues. The Secretary-General further states that the Chief of Staff would support the leadership of the department and act as a channel through which the strategic vision was translated into coherent and well-directed actions that inform the Department and other departments within the Secretariat, as well as Member States and other actors across the United Nations system and externally (ibid., paras. 35.18-35.19).", "XII.8 The Advisory Committee does not recommend approval of the proposed reclassification of the post of Special Assistant. In making this recommendation, the Committee has taken into account the recent appointment of the Assistant Secretary-General, which, in the Committee’s view, should strengthen the capacity of the Department in a number of the areas highlighted in the justification for the proposed post of Chief of Staff. In this regard, the Committee further recalls that in proposing the creation of the Assistant Secretary-General post through the reclassification of the existing Deputy post at the D-2 level, the Secretary-General highlighted the need for a senior official who would be available for both day-to-day overall management and the strengthening of internal management of the Department (see A/64/6 (Sect. 34)/ Add.1, para. 34.21).", "XII.9 The Secretary-General proposes to merge the Policy, Planning and Coordination Unit, which promulgates policies and standards in all parts of the security management system, with the Compliance, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit, which is responsible for compliance reviews, to create the Compliance and Policy Service. The Secretary-General states that combining the two Units would make optimum use of existing resources by allowing the inspectors who carry out compliance functions to contribute to policy formulation and give those undertaking policy formulation more exposure to compliance issues (A/66/6 (Sect. 35), para. 35.21). To head the newly created Service, it is proposed to reclassify one of the existing P-5 posts in the Units to the D-1 level. The Advisory Committee recognizes the importance of both policy setting and compliance reviews in the context of security management and also the need for work in each area to inform the other. As such, the Committee has no objection to the Secretary-General’s proposals for the merger of the Policy, Planning and Coordination Unit with the Compliance, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit and the reclassification of the post of Chief of the new Service to D-1 level.", "XII.10 The Secretary-General further proposes to reclassify four existing P-3 posts in the Compliance, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit to the P-4 level. The Secretary-General indicates that those positions are responsible for participating in the development of compliance-related procedures and guidelines, monitoring strategies and the development and implementation of the evaluation policy of the Department. In the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee, the Secretary-General states that one of the lessons learned with regard to compliance missions was that, irrespective of the professional competence of the individual compliance officers, when dealing with Chief Security Officers at the P-5 or senior P-4 levels or debriefing designated officials at the level of D-2 or above, a P-3 compliance officer has neither the seniority nor the field experience to be credible. The Committee is of the view that the primary task of compliance officers is to ascertain whether the policies and procedures of the Department are being fully implemented. The Committee considers that their grading at the P-3 level should not be a factor in their ability to monitor and report on such compliance. As such, the Advisory Committee does not recommend the proposed reclassification of posts in the Compliance, Evaluation and Monitoring Unit to the P-4 level.", "Subprogramme 1, Security and safety coordination", "Regular budget", "New posts", "XII.11 Five new General Service (Other level) posts are proposed for the establishment of a canine unit in the Safety and Security Service, United Nations Office at Geneva (ibid., para. 35.28). These were approved as temporary posts in the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for the establishment of the five General Service (Other level) posts.", "XII.12 Eight new Local level posts are proposed for the Safety and Security Service, Addis Ababa. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that these posts are for the security control centres to run the installed systems for perimeter access control. These were previously temporary posts funded by a one-time provision for the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the establishment of these eight Local level posts.", "Reclassifications", "XII.13 The Secretary-General proposes to reclassify the posts of Chiefs of the Security and Safety Services in Geneva and Nairobi from P-5 to D-1 (ibid., para. 35.28). In addition, under jointly financed activities, the post of Chief, Security and Safety Service, Vienna is also proposed to be reclassified to that level (see para. XII.20 below). In the supplementary information provided to the Advisory Committee the Secretary-General states that these reclassifications are necessary to accurately reflect the full scope of responsibilities of the positions, including responsibility for the safety and security of staff, delegates and visiting dignitaries on United Nations premises at those duty stations. The Secretary-General further indicates the requirement for the Chiefs to develop and maintain a broad network of working relationships, highlighting that such interlocutors include officials at more senior grades. It is stated that the reclassification would enable the Chiefs to exercise the level of authority, independence of decision-making and interlocution at the appropriate level.", "XII.14 With regard to the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief, Safety and Security Service, Geneva, the Advisory Committee was informed that the incumbent acts as Chief Security Adviser to the designated officials for Belgium, France, Monaco and Switzerland. In this regard, the Committee was further informed that the Chief has security coordinating responsibility for 40 agencies, funds and programmes in Switzerland, 24 in Belgium and 11 in France.", "XII.15 The Advisory Committee was informed that the Chief, Safety and Security Service, Nairobi, also acts as Chief Security Adviser to the designated official for Kenya and that, as such, in addition to the responsibility for the Gigiri complex, the incumbent is responsible for the staff and dependants working in 43 other United Nations offices throughout Kenya. The Committee was further informed that the complex threat environment pertaining in Kenya, as reflected in the fact that United Nations agencies operate extensively in areas that are currently at security phase III, was a factor in the proposed reclassification of that post.", "XII.16 The Advisory Committee recalls that the primary responsibility for the security and protection of the diplomatic community rests with the host Government, while the Department of Safety and Security has primary responsibility for security within United Nations premises. However, notwithstanding the willingness of host countries to assume such responsibility, their capacity to do so differs from one duty station to another. As such, the Committee previously expressed the view that while the focus should be on enhancing cooperation and coordination with national and/or local law enforcement agencies in locations where host countries have well-developed security structures and means, special attention should be paid to strengthening the ability of the United Nations to ensure its own security in locations where that is not the case (A/59/539, para. 20).", "XII.17 The Advisory Committee is of the view that the level of the interlocutors with whom the Chiefs of the Security and Safety Services in Geneva and Nairobi interact is not a factor that would support their upward reclassification. However, the Committee considers that the overall security environment pertaining in a particular location is a factor that has an impact on the level of responsibility of the Chief Security Adviser. As such, with regard to the post in Nairobi, the Committee took note of the information provided with respect to the present heightened security phase in parts of the country and overall threat level that exists. Taking these factors into account, the Advisory Committee recommends approval of the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief, Security and Safety Service, Nairobi to the D-1 level. The Committee does not recommend the reclassification of the Chief, Security and Safety Service, Geneva, to the D-1 level.", "XII.18 In the Security and Safety Service, Nairobi, it is proposed to reclassify one existing P-3 post to the P-4 level to provide for the position of Deputy Chief. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that that officer would be responsible for the daily management and administration of the security and safety operations of the United Nations Office at Nairobi, the provision of policy advice and developing security contingency plans. The Committee was informed that, as Deputy Chief of the Service, the incumbent would also have responsibility for managing the security and safety support programme of various units including the Administration Unit, the Security Risk Management Unit, the Security Systems Unit, the Training and Development Unit and the Safety Unit. In view of the responsibilities outlined for the post of Deputy Chief, Security and Safety Service, Nairobi, the Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification to the P-4 level.", "XII.19 At Headquarters, the Secretary-General proposes the reclassification of the existing P-3 Administrative Officer post in the Division of Headquarters Security and Safety Services to the P-4 level. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that this reclassification is stated as being required to reflect the additional responsibilities assigned to the position, including coordinating the delivery and response to the Office of Internal Oversight Services and the Joint Inspection Unit compliance visits and audits; management reports on the security and safety services at Headquarters, offices away from Headquarters, regional commissions and tribunals; monitoring of the implementation of related recommendations; and drafting of policies and standard operating procedures. The Committee is of the view that the functions outlined can be effectively carried out at the current level of the post and, as such, the Committee does not recommend approval of the proposed reclassification.", "Gross budget for jointly financed activities", "New posts", "XII.20 Five new Security Officer posts are proposed for the establishment of a canine unit in the Safety and Security Service, Vienna (ibid., para. 35.32). These were approved as temporary posts in the biennium 2010-2011. The Advisory Committee recommends approval of the Secretary-General’s proposal for the establishment of the five Security Officer posts.", "Reclassifications", "XII.21 The post of Chief, Security and Safety Service, Vienna is proposed to be upgraded to the D-1 level. The Advisory Committee was informed that, in addition to being responsible for the safety and security of staff and visitors within the perimeter of the Vienna International Centre, the incumbent is also Chief Security Adviser to the designated officials for Austria, the Czech Republic, Germany and Slovakia and that he or she has responsibility for overseeing the safety and security of 18 agencies, funds and programmes. Taking into account the factors outlined in paragraph XII.17 above, the Advisory Committee does not recommend approval of the reclassification of the post of Chief, Security and Safety Service, Vienna to the D-1 level. The Secretary-General also proposes the reclassification of an existing P-3 post to the P-4 level for the position of a Deputy Chief in the Security and Safety Service, Vienna. The rationale provided for the reclassification mirrors that with regard to the proposed Deputy Chief in Nairobi (see para. XII.18 above). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed reclassification to P-4 for the post of Deputy Chief, Security and Safety Service, Vienna.", "Subprogramme 2, Regional field coordination and support", "Component 1, Regional field operation coordination", "Gross budget for jointly financed activities", "New posts", "XII.22 Ten new Local level posts are proposed by the Secretary-General. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that these are proposed to strengthen support for five Security Information and Operations Centres in demanding duty stations (two in Asia and the Pacific, two in East Africa and one in the Middle East) with additional national staff. The Committee recommends approval of the establishment of 10 new Local level posts. The Committee expects that a flexible approach will be taken with respect to the use of these posts and that the staffing levels of each centre will be adjusted through the redeployment of posts to respond to changing operational requirements and priorities.", "Reclassifications", "XII.23 With regard to field operations, the Secretary-General proposes the reclassification of seven positions of Chief Security Adviser from P-5 to D-1. As outlined in paragraph 35.40 of the proposed programme budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 35)), six of these are in peacekeeping missions that are described as “very large missions”, with a total of 5,000 to 25,000 personnel, including between 160 and 1,100 security staff directly supervised by Chief Security Advisers. In addition, the post of the Chief Security Adviser in Pakistan is proposed to be reclassified to the D-1 level as, in terms of size, complexity and degree of responsibility, in combination with a complex humanitarian emergency, the security management system in Pakistan is considered comparable to a large peacekeeping operation. The Secretary-General states that these proposals follow an analysis by the Department of 25 duty stations that were ranked in terms of complexity, operations and size. The proposals also took into consideration a benchmark validation report carried out by the Department of Field Support in respect of security functions in 29 field operations led by the Department of Political Affairs, Department of Peacekeeping Operations or Department of Field Support (ibid., paras. 35.39-35.41).", "XII.24 As highlighted in paragraph XII.16 above, the ability of the host country to assume responsibility for the security of United Nations staff will vary from duty station to duty station, as will the complexity of the security environment within which the United Nations operates. The Advisory Committee is of the view that a combination of these factors justifies the upgrading of the post of Chief Security Adviser to the D-1 level in a number of the locations proposed by the Secretary-General. At the same time, the Committee points out that the overall security environment in a particular duty station can change. As such, in order to provide the ability for the Department to adjust to such changes in operational priorities, the Committee recommends approval of the reclassification of four P-5 posts to the D-1 level. The Committee expects that these posts will be used flexibly to enable their deployment to those duty stations where management at that level is considered most needed at a particular time.", "XII.25 Within field operations, the Secretary-General also proposes the downward reclassification of eight P-4 posts to the P-2/1 level to provide additional entry-level opportunities (ibid., para. 35.41). The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that this would also help to streamline staffing in the field where the current distribution of staff consisted mainly of middle-level Professional posts (P-3 and P-4). The Committee was informed that the establishment of these posts at the P-2/1 level would be achieved through the redistribution of functions between existing staff, with the new P-2/1 posts being assigned an appropriate level of responsibility for that grade. The Committee noted that within the current staffing under regular budget and jointly financed activities combined, 361 of the 427 approved posts in the Professional and higher categories are at the P-3 and P-4 levels, with only 13 posts being at the P-2/1 level (ibid., table 35.7). The Committee sees merit in the creation of additional entry-level posts in the Department and welcomes the fact that this is being done through a re-evaluation of existing staffing resources. The Committee recommends approval of the proposed reclassification of eight P-4 posts to the P-2/1 level.", "XII.26 The Secretary-General proposes the reclassification of the P-5 post of Chief, Threat and Risk Assessment Unit, to the D-1 level. In addition, it is proposed to reclassify one P-4 post in the Unit to the P-5 level, which is stated in the supplementary information to be intended to provide the appropriate level of continuity in operations. The Advisory Committee was informed that the importance of the concept of threat and risk analysis had grown significantly since the introduction of the new security-level system in January 2011. In this regard, the Committee was further informed that the Unit acts as the primary tool throughout the United Nations system for identifying emerging threats, determining areas of vulnerability and developing mitigating strategies and measures. The proposed reclassification of the Chief of Unit is deemed necessary to ensure the necessary level of coordination and supervision both at Headquarters and in the field and to adequately reflect the required expert knowledge and experience in the field of analysis, assessments and crisis management. The Committee was informed that the Chief of the Unit supervises 8 Professional analysts at Headquarters and provides technical oversight for 19 Professional analyst positions in the field, as well for 25 analysts in five Security Information and Operations Centres in field locations. The Advisory Committee recognizes the importance of threat and risk assessment in the overall security management system and the degree of judgement required in this area. As such, the Committee recommends approval of the proposed reclassification of the post of Chief, Threat and Risk Assessment Unit, to the D‑1 level. The Committee does not consider that adequate justification was provided for the reclassification of one of the P-4 posts in the Unit to the P-5 level and does not recommend approval of that proposal.", "XII.27 In the Division of Regional Operations, the reclassification of one existing P‑4 post to the P-5 level is proposed. The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that the reclassification is required in order to enhance the capacity within the Department for liaison and coordination activities with non‑governmental organizations in the field. The Committee was informed that the incumbent of the post would function as Chief of the non-governmental liaison unit in the Office of the Director of Regional Operations. The Committee is of the view that the functions of liaison with non-governmental organizations can be effectively carried out at the current level of the post and, as such, it does not recommend approval of the proposed reclassification to P-5.", "Post abolitions", "XII.28 The Secretary-General proposes the abolition of two P-4 positions in the field (ibid., para. 35.41). The Advisory Committee notes from the supplementary information that this is stated as being to compensate for the proposed establishment of 10 new Local level positions in the Security Information and Operations Centres (see para. XII.22 above). The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed abolition.", "Component 2, Field support", "Gross budget for jointly financed activities", "New posts", "XII.29 Four new posts for security trainers, one P-4, one P-3 and two Local level, are proposed to be established in Nairobi to provide support to the African region as part of a regionalized training service (A/66/6 (Sect. 35), paras. 35.57-35.58). The Advisory Committee was informed that carrying out training activities on a regional basis was considered to be a more effective and cost-efficient method of training security officers throughout Africa. In this regard, the Committee noted a decrease in the provision of contractual services of approximately $150,000 in this subprogramme, which was stated as being due to the conduct of training activities in Nairobi. The Committee welcomes the reduction in contractual services, which is attributed to the use of the regional training hub in Nairobi. The Committee recommends approval of the establishment of one new P-3 post and two Local level posts at the training centre. Taking note of the proposed redeployment of two existing posts at the P-4 and the P-3 level from Headquarters to the centre, the Committee does not recommend approval of the new P-4 post.", "XII.30 The Secretary-General proposes the establishment of a new P-4 post to provide an aviation risk management capacity at Headquarters to coordinate the activities and programme of the Department under aviation safety (ibid., para. 35.58). The Advisory Committee recalls that the establishment of that post was proposed by the Secretary-General for the current biennium (A/64/6 (Sect. 34)/ Add.1, paras. 34.81-34.84). After having considered that request, the Committee recommended the establishment of a temporary post at the P-4 level, to expire at the end of the biennium 2010-2011, and stated that any future requests for resources for the aviation risk management office should be accompanied by an evaluation of its activities (A/64/7/Add.16, para. 70).", "XII.31 Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the individual recruited against the temporary post had begun work only in May 2011. As such, it was too early to be able to provide the required evaluation of the activities in this area. Given these circumstances, the Committee recommends the continuation of this post on a temporary basis for the biennium 2012-2013 to enable the functions to continue to be carried out. The Committee reiterates its request that any future proposals in this area be accompanied by an evaluation of aviation risk management activities in the department.", "Redeployments", "XII.32 As part of the proposed strengthening of the regional training hub, two posts (P-4 and P-3) are proposed to be redeployed from the Training and Development Section at Headquarters to Nairobi. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed redeployments.", "Comments and recommendations on non-post resources", "Regular budget", "XII.33 Under the regular budget, non-post resources of $86,119,500 are proposed for 2012-2013, which represents a decrease of $4,300,900, or 4.8 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. The decrease is largely attributable to reductions under other staff costs ($4,597,800), furniture and equipment ($2,105,900), supplies and materials ($867,100), general operating expenses ($594,000) and contractual services ($510,000). Those decreases were partly offset by an increase of $4,298,800 under grants and contributions, which provides for the United Nations share of the costs of jointly financed activities (see para. XII.3 above). The increase is attributed to an increase of United Nations field-based staff.", "Gross budget for jointly financed activities", "XII.34 With respect to jointly financed activities, non-post resources of $60,356,000 are proposed for 2012-2013, which represents a decrease of $9,450,000, or 13.5 per cent, compared to the biennium 2010-2011. While all objects of expenditures reflect decreases, the majority of the reduction is under other staff costs ($5,686,300), due to a decrease of $5,248,700 in the provision for the malicious acts insurance policy following the establishment of a new three-year policy with a significantly reduced premium. Reduced requirements are also made under general operating expenses ($1,451,600), furniture and equipment ($1,199,500), travel of staff ($689,700) and consultants ($297,800).", "XII.35 The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "General comments and recommendations", "Monitoring and evaluation", "XII.36 The Secretary-General indicates that resources estimated at $2,455,900 would be utilized for the conduct of monitoring and evaluation activities during the biennium 2012-2013. This reflects the cost of one P-5, two P-4, three P-3 and two General Service (Other level) posts in the Compliance Evaluation and Monitoring Unit and the related support costs. The Advisory Committee notes that no information was provided with regard to either the results of monitoring and evaluation activities undertaken to date or on planned activities for the next biennium. The Committee requests that such information be provided in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014-2015. The Committee has commented further on the issue of monitoring and evaluation in chapter I above.", "Implementation of standardized access control project", "XII.37 The Advisory Committee recalls that the Secretary-General proposed the implementation, in two phases, of a system for standardized access control at all main locations of the Organization. The first phase, PACT I, was intended to ensure compliance with headquarters minimum operating security standards for perimeter protection and electronic access control, and the second phase, PACT II, was designed to provide for compliance with those standards with regard to defined layers of security within the perimeter.", "XII.38 In his report A/64/532, the Secretary-General proposed the implementation of PACT II at eight duty stations. Having considered that proposal, the Advisory Committee recommended that the security enhancements should be prioritized and implemented in a phased manner and that during the biennium 2010-2011 they should be implemented at ESCWA, the United Nations Office at Nairobi and ECA. The Committee further recommended that during 2010-2011 the requirements for the remaining duty stations should be reviewed and prioritized taking into account the lessons learned and experience acquired in the initial implementation and that the revised requirements be presented in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/64/7/Add.15, para. 20). That recommendation was endorsed by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243.", "XII.39 The Advisory Committee was informed that a decision had been taken to postpone the majority of expenditures under PACT II. It was stated that much of the PACT II security enhancement and upgrade projects were higher-technology projects related to access control and badging, vehicle identification and entrance, closed-circuit television surveillance systems and integrated communications systems. The Committee was informed that the costs of such security systems were dropping, new technologies were becoming available and advances in wireless technology could lead to savings on infrastructure and wiring costs. As such, it was stated that the deferral could result in substantial costs efficiencies for the Organization in the future. However, provision of $2.3 million is made in the proposed programme for PACT II implementation at three further duty stations: Bangkok, Geneva and Vienna. The Committee was informed that implementation at those locations involved critical security upgrades and that deferral could result in failures in dated system components, leading to security vulnerabilities. The Committee requests that updated information on the status of the PACT II project be included in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2014‑2015.", "Geographic diversity and gender parity in staffing", "XII.40 The Advisory Committee was informed by the Under-Secretary-General for Safety and Security that there was a need to expand the recruitment base of personnel for the Department, which has been largely based on recruiting former military and police officers. In presenting the Secretary-General’s proposals, it was further stated that there was a need for an intake of a new cadre of officers. In addition, it was stated that the proposals for the downward reclassification of eight P-4 posts to the P-2/1 level would allow for a wider recruitment pool, which would serve to broaden geographic diversity and gender balance in the Department.", "XII.41 The Under-Secretary-General for Safety and Security further stated that he recognized that additional efforts were required with regard to both geographic diversity and gender goals in the staffing of the Department of Safety and Security. The Advisory Committee recalls General Assembly resolution 59/276, in which the Assembly established the Department of Safety and Security and urged the Secretary-General to ensure that recruitment to Professional and higher categories in the Department was made on a wide geographic basis. While acknowledging the recent appointment of the Assistant Secretary-General for Safety and Security, the Committee notes that currently none of the D-1 or D-2 posts in the Department are encumbered by female staff. The Advisory Committee welcomes the stated focus on this area and expects that demonstrable progress will be made with respect to the geographic and gender profile of the staffing of the Department during the forthcoming biennium.", "Part XIII Development Account", "Section 36 Development Account", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $23,651,300 \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $23,651,300", "XIII.1 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013 for the Development Account amount to $23,651,300, which is the same level as the revised appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. A list of the projects proposed for funding from the Account for 2012/2013 is provided in the appendix to the proposed budget (A/66/6 (Sect. 36)). Table 2 of the proposed budget contains a summary of resource requirements by main object of expenditure.", "XIII.2 The budget document provides a summary background on the establishment of the Development Account and the decisions by the General Assembly to recost and to appropriate additional resources for the Development Account since its inception (ibid., paras. 36.1-36.3). In line with the decisions of the Assembly, the current level of resources of $23,651,300 represents an increase of $10,586,300 over the level of $13,065,000 approved by the Assembly at the inception of the Development Account in the biennium 1998-1999.", "Seventh progress report of the Secretary-General", "XIII.3 In the seventh progress report on the implementation of projects financed from the Development Account (A/66/84, table 1), the Secretary-General indicates that since the biennium 1998-1999, a total of 204 projects have been financed from the Account under seven consecutive tranches, with an overall appropriation of $127,614,500. While projects under the first four tranches have been completed, implementation of the projects under the fifth, sixth and seventh tranches remains under way. Table 1 of A/66/84 provides a summary of all tranches, including the number of projects and appropriations, the themes and the implementation rates as at 30 April 2011. Detailed information with respect to the ongoing projects is provided in annexes I and II to that report, including project titles, implementing entities, appropriations and expenditures.", "XIII.4 The objective of the Development Account is to fund capacity-development projects in the priority areas of the United Nations development agenda that benefit developing countries (A/66/6 (Sect. 36), para. 36.5). The Advisory Committee recalls that in its consideration of the proposed programme budget for 2010-2011, it was informed that efforts had been under way to reflect clearly the results achieved through such projects in the context of the operational framework of the United Nations development system and the United Nations development assistance frameworks at the country level (A/64/7, para. XIII.3). In this connection, the Committee notes that sections II and III of the seventh progress report provide information with respect to the Development Account in the context of the United Nations work on development, and an overview and assessment of results of its projects in relation to its support for the implementation of the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals. The Secretary-General also indicates that more projects now have links to United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks and foresee active consultations with the United Nations country teams (A/66/84, para. 46).", "XIII.5 An analysis of the execution of projects under the fifth tranche, based on the final reports of the implementing entities, is provided in section IV of the seventh progress report. The Advisory Committee was informed that of the 40 projects funded under that tranche, the assessment of project performance had included 30 projects implemented during 2006-2009, while the remaining 10 projects were still in the implementation stage (ibid., table 1, footnote a). In his conclusions in the progress report, the Secretary-General states that the review of the projects under the fifth tranche has demonstrated that the projects aim to have the broadest possible impact, addressing all the Millennium Development Goals or targeting the overarching goal of poverty reduction. Further, the alignment of Development Account-funded projects with the Millennium Development Goals has provided not only a useful strategic focus for the Account, but also a guiding reference for partners and recipients of the projects (ibid., para. 39).", "XIII.6 The Advisory Committee recommends that the General Assembly take note of the seventh progress report of the Secretary-General.", "Projects proposed under the eighth tranche for the biennium 2012-2013", "XIII.7 The Secretary-General indicates that the overall theme of the eighth tranche of projects to be funded under the Development Account is “Supporting Member States to accelerate progress towards achieving the internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, in the context of the multiple and interrelated development challenges” (A/66/6 (Sect. 36), para. 36.6). The project proposals, including information on implementing agencies, background, objectives, summary budget and main activities, are contained in the annex to the proposed budget. The Advisory Committee notes that the 40 projects proposed for funding under the eighth tranche were endorsed by the Steering Committee of the Development Account at its meeting in March 2011 (ibid., para. 36.9). Under the purview of the Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs, the projects would be implemented by 10 entities of the Secretariat, namely, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, UNCTAD, UNEP, UNODC, UN-Habitat and the five regional commissions (ibid., paras. 36.7).", "XIII.8 The Secretary-General also indicates that of the 204 projects funded from the Development Account since its inception, 150 projects remain active and/or require programme management support (ibid., para. 36.10). In this connection, the Advisory Committee notes the indication that the establishment of two posts (1 P-5 and 1 P-4) in the Department of Economic and Social Affairs for 2010-2011, approved by the General Assembly in its resolution 64/243 to provide programme support to the Account, has helped the Programme Manager of the Account to upgrade the level and expand the scope of the programme management (ibid., para. 36.10).", "XIII.9 The Secretary-General further indicates that, while the complexity and scope of managing the Development Account have increased, the expectations of the Member States have also heightened with regard to the programming, monitoring and evaluation of the Account (ibid.). The Advisory Committee recalls that the management and administration of the Development Account have been improved and strengthened over the years, including the institution of a four-year project implementation cycle, mandatory submission of detailed project documents based on comprehensive logical frameworks and final evaluation reports, the establishment of the Steering Committee and the Capacity Development Office, and the redesign of the website for improved Internet-based coordination and greater accessibility to project information and impact (A/64/7, paras. XIII.6-XIII.7). According to the Secretary-General, the focus of the management of the Account will be on strengthening monitoring and evaluation and better integrating lessons learned in the programming of new projects over the next two years (A/66/84, para. 38).The Committee concurs with the Secretary-General’s emphasis on the importance of project monitoring and evaluation, and expects that due attention will continue to be paid to such activities. The Advisory Committee recommends that the General Assembly approve the Secretary-General’s proposal for the Development Account.", "Part XIV Staff assessment", "Section 37 Staff assessment", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $537,622,800^(a) \n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $550,749,900 \n^(a) Figures in the present report, unlessotherwise noted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates(i.e. before recosting).", "XIV.1 The regular budget resources requested by the Secretary-General for the biennium 2012-2013 for section 37 amount to $537,622,800, before recosting, representing a decrease of $13,127,100, or 2.4 per cent, compared to the appropriation for 2010-2011. The proposed reduction in staff assessment of $13,127,100 reflects a net decrease in staff assessment requirements related to posts and other staff costs proposed for 2012-2013, partially offset by the delayed impact of the 248 new posts approved for 2010-2011 (A/66/6 (Sect. 37), para. 37.3, and A/66/6 (Introduction), table 10).", "XIV.2 The Secretary-General indicates that, in accordance with the budgetary procedures of the United Nations, the salary and related emoluments of United Nations staff members are subject to the assessment rates contained in regulation 3.3 of the Staff Regulations and Rules of the United Nations. To facilitate comparability with the budget proposals of other organizations of the United Nations system, the staff costs are shown net of staff assessment under the various expenditure sections of the programme budget. The difference between gross and net emoluments is therefore requested as a global amount under the present section. Furthermore, amounts withheld in the form of staff assessment are revenue to the Organization. Accordingly, the amount requested under this section is also included in income section 1, Income from staff assessment below (A/66/6 (Sect. 37), paras. 37.1-37.2).", "Estimates of income", "Income section 1 Income from staff assessment", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $558,973,300 \n Approved estimates for 2010-2011 $555,041,000", "IS1.1 The total amount of staff assessment for 2012-2013 is estimated to be $558,973,300, comprising (a) the global provision requested under section 37 for the various expenditure sections of the programme budget ($554,561,800, after recosting) and (b) staff assessment under income section 3, Services to the public ($4,411,500).", "IS1.2 The Advisory Committee notes from the proposed budget that all revenue from staff assessment that is not otherwise disposed of by specific resolution of the General Assembly is credited to the Tax Equalization Fund established by the Assembly in its resolution 973 A (X) of 15 December 1955. Member States are given credit in the Fund in accordance with the scale of assessments for the regular budget applicable to the financial year concerned (A/66/6 (Income sect. 1), para. IS1.2).", "Income section 2 General income", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $52,495,800 \n Approved estimates for 2010-2011 $40,487,800", "IS2.1 The estimated income under this section for 2012-2013 amounts to $52,495,800, representing an increase of $12,008,000 over the approved estimates for 2010-2011. The estimated income relates to rental of premises, reimbursement for services provided to specialized agencies and others, bank interest, sale of used equipment, refund of previous years’ expenditures, contributions of non-member States, television and similar services and miscellaneous income. As indicated in table IS2.1 of Income section 2, the estimated increase for 2012-2013 is due mainly to the projected increase under rental of premises ($12,417,900), partially offset by projected decreases under bank interest ($387,300) and miscellaneous income ($189,900).", "IS2.2 The income under the rental of premises relates to the payment of rent for the occupancy of United Nations premises in New York, Geneva, Addis Ababa, Bangkok, Nairobi and Santiago by a number of specialized agencies and other entities connected with the activities of the Organization. Table IS2.2 provides information with respect to the approved estimates for 2010-2011 and projected estimates for 2012-2013 for each of the six locations mentioned above. The Advisory Committee notes that the estimated increase of $12,417,900 is due mainly to the increase from rental income at Nairobi ($11,000,000), as well as increases at Headquarters ($562,300), Geneva ($793,900) and Bangkok ($61,700) (A/66/6 (Income sect. 2), paras. IS2.1-IS2.2).", "Income section 3 Services to the public", "IS3.1 Income section 3, Services to the public, includes (a) programme of work, covering activities related to United Nations Postal Administration operations, sale of United Nations publications, services to visitors, revenue services of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs, sale of gift items, newsstand operations, garage operations, catering operations and other commercial operations, and (b) programme support, which provides for the Revenue Accounts Unit in the Accounts Division of the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts.", "Net revenue (after recosting)", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General $62,200 \n Revised approved estimates for 2010-2011 ($2,557,000)", "IS3.2 As indicated in table IS3.1 of the proposed programme budget (A/66/6 (Income sect. 3)), the estimated net revenue for 2012-2013 amounts to $62,200, reflecting projected gross expenditure of $38,782,700, after recosting, against anticipated gross revenue of $38,844,900. For the current biennium, there is an estimated net deficit of $2,557,000. A summary of the estimates of gross and net revenue, by individual activity under this section, is contained in table IS3.4 and explained in paragraph IS3.5 of the budget document. The Secretary-General indicates that the proposed budget for 2012-2013 is based on the assumption that the implementation of the capital master plan will continue to have a negative impact on some of the services at Headquarters. While the Advisory Committee notes that the capital master plan will affect revenue to be generated from some of the services to the public at Headquarters, it is encouraged by the projected net revenue of $62,200 for the biennium 2012-2013 and trusts that efforts will be made to realize, as a minimum, that amount.", "Sale of United Nations publications", "IS3.3 The Advisory Committee notes from the budget document that the programme of work for 2012-2013 reflects an emphasis on continuing the initially successful electronic publishing programme launched in the current biennium, which includes smart-phone applications; electronic books for reading devices, such as Kindle, iPad and Nook; and the development of the United Nations e-book collection, a subscription-based platform geared primarily towards institutions, such as libraries (ibid., paras. IS3.30 and 31). The Secretary-General indicates that the evolution of the market for e-books and of electronic publishing technology presents numerous opportunities for outreach and revenue growth.", "IS3.4 In this connection, the Advisory Committee enquired about the sale of print and electronic books and mobile applications that targeted the general public and young audiences. The Committee was informed that the average number of print copies sold annually was 12,500 for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 14,000 for the Charter of the United Nations and 3,000 for Basic Facts about the United Nations. For those three publications, the sale of mobile applications for Apple devices reached 1,600 from June 2010 to May 2011, and 700 electronic copies were sold from August 2010 to May 2011, which did not include sales by Nook and Sony eBook as all statistics were not yet available. Further, three free applications had been recently launched to promote the activities of the Organization, including AIDSInfo. In addition, it was planned to launch a school kit in 2012, both in print and in electronic copies, in order to reach a young audience. The Advisory Committee welcomes these initiatives to utilize new technology and platforms, in order to promote the activities of the United Nations and to reach both a wider audience and younger generations.", "Services to visitors", "IS3.5 With respect to guided tours at Headquarters, it is indicated in paragraphs IS3.47 and IS3.48 that the following external factors will continue to affect the ability of the guided tour operations to generate revenue for the next biennium: (a) closure of the conference and General Assembly buildings for renovation under the capital master plan; (b) security and safety restrictions and (c) fluctuations in the tourism trends of the host city because of the current global economic downturn. In line with trends of increasing ticket prices in the tourism industry of the host city, an increase in ticket prices is usually planned each year for all categories of visitors taking the guided tour. However, owing to the impact of the capital master plan, which will result in several spaces being closed off to the guided tours, fees for 2012-2013 will remain at the 2010-2011 level. Consequently, the price of the guided tour will continue to be less expensive than most attractions in the host city. The Advisory Committee is of the view that consideration should be given to increasing the fees for guided tours at Headquarters once the capital master plan project is completed, as well as enhancing services provided to the visitors. In this connection, a comparative analysis of fees charged for tourist sites of the host cities could be undertaken so that proposals for increased fees for guided tours at Headquarters could be included in the proposed programme budget for 2014-2015.", "IS3.6 Table IS3.17 in the budget document provides information regarding actual and estimated number of tour participants at Headquarters, Geneva and Vienna for the period from 1993 to 2013. For 2012, the number of visitors is estimated to be 300,000 at Headquarters, 95,000 in Geneva and 52,500 in Vienna. The Advisory Committee notes that the guided tour operation at the United Nations Office at Nairobi is yet to be formally established, owing to the construction work at the Nairobi complex. It is expected that during 2012-2013, with the formal establishment of the Visitors’ Service, the number of visitors could reach approximately 7,000 per year. Given the launch of that new operation and the location of the Office at Nairobi, the Advisory Committee is of the view that the Office could explore opportunities with local tour operators in order to increase the number of visitors to the United Nations Office at Nairobi.", "Sale of gift items", "IS3.7 It is indicated in the budget document that the gift shop at Headquarters, currently operated by a contractor, would be closed for renovation as from 1 April 2012 based on the current schedule of the capital master plan (A/66/6 (Income sect. 3), paras. IS3.70-IS3.72). It is further indicated that in preparation for the reopening of the General Assembly Building in 2014, efforts will be made to secure a new gift centre contract and to establish an online sales platform. The Advisory Committee understands that the Secretary-General intends to pursue the option of online sales of the United Nations gift items in a new gift centre contract and welcomes this initiative.", "Estimated expenditure", "Proposal submitted by the Secretary-General\t$37,604,000^(a)\n Revised appropriation for 2010-2011 $39,713,300\nA summary of the proposals of theSecretary-General for regular budget posts bybudget section is contained in table 5 of theIntroduction to the budget. A summary of the totalnumber of posts by source of funds and grade levelis contained in annex I to the present report.\t\n^(a) Figures in the present report, unless otherwisenoted, are at revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e. beforerecosting).", "IS3.8 The regular budget resources requested for income section 3 amount to $37,604,000, before recosting, representing a decrease of $2,109,300, or 5.3 per cent, compared to the appropriation for the biennium 2010-2011. The proposed decrease is due mainly to reduced requirements under posts ($924,700) and other staff costs ($1,180,200). A summary of requirements by object of expenditure is provided in table IS3.6 of the budget document.", "IS3.9 The table below provides a summary of the regular budget posts approved for the biennium 2010-2011 and the Secretary-General’s proposals regarding regular budget posts for the biennium 2012-2013.", "Staffing resources", "Post requirements\tPosts\tLevel \n Regular budget \nApproved for2010-2011\t89\t2 P-5, 6 P-4, 4 P-3, 3 P-2/1, 9 GS (PL),63 GS (OL), 2 SS\nProposed for2012-2013\t89\t2 P-5, 6 P-4, 4 P-3, 3 P-2/1, 9 GS (PL),63 GS (OL), 2 SS\nRedeployments\t1\t1 GS (OL) from Geneva to New York, underSale of publications", "Comments and recommendations on posts", "Temporary freezing of posts and redeployment", "IS3.10 The Secretary-General proposes to temporarily freeze seven posts during the biennium 2012-2013, owing to the reduction in the level of activities due to the ongoing renovation projects in Vienna and at Headquarters, as follows:", "(a) One P-4 and two General Service (Other level) under the United Nations Postal Administration in Vienna (ibid., para. IS3.20);", "(b) One P-3 and three General Service (Other level) under Services to visitors in New York (ibid., para. IS3.55). The budget document indicates that these four posts have been temporarily frozen during the current biennium.", "IS3.11 The Advisory Committee enquired about the practice of freezing posts and was informed that this was usually done for posts in services under the income sections, when it was foreseen that activities would slow down for an expected period but would recover later. The Advisory Committee has no objection to the proposed temporary freezing of the posts.", "IS3.12 It is proposed to redeploy one General Service (Other level) post under Sale of United Nations publications, Geneva, to New York, where the operation has been recently consolidated (ibid., paras. IS3.6 and IS3.35). According to the Secretary-General, the closure of the Sales and Marketing office in Geneva in 2010 led to a reorganization of the office at Headquarters, including the establishment of an electronic publishing unit and the adjustment of functions of some staff positions to meet the new requirements. Upon enquiry, the Advisory Committee was informed that the redeployment of the last remaining vacant post in Geneva was proposed to meet the increased new activities and additional operational needs following the reorganization of the office at Headquarters. The Advisory Committee therefore has no objection to the proposed redeployment of the post.", "Recommendations on non-post resources", "IS3.13 A summary of requirements by object of expenditure is contained in table IS3.6 of the budget document. The proposed non-post resources for 2012-2013 amount to $18,725,500. The Advisory Committee recommends acceptance of the Secretary-General’s proposal for non-post resources.", "Annex I", "Number of posts by source of funds and grade level", "A. Posts other than at peacekeeping operations", "2010-2011 2012-2013 (authorized) (proposed)\n Number Percentage Number Percentage", "Regular budget, expenditure sections", "USG 34 0.3 34 0.3", "ASG 28 0.3 29 0.3", "D-2 101 1.0 105 1.0", "D-1 277 2.7 287 2.8", "Professional 4 121 39.6 4 129 39.9", "General Service and other 5 746 55.3 5 679 54.9", "Subtotal 10 307 99.1 10 263 99.1", "Regular budget, income sections", "Professional 15 0.1 15 0.1", "General Service and other 74 0.7 74 0.7", "Subtotal 89 0.9 89 0.9", "Total 10 396 100.0 10 352 100.0", "Other assessed^(a)", "D-2 8 0.6 8 0.6", "D-1 23 1.7 23 1.8", "Professional 852 64.6 843 64.8", "General Service and other 435 33.0 427 32.8", "Total 1 318 100.0 1 301 100.0", "Extrabudgetary", "ASG 6 0.0 6 0.0", "D-2 44 0.3 48 0.4", "D-1 186 1.4 197 1.5", "Professional 3 597 27.5 3 577 27.4", "General Service and other 9 254 70.7 9 214 70.6", "Total 13 087 100.0 13 042 100.0", "International tribunals^(b) not available", "USG 2 0.2", "ASG 2 0.2", "D-2 2 0.2", "D-1 7 0.6", "Professional 501 42.9", "General Service and other 655 56.0", "Total 1 169 100.0", "^(a) Estimated number of posts for the biennium 2012-2013, reflecting the approval of the General Assembly decided upon in its resolution 65/290, on the support account for peacekeeping operations.", "^(b) Posts approved for the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the biennium 2010-2011 for oversight services related to the Tribunals are reflected under the heading “Other assessed” in line with the presentation in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013.", "B. Authorized civilian posts in all peacekeeping operations^(a)", "For the financial period ended 30 June\n 2011 2012", "International staff^(b)", "Professional and higher", "USG 8 8", "ASG 21 20", "D-2 38 38", "D-1 110 110", "P-5 313 311", "P-4 781 748", "P-3 1 259 1 145", "P-2/P-1 363 288", "Subtotal 2 893 2 668", "Field Service 3 788 3 394", "Security Service 0 0", "Total, international staff 6 681 6 062", "National staff^(c) 14 870 15 089", "Total 21 551 21 151", "^(a) Representing the authorized level during the period, excluding posts funded from the support account and the United Nations Logistics Base.", "^(b) Excluding temporary positions under general temporary assistance.", "^(c) Including National Officers, where applicable.", "C. Jointly financed posts", "Budget section 2010-2011 2012-2013 (authorized) (proposed)\n Number Percentage Number Percentage", "2. General Assembly and Economic and Social Council affairs and conference management", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-2 — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-1 1 0.6 1 0.6", "Professional 87 50.0 87 50.0", "General Service and other 86 49.4 86 49.4", "Subtotal 174 100.0 174^(a) 100.0", "13. International Trade Centre", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG 1 0.6 1 0.6", "D-2 1 0.6 1 0.6", "D-1 5 3.1 5 3.0", "Professional 84 51.9 86 52.4", "General Service and other 71 43.8 71 43.3", "Subtotal 162 100.0 164^(b) 100.0", "32. Jointly financed administrative activities", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-2 3 3.7 3 3.7", "D-1 5 6.2 5 6.2", "Professional 36 44.4 36 44.4", "General Service and other 37 45.7 37 45.7", "Subtotal 81 100.0 81 100.0", "35. Safety and security", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-2 1 0.1 1 0.1", "D-1 2 0.2 11 1.1", "Professional 362 38.0 353 36.8", "General Service and other 588 61.7 595 62.0", "Subtotal 953 100.0 960 100.0", "Total 1 370^(c) 1 379^(d)", "^(a) Two posts (1 P-3 and 1 GS (OL)) under the Library Unit approved in the biennium 2010‑2011 have been excluded to constitute a comparable base with staffing in the biennium 2012-2013.", "^(b) A detailed budget for the biennium 2012-2013 is to be submitted to the General Assembly in the last quarter of 2011 under existing arrangements.", "^(c) Excluding 90 temporary posts under section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, endorsed by the General Assembly in resolutions 64/243 and 65/260, for the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project funded through the regular budget, support account for peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary resources (1 D-2; 8 D-1; 21 P-5; 37 P-4; 9 P-3; 1 P-2; 1 GS (PL); and 12 GS (OL)).", "^(d) Excluding 90 temporary posts under section 29A, Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, endorsed by the General Assembly in resolutions 64/243 and 65/260, for the implementation of the enterprise resource planning project funded through the regular budget, support account for peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary resources (1 D-2; 8 D-1; 21 P-5; 37 P-4; 9 P-3; 1 P-2; 1 GS (PL); and 12 GS (OL)); and the proposed establishment of 14 posts under section 30, Office of Information and Communications Technology, in connection with information and technology initiatives proposed to be funded through the regular budget, support account for peacekeeping operations and extrabudgetary resources (2 D-2; 2 P-5; and 10 P-4).", "Annex II", "Summary of proposed changes in established and temporary posts", "A. Posts proposed for abolition (total: 147)", "Section 1. Overall policymaking,direction and coordination\t\nExecutive Office of theSecretary-General\t2 General Service (Otherlevel)\nSection 2. General Assembly andEconomic and Social Council affairsand conference management\t\nMeetings and publishing services, NewYork\t37 Trades and Crafts, 4General Service (Otherlevel)\n Documentation services, Geneva 2 P-5, 2 P-4 \n Section 3. Political affairs \nSecurity Council affairs\t1 P-4, 1 P-3, 2 GeneralService (Other level)\nDecolonization\t1 P-4, 1 General Service(Other level)\n Section 5. Peacekeeping operations \nUnited Nations Truce SupervisionOrganization\t2 Field Service\nSection 9. Economic and socialaffairs\t\nStatistics\t1 P-3, 1 P-2/1, 1 GeneralService (Other level)\nEconomic and Social Council supportand coordination\t1 P-4\nSocial policy and development\t2 General Service (Otherlevel)\n Sustainable development 1 P-5 \nDevelopment policy and analysis\t2 General Service (Otherlevel)\nPublic administration and developmentmanagement\t2 General Service (Otherlevel)\nFinancing for development\t1 General Service (Otherlevel)\n Section 12. Trade and development \nProgramme support\t1 General Service (Otherlevel)\nSection 16. International drugcontrol, crime and terrorismprevention and criminal justice\t\nProgramme support\t1 General Service (Otherlevel)\nSection 19. Economic and socialdevelopment in Asia and the Pacific\t\nProgramme support\t5 P-3, 2 P-2, 1 NationalOfficer\nSection 20. Economic development inEurope\t\n Executive direction and management 1 P-4 \nEnvironment\t1 P-3, 1 General Service(Other level)\nTransport\t1 General Service (Otherlevel)\n Statistics 2 P-2 \n Trade 1 P-2 \nSection 21. Economic and socialdevelopment in Latin America\t\n Executive direction and management 1 P-2 \nLinkages with the global economy,regional integration and cooperation\t1 P-2\n Production and innovation 1 P-2 \n Macroeconomic policies and growth 1 P-2 \n Social development and equality 1 P-2 \nSubregional activities in Mexico andCentral America\t1 P-2\nSubregional activities in theCaribbean\t1 Local level\nProgramme support\t1 P-4, 1 P-2, 3 Locallevel\nSection 22. Economic and socialdevelopment in Western Asia\t\n Economic development and integration 2 Local level \nInformation and communicationtechnology for regional integration\t1 Local level\n Programme support 1 Local level \n Section 24. Human rights \nSupporting human rights treaty bodies\t1 P-3, 1 General Service(Other level)\n Section 28. Public information \n Strategic communications services 5 Local level \nNews services\t4 General Service (Otherlevel)\nOutreach and knowledge-sharingservices\t1 P-5, 1 P-2/1, 9 GeneralService (Other level)\nSection 29B. Office of ProgrammePlanning, Budget and Accounts\t\nFinancial Information OperationsService\t1 General Service (Otherlevel)\n Section 29E. Administration, Geneva \nSupport services\t1 General Service (Otherlevel)\nLibrary services\t2 General Service (Otherlevel)\n Section 35. Safety and security \nSecurity and safety organization\t10 General Service (Otherlevel), 11 Local level", "B. Proposed new posts (total: 63)", "Section 3. Political affairs \nUnited Nations Register of DamageCaused by the Construction of theWall in the Occupied PalestinianTerritory\t1 P-3\n Section 5. Peacekeeping operations \nUnited Nations Truce SupervisionOrganization\t2 Local level\nSection 7. International Court ofJustice\t\nRegistry\t1 P-3, 1 P-2, 2 GS (Otherlevel)\nSection 9. Economic and socialaffairs\t\n Statistics 2 P-3 \nSection 16. International drugcontrol, crime and terrorismprevention and criminal justice\t\n Executive direction and management 1 P-4 \nCountering transnational organizedcrime and illicit traffickingincluding drug trafficking\t1 P-5, 1 P-4\n Terrorism prevention and combating 1 P-4 \n Justice 1 P-4 \n Health and livelihoods 1 D-1 \n Research and trend analysis 1 P-4 \n Policy support 1 D-1 \n Section 17. UN-Women \n Programme support 2 P-3 \nSection 19. Economic and socialdevelopment in Asia and the Pacific\t\nSubprogramme 8, Subregionalactivities for development, Component3, Subregional activities fordevelopment in North and Central Asia\t1 D-1\nSection 22. Economic and socialdevelopment in Western Asia\t\n Advancement of women 1 D-1 \n Conflict mitigation and development 1 D-1, 1 P-5 \n Section 24. Human rights \nExecutive direction and management\t2 General Service (Otherlevel)\nSupporting human rights treaty bodies\t1 P-4, 2 P-3, 2 GeneralService (Other level)\nSupporting the Human Rights Council,its subsidiary bodies and mechanisms\t1 P-4, 1 P-3\n Section 26. Palestine refugees \n Dispute Tribunal (Amman) 1 D-1, 1 P-4 \n UNRWA headquarters 2 P-5, 1 P-4 \n Brussels Liaison Office 1 P-4 \n Washington, D.C., Liaison Office 1 P-5, 1 P-4 \n Field offices 5 P-3 \n Section 27. Humanitarian assistance \n Natural disaster reduction 1 D-1 \n Section 28. Public information \n Outreach services 1 P-2 \nSection 29D. Office of CentralSupport Services\t\n Facilities Management Service 1 P-4 \n Travel and Transportation Section 1 P-3 \n Section 31. Internal oversight \n Executive direction and management 1 ASG \n Section 35. Security \nSecurity and safety organization\t5 General Service (Otherlevel),8 Local level", "Annex III", "New posts proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance, contractual services and extrabudgetary funding", "A. Summary of new posts proposed for conversion from general temporary assistance", "^(a) In addition, 10 Professional posts (2 P-4, 6 P-3 and 2 GS (OL)) are proposed for conversion from temporary to established posts under section 7, International Court of Justice. The proposed conversion reflects a change in status from temporary to established, with a zero net effect on resources.", "A total of 14 posts are proposed for conversion to established or temporary posts of those positions previously funded under temporary assistance, resulting in an increase in the staffing as shown below by section and programme:^(a)", "Section 24. Human rights \nSupporting the Human Rights Council,its subsidiary bodies and mechanisms\t1 P-4, 1 P-3, 1 P-2, 1GS (OL)\n Section 28. Public information \n News services 4 General Service (OL) \n Section 31. Internal oversight \n Inspection and evaluation 3 P-3, 3 P-2", "B. Summary of new posts proposed for conversion from contractual services", "A total of 24 posts are proposed for conversion to established posts from contractual services, resulting in an increase in the staffing as shown below by section and programme:", "Section 29D. Office of CentralSupport Services \nBroadcast and Conference SupportSection 4 P-3, 5 GS (PL), 8 GS(OL)\n Plant Engineering Section 7 TC", "C. Summary of new posts proposed for conversion from extrabudgetary funding", "A total of two posts are proposed for conversion to established or temporary posts of those positions previously under extrabudgetary funding, resulting in an increase in the staffing as shown below by section and programme:", "Section 3. Political affairs \nOffice of the United Nations SpecialCoordinator for the Middle East PeaceProcess\t1 National Officer\n Section 27. Humanitarian assistance \nCoordination of humanitarian action andemergency response\t1 P-5", "Annex IV", "Posts proposed for reclassification (total: 55)", "Section 1. Overall policymaking,direction and coordination\t1 P-5 to D-1\nSection 2. General Assembly andEconomic and Social Council affairsand conference management\t11 P-4 to P-5\nSection 3. Political affairs\t1 Field Service to Locallevel\nSection 5. Peacekeeping operations\t13 Field Service to Locallevel\n\t1 Field Service to NationalOfficer\nSection 18. Economic and socialdevelopment in Africa\t1 Field Service to P-4\n\t1 Local level to NationalOfficer\nSection 22. Economic and socialdevelopment in Western Asia\t1 P-4 to P-3\n Section 26. Palestine refugees 4 D-1 to D-2 \n 1 P-4 to P-5 \nSection 28. Public information\t6 Local level to NationalOfficer\n Section 29G. Administration, Nairobi 2 P-5 to D-1, 2 P-4 to P-5 \n Section 35. Security 4 P-5 to D-1, 6 P-3 to P-4", "Annex V", "General temporary assistance positions funded as at 31 March 2011 and expected to continue in the biennium 2012-2013", "Part\tSection\tNumberofpositionsas at31March2011\tNumberofpositionsestimatedtocontinuein2012-2013\tNumberofpositionsproposedforconversionstoestablishedpostsin2012-2013\tFunctional title \nPartI.Overallpolicymaking,directionandcoordination \n1\tOverallpolicymaking,direction andcoordination\t9\t4\t—\tChef de Cabinetof the Presidentof the GeneralAssembly, DeputyChef de Cabinetof the Presidentof the GeneralAssembly, SeniorAdviser, Adviser\n2\tGeneralAssembly andEconomic andSocial Councilaffairs andconferencemanagement\t25\t4\t—\tDatabaseAdministrator,Human ResourcesAssistant, NetDeveloper\n Subtotal 34 8 — \nPartII.Politicalaffairs \n3\tPoliticalaffairs\t4\t3\t—\tFinance andBudget Officer,Finance TeamAssistant, HumanResourcesAssistant\n 4 Disarmament 2 1 — Team Assistant \n5\tPeacekeepingoperations\t5\t—\t—\t\n Subtotal 11 4 — \nPartIII.Internationaljusticeandlaw \n7\tInternationalCourt ofJustice\t3\t3\t—\tSenior MedicalOfficer, Typists\n 8 Legal affairs 4 — — \n Subtotal 7 3 — \nPartIV.Internationalcooperationfordevelopment \n9\tEconomic andsocial affairs\t5\t1\t—\tStatistician\n10\tLeast developedcountries,landlockeddevelopingcountries andsmall islanddevelopingStates\t4\t—\t—\t\n12\tTrade anddevelopment\t6\t—\t—\t\n15\tHumansettlements\t5\t5\t—\tAdministrativeAssistant,PersonalAssistant,ProgrammeAssistant, TeamAssistants\n16\tInternationaldrug control,crime andterrorismprevention andcriminaljustice\t2\t—\t—\t\n Subtotal 22 6 — \nPartV.Regionalcooperationfordevelopment \n17\tEconomic andsocialdevelopment inAfrica\t33\t28\t—\tMedical Officer,BuildingsServices Clerk,Carpenter,Cleaner, DataEntry Operator,Driver, FinanceAssistant,Inventory andSupplyAssistant,Labourers, MailAssistant,Messengers, TeamAssistant,Technicians,TelephoneOperator,TelephoneReceptionist,TransportationAssistants\n18\tEconomic andsocialdevelopment inAsia and thePacific\t4\t3\t—\tInformationSystemsAssistant,TelecommunicationsTechnician\n19\tEconomicdevelopment inEurope\t1\t—\t—\t\n20\tEconomic andsocialdevelopment inLatin Americaand theCaribbean\t17\t2\t—\tDriver, FinanceAssistant21\tEconomic andsocialdevelopment inWestern Asia\t6\t6\t—\tMedical Officer,InformationTechnologyOfficer,InformationSystemsAssistant,Nurse, TelecommunicationOperator, \n TelecommunicationTechnician\n Subtotal 61 39 — \nPartVI.Humanrightsandhumanitarianaffairs \n23\tHuman rights\t6\t—\t—\t\n25\tPalestinerefugees\t1\t—\t—\t\n26\tHumanitarianassistance\t5\t—\t—\t\n Subtotal 12 — — \nPartVII.Publicinformation \n27\tPublicinformation\t30\t21\t4\tPress Officers,PublicInformationOfficer, RadioProducer,InformationAssistant,Printing PressOperator, PublicInformationAssistants,WebsiteAssistants,Proofreader\n Subtotal 30 21 4 \nPartVIII.Commonsupportservices \n28A.\tOffice of theUnder-Secretary-Generalfor Management\t1\t1\t—\tLegal Officer\n28B.\tOffice ofProgrammePlanning,Budget andAccounts\t3\t—\t—\t\n28C.\tOffice of HumanResourcesManagement\t11\t8\t—\tPresident of theXXXII Session oftheStaff-ManagementCoordinationCommittee,Medical Officer,AdministrativeOfficer, HumanResourcesAssistant,OfficeAssistant, StaffDevelopmentAssistants\n28D.\tOffice ofCentral SupportServices\t5\t5\t—\tChief ofBusinessContinuityManagement Unit,BusinessContinuitySpecialist,Drivers,Messenger\n28E.\tAdministration,Geneva\t10\t3\t—\tInformationSystemsOfficers,WebsiteCoordinator,ComputerInformationSystemsAssistant\n28F.\tAdministration,Vienna\t3\t—\t—\t\n28G.\tAdministration,Nairobi\t2\t1\t—\tBusinessContinuityPlanningCoordinator\n29\tOffice ofInformation andCommunicationsTechnology\t14\t4\t—\tInformationSystems Officer,AdministrativeAssistant,Computer SystemsAssistant\n Subtotal 49 22 — \nPartIX.Internaloversight \n30\tInternaloversight\t9\t—\t6\tEvaluationOfficers,AssociateEvaluationOfficers\n Subtotal 9 — 6 \nPartXII.Safetyandsecurity \n34\tSafety andsecurity\t67\t39\t—\tProcurementCoordinator,SecurityOfficers, Clerk,Control CentreAssistants,InformationManagementClerk, OfficeAssistant,OfficeAssistant/Passand IDAssistants,ProjectAssistant, TeamAssistants,Technicians\n Subtotal 67 39 — \n Total 302 142 10", "Annex VI", "Status of posts approved by the General Assembly in resolution 63/260, on development-related activities", "Posts approvedunder General \n\tAssemblyresolution63/260\t\nBudget section andsubprogramme\tLevel\tStatus as of July 2011 \n9. Economic and socialaffairs \nExecutive direction andmanagement\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered since1 July 2009\n1. Economic and SocialCouncil support andcoordination\t1 P-4\tProposed for abolitionin the biennium2012‑2013\n2. Gender issues andadvancement of women\t1 P-5\tTransferred toUN-Women per GeneralAssembly resolutions64/289 and 65/259\n 2 P-4 \n 2 P-3 \n3. Social policy anddevelopment\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceNovember 2010\n4. Sustainable development\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceDecember 2009\n\t1 P-3\tProposed for abolitionin the biennium2012‑2013\n6. Population\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceNovember 2010\n9. Sustainable forestmanagement\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered sinceJuly 2010\n10. Financing for development\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceJanuary 2011\nSubtotal\t8 (2P-5, 3P-4, 1P-3)\t\n10. Least developedcountries, landlockeddeveloping countries andsmall island developingStates \n1. Least developed countries\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceDecember 2010\n2. Landlocked developingcountries\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceMay 2010\n3. Small island developingStates\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceApril 2010\n Subtotal^(a) 3 P-4 \n11. United Nations supportfor the New Partnership forAfrica’s Development \n1. Coordination of globaladvocacy of and support forthe New Partnership forAfrica’s Development\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered sinceApril 2010\n\t2 P-3\tPosts encumbered sinceFebruary 2010 andAugust 2010\nSubtotal\t3 (1P-4, 2P-3)\t\n 12. Trade and development \n1. Globalization,interdependence anddevelopment\t1 D-1\tPost encumbered\n 1 P-5 Post encumbered \n\t2 P-4\tPosts encumbered. OneP-4 had to bere‑advertised as noneof the interviewedcandidates matched therequirements of thepost. In themeanwhile, that posthas been utilized fortemporary expertise toadvance a project oncomparing regional andmonetary cooperationexperiences indeveloping regions\n 2 P-3 Post encumbered \n 2. Investment and enterprise 1 P-5 Post encumbered \n 1 P-4 Post encumbered \n 3. International trade 1 D-1 Post encumbered \n 1 P-4 Post encumbered \n5. Africa, least developedcountries and specialprogrammes\t1 D-1\tPost encumbered\n 1 P-4 Post encumbered \nSubtotal\t12 (3D-1, 2P-5, 5P-4, 2P-3)\t\n 17. UN-Women \n2. Gender issues andadvancement of women\t1 P-5\tPosts transferred fromsection 9 to section17, as of 1 January2011 per resolutions64/289 and 65/259\n 2 P-4 \n 2 P-3 \nSubtotal\t5 (1P-5, 2P-4, 2P-3)\t\n18. Economic and socialdevelopment in Africa Executive direction andmanagement\t1National\tPost encumbered \n Officer 7. Subregional activities fordevelopment\t6National\tPost encumbered \n Officers 4 Interview in progress National \n Officers \n\t1NationalOfficer\tRe-advertised in Juneas the initialrecruitment processdid not provide asuitable candidate\n 9. Statistics 2 P-5 Post encumbered \n 2 P-4 Post encumbered \n 2 P-3 Post encumbered Programme support\t1National\tJob opening posted inInspira, awaitingdeadline \n Officer Subtotal\t19 (2P-5, 2P-4, 2P-3,13 \n\tNationalOfficers)\t\n19. Economic and socialdevelopment in Asia and thePacific \n8. Subregional activities fordevelopment\t1 D-1\tPost encumbered since1 June 2010\n\t1 D-1\tPost expected to befilled by lateralmovement in September2011\n\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered since19 August 2010\n\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered since1 May 2010\n\t1 P-5\tInterview andassessments completed.Final review andsubmission to centralreview body\n\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered since29 April 2011\n\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered since9 May 2010\n\t1 P-3\tPost encumbered from22 December 2009 to11 March 2011.Shortlisting ofcandidates forreplacement ofprevious incumbentunder way\n\t1 P-3\tPending assessmentinformation,shortlisting ofcandidates under way\n\t1Locallevel\tOn hold pendingcompletion of reviewof joint arrangementsfor administrationsupport with the Asianand Pacific Centre forTransfer Technology\t1National\tPost encumbered since24 May 2011 \n Officer Subtotal\t11 (2D-1, 4P-5, 1P-4, 2P-3, 1Locallevel,1 National \n Officer \n20. Economic development inEurope \nExecutive direction andmanagement\t1 P-4\tThis post (EconomicAffairs Officer) isoccupied by anincumbent who wasappointed on 1 May2010. The incumbentwill retire in August2012. The post isproposed to beabolished effective1 January 2013\n3. Statistics\t1 P-3\tThis post(Statistician) isoccupied by anincumbent who wasappointed on 1 August2010\n5. Sustainable energy\t1 P-4\tThis post (EconomicAffairs Officer) isoccupied by anincumbent who wasappointed on 8 August2010\nProgramme support\t1 P-3\tThis post (EconomicAffairs Officer) inAlmaty is currentlyvacant due to delaysin the set-up of theoffice. ECE was ableto proceed withadvertisement of thispost only on 15September 2010.However, the post isproposed to beabolished effective 1January 2012\nSubtotal\t4 (2P-4, 2P-3)\t\n21. Economic and socialdevelopment in Latin Americaand the Caribbean \n1. Linkages with the globaleconomy, regional integrationand cooperation\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered\n 1 P-3 Post encumbered \n 2. Production and innovation 1 P-3 Post encumbered \n4. Social development andequity\t1 P-3\tPost encumbered\n5. Mainstreaming the genderperspective in regionaldevelopment\t1 P-5\tJob opening published\n 1 P-3 Post encumbered \n 6. Population and development 1 P-3 Post encumbered \n8. Sustainable developmentand human settlements\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered\n 1 P-3 Post encumbered \n\t1 P-2\tRecruitment processfinished. Candidatehas been selected fromroster\n9. Natural resources andinfrastructure\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered\n 1 P-3 Post encumbered \n 1 P-2 Post encumbered \n\t1Locallevel\tPost encumbered\n10. Statistics and economicprojections\t1 P-3\tPost encumbered\n11. Subregional activities inMexico and Central America\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered\n 1 P-3 Job opening published \n\t1Locallevel\tPost encumbered\n12. Subregional activities inthe Caribbean\t2 P-3\tPost encumbered\nSubtotal\t20 (2P-5, 3P-4,11P-3, 2P-2, 2Locallevel)\t\n22. Economic and socialdevelopment in Western Asia \n1. Integrated management ofnatural resources forsustainable development\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered as of1 of March 2010\n2. Integrated social policies\t1 P-4\tFilled on 11 April2009. It became vacantagain in April 2010due to the incumbent’spromotion to a P-5position. Currently itis temporarilyencumbered until 31December 2011\n3. Economic development andintegration\t1 P-4\tPost encumbered as of12 January 2010\n4. Information andcommunication technology forregional integration\t1 P-5\tPost encumbered as of21 December 2009\n\t1NationalOfficer\tSelected candidatewithdrew. Job openingis being reissued andis closing 11 July2011\n5. Statistics forevidence-based policymaking\t1 P-3\tPost encumbered as at9 March 2009Subtotal\t6 (1P-5, 3P-4, 1P-3, 1 National \n Officer) \n Total 91", "^(a) Excluding posts transferred to UN-Women.", "230911", "*1145065*", "[]", "[1] Note: The following abbreviations relating to posts have been used in the present report: DSG, Deputy Secretary-General; USG, Under-Secretary-General; ASG, Assistant Secretary-General; GS, General Service; PL, Principal level; OL, Other level; LL, Local level; NO, National Officer; FS, Field Service; SS, Security Service; TC, Trades and Crafts.", "The proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 is contained in documents A/66/6 (Introduction), (Sects. 1-7), (Sect. 8 and Corr.1), (Sects. 9-15), (Sect. 16 and Corr.1), (Sects. 17‑25), (Sect. 26 and Corr.1), (Sect. 27), (Sect. 28 and Corr.1), (Sects. 29A-E), (Sect. 29F and Corr.1), (Sect. 29G), (Sects. 30-35), (Sect. 36 and Corr.1) and (Sect. 37) and (Income Sects. 1‑3).", "[2] It should be noted that all references to budgetary resources in the present report are at revised 2010-2011 rates (i.e. before recosting) unless specifically identified as being at 2012-2013 rates.", "[3] In addition, the detailed proposed programme budget for the International Trade Centre (A/66/6 (Sect. 13)/Add.1) will be submitted to the General Assembly and the General Council of the World Trade Organization in the fourth quarter of 2011 in accordance with established procedure.", "[4] Namely, 15 per cent from the regular budget, 62 per cent from the support account for peacekeeping operations, 23 per cent from the special accounts for programme support costs.", "[5] Upon enquiry, the Committee was informed that the figures provided for each budget section reflected provisions under specific categories of expenditure used mainly for ICT, as follows: under data-processing equipment, estimates for the acquisition and replacement of hardware and software as well as licences and subscriptions to online services; under supplies and materials, items such as printer cartridges, toner, colour ink, server parts, computer spare parts and CD‑ROMs; under contractual services, experts and consultants hired specifically for the development or implementation of information technology projects; under rental and maintenance; and under human resources, the posts and training resources devoted exclusively to information technology, to the extent that they could be directly identified. In this connection, the Secretary-General clarified that since, a high proportion of staff spends some time on issues related to ICT, the true human resources component was probably in excess of the figures presented.", "[6] See E/CN.7/2010/13-E/CN.15/2010/13; E/2010/28, chap. I.A; and E/2010/30-E/CN.15/2010/20, chap. I.A, resolution III.", "[7] The Advisory Committee was informed, upon enquiry, that “important” United Nations documents consisted of the official records of major United Nations organs, including resolutions, meeting records, reports of committees, commissions and other major bodies, budgetary and financial reports and reports of preparatory meetings for major United Nations conferences.", "[8] The Secretary-General presents the establishment of these posts as proposals for conversion to posts from contractual services. In paragraph 84 of chapter I above, the Committee comments further on this issue and expresses its view that similar proposals should be presented as requests for new posts in future budget proposals.", "[9] A/63/582; see also the related report of the Advisory Committee (A/63/736) and General Assembly resolution 63/270.", "[10] See A/65/511/Add.1, A/65/725 and General Assembly resolution 65/259.", "[11] Comprising 15 per cent from the regular budget, 62 per cent from the support account for peacekeeping operations and 23 per cent from the special accounts for programme support costs." ]

[ "联 合 国", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的 第一次报告", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第7号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第7号", "[] 联合国 • 2011年，纽约", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的 第一次报告", "A/66/7", "说明", "ISSN 0255-1519", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。凡是提到这种编号，就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年8月11日]", "目录", "章次 页次\n序言 viii\n1.一般性评论、意见和建议 1\nA.拟议方案预算的格式和列报 12\nB.方法 15\nC.改革的影响 16\nD.效率的提高 16\nE.人事问题 17\nF.非员额支出用途 28\nG.培训 32\nH.信息和通信技术 32\nI.加强发展支柱的影响 36\nJ.业务连续性 37\nK.其他分摊资源 39\nL.预算外资源 40\nM.同联合国其他机构的合作 41\nN.咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期初步估计数的总体立场 44\n2.关于拟议方案预算的详细建议 45\nA.支出估计数 45第一编 45 \n通盘决策、领导和协调 第1款 45 \n通盘决策、领导和协调 第2款 56 \n大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 第二编 69 \n政治事务 第3款 69 \n政治事务 第4款 82 \n 裁军 第5款 84 \n维持和平行动 第6款 92 \n和平利用外层空间 第三编 95 \n国际司法和国际法 第7款 95 \n国际法院 第8款 99 \n法律事务 \n第四编国际合作促进发展 103\n第9款经济和社会事务 103\n第10款最不发展国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家 107\n第11款联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系 109\n第12款贸易与发展 111\n第13款国际贸易中心 114\n第14款环境 116\n第15款人类住区 119\n第16款国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法 123\n第17款妇女署 135\n第五编区域合作促进发展 139\n第18款非洲经济和社会发展 146\n第18A款区域委员会 146第18B款 150 \n区域委员会纽约办事处 \n第19款亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 151\n第20款欧洲经济发展 156\n第21款拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 159\n第22款西亚经济和社会发展 163\n第23款技术合作经常方案 168\n第六编人权和人道主义事务 172\n第24款人权 172\n第25款对难民的国际保护、持久解决和援助 181\n第26款巴勒斯坦难民 184\n第27款人道主义援助 189\n第七编公共信息 192\n第28款公共信息 192\n第八编共同支助事务 201\n第29款管理和支助事务 201\n第29A款主管管理事务副秘书长办公室 202\n第29B款方案规划、预算和账户厅 206\n第29C款人力资源管理厅 211\n第29D款中央支助事务厅 218第29E款 228 \n行政，日内瓦 第29F款 231 \n行政，维也纳 第29G款 234 \n行政，内罗毕 \n第30款信息和通信技术厅 239\n第九编内部监督 247\n第31款内部监督 247\n第十编共同出资的行政活动和特别费 253\n第32款共同出资的行政活动 253\n国际公务员制度委员会 254\n联合检查组 256\n联合国系统行政首长协调理事会，包括国际公共部门会计准则项目 258\n第33款特别费 261第十一编 264 \n基本建设支出 \n第34款建筑、改建、装修和主要维修 264\n第十二编安全和安保 274\n第35款安全和安保 274第十三编 284 \n发展账户 \n第36款发展账户 284\n第十四编工作人员薪金税 286\n第37款工作人员薪金税 286\n收入估计数 286\n收入第1款工作人员薪金税收入 286收入第2款 287 \n一般收入 收入第3款 287 \n服务公众 \n 附件 \n1.按资金来源和职等开列的员额数 291\nA.维持和平行动以外的员额 291\nB.所有维持和平行动的核定文职员额 292\nC.共同出资员额 293\n2.常设和临时员额拟议变动一览表 295\nA.拟议裁撤员额 295\nB.拟议新设员额 297\n3.拟议从一般临时人员、订约承办事务和预算外供资项下改划的新员额 299\nA.拟议从一般临时人员项下改划的新员额一览表 299\nB.拟议从订约承办事务项下改划的新员额一览表 299\nC.拟议从预算外供资项下改划的新员额一览表 299\n4.拟议改叙员额 3005.截至2011年3月31日以及2012-2013两年期预计将继续由一般临时人员 301 \n项下供资的职位 \n6.大会关于与发展有关的活动的第63/260号决议核定员额的现状 304", "序言", "1. 根据大会1946年2月13日第14(I)号决议的规定，行政和预算问题咨询委员会的主要职能是：", "(a) 审查秘书长向大会提出的预算并提出报告；", "(b) 就交办审查的任何行政和预算事项向大会提出意见；", "(c) 代表大会审查各专门机构的行政预算以及与这些机构间财政安排的建议；", "(d) 审议审计员关于联合国和各专门机构决算的报告并向大会提出报告。", "咨询委员会还就维持和平行动经费筹措以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭经费的筹措提出报告。此外，委员会就行政预算和其他事项向联合国开发计划署(开发署)、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)(自愿基金)、联合国环境规划署(环境署)(环境基金)、联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)、联合国裁军研究所(裁研所)、联合国训练研究所(训研所)、联合国大学、世界粮食计划署(粮食署)、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)、联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)、联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)和联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)的理事机构提出报告。", "2. 根据大会议事规则第156条的规定，咨询委员会的成员不得有两人属同一国籍，成员应具有广泛的地域代表性，根据个人资格和经验选举产生。", "3. 截至2011年7月21日，咨询委员会成员如下：", "科伦·凯拉皮尔(主席)", "亚历杭德罗·托雷斯·莱波里(副主席)", "斯塔福德·尼尔", "穆罕默德·穆斯塔法·塔尔", "农耶·乌多", "彼得·马登斯", "艾舍·阿菲菲", "雷纳塔·阿尔基尼", "弗拉基米尔·约瑟福夫", "亚斯明卡·迪尼奇", "杉山明", "纳姆加尔·坎帕", "理查德·穆恩", "卡洛斯·鲁伊斯·马谢乌", "张万海", "4. 本报告载有咨询委员会在秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算基础上提出的结论和建议。秘书长代表口头或书面提供的补充资料对拟议方案预算作了尽可能的补充。", "主席", "科伦·凯拉皮尔(签名)", "第一章", "一般性评论、意见和建议", "1. 咨询委员会忆及，大会第65/262号决议邀请秘书长在按照2010-2011年订正费率计算的初步估计数5 396 697 200美元的基础上编制2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算。在同一决议中，大会决定了2012-2013两年期的优先事项，并请秘书长在提出2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时，反映这些优先事项。优先事项如下：", "(a) 根据大会和联合国最近各次会议的有关决议促进持续经济增长和可持续发展；", "(b) 维持国际和平与安全；", "(c) 非洲发展；", "(d) 促进人权；", "(e) 有效协调人道主义援助工作；", "(f) 促进司法和国际法；", "(g) 裁军；", "(h) 毒品管制、预防犯罪和打击一切形式和表现的国际恐怖主义。", "2. 秘书长为2012-2013两年期提议的方案预算，[1] 支出各款数额为5 343 758 100美元，收入各款数额为611 531 300美元(均按2012-2013年费率计算)。[2] 按净额计算，估计数共计4 732 226 800美元。按照2010-2011年订正费率，2012-2013年提案中的支出各款共计5 196 993 400美元，比2012－2013年核定大纲减少3.7%。", "3. 在下表1内，2012-2013两年期估计数(按2012-2013年初步费率计算)与大会第65/260号决议核准的2010-2011年订正估计数以及2008-2009两年期最后支出和收入作了比较。2012-2013年支出估计数，按2010-2011年订正费率计算减少1.702亿美元，即3.2%。", "表1 2008-2009、2010-2011和2012-2013两年期收入和支出比较", "[TABLE]", "表2 总预算", "(千美元)", "增(减)", "2010-2011年 2012-2013年 数额 百分比", "经常预算", "支出 5 367 234.7 5 343 758.1 (23 476.6) (0.4)", "一般收入 37 930.8 52 558.0 14 627.2 38.6", "小计 5 329 303.9 5 291 200.1 (38 103.8) (0.7)", "工作人员薪金税收入 555 041.0 558 973.3 3 932.3 0.7", "经常预算净额 4 774 262.9 4 732 226.8 (42 036.1) (0.9)", "其他分摊额^(a)", "支助活动 700 087.9 692 021.8 (8 066.1) (1.2)", "小计 700 087.9 692 021.8 (8 066.1) (1.2)", "预算外", "支助活动 416 858.2 425 019.0 8 160.8 2.0", "实务活动 2 166 360.8 2 538 881.8 372 521.0 17.2", "业务活动 9 066 870.6 9 477 672.9 410 802.3 4.5", "小计 11 650 089.6 12 441 573.7 791 484.1 6.8", "共计 17 124 440.4 17 865 822.3 791 381.9 4.3", "^(a) 反应大会在关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议中的决定。", "4. 秘书长在拟议方案预算导言中指出，2010-2011年设立的248个员额对2012-2013两年期的延迟影响达24 930 300美元(A/66/6(Introduction)，表10)。此外还说明，2012-2013年拟设的99个新员额对2014-2015年的延迟影响按现时费率计算估计为12 010 300美元(同上，表11)。", "5. “其他分摊资源”类别中的估计数总额为823 088 000美元，包括用于基本建设总计划、前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭及维持和平行动支助账户的经费(同上，表8)。咨询委员会获悉，在通过关于提高联合国在2011/12年度期间管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力的大会第65/290号决议后，订正估计数为692 021 100美元(见表2)。", "6. 2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计数为12 441 573 700美元(同上，表9)。如上表2所示，总额估计数包括用于支助活动的425 019 000美元、用于实务活动的2 538 881 800美元和用于业务活动的9 477 672 900美元。", "7. 2012-2013两年期经常预算、其他分摊资源和预算外经费供资活动的资源总额估计数为17 865 822 300美元。", "8. 咨询委员会还获悉，2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间和2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间，有不同财政期间的维和行动估计数总额约为140亿美元。这一数字不包括联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处、联合国停战监督组织(停战监督组织)、联合国驻印度和巴基斯坦军事观察组(印巴观察组)和特别政治任务的费用，它们的费用在经常预算下提供。", "9. 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭2012-2013两年期拟议预算将在2011年第三季度提交咨询委员会审议。两法庭2010-2011年订正批款总额为毛额578 315 900美元(净额525 414 900美元)(见大会第65/252和65/253号决议)。", "10. 秘书长在拟议方案预算导言中指出，预算是根据大会第64/229号决议核可的2012-2013年期间战略框架(A/65/6/Rev.1)编制的，并遵循会员国制定的优先事项、目标和任务规定。秘书长还指出，在拟订这些提案的过程中，非常严格地审视了各项方案活动及其相关资源。对各项进程进行了广泛、严格的审查，作为减少重叠、着力创新、进一步协同增效并执行工作方案的努力的一部分。尽管拟议方案预算所列数额低于预算大纲核可的数额，但秘书长指出，拟议预算的目标是使本组织有能力充分完成其任务规定(A/66/6(Introduction)，第1和3段)。", "11. 虽然预算总额低于2010-2011年订正批款，但秘书长强调了拟加强的一些领域，即：禁毒办；妇女署；联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)；近东救济工程处；国际减少灾害战略秘书处和内部监督事务厅(监督厅)。秘书长强调了与企业资源规划项目、实施国际公共部门会计准则、信息和通信技术投资及改进达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆提供的服务并使获取服务的途径实现现代化有关的追加经费(同上，第12-14段)。", "12. 咨询委员会获悉，在2011年第二季度，秘书长要求他的高级管理人员在不影响本组织执行其任务或方案的能力的情况下，在比预算大纲核定数额至少低3%的基础上开展工作。秘书长告知委员会，提出这一要求不是基于对方案的深入分析，而是反映了全球金融危机后严峻时期的现实和他本人关于确保本组织以成本效益高的方式执行任务的承诺。秘书长已要求方案主管彻底审查其方案和相关活动，更重要的是彻底审查其业务流程。秘书长指出，向方案主管授予了充分权力，以制定资源的优化组合，同时确保方案的执行。委员会获悉，这个过程是互动的，而且取决于每个领域中共同确定的增效成果，为不同预算款次制订了有区别的目标。", "13. 咨询委员会一贯强调，必须对方案和业务流程进行持续审查，以确保以最有成效和效率的方式执行任务。因此，委员会欢迎秘书长采取举措，要求方案主管进行这样的审查。不过，委员会认为，为方案主管提供的时间不够，无法进行全面的审查。在这方面，委员会认为这一不足在提出的提案中有所反映。特别是，委员会认为，拟议的总体削减既不显著也不具有结构性。因此，委员会认为，拟议削减如获批准，将不大可能在今后的预算中持续。", "14. 因此，在本报告中，咨询委员会突出强调它所关切的提案的若干方面。这些方面包括拟议的员额配置变动的情况和根据关于加强与发展有关活动的第63/260号决议获得追加资源的部门和办事处内的削减可能产生的影响。前者将减少初始职级专业员额的数目。关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算数额，委员会认为，资源的总体数额将受到提交的关于特别政治任务的提议的影响，还将受到就提交大会第六十六届会议主要会期的涉及经费问题的单独报告所作决定的影响。此外，委员会注意到，第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)下与编制简要记录和向联合国基金和方案提供会议服务有关的约1 800万美元削减额取决于大会就拟议变动所作决定。", "15. 咨询委员会注意到秘书长表示，提案旨在使本组织能够充分执行其任务。然而，在其听询期间，一些方案主管表示，资源的减少会影响有关部门的运作，即使不直接对任务的执行产生影响。例如，关于亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会)，咨询委员会获悉，虽然在方案支助领域作出削减，以免减少工作方案的资源，但向政府间机构提供服务的能力会降低。因此，亚太经社会将不再翻译非立法性文件，不再向不是必须提供翻译的专家机构提供服务(另见第二章，第五.46-五.47段)。", "16. 咨询委员会认为，拟议预算的全部影响只有随着时间的推移才会显现，并将在适当时候由大会通过执行情况报告机制进行审议。然而，委员会期望，将采取步骤以减轻任何意想不到的后果，以便任务的执行不受不利影响，向会员国所提供支持的整体水平没有任何改变。", "17. 咨询委员会注意到，秘书长的提议比2010-2011两年期订正批款少1.702亿美元。与现两年期订正批款相比的资源分配情况列于拟议方案预算导言第17段(见下表3)。七个预算编次以百分比计算的减少额最大－所涉领域为政治事务(8.4%)、通盘决策、领导和协调(5.2%)和新闻(3.0%)。提议为六个预算编次增加资源，增加最多的领域是资本支出(5.9%)、人权和人道主义事务(3.8%)和共同支助事务(1.5%)。", "表3 2012-2013年资源分配情况与2010-2011年订正批款的比较", "(千美元)", "2010-2011年订正批款\t变动 2012-2013年资源 \n (重计费用前)\n预算编次 数额 百分比 \n \n一.\t通盘决策、领导和协调\t756 270.0\t(39345.0)\t(5.2)\t716 925.0\n二.\t政治事务\t1 457 909.0\t(122233.6)\t(8.4)\t1 335675.4\n三.\t国际司法和国际法\t92 002.3\t109.7\t0.1\t92 112.0\n四.\t国际合作促进发展\t428 505.3\t(1828.8)\t(0.4)\t426 676.5\n五.\t区域合作促进发展\t513 210.9\t(9562.7)\t(1.9)\t503 648.2\n六.\t人权和人道主义事务\t298 021.2\t11 384.7\t3.8\t309 405.9\n七.\t新闻\t184 996.6\t(5564.4)\t(3.0)\t179 432.2\n八.\t共同支助事务\t598 091.2\t8 894.0\t1.5\t606 985.2\n九.\t内部监督\t38 925.0\t100.3\t0.3\t39 025.3\n十.\t合资办理的行政活动和特别费\t126 127.5\t(2955.7)\t(2.3)\t123 171.8\n十一.\t资本支出\t60 326.8\t3 589.3\t5.9\t63 916.1\n十二.\t安全和安保\t238 447.7\t298.0\t0.1\t238 745.7\n十三.\t发展账户\t23 651.3\t—\t—\t23 651.3\n十四.\t工作人员薪金税\t550 749.9\t(13127.1)\t(2.4)\t537 622.8\n共计 5 367 234.7\t(170241.3)\t(3.2)\t5 196993.4", "18. 拟议方案预算导言表3汇总了按预算款次开列的拟议预算。咨询委员会注意到，21个预算款的拟议预算与2010-2011年订正批款相比减少，减少的总额为2.063亿美元，4个预算款的资源保持不变，18个预算款的拟议预算增加，增加总额为0.361亿美元。", "19. 如下表4所详述，八个预算款的拟议预算比2010-2011年订正批款增加3%或以上，增加的总额为0.286亿美元。咨询委员会注意到，在某些情况下，拟议的增加反映了呼吁加强有关领域的大会决定，如第16款(国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法)和第26款(巴勒斯坦难民)。另一些增加反映在现两年期核准的新任务，例如第24款(人权)。同时，拟议预算还反映了秘书长对本组织实现现代化的优先重视，预期这将最终导致显著节省。经询问，委员会获悉，由于这种优先重视，秘书长削减3%的要求未适用于信息和通信技术厅(另见下文第32段)。", "表4 拟议预算比2010-2011年订正批款增加3%或以上的预算款", "(千美元)", "2010-2011年批款\t资源增长 重计费用前的2012-2013年资源\n预算款 数额\t百分比 \n13.\t国际贸易中心\t31 793.3\t997.1\t3.1\t32790.4\n16.\t国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\t39 191.1\t1 927.5\t4.9\t41118.6\n17.\t妇女署^(a)\t13 532.5\t1 304.4\t9.6\t14836.9\n24.\t人权\t141191.4\t6 043.5\t4.3\t147234.9\n26.\t巴勒斯坦难民\t43 712.4\t5 000.0\t11.4\t48712.4\n29A.\t主管管理事务副秘书长办公室\t26 126.1\t6 690.0\t25.6\t32816.1\n30.\t信息和通信技术厅^(b)\t72 120.0\t3 000.0\t4.2\t75120.0\n34.\t建筑、改建、装修和主要维修\t60 326.8\t3 589.3\t5.9\t63916.1", "^(a) 妇女署是根据大会第64/289号决议于2011年1月1日设立的综合实体。仅为比较和列报目的，本报告中的订正批款数额已作技术调整，以反映两年期数额。", "^(b) 秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术倡议的报告(A/66/94)载列了进一步提议，由2012-2013两年期经常预算供资的总额为6 423 400美元。", "20 关于拟议减少所需资源的预算款，有五个预算款的所需资源减少3%或以上，减少的总额为1.69亿美元(见下表5)。", "表5 拟议预算比2010-2011年订正批款减少3%或以上的预算款", "(千美元)", "2010-2011年批款\t资源增长 重计费用前的2012-2013年资源\n预算款 数额\t百分比 \n2.\t大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\t656070.4\t(11958.2)\t(6.4)\t614112.2\n3.\t政治事务\t1 314847.4\t(119734.3)\t(9.1)\t1 195113.1\n10.\t最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家\t7 406.1\t(740.6)\t(10.0)\t6665.5\n28.\t新闻\t184996.6\t(5564.4)\t(3.0)\t179432.2\n32.\t合资办理的行政活动\t11 993.4\t(999.6)\t(8.3)\t10993.8", "21. 咨询委员会注意到，与2010-2011年订正批款相比的总体减少额1.702亿美元主要基于两个部分：为特别政治任务编列的经费估计数减少1.208亿美元，其他工作人员费用项下减少0.437亿美元，这主要是由于减少为临时会议助理人员和一般临时人员编列的经费。所需资源减少的其他支出类别包括工作人员薪金税(1 310万美元)、用品和材料(750万美元)、家具和设备(590万美元)、咨询人(200万美元)和工作人员差旅费(100万美元)。这些减少额被下列各项下的增加额部分抵销：员额(1 290万美元)、代表差旅费(290万美元)、房地装修(100万美元)及赠款和捐款(1 080万美元)，主要原因是为企业资源规划项目增加编列660万美元经费。", "22. 如上所述，秘书长指出，方案主管被授予充分权力，以决定确保任务执行所需的资源组合。咨询委员会获悉，没有具体指示以贯穿各领域的方式适用任何特定的增效措施。因此，拟议预算反映了实现削减的各种办法。例如，提议减少13个预算款的员额配置，减少集中在初级专业人员或一般事务及有关职类。在少数情况下，特别是一些区域经济委员会，资源的总体减少大部分是由于员额的裁撤。关于非员额支出领域，委员会注意到正在采取各种措施。这些措施包括保留超出其正常更换周期的家具和设备、减少对咨询人的需要并拟要求所有使用经常预算培训资金进行的旅行乘坐经济舱。", "23. 第18款(非洲经济和社会发展)和第21款(拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展)下的提案也许最能说明不同方案主管采取的不同办法，这两个机构的规模和任务类似。这两项提案反映了相似的削减数额，分别为280万美元(2.3%)和290万美元(2.6%)。然而，在非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)，所有拟议的削减均在非员额领域，员额配置没有减少。与此相反，在拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)，减少额的大部分是由于裁撤12个员额的提议。", "24. 咨询委员会注意到，根据秘书长关于与发展有关的活动的报告(A/62/708)于2009年得到加强的所有预算款中，除一个预算款之外，其目前资源水平均拟减少。在第63/260号决议为九个预算款批准的91个新员额中，现提议裁撤六个预算款中的38个员额。裁撤的员额中包括第63/260号决议具体核准的员额中的四个：两个在第9款(经济和社会事务)(P-4、P-3)，两个在第20款(欧洲经济发展)(P-4、P-3)。特别是，委员会注意到，在整个预算中提议裁撤的34个专业职等员额中，20个是来自三个区域经济委员会，即欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)、亚太经社会和拉加经委会。", "25. 咨询委员会表示注意到拟议方案预算中提供的资料，这些资料说明根据第63/260号决议核准的新员额对有关部门的工作产生的早期积极影响，其中许多员额仅在2010年期间填补(见下文第126-128段)。虽然认识到预算过程提供了机会，可以审查和重新评估如何最有成效地执行任务，但委员会对某些部门和机构、特别是最近根据第63/260号决议得到加强的部门和机构中拟议员额配置裁减的程度感到关切。委员会认为，这些裁减似乎是质疑关于加强这些部门和机构的最初提议中的一些内容的依据。", "特别政治任务估计数", "26. 如上文第21段指出，拟议方案预算数额减少的主要因素是第3款(政治事务)下特别政治任务预算估计数的减少。估计数为11亿美元，比2010-2011年订正批款减少1.208亿美元。经询问，委员会获悉，经费的减少反映了两个因素。首先，作出共计8 580万美元的调整，涉及任务已完成或终止或任务范围出现变化的特别任务，即联合国尼泊尔特派团(联尼特派团)、联合国派驻国际咨询和监察委员会的代表和联合国布隆迪办事处(联布办事处)。其次，据称其他特别政治任务进一步削减了3 500万美元，依据是预期将以具有成本效益和高效率的方式完成目标和任务。", "27. 咨询委员会指出，该两年期给特别政治任务的供资将取决于大会和(或)安全理事会建立或延长任务的决定。因此，编列的经费可能发生变化。由于特别政治任务2012年资源提议尚未编制，委员会认为，进行中任务估计数的3 500万美元额外减少额目前只能视作初步预测。出于这个原因，并鉴于过去的经验表明无法预测此类任务，委员会认为，秘书长对2012-2013两年期特别政治任务的预测中反映的减少额可能证明是乐观的预测，因此并不一定导致资源的节减。在这方面，委员会认为，秘书长在提出特别政治任务的预算提议时务必有所节制。", "将提交大会的其他报告", "28. 秘书长指出，除大会第六十六届会议期间各主要委员会可能产生的事项外，还有一些变化中的其他问题。将就这些问题向大会提出单独报告。秘书长还指出，这些问题可能对2012-2013两年期工作方案产生重大影响(A/66/6(Introduction)， 第16段)。经询问，咨询委员会获得了关于秘书长预计将提交给大会第六十六届会议主要会期的其他报告的以下信息：", "涉及经费问题的报告", "信息和通信技术战略(第65/259号决议)，企业内容管理、客户关系管理和灾后恢复和业务连续性(第63/262、63/269和64/243号决议)", "联合国日内瓦办事处战略遗产计划(第64/243号决议)", "内部司法(第65/259号决议)", "第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议可能引起的需求", "可能涉及经费问题的报告", "关于道德操守办公室活动的年度报告", "关于紧急情况管理框架的秘书长报告(第64/260号决议)", "2011年国际公务员制度委员会报告所载决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题", "关于联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会报告引起的所涉行政和经费问题的秘书长报告", "其他报告[3]", "海外财产管理和在建项目(第65/259号决议)", "审查特别政治任务的目前供资和支助安排(第65/259号决议)", "联合国总部长期办公房地需要的可行性研究", "关于问责制的报告：第64/259号决议的执行情况", "29. 咨询委员会获悉，上述根据第65/259号决议提出的内部司法报告预计将分为两份单独的报告，分别涵盖正式制度(内部司法办公室和其他办公室)和非正式制度，后者将在关于联合国监察员和调解事务活动的年度报告中述及。", "30. 除上述报告外，咨询委员会还获悉，联合国内罗毕办事处总干事一职设立后，目前正在审查该办事处的支持安排。委员会获悉，对2012-2013年所需资源的任何有关订正将按照惯例向大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议报告。", "31. 咨询委员会回顾，大会在过去两个两年期请秘书长采取必要步骤，避免零敲碎打的预算编制方式，并确保拟议方案预算尽可能充分地反映本组织的所需资源(见第62/236号决议，第9和第64/243号决议，第15段)。在信息和通信技术方面，委员会还回顾，大会第64/243和65/259号决议要求在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中提出有关提议。委员会认识到，可能会出现需在通常的两年期经常预算周期之外解决的未预见需要。然而，委员会认为，在编制拟议方案预算期间预见的问题本可列入秘书长的提议。如果不可能提交关于这些项目的完整提议，委员会本预期最起码将在拟议方案预算中列出所需资源的指示性估计数，以便向会员国提供尽可能最全面的信息。", "32. 在这方面，咨询委员会收到并审议了秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术倡议的报告(A/66/94)。委员会注意到，该报告载列数额约为0.428亿美元的2012-2013两年期拟议追加资源，其中6 400万美元是从经常预算请拨。", "33. 尽管上列报告会在大会审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时提交大会，但咨询委员会感到关切的是，这种零敲碎打的方式未能向委员会提供在其审议秘书长提议时需要掌握的全部信息，使其无法就拟议方案预算向大会提出咨询意见。", "改革管理举措", "34. 秘书长指出，在2012-2013年期间，将通过旨在确保本组织更有成效和效率地为会员国及其受益者服务的改革管理进程，继续进行审查并更新本组织工作方式的工作。咨询委员会经询问获悉，已经设立了一个改革管理小组来促进这一进程。该小组将由一名助理秘书长领导，由另外6至8名从其他部/厅借调的工作人员组成，此外还有少量具有改革管理、人力资源及信息和通信技术(信通技术)专长的咨询人。秘书长还指出，该小组的工作将由常务副秘书长监督。", "35. 咨询委员会获悉，改革管理小组将承担以下任务：", "(a) 将工作集中在以下六个类别：方案成效；人力资源；信通技术；采购和共同事务；业务流程的创新；理事机构进程，包括本组织内部以及与会员国的合作战略的设计；", "(b) 评估所有改革提议的可行性和费用；", "(c) 确保实施改革措施的一致性；", "(d) 与其他重要工作流程开展相互得益的交流互动；", "(e) 制定一个有时间表的优先实施计划，供秘书长审议。", "36. 咨询委员会获悉，改革管理小组的首要任务将是分析和评估高级管理人员、工作人员和其他利益攸关方所提出的改革举措，并制定实施计划。预计这项工作将在2011年底前完成，而改革举措自身的实施时间表则各不相同，其中一些举措预计在2011年完成，另一些举措则将持续到2012年或更久之后。委员会还获悉，目前预测改革管理小组的活动对2012-2013两年期所需资源的影响还为时过早。", "37. 咨询委员会还获悉，改革管理举措的范围和影响各不相同，一些举措可能涉及改革秘书长管辖下的内部流程，另一些举措则可能涉及需要大会核准的改革措施。在这方面，据说明，改革管理小组将制定参与战略，以宣传其工作并寻求会员国和适当政府间机构的适当指导。咨询委员会强调，必须就该小组的活动定期开展内部沟通并与各会员国沟通，包括说明其目标、活动时间表以及考虑采取和正在采取的举措。", "38. 在供资方面，咨询委员会获悉，在到2011年12月31日为止的活动期间，改革管理小组的经费预计将通过预算外资源提供。咨询委员会获悉，虽然支持小组的主要方式是借调本组织内各部门工作人员，但预计开展这一举措将需要约700 000美元。咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年7月26日，除了助理秘书长之外，该小组由从监督厅、管理事务部、政治事务部和新闻部借调的四名专业人员组成，还有一名小组成员将从经济和社会事务部借调。此外，关于确定一名代表各机构、基金和方案的新成员的讨论还在进行之中。目前由从维持和平行动部借调的一名一般事务职等工作人员提供行政支助。", "39. 咨询委员会确认，各部厅各级方案主管不断制定并实施了提高效率和成效的举措。不过，咨询委员会认为，迄今为止，没有足够重视查明那些被视为最有效的措施并确保其在整个组织得到有效执行的工作。因此，咨询委员会认为，设立以改革管理措施为重点的临时能力大有裨益。咨询委员会指出，如果早成立一个这样的小组，其工作成果可能已反映在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中。", "40. 经询问，咨询委员会获悉，迄今为止尚未完成任何关于联合国改革管理或改革举措的评价。不过，咨询委员会获悉，改革管理小组将评价以往的这类举措并汲取经验教训。咨询委员会强调，必须对以往所有的举措和改革进行彻底审查，以期总结经验教训，对于这些举措未能产生预期影响的情况尤其如此。", "41. 咨询委员会注意到，改革管理小组预计至2011年底完成其首要任务。委员会期待，这些举措本身的实施及其影响随后将由现行机制负责监督，特别是常务副秘书长主持的执行改革管理措施指导委员会以及管理委员会等其他高级管理论坛，在适当情况下，还包括联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长理事会)。", "应急基金", "42. 咨询委员会回顾大会第41/213号和第42/211号决议的规定。委员会还回顾，大会第65/262号决议决定2012-2013两年期应急基金数额应定为40 475 200美元，所需追加资源应从中匀支。", "A. 拟议方案预算的格式和列报", "43. 咨询委员会感到遗憾的是，对2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的审议受到拟议方案预算导言和个别预算款次迟交的影响。委员会重申必须确保充分遵守预算程序，包括及时提交委员会所要求的文件和补充资料。", "44. 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算基本保持2010-2011年期间的格式。秘书长指出，根据大会第58/269号决议的规定，方案说明严格按照核可的2012-2013年期间战略框架(A/65/6/Rev.1)编制而成，任何不同之处将向方案和协调委员会报告。如拟议方案预算导言第54段所述，由新的和(或)订正的任务规定引起的差异影响到第3款(政治事务)、第15款(人类住区)、第17款(妇女署)和第22款(西亚经济和社会发展)。咨询委员会注意到，秘书长按照第58/269号决议提交了一份关于对两年期方案计划所做变动的综合报告(A/66/82)，供方案和协调委员会审查。", "成果预算框架", "45. 咨询委员会回顾，审计委员会在其关于联合国2008-2009两年期的报告(A/65/5(Vol.I)，第二章)中着重指出逻辑框架列报的一些不足之处。在某些情况下，这些不足之处包括：预期成绩与对应目标之间缺乏清晰的联系，使用的绩效指标与相关预期成绩之间同样如此。更为根本地讲，审计委员会指出，在改变成果预算制的现行设计及执行方式方面，存在一些结构性的、根深蒂固的障碍。因此，审计委员会认为，秘书处实行的程序看来不符合建立成果预算制的决定所依据的种种期望。咨询委员会从其在预算审查进程中的作用的角度出发，表达了与审计委员会类似的关注(见A/64/7，第13至22段)。委员会了解有关方面正在继续努力完善和改进逻辑框架的列报。但是，根据委员会对2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的审查，委员会认为这些关切依然有效。在这方面，委员会期待审查根据成果管理制工作队的工作提出的提议，这些提议将提交大会第六十六届会议。", "终止的产出", "46. 秘书长根据《方案规划、预算内方案部分、执行情况监测和评价方法条例和细则》条例5.6和细则105.6报告，根据对2010-2011年交付产出的审查结果，2010-2011年交付的产出中共计1 792项将在2012-2013年终止执行。终止执行的产出在相关的预算款次下予以报告，拟议方案预算导言第23段载有这些产出的总表。咨询委员会重申其观点，即如果预算文件能列明是否拟提议新产出取代有关活动，关于终止的产出的资料将更为有用。此外，委员会仍然认为，如果终止的产出没有被具体的新产出取代，则应设法确定因拟议终止某些活动和产出而可供调用的资源总量(见A/60/7，第15段)。", "47. 咨询委员会回顾其建议，即拟议方案预算应说明政府间机构在多大程度上参与拟定经常预算供资活动的所涉方案(同上，第18段)。在这方面，委员会注意到，作为终止上述产出的程序的一部分，预算第2、3、6、8、9、12、14、15、16、18、19、20、21、22、24和28款的工作方案已经有关机构审查(A/66/6 (Introduction)，附件一)。", "监测与评价", "48. 根据大会第58/269号决议第20段，在拟议方案预算各款中明确列出了用于履行监测和评价职能的资源。咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013年用于监测和评价的资源将达5 730万美元，比2010-2011两年期估计数增加650万美元，即约13%。经常预算中提供3 350万美元，比2010-2011年增加260万美元，而其他分摊经费和预算外资源分别占430万美元和1 940万美元。各预算款次之间的资源分配如下表6所示。", "表6 监测和评价所需资源估计数", "(千美元)", "预算款次 经常预算 预算外 其他摊款 共计", "2. 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 3 191.7 — — 3 191.7", "3. 政治事务 39.3 15.6 — 54.9", "4. 裁军 301.4 20.0 — 321.4", "5. 维持和平行动 — — 1 581.3 1 581.3", "6. 和平利用外层空间 321.3 116.1 — 437.4", "8. 法律事务 970.1 — 172.0 1 142.1", "9. 经济和社会事务 598.1 42.6 — 640.7", "10. 112.4 — — 112.4 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家", "11. 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系 171.7 — — 171.7", "12. 贸易与发展 996.5 374.9 — 1 371.4", "14. 环境 377.6 1 513.2 — 1 890.8", "15. 人类住区 396.5 2 713.3 — 3 109.8", "16. 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法 868.6 2 327.6 — 3 196.2", "17. 妇女署 — 3 735.5 — 3 735.5", "18. 非洲经济和社会发展 2 536.3 714.0 — 3 250.3", "19. 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 3 616.8 430.2 — 4 047.0", "20. 欧洲经济发展 822.0 6.0 — 828.0", "21. 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 718.4 212.5 — 930.9", "22. 西亚经济和社会发展 663.0 148.4 — 811.4", "24. 人权 1 251.9 251.2 — 1 503.1", "25. 难民的国际保护和援助及持久解决办法 1 256.0 2 344.0 — 3 600.0", "26. 巴勒斯坦难民 1 748.8 1 903.0 — 3 651.8", "27. 人道主义援助 401.2 1 389.4 — 1 790.6", "28. 新闻 2 792.0 — — 2 792.0", "29A.主管管理事务副秘书长办公室 109.3 — — 109.3", "29B.方案规划、预算和账户厅 2 234.7 459.3 246.4 2 940.4", "29C.人力资源管理厅 411.1 36.1 42.4 489.6", "29D.中央支助事务厅 1 846.4 34.6 2 044.5 3 925.5", "29E.行政，日内瓦 1 001.8 360.6 — 1 362.4", "29F.行政，维也纳 266.2 270.6 — 536.8", "29G.行政，内罗毕 246.6 5.6 — 252.2", "30. 信息和通信技术厅 41.8 — — 41.8", "31. 内部监督 753.3 — 256.7 1 010.0", "35. 安全和安保 2 449.2 — — 2 449.2", "共计 33 512.0 19 424.3 4 343.3 57 279.6", "49. 咨询委员会注意到，专门用于监测和评价活动的资源数额十分可观而且在持续增长。咨询委员会强调，必须定期监测并评价方案活动，以确定本组织活动的相关性、效率、实效和影响，并认为这些活动是有效管理的一个核心要素。因此，委员会认为应提供更多资料，说明这一领域资源的利用情况以及开展活动取得的成果。", "50. 秘书长在拟议方案预算导言中说明了所开展的监测和评价活动的类型。咨询委员会注意到，这一领域资源仍主要用于内部评价，只有约2%用于外部评价。内部评价包括自我评价以及在监测和报告方案执行情况时所作的自我评估。外部评价包括法定的或酌情进行的评价(A/66/6(Introduction)，第74和76段)。咨询委员会仍然认为，作为对联合国方案和活动的成就和不足进行客观分析的一个来源，独立评价是无可替代的，而且系统内存在为此目的的机制和办公室。", "51. 咨询委员会还注意到，第31款(内部监督)的估计数反映的仅是内部监督事务厅用于对自身活动进行评价的约100万美元资源(A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.12段)。不过，拟议方案预算中提供的估计数不包括监督厅和联合检查组的外部监测和评价活动费用。咨询委员会认为，必须列入关于监督厅和联合检查组可用于评价其他部厅活动的资源的资料，这样可以更准确地列报专门用于整个组织的监测和评价的资源总量。", "52. 咨询委员会继续注意到，秘书处各部厅在监测和评价活动预计支出数额上差异很大。即便是各区域经济委员会等可视为职能性质和范围大致类似的机构，这种情况也很显著。不过委员会还注意到，产生差异的部分原因可能是各部厅使用不同方式来衡量所涉资源。例如，虽然一些部厅有分立的监测和评价能力，设有全职从事此类活动的工作人员，但在许多其他部厅，此类活动由工作人员临时开展，作为其日常职责的一部分。对于后一种情况，拟议方案预算反映了根据工作人员兼职从事此类活动投入的时间所作的估算。这导致一种情况：方法上的一致性、包括在将管理人员责任中的哪些要素确定为明确的监测和评价活动方面，都可能难以实现。因此，咨询委员会认为，预算列报的重点应放在监测和评价活动的性质与结果，而不是仅仅关注其估计费用。", "53. 在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，在编制拟议方案预算时，每个方案主管必须提交一份评价计划，详细说明下一个两年期计划进行的外部和内部评价。虽然每个预算款都包括2012-2013两年期计划评价活动所需资源估计数，但委员会认为，预算文件总体上缺少关于所涉具体活动的资料。咨询委员会要求在今后的方案预算中提供关于各部厅规划的主要评价活动的资料。", "54. 秘书长提供了关于已开展的监测和评价活动产生的种种好处的资料(A/66/6(Introduction)，第79段)。一些个别预算款也不同程度地载有关于此类结果的资料。咨询委员会欢迎列入此类信息，但认为仍须作出更大努力。委员会感到遗憾的是，一些预算款中没有列入关于已开展的监测和评价活动的资料。委员会重申，要求今后的预算列报应当更一贯地着重说明所开展的主要评价活动、如何应用取得的经验改善方案的交付并酌情说明对资源的拟议分配的影响(见A/64/7，第26段)。", "B. 方法", "55. 如拟议预算导言所述，所需经费仍按照现两年期使用并经大会第47/212 A号决议认可的方法编制。拟议预算中，2 500万美元是与2010-2011年核定新员额的延迟影响有关的经费，减去的数额则为该两年期核定的一次性费用6 500万美元(见A/66/6(Introduction)，第46和47段)。列入约11亿美元的资源用于特别政治任务。必要时追加的特别政治任务经费将继续按照大会第41/213号决议的规定处理。", "56. 如拟议预算导言第50段所述，拟对持续性员额统一采用专业人员9.6%、一般事务人员4.0%的空缺率。对于外勤安保人员，提议采用专业人员14%、一般事务人员14.7%的空缺率。这些是大会第64/243号决议核定的2010-2011两年期空缺率。咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年5月31日，专业人员和一般事务人员的平均实际空缺率分别为6.0%和5.1%(另见下文第90段)。", "57. 咨询委员会注意到，拟议专业员额空缺率为9.6%，显著高于目前6.1%的实际空缺率。经询问，委员会获悉，拟议空缺率是沿用大会核定的2010-2011两年期空缺率。委员会还获悉，大会将在审议拟议方案预算时得到重计费用的订正估计数中的最新空缺率。咨询委员会注意到，将适用于专业员额的空缺率降低1%会导致员额费用增长约1 690万美元，工作人员薪金税项下也会增加250万美元。", "C. 改革的影响", "58. 咨询委员会在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中表示认为，预算文件应提供更多关于重大管理问题和影响所需资源的结构性变动的信息(A/64/7，第29段)。大会第64/243号决议回顾咨询委员会的报告第29 段，并强调指出，2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算应明确说明已采取哪些改革措施，其所涉预算如何，执行这些措施后效率有何提高，以及评估完成各项目标方面所取得的进展。咨询委员会感到遗憾的是，2012-2013两年期拟议预算中未包括这些资料，并认为这是一个严重疏漏。委员会重申，拟议方案预算导言应载有关于重大改革措施的现状以及结果的资料。", "D. 效率的提高", "59. 秘书长指出，2012-2013两年期拟议预算考虑到旨在更有效率、更有成效地执行方案和利用有关资源的措施。在人员编制方面，秘书长表示，拟议预算反映了减少重叠、简化作用与职责的努力，其目的是增强各工作流程的协同增效作用，作为信息和通信技术投资的成果(A/66/6(Introduction)，第26段)。", "60. 咨询委员会欢迎对实现增效所表示的重视，这应对资源数额或分配产生影响。然而，委员会感到遗憾的是，拟议方案预算缺乏将增效措施的影响与所需资源挂钩的具体资料。在这方面，委员会重申，拟议方案预算导言中应包括最重大增效措施的摘要以及关于执行这些措施所实际释放或预期将释放的资源的资料。当预计将来可提高效率时，应提供实现增效的明确时间表。此外，应在提供给咨询委员会的补充资料中列入关于每个部厅的更详细资料(见A/60/7，第102段)。", "61. 咨询委员会经询问后获悉，由于目前没有准确确定每项活动和产出费用的制度，因此无法确定正在开展的举措的确切节余或收益。咨询委员会对该领域的不理想状况及明显未取得任何进展的情况表示关切。在这方面，委员会回顾大会第64/259号决议，其中请秘书长确定说明秘书处工作效率的适当方法和工具。委员会期望，将于大会第六十六届会议主要会期提交的秘书长关于该决议执行情况的报告会反映这一领域的进展。", "62. 咨询委员会经询问后得到因信息技术投资的回报而拟裁撤的员额的资料。按预算款次分列的54个一般事务(其他职等)员额分布情况列于下表7。委员会仍然认为，对信息和通信技术的大量投资应导致在本组织支助职能方面实现可衡量的效益、效率和节省。因此，委员会欣见拟议人员编制反映这种投资对一些领域的影响。但是，委员会注意到，拟议员额裁减仅涉及三个预算款，并认为类似措施应适用于其他部厅。", "表7 因信息和通信技术投资而拟裁撤员额汇总表", "款次\t数目\t职等\t说明 \n2.大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 \n会议和出版服务，纽约\t37\tTC\t裁撤\n 4 GS(OL) 裁撤 \n 拟议裁撤是技术投资的回报和工作流程简化的结果\n 小计 41 \n 28. 新闻 1 P-5 裁撤 \n 1 P-2/1 裁撤 \n 9 GS(OL) 裁撤 \n 拟议裁撤是技术提高和达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆流程修改的结果\n 小计 11 \n 29 E. 行政，日内瓦 \n 图书馆事务 2 GS(OL) 裁撤 \n 拟议裁撤是由于技术提高和电子资源的使用增加(以及重新分配任务和职责、简化流程)\n 共计 54", "E. 人事问题", "63. 大会第65/247号和第65/248号决议核准给予连续任用合同以及国际公务员制度委员会关于统一工作人员服务条件的一些建议。这些决定建立在大会核准新合同框架的第63/250号决议的基础上，是近年来一系列重大人力资源改革的新里程碑。咨询委员会认为，这些改革已建立了一个框架，应使本组织得以以一致的方式解决人力资源管理领域许多长期存在的问题，并期望现在将重点转移到确保其有效实施。委员会还期望今后提交大会的报告载有对所取得成果的分析。", "64. 在审议拟议方案预算时，咨询委员会继续注意到，一些部厅空缺率较高，其中一些员额长时间空缺。此外，一些方案主管也表示希望增加授权，特别是征聘领域的授权。在提高无人任职和任职人数偏低的会员国的代表性以及在实现人员配置性别均等方面，也显然仍须继续努力。咨询委员会期望秘书长在其将提交大会第六十七届会议的下一份关于人力资源管理的报告中全面处理这些问题。因此，委员会在本报告中仅对人事政策问题进行有限讨论，届时将再次更详细地讨论更广泛的人力资源问题。", "65. 咨询委员会注意到，可用于执行本组织工作方案的人员编制包括：常设员额、临时员额、临时人员、订约承办事务、咨询人和特设专家组和加班；其经费来自经常预算、其他分摊资源和预算外经费。", "66. 2012-2013两年期，支出各款下的员额费用估计数为2 369 447 800美元(按2010-2011年费率计算)，其他工作人员费用为219 062 400美元，共计2 588 510 200美元(不包括工作人员薪金税)。加上收入第3款(服务公众)下的员额和其他工作人员费用估计数25 958 100美元后，总额为2 614 468 300美元。预算外员额费用(包括有关的其他工作人员费用)和其他分摊资源供资的员额费用估计数为4 067 800 300美元。因此，2012-2013年由经常预算和其他分摊资源及预算外资源提供经费的合计人事费用估计数为6 682 268 600美元。", "67. 咨询委员会回顾，2009年12月31日终了的两年期联合国财务报表五表明，在4 749 421 000美元经常预算总支出中，薪金和其他人事费约为3 516 845 000美元，约占74.0%(见A/65/5 (Vol. I)，第五章)，比2006-2007两年期的74.6%略有下降。", "经常预算常设员额和临时员额", "68. 在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算支出各款和收入第3款(服务公众)项下，秘书长请设总共10 352个员额。下表8将2012-2013年请设员额与2010-2011年核定人员配置表进行了比较。", "表8 所需员额", "专业及以上职类 一般事务及有关职类 共计", "员额 2010-2011 2012-2013 增(减) 2010-2011 2012-2013 增(减) 2010-2011 2012-2013 增(减)", "常设员额 4 521 4 554 33 5 733 5 689 (44) 10 254 10 243 (11)", "临时员额 55 45 (10) 87 64 (23) 142 109 (33)", "共计^(a) 4 576 4 599 23 5 820 5 753 (67) 10 396 10 352 (44)", "^(a) 包括收入第3款下的89个员额。", "69. 支出各款下的经常预算常设员额和临时员额净减44个，是拟设63个新员额、由一般临时人员、预算外资源或订约承办事务改划40个员额和裁撤147个员额的结果。此外，提议将10个临时员额改划为常设员额，还拟改叙55个员额(见A/66/6 (Introduction)，表5及第24至45段)。", "70. 经询问，咨询委员会获得了本报告附件一所载的按资金来源和职等开列的核定及请设员额总数的资料。附件二载列按拟议方案预算款次开列的拟裁撤或新设员额清单。附件三载列关于拟从一般临时人员、预算外资源或订约承办事务项下改划的员额的资料。附件四载列拟议改叙的详细情况。", "71. 咨询委员会注意到，拟增加8个预算款的人员配置，同时减少13个款的人员配置(见下表9)。其余包含经常预算供资员额的预算款的整体人员配置水平没有变化。", "表9 人员配置的拟议变化^(a)", "总数\t专业及以上职类\t一般事务及有关职类 \n人员配置增加的预算款 \n7 国际法院 4\t2\t2\n16 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法 7\t8\t(1)\n17 妇女署 2\t2\t—\n24 人权 11\t7\t4\n26 巴勒斯坦难民 13\t13\t—\n27 人道主义援助 2\t2\t—\n29D 中央支助事务厅 26\t6\t20\n31 内部监督 7\t7\t—\n 小计 72\t47\t25\n人员配置减少的预算款 \n1\t通盘决策、领导和协调 (2)\t—\t(2)\n2\t大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 -45\t-4\t-41\n3\t政治事务 -4\t-2\t-2\n9\t经济和社会事务 -10\t-2\t-8\n12\t贸易与发展 -1\t—\t-1\n19\t亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 -7\t-6\t-1\n20\t欧洲经济发展 -7\t-5\t-2\n21\t拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 -12\t-8\t-4\n22\t西亚经济和社会发展 -1\t3\t-4\n28\t新闻 -15\t-1\t-14\n29B\t方案规划、预算和账户厅 -1\t—\t-1\n29E\t行政，日内瓦 -3\t—\t-3\n35\t安全和安保 -8\t—\t-8\n\t小计 -116\t-25\t-91\n\t共计 -44\t22\t-66", "^(a) 第18款(非洲经济和社会发展)下提议将一个员额从外勤事务改划为专业人员职等，但是该款人员配置总数没有变动。", "裁撤员额", "72. 16个预算款中拟裁撤员额共计147个，包括113个一般事务及有关职类员额和34个专业职等员额，即4个P-5、7个P-4、9个P-3和14个P-2/1员额，其中29个裁撤员额为临时员额。附件二载列有关拟裁撤员额的详细资料。按款次开列的分配情况列于下表10。", "表10 拟裁撤员额", "预算款次 共计\t专业及以上职类\t一般事务及有关职类 \n 1 通盘决策、领导和协调 2 2 \n2\t大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\t45\t4\t41\n 3 政治事务 6 3 3 \n 5 维持和平行动 2 2 \n 9 经济和社会事务 12 4 8 \n12\t贸易与发展\t1 1\n16\t国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\t1 1\n19\t亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展\t8\t7\t1\n20\t欧洲经济发展\t7\t5\t2\n21\t拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展\t12\t8\t4\n22\t西亚经济和社会发展\t4 4\n24\t人权\t2\t1\t1\n28\t新闻\t20\t2\t18\n29B\t方案规划、预算和账户厅\t1 1\n29E\t行政，日内瓦\t3 3\n35\t安全和安保\t21 21\n 共计 147 34 113", "73. 咨询委员会一贯强调，必须对人员配置组成不断进行审查，以确保人员的人数、职等和地点得到调整，从而确保任务得到最有成效和效率的执行。因此，委员会原则上欢迎方案主管努力在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中这样做。", "74. 对于裁减人员配置，咨询委员会注意到，第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)下的业务流程举措提高了效率，因而该款的裁减数量最多。咨询委员会欢迎实现这种效率提高，并鼓励采取类似做法理顺全组织的业务流程。在这方面，委员会注意到，第29款(管理和支助事务)的各个组成部分占人员配置总表的约12.5%，但其下仅拟裁撤4个一般事务员额，而且员额总数拟净增22个。", "75. 如上文第24段所着重指出的那样，咨询委员会注意到，在审议秘书长关于与发展有关活动的报告(A/62/708)后根据第63/260 号决议加强了一些预算款，而目前拟从这些预算款中裁撤38个员额，其中包括当时核定的4个员额。委员会特别注意到，整个预算中拟裁撤的34个专业职等员额中的20个来自三个区域经济委员会。", "76. 经询问，咨询委员会获悉，拟裁撤员额中有许多目前不是空缺员额。委员会还获悉，在一些情况下，各有关部厅中职等适当的空缺员额不足，无法用以消化这些工作人员。咨询委员会期待，将采取适当措施，确保完全按照人力资源的规则和程序处理裁减员额的影响。", "调动", "77. 咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期拟在各预算款次间调动62个员额(见表11)。", "表11 各预算款次间员额调动总表", "款次 数目 职等 说明 \n1.通盘决策、领导和协调 \n联合国驻非洲联盟办事处\t(6)\tASG,D-2,P-5,P-4,2GS(OL)\t由于办事处开展的方案涉及和平与安全方面的实务职能，将6个员额调到第3款(政治事务)，作为单独的构成部分\n 小计 (6) \n2.大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 \n会议管理司，日内瓦\t(54)\tD-1,2P-5,P-4,6 P-3,10P-2/1,1GS(PL),33GS(OL)\t作为根据组织报告关系对图书馆事务进行的调整的一部分，将54个员额调动到第29E款(行政，日内瓦，图书馆事务)；还包括拟裁撤的2个一般事务(其他职等)员额\n会议管理司，维也纳\t(2)\tP-3, GS(OL)\t作为根据组织报告关系对图书馆事务进行的调整的一部分，将2个员额调到第29F款(行政，维也纳)下\n 小计 (56) \n 3. 政治事务 \n联合国驻非洲联盟办事处\t6\tASG,D-2,P-5,P-4,2GS(OL)\t从第1款(通盘决策、领导和协调)调来6个员额(见上文)\n 小计 6 \n 29E 行政，日内瓦 \n图书馆事务\t54\tD-1,2P-5,P-4,6 P-3,10P-2/1,1GS(PL),33GS(OL)\t作为对图书馆事务进行的调整的一部分，将54个员额调出第2款(见上文) \n 小计 54 \n 29F. 行政，维也纳 \n支助事务\t2\tP-3，GS(OL)\t作为对图书馆事务进行的调整的一部分，将2个员额调出第2款(见上文)\n 小计 2 \n 共计 —", "改叙", "78. 拟改叙的员额共计55个。按预算款次分列的详细提议载于附件四。简言之，拟议改叙包括下列职等变动：", "4个 D-1改叙为D-2", "7个 P-5改叙为D-1", "14个 P-4改叙为P-5", "1个 P-4改叙为P-3", "6个 P-3改叙为P-4", "1个 外勤事务改叙为P-4", "14个 外勤事务改叙为当地雇员", "1个 外勤事务改叙为本国干事", "7个 当地雇员改叙为本国干事", "79. 咨询委员会注意到，改叙提议共计55项，比近年来提出的数字显著增加，是以往三个两年期拟议方案预算总共所载27项提议的一倍多。此外，虽然这些提议包括将一些外勤事务职位改叙为本国员额，还有一个专业员额向下改叙，但咨询委员会注意到，大部分提议继续体现向上改叙的趋势，其中包括25项改叙为P-5或以上职等的提议。", "80. 咨询委员会以往曾评论指出，在改叙方面持续存在向上改叙的偏颇，这导致“等级爬升”——人员配置表的职等架构向上偏移。委员会仍对这种趋势感到关切，当结合2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算请设员额的整体情况(见下文第86段)来审视这些拟议改叙时，尤其如此。", "81. 第35款(安全和安保)中把8个联合供资的P-4员额向下改叙为P-2/1职等以提供更多初始职级机会的提议虽然不影响经常预算人员配置表，但咨询委员会注意到该提议(A/66/6(Sect.35)，第35.41段)。下文第二章第十二.25段载有关于这项提议的更多资料。咨询委员会欢迎安全和安保部的提议，该提议与经常预算供资的人员配置中初始职级专业员额的拟议总体减少形成反差。", "82. 咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期拟议的员额改叙的具体意见和建议载于第二章。", "改划", "83. 咨询委员会获得了关于2012-2013年拟将以往由一般临时人员、预算外资源或订约承办事务项下供资的职位改划为常设员额的情况摘要。拟改划职位中，共计14个在一般临时人员项下，2个在预算外资源项下，24个在订约承办事务项下(见附件三)。", "84. 咨询委员会注意到第29D款(中央支助事务厅)下将会议工程师和电气维修职位从订约承办事务改划为员额的提议。咨询委员会认为，今后类似的提议应作为设立新员额的请求提出。在一般临时人员项下或由预算外资金供资的职位是根据联合国人力资源政策分类并设立的。因此，在经常预算项下设立此类员额的提议可视为是将该职位改划为一个不同供资来源的员额。委员会不认为有关由一家私营公司开展的职能的提议具有可比性。", "85. 咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期拟议改划员额的具体意见和建议载于本报告第二章。", "人员配置情况", "86. 人员配置提议将导致一般事务及有关职类员额净减少67个、专业及以上职类员额增加23个，其中包括增加1个助理秘书长、4个D-2、10个D-1、9个P-5和9个P-3员额，减少2个P-4和8个P-2/1员额(见A/66/6(Introduction)，第27段)。咨询委员会注意到减少初始职级P-2/1员额的提议，这与增加高级员额的提议形成反差。委员会对这一趋势表示关切，并认为秘书长应持续审查这一情况。", "87. 下表12介绍10年间的人员配置情况，将2004-2005两年期的核定人员配置与2012-2013两年期的拟议人员配置进行对比。咨询委员会注意到，如果2012-2013年的提议得到核准，在此期间将总体增加725个员额，其中大部分是在专业及以上职类。咨询委员会注意到，自2004-2005两年期以来，核准增加的员额涉及专业职类的所有职等，但认为本应更加重视P-2/1员额。", "88. 咨询委员会认为，提供足够的初始职级员额是有效人力资源管理的基本组成部分。征聘新工作人员担任这些职位也有利于秘书处的重振和复兴。此外，委员会认识到，P-2/1员额是通过青年专业人员方案征聘工作人员的主要途径，也使通过从其他职类转为专业职类的竞争性征聘考试的一般事务人员得以晋升。", "89. 咨询委员会以往曾呼吁降低一般事务及有关职类员额与专业员额的比率。委员会认为，降低这一比率将反映出本组织工作做法的改变，包括信息和通信技术对文书支助需要的影响(见A/58/7，第61和62段)。如上文第62段所示，委员会获悉，在这个类别拟裁撤的113个员额中，54个是因信息技术的投资。如下表12所示，一般事务及有关职类占拟议经常预算员额配置组成部分的55.3%，而在2004-2005两年期核定常设和临时员额中则占58.5%。", "表12 2004-2005年核定人员配置与2012-2013年拟议人员配置的比较", "2004-2005年核定数\t2012-2013年拟议数\t变动\t\n 类别 数量 百分比 \n DSG 1 1 — \n USG 29 33 4 13.8 \n ASG 21 29 8 38.1 \n D-2 86 105 19 22.1 \n D-1 254 287 33 13.0 \n P-5 713 842 129 18.1 \n P-4 1 216 1 419 203 16.7 \n P-3 1 162 1 340 178 15.3 \n P-2/1 481 528 47 9.8 \n 小计 3 963 4 584 621 15.7 \n PL 279 281 2 0.7 \n OL 2 746 2 717 (29) (1.1) \n SS 306 320 14 4.6 \n LL 1 877 2 014 137 7.3 \n FS 147 129 (18) (12.2) \n NO 39 78 39 100.0 \n TC 181 140 (41) (22.7) \n 小计 5 575 5 679 104 1.9 \n 共计 9 538 10 263 725 7.6", "空缺率", "90. 咨询委员会收到了截至2011年5月31日的核定常设和临时经常预算员额最新空缺数据，当时专业员额空缺率为6.0%，一般事务及有关职类员额空缺率为5.1%，总空缺率为5.5%。委员会注意到，相比之下，在其审议2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算之时，专业员额空缺率为8.4%，一般事务及有关职类员额空缺率为3.5%。经询问，委员会获悉，在2006年至2010年的5年期间，专业员额平均空缺率介于7.0%至8.9%之间，一般事务及有关职类员额空缺率则在3.3%和4.2%之间。虽然咨询委员会仍然对一些部厅空缺率持续高企表示关切，但它欢迎专业员额整体空缺率方面的改善，并期待这一趋势将持续下去。但是，委员会对一般事务及有关职类员额整体空缺率增加表示关切。", "91. 咨询委员会注意到，在2010-2011年，所有通常空缺从空缺通知发布之日到确定人选的平均天数估计为210天(A/66/6(Sect.29C)，表29C.11)。在委员会的听询会上，一些方案主管对征聘过程表示失望，指出这是导致高空缺率和长期空缺的一个因素。有一些方案主管还表示希望提高征聘事宜的授权。在这方面，委员会获悉，一个由人力资源管理厅和外勤支助部外勤人事司的代表组成的考绩组已成立，并已确定了征聘过程中需要进一步研究的一些步骤，以确定导致延迟的原因。委员会还获悉，每年高级主管业绩委员会在高级管理人员契约的框架内审查各部厅征聘工作的业绩。咨询委员会期望尽一切努力简化征聘过程。但是，委员会认为，缩短征聘时间还要求方案主管负起责任，对确保就其职权范围内的步骤及时采取行动承担问责，其中包括及时公布空缺通知。", "92. 在审议拟议方案预算时，咨询委员会注意到，一些员额已经长期空缺。咨询委员会重申，应对长期空缺员额的持续必要性不断进行审查，在向大会提出设立新员额的提议之前尤其如此。委员会认为，对于已空缺两年或更久的员额，应在拟议方案预算中重新说明仍然需要这些员额的理由，并解释空缺的原因。", "93. 咨询委员会获悉，空缺员额有时被用来执行大会核准职能之外的职能，这种做法被称为“空缺管理”。虽然委员会认识到这种做法为解决临时需求提供了灵活性，但认为“空缺管理”不应被用来设立长期职位，执行未经核准的职能。此外，委员会注意到，一旦员额被填补后，就不会反映在用于预算目的的空缺率中，不论该员额被用于何种目的。因此，“空缺管理”的做法可能掩盖员额长期未被用于其预期职能的情况。因此，委员会在上文第92段的建议中认为，如果一个员额两年内没有由一个履行其核定职能的工作人员填补，就应要求重新说明理由。咨询委员会还认为，提高关于本组织内利用空缺情况的透明度，将改善这一领域的人力资源管理。", "统一服务条件", "94. 大会第65/248号决议决定，因该决议核准的服务条件变化而增加的费用应由本组织在现有资源内匀支，不得影响业务费用，不得影响已获授权的方案和活动的开展。咨询委员会注意到，拟议方案预算中仅有两个拟议员额变动是由于大会关于匀支统一服务条件的费用的决定的影响。但是，委员会经询问后获悉，按照该决定，最初确定了37个应裁撤的空缺员额/职位(4个在停战监督组织、33个在各特别政治任务)。此外，指定了64个应改划为本国工作人员职类的空缺外勤事务员额和职位(13个在由经常预算供资的维持和平行动、51个在各特别政治任务)。", "95. 然而，咨询委员会进一步获悉，经与停战监督组织协商，已确定裁撤的4个员额中有2个现拟在第5款(维持和平行动)下裁撤。此外，拟将15个外勤员额改叙为本国工作人员职类(1个来自第3款(政治事务)下联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处、14个来自第5款(维持和平行动)、13个在停战监督组织、1个在印巴观察组)。咨询委员会注意到拟裁撤员额的数量减少。委员会期望，将在关于特别政治任务的提议中作出抵销调整，以确保大会第65/248号决议关于匀支因服务条件变化而产生的费用的规定整体上得到全面执行。", "本国专业干事", "96. 咨询委员会回顾，其关于2006-2007两年期方案预算的第一次报告鼓励继续努力在切合实际和切实可行的情况下，例如在各区域委员会、联合国内罗毕办事处和联合国各新闻中心等机构吸引并聘用本国专业干事(见A/60/7，第70和71段)。", "97. 咨询委员会还回顾了其关于具有区域层面的联合国维持和平行动中的本国专业干事的意见。委员会曾表示，虽然应继续努力，保持大会第49/223号决议中关于本国专业干事的最初构想的完整性，但也应考虑允许有关区域的国民担任本国专业干事职位(A/63/746，第123段)。例如，咨询委员会认为，鉴于其区域任务，区域经济委员会的本国专业干事员额的征聘可对所涵盖区域的会员国的国民开放。委员会建议大会考虑请国际公务员制度委员会研究这一问题。", "借调", "98. 咨询委员会认为，从联合国各机构、基金和方案借调人员对于其任务重点覆盖全系统的经常预算人员配置是一种有益补充。但它承认，借调和预算外资源可能是不可预知的。因为这种资源不能得到保证，所以，咨询委员会认为，完全依靠这些类型的资源来实施核心经常预算方案和活动是不谨慎的。", "99. 咨询委员会在审议拟议方案预算时注意到，为秘书长办公厅法治股增设一个新员额的提议的主要理由是借调安排已经中止(见A/66/6(Sect.1)，第1.147和1.148段)。同样，秘书长指出，建设和平支助办公室在2008-2009年期间受益于八个借调安排，可是，到2011年底，只有四个将继续下去(A/66/6(Sect.3)，表3.34)。委员会获悉，在这两个情况中，有关机构、基金和方案已表示，预算吃紧是借调中止的原因。咨询委员会强调，鉴于这些办公室的工作范围遍及全系统，这种借调安排不仅让秘书处受益，各机构、基金和方案也受益。委员会认为，经常预算不应用于补贴那些更适于共同开展并由预算外资源资助的活动。", "F. 非员额支出用途", "其他工作人员费用", "100. 2012-2013两年期的拟议其他工作人员费用为219 062 400美元，比2010-2011年订正批款减少4 370万美元，减幅16.6%。下表13列出这类支出的组成部分。", "表13 2010-2011年(订正批款)和2012-2013年(重计费用前)按照支出用途开列的其他工作人员费用", "(美元)", "变动\n 支出用途 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 数额 百分比 订正批款 拟议数", "会议临时人员 71 010 000 37 965 200 (33 044 800) (46.5)", "一般临时人员 50 102 700 44 429 900 (5 672 800) (11.3)", "加班和夜勤津贴 18 141 000 14 269 300 (3 871 700) (21.3)", "个人服务合同 1 682 700 1 763 200 80 500 4.8", "其他人事相关费用 17 781 500 20 095 500 2 314 000 13.0", "离职后医疗保险 104 031 600 100 539 300 (3 492 300) (3.4)", "共计 262 749 500 219 062 400 (43 687 100) (0.2)", "会议临时人员", "101. 请拨的会议临时人员经费是用于支付短期口译员、笔译员、打字员和其他会议服务人员，减少约3 300万美元。咨询委员会关于会议临时人员的意见载于下文第二章第一部分第2节。", "一般临时人员", "102. 为2012-2013两年期一般临时人员编列44 429 900美元经费。这比2010-2011两年期的订正批款减少5 672 800美元，减幅11.3%。按预算款次开列的详细分配情况载于下表14。咨询委员会注意到，某些款次所需经费的减少，例如在第24款(人权)和第31款(内部监督)项下，部分是因为拟将一般临时人员项下供资的现有职位改划为员额。", "103. 秘书长提供的资料显示，截至2011年3月31日，一般临时人员职位共计302个(见A/66/6(Introduction)，表12)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，在2012-2013两年期，估计将继续维持其中的142个(见附件五)。委员会强调，一般临时人员是用于在工作最忙期间提供额外支持，以及替换休产假或长期病假的工作人员。委员会认为，一般临时人员只应用于上述目的，因此，供资提议应有时限。委员会欣见2012-2013两年期一般临时人员经费减少，并希望这一趋势继续下去。", "表14 关于一般临时人员的提议", "预算款次 2010-2011年订正批款\t2012-2013年拟议数 \n1.\t通盘决策、领导和协调\t2 966.0\t2 390.2\n2.\t大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\t2 418.1\t2 418.1\n3.\t政治事务\t910.5\t887.1\n4.\t裁军\t249.2\t244.3\n5.\t维持和平行动\t1 539.8\t288.9\n6.\t和平利用外层空间\t18.7\t18.7\n7.\t国际法院\t284.0\t256.2\n8.\t法律事务\t165.1\t143.5\n9.\t经济和社会事务\t1 119.6\t1 135.6\n10.\t最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家\t776.1\t83.2\n11.\t联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系\t153.4\t153.4\n12.\t贸易与发展\t1 350.6\t1 127.2\n14.\t环境\t27.4\t27.4\n15.\t人类住区\t209.5\t209.5\n16.\t国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\t586.2\t472.6\n17.\t妇女署\t26.0\t26.0\n18.\t非洲经济和社会发展\t1 343.5\t1 364.1\n19.\t亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展\t468.4\t435.6\n20.\t欧洲经济发展\t239.1\t239.1\n21.\t拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展\t1 597.1\t1 610.8\n22.\t西亚经济和社会发展\t769.6\t757.2\n24.\t人权\t6 160.2\t4 822.3\n26.\t巴勒斯坦难民\t13.4\t19.9\n27.\t人道主义援助\t625.1\t625.1\n28.\t新闻\t4 896.5\t4 155.7\n29.\t管理和中央支助事务\t8 964.3\t9 812.0\n29A.\t主管管理事务副秘书长办公室\t174.0\t174.0\n29B.\t方案规划、预算和账户厅\t1 125.6\t1 073.2\n29C.\t人力资源管理厅\t2 275.9\t2 257.8\n29D.\t中央支助事务厅\t1 731.1\t1 673.6\n29E.\t行政，日内瓦\t1 968.5\t2 577.4\n29F.\t行政，维也纳\t1 381.6\t1 172.6\n29G.\t行政，内罗毕\t883.4\t883.4\n30.\t信息和通信技术厅\t1 943.4\t5 380.5\n31.\t内部监督\t1 062.1\t262.7\n35.\t安全和安保\t8 644.0\t5 063.0\n 共计 50 102.7 44 429.9", "差旅", "104. 工作人员差旅拟议所需经费37 270 000美元，比2010-2011年订正批款减少100万美元，减幅2.7%。咨询委员会对此表示欢迎，希望继续努力，尽可能利用视频会议和其他电子通讯手段。此外，委员会认为应最大限度地利用分配到工作地点或附近区域或次区域办事处的工作人员。委员会认为，这将减少差旅需求，或者在高级官员的差旅必不可少的情况下，减少对陪同人员的需求。", "105. 咨询委员会在审议拟议方案预算期间获悉，秘书长正在修订有关差旅的行政指示，以便规定，今后工作人员参加由人力资源管理厅供资的与培训有关的活动时，不论差旅时间长短，必须乘坐经济舱。委员会欢迎这一举措，并认为，秘书长可以在即将到来的两年期内在差旅领域实施进一步的节省费用措施。", "咨询人、专家和订约承办事务", "106. 咨询委员会回顾，大会第65/247号决议表示关切使用咨询人、尤其是在本组织的核心活动中使用咨询人的情况增多。大会请秘书长尽最大可能使用内部能力。委员会注意到，在整个拟议方案预算中，2012-2013年用于咨询人的拟议资源为10 994 700美元，比2010-2011年订正批款减少1 956 600美元，减幅15.1%。其中，减少最多的是方案规划、预算和账户厅(第29B款)，2012-2013两年期该款没有请拨咨询人资源，而2010-2011年的经费为491 400美元。委员会还注意到，在第1款下，现两年期用于咨询服务的核定数额是125 000美元，而2012-2013两年期没有为秘书长办公厅编列此项经费。委员会欢迎这两个部门树立的榜样。委员会注意到，大部分预算款次减少了咨询人经费，在许多情况下需求的减少是因为更多地使用内部能力。委员会欢迎这一趋势，并希望它继续下去。", "107. 咨询委员会在审议第22款(西亚经济和社会发展)期间获悉，雇用了一名咨询人，任务是审查西亚经社会的结构要素，并建议适当的组织安排或结构及其相应的所需人员编制(见第二章，第五.92和五.93段)。委员会重申，编写有关本组织结构和人员编制方面的提案的最终责任应由秘书处运用内部机构知识和可用资源加以承担(见A/65/782，第23段)。", "108. 咨询委员会注意到，订约承办事务项下的拟议资源约1.39亿美元，仅比该领域目前供资水平略微减少480 400美元。委员会还注意到，利用订约承办事务尤为显著的是第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理，2 730万美元)、第29C款(人力资源管理厅，2 560万美元)、第28款(新闻，1 610万美元)和第30款(信息和通信技术厅，1 580万美元)。咨询委员会承认在某些领域使用订约承办事务可能是适当的，但认为应限制其使用，并应最大限度地利用内部能力。", "出版物", "109. 咨询委员会注意到，出版物作为许多部门和办公室工作方案的一部分，是持续审查的对象，在大多数情况下，预算中出现减少。委员会还注意到，在若干情况中，在发行印刷版的同时，增加了对电子出版物的使用。委员会确认，仍有必要使用传统交流手段(即广播和印刷媒体)，在发展中国家尤其如此。然而，它欢迎努力在可行和具有成本效益的情况下，尽量加强对电子出版手段的使用。咨询委员会还重申，使用多种语文印发出版物至关重要，必须确保酌情提供更多语文版本的联合国出版物(见大会第63/306号决议)。", "110. 咨询委员会注意到，拟议方案预算列报出版物信息的方式不一致。例如，关于环境署，预算文件中提供的信息反映了出版物数量持续下降的趋势(A/66/6(Sect.14)，第14.28段)。然而，委员会询问后获悉，提供的数字不包括只有电子版的出版物。另一方面，在出版物整体数目略有增加的第15款(人类住区)(A/66/6(Sect.15)，第15.14段)中，委员会注意到，所提供的数据还包括只有电子版的出版物。委员会强调，拟议方案预算各个方面的列报必须保持一致。委员会建议，应调整提供出版物信息的格式，以便反映电子出版物使用增加的情况。这些信息不仅应按照当前做法，指明经常性和非经常性出版物，还应区分拟以印刷版、电子版或两种皆有的方式印发的出版物的数量。", "G. 培训", "111. 秘书长表示，拟议方案预算包括培训活动所需经费3 120万美元，其中，集中管理的经费1 790万美元，语言培训经费970万美元，其他培训经费360万美元(见A/66/6(Introduction)，第69-72段)。", "112. 关于培训活动的监测和评价方面，咨询委员会获悉，目前，评价工作主要侧重于评估培训课程参与者认为课程所具有的价值以及这些课程对参与者信心水平的影响。不过，展望未来，委员会获悉，将更加强调评估培训课程的业务影响和本组织投资的最终回报(见第二章，第八.52段)。委员会认识到，必须开展培训，以便建立一支非常胜任工作的员工队伍，能够以最有成效和效率的方式执行本组织的任务。然而，委员会重申，培训方案和目标应与任务执行和组织目标相联系(见A/65/743，第115段)。鉴于大量资源专门用于培训，委员会进一步重申，必须制定评价框架和方法，以评估培训方案及其对于提高工作人员履行职责的能力的影响以及开展此类方案的效率和成效(同上，第137段)。", "113. 审计委员会在其关于联合国2008-2009两年期的报告中强调指出，各部门和办公室的经常预算培训资金在许多情况下以预算外资源作为补充。审计委员会注意到，人力资源管理厅却不知道这类资金的数额或用途。因此，审计委员会建议行政当局评估其培训总支出，不论资金来源如何(A/65/5(Vol.I)，第380-383段)。咨询委员会支持审计委员会的建议，同样认为，必须更完整、清楚地了解整个组织的培训活动和相关资源情况。", "H. 信息和通信技术", "114. 秘书长为2012-2013两年期信通技术请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为255 622 100美元，比2010-2011年订正批款增加3 783 400美元，增幅1.5%。分配给信通技术的资源按预算款次开列的细目载于拟议方案预算的导言部分(见A/66/6(Introduction)，第90段)。秘书长表示，拟议经常预算资源将用于满足持续需求和项目的需要。根据第65/259、64/243、63/269和63/262号决议，提交了另一份报告(A/66/94)，供大会同时审议。该报告包括具有所涉经费问题的四项倡议的提案，涉及实施信息和通信技术战略、企业内容管理、客户关系管理和业务连续性。这些倡议拟议为期四年，从2012年至2015年，在为企业资源规划项目批准的费用分摊安排的基础上供资。[4] 在2012-2013两年期，该四项倡议的所需额外资源为42 822 500美元，其中包括经常预算下的6 423 400美元，维持和平行动支助账户下的26 550 000美元，方案支助费用特别账户下的9 949 100美元(见上文第31段和下文第二章第八.126-八.129段)。", "115. 秘书长关于信通技术战略实施状况的报告(A/65/491)估计，本组织每年用于信通技术的支出已上升到约7.74亿美元(另见下文第119段)。咨询委员会注意到，用于信通技术的资源大部分来自维持和平特派团和维持和平行动支助账户的预算以及方案支助费用特别账户的预算外资源。因此，预算导言中提供的只涉及经常预算的信息只反映用于信通技术的部分资源。此外，几乎没有关于支出组成[5] 或拟议方案预算每个款次下拟议资源的使用情况的解释说明。", "116. 鉴于本组织对信通技术投入了大量资源，并且确保资源利用的整体一致性具有战略重要性，咨询委员会建议，拟议方案预算导言应全面反映信通技术拟议资源的总体情况，并按照预算款次开列资源，对不同的资金来源加以区分。此外，还应提供关于利用拟议资源的信息，包括有关持续业务需求、实施信通技术项目以及为与信息和通信技术厅或其他信通技术服务提供者达成的服务级别协议编列的经费的支出。还必须包括信通技术服务提供者通过服务级别协议可获得的额外费用回收收入的估计数。", "117. 咨询委员会还建议，今后提交的预算不论资金来源如何，应包括针对每个包含实施信通技术项目提议的款次的明确的信通技术计划，以及关于投资于此类项目的预期成果和效益的信息。应按照适用于整个秘书处的信通技术战略制定此类计划。此信息应载于各预算分册的概览部分。", "118. 在这方面，咨询委员会回顾，在其关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中，委员会指出信息和通信技术厅对于监督信通技术全球管理以及审查来自所有资金来源、用于秘书处所有信通技术倡议和业务的预算的作用(A/64/7，第63段；另见A/62/793，第35(b)段以及A/63/487，第21段)。委员会强调，必须确保所有有关信通技术的提议保持一致，并遵循大会第63/262号决议通过的信通技术战略。它重申其建议，即方案规划、预算和账户厅与信息和通信技术厅密切合作，确保制定适当的预算程序，以便开展此类审查，并确保这些程序今后得到充分遵守。", "信息和通信技术战略的实施情况", "119. 大会第63/262号决议认可了秘书处的信息和通信技术战略，并决定设立信息和通信技术厅，于2009年1月生效。根据这一决议，秘书长提交了关于联合国秘书处信通技术战略实施状况的报告(A/65/491)。秘书长还按照要求，在2010年对整个秘书处的70多个信通技术单位进行的结构性审查的基础上，提供了关于整个秘书处信通技术能力的全面资料。该审查的主要结论如下：(a) 考虑到经常预算、维持和平、支助账户和预算外资金来源，每年的信通技术支出估计约为7.74亿美元；(b) 信通技术工作人员总人数估计为4 219人，包括联合国人员、志愿人员、临时工作人员和约聘工作人员；(c) 有1 994个应用程序；(d) 估计有211个服务器机房和数据中心用于支持多服务器环境；(e) 约有131个信通技术服务器台支持多个可变工作站环境并提供电信支持。总之，信通技术环境和流程仍然呈现分散、割断、重复和非标准化的特点；信通技术的界限不明确，导致对什么构成信通技术活动或作用的问题认识不清；信通技术工作说明未能反映信通技术需求和行业最佳实践。这些缺陷对信通技术业务的费用造成不利影响，使本组织无法实现规模经济，导致对行政和方案活动以及及时决策的信通技术支持不足。", "120. 为克服这些缺陷，秘书长提议开展四个结构审查项目(服务台全球化；简化数据中心；信通技术组织合理化；加强信息和通信技术厅)，这些项目自2011年起开展，历时四至五年，总费用约为1.4亿美元。为开展这些项目，拟在经常预算下设立51个员额，其中，2011年设立23个，2012-2013两年期设立28个。提议在为企业资源规划项目核准的费用分摊安排的基础上，为这些结构审查项目供资。³", "121. 咨询委员会在相关报告中，欢迎全面结构审查和从整个组织角度对信通技术资源和信通技术环境作出的列报(A/65/576，第92段)。大会第65/259号决议授权秘书长开展结构审查项目3(信通技术组织合理化)，并决定为结构审查项目4(加强信通厅)提供相当于七个P-4职位的一般临时人员，其中五个在现有资源范围内供资。大会未支持结构审查项目1(服务台全球化)和项目2(简化数据中心)。大会在同一决议中，请秘书长审查其报告(A/65/491)中关于实施信通技术战略的提议，并在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中提交新的和(或)经修订的提议。上文第114段指出，秘书长应此要求，单独提交了一份报告(A/66/94)，咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于2012-2013两年期第30款(信息和通信技术厅)的初步提议时，收到了该报告的预发本。委员会的有关评论和建议将载于其关于2012-2013年拟议方案预算的第二次报告(A/66/7/Add.1)中。", "122. 大会还请秘书长向大会第六十五届会议主要会期会议报告对组织安排的深入评估，包括改变为信息和通信技术厅在本组织架构中安排的位置的可能性(见大会第63/262号决议，第1节，第10(c)段)。然而，秘书长在其关于信通技术战略实施进展情况的报告(A/65/491)中，评估了该厅的内部结构，但并未述及其位置问题。大会在第65/259号决议中重申了其先前的要求，即应提交深入评估报告，供第六十八届会议审议。咨询委员会认为，管理和报告安排必须为该厅提供总体指导，并确保本组织信通技术架构的实效、监督和问责。委员会建议，应请秘书长严格审查现行安排，并视需要作出调整，以确保其效力和效率，同时充分响应大会要求，提交深入评估，供大会最迟在第六十八届会议上审议(见下文第二章，第八.145和八.146段)。", "企业资源规划项目(团结项目)", "123. 秘书长在关于企业资源规划项目实施情况的第二次进度报告(A/65/389)中表示，在报告所述期间(2009年10月-2010年8月)，企业资源规划项目小组的主要侧重点是设计阶段。秘书长指出，预期项目将在预计时限内(到2013年底)得到完成和部署，所需资源总额保持不变，为3.158亿美元。咨询委员会在相关报告中，欢迎在完成项目设计阶段方面所取得的进展(A/65/576)。委员会还就若干问题发表了意见，并表示了一些关注，这些问题包括项目小组人员配置出现延误；征聘专题专家的过程耗时很久；项目小组与信息和通信技术厅有必要加强合作，为将被企业资源规划系统取代的系统编目并停用这些系统；项目小组、信息和通信技术厅和外勤支助部有必要加强合作，实施技术活动，建设基础设施；企业资源规划系统和人力资源人才管理系统Inspira之间待开发的接口的复杂性和数量。关于该项目的组织结构和安排，咨询委员会得到的保证是，项目指导委员会(成员包括参与项目或受项目影响的主要部门的负责人)的结构和组成将促进一致性和推动该项目的顺利实施。", "124. 咨询委员会在审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算期间获悉，秘书处预计企业资源规划项目的实施将出现延误，此外，该项目自2011年5月31日起一直在没有主管的情况下运作。鉴于这种情况，项目指导委员会已决定分阶段交付项目，系统的初步释放主要侧重于支持采用国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)所需的功能。委员会获悉，秘书长将在下一次关于企业资源规划项目的实施进展报告中，阐述项目成果，并提出措施，以减轻延误。委员会在第29A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)下更充分地讨论了这一情况(下文第二章，第八.7-八.13段)。委员会将在另一份报告中，就秘书长的进度报告及其关于项目延续和相关资源的提议作出评论。", "125. 在此阶段，咨询委员会认为，应优先考虑让项目迅速走上正轨，以避免进一步延误、费用超支以及项目资源的浪费。咨询委员会接受秘书长在第一阶段侧重于实行公共部门会计准则的做法，但同时强调，企业资源规划系统是支持本组织的管理改革议程的关键手段，这一议程中包括成果管理、风险管理、加强内部控制框架、改善业绩和问责以及提高效率和成效。这些改进仍然是至关重要的组织目标，秘书长关于项目未来方向的提议不应加以忽视。这方面，委员会指出，会员国作出重大投资的部分理据是，预期该系统将改善管理做法和服务提供以及提高方案管理的效率和成效。咨询委员会还期望秘书长通过高效率地利用项目核定资源、改善项目管理并按照轻重缓急分阶段地开展活动，确保在目前的核定供资额内交付该项目。", "I. 加强发展支柱的影响", "126. 咨询委员会回顾秘书长关于发展相关活动的报告(A/62/708)。大会第62/236号决议要求提交一份全面提案，以提高秘书处发展相关活动任务的执行实效和效率，该报告是按照该决议的要求提交的。秘书长在该报告中就11个预算款次所需资源提出了提议，包括设立150个新员额。在审议这些提议和咨询委员会的相关报告(A/62/7/Add.40)后，大会在第63/260号决议中批准了九个预算款次下的总共91个员额。此外，大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中报告该决议的执行情况。", "127. 除了第19款(亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展)，在每一个受影响的预算款次中都载列了信息，说明第63/260号决议批准加强发展活动所带来的影响。各有关部门确认，额外资源改善了其执行任务的能力。委员会收到了关于为亚太经社会核准的员额的影响的补充资料，这些资料反映了类似的积极影响(见第二章，第五.52段)。为了便于参考，下表提供拟议方案预算中的有关文件参考，在这些部分中对大会要求作出了回应。", "表15 关于第63/260号决议执行情况的信息", "经济和社会事务\tA/66/6(Sect.9)，第9.8-9.10段\n最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家\tA/66/6(Sect.10)，第10.11段\n 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系 A/66/6(Sect.11)，第11.13段\n 贸易与发展 A/66/6(Sect.12)，第12.13段\n非洲经济和社会发展\tA/66/6(Sect.18)，第18A.10段\n 欧洲经济和社会发展 A/66/6(Sect.20)，第20.12段\n 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 A/66/6(Sect.21)，第21.13段\n 西亚经济和社会发展 A/66/6(Sect.22)，第22.17段", "128. 经询问，咨询委员会收到了关于第63/260号决议批准的91个新员额的最新征聘情况(见附件六)。如上文第24段所述，咨询委员会注意到，拟裁撤第63/260号决议批准的员额中的四个：第9款(经济和社会事务)下的两个员额(P-4和P-3)以及第20款(欧洲经济发展)下的两个员额(P-4和P-3)。此外，委员会注意到，拟在根据第63/260号决议得到加强的若干次级方案中进一步裁减员额。", "J. 业务连续性", "129. 咨询委员会回顾，大会在其第64/243号决议中决定批款220万美元，用于业务连续性管理，其中包括七个职位所需资源(总部4个，联合国内罗毕办事处2个，非洲经委会1个)。大会还请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出提议，并充分说明理由。", "130. 虽然没有以综合方式列报信息，但咨询委员会注意到，已经为持续实施业务连续性管理提出提案，包括继续为2010-2011两年期核定的七个职位供资以及一般临时人员和其他非员额项目所需的额外资源。经询问，委员会获悉，正在提出的一些提议，包括为信通技术远程接入能力设备和医疗用品请拨资源的提议，将确保联合国总部、总部以外办事处和区域委员会能有效应对任何扰乱其运作的危急事件。", "131. 咨询委员会还收到了拟议方案预算中业务连续性所需资源的汇总信息。委员会注意到，用于总部各部厅的移动办公(思杰)许可证需要862 400美元。委员会获悉，作为业务连续性规划的一部分，要求各部厅确定其关键职能和流程以及执行工作所需的工作人员数量。委员会进一步获悉，虽然许多工作人员可以从远程地点履行这些职能，但有些工作人员需要访问共享驱动器和一些核心应用程序，因此需要使用移动办公许可证。委员会获悉，目前，各部厅中被视为对业务连续性至关重要的616名工作人员已经获得思杰许可证。下表16列出所涉各部厅的有关详情。鉴于所涉费用不菲，委员会建议，不断审查配备移动办公许可证的工作人员数量，以确保只为促进关键职能和流程的业务连续性的目的提供这些许可证。", "表16 移动办公许可证所需资源估计数", "(美元)", "预算款次\t部/厅\t许可证数量\t2012-2013年拟议数 \n 1. 通盘决策、领导和协调 秘书长办公厅 24 33 600\n2.大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\t大会和会议管理部\t125\t175000\n 3. 政治事务 政治事务部 40 56 000\n 4. 裁军 裁军事务厅 12 16 800\n5. 维持和平行动\t维持和平行动部/外勤支助部\t25\t35 000\n 8. 法律事务 法律事务厅 10 14 000\n 9. 经济和社会事务 经济和社会事务部 24 33 600\n10.最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家\t最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处\t2\t2 800\n 27. 人道主义援助 人道主义事务协调厅 37 51 800\n 28. 新闻 新闻部 46 64 400\n29A.主管管理事务副秘书长办公室\t主管管理事务副秘书长办公室\t11\t15 400\n29B.方案规划、预算和账户厅\t方案规划、预算和账户厅\t35\t49 000\n 29C. 人力资源管理厅 人力资源管理厅 64 89 600\n 29D. 中央支助事务厅 中央支助事务厅 39 54 600\n 30. 信息和通信技术厅 信息和通信技术厅 6 8 400 \n 31. 内部监督 内部监督事务厅 21 29 400\n35. 安全和安保\t安全和安保部\t95\t133000\n共计 616\t862400", "132. 咨询委员会注意到，还为总部以外办事处和区域委员会编列520万美元经费，以满足业务连续性和应急准备的需要，包括远程访问服务、医疗用品和相关基础设施需要。此外，编列了996 000美元经费，用于主管中央支助事务助理秘书长办公室的业务连续性管理股的继续运作(第28D款)。下表17按照款次列出提案细节。", "表17 业务连续性管理所需资源", "(千美元)", "预算款次 2012-2013年拟议资源^(a)", "区域委员会和总部以外办事处", "18. 非洲经济和社会发展 1 109.2", "19. 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 541.7", "21. 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 465.0", "22. 西亚经济和社会发展 384.8", "29E. 行政，日内瓦 895.0", "29F. 行政，维也纳 608.0", "29G. 行政，内罗毕 1 213.4", "小计 5 217.1", "预算款次 2012-2013年拟议资源^(a)", "总部", "29D. 中央支助事务厅^(b) 996.0", "共计 6 213.1", "^(a) 包括为大会第64/243号决议核准的七个职位供资的经常性经费。", "^(b) 不包括第29D款(中央支助事务厅)下为关键工作人员购买移动办公软件许可证的所需资源；该资源列于上表16。", "133　咨询委员会注意到，除拟议方案预算列出的所需资源外，秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术倡议的报告(A/66/94)还为建立有复原力的信通技术基础设施的举措编列经费9 827 900美元，其中1 474 200美元来自经常预算。据说明，该举措的目标是精简世界各地的数据中心和建立增强型信通技术灾后恢复及业务连续性环境。委员会关于该提议的意见和建议将载于其有关2012-2013年拟议方案预算的第二次报告(A/66/7/Add.1)。", "134　咨询委员会获悉，中央支助事务厅业务连续性管理股向总部、总部以外办事处和区域委员会的所有部门提供了有关业务连续性活动的指导和指示。其中包括关于编制业务连续性计划的咨询意见，具体包括如何确定关键职能和履行这些职能的关键工作人员，以及如何确定与这些职能相关的重要记录和信通技术应用程序。委员会强调，总部在确保以良好协调的方式开展业务连续性活动和在此领域支助各部门及办事处方面具有重要作用。委员会要求在今后拟议方案预算的导言中概要提供业务连续性活动及相关资源需要的综合信息。", "K. 其他分摊资源", "135　咨询委员会注意到，根据大会第64/243号决议第41段的要求，非经常预算资源列报方式已经修改，以便区分自愿捐款和摊款。委员会欢迎这一对列报方式的修改。", "136　“其他分摊资源”这一类别包括基本建设总计划、前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭、卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭所需的资金，还包括维持和平行动支助账户用于支助各部门和办事处活动的资源。其他分摊资源估计数共达8.231亿美元，列于2012-2013年拟议方案预算导言表1，按预算款次开列的分配情况概列于表8。咨询委员会获悉，大会关于提高联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力的第65/290号决议通过后，订正估计数为692 021 800美元。下表18列出此数额的细目。", "表18", "2012-2013两年期的其他分摊资源", "数额(千美元) 百分比", "支助下列领域的服务：", "卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭 861.3 0.1", "前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭 725.6 0.1", "基本建设总计划 850.1 0.1", "维持和平行动^(a) 689 584.8 99.6", "共计 692 021.8 100", "^(a) 根据大会第65/290号决议订正。", "L. 预算外资源", "137　咨询委员会注意到，预算外资源仍占向联合国工作方案提供的支助的很大一部分。如下表19所示，预算外资源的大部分与难民署、近东救济工程处、禁毒办、环境署和人居署有关。", "表19 2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计数", "数额 百分比 (千美元)", "A. 单设理事机构的方案", "难民署 254 743.0 2.0", "近东救济工程处 6 558 244.2 52.7", "禁毒办 476 140.5 3.8", "环境署 461 357.0 3.7", "人居署 370 776.5 3.0", "小计 8 121 261.2 65.3", "B. 技术合作基金 2 446 671.9 19.7", "C. 所提供支助和服务的偿还款 313 588.0 2.5", "D. 实务信托基金 1 560 052.6 12.5", "小计 4 320 312.5 34.7", "共计 12 441 573.7 100.0", "138　如拟议方案预算导言所述，因自愿捐款的性质而不能完全精确地确定两年期可获得的预算外资源预计数额和需供资的员额数量。不过，目前估计的2012-2013两年期预算外资源约为124亿美元，比现两年期增加约7.915亿美元，即7%。这些资金预计用于为13 042个员额供资。秘书长指出，增加数额的大部分涉及下列机构的预期业务活动：妇女署(4.959亿美元)、难民署(1.678亿美元)和近东救济工程处(8 870万美元)(A/66/6(Introduction)，第98-101段)。", "139　咨询委员会审查有关行政或支助预算并向表19 A节中提到的各方案提交有关报告(另见序言和下文第141段)。委员会主要在审查拟议方案预算的范围内审查特别账户中的其他预算外资源。委员会每六个月还收到关于信托基金情况的资料。委员会在审议这些方案时，继续特别关注全系统举措，例如成果预算制和执行国际公共部门会计准则。", "140　按照大会第35/217号决议第二节第2段的规定，咨询委员会审查关于由无须接受政府间机构审查的预算外资源供资的所有D-1职等及以上新员额的提议。自提交其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告以来，委员会已审查并赞同秘书长关于改叙或设立以下D-1职等及以上预算外员额的请求：", "(a) 将国际电子计算中心主任员额从D-1改叙至D-2；", "(b) 设立一个D-1人道主义事务协调厅驻海地外地办事处主任员额；", "(c) 设立一个D-1员额，担任负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室相关专家工作队队长；", "(d) 延长主管减少灾害风险助理秘书长员额。", "咨询委员会回顾大会第64/243号决议第39段，其中强调，所有预算外员额应与经常预算员额一样严格管理。", "M. 同联合国其他机构的合作", "141　自其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告(A/64/7)印发以来，咨询委员会向下列联合国机构提交了报告：", "(a) 联合国开发计划署/联合国人口基金/联合国项目事务厅执行局：", "㈠ 人口基金：修订财务条例和细则(DP/FPA/2009/12)；", "㈡ 开发署和联合国妇女发展基金2010-2011两年期预算估计数 (DP/2010/3，DP/2010/7)；", "㈢ 修订开发署财务条例和细则(DP/2011/36)；", "㈣ 开发署2012-2013年机构预算估计数(DP/2011/34)；", "㈤ 项目厅2010-2011两年期预算估计数(DP/2010/9)；", "㈥ 项目厅2012-2013两年期预算估计数(DP/OPS/2011/5)；", "(b) 难民署：高级专员方案执行委员会：", "㈠ 难民署：2010-2011两年期方案预算(A/AC.96/1068)；", "㈡ 难民署：2010-2011两年期方案预算(经修订)(A/AC.96/1087)；", "(c) 粮食计划署执行局：", "㈠ 2010年7月1日至2016年6月30日任期外聘审计员的遴选和任命进程(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-E/2)(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-E/1)；", "㈡ 两年期管理计划(2010-2011)(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-A/1)；任命审计委员会成员(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-C/1)；投资政策和准则(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-F/1)；WINGS II项目的最新情况说明(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-G/1)；", "㈢ 遴选和任命外聘审计员(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-A/1)；2008-2009两年期外聘审计员修订服务费(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-B/1)；外聘审计员关于粮食计划署驻乌干达国家办事处战略规划和报告工作的报告以及粮食计划署管理层的回应(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-D/1和Add.1)；外聘审计员关于公共部门会计准则红利：加强财务管理的报告以及秘书处的回应(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1和Add.1)；关于粮食计划署两年期管理计划的最新情况说明(2010-2011)(WFP/EB.1/2010/ 6-F/1)；关于WINGS II项目的最后最新情况说明(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-G/1)；", "㈣ 2009年已审计年度决算(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-A/1)；粮食计划署2010年7月1日至2016年6月30日任期外聘审计员遴选和任命评估小组的最终报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-B/1)；任命审计委员会成员(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-C/1)；关于粮食计划署管理计划(2010-2011年)的第二次最新情况报告(WFP/EB.A/ 2010/6-D/1)；财务框架审查备选办法(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-E/1)；粮食计划署审计委员会职权范围拟议修正案(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-F/1)；粮食计划署审计委员会年度报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-G/1)；关于外聘审计员建议执行情况的进展报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-H/1)；监察主任的报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/ 6-I/1)；执行主任关于使用捐款和豁免费用的报告(一般规则XII一.4和XIII一.4(g))(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-J/1)；关于粮食计划署在索马里业务活动的调查(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-K/1)；", "㈤ 向成员国披露内部审计报告的政策(WFP/EB.2/2010/4-B/1)；粮食计划署反欺诈和反腐败政策(WFP/EB.2/2010/4-C/1)；财务框架审查(WFP/EB.2/2010/ 5-A/1)；周转资金融资机制审查(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-B/1)；粮食计划署管理计划(2010-2011年)的第三次最新情况说明(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-C/1)；关于粮食计划署在索马里的管理行动的第二次最新情况说明(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-D/1)；粮食计划署在索马里业务活动的审查(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-E/1)；", "㈥ 粮食计划署管理计划(2010-2011年)的第四次最新情况说明(WFP/EB.1/ 2011/5-A/1)；外聘审计员关于粮食计划署在索马里业务活动的报告(WFP/EB.1/ 2011/5-B/1)；粮食计划署管理层对外聘审计员关于粮食计划署在索马里业务活动的报告的回应(WFP/EB.1/2011/5-B/1/Add.1)；关于安保管理安排供资的情况说明(WFP/EB.1/2011/12-B)；外聘审计员2010年7月至2011年6月期间工作计划(WFP/EB.1/2011/5-C/1)；", "(d) 妇女署执行局：", "㈠ 支助预算和拟议财务条例及细则；", "㈡ 联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署拟议财务条例及细则(UNW/2011/5和Add.1)；", "㈢ 关于经常预算资源用于妇女署规范性支助职能的订正提案(A/65/531)；", "(e) 裁研所董事会：研究所2009年8月至2010年7月期间的活动和2010- 2011年拟议工作方案和预算估计数(A/65/177)；", "(f) 禁毒办2010-2011两年期合并预算(E/CN.7/2009/13-E/CN.15/2009/23)；", "(g) 训研所董事会：", "㈠ 2010-2011年方案预算；", "㈡ 2010-2011两年期方案预算拟议订正；", "(h) 近东救济工程处咨询委员会：2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算；", "(i) 环境署理事会：2012-2013两年期拟议工作方案和预算(UNEP/GC.26/13)；", "(j) 人居署理事会：2012-2013两年期拟议工作方案和预算(HSP/GC/23/5)；", "(k) 联合国伙伴关系办公室：", "㈠ 2010年行政预算(A/CN.1/R.1211)；", "㈡ 2011年行政预算(A/CN.1/R.1212)；", "(l) 儿基会执行局：", "㈠ 财务条例和细则(E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.8)；", "㈡ 2012-2013年机构预算(E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.2)。", "N. 咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期初步估计数的总体立场", "142　如拟议方案预算导言所示，秘书长的拟议预算在重计费用前比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少大约1.702亿美元(A/66/6(Introduction)，第17段，表格)。咨询委员会对秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议预算进行审议后，在注意到他保证将充分完成任务的情况下，基本上接受秘书长拟议的数额。", "143　在本报告第二章中，咨询委员会就员额和其他支出用途提出若干具体建议。委员会的建议多半对预算总额不产生重大影响。因此，委员会没有为这些建议进行最终费用计算，原因是这些建议一旦被大会接受，就会在秘书处进行重新计算时被考虑在内，并在大会通过预算前提交第五委员会。委员会指出，拟议预算总额及委员会对拟议预算的总体立场只有在秘书长提交若干单独报告并由委员会审议这些报告后才会明确。", "144　咨询委员会指出，2012-2013两年期资源总额将因提交特别政治任务拟议预算和就涉及经费问题的单独报告作出决定而受到影响。这些单独报告将在第六十六届会议主要会期提交给大会。委员会认识到可能出现未预见的资源需求，需要在正常两年期经常预算周期外加以解决，但同时认为，编制拟议方案预算时所预见的问题本可纳入秘书长的拟议预算，或至少可提供指示性估计数。委员会知道，大会在审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时将收到这些附加报告，但担心采用零敲碎打的方式无法提供委员会在审议秘书长的拟议预算时所需的全部信息，使其不能就拟议方案预算向大会提供咨询意见。", "145　咨询委员会一贯强调，不断审查方案和业务流程以确保最有成效和效率地完成任务十分重要。为此，委员会认为，拟议方案预算应更注重成果，不仅包括方案交付中的成果，还包括在提高大会核可资源的使用效率方面的成果。因此，委员会针对该目标提出若干建议。具体而言，委员会认为，今后的拟议方案预算应更多说明重大改革举措的现状和成果、所实施的增效措施的可见影响以及监测和评估活动得出的结论。委员会相信，其建议和意见将有助于实现确保高效率和有成效地使用资源完成本组织的任务这一目标。", "第二章", "关于拟议方案预算的详细建议", "A. 支出估计数", "第一编 通盘决策、领导和协调", "第1款 通盘决策、领导和协调", "[TABLE]", "一.1　秘书长为第1款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为102 812 800美元，比2010-2011两年期批款增加2 613 200美元，即2.6%(A/66/6(Sect.1)，表1.2)。", "一.2　表一.1汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额以及秘书长所提2012-2013年拟议经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表一.1", "人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "2010-2011年核定数 12 1个D-2、1个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个GS (PL)、4个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 12 1个D-2、1个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个GS (PL)、4个GS(OL)", "联合国审计委员会", "2010-2011年核定数 6 1个D-1、1个P-4/3、4个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 6 1个D-1、1个P-4/3、4个GS(OL)", "独立审计咨询委员会", "2010-2011年核定数 2 1个P-5、1个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 2 1个P-5、1个GS(OL)", "秘书长办公厅", "2010-2011年核定数 77 1个DSG、1个USG、1个ASG、5个D-2、6个D-1、8个P-5、11个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、5个GS(PL)、37个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 75 1个DSG、1个USG、1个ASG、5个D-2、6个D-1、8个P-5、11个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、5个GS(PL)、35个GS(OL)", "裁撤 2 2个GS(OL)", "联合国日内瓦办事处主任办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 18 1个USG、2个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、2个GS(PL)、7个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 18 1个USG、2个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、2个GS(PL)、7个GS(OL)", "联合国维也纳办事处主任办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 9 2个P-5、2个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、4个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 9 2个P-5、2个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、4个GS(OL)", "联合国内罗毕办事处主任办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 4 1个USG、2个P-5、1个LL", "2012-2013年拟议数 4 1个USG、2个P-5、1个LL", "负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 10 1个USG、1个P-5、5个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、2个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 10 1个USG、1个P-5、5个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、2个GS(OL)", "负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 9 1个USG、1个D-1、1个P-5、3个P-4/3、3个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 9 1个USG、1个D-1、1个P-5、3个P-4/3、3个GS(OL)", "联合国监察员和调解事务办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 20 1个ASG、2个D-1、7个P-5、2个P-4/3、5个GS(OL)、3个LL", "2012-2013年拟议数 20 1个ASG、2个D-1、7个P-5、2个P-4/3、5个GS(OL)、3个LL", "内部司法办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 35 1个D-2、1个D-1、5个P-5、13个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)、2个LL", "2012-2013年拟议数 35 1个D-2、1个D-1、5个P-5、13个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)、2个LL", "道德操守办公室", "2010-2011年核定数 9 1个D-2、1个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、1个GS(PL)、2个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 9 1个D-2、1个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、1个GS(PL)、2个GS(OL)", "法治股", "2010-2011年核定数 5 1个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 5 1个D-1、3个P-4/3、1个GS(OL)", "改叙 1 1个P-5至D-1", "预算外a", "联合国审计委员会", "2012-2013年拟议数 1 1个GS(OL)", "秘书长办公厅", "2012-2013年拟议数 21 1个D-2、1个D-1、4个P-5、8个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、5个GS(OL)", "联合国日内瓦办事处主任办公室", "2012-2013年拟议数 3 3个GS(OL)", "负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室", "2012-2013年拟议数 1 1个D-1", "联合国监察员和调解事务办公室", "2012-2013年拟议数 7 3个P-5、2个P-4/3、2个FS", "^(a) 包括由其他分摊资源供资的12个员额和21个预算外员额。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "改叙", "一.3　秘书长提议将一个P-5员额向上改叙到D-1职等，担任法治股股长，原因是该职位要求在本组织内部和对外两方面行使重要的管理和代表职能(A/66/6(Sect.1)，第1.148和1.152段)。经要求，咨询委员会获得秘书长提议的详细理由说明，包括D-1员额职能的完整清单。委员会获悉，如果提议获得核准，现有P-5员额的职能将由该股其他工作人员承担，必要时将减少该股的产出。", "一.4　咨询委员会经询问获得的解释是，上段所述拟议向上改叙的目的是填补中止从开发署借调一个D-2职等工作人员担任该股股长后留下的缺口。在这方面，委员会获悉，该股在2006-2007两年期建立之初完全使用借调人员，即开发署的两个员额(1个D-2和1个P-3)、维持和平行动部的一个P-4员额以及法律事务厅的一个P-5员额。然而，很快就发现这些安排无法长期维持，原因是：提供借调人员的实体没有为这些人员编列预算，并且(或者)相关实体需要这些借调的员额来履行原来设立这些员额时所要履行的职能。因此，在2008-2009两年期拟议方案预算中，秘书长曾请设七个经常预算员额，包括由一个D-2担任该股股长，此后大会核准设立该股人员配置表所列的四个专业人员员额(见第63/263号决议)。虽然大会请秘书长确保继续通过借调提供该股股长的员额，但开发署供资借调D-2员额这一安排于2009年6月结束。2010-2011两年期，为减轻缺少股长对该股工作的不良影响，通过称为“空缺管理”的做法提供一个临时员额(另见上文第一章，第93段)。该员额已于2010年4月1日填补。", "一.5　经询问，咨询委员会进一步获悉，通过从法治协调和资源小组成员实体轮流借调的方式提供该股股长员额可能造成利益冲突，因为该股股长应从信任和中立的立场包括以中立的形象来调解该小组成员之间的争议，而这一点在该股长身为有关实体工作人员的情况下无法做到。此外，短期轮流借调可能削弱该股为其工作制定统一战略远景的能力，以及与会员国和法治领域其他行为体建立和维持伙伴关系的能力，而且可能造成影响该股顺利运作的不必要行政问题。被借调实体所承受的负担也会削弱该小组成员为该股的协调职能提供支助的愿望。", "一.6　咨询委员会认为，就任务以全系统为重点的办公室而言，其经常预算人员配置若能获得各机构、基金和方案借调人员的补充，将可获益。不过，委员会认识到，借调和预算外资源可能无法预测。因此，委员会认为，完全依靠此类资源来执行核心经常预算方案和活动是轻率的，因为此类资源无法获得保障。出于这些原因，委员会建议核准将一个P-5员额改叙为D-1职等以担任法治股股长的提议。委员会在上文第一章进一步评论了使用借调的问题。", "裁撤", "一.7　提议裁撤秘书长办公厅的两个一般事务(其他职等)员额(A/66/6(Sect.1)， 第1.45段)。咨询委员会在向其提供的补充信息中注意到，通过精简职责和责任、改进工作流程和重新分配办公厅现有人员的工作任务，将使裁撤上述两个员额成为可能。委员会对秘书长拟议的裁撤不持异议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "一.8　2012-2013两年期非员额资源估计数为40 853 200美元，比上一个两年期批款40 989 500美元减少136 300美元，即0.3%。委员会建议核准秘书长所提第1款下拟议非员额资源，但以符合委员会在以下各段中的评论和建议为前提。", "一般性评论和建议", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "一.9　咨询委员会(包括其秘书处在内)2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源在重计费用前为8 152 900美元(A/66/6(Sect.1)，表1.9)，比2010-2011年批款减少22 100美元，即0.3%。此减少额全部来自非员额资源项下，其主要原因是根据实际使用情况减少了所需的数据处理服务(同上，第1.17段)。", "一.10　秘书长指出，为2012-2013年请批的资源除其他外将用于向非纽约居民的咨询委员会专家成员提供差旅费及生活津贴，以出席在总部举行的会议(同上，第1.16段)。经询问，委员会获悉，与本国常驻代表团无关联且往返总部的费用由联合国支付的委员会成员(即居住在通勤距离以外者)视为非居民，因此有权获得生活津贴。", "一.11　咨询委员会从向其提供的补充信息中注意到，秘书长估计数的依据是假定在2012-2013两年期委员会将召开总共为期78周的六届会议，其中74周在总部，4周在总部以外。委员会回顾，大会第64/243号决议曾根据委员会本身的建议作出决定，将委员会在每个两年期中的会议时间从74周延长到78周。该建议载于委员会关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告，其依据是，分析表明2000-2001两年期以来委员会工作量在数量和复杂性两方面都有所增加(见A/64/7，第1.14-1.19段)。", "一.12　虽然咨询委员会欢迎延长其会期，但委员会担心，仅延长会期可能无法完全解决工作量不断增加所涉的全部问题。这些问题中包括委员会主席将承担更多责任，既要开展更多组织事务，又要花费更多时间主持会议和出席第五委员会会议。在这方面，委员会回顾，委员会自1994年以来一直有一名无报酬的副主席。委员会目前正在编制副主席的职权范围以及可能报酬方式的提案，将在大会审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时提交给大会。", "联合国审计委员会", "一.13　联合国审计委员会(包括其秘书处在内)2012-2013年经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前为6 479 400美元，比2010-2011年批款增加925 400美元，即16.7%(A/66/6(Sect.1)，表1.11)。拟议资源用于付给审计委成员的审计费中的经常预算份额、与他们出席审计委和外聘审计团会议有关的费用、审计委秘书处6个员额的续设以及相关的业务费用。此外，该两年期的预计其他分摊资源和预算外资源共计20 507 300美元，来自其他联合国基金、方案和附属机构、进行中特派团和处于清理结束阶段的特派团预算直接支付的审计费，以及对信托基金和技术合作项目的直接收费(同上，第1.25和1.26段)。", "一.14　秘书长指出，非员额资源净增925 400美元，原因是审计费用所需资源增加(891 100美元)以及信息和通信技术厅所提供服务的相关费用增加(42 900美元)，该增加额因通信和办公自动化设备所需费用减少而部分抵消(同上，第1.25段)。", "一.15　经要求，咨询委员会获得了关于审计委员会计算其审计费用的方法的解释。委员会获悉，2012-2013年审计费预计将增加，因为审计委员会将执行若干附加任务，即：审查行政当局执行国际公共部门会计准则的计划和监测相关的进度里程碑；审查行政当局针对国际公共部门会计准则第29号选定的会计政策；以及提供关于预测财务报表及编制模拟报表的咨询意见和指导。", "1.16　关于信息和通信技术厅所提供服务费用增加一事，咨询委员会获悉，审计委员会将与该厅保持和2010-2011年相同的服务级协议(A级)。所需资源增加的原因是网络账户数有所增加：审计委员会预计2012-2013年将需要39个此类账户。经询问，委员会还获悉，需要网络账户的不仅包括审计委员会秘书处，还包括审计委员会成员和巡回审计员。", "联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会", "1.17　秘书长拟议的联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会经常预算资源为14 013 300美元，包括联合国为联合国合办工作人员养恤基金秘书处费用作出的缴款。在重计费用前，该数额与2010-2011两年期的资源数额相同(同上，表1.12)。但咨询委员会注意到，在秘书长提交2012-2013年拟议方案预算时，养恤基金的预算尚未最后确定(同上，第1.32段)。因此，视乎养恤金联委会关于养恤基金预算的建议和大会采取的任何相关行动，估计数可能被进一步订正。因此，委员会指出，可能需要向大会第六十六届会议提交所涉方案预算问题说明，这也许会导致所需资源增加。", "1.18　关于联委会的会议时间表，秘书长指出，联委会长期以来的模式是奇数年在纽约举行会议，偶数年在其他地点举行会议。然而，由于根据基本建设总计划目前在总部进行的施工，联委会决定自2009年起在总部以外举行所有会议，直到施工完成(同上，第1.27段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，养恤基金议事规则第A.1段授权联委会在联委会或其常设委员会决定的地点开会。因此，联委会第五十六届会议(2009年)在维也纳举行，第五十七届会议(2010年)在伦敦举行，第五十八届会议(2011年)在日内瓦举行。", "秘书长办公厅", "一.19　秘书长办公厅2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源在重计费用前为23 327 000美元(同上，表1.19)，与2010-2011年批款相比减少703 200美元，即2.9%。出现减少是由于办公厅拟议裁撤两个员额(见上文第一.7段)，以及所需加班费减少和取消了对咨询人的需要。", "一.20　关于加班费问题，咨询委员会获悉，其他工作人员费用项下减少244 000美元，原因是自觉作出努力，通过错开上下班时间、加强监测和自我评价机制以及采用信息技术工具和软件等新机构安排，减少加班需要。委员会赞扬办公厅采取措施减少加班费。", "一.21　经询问，咨询委员会获悉，秘书长根据以前各两年期获得的经验，决定其办公厅不雇用任何咨询人(减少费用125 000美元)，转而依靠现有内部专门知识。委员会欢迎这一行动，并鼓励其他部门和办事处尽量利用现有的内部专门知识，以学习秘书长办公厅树立的榜样。如节省了任何费用，应在第一次方案预算执行情况报告中说明。委员会在上文第一章进一步评论了使用咨询人的问题。", "一.22　咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于此款的拟议预算时，询问了战略规划股的作用和职能。委员会从答复中获悉，该股成立于1997年，负责就关键性全球趋势向秘书长提供咨询意见并提出战略政策方向建议。具体而言，该股组织并向秘书长政策委员会提供秘书处服务；制定秘书长确定的战略优先事项并采取后续行动；监督联合国大学的工作并与各种联合国和非联合国培训及研究机构开展联络活动；编写秘书长关于本组织工作的年度报告。", "一.23　经询问，咨询委员会还获悉，主管政策规划事务助理秘书长/战略规划股股长的职位未列入秘书长办公厅组织结构图，因为该职位不是经常预算人员配置表的一部分。该职位设置于2004年8月，通过称为“空缺管理”的做法和一般临时人员资源为其供资。委员会对继续使用一般临时人员资金来提供高级职位的全部或部分经费感到关切，尤其是因为此种安排意味着委员会和大会均无机会审查该职位的必要性、职等或职能。在这方面，委员会重申对灵活解释一般临时人员批款使用准则感到关切，因为该批款的目的是用于临时替补请长期病假或产假的工作人员或在工作量高峰期雇用更多工作人员，而不是为具有连续性质的、事实上的经常预算员额提供经费(除其他外，见A/50/7/Add.2)。委员会强调，有必要提高使用临时职位方面的透明度。委员会期望秘书长在大会审议秘书长的第1款拟议预算时，向大会说明他打算如何在2012-2013两年期为主管政策规划事务助理秘书长职位和其办公厅任何其他未经政府间机构核准且已存在12月以上的高级职位提供经费。", "联合国日内瓦办事处主任办公室、维也纳办事处主任办公室和内罗毕办事处主任办公室", "一.24　联合国日内瓦办事处主任办公室、维也纳办事处主任办公室和内罗毕办事处主任办公室2012-2013年经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前分别为6 086 900美元、2 431 700美元和1 526 300美元(同上，表1.20、1.21和1.22)。", "一.25　就联合国内罗毕办事处主任办公室具体而言，咨询委员会注意到，所需资源估计数1 526 300美元比2010-2011年订正批款增加258 600美元，即20.4%。秘书长指出，增加的主要原因是自2010年1月1日起设立副秘书长职等办事处主任员额的滞后影响(同上，第1.58段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，在设立上述员额后，目前正在审查该办事处的支助安排。根据既定程序，2012-2013年所需资源如因此而调整，将作为订正估计数的一部分提交大会第六十六届会议。", "一.26　广而言之，咨询委员会回顾，其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告曾质疑将联合国日内瓦办事处主任办公室、维也纳办事处主任办公室和内罗毕办事处主任办公室置于第1款内的逻辑，并表示以下看法：为了更一致地列报本组织各种活动所需的资源，秘书长应将这些办事处所需资源列入专门讨论这些办事处的具体预算款次中(A/64/7，第一.26段)。经询问，委员会获悉，目前仍在讨论如何适当安排相关所需资源的款次位置。委员会鼓励秘书长尽快结束该讨论，并期待将讨论结果体现在下次提交的预算中。", "负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室", "一.27　负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源在重计费用前为3 693 100美元(同上，表1.24)，与2010-2011两年期数额相同。咨询委员会注意到，编制该办公室资源估计数的依据是，假定2011年12月31日到期的该办公室任务期限将延长(同上，第1.70段)。委员会还注意到，如果任务有变动，将根据大会议事规则第153条，处理这些变动所涉的任何经费问题。", "负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室", "一.28　2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算首次列出负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室所需资源。该办公室根据大会第65/259号决议和安全理事会第1888(2009)号决议于2011年1月1日成立。秘书长指出，该办公室成立后，弥补了在确保与会员国、安全理事会、大会、其他联合国实体、非政府组织、民间社会以及各种高级别对话者进行一致、有效、协调合作方面的重要空白(同上，第1.75段)。预算文件第1.74至1.77段列出了特别代表和办公室的作用和职能。第1.78段中列出了特别代表在2012-2013两年期将开展的活动。", "一.29　秘书长拟议的该办公室经常预算资源为3 321 500美元，比2010-2011年批款增加2 198 000美元，即195.6%(同上，表1.26)。增加的原因主要是自2011年1月1日起设立的九个员额的滞后影响(同上，第1.83段)。", "一.30　咨询委员会从预算文件第1.80段中注意到，除九个经常预算员额外，该办公室还从妇女署借调三名工作人员(1个P-5、1个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))，由联合国制止冲突中性暴力行动倡议提供经费。该倡议是2006年创建的机构间倡议，将整个联合国系统打击性暴力行为的努力联合在一起。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，这些借调安排将在特别代表担任联合国行动指导委员会主席的整个期间内持续。", "一.31　秘书长提到安全理事会第1888(2009)和第1960(2010)号决议，其中决定在联合国维持和平行动的任务中作出保护妇女和儿童免遭强奸和其他性暴力侵害的具体规定，包括视个案在两性平等问题顾问和保护人权单位中指定妇女保护顾问。秘书长指出，正在制定妇女保护顾问的职权范围(同上，第1.79段)。咨询委员会经询问获得的解释是，妇女保护顾问的职能可能将在维持和平特派团的现有人力资源能力范围内履行，但将为该职能寻找其他资金来源。委员会建议请秘书长在今后的报告中报告任何相关的发展情况。", "联合国监察员和调解事务办公室", "一.32　联合国监察员和调解事务办公室2012-2013年经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前为6 398 400美元(同上，表1.28)，与2010-2011年批款相比没有变化。该经费将继续用于提供20个经常预算员额和相关的非员额资源。", "一.33　秘书长指出，2010年该办公室的案件处理数继续增加：从联合国秘书处收到的案件数增至1 206件，较上一年增加70%；监察员综合办公室(负责秘书处、联合国基金和方案以及难民署)2010年处理的案件总数为1 745件，而2009年则为1 287件(同上，第1.89段)。咨询委员会获悉，自2008年1月设立调解事务部门以来，该办公室共收到提供调解服务的请求77件，其中43件已完成调解。2010年是该办公室七个区域办事处开展工作的第一年。在这方面，秘书长强调指出，亲身进行干预有各种好处，而且有必要通过增强人力资源和财务管理方面的协调和监测来协助区域办事处，并确保全组织采取统一的做法和统一贯彻政策。", "一.34　秘书长指出，增强解决冲突的非正式制度，作为化解职场问题的首选初步步骤，证明是一种成功的做法。秘书长提到，工作人员越来越多地与办公室联系，将此作为正式诉讼程序以外的解决办法，而且所收到的案件有79%均获得成功解决(同上，第1.91段)。咨询委员会注意到，2010年12月向正式内部司法系统的利益攸关方提供了解决纠纷移交培训方案，其目的是协助受训者有效识别、处理和移交案件供非正式解决。在这方面，委员会获悉，法庭和行政当局移交给办公室的案件数有所增加，其中包括纪律处分性质的案件。委员会还从预算文件中注意到，在2012-2013年，办公室将继续侧重于查明系统性问题和分析冲突的根源，并定期向秘书长提出报告，包括关于办公室所注意到的政策、程序和做法的评论(同上，第1.95(c)段)。秘书长还指出，根据大会第61/261号决议第32(c)段的规定，办公室正在订正其职权范围，以纳入经大会核准的办公室职能、人员和地点的变动(同上，第1.87段)。委员会获悉，调解司的准则最近已在办公室网站发布。", "一.35　咨询委员会一直强调，应尽可能使用非正式系统来避免诉讼。因此，委员会欢迎监察员办公室所提供的服务得到更多使用。委员会获悉，根据大会第65/251号决议第22段的要求，提交大会第六十六届会议审议的办公室下次年度报告将载列详细提案，用以在2012-2013两年期充分落实监察员上次年度报告(A/65/303)第124至126和128至133段所载关于为工作人员使用监察员办公室解决争议提供激励措施的建议。委员会将在审议下次年度报告时进一步评论办公室的活动。", "内部司法办公室", "一.36　内部司法办公室2012-2013年经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前为12 566 800美元，比2010-2011年批款13 252 900美元减少686 100美元，即5.2%(同上，表1.30)。减少的原因是其他工作人员费用和非工作人员报酬项下所需资源减少(分别减少599 900美元和741 800美元)，因为不再需要为争议法庭清理前内部司法系统结转的积压案件而临时任命任期一年的三名审案法官所需的一次性资源。由于2010年1月1日设立五个新员额的滞后影响，所需员额资源增加(661 700美元)，部分抵消了减少额。拟议资源将继续用于提供35个经常预算员额和其他非员额资源。", "一.37　经询问，咨询委员会获得关于前内部司法系统结转的积压案件的最新情况。委员会获悉，前系统向联合国争议法庭移交了313个案件，包括：(a) 2009年7月1日移交联合纪律委员会/联合申诉委员会正审理的169个案件；(b) 2010年1月1日移交争议法庭的144个联合国行政法庭案件。截至2011年5月31日，争议法庭已处理完前系统移交的313个案件中的250个；其余63个仍在审理中。", "一.38　咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013年预计没有预算外资源，与2010-2011年的估计数46 000美元相比出现减少。2010-2011年的预算外资源是向工作人员法律援助信托基金的捐款。该基金成立于2010年初，目的是增强工作人员法律援助办公室的能力(同上，表1.30)。经询问，委员会获悉，信托基金自成立以来，除联合国日内瓦办事处工作人员协调理事会捐款50 000美元和非洲经委会工作人员工会捐款1 500美元外，仅从工作人员法律援助办公室的个别满意客户处收到少量捐款，例如身为外勤事务工作人员工会会员的约20名外勤工作人员每月捐款255美元。简言之，信托基金基本上未能达到预期目标。", "一.39　咨询委员会获悉，虽然因筹资情况不定而预计2012-2013年没有预算外资源，但仍将继续努力筹资。委员会依然认为，工作人员法律援助的经常预算经费应通过某种形式的工作人员参与加以补充(见A/62/7/Add.7)。大会还曾多次请工作人员代表进一步探讨能否设立工作人员出资的、向工作人员提供法律咨询和支助的机制，并请其酌情与秘书长协商(见第61/261和第62/228号决议)。委员会建议请秘书长与工作人员代表共同加紧努力，寻找可行解决方案，以设立工作人员出资的法律援助机制，在向工作人员提供法律咨询和支助方面提供更多资源。委员会期待秘书长根据大会第65/251号决议第40段，至迟在大会第六十六届会议期间向大会提出关于工作人员出资机制的提案，包括基于工作人员的规定缴款的提案。", "一.40　咨询委员会从预算文件导言中注意到，除2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第1款中的提案外，秘书长将向大会第六十六届会议提出关于内部司法问题的单独报告(A/66/6(Introduction)，第16段)。委员会获悉，鉴于编制2012-2013两年期新内部司法系统预算时尚不知晓全部所需资源，因此上述报告将提出资源请求，以使办公室保持目前工作速度和继续执行所有相关大会任务。委员会期待审议该报告。", "道德操守办公室", "一.41　道德操守办公室2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源在重计费用前为3 903 400美元，比2010-2011年批款增加590 800美元，即17.8%(同上，表1.32)。该办公室人员配置保持不变，仍为九个经常预算员额。拟议预算资源增长的主要原因是订约承办事务所需资源增加，用于支付审查财务披露表所需资源中的经常预算份额。该份额根据参与方案的人数确定。咨询委员会从向其提供的补充信息中注意到，2010年参与财务披露方案的秘书处工作人员增至1 314人，占总参与人数的32.2%，高于2010-2011年方案预算估计的20.5%。经常预算资源将获得3 202 200美元其他分摊资源的补充。该笔资源由维持和平行动支助账户提供，用于支付与外勤工作人员有关的所需资源。", "一.42　自设立道德操守办公室以来，咨询委员会曾对财务披露表审查外包安排的费用表示关切。该费用与参与人数直接相关，而且秘书长说预计该费用将因参与人数的自然增长而增加。委员会关于2008-2009年拟议方案预算的第一次报告建议大会请秘书长在2008-2009两年期结束前对内部自行审查与外包安排的孰优孰劣问题，包括费用问题，进行一次深入分析(见A/62/7，第一.17段)。委员会从预算文件第1.131至1.134段中注意到，此项分析由一外部承包人进行，于2010年9月完成，确定了内部审查与外包审查的若干可选方法，包括审查本身和所使用的技术平台两个方面。委员会还注意到，一个高级别咨询小组审查了该研究，而且秘书长将在于第六十六届会议主要会期向大会提交的道德操守办公室年度报告中提出其建议。在这方面，委员会获悉，设想的一个控制费用方案是审查本组织的风险概况和重新评估申报资格标准，以将方案的重点集中于高风险群体。委员会认为，还应努力就外部承包商合同谈判商定更有利条款。委员会期待在审议道德操守办公室下次年度报告时获得关于该审查结果的进一步详情和秘书长的相关提案。", "第2款", "大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理", "秘书长拟议数 614 112200美元^(a) \n2010-2011年订正批款 656 070400美元^(b) \n预算外资源预计数 25 679200美元 按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。 ______________ ^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b)不包括联合国日内瓦图书馆的批款15495900美元和联合国维也纳图书馆的批款1269000美元，以确保此数字是2012-2013两年期的可比基数，因为这两个图书馆的预算现在分别列于第29E款(行政，日内瓦)和第29F款(行政，维也纳)项下。", "一.43　秘书长为第2款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为614 112 200美元，与2010-2011两年期订正批款相比减少41 958 200美元，即6.4%(A/66/6(Sect.2)， 表2.5)。", "一.44　咨询委员会获悉，所需资源的减少是针对秘书长关于所有方案主管都想方设法“以更聪明的方式开展工作”的要求。委员会注意到，秘书长在预算文件第2.17段中指出，2012-2013年所需资源反映出更有效率和成效地利用资源的努力，其目的是应付对会议服务的需求的预计增加，尤其是在日内瓦。", "一.45　据秘书长提供的情况，以下措施将大大有助于资源的总体削减：", "(a) 在整个文件处理链中推行新的文件服务业务模式，这将导致对所需资源进行重新配置。与此同时，大会部提议修订交付和质量控制规则，严格控制和限制所有文件，包括出版物，并认真审查所有客户的法定权利。预计这些措施将使2012-2013两年期费用净减少约1 180万美元；", "(b) 提议将目前用于满足总部设在纽约的联合国各基金和方案会议服务需要的预算资源“交还”给这些基金和方案。该提议将使2012-2013两年期费用减少大约800万美元；", "(c) 在文件编制方面进一步节约和增效估计可节省经费约1 000万美元，包括在所有工作地点中止、限制或推迟编写简要记录；中止编制汇编文件；对所有条约机构和条约机构缔约国报告采用和执行页数限制；一次性清除待处理的积压文件；", "(d) 在总部和日内瓦出版部门引入技术创新，并采取其他增效措施，包括裁撤41个员额和减少印刷用品所需资源，使2012-2013两年期费用减少大约1 060万美元；", "(e) 提高资源和设备利用率，使其他业务费用项下减少190万美元。", "在审议秘书长在第2款项下的提案时，咨询委员会还获悉，为在限制费用的同时应付服务需求的增加，联合国维也纳办事处设计和实行了定额制度，将每个主要客户的使用权限制在总体服务能力的某个百分比内。2012-2013年将继续实行该制度。", "一.46　咨询委员会在以下段落中进一步详细讨论上述一些增效措施。在此阶段，委员会赞扬大会和会议管理部采取积极和创新步骤，通过改造业务流程和利用现有技术，在维持所有产出的同时减少所需预算。", "一.47　下表一.2汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和共同出资员额，包括临时员额，以及秘书长所提2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额和共同出资员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "一.2", "人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数^(a) 1 883 1个USG、1个ASG、5个D-2、20个D-1、182个P-5、396个P-4、373个P-3、24个P-2/1、84个GS(PL)、706个GS(OL)、15个LL、76个TC", "2012-2013年拟议数 1 838 1个USG、1个ASG、5个D-2、20个D-1、191个P-5、383个P-4、373个P-3、24个P-2/1、84个GS(PL)、702个GS(OL)、15个LL、39个TC", "裁撤 41 纽约次级方案4的4个GS(OL)、37个TC", "改叙 11 内罗毕次级方案3的6个P-4至P-5", "内罗毕次级方案4的5个P-4至P-5", "调动 26 纽约1个P-4从次级方案1调至次级方案2", "纽约6个P-4从次级方案3调至次级方案4", "纽约6个P-3从次级方案4调至次级方案3", "纽约13个GS(OL)从次级方案4调至次级方案2", "共同出资预算(维也纳)", "2010-2011年核定数^(b) 174 1个D-1、20个P-5、43个P-4、21个P-3、3个P-2/1、6个GS(PL)、80个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 174 1个D-1、20个P-5、43个P-4、21个P-3、3个P-2/1、6个GS(PL)、80个GS(OL)", "调动 1 1个P-2从次级方案2调至次级方案3", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 95 1个D-1、2个P-5、8个P-4/3、11个GS(PL)、9个GS(OL)、64个LL", "^(a) 包括2012-2013年不再续设的四个临时员额(2个P-5、2个P-4)。不包括2010-2011两年期列入第2款但拟调至第29E款的日内瓦图书馆事务员额，以便提供2012-2013两年期的可比基数。", "^(b) 不包括拟调至第29F款的图书馆股两个员额(1个P-3和1个GS(OL))，以便提供2012-2013两年期的可比基数。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "改叙", "一.48　秘书长提议将联合国内罗毕办事处的下述11个员额向上改叙：", "(a) 将翻译和编辑科(次级方案3)六个P-4审校员额改叙为P-5高级审校职等(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.104段)；", "(b) 将口译和出版科(次级方案4)五个P-4口译员员额改叙为P-5高级口译员职等(同上，第2.109段)。", "秘书长在预算文件中指出，他是根据大会第65/245号决议提出关于11项改叙的提议。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，该大会决议未就拟议的改叙发表意见；大会仅请秘书长在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中重新提交他在会议时地分配办法报告(A/65/122)中提出的提议。", "一.49　秘书长在关于会议时地分配办法的报告中说明的拟将员额向上改叙的理由是，联合国内罗毕办事处工作量增加，并且空缺率居高不下。据秘书长说，高空缺率导致有必要提高该办事处吸引和留住高水平口笔译人员的能力。他还提到了同工同级的原则，而且提到会议委员会承认，为提供优质服务，需要具备充足的职等适当的工作人员。当时，秘书长还指出，由于该办事处40%的翻译量是外包的，因此，必须确保适当的质量控制。秘书长指出，应由一名P-5职等高级审校来履行质量控制职能(同上，第70至75段)。咨询委员会在相关的报告中指出，在收到正式的提议后，将采取委员会认为适当的任何行动(A/65/484，第32段)。", "一.50　咨询委员会经询问后获得了关于拟将员额向上改叙的补充理由。咨询委员会获悉，除口译科科长及笔译和编辑科正副科长外，联合国内罗毕办事处是唯一一个没有P-5职等语文工作人员员额的会议服务工作地点。该办事处在征聘和保留语文工作人员方面仍然面临困难，这体现在语文员额的总体空缺率目前高达21%。关于口译员额的情况，委员会获悉，提高职等的提议将有助于提高工作人员的积极性和口译工作的质量，因为这样该办事处就可以更好地留住口译科有经验的工作人员，降低空缺率，而口译科的空缺率高达34%。鉴于这一情况，为提高联合国内罗毕办事处的口译服务质量，咨询委员会建议核准将5个P-4职等口译员员额向上改叙为P-5高级口译员职等。在这一方面，咨询委员会回顾，大会在关于会议时地分配办法的历项决议中请秘书长采取措施，降低内罗毕语文服务部门的空缺率(除其他外见第63/248号、第64/230号和第65/245号决议)。", "一.51　关于笔译员员额，咨询委员会获悉，内罗毕办事处笔译工作量外包比例为43%，而2010-2011两年期原先估计的比例为40%。这意味着，更迫切地需要由高级审校进行适当的质量控制。咨询委员会认识到必须提高联合国内罗毕办事处笔译服务的质量，而且鉴于外包数量极大，尤其是必须确保对外部提供的翻译实行适当的质量控制。由于这些原因，又鉴于大会反复请秘书长采取措施，降低内罗毕语文服务部门的空缺率(见第63/248号、第64/230号和第65/245号等决议)，咨询委员会建议核准秘书长的提议，将6个P-4职等审校员额改叙为P-5职等高级审校员额。", "调动", "一.52　秘书长提议对纽约的26个员额进行调动，具体情况如下：", "(a) 将裁军与和平事务处(次级方案1)的一个P-4员额调到中央规划和协调处(次级方案2)，以正式建立培训协调职能，以便扩展和提高工作人员的技能，与国际组织进行合作，对大学进行外联活动(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.38和2.42段)；", "(b) 将文件司(次级方案3)翻译处的6个P-4员额(每个语种1个)调到会议和出版司(次级方案4)制版和校对科(2个员额)和逐字记录处(4个员额)，以纠正影响有关各处工作人员配置的长期失衡现象(同上，第2.48段)。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，失衡现象涉及各个部门的员额职等：就制版和校对科而言，尽管已经正式决定提高员额的叙级，但是在各个语种中现有的较高职等员额的数量不足，而在逐字记录处，尽管各种语言服务的职位说明相类似，但是工作人员人数却不均衡；", "(c) 将会议和出版司(次级方案4)的6个P-3员额(制版和校对科两个，逐字记录处4个)调到文件司(次级方案3)各翻译处(每个语种1个)，以纠正影响有关各处工作人员配置的长期失衡现象(同上；另见上文(b))；", "(d) 将会议和出版司(次级方案4)的13个一般事务(其他职等)员额调到中央规划和协调处(次级方案2)，以加强信息技术管理职能(同上，第2.42段)。", "咨询委员会不反对上述调动提议。咨询委员会尤其期待次级方案3和4之间的12个员额调动将有助于提高服务的质量。", "裁撤", "一.53　秘书长提议裁撤纽约出版科复制股4个一般事务(其他职等)和37个工匠员额(次级方案4)。他表示，拟议的裁撤反映出大会部技术投资的回报和大会部精简工作流程的情况(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.53段)。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，大会部印刷产出大幅度下滑，原因之一是更多地采用了电子分发方式，而且所使用的技术已经从胶印变为数码，这显著降低了劳动密集度。这些发展消除了对工匠员额的需要，这些员额任职者的任务是操作、监控和维护印刷厂的设备。由于需要处理的纸张和用品的数量一直在减少，因此有理由裁撤一般事务(其他职等)员额。咨询委员会不反对上述裁撤提议。咨询委员会在下文第一.67段将对大会部的印刷业务作进一步评论。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "一.54　2012-2013年所需非员额资源估计数为123 653 800美元，与2010-2011两年期订正批款160 635 500美元相比减少36 981 700美元，即23%。咨询委员会从所获得的补充资料中注意到，非员额资源减少最为显著的是在其他工作人员费用项下。在次级方案2(会议服务规划和协调)项下，包括会议临时人员、一般临时人员和会议支助加班所需经费的其他工作人员费用估计数在纽约将减少22 405 200美元，在日内瓦将减少12 599 400美元。秘书长称，所需经费之所以减少，是因为预计效率会有所提高，实现的途径是对资源进行积极管理和排列优先次序，包括尽量减少征聘非本地临时人员，对会议服务流程进行技术投资，更严格地实行页数限制，更多地采用外包翻译，以及采取与简要记录和向总部基金和方案提供会议服务有关的减少费用措施(另见上文第一.45段)。以咨询委员会在以下各段所作评论和所提建议为限，咨询委员会建议批准秘书长针对第2款项下非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "关于提供简要记录替代方法的提议", "一.55　秘书长表示，他提出的2012-2013两年期估计数中，包括由于拟议终止、限制或推迟所有工作地点的简要记录制作而实现的约1 000万美元(日内瓦300万美元和纽约700万美元)的增效成果(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.17(c)段)。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，大会第58/250号决议请秘书长对简要记录进行透彻的成本效益研究，以期评估这类记录的必要性，并探索更有效率和效益地交付简要记录的可能性。针对这一要求，秘书长在2004年关于大会和会议管理部改革问题的报告中提出了5种替代交付方法，即用数字录音来取代简要纪录；减少有权获得简要记录的机构数目；只制作英文简要记录；限制简要记录的长度；只提供原始记录电子副本(而不提供纸质副本)(A/59/172，第53-63段；另见A/60/93)。大会第60/236 B号决议要求进行进一步讨论和分析。", "一.56　咨询委员会经询问获得的解释是，秘书长在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中的提议力图利用当前的趋势和可用的技术，大量地节省经费。这意味着继续以原文(英文或法文)制作简要记录，以及采用补充性系统，让会员国几乎可以实时地获取所有正式语文的保密数字录音。数字录音内容还包括列有发言者名单和发言时间的电子会议记录。非原文纸质记录将仅根据要求制作，时限约为四周。", "一.57　咨询委员会经询问还获悉，日内瓦人权理事会四年来一直没有制作简要记录。理事会会议通过网络进行广播并保存为电子文档，通过因特网提供。每次会议网播费用大大低于简要记录的制作费用。在维也纳，和平利用外层空间委员会正在制订提供会议记录的替代办法，将包括电子音频文档，并在可能的情况下配之以上传的参考资料，例如书面发言和(或)会议英文记录誊本。", "一.58　咨询委员会从预算文件第2.17(c)段中注意到，秘书长关于提供简要记录替代方法的提议需要经过大会批准。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，会议委员会将在2011年9月的会议上讨论这一问题。咨询委员会还获悉，如果大会选择以当前的形式保留简要记录，1 000万美元的预测节省额将需重新编入2012-2013两年期预算。咨询委员会注意到大会部正在努力精简业务活动，并以更有成效和效率的方式提供服务，以求节省经费。尽管秘书长关于提供简要记录替代方法的提议好处多多，但是咨询委员会认为，鉴于节省1 000万美元的举措须经大会批准，而且有关政府间机构尚未对此进行审议，因此，将这笔节省下来的费用列入2012-2013年拟议方案预算为时尚早。咨询委员会因此建议大会根据会议委员会的相关审议结果，同时考虑到有权获得简要记录的机构的意见，审议秘书长关于提供简要记录的提议。", "关于修正向各基金和方案提供会议服务的现行安排的提议", "一.59　秘书长表示，如果修正向总部设在纽约的基金和方案(即开发署、儿基会和人口基金)提供会议服务的安排，将可节省约800万美元经费。他还回顾，大会和会议管理部向总部设在纽约的基金和方案提供会议服务的现行安排是根据大会第47/202号决议建立的(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.17(b)段)。", "一.60　咨询委员会经询问后获悉，目前，各基金和方案文件的翻译经费是在第2款项下由经常预算提供的。秘书长提议与有关基金和方案订立新的安排，由这些基金和方案与大会部直接订立合同，在现收现付的基础上获取翻译服务。咨询委员会还获悉，关于拟议变革的通知已经发送开发署、儿基会和人口基金的行政首脑，大会部将就如何尽量压缩翻译量以减少费用向上述实体提供咨询意见。", "一.61　咨询委员会从预算文件第2.17(b)段中注意到，秘书长关于满足有关基金和方案翻译需要的“现收现付”安排的提议须经大会批准。咨询委员会的理解是，如果大会决定不批准这一提议，预期的800万美元节省额将不得不重新编入2012-2013两年期预算。咨询委员会注意到秘书长的提议有其可取之处，尤其是鉴于咨询委员会一直认为，经常预算活动不应补贴预算外活动(见A/50/7，第115段)。但是，咨询委员会重申其观点，鉴于节省800万美元的举措须经大会批准，而且有关政府间机构尚未对此进行审议，因此，将这笔节省下来的费用列入2012-2013年拟议方案预算为时尚早。因此，咨询委员会建议秘书长将他的提议提交给主管机关，即会议委员会进行讨论。", "对条约机构的报告和缔约国提交条约机构的报告采用和执行页数限制", "一.62　如上文第一.45段所述，大会部提出的在2012-2013两年期期间实现增效和节省的措施之一是，对条约机构的所有报告和缔约国提交条约机构的报告采用和执行页数限制。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，条约机构的文件包括受到页数/字数限制的文件(秘书处和政府间机构提交的文件)和不受页数/字数限制的文件(会员国提交的文件)。对大多数条约机构所在地日内瓦的联合国办事处现有统计数据进行的审查表明，2010年，会员国提交的文件的数量大幅度增加，工作量(需要处理的字数)也相应增加。由于设立了强迫失踪问题委员会，扩大了防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会，并提出了其他有待批准的提议，预计工作量将进一步增加。", "一.63　咨询委员会获悉，对会员国提交的文件实行页数限制将减少总工作量，最大限度地减少扰乱文件处理链的过长文件的数量。日内瓦会议管理司随时准备与条约机构秘书处一道，审查其文件需要，确保该司有限的资源用于对条约机构成员而言最为优先的领域。通过这一审查可确定缔约国报告的平均长度，并利用这些数据来商谈页数/字数限制。咨询委员会认识到，条约机构数量的增加加大了大会部的工作量。但是，咨询委员会认为，对缔约国提交条约机构的报告实行页数/字数限制的问题应由大会决定。因此，应请秘书长将这一问题提交给会议委员会。", "更多地利用承包笔译", "一.64　秘书长表示，作为实行新的文件服务业务模式的一部分，大会部预计承包笔译服务的使用将进一步增加(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.17(a)段)。成果预算框架的有关绩效指标显示，2010-2011年至2012-2013年，纽约承包笔译比例预计将从24%上升到25%(同上，表2.18)，日内瓦将从20%上升到25%(同上，表2.25)，维也纳将从30%上升到32.5%(同上，表2.33)，内罗毕将保持在43%(同上，表2.40)。咨询委员会注意到，尽管承包笔译比例的增加将导致订约承办事务项下的资源增加，但是这一增加额将少于会议临时人员所需经费的相应减少额。", "一.65　咨询委员会经询问后获悉，尽管承包笔译是最廉价的交付方式，但仍需要内部审校和质量控制。在这一方面，咨询委员会回顾，为回应大会关于适当控制外包笔译的关切(见第61/236和62/225等号决议)，在2008-2009两年期在总部和日内瓦共设立了12个P-5职等高级审校员额，在2010-2011两年期又将联合国维也纳办事处的5个P-4职等审校员额升为P-5职等，若获得大会批准，还将在2012-2013两年期将联合国内罗毕办事处的6个P-4职等审校员额改叙为P-5高级审校职等(见上文第一.48至一.51段)。委员会还回顾，为进一步加强质量控制，确保翻译承包人(个人和公司)为自身的业绩承担问责，大会部通用外部承包人名册包含标准的质量控制评价电子模板。2009年商定了将笔译员和文字处理人员列入通用名册和从名册除名及对其进行评价的统一标准(见A/64/136，第80段)。", "一.66　咨询委员会仍然强调，提供最高质量的语文服务至关重要。因此，咨询委员会欣见为提高承包笔译质量控制而采取了各项措施，而且这些措施提供了可能性，以便在承包笔译是最具成本效益的交付方式的情况下进一步提高承包笔译的比例。在这一方面，铭记咨询委员会先前提出的建议，即决不能为了通过更多地采用承包笔译来实现节省和(或)增效而牺牲质量，咨询委员会指出，上述绩效指标规定，只有在承包笔译所形成的最终产品与内部翻译质量相当的情况下，才能提高该交付方式的比例。", "大会部出版业务模式的演变", "一.67　秘书长表示，由于精简了总部和日内瓦的出版业务，大会和会议管理部确定可以节省经费1 060万美元(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.17(d)段)。除了由于裁撤41个员额预计节省经费680万美元外(见上文第一.53段)，预计在2012-2013两年期印刷用品经费将减少380万美元，原因是印刷产出大幅度下降。秘书长解释称，经过审查硬拷贝印刷业务，出版科将会议文件印页的数量从2009年的3.36亿页减少到2010年的2.20亿页。预计2011年产出的印页将少于1.50亿页。因此，取消了硬拷贝分发夜班，把业务能力重新分配给较早的班次，从而节省了加班费和夜勤津贴，提高了印刷和复制能力的使用成效(同上，第2.11(a)和(e)段)。", "一.68　咨询委员会注意到，通过电子邮件和其他各种在线工具以电子方式向会员国分发资料大大有助于印刷产出的下降(同上，第2.11(g)段)。在这一方面，咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于第2款的提议时获悉，大会部最近拟订了无纸化会议的业务模式，在2011年5月首次采用，为非政府组织委员会的一次会议提供服务。咨询委员会赞赏大会部为利用新技术来确保以具有成本效益的方式及时分发文件所采取的步骤。", "全球统筹管理", "一.69　咨询委员会回顾，大会和会议管理部多年以来一直在推行会议服务的全球统筹管理办法，以此来提高大会部活动的效率和成效。秘书长在预算文件中表示，这一办法仍在演变，这体现在所有会议服务工作地点的行政政策、作法和程序的逐步标准化(同上，第2.4段)。", "一.70　咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于第2款的提议时获悉，2010-2011两年期在执行作为全球统筹管理办法根本性支柱的全球信息技术举措方面取得了重大进展。这一举措包括以下三个项目：", "(a) 题为“g-Data”的项目1：该全球数据仓的目的是在四个工作地点编制标准的执行情况报告和费用计算数据，从而可以借此设定业务基准并进行监测和精简，并进行全球工作量预测和能力规划；", "(b) 题为“g-Meets”的项目2：可以借助该全球会议管理系统安排所有四个工作地点的会议时间，以便以互动方式生成和管理全球会议日历；", "(c) 题为“g-Doc”的项目3：该全球综合文件管理应用系统的目的是用于实时评估全球文件状况，提供文件统计的全球标准化报告，跟踪每个工作地点的文件情况，说明全球工作量分担潜力。", "在2010-2011两年期，在所有四个工作地点都实施了项目1和2。对项目3重新进行了概念设计，在纽约和日内瓦的一个小组正在进行项目拟订。", "一.71　咨询委员会注意到全球统筹管理办法仍在制订之中，并重申支持将该构想作为最大限度地高效率利用资源和提高会议服务总体质量的一种手段。咨询委员会欢迎在这一方面大会部发挥信息技术工具的作用，鼓励大会部尽快完成项目3的制订工作，以便向所有工作地点推出。", "一.72　咨询委员会回顾，全球统筹管理的支柱之一是在四个会议服务工作地点之间分担工作量，进行能力共享，以便应对单个工作地点工作量方面的峰谷情况，进而确保以最有效率和成效的方式使用资源。咨询委员会在提出要求后获得了下列按工作地点分列的笔译工作量信息：", "(千字)", "2008-2009年实数 2010-2011年估计数 2012-2013年估计数", "内部笔译", "纽约 171 083 178 286 187 200", "日内瓦 108 941 118 000 120 000", "维也纳 34 573 37 340 37 320", "内罗毕 8 600 9 824 9 824", "承包笔译", "纽约 53 450 58 664 62 400", "日内瓦 25 815 28 500 41 500", "维也纳 13 183 16 000 15 990", "内罗毕 6 703 7 411 7 411", "咨询委员会从上表所列信息注意到，在2012-2013两年期，纽约和日内瓦两种笔译方式的工作量估计数都将增加，内罗毕将保持不变，维也纳将有所减少。咨询委员会认为，这一情况将为分担工作量创造更多的机会。咨询委员会建议将说明大会部如何利用这些机会的统计数字列入相关的执行情况报告。", "一.73　就与此相关的一个问题，咨询委员会回顾，在监督厅对全球统筹管理方面的进展情况作出评价后(A/64/166)，大会部除其他外得出结论认为，由于主管大会和会议管理事务副秘书长就经常预算第2款项下的所有支出承担问责，他也应该能够对人力资源和财政资源的管理和支出行使相应的权力(见A/65/122，第28(a)段)。秘书长在2010年关于会议时地分配办法的报告中表示，只有修改了大会部内的组织结构和等级报告关系，使副秘书长拥有完成大会任务规定所需的权力，才能充分实行全球统筹管理，并随之提高效率和成本效益(同上，第28(c)段)。后来，大会在第65/245号决议中请秘书长评估四个主要工作地点会议管理效率和问责机制，并就此向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。咨询委员会期待对该报告进行审议。秘书长评估结果所导致的行政和(或)财政后果都应反映在下一份预算报告中。", "继任规划", "一.74　咨询委员会认为，继任规划属于管理问题，涉及重大预算问题(见A/64/7，第一.71)，是大会和会议管理部长期以来一直关心的一个问题。根据最新统计数字，到2016年，大会部约20%的语文工作人员将退休(A/65/488，第17段)。秘书长表示，在2012-2013两年期，为满足不断变化的需求，并应对涉及语文工作人员的人员构成情况的变化，大会部将继续对各种培训机会提供持续的支持，以提高工作人员的技能，并与国际组织进行协作，加强对大学的外联工作，将培训方案制度化(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.6段)。相关产出列于预算文件第2.41(b)㈥和第2.59(e)段。在这一方面，咨询委员会注意到，如上文第一.52(a)段所述，秘书长提出将纽约裁军与和平事务处(次级方案1)的1个P-4员额调到中央规划和协调处(次级方案2)，以正式设立培训协调职能，在此之前这一职能一直属于特设性质。", "一.75　咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于该款的提议时获悉，在2010-2011两年期，大会部进一步加强了外联活动，以便让语言专业的学生更好地了解联合国的就业机会，扩大语文专业人员的人才库。尤其是，大会部与世界各地的大学签订了更多的谅解备忘录，与联合国建立正式关系的机构总数已经达到19个。按照备忘录的规定，有关大学承诺重设或拟订语文课程，以激发对从事语文工作的需求和兴趣。大会部还继续与语文培训机构协作，制定实习方案。事实证明，该方案是发现、吸引和培训有才的年轻语文专业人员的一条有效途径。2010年接收了57名实习生，2011年截至目前已经接收70人。该方案的几名毕业生已经通过竞争性考试，还有的已经被列入自由应聘口笔译人员和承包笔译人员名册。", "一.76　但是，咨询委员会获悉，由于没有实习方案专项预算经费，可以参与实习方案的实习生人数很快将达到极限。此外，许多可能的实习生无法承担前往纽约、日内瓦或维也纳等城市的旅费和生活费，这限制了实习生人才库的规模，可能导致具有某些语文能力的人员人数不足。为扭转这一局面，已经与阿拉伯国家联盟成员进行初步接触，以了解这些国家是否有意通过大会部设立的信托基金或其他安排资助大会部的阿拉伯文口笔译人员培训活动。咨询委员会赞赏大会部为招揽潜在获聘人所采取的积极措施，期待在2012-2013两年期推行和进一步扩展这些措施。咨询委员会相信，这些努力将有利于扩充通过竞争性语文考试的候选人人数和相应地降低空缺率。但是，咨询委员会感到关切的是，实习方案专项经费的匮乏可能对具备某些不太常见的语文能力的年轻专业人员造成过于不利的影响。在这一方面，咨询委员会欢迎大会部打算与会员国进行接触，以取得支持。咨询委员会建议，应鼓励秘书长更广泛地开展这些努力，以争取预算外资金，资助与所有六种正式语文有关的培训活动。", "一.77　关于竞争性考试问题，咨询委员会在其关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中指出，此类考试是征聘语文工作人员的唯一手段，但是人力资源管理厅考试和测验科的能力不足以组织所需的足够考试。当时，咨询委员会再次吁请大会和会议管理部和人力资源管理厅紧急商定适当的措施，以确保及时组织和安排必要的语文考试(A/64/7，第一.65至一.66段)。秘书长在预算文件表2.45中指出，根据咨询委员会的建议，大会部对考试工作进行了一项研究，确定了若干加强考试工作的措施，包括调整候选人筛选程序、考试内容和举办以及排期。由大会部和人力资源管理厅代表组成的部际工作组正在监测有关建议的执行情况，一旦这些建议得到充分落实，预计将大幅度缩短从确定考试的必要性到征聘列入名册的候选人的时间。鉴于工作人员人手不足可能大大妨碍高效率和有成效地执行大会部的任务，咨询委员会欢迎大会部为改进竞争性考试工作而采取的各项步骤，并期待今后提交的文件说明所取得的成果。", "监测和评价", "一.78　秘书长指出，按照大会第58/269号决议，确定了2012-2013两年期用于开展监测和评价活动的经常预算资源，共约3 041 000美元。这些资源相当于总共307.6个工作月：专业职等115.6个工作月和一般事务职等192个工作月(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.22段)。", "一.79　咨询委员会回顾，在其关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中，咨询委员会获悉，为响应大会第61/245号决议并按照监督厅的建议，大会部已着手成立一个强有力的监测、评价、风险分析和统计核查职能(A/64/7，第一.73段)。咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于2012-2013年的提议时获悉，已经在总部和日内瓦利用现有资源设立了监测、评价、风险管理和统计核查能力。其工作重点是为进行文件管理从事工作量预测和能力规划及开展重要业绩指标的标准化工作，还负责利用全球数据仓(“g-Data”——见上文第一.70段)，从四个会议服务工作地点的所有关键任务系统提取和编制统计数字，以生成各类报告，包括月度内部管理报告。秘书长指出，通过这些报告可以比较并更好地了解所有工作地点的业务情况，使大会部管理人员能够就资源分配问题作出知情的决定(A/66/6(Sect.2)，第2.11(h)段)。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，如资源情况允许，维也纳和内罗毕的监测和评价能力将在中期得到加强。咨询委员会欢迎为将监测和评价职能纳入大会部组织架构而采取的步骤。咨询委员会鼓励秘书长确保监测、评价、风险管理和统计核查实体尽可能充分利用可以利用的新的信息技术工具，以进一步精简大会部的业务，发现潜在的风险领域，说明提高效率的机会。应在下一份预算报告中更详细地提供关于这些实体活动的资料。咨询委员会在上文第一章已经进一步评论了监测和评价活动。", "对大会主席办公室的礼宾服务", "一.80　咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于第2款的提议时询问，既然礼宾和联络处已经在2008-2009两年期划归大会部，为何没有向大会主席办公室提供礼宾服务。咨询委员会得到的答复是，礼宾和联络处共有十个专职员额。为应付繁重的工作，从大会部的另一个单位又借调了一个员额，并为具体活动或在工作最忙期间征聘临时工作人员。该处没有足够的能力为大会主席办公室提供服务。尽管大会已经讨论过这一问题，但是迄今为止没有表示支持为此目的提供额外的专项资源。鉴于大会主席代表联合国履行高级别职能，咨询委员会认为，应想方设法为主席办公室提供礼宾和联络方面的协助。", "第二编 政治事务", "第3款 政治事务", "秘书长拟议数\t1 195 113100美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 1 314 847 400美元\n预算外资源预计数\t49 284200美元^(b)\n秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。 __________________ ^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括其他分摊资源15 267600美元，此处修订拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.3))表3.3中的信息，以反映大会第65/290号决议的决定。还包括数额为34016 600美元的预算外资源。", "二.1　咨询委员会注意到，秘书长为第3款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为1 195 113 100美元，比2010-2011两年期减少119 734 300美元，即9.1%(见A/66/6(Sect.3)，第3.13-3.18段)。拟议资源包括下列经费：政治事务部(82 649 700美元)、特别政治任务(1 083 036 300美元)、联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处(16 949 200美元)、建设和平支助办公室(5 220 500美元)、联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙造成的损失登记册(5 346 700美元)和联合国驻非洲联盟办事处(1 910 700美元)。", "A. 政治事务部", "二.2　秘书长为政治事务部请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为82 649 700美元，比2010-2011两年期减少438 100美元，即0.5%(同上,表3.3)。出现减少是以下两项的净结果：与2010-2011年核定资源相比，所需员额资源减少647 100美元，而所需非员额资源增加209 000美元。从该方案的总体构成部分来说，减少是以下各项抵消后的净结果：工作方案、特别是次级方案3和4项下的所需资源减少(分别减少927 600美元和493 900美元)、次级方案6下的所需资源增加(703 400美元)和方案支助下的所需资源增加(367 800美元)。", "二.3　下表二.1汇总2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长所提2012-2013两年期员额。该表还列出2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表二.1 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 275 1个USG、2个ASG、8个D-2、15个D-1、37个P-5、50个P-4、40个P-3、24个P-2/1、5个GS(PL)、93个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 269 1个USG、2个ASG、8个D-2、15个D-1、37个P-5、48个P-4、39个P-3、24个P-2/1、5个GS(PL)、91个GS(OL)", "裁撤 6 次级方案3下1个P-4、1个P-3、2个GS(OL)；次级方案4下1个P-4、1个GS(OL)", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 15 11个P-3、4个GS(OL)", "关于员额的评论和建议", "二.4　2012-2013两年期拟议员额资源在重计费用前为74 875 600美元，用于上表二.1所列269个员额(174个专业员额和95个一般事务)的经费。减少647 100美元，即0.9%，是以下两项抵消后的净结果：次级方案3和4下裁撤6个员额造成所需资源减少(1 421 500美元)，而2010-2011年核准6个员额的滞后影响导致反恐执行工作队所需资源增加(774 400美元)。", "二.5　作为安理会司人员配置调整的一部分，拟在次级方案3(安全理事会事务)下裁撤4个员额(1个P-4、1个P-3和2个一般事务(其他职等))，导致有关资源减少927 600美元(同上，第3.52段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，在2010年对安全理事会事务司进行审查后，内部监督事务厅提出9条建议，其中4条有关被评定的高风险领域，这些建议涉及改进机构记忆、知识转让、信息共享和正式界定报告关系。咨询委员会进一步获悉，为了改进知识转让和信息共享，该司的数据库(iSCAD)已经过扩大和改造，对工作人员进行了输入数据以及将数据库用作研究工具及信息共享和知识转让手段的培训。此外，在司内所有处对个人责任和报告职能进行了概述和简化。修订报告关系以及在全司范围内增加使用iSCAD，给该司带来了使不同处之间的协同作用合理化、重新确定各方面工作做法的优先次序以及修订各工作人员责任的势头。特别是，工作人员任务重复的减少使其职能得以重新界定。在该司内部重新调整了工作人员责任后，并按照秘书长加强预算纪律的号召，政治事务部现提议调整该司的所需总体人员编制，裁撤上述4个员额。咨询委员会获悉，该司有合理理由相信，它将继续能够充分执行委派给它的任务和工作。咨询委员会欢迎为执行监督厅建议而采取的行动，并期待还将采取行动执行尚未执行的建议。", "二.6　作为非殖民化股人员配置调整的一部分，还拟在次级方案4(非殖民化)下裁撤2个员额(1个P-4、1个一般事务(其他职等))，导致2012-2013两年期所需资源减少439 900美元(同上，第3.57段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，与该部其他部门相比，非殖民化股的工作量和相关活动相当稳定，预期产出大体上可预测。而且，得到该股支持的非殖民化委员会的工作具有周期性，使得可以简化和更好地提前规划其工作。因此，该部拟调整所需人员编制，裁撤1个P-4和1个一般事务员额(第一个目前空缺，第二个临时在任)。经询问，咨询委员会进一步从该部获悉，该部有合理理由相信，该部将继续能够充分执行委派给该股的任务和工作，但有一项谅解，即在工作量高峰期，将根据需要对该股工作人员进行补充。此外，该股与各有关区域司之间将视需要进行合作，以利用其各自工作间的协同作用。", "二.7　咨询委员会对秘书长2012-2013两年期的请设员额和相关员额资源不持异议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.8　非员额资源7 774 100美元，比2010-2011年核定资源增加209 000美元，主要是一般业务费用(181 500美元)和订约承办事务(97 800美元)项下的增加。", "二.9　咨询委员会注意到，一般临时人员和加班所需资源都集中编列在方案支助项下，导致各次级方案项下所需资源减少。方案支助项下用于一般业务费用的资源1 273 100美元中包括通信费用。比2010-2011年核定资源增加230 000美元，原因是电信费的增加(鉴于公务旅行的工作人员的漫游费较高)以及以前编在各次级方案项下的资源的调入。方案支助下的订约承办事务拟议所需资源包括信息和通信技术厅提供的支助服务的费用和作为业务连续性计划一部分的40个关键工作人员移动账户(1 058 500美元)。比上一个两年期增加192 200美元，原因是以往编列在各次级方案下的资源的调动。咨询委员会建议接受政治事务部的拟议非员额资源。", "一般性评论和建议", "安全理事会惯例汇辑", "二.10　咨询委员会回顾，大会第65/31号决议吁请秘书长继续努力增订《汇辑》，并以电子方式提供其所有语文文本。咨询委员会获悉，按照允许同时编写两部或更多补编的“双轨”办法，秘书处在过去的一年里，一直着手编写涵盖2004-2007年和2008-2009年期间的第十五和十六号补编。整个第十五号补编已经完成，《汇辑》网站上提供电子预发本。编写第十六号补编的工作也已取得进展，预计这项工作将在2011年底前完成，并已启动关于涵盖2010-2011年的第十七号补编的工作。除此之外，对《汇辑》网站进行了改造，进一步改进了其搜索能力，并提供方便用户的接口，可以更快地查阅《汇辑》。秘书处将力争将该网站的内容翻译成所有正式语文，但这要取决于可用资金的情况。已经张贴了《汇辑》最后敲定的各章和尚待出版的各章的预发本。", "二.11　咨询委员会获悉，对增订《汇辑》信托基金的自愿捐助仍然是维持已取得进展和维护所有6种正式语文网站的重要要素。据说明，预算外资金使得秘书处得以保留临时工作人员以协助编写《汇辑》，并能同时着手编制该出版物的若干卷。据说明，在当前财政吃紧的环境下，对该信托基金的自愿捐助仍然是维持这方面进展的一个重要因素。委员会对迄今所进行的工作表示赞赏，并鼓励政治事务部继续其筹资努力，以便确保维持增订《安全理事会惯例汇辑》方面的进展。", "大会关于意外及非常费用的第64/246号决议", "二.12　咨询委员会获得了有关该部开展活动支持秘书长随着最近中东和北非事件的发生而进行的斡旋努力的信息。咨询委员会获悉，不可能在现有资源内支持这些急剧增加的活动。因此，根据大会第64/246号决议规定提供了资金。该决议授权秘书长承付费用，但需经秘书长证明同维持和平与安全有关，总额在2010-2011两年期内任何一年不超过800万美元。", "二.13.经询问，咨询委员会获得了迄今秘书长根据大会关于意外及非常费用的第64/246号决议为2010-2011两年期每一年核准的有关承付款的细目。", "表二.2 秘书长为2010年和2011年核准的承付款", "说明\t数额(美元)\t涵盖期间 \n 2010 \n联合国支助日内瓦国际讨论的安排和联合事件预防和应对机制\t2 079800\t2010年1月1日至12月31日\n负责圭亚那与委内瑞拉之间边界争议问题的秘书长个人代表\t108 400\t2010年3月1日至8月30日\n前往朝鲜民主主义人民共和国的特使\t65 000\t2010年2月5日至2月19日\n伊朗伊斯兰共和国问题专家小组\t1 438500\t2010年9月1日至12月31日\n2010年5月31日船队遇袭事件调查小组\t1 498400\t2010年8月10日至12月31日\n斯里兰卡问题专家小组\t1 204800\t2010年8月5日至12月31日\n负责援助巴基斯坦的秘书长特使\t106 300\t2010年9月27日至12月31日\n2010年共计\t6 501200 \n 2011 \n2010年5月31日船队遇袭事件调查小组\t318 300\t2011年1月1日至4月30日\n联合国支助日内瓦国际讨论的安排和联合事件预防和应对机制\t215 600\t2011年1月1日至3月31日\n负责援助巴基斯坦的秘书长特使\t762 800\t2011年1月1日至3月31日\n前往阿拉伯利比亚民众国的秘书长特使\t1 513400\t2011年3月至9月(6个月)\n 斯里兰卡问题专家小组 59 700 2011年5月1日至31日 \n联合国对埃及和突尼斯境内的过渡的支助\t364 000\t2011年7月1日至12月31日(6个月)\n2011年共计^(a)\t3 233800", "^(a) 在大会第六十五届会议续会第二期会议就有关拟议预算作出决定之前，不包括阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组和参加日内瓦国际讨论的联合国代表所临时使用的数额。大会核准了这两项活动的预算，并决定其所需资源将在2010-2011年特别政治任务批款总额内解决(大会第65/288号决议)。", "B. 特别政治任务", "二.14　特别政治任务2012-2013年经费估计数为1 083 036 300美元，而2010-2011两年期的订正批款总额为 1 203 840 800美元(A/66/6(Sect.3)，表三.25)。咨询委员会注意到，这一数额是根据现两年期的支出模式估算的，就其任务已中止或完成的任务作出调整，并就2010-2011年期间建立的新任务的滞后影响作出调整。因此，所需资源估计数反映了联合国尼泊尔特派团和联合国驻伊拉克发展基金国际咨询和监察委员会代表的任务已分别于2011年1月15日和6月30日结束，以及联合国布隆迪综合办事处在2011年1月1日由一个后续特派团即联合国布隆迪办事处替代。如上文第一章所述，这一因素导致所需资源减少8 580万美元；由于预期以更具成本效益和效率的方式实现目标和任务，预计可再减少3 500万美元(另见下文第二.16段)。", "二.15　有关2010-2011年特别政治任务的相关经费，包括任务结束的信息，见下表二.3。", "表二.3 2010-2011年特别政治任务", "组/任务\t批款(千美元)\t任务结束\t备注 \n \n第一专题组：秘书长特使、个人特使、特别顾问和个人代表 \n秘书长缅甸问题特使\t1914.2\t开放\t\n塞浦路斯问题秘书长特别顾问\t6672.3\t15/12/2011\t\n秘书长防止灭绝种族罪行问题特别顾问\t4068.6\t开放\t\n负责西撒哈拉问题的秘书长个人特使\t1097.4\t开放\t\n负责安全理事会第1559(2004)号决议执行情况的秘书长特使\t1279.7\t开放\t\n联合国派驻伊拉克发展基金国际咨询和监察委员会代表\t82.2\t30/6/2011\t\n参加日内瓦国际讨论会的联合国代表\t— 大会第65/288号决议核准1469000美元的预算，将在特别政治任务批款总额12亿美元内解决。\n小计\t15114.4 \n第二专题组：制裁监察队、组和小组 \n索马里问题监察组\t3849.1\t31/07/2011\t\n利比里亚问题专家小组\t1264.8\t16/12/2011\t\n科特迪瓦问题专家组\t2610.0\t30/04/2012\t\n刚果民主共和国问题专家组\t2778.5\t30/11/2011\t\n苏丹问题专家小组\t3521.7\t19/02/2012\t\n朝鲜民主主义人民共和国问题专家小组\t5963.0\t12/06/2012\t\n伊朗伊斯兰共和国问题专家小组\t3217.7\t09/06/2012\t\n阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组\t—\t31/05/2012\t大会第65/288号决议核准1670400美元的预算，将在特别政治任务批款总额12亿美元内解决。\n安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关个人和实体的第1526(2004)号决议所设分析支助和制裁监察组\t8231.2\t31/12/2012 \n支持安全理事会关于不扩散所有大规模毁灭性武器的第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会\t6334.6\t25/04/2012\t\n反恐怖主义委员会执行局\t17290.7\t31/12/2013\t\n小计\t55061.3 \n第三专题组：政治事务处、建设和平支助办事处和综合办事处 \n负责西非问题的秘书长特别代表办事处\t13916.2\t31/12/2013\t\n联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处\t35988.7\t31/12/2011\t\n联合国几内亚比绍建设和平综合办事处\t33076.9\t31/12/2011\t\n联合国索马里政治事务处\t32783.5\t开放\t\n联合国塞拉利昂建设和平综合办事处\t33456.5\t15/09/2011\t\n联合国支助喀麦隆-尼日利亚混合委员会\t16834.9\t31/12/2011\t\n联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心\t6293.0\t开放\t\n联合国布隆迪综合办事处/联合国布隆迪办事处\t58705.0\t31/12/2011\t\n联合国尼泊尔特派团\t25804.1\t15/01/2010\t\n联合国黎巴嫩问题特别协调员办事处\t17432.1\t31/08/2011\t\n联合国中非办事处\t3505.2\tS/2010/457:安全理事会主席给秘书长的信\t安理会注意到2009年12月11日秘书长的信(S/2009/697)，并认为，拟设办事处初步设立两年比较适宜，18个月之后进行一次任务审查\n小计\t277796.1 \n联合国阿富汗援助团\t497654.1\t23/03/2012\t\n联合国伊拉克援助团\t355063.3\t31/07/2011\t\n小计\t852717.4 \n共计(扣除工作人员薪金税)\t1 200689.2", "二.16　咨询委员会回顾，按照既定程序，特别政治任务资源的使用需在大会或安全理事会设立或延长这些任务时经大会给予单独立法授权和批准。此外，所需资源的详细理由说明将提交大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议。如上文第一章所述，咨询委员会认为，对进行中的任务再减少3 500万美元(另见上文第二.14段)，此刻只能视为初步预测。咨询委员会认为，秘书长在提出特别政治任务拟议预算时展现出节制很重要。", "二.17　咨询委员会将在审议秘书长提交大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议的载有大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措估计数的报告时，就员额和非员额提议提出相关评论和建议。", "二.18　咨询委员会又回顾，大会第65/259号决议请秘书长彻底审查特别政治任务的现行供资和支助安排，以确定可能的替代办法。咨询委员会在其关于提高联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力的报告中表示它已获悉，外勤支助部、维持和平行动部、管理事务部和政治事务部正在评估各项备选方案，以便按要求就此问题向大会第六十六届会议提出报告(A/65/827，第19段)。如在该文件中所述，咨询委员会期待看到这一审查的结果，它应能对支持特别政治任务所涉及的能力、安排、流程和挑战做出更全面的勾勒和清晰的分析，并为解决已查明的差距提出建议。", "C. 中东和平进程特别协调员办事处", "二.19　2012-2013年的拟议资源在重计费用前为16 949 200美元，比2010-2011年的核定资源增加648 900美元，即4.0%。这主要是由于所需员额资源增加(530 700美元)。", "二.20　下表二.4汇总2010-2011两年期核定员额以及秘书长提议的2012-2013年员额。", "表二.4 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t64\t1个USG、1个D-2、6个P-5、3个P-4、9个P-3、9个FS、6个SS、27个LL\n2012-2013年拟议数\t65\t1个USG、1个D-2、6个P-5、3个P-4、9个P-3、8个FS、6个SS、3个NO、28个LL\n 新员额 1 NO \n 改叙 1 1个外勤事务改叙为当地雇员", "二.21　员额资源比2010-2011年核定数额13 364 000美元增加530 700美元，即4.0%，原因是2010-2011 两年期核准的8个员额产生滞后影响以及区域事务股拟新设一个本国干事员额。如拟议预算所示，该本国干事员额目前由预算外资源供资。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，2011年以后这一员额将不再有资金，但有关职能(见A/66/6(Sect.3)，第3.80段)被证明在加强联合国在以色列的外联的有效性方面非常宝贵， 继续需要。此外，在该股内，一名政治事务干事(P-3)被指派担任负责与以色列的政府关系的协调人，另外3名政治事务干事(1个P-5、1个P-4和1个P-3)履行涉及加沙和西岸的巴勒斯坦人的类似职能。咨询委员会建议接受拟设的本国干事员额。", "二.22　拟将在统一服务条件的背景下确定改划的特派团支助部门一个外勤事务员额改叙为当地雇员(同上)。咨询委员会对这一拟议改叙不持异议。", "二.23　非员额项目的拟议数额为3 054 500 美元，比2010-2011两年期的核定资源增加118 200美元。增加主要是由于家具和设备(134 700美元)和用品和材料(47 700美元)项下需要追加资源，原因包括更换目前由两辆装甲车和5辆轻型车组成的车队中已达其使用寿命的一辆装甲车和4辆常规车辆，以及汽油、机油和润滑油的费用增加。 所需追加资源被其他非员额项目拟议所需资源的减少部分抵消。咨询委员会建议接受为特别协调员办事处拟议的非员额资源，同时鼓励在维持其车队方面实行更加严格的管理。", "D. 建设和平支助办公室", "二.24　建设和平支助办公室2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源总额在重计费用前为5 220 500美元，比2010-2011年的核定资源增加677 800美元，即14.9%。所需资源增加是所需员额资源增加额(839 300美元)与所需非员额资源减少额(161 500美元)抵消后的净结果。", "二.25　下表二.5汇总2010-2011两年期核定员额以及秘书长提议的2012-2013年员额。该表还显示2012-2013年的拟议预算外员额。", "表二.5 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t13\t1个ASG、1个D-2、1个D-1、3个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、1个GS(PL)、3个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t13\t1个ASG、1个D-2、1个D-1、3个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、1个GS(PL)、3个GS(OL)\n调动\t1\t一个D-1员额从建设和平委员会支助处调至政策规划和应用处\n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议数\t8\t1个D-1、2个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、2个GS(OL)", "关于员额的建议", "二.26　2012-2013年拟议所需员额资源为4 329 700美元，比2010-2011年核定资源增加839 300美元，即24.0%。资源的增加反映了2010-2011年核准的6个新员额(2个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))的滞后影响。拟将经常预算员额数保持在与2010-2011年相同的水平。咨询委员会回顾，将建设和平基金的方案和财务管理以及资源调动、跟踪供资情况和分析供资缺口集于一身的建设和平筹资处有8个预算外员额(见表二.5)，这些员额的经费由建设和平基金提供。", "二.27　咨询委员会从提供给它的补充资料中注意到，该办公室拟将建设和平委员会支助处处长员额(D-1)调至政策规划和应用处，以取代开发署以前借调的1个D-1员额。该调动是为了提供所需水平的领导力，以便与同联合国有关部门、机构、基金和方案以及非联合国伙伴密切合作，开展知识管理、政策规划和发展等领域的责任和所期待的高质量产出相称。建设和平委员会支助处处长的职能，将由办公室主任兼副主管(D-2)履行，后者还要履行自身的职责。咨询委员会对这一拟议调动不持异议。", "二.28　咨询委员会回顾，2008年对建设和平支助办公室的职能和作用，包括对建设和平委员会的支助工作进行了审查，并考虑到其头几年运作的经验教训，对该办公室的结构进行了修订(见A/64/7，第二.21至二.30段)。咨询委员会注意到，建设和平委员会议程上的国家数目已从2006年的两个增至2011年的6个：布隆迪、塞拉利昂、几内亚比绍、中非共和国、利比里亚和几内亚，不久的将来可能会有另一个国家加入这一行列。建设和平基金已经演变成一个有50个捐助者、在20个国家运作的信托基金，并第一次在2011-2013年期间业务计划中阐述其战略，其目的是每年筹集、分配和支付1亿美元来支持全球建设和平努力。", "二.29　咨询委员会获悉，建设和平委员会议程上国家数目的增加将实质性影响该办公室的工作量、所需人员配置以及代表和工作人员前往议程上的国家所需差旅费。建设和平支助办公室多年来一直依靠联合国系统的无偿借调和预算外资源，为临时履行支持委员会工作核心职能的职位提供经费。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年7月，建设和平支助办公室有通过联合国系统其他组织和非联合国伙伴的无偿借调提供的5个员额(开发署2个P-5、粮食署1个P-5、世界银行1个P-5 和难民署1个P-4 )。咨询委员会以往曾注意到其中有些员额的更替较快，并强调，必须努力让这些实体作出持续承诺，指派较长期间的借调人员，从而确保职能的稳定(A/64/7，第二.28段)。", "二.30　咨询委员会获悉，尽管已努力确保各实体提供借调或捐助国提供捐款为关键职位供资，但在当前的紧缩环境中这变得越来越难。咨询委员会认为，对于任务以全系统为侧重点的办公室而言，由各机构、基金和方案的借调人员来补充其经常预算人员配置的做法是有益的。然而，委员会认识到，借调和预算外资源可能是不可预测的。因此，咨询委员会认为，完全依靠这些类别的资源来执行核心经常预算方案和活动是不谨慎的，因为此类资源无法有保证。咨询委员会在上文第一章中对借调问题作出进一步评论。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.31　2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为890 800 美元，比2010-2011年的批款1 052 300美元减少161 500 美元。所需资源减少的主要原因是：由于更加严格控制使用加班，其他工作人员费用项下的经费减少(22 200美元)；咨询人和专家经费减少(54 200美元)，原因是计划利用内部现有专门知识；代表差旅费减少(55 500美元)，原因是旅行的次数减少和在可能时更多地利用视频会议设施；一般业务费用减少(29 600美元)，这是支出模式的反映。咨询委员会建议核准建设和平支助办公室的拟议非员额资源。", "E. 联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙造成的损失登记册", "二.32　联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙造成的损失登记册按照大会ES-10/17号决议的规定设立。根据决议的规定，在联合国维也纳办事处设立损失登记册办公室，作为大会的附属机关。2012-2013年拟议资源在重计费用前为5 346 700美元。比2010-2011年的批款5 505 100美元减少158 400美元，即2.9%，这是所需员额资源的增加额(147 600美元)和所需非员额项目资源的减少额(306 000美元)相抵消后的净结果。", "二.33　下表二.6汇总2010-2011两年期核定员额以及秘书长提议的2012-2013年员额。该表还显示2012-2013年的拟议预算外员额。", "表二.6 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t18\t1个D-2、1个P-5、5个P-4、1个P-3、1个P-2/1、9个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t19\t1个D-2、1个P-5、5个P-4、2个P-3、1个P-2/1、9个GS(OL)\n 新设 1 1个P-3索偿干事 \n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议数\t13\t1个P-5、12个LL", "二.34　所需员额资源(4 673 800美元)用于在2012-2013年续设上表二.6所示18个临时员额和拟在索赔处理股新设一个索偿干事(P-3)临时员额(因此比2010-2011年核定资源增加147 600美元)。", "二.35　咨询委员会从提供给它的补充资料中注意到，在过去的两年里，收到的索偿表格数与审查和处理的表格数之间的差距扩大。截至2010年底，共收到12 611份索偿，只有2 286份索偿得到审查和处理。据说明，拟增设的临时索偿干事员额(P-3)将有助于根据既定资格标准处理索偿，保留提交和处理的索偿的记录，以便编写案件概要和维护登记册数据库。咨询委员会建议接受拟设的P-3临时员额，并期待该员额将有助于及时处理索偿。", "二.36　2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为672 900美元，减少了306 000美元，这是所有支出用途项下的减少引起的。其他工作人员费用项下的减少额(15 200美元)，反映了该办公室努力在现有工作人员资源中重新分配额外的工作。咨询委员会对该办公室这方面的努力表示赞扬。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长为损失登记册办公室拟议的非员额资源。", "F. 联合国驻非洲联盟办事处", "二.37　咨询委员会回顾，依照大会第63/310号决议，对联合国与非洲联盟之间和平与安全伙伴关系的各项职能要求进行了一次全面审查，以便将联合国在亚的斯亚贝巴的和平与安全存在合并为一个单一的联合国办事处(见A/64/762)。委员会这方面的结论和建议(见A/64/792)已获得大会第64/288号决议认可。该决议自2010年7月1日起设立了联合国驻非洲联盟办事处。", "二.38　联合国驻非洲联盟办事处合并了前联合国联络处、非洲联盟维持和平支助组、负责非洲联盟驻索马里特派团的联合国规划小组以及非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动联合支助和协调机制的支助部门。办事处由一名助理秘书长级别的秘书长特别代表领导，特别代表向主管维持和平行动部、外勤支助部和政治事务部的副秘书长报告，但对办事处的监督主要由政治事务部负责。", "二.39　咨询委员会在其关于办事处拟议预算的报告中指出，要根据结构调整精简总部向非洲联盟提供支持以及与其进行协调的安排，仍有许多工作要做。委员会还对办事处复杂的报告关系表示关切(A/64/792，第16段)。在关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间支助账户预算的报告中(A/65/827，第86段)，委员会还表示，据秘书长说，鉴于安全理事会和大会要求的现有具体授权和任务不变，办事处需要三个部门提供同样水平的支助，并且因此就与其各自授权有关的事项分别向它们报告。委员会获悉，办事处有效管理了三个独立的报告关系，没有遇到问题；目前正在建立一个部门间机制，促进办事处与三个部门的定期协商和信息共享。委员会预期，随着办事处全面完成合并，关于总部相关部门与办事处之间协调和协商安排的信息将列入下次提交的预算文件。", "二.40　咨询委员会注意到，联合国驻非洲联盟办事处的经常预算资源在2010-2011两年期方案预算第1款(通盘决策、领导和协调)中列报，因为成为办事处一部分的联合国联络处自成立以来也一直列在该款下。鉴于办事处所执行的方案职能涉及和平与安全，这些资源现被作为一个单独的构成部分，列入2012-2013年拟议方案预算第3款(政治事务)。", "二.41　2012-2013年拟议资源在重计费用前为1 910 700美元，比2010-2011年批款1 570 700美元增加340 000美元，即21.6%。咨询委员会回顾，办事处还由维持和平行动支助账户提供经费(2012-2013两年期15 267 600美元)，涵盖下表二.7所列57个员额的费用及其相关业务费用。", "二.42　下表二.7汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期员额的提案。该表还列出2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表二.7 拟议人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 6 1 ASG；1 D-2；1 P-5；1 P-4；2 LL", "2012-2013年拟议数 6 1 ASG；1 D-2；1 P-5；1 P-4；2 LL", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 57 2 P-5；20 P-4；3 P-3；11 FS；20 LL；1UNV^(a)", "^(a) 由“其他分摊资源”供资，反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议中的决定。", "二.43　员额资源(1 828 500美元)用于上表二.7所列六个续设员额的费用。增加340 000美元是因为2010-2011年核定的一个员额的延迟影响。82 200美元拟议非员额资源与2010-2011年核定数额相同。", "二.44　咨询委员会注意到，办事处的结构将包括实务部门和支助部门。实务部门将在三个领域向非洲联盟提供支助：政治事务、行动规划和行政规划(A/64/792，第5段)。委员会还注意到，目的是让结构保持灵活，有可能视情况演变扩大或缩小(另见A/66/6 (Sect.3)，第3.118段)。委员会重申其要求，即随着办事处人员齐备开始运作，应不断审查和进一步评估办事处的支助部门(由62个员额中的32个员额组成)，包括由非洲经委会提供支助服务和共享人力资源以便利支助关系的安排(见A/64/792，第22段和A/65/827，第90段)。", "二.45　咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于联合国驻非洲联盟办事处员额和非员额资源的提案。", "第4款 裁军", "秘书长拟议数\t22 711800美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 22 134 800美元\n 预算外资源预计数 16 643 000美元\n秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "二.46　秘书长为第4款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为22 711 800美元，比2010-2011两年期增加577 000美元，即2.6%(见A/66/6 (Sect.4)，第4.9段)。增加是因为员额(274 400美元)和非员额(302 600美元)所需资源增加。", "二.47　就方案构成部分而言，增加主要涉及工作方案，特别是次级方案2(大规模毁灭性武器)，原因是按照大会第65/68号决议的规定，为2012-2013年关于外层空间透明度和建立信任措施的特设专家会议增加了所需资源(见下文第二.51段和第二.52段)；以及次级方案5(区域裁军)，原因包括2010-2011年核定的四个员额(2个P-3和2个当地雇员)产生延迟影响，列入亚洲及太平洋和平与裁军区域中心和拉丁美洲和加勒比和平、裁军与发展区域中心所需核心业务经费，以及这三个区域中心安保所需经费增加(见下文第二.54段)。", "二.48　2012-2013年预算外资金预计为16 643 000美元，其中包括裁研所信托基金的4 031 300美元，而2010-2011两年期资源估计数为21 446 500美元。减少是因为在2010-2011年为次级方案3下一项具体活动提供的资金，预计不会在2012-2013年继续提供(A/66/6 (Sect.4)，第4.10段)。", "二.49　表二.8汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年员额的提案。该表还列出2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表二.8 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 62 1 USG；2 D-2；3 D-1；13 P-5；9 P-4；7 P-3；4 P-2；4 GS(PL)；15 GS(OL)；4 LL", "2012-2013年拟议数 62 1 USG；2 D-2；3 D-1；13 P-5；9 P-4；7 P-3；4 P-2； 4 GS(PL)；15 GS(OL)；4 LL", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 1 1 P-5", "关于员额的建议", "二.50　拟议员额资源为17 571 800美元，增加274 400美元，主要原因是2010-2011年在次级方案5(区域裁军)下核定四个员额(2个P-3和2个当地雇员)的延迟影响。如上表二.8所示，人员编制数保持不变。咨询委员会建议接受关于员额资源的提案。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.51　2012-2013年非员额资源估计数为5 140 000美元，比2010-2011年批款净增加302 600美元。用于专家的拟议所需资源为1 759 900美元，比2010-2011年批款增加了366 100美元。这是由于在次级方案2(大规模毁灭性武器)下列入一笔执行大会第65/68号决议规定的经费。该决议请秘书长设立一个政府专家小组，自2012年起，就外层空间透明度和建立信任措施进行一次研究。委员会注意到，大会在该决议第3段中，还请秘书长在现有资源范围内，向专家组提供执行其任务可能需要的任何协助和服务。", "二.52　咨询委员会经询问获悉，用于专家的相关经费366 100美元包括15名专家的差旅费(254 800美元)、每日生活津贴(93 500美元)、机场费用(5 700美元)和一名咨询人的服务费(12 100美元)。委员会注意到，预计2012年将在纽约召开一次为期10天的会议，2013年召开两次为期10天的会议，一次在纽约，另一次在维也纳。", "二.53　拟议赠款和捐款为1 911 400美元，保持在2010-2011两年期的水平。拟议资源包括：次级方案1(军备限制和裁军问题多边谈判)下的1 873 300美元，分别用于研究金方案(1 295 500美元)以及裁研所补助金(577 800美元)，研究金方案依照大会第37/100 G号决议，每年为最多25名研究员提供经费；次级方案5(区域裁军)项下的38 100美元，用于满足三个区域中心的强制性最低运作安保标准。", "二.54　次级方案5的拟议非员额资源为989 300美元，其中其他工作人员费用项下增加了19 400美元，以确保在非洲、亚洲及太平洋和拉丁美洲和加勒比的区域中心完全符合最低运作安保标准。此外，一般业务费用拟议资源为181 000美元，增加了20 200美元，原因是逐步响应大会第62/216、63/74和63/77号决议。这些决议请秘书长编列经费，把三个区域中心的相关业务费用列入经常预算。咨询委员会注意到，拟议资源为非洲(79 800美元)、拉丁美洲和加勒比(53 900美元)和亚洲及太平洋(47 300美元)各区域中心的业务费用提供经费。委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提案。", "一般评论和建议", "二.55　咨询委员会注意到，裁军事务厅将在维也纳开设一个新的办事处，作为应对与政府间组织合作和确保与之有效互动方面日增需求的新举措的一部分(A/66/6 (Sect.4)，第4.23-4.26段)。委员会获悉，将于2011年9月正式成立的这个办事处的所有经费将来自预算外资源，其延续完全依靠感兴趣的捐助者提供必要的捐助。为支持办事处成立了一个特别信托基金，已获得预算外资金，可用于支持一个P-5员额(任职者将领导办事处)，以及一个当地征聘的一般事务员额，最初为期12个月。委员会经询问获悉，办事处的成立不会影响裁军事务厅开展的由预算外资源供资的其他活动。委员会认识到，维也纳办事处的重要作用是确保与政府间组织的合作及互动，以及加强裁军事务厅了解事态发展，特别是核领域事态发展的能力；并期待该厅继续这方面的筹资活动。", "第5款 维持和平行动", "秘书长拟议数\t109 779100美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 112 903 800美元\n预算外资源预计数\t536 891900美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 对列入A/66/6(Sect.5)号文件表5.5的资料作出订正，以计入反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议决定的其他分摊资源319178 400美元和预算外资源217 713 500美元。", "二.56　2012-2013两年期拟议资源在重计费用前为109 779 100美元，比2010-2011两年期批款减少3 124 700美元，即2.8%。第5款拟议资源总额包括维持和平行动部(10 644 500美元)和外勤支助部(8 252 500美元)，以及两个维持和平特派团，即联合国停战监督组织(69 672 300美元)和联合国驻印度和巴基斯坦军事观察组(21 209 800美元)。", "二.57　第5款共减少3 124 700美元，原因是维持和平行动部(2 616 000美元)、外勤支助部(53 300美元)和印巴观察组(1 208 600美元)的经费减少，减少额由停战监督组织经费的增加额(753 200美元)部分抵销。", "二.58　维持和平行动部和外勤支助部的拟议资源不包括所有的所需资源，因为两部开展活动的能力主要取决于由维持和平行动支助账户提供的资源(A/66/6 (Sect.5)，第5.14段)。在这方面，委员会获悉，经常预算资源是维持和平行动部资源总额的约2.7%，是外勤支助部资源总额的4.6%。鉴于关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间支助账户的大会第65/290号决议的决定，预算分册表5.5所示的2012-2013两年期第5款其他分摊资源数额应订正为319 178 400美元。同样，表5.6所示由其他分摊资源供资的员额总数应订正为852个。", "二.59　咨询委员会回顾，委员会在其关于提高联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力的报告(见A/65/827)中，谈到支助账户人员编制模式的问题。这是若干关于支助账户演变的研究和报告，包括审计委员会和外部咨询人的报告的议题。委员会重申其意见，即人员编制模式或支助账户提案应考虑到所有可用资源，包括参与支助维持和平行动的联合国各实体的支助账户员额、经常预算员额和其他类型人员编制。此外，鉴于参与支助维持和平行动的经常预算员额与支助账户员额之间的联系，委员会重申，应确定什么构成有效管理和支助维和行动所需的核心或基本能力——这与经常预算直接相关，什么构成可针对维持和平活动规模的变化加以伸缩的能力——这与支助账户资源的性质有关。", "A. 维持和平行动部", "二.60　维持和平行动部的经常预算拟议所需资源为10 644 500美元，比2010-2011年批款减少2 616 000美元，即19.7%，原因是所需非员额资源减少2 616 000美元，主要在行政领导和管理项下(2 101 200美元)。", "二.61　2012-2013年预算外资源估计数总额为420 390 700美元，包括反映大会第65/290号决议决定的支助账户资源187 409 600美元。此外，预算外资源还包括：协助地雷行动自愿信托基金项下的预计数额217 713 500美元(包括22个临时员额的资源)、支助维持和平行动部信托基金项下的预计数额7 969 500美元、预算外实务活动方案支助费用特别账户项下的经费734 800美元(包括3个临时员额的资源)。咨询委员会经询问获悉，2012-2013年支助维持和平行动部信托基金的估计数是根据2010-2011年支出模式计算的。截至2010年11月30日，该基金共资助了93个项目，金额为15 984 971美元。虽然项目类型可能与2010-2011年相似，但目前尚不清楚捐助者在2012-2013年可能批准和资助的项目。", "二.62　下表二.9汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议员额。该表还列出2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表二.9 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 28 1 USG；3 ASG；4 D-2；4 D-1；3 P-5；1 P-4；1 P-3； 2 P-2/1；9 GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 28 1 USG；3 ASG；4 D-2；4 D-1；3 P-5；1 P-4；1 P-3； 2 P-2/1；9 GS(OL)", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议员额^(a) 453 5 D-2；10 D-1；45 P-5；189 P-4；95 P-3；10 P-2/1； 2 GS(PL)；97 GS(OL)", "^(a) 包括维持和平行动支助账户供资的428个员额(4个D-2、10个D-1、42个P-5、184个P-4、88个P-3、10个P-2/1、2个一般事务(特等)、88个一般事务(其他职等))，反映大会关于支助账户经费筹措的第65/290号决议的决定。此外，还包括协助地雷行动自愿信托基金项下供资的22个员额(1个D-2、3个P-5、5个P-4、6个P-3、7个一般事务(其他职等))和预算外实务活动方案支助费用特别账户供资的3个员额(1个P-3、2个一般事务(其他职等))。", "关于员额的建议", "二.63　2012-2013年维持和平行动部的人员编制包括续设的28个经常预算员额(19个专业员额和9个一般事务员额)以及453个预算外员额(354个专业员额和99个一般事务员额)，其中包括支助账户供资的428个员额(338个专业员额和90个一般事务员额)、协助地雷行动自愿信托基金供资的22个员额(15个专业员额和7个一般事务员额)和支助预算外实务活动特别账户供资的3个员额(1个专业员额和2个一般事务员额)。拟议员额资源9 754 700美元与2010-2011年批款数额相同。咨询委员会对秘书长的员额提案没有异议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.64　非员额资源为889 800美元，比2010-2011年批款3 505 800美元减少2 616 000美元，原因是与秘书长关于维持和平与安全的各项举措有关的意外及非常费用项下的核定非经常性资源减少。这些费用在第一次执行情况报告中报告(A/65/589，第8段和第9段)，并列入2010-2011年订正批款。相关减少额2 101 200美元反映在行政领导和管理项下的非员额支出用途，包括其他工作人员费用、工作人员差旅费、订约承办事务、一般业务费用以及用品和材料。", "二.65　方案支助项下拟议资源为1 071 600美元，减少436 700美元，主要原因是向工作人员提供补偿假而不是支付加班费的做法导致其他工作人员费用所需资源减少(143 800美元)，商业通讯实际使用费的减少导致一般业务费用所需资源减少(132 800美元)，办公室设备的推迟更换导致家具和设备所需资源减少(112 600美元)。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提案。", "B. 外勤支助部", "二.66　外勤支助部的拟议所需资源为8 252 500美元，比2010-2011年核定资源减少53 300美元，即0.6%。减少完全与非员额资源的减少有关。大会第65/290号决议通过后，2012-2013年其他分摊资源估计数为131 768 800美元。", "二.67　下表二.10汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期员额的提案。该表还列出2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表二.10 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 30 1 USG；1 ASG；1 D-2；1 D-1；3 P-5；2 P-4；4 P-3； 6 P-2/1；11 GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 30 1 USG；1 ASG；1 D-2；1 D-1；3 P-5；2 P-4；4 P-3； 6 P-2/1；11 GS(OL)", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议员数^(a) 424 3 D-2；8 D-1；37 P-5；87 P-4；113 P-3；5 P-2/1； 21 GS(PL)；150 GS(OL)", "^(a) 涉及反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议的其他分摊资源供资员额。", "二.68　2012-2013年外勤支助部的人员编制包括续设的30个经常预算员额(19个专业员额和11个一般事务员额)以及由支助账户资源供资的424个预算外员额(253个专业员额和171个一般事务员额)。经常预算员额经费在重计费用前为8 192 500美元，与2010-2011年核定员额和相关资源相同。", "二.69　非员额资源减少53 300美元，主要是在工作人员差旅费项下。与2010-2011年核定资源101 100美元相比，所需资源减少46 100美元，因为更多依靠视像会议。", "二.70　咨询委员会建议接受外勤支助部拟议员额和非员额资源。", "一般评论和建议", "外联活动", "二.71　咨询委员会注意到，次级方案5(外勤行政支助)所列的一个产出包括通过参与职业招聘会、在专门网站和专业出版物上刊登有针对性的广告以及向无任职人员和任职人数不足的国家派出招聘团，开展外联活动(A/66/6 (Sect.5)，第5.57(b)段)。委员会索要了更多这方面的信息并获悉，参加招聘会提高了本组织作为首选雇主的知名度，宣传了外勤职业，并为文职人员名册物色了潜在申请人。在德国的这样一次招聘会吸引了20万访问者和来自65个国家的6 500个参展者。在此次招聘会上，约有3 000人对联合国职业生涯表示了兴趣。其中13个职业类的共203个职位说明目前正在总部审议，并鼓励候选人申请。", "二.72　此外，咨询委员会获悉，过去三年来，外联股建立了一个包含专门网站、大学、机构、基金和方案、常驻代表团、专门机构和培训中心等800多个联系点的数据库。这些联系点按职业、区域、妇女和其他团体分列，用于在发布基于名册的通用空缺通知或某一外地特派团需要很专门的职能时，引起对一特定职业的兴趣。最近，在南苏丹，该数据库证明是试图为一个专门职能吸引候选人的一个有效机制，而文职人员名册无法提供这种能力。委员会欢迎外勤人事司开展的外联活动，并鼓励继续和扩展在这方面所做的工作。", "调查活动", "二.73　按照预期在2012-2013两年期执行的产出的清单，主管外勤支助事务副秘书长办公室预计将处理从监督厅和其他维持和平行动调查实体收到的约700项不当行为指控的调查证实报告，以便有关内部和外部实体能够采取纪律行动(A/66/6 (Sect.5)，第5.52(c)段)。", "二.74　咨询委员会获悉，根据所收集的数据，2008年有993项指控经调查属实(195项被归为一类， 798项二类)；2009年指控数量减少到890项(128项一类、762项二类)；2010年，696项经调查属实(91项一类、605项二类)。不过，这些数字不反映进行中调查的结果，这是该期间经证实的指控数目减少的原因。使用现有最新数据，即2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间记录的指控有1 188项(306项一类、882项二类)，并考虑到经调查证明属实并移交供采取纪律行动的指控所占比例的历史趋势，假定在一年之内将移交约314项指控(148项一类、166项二类)，供采取纪律行动。委员会在关于维持和平行动相关跨领域问题的报告中注意到维和人员所涉指控数量减少的普遍积极趋势，并赞扬秘书长与部队和警察派遣国为此作出的共同努力(A/65/743，第103段)。鉴于这个问题的重要性，委员会强调需要在这方面持续努力。", "C. 联合国停战监督组织", "二.75　咨询委员会回顾，停战监督组织是根据安全理事会第50(1948)号决议设立的，目的是监督巴勒斯坦的停战。自那时以来，停战监督组织被委以各种任务，其职能也不时被修改。委员会还回顾，自设立联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)和联合国脱离接触观察员部队(观察员部队)以来，派驻以色列-黎巴嫩地区和以色列-阿拉伯叙利亚共和国地区的停战监督组织军事观察员便被置于这两个维持和平特派团部队指挥官的行动指挥之下，协助其执行任务，但这不妨碍停战监督组织在这两支维持和平部队的任务到期未续的情况下，在两个地区继续履行职责(A/66/6 (Sect.5)，第5.66和5.67段)。", "二.76　秘书长提出的2012-2013年停战监督组织拟议资源为69 672 300美元，比2010-2011年批款增加753 200美元，即1.1%。增加额是所需非员额资源增加额(2 645 500美元)被员额资源减少额(1 892 300美元)部分抵销后的净结果。", "二.77　下表二.11汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额以及秘书长关于2012-2013年员额的提案。", "表二.11 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2012年核定数\t266\t1 ASG；2 D-1；1 P-5；2 P-4；2P-3；1 P-2；146 LL；111 FS\n2012-2013年拟议数\t266\t1 ASG；2 D-1；1 P-5；2 P-4；2P-3；1 P-2；1 NO； 160 LL；96 FS\n 新设员额 2 2 LL \n 改叙 13 13 FS改叙为12 LL；1 NO \n 裁撤 2 2 FS", "关于员额的评论和建议", "二.78　拟议员额资源为45 939 800美元，用于266个员额(9个专业及以上、96个外勤事务、160个当地雇员和1个本国干事)，如上表二.11所示。减少额为1 892 300美元，即4.0%，是拟新设2个员额、2010-2011年8个核定员额的延迟影响、改叙12个员额和裁撤2个员额的净结果。2012", "(a) 裁撤2个外勤事务员额，原因是停战监督组织、联黎部队和观察员部队为黎巴嫩观察员小组和戈兰观察员小组提供的支助安排被合并；", "(b) 拟新设2个当地雇员司机员额，其职能迄今由持有效驾驶执照的工作人员行使。他们为履行这些职责领取加班费，但没有被指定为司机，导致工作时间延长，不利于健康工作条件；", "(c) 按照大会第64/269号决议的要求，更多利用本国工作人员，将13个外勤事务员额改叙为12个当地雇员和1个本国干事员额。", "二.79　咨询委员会获悉，如上文所述，拟议裁撤2个外勤事务员额，并将13个外勤事务员额改叙为当地雇员，是为了确保遵守关于匀支统一服务条件费用的大会第65/248号决议的规定(另见上文第一章)。委员会对上文第二.78段所述人员编制变动没有异议，并建议接受关于员额资源的提案。", "二.80　咨询委员会回顾，在2010-2011两年期预算中，拟整合并合并停战监督组织与联黎部队和观察员部队的后勤支助服务，并拟裁撤37个员额(A/64/6 (Sect.5))。大会没有批准这项提案。委员会经询问获悉，截至2011年7月18日，停战监督组织有18个员额空缺，其中两个将在8月底填补；所有空缺员额正在征聘中，预计将于2011年9月填补。委员会还获悉，鉴于整合的提议，一直将一些员额保持空缺。不过，由于这项提议未获批准，该特派团正在研究进一步员额本国化的问题。因此，委员会期待未来预算文件内的提议包括将员额改划为当地雇员员额的提议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.81　2012-2013年非员额资源为23 732 500美元。比2010-2011两年期所批资源净增2 645 500美元，主要原因包括：其他工作人员费用项下所需资源增加(1 594 500美元)，因为153名军事观察员的特派任务生活津贴费率提高(1 499 800美元)；家具和设备项下所需资源增加(1 034 400美元)，因为需要按照车龄、里程数和车队状况更换车辆和更换车间设备。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于停战监督组织非员额资源的提案。", "D. 联合国驻印度和巴基斯坦军事观察组", "二.82　印巴观察组的拟议资源在重计费用前为21 209 800美元，与2010-2011年批款相比减少1 208 600美元，即5.4%。该数额减少的原因是所需非员额资源减少。", "二.83　下表二.12汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额以及秘书长拟议的2012-2013两年期员额。", "表二.12 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n 2010-2011年核定数 76 1D-2；1P-5；1P-4；49LL；24FS \n 2012-2013年拟议数 76 1D-2；1P-5；1P-4；50LL；23FS", "关于员额的建议", "二.84　拟议员额资源10 762 000美元，用于续设表二.12所示的76个员额。该数额比2010-2011年核定资源净增加10 300美元，其原因是：2010-2011年在安保管理订正框架内设立大会第65/259号决议核准的2个员额(1个P-4和1个当地雇员)的延迟影响；根据大会第65/248号决议关于匀支统一服务条件所涉费用的规定(另见上文第一章)，将一个外勤员额改为当地雇员。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于员额的提案。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.85　2012-2013年拟议非员额资源10 447 800美元，净减少1 218 900美元，主要原因是，大会第65/259号决议为安保管理订正框架核准的2010-2011两年期核定非经常资源将终止，因此房地修缮及家具和设备项下分别减少2 592 800和647 900美元，但该减少额大部分被其他工作人员费用和一般业务费用项下所需追加资源(分别为1 083 900美元和1 018 700美元)所抵消。", "二.86　其他工作人员费用拟议资源4 362 200美元，包括所需追加资源1 083 900美元，增加额大部分是因为报销特派团人员驻地安保措施的费用和增加危险工作地点津贴。", "二.87　一般业务费用拟议资源3 126 600美元，用于房地改建、维修事务、公用事业、通信、家具和设备维修以及运输设备，另外还用于运费和相关费用、一般保险以及杂项事务。据说明，增加1 018 700美元的主要原因是翻修现有的伊斯兰堡印巴观察组总部建筑群，这些建筑由预制结构组成，需要将其使用寿命延长到2012年以后。", "二.88　咨询委员会回顾，大会第65/259号决议核准了2010-2011两年期与加强和统一联合国安保管理系统有关的安保管理订正框架内的资源，包括非经常经费。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，截至2011年6月30日，已使用这项资金征聘两个核定新员额的任职人员(一个P-4安保主任和一个当地雇用安保信息助理)，并购置三辆装甲车。另据悉，购置实行安保强化措施所需用品和材料的采购程序已进入后期阶段，计划在2011年完成。这些措施包括加固预制结构的外墙和屋顶，以及强化伊斯兰堡印巴观察组总部建筑群的外围。", "二.89　咨询委员会还获悉，由联合国驻地协调员领导的工作队代表所有驻伊斯兰堡的联合国基金和方案，包括印巴观察组，正在与巴基斯坦政府商讨划拨土地修建“一个联合国村”项目事宜。该项目将为所有驻伊斯兰堡的联合国实体提供一个总部结构，一旦得到划拨土地而且设计方案得到所有有关实体同意和批准，项目的资金将联合筹供。开发署巴基斯坦办事处正在与巴基斯坦政府进行谈判，但该项目的完成时限尚未确定。", "二.90　2012-2013年所需资源估计数861 800美元，是根据在批准置备长期结构之前翻修现有印巴观察组总部的需要列报的。主要费用项目包括：", "(a) 477 000美元用于修建工作间和仓库设施，包括防火系统，以及安装空调和报警器，以便按照外勤支助部的标准保护资产。目前使用已核销的海运集装箱充当这些设施；", "(b) 212 000美元用于建筑工程，包括拆换木地板和胶合天花板以及更换室内电力装置；", "(c) 118 000美元用于加强集装箱的抗震力；", "(d) 47 000美元用于更换门窗；", "(e) 7 800美元用于其他杂项事务。", "二.91　咨询委员会确认，在完成联合国驻伊斯兰堡机构常设办公房地的谈判、土地划拨和修建之前，有必要对现有总部结构进行翻修和维护。咨询委员会希望会尽一切努力确保2012-2013两年期对现有结构的任何翻修投资在长期结构项目完成之后不会损失。在此基础上，咨询委员会建议接受印巴观察组的拟议非员额资源。", "第6款 和平利用外层空间", "秘书长拟议数 8 071 400美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 8 023 000美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 2 013 000美元 \n秘书长拟议的经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "二.92　咨询委员会注意到，秘书长为第6款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为8 071 400美元，比2010-2011两年期增加48 400美元，即0.6%。", "二.93　下表二.13汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额以及秘书长拟议的2012-2013两年期员额。", "表二.13 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t24\t1D-2；1D-1；2P-5；8P-4；4P-3；3P-2/1；5GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t24\t1D-2；1D-1；2P-5；8P-4；4P-3；3P-2/1；5GS(OL)", "二.94　拟议员额资源6 833 200美元，用于在2012-2013年续设24个员额。咨询委员会注意到，2011年，外层空间事务办公室按照监督厅的建议审查了该办公室的组织结构，合并了空间应用科和联合国灾害管理与应急天基信息平台(天基信息平台)方案(A/66/6(Sect.6)，第6.22段)。", "二.95　据咨询委员会得到的说明以及预算分册中的报告，2011年6月生效的合并是为了用综合协同办法规划和组织各种活动，这些活动涉及这两个单位无法单独应对的问题，例如气候变化、远程保健、搜索和救援以及供水。秘书长还期望通过合并精简业务，去除重叠程序，使该方案能以更具成本效益和效率的方式完成任务。咨询委员会注意到，合并后的新部门将由现有的一名D-1职等主任领导，该主任将负责制定和规划空间应用和天基信息平台方案的目标，包括该方案的区域支助办公室以及与联合国有联系的空间科学和技术教育区域中心的目标。此外，现有一个P-5员额的职能经修改后将包括天基信息平台方案的协调工作，现有一个P-4员额将调至主任办公室协助管理方案。咨询委员会欢迎这项合并，不反对拟议的员额资源。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.96　拟议非员额资源1 238 200美元，与2010-2011年批款相比增加48 400美元。数额增加的主要原因是需要更换老化的信息技术设备，其中有些设备是2005年购置的，已经超过四年标准更换周期，并且需要升级以前购置的成套软件，因此家具和设备项下需要追加资源(33 300美元)。一般业务费用拟议资源也有增加(21 600美元)，原因是工作站服务级协议所定的办公室工作人员计算机和膝上型计算机费率上涨。由于出版物《空间要闻》停止制作，订约承办事务拟议所需资源减少(6 500美元)，部分抵消了上述增加额。咨询委员会建议接受2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源。", "一般性评论", "二.97　咨询委员会注意到，预计2012-2013两年期预算外资源数额将(从2010-2011年的1 887 000美元)增加到2 013 000美元。这些预算外资源用于补充经常预算资源资助各种活动，例如技术咨询服务、培训、讲习班、讨论会、实地项目、出版物、编写和分发手册、组织特别活动以及加强国际空间信息处。数额增加的主要原因是：收到捐助方支持天基信息平台方案的承付款；2011年在中国设立办事处；全球导航卫星系统国际委员会的活动。", "二.98　咨询委员会获悉，外层空间事务办公室的外联方案由各种活动组成，包括特别为建设区域能力而举办的培训课程、专家会议和讲习班，向各国派出的技术咨询访问团，以及一般公共信息活动。该办公室每年还在不同国家组织活动，以确保向所有区域提供所需的外联方案。此外，该办公室还通过世界空间周庆祝活动和其他特别活动来宣传空间科学技术的益处。咨询委员会欢迎该办公室开展的外联活动，这些活动应该有助于进一步加强空间科学技术的能力和作用及其应用。", "二.99　向咨询委员会提供的补充资料表明，802 800美元将用作经常预算下的赠款(166 600美元)和个人研究金(636 200美元)。咨询委员会赞赏地注意到为维持该方案所作的努力。", "第三编 国际司法和国际法", "第7款 国际法院", "秘书长拟议数 47 608 500美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 46 605 800美元 \n秘书长拟议的经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "三.1　秘书长为第7款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为47 608 500美元，比2010-2011两年期增加1 002 700美元，即2.2%。数额增加的原因是，与2010-2011年的23 895 600美元核定资源相比，所需员额资源增加1 223 000美元，这主要是由于2010-2011年预算中核定的九个员额(1个P-3、6个P-2、2个一般事务(其他职等))产生延迟影响，并且2012-2013年拟设四个新员额(1个P-3、1个P-2、2个一般事务(其他职等))。与2010-2011年的22 710 200美元批款相比，所需非员额资源减少220 300美元。从各部门来看，数额增加的主要原因是书记官处需要追加资源(997 600美元)。", "三.2　咨询委员会获悉，在它审议拟议预算时，法院有15个待决案件，其中三个正在同时审议。此外，法院总表上的案件数目几年来一直相对稳定，平均15到16个案件，终审裁定的案件数目与提交法院的新案件数目相当。但是，法院认为，这一情况恐怕不能成为评价法院工作量的信息依据，因为真正重要的是：就数量而言，提交案件与已决案件之间的平衡情况不断变化；就质量而言，后者在程序上和实质上较为复杂。咨询委员会还获悉，近期最突出的进展是，提交法院的附带诉讼数量大为增加，需要投入的工作相当于就案情实质做出裁决所需的工作。书记官长在咨询委员会的拟议资源听询会上所作的陈述提供了有益的澄清。咨询委员会认为，今后应将这类资料列入法院的拟议预算。", "三.3　表三.1汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额以及秘书长拟议的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。", "表三.1 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t114\t1 ASG；1 D-2；1 D-1；4 P-5；32P-4/3；19 P-2/1；6 GS(PL)；50 GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t118\t1 ASG；1 D-2；1 D-1；4 P-5；33P-4/3；20 P-2/1；6 GS(PL)；52 GS(OL)\n 新员额 4 1 P-3,1 P-2和2 GS(OL) \n改划\t10\t2 P-4,6 P-3和2GS(OL)、从临时员额改划为常设员额", "关于员额的评论和建议", "新员额", "三.4　拟设两个员额，分别为安保主管(P-3)和安保信息助理(一般事务(其他职等))(A/66/6(Sect. 7)，第7.15段)。咨询委员会获悉，请设员额的依据是安全和安保部在安全风险评估后提出的建议。拟议新设的安保主管(P-3)将监督法院的安保股，该股由三个现有警卫(一般事务(其他职等))组成。该主管还将协调和管理法院及其法官和工作人员的安保事务，同时确保对保密资料的保护，逐案评价风险，并提出适当的解决办法。拟设的安保信息助理将协助制定和执行解决可靠性和冗余问题的政策和程序，为法院的信息技术系统提供相关支持，并提出适当的建议。咨询委员会得知，目前没有工作人员受任承担这一确切职能。咨询委员会还获悉，迄今为止，法院在举行涉及政治敏感问题的诉讼时，包括在国家元首到访时，一直在很大程度上依靠前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭提供额外安保支助和人员。但是，由于国际法庭缩编，安全和安保部认为法院需要建立自己在这方面的内部能力。咨询委员会建议接受请设的安保主管(P-3)和安保信息助理(一般事务(其他职等))两个员额。", "三.5　鉴于书记官处法律事务部工作量增加，请求在该部设立一个协理法律干事(P-2)员额(A/66/6(Sect.7)，第7.16段)。如拟议预算中所述，增设员额的任职者将协助该部现有工作人员起草来往公文，就东道国关系、雇用及合同事项提供咨询意见，编写会议记录，并起草讲话或说明。咨询委员会回顾，大会关于2008-2009两年期预算的第62/236号决议核准了三个协理法律干事(P-2)员额，大会关于2010-2011两年期预算的第64/243号决议决定增加共用书记官人数，增设六个书记官员额，使书记官总人数达到15人(14个P-2和1个P-3)。咨询委员会仍然认为，共用书记官是确保为应对法院总工作量变化提供有效法律支助的适当途径(见A/62/7，第三.5段；A/64/7，第三.4段)。咨询委员会认为，拟设的协理法律干事的职能应从现有能力范围内提供，因此建议不批准增设该P-2职等员额。", "三.6　由于法院工作量日益增加，尤其是需要处理书状出版工作积压的问题，因此为出版司请设一个一般事务(其他职等)行政和编辑助理员额(A/66/6(Sect.7)，第7.17段)。咨询委员会建议接受拟设的员额，作为临时员额。应在审议2014-2015年拟议方案预算时，根据处理书状出版积压工作的进展情况，审查该员额是否有必要续设。", "改划", "三.7　拟将10个临时员额改划为常设员额，其中包括语文事务部九个员额(2个P-4、6个P-3、1个一般事务(其他职等))，新闻部一个行政助理员额(一般事务(其他职等))(A/66/6(Sect.7)，第7.18段)。咨询委员会获悉，这些员额原于2000年设立，请求改划是由于所承担的职能已证明具有持续性。咨询委员会注意到，改划这些员额不会增加费用。咨询委员会不反对将10个临时员额(2个P-4、6个P-3、2个一般事务(其他职等))改划为常设员额的提议。", "一般性评论", "三.8　鉴于成果框架中缺少与性别平等有关的绩效指标，咨询委员会要求就法院在人力资源方面的目标加以澄清。咨询委员会获悉，由于书记官处的员额数量有限，在甄选候选人时，强调征聘那些表现出最高效率、能力和诚信水准的工作人员。虽然没有关于确定目标的正式政策，在审查候选人时仍考虑了性别和地域参数。咨询委员会还获悉，书记官处专业及以上职类工作人员约有58%为女性，书记官处11名股长中有五位女性，六位男性。咨询委员会赞扬法院在这方面的业绩。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "三.9　2012-2013年拟议非员额资源22 489 900美元，与2010-2011年核拨资源相比减少220 300美元。这是家具和设备所需资源减少(833 900美元)的净结果，这项资源减少的原因是2010-2011年预算为翻修司法大会堂编列的一次性费用减少。出现减少还与其他工作人员费用(289 600美元)有关，主要是因为用外聘笔译员代替费用较高的自由应聘笔译员(后者需要每日生活津贴和差旅费)，并且尽可能使用内部工作人员担任口译，因此会议临时人员费用预期将减少。", "三.10　咨询委员会回顾，司法大会堂的翻修由卡内基基金会承担，由荷兰政府提供资金，费用总额约200万美元。法官、当事方和口译员使用的过时技术设备的更换和升级由联合国负责。2010-2011两年期预算为此编列经费880 000美元(见A/64/7，第三.10段)。关于翻修项目的现状，咨询委员会获悉，该项目起初被延迟，原因是法院与卡内基基金会聘用的建筑师意见不一致。咨询委员会还获悉，电子设备的购置取决于项目整体进展情况，但各项未决问题目前已得到解决。翻修工程应于2011年秋季开始，计划于2012年初完工。咨询委员会提醒要避免翻修项目再度延迟，否则会导致费用增加。", "三.11　上文第三.9段所述的所需非员额资源减少额被订约承办事务拟议追加资源部分抵消。与2010-2011年批款1 105 100美元相比，该数额增加593 100美元，其主要原因是：外部印刷请批追加资源254 400美元，以便在2012-2013两年期结束之前完成目前积压的法院出版物工作；数据处理服务拟议资源增加245 900美元，主要用于一个建立网络区域存储的项目，其目的是通过向虚拟环境转移，将服务器和数据合并。有关出版司当前和计划出版物的资料载于预算分册(见A/66/6(Sect.7)，附件，表A.7.1中的工作量指标)。咨询委员会要求在2014-2015年拟议预算中提供资料，说明出版司完成积压工作的状况(另见上文第三.6段)。", "三.12　2012-2013两年期一般业务费用拟议所需资源4 000 500美元，比2010-2011两年期核定资源增加146 700美元。增加的主要原因是：由于目前房地内缺少适用空间，需为法院出版物租用临时储存空间(83 600美元)；影印机合同费用增加(58 500美元)。咨询委员会获悉，对于海牙和平宫供法院使用的设施，由联合国分担的一般业务费用估计数为3 317 900美元。咨询委员会回顾，和平宫的使用是根据1946年联合国与卡内基基金会之间的一项协定。最近的补充协定经大会第62/238号决议批准，于2006年7月1日生效，将于2011年6月底失效。咨询委员会获悉，正在与卡内基基金会进行谈判，秘书处采购司和法律事务厅参与了谈判。据悉将按既定程序向大会提交一份报告，其中列有根据谈判结果对协定所作的任何订正。咨询委员会相信，谈判会达成对联合国最有利的条件。", "三.13　2012-2013年国际法院法官所需资源估计数为13 535 800美元，其中包括法官的酬金和其他应享待遇，以及前任法官和未亡配偶的养恤金。与2010-2011年核定资源相比增加99 200美元，原因是2010年两名法官退休导致养恤金费用增加。", "三.14　咨询委员会建议接受拟议的非员额资源。", "第8款 法律事务", "秘书长拟议数 44 503 500美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 45 396 500美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 15 382 600美元^(b) \n秘书长拟议的经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括：其他分摊资源6 968400美元，此处修正秘书长分册(A/66/6(Sect.8))中表8.5所列资料，以反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议所作决定；预算外资源8414 200美元。", "三.15　秘书长为第8款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为44 503 500美元，比2010-2011两年期核定资源减少893 000美元，即2.0%。数额减少的主要原因是，与2010-2011年拟议资源7 035 300美元相比，所需非员额资源减少1 019 200美元。", "三.16　表三.2汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额以及秘书长拟议的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还列示2012-2011两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表三.2 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t144\t1 USG；1 ASG；4 D-2；7 D-1；18 P-5；19P-4；21 P-3；14 P-2/1；11 GS(PL)；48GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t144\t1 USG；1 ASG；4 D-2；7 D-1；18 P-5；19P-4；21 P-3；14 P-2/1；11 GS(PL)；48GS(OL)\n调动\t4\t将2个一般事务(特等)从条约科分别调至编纂司和海洋事务和海洋法司\n 将2个一般事务(其他职等)分别从编纂司和海洋事务和海洋法司调至条约科\n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议员额\t25\t2 D-1；6 P-5；9 P-4/3；2 P-2/1；6GS(OL)^(a)", "^(a) 包括：由其他分摊资源供资的15个员额，此处修正A/66/6(Sect.31)表31.5所列资料，以反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议所作决定；10个预算外员额。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "三.17　拟议员额资源38 487 400美元，用于支付与续设表三.2所示144个经常预算员额有关的费用。与2010-2011年批款相比增加126 200美元，主要是因为2010-2011年核定的一个员额(P-3)的延迟影响。该数额还反映因工作方案部分内部调动4个员额而作的调整，这些调动符合该厅根据需要和优先次序合理和优化分配工作人员的努力，也顺应了实务领域预期的扩大。拟议将次级方案6(条约科)两个一般事务(特等)员额调出，其中一个调至次级方案3(编纂司)，以帮助满足与联合国国际法教学、研究、传播和广泛了解协助方案有关的日益增多的实务工作需求，另一个调至次级方案4(海洋事务和海洋法司)，以加强对该司的支持和协助，包括开展关于指定的海洋法问题的研究，以及处理专业文件和法律出版物及其他专业资料。作为交换，从次级方案3和次级方案4各调出一个一般事务(其他职等)员额，两个员额都调至次级方案6(条约的保管、登记和出版)。据说明，这一调整是因为需要更多地依靠数字媒体和计算机化工作流程，以加快向会员国交送与条约有关的资料并在因特网上传播这些资料。咨询委员会不反对调动这四个员额的提议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "三.18　非员额资源6 016 100美元，与2010-2011年批款7 035 300美元相比，减少1 019 200美元，即14.5%。各项支出用途所需资源均有减少。", "三.19　订约承办事务所需资源在重计费用前为1 805 900美元，与2010-2011年批款相比减少433 500美元，原因是：法律事务厅最近使用的两个应用程序和系统从开发和设计阶段转入维持阶段，所以数据处理服务所需资源减少(211 700美元)；根据过去几年来提出的服务请求次数以及该厅依靠自身人员提供一级支持的内部能力，将办公室自动化设备服务级协议从B级改为C级(减少142 600美元)；海洋事务和海洋法司与地理信息系统有关的工作人员培训所需资源(40 000美元)，这项费用现在与其他部门分担；数据处理支持服务和基础设施费率降低，主要是备份和存储费用减少(39 200美元)。", "三.20　工作人员差旅拟议资源700 900美元，与2010-2011年所批资源相比减少372 200美元，主要原因是：由于联合国国际贸易法委员会(贸易法委员会)的会议将在维也纳举行，而不在维也纳和纽约两地轮流举行，与贸易法委员会相关的工作人员差旅所需资源拟从2010-2011年的290 800美元减少到2012-2013年的16 600美元；由于尽可能更多地用视频会议代替差旅，各次级方案(次级方案2除外)所需资源均有减少。", "三.21　咨询委员会注意到，贸易法委员会第四十四届会议于2011年7月8日结束，该委员会考虑了在维也纳举行所有届会的提案，决定维持在维也纳和纽约两地轮流举行届会的长期做法，而将贸易法委员会及其工作组会议的时间安排从15周缩短为14周。这样可大致实现上文第三.20段所述的节余。按照既定程序，该委员会的决定需要得到大会认可，因此咨询委员会建议，在大会审议秘书长拟议的2012-2013年预算时，向大会提供关于预期节余的最新财务资料。", "三.22　咨询委员会注意到，与国际法委员会工作有关的代表差旅拟议资源为2 019 200美元，增加了119 200美元。这项资源将用于委员会主席(50 000美元)和33名成员(1 969 200美元)的差旅和生活津贴。咨询委员会回顾，按照大会规定的任务，自2000年起，国际法委员会在日内瓦举行10至11周的分期年度会议，除非大会另作决定。", "三.23　咨询委员会获悉，短缺的资金过去可从其他预算领域调拨匀支，但今后不可能如此缓解短缺。咨询委员会经询问后还获悉，每个两年期在日内瓦举行10周分期届会的差旅费和相关费用估计数为2 337 400美元。这一数额的计算是根据约80%的历史与会率记录，并使用日内瓦每日生活津贴标准，加上494美元的40%，以及平均3 400美元的机票费。咨询委员会还获悉，如果届会不采取分期办法，每两年期的相关费用将是1 985 200美元。咨询委员会鼓励法律事务厅与国际法委员会成员协商，以确定是否可用其他办法合理安排费用并实现可能的节余。", "一般性评论和建议", "次级方案4，海洋法和海洋事务", "三.24　咨询委员会在审议秘书长拟议的2012-2013年方案预算时得知，联合国海洋法公约缔约国第二十一次会议通过一项决定，增加大陆架界限委员会会议的周数，以便该委员会更有效地审议所收到的划界案(见2011年6月16日SPLOS/229，第1和第2段)。咨询委员会期望，如果大会随后核准增加该委员会的工作周数，所需的任何相关资源将按既定程序在大会第六十六届会议上审议。", "出版物", "三.25　各次级方案列报内容中提供了关于经常出版物和非经常出版物的资料。咨询委员会注意到，大多数出版物均以印刷形式发行。咨询委员会获悉，该厅越来越多地采用电子形式出版某些产出。该厅还在讨论可否通过在线版本、打印文本和数字视盘获得收入。咨询委员会已在上文第一章中就出版物问题提出评论。咨询委员会欢迎该厅主动探寻通过出版物获得收入的途径，鼓励该厅进一步调整其出版物，使之适合有兴趣的用户，包括为此尽可能使用电子手段。", "法律事务厅在内部司法领域所提供服务的费用分担安排", "三.26　咨询委员会在审议秘书长的第8款提案时获悉，法律事务厅在内部司法领域向各基金和方案所提供服务的费用分担安排尚未最后确定。因此，该厅正在调拨经常预算资金来支付预算外活动产生的费用。咨询委员会期望秘书长与各基金和方案最后确定法律事务厅所提供服务的费用分担安排，依照大会第62/228号决议所核准的办法，按人头分担费用，并期望秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告成果。", "第四编 国际合作促进发展", "第9款 经济和社会事务", "秘书长拟议数\t148 820100美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 152 535 500美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 150 878 100美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.1　秘书长为2012-2013两年期请拨的第9款经常预算资源在重计费用前为148 820 100美元，比2010-2011两年期减少3 715 400美元，即2.4%(见A/66/6(Sect.9)，表9.5)。表四.1汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年的拟议员额。该表还显示2012-2013年的拟议预算外员额。", "表四.1 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t505\t1 USG，2 ASG，9 D-2，31 D-1，64P-5，89  P-4，64 P-3，43 P-2/1，33GS(PL)，169 GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t495\t1 USG，2 ASG，9 D-2，31 D-1，63P-5，88 P-4，65 P-3，42 P-2/1，33GS(PL)，161 GS(OL)\n 新员额 2 统计司2个 P-3 \n裁撤\t12\t次级方案1、3、4、5、7、8和10项下的1个P-5、1个P-4、1个 P-3、1个P-2和8个GS(OL)\n调动\t5\t调动三个员额到行政领导和管理(来自次级方案5的1个D-1，来自次级方案8的1个P-4和来自方案支助的1个GS(PL))；两个员额从行政领导和管理调走(1个P-3调到次级方案8和1个GS(OL)调到方案支助)\n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议员额\t26\t2 P-5，8 P-4/3，2 P-2/1，4 GS(PL)，10GS(OL)", "关于员额的评论和建议", "四.2　咨询委员会获得了有关2010-2011两年期505个核定经常预算员额的说明 (见A/66/6(Sect.9)，表9.2)；在A/64/6(Sect.9) 号文件中显示同一两年期有 545个经常预算员额。咨询委员会获悉，一开始，秘书长为2010-2011两年期提出 545个经常预算员额 (见A/64/6(Sect.9)，表9.2)。大会在第64/244号决议中核准了秘书长的提议，并在第64/243号决议第77段中决定在2010-2011两年期方案预算第9款下再设立两个员额(1个P-5和1个P-4)，向发展账户提供方案支助，这使员额总数达到 547个。随后，根据大会第 64/289号决议和第65/259号决议的规定，将42个员额从2010-2011两年期方案预算的第9款转到第37款(妇女署)下。因此，拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.9))准确地显示，2010-2011两年期方案预算第9款下的核定经常预算员额为505个。秘书长关于经常预算资源用于联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)规范性支助职能的订正提案的报告(A/65/531)提供了有关资源转移，包括来自2010-2011两年期方案预算第9款的42个员额的详情。", "四.3　咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年4月30日，经济和社会事务部有27个空缺员额(1个D-1，2个P-5，2个P-4，6个P-3，6个P-2/1，1个一般事务(特等)和 9 个一般事务(其他职等))。咨询委员会注意到，这些员额中的很多员额截至该日期已持续空缺达六个月以上。咨询委员会期望迅速填补这些员额。", "新员额", "四.4　拟在次级方案5(统计)下设立两个新的P-3员额，以履行以往根据与国际电子计算中心的合同安排提供的职能。咨询委员会在询问后获悉，通过一个两年期赠款为与该中心的合同安排提供资金。咨询委员会还获悉，在经济和社会事务部将其所有主机应用程序转移至在纽约进行的服务器业务后，最终不再需要在日内瓦进行对主机服务器的技术支持。随着所需服务的减少，从该中心得到的唯一剩余支持是由两名借调的P-3工作人员提供的现场支持。该中心后来确定这一安排不再可行，并决定将终止向经社部提供现场支持的安排。2010年，作为一个临时措施，从赠款和捐款项下为一般临时人员调拨资金，以提供所需支持。该资金调拨使经社部得以迅速征聘两名短期 P-3 职等工作人员，以确保持续提供所需现场技术支持至2011年末。委员会还获悉，由于对现场技术支持的根本需求是长期性的，并且从1970年就得到确立，因此无法再在一般临时人员项下为人员配置安排提供适当资金，应将人员配置安排正规化。", "四.5　咨询委员会经要求，得到了与国际电子计算中心的合同安排2006-2007年和2008-2009年所需经费、2010-2011年所需经费估计数以及2012-2013年和2014-2015年两个P-3员额费用的比较分析，详情如下：", "所需资源 2006-2007年 2008-2009年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2014-2015年", "给国际电子计算中心 712 599美元 798 648美元 908 的付款 000美元^(a)", "两个P-3员额的费用 312 564 400美元^(b) 800美元^(c)", "^(a) 反映合同终止前的所需经费估计数。", "^(b) 新员额。", "^(c) 续设员额。", "四.6　咨询委员会注意到，赠款和捐款项下的减少额超过两个新的P-3员额的费用估计数(见A/66/6(Sect.9)，第9.14(c)㈣段)。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长为统计司设立两个新的P-3员额的提议。", "裁撤", "四.7　如拟议预算中第9.14段所述，拟议裁撤12个员额，以理顺员额架构，情况如下：次级方案1(经济及社会理事会的支助和协调)项下裁撤1个P-4员额；次级方案3(社会政策和发展)项下裁撤2个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案4(可持续发展)项下裁撤1个P-5员额；次级方案5(统计)项下裁撤1个P-3、1个P-2和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案7(发展政策和分析)项下裁撤2个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案8(公共行政和发展管理)项下裁撤2个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案10(发展筹资)项下裁撤1个一般事务(其他职等)员额。咨询委员会在询问后获悉，拟议裁撤的12个员额中的2个员额与以往经大会第63/260号决议核准在其项下设立同职等员额的次级方案对应(次级方案1下的1个P-4员额和次级方案5下的1个P-3员额)。", "四.8　咨询委员会回顾，如拟议预算第9.8段所述，大会在其第63/260号决议中根据经济和社会事务部确定的需要，核准了13个员额，该部认为这些员额对更加有成效、有效率地执行发展活动任务至关重要。13个员额中的5个员额已被转移到新设立的促进性别平等和增强妇女权能的实体——妇女署，其余8个员额分配给该部内各个相关办公室和次级方案。关于在各个办公室和次级方案中分配其余8个员额的资料载于拟议预算的第9.9段和第9.10段。咨询委员会不反对裁撤提议。", "调动", "四.9　拟议调动5个员额：将三个员额调入行政领导和管理(来自次级方案5(统计)的1个D-1员额，来自次级方案8(公共行政和发展管理)的1个P-4员额和来自方案支助的1个一般事务(特等)员额)，将两个员额从行政领导和管理项下调出(向次级方案8(公共行政和发展管理)调出1个P-3员额和向方案支助调出1个一般事务(其他职等)员额)。", "四.10　如拟议预算中所述，将三个员额调到行政领导和管理项下的目的是加强战略规划股和支助由副秘书长办公室统一领导的整个部的方案管理、监测和评价活动(A/66/6(Sect.9)，第9.14(b)段和第9.43段)。咨询委员会注意到，战略规划股旨在更好和更有效地协助副秘书长开展具体战略规划进程，其目标为以下三个方面：㈠ 开展实务战略优先事项；㈡ 增强各司间合作，推动整个部的战略审查和行动，特别是对于共有问题；㈢ 与会员国及秘书处和联合国系统中的重要战略伙伴等利益攸关方合作(同上，第9.9段)。咨询委员会回顾，大会在其第57/300号决议第24段中，欢迎秘书长为加强秘书处经济和社会事务部的管理能力所作的努力，包括设立政策规划股。咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动，包括为战略规划股进行的调动。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.11　2012-2013年的非员额资源估计数为14 651 000 美元，比2010-2011年批款净减1 895 600美元。净减少额反映大多数支出用途项下的减少额，包括咨询人项下的242 800美元，其主要原因是尽可能增加对内部专门知识的使用；专家项下的104 700美元，主要原因是尽可能合并会议或减少专家数量和会议持续时间的协同努力；工作人员差旅项下的121 200美元，其主要原因是增加对视频会议的使用、尽可能合并差旅和(或)减少差旅时间；订约承办事务项下的460 800美元，其主要原因是更多使用电子手段传播出版物；家具和设备项下的111 000美元，原因是通过延长家具和设备的使用时间减少对更换家具和办公设备的需求；以及赠款和捐款项下的781 600美元，其主要原因是终止了与国际电子计算中心的合同。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长拟议的非员额资源。", "一般性评论", "出版物", "四.12　拟议预算显示，出版物的数量从2010-2011两年期的483份减至下一个两年期的432份，其原因是尽可能增加使用电子手段印发非经常出版物(A/66/6(Sect.9)，第9.12段)。此外，咨询委员会获悉，该部是2010年设立的由新闻部和大会和会议管理部领导的一个工作组的成员，该工作组负责研究联合国秘书处的整个出版程序，寻找使其更为有效率的途径，其中包括：㈠ 合并出版物；㈡ 分析对出版物的需求；㈢ 更多使用网站出版，以减少印刷出版物。将在工作组建议得到接受后，立即执行这些措施。咨询委员会还获悉，目前正在考虑将按需印刷作为控制印刷费用的一个可行机制，并考虑在具有成本效益和目标受众容易获取的地点开展印刷。与此同时，该部目前使用本组织的采购程序确定最具竞争力的供应商印刷其出版物。咨询委员会欢迎秘书处对探讨减少出版物费用的各种方案的重视。咨询委员会强调，应在秘书处所有工作地点分享印刷出版物方面的最佳做法(另见上文第一章)。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就出版物问题进一步作出了评论。", "预算外资源", "四.13　咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期的预算外资源估计数为150 878 100美元，比2010-2011两年期的163 547 900美元减少约7.7%。预算外资源将补充经常预算资源，为咨询、专家组、差旅、技术咨询服务、培训、讲习班、研讨会和实地项目等各种实务和技术合作活动提供经费。如拟议预算第 9.17段所述，预算外资源减少的原因是：㈠ 2010-2011两年期预算外资源供资项目的结束；㈡ 考虑到目前的全球财政状况，捐助方没有对在2012-2013两年期延长这些供资安排作出承诺。委员会注意到，预算外员额的数量将从现两年期的28个降至2012-2013两年期的26个。鉴于2012-2013两年期预算外资源大幅减少，咨询委员会提醒，该部预算外员额的供资可能得不到保障。该部应采取措施，扩大其捐助群体，这可能有助于增加预算外资源。", "第10款 最不发展国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家", "秘书长拟议数\t6 665500美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 7 406 100美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 1 486 000美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.14　秘书长为2012-2013两年期第10款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为6 665 500美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少740 600美元，即10.0%(见A/66/6(Sect.10)，表10.5)。表四.2汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长为2012-2013两年期拟设的员额。", "表四.2 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n2010-2011年核定数\t18\t1 USG，1 D-2，1 D-1，3 P-5，5 P-4，2P-3，1 P-2，4 GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t18\t1 USG，1 D-2，1 D-1，3 P-5，5 P-4，2P-3，1 P-2，4 GS(OL)", "四.15　没有为2012-2013两年期请求增设员额。咨询委员会建议核准拟议人员编制表。", "四.16　大会在其第63/260号决议中为最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处提供三个新增P-4员额。咨询委员会获悉，所有三个新增P-4员额均已填补，截至2011年3月31日，只有一个P-3员额仍空缺。委员会相信，将会迅速填补该空缺。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "四.17　2012-2013年的非员额资源估计数772 300美元比2010-2011年批款净减740 600美元，其原因是：㈠ 因中止为筹备第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议编列的一笔非经常性一般临时人员经费，使所需资源减少692 900美元；㈡ 因中止为向第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议区域筹备会议提供服务的工作人员编列的一笔非经常性差旅费，使工作人员差旅项下的所需资源减少45 700 美元；㈢ 因中止为筹备第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议编列的一笔用于家具和设备的非经常性经费，使家具和设备项下的所需资源减少4 800美元；㈣ 为业务连续性购买Citrix许可证，使订约承办事务项下的所需资源增加2 800美元。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论", "出版物", "四.18　据估计，将在2012-2013两年期印发的非经常性出版物的数量将从现两年期的1份增至8份(见A/66/6 (Sect.10)，表10.3)。经询问，秘书处澄清说，尽管以前计划在2010-2011两年期印发一份非经常性出版物，但现在预计将印发10份有关第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的非经常性出版物。因此，拟在2012-2013两年期印发的非经常性出版物的数量(8份)与目前预计在2010-2011两年期印发的非经常性出版物的数量(10份)相比，显示出非经常性出版物数量的减少。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就出版物问题进一步作出评论。", "第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的成果", "四.19　咨询委员会注意到，下一个两年期该预算款次下的所需资源估计数预计减少，其主要原因是中止为筹备和完成第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议编列的一次性经费。咨询委员会获悉，该会议于2011年5月在伊斯坦布尔召开，通过了一个全面、雄心勃勃和注重成果的十年期《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》和最不发达国家与捐助国、发展中国家、议员、私营部门、民间社会和国际金融和发展机构等发展伙伴共同商定的《伊斯坦布尔宣言》。咨询委员会还获悉，目前正在开展评估，以确定履行会议成果的最有效途径；在该评估结束时，秘书长将就会议成果及其所涉方案预算问题(如有)提交一份报告，供大会审议。咨询委员会相信，秘书长的报告将在即将举行的大会第六十六届会议主要会期期间及时提交。", "高级代表办事处的作用", "四.20　咨询委员会注意到，副秘书长继续负责三项职能：最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表(第10款)；负责联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系)工作的代理非洲问题特别顾问(第11款)；在联合国总部举行的高级别会议和活动期间担任驻联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)代表(第12款)。", "四.21　如拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.10)，第10.9段)中所述，2008年，秘书长作为一项试验，重组了非洲问题特别顾问办公室及最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处。", "四.22　咨询委员会重申其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算第10款的意见，即现有安排(责成高级代表行使三项不同职能)可能会对办事处工作产生不利影响(见A/64/7，第四.27段)。关于这一问题的评论和意见还载于下文第11和12款中。", "第11款 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系", "秘书长拟议数\t12 641000美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 12 641 000美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 1 460 000美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.23　秘书长为2012-2013两年期第11款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为12 641 000美元，即维持2010-2011两年期订正批款的水平(见A/66/6(Sect.11)，表11.6)。表四.3汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟设的员额。", "表四.3 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n2010-2011年核定数\t35\t1 USG，1 D-2，2 D-1，4 P-5，7 P-4，10P-3，1 GS(PL)，8 GS(OL)，1 LL\n2012-2013年拟议数\t35\t1 USG，1 D-2，2 D-1，4 P-5，7 P-4，10P-3，1 GS(PL)，8 GS(OL)，1 LL", "四.24　没有请求为2012-2013两年期增设员额。咨询委员会建议核准拟议人员编制表。", "四.25　如拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.11)，第11.13段)所示，非洲问题特别顾问办公室填补了根据关于与发展有关活动的大会第63/260号决议为其提供的所有员额(2个P-3和1个P-4)。但是，咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年5月，在该预算款次中有5个空缺，包括1个USG、1个P-4和3个P-3员额，这些员额的出缺时间如下：1个USG员额——2007年5月1日，1个P-4员额——2010年6月22日，1个P-3员额——2011年3月7日，1个P-3员额——2010年4月1日，1个P-3员额——2009年7月1日。咨询委员会有关空缺副秘书长员额的评论和意见载于下文第四.29段和第四.30段。咨询委员会相信将迅速填补剩余的空缺。", "四.26　咨询委员会注意到，秘书长2008-2009两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告(A/64/545)显示预算第11款下的所需资源减少，这部分是由于空缺的副秘书长员额。虽然秘书长报告没有包括有关该空缺的具体资料，但委员会在其报告(A/64/574)表1中注意到该空缺。由于尚未填补空缺，咨询委员会期望在秘书长 2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告中纳入有关空缺的详细资料。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.27　没有为2012-2013两年期请求追加非员额资源。咨询委员会建议核准拟议的非员额资源。", "一般性评论", "监测机制", "四.28　秘书长在拟议预算第11.13段中表示，随着人力资源的增加(见上文第四.25 段)，该办公室更有能力在提交大会第六十五届会议的经改进监测机制下监测非洲的发展需求，特别是实现千年发展目标方面的进展，以及非洲国家和捐助界作出的承诺。在此方面，咨询委员会获悉，会员国请大会主席继续就以现有机制为基础的监测机制的性质、范围、优先事项和机制安排以及秘书长报告中所载的建议开展非正式协商，以在大会第六十六届会议结束前使监测机制投入运作。委员会还获悉，大会主席将任命一个所需政府间谈判的主持者，有可能的话，该主持者将努力使会员国在大会第六十六届会议期间就监测机制的前进方向达成共识。委员会注意到，政策分析和监测股目前负责评估和监测实施新伙伴关系的进展以及国际社会提供的相关支持。虽然咨询委员会期望圆满结束有关监测机制的政府间谈判，但认为应更加关注进一步改善政策分析和监测股有效性的工作，该股目前由一名D-1职等工作人员领导，有9个员额(1个D-1，1个P-5，2个P-4，3个P-3和2个一般事务(其他职等))。", "非洲问题特别顾问员额", "四.29　如拟议预算第11.8 段所述，秘书长在2008年试验性地开始了对非洲问题特别顾问办公室和最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处的重组工作。咨询委员会获悉，秘书长打算提供一个关于该试验影响的评估，供大会第六十六届会议审议(另见A/66/6 (Sect.11)，第11.9段)。委员会期待收到秘书长对此问题的评估。", "四.30　咨询委员会回顾，大会第62/236号决议除其他外呼吁秘书长作为优先事项紧急填补副秘书长兼非洲问题特别顾问职位。大会第63/260号决议除其他外决定不裁撤非洲问题特别顾问员额，大会第64/243号决议重申了该决定。咨询委员会注意到，尽管大会就此问题作出上述决定，但秘书长尚未填补该员额。在此方面，委员会重申其有关2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算第 11款的意见，即必须迅速填补非洲问题特别顾问员额(A/64/7，第四.34段)。咨询委员会关于此问题的相关评论和意见还载于第10款和第12款中。", "第12款 贸易与发展", "秘书长拟议数\t135 478600美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 136 629 800美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 75 830 000美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.31　秘书长为2012-2013两年期第12款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为135 478 600美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少1 151 200美元，即0.8%(见A/66/6(Sect.12)，表12.5)。表四.4汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟设的员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟设的预算外员额。", "表四.4 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t400\t1 USG，1 ASG，6 D-2，20 D-1，48P-5，61 P-4，74 P-3，32 P-2/1，12GS(PL)，145 GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t399\t1 USG，1 ASG，6 D-2，20 D-1，48P-5，61 P-4，74 P-3，32 P‑2/1，12GS(PL)，144 GS(OL)调动\t16\t由方案支助调动14个员额(1个D-2，3个P-4，2个P-3，2个P-2和6个GS(OL))到行政领导和管理 由次级方案2调动1个P-3到次级方案4 \n 由次级方案4调动1个P-2到次级方案2 \n 裁撤 1 方案支助下的一个GS(OL)员额 \n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议数\t21\t2 D-1，1 P-5，4 P-4/3，4 P-2/1和10GS(OL)", "关于员额的评论和建议", "四.32　咨询委员会注意到，拟从方案支助调动14个员额(1个D-2，3个P-4，2个P-3，2个P-2和6个一般事务(其他职等))到行政领导和管理，以便更好调整贸发会议秘书长办公室的职能，从而在全球经济危机爆发并给世界经济特别是发展中国家带来持续影响后，加强对贸发会议5个次级方案的实质性领导和协调 (A/66/6 (Sect.12)，第12.19(b)段)。在此方面，拟将管理司司长的D-2职等员额(以及一个提供秘书支持的一般事务(其他职等)员额)调到贸发会议秘书长办公室，以履行研究、战略政策规划和能力建设协调员的职能。咨询委员会获悉，拟将一个D-2员额调到行政领导和管理，以在管理和协调与研究有关的共同活动方面提供实质性领导。委员会还获悉，方案支助的管理将不会受到D-2员额调动的负面影响，并且关键的监督责任现在交给贸发会议副秘书长。还拟调动通信、宣传和外联科的十个员额(2个P-4，2个P-3，1个P-2和5个一般事务(其他职等))，其职能与在方案支助中履行的职能相同；以及履行评价和监测职能的1个P-4 和 1个P-2。此外，将在次级方案2和4之间互调1个P-2和1个P-3员额，以纠正较早时不经意地使获得授权在2010-2011两年期调动的两个员额被颠倒的疏忽。咨询委员会不反对拟议调动。", "四.33　秘书长还提议裁撤一个方案支助下的一般事务(其他职等)员额。咨询委员会注意到，该提议与其有关持续需要管理司中的一般事务员额的意见相符。咨询委员会注意到，在该司共95个员额中，60个员额属于一般事务职类(见A/64/7，第四.46段)。咨询委员会询问后获悉，在编制2012-2013两年期预算期间研究了该司所有一般事务员额的职能，因此，鉴于所涉一般事务员额的职能属于秘书性质，拟对其进行裁撤。咨询委员会不反对裁撤一个一般事务员额的提议。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "四．34　2012-2013两年期的非员额资源估计数为12 367 300 美元，比2010-2011两年期的批款净减少914 700美元。大多数支出用途的所需资源减少，包括：其他工作人员费用(一般临时人员)项下减少 229 800美元，其主要原因是更多依赖现有能力来承担任何增加的工作量；一般业务费用项下减少218 800美元，其主要原因是预计国际电信费用稳定并且电信业务量处于稳定至较低的水平，以及因更多使用电子通信使邮件和邮袋所需经费减少；家具和设备项下减少154 000美元，其主要原因是调整更换计划；咨询人项下减少102 800美元，其原因是更多使用内部专门知识；用品和材料项下减少96 300美元，其主要原因是更多使用电子手段导致印刷材料的所需资源减少；赠款和捐款项下减少67 800美元，其主要原因是重新配置通过国际电子计算中心和联合国日内瓦办事处外包的基础设施服务；订约承办事务项下减少33 600美元，其主要原因是更多使用基于网络的产品和无纸化数据处理应用软件、电子模板和电子邮件。", "四.35　咨询委员会欢迎贸发会议在实现效率方面的工作，并建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "监测和评价", "四.36　如拟议预算所示(A/66/6(Sect.12)，第12.17段)，秘书长拟将评价和监测股从方案支助项下调回行政领导和管理项下。这样做的目的是重新着重对实务方案交付情况进行监测和评价。咨询委员会获得了关于恢复以往结构、在行政领导和管理项下履行监测和评价职能的理由的更多资料。根据所收到的资料，在2007年重组贸发会议的行政领导和管理职能时，其方案规划和监测和评价职能被并入评价和规划股，并调到方案支助项下，以更好地整合贸发会议秘书处的监督、方案、预算和财务业务管理。", "四.37　咨询委员会还获悉，过去两个两年期的经验显示，虽然方案和预算方面的业务整合以及行政审计和监督是令人满意的，但实务方案交付的评价和监测已成为评价和规划股活动中不太重要的方面。咨询委员会还获悉，与此同时，对实务工作方案的评价在联合国系统内部的重要性有所提高，并获得了会员国和其他利益攸关方的更多关注。因此，拟将评价和监测职能从方案支助调回行政领导和管理项下，以组建一个评价和监测股，旨在确保在机构一级更为有效和全面地履行这一重要方案交付职能。", "四.38　咨询委员会支持拟议变动，并相信评价和监测股将进一步加强贸发会议有效履行其任务的能力。咨询委员会期待在审查2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算时收到有关该调动影响的资料。委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作出进一步评论。", "贸发会议在纽约的代表", "四.39　如上文第10款和第11款中所说明的，秘书长曾指定最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表担任贸发会议驻纽约特别代表(贸发会议纽约联络处归高级代表领导)，兼任与非洲有关的所有经济和社会问题的联合国总部协调人(见A/62/708，第31段)。高级代表还担任代理非洲问题特别顾问。在此方面，咨询委员会注意到，贸发会议纽约办事处包括两名专业人员(1个P-5和1个P-3)以及两名一般事务工作人员。", "四.40　咨询委员会询问后获悉，贸发会议纽约办事处继续协助高级代表在联合国总部履行贸发会议特别代表的职能。委员会还获悉，在贸发会议和高级代表办事处之间没有行政关系，并且这两个部门不共享资源，仅在实务领域和代表职能方面开展合作。", "四.41　尽管获得了以上说明，但咨询委员会重申其意见，即虽然预算第10、11和12款已获授权的工作方案是相互关联的，但现有安排可能会有损于高级别对此的专门重视；而要确保充分宣传和调动国际支助，以满足这些授权所针对的各组会员国的特殊需求，就必须得到这种重视(见A/64/7，第四.49段)。委员会还重申其建议，即秘书长应审查让高级代表在联合国总部兼任贸发会议特别代表的现有安排(同上)(另见上文第四.22和四.30段)。在其审查过程中，秘书长应提出在联合国总部履行贸发会议代表职能的其他措施，供大会审议。", "预算外资源", "四.42　预算外资源预计数达75 830 000美元，比2010-2011两年期减少852 100 美元。如拟议预算所示(见A/66/6(Sect.12)，第12.20段)，预计数的减少反映出，贸发会议的预算外活动几乎完全投入以需求为驱动、资金不确定性较高并具有周期性的国别技术合作项目。咨询委员会认为，贸发会议应采取措施，扩大其捐助群体，这可能会有助于增加预算外资源。", "第13款 国际贸易中心", "四.43　咨询委员会回顾，大会在第59/276号决议第一节中认可秘书长报告(A/59/405)所阐明、咨询委员会建议的国际贸易中心(国贸中心)订正预算编制安排(A/59/543)。根据该决议，应在下一个财政期间前一年第二季度，以符合联合国格式的简化预算文件形式，向大会和世界贸易组织总理事会提交提案，请求这两个机构注意计划请拨的资源额。然后在该年第四季度向大会和总理事会提交一份详细预算。", "四.44　因此，秘书长提出了初步估计数，以便于国贸中心开展2012-2013两年期活动方案(见A/66/6(Sect.13))。国贸中心2012-2013两年期所需经费估计数为76 141 200瑞士法郎(世界贸易组织(世贸组织)和联合国的合并摊款)，该两年期预计收入为500 000瑞士法郎。据此，在2012-2013两年期，世界贸易组织和联合国的摊款将各达38 070 600瑞士法郎。据指出，2012-2013两年期，两个组织重计费用前的拟议摊款额各为32 790 400美元，相比2010-2011年度的批款额31 793 300美元增加了997 100美元，即增加3.14%(按1美元兑换1.085瑞士法郎汇率计算)。", "四.45　2012-2013两年期，第13款拟议所需资源总额为76 141 200瑞士法郎，包括以下部分：", "(a) 59 526 700瑞士法郎是164个员额的经费，其中包括续设162个员额(91个专业职等和71个一般事务职等)，以及将先前由一般临时人员项下供资的2个职位(1个P-4和1个P-2)改划为常设员额；", "(b) 909 600瑞士法郎是2010-2011两年期核准的8个专业员额(1个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4、2个P-2)产生的滞后影响，172 200瑞士法郎是该两年期先前由一般临时人员项下供资的2个员额(1个P-4和1个P-2)产生的滞后影响；", "(c) 16 032 700瑞士法郎是非员额经费，这项经费因拟议将由一般临时人员项下供资的2个职位改划为常设员额而减少了601 700瑞士法郎。", "四.46　咨询委员会获悉，自2008年以来，提供的与贸易有关的技术援助增长了23%，2010年的数额达到4 000万美元，2011年的目标是进一步增加到4 400万美元。国贸中心已完成了为调整组织结构以满足提供援助的要求而开展的变革管理进程；将在详细预算估计中记录这些变革(A/66/6(Sect.13)，第13.6段；另见A/64/7/Add.10，第5段)。在这方面，咨询委员会进一步获悉，国贸中心致力于确保未来的所有项目均有明确目标和理由、经核准的工作计划和预算以及衡量成功的方法，并定期向高级管理当局提交监测报告。", "四.47　咨询委员会还注意到，国贸中心的主要政府间决策机关联合咨询组在2009年12月第四十三次年度会议上批准了国贸中心战略计划(2010-2012年)和2012-2013年期间的战略框架，并根据大会核准的战略框架(A/66/6(Sect.13)，第13.6段)提出了2012-2013年的拟议资源额。联合咨询组还每年审查国贸中心的工作方案。在这方面，咨询委员会获悉，联合咨询组在2010年12月最近一次会议上表示支持将由一般临时人员项下供资的2个职位改划为员额的提议。", "四.48　一如初步资源估计数文件所示(A/66/6(Sect.13)，第13.10和13.11段)，将在2011年第四季度向大会和世贸组织总理事会提交国贸中心2012-2013两年期详细拟议预算，其中将提供资料，说明实施公共部门会计准则和企业资源规划系统(“团结”)对国贸中心预算的影响，并将考虑任何必要的进一步调整，以反映最新汇率，确保符合大会第59/276号决议核准的国贸中心的行政安排。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，国贸中心正在与联合国协调开展实施公共部门会计准则和“团结”项目的准备工作。针对公共部门会计准则，国贸中心正在培训工作人员并清理财产和库存记录；并且还在与联合国秘书处讨论在设计“团结”项目时顾及国贸中心将瑞士法郎作为预算货币这一情况的必要性以及因实施该项目而产生的相关费用。因此，在详细拟议预算中将列明所有额外的或增量相关费用。", "四.49　咨询委员会回顾，国贸中心核定预算使用的是瑞士法郎，支出也是以此种货币记录。汇率波动有可能影响现金流，因为联合国的摊款是按美元做预算的，需要在执行报告中做调整。咨询委员会获悉，世贸组织已非正式地表示，鉴于近期美元汇率波动，一旦出现现金流问题，它愿意增加其在国贸中心预算中的份额，并在简化分册中突出说明了这一问题。", "四.50　在不妨碍大会审议国贸中心2012-2013两年期详细拟议方案预算的情况下，咨询委员会建议大会注意到初步预算估计中拟议的资源额，包括关于将目前由一般临时人员项下提供经费的2个职位(1个P-4、1个P-2)改划为常设员额的请求。", "第14款 环境", "秘书长拟议数\t14 124400美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 14 211 300美元 \n 预计预算外资源 475 609 300美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除非另有说明，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.51　秘书长请求的2012-2013两年期第14款重计费用前经常预算资源为14 124 400美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少了86 900美元，即0.6%(见A/66/6(Sect.14)，表14.5)。表四.5概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟设经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟设的预算外员额。", "表四.5 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t48\t1个USG，3个D-2，1个D-1，8个P-5，11个P-4，5个P-3，2个P-2，1个GS(PL)，5个GS(OL)，11个LL\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t48\t1个USG，3个D-2，1个D-1，8个P-5，11个P-4，5个P-3，2个P-2，1个GS(PL)，5个GS(OL)，11个LL\n调动\t4\t2个P-5、1个P-4和1个LL从“行政领导和管理”调至新的构成部分“方案支助”\n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议员额\t545\t1个ASG，5个D-2，34个D-1，62个P-5，170个P-4/P-3，24个P-2/1，249个LL", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "四.52　秘书长提议将质量保证科从行政领导和管理转至方案支助，为此需要将4个员额(2个P-5、1个P-4和1个当地雇员)调往方案支助(另见下文第四.61至四.63段)。咨询委员会建议核可拟议的员额调动。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.53　2012-2013年非员额资源拟议估计数为957 100美元，比2010-2011年的批款额净减少232 700美元，原因是下列项目所需资源减少：咨询人(54 200美元)、工作人员差旅(40 000美元)、订约承办事务(6 500美元)、一般业务费用(66 100美元)、招待费(15 600美元)、用品和材料(10 000美元)以及家具和设备(40 300美元)。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "一般性意见", "预算外资源", "四.54　咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计数为461 242 500美元，而2010-2011两年期为433 725 200美元，大约增加了6.3%。预计预算外资源约占环境署2012-2013两年期所需资源总额估计数的97%。如拟议方案预算(A/66/6,(Sect.14))第14.30段所述，2012-2013年所需资源预测的依据是：(a) 会员国对环境署的工作方案表示信任，因此对环境基金的捐款预计会增加；(b) 直接支助环境署工作方案的各信托基金的资源预计会增加；(c) 专用捐款会增加，因为预计该支助领域会正常增长。", "四.55　咨询委员会强调自愿捐款对执行环境署各项活动方案的重要性，欣见环境署管理层打算加大行动力度，争取预算外资源。", "四.56　预算外员额共计545个，比2010-2011两年期总体减少了57个(29个专业和28个当地雇员员额)。咨询委员会注意到预算外员额的减少，除其它外，这印证了咨询委员会关于环境署2010-2011两年期拟议两年期方案和支助预算的报告(UNEP/GC.25/12/Add.1)中提出的意见和评论。", "矩阵管理办法", "四.57　如拟议预算第14.22段所述，根据前一个两年期的经验教训，环境署在2010-2011两年期期间采用了矩阵管理方法来执行2010-2011两年期的工作方案和预算。咨询委员会从拟议预算第14.23段中注意到，监督厅在2010年治理问题审计报告中认为，虽然包括会员国在内的各方普遍欢迎环境署采用矩阵方法来管理方案，但确实需要阐明“参与执行次级方案的各司和工作人员的授权、责任和问责”。有关结论还提到，新矩阵方法中的报告关系很复杂，工作人员尚未学会如何执行一个涉及6个司的方案。", "四.58　秘书长在拟议预算第14.23和14.24段中指出，为确保管理层对6个贯穿各领域的次级方案的执行工作负责，环境署采取了一个新的简化方案问责框架。该框架阐述了各司对2010-2011和2012-2013两年期工作方案规定的成果(预期成绩、绩效指标和产出)承担的责任。此外，还通过方案咨询组和项目审查委员会建立了协商和协调机制。环境署还为每个次级方案任命了协调员，负责在次级方案一级开展统一、协调、方案执行情况监测和报告工作。", "四.59　咨询委员会注意到，方案的组织结构包括环境署评价办公室，直接对执行主任负责，以确保客观评价环境署活动对核定工作方案的相关性、效率、实效和影响。拟议预算第14.44段介绍了该办公室的主要职能，其中包括评价环境署执行工作方案的工作在多大程度上取得了预定成果。它还协调环境署与联合检查组有关的活动。评价办公室根据评价结果提供政策建议，以改善方案规划和执行工作。依照环境署的评价政策，通过执行主任将评价结果提交常驻代表委员会和理事会。", "四.60　咨询委员会相信，监督厅的建议将会得到认真重视，并在下一次预算报告中说明采取的行动。", "方案支助", "四.61　拟议在2012-2013两年期为现两年期设立的行动厅建立一个新的“方案支助”部分。由4个经常预算员额(2个P-5、1个P-4和1个当地雇员)组成的质量保证科以及总体事务科和资源调动科原先列在行政领导和管理项下，现在列入方案支助，由行动厅负责管理、整合和协调。", "四.62　咨询委员会获悉，行动厅这三个科的主要职能如下：㈠ 质量保证科直接负责推动和支持环境署成果管理制改革以及其他总体变革管理进程。它监督环境署的战略规划、方案和项目审查和批准程序、方案分析、业绩监测和报告以及管理政策的制定；㈡ 总体事务科负责环境署预算、财务和人力资源的战略管理和一般行政，包括管理人员配置表和项目组合。总体事务科还负责监测、管理和报告捐款情况和预算执行情况；㈢ 资源调动科负责促进、支持和协调环境署各方案主管开展的资金筹集工作，以便为环境署6个次级方案调集足够的、可预测的经费，尤其是环境基金和各信托基金及专项资金提供的经费。", "四.63　咨询委员会相信，设立行动厅将进一步提高环境署有效执行任务的能力。咨询委员会期待在审查2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算时审查这一新构成部分的实效。", "第15款 人类住区", "秘书长拟议数\t20 201000美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 20 564 700美元 \n 预计预算外资源 370 776 500美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.64　秘书长请求的2012-2013两年期第15款重计费用前经常预算资源为20 201 000美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少了363 700美元，即1.8%(见A/66/6(Sect.15)，表15.5)。表四.6概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟设的经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟设的预算外员额。", "表四.6 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t75\t1个USG，1个D-2，4个D-1，9个P-5，16个P-4，14个P-3，5个P-2/1，2个GS(OL)，23个LL\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t75\t1个USG，1个D-2，4个D-1，9个P-5，16个P-4，14个P-3，5个P-2/1，2个GS(OL)，23个LL\n 调动 8 调入： \n 3个当地雇员员额调入行政领导和管理 5个员额(2个P-4、1个P-3和2个当地雇员)调入方案支助 调出： 从次级方案1(住房和可持续人类住区发展) 调出2个员额(1个P-4和1个当地雇员) \n 从次级方案2(《人居议程》的监测)调出6个员额(1个P-4、1个P-2和4个当地雇员)\n预算外2012-2013年拟议员额\t206\t1个ASG，4个D-2，11个D-1，32个P-5，67个P-4/3，11个P-2/1，5个GS(OL)，75个LL", "关于员额的建议", "调动", "四.65　拟议员额调动如下：在行政领导和管理项下，从次级方案2(《人居议程》的监测)调入3个当地雇用员额(新闻媒体联络助理、出版物助理以及代表和礼宾助理)；在次级方案1项下(住房和可持续人类住区发展)，将2个员额(1个P-4方案规划和协调干事和1个当地雇用方案助理)调往方案支助；在次级方案2(《人居议程》的监测)项下，将3个员额(1个P-4财务管理干事、1个P-3方案管理干事和1个当地雇用行政助理)调往方案支助，并将3个当地雇员员额(新闻和媒体联络助理、出版助理以及代表和礼宾助理)调往行政领导和管理下的对外关系处；在方案支助项下，从次级方案1(住房和可持续人类住区发展)调入2个员额(1个P-4和1个当地雇员)，从次级方案2(《人居议程》的监测)调入3个员额(1个P-4、1个P-3和1个当地雇员)。", "四.66　如拟议预算第15.15段(b)㈠和㈡分项所述，根据咨询委员会的建议(见A/60/7)，拟将2个员额调往方案支助，3个员额调往行政领导和管理项下的对外关系处。但是，咨询委员会指出，其在第A/60/7号文件第四.51段所提建议专门针对的是联合国人类住区规划署内部的监测和评价职能。预算文件没有清楚说明向对外关系处和方案支助项下调动员额是否会支持这些职能。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，这些员额调整可以支持方案支助司的职能，以确保集中管理与监测和评价有关的活动；将3个当地雇员员额调往对外关系处体现出人居署不断努力根据工作方案调整自身结构。咨询委员会相信，拟议调动这五个员额将有助于进一步加强人居署的监测和评价职能。咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。咨询委员会在上文第一章对监测和评价问题做了进一步评述。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.67　2012-2013年非员额资源估计数为1 923 900美元，比2010-2011年批款净减483 900美元。净额减少是下列因素的综合结果：咨询人项下减少143 300美元，主要是因为采取了内部再培训措施，并且在人力资源规划战略中进行技能组合多元化，从而提高了工作人员的能力；专家项下增加25 700美元，主要原因是次级方案3(区域和技术合作)和次级方案4(为人类住区筹资)项下专家组会议所需经费增加；工作人员差旅项下减少92 600美元，主要是因为采用电视会议和进行差旅方面的业务流程改进，包括提前规划差旅，以及选用更具竞争力的服务供应商/伙伴关系；订约承办事务项下减少118 900美元，主要是因为利用内部编辑和设计资源、扩大采用数字和信息技术，包括分散制作出版物，以便将更多出版物翻译成其他联合国语文；用品和材料项下减少104 400美元，原因是进行了各项业务改进自动化；家具和设备项下减少37 300美元，因为推迟更换信息技术设备。", "四.68　拟议预算第15.18段介绍了人居署管理层为取得或提高效率而采取的举措。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，管理层在编制2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时考虑到了增效的影响，因而在咨询人、用品和材料、订约承办事务和差旅项下所需资源额大幅减少。咨询委员会赞赏人居署管理层为实现增效所做出的努力。", "四.69　咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "一般性意见", "预算外资源", "四.70　咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计数为370 776 500美元，比2010-2011年的334 502 100美元增加了大约10.8%。预计预算外资源约占人居署2012-2013两年期所需资源总额估计数的95%。该数额比现两年期估计增加了3 630万美元，主要是因为执行国家一级的具体技术活动项目，以及开展属于人居署工作方案和任务的具体活动。根据此类预算外资金的现行政府间审查和管理安排，关于使用这类预算外资源的两年期预算须经人居署理事会批准。", "四.71　咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期预算外员额的预计数目将从227个减少至206个，即大约减少9.2%。咨询委员会还注意到，一些次级方案项下开展的活动主要是由预算外资源供资。比如，次级方案3(区域和技术合作)由包括1个D-2在内的5个经常预算员额和42个预算外员额负责执行；次级方案1(住房和可持续人类住区发展)由21个经常预算员额和包括1个D-2在内的27个预算外员额执行。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，各司D-2员额的供资延续过去的办法，不以各司供资结构为依据。咨询委员会还获悉，人居署在总体拟议预算范围内，努力在经常预算项下为包括高级职等在内的核心工作人员提供所需经费，同时坚持主要由预算外资源为业务性活动、包括人道主义和应急活动及技术合作项目提供资金的原则。咨询委员会还获悉，人居署在筹到必要资金后才会进行预算外员额的征聘工作。咨询委员会赞同这一立场，认为签于人居署依赖预算外资源为其大多数人员供资，须采用审慎办法，以使人员配置与可用资源相匹配。", "培训", "四.72　咨询委员会注意到，在行政领导和管理项下以及人居署2012-2013两年期将要执行的所有4个次级方案项下都列入了培训方案。咨询委员会要求提供更多资料，说明在为拟议培训方案供资方面，经常预算和预算外资源两者之间的关系。根据收到的资料，编列培训所需资源的依据是该组织的培训计划，按照由经常预算和预算外资源供资的工作人员数目分摊；2012-2013年，两者的估计比例分别是27%和73%。拟议培训方案旨在提高工作人员的能力，主要通过预算外资源供资。咨询委员会获悉，培训不仅有助于提高效率，也有利于人居署留住工作人员。如拟议预算第15.34(c)段所述，在由经常预算和预算外资源供资的技术合作活动中，人居署将举办有关成果规划、方案管理、监测和评价方面的综合能力建设方案的培训课、研讨会和讲习班(培训研讨会、辅导和系统的在职学习)，并为记者和高级主管举办城市化问题媒体讲习班。但是，人居署没有说明参加培训的联合国工作人员和非联合国人员的数目。咨询委员会认为，拟议方案预算在列报培训活动时应清楚说明培训活动的两大类目标受众，即本组织的工作人员和参加培训的其他非工作人员。", "组织结构", "四.73　经询问，咨询委员会获得进一步资料，说明人居署方案支助司与联合国内罗毕办事处行政事务司两者在方案支助方面的职能。根据秘书处的解释，这两个司之间不存在责任重叠。联合国内罗毕办事处行政事务司提供后端行政服务，其中包括会计、人力资源管理、信息技术服务和采购等服务，而人居署方案支助司提供方案管理支助，侧重于外地业务项目、人居署方案和项目预算和财务管理、方案规划和协调职能，包括支助方案审查委员会、对与合作伙伴签署的协定进行法律审查、组织方法、风险管理及协调监督事务等。", "第16款 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法", "秘书长拟议数\t41 118600美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 39 191 100美元 \n 预计预算外资源 476 140 500美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "四.74　秘书长请求的第16款重计费用前经常预算资源为41 118 600美元，与2010-2011两年期的订正批款相比增加了1 927 500美元，即4.9%(见A/66/6(Sect.16)，表16.5)。秘书长在报告第16.14段中指出，2012-2013年，除拟议经常预算资源外，还将有自愿捐款补充，其估计数额为476 140 500美元，包括一般用途资金和专用资金。依照大会第61/252号决议，联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)2012-2013两年期汇总预算将通过咨询委员会提交麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会2011年12月续会批准。", "四.75　在审议秘书长拟议预算时，咨询委员会铭记大会第65/227号决议第13段，其中请秘书长在其2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中适当注意禁毒办执行其所承担的任务所需资源(另见大会第64/243号决议，第85段)。", "四.76　咨询委员会获悉，禁毒办在2009年与会员国协商后，对业务司和条约事务司进行了内部组织调整，主要目标是统筹规划各项专题方案和区域方案，使制订规范活动和业务活动产生协同效应，改进对专题和区域方案的支助，加强治理制度。通过围绕禁毒办的关键任务成立五个专题组，即打击有组织犯罪和非法贩运、反腐败、预防恐怖主义、司法、预防毒品及卫生，对上述两个司做了结构调整。此外，重新设立了独立评故股，并采取措施，确保战略规划股可持续发挥作用。这一结构调整在2010年春季得到麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会的批准，[6] 随后获得经济及社会理事会及大会第65/227号决议核准。在咨询委员会询问后，禁毒办向其提供了在结构调整过程中各次级方案之间员额调动情况一览表，以及按司、处、科和次级方案开列的详细组织结构图，这些图表附在本节末尾。", "四.77　表四.7概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟设的经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟设的预算外员额。", "表四.7 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t122\t1个USG，2个D-2，5个D-1，14个P-5，28个P-4，25个P-3，14个P-2/1，3个GS(PL)，30个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t129\t1个USG，2个D-2，7个D-1，15个P-5，33个P-4，25个P-3，14个P-2/1，3个GS(PL)，29个GS(OL)\n 　　裁撤 1 GS(OL) \n 新设 8 2个D-1，1个P-5，5个P-4 \n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议员额\t228\t1个D-2，8个D-1，13个P-5，42个P-4/3，3个P-2/1，7个GS(PL)，67个GS(OL)，18个NO，69个LL", "关于员额的评价和建议", "行政领导和管理", "四.78　在独立评估股拟设1个P-4级评价干事员额，负责领导、组织和管理深入评价工作；制订评价政策；管理评价报告的分发工作；确保评价工作的安排与禁毒办的战略方向保持一致；建立禁毒办的自我评价能力(见A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.58段)。拟设这一新员额是为了在上述结构调整中加强独立评估股(上文第四.76段)。还拟议从次级方案4(司法)调入1个P-3级评价干事。咨询委员会回顾，在大会批准经济及社会理事会2010年实质性会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(见A/65/319；A/65/505；大会第65/259号决议)后，战略规划股股长(P-5)员额被调任独立评估股股长。秘书长在报告(A/65/319，(第12段))中指出，独立评估股的组成是：1个P-4员额和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额(由自愿捐款供资)，加上2个初级专业干事员额。", "四.79　经询问，咨询委员会获悉，为确保遵守联合国评价小组确定的联合国系统评价工作准则，需要加强禁毒办的评价职能，包括建立外地评价能力、提供评价培训、实施评价建议跟踪系统以及编制最新评价政策和手册。此外，麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会以及各主要捐助方强调，必须确保独立评估股在职能和业务上的独立性。禁毒办指出，在独立评估股增设经常预算员额就是为了确保这样的独立性和公正性，并为目前尚未能开展的制订规范工作提供所需的额外能力。咨询委员会考虑到提供的解释，建议批准秘书长关于独立评估股的拟议预算。咨询委员会希望，如果大会批准增加人力，禁毒办将能够加强评价能力，制订和遵守相关评价规范和标准，开展评价工作，而且，在加强这些能力后，将能够较好地执行方案。咨询委员会在上文第一章就监测和评价问题做了进一步评述。", "次级方案1，打击跨国有组织犯罪和非法贩运，包括毒品贩运", "四.80　根据预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会及大会第65/230号决议提出的打击网络犯罪新任务，拟设1个P-5级高级方案主管员额(新的和正在出现的犯罪问题)，负责管理和指导禁毒办的打击网络犯罪方案。秘书长指出，打击网络犯罪工作目前由一名工作人员兼管，禁毒办需要有一名全职的高级别工作人员才能管理和牵头执行全球行动计划，并动员其他机构和单位采取行动(A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.66段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，禁毒办的工作重点仍是网络犯罪的犯罪预防和刑事司法方面，而信息和通信技术的技术和安全部分由国际电信联盟(国际电联)负责。在这方面，禁毒办指出，依照与国际电联共同商定的目标和两个组织的互补任务，双方最近签订了协作谅解备忘录。咨询委员会还获悉，近年来，经济及社会理事会和大会就打击网络犯罪问题向禁毒办提出了越来越多的任务要求，其中包括在这些方面向发展中国家提供支助和专业知识(见大会第65/230号决议)。禁毒办还指出，与网络犯罪及新的和正在出现的犯罪有关的挑战在发展中国家越来越严峻，这些国家因特网用户的数量已超过发达国家，而且还在继续增长。根据提供的解释，咨询委员会建议核准设立一个P-5员额，负责管理和指导禁毒办的打击网络犯罪方案。", "四．81　根据经济及社会理事会第2008/33号决议和大会第64/178号和第64/293号决议(该决议通过了《联合国打击贩运人口的全球行动计划》)，拟设1个P-4级预防犯罪和刑事司法干事员额，负责领导和协调打击贩运人口和偷运移民的工作(见A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.67段)。咨询委员会注意到，还在次级方案6项下请设1个贩运人口方面的数据分析研究管理干事员额(另见下文第四.87段)。", "四.82　在这方面，咨询委员会回顾，大会在关于《联合国打击贩运人口的全球行动计划》的第64/293号决议第7段中请秘书长提出建议，说明如何通过在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算范围内重新分配资源，为有关人员配置和方案所需拨出经费。咨询委员会要求进一步说明拟设新的P-4员额与大会的要求两者之间的一致性。咨询委员会获悉，依照大会第64/293号决议要求，禁毒办认真审查了第16款项下的人员编制结构和所有常设员额。根据审查结果，禁毒办认定，调动任何空缺员额或现有员额来履行与打击贩运人口和偷运移民有关的2个P-4员额(1个预防犯罪和刑事司法干事和1个研究管理干事)的职能，都会对禁毒办的运作产生不良影响。咨询委员会要求进一步说明在结构调整过程中将1个P-4员额从次级方案1调至次级方案4的情况(见A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.65段)。咨询委员会获悉，被调动的P-4员额的职能不涉及打击贩运人口和偷运移民，而是执行预防犯罪和刑事司法方面的相关标准和规范。", "四.83　咨询委员会还获悉，目前在打击贩运人口方面没有专门的经常预算员额：打击人口贩运和人口走私股由2名协理专家(政府供资)和4名P-2和P-3级项目专业人员(自愿捐款供资)组成。拟设P-4员额的任职者将负责就批准和执行《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击贩运人口和偷运移民的议定书》问题向会员国提供实质性援助，包括为政府间机构提供服务。咨询委员会考虑到提供的解释，不反对在打击人口贩运和人口走私股新设1个P-4级预防犯罪和刑事司法干事员额。", "次级方案3，防止和打击恐怖主义", "四.84　拟设1个P-4级方案干事员额(运输方面的恐怖罪行)，负责就国际反恐法律文书所涵盖与运输相关罪行涉及的法律和刑事司法问题提供专业知识(见A/66/6(Sect.16)，第16.78段)。咨询委员会获悉，拟设这一员额是基于执行大会连续提出的关于支助会员国实施国际反恐法律制度的各项任务的需要(见大会第64/118号、64/177号和60/288号决议)。咨询委员会要求就联合国系统其他实体在多大程度上也开展这些活动做出澄清。咨询委员会获悉，禁毒办已根据各自任务的明确分工和专长领域，与国际民用航空组织和国际海事组织等处理运输和航空问题的专门机构建立了牢固的合作伙伴关系。根据做出的解释，咨询委员会建议核准秘书长的提议，设立1个新的P-4级方案干事(运输方面的恐怖罪行)。", "次级方案4，司法", "四.85　拟设1个P-4级刑事改革干事员额，负责领导司法科在与囚犯待遇有关的各个领域的工作，包括制订禁毒办的政策和战略，在刑事改革方面提供培训和专门咨询服务，以及支持在冲突后环境中与维持和平行动部和政治事务部联合编制方案(见A/66/6(Sect.16)，第16.84段)。咨询委员会询问禁毒办在这方面的现有能力、拟设员额的职能是否具有持续性，以及由咨询人履行这些职能是否更具成本效益。咨询委员会获悉，大会第65/230号决议授权修订相关联合国标准(囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则)，目前禁毒办没有具备刑事改革方面专门知识的工作人员。虽然咨询委员会认为，至少一部分所需资源是临时性的，但确认有必要发展这一领域的一些内部能力和专门知识。因此，咨询委员会建议核可在司法科设立1个P-4级刑事改革干事员额的请求。", "次级方案5，保健和生计(打击毒品和防治艾滋病毒)", "四.86　拟设1个D-1级预防吸毒和保健处处长员额，负责协助主任的工作。一如禁毒办的说明，2009年3月麻醉药品委员会第五十二届会议高级别部分通过的《关于开展国际合作以综合、平衡战略应对世界毒品问题的政治宣言和行动计划》是这一员额的指导文件(见A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.90段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，预防吸毒和保健处的人员编制是：禁毒办总部有24个员额和职位，外地有139个。咨询委员会还获悉，预防吸毒和保健处处长的职能目前由一个预算外员额履行，由项目资金和方案支助费用资金联合供资。禁毒办指出，目前的这种安排存在一定风险，因为预防吸毒和保健处处长这样的核心职能不应由用于技术援助活动的项目资金来供资。咨询委员会确认，必须确保预防吸毒和保健处处长职能的可持续性，因而建议核准秘书长关于拟设1个D-1级员额的提议。但是，为了保证透明性，咨询委员会认为，预算文件应清楚说明拟设员额的职能目前是由预算外员额履行的。", "次级方案6，研究和趋势分析", "四.87　拟设1个P-4级研究管理干事员额，以按照大会第64/293号决议要求，领导收集资料、研究和分析国家、区域和国际各级贩运人口的模式和动向，并按规定编写双两年度报告(见A/66/6(Sect.16)，第16.96段)。如上文第四.82段所述，大会在该决议中还要求秘书长通过在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算范围内重新分配资源，为《联合国打击贩运人口活动全球行动计划》划拨经费。咨询委员会获悉，禁毒办无法找到现有员额来履行拟设的P-4级研究管理干事员额的职能。咨询委员会不反对秘书长的提议。", "次级方案7，政策支助", "四.88　拟设1个D-1级公共事务和政策支助处处长员额，负责管理该处，指导和协调政策支助职能，促进实现对内和对外的一致性(见A/66/6(Sect.16)，第16.102段)。咨询委员会认为，处长的职责似乎与执行主任的一些职责相重叠。咨询委员会获悉，执行主任对禁毒办的对内和对外一致性负有最终责任，但D-1级处长也会通过将理事机构秘书处、捐助者关系和资源调动工作、战略规划及宣传和倡导工作结合起来，协助确保一致性。咨询委员会确认，有必要在禁毒办的多方面任务之间保持协调一致，因而建议核可设立该D-1级员额以管理公共事务和政策支助处。", "四.89　拟议裁撤次级方案7项下1个一般事务(其他职等)员额。该员额的职能将由预算外资源供资(见A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.101段)。咨询委员会获悉，这是由于该职位的职能发生了变化，需要更积极地在外地现场支助提供技术援助的活动。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长的提议。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "四.90　2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源数额为6 139 300美元，比现两年期的批款额7 013 600美元减少了874 300美元。秘书长提议减少大多数非员额支出用途项下的资源，其中包括咨询人(86 600美元，即18.4%)、专家(246 800美元，即17.7%)、工作人员差旅(40 600美元，即5.9%)和订约承办事务(49 300美元，即4.8%)。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性意见和建议", "列报和逻辑框架", "四.91　如上文第四.76段所述，咨询委员会获得了禁毒办按司、处、科和次级方案分列的详细组织结构图，其中按类别和职等列出了现有员额和拟设员额的数目；这些图附在本节末尾。咨询委员会认为，这些详细组织结构图有助于其审议拟议方案预算，特别是在上次提交预算后出现重大组织变革的情况下，比如2010年禁毒办进行的内部结构调整。例如，如果没有这样详细的组织结构图，就不可能从预算文件提供的资料中明确看出支助理事机构的职能及有关员额已从条约事务司司长办公室(次级方案1)调至理事机构秘书处(次级方案7)。为了提高透明性，咨询委员会要求在未来的预算报告中列入详细的组织系统表。", "四.92　咨询委员会认为，第16款的拟议方案预算还应提供资料，说明与现两年期进行的结构调整有关的结构变化。例如，禁毒办应更好地解释将理事机构秘书处(为麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会服务)和国际麻醉品管制局秘书处从条约事务司转至政策分析和公共事务司的理由，尤其是为何调动麻醉药品委员会和国际麻醉品管制局这两个条约机构的秘书处。咨询委员会还注意到，由于进行结构调整，秘书长在当前的2012-2013年拟议预算中，提议设立8个新员额，包括3个高级别员额。咨询委员会不反对秘书长的提议，但认为应不断审查禁毒办的组织结构，以确保建立高效和有效的业务结构，避免职等膨胀。咨询委员会还强调，需要提供资料，说明此类重大组织变革的执行情况和评估所产生的效益，并详细说明涉及的费用、面临的挑战和汲取的经验教训。因此，咨询委员会建议请秘书长在提交2014-2015年预算时，评估结构调整工作以及在多大程度上实现了预期目标。", "《联合国反腐败公约》审查机制", "四.93　咨询委员会注意到，拟议在次级方案2项下增加资源，用于为2010-2011年核定的禁毒办结构调整所涉及的9个新员额(1个D-1、1个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、3个P-2/1和1个一般事务(其他职等))的滞后影响而产生的支出(见A/66/6(Sect.16)第16.72段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，这9个员额是为《联合国反腐败公约》审查机制拟设的。咨询委员会还获悉，除了上述9个员额所需资源外，2010-2011两年期产生的非员额支出估计数为839 400美元。秘书长还指出，在2009年12月核定2010-2011年的上述资源时，已告知大会每两年期都需要320万美元预算外资源，用于进行国家审查、参与者的差旅、培训和电视会议。2012-2013年拟议预算列入了继续提供这些资源的经费。", "四.94　咨询委员会获悉，第CAC/COSP/IRG/2011/CRP.1号文件载有2010-2011年审查机制估计支出额的详细概述和2012-2013两年期所需资源估计数。禁毒办还表示，将在执行情况检查小组2011年9月续会以及2011年10月缔约国会议第四届会议上提供审查机制第一个完整年度的详细支出数额和2012-2013两年期的更精确估计数。将于2011年11月向大会通报缔约国会议所做决定；如有必要，将编写完整的所涉方案预算问题说明，供咨询委员会和大会审议。", "表四.8 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室2009年内部结构调整过程中各次级方案之间员额调动情况一览表", "员额 职衔 调自/调往 背景", "行政领导和管理", "+ 1 P-5 独立评估股，股长 调自次级方案7(战略规划股，前股长) 2010-2011年执行，麻醉药品委员会第52/14号决议和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会第18/6号决议，经济及社会理事会第2010/258号决议，大会核准经济及社会理事会订正估计数(A/65/319)", "+ 1 P-3 评价干事 调自次级方案4——司法科 增效3%", "次级方案1，打击跨国有组织犯罪和非法贩运", "次级方案2，反腐败", "+ 1 P-4 方案管理干事 调自次级方案4 禁毒办结构调整", "次级方案4，司法", "+ 1 GS (OL) 行政助理 调自次级方案1 禁毒办结构调整", "+ 1 P-5 司法科，科长 调自次级方案1 禁毒办结构调整", "+ 1 P-4 毒品管制和预防犯罪干事 调自次级方案1 禁毒办结构调整", "+ 1 P-3 毒品管制和预防犯罪干事 调自次级方案1 禁毒办结构调整", "+ 1 P-3 预防犯罪和刑事司法干事 调自次级方案1 禁毒办结构调整", "+ 1 P-2 预防犯罪和刑事司法协理干事 调自次级方案1 禁毒办结构调整", "次级方案6，研究和趋势分析", "按司、处、科和次级方案开列的详细组织结构图", "A. 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室组织结构和员额分布情况^(a)", "缩写：RB，经常预算；XB，普通用途资金和方案支助费用资金；GS(PL)，一般事务(特等)；GS(OL)，一般事务(其他职等)；NO，本国干事；LL，当地雇员", "^(a) 不包括协理专家。", "^(b) 由经常预算第1款(联合国维也纳办事处)项下供资的纽约联络处员额。", "^(c) 不包括由经常预算第22款(技术合作经常方案)项下供资的2个一般临时人员职位(1个L-6和1个L-5)。", "R=调动", "N=新设", "B. 业务司", "缩写：RB，经常预算；XB，普通用途资金和方案支助费用资金；GS(PL)，一般事务(特等)；GS(OL)，一般事务(其他职等)；NO，本国干事；LL，当地雇员", "R=调动", "N=新员额", "C. 条约事务司", "R=调动。", "N=新员额。", "D. 政策分析和公共事务司", "^(a) 包括由经常预算第1款(联合国维也纳办事处)项下供资的2个纽约联络处员额。", "第17款 妇女署", "秘书长拟议数\t14 836900美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t13 532500美元^(b)\n预算外资源预计数\t993 272200美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)按2010-2011年费率计算。除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b)妇女署是根据大会第64/289号决议于2011年1月1日设立的综合实体。本报告仅为比较和列报目的对订正批款数额进行技术性调整,以反映两年的数字。", "四.95　2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算首次反映了根据大会第64/289号决议于2011年1月1日设立的综合实体——妇女署的所需资源。成立的办法是合并并向妇女署移交四个之前就存在的实体(性别平等问题和提高妇女地位问题特别顾问办公室、提高妇女地位司、联合国妇女发展基金(妇发基金)和提高妇女地位国际研究训练所(提高妇女地位国际研训所))的任务和职能(另见A/65/531和A/65/593)。根据同一项决议，妇女署还新增了主导和协调联合国系统关于性别平等和增强妇女权能的工作及促进这方面问责制的作用。妇女署的工作方案取自2012-2013年期间战略框架(A/65/6/Rev.1)方案7(经济和社会事务)次级方案2(性别平等问题和提高妇女地位)，但作了修改，以反映上述决议的规定。咨询委员会注意到，按照既定程序，订正战略框架将提交方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议。", "四.96　关于妇女署的供资安排，咨询委员会回顾，大会在其第64/289号决议中决定，妇女署的经费有两个来源：经常预算和自愿捐款。为政府间规范制订工作提供服务所需要的资源由经常预算提供，并由大会批准；为政府间业务性工作和各级业务活动提供服务所需要的资源由自愿捐款供资，并由妇女署执行局批准。妇女署的后一部分资源被称为“支助预算”。随后，大会在其第65/259号决议中核准采用类似于难民署的预算管理所采用的赠款安排，以执行妇女署的经常预算部分。", "四.97　在大会第64/289号决议通过后，性别平等问题和提高妇女地位问题特别顾问办公室、提高妇女地位司、联合国妇女发展基金(妇发基金)和提高妇女地位国际研究训练所(提高妇女地位国际研训所)的所有现有任务、职能、资产(包括设施和基础设施)和负债(包括合同义务)都被移交给妇女署，作为2010-2011年期间方案预算第37款处理。原第9款(经济和社会事务)次级方案2(性别平等问题和提高妇女地位)的2011年经常预算批款(6 615 700美元)因此转移到新的第37款，并且大会在第65/259号决议中核准在该款下追加367 800美元，从应急基金中拨付。次级方案2下的2011年预算外资源份额以及提高妇女地位研训所和妇发基金资源的2011年份额也一并转移。咨询委员会注意到，在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中，为方便在两年期基础上比较2010-2011年与2012-2013年之间的资源情况，对妇女署在第9款和第37款下的2011年核定资源进行了合并，并在2010-2011两年期的批款一栏列示，该数字经过技术性调整以反映两年期数字。", "四.98　咨询委员会注意到，秘书长为第17款请批的2012-2013两年期经常预算资源在重计费用前为14 836 900美元，比2010-2011两年期经过技术性修订的批款增加1 304 400美元，即9.6%(A/66/6(Sect.17)，表17.5)。表四.9汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提议的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期的拟议预算外员额，有关经费将通过妇女署支助预算提供。", "表四.9 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t45\t1个USG、1个ASG、2个D-2、3个D-1、6个P-5、7个P-4、5个P-3、5个P-2/1、15个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t47\t1个USG、1个ASG、2个D-2、3个D-1、6个P-5、7个P-4、7个P-3、5个P-2/1、15个GS(OL)\n 新设 2 方案支助项下2个P-3员额 调动\t5\t1个D-1员额和3个P-4员额从次级方案2(b)调至次级方案2(a) \n 1个GS(OL)从次级方案2(b)调至方案支助 \n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议数\t350\t1个ASG、9个D-2、25个D-1、97个P-5、77个P-4/3、6个P-2/1、19个GS(PL)、42个GS(OL)、74个LL", "关于员额的评论和建议", "新员额", "四.99　秘书长提议在方案支助项下设立两个P-3员额，一个为行政干事，另一个为预算和财务干事(A/66/6(Sect.17)，第17.14段)。拟议员额任职者将提供以前由经济和社会事务部执行办公室在预算编制、规划和报告、财务管理、人力资源管理、采购、信息和通信技术和其他行政事务方面提供的支助。经询问，咨询委员会了解到，妇女署是同时依靠摊款和自愿捐款的一个综合实体，两个请设员额将帮助处理因此产生的复杂的预算、财务、行政和人力资源要求。关于具体行政干事员额，委员会还了解到，其组成实体转给妇女署的经常预算员额没有一个专门负责人力资源管理职能。委员会还了解到，执行两个拟议员额的职能所需能力无法从经济和社会事务部执行办公室转移，因为该办公室目前负责人力资源和财务管理的六个员额已经在为一些部厅的总共559个员额提供方案支助服务。鉴于前述，咨询委员会建议核准设立两个P-3员额。", "调动", "四.100　秘书长还提议以下五个员额调动：", "(a) 从次级方案2(b)(政策和方案活动)调1个D-1性别均等协调人员额、1个P-4人事政策干事员额和2个P-4社会事务干事员额至次级方案2(a)(政府间支助和战略伙伴关系)，以便使主要负责全联合国系统在性别平等主流化和性别均衡问题上的协作和协调的这些员额的职能与相应次级方案的活动相一致(A/66/6(Sect.17)，第17.39段)；", "(b) 从次级方案2(b)(政策和方案活动)调1个一般事务(其他职等)信息技术助理员额至方案支助，以提供与信息技术设备和软件有关的技术支持(同上，第17.48段)。", "咨询委员会不反对这些拟议调动。", "四.101　如表四.8所示，妇女署目前拥有由经常预算供资的45个员额，根据秘书长的介绍，所有这些员额都用于支持政府间进程的职能以及加强支助和业务活动之间的一致性(A/66/6(Sect.17)，第17.13段)。关于妇女署未来的人员编制和确定哪些员额将由经常预算供资、哪些员额将由预算外资源供资的准确标准，咨询委员会回顾，大会在其第65/259号决议中请秘书长具体说明妇女署的活动，包括行政、评价、协调、研究和分析政策等职能，是否支持或可否视为规范性政府间进程；业务性政府间进程和业务活动；或兼而有之。大会还请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中列入因这些信息而产生的必要预算拨款，以确保所需财政资源有适当供资来源，包括高级员额的供资来源。咨询委员会在审议第17款下拟议资源时了解到，秘书长打算在妇女署运作两年后，作为2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算的一部分回应大会的要求。不过，委员会还了解到，急需上文第四.99段提到的两个新员额，其设立不大容易推迟到那个时候。咨询委员会期待审议大会要求提供的信息。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.102　2012-2013两年期所需非员额资源估计数在重计费用前为1 354 400美元，比2010-2011年技术性订正批款1 272 400美元增加了82 000美元，即6.4%。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论", "监测和评价", "四.103　秘书长在其报告第17.18段中指出，按照大会第58/269号决议的规定，为2012-2013两年期监测和评价工作编列资源共计3 735 500美元。咨询委员会注意到，所有这些资源都将来自预算外资金。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价活动问题作出进一步评论。", "出版物", "四.104　秘书长在预算文件表17.3中说明，2012-2013两年期，妇女署计划发行共计23份出版物(18份经常出版物和5份非经常出版物)，而2010-2011两年期期间共发行19份出版物(15份经常出版物和4份非经常出版物)。咨询委员会从提供给委员会的补充资料附件中注意到，这些出版物中有一半不到将以电子形式出版(2期《联合国系统防止和消除暴力侵害妇女行为的活动清单》和8期题为“付诸行动”的通讯)。为尽可能降低成本，确保尽可能广泛地传播其出版物，咨询委员会鼓励妇女署最大限度地使用电子出版技术。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就出版物问题作出进一步评论。", "下调自愿捐款预计数", "四.105　秘书长在其拟议方案预算第17款下指出，2012-2013两年期预算外资源预计数为993 272 200美元，其中986 498 400美元是妇女署支助预算项下所需资源估计数，其余是执行北京宣言和行动纲要信托基金的资源估计数(A/66/6 (Sect.17)，第17.17段)。不过，咨询委员会在审议秘书长的提议时了解到，在与各利益攸关方协商后，基于对过去趋势、2011年已作承付和会员国未来承付意向的分析，2012-2013两年期自愿捐款预计数现在已经下调至约9亿美元。这一调整将反映在2012-2013年支助预算的编制中，该支助预算将提交咨询委员会，供其在妇女署执行局审议前进行审查。", "第五编 区域合作促进发展", "秘书长拟议数\t503 648200美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t513 210900美元\n预算外资源预计数\t140 204800美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "一般性评论和建议", "五.1　秘书长为第五编请批的资源总额在重计费用前为503 648 200美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少9 562 700美元，即1.9%。拟议资源为五个区域委员会、区域委员会纽约办事处和技术合作经常方案已获授权的活动提供经费(见下文第18-23款)。这些资源由发展账户提供补充(见下文第36款)。咨询委员会在第四编(国际合作促进发展)下对与发展有关活动作出评论。", "五.2　秘书长为五个区域委员会(包括区域委员会纽约办事处)请批的资源总额在重计费用前为451 402 000美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少9 562 700美元，即2.1%。", "表五.1 区域合作促进发展：拟议资源", "(千美元)", "款次\t2010-2011年批款\t资源增长 重计费用前共计\n 数额 百分比 \n18. 非洲经济和社会发展^(a)\t123662.5\t(2815.8)\t(2.3)\t120846.7\n19.亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展\t98326.8\t(1523.9)\t(1.5)\t96 802.9\n20. 欧洲经济发展\t65547.1\t(1794.3)\t(2.7)\t63 752.8\n21.拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展\t110129.9\t(2902.9)\t(2.6)\t107227.0\n22. 西亚经济和社会发展\t63298.4\t(525.8)\t(0.8)\t62 772.6\n23. 技术合作经常方案\t52246.2\t—\t—\t52 246.2\n\t513210.9\t(9562.7)\t(1.9)\t503648.2", "^(a) 包括区域委员会纽约办事处。", "五.3　如表五.1所示，各区域委员会拟议资源比当前核定批款有所减少，但咨询委员会注意到，在如何实现这种减少方面存在不同。如第一章所述，秘书长指出，方案主管被授予充分的自由裁量权，可以决定资源的优化组合，同时确保不影响任务执行。只要考察一下第18款(非洲经济和社会发展)和第21款(拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展)(这两个部门的规模和任务都具有可比性)就可以明显看出，各区域委员会采取了不同的办法。虽然这两款下提议减少的数额相似，分别为280万美元和290万美元，但非洲经委会的拟议减少额都在非员额部分，而人员编制没有减少。与此相反，拉加经委会的大部分所需资源减少额是由于提议裁撤12个员额。同样，第20款(欧洲经济发展)下的拟议减少额也主要是通过裁撤7个员额实现的。", "五.4　咨询委员会注意到，秘书长指出，预算中的提议旨在使本组织能够全面执行其任务(A/66/6(Introduction))。不过，在听询过程中，一些方案主管，包括来自各区域委员会的方案主管指出，资源的减少即使不直接影响到任务的执行，也会影响到有关办事处的运作。如在第一章第16段中指出的，咨询委员会期待将采取措施，以减轻任何意想不到的后果，使任务的执行不受到不利影响，并避免对会员国的总体支持水平有任何变化。", "员额", "五.5　表五.2所示为各区域委员会的拟议人员编制的净影响。总体而言，人员编制提议将使四个区域委员会的员额数目减少共计27个。咨询委员会注意到，各区域委员会下一个两年期员额资源的减少是由于拟议裁撤31个员额，但4个拟议新设员额(3个在西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会)(2个D-1和1个P-5)，1个在亚太经社会(D-1))与之部分相抵。", "表五.2 2012-2013两年期各区域委员会的拟议人员编制变化", "专业及以上职类 一般事务及有关职类 共计", "第18A款(非洲经委会) 1 (1) 0", "第19款(亚太经社会) (6) (1) (7)", "第20款(欧洲经委会) (5) (2) (7)", "第21款(拉加经委会) (8) (4) (12)", "第22款(西亚经社会) 3 (4) (1)", "共计 (15) (12) (27)", "五.6　咨询委员会已就拟议方案预算中的员额裁撤作了评论，特别是就各区域委员会拟裁撤员额中专业人员员额所占比例较高的情况作了评论(见第一章，第72至76段)。咨询委员会注意到，在各区域委员会提议裁撤的31个员额中，有12个P-2职等和6个P-3职等员额，这是开放给青年专业人员方案候选人的初始职级员额。正如在第一章第88段中所指出的，咨询委员会对拟议裁减初始职级专业人员员额感到关切，认为其评论与各区域委员会尤其相关。", "五.7　咨询委员会回顾，秘书长在其关于2008-2009两年期与发展有关活动的报告(A/62/708)中提议大幅加强一些预算款次，包括提议为各区域委员会新设87个员额。在审议了他的报告后，大会在其第63/260号决议中核准为各区域委员会新设共60个员额(见表五.3)。如上文第五.5段所述，2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中的提议将导致各区域委员会净减少27个员额，包括裁撤第63/260号决议核准的第20款(欧洲经济发展)2个员额(1个P-4和1个P-3)。咨询委员会在本报告各款中反映了各区域委员会一些方案主管对拟议人员编制减少可能造成的影响的关切，并注意到秘书长关于将全面执行任务的保证(另见第一章，第25段)。", "表五.3 根据第63/260号决议核定的各区域委员会与发展有关活动的员额", "专业及以上职类 一般事务及有关职类 共计", "第18A款(非洲经委会) 6 13 19", "第19款(亚太经社会) 9 2 11", "第20款(欧洲经委会) 4 — 4", "第21款(拉加经委会) 18 2 20", "第22款(西亚经社会) 5 1 6", "共计 42 18 60", "五.8　经询问，咨询委员会了解到各区域委员会截至2011年5月31日各类人员的空缺情况，详见表五.4。咨询委员会注意到，四个区域委员会专业人员员额目前的空缺率，特别是非洲经委会的空缺率(20.2%)，明显高于本组织的总体平均空缺率(6.0%)。虽然一般事务及有关员额空缺率普遍低于本组织的平均数5.5%，但是非洲经委会的空缺率14%要比本组织高出很多。咨询委员会在上文第一章第90段中对一些部门的持续高空缺率表示关切。咨询委员会还重申，应当持续审查是否还继续需要长期空缺的员额，特别是在向大会提出拟设新员额之前。委员会仍然对各区域委员会专业人员员额的持续高空缺率感到关切。", "表五.4 截至2011年5月31日各区域委员空缺率", "专业及以上职类 一般事务及有关职类 共计", "第18A款(非洲经委会) 20.2 14.0 16.6", "第19款(亚太经社会) 10.9 1.6 5.7", "第20款(欧洲经委会) 7.2 2.7 5.5", "第21款(拉加经委会) 4.6 1.1 2.6", "第22款(西亚经社会) 9.6 2.1 5.4", "非员额资源", "五.9　秘书长提议为第五编2012-2013两年期提供非员额资源129 749 800美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少4 560 600美元，即3.4%。", "五.10　对于五个区域委员会，包括区域委员会纽约办事处，秘书长提议2012-2013两年期非员额资源77 503 600美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少4 560 600美元，即5.6%。咨询委员会注意到，第23款(技术合作经常方案)下2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源没有减少。本节结尾表五.8按支出用途汇总为各区域委员会请批的资源。各区域委员会的所需非员额资源减少，主要是由于下列项下所需资源减少：其他一般业务费用(1 840 800美元)，原因是几个区域委员会的租金费用下降；用品和材料(1 384 500美元)；家具和设备(1 766 200美元)，原因是一些区域委员会推迟更换家具和办公自动化设备。咨询委员会注意到所提议的非员额资源总体有所减少，并欢迎特别是通过延迟更换办公自动化设备所实现的所需经费减少。不过，咨询委员会认为，留用期内应不断进行审查，以确保不发生新增费用，例如，因较高的维护成本而产生的费用。", "五.11　咨询委员会注意到，在有关区域委员会的各款下，提议增加一些支出用途下的资源，包括：咨询人(66 400美元)；工作人员公务差旅(271 300美元)；订约承办事务(79 100美元)。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就差旅问题作了评论。鉴于秘书长要求控制预算，咨询委员会本期待区域委员会的公务差旅所需资源会有所减少。咨询委员会期望将最大限度地使用各委员会次区域办事处的工作人员，以便减少差旅需要，或者在需要一名高级代表进行差旅时，提供必要的支持，从而尽可能减少随行工作人员的差旅需要。此外，咨询委员会还注意到，在技术合作经常方案下，工作人员公务差旅拟议资源增加1 735 900美元，即36.1%。", "监测和评价", "五.12　按照大会第58/269号决议第20段的规定，在各区域委员会的预算款次下提供了关于将专门用于2012-2013两年期监测和评价活动的所需资源估计数的信息。表五.5汇总了这一信息。", "表五.5 各区域委员会监测和评价活动所需资源估计数", "(千美元)", "预算款次 经常预算 预算外 共计", "18. 非洲经济和社会发展 2 536.3 714.0 3 250.3", "19. 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 3 616.8 430.2 4 047.0", "20. 欧洲经济发展 822.0 6.0 828.0", "21. 718.4 212.5 930.9 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展", "22. 西亚经济和社会发展 663.0 148.4 811.4", "共计 8 356.5 1 511.1 9 867.6", "五.13　咨询委员会注意到，用于各区域委员会监测和评价活动的所有资金来源的经费990万美元占整个拟议方案预算为这类活动编列的5 730万美元经费总额的17.2%。鉴于经常性监测和评价方案活动的重要性，咨询委员会欢迎各区域委员会重点关注这一领域。", "五.14　不过，咨询委员会注意到，各区域委员会分配给监测和评价工作的资源水平差异显著。例如，尽管拉加经委会的拟议资源总额超过亚太经社会的拟议资源总额，但是后一区域委员会投入监测和评价活动的资源四倍于前者。", "五.15　咨询委员会注意到，就所有区域委员会而言，预算文件中没有提供关于迄今为止已开展的监测和评价活动或2012-2013两年期计划开展的监测和评价活动的信息。咨询委员会在第一章中对整个拟议方案预算提供监测和评价活动信息的情况表示关切。咨询委员会期望各区域委员会2014-2015两年期拟议预算将列入关于已完成和计划中的监测和评价活动的信息。", "各区域委员会的协调与合作", "五.16　咨询委员会回顾，大会在其第63/260号决议中鼓励秘书长加强对联合国发展系统的协调，以期确保在执行其社会、经济和发展任务的努力中提高协同作用、成效、效率和一致性，并请他在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中报告决议的执行情况。大会还请秘书长报告和在各区域委员会之间分享在加强非洲经委会次区域办事处以及亚太经社会和欧洲经委会建立新的次区域办事处方面的经验教训，并交流在应对全球经济危机和气候变化等新出现的问题方面的最佳做法。咨询委员会注意到，两个区域委员会在实施所属次区域的联合活动过程中采取了多项措施。咨询委员会鼓励这些努力，并建议大会请秘书长确保各区域委员会深化其相互合作，并与联合国驻地协调员以及酌情与维持和平特派团协调它们的活动。", "行政支助", "五.17　经询问，咨询委员会收到了关于各区域委员会提供行政服务的费用和工作方案的费用与2012-2013两年期总预算相比的信息，详见表五.6。行政服务(包括方案支助、决策机构及行政领导和管理)费用占区域委员会总预算的比例将从2010-2011两年期的45.6%增加到2012-2013两年期的46.7%。咨询委员会注意到，增加的主要原因是行政支助费用，包括联合国日内瓦办事处为欧洲经委会提供的行政支助的估计费用，这笔费用从2010-2011两年期第20款下费用的46.7%增加到52.4%。咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013年向欧洲经委会提供会议服务的费用估计数将达27 171 300美元，较2010-2011两年期的19 386 000美元增加40.2%。咨询委员会回顾，它曾鼓励各区域委员会继续努力，以通过为工作方案中的实务活动增拨资源改善方案支助费用与工作方案费用之间的比率。由于拟议方案预算中联合国日内瓦办事处提供给欧洲经委会的服务的费用显著增加，咨询委员会认为，应对这些服务费用进行进一步分析。", "表五.6 行政支助费用和工作方案费用在(经常预算)资源总额中的比率", "(千美元)", "区域委员会 非洲经委会 亚太经社会 欧洲经委会 拉加经委会 西亚经社会 共计 纽约办事处", "构成部分 18B 18A 19 20 21 22", "A. 决策机构 — 633.20 1 034.70 — 1 288.80 145.00 3 101.70", "B. 行政领导和管理 — 10 981.70 5 927.40 8 056.50 6 300.40 4 018.10 35 284.10", "C. 工作方案 — 68 815.40 51 310.70 49 073.30 59 848.50 32 253.90 261 301.80", "D. 方案支助 1 895.60 38 520.80 38 530.10 6 623.00 39 789.30 26 355.60 151 714.40", "小计 1 895.60 118 951.10 96 802.90 63 752.80 107 227.00 62 772.60 451 402.00", "E. 39 280.8^(a) 39 280.8 其他办事处提供的方案支助", "共计^(b) 103 033.6 490 682.8", "行政支助(百分比)", "2010-2011 43.4 47.1 46.7 43.6 47.9 45.6", "2012-2013 — 42.2 47 52.4 44 48.6 46.7", "工作方案(百分比)", "2010-2011 56.6 52.9 53.3 56.4 52.1 54.4", "2012-2013 — 57.8 53 47.6 56 51.4 53.3", "^(a) 联合国日内瓦办事处提供的方案支助，包括：第28E款(行政，日内瓦)下用于行政和一般事务的10 823 700美元；第28 E款下用于图书馆事务的1 285 600美元；第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)下的27 171 500美元。", "^(b) 构成部分A、B、D和E。", "预算外资源", "五.18　表五.7开列区域委员会在预算外资源下2008-2009两年期的支出以及2010-2011两年期和2012-2013两年期的估计数。咨询委员会注意到，各区域委员会之间的预算外资源增长趋势不均衡，欧洲经委会和西亚经社会的预算外资源预计将会下降。鉴于预算外资源在补充经常预算对各项活动的供资方面的重要作用，咨询委员会鼓励各区域委员会加紧努力，筹措预算外资源。", "表五.7 各区域委员会的预算外资源", "(千美元)", "2008-2009年实数 2010-2011年估计数 2012-2013年预计数", "第18A款(非洲经委会) 21 525.3 36 002.8 44 773.6", "第19款(亚太经社会) 27 196.8 30 218.2 32 619.0", "第20款(欧洲经委会) 25 651.5 31 736.4 25 012.7", "第21款(拉加经委会) 28 627.0 29 500.0 30 000.0", "第22款(西亚经社会)^(a) 5 437.7 9 588.6 7 799.5", "共计 108 438.3 137 046.0 140 204.8", "^(a) 在咨询委员会审议第22款(西亚经济和社会发展)时提供给咨询委员会的2010-2011和2012-2013两年期订正预计数。", "表五.8 各区域委员会2010-2011和2012-2013两年期按支出用途分列的资源比较", "(千美元)", "第18A款(非洲经委会) 第18B款 第19款 第20款 第21款 第22款 共计 差额 (区域委员会纽约办事处) (亚太经社会) (欧洲经委会) (拉加经委会) (西亚经社会)\n 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013 2010-2011 2012-2013", "员额 86 041.3 86 124.6 1 784.2 1 784.2 85 304.1 83 677.9 61 076.1 59 488.0 91 891.9 89 762.7 52 802.9 53 061.0 378 900.5 373 898.4 (5 002.1)", "其他工作人员费用 3 428.2 3 445.0 17.8 17.8 1 670.5 1 650.1 250.9 250.9 2 235.7 2 263.6 985.8 973.4 8 588.9 8 600.8 11.9", "咨询人 1 211.0 1 296.7 394.7 440.0 366.3 329.6 723.5 729.5 685.3 651.4 3 380.8 3 447.2 66.4", "专家 2 962.2 2 989.5 563.8 505.3 29.5 29.5 705.1 746.1 1 052.3 1 054.2 5 312.9 5 324.6 11.7", "工作人员差旅费 2 539.3 2 724.3 35.1 35.1 1 430.7 1 460.9 963.3 963.3 1 789.7 1 817.6 615.3 643.5 7 373.4 7 644.7 271.3", "订约承办事务 4 570.6 4 415.7 24.4 24.4 930.4 955.3 652.5 611.3 1 720.1 1 802.1 1 250.5 1 418.8 9 148.5 9 227.6 79.1", "一般业务费用 8 784.9 7 725.3 13.1 13.1 5 374.3 5 338.0 66.9 61.9 8 013.4 7 506.4 3 583.4 3 350.5 25 836.0 23 995.2 (1 840.8)", "招待费 34.8 34.8 1.5 1.5 35.1 35.1 23.0 23.0 33.9 30.7 24.8 24.8 153.1 149.9 (3.2)", "用品和材料 4 162.4 2 981.0 4.9 4.9 927.1 1 033.9 253.9 180.6 1 301.9 1 287.2 885.6 663.7 7 535.8 6 151.3 (1 384.5)", "家具和设备 6 512.2 5 675.5 14.6 14.6 1 689.8 1 700.1 518.3 468.3 1 714.7 1 281.1 1 002.8 546.6 11 452.4 9 686.2 (1 766.2)", "赠款和捐款 1 520.0 1 538.7 6.3 6.3 1 346.4 1 346.4 — — 409.7 384.7 3 282.4 3 276.1 (6.3)", "共计 121 766.9 118 951.1 1 895.6 1 895.6 98 326.8 96 802.9 65 547.1 63 752.8 110 129.9 107 227.0 63 298.4 62 772.6 460 964.7 451 402.0 (9 562.7)", "第18款 非洲经济和社会发展", "第18A款 区域委员会", "秘书长拟议数\t118 951100美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 121 766 900美元\n 预算外资源预计数 44 773 600美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "五.19　秘书长为2012-2013两年期第18A款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为118 951 100美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少2 815 800美元，即2.3%(A/66/6(Sect.18)，第18A.14段)。请批资源由技术合作经常方案和发展账户项下资源提供补充(另见下文第23款和第36款)。", "五.20　表五.9汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长所提2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还列示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表五.9 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 553 1个USG、1个D-2、15个D-1、42个P-5、71个P-4、75个P-3、29个P-2/1、304个LL、2个FS、13个NO", "2012-2013年拟议数 553 1个USG、1个D-2、15个D-1、42个P-5、72个P-4、75个P-3、29个P-2/1、303个LL、1个FS、14个NO", "改叙 2 方案支助下1个FS改叙为P-4，1个LL改叙为NO", "调动 22 1个P-5和3个P-3从次级方案10调至次级方案1", "1个P-4和1个LL从次级方案5调至次级方案1", "1个P-5、2个P-3、1个P-2和1个LL从次级方案1调至次级方案5", "1个P-5和1个LL从次级方案4调至次级方案9", "1个P-4从次级方案7(a)调至方案支助", "1个P-4从次级方案4调至方案支助", "2个P-4、1个NO和4个LL从行政领导和管理调至方案支助", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 114 2 D-1、5 P-5、9 P-4、11 P-3、2 P-2/1、83 LL、2 NO", "关于员额的评论和建议", "五.21　秘书长提议2012-2013两年期经常方案预算项下续设553个员额。未请求在2012-2013两年期为非洲经委会增设员额。", "改叙", "五.22　提议在方案支助项下，将一个外勤事务员额改叙为P-4职等。该员额任职者将领导电信事务股，负责规划和指导主要的电信项目，确保与其他联合国机构开展有效协调，与外部服务提供商联络，并提出妥善的连接方案。此外，提议将一个当地雇员员额改叙为本国干事职等设施管理干事，负责非洲经委会设施管理方面的技术文件、设计准备和行政支持，并为照明、供暖、通风和空调系统以及建筑相关安装提供所需价值评估工程(同上，第18A.117段)。咨询委员会不反对拟议改叙。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "五.23　秘书长提议的2012-2013两年期非员额资源为32 826 500美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少2 899 100美元，即8.1%。减少额是一些项目下所需资源增加和另一些项目下所需资源减少这两方面的轧差额。所需资源增加的项目包括：其他工作人员费用(16 800美元)，咨询人(85 700美元)，专家(27 300美元)，工作人员公务差旅(185 000美元)。所需资源减少的项目包括：订约承办事务(154 900美元)，特别是专业服务和语文训练服务；一般业务费用(1 059 600美元)，主要原因是公用事业费用减少1 086 500美元；用品和材料(1 181 400美元)，这是根据以往期间的消耗情况得出的数字；家具和设备(836 700美元)，主要原因是延迟更换家具和设备(670 000美元)和办公自动化设备(763 800美元)，但软件包项下的所需资源增加额(338 700美元)与之部分相抵。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "出版物", "五.24　秘书长指出，在各次级方案下对作为工作方案一部分的出版物进行了深入审查，预计2012-2013两年期将共发行107份经常性和非经常性出版物，而2010-2011两年期共有102份出版物(同上，表18A.3)。咨询委员会了解到，这些出版物将以英文和法文制作。咨询委员会鼓励该委员会考虑在资源允许的情况下，以该地区其他语文发行其出版物，只要这有可能增加这些出版物的影响。", "监测和评价", "五.25　秘书长指出，根据大会第58/269号决议，为开展监测和评价所确定的资源估计数为3 250 300美元，包括来自经常预算的2 536 300美元，相当于该委员会2012-2013年拟议资源总额的2.1%。咨询委员会关于秘书长与五个区域委员会的监测和评价有关的提议的评论和建议载于上文第五.12至第五.15段。咨询委员会注意到非洲经委会专门用于监测和评价活动的大量资源。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作了进一步评论。咨询委员会欢迎该委员会继续将工作重点放在这一重要职能上，但同时指出，拟议方案预算并没有提供足够信息，说明迄今为止在非洲经委会开展的监测和评价活动的成果或是将使用这些资源的2012-2013年评价计划。咨询委员会期待2014-2015年拟议方案预算将包含这些信息。", "业务连续性", "五.26　咨询委员会回顾第64/243号决议，其中大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出提议，并充分说明理由。在这方面，委员会注意到，非洲经委会的拟议方案预算中提议编列与业务连续性管理直接有关的预算共计1 109 200美元。咨询委员会在上文第一章中就业务连续性问题作了进一步评论。", "支助非洲发展新伙伴关系和加强次区域办事处", "五.27　咨询委员会回顾其建议，即应在今后的方案执行情况报告和预算报告中明确确定和报告第11款(联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系))和第18A款(非洲经济和社会发展)之间有哪些互补领域(A/64/7，第五.27段)。秘书长表示，已就这方面在一些领域采取了措施(A/66/6(Sect.18)，第18A.6段)。秘书长还指出，将通过非洲经委会召集的联合国系统机构区域协商会议，加强在非洲工作的这些机构之间的机构间协调与协作，以支持新伙伴关系的优先事项(同上，第18A.8段)。", "五.28　咨询委员会还回顾，它曾建议在2008-2009两年期执行加强非洲经委会次区域办事处的措施之后，在2012-2013两年期预算报告中对加强次区域办事处的有效性作出评估(A/64/7，第五.26段)。秘书长指出，2010年1月对五个次区域办事处进行的独立外部评价的结果证实，2006年启动的加强次区域办事处的措施基本上取得了成功(A/66/6(Sect.18)，表18A.40)。经询问，咨询委员会了解到，独立外部评价是由咨询人进行的，外部评价的建议已由委员会在其第874(XLIII)号决议中认可。咨询委员会欢迎在这项工作中取得的进展，并要求在这方面开展持续影响评估，并在今后的预算报告中报告有关情况(另见下文第五.29和五.30段)。", "委员会重新定位的后续工作", "五.29　秘书长指出，非洲经委会在实现2006年开始的重新定位工作的目标方面继续取得进展，这项工作已加以微调，合并了相关工作领域，并提高各单位之间的协同效应、一致性和互补性(同上，第18A.6段)。尤其是，非洲经委会各个次区域办事处得到加强，与在非洲开展工作的其他主要发展组织之间的伙伴关系得到改进，尤其是与非洲联盟委员会、非洲开发银行和主要的区域经济共同体之间的伙伴关系得到改进。", "五.30　秘书长表示，改革方案的实施已近5年，通过各种审查和评估得出的经验教训，查明了继续妨碍非洲经委会充分发挥其作为非洲领头发展组织的潜力的若干因素，包括：分析与业务活动之间的衔接不足；在交付龙头产出方面开展的内部协作不足；非洲经委会现有的技能组合和广泛经验未得到最佳利用(同上，第18A.10段)。咨询委员会认为，秘书长强调的因素是非洲经委会内部问题，全面解决这些问题属于其管理层的权限。咨询委员会期待在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中提供所采取的补救措施的信息。", "人员征聘和配置", "五.31　咨询委员会了解到，截至2011年5月31日，非洲经委会有48个专业人员员额和45个一般事务员额空缺，空缺率为专业工作人员20.2%和一般事务人员14%。经询问，委员会了解到，正在加紧努力，以降低空缺率，并且有一些员额的征聘工作已经到了最后阶段。因此，委员会还了解到，预计在今后几个月中，空缺率将显著降低。", "五.32　尽管得到了保证，但是咨询委员会仍然对非洲经委会的空缺率居高不下感到关切。非洲经委会目前的空缺率显著高于咨询委员会审议2010-2011两年期方案预算时的空缺率。咨询委员会要求该委员会在人力资源管理厅的支持下，认真处理高空缺率的根源问题，以确保制订可持续战略。咨询委员会关于对长期空缺员额的持续需要的评论和建议载于第一章第92段，委员会认为这些评论和建议也与非洲经委会的情况相关。咨询委员会还要求在大会审议秘书长的2012-2013年拟议方案预算时向大会提供关于现有空缺情况和所采取的补救措施的最新信息。", "预算外资源", "五.33　秘书长指出，在2012-2013两年期，预算外资源预计数44 773 600美元大多将根据非洲经委会与非洲发展方面的全球和区域机构和组织签订的双边协议来筹集。咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期，由预算外资源供资的员额数为114个，与2010-2011两年期同类员额数相比减少了15个(A/66/6(Sect.18)，表18A.6)。2012-2013两年期的预算外资源预计数比2010-2011两年期预算外资源增加了8 770 800美元(同上，第18A.16段)。咨询委员会欢迎加大努力筹集预算外资金。", "第18B款 区域委员会纽约办事处", "秘书长拟议数\t1 895600美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 1 895 600美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "五.34 秘书长为第18B款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为1 895 600美元，与2010-2011两年期资源数额相同(A/66/6，表18B.2)。", "五.35 表五.10汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013年拟议经常预算员额。", "表五.10 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 6 1个D-1、1个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3、2个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 6 1个D-1、1个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3、2个GS(OL)", "五.36 咨询委员会建议批准秘书长关于2012-2013两年期区域委员会纽约办事处的提议。", "一般性评论", "成果预算", "五.37 咨询委员会注意到，秘书长提出了2012-2013两年期第18B款(区域委员会纽约办事处)的成果预算框架。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，2008-2009和2010-2011两年期绩效指标下的业绩计量相关数据一直由区域委员会纽约办事处维护，尽管在以前的方案预算中没有正式列报。咨询委员会欢迎2012-2013两年期第18B款(区域委员会纽约办事处)采用成果预算框架，这将向大会提供计量业绩的基准。", "第19款 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展", "秘书长拟议数\t96 802900美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 98 326 800美元\n 预算外资源预计数 32 619 000美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "五.38 秘书长为第19款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为96 802 900美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少1 523 900美元，即1.5%(见A/66/6(Sect.19)，表19.5)。所需资源得到技术合作经常方案资源和发展账户资源的补充(另见下文第23和36款)。此外，还将利用估计为32 619 000美元的预算外资源。", "五.39 表五.11汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013年经常预算员额。", "表五.11 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 440 1个USG、1个D-2、13个D-1、36个P-5、57个P-4、50个P-3、35个P-2/1、244个LL、3个NO", "2012-2013年拟议数 433 1个USG、1个D-2、14个D-1、36个P-5、57个P-4、45个P-3、33个P-2/1、244个LL、2个NO", "新设 1 次级方案8的1个D-1", "裁撤 8 5个P-3、2个P-2、1个NO", "调动 3 1个P-3，从方案支助调到行政领导和管理", "1个P-3，从次级方案5调到次级方案1", "1个 LL，从方案支助调到次级方案8", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 103 2个D-1、3个P-5、14个P-4、14个P-3、3个P-2/1、66个LL、1个NO", "关于员额的评论和建议", "五.40 咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期在经常预算项下共拟设433个员额，与2010-2011年相比，净减了7个员额。如下文各段进一步所释，秘书长的提议包括设立一个D-1职等的新员额和裁撤8个员额(5个P-3、2个P-2和1个本国干事)。", "新员额", "五.41 秘书长提议为哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图北亚和中亚次区域办事处设立一个D-1职等的办事处主任员额，以加强这一办事处，将其作为次区域合作和国际项目协调的重要机制；确保全面支持关于新设立的亚太经社会东亚和东北亚、北亚和中亚、南亚和西南亚各次区域办事处的政府间特别会议确定的优先领域(A/66/6(Sect.19)，第19.92段)。", "五.42 经询问，咨询委员会获悉，亚太经社会2010年5月第六十六届会议注意到北亚和中亚次区域办事处工作量繁重，还注意到该办事处负责的次区域合作领域，指出各次区域办事处的人员编制须保持一致，以平衡工作量。咨询委员会还获悉，亚太经社会第66/13号决议请亚太经社会执行秘书加强和支持实施中亚经济体特别方案；实施《阿拉木图行动纲领》；协助内陆国家和过境国家促进过境运输的互惠安排；加强北亚和中亚次区域办事处作为次区域合作和协调国际项目重要机制的作用和能力。咨询委员会进一步获悉，中亚经济体特别方案是亚太经社会和欧洲经委会的合作方案，项目工作组侧重的领域是运输和过境、水和能源资源、信息和通信技术促进发展、统计、贸易以及性别平等和经济。", "五.43 咨询委员会不反对秘书长关于增设一个D-1员额的提议。委员会希望，增设这样一个员额将加强亚太经社会和欧洲经委会根据中亚经济体特别方案共同实施的协同发展活动。", "裁撤员额", "五.44 秘书长提出裁撤方案支助项下的8个员额，具体如下：", "(a) 会议和文件处5个P-3笔译/口译员(2个法文、2个俄文和1个中文)(同上，第19.107段)；", "(b) 会议和文件处1个P-2协理图书馆管理员(同上)；", "(c) 方案管理司1个P-2协理方案管理干事(同上)；", "(d) 礼宾处中央支助事务科1个本国干事(同上)。", "五.45 经询问，咨询委员会获悉，拟议裁撤员额是审查了各种方案后的结果，以执行秘书长提出的2012-2013年预算比预算大纲核定数额少3%的要求。委员会还获悉，员额裁撤限于方案支助领域，以免减少亚太经社会的工作方案资源。", "五.46 咨询委员会注意到，拟裁撤员额包括会议管理和文件处5个P-3笔译/口译员员额。经询问，委员会获悉，拟裁撤员额将使现有17个语文工作员额减少30%，这将造成以下负面影响：", "(a) 为立法机构和政府间机构翻译的文件数量减少约30%，或者是取消对其中一些机构的此类服务，以便使亚太经社会和八个亚太经社会委员会等主要机构能够满负荷运作；", "(b) 亚太经社会可能无法翻译非立法文件或者为不是必须提供翻译的专家组会议提供翻译服务；", "(c) 作为本单位审校的各语文单位负责人将必须多做翻译、减少审校，或者让所有工作人员自译自审。", "五.47 咨询委员会注意到，拟裁撤员额对亚太经社会提供笔译和口译服务的能力产生不利影响，而这些服务对政府间机构的运作至关重要。与此同时，委员会注意到，拟议预算没有反映出任何补救措施，如为一般临时人员编列经费，以帮助弥补预期减少的笔译和口译能力。虽然咨询委员会不反对裁撤员额的提议，但建议大会请秘书长采取适当措施，以减轻负面影响，并在2012-2013两年期执行情况报告中报告有关情况，同时考虑到大会关于使用多种语文的有关决议。", "征聘和人员配置", "五.48 咨询委员会在审议秘书长的提议期间得到的信息显示，截至2011年5月31日，亚太经社会有25个空缺员额。经询问，委员会获悉，正在尽一切努力填补员额，且若干员额的征聘正在进展中。在这方面，委员会还获悉，已填补了其中6个员额，正在评估其他8个员额的候选人。委员会进一步获悉，正在审查国家竞争性征聘考试名册，以物色四个空缺P-2员额的候选人。咨询委员会强调，应及时填补空缺员额。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "五.49 秘书长提议的2012-2013两年期非员额资源为13 125 000美元，与2010-2011年相比，增加102 300美元，即0.8%。所需资源增加主要是由于为业务连续性编列经费，其中用品和材料项下106 800美元，咨询人项下45 300美元，增加额由专家组会议所需资源的减少额(58 500美元)部分抵消。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "业务连续性", "五.50 咨询委员会回顾大会第64/243号决议，其中大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出提议，并充分说明理由。在这方面，委员会注意到，亚太经社会拟议方案预算所载提议总额为541 700美元，直接关系到业务连续性管理。委员会在上文第一章就业务连续性问题进一步作出评论。", "次区域办事处", "五.51 经询问，咨询委员会得到了亚太经社会次区域办事处的工作概览。委员会获悉，亚太经社会副执行秘书全面协调次区域办事处的工作，次区域办事处的任务是加强亚太经社会在次区域一级的存在和战略地位，改善方案的针对性和交付情况，解决次区域成员国的具体主要优先事项。委员会还获悉，办事处提供了一个重要的地域平台，可加强次区域在经济和社会发展重大问题上的合作，确保反映次区域的需求和观点，促进扩大亚洲及太平洋的区域合作。委员会又了解到，次区域办事处的工作包括通过技术合作支持能力发展，其中包括亚太经社会成员国之间的南南合作和三角发展合作。", "五.52 在这方面，咨询委员会回顾，在审议秘书长关于与发展有关活动的报告(A/62/708)后，大会于2009年在第63/260号决议中批准了亚太经社会11个新员额。经询问，委员会得到了关于这11个员额影响亚太经社会方案交付情况的信息。根据所提供的信息，4个员额用于在2011年设立新的南亚和西南亚次区域办事处；3个员额用于设立现已全面投入运作的东亚和东北亚次区域办事处；2个员额用于在2011年后半年设立新的北亚和中亚次区域办事处；2个员额用于加强现有的太平洋次区域办事处-太平洋活动中心。委员会进一步获悉，全面运作的东亚和东北亚次区域办事处对以下方面有重大影响：", "(a) 亚太经社会与次区域成员国的关系，增强彼此的互动与协商；", "(b) 亚太经社会的研究和分析能力；亚太经社会有机会加强与民间社会、次区域组织和学术研究机构等主要利益攸关方的协作，通过协作最终确定了亚太经社会实务工作方案的新重点领域，其侧重点是次区域特有的挑战。", "五.53 至于次区域办事处的东道国安排情况，咨询委员会获悉，预计将在2011年8月完成亚太经社会和大韩民国政府关于东亚和东北亚次区域办事处的《东道国协定》以及《行政和财政协定》。委员会得知，仁川市将提供免租金的办公空间，并且东道国政府将提供年度捐款为业务和方案费用提供资助，为期四年。委员会还获悉，亚太经社会和哈萨克斯坦政府关于北亚和中亚次区域办事处的《东道国协定》于2011年5月签署，《行政和财政协定》预计将在2011年7月敲定。委员会得知，东道国政府将提供免租金的办公空间，提供一次性的捐助用于开办费用，还每年捐款用于运营费用。关于南亚和西南亚次区域办事处，咨询委员会获悉，亚太经社会和印度政府之间的《东道国协定》预计将在2011年7月签署，而有关《行政和财政协定》的协商在委员会审议秘书长的拟议方案预算时还在进展中。东道国政府已认捐一次性的开办费用捐款和用于运营费用的年度捐款。根据秘书长代表提供的情况，太平洋次区域办事处是已经设立的一个亚太经社会办事处，已经签署了《东道国协定》以及《行政和财政协定》。委员会欢迎在设立新的次区域办事处和加强现有次区域办事处方面取得的进展，并对东道国政府提供货币和实物捐助以及作出认捐表示欢迎。委员会重申其先前的意见(A/64/7，第五.14段)，即通过新设办事处取得的经验应在各区域委员会之间分享。", "妇女地位", "五.54 经询问，咨询委员会得到了关于亚洲及太平洋区域妇女所处地位和面临的挑战的资料。这些资料表明，有偏见的宏观经济和体制结构、歧视性法律和习俗及社会态度等因素造成了大多数绝对贫穷人口是妇女的情况。委员会获悉，妇女特别容易遭受剥削、歧视和暴力，所有这些都加剧了妇女所经受的艰辛。除其他问题外，委员会还了解到，实现消除贫穷和饥饿的千年发展目标与促进性别平等和赋予妇女权力是相互依存的。", "五.55 委员会还获悉，亚太经社会作为有关性别平等和妇女赋权的亚太区域协调机制专题工作组的联合主席，在协调联合国系统有关性别平等和妇女赋权的工作方面继续发挥主导作用。亚太经社会指出，它基于多学科侧重点，制订了工作方案，旨在通过把区域和次区域活动相结合加强国家妇女机构的能力，以及建设国家生成性别统计数据和可靠数据的能力。此外，委员会获悉，亚太经社会正在促进把性别平等问题纳入所有实务次级方案的主流。", "五.56 咨询委员会欢迎亚太经社会为应对区域妇女面临的挑战所作的努力，强调在这方面须与妇女署密切合作。", "第20款 欧洲经济发展", "秘书长拟议数\t63 752800美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 65 547 100美元\n 预算外资源预计数 25 012 700美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "五.57 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第20款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为63 752 800美元，与2010-2011年相比减少1 794 300美元，即2.7%。所需资源得到技术合作经常方案资源和发展账户资源的补充(另见下文第23和36款)。秘书长指出，2012-2013两年期间，联合国日内瓦办事处提供给欧洲经济委员会用于总务、行政、会议和图书馆服务的资源估计数为39 280 800美元(见A/66/6(Sect.20)，表20.7)。此外，估计数为25 012 700美元的预算外资源将对经常预算资源做出补充(另见下文第五.66段)。", "五.58 咨询委员会获悉，鉴于秘书长提出减少资源，一些欧洲经委会成员国认为，鉴于目前国家一级的预算吃紧，削减资源无可非议，还有一些成员国则对削减资源表示关切。咨询委员会还获悉，2011-2012两年期间，欧洲经委会将彻底审查其优先事项和战略方向，审查结果将于2013年提交给欧洲经委会最后批准，并将用于编制下一个两年期预算周期。", "五.59 表五.12汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013年经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表五.12 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 200 1个USG、1个D-2、9个D-1、23个P-5、34个P-4、36个P-3、21个P-2/1、6个GS (PL)、69个GS (OL)", "2012-2013年拟议数 193 1个USG、1个D-2、9个D-1、23个P-5、33个P-4、35个P-3、18个P-2/1、6个GS (PL)、67个GS (OL)", "裁撤 7 1个P-4、1个P-3、3个P-2和2个GS(OL)", "调动 6 1个D-1、1个P-3和2个GS(OL)，从方案支助调到行政领导和管理", "1个P-3，从方案支助调到次级方案1", "1个P-2，从方案支助调到次级方案2", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 21 7个P-4、6个P-3、3个P-2/P-1和5个GS (OL)", "关于员额的评论和建议", "五.60 秘书长提议2012-2013两年期在经常方案预算下续设193个员额，裁撤7个员额，这使所需员额资源减少1 588 100美元。这7个员额包括行政领导和管理项下的一个P-4员额，在审查执行秘书办公室的结构后确定裁撤；方案支助项下的一个P-3员额，该员额已在2010-2011两年期内调到次级方案1(环境)，分配给新的亚太经社会驻哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图北亚和中亚次区域办事处的欧洲经委会-亚太经社会中亚经济体特别方案联合办公室；次级方案1(环境)下的1个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案2(运输)下的1个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案3(统计)下的2个一般事务(其他职等)员额；次级方案6(贸易)下的1个P-2员额(A/66/6(Sect.20)，第20.15段)。", "五.61 咨询委员会注意到，根据大会关于与发展有关活动的第63/260号决议，欧洲经委会总共得到4个员额(2个P-4，2个P-3)。秘书长指出，这些员额使欧洲经委会能够加强支持经济转型国家，尤其是低收入和内陆国家，助其努力实现千年发展目标等国际商定发展目标，并确保欧洲经委会次级方案的规范和业务工作具有更大的协同增效作用和一致性(同上，第20.12段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，2012-2013两年期拟裁撤员额中的2个员额属于第63/260号决议批准欧洲经委会设立的员额；这两个员额是行政领导和管理项下的发展政策和跨部门协调股1个P-4员额和分配给亚太经社会北亚和中亚次区域办事处的P-3员额。咨询委员会还获悉，行政领导和管理项下的P-4员额的职能将由分配给该股的其余专业员额承担(1个D-1和2个P-5)，分配给亚太经社会北亚和中亚次区域办事处的P-3员额的职能将由技术合作经常方案项下供资的区域顾问履行，同时借助与其他国际组织和区域组织以及在阿拉木图有派驻人员的捐助方建立的伙伴关系。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，2012-2013两年期拟裁撤的7个员额中，有4个员额目前空缺。考虑到秘书长保证不会对任务实施有负面影响，咨询委员会不反对秘书长有关员额的提议，并建议大会不断审查这个问题。", "征聘和人员配置", "五.62 咨询委员会回顾其以往关于欧洲经委会征聘工作的意见，其中，委员会鼓励欧洲经委会作出更大努力，改进及时征聘和安排工作人员的目标(A/64/7，第五.49段)。秘书长在报告中指出，2010年，欧洲经委会审查了征聘和安排过程中的所有步骤，包括涉及联合国日内瓦办事处人力资源管理处的步骤，以便找出现有的瓶颈和问题领域，并审查了执行办公室的结构。由于开展的这些审查，欧洲经委会重组了执行办公室与人力资源相关的方面，并在2012-2013两年期拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.20)，表20.28)中提出若干相关调动。咨询委员会确认，联合国日内瓦办事处人力资源管理处向欧洲经委会提供了支助，以进一步培训征聘主管，解决在征聘和职位安排方面发现的问题。", "空缺率", "五.63 咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年5月31日，欧洲经委会的空缺率在专业职类是7.2%，一般事务职类为2.7%。咨询委员会关于秘书长有关五个区域委员会征聘工作的提议的评论和建议载于上文第五.8段。咨询委员会相信，欧洲经委会采取的内部措施将促进征聘过程。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "五.64 秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期非员额资源为4 264 800美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少206 200美元，主要是由于以下各项所需资源有所减少：咨询人(36 700美元)；订约承办事务(41 200美元)；一般业务费用(5 000美元)；用品和材料(73 300美元)；家具和设备(50 000美元)，原因是严格审查了信息技术设备的更换情况。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的非员额资源提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "监测和评价", "五.65 秘书长指出，根据大会第58/269号决议，确定2012-2013两年期用于开展监测和评价的资源将达到828 000美元(同上，第20.17段)。秘书长还指出，重组秘书处以及随后于2011年1月在执行秘书办公室内设立方案管理股和发展政策和跨部门协调股，将进一步加强欧洲经委会次级方案的规范性和业务工作之间的协同作用和一致性，提高工作成效和效率(同上，第20.12段)。秘书长的报告指出，方案管理股是由方案支助项下的技术合作股及行政领导和管理项下的方案规划、监测和评价股合并而成(同上，第20.27段)，其核心职能是总体协调由经常预算和预算外资源供资的所有欧洲经委会活动的方案规划、方案执行情况评估和评价(同上，第20.23(b)段)。咨询委员会关于秘书长有关五个区域委员会监测和评价工作的提议的评论和建议载于上文第五.12至五.15段。咨询委员会注意到，拟议方案预算没有提供欧洲经委会迄今开展的监测和评价活动结果的资料，也没有提供请拨资源的2012-2013年评价计划的资料。咨询委员会要求今后提交的方案预算包含这些信息。委员会在上文第一章就监测和评价问题作出进一步评论。", "预算外资源", "五.66 秘书长指出，2012-2013两年期预算外资源预计数为25 012 700美元，这是根据对新项目和持续项目的已知和预计捐助数额计算的。预算外资源将补充经常预算资源，用以资助各项实务和技术合作活动，其中包括培训、讲习班、研讨会和实地项目。咨询委员会注意到，预计2012-2013年预算外资源将比2010-2011年减少6 770 800美元，即21.2%；与2010-2011年相比，预算外资源供资的员额数目将减少3个，即12.5%，减至共21个预算外员额。咨询委员会相信，欧洲经委会将继续与捐助界接触，以扩大其捐助群体。", "第21款 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展", "秘书长拟议数\t107 227000美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 110 129 900美元\n 预算外资源预计数 30 000 000美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "五.67 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第21款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为107 227 000美元，与2010-2011年相比减少2 902 900美元，即2.6%(见A/66/6(Sect.21)，第21.15段)。请拨的资源得到技术合作经常方案资源和发展账户资源的补充(另见下文第23和36款)。此外，还将利用估计数为30 000 000美元的预算外资源(另见下文第五.78段)。", "五.68 秘书长的代表告知咨询委员会，由于削减预算，有必要裁撤员额，因为非员额项目经费的减少已经达到“一个非常危急和危险的边缘”。咨询委员会还获悉，拟在行政项下及行政领导和管理项下的方案支助领域进行大部分削减，同时保持任务和方案交付实务方面的完整性。咨询委员会获悉，拉加经委会在制订预算时努力继续满足成员国的发展政策需要，应对拉丁美洲和加勒比区域在拟议方案预算第21.9段概述的八个优先领域中面临的新出现挑战。", "五.69 表五.13汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013年经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表五.13 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 496 1个USG、1个D-2、14个D-1、29个P-5、63个P-4、59个P-3、49个P-2/1、4个GS(OL)、2个NO、274个LL", "2012-2013年拟议数 484 1个USG、1个D-2、14个D-1、29个P-5、62个P-4、59个P-3、42个P-2/1、4个GS(OL)、2个NO、270个LL", "裁撤 12 1个P-4、7个P-2、4个LL", "调动 7 1个P-5、2个P-4、2个P-3和2个LL，从次级方案3调到次级方案4", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 42 1个D-1、2个P-5、5个P-4、2个P-3、4个P-2/1、28个LL", "关于员额的评论和建议", "五.70 秘书长提出2012-2013两年期在经常预算项下续设484个员额，裁撤12个员额，其中包括7个P-2职等员额，导致所需员额资源减少2 129 200美元。这12个员额包括行政领导和管理项下的一个P-2协理经济事务干事员额；次级方案1(与全球经济的联系、区域一体化及合作)下的一个P-2员额；次级方案2(生产和创新)下的一个P-2员额；次级方案3(宏观经济政策和增长)下的一个P-2员额；次级方案5(社会发展与平等)下的一个P-2员额；次级方案12(墨西哥和中美洲的次区域活动)下的一个P-2员额；次级方案13(加勒比次区域活动)下的1个当地雇员员额；方案支助项下的一个P-4临时员额、一个P-2员额和3个当地雇员员额。咨询委员会关于秘书长削减五个区域委员会预算的提议的评论和建议载于上文第一章和第五.4段。方案支助项下员额的减少是由于拉加经委会采取了增效措施(A/66/6(Sect.21)，第21.125段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，大会关于与发展有关活动的第63/260号决议为拉加经委会核定了20个员额(2个P-5、3个P-4、10个P-3、3个P-2、2个当地雇员)，2012-2013两年期拟议裁撤的员额不包括这些员额。然而，咨询委员会注意到，拉加经委会拟议裁撤的4个P-2员额与根据第63/260号决议得到加强的次级方案对应。考虑到秘书长保证不会对任务实施有负面影响，咨询委员会不反对秘书长关于员额的提议，并建议大会不断审查这个问题。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "五.71 秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期非员额资源为17 464 300美元，与2010-2011年相比减少773 700美元，主要是由于以下几个领域所需资源有所减少：", "(a) 一般业务费用(507 000美元)，其中，秘书长指出，173 300美元是由于与有关政府和房东重新谈判国家办事处合同后租金费用有所减少；264 400美元是由于整个拉加经委会使用更经济的电信和因特网协议电话技术；69 300美元是由于水电瓦斯费和办公自动化设备维修费用有所减少；", "(b) 用品和材料(14 700美元)，原因是减少了印刷材料的使用；", "(c) 家具和设备(433 600美元)，原因是延迟更换信息技术设备。", "五.72 上述非员额资源减少额由其他工作人员费用(27 900美元)、专家(41 000美元)、工作人员差旅(27 900美元)和订约承办事务(82 000美元)等项下的所需资源增加额部分抵销。", "业务连续性", "五.73 咨询委员会回顾大会第64/243号决议，其中大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出提议，并充分说明理由。在这方面，委员会注意到，拉加经委会拟议方案预算所含与业务连续性管理直接相关的提议共计465 000美元。委员会在上文第一章就业务连续性问题作出进一步评论。", "五.74 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "五.75 咨询委员会注意到，通过从次级方案3(宏观经济政策和增长)调入现有资源，拉加经委会拟议方案预算提出了一个新的次级方案4(发展筹资)。秘书长指出，这一次级方案将根据2012-2013年期间战略框架(A/65/6/Rev.1)方案17次级方案4下详述的战略实施。这一次级方案的目的是提高拉丁美洲和加勒比决策者的能力，以便制定反周期的国内金融工具和预警系统，防止和减轻金融危机影响，并调动外部资源、收集和分配国内资源，用于生产、社会和环境领域的发展筹资(A/66/6(Sect.21)，表21.18)。经询问，委员会获悉，拟调入这一次级方案的员额(1个P-5、2个P-4、2个P-3和2个当地雇员)在次级方案3(宏观经济政策和增长)下一直履行类似职能。新的次级方案下的活动将由发展筹资司实施，该司领导为P-5职等。", "监测和评价", "五.76 根据大会第58/269号决议，确定用于开展监测和评价的资源为930 900美元(同上，第21.17段)。咨询委员会关于五个区域委员会监测和评价工作的评论和建议载于上文第五.12至五.15段。咨询委员会注意到，拟议方案预算没有提供拉加经委会迄今开展的监测和评价活动结果的资料，也没有提供资料说明将使用这些资源的2012-2013年评价计划。委员会期望，今后提交的预算将包含这一信息。委员会在上文第一章就监测和评价问题进一步作出评论。", "内部监督事务厅对拉加经委会的全面审计", "五.77 经询问，咨询委员会得到了内部监督事务厅(监督厅)对拉加经委会的全面审计的副本(AN2010/730/01)。咨询委员会注意到，拉加经委会接受了监督厅提出的所有建议，还通过了在2010-2011两年期实施建议的计划。咨询委员会相信，所有获得接受的建议会得到及时实施。", "预算外资源", "五.78 秘书长指出，2012-2013两年期预算外资源预计数30 000 000美元将用于研究和技术合作，其中包括向区域各国提供咨询服务、协助和支持，开展关于一体化问题的实地项目，还将为决策者举办培训班，以建设应对贫穷、社会不公平和性别平等问题的机构能力。咨询委员会注意到，与2010-2011年相比，2012-2013年预算外资源预计会增加500 000美元，即1.7%，且预算外资源供资员额也将增加2个，使预算外员额增至总共42个。咨询委员会相信，拉加经委会将继续与捐助界保持接触，以扩大捐助群体。", "第22款", "西亚经济和社会发展", "秘书长拟议数\t62 772600美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 63 298 400美元\n预算外资源预计数\t7 799500美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言部分表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n ^(b) 2011年6月30日更新预计数。", "五.79 秘书长要求为第22款提供的经常预算资源在重计费用前为62 772 600美元，比2010-2011两年期批款减少了525 800美元，即0.8%(见A/66/6(Sect.22),表22.5 (1))。所需资源得到技术合作经常方案资源和发展账户资源的补充(另见下文第23和第36款)。", "五.80 秘书长拟议预算报告指出，预计将有5 199 500美元的预算外资源(同上，表22.5(2))来补充经常预算资源。经询问，咨询委员会获得了2010-2011两年期和2012-2013两年期预算外资源的订正估计数，并获悉，2011年6月30日更新的2012-2013两年期估计数已从5 199 500美元增至7 799 500美元(见表五.14)。咨询委员会还获悉，增加的原因是西亚经社会积极实施了新的筹资战略。", "表五.14 所需预算外资源", "(千美元)", "构成部分 2008-2009年支出 2010-2011年估计数 2012-2013年预计数", "A. 决策机关 — — —", "B. 行政领导和管理 30.4 973.5 442.5", "C. 工作方案 5 109.1 7 919.2 6 740.6", "D. 方案支助 298.2 695.9 616.4", "共计 5 437.7 9 588.6 7 799.5", "五.81 表五.15概述了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额，以及秘书长所提2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额。", "表五.15 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t261\t1个USG、1个D-2、7个D-1、24个P-5、35个P-4、29个P-3、18个P-2、2个NO、1个FS、143个LL\n2012-2013年拟议数\t260\t1个USG、1个D-2、9个D-1、25个P-5、34个P-4、30个P-3、18个P-2、2个NO、1个FS、139个LL\n新设员额\t3\t1个D-1(次级方案6)；1个D-1和1个P-5(次级方案7)\n 改叙 1 1个P-4至P-3(次级方案2) \n 裁撤 4 4个LL \n 调动 1 1个P-3从次级方案1调至次级方案7", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "五.82 咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期经常预算拟议员额共计260个，比2010-2011两年期净减一个员额。下文各段补充说明，秘书长的提议包括设立3个新员额(2 个D-1和1个P-5)，裁撤4个当地雇用人员，并将1个P-4员额降级。", "新设员额", "五.83 秘书长提议设立下列员额：", "(a) 一个D-1，为妇女司司长(次级方案6)(A/66/6 (Sect.22)，第22.72段)，以遵循西亚经社会关于将西亚经社会妇女中心提升为司级的决议。这是为了让该部门能够执行以下方面日益增加的职责：成员国对提供咨询服务的要求增加；随着更多的成员国批准《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》，要求在立法改革领域提供援助的次数越来越多；此外也有必要应对该区域由于最近的动乱而新出现的问题(见下文第五.95段)；", "(b) 一个D-1，为新趋势和冲突有关问题司司长(次级方案7)(A/66/6 (Sect.22)，第22.80段)，以遵循西亚经社会关于将该科提升为司级的决议。任职者将负责该次级方案的管理监督，重点是治理、不稳定状况和发展等领域，以及新出现的趋势和减少冲突。据解释，该职能将涉及协调西亚经社会内的工作，并协助执行秘书编制该司减少冲突与发展的工作方案；", "(c) 一个P-5，为治理、不稳定状况与发展科科长(次级方案7)(同上)，以符合秘书长关于将科提升为司的提议，以便重点关注公共部门改革和转型期国家等领域。任职者的职责包括监督工作人员，以确保获得优质产出，以及就转型期阿拉伯国家进行一项完整的研究并撰写两份技术文件；任职者还将针对大大小小的会议组织、设计和协调必要的研究以及同有关实体的合作。", "五.84 经询问，咨询委员会获悉，秘书长的提议源于西亚经社会的两份决议草案(E/ESCWA/RES/L.294 和 E/ESCWA/RES/L.295)，其中要求将新问题和冲突问题科及妇女中心提升为司级，并在资源和行政程序方面给予必要的支持。据进一步解释，除非大会和(或)经济及社会理事会另作不同决定，否则目前的这些决定构成对联合国秘书处的任务规定，秘书长已响应了这一任务，在2012-2013两年期拟议预算中包含了所要求的资源估计数。咨询委员会注意到，经社理事会在其2010年实质性会议上审议了决议草案294和295，但理事会决定，将审议这些决议草案的工作推迟到2011年实质性会议。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，经济及社会理事会已于2011年5月18日通过了西亚经社会的决议草案，成为经社理事会第2011/3和2011/4号决议，只是修改了各份决议的第1段，将“认可”一词改为“表示注意到”。咨询委员会指出，本款次的拟议预算是在假设理事会在2011年就这些决议草案采取行动的基础上编制的。咨询委员会将按照既定程序，重新考虑秘书长的提议。", "五.85 关于拟在次级方案7新设一个P-5员额的问题，咨询委员会指出，拟议的新趋势和冲突有关问题司将有11名工作人员，其中3名是P-5及以上职等。咨询委员会认为，治理、不稳定状况与发展科的预计活动可以在现有的人员编制规模和结构内完成。鉴于以上考虑，咨询委员会建议不采纳秘书长在次级方案7新设一个P-5员额的提议。", "裁撤", "五.86 秘书长提议裁撤以下4个员额：", "(a) 2个当地雇用小组助理员额，经济分析科和区域一体化科各1个，次级方案3(同上，第22.54段)；", "(b) 1个当地雇用小组助理员额，信息和通信技术司司长办公室，次级方案4(同上，第22.60段)；", "(c) 1个当地雇用小组助理员额，行政事务司中央支助事务处，方案支助(同上，第22.86段)。", "五.87 咨询委员会不反对拟议的裁撤。", "改叙", "五.88 秘书长提议，由于员额结构的合理化，拟将次级方案2社会发展司司长办公室1个社会事务干事员额的职等由P-4向下改叙为P-3(同上，第22.48段)。", "五.89 咨询委员会不反对拟议的改叙。", "人员征聘和配置", "五.90 经询问，咨询委员会获得了2011年4月30日列为空缺的14个员额征聘情况的有关信息。所提供的信息表明，此后，1个员额已填补；1个员额拟作调动；1个员额已在Inspira系统公布；2个员额已临时替补；次级方案3经济发展与全球化司的6个员额则仍作为空缺保留，等待目前正在进行的关于改组工作的讨论结果(见下文第五.93段)；余下3个空缺员额中，有2个被选中的候选人拒绝上任。次级方案3如何能在这么多员额空缺的情况下确保履行其任务？经进一步询问，咨询委员会获悉，一些工作人员跨科部署作为过渡，而另一些空缺员额则临时填补，以加强次级方案的人力。经询问，咨询委员会进一步获悉，已征聘了一名区域顾问，负责千年发展目标的工作，工作方案已得到审查并调整了优先事项，以将可用资源重点用在两个旗舰刊物上，即《西亚经社会区域经济和社会发展状况调查》和《阿拉伯千年发展目标报告》。咨询委员会希望尽快填补空缺的员额。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "五.91 秘书长提议2012-2013两年期非员额资源为9 711 600美元，比2010-2011两年期减少783 900美元，即7%。所需非员额资源减少主要是因为以下项目所需资源减少：一般业务费用(232 900美元)；用品和材料(221 900美元)；家具和设备(456 200美元)，减少的主要原因是尚可使用的设备延长了使用期限。上述减少额被订约承办事务所需资源增加额(主要是业务连续性经费)(168 300美元)部分抵销。咨询委员会关于业务连续性的意见见上文第一章。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "改组工作", "五.92 咨询委员会在审议秘书长的报告时获悉，已聘请了一名独立咨询人来审查经济发展与全球化司和执行秘书办公室的任务、职能和职责，并确定现有的组织安排能在多大程度上适当处理该区域的优先问题，促进该方案的有效管理。咨询委员会还获悉，咨询人的任务已经完成，目前正在进行内部讨论，以期落实咨询人建议的行动方案。", "五.93 咨询委员会表示注意到改组及其他举措，如新的方案执行情况评价机制和拟将若干科升级为司的举措。但咨询委员会对所采取的方法明显缺乏一致性感到关切，秘书长提议增设员额，却同时保留6个空缺员额，等待目前正在进行的关于改组工作的讨论结果。咨询委员会注意到为有效和高效地管理该方案而采取的举措，这一举措导致改组工作。咨询委员会希望西亚经社会管理阶层继续把重点放在尽快落实改组工作上，并在有关执行情况报告中汇报所获得的效益。不过，咨询委员会坚持认为，西亚经社会工作方案的监测和评价工作不应要咨询人来承担，而应由管理当局定期进行。", "西亚经社会妇女中心", "五.94 咨询委员会注意到，秘书长的拟议预算包括提升西亚经社会妇女中心级别，使其能够在该方案的授权任务中发挥更大的作用。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，妇女署从全球的角度处理妇女问题，而各区域委员会内与提高妇女地位有关的实体则处理区域和国家的具体问题，并且重点指出需要立即关注的领域。咨询委员会还获悉，西亚经社会妇女中心为妇女署的工作提供区域一级的支持，包括执行《北京宣言和行动纲要》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》等国际文书及落实千年发展目标。西亚经社会妇女中心还能及时处理国家一级的事态发展。", "五.95 秘书长的代表提供了更多的信息，说明升级后的西亚经社会妇女中心在处理妇女问题方面的作用，秘书长的代表解释说，除目前关于妇女问题的文件所涵盖的领域外，其他的一些研究领域明显尚未得到处理。他们向咨询委员会解释说，这些新的领域包括：国家一级促进性别平等的预算编制和审计；落实安全理事会关于妇女与和平与安全的第1325(2000)号决议，特别是有鉴于最近该区域发生了一些抗暴行动；妇女的政治参与，特别是在政党层次上；性别暴力，特别是家庭暴力和贩运人口进行性剥削；《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》执行工作的后续行动，因为批准该公约的成员国越来越多；以及全球化和市场趋势对性别分工的影响。此外，咨询委员会还获悉，妇女卷入该区域目前的抗暴行动和政治发展预计将产生新的、额外的业务和咨询需求，有可能导致需要筹集更多的预算外资金，使中心能响应这些需求。秘书长还表示，西亚经社会妇女中心现在还要为其他各司提供支助，帮助以敏感地顾及性别问题的方式拟定和落实方案，这是西亚经社会2010年通过的性别平等主流化战略的一部分(见上文第五.83(a)段)。", "五.96 咨询委员会欢迎为解决该区域妇女面临的挑战而作出的努力，强调有必要同妇女署密切合作，避免任何重复。", "第23款", "技术合作经常方案", "秘书长拟议数\t52 246200美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 52 246 200美元\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "五.97 秘书长拟议的第23款所需资源为52 246 200美元(重计费用前)，与2010-2011两年期订正批款额度相同。拟议预算表23.2和表23.4提供了有关各构成部分所需资源、支出用途和方案的信息(见A/66/6(Sect.23))。", "五.98 技术合作经常方案的活动分为以下两个部分：", "(a) 部门咨询服务，由经济和社会事务部、贸发会议、禁毒办、人居署、人道主义事务协调厅和人权高专办实施(同上，第23.26至23.33段)。拟议所需资源为22 875 400美元，占2012-2013年该款次请拨资源总数的41.7%，将用于大约772个工作月的服务，而现两年期为792个工作月。拟议预算表23.6提供了按次级方案和实施实体开列的2012-2013年所需资源汇总表，并提供了2008-2009年支出和2010-2011年批款的信息；", "(b) 区域和次区域咨询服务，由五个区域委员会实施(同上，第23.34至23.40段)。咨询服务的拟议所需资源为31 968 100美元，占所需资源总数的58.3%，将用于2012-2013年大约1 114个工作月的服务，而现两年期为1 320个工作月。预算文件表23.13提供了2012-2013年所需资源、2008-2009年支出和2010-2011年批款的汇总表。", "五.99 咨询委员会回顾，技术合作经常方案由大会1946年第58(I)号决议确立。秘书长表示，该方案与联合国系统内其他现行技术合作支助办法的主要差别是，该方案能迅速和灵活地响应发展中国家、最不发达国家、经济转型国家和刚摆脱冲突的国家在能力发展方面的要求，满足它们规模不大但十分紧迫的需要。秘书长表示，尽管该方案继续以相同方式提供援助，但现在更加重视各国家和各区域分享经验和知识，特别是重视通过南南合作和知识网络建设，帮助维持国家间的合作(A/66/6 (Sect.23)，第23.1、23.4和第23.5段)。", "五.100 秘书长还表示，根据大会第2514(XXIV)号决议和经济及社会理事会第1434(XLVII)号决议，本预算款次供资开展的活动继续以短期咨询服务、培训和实地项目为重点，特别强调学习和转让新的知识、技能和技术。大多数干预措施力求有的放矢地解决会员国根据履行国际承诺的需要而提出的具体问题(A/66/6 (Sect.23)，第23.10段)。预算文件第23.11至第23.17段载有有关短期咨询服务、实地项目和培训的信息，以及该方案资源分配的目标、战略和标准。咨询委员会从预算文件注意到，培训活动的目的是增长知识和技能，帮助加强各国制定政策和有效执行国家政策的能力(同上，第23.15段)。咨询委员会相信，该方案将继续通过未来的活动加强国家能力，并在可能时探索利用那些通过技术合作经常方案获得了技能的受惠人担当顾问或专家的可能性。", "五.101 咨询委员会经询问获悉，在技术合作经常方案下，资金是在次级方案一级分配给各实施实体的。咨询委员会获悉，能够说明技术合作经常方案资金编排方式的一个例子是，在向经济和社会事务部分配资金方面，每个业务活动均作为一个独立的项目制定，以便于进行有效的监测、评价和报告。每个项目也得到各相关次级方案主任的认可，并由能力发展办公室代表主管经济和社会事务副秘书长予以批准。其他执行机构也采取同样的做法。另外，该方案的各个项目在整个两年期以分阶段的方式制定，以便针对会员国预料之外的请求最有效地利用资源。此外，各个项目在分配资金的那个两年期执行。", "五.102 关于技术合作经常方案所实施的活动与发展账户(见下文第36款)活动之间的不同和互补之处，咨询委员会经询问获悉，技术合作经常方案下的短期和小规模活动在分配资金的两年期内制定并执行，而发展账户下中等规模的项目则是提前制定然后由大会认可的，其执行周期为四年。与此同时，技术合作经常方案和发展账户均支持协助会员国实现千年发展目标等国际商定发展目标的总体目标。咨询委员会希望继续确保和进一步发展技术合作经常方案与发展账户之间的互补性，尽最大可能发挥两个机制所实施的活动的协同效应。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "第一次进度报告", "五.103 在审议第23款拟议预算时，咨询委员会还获得了技术合作经常方案第一次进度报告的预发版本，该报告概述了该方案的作用和目标、其活动的成果和影响、方案的管理以及遇到的挑战。咨询委员会从进度报告中注意到，该方案的一个基本特色是倍增效应，为方案试点活动提供较多的资金，从而产生较大规模的效应。此外，南南合作是倍增效应得以实现的一个尤其突出的机制。咨询委员会还注意到，进度报告提供了南南合作的例子，包括拉加经委会与世界银行之间的协作以及五个区域委员会之间的跨区域合作。咨询委员会认为，第一次进度报告提供了有关技术合作经常方案详尽而有用的信息，建议在大会审议2012-2013年拟议方案预算时向大会提供这份报告。咨询委员会还希望，在咨询委员会审议技术合作经常方案两年期所需资源时提前向其提供这类资料。", "成果预算编制", "五.104 关于在第23款供资的活动中纳入成果预算编制和成果管理制的问题，咨询委员会回顾，逻辑框架首次在2004-2005两年期确定，并定在款次一级，2006-2007两年期扩大到方案一级，2008-2009两年期进一步扩大到次级方案。因此，各次级方案的每个执行实体直接负责详细说明和确定预期成绩和绩效指标，并最终负责取得成果(A/64/7，第五.72段)。预算文件在每个实施实体的次级方案下，除预期成绩和绩效指标外，还载有有关拟议预算、产出、活动和影响的汇总信息(A/66/6(Sect.23)，第23.26至23.40段)。咨询委员会对拟议方案预算提供的信息表示欢迎，但也鼓励进一步改进汇总信息，特别是有关下一个两年期拟议活动预期影响的信息。", "五.105 咨询委员会回顾，审计委员会在审查了技术合作领域的成果预算编制框架之后表示，由于缺乏明确的目标和有效的指标，很难对所实施的活动进行客观评估，只是叙述进展情况而已。不过审计委员会注意到，整体而言，针对发展账户开展的监测工作与上述审查结果不同，是个例外。因此，审计委员会建议行政当局为其所有技术合作活动建立与发展账户供资项目必须建立的机制相仿的成果计量机制。咨询委员会还回顾，此后，它曾请秘书长提供关于在这方面取得的进展的信息(见A/64/7，第五.73段)。在这方面，咨询委员会从拟议预算中注意到，所有实施实体均已建立监测机制，这有助于对有关各国实施的活动、所取得的成果以及累计获得的效益进行更好的评估和报告(A/66/6，第23.21段)。咨询委员会欢迎为技术合作经常方案下实施的活动建立监测机制，并期待这一机制继续得到加强。", "五.106 咨询委员会在关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中建议，在今后的预算文件中纳入与授予顾问合同及合同期限有关的信息和进展情况(A/64/7，第五.76段)。此外，咨询委员会当时注意到，秘书长没有回应咨询委员会关于探讨如何利用在本国和本区域招聘的专才的建议(同上，第五.74段)。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，秘书长在2012-2013年拟议方案预算第23.12和第23.13段中包含了这方面的信息。秘书长表示，该方案所有执行实体都更新顾问能力，以便适时更换顾问，确保以最好的技能和知识回应成员国不断变化的需求。此外，秘书长还表示，顾问现在的合同上限为5年，而有能力承担任期有限的非常具体、明确的任务的短期顾问则作为补充措施进行招聘。另外，当专家知识是确保提供最相关和最有针对性的支持的关键，特别是在处理那些因国而异的具体问题时，则利用国家和区域专才。咨询委员会欢迎在拟议方案预算中纳入其所要求的相关信息。咨询委员会相信，该方案的所有执行实体都将继续更新其顾问能力，包括利用在本国和本区域征聘的专才，并且相信今后的预算报告将会定期提供这类信息。", "其他问题", "五.107 如2012-2013年拟议预算表23.6所示，部门咨询服务将有19个次级方案。咨询委员会从表中注意到，没有在部门咨询服务项下为有关性别问题和提高妇女地位的次级方案编列经费。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，有关性别问题和提高妇女地位的活动将由妇女署实施。", "第六编", "人权和人道主义事务", "第24款", "人权", "秘书长拟议数\t147 234900美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t141 191400美元\n预算外资源预计数\t254 743000美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言部分表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "六.1 2012-2013两年期预算第24款拟议估计数总额中包括联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)所需资源146 054 900美元以及塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会所需资源1 180 000美元(A/66/6(Sect.24)，第24.18段)。人权高专办2012-2013两年期工作方案包括4个次级方案：人权主流化、发展权、研究与分析；支持人权条约机构；咨询服务、技术合作和外地活动；支持人权理事会及其附属机构和机制。塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会的有关活动由本预算款次的另一个工作方案确定。", "六.2 2012-2013两年期所需资源为147 234 900美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款净增加6 043 500美元，增幅为4.3%(同上)。人权高专办净增的6 043 500美元包括：(a) 决策机构项下净增2 904 000美元；(b) 行政领导和管理项下净减少255 400美元；(c) 实质性活动净增加总额3 372 500美元；(d) 方案支助项下净增加22 400美元。", "六.3 秘书长表示，第24款拟议估计数没有考虑下列影响2012-2013两年期人权工作方案的因素：大会第六十六届会议可能就以下方面作出决定：人权理事会第十六和第十七届会议通过的决议和决定所涉方案预算问题；大会第65/200号决议要求的关于人权条约监测机构的具体和有针对性的提案，其目的是提高这些监测机构的工作实效；人权理事会特别会议通过的决议和决定(同上，第24.19段)。", "六.4 表六.1概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额以及秘书长所提2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期的拟议预算外员额。", "表六.1 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数^(a)\t344\t1个USG，2个ASG，3个D-2，9个D-1，42个P-5，90个P-4，89个P-3，20个P-2/1，4个GS(PL)，79个GS(OL)，4个LL，1个NO\n2012-2013年拟议数\t355\t1个USG，2个ASG，3个D-2，9个D-1，42个P-5，93个P-4，92个P-3，21个P-2/1，4个GS(PL)，83个GS(OL)，4个LL，1个NO\n新设\t9\t1个P-4，2个P-3和2个GS(OL)，次级方案2；1个P-4和1个P-3，次级方案4；2个GS(OL)，行政领导和管理\n改划\t4\t1个P-4，1个P-3，1个P-2，1个GS(OL),次级方案4 调动 4 1个GS(OL)从次级方案2调至行政领导和管理 1个GS(OL)从次级方案4调至行政领导和管理 \n 2个GS(OL)从次级方案2调至次级方案4 \n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议数\t765\t3个D-1，36个P-5，95个P4，149个P-3，24个P-2/1，2个GS(PL)，324个GS(OL)，132个NO", "^(a) 包括2011年期满的2个非经常性的临时员额(1个P-3和1个GS(OL))。", "六.5 秘书长曾在其2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算中表示，大会在第60/1号决议中规定将人权高专办经常预算资源增加一倍的目标已经完成(见A/64/6 (Sect.23)第23.16段)。咨询委员会注意到，秘书长再次表示，在五年时间内加强人权高专办的目标已经实现(A/66/6 (Sect.24)，第24.12段)。然而，秘书长表示，2012-2013两年期拟议增加的某些资金是用来支持新任务或扩大任务的追加资金，其中包括人权理事会自成立以来授权执行的任务(同上，第24.14段)。", "六.6 咨询委员会注意到，在2012-2013两年期，人权高专办将向以下方面提供强化的综合组织支助：人权理事会及其普遍定期审议、特别程序、人权理事会咨询委员会和投诉程序等附属机构和机制，以及联合国其他有关机构。据指出，将加强向人权高专办为之服务的联合国各条约监测机构提供强化的支助和咨询(同上，第24.6段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，在过去10年间，人权高专办提供服务的条约机构数量从5个增加到了10个；各条约机构年度会议的次数从11次增加到24次；条约机构每年会议时间从44周增加到73周；条约机构的专家人数也从74人增加到172人。咨询委员会在提出要求后获得了最近几个两年期各决策机构和专家机构支出模式的详细资料(见表六.2)。咨询委员会注意到，表中资料不包括人权高专办为决策机关和专家机构提供支助的工作人员的费用，这些工作人员占用次级方案2和次级方案4拟议的134个经常预算员额，也不包括相关支助费用，这些费用列在经常预算第2款和第28E款下。", "表六.2 用于支助人权高专办决策机关和专家机构的非员额支出", "(千美元)", "2000-2001 2002-2003 2004-2005 2006-2007 2008-2009 2010-2011年预计数 2012-2013年估计数", "人权委员会 187.7 162.6 205.3 — — — —", "人权理事会 — — — 135.2 127.5 292.9 378.3", "小组委员会/人权咨询委员会 569.4 665.7 815.2 370.1 435.4 540.5 735.4", "人权事务委员会 1 181.5 1 204.0 1 309.6 1 509.3 1 625.6 1 863.3 1 789.3", "调查以色列行为特别委员会 204.2 169.7 229.3 210.1 251.8 271.2 342.4", "经济、社会和文化权利委员会 813.1 613.6 719.7 761.9 958.3 1 160.4 883.2", "儿童权利委员会 551.0 832.4 1 426.0 1 462.4 1 751.7 1 896.3 1 870.2", "禁止酷刑委员会 336.1 365.3 460.1 437.4 528.0 821.1 608.9", "消除种族歧视委员会 522.0 572.1 682.1 735.7 943.6 1 281.0 1 154.8", "各人权机构的主席 44.8 37.4 41.6 49.6 112.9 113.7 114.4", "土著问题常设论坛 — 269.1 — —", "保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会 — — 170.5 184.4 323.7 525.3 542.4", "消除对妇女歧视委员会 — — — 1 888.2 1 559.4 2 119.2", "防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会 — — — 551.6 745.4 1 184.2 2 052.9", "残疾人权利委员会 — — — — 616.2 562.9 1 349.2", "强迫失踪问题委员会 — — — — — 90.0 680.0", "共计 4 409.8 4 891.9 6 059.4 6 407.7 10 308.3 12 162.2 14 620.6", "六.7 秘书长指出，大会正在审查人权理事会的地位，也在审议为开展人权理事会授权的紧急人权活动而筹资的问题(同上，第24.15段)。秘书长还表示，虽然大会核准为人权理事会规定的新任务追加资源，但各人权条约机构和人权理事会及其各机制的要求不断增加，有时并没有为此拨出相应的资源，这影响了人权高专办向人权理事会提供的支持程度(同上，第24.16段)。咨询委员会期待着大会对人权理事会地位问题的审查结果，并且相信，审查为新需求筹资问题提出的建议将包含措施，确保最切实有效地利用人权高专办现有资源。", "组织效力方案", "六.8 秘书长表示，在2012-2013两年期，人权高专办将执行组织效力方案，解决监督厅在其关于人权高专办执行任务效率的报告(A/64/203和Corr.1及Add.1)中指出的弱点，从而巩固在管理和效率方面取得的成果(A/66/6(Sect.24)，第24.9段)。监督厅建议进行各种改进，以突出战略重点，制定全面的外地战略，通过更系统地落实人权机构的建议改进人权高专办与人权机构的合作，加强伙伴关系，改善内部协调和沟通，查明和记录各工作进程。咨询委员会获悉，在2010年进行调查以了解人权高专办工作人员的意见后，确定了四个关键工作流程进行审查：征聘、战略规划、任务筹备以及文件呈递和交割。人权高专办在规划、预算编制、报告和征聘等领域简化了程序，人权高专办预计最迟将于2011年年底落实组织效力方案的其他所有建议。咨询委员会希望2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算将报告这个方案的实施效果。", "人权高专办纽约办事处", "六.9 咨询委员会回顾，大会第64/243号决议核准在2010-2011两年期设立助理秘书长员额担任人权高专办纽约办事处负责人。秘书长在提议设立这一员额时表示，纽约办事处设一助理秘书长级主管，将使人权高专办能以适当级别参加各行政决策委员会，并将确保有代表参加政治层面的活动，有机会参与高级别政策讨论。此外，秘书长还表示，这个助理秘书长员额将增强纽约办事处的决策和外联能力，并提高人权高专办的效率和效力(A/64/6(Sect.23)，第23.53段)。咨询委员会认为，拟议的方案预算对加强人权高专办纽约办事处而获得的效益解释得不够清楚，要求在执行情况报告中列出这方面的信息。此外，咨询委员会还认为，设立助理秘书长员额应使日内瓦和纽约之间公务差旅所需经费减少(见上文第一章第104段和下文第六.20段)", "监测和评价", "六.10　秘书长表示，2012-2013两年期为进行监测和评价编列的资源为1 477 100美元，包括经常预算1 240 700美元和预算外资源236 400美元(A/66/6(Sect.24)，第24.21段)。据指出，在2012-2013两年期，人权高专办政策、规划、监测和评价科将努力在整个办公室加强和进一步发展监测和评价职能，并支持实施一项人权高专办全系统绩效评价制度(同上，第24.53(e)段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，人权高专办目前正在筹备进行一次重大的内部自我评价，研究在支持各人权机制的后续工作和支持各国履行其义务的能力方面的执行情况，并正在贯彻执行2008-2009两年期三项评价的结果，这三项评价是，监督厅关于人权高专办执行任务效率的外部评价(见上文第六.8段)和关于在国家一级使人权问题成为联合国内部主流的执行情况(2008年4月)以及关于性别平等主流化的执行情况(2009年12月)的两项内部自我评价。", "六.11　咨询委员会还获悉，几次内部自我评价的结论认为，人权高专办应广泛宣传其优先事项；制订、审查或加强各项程序、流程和政策指导；更连贯、更系统地与合作伙伴开展合作；审查各项政策，包括关于性别问题、区域办事处、人权顾问和外地驻留的政策；简化方案拟订流程、指南和关于性别问题的指导方针；改善性别平等方面的能力发展；并加强性别平等方面的问责制。人权高专办运用了一项后续行动计划来系统地确定各项活动，确定实施工作的牵头部门，以及实施评价建议的必要时限。人权高专办定期跟踪实施进展情况，以便进行内部自我评价。咨询委员会还获悉，人权高专办已于2010-2011年度开始实施上述若干建议，实施的方法是加强规划流程，包括确定全球优先事项，为这些优先事项制订实施战略，并确定人权高专办的管理产出。咨询委员会在上文第一章对监测和评价问题提出了其他评论意见。咨询委员会重申方案监测和评价的重要性，尤其重申其下述建议，即：今后编报的预算应当明确说明评价结果如何促进改进交付任务的工作以及如何影响拟议的资源分配(见A/64/7，第26段)。咨询委员会注意到人权高专办为加强监测和评价其工作方案而采取的措施，并期待在2014-2015两年期的预算报告中收到关于进展情况的更详细的资料。", "预算外资金", "六.12　人权高专办2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计数为254 743 000美元，而2010-2011两年期是258 214 000美元(A/66/6(Sect.24)，第24.20段)。秘书长表示，2012-2013两年期由预算外资源供资的员额数目为765个，而2010-2011两年期是762个(同上，表24.6)。咨询委员会获悉，2010年，人权高专办为支持预算外活动支出的资金超过所收到的自愿捐助，但预算外资源项下仍有足够的余额应付超支。咨询委员会相信，人权高专办将继续同捐助方开展合作，并在实施由预算外资源供资的活动时小心谨慎，避免由于此类资金短缺而造成中断。", "外地驻留", "六.13　秘书长表示，次级方案3所需员额资源减少，这是因2010年人权高专办设立曼谷区域办事处后，将这3个员额从外勤业务和技术合作司主任办公室调出(同上，第24.89段)。然而，经询问，咨询委员会获悉，曼谷区域办事处实际上从2002年开始就在预算外资源下设立，在设立新的北非区域办事处和南亚区域办事处的努力失败后，这3个经常预算员额于2010年被分配到曼谷区域办事处。咨询委员会认为预算列报对人权高专办外地派驻情况说得不够清楚，咨询委员会重申其以前的建议，即要求将人权高专办在外地、包括在联合国维持和平行动中的能力情况列入下一次拟议方案预算(A/64/7，第六.18段)。在这方面，咨询委员会获得了有关人权高专办外地派驻情况的资料，该资料载于本预算款次最后的表六.3。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "新设员额", "六.14　秘书长拟为行政领导和管理项下文件处理股设立两个新的一般事务(其他职等)员额，以应付增加的工作量，并确保为人权理事会和条约机构提供足够的服务(A/66/6(Sect.24)，第24.59段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，人权高专办文件处理股是在2002年设立的，目的是简化与文件管理有关的内部流程。自2005年以来，文件处理股处理的人权高专办文件数量已从1 525份增加到了2010年的3 000多份，几乎增加了一倍。咨询委员会不反对设立这两个一般事务(其他职等)员额的提议。", "六.15　秘书长拟在次级方案2项下设立3个员额，以协助强迫失踪问题委员会：1个P-4员额，与请愿人和有关缔约国联系，在个人来文程序中起草决定和意见，并跟踪委员会意见执行情况；1个P-3员额，协助强迫失踪问题委员会审查根据《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》第29条提交的国家报告；1个一般事务(其他职等)员额，以便为《公约》的个人来文(第31条)和调查(第33条)提供文秘支助。此外，还拟设立1个新的P-3员额和1个新的一般事务(其他职等)员额，以支持从10个成员增加到25个成员的新的禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚小组委员会，因为预计小组委员会工作量将会增加，特别是需要组织外地工作团(同上，第24.80段)。咨询委员会获得了人权高专办支助条约机构的员额的详细配置情况。咨询委员会不反对设立这5个员额(1个P-4、2个P-3和2个一般事务(其他职等))的提议。", "六.16　秘书长拟在次级方案4下设立1个P-4职等的咨商小组秘书员额，领导和督察两名工作人员，管理下述各项工作：公布职位、汇编申请材料以及编制和更新特别报告员和独立专家合格人选的公开名单，并为咨商小组会议准备文件。在公民和政治权利科下新设一个P-3员额，原因是特别程序的工作量增加(同上，第24.104段)。咨询委员会不反对设立这2个员额(1个P-4和1个P-3)的提议。", "调动", "六.17　秘书长拟将目前分别属于次级方案2和次级方案4的2个一般事务(其他职等)员额调到文件处理股(同上，第24.59段)，并将2个一般事务(其他职等)员额从次级方案2调到次级方案4，这2个员额分配给人权理事会处，但在预算上仍然编在次级方案2下(同上，第24.104段)。咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "改划", "六.18　秘书长拟将1个P-4、1个P-3、1个P-2和1个一般事务(其他职等)一般临时人员职位改划为次级方案4下的临时员额，以支持消除法律和实践中对妇女歧视问题工作组，这是人权理事会第15/23号决议规定的(同上)。咨询委员会不反对拟议的改划。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "六.19　秘书长拟议在2012-2013两年期行政领导和管理及工作方案项下编制的咨询人资源总额为971 200美元，比现两年期减少149 200美元。秘书长拟议在2012-2013两年期决策机构及工作方案项下编制的代表差旅资源总额为19 565 500美元，比2010-2011两年期增加3 261 600美元。拟议在2012-2013两年期决策机构、行政领导和管理、工作方案及方案支助项下编制的工作人员公务差旅资源总额为4 238 800美元，比现两年期增加753 000美元。", "六.20　咨询委员会注意到拟议减少咨询人所需资源，认为最近几个两年期人权高专办人员配置增加，理应促进减少对外部专才的依赖。关于差旅费，咨询委员会承认人权高专办的代表需要定期执行规定的外派任务。但咨询委员会认为，应更多地利用人权高专办外地和区域办事处的工作人员来支持这类任务，从而减少工作人员公务差旅所需要的资源。鉴于有可能实现这样的效益，咨询委员会建议将4 238 800美元拟议工作人员差旅经费减少424 000美元。咨询委员会建议核准有关非员额资源的其他提议。", "塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会", "秘书长拟议数\t1 180000美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t1 180000美元\n^(a)按2010-2011年费率计算。除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "六.21 塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会是为了通过秘书长的斡旋查明失踪人员下落而建立的，秘书长拟议预算E分节叙述了该委员会的活动。秘书长指出，联合国仅负责失踪人员调查委员会第三名成员及其两名助理的费用以及他们办公室的杂项业务费用，而挖掘、辨认和归还塞浦路斯失踪人员遗骸的项目则由预算外资源供资(同上，第24.117段)。拟为2012-2013两年期提供1 180 000美元，与本两年期核定数额相同，其中包括用于D-1职等的塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会联合国成员(第三名成员)、1名P-4职等的第三名成员助理和2名一般事务人员的一般临时人员费用1 082 500美元，以及其他非员额资源97 500美元。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长为失踪人员调查委员会提出的拟议预算。", "表六.3 截至2011年5月31日人权高专办外地存在", "地点\t设立时间 \n 区域办事处和中心(12个) \n 南部非洲区域办事处 比勒陀利亚 1998 \n 中部非洲次区域人权与民主中心^(a) 雅温得 2001 \n 东非区域办事处 亚的斯亚贝巴 2002 \n 中东区域办事处 贝鲁特 2002 \n 东南亚区域办事处^(a) 曼谷 2002 \n 太平洋区域办事处 苏瓦 2005 \n 中亚区域办事处^(a) 比什凯克 2006 \n 中美洲区域办事处^(a) 巴拿马城 2007 \n 西非区域办事处^(a) 达喀尔 2008 \n 欧洲区域办事处^(a) 布鲁塞尔 2009 \n 西南亚和阿拉伯地区人权培训和文件中心 多哈 2009 \n 南美洲区域办事处^(a) 圣地亚哥 2009 \n 国家和独立办事处(13个) \n 柬埔寨^(a) 金边 1993 \n 巴勒斯坦被占领土 加沙 1996 \n 拉马拉 2000 \n 哥伦比亚 波哥大 1997 \n 科索沃(塞尔维亚) 普里什蒂纳 1998 \n 墨西哥 墨西哥城 2002 \n 危地马拉 危地马拉城 2005 \n 尼泊尔 加德满都 2005 \n 乌干达 坎帕拉 2005 \n 多哥 洛美 2006 \n 多民族玻利维亚国 拉巴斯 2007 \n 几内亚 科纳克里 2009 \n 毛里塔尼亚 努瓦克肖特 2009 \n 突尼斯 突尼斯 2011 \n 人权顾问(18名) \n 斯里兰卡 科伦坡 2004 \n 俄罗斯联邦 莫斯科 2005 \n 南高加索 第比利斯 2006 \n 厄瓜多尔 基多 2007 \n 卢旺达 基加利 2007 \n 塞尔维亚 贝尔格莱德 2007 \n 前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 斯科普里 2007 \n 肯尼亚 内罗毕 2008 \n 尼日尔 尼亚美 2008 \n 巴布亚新几内亚 莫尔斯比港 2008 \n 摩尔多瓦共和国 基希讷乌 2008 \n 大湖区 布琼布拉 2009 \n 洪都拉斯 特古西加尔巴 2010 \n 巴拉圭 亚松森 2010 \n 塔吉克斯坦 杜尚别 2010 \n 乍得 恩贾梅纳 2011 \n 马达加斯加 塔那那利佛 2011 \n 乌克兰 基辅 2011 \n 维持和平特派团和特别政治任务的人权部分(14个) \n联合国布隆迪综合办事处(联布综合办)、^(b)联合国海地稳定特派团(联海稳定团)、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)、^(b)联合国阿富汗援助团(联阿援助团)、联合国伊拉克援助团(联伊援助团)、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)、联合国几内亚比绍建设和平综合支助办事处(联几建和办)、联合国塞拉利昂建设和平综合办事处(联塞建和办)、联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团(科索沃特派团)、联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)、联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)、联合国东帝汶综合特派团(联东综合团)、联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)、联合国索马里政治事务处(联索政治处) ^(a) 全部或部分由经常预算资源供资。 \n ^(b) 包括人权高专办综合外地存在。", "第25款 对难民的国际保护、持久解决和援助", "秘书长拟议数\t83 717500美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t83 717500美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "六.22 秘书长要求为第25款提供的经常预算资源在重计费用前为83 717 500美元，与2010-2011两年期的订正批款数额相同(A/66/6(sect.25)，表25.1和第25.13段)。正如拟议方案预算第25.23段所指出的那样，根据联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民署)《章程》第20段的规定，联合国经常预算只承担与难民署运作有关的行政支出，而与难民署活动有关的所有其他支出均由自愿捐助供资。估计所需预算外资源为6 558 244 200美元，占难民署2012-2013两年期预计资源总额的98.7%(同上，第25.14段)。", "六.23 表六.4概述2010-2011两年期的核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还列出2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表六.4 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定员额 2 1个USG、1个ASG", "2012-2013年拟议员额 2 1个USG、1个ASG", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议员额 7870 2个ASG、24个D-2、86个D-1、190个P-5、1 247个P-4/3、205个P-2/1、312个GS(PL)、313个GS(OL)、4 743个LL、43个FS、705个NO", "总付安排", "六.24 2012-2013两年期拟在总付安排下由经常预算供资83 717 500美元，这笔经费涉及下列费用(同上，第25.24段)：", "(a) 高级专员和副高级专员员额的经费(1 232 700美元)；", "(b) 用于支付难民署行政费用的赠款(82 484 800美元)。", "六.25 秘书长指出，2002-2003两年期开始以赠款而不是员额资源和非员额资源的形式从经常预算向难民署提供资金，用于支付该署的行政费用，这种做法旨在简化难民署的预算流程，而且在三个两年期后将对这种做法进行审查(同上，第25.24段)。因此，在大会第六十三届会议上向其汇报了对该总付安排的审查情况以及在三个两年期里获得的经验教训(A/63/537)。大会第63/263号决议根据咨询委员会的建议，认可维持由经常预算为难民署供资的总付安排(A/63/616，第10段)。大会决定将高级专员和副高级专员员额的供资与赠款分开列报(同上，第7段)。", "六.26 秘书长还指出，2012-2013年由经常预算承担的总付款用作相当于220个管理和行政类员额的经费(69 043 700美元)、一般业务费用(8 157 000美元)、用品和材料(170 000美元)以及对合办活动的捐助(6 346 800美元)(A/66/6 (Sect.25)，第25.13段)。难民署每年向联合国总部报告其经常预算项下的支出情况，这些支出分列为员额和非员额资源(A/63/616，第7段)。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "六.27 在执行上文第六.25段阐述的总付安排之前，2000-2001两年期包括高级专员和副高级专员员额在内的220个员额由经常预算供资。当时，在难民署归类为管理和行政员额的433个员额中，这220个员额占50.8%(A/63/616，第5段)。咨询委员会指出，2010-2011年当期，难民署的管理和行政类员额有515个，其中由经常预算供资的员额相当于220个，占42.7%。2012-2013两年期将继续由经常预算为这220个管理和行政类员额供资，这些员额中包括高级专员和副高级专员这2个员额，以及由赠款供资的另外218个员额。咨询委员会还从预算文件表25.6中注意到，2012-2013两年期难民署将有7 870个员额由预算外捐助供资，与2010-2011两年期的数字相同。", "六.28 咨询委员会询问了2012-2013年由经常预算赠款供资的218个管理和行政员额的职等问题。咨询委员会获悉，D-2/1和P-4/3职等的员额将各增5个和6个，但P-5员额将减少4个，P-2员额将减少5个，一般事务员额将减少2个。咨询委员会指出，职等较高的员额增加，而职等较低的员额则减少。在这方面，咨询委员会还获悉，自执行总付安排以来，由难民署确定哪些管理和行政员额应与由经常预算赠款供资的218个员额相对应，其余员额则由其自愿捐助供资。此外，为了保持前后一致，难民署曾试图维持各职类在218个员额中所占比例。不过，由于业务上的紧急性和难民署的动态性质，经常无法做到既保持218个员额职等分布不变，又不超过总付的总预算最高限额。", "六.29 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长所提2012-2013年拟议预算。咨询委员会虽然承认难民署的业务性质可能要求人员配置表具有灵活性，但认为，为了确保透明度和问责，应继续在难民署两年期方案预算中说明由经常预算赠款供资的218个员额的详细构成情况。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "布达佩斯服务中心", "六.30 咨询委员会回顾，它在审查2010-2011年拟议方案预算(A/64/7，第六.27段)时获悉，难民署已将某些行政职能调出日内瓦，以便在布达佩斯建立全球服务中心和全球学习中心。当时估计开办和过渡费用约为2 000万美元，并且从2010年起，每年可实现约950万美元的节余。", "六.31 在这方面，咨询委员会从拟议预算表25.4中注意到，2009年已经实现615万美元的年度节余，年度节余订正预测数2010年为1 520万美元，2011年为1 700万美元，2012年和2013年各为1 630万美元。拟议预算指出，表25.4中的估计数字考虑到了匈牙利政府的捐助，即：在布达佩斯中心地区提供免租金房地、办公家具、维护费用和水电瓦斯费以及接待和安保业务费，为期10年(A/66/6(Sect.25)，第25.18段)。", "六.32 咨询委员会获悉，2010年实行成果管理制是难民署采取的改革举措之一，其目的是使该组织更加透明、灵活和顺应需要。经询问，咨询委员会了解到难民署通过采取各种改革措施实现增效的最新情况。咨询委员会获悉，难民署在过去五年实施了广泛的内部改革，包括2007年在布达佩斯建立服务中心，这样做的原因是迫切需要降低总部的行政费用。因此，难民署总部的费用在总支出中所占比例从2006年的13.9%降至2010年的9.1%，工作人员费用在难民署费用总额中所占比例从41.4%降至27.1%。此外，通过改革实现的节余使难民署有了回旋空间，能够将未指定用途的资源捐助分配给资金不足的业务和紧急业务，并启动旨在加强保护和应急能力的倡议。咨询委员会欢迎难民署迄今采取的举措和取得的进展，并期待其进一步实现增效。", "出版物", "六.33 拟议预算表25.3列出经常出版物和非经常出版物总表。拟议预算附件还提供了2012-2013年不再发行的出版物清单。咨询委员会获悉，2012-2013两年期将发行的印刷版和电子版出版物包括：(a)《难民署统计年鉴》年度更新版，其中说明难民署关切的全球人口数目和趋势以及持久的解决办法；(b) 委托编制的关于一系列优先保护专题的研究文件。此外，难民署还将印发电子版出版物，并在其网站和社会媒体上定期报告难民署就难民和所关切其他人口开展的最新工作和遇到的最新问题。咨询委员会在第一章第109段和第110段对出版物问题进一步发表了意见。", "第26款 巴勒斯坦难民", "秘书长拟议数\t48 712400美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t43 712400美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "六.34 秘书长为第26款提出的经常预算资源重计费用前为48 712 400美元，与2010-2011两年期的批款相比增加了5 000 000美元，即增加11.4%(A/66/6 (Sect.26)，表26.3)。2012-2013年，联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)的经常预算在其两年期预算总额中所占比例约为2.7%，这一比例是根据将需要1 857 300 000美元预算外资源的预测得出的(同上，第26.12和26.13段)。", "六.35 秘书长指出，大会第3331 B(XXIX)号决议决定，在工程处任务期间，原须由自愿捐助项下支出的工程处国际工作人员的薪金，应自1975年1月1日起由联合国经常预算筹供经费(同上，第26.2段)。2012-2013年资源拟增加5 000 000美元，反映出用于以下目的的资源：大会为2010-2011年核定的14个新专业人员员额的滞后效应(2 283 200美元)；拟设13个新员额(2 475 200美元)；改叙5个员额(236 600美元)；非员额资源增加5 000美元(同上，第26.22段；另见下文第六.40和六.48段)。", "六.36 表六.5概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还列出2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表六.5 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定员额 133 1个USG、1个ASG、4个D-2、13个D-1、23个P-5、54个P-4、24个P-3、2个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议员额 146 1个USG、1个ASG、8个D-2、10个D-1、27个P-5、57个P-4、29个P-3、2个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)", "新员额 13 1个D-1、3个P-5、4个P-4、5个P-3", "改叙 5 4个D-1改叙为D-2、1个P-4改叙为P-5", "预算外", "2012-2013两年期拟议员额^(a) 75 2个D-2、2个D-1、7个P-5、54个P-4/3、3个P-2/1、7个GS(OL)", "^(a) 本表中不含近东救济工程处约31 800名当地工作人员(见A/66/6(Sect.26)，表26.4，脚注)。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "六.37 秘书长提议为2012-2013年设立如下13个员额(同上，第26.23段)：", "(a) 近东救济工程处争议法庭法官(D-1)和书记官长(P-4)(另见下文第六.41至六.44段)；", "(b) 近东救济工程处总部评价司司长(P-5)和财务信息和系统干事(P-4)；", "(c) 拟设在耶路撒冷的伙伴关系司司长(P-5)(见下文第六.50段)；", "(d) 驻布鲁塞尔高级联络干事(P-4)；哥伦比亚特区华盛顿代表处主管(P-5)和副主管(P-4)(另见下文第六.49段)；", "(e) 西岸、加沙、约旦、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和黎巴嫩这五个外地办事处各1名安保干事(5个P-3)。", "六.38 秘书长还提议向上改叙下列5个员额(同上，第26.24段)：", "(a) 近东救济工程处5名外地主任中的3名主任(西岸、黎巴嫩和加沙)从D-1改叙为D-2；", "(b) 财务部主任从D-1改叙为D-2；", "(c) 近东救济工程处总部安全保卫主管从P-4改叙为P-5。", "咨询委员会获悉，自近东救济工程处上一次在1983年对改叙情况进行审查以来，有些职等较高员额的职责和问责范围已大大增加。咨询委员会还获悉，联合国秘书处人力资源管理厅报酬和叙级科近期对这些D-1员额进行了审查，并裁定可将其改叙为D-2职等。", "六.39 根据秘书长提供的理由，咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的提议，包括拟设13个新员额和改叙5个员额的提议。", "关于非员额资源的评论意见和建议", "六.40 关于2012-2013年非员额资源拟增加5 000美元的情况(见上文第六.35段)，咨询委员会获悉，拟增加的数额反映出其他工作人员费用项下的一般临时人员所需资源，这笔经费用于支付顶替休产假或长期病假工作人员所需的费用。要求为2012-2013年提供的非员额资源总额为19 900美元。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长所提非员额资源。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "近东救济工程处争议法庭和新的内部司法系统", "六.41 如上文所示，拟设的新员额中有2个员额(即法官和书记官长员额)与近东救济工程处争议法庭有关。秘书长指出，争议法庭将听取提交给该法庭审议的申诉并就其作出裁决，工程处或其工作人员可依照《联合国上诉法庭规约》的规定，就争议法庭的裁决向上诉法庭提出上诉(同上，第26.23(a)段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，近东救济工程处新的内部司法系统与联合国的二级内部司法系统类似。不过，近东救济工程处选择设立自己的争议法庭，作为其根据按人头分担费用安排参加联合国争议法庭的办法(见大会第63/253号决议，第52段)，鉴于工程处大约有30 000名工作人员，这一做法将使该工程处每年多付800万至900万美元的费用。近东救济工程处还表示，除了拟设的法官和书记官长员额的费用之外，其内部司法系统每年的运作费用将为100万美元，这笔费用由近东救济工程处普通基金供资。", "六.42 咨询委员会还获悉，近东救济工程处将参加联合国内部司法系统的第二级，即联合国上诉法庭。在这方面，咨询委员会回顾，正如大会第63/253号决议核可的那样，《联合国上诉法庭规约》第2.10条规定，如有关组织利用中立的一审程序，则该组织应与秘书长缔结特别协定。咨询委员会获悉，因此，近东救济工程处于2009年12月与秘书长签订了特别协定。根据该协定的规定，近东救济工程处将负责按照每个案件9 600美元的统一收费标准向联合国上诉法庭支付费用。此外，还以《联合国工作人员条例和细则》为范本对《近东救济工程处工作人员条例和细则》进行了修正，修正案于2010年6月1日起生效。", "六.43 关于近东救济工程处争议法庭法官的选聘程序，经询问，咨询委员会获悉，近东救济工程处内部司法委员会选聘了1名独立法官，内部司法委员会由工作人员间联盟会议甄选的1名地区工作人员、国际工作人员选举的1名国际工作人员、人力资源主管、法律顾问和3名知名外部法学家组成。咨询委员会还获悉，近东救济工程处争议法庭自2011年6月1日起开始全面运作，目前由预算外资源为其供资。", "六.44 经询问，咨询委员会还获悉，近东救济工程处新的内部司法系统还通过调解等非正式解决争议机制加强了解决争议框架。不过，咨询委员会还了解到，近东救济工程处没有单设监察员办公室，而是利用道德操守干事履行这些职能。在这方面，咨询委员会回顾，大会在建立联合国内部司法系统时确认，非正式解决冲突办法是该制度的一个重要构成部分，并强调应尽可能利用这种办法，以避免不必要的诉讼(见大会第61/261号决议，第11段)。大会在同一决议中决定为秘书处、各基金和方案设立一个监察员办公室，并设立调解司。咨询委员会认为，近东救济工程处的上述安排是不够的。咨询委员会认为，近东救济工程处应确保为其非正式解决冲突程序提供适当的支持。", "财务状况", "六.45 咨询委员会回顾，它曾在审查2010-2011年拟议方案预算时提出近东救济工程处的资金短缺问题(A/64/7，第六.45段)。在这方面，咨询委员会获悉，为近东救济工程处提供的预算外捐助虽然逐年渐增，却没有跟上人口增加和费用上涨的步伐。此外，缺乏足够的资源已导致工程处方案质量下降，并且工程处在解决难民的紧急需要方面遇到了相当大困难。", "六.46 经询问，咨询委员会还获悉，导致近东救济工程处财务状况的主要问题如下：", "(a) 周转资本在过去10年间从8 000万美元持续降至2011年1月1日的4 200万美元，造成周转资本不足；准备金不足以支付每月4 500万至5 000万美元的开支；", "(b) 年收入不足，其依据是预计到2011年年底有6 200万美元的亏空；", "(c) 不利的内部和外部因素，原因是通货膨胀导致加薪(1 200万美元)，工作人员老龄化和支付离职金(400万美元)，以及支付粮食、医疗用品和公用事业费用(400万美元)，导致所需经费增加，而且捐助国国内经济面临严重挑战；", "六.47 在向其地区工作人员支付离职金的问题上，近东救济工程处关切的是，自2012年1月1日起实施《公共部门会计准则》后，离职金付款将作为一项负债列入该工程处的资产负债表。由于近东救济工程处的离职金负债完全没有准备金，到2013年年末其负债总额将超过其资产总额，结果是，报告的资产净值将是负数。近东救济工程处预计，外部审计人员将对其财务维持能力表示严重关切。咨询委员会打算在审议近东救济工程处2012-2013两年期预算时再次审议这一问题。", "六.48 秘书长在拟议预算中表示，大会在第65/272号决议中请他从联合国经常预算中提供财政资源，继续支持加强工程处的体制。据此，秘书长提出为2012-2013年增加500万美元的资源(A/66/6(Sect.26)，第26.11段)。咨询委员会注意到，大会为2010-2011年核准的14个新专业人员员额的滞后效应造成的费用为2 283 200美元，占秘书长拟增加总额的46%。", "改革进程", "六.49 咨询委员会回顾，近东救济工程处启动了一项组织发展计划，以改革和加强管理结构和程序(A/64/7，第六.35段)。在这方面，咨询委员会获悉，组织发展改革进程已结束，并已使近东救济工程处的运作方式得到很大改善，包括制订了由成果规划系统支持的中期战略。此外，近东救济工程处还制订了新的改革方案，即“持续变革”，目的是提高其提供保健和教育服务的成效，以及改进其减缓贫穷的办法。咨询委员会还获悉，近东救济工程处就是在这一背景下请设4个员额开展调动资源活动的，目的是维持并增加自愿供资额(见上文第六.37段(c)和(d))。", "六.50 关于近东救济工程处设想的调动资源活动，咨询委员会获悉，请设伙伴关系司司长这一员额，是因为工程处认识到，为发展和人道主义援助提供资金不仅仅是会员国的职权范围。粮食署和难民署约3.5%的资源来自私营筹资，而近东救济工程处的私营筹资目前只占其资源的0.1%。因此，工程处有很大潜力，可通过与各基金会、私营实体和公众的伙伴关系增加自愿捐助。咨询委员会欢迎近东救济工程处采取举措，加强与非传统捐助者的伙伴关系，以扩大其捐助群体。咨询委员会还鼓励近东救济工程处不断探索其他改革和增效举措。", "第27款 人道主义援助", "秘书长拟议数\t29 741100美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 29 399 900美元\n预计预算外资源\t496 114400美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。\t\n^(b)这一数额不包括通过救灾信托基金(2012-2013年估计数额为150000000美元)和通过中央应急基金(2012-2013年估计数额为800000000美元)提供的指定用于非人道主义事务协调厅活动的赠款。", "六.51 秘书长要求在第27款下为2012-2013两年期提供的经常预算资源为29 741 100美元，与2010-2011年相比增加了341 200美元，即1.2%。秘书长报告指出，资源增加反映出秘书长继续致力于逐步加强人道主义事务协调厅的经常预算部分，而且也是回应大会第57/153号决议，其中大会强调，该厅应受益于充分和更可预测的供资(A/66/6(Sect 27)，第27.8段)。", "六.52 表六.6概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还列出2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表六.6 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定员额 70 1个USG、1个ASG、3个D-2、3个D-1、10个P-5、16个P-4、14个P-3、5个P-2、2个GS(PL)、15个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议员额 72 1个USG、1个ASG、3个D-2、4个D-1、11个P-5、16个P-4、14个P-3、5个P-2、2个GS(PL)、15个GS(OL)", "新员额 2 次级方案3的1个D-1、次级方案2的1个P-5", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议员额 1 879 1个ASG、1个D-2、12个D-1、79个P-5、218个P-4、319个P-3、58个P-2/1、4个GS/PL、161个GS/OL、340个NO、686个LL", "六.53 秘书长指出，2012-2013两年期预计预算外资源为496 114 400美元，占人道主义事务协调厅所需资源总额的94%，这些资源将补充经常预算提供的资源，以便为该厅的各种活动供资。2012-2013年拟议预算外资源显示，与2010-2011年相比，资源数额预计会减少23 690 700美元。数额减少的原因是进行了一项工作，使所需资金与预期的捐款数额相一致(同上，第27.10和27.11段)。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "新员额", "六.54 秘书长拟在对外关系和支助动员处为次级方案2(协调人道主义行动和应急)设立1个P-5经常预算员额，即联合呼吁程序科科长员额。该员额将负责及时编制联合国机构间人道主义呼吁；领导制订并实施联合呼吁程序和良好人道主义捐助做法方面的机构间政策；管理财务跟踪服务和在线项目系统等新闻工具(同上，第27.34段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，该P-5科长员额已于2010-2011两年期设立，由预算外资源为其供资。咨询委员会不反对在次级方案2下设立该P-5员额，但指出，在列报该项拟议资源时，本应该准确地说明资金来源已从预算外资源变为经常预算。", "六.55 拟在次级方案3(减少自然灾害)下新设1个D-1职等的区域方案和政策制订处处长员额。国际减灾战略的任务规定是充当联合国系统协调减灾活动的协调中心，并确保联合国系统和各区域组织的减灾活动与社会经济和人道主义领域各种活动产生协同效应，秘书长指出，减灾战略各区域办事处在执行这一任务规定方面发挥着重要作用。各区域办事处为区域减少灾害风险合作框架以及为区域一级执行《兵库行动框架》提供支助(同上，第27.41段)。大会在第65/157号决议中确认，对国际减灾战略秘书处的要求日益增多，需要为执行该战略提供更多、及时、稳定和可预测的资源。秘书长指出，减灾战略秘书处目前完全由预算外资源供资，秘书处已采取若干措施，通过扩大捐助群体和增加不指定用途的资金，来提高资金的可预测性；不过，由于预算外资源的性质，这种资源无法保证减灾战略秘书处核心活动和经常活动的供资具有必要的可预测性和稳定性(同上，第27.42段)。大会在第65/157号决议中请秘书长考虑如何最有效地支持减少自然灾害战略的落实工作，咨询委员会注意到，秘书长打算向大会第六十六届会议提交报告，其中载有针对该决议提出的建议(同上)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，关于国际减灾战略的报告所载建议中包括关于在经常预算下设立D-1级区域方案和政策制订处处长员额的提议。咨询委员会不反对在次级方案3下设立该D-1员额。", "关于非员额资源的评论意见和建议", "六.56 秘书长提出的拟议非员额资源总额为7 311 900美元，减少了390 200美元，减少的原因是订约承办事务(202 400美元)、一般业务费用(158 800美元)、咨询人员(14 700美元)和招待费(500美元)项下所需资源减少，减少额因赠款和捐款(36 400美元)、家具和设备费用(23 900美元)、其他工作人员费用(6 700美元)和用品费用(200美元)增加而部分抵消。咨询委员会建议核准拟议非员额资源。", "一般性评论和意见", "六.57 秘书长在报告所载表27.21指出，监督厅在审计人道主义事务协调厅对苏丹共同人道主义基金的治理安排时提出了一项建议，2011年将根据该项建议进行可行性审查。监督厅在这次审计中发现，共同人道主义基金执行机构的责任仅限于提交项目执行报告，没有要求在审批项目和分配资金时考虑监测、评价和审计结果(A/65/271(Part I)，第33段)。监督厅建议苏丹人道主义协调员在分配程序中采用执行机构监测、评价和审计结果，以提高共同人道主义基金各项目的总体执行成效和效率(AN2010/590/05，建议4)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，人道主义事务协调厅已对该建议的可行性进行评估，并已决定在2011年制订苏丹共同人道主义基金监测和评价总框架，该框架将成为基金准则的附件。2011年4月为此举办了讲习班，以通过加强监测和评价机制改善对国家集合资金的管理。咨询委员会确认加强对基金各项目问责的重要性，期待迅速完成总框架的制订工作，该框架将成为监测和评价的合理依据。", "第七编 公共信息", "第28款 公共信息", "秘书长拟议数\t179 432200美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t184 996600美元\n预算外资源预计数\t6 339100美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括其他摊款资源1 433000美元，此处修订了A/66/6(Sect.28)号文件表28.6所载信息，以反映大会在关于维持和平支助账户的第65/290号决议中所做决定以及4906 100美元的预算外资源。", "七.1　秘书长为2012-2013两年期第28款请批经常预算资源在重计费用前为179 432 200美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款少5 564 400美元，即3% (A/66/6(Sect.28)，表28.6)。", "七.2　咨询委员会在审议秘书长提出的第28款项下拟议预算时获悉，所需资源总额减少主要是由于新闻部精简了各项活动，特别是采用了更现代化的信息管理技术(另见下文第七.17至七.20段)，更广泛地使用因特网和社交媒体传播信息(另见下文第七.14至七.16段)以及采用多个在线报告和管理工具(A/66/6(Sect.28)第28.5段)。咨询委员会欢迎秘书长为减少第28款下所需费用所做的努力，并特别赞扬他采用了可以视为“推动变化因素”的若干措施，以改变新闻部开展业务的方式，实现长期增效。", "七.3　表七.1概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长所提2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额。该表还列示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表七.1 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t738\t1个USG、4个D-2、20个D-1、37个P-5、75个P-4、89个P-3、58个P-2/1、9个GS(PL)、226个GS(OL)、45个NO、174个LL\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t723\t1个USG、4个D-2、20个D-1、36个P-5、75个P-4、89个P-3、58个P-2/1、9个GS(PL)、217个GS(OL)、51个NO、163个LL\n 新设 1 次级方案3下1个P-2/1 调动 4 次级方案1内的1个P-5 次级方案2的1个P-4和1个P-2调至次级方案3 \n 次级方案3的1个P-3调至次级方案2 \n 改叙 6 次级方案1的6个LL改叙为NO \n 改划 4 次级方案2的4个GS(OL) \n 裁撤 20 1个 P-5、1个P-2/1、13个GS(OL)、5个LL \n 预算外^(a) \n2012-2013年拟议员额\t14\t3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、10个GS(OL)", "^(a) 预算外员额数包括维持和平行动支助账户供资的4个其他摊款员额和10个预算外员额。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "新员额", "七.4　秘书长提议在教育拓展组(次级方案3)设立1个P-2/1员额(A/66/6 (Sect.28)第28.49段)。秘书长在提供给咨询委员会的补充资料中指出，该组目前的编制人数(2个专业员额和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额)不足以支持2012-2013两年期预计将扩大的活动范围，这一两年期的工作重点将是扩大本组织与学术和教育机构的关系。咨询委员会经询问获悉，由于青年人是该部的主要受众(另见下文第七.13段)，因此教育拓展具有战略必要性。除其他外，拟设员额的任职者将负责协助组织联合国学生会议；就这些会议主题收集信息，开展研究；作为有意与联合国合作的学术机构的联络人；帮助确认并提出外联机会和活动；为鼓励学术机构为执行联合国任务规定作出实质性贡献的联合国学术影响力方案提供支持。咨询委员会建议核可在教育拓展组设立一个P-2/1员额的提议。", "调动", "七.5　拟议调动以下4个员额：", "(a) 1个P-5级联合国外地办事处新闻部门联合国新闻中心主任员额调至内罗毕联合国新闻中心(次级方案1)，以加强后者的人员编制结构，该中心为肯尼亚和东非的联合国小型办事处和方案制定信息战略提供咨询意见和支持，并向媒体和公众传播相关信息，是获取关于联合国在当地、区域和全球所开展工作信息的中心机构(A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.33段)；", "(b) 1个P-4级信息干事员额从新闻和媒体司(次级方案2)调到外联事务(次级方案3)，以加强非政府组织关系组的力量(同上，第28.41段)；", "(c) 1个P-3级信息干事从外联事务(次级方案3)调到秘书长发言人办公室(次级方案2)，以确保该办公室的人员编制足以应付所开展工作的复杂性(同上，第28.40段)；", "(d) 1个P-2/1级协理行政干事员额从秘书长发言人办公室(次级方案2)调到外联事务(次级方案3)，以充实外联司的行政支持和监督职能(同上，第28.49段)。", "咨询委员会不反对提出的这些人员调动。通过新设员额，将1个员额调到外联事务以及设立上文第七.4 段提及的P-2/1 员额，咨询委员会希望新闻部将能够进一步扩大外联活动的范围。", "改叙", "七.6　秘书长提议将6个当地雇用人员员额(1个在阿尔及尔的联合国新闻中心，5个在联合国驻白俄罗斯、厄立特里亚、格鲁吉亚、乌克兰和乌兹别克斯坦的外地办事处)改叙为本国干事职等。拟议改叙这些员额是为了确保员额职等与任职者履行职能的专业性质相符，帮助吸引具有相关专长的合格当地专业人员(同上，第28.33和28.34段)。咨询委员会指出，秘书长的提议符合咨询委员会早前提出的应尽可能广泛使用专业人员职等和一般事务人员职等的本国工作人员的建议(见A/60/7,第70和71段)。咨询委员会建议核可将6个员额从当地职等改叙为本国干事职等的提议。", "改划为常设员额", "七.7　秘书长还提议将目前由一般临时人员项下供资的4个一般事务(其他职等)职位改划为常设员额。之所以拟议将新闻和媒体司网站股这4个职位(次级方案2)改划为常设员额，是因为该部致力于确保六个正式语文之间的平等，同时也是因为这些任职者履行的职能具有连续性(A/66/6(Sect.28)，第28.41段)。咨询委员会铭记大会在第65/107 B号决议中请新闻部进一步改进所采取的行动，力求在联合国网站上实现六种正式语文完全平等，建议核可将4个一般事务(其他职等)职位改划为同一职等的常设员额。", "裁撤", "七.8　拟议裁撤以下20个员额：", "(a) 由于达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆(次级方案3)改进技术和改变流程，裁撤1个P-5级科长、1个P-2级图书管理员和9个一般事务(其他职等)图书馆助理员员额(另见下文第七.20段)(A/66/6(Sect.28),第 28.49段)；", "(b) 由于重新组合资源以提高生产率，裁撤新闻和媒体司(次级方案2)的1个一般事务(其他职等)秘书员额和3个一般事务(其他职等)新闻助理员额(同上，第28.41段)；", "(c) 经过对新闻部各新闻中心需求以及在现有能力范围内执行相关职能的能力的审查，同时考虑到退休和空缺方面的趋势，裁撤布加勒斯特(2个员额)、洛美、利马和西班牙港的5个当地雇员员额(次级方案1)(同上，第28.34段)。", "咨询委员会不反对拟议裁撤这些员额。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "七.9　2012-2013年所需非员额资源估计数为36 574 700美元，与2010-2011年订正批款相比减少3 676 400美元，即9.1%。咨询委员会从获得的补充资料中获悉，秘书长提议减少除代表差旅以外所有支出用途项下的所需资源。咨询委员会建议核可秘书长提出的第28款拟议非员额资源。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "空缺率", "七.10　咨询委员会经询问获悉，截至2011年4月30日，2010-2011两年期核准的该部738个经常预算员额中36个空缺，空缺率为4.9%。咨询委员会从获得的其他资料中获悉，该部的许多空缺员额都在外地。咨询委员会重视外地的新闻活动，因为通过这些活动可以向各地人民宣传本组织的工作并根据各地区、各国和各地方的具体受众调整资料，使公众更好地了解并支持联合国的目标和活动。(另见下文第七.21至七.24段)。咨询委员会因此促请秘书长尽快填补外地的所有余下空缺。", "监测和评价", "七.11　秘书长在预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.28)/Corr.1)第28.13段指出，根据大会第58/269号决议，确定用于监测和评价的资源共计2 792 000美元，相当于工作人员292个工作月的费用。", "七.12　咨询委员会经询问获悉，负责监测和评价工作的实体，评价和传播研究股设在副秘书长办公室。3个专业职等工作人员和2个一般事务工作人员全职参与监测和评价活动。咨询委员会进一步获悉，在2012-2013两年期，该部将评估：", "(a) 针对相关非政府组织的每周情况通报的覆盖面和效用；", "(b) 非政府组织年度会议和联合国公民大使方案在促进民间社会参与联合国工作方面取得的实效；", "(c) 全球模拟联合国对提高青年人对本组织工作了解的实效；", "(d) 用户对内部通信工具(iSeek和内部网)的满意度；", "(e) 和平使者方案对于促进媒体报道优先问题的有用性；", "(f) 新闻产品的覆盖面和影响力；", "(g) 可持续发展宣传运动对于提高对相关问题认识的有效性；", "(h) 联合国网站(www.un.org)是否便于浏览和使用以及是否能够及时回答用户提问。", "咨询委员会注意到新闻部在2012-2013两年期期间将开展广泛的监测和评估活动。咨询委员会期待在今后提交的报告中看到有关这些活动成果以及开展的任何后续行动的资料，并说明吸取的经验。咨询委员会在上文第一章对监测和评价问题提出了进一步评论意见。", "青年人成为该部工作的战略重点", "七.13　咨询委员会注意到，预算文件第28.2段指出，新闻部已经将青年作为其宣传工作的战略重点。咨询委员会经询问获悉，作为使全世界青年参与与联合国相关重要问题战略的一部分，新闻部启动了若干举措，包括全球模拟联合国、就多个主题举行一系列的全球学生视频会议、联合国学术影响力方案、采取措施确保青年参与非政府组织年度会议以及开展多个外联活动。咨询委员会欢迎新闻部重视在青年人中间宣传联合国的工作。咨询委员会期望秘书长在此方面继续努力，寻找促进青年参与的更多机会。咨询委员会认为，有效使用新媒体(见下文第七.14至七.16段)应成为这些努力的重要部分。", "使用新媒体", "七.14　咨询委员会在审议秘书长提出的第28款项下拟议预算期间获悉，技术领域的不断发展和持续的信息革命为加强新闻部提供服务、使服务实现现代化提供了肥沃的土壤。在此方面，咨询委员会注意到，2012-2013两年期若干预期成绩和绩效指标都提及使用因特网和在线社交联网工具，以增进对联合国工作的了解和支持。", "七.15　咨询委员会经询问获悉，联合国目前除了运行自己的网站(www.un.org)外还登陆了包括推特、脸书和优酷在内的多个社交媒介平台。咨询委员会得到了以下表格，其中显示截至2011年6月3日新闻部所管理平台的社交媒体流量：", "平台 脸书 推特 Flick’r YouTube 新浪微博 土豆 优酷", "关注/浏览/订阅数 111 699 400 561 1 121 166 3 362 499 330 865 366 242 2 171 676", "七.16　咨询委员会还获悉，为了使全世界读者更容易获得电子版的联合国出版物，销售和营销组推出了在平板电脑和移动阅读设备上使用的电子书和应用链接(“apps”)。咨询委员会欢迎新闻部努力通过使用因特网和社交联网工具，继续扩大受众。近年来，因特网和社交联网工具日益流行，如果加以有效使用可以帮助树立本组织在状况中、可接触和可及的形象。但与此同时，咨询委员会指出，更传统的宣传手段(例如广播和印刷媒体)依然是确保有效宣传本组织信息，特别是在发展中国家有效宣传本组织信息工作的重要组成部分。", "达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆实现现代化", "七.17　咨询委员会注意到，上文提到的技术领域的不断发展和信息革命也给新闻部提供了使达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆业务实现现代化的机会，以确保其能向联合国工作人员和代表提供更好的服务，而且作为全世界研究人员和普遍大众获得联合国资料的虚拟通道(A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.6段)。", "七.18　咨询委员会经询问获悉，在这一款拟议资源中，650 000美元将用于图书馆的现代化。将使用这些资源购买升级和定制当前信息管理系统必需的技术解决方案、转移数据及培训工作人员。这些资源还将用于支付与系统相关的订约承办事务、安装及变革管理措施。咨询委员会进一步获悉，长期而言，还将开展一个单独的项目，审查联合国图书馆的全球活动，以提高政策的连贯性及进一步统一各系统。为此，新闻部将在2011年晚些时候在联合国图书馆现代化和综合管理指导委员会框架内启动审查工作，该委员会是在秘书长发布题为“加强联合国：进一步改革纲领”(A/57/387)的报告后成立的。", "七.19　咨询委员会注意到，前一段概述的各项措施将与当前开展的将1946至1993年期间的联合国会议文件数字化、并将这些文件上载到正式文件系统项目同时执行。咨询委员会经询问获悉，目前共有5名工作人员参与1999年1月启动的这一项目。截至2010年10月31日，已完成约225 000份文件(1 900 000页)的数字化处理并上载到了正式文件系统。还有约3 750 000份1993年以前的文件有待处理，但预计其中仅有25%的文件被归为重要文件，需要进行数字化处理。[7] 咨询委员会进一步获悉，新闻部已经开始就设立一个单独项目、实现联合国文件数字化问题与大会和会议管理部及信息和通信技术厅讨论，通过这一项目使得有可能在5年内使所有1993年以前文件实现数字化。一旦执行该项目，将有机会审查目前开展数字化工作的图书馆工作人员人数。咨询委员会认识到这一项目可以带来的益处，该项目将有可能进一步减少费用，并鼓励有关各部厅尽早结束相关谈判。", "七.20　咨询委员会注意到，将在2012-2013两年期期间进行的技术改进和完善程序将使得图书馆裁撤11个员额(1个P-5、1个P-2和9个一般事务(其他职等)员额)(见上文第七.8段)。咨询委员会欢迎为精简图书馆业务和实现业务现代化所作的努力，预计通过这些努力将减少员额费用，并期望在今后提交的文件中介绍上文概述各项目的最新状况，包括评估项目影响，并指出这些项目是否有助于今后实现节余及吸取的经验。", "联合国新闻中心", "七.21 联合国新闻中心网络2012-2013两年期拟议所需经常预算资源为40 808 400美元，用于维持246个员额(39个专业职等、161个当地职等和46个本国干事) 和相关非员额资源(A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.34段)。这些员额分布在全世界53个联合国新闻中心，其中25个新闻中心的主管为新闻部工作人员，余下28个新闻中心的主管为相应的联合国驻地协调员。这些中心作为中心所在国了解联合国系统的主要信息来源，负责增进公众对联合国目标和活动的了解和支持，向世界各地、特别是发展中国家人民传播关于本组织工作的资料 。", "七.22　在此方面，咨询委员会回顾，大会在第64/243号决议中核准在罗安达设立一个新的联合国新闻中心。2012-2013两年期拟议预算列入了为该中心设立的6个员额的滞后影响相关资源(A/66/6(Sect.28)，第28.34段)。咨询委员会从回答有关罗安达新闻中心当前状况的问题中获悉，安哥拉政府最近核准调拨资源，用于修建必要的办公场所，而且新闻部正在与法律事务厅一道拟订相关的东道国协定。", "七.23　咨询委员会在审议第28款项下各项提议期间从秘书长代表处获悉，鉴于普遍的经济形势以及本组织很难以合理费用获得适当场所的情况，新闻部已开始重新评估并理顺联合国各新闻中心业务的战略。为降低因采取额外的安全和安保措施以及租金和水电瓦斯费上涨造成的支出增加的影响，新闻部正在通过将图书馆藏书捐给当地大学或与联合国国家工作队其他成员共用办公空间，缩减分配给联合国新闻中心的实地办公空间。如上文第七.8段所示，经过审查需求以及在现有人员编制内重新分配各项职能的可能性，秘书长还提议裁撤4个联合国新闻中心的5个当地职等员额。咨询委员会获悉，长期而言，新闻部的战略是确保各新闻中心能够利用他们向联合国国家工作队及秘书处提供的比较优势，因为他们相当熟悉当地环境和语言，可提供专业的宣传支持和指导。今后，各中心将用更多精力帮助客户获得电子信息资源以及在办公场所以外地点开展外联活动。", "七.24　咨询委员会深信，联合国各新闻中心可发挥作用，传播有关联合国工作的信息，而且以当地受众容易理解的形式传播这种信息，这对于促进人民广泛支持本组织及其目标极为重要，因此，长期以来，咨询委员会一直支持联合国各新闻中心。考虑到新闻中心面临的制约因素和不确定性，咨询委员会认为秘书长应在今后提交的报告中列出详细的行动计划，确保联合国新闻中心网络在中长期能够继续有效地开展业务。", "为提高制图股专业技能所采取各项措施的最新情况", "七.25　咨询委员会回顾，它在关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中促请秘书长向大会提出如何提高制图股专业技能的建议，并将此作为优先事项(A/64/7，第七.12段)。咨询委员会从对有关这些提议目前状态问题的答复中获悉，制图股的大部分设计工作人员(11个工作人员中有6个)都是一般事务职等的制图助理。对于这些工作人员而言，晋升到专业人员职等只能通过一般事务人员晋升专业人员竞争性考试，而且目前没有专门的制图考试，只有网页设计和开发方面的考试。但咨询委员会进一步获悉，该股的工作人员可优先获得提高技能的外部培训机会。鉴于制图股在宣传联合国资料方面的重要性，咨询委员会促请秘书长继续采取各项步骤，提高该股工作人员的专业技能，并为他们提供更多的职业发展机会。", "出版物", "七.26　预算文件表28.3概述新闻部将在2012-2013两年期印发的经常和非经常性出版物。咨询委员会注意到，表格中列出预计出版物的数目将从2010-2011年的71个降至2012-2013年的61个，而且所有61个都是经常性出版物。尽管咨询委员会经询问获悉，若干会员国藏书图书馆请新闻部不要再寄出版物的打印文本，因为这些文本可以从网上下载，但咨询委员会从获得的补充信息中得知，新闻部将印发的所有61份出版物中仅有10份出版物(2版的《联合国年鉴》和8期的《联合国纪事》)有电子格式版本。咨询委员会建议新闻部继续监督出版物方案，以确保能够满足会员国不断变化的需求。咨询委员会在上文第一章对出版物问题提出了进一步评论意见。", "七.27 一个相关的问题是，咨询委员会注意到，审计委员会在关于联合国2009年12月31日终了两年期财务报表的报告中建议行政当局重新检查并在必要时重新分配出版物委员会的任务和活动(A/65/5(Vol. I)，第251段)。秘书长在预算文件表28.26中介绍了根据该建议已采取和预期采取的各项步骤，其中包括成立出版物委员会工作组和出版问题工作组。咨询委员会期待在合适的时候看到有关这一工作成果的资料。", "提高新闻部对本组织需求的反应能力", "七.28　咨询委员会重申，公共信息活动具有至关重要的作用，可影响公众对本组织如何履行其法定责任的看法(另见A/64/7,第七.2段)。但现在主流新闻媒体的相关性受到了非主流渠道日益流行的挑战，新闻传播平台正在迅速扩张，并不断地花样翻新，社交媒介工具也在改变着人们获得和共享信息的方式，因此，咨询委员会试想，现在是否已到新闻部作出以下评估的时候：如何使其新闻活动更好地为本组织需求服务，如何提高其工作的创造力和创新性，如何继续以较贴近世界各地人们日常生活的方式促进联合国工作。咨询委员会注意到这一事项属新闻委员会的工作范畴，因此请秘书长将这一问题转交给该委员会进一步审议。", "第八编 共同支助事务", "第29款 管理和支助事务", "秘书长拟议数\t531 865200美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t525 971200美元\n预算外资源预计数\t462 698600美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括其他摊款资源251 005200美元，此处修订了A/66/6(Sect.29)号文件表29.1所载信息，以反映大会在关于维持和平支助账户的第65/290号决议中所做决定以及211693 400美元的预算外资源。", "八.1　2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第八编下执行各项活动的总目标是：(a) 加强联合国在财务、人力资源、信息和通信技术和包括采购和基础设施在内的支助事务这四大管理领域管理其资源的效率，并加强问责；(b) 为联合国各种政府间进程提供支持；(c) 为秘书处已获授权的方案和活动取得经费；(d) 支持执行这些方案和活动。2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第八编包括第29款(管理和支助事务)，该款分为7个分款，下文将分别予以讨论，第八编还包括第30款(信息和通信技术厅)。", "八.2　秘书长为第29款(管理和支助事务)请批经常预算资源在重计费用前为531 865 200美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款增加5 894 000美元，即1.1%。", "第29A款 主管管理事务副秘书长办公室", "秘书长拟议数\t32 816100美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 26 126 100美元\n预算外资源预计数\t190 781300美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括其他摊款资源160 313800美元，此处修订了A/66/6(Sect.29)号文件表29.1所载信息，以反映大会在关于维持和平支助账户的第65/290号决议中所做决定以及30467 500美元的预算外资源。", "八.3　秘书长为第29A款请批经常预算资源在重计费用前为32 816 100美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款增加6 690 000美元，即25.6%(见A/66/6(Sect. 29A)，表29A.4)。预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29A))第29A.10段概述了各项变化。如预算文件所示，资源增加主要涉及企业资源规划项目(“团结”)构成部分，反映了“团结”项目2012-2013两年期所需经常预算经费份额。", "八.4　秘书长在其报告 (A/66/6(Sect.29A))第29A.11段中指出，还将以其他摊款资源171 165 300美元补充经常预算资源，其中包括企业资源规划项目项下103 191 700美元和维持和平行动支助账户项下67 973 600美元。咨询委员会在审议秘书长提出的29A款项下拟议预算时获悉，在大会在关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议中做出决定后，该款的其他摊款资源总额降至160 313 800美元，其中包括企业资源规划项目项下94 370 400美元和维持和平行动支助账户项下65 943 400美元。该办公室还有两个来源的预算外资源，估计数为30 467 500美元，一是方案支助收入，这是中央行政机构对预算外活动提供的服务的偿还款，二是技术合作偿还资源，其中包括用于企业资源规划项目的27 702 100美元。", "八.5 预算文件(A/66/6 (Sect.29A))第29A.1至29A.9段概述了管理事务部的主要职责和2012-2013两年期的优先事项。此外，秘书长将提交一份关于问责框架的第64/259号决议执行情况报告和关于企业资源规划项目执行情况的进展报告供大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议审议(见A/66/6(Sect.29A)，第29A.30段和大会第64/243号决议)。咨询委员会在审议拟议预算期间了解到有关这两个领域目前正在开展的活动最新情况。", "问责系统", "八.6　关于在秘书处发展问责系统，咨询委员会获悉，已开展了各项活动，并已取得进展，特别是在以下方面取得了进展：(a) 在2011年高级主管契约中确认机构和个人问责之间的明确联系；(b) 根据财务和工作人员条例和细则确定明确的角色和职责，确保系统报告和监测授权情况；(c) 根据会员国在大会第63/276号决议中核准的框架制定成果管理概念框架，同时满足本组织特有的规范要求和业务要求；(d) 制定企业风险管理政策和方法，为采用企业风险管理及加强内部控制框架提供指导；(e) 试行绩效管理系统，在全联合国更广泛地采用这一系统后，启动吸取经验教训活动。咨询委员会期望得到更多细节，以了解秘书处在发展问责系统方面取得的进展，并将在审议上述报告时对这一问题提出评论意见。", "企业资源规划项目(“团结”)", "八.7 咨询委员会在审议秘书长提出的第29A款拟议预算时获悉，秘书处预计实施企业资源规划项目的工作将延后，而且自2011年5月31日以来该项目一直缺少一个主管。鉴于这一情况，项目指导委员会决定分阶段实施项目，侧重该系统的初期阶段，主要关注支持采用国际公共部门会计准则所需的功能。为此，秘书处与粮食署信息和通信技术小组建立了伙伴关系，对粮食署企业资源规划系统(WINGS II)的现有程序和“团结”中的现有程序进行“匹配-差距”分析。咨询委员会获悉，粮食署已经满足公共部门会计准则的要求，预计联合工作将有助于“团结”的某些解决方案与WINGS II系统的解决方案相一致，而且也可以使联合国借鉴粮食署在向公共部门会计准则过渡过程中吸取的经验教训。", "八.8 预计联合工作将于2011年8月完成，之后，将开展评估并采取接下来的步骤，以加快项目实施。据了解，在“匹配-差距”分析和评估工作完成前，秘书处不能提供有关推迟的程度以及产生的影响的任何具体信息。咨询委员会进一步获悉，秘书长将在下一份关于企业资源规划项目执行进展报告中阐述项目取得的成绩并提出减少延缓的各项措施。", "八.9 在实施国际公共部门会计准则方面，咨询委员会回顾，大会在第65/259号决议中请秘书长确保至迟于2014年在联合国完成国际公共部门会计准则的实施工作。咨询委员会指出，联合国的战略是采用公共部门会计准则与采用新的企业资源规划系统同步进行，因为本组织现有的信息技术系统如果不经过广泛、昂贵的调整，无法满足公共部门会计准则的要求。咨询委员会又回顾，之前已经将采用公共部门会计准则从2012年推迟到了2014年，以实施在整个联合国部署企业资源规划系统方面实行“试点先行”的战略(见A/64/380)。", "八.10 咨询委员会很遗憾地得知，预计将推迟实施企业资源规划系统，因为任何滞后都可能会造成费用增加，会对计划于2014年进行的向公共部门会计准则的过渡产生影响，而采用公共部门会计准则已经落后于最初的计划(见上文第八.9段)。咨询委员会在前一份报告(A/65/576,第29段)中强调，秘书长、管理委员会和项目指导委员会必须持续作出承诺，以推动本组织适应采用企业资源规划后带来的变化及得到改进的工作方法。咨询委员会仍然认为并相信，加强承诺对于项目的成功执行至关重要。在这一阶段，咨询委员会相信，应优先关注使项目走上正轨，避免进一步的推迟、成本超支以及对专门用于项目的资源进行无效使用。", "八.11 应在大会第六十六届会议主要会期，在大会审议2012-2013年拟议方案预算之前向大会提交一份关于企业资源规划系统执行情况的进展报告(见上文第八.5段)。报告应全面、透彻分析阻碍项目进展的组织和执行因素以及取得的经验。报告还应提出关于今后行动和如何实现组织目标的明确建议。秘书长在第一阶段重点关注实施公共部门会计准则，咨询委员会对此表示接受(见上文第八.7段)，但咨询委员会强调，会员国进行后续投资的部分原因是，通过企业资源规划系统改进了管理，促进了变革，其中包括实施了成果管理和风险管理，加强了内部控制框架，强化了绩效和问责，提高了效率和效能。这些改进依然是基本组织目标，秘书长关于项目今后方向的各项建议不应忽视这些目标。", "八.12 秘书长还需保证，目前的各项不足不会长期存在，而且保证制定必要的保障措施，包括建立强有力的项目治理和监督机制，这些措施将确保尽早发现问题，将问题提交适当级别处理，并迅速采取补救行动。咨询委员会还期望秘书长竭力通过有效利用为项目核定资源、改进项目管理以及按优先次序分阶段开展各项活动实施项目。在审议上述秘书长进展报告前，咨询委员会无法建议承付根据大会第63/262号决议核准的项目时间表提出的企业资源规划项目拟议资源(见下文第八.17段)。", "八.13 咨询委员会在之前关于企业资源规划系统执行进展情况报告(A/65/576、A/64/7/Add.9和A/63/487)中提出了一些评论意见并对若干问题表示关切，其中包括项目组人员未及时到位，征聘主题专家过程冗长，项目组和信息和通信技术厅在编目和废弃即将由企业资源规划系统替代系统方面需加强合作，项目组有必要和信息和通信技术厅及外勤支助部在开展技术活动和铺设基础设施方面加强合作，以及企业资源规划系统和人力资源管理系统Inspira之间需开发界面的复杂性和界面数。咨询委员会在之前的报告中还强调，有必要不断审查治理和项目管理安排，并酌情根据经验进行调整。咨询委员会相信上述意见仍然具有相关性，并请秘书长在编写关于项目的下一份进展报告和提出继续实施项目的建议时考虑这些意见。", "八.14 表八.1概述2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还列示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表八.1 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定员额 52 1个ASG、2个D-2、4个D-1、9个P-5、6个P-4、2个P-3、2个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、22个GS(OL)", "2012-2013年拟议员额 52 1个USG、2个D-2、4个D-1、9个P-5、6个P-4、2个P-3、2个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、22个GS(OL)", "预算外^(a)", "2012-2013年拟议员额 10 1个D-1、7个P-4/3、2个GS(OL)", "^(a) 预算外员额人数包括8个其他摊款员额(完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资)，此处修订了A/66/6(Sect.29)号文件表29.1所载信息，以反映大会在关于维持和平支助账户的第65/290号决议中所做决定以及2个预算外员额(由方案支助收入供资)。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "八.15 秘书长提议主管管理事务副秘书长办公室续设52个经常预算员额。咨询委员会不反对秘书长的建议。", "八.16 从预算文件表29A.5的注释中注意到，除本报告表八.1中所列其他摊款和预算外资源供资的员额以外，还有大会第64/243号和第65/260号决议核可的企业资源规划项目90个临时员额。这些员额根据企业资源规划项目费用分担公式供资：15%来自经常预算，62%来自维持和平行动支助账户(其他摊款)，23%来自预算外资源。如下文第八.17段所示，咨询委员会将在审议秘书长关于企业资源规划系统的下一份进展报告时再讨论企业资源规划项目承诺资源问题。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "八.17 2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源重计费用前为18 586 900美元，与现两年期批款11 998 700美元相比增加了6 588 200美元。在2012-2013两年期，大部分拟议非员额资源用于企业资源规划项目，将在次级方案2下以赠款和捐款形式一次总付17 806 300美元。鉴于咨询委员会在上文第八.7至八.13段对实施企业资源规划系统的评论意见和建议，咨询委员会将在审议秘书长关于企业资源规划系统的下一份进展报告时对这一拟议预算提出建议。", "八.18 关于余下项目，秘书长提议净减下列项目的经费：订约承办事务(49 000美元，即15.1%)、一般业务费用(4 600美元，即4.3%)和用品和材料(2 200美元，即6.8%)。家具和设备方面用于替换维修已不再合算的办公家具和自动化设备所需经费增加(20 600美元，即101.5%)，因此部分抵消了减少额。建议核可秘书长提出的拟议非员额资源，但关于赠款和捐款项下企业资源规划系统经费的提议除外(见上文第八.17段)。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "八.19 鉴于管理事务部在确保行政程序的效率和效能，促进整个秘书处的规范管理做法方面承担核心责任，咨询委员会相信，副秘书长办公室在此方面地位特殊，应以身作则，并可以做出更大努力，在2012-2013年拟议预算中取得重大增效及提高成本——效益。咨询委员会促请该办公室继续努力，加大行动力度，提高各程序和提供服务工作的效率，并在下一份预算报告中全面报告取得的具体成绩。", "第29B款 方案规划、预算和账户厅", "秘书长拟议数 37 441 900美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 38 552 500美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 61 864 600美元^(b) \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括数额为39 539200美元的其他分摊资源，此处修正A/66/6(Sect.29B)表29B.4所载资料，以反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第69/290号决议所做决定；还包括数额为22325 400美元的预算外资源。", "八.20 秘书长为29B款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为37 441 900美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少1 110 600美元，即2.9%(见A/66/6(Sect.29B)，表29B.1)。减少主要是由于与执行国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)有关的所需资源减少。", "八.21 此外，数额为61 864 600美元的其他分摊资源和预算外资源将可由该厅用于执行其工作方案。在这一数额中，39 539 200美元涉及到维持和平行动支助账户，19 594 500美元涉及到作为对中央行政为预算外活动、基金和方案所提供服务的偿还款收到的方案支助收入，以及来自其他预算外资源的2 730 900美元。涉及到维持和平资源支助账户的数额39 539 200美元反映了大会第65/290号决议所做决定，从而修正了秘书长报告(A/66/6(Sect.29B))第29B.14段和表29B.4中所示数字。", "八.22 方案规划、预算和账户厅的主要职责列于预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29B))第29B.3段。在第29B.5至第29B.10段，秘书长重点介绍了该厅2012-2013两年期的优先事项。委员会注意到，该厅将继续在整个秘书处执行公共部门会计准则以及在加速落实成果管理制的过程中发挥领导作用。该厅还将继续与“团结”项目团队密切协作落实企业资源规划系统，并将除其他外重点加强内部控制、强化风险管理、精简流程和提高其服务效率。", "八.23 咨询委员会注意到，方案规划、预算和账户厅将继续侧重于进一步完善成果预算编制并协助落实成果管理制、改进预算列报、执行定期自我评价和加强与其他部门伙伴在监测和评价方面的合作。该厅还是根据大会第64/259号决议要求所设工作队的共同主席，设立该工作队的目的是就加速执行成果管理制和制订成果管理制概念框架提出提议，有关情况将报告给大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议(见A/66/6(Sect.29B)，第29B.6至第29B.7段)。委员会重申，成果预算编制十分重要，是衡量预算执行情况的一件必要工具。它期待在审议上述报告时审查秘书长为成果管理制提出的提议。", "八.24 表八.2汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长所提2012-2013年拟议经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表八.2 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t141\t1个ASG、3个D-2、8个D-1、10个P-5、19个P-4、17个P-3、9个P-2/1、8个GS(PL)、66个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t140\t1个ASG、3个D-2、8个D-1、10个P-5、19个P-4、17个P-3、9个P-2/1、8个GS(PL)、65个GS(OL)\n 裁撤 1 1个GS(OL) \n 预算外^(a) \n2012-2013年拟议数\t170\t1个D-2、2个D-1、12个P-5、67个P-4/3、3个P-2/1、12个GS(PL)、73个GS(OL)；", "^(a) 预算外员额数包括95个其他分摊员额(完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资)和75个预算外员额(通过方案支助收入供资)。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "八.25 在财务信息业务处，拟裁撤1个一般事务(其他职等)员额，因为根据已订立的服务级协议，信息技术支助职能不再由该处提供，而由信息和通信技术厅提供(见A/66/6(Sect29B)，第29B.53段)。咨询委员会不反对秘书长的提议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "八.26 为2012-2013两年期提议的非员额资源为2 999 600美元，比现两年期批款3 958 900美元减少959 300美元。秘书长提出下列项下的净削减：其他工作人员费用(36 700美元，即2.9%)、咨询人(491 400美元，即100%)、工作人员差旅(42 000美元，即18.4%)和订约承办事务(457 600美元，即30.3%)。这些削减由于以下所需资源的增加被部分抵销：一般业务费用(27 800美元，即11.4%)、用品和材料(3 800美元，即3.2%)以及家具和设备(36 800美元，即37.7%)。如上所示，这些削减主要是由于与执行公共部门会计准则有关的所需资源减少(另见下文第八.27和第八.28段)。委员会建议核准拟议的非员额资源。", "一般性评论和建议", "国际公共部门会计准则", "八.27 经询问，咨询委员会收到了一份与执行公共部门会计准则有关的费用细目，如表八.3所示。委员会获悉，公共部门会计准则所需资源通过非经常性经费供资，而资源数额依据与公共部门会计准则的分阶段执行和“团结”项目时间表保持一致的两年期工作方案。为努力统一和同步实施公共部门会计准则和“团结”项目，某些活动已从2010-2011年推迟到了2012-2013年期间。", "表八.3 与执行国际公共部门会计准则有关的费用细目", "(美元)", "支出用途 2010-2011年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2012-2013年 订正批款 一次性费用 所需追加资源 拟议预算", "员额 1 177 500 — — 1 177 500", "一般临时人员 662 400 (662 400) 524 300 524 300", "咨询人和专家 491 400 (491 400) — —", "公务差旅 156 500 (156 500) 108 100 108 100", "订约承办事务 609 000 (586 800) 90 700 112 900", "一般业务费用 15 300 (0 400) 4 500 19 400", "用品和材料 4 300 — 4 000 8 300", "家具和设备 4 100 (4 100) 4 200 4 200", "共计 3 120 500 (1 901 735 800 1 954 700 600)^(a)", "^(a) 一次性费用主要涉及到非消耗性财产的数据清理、专门知识咨询所需资源和培训所需资源。", "八.28 2012-2013两年期执行公共部门会计准则的拟议所需资源估计数包括以下款项：", "(a) 行政领导和管理项下1 177 500美元，用于公共部门会计准则执行股续设4个员额(1个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3和1个GS/OL)；", "(b) 一般临时人员项下524 300美元，用于4个P-3资产会计职位，以在总部、联合国日内瓦办事处、联合国内罗毕办事处、联合国维也纳办事处和各区域委员会支持非消耗性财产和消耗品的数据准备工作；", "(c) 工作人员差旅项下108 100美元，用于：驻纽约的临时资产会计出差前往联合国日内瓦办事处、联合国内罗毕办事处、联合国维也纳办事处和各区域委员会进行现场访问，与这些地点的财产管理人员和财务干事一道开展工作；会计准则问题工作队2次年会；公共部门会计准则执行小组一名成员参加公共部门会计准则委员会计划在2012-2013年召开的8次会议中的2次的差旅费；", "(d) 订约承办事务项下112 900美元，用以满足公共部门会计准则宣传和概念培训所需资源，其中包括用于约1 300名工作人员以计算机为工具、由教员引导的培训课程，以及用于专门知识的费用。", "八.29 咨询委员会要求说明设于方案规划、预算和账户厅的公共部门会计准则执行小组与设于联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长理事会)的联合国全系统公共部门会计准则执行小组之间在职能方面的区别。委员会获悉，行政首长理事会的小组处理共有问题并促进联合国系统各组织分享知识，而联合国的公共部门会计准则小组则专注于确保在秘书处范围内成功执行公共部门会计准则。表八.4汇总每一个小组的核心职能。", "表八.4 行政首长理事会公共部门会计准则执行小组和联合国公共部门会计准则执行小组的核心职能", "全系统公共部门会计准则执行小组(行政首长理事会) 联合国公共部门会计准则执行小组", "监测负责公共部门会计准则的公共部门会计准则委员会的活动，并确保联合国系统的利益在该委员会季度会议上得到适当代表 查明和阐明财务条例和细则中及涵盖秘书处所有业务领域的各项政策中与执行公共部门会计准则有关的变化", "支持管理问题高级别委员会会计准则问题工作队提出联合国系统各组织对公共部门会计准则委员会发布的公共部门会计准则新准则所有咨询文件和讨论稿的书面评论意见 为联合国公共部门会计准则指导委员会服务并支持项目管理员开展所有管理报告和监督工作", "影响公共部门会计准则委员会印发的公共部门会计准则新准则和指导意见的制订", "支持管理问题高级别委员会工作队(a)在必要时为联合国系统各组织印发公共部门会计准则指导文件，以确保整个联合国系统对公共部门会计准则的解释口径一致；(b) 指导整个秘书处努力把新的/修订后的政策转化为标准作业程序 根据公共部门会计准则委员会所发新准则和指导意见的影响更新这些指导文件(目前有60多份)", "与联合国系统各组织外聘审计团技术小组互动，以(a) 重点指出关于整个联合国系统相似会计处理的审计办法和意见的不一致之处；(b) 协助“团结”项目发挥遵守新的/修订后的财务条例和细则、政策和程序所需要的业务功能 积极主动争取它们参与解决联合国系统内部在公共部门会计准则的解释和应用方面的潜在问题", "为行政首长理事会全系统公共部门会计准则指导委员会和管理问题高级别委员会会计准则问题工作队开会提供便利，并就整个联合国系统实行公共部门会计准则的进展情况向管理问题高级别委员会作出报告 指导和协调整个秘书处为执行公共部门会计准则的第一个财政年度努力准备符合公共部门会计准则的(资产和负债)期初余额", "促进联合国系统各组织之间在公共部门会计准则落实之前、期间和之后立即交流信息和经验 领导整个秘书处开展在适应因采用公共部门会计准则而产生的政策和程序变化时所需要的改革管理工作；这包括执行一项沟通计划和一项培训计划", "管理整个秘书处对公共部门会计准则的落实以及在落实完成后向体制化安排的过渡", "八.30 委员会将在审议秘书长下一次关于公共部门会计准则执行进展情况的报告时重新审议这一事项，秘书长的该报告将在大会第六十六届会议主要会期提交大会审议(另见上文第八.7至第八.9段)。", "其他问题", "八.31 经询文，咨询委员会获悉，截至2011年6月初，第29B款下共有8个员额仍然空缺，其中包括D-2职等的副主计长员额和D-1职等的捐款事务主任员额。委员会注意到，离任的副主计长于2011年4月30日退休；在它于2011年6月审议拟议预算时，该员额已空缺超过一个月。委员会已在上文第一章中就空缺员额问题作出评论。委员会重申，应在预计退休前6个月发出空缺通告。委员会认为，填补副主计长员额出现的拖延清楚地说明，在提前计划、征聘和工作人员职位安排的流程中仍然存在缺陷。委员会敦促秘书长积极进行继任规划并及时发出空缺通知，确保避免今后发生这种情况。", "八.32 秘书长指出，方案规划、预算和账户厅继续根据以往两年期对组织结构、人员配置、管理框架和业务的节约性、效率和成效进行审查的结果改进其业务(见A/66/6(Sect.29B)，第29B.5段)。委员会回顾，2006-2007两年期对该厅的组织结构、人员配置、管理框架和业务进行了一次外部审查，发现了信息系统不足和严重依赖人工并耗费时间的薄弱程序等不少问题。委员会在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中，要求在下一个2012-2013年拟议方案预算中提供详细资料，说明该厅在这方面采取的具体措施以及这些措施所实现的节约(见A/64/7，第八.16段)。", "八.33 虽然咨询委员会注意到该厅一直并计划作出努力，提高其服务效率，例如实施供应商电子汇款和自动旅行支付卡(A/66/6(Sect.29B)，第29B.9段)，但它认为还需要朝着改进工作方法和精简业务流程的方向作出更持续的努力，以期取得更显著和可衡量的增效成果及提高成本效益。委员会认为，该厅处于独一无二的地位，可在这方面发挥以身作则的带头作用。它敦促该厅继续做出和加强努力，增进其流程和服务交付的效率，并在下次提交预算时作出全面报告。", "第29C款 人力资源管理厅", "秘书长拟议数 73 184 600美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 74 614 600美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 30 928 600美元^(b) \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括数额为22 647400美元的其他分摊资源，此处修正A/66/6(Sect.29C)表29C.4所载资料，以反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议所做决定；还包括数额为8281 200美元的预算外资源。", "八.34 秘书长为第29C款请批的2012-2013两年期经常预算资源在重计费用前为73 184 600美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少1 430 000美元，即1.9%(A/66/6(Sect.29C)，表29C.4)。", "八.35 表八.5汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长为2012-2013两年期提出的经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期的拟议预算外员额。", "表八.5 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t177\t1个ASG、3个D-2、5个D-1、17个P-5、23个P-4、19个P-3、14个P-2/1、11个GS(PL)、84个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数\t177\t1个ASG、3个D-2、5个D-1、17个P-5、23个P-4、19个P-3、14个P-2/1、11个GS(PL)、84个GS(OL)\n 调动 2 2个GS(OL)从构成部分2调至构成部分3 \n 预算外^(a) \n2012-2013年拟议数\t64\t3个P-5、28个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、28个GS(OL)", "^(a) 预算外员额数目包括47个其他分摊员额(完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资)和17个预算外员额(通过方案支助收入供资)。", "关于员额的建议", "八.36 秘书长拟从战略规划和人员配置司(构成部分2)调动2个一般事务(其他职等)员额至学习、发展和人力资源事务司(构成部分3)，因为将人事记录股从前者转到后者(A/66/6(Sect.29C)，第29C.36段)。咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "八.37 2012-2013年所需非员额资源估计数为30 596 900美元，比2010-2011年订正批款32 230 500美元减少1 633 600美元，即5.1%。秘书长拟削减所有非员额支出用途项下的资源。咨询委员会从秘书长代表获悉，将通过精简生产和服务交付实现这些削减，从而尽可能以最少费用提供最佳服务。", "八.38 在这方面，咨询委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到，构成部分3(学习、发展和人力资源事务)中订约承办事务经费估计数22 310 900美元比上一个两年期订正批款24 066 800美元减少1 755 900美元，即7.3%。委员会获悉，这一减少主要是由于调整了培训活动的优先事项，包括对咨询人费用进行了审查。作为该次审查的一项结果，支付给学习咨询人的较高特别费率将取消：预计在2012-2013两年期间，将向这些咨询人支付适用于为联合国工作的所有咨询人的标准费率。此外，为进一步实现节约，秘书长正在修订关于学习咨询人差旅费的现行政策。目前，学习咨询人在代表本组织出差时，领取同工作人员一样的每日生活津贴。在新政策下，他们将领取一笔包干费用以支付其差旅和住宿费用，而适用于工作人员的其他差旅政策，包括关于出差住宿标准的规则，都将不再适用。咨询委员会欣见为削减人力资源管理厅咨询费用而采取的步骤。委员会在上文第一章中就咨询人的使用进一步作出评论。", "八.39 关于一个相关事项，咨询委员会在审议秘书长所提本款拟议预算时获悉，为进一步限制非员额支出，秘书长还正在修订与差旅费有关的相关行政指示，以规定今后所有参加人力资源管理厅出资的培训相关活动的工作人员无论旅程长短都须乘坐经济舱。咨询委员会欢迎这一举措，并期待在今后的预算报告中收到关于因此节约费用的资料。", "八.40 咨询委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到，在构成部分2(战略规划和人员配置)中，秘书长拟在工作人员差旅所需资源项下减少33 700美元。减少原因是招揽活动出差减少，因为潜在的求职者现在可以通过因特网登录联合国职业门户网站，而且因为将更好地规划和组织招揽出差，例如每次出差涵盖不止一个国家。经询问，委员会获悉，为确保招揽工作不受到资源削减的不利影响，目前正就招揽差旅费供资问题与一些会员国进行讨论。此外，人力资源管理厅继续在无任职人员或任职人数不足或有此危险的国家的常驻代表团开展外联工作。咨询委员会强调，必须尽一切努力确保遵守与公平地域分配和性别均衡有关的组织任务规定，同时欢迎通过引进增效措施和使用网上工具减少招揽差旅所需资源的提议。但与此同时，咨询委员会强调继续现行招揽方法的重要性，这些方法仍是吸引潜在求职者的有效手段。", "八.41 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "人力资源管理改革", "八.42 在预算文件第29C.1段，秘书长指出，人力资源管理厅在支持本组织努力调整人力资源能力以应对新挑战和建立新实体方面发挥着战略性的作用。在实务工作方面，该厅按照大会规定的任务，通过制订政策和建立制度，发展和维持人力资源管理基础设施，提供咨询，监测业绩，并发展秘书处工作人员的技能和潜力。咨询委员会回顾指出，大会第63/250号、第65/247号和第65/248号决议核准了一系列人力资源管理改革举措。正如秘书长在其报告第29C.3段所述，这些决议规定的改革举措涉及到合同安排以及统一服务条件、征聘、人员流动和职业发展。", "八.43 咨询委员会获悉，在现两年期，人力资源管理厅一直致力于确保大会第63/250号和第65/247号决议规定的新合同安排得到执行，并确保在过渡期于2011年7月1日结束时，第65/248号决议核准的外地工作人员统一服务条件将得到充分落实。该厅还推出了一个新的人才管理系统及其被称为Inspira的电子支持工具(另见下文第八.48至第50段)，并继续通过加强学习方案和自愿网络交流倡议(VINEs)重点改善工作人员的发展机会。经询问，委员会还获悉，目前要就新合同安排及统一服务条件所产生的潜在费用节省和(或)效率提高作出结论还为时过早，因为有些改革要素才刚刚落实。委员会期待秘书长在其下次关于人力资源管理的报告中提供资料，说明新合同安排和统一服务条件的益处。", "八.44 人力资源管理厅将在2012-2013两年期开展的一些活动开列于预算文件第29C.4段，其中包括：实行人力资源管理计分卡，以强化问责和增强监测能力；进一步扩大工作人员培训和发展方案；继续发展和加强必要的信息技术工具，以确保有效率地管理本组织人力资源；改进医疗服务并使之现代化，尤其是增进艰苦工作地点人员的健康。", "八.45 咨询委员会在审议秘书长所提本款拟议预算时经询问获悉，人力资源管理是最近设立的改革管理小组将要优先处理的6个问题之一。委员会还获悉，在2010-2011两年期剩余时间里，人力资源管理厅将与该小组密切合作，以确定可以更有效落实人力资源管理改革举措的领域和可以进一步精简的现有活动。两个具体的重点领域将是征聘和工作人员流动。征聘方面包括回应最近的冲突后文职能力独立审查(见A/65/747-S/2011/85)的必要措施。关于工作人员流动，该厅已在就流动政策制订一份将提交大会第六十七届会议的全面提议。委员会强调指出，工作人员配置问题是联合国改革管理努力的核心。委员会还强调指出，改革管理小组和人力资源管理厅各自的活动应当明确、兼容和互补，而不是重复和造成不必要的复杂性。委员会在上文第一章中就改革管理小组的作用和职能作出进一步评论。", "八.46 咨询委员会此前数次强调了人力资源管理改革的重要性(见A/63/526，第5段和A/64/7，第八.29段)。委员会仍然支持人力资源管理厅在落实改革举措方面继续发挥领导作用。", "征聘和人员配置", "八.47 咨询委员会在预算文件表29C.11中注意到，秘书长打算在2012-2013两年期把所有正常空缺从空缺通知发布之日到确定人选之日的平均天数从2010-2011年的估计210天减少到120天。经询问，委员会获悉，为实现120天的目标，人力资源管理厅除其他外大幅度重新设定了其征聘指标，以更准确地反映征聘流程中不同行为体之间的职责划分。新的人力资源管理计分卡正被用于监测人员配置时限11个步骤的遵守情况，其中每个步骤都有一个具体主管以及一个目标时间长度。此外，每一个部、厅和外勤业务单位在征聘方面的业绩每年均在高级管理人员契约的框架内向高级主管业绩委员会报告。", "八.48 在这方面，咨询委员会回顾指出，大会第61/244号决议核准本组织实施新的人才管理系统，包括为电子员额配置建立的新技术基础设施、学习管理系统以及报告和管理数据系统、绩效管理(ePAS)和职业网站(见A/65/305/Add.3，第2段)。如A/65/305/Add.3号文件图二所示，迄今为止，名为Inspira的新系统所需经常预算资源共计290万美元，分布在2008-2009年和2010-2011年两个两年期。", "八.49 不过，咨询委员会还回顾，它在其关于维持和平行动支助账户2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间拟议预算的报告中指出，Inspira部署推迟是由于该系统未被证明方便用户使用。因此，秘书处决定重点稳定和加强该系统的现有单元，然后再推出其他单元(A/65/827，第180至第184段)。在对关于提供Inspira实施情况最新资料的要求所作的答复中，委员会获悉，上述报告第182段所述的修订后推出计划，即在2011年下半年完成稳定工作之后开发和推出其余单元的计划，仍在按部就班进行之中。", "八.50 咨询委员会注意到人力资源管理厅正作出努力缩短征聘时限，并期待收到关于所取得成果的资料。关于Inspira的部署，委员会重申其先前的要求，请秘书长确保尽快纠正已发现的缺陷，并请他就取得的进展和总结的经验教训向大会第六十六届会议提供最新资料。", "学习和发展", "八.51 2012-2013两年期构成部分3(学习、发展和人力资源事务)经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前为38 406 500美元(A/66/6(Sect.29C)，表29C.4)。如预算文件表29C.3所示，这一构成部分占29C款经常预算资源总额的52.5%。预算文件第29C.35段列出这一构成部分下将交付的产出，其中包括：提供范围广泛的旨在建立和维持本组织领导及管理能力的培训方案；增进方案管理人员和负有行政管理职责的工作人员的人力和财政资源管理专门知识；提高秘书处工作人员的信息技术技能；建立和强化语文能力；支持职业发展和提高实务技能。咨询委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到，在2012-2013两年期，本组织提供的培训课程预计将有63 830人参加，费用共计22 310 900美元。经询问，委员会获悉，强制性培训课程的人均费用从大约11美元到5 880美元不等。在线培训课程需要一笔初始启动费，但没有持续的人均费用。", "八.52 经询问，咨询委员会还获悉，为评价其学习和发展活动的影响，人力资源管理厅开展了年度评估以及定期需求评估，以确定培训方案是否满足本组织的要求。新政策和(或)工作做法的出台以及从课程参加者和广大工作人员那里收到的意见，为制订新方案和(或)更新现有方案提供了信息。该厅的评价和监测基本办法以投资收益研究所制订的一个四步框架为指导。目前，评价努力主要集中于该框架的第一和第二步，目的是评估培训课程在参加者心目中的价值和这些课程对参加者信心水平的影响。再往下将更加注重该框架的第三和第四个层次，对培训课程的业务影响以及本组织投资的最终回报进行评估。不过，此类评估为资源较密集型，因为必须在6至9个月期间进行。", "八.53 咨询委员会确认，联合国若要建立一支能以最具成效和效率的方式执行本组织任务的高度胜任员工队伍，人力资源管理厅开展的学习和工作人员发展活动就是必要的。鉴于为这种活动分配了大量资源，委员会强调，必须继续努力实现增效，包括对有关非实务技能的培训方案采取更具取舍性的办法，同时为所有工作人员提供获得培训的机会。", "八.54 咨询委员会还重申其先前的建议，即培训方案和培训目标都应与任务执行和组织目标相联系(A/65/743，第115段)，并强调指出，需要有力的监测和评价机制以评估所提供方案是否满足所确定的需求。在这方面，委员会认为，目前正在加强的业绩管理系统(见A/65/305)应包括为主管人员以及工作人员制订的与培训有关的指标，以确保方案管理人员负责查明技能差距并评估培训活动对本单位业绩的影响。秘书长应在其下一次人力资源管理报告中对培训活动作出更具体的介绍，包括说明2010-2011两年期和2012-2013两年期为这种活动投入的所有资源。", "应急准备和支助股", "八.55 秘书长在预算文件第29C.13段指出，应急准备和支助股依照大会第64/260号决议设立，以建立专门能力协助恶意行为、自然灾害或其他紧急事件的幸存者和伤亡人员家属。第29C.14段说明了设于主管人力资源管理助理秘书长办公室的该股的作用和职责。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，该股2012-2013两年期所需资源估计数总额在重计费用前为1 994 700美元，其中包括数额为1 328 200美元的其他工作人员费用，用于续设5个职位(2个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-2和1个GS(OL))，在一般临时人员项下供资，以及数额为666 500美元的其他非员额费用。如预算文件第29C.17段所述，该股所需资源估计数减少211 300美元，原因是中止咨询人及家具和设备方面的一次性经费，以待大会第六十六届会议对该股的所需资源进行审查。该审查将是大会对秘书长关于制订一个综合应急管理框架的提议进行审议的一部分。咨询委员会感到失望的是，秘书长关于综合应急管理框架的提议将不会按照大会第64/260号决议当初的要求在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中得到审议。委员会期望秘书长尽早将他的报告提交给大会。", "“联合国关心”方案", "八.56 在构成部分4(医务)中，秘书长提出在赠款和捐款项下增加350 000美元，作为秘书处对联合国系统题为“联合国关心”的共同方案2012-2013两年期执行计划和预算的捐款(A/66/6(Sect.29C)，第29C.42段)。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，“联合国关心”方案由秘书长在2008年启动，目的是增强联合国系统在其自身工作场所应对艾滋病毒/艾滋病的能力，以期减轻该流行病对联合国人员、其家属和本组织作为一个整体的影响。该方案由共同制度20个组织在自愿基础上供资，核定预算总额约为260万美元。目前的努力集中于通过宣传、开发在线工具和培训在总部和外地建立能力。为此，“联合国关心”小组(总部4名工作人员和5个区域协调员)目前正与在大约125个国家的300多名协调人一道开展工作。", "八.57 关于“联合国关心”小组与处理维持和平行动中与艾滋病毒/艾滋病有关问题的工作人员之间的协调，咨询委员会经询问获悉，“联合国关心”自创始以来就一直通过维持和平行动部特派团一级的艾滋病毒/艾滋病顾问和协调人同该部一道开展工作。许多维持和平行动都在用“联合国关心”制订的最低标准指导其工作。不过，委员会获悉，全职的特派团一级艾滋病毒/艾滋病顾问在培训军警人员方面负有具体责任，不能取代“联合国关心”区域协调员。委员会还获悉，联合国分担的按人均计算的“联合国关心”预算并不包括维持和平行动部工作人员的经费，因为该部已有专职人员开展与艾滋病毒/艾滋病有关的活动。委员会支持在“联合国关心”方案框架中开展的重要工作。秘书长应在今后的预算报告中提供详细资料说明取得的成果。", "开展薪金调查", "八.58 咨询委员会注意到，构成部分1(政策)中所列产出包括开展薪金调查，以确定世界各地为联合国共同制度各组织工作的当地征聘一般事务及有关职类工作人员的薪金、津贴和其他服务条件，以及每年审查、核可并公布根据在168个工作地点进行全面和临时薪金调查过程中所收集数据的分析结果编制的薪金表和津贴(A/66/6(Sect.29C)，第29C.23(c)㈢(c)段)。委员会从收到的资料中还注意到，这种活动由经常预算和预算外资源(维持和平行动支助账户和作为对中央行政所提供服务的偿还款收到的方案支助收入)两方面供资。", "八.59 咨询委员会回顾，在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中，它鼓励秘书长继续探讨利用可通过商业渠道获得的数据进行地方薪金调查的可能性，以减少薪金调查的人力和财政资源费用(A/64/7，第八.50段)。经询问，委员会获悉，国际公务员制度委员会已在其最近对一般事务薪金调查方法的审查中研究了这一选项。该委员会已设立了一个工作组对使用供应商提供的薪金调查数据进行评价，并根据评价结果建议在因参与问题而无法对通常的最少20个雇主进行调查时，把这种数据用作完成调查的其余来源。评价了使用供应商数据的数种选项，包括外包数据收集工作和定制现成数据。不过，就类似于一般事务职类的支助级工作而言，供应商数据库一般都没有足够有力的有关数据。此外，数据的定制更加昂贵并会引入程度明显的波动性；供应商数据库并不总是记录目前方法下所包括的津贴和其他福利；且公共/非营利雇主的代表性一般都非常之低。", "第29D款 中央支助事务厅", "秘书长拟议数\t176 844300美元^(a)\n 2010-2011年订正批款 174 871 100美元\n预算外资源预计数\t105 001300美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 ^(b) 包括总额为28 504 \n800美元的其他分摊资源，此处修正了A/66/6(Sect.29D)号文件表29D.4所载资料，以反映大会在关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议中所作决定，以及76496 500美元预算外资源。", "八.60　秘书长提出的第29 D款经常预算资源在重计费用前为176 844 300美元，同2010-2011两年期订正批款相比，增加1 973 200美元，即1.1%(见A/66/6(Sect.29 D)，表29 D.1)。增加净额是员额(360万美元)、通信设备维修(140万美元)、房地租金(150万美元)和其他维修(110万美元)等项下经费增加和订约承办事务(380万美元)和电气维修(190万美元)项下经费减少的综合结果。预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29 D))第29 D.8段对此变动做了说明。", "八.61　此外，支助厅可利用估计数为105 001 300美元的其他摊款和预算外经费开展其工作方案。其中，28 504 800美元涉及维持和平行动支助账户，76 496 500美元涉及其他预算外资源，包括支助预算外行政结构和预算外实务活动收取的偿还金、技术合作偿还款、德语翻译信托基金、旅行事务和共同事务以及联合国总部大楼维护费用特别账户。与维持和平经费支助账户有关的28 504 800美元反映大会第65/290号决议所作决定，修正了秘书长报告(A/66/6(Sect.29 D))第29 D.9段和表29 D.4中的数字。", "八.62　预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29 D))第29 D.1段至29 D.5段概述了中央支助事务厅的主要责任及2012-2013年优先事项。影响秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议预算的主要因素如下：", "(a) 按照新广播视频系统的业务和技术需要对广播和会议支助科进行结构调整(见下文第八.63至八.66和八.79至八.82段)；", "(b) 在设备工程科建设处理日常电气维修工作的内部能力(见下文第八.67至八.68段)；", "(c) 落实安全性得到提升的通行证制度，以满足国际民用航空组织倡导的旅行证件国际标准；", "(d) 2012年逐步重新启用秘书处楼以及需要恢复提供翻修期间因可用空间缩小而削减的一些服务。", "广播和会议支助科的结构调整", "八.63　根据长期安排，广播视听支助能力完全通过订约承办事务提供。目前，广播和会议支助科的人员编制为86人，由电视、广播/会议和特别活动股的17名联合国工作人员以及负责广播视听服务的69名约聘人员组成。咨询委员会获悉，考虑到在与基本建设总计划相关的活动中即将实施新广播视听系统，2010年3月至6月对该科进行了独立技术评价；该评价断定其目前的能力已不足以或不适合有效管理即将落实的新系统。技术审查的主要结果包括：", "(a) 秘书处在此项核心职能上太依赖订约承办事务，须定期进行合同谈判，使各项服务的持续性变得不可预测；", "(b) 由于将包括技术操作员和主管在内的整个业务外包，约聘人员独立自主，并且基本上是自我管理。因此，他们做出本应由联合国人员所作的重要资源配置决策，如任务分配和完成任务所需时间；", "(c) 现行的、根据特定需求所作的外包安排要求承包人提供技术操作员和主管，从而减少了合同竞标者，原因是市场上的主管并不像技术操作员那样可随时找到；", "(d) 该科的工作流程仍以手工为主，效率低下，而且基本没有记录；", "(e) 联合国现有系统目前的工程和支助能力所依据的是已经过时的广播和会议业务技术，在基本建设总计划相关活动中将很快被新数字系统取代。因此，约聘人员的技能过时，未跟上广播业技术发展；", "(f) 该科为扁平式组织结构，没有中间管理层，向P-5级科长直接汇报的工作人员过多。", "八.64　秘书长指出，独立评估提出的主要建议是，应通过设立员额，提供目前由69名约聘人员中的17名提供的服务来建设提供低层核心管理和工程维修服务的内部能力。摄影师、工作室技术员和视频编辑等技术操作员职能将继续外包给剩余的52名约聘人员。拟设17个员额的任职者将负责记录、保持业务程序方面的最新知识和技术系统配置，负责培训操作员。他们还要确保实施有效的工作方法和流程，充分利用新系统的技术能力。秘书长预计，拟议的结构调整将确保对业务管理的有效控制，建设秘书处的技术队伍和能力，从而确保业务连续性。本组织承受的劳资纠纷或供应商破产的风险也将降到最低点。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，拟议的结构调整完全符合大会关于外包的第54/256号决议确定的指导方针。图八.一是广播和会议支助科的现有组织结构图和拟议组织结构图。", "八.65　秘书长在其报告(A/66/6(Sect. 29 D))第29 D.19段中指出，与现行安排相比，拟议的结构调整将减少持续支出。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，约聘人员每年的费用为2 567 400美元，而按2011年标准以全部成本计算，联合国工作人员所需经费估计数为2 219 800美元。预计，拟议的结构调整每个两年期均可长期、持续地节省约100万美元，其中薪金和加班费减少约70万美元，管理费减少30万美元。由于新员额设立第一年适用空缺率(专业人员为50%，一般事务人员为35%)，第一个两年期的初始费用节约更多，但这只是暂时的。除了这些可直接确定的节省费用外，秘书长预计2014-2015年起将获得更大收益，包括因优化资源配置以及订约承办职能的投标更具竞争性而节省费用。咨询委员会期待今后收到该科结构调整的最新资料，包括对工作方法和流程改善、增效成果、节省费用和其他效益等影响的评估。", "八.66　咨询委员会收到新广播视听系统落实状况的最新信息并获悉，为遵守基本建设总计划时间表，秘书长在大会审议以上提议之前，正在现两年期采取一些措施以便向新组织安排过渡。下文第八.79至八.82段载有委员会对这些过渡措施的评述。", "设备工程科", "八.67　目前本组织电气维修业务完全外包。咨询委员会获悉，现场共配备有19名约聘人员履行该职能。正如预算文件(A/66/6(Sect. 29 D))第29 D.20段指出，2010年上半年对电气维修职能进行的一项独立评价确认，在所有电气活的订单中，70%与例行维护有关。此项工作由常设工作人员承担比约聘人员的费用低。此种内部能力还可对需要紧急处理的问题在第一时间作出更快反应，以此降低关键基础设施供电中断的风险。", "八.68　考虑到独立评估的结果，秘书长建议设立7个工匠级员额，组成内部电气工作坊，履行目前由承包人提供的例行维护职能。将由专业约聘承包人队伍来补充此种内部能力，负责大型的改造和预防性维护工作。秘书长指出，纽约市其他大型机构建筑通常采用此种安排；此举还将减少本组织在不可预测的合同谈判方面的脆弱性。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，预计，秘书长建立大楼服务内部工作坊的建议每两年期均可节省费用约83万美元。表八.7比较现有安排和拟议安排下的支出情况。咨询委员会欢迎建设电气维修职能内部能力的工作。因此，请秘书长在下一次提交的预算中提供增效成果和节省费用的最新资料。", "拟议人员编制", "八.69　表八.6是2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长拟议2012-2013两年期经常预算员额汇总表。该表还显示拟议的2012-2013两年期预算外员额。", "表八.6 人员编制", "员额 职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011两年期核定数 319 1个ASG，2个D-2，3个D-1，8个P-5，12个P-4，10个P-3，8个P-2/1，8个GS(PL)，174个GS(OL)，93个TC；", "2012-2013两年期拟议数 345 1个ASG，2个D-2，3个D-1，8个P-5，13个P-4，15个P-3，8个P-2/1，13个GS(PL)，182个GS(OL)，100个TC；", "新员额^(a) 26 1个P-4，5个P-3，5个GS(PL)，8个GS(OL)，7个TC；", "预算外^(b)", "2012-2013两年期拟议数 100 1个D-1，4个P-5，41个P-4/3，6个P-2/1，3个GS(PL)，42个GS(OL)，3个TC；", "^(a) 包括将从订约承办事务改划的24个员额。", "^(b) 预算外员额数目包括78个其他分摊员额(完全由维持和平行动支助账户提供经费)和22个由向预算外行政结构、预算外实务活动提供支助收取的偿还款和技术合作偿还资源出资的员额。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "八.70　秘书长拟议增加26个经常预算员额，从现两年期的319个增加到2012-2013两年期的345个，包括1个 P-4、5个P-3、5个一般事务(特等)、8个一般事务(其他职等)和7个工匠。员额增加的主要原因是设立了24个员额，负责履行广播和会议支助科目前通过订约承办事务履行的职能以及设备工程科的电气维修职能。[8] 这些员额所需总经费为61 583 800美元，比2010-2011年57 960 500美元的批款增加了3 623 300美元。增加的经费反映出以下方面的净影响：(a) 2010-2011两年期核定的2个新设专业人员员额(1个P-5和1个P-2)(以加强海外房地产的监督管理)以及2010-2011两年期核定的2个新设一般事务(其他职等)员额(以调整求助服务台功能，使其适应服务请求追踪系统)产生的滞后影响；(b) 拟议设立26个员额，包括24个替代现有订约承办事务职位的员额。预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29 D))29 D.8(b)段概述了拟议员额变动。", "八.71　秘书长建议设立17个与广播和会议支助科结构调整有关的员额，包括：", "(a) 4个P-3级主管员额，负责管理生产经营、工作订单分配和工程业务；", "(b) 5个一般事务(特等)级主管助理员额，负责协助管理生产经营，工作订单分配和工程业务；", "(c) 8个一般事务人员(其他职等)级维修技师员额，负责提供必要的工程维修服务。", "在拟议的结构调整中，该科的人员总数不变，仍为86人，但将由34名联合国工作人员和52名约聘人员组成，而不是目前的17名联合国工作人员和69名约聘人员。咨询委员会收到了拟议结构调整的详细资料(见上文第八.63至八.66段)。咨询委员会还获悉拟议结构调整之前，现两年期正在采取的过渡性措施；下文第八.79至八.82段讨论这些措施。根据所做解释，咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的建议。", "八.72　拟议在设备工程科设立7个工匠级电气维修员额，以建立内部的建筑服务工作坊，满足例行维护要求，开展日常检查和小型电气工作，对紧急问题第一时间作出反应。咨询委员会收到了电气维修服务方面新组织安排的理由和预期效益的新信息，上文第八.67至八.68段对此作了重点说明。根据所做解释，咨询委员会建议批准秘书长关于在设备工程科设立7个工匠级员额的建议。", "八.73　拟议在设施管理处设立一个P-4级方案干事员额，负责在设施管理、办公室空间、资产盘存和礼品管理领域审查和拟订政策及程序、监督其落实和建立全秘书处的的合规机制，包括监督和执行审计建议。咨询委员会虽然认可这些职能的重要性，但并不确信有必要增加一个专职工作人员。考虑到该处的现有能力，咨询委员会建议不接受设立P-4级方案干事员额的提议。", "八.74　拟议在旅行和运输科新设一个P-3级旅行证件干事员额，负责协助实施安全性得到提升的联合国通行证系统，包括统一管理发证工作地点(总部、联合国日内瓦办事处和联合国维也纳办事处)。咨询委员会获悉，任职者将负责与包括以下各方的各办公室和实体进行协调和联络：信息和通信技术厅，以解决与系统托管有关的问题；供应商，涉及技术事项和设备升级；安全和安保部，涉及周边安全进出管制；“团结”项目工作队，涉及人力资源数据和资产管理；国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)，涉及丢失或被盗的旅行证件数据库；以及国际民用航空组织。秘书长表示，新通行证系统规模大，而且很复杂，需要具备特定技术专长的全职人员提供专门支持，护照和签证小组不具备这种能力。基于所提供的理由，咨询委员会建议批准秘书长的建议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "八.75　2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为115 260 500美元，同现两年期116 910 600美元的批款相比减少了1 650 100美元，即1.4%。秘书长提议减少净额如下：其他工作人员费用，43 500美元；订约承办事务，1 567 400美元；一般业务费用，475 600美元。由于咨询人(74 800美元，即26.5%)、工作人员差旅费(5 500美元，即4.2%)、用品和材料(181 200美元，即8.7%)以及家具和设备(187 300美元，即10.8%)所需经费增加，减少额被部分抵消。预算文件(A/66/6(Sect. 29 D))第29 D.8段按支出类别说明了增加额和减少额的详细情况。", "八.76　咨询委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到，订约承办事务项下共减少1 567 400美元，主要是拟议设立17个员额以替代广播和会议支助科通过订约承办事务提供的现有会议工程师职位和拟议设立设备工程科7个电气维修员额，减少了所需经费；但新广播视听系统信息技术服务以及与执行新通行证系统有关的专利软件和印制所需经费增加，部分抵消了上述减少额。", "八.77　咨询委员会还从收到的补充资料中注意到，一般业务费用项下设施管理处房地租金的拟议所需资源将增加1 719 100美元，原因是：为2010-2011年核定的所有总部新员额提供办公场所；为容纳临时工作人员和约聘人员提供额外场地以及联合国各租赁场地的现有租约产生的合同义务。在这方面，咨询委员会收到一张表(见表八.8.)，显示联合国所有租赁房地产的租约到期日、年租金估计数和面积，并在设施管理处签订的长期租约、基本建设总计划周转空间、设施管理处租用的基本建设总计划周转空间和设施管理处为“团结”项目租赁的房地产之间进行了区分。咨询委员会将在审议提交大会第六十六届会议审议的下一个基本建设总计划项目年度进展报告时再讨论此事。", "八.78　咨询委员会建议批准秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "与落实广播和会议支助科结构调整有关的过渡性措施", "八.79　秘书长在其与基本建设总计划有关的连带费用报告中首次提出更换本组织陈旧的广播设备并安装新数字系统的建议。[9] 按照修订的基本建设总计划时间表，原定于2010年采购广播视听系统的计划推迟到2011年。为了确保有效整合及协调各阶段的活动，广播视听系统的采购和管理由基本建设总计划施工管理方采购和管理。[10] 确定了四个主要的广播/视听项目：媒体资产管理系统、常设广播设施、会议管理和同声传译以及视听。咨询委员会获悉，将于下半年，即2011年7月起授予4个广播视听系统合同。图八.二概述落实视听广播系统的时间表。咨询委员会还获悉，授标后将进入工作流程和程序配置设计审查阶段；此项工作应由联合国管理人员和工程师而非约聘人员负责。秘书长指出，有鉴于此，须在设计审查阶段启动前填补拟议从订约承办事务改划为员额的17个职位并对任职者进行新系统培训，而第一个项目的设计审查阶段预计于2011年10月启动。", "八.80　咨询委员会经询问后还获悉，鉴于时间有限，秘书长已决定，在大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议审查2012-2013年拟议方案预算之前，将利用2010-2011两年期现有资源内的一般临时人员来履行广播和会议支助科17个拟议员额职能。在这方面，咨询委员会指出，用于上述17个一般临时人员职位的经费可持续到2011年12月31日；只有在大会就秘书长关于广播和会议支助科结构调整的建议作出决定后，这些职位的职能才可延续到2012-2013两年期。咨询委员会还获悉，填补这些临时职位的征聘程序已于2011年初启动，2011年3月和4月确定了工作说明，发布了职位空缺，并于2011年6月17日完成了面试。在咨询委员会审议秘书长的建议时，选拔程序仍在进行。咨询委员会获悉，一旦填补临时职位，将根据合同和标准外包安排条款相应减少外包给承包商的服务；这些条款规定可根据本组织需求灵活增减订约承办事务。", "八.81　咨询委员会确认有必要满足基本建设总计划时间表的要求，因此认可秘书长决定现在启动广播和会议支助科结构调整过渡措施的理由。但咨询委员会依然感到关切的是，该进程在大会有机会审议秘书长建议之前就已启动。咨询委员会提请注意，应尽量限制2010-2011两年期在这方面采取的措施，以避免造成未经大会专门核准而事实上已落实拟议结构调整的情况。咨询委员会要求在大会审议秘书长的拟议预算时，向大会提交广播和会议支助科结构调整情况的全面最新资料。咨询委员会强调，所启动的与广播和会议支助科结构调整有关的行动须遵守大会在这个问题上可能作出的决定。", "八.82　此外，咨询委员会强调，在为广播和会议支助科作出新安排时，秘书长应适当考虑公平对待为本组织工作多年的约聘人员，确保他们能够参与所设临时职位的竞争。咨询委员会还强调确保以公平、公正的方式管理征聘程序的重要性。在这方面，咨询委员会得到保证，开展征聘和选拔程序的方式将完全符合人力资源管理厅确定的指导方针，并将由主管内部审查机构审查。咨询委员会还获悉，选拔过程包括进行由一名专家协助设计的技术能力测试；该专家还为广播业备受尊重的技术培训和认证机构——广播工程师协会——提供类似服务。咨询委员会还强调，必须确保长期服务的约聘人员有机会接受再培训，以便操作基本建设总计划规划的新系统。", "图八.一 广播和会议支助科的现有结构和拟议结构^(a)", "^(a) 广播和会议支助科的现有结构和拟议结构包括一个由基本建设总计划预算供资的一般临时人员职位，系基本建设总计划连带费用。", "表八.7 电气维修合同的当期成本和预计成本", "电气维修合同的当期成本", "(美元)", "承包商费用\n 种类 数量 每单位小时费率 年度费用", "总领班 1 129.44 282 696.96", "办事员 1 40.16 87 709.44", "总领班—轮班 1 110.92 211 968.12", "A级电工 4 117.31 896 717.64", "房舍维修部门电工^(a) ——白班 4 74.26 567 643.44", "房舍维修部门电工——夜班 3 84.57 484 839.81", "房舍维修部门电工——工匠^(b) 5 79.41 758 762.55", "共计 19 3 290 337.96", "^(a) 房舍维修部门电工指承担维修工作和小型改造及扩建的电工。", "^(b) “工匠”指轮班的工人。", "拟议组织安排中电气维修合同的预计成本", "(美元)", "承包商费用\n 种类 数量 每单位小时费率 年度费用", "总领班 1 129.44 247 359.84", "行政助理 1 40.16 76 745.76", "A级电工 5 117.31 1 120 897.05", "共计 7 1 445 002.65", "种类 联合国费用", "总领班(TC 7) 1 115 685.00 115 685.00", "熟练电工(TC 6) 2 108 590.00 217 198.00", "熟练电工助理(TC 5) 3 101 530.00 304 590.00", "电工学徒(TC 4) 4 94 467.00 377 868.00", "共计 10 1 016 341.00", "节约 829 994.31", "表八.8 联合国租赁的房地产", "(截至2011年5月)", "联合国自有房舍\t启用日期\t年租金费用估计数(美元)\t平方英尺 \n\t(S)秘书处\t2012年底\t不适用\t699676\n\t(CB)会议楼\t有待确定 442238\n\t地下室\t不适用 691000\n\t(GA)大会\t不适用 316441\n\t(DHL)达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆\t不适用 116554\n (NL)北草坪 不适用 99 466\n\t(NLB)北草坪会议大楼\t有待确定 165883\n\t(SA)南配楼\t有待确定 39 286\n (U)训研所 连续 28 987\n\t联合国租赁的房地产\t租约到期时间\t年租金费用估计数(美元)\t平方英尺\n基本建设总计划周转办公楼\t(AB)阿尔巴诺大楼\t2017年7月\t9 807 549\t167080\n\t(M)麦迪逊大道380号\t2014年1月\t26 276 876\t486128\n\t(CS)Court广场\t2018年4月\t1 483 060\t42 466\n\t(TB)“教师”大楼\t2013年12月\t3 189 973\t79 599\n\t(基本建设总计划)共计 39 781 447\t\n设施管理处在基本建设总计划周转办公楼内租用\t(M)麦迪逊大道380号\t2014年1月\t3 491 988\t88 814\n\t(CS)Court广场10层\t2018年4月\t881 170\t21 233\n\t(CS)Court广场11层\t2018年4月\t538 270\t16 380\n\t(TB)“教师”大楼\t2013年12月\t3 227 553\t789693\n设施管理处为”团结”项目租赁\t(MB)Mobil大楼\t2013年12月\t1 033 843\t24 321\n设施管理处长期租赁\t(A)美国铝业大楼\t2015年7月\t1 628 532\t90 845\n\t(DC1)DC1大楼\t2020年3月\t6 868 340\t196588\n\t(DC2)DC2大楼\t2020年3月\t12 081 286\t322608\n\t(DHP)达格·哈马舍尔德\t2014年12月 88 641\n\t(DN)每日新闻大楼\t2017年4月\t2 104 594\t31 891\n\t(FAL)法尔基大厦\t2024年9月\t788 198\t60 413\n\t(DRT)Piscataway，新泽西\t2011年12月\t874 699\t3 069\n\t(FF)FF大楼，东第45街304号\t2012年10月\t8 655 698\t141119\n\t(IN)创新大楼，东第42街300号\t2018年9月\t7 747 976\t126979\n\tJFK机场BA场地\t2010年12月\t11 610\t180\n 设施管理处(共计) 47 998 428", "说明：计算中包括可变业务费用。", "图八.二 落实广播视听系统时间表", "第29E款 行政，日内瓦", "秘书长拟议数\t142 828300美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t142 274600美元^(b)\n 预算外资源预计数 33 947 500美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b)仅为列报目的包含与日内瓦图书馆事务有关的批款。", "八.83　秘书长提出的第29 E款经常预算资源在重计费用前为142 828 300美元，同2010-2011两年期相比，净增加553 700即0.4%(见A/66/6(Sect.29 E)，第29 E.6段)。数额出现净增加有若干因素，详情见预算文件第29 E.6段的说明。", "八.84　2012-2013两年期，经常预算资源将得到估计为33 947 500美元的预算外资源的补充，比2010-2011两年期增加1 834 300美元。这些资源用于包括延续142个员额以及拟在人力资源管理处增设1个P-3员额。将向设在日内瓦的联合国各组织的预算外行政结构和一些领域的预算外实务活动提供各种有偿服务(见A/66/6(Sect.29 E)，第29 E.8段)。", "八.85　秘书长在拟议方案预算第29 E.5段中表示，联合国日内瓦办事处行政司将在2012-2013两年期内：(a) 协助主管管理事务副秘书长协调和监测日内瓦办事处管理改革的实施情况；(b) 就联合国秘书处21个部厅在日内瓦开展的业务向其提供行政和其他支助服务，并向联合国共同制度各实体提供行政和其他支助服务；(c) 根据总部最低运作安保标准维持和保护联合国在日内瓦的资产和财产，包括新的设施和设备；(d) 与信息和通信技术厅协调，提供和加强联合国日内瓦办事处的信息和通信技术基础设施、知识共享、信息安全和网络；(e) 协调日内瓦实施落实企业资源规划系统和采用国际公共部门会计准则的筹备工作；以及(f) 确保在紧急情况下向联合国日内瓦办事处以及设在日内瓦的秘书处其他部厅和联合国共同制度其他实体提供的行政支助业务的连续性。", "八.86　在设施方面，秘书长表示，制订被称为“战略遗产计划”的万国宫全面翻新和翻修方案的筹备工作仍在继续。但是，秘书长指出，在大会就此作出决定以及基本建设总计划完成之前，不会开始进行战略遗产计划下的翻新工作(A/66/6(Sect.29 E)，第29 E.5(c)段)。在这方面，秘书长表示，该计划构想上的工程研究已经完成。咨询委员会获悉，由于研究延迟完成，研究成果将向大会第六十六届会议报告，而不是按照第64/243号决议要求向第六十五届会议报告。", "八.87　咨询委员会获悉，战略遗产计划包括翻新和翻修万国宫的3间会议室。咨询委员会还获悉，于2001年开始的其余18间会议室的翻新和翻修工作已经完成。尽管如此，秘书长表示其他无法推迟到2014-2015两年期的紧急工作和补救工作必须展开，以处理设施的迅速老化问题。此方面相关所需资源估计数为580万美元，纳入日内瓦的项目提案，在第34款(建筑、改建、装修和主要维修)项下列报。咨询委员会确认有必要实施这些项目，以避免今后更昂贵的维修费用，确保万国宫人员的人身安全。咨询委员会得到保证，这些与健康、安全和安保相关的紧急维修与涉及战略遗产计划的问题无关，未预先判断关于该计划的相关行动或决定。不过，咨询委员会期待这些任务将与预期的战略遗产计划工作保持一致。", "八.88　表八.9汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长拟议的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还显示拟议的2012-2013两年期预算外员额。", "表八.9 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011两年期核定数\t298\t1个D-2，3个D-1，8个P-5，15个P-4，12个P-3，12个P-2/1，18个GS(PL)，229个GS(OL)\n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t349\t1个D-2，4个D-1，10个P-5，16个P-4，18个P-3，22个P-2/1，19个GS(PL)，259个GS(OL)\n调动\t54\t1个D-1，2个P-5，1个P-4，6个P-3，10个P-2，1个GS(PL)，33个GS(OL)a\n 裁撤 3 3个GS(OL) \n 预算外 \n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t143\t3个P-5，29个P-4/3，3个GS(PL)，108个GS(OL)", "^(a) 从第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)调入第29 E款，次级方案7(图书馆事务)。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "八.89　秘书长提议将54个员额从第2款下的日内瓦会议管理调入第29 E款 (行政，日内瓦)下的次级方案7(图书馆事务)(同上，第29 E.7段)。该提议是为了更好地反映已确定的组织报告关系，并且符合内部监督事务厅在评价大会和会议管理部全球统筹管理举措的报告中提出的建议(见A/64/166)。咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "八.90　拟议裁撤3个一般事务(其他职等)员额，其中1个是次级方案4下采购和运输科的员额，另2个为次级方案7(图书馆事务)下的员额。咨询委员会获悉，拟议裁撤这些员额是不断分析所需资源的结果，同时还考虑到现有工作方法因更多利用技术而减少了某些领域的办事员职能。咨询委员会不反对拟议的裁撤(另见上文第一章第62段)。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "八.91　2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为54 632 100美元，同2010-2011两年期相比，增加842 900美元，即1.6%。所需资源增加反映了经费增减相抵的净结果，用品和材料所需资源减少(111 500美元)，以下领域所需资源增加：", "(a) 其他工作人员费用(604 200美元)，主要原因是需增加期限为16个月的P-4级一般临时人员—业务连续性专家经费(215 000美元)，和P-3级一般临时人员经费(360 000美元)，以协助下一个两年期开展的建设项目管理工作；", "(b) 订约承办事务(136 800美元)，主要原因是需增加为人权理事会会议提供支持的音响工程师经费(83 900美元)；", "(c) 一般业务费用(123 700美元)，主要原因是业务连续性和信息技术基础设施更新所需经费增加；", "(d) 家具和设备(79 700美元)，原因是业务连续性所需经费(421 900美元)增加，由其他领域的减少基本抵消；", "(e) 工作人员差旅费(10 000美元)，原因是出席总部业务连续性管理股会议所需差旅费增加。", "八.92　咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "一般性评论", "业务连续性", "八.93　咨询委员会回顾，大会第64/243号决议请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出建议，并充分说明理由。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到联合国日内瓦办事处的拟议方案预算中，与业务连续性管理直接相关的提议共计895 000美元。咨询委员会在上文第一章进一步评述了业务连续性问题。", "第29款F 行政，维也纳", "秘书长拟议数\t39 553600美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t40 396000美元^(b)\n 预算外资源预计数 12 800 000美元 \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b)仅为列报目的包含与日内瓦图书馆事务有关的批款。", "八.94　秘书长提出的第29 F款经常预算资源(在重计费用前)为39 553 600美元，同2010-2011两年期相比，净减842 400美元，即2.1%(A/66/6(Sect.29 F)，第29 F.12段)。数额出现净减少有若干因素，详情见预算文件第29 F.12段的说明。", "八.95　2012-2013两年期期间，将从联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(禁毒办)的支助预算和方案支助收入中分配估计数为12 800 000美元的预计预算外资源给管理司，作为偿还向预算外活动、基金和方案提供支助服务的费用。这与2010-2011两年期12 756 600 美元的估计数相符，用作维持61个员额的经费。", "八.96　如拟议方案预算所述(同上，第29 F.2-29 F.4段)，联合国维也纳办事处管理司为联合国秘书处设在维也纳的单位提供行政支助，其中包括禁毒办、外层空间事务处、国际贸易法司、联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会秘书处、联合国新闻处、内部监督事务厅和联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙造成的损失登记册。", "八.97　根据1997年签订的三方谅解备忘录及此后的修正案，该司还以共同事务方式，向设在维也纳国际中心的下列其他国际组织提供某些行政支助：国际原子能机构(原子能机构)、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)和全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会。该司还向联合国难民事务高级专员办事处和联合国环境规划署等其他联合国实体设在维也纳国际中心的办公室以及向设在意大利都灵的联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所提供有偿但有限的行政支助。", "八.98　表八.10.汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额以及秘书长拟议的2012-2013年经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表八.10 人员编制", "员额\t职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011两年期核定数\t91\t1个D-2，1个D-1，4个P-5，6个P-4，6个P-3，3个P-2/1，6个GS(PL)，64个GS(OL)\n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t93\t1个D-2，1个D-1，4个P-5，6个P-4，7个P-3，3个P-2/1，6个GS(PL)，65个GS(OL)\n调动\t2\t将1个P-3和1个GS(OL)从第2款调到次级方案4(支助事务)\n 预算外 \n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t61\t2个D-1，1个P-5，8个P-4/3，6个GS(PL)，44个GS(OL)", "关于员额的评论和建议", "八.99　秘书长提议将1个P-3 员额和一个一般事务(其他职等)员额从第2款下的维也纳会议管理调入第29 F款(行政，维也纳)下的次级方案4(支助事务)。该提议是为了更好地反映已确定的组织报告关系，并且符合内部监督事务厅在评价大会和会议管理部全球统筹管理举措的报告中提出的建议(见A/64/166)。咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "八.100　2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为19 929 900美元，同2010-2011两年期相比，减少842 400美元，即4.2%。所需资源减少反映以下部分所需资源减少：其他工作人员费用(209 000美元)、一般业务费用(828 700美元)、用品和材料(85 300美元)以及家具和设备(124 200美元)。上述减少额被以下所需资源增加额部分抵消：赠款和捐款(254 800美元)、咨询人(60 000美元)、工作人员差旅费(40 000美元)和订约承办事务(50 000美元)。咨询人、工作人员差旅和订约承办事务所需经费增加均涉及支持业务连续性管理的活动(见下文第八.104.段)。", "八.101　赠款和捐款项下的经费表明，与2010-2011相比，该办事处分摊的房舍管理费用所需经费增加。拟议所需资源的编列表明，重新启用C楼后分配的可用建筑面积预计将增加。咨询委员会获悉，联合国应付的房舍维修费用数额在2011年末核定工发组织预算后才可确定。秘书长指出，如果联合国维也纳办事处分摊的数额有大幅变动，则将按照既定办法，将此事提请大会注意。(A/66/6(Sect.29 F)，第29 F.37段)。咨询委员会获悉，打算在2010-2011年第二次执行情况报告中讨论现两年期的追加经费。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "一般性评论", "费用分摊安排", "八.102　秘书长指出，2010-2011两年期，维也纳国际中心各组织在分摊费用方面取得了进展。在笔译和口译服务方面，与工发组织和全面核禁试条约组织筹备委员会商定了订正方法。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，以往，笔译费用因取决于是利用内部资源还是使用外部笔译承包人而不同。订正方法的主要变化是确定了按每页译文收费的标准费率。咨询委员会获悉，虽然预计该变化不会直接节省费用，但可减少确定每项笔译工作费用的行政工作量。此外，新方法使利用此种服务的组织的相关费用更可预测。咨询委员会欢迎这一举措，认为行政工作量减少可腾出资源，用于其它工作。咨询委员会鼓励该办事处在可能的情况下确定这一流程变化在其他方面节省的费用，并就此在下次拟议方案预算中报告。关于房舍管理，秘书长指出，工发组织主持的独立外部审查建议改变现行的费用分摊方法；此建议目前正由设在维也纳的各组织审议(同上，第29 F.7段)。", "清除石棉项目", "八.103　关于维也纳国际中心清除石棉的工作，秘书长指出，C楼(主要会议区在此)2012-2013年两年期将重新投入使用。咨询委员会经询问后获悉，虽然大部分清除石棉的工作已接近尾声，该项目还包括在重新投入使用之前的翻修。咨询委员会获悉，预计此项工作将于2013年初完成。咨询委员会注意到，该项目曾预计于2011年中期完成(见A/62/6(Sect.28F)第 28F.8段)。咨询委员会期望尽一切努力确保不再拖延地完成剩余工作，以确保大楼按时重新投入使用。", "业务连续性", "八.104　咨询委员会回顾，大会第64/243号决议请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出建议，并充分说明理由。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到联合国维也纳办事处的拟议方案预算包括与业务连续性管理直接相关的提议，共计608 000美元。咨询委员会在上文第一章进一步评述了业务连续性问题。", "第29G款 行政，内罗毕", "秘书长拟议数\t29 196400美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t29 136300美元\n预算外资源预计数\t27 375300美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "八.105 秘书长提出的第29G款经常预算资源在重计费用前为29 196 400美元，同2010-2011两年期相比，增加60 100美元，即0.2%。关于导致出现净增的若干因素，详见预算文件第29F.7段。", "八.106 如预算文件第29G.1段所述，根据与联合国环境规划署(环境署)和联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)达成的谅解备忘录和具体服务协议，联合国内罗毕办事处向它们提供全面的行政和其他支助服务，所涉领域包括人力资源管理、信息和通信技术服务、会计和采购等。根据各项有关协议，内罗毕办事处还为联合国系统其他组织设在内罗毕的办事处管理共同支助事务。该办事处还负责管理联合国在内罗毕的设施。该办事处的职责列于ST/SGB/2009/3号秘书长公报。", "八.107 2012-2013年两年期，经常预算资源将得到预算外资源的补充，估计为27 375 300美元，比2010-2011两年期增加2 064 600美元。这一数额占内罗毕办事处所需资源总额的46.5%。预算外资源涉及内罗毕办事处提供的共同支助服务，资金的主要组成部分来自于对环境署和人居署所提供服务的补偿。此外，秘书长表示，向联合国各基金、方案和专门机构设在内罗毕的办事处提供的共同服务的工作量和相关收入已显著增加，预计这一趋势将继续(A/66/6(Sect.29G)，第29G.8段)。咨询委员会获悉，出现这种增长的部分原因是更多办事处搬到联合国建筑群里，预期下一个两年期提供的公共服务将增长高达20%。", "八.108 表八.11汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表八.11 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011两年期核定数\t131\t1个D-2，1个D-1，8个P-5，12个P-4，17个P-3，9个P-2/1，2个本国干事，81个一般事务人员(当地雇员)\n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t131\t1个D-2，3个D-1，8个P-5，10个P-4，17个P-3，9个P-2/1，2个本国干事，81个一般事务人员(当地雇员)\n改叙\t4\t次级方案3和4下，2个P-5员额改叙为D-1职等，2个P-4员额改叙为P-5职等\n调动\t3\t把1个D-1、1个P-2和1个一般事务人员(当地雇员)员额从行政领导和管理项下调到次级方案2\n 预算外 \n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t199\t1个P-4/3，2个P-2/1，7个本国干事，189个一般事务人员(当地雇员)", "关于员额的评论和建议", "改叙", "八.109 关于改叙提议，秘书长回顾了人力资源管理厅2008年对联合国内罗毕办事处内部组织以及员额和职等结构进行的审查(同上，第29G.4段)。秘书长指出，这次审查的结论是，与日内瓦办事处和维也纳办事处相比，内罗毕办事处的员额和职等结构定得偏低。秘书长表示，有人建议以循序渐进的方式，调整内罗毕办事处的员额和职等结构，使其达到日内瓦办事处和维也纳办事处的水平。", "八.110 咨询委员会获悉，2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中的提议是实施人力资源管理厅审查的第二个阶段，之前是在2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算中改叙四个P-4员额。咨询委员会还获悉，打算在2014-2015年两年期拟议方案预算中提出该审查的其余建议。", "八.111 咨询委员会重申，联合国内罗毕办事处请设员额应当反映该办事处较长期的战略及其业务要求，并且应当明确、客观地把员额职等结构与赋予这些员额的职能相结合(见A/64/7，第八.89段)。", "八.112 2012-213两年期，秘书长建议把两个P-5员额改叙为D-1职等，即人力资源管理处处长和支助事务处处长，并把两个P-4员额改叙为P-5职等，即人力资源管理处人事行政科科长和采购科科长。", "八.113 关于把人力资源管理处处长员额改叙为D-1职等的提议，咨询委员会获悉，2010年内罗毕办事处管理的人员数量为2 359人，相比之下，维也纳办事处管理人数为1 118人，日内瓦办事处为4 272人。人力资源管理处处长除了监督人事行政科和征聘和叙级科的工作，还要监督员工培训及发展股和联合医务处，后者向所有驻内罗毕的机构、基金和方案提供服务。咨询委员会还获悉，人力资源管理处处长负责监督该处71名工作人员的工作。咨询委员会不反对改叙人力资源管理处处长员额的提议。", "八.114 经查询，咨询委员收到了关于日内瓦和维也纳办事处人力资源管理处人员编制的信息，见表八.12。", "表八.12 人力资源管理处人员编制情况", "日内瓦办事处 维也纳办事处 内罗毕办事处\n 员额职等 经常预算 预算外 经常预算 预算外 经常预算 预算外", "D-1 1 — 1 — 1^(a) —", "P-5 1 2 1 — 3^(a) —", "P-4 3 4 1 1 1 —", "P-3 3 2 2 1 6 —", "P-2 1 — — 2 —", "小计 9 8 5 2 13 —", "GS(PL) 2 2 3 — —", "GS(OL) 20 26 11 10 — —", "N0 — — — — — 5", "LL — — — — 14 40", "小计 22 28 14 10 14 45", "共计 31 36 19 12 27 45", "^(a) 反映2012-2013两年期把P-5改叙为D-1，把P-4改叙为P-5的提议。", "八.115 关于把人事行政科科长员额从P-4改叙为P-5职等的提议，咨询委员会注意到了该办事处管理的工作人员数量。咨询委员会不反对秘书长的提议。", "八.116 秘书长还建议把支助事务处处长员额从P-5改叙为D-1。咨询委员会获悉，该处负责管理和维护内罗毕联合国建筑群的各楼房，协调当地和国际采购，并运作向建筑群里的所有办事处提供的注册和其他一般服务，包括邮件、邮袋、差旅和航运服务。咨询委员会还获悉，关于把该处处长员额升级为D-1职等的建议符合内部监督事务厅的建议。", "八.117 关于把支助事务处采购科科长员额职等从P-4提至P-5的提议，咨询委员会收到了关于该办事处正在进行的采购活动水平的信息。在2008-2009两年期间，该办事处发出了3 939份订购单，价值9 400万美元，预计2010-2011年的活动水平估计为3 900份订购单，价值1.15亿美元。咨询委员会还获悉，改叙为P-5职等的提议符合内部监督事务厅的建议。", "八.118 根据他们的职责，咨询委员会不反对把支助事务处处长员额职等改叙为D-1以及把采购科科长员额职等改叙为P-5的提议。咨询委员会希望，通过加强该处管理，能够更加迅速有效地支持环境署、人居署和其他办事处客户。咨询委员会要求2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算提供这方面的信息。", "调动", "八.119 提议把三个员额(D-1，P-2和一般事务(当地雇员))从行政领导和管理部门调到次级方案2预算和财务管理处，以反映当前的组织结构(另见下文第八.123段)。咨询委员会不反对该拟议调动。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "八.120 2012-2013两年期，拟议非员额资源8 965 500美元，比2010-2011两年期增加了182 100美元，增幅2%。一般业务费用减少了627 900美元，这是由于根据公用事业、楼宇维修和家具和设备租赁所需资源等领域的支出模式，作出了调整。主要在以下领域的业务连续性管理所需资源的增加，部分抵消了上述减少额：", "(a) 家具和设备(202 700美元)，主要用于支付一个前置医疗站以及业务连续性管理相关的信息和通信及技术所需费用；", "(b) 用品和材料(142 100美元)，主要用于医疗疫苗、用品和设备；", "(c) 工作人员差旅费(60 000美元)，用于支付业务连续性管理协调员的差旅，包括出差到肯尼亚的外派办事处培训关键人员。", "八.121 咨询委员会回顾，大会第64/243号决议请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中，就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作所需员额和非员额资源提出建议，并充分说明理由。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，针对联合国内罗毕办事处的拟议方案预算中直接关系到业务连续性管理的拟议资源总额为1 213 400美元。这项经费包括续设第64/243号决议批准的一般临时人员项下的两个职位。上文第一章载有咨询委员会对业务连续性问题的进一步评论。", "八.122 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "一般性评论和建议", "组织结构", "八.123 咨询委员会在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的报告中，强调了一个事实，即ST/SGB/2009/3号秘书长公告规定的联合国内罗毕办事处的组织结构不同于预算文件所载结构(A/64/7(Sect.28G)，第八.88段)。上文第八.119段所述拟议调动就是为了解决这一差异。咨询委员会获悉，有必要修订秘书长的公告，以反映设立联合国内罗毕办事处主任员额的事实。咨询委员会还获悉，该修订还将包括更新该办事处的组织结构图和治理结构。咨询委员会相信，对秘书长公告进行必要修订的工作将及时完成。", "监测与评价", "八.124 秘书长表示，约246 600美元(经常预算)和5 600美元(预算外)资源将用于开展监测和评价活动(A/66/6(Sect.29G)，第29G.9段)。咨询委员会获悉，该办事处没有一个全职工作人员专门开展这些工作，工作人员把所涉工作作为其整体职责的一部分来完成。上文第一章载有咨询委员会关于监测和评价问题的进一步评论。咨询委员会认为，有效地监测和评价方案活动是一项关键的管理职能，希望该办事处确保有足够的资源用于这方面。", "第30款 信息和通信技术厅", "秘书长拟议数\t75 120000美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t72 120000美元\n预算外资源预计数\t40 377400美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有\\说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括其他摊派资源20 037200美元，此处修订A/66/6(Sect.30)号文件表30.4所载信息，反映大会第65/290号决议采取的关于维持和平行动支助账户的决定，以及20340 200美元预算外资源。", "八.125 秘书长请求的第30款经常预算资源在重计费用前为75 120 000美元，同2010-2011两年期订正批款相比，增加3 000 000美元，增幅4.2%(见A/66/6(Sect.30)，表30.4；另见下文第八.129段和表八.14)。增加主要是由于为促进和支持2012-2013两年期资源管理服务，次级方案6(信息和通信技术业务)所需非员额资源增加(见A/66/6(Sect.30)，第30.8段)。维持和平支助账户将提供20 037 200美元，其他预算外资源将提供20 340 200美元，以补充办事处可用经常预算资源。维持和平支助账户提供20 037 200美元是大会第65/290号决议作出的决定，这个数字修订了秘书长报告(A/66/6(Sect.30))第30.9段和表30.4提供的数字。", "八.126 大会第65/259号决议(第十七节，第8段)请秘书长审查其A/65/491号报告所载关于实施信通技术战略的提案，并在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中向大会提出新的提案和(或)订正提案。为回应这一要求，秘书长提交了一份题为“联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术倡议”的报告(A/66/94)，供大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议审议。大会在以前的决议中要求秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中提交关于实施企业内容管理和客户关系管理方案(第64/243号决议，第125和126段)以及制定信通技术统一灾害恢复计划和业务连续性办法的提议(第63/262号决议、第63/269号决议以及第64/243号决议第127段)，该报告也对这些决议作出了回应。", "八.127 秘书长在报告中提出了四个跨部门、涉及全组织的订正倡议，目的是执行信通技术战略，全面解决机构的信通技术需求，这四个倡议是：(a) “改进企业信通技术管理”；(b) “通过信通技术利用知识”；(c) “强化信通技术服务”；(d) “建设有强大复原能力的信通技术基础设施”。这些倡议将在2012至2015年这四年期间实施，拟议按照企业资源规划项目核定费用分摊安排供资。[11] 2012年-2013年两年期，四项倡议所需资源总额估计数为42 822 500美元，其中包括经常预算下的6 423 400美元，维持和平行动支助账户下的26 550 000美元，方案支助费用特别账户下的9 849 100美元。咨询委员会获悉，因为企业信通技术倡议提案跨越多个财政期，并且拟议由多个资金来源供资，因此，秘书长单独提出了一份报告(A/66/94)。咨询委员会在关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的第二份报告中就四项倡议提供了评论和建议，文件号为A/66/7/Add.1。", "八.128 在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，四项倡议拟议所需资源的经常预算份额没有反映在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第30款下，因此不能完整反映信息和通信技术厅所需经常预算资源总额。咨询委员会获悉，信通厅遇到了一定的时间限制，因为大会于2010年12月24日通过第65/259号决议，在最后期限2010年12月15日之前没有时间编制并向方案规划、预算和账户厅提交订正预算。咨询委员会在上文第一章第31段表示，如果秘书长无法提交一份关于各提议的完整预算文件，至少应在2012-2013年拟议方案预算第30款下反映有关所需资源的指示性估计数。", "八.129 不过，咨询委员会在审议2012-2013年拟议方案预算时，收到了秘书长关于企业信通技术倡议的报告预发本，从而能够审议该两年期的拟议经常预算资源总额和活动。在审议秘书长关于2012-2013年拟议方案预算第30款的提议时，应结合上述关于联合国企业信通技术倡议的报告以及咨询委员会的有关报告(A/66/7和Add.1)。咨询委员会在提出要求后收到了一份最新表格(表八.14)，该表显示2012-2013两年期第30款(信息和通信技术厅)下(A/66/6(Sect.30))以及企业信通技术倡议(A/66/94)下的拟议经常预算资源总额。如表八.14所示，如果计入四个拟议信通技术倡议所需资源6 423 400美元在经常预算中的份额，2012-2013两年期第30款的拟议总额为81 543 375美元，比2010-2011年批款增长13.1%。", "八.130 秘书长在2012-2013年拟议方案预算导言(A/66/6(Introduction))第5段提到他旨在提高本组织效率和实效的变革管理倡议。咨询委员会获悉，这一倡议将检查和更新本组织在信息和通信技术等六个方面的工作方式。特别是，目标是到2015年实现“无纸环境”，重点是电子记录保管、电子签名和知识管理方案。咨询委员会认为，同时推广多个倡议不利于清楚认识秘书长对变革管理采取的整体方式。咨询委员会建议，应要求秘书长确保在这方面设想的活动将补充而不是重复信息和通信技术厅和其他开展类似倡议的部厅的工作，并确保信通厅团队和变革管理倡议团队保持密切协调与合作，因为长期而言，信通技术倡议是由信通厅负责的。", "八.131 咨询委员会收到了关于变革管理倡议的进一步细节，上文第一章讨论了这些细节。咨询委员会获悉，信息和通信技术厅已委任一位改革协调员，负责与变革管理小组、信息和通信技术厅以及高层管理团队密切合作，以确保在信通厅内部开展合作和实施变革建议。此外，信通厅将借调一名工作人员到变革管理团队担任兼职。", "八.132 表八.13汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表八.13 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011两年期核定数\t137\t1个ASG，1个D-2，4个D-1，13个P-5，21个P-4，30个P-3，7个P-2/1，11个GS(PL)，48个GS(OL)，1个TC\n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t137\t1个ASG，1个D-2，4个D-1，13个P-5，21个P-4，30个P-3，7个P-2/1，11个GS(PL)，48个GS(OL)，1个TC\n 预算外^(a) \n2012-2013两年期拟议数\t24\t8个P-4/3，3个P-2/1，3个GS(PL)，10个GS(OL)", "^(a) 预算外员额数目包括完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资的12个其他摊款员额以及通过电信支助账户供资的12个预算外员额。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "八.133 秘书长提议续设信息和通信技术厅的137个经常预算员额。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的提议。", "八.134 秘书长在关于企业信通技术倡议的报告中建议增设14个经常预算员额，以加强信通厅，增设员额分配如下：行政领导和管理2个；次级方案5(信息和通信技术战略管理和协调)8个；次级方案6(信息和通信业务)2个；方案支助2个。如上文所述，咨询委员会在其相关报告A/66/7/Add.1中对这些请求提出了意见和建议。在这方面，咨询委员会回顾，大会在审议秘书长A/65/491号报告所载实施信通技术战略的建议时，决定批准在2011年设立相当于7个P-4职等的一般临时人员职位，其中5个职位由现有资源供资(第65/259决议，第十七部分，第15段)。咨询委员会获悉，尚未找到这5个职位的资金，其余2个职位在2011年获得了一次性供资，不过，2012-2013年拟议预算第30款未提议续设这2个职位。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "八.135 2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为40 196 500美元，与现两年期批款相比，净增3 000 000美元。预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.30))第30.8段总结了变动情况，反映了各支出用途项下拟议增减的综合结果。秘书长提议在行政领导和管理项下净增 289 400美元，用于变革管理相关活动(见下文第八.136段)，在次级方案6(信息通信技术业务)非员额资源下净增3 343 800美元，其中2 758 900美元用于一般临时人员，以应对总部和总部以外办事处日益增加的加强和支持资源管理服务需求。大多数其他非员额用途类别经费减少，部分抵消了上述增加额，经费减少的类别包括：工作人员差旅费(100 900美元，即18.4%)、订约承办事务(91 000美元，即0.6%)、用品和材料(175 600美元，即40.1%)、家具和设备(188 900美元，即17.2%)以及赠款和捐款(63 400美元，即100%)。", "八.136 关于秘书长报告(A/66/6(Sect.30))第30.8(a)段提议的为行政领导和管理请求增加的289 400美元，秘书长指出，之所以需要增加资源，是因为订约承办事务项下需要增加资源，以便为实施变革管理提供专业服务，并支持提高对信通技术战略的认识，支持采用该战略。这些服务将包括组织、策划、制定和开展关于实施信通技术倡议和信通技术战略的大型、复杂宣传运动。咨询委员会要求进一步说明支持秘书长请求的理由。咨询委员会认为，应该由清楚了解本组织的工作人员而非外部顾问来开展关于支持信通技术战略并增强相关意识的活动，因此，应培养这方面的内部能力。因此，咨询委员会建议不批准订约承办事务项下拟议增额289 400美元。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的其余提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "格式和列报内容", "八.137 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第二次列报了信息和通信技术厅所需资源，大会第63/262号决议设立信通厅，将其作为在预算中单列一款的独立组织单位。咨询委员会关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一份报告(A/64/7)强调了信通厅拟议预算列报内容需要改进的若干地方。虽然咨询委员会注意到了一些进展，但仍然坚定地认为，其以前的许多意见和建议仍然适用。因此，信通厅在编制下个预算报告时，最好考虑这些意见和建议。咨询委员会建议，信通厅在编制下个预算报告时，应继续努力在逻辑框架内充分反映其工作方案，指出明确目标、预期成果和绩效指标。信通厅还应当提供明确信息，说明信通厅已获授权的活动和法定产出。", "八.138 咨询委员会还指出，预算文件没有充分清晰地显示信通厅开展工作方案的人员编制情况，其中除常设员额，还包括一般临时人员和订约承办事务。例如，预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.30))第30.26段请求增加330万美元的非员额资源，但是关于一般临时人员、约聘人员或咨询人的拟议所需资源的信息甚少。咨询委员会在询问后收到了拟议资源细目，包括拟议一般临时人员和约聘人员的工作月数和职等以及要求他们提供的服务或履行的职能。咨询委员会还获悉，和其他部厅不同的是，信息和通信技术厅大量依赖订约承办事务，以便灵活增强能力，满足对于一次性信通技术项目的需求，这是一种最佳做法，即：工作人员职位通常保留给需要长期维持机构利益和记忆、针对具体机构的职能和活动。由于大量信通技术服务是通过临时人员和约聘人员提供的，咨询委员会建议，应要求秘书长作为例行公事，向大会通报这些支出类别的用途细目，区分人员费用和其他需求。咨询委员会还敦促秘书长继续努力，使预算文件更加清晰和全面，并提供足够的细节，使大会更好地了解信通厅的活动、人员编制、提供的服务以及拟议的资源利用情况。提高术语的清晰度对于信通厅宣传活动的成功至关重要，在秘书处内部以及与会员国之间都是如此。", "八.139 咨询委员会还注意到在预算文件中以及在向其提供的补充资料中使用技术性很强的术语的倾向。咨询委员会承认，鉴于信通厅活动的性质，使用一些技术术语是不可避免的，但为了提高清晰度和透明度，咨询委员会要求，在编制拟议预算时，应适当注意采用简明易懂的语言，以便非专家阅读，并酌情提供包含所有使用过的技术术语和概念的词汇表。", "信息和通信技术服务的费用", "八.140 咨询委员会在关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一份报告中强调，应以最具成本效益的方式提供信通技术服务，必须准确确定实际费用，此外，应当向各用户部门提供计算这些服务成本的透明信息(A/64/7，第八.122段)。计算产出和服务成本是一个长期问题。大会第56/253号决议第29段强调，计算产出成本制度是有效、透明的决策过程的重要组成部分。最近，大会第63/262号决议(第六节，第4段)请秘书长继续完善支助事务的成本计算方法。", "八.141 咨询委员会获悉，成本回收机制自2000-2001两年期以来就存在，一直作为预算流程的一部分，与方案规划、预算和账户厅协商实施。各方确定，由于信通技术服务需求持续增长并超过供应，中央供资方法已被证明是无效的控制机制，而且需要规管及监察此类服务需求。设立的成本回收机制能让用户部门为其自身使用信通技术服务的情况制定预算并实行监测，还为信息和通信技术厅规划其工作量和支出提供了重要信息。方案规划、预算和账户厅将各部门预算下为服务级协议提供的经费转移到具体支出用途的预算外账户，表八.15列出了这些账户。这些资源在提供服务的有关次级方案下提供给信息和通信技术厅，以支付以下方面的经费：(a) 电话和网络服务、(b) 台式计算机服务和(c) 托管服务。", "八.142 咨询委员会进一步获悉，对固定成本和可变支出作了区隔，前者列在信息和通信技术厅预算下，后者通过成本回收机制供资。固定成本涉及资本支出以及设施和管理、行政人员和培训等共享资源费用，可变成本则包括根据更换周期计算的硬件折旧、软件维护和许可费以及提供信通技术服务的专职内部人员和外包人员成本。关于台式计算机服务，有三个服务级协议计划，提供不同级别的支持：A级为全力支持；B级为次级支持；C级为最低支持。表八.16比较每个计划提供的不同级别的服务和支持。", "八.143 在这方面，咨询委员会询问，这样的安排是否会鼓励各部厅根据信息和通信技术厅制定的规格和标准，向外部供应商采购相同水平的信通技术服务。咨询委员会获悉，虽然规模较小组织的组织单位可以通过外部供应商获得信通技术服务，但对秘书处而言，这种做法不利于实现规模经济，并从长远角度看，将使信通技术能力进一步分散，导致成本增加。", "八.144 目前，信通技术服务级协议经费列入获得服务的部厅预算，出现在第30款概览预算外资源大类下(见A/66/6(Sect.30)，表30.4)。咨询委员会认为，预算文件必须充分透明地提供关于信息和通信技术厅成本回收收入的信息，包括提供信息，说明各部厅和任何其他实体支付的信通技术服务费用金额。还必须提供信息，说明信通厅利用这些资源的情况，包括为信通厅员额供资的情况。在这方面，咨询委员会还认为，信通厅通过成本回收而获得的收入应列为预算款次概览的一个单独类别(见上文第一章，第115-117段)。咨询委员会进一步重申，应向用户部门提供信息，说明这些服务定价和计算成本的依据。", "信息和通信技术厅的组织安排", "八.145 大会第63/262号决议设立信息和通信技术厅，将其定为在预算中单列一款的独立组织单位，由助理秘书长级的首席信息技术干事担任主管。在同一决议中，大会还要求秘书长向大会第六十五届会议主要会期会议提交关于组织安排的深入评估，包括改变信息和通信技术厅在本组织结构中的位置的可能性。然而，秘书长在关于信通技术战略实施进度的报告(A/65/491)中评估了信通厅的内部结构，但并未讨论信通厅在本组织结构中的位置问题。大会第65/269号决议重申其较早前提出的要求，即要求开展深入评估，向大会第六十八届会议提交相关报告，供其审议。", "八.146 咨询委员会仍然坚定地认为，管理和报告安排必须能为信通厅指出总体方向，确保本组织信通技术结构的有效性，确保能对其进行监督和问责。咨询委员会指出，为确保对信通厅的持续信心，至关重要的是，设立的组织安排在形式上和实质上都切合目的。鉴于正在对信通技术基础设施、系统和服务作出相当大的投资，并且，实施信通技术战略和企业资源规划项目等正在开展的举措具有战略重要性，应要求秘书长严格审查目前的安排，并根据需要作出任何调整，以确保其实效和效率，并充分响应大会关于提交深入评估报告供最迟在第六十八届会议审议的要求。", "更换信息和通信技术设备", "八.147 咨询委员会在审查2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时注意到，若干部厅决定推迟更换信通技术设备的时间，以减少家具和设备项下所需资源。咨询委员会询问信息和通信技术厅，它对这些提议采取什么立场，在当前金融衰退形势中，它是否考虑哪怕是暂时更改标准更换周期，信息和通信技术厅表示，用户部厅如果愿意，可以将更换个人计算机的时间推迟到现行的4年周期之后，而且，如果个人计算机出问题，在采购新计算机之前，可以借个人计算机。信通厅还表示，一般情况，使用四年之后，故障和维修频率显著增加。此外，延长总部个人计算机现行更换周期可能影响最迟于2014年7月转换为Windows 7操作系统的计划，因为现有个人计算机一半以上不具备支持Windows 7的最低条件，必须在2014年7月之前更换。还有人指出，联合国目前使用的Windows XP软件在2014年7月之后将不再受到微软支持。", "表八.14 2012-2013两年期拟议预算第30款(信息和通信技术厅)(A/66/6(Sect.30))的拟议经常预算资源和企业信息和通信技术倡议(A/66/94)的拟议经常预算资源", "(美元)", "2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2012-2013年A/66/94^(b) A/66/6(Sect.30)和A/66/94 资源增长^(c) 批款 A/66/6(Sect.30)^(a)\n 支出用途 数额 百分比", "员额 34 923 500 34 923 500 432 540 35 356 040 432 540 1.2", "其他工作人员费用 1 974 700 5 408 800 278 670 5 687 470 3 712 770 188.0", "咨询人", "工作人员差旅费 549 300 448 400 76 650 525 050 -24 250 -4.4", "订约承办事务 15 890 600 15 799 500 3 904 230 19 703 730 3 813 130 24.0", "一般业务费用 17 182 800 17 368 600 671 490 18 040 090 857 290 5.0", "用品和材料 438 200 262 600 174 915 437 515 -685 -0.2", "家具和设备 1 097 500 908 600 884 880 1 793 480 695 980 63.4", "赠款和捐款 63 400 -63 400 -100.0", "共计 72 120 000 75 120 000 6 423 375 81 543 375 9 423 375 13.1", "^(a) 2012-2013两年期所有数字都是重计费用前的数字。", "^(b) 数字代表经常预算分摊的企业信通技术提议所需资源份额。", "^(c) 与2010-2011两年期批款比较的资源增长。", "表八.15 采取成本回收机制的具体支出用途预算外账户", "账户编码 说明", "307 3709 订约承办事务、支持中心数据处理事务的款项", "307 3710 支持办公室自动化设备的款项", "307 3711 支持中心数据处理基础设施的款项", "405 4304 数据处理设备的租赁和养护", "表八.16 针对台式计算机服务的各服务级协议计划的比较", "A级服务级协议\tB级服务级协议\tC级服务级协议\t\n服务说明\t每年成本(美元) 涵盖的组成部分 \n网络账户\t400\t400\t400\t网络基础设施、许可证、维护、订约承办事务以及建筑物之间的运营商收费\n电子邮件账户\t360\t360\t360\t电子邮件基础设施、许可证、维护和订约承办事务\n中央管理软件\t50\t50\t50\t订约承办事务，以维护和配置台式计算机软件，给每个台式计算机安装防病毒软件，更新操作系统和应用程序\n获得台式计算机许可证\t125\t125\t125\tMicrosoftOffice、ant-SPAM，PDFwriter等软件许可费\n个人内容管理\t40\t40\t40\t1千兆字节的个人数据存储、备份和恢复服务\n服务台事务\t542\t542\t125\t服务台的订约承办事务；危险废物处置、硬件支持、借用设备及远程支持许可证；C级服务级协议仅包括用于诊断问题的信息和通信技术厅有限的服务台订约承办事务\n局域网管理\t645\t0\t0\t局域网管理服务包括完整的用户注册、培训、问题诊断和现场技术支持\n 调整数 (62) (17) 0 \n 共计 2 100 1 500 1 100", "第九编", "内部监督", "第31款 内部监督", "秘书长拟议数 39 025 300美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 38 925 000美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 73 664 400美元^(b) \n秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括数额为57 170200美元的其他分摊资源，此处修正A/66/6(Sect.31)号文件表31.4所载资料，以反映大会第69/290号决议中所做的有关维持和平行动支助账户的决定以及16494 200美元的预算外资源。", "九.1 咨询委员会注意到，秘书长为第31款要求的经常预算资源在重计费用前为39 025 300美元，比2010-2011两年期增加100 300美元，即增加0.3%。", "九.2 增加的原因是，员额所需经费比2010-2011年核定资源32 640 900美元增加1 590 400美元，这是2010-2011年核定的3个员额(在次级方案2(检查和评价下))造成的滞后影响；将在行政领导和管理项下拟议设立一个新员额；以及提议将次级方案2在一般临时人员项下出资的6个职位改划为常设员额。非员额资源减少1 490 100美元，部分抵销了上述增加额，非员额资源减少的主要原因，一般临时人员、咨询人、工作人员差旅、订约承办事务、一般业务费用、用品和材料以及赠款和捐款等项下的所需经费减少。就方案构成部分而言，经费增加是以下方面增减相抵后的结果：行政领导和管理以及方案支助项下所需经费分别增加259 000美元和15 000美元，工作方案项下主要与次级方案1(内部审计)和次级方案3(调查)有关的所需经费减少173 700美元。", "九.3 咨询委员会注意到，独立审计咨询委员会根据其职权范围第2(d)段(大会第61/275号决议，附件)，提交了关于内部监督事务厅2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的审查报告(见A/66/85)。在这方面，咨询委员会会晤了独立审计咨询委员会主席，与其交换了意见。", "九.4 表九.1汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额及秘书长提议的2012-2013两年期经常预算员额。该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表九.1 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t115\t1个USG，3个D-2，5个D-1，13个P-5，28个P-4，20个P-3，12个P-2/1，8个GS(PL)，24个GS(OL)，1个LL\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t122\t1个USG，1个ASG，3个D-2，5个D-1，13个P-5，28个P-4，23个P-3，15个P-2/1，8个GS(PL)，24个GS(OL)，1个LL\n 新设 1 1个ASG \n 改划 6 在一般临时人员项下出资的3个P-3和3个P-2 \n调动\t5\t在调查司内，从内罗毕调动1个P-4员额到纽约，从维也纳调动1个P-2员额到内罗毕，从维也纳调动1个P-3和2个P-2员额到纽约\n 预算外^(a) \n2012-2013年拟议员额\t103^(a)\t1个D-1，12个P-5，39个P-4，24个P-3，16个FS，1个GS(PL)，6个GS(OL)，4LL", "^(a) 员额数包括103个其他摊款项下员额，此处修正A/66/6(Sect.31)号文件表31.5所提供的信息，以反映大会第65/290号决议关于维持和平行动支助账户的决定和46个预算外员额。", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "九.5 内部监督事务厅告知咨询委员会，监督厅的整体空缺率已从2010年8月30日的17%降至2011年4月30日的11%，并预计将在2011年8月后进一步降至7.4%。咨询委员会回顾，检查和评价司司长(D-2)和调查司司长(D-2)员额分别从2008年1月1日和2006年8月1日开始出缺。咨询委员会询问后获悉，征聘程序现在已经完成，并且所选定的人选将于2011年8月就职；这些员额的职能在此期间由各司的代理司长履行。咨询委员会注意到监督厅历史上的高空缺率，欢迎降低空缺率，并敦促监督厅加紧努力，填补所有尚待填补的空缺。", "行政领导和管理", "九.6 秘书长要求设立一个助理秘书长员额，支持副秘书长办公室履行其职责(A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.18段)。咨询委员会询问后获悉，该员额的职能包括：监督业务活动；指导和管理执行办公室的工作；确保协调各司的工作以及领导司际活动或任务；制订和监督执行监督厅外联方案；就监督厅业务政策问题向副秘书长提供咨询；贯彻落实包括独立审计咨询委员会在内的理事机构的所有决议和决定；根据指派在组织问题上代表监督厅,并在副秘书长不在时管理监督厅。咨询委员会还获悉，助理秘书长员额的设立将使副秘书长能够更集中关注监督厅的战略问题，并与各利益攸关方交流，扩大监督厅的参与能力；加强三个司之间的协调与合作；加强对监督厅结果、影响和资源使用情况的问责，并确保在副秘书长不在或任命前后两任副秘书长的过渡期间领导的连续性。咨询委员会认识到，需要更好地支持副秘书长履行下述责任：确保次级方案间有效协调、领导和管理执行办公室的工作；协助执行监督厅任务。但是，咨询委员会认为，不需要由一个助理秘书长级别的员额履行这些拟议职能。因此，咨询委员会建议核可一个D-2级员额，以提供所需支持。将根据所获得的经验，在2014-2015年拟议方案预算中进一步审查该员额的适当级别。", "次级方案2,检查和评价", "九.7 拟将6个一般临时人员职位(3个P-3和3个P-2)改划为常设员额，支持更加注重检查和评价工作和加强工作方案的执行(A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.28段)。咨询委员会回顾，2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算曾提议将９个一般临时人员职位(1个D-2,3个P-3,4个P-2,1个GS(OL))改划为常设员额。咨询委员会建议在检查和评价司对独立审计咨询委员会建议可行性进行评估之前，接受三个职位的改划(1个D-2、1个P-2、1个1GS(OL))，独立审计咨询委员会的建议是采用在次级方案一级进行风险评估的方法，而目前采用的是在方案一级进行风险评估的方法(A/64/7,第九.8至九.10段)。大会在第64/243号决议中核可了咨询委员会的建议。", "九.8 咨询委员会注意到，检查和评价司已得出结论，即由于缺乏次级方案一级12个代用风险指数的数据，在次级方案一级实行风险评估方法不可行(A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.29段)。独立审计咨询委员会同意这一看法，但继续强调，方案一级的风险评估对于有效分配资源是必不可少的(A/66/85,第16段)。秘书长指出，再次提出将六个一般临时人员职位进行改划符合大会第62/236号决议，并且这些职位所履行职能的持续性质使改划具有正当理由。有鉴于此，咨询委员会不反对接受检查和评价司六个职位改划为员额(3个P-3，3个P-2)。", "次级方案3,调查", "九.9 在次级方案3项下为2012-2013年拟议的人力资源9 939 600 美元用于续设35个员额(27个专业人员，7个一般事务人员，1个当地雇员)。这比2010-2011年核定资源多出59 900美元，增加的原因是，对与在次级方案内部各个工作地点之间调动5个员额有关的薪金和一般工作人员费用进行了如下调整:", "(a) 由于对内罗毕经常预算项下采购调查的需求减少，从内罗毕调动一个调查员(P-4)员额到纽约，以满足与合并采购问题工作队责任有关的需求，并在采购问题方面为所有办公室提供进一步的支持；", "(b) 并考虑到维也纳的能力超过需求的事实，从维也纳调动一个协理调查员 (P-2)员额到内罗毕，满足已减少的采购调查需求，代替上文第九.9(a)段所述 P-4员额；", "(c) 从维也纳调动两个协理调查员(P-2)员额到纽约的专业作业科，以提供与新的内部司法系统有关的调查支助；", "(d) 从维也纳调动一个调查员(P-3)员额到纽约，以加强设在总部的法医股的工作。", "九.10 咨询委员会回顾，在 2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算中有类似请求。对于当时提出的调动7个员额的请求，咨询委员会当时建议核准调动5个(见A/64/7，第九.11段和第九.21段)，这次是再次提出调动这5个员额的请求。咨询委员会还注意到，如预算分册所述，秘书长提议进行这些调动并不是要抢在大会第63/287号决议所决定试点项目的结果可能产生任何需求之前采取行动，而是为了更有效地使用资源，满足经常预算下已确定的调查需求。咨询委员会提到向大会第六十五届会议续会提交的秘书长关于试点项目执行情况的初步报告和审计委员会关于项目执行情况审计的报告(见A/65/782,第29-31段和A/65/827，第 212-214段)。", "九.11 咨询委员会回顾，它已表明观点，即调查工作与审计不同，其性质是反应性的，只有在需要时才进行。因此，有关资源无可避免地会因需求情况而改变(A/64/7,第九.22段)。因此，咨询委员会注意到，如拟议预算所示，关于调查工作量，2010年经常预算下受理的新案件数量分别是，纽约19起、维也纳13起和内罗毕8起(A/66/7,Sect.31,第31.39段)。", "九.12 咨询委员会考虑到其以往表明的观点，建议接受从维也纳调动三个员额 (1个P-3,2个P-2)到纽约、从维也纳调动一个员额(P-2)到内罗毕和从内罗毕调动一个员额(P-4)到纽约的提议，以满足经确定的经常预算调查需求和承担有关工作量。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "九.13 2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为4 794 000美元，比2010-2011年核批资源减少1 490 100美元；这主要是因为次级方案2(检查和评价)项下的其他工作人员费用减少(806 200美元)，原因在于拟在2010-2011年把6个一般临时人员职位改划为员额(见上文第九.7段)。", "九.14 拟议用于工作人员差旅的资源为1 857 800美元，比2010-2011年核批资源2 200 600美元减少342 800美元。这主要反映在次级方案2(检查和评价)项下(235 200美元),其原因是对方案一级监测和评价的检查次数减少，导致预计前往总部以外办公室的旅行次数减少，而且由于在外地地点的天数减少，每日生活津贴经费也减少。次级方案3(调查)项下经费减少(102 700美元)，这反映了以往的支出模式以及在使用视频会议和电话会议等替代办法方面所做的努力。", "九.15 拟议用于咨询人的资源为866 100美元，比2010-2011年核批的1 022 200美元减少156 100美元。减少的资源主要反映在：次级方案1(内部审计)项下(103 300美元)，其原因是执行2010-2011年工作计划所需专题专家经费减少；次级方案2(检查和评价)项下(32 000美元)，其原因是计划的旅行持续时间缩短，使咨询人差旅所需经费减少。", "九.16 一般业务费用比2010-2011年核定的441 500美元资源整体减少76 100美元，其主要原因是集中在方案支助项下的总部电话和传真服务标准费率降低(2012-2013年适用的费率为每个工作人员每年420美元，而2010-2011年预算期间为每个工作人员每年1 400美元)。", "九.17 订约承办事务项下的经费比2010-2011年核定的1 149 700美元资源净减60 100美元，反映不再需要经费用于2010-2011年预算期间在行政领导和管理项下购置的软件(减少50 900美元)，以及在次级方案3(调查)项下的所需经费减少，其原因是与2010-2011年购置的案件管理系统有关的费用减少(174 000美元)。关于后者，咨询委员会获悉，在该软件的测试阶段，人们明确认识到该系统技术上的不足将使它成为一个不够完善的方案，特别是对维持和平特派团而言。因此，将不会使用为2010-2011年分配的资金，并且在第二次执行情况报告中将报告未使用余额。已确定购置满足所有无障碍、安保和案件管理要求的一个成本较低的替代系统(130 100美元)，并将其纳入2012-2013两年期拟议预算中。", "九.18 咨询委员会建议接受拟议的非员额资源。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "九.19 咨询委员会注意到，如独立审计咨询委员会报告(A/66/85)所述，在编制审计工作计划和排定2012-2013年审计任务的优先次序方面，内部审计司根据内在风险确定了最大的组织风险、其可能原因以及相关的主要内部控制措施。独立审计咨询委员会对使用以内在风险为基础的风险模式表示关切，因为这种模式不宜用于提出所需资源总额提议。但是，咨询委员会也注意到内部监督事务厅已作出努力，以便最终能够指导监督厅辨明残余风险(见A/66/85第11段和A/65/827第204段)。独立审计咨询委员会承认，拟议对主要控制措施进行的审计应能确定本组织面临的残余风险，因此支持2012-2013年拟议预算所载的内部监督事务厅提议。咨询委员会鼓励内部监督事务厅继续努力改进其风险评估方法。咨询委员会还同意独立审计咨询委员会的建议，即包括内部审计司在内的内部监督事务厅各司通过报告实现的成果，显示向本组织提供服务的价值。", "九.20 关于次级方案2(检查和评价)，咨询委员会注意到，依照大会第65/244号决议，方案评价周期从当前的11至13年减至８年。检查和评价司拟议采取分阶段办法，先将周期减至１0年，再减至８年。因此，该司计划在2012-2013两年期评价５个方案：人道主义事务协调厅、难民署、禁毒办、环境署和非洲经委会。该司注意到上述多数方案由预算外资源提供经费，并考虑到大会的要求和咨询委员会有关不应用经常预算活动资助预算外活动、反之亦然的观点，表示打算从各方案寻求经费(见A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.33段和A/66/85,第18段)。主管内部监督事务副秘书长告知咨询委员会，目前的供资安排过于复杂，需要精简，监督厅正在审议这一问题，并打算向大会提出提议。在此方面，咨询委员会回顾其在关于内部监督事务厅供资安排的报告(A/61/880)中所提出的意见和建议以及大会第61/275号决议(第三部分)，其中大会请秘书长考虑到咨询委员会报告(A/61/880)第31至40段所载的建议，订正秘书长报告(A/61/810)中提出的供资安排。", "第十编", "共同出资的行政活动和特别费", "第32款 共同出资的行政活动", "秘书长拟议数(全额预算) 37 723 800美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 37 125 400美元 \n 2012-2013年联合国分担的费用 10 993 800美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年联合国分担的费用 11 993 400美元 \n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十.1 第32款项下所需资源用于以机构间共同出资为基础的联合国三个机构：", "(a) 国际公务员制度委员会(公务员制度委员会)及其秘书处；", "(b) 联合检查组(联检组)及其秘书处；", "(c) 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长协调会)秘书处，包括国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)项目。", "十.2 按照既定安排向大会提交公务员制度委员会和联检组的全额预算，供其审议并核可。提交包括公共部门会计准则项目在内的行政首长协调会全额预算供大会参考，但提交的联合国分担费用部分需要大会核可。", "十.3 在预算文件的附件(A/66/6 (Sect.32),附件)中提供了行政首长协调会成员组织对最初提交的公务员制度委员会和联检组预算的评论意见。秘书长在向咨询委员会提供的补充资料中指出，公务员制度委员会最初的提议显示0.59%的增长，这得到了提出评论意见的八个成员组织中的五个成员组织的支持；另外三个组织坚持零增长预算。成员组织的评论意见显示，它们普遍反对预算数额增长,并提到了它们所面临的财政限制。咨询委员会注意到补充资料中提到，联检组最初提出的拟议预算显示10.2%的增长。11个提出评论意见的成员组织的共识是，拟议增长在目前的经济环境中无法得到支持。大多数成员组织自身的2012-2013年预算面临零名义增长，而一些成员组织预计其收入将实际减少。", "十.4 咨询委员会询问后，获得了资料，其中显示，10个行政首长协调会成员组织回应对行政首长协调会秘书处拟议预算发表评论意见的要求，提出了评论意见。成员组织一致支持行政首长协调会秘书处的零名义增长预算。", "十.5 咨询委员会获得了显示行政首长协调会管理问题高级别委员会财务和预算网结论的其他资料，管理问题高级别委员会根据这些结论“核准了2012-2013年所有共同出资活动(安全和安保部的共同出资活动、行政首长协调会秘书处、联检组和公务员制度委员会)的零增长预算，并表示“将作出最大努力，通过提高效率吸收任何重计费用后的调整”(CEB/2011/3，第95(e)段)。管理问题高级别委员会在另一个决定中，核准将公共部门会计准则项目小组的工作延长至2013年底，2012-2013年的相应所需资源为1 896 000美元，其战略方向和活动已由财务和预算网核准(同上，第95(b)段)。", "十.6 关于第 32款(共同出资的行政活动)，2012-2013两年期所需全额预算资源(包括所需经常预算资源)在重计费用前为37 723 800美元，比2010-2011两年期增加598 400美元，亦即增加1.6%(A/66/6(Sect.32),表32.6)。秘书长为第32款要求的经常预算资源在重计费用前为10 993 800 美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少999 600美元，亦即减少8.3%(同上，表32.5)。", "十.7 咨询委员会注意到本款项下联合国经常预算分担费用出现净减少，这是下述方面增减相抵的综合效应：公务员制度委员会和行政首长协调会两个秘书处所需经费中联合国分担费用减少，而联检组及公共部门会计准则项目所需经费中联合国分担费用则增加。咨询委员会询问后获悉，各个组织费用分担的理由取决于各个实体为联合国组织开展的工作的比例。对公务员制度委员会而言，其工作与工作人员的服务条件有关，人事统计是决定性的衡量标准，而对行政首长协调会秘书处而言，其工作包含全系统问题，费用分担的百分比有50%是基于人员，有50%是基于活动规模，人员和活动规模以经审计的支出水平衡量(另见下文第十.14段)。", "国际公务员制度委员会", "秘书长拟议数(全额预算) 17 616 900美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 17 714 000美元 \n 2012-2013年联合国分担的费用 5 884 000美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年联合国分担的费用 6 910 900美元 \n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十.8 国际公务员制度委员会(公务员制度委员会)所需全额预算资源(包括所需经常预算资源)在重计费用前为17 616 900美元，比2010-2011两年期减少97 100美元，亦即减少0.5%(A/66/6(Sect.32)，表32.6)。", "十.9 咨询委员会注意到，秘书长在第32款项下为公务员制度委员会要求的经常预算资源在重计费用前为5 884 000美元，比2010-2011两年期减少1 026 900美元，亦即减少14.9%(同上，表32.5)。拟议资源数额减少是两方面因素的综合结果，一方面，联合国在公务员制度委员会全额预算中分担费用的比例由2010-2011两年期的39%减至2012-2013两年期的33.4%，另一方面，公务员制度委员会的全额预算减少(同上，第32.17段)。表十.1汇总2010-2011两年期共同出资核定员额和秘书长提议的2012-2013年这类员额拟议数。共同出资员额的细节见附件一。", "表十.1 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 全额预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t47\t1个D-2，3个D-1，4个P-5，9个P-4，3个P-3，4个P-2/1，3个GS(PL)，20个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t47\t1个D-2，3个D-1，4个P-5，9个P-4，3个P-3，4个P-2/1，3个GS(PL)，20个GS(OL)", "关于员额和非员额资源的评论意见和建议", "十.10 咨询委员会注意到，补充资料显示，拟议预算包括咨询人经费922 700美元，咨询人的活动主要是收集各个工作地点的价格、薪金和住房费用数据。咨询委员会询问后获悉，凡有可能，收集数据活动都由秘书处工作人员进行，有时他们得到共同制度各组织工作人员的协助。咨询委员会还获悉，往往需要咨询人为公务员制度委员会的研究提供在共同制度内常常无法获得的专门知识。关于各外地工作地点使用咨询人而不是联合国系统工作人员收集数据的问题，咨询委员会获悉，使用咨询人可以避免利益冲突。咨询委员会还获悉，在此方面，公务员制度委员会核准的现行方法规定，其秘书处工作人员收集的价格数据仅用于与其他工作地点独立定价人员收集的价格信息进行比较。咨询委员会认为，公务员制度委员会使用的收集数据方法成本较高。咨询委员会建议，公务员制度委员会考虑采取既能保持该程序完整性又具有较高成本效益的替代收集数据方法。", "十.11 咨询委员会不反对秘书长提出的公务员制度委员会2012-2013两年期拟议预算。", "联合检查组", "秘书长拟议数(全额预算) 12 744 300美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 12 694 300美元 \n 2012-2013年联合国分担的费用 3 007 700美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年联合国分担的费用 2 982 800美元 \n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十.12 秘书长为联合检查组(联检组)拟议的全额预算资源(包括所需经常预算资源)在重计费用前为12 744 300美元，比2010-2011两年期增加50 000美元，亦即增加0.4%(同上，表32.6)。", "十.13 咨询委员会注意到，联合国在第32款项下联检组所需经常预算内分担的费用在重计费用前为3 007 700美元，比2010-2011两年期增加24 900美元，亦即增加0.8%(同上，表32.5)。表十.2汇总2010-2011两年期核定的共同出资员额和秘书长提出的2012-2013年这类员额拟议数。共同出资员额的细节见附件一。", "表十.2 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 全额预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t20\t1个D-2，2个P-5，7个P-4/3，1个P-2/1，1个GS(PL)，8个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t20\t1个D-2，2个P-5，7个P-4/3，1个P-2/1，1个GS(PL)，8个GS(OL)", "关于员额和非员额资源的评论意见和建议", "十.14 咨询委员会询问后获悉，自1996-1997两年期以来，联检组预算中相关分担费用百分比是通过各参加组织经审计账户中所报告的支出确定的。所做假设是，一个组织活动规模越大，进行的监督规模就越大。活动规模以经审计的支出数字衡量。上述方法说明了联检组预算中联合国分担费用百分比为何从2010-2011两年期使用的23.5%增至2012-2013 两年期使用的23.6%。", "一般性评论意见和建议", "联合检查组建议的执行", "十.15 咨询委员会注意到，联检组建议的接受和执行率在2008-2009 两年期为50%，预计在2010-2011两年期将仅增至53%。咨询委员会讯问后获悉，尽管50%的执行率不够理想，总体上，评价和更为战略性的报告的执行率比审计报告的执行率低很多。更进一步的解释是联检组建议涉及战略问题，这需要在所有参加组织的理事机构一级开展有关进程，并且需要历时多年，这与侧重于合规和与单个组织有关的审计建议不同。尽管如此,咨询委员会建议，联检组应继续制定着重于行动的建议和咨询意见，并在下一次预算中就其执行情况作出报告。", "咨询人", "十.16 咨询委员会注意到，在联检组拟议预算中咨询人的所需资源为170 300美元，比2010-2011两年期增加50 000 美元。所需资源包括用于实施网基跟踪系统所需的技术专业知识的147 900 美元和为检查专员提出专门咨询意见和提供技术服务的22 400美元。咨询委员会虽然不反对拟议活动，但建议敦促联检组更多地使用其秘书处和联合国共同制度内的现有专业知识，为检查专员提供此种专门咨询意见和技术服务。因此，咨询委员会建议将2012-2013两年期咨询人所需资源维持在2010-2011两年期的水平 (另见下文第十.17段至第十.20段)。", "网基跟踪系统", "十.17 咨询委员会询问后获悉，正在开发网基系统，以跟踪与联检组建议有关的信息。该系统将跟踪联检组向各参加组织提出的报告、说明和信函或建议的接受、执行和影响状况；管理立法机构审议联检组报告的工作；并提供关于报告、说明和信函所载联检组建议的接受、执行和影响类别的统计资料，这些资料最终在联检组年度报告中提出。", "十.18 咨询委员会获悉，大会第65/270号决议授权秘书长承付71 300美元，这是网基系统302 000美元总开发费用中联合国分担的费用，大会并邀请其他参加组织捐款。咨询委员会还获悉，开发署、儿基会、国际劳工组织、联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国教育、科学及文化组织、世贸组织和国际原子能机构等七个组织拒绝捐款；人口基金、项目厅、国际民航组织和世界气象组织等四个组织分别承付7 852美元、11 174美元、3 322美元和1 208美元，共计23 556美元；预计粮食署、国际电联、世界知识产权组织和联合国工业发展组织等四个组织将提供总额为40 770美元的书面确认；预计世界卫生组织、万国邮政联盟和国际海事组织等三个组织将作出回应，其潜在捐款达34 428美元。咨询委员会还获悉，2011年可供开发该系统使用的资金为185 626美元，其中包括大会授权的71 300美元，上述自行决定的捐款以及从2010-2011年预算节余中拨出的50 000美元追加款。咨询委员会还获悉，上述资金以及2012-2013年预算中拟议的147 900美元经费，将足够支付2012年开发和实施该系统的费用。", "十.19 咨询委员会询问后还获悉，维护和运营该系统的估计费用为每两年期466 800美元，并且不含在2012-2013年拟议预算中。这一金额包含两个专业级别工作人员为确保质量控制提供的非全时服务以及培训协调人的费用和经常性维护费用。咨询委员会注意到，开发署和儿基会等若干参加组织拒绝为该项目捐款，原因是它们目前面临资源限制，由于这些限制，成员组织的理事机构决定其预算的增长率为零。咨询委员会还注意到，人口基金对咨询人、差旅和培训项下所需的较多经费提出质疑，对培训提出质疑的理由是，现代网基系统的设计就是要让用户能够直观地指导自己操作。", "十.20 咨询委员会关切的是，成员组织是否有能力和意愿为维持网基跟踪系统的经常性费用供资。咨询委员会注意到成员组织表达的观点。咨询委员会考虑到其在上文第十.16段中的评论意见，认为实施网基跟踪系统的任何额外所需经费均应通过较为合理地使用工作人员差旅和咨询人项下的资源以及获得成员组织的捐款来满足。在不违反上述评论意见的情况下，咨询委员会不反对秘书长为联检组2012-2013两年期拟议的预算。", "联合国系统行政首长协调理事会，包括国际公共部门会计准则项目", "秘书长拟议数(全额预算) 7 362 600美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 6 717 100美元 \n 2012-2013年联合国分担的费用 2 102 100美元 \n 2010-2011年联合国分担的费用 2 099 700美元 \n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十.21 为行政首长协调会请拨的全额预算资源(包括所需经常预算资源)在重计费用前为7 362 600美元，比2010-2011两年期增加645 500美元，亦即增加9.6%(A/66/6(Sect.32)，表32.6)。增加的645 500美元包括为行政首长协调会秘书处请拨的 81 000 美元和为公共部门会计准则项目请拨的564 500美元。", "十.22 咨询委员会注意到，秘书长在第32款项下为行政首长协调会请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为2 102 100美元，比2010-2011两年期增加2 400美元，亦即增加0.1%(同上，表32.5)。表十.3汇总2010-2011两年期核定共同出资员额和秘书长就2012-2013年这类员额提出的拟议数。共同出资员额的细节见附件一。", "表十.3 人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 全额预算 \n2010-2011年核定员额\t14\t1个D-2，2个D-1，2个P-5，4个P-4/3，5个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议员额\t14\t1个D-2，2个D-1，2个P-5，4个P-4/3，5个GS(OL)", "关于员额的评论意见和建议", "十.23 咨询委员会询问后获悉，填补两个空缺员额(一个D-2和一个P-4员额)的程序正在进行。咨询委员会还获悉，D-2级执行主任员额在任职者于2010年11月开始休停薪特别假后一直出缺。在任职者当选另一个国际组织行政首长之前，没有采取填补该员额的行动，现在正在采取措施对空缺职位进行公开征聘。关于P-4级员额，咨询委员会获悉，在2010年12月30日至2011年2月28日期间对该员额进行了公开征聘，目前正在对候选人进行审议。", "十.24 咨询委员会询问后获悉，在2000年对行政首长理事会前身行政协调委员会(行政协调会)进行审查后设立了行政首长理事会，行政协调会由四个委员会组成，每个委员会有一个D-1级干事领导的秘书处。该审查的目的是将行政协调会转变为行政首长理事会，理顺其附属机构，使其成为一个双支柱结构——方案问题高级别委员会和管理问题高级别委员会，由共同出资的单一秘书处向其提供支持，以确保支持和行动的连贯性。咨询委员会获悉，行政首长理事会秘书处之所以有两个地点，是因为要顾及现行做法，即：向日内瓦的附属管理机构提供支持，并且向纽约的高级管理协调机制和作为预备方案机构的方案问题高级别委员会提供支持。秘书处首长和行政首长理事会秘书直接向行政首长理事会主席——秘书长报告。咨询委员会还获悉，2007年对行政首长理事会秘书处的作用和职能进行过审查，该审查没有改变这一双重地点结构，而是肯定了其适当性。尽管如此，咨询委员会质疑行政首长理事会秘书处的结构，并认为在加强管理和财务成效方面有很大空间。咨询委员会敦促秘书长就以成本较低和职能成效较高的方式合并行政首长理事会秘书处提出提议，并在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中作出报告。在不违反上述评论意见的情况下，咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的提议。", "关于非员额资源的评论意见和建议", "十.25 咨询委员会注意到，补充资料显示，行政首长理事会秘书处咨询人、工作人员差旅和订约承办事务项下拟议经费分别达42 300美元、268 500美元和 312 300美元。在咨询人项下，秘书长拟议的活动包括分析政府间机构关切的新问题。咨询委员会询问后获悉，所需专业知识涵盖一系列领域，显示很难预计具体的咨询服务。关于工作人员差旅，所提供的解释是，拟议活动包括需要机构间代表领域的培训和学习方案。最后，在订约承办事务项下，咨询委员会获悉，拟议活动包括对行政首长理事会秘书处工作人员进行谈判和调解等领域的培训。咨询委员会认为，执行行政首长理事会任务不一定要开展上述活动，咨询委员会指出，行政首长理事会的任务是协调成员组织的政策和方案。因此，咨询委员会建议将咨询人、工作人员差旅和订约承办事务项下的拟议预算削减10%，即分别削减4 200美元、26 800美元和31 200美元。", "国际公共部门会计准则项目", "十.26 秘书长称，行政首长理事会管理问题高级别委员会在2011年3月会议上核准将公共部门会计准则项目小组的工作延至2013年底，并核准了其2012-2013年预算。管理问题高级别委员会还决定，是否将该项目持续至2015年将取决于将于2013年底之前进行的审查。", "十.27 咨询委员会注意到，将公共部门会计准则项目的预算增加564 500美元 (或42.4%)是因为下述费用增加：聘用的1名一般事务人员从半职改为专任，三个专业级别职位(1个P-5,2个P-4)的标准费用增加，共达254 000美元；以及新编列316 500美元，用于公共制度内部无法获得专门知识的特定领域的咨询服务(A/66/6(Sect.32),第32.43段)。", "十.28 咨询委员会询问后获悉，专业级别职位负责四项战略活动，即促进和宣传；公共部门会计准则委员会监测和后续活动；不同会计做法的协调；以及指导和支助。咨询人的作用是在内部没有特定专门知识的领域和管理不同会计做法领域对项目小组进行支持或补充。咨询委员会还获悉，预计采用公共部门会计准则后，将极大地加强联合国共同制度各组织财务信息的统一和可比性。鉴于公共部门会计准则以原则为基础，对准则的解释有一定的自由度，因此，各组织在报告方面会有一些不同做法。在此方面，在2010年对公共部门会计准则小组的作用进行了一次外部审查，这次审查建议项目为以下目的使用咨询人和专家:", "(a) 在项目生命周期的关键时期就重大问题达成较高程度的共识；", "(b) 获得联合国系统内部无法提供的特定领域的专门知识,如新问题；公共部门会计准则的新准则和经修改的准则；不同会计政策研究问题；捐助方报告；联合国合办工作人员养恤基金的会计处理办法；有具体指导的金融工具；以及2012年全系统审查程序。", "十.29 咨询委员会鼓励秘书长发展内部工作人员能力，在实施公共部门会计准则后，在提供支持方面减少对外部咨询人的依赖。", "十.30 咨询委员会还获悉，截至2010年底，23个组织中有9个组织已实施公共部门会计准则，另外11个组织正在争取在2012年之前或在2012年实施该准则。所得到的解释是，已经实施公共部门会计准则的组织中，6个组织已经在2010年底前编制了充分合规的财务报表并获得了无保留审计意见。咨询委员会注意到联合国共同制度在充分实施公共部门会计准则方面取得的进展。咨询委员会建议，随着更多组织向公共部门会计准则过渡，应不断审查公共部门会计准则项目小组在行政首长理事会秘书处中的作用。", "第33款 特别费", "秘书长拟议数(全额预算) 112 178 000美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 114 134 100美元 \n 预算外资源预计数 23 437 500美元 \n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十.31 秘书长为第33款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为112 178 000美元，比2010-2011两年期减少了1 956 100美元，亦即减少1.7%(见A/66/6(Sect.33)，表33.1)。", "离职后健康保险", "十.32 离职后健康保险项下所需资源为100 649 100美元(重计费用前)，比2010-2011两年期批款减少3 382 500美元(3.3%)。预算外资源23 437 500美元所需经费估计数将用于维持和平行动退休人员和本组织预算外活动。据秘书长称，拟议资源水平反映由于维持和平行动的扩展，大量新工作人员加入保险，因而抑制了保费的增加，但增加部分已计入2010-2011两年期预算估计数。预计参加总部经管保险计划的人数平均增长6.5%，日内瓦平均增长7%，联合国维也纳办事处经管保险计划平均增长7%。", "十．33 秘书长在其报告(A/66/6(Sect.33)(第33.4段)中解释，大会在第61/264号决议中核准修改了2007年7月1日或以后征聘的新工作人员离职后医疗保险规定。该决议规定，退休工作人员，如参加联合国缴费医疗保险计划至少10年，并在离职时也参加联合国医疗保险计划，则有资格获得离职后费用分摊医疗保险。关于2007年7月1日前征聘的工作人员，退休时参加联合国缴费计划至少5年者也具有此种资格，但必须为未满足参加分摊费用保险计划10年规定的期间缴付全额保费。", "十.34 大会在第64/241号决议中请秘书长，除其他外，向大会第六十七届会议报告为减少本组织与医疗保健计划相关的费用而采取的其他措施。据秘书长称，其中的一项此类措施是，在2010-2011两年期内对在美国的计划实施一项新要求，这项要求适用于在2011年1月1日已参加保险、年龄不满75岁并符合医疗保健计划(Medicare)B部分资格的所有离职后医疗保险参加者。预期这项措施将有助于在2012-2013两年期内抑制总部经管保险计划的保费，咨询委员会相信，正在采取一切可能的措施，以减少本组织与医疗保健计划相关的费用。", "一般保险", "十.35 一般保险所需经费为6 772 200美元，比2010-2011两年期批款增加1 189 000美元(21.3%)。据秘书长称，这笔经费是依据最近与总部保险商签订的合同规定计算的。所需经费增加是因为一般保险计划费用增加了1 242 900美元，但因恐怖主义行为保险费用减少53 900美元而被部分抵消(同上，第33.17和33.18段)。", "十.36 经询问，咨询委员会获得了资料(见表十.4)，其中显示一般保险所需经费增加的构成情况，主要是由于预计按照基本建设总计划，总部大楼的翻新工程即将竣工而使财产保险费增加了。秘书长解释说，一旦翻新工程完成，保险将从专门针对基本建设总计划的单独的建筑商风险财产保险计划转为财产保险。", "表十.4 一般保险", "(千美元)", "2010-2011年批款 资源增长 2012-2013年估计数 (重计费用前)", "航空旅行^(a) 282.0 38.6 320.6", "外国一般责任险 22.2 (0.1) 22.1", "总部一般责任险 55.4 14.9 70.3", "总部车辆 161.1 39.3 200.4", "支付给JP摩根大通银行的信用证 15.1 (0.1) 15.0", "外聘咨询服务 231.6 (231.6) －", "外聘精算服务 20.1 (0.1) 20.0", "外聘法律服务 40.3 (0.2) 40.1", "航空总保险 25.2 (5.1) 20.1", "财产保险^(b) 2 819.4 1389.3 4 208.7", "自保基金 402.8 (2.0) 400.8", "一般保险 4 075.2 1 242.9 5 318.1", "恐怖主义行为保险 1 508.0 (53.9) 1 454.1", "一般保险费共计 5 583.2 1 189.0 6 772.2", "^(a) 航空旅行保险单涵盖总部、各区域委员会、日内瓦办事处和维也纳办事处。", "^(b) 财产保险单涵盖总部、非洲经委会、西亚经社会和拉加经委会。", "赔偿金", "十.37 赔偿金所需经费数额为2 699 400美元，比2010-2011两年期批款增加了176 400美元(7.0%)。增加数额是根据《联合国工作人员细则》附录D的规定，按照2006至2009年期间支出趋势计算的。拟议预算不包括与目前对《工作人员细则》附录D进行的机构间审查有关的任何变动，因为这些修改将提交大会审议(同上，第33.11-33.16段)。", "银行手续费", "十.38 银行手续费项下请拨资源为822 200美元，与2010-2011两年期批款相同。所需经费涉及银行账户维护、电子资金转账费用及银行提供的其他服务的费用，依据目前支出模式计算。", "向各位前秘书长支付养恤金", "十.39 向各位前秘书长支付养恤金所需经费数额为1 235 100美元，比2010-2011两年期批款增加了61 000美元(5.2%)。这笔所需经费用于三位前秘书长的退休津贴和一位前秘书长遗孀按减半计算的退休津贴，是根据自2010年1月1日起应付最高退休金计算的。", "十.40 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长的提议。", "第十一编 基本建设支出", "第34款 建筑、改建、装修和主要维修", "秘书长拟议数 63 916 100美元^(a) \n 2010-2011年订正批款 60 326 800美元 \n 预计预算外资源 － \n按预算款次开列的秘书长所列经常预算员额总表载于预算导言部分表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额汇总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十一.1 第34款包含用于对联合国世界各地主要房产之现有建筑物和技术设施进行现代化改造基本建设支出项目的经费，这些经费按以下3个部分分类：(a) 改建和装修；(b) 主要维修；(c) 联合国企业网络。用于本款提出的活动之行政和管理的人事费及相关费用列入2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算各主要款次，其中包括纽约、维也纳、日内瓦以及各区域委员会。", "十一.2 秘书长为第34款请拨的所需资源在重计费用前为63 916 100美元，比2010-2011两年期订正批款净增加3 589 300美元(5.9%)(见A/66/6(Sect.34)，表34.3)。这一增加是主要维修项目(15 338 800美元或72.2%)以及联合国企业网络(1 793 800美元或32.4%)两方面所需经费增加和改建和装修项目费用减少(13 543 300美元或40.4%)的综合结果。", "十一.3 关于确定某个项目属于改建和装修或主要维修类别的标准载于拟议预算第34.2和34.3段。预算文件表34.3按照构成部分和地点载列资源分配情况。表34.4显示2012-2013两年期拟议项目的现状。秘书长还区分了新项目、经常项目和多年期项目。在咨询委员会提出要求后，向其提供了这些类别的定义和按照构成部分、地点和类别提出的2012-2013年项目的详细清单(见表十一.4)。", "十一.4 表十一.1是按工作地点分列的用于改建、装修和主要维修项目所需经费总额总表。", "表十一.1 按工作地点开列所需经费总额总表", "2010-2011年批款 2012-2013年拟议数 差异 百分比", "总部 11 937 100 18 872 400 6 935 300 58.1", "日内瓦 10 743 100 17 192 800 6 449 700 60.0", "维也纳 3 726 900 4 147 800 420 900 11.3", "内罗毕 11 344 300 6 302 100 (5 042 200) (44.4)", "亚太经社会 2 418 400 3 703 200 1 284 800 53.1", "拉加经委会 2 108.100 2 670 700 1 307 800 96.0", "非洲经委会 7 946 900 3 246 000 4 700 900 (59.2)", "西亚经社会 4 564 700 450 000 (4 114 700) (90.1)", "评论和意见", "总部", "十一.5 用于总部2012-2013两年期改建、装修或主要维修项目所需经费总额为18 872 400美元，比本两年期批款增加了6 935 300美元(58.1%)。正如预算文件第34.24段所指出，拟议的所需经费考虑到了基本建设总计划于2012年重新启用秘书处和会议大楼的时间表和恢复在翻新期间减少的一些服务的情况。咨询委员会获悉，预计将在2012年下半年至2013年期间腾空周转办公楼，并将要求设施管理处管理这些周转办公楼，直到完成搬迁。北草坪、图书馆、大会大楼以及秘书处大楼地下室地区将维持正常运作。2012-2013年拟议经费还包括4 981 600美元，用于装修信息和通信技术基础设施，以及购置服务器、额外的数据存储和网络容量的经费；另有300万美元，用于更换大院以外办公楼的数据交换机，这些交换器是2002-2003年期间安装的，已接近其使用寿命周期的最后期限。", "联合国日内瓦办事处", "十一.6 咨询委员会回顾，大会在其第64/243号决议(第十一编第133段)核准拨款110万美元，用于2010-2011年进行一项概念工程研究，即根据战略遗产计划，全面装修和翻新联合国日内瓦办事处的工程(另见A/64/7，第十一.12段)。秘书长在预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.34))第34.15段表示，概念工程研究已于2011年初完成，将向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告，汇报研究结果，并就战略遗产计划的继续发展步骤提出建议。在大会第64/243号决议(第十一编，第136段)，大会还强调，在大会就战略遗产计划作出决定之前以及在基本建设总计划完成之前，不应开始执行战略遗产计划。咨询委员会同意，应以本组织和会员国能够更好规划支出的方式排列重大项目执行次序。", "十一.7 联合国日内瓦办事处2012-2013年拟议经费为17 192 800美元，比本两年期批款增加了6 449 700美元，或60.0%。正如预算文件第34.28段所指出，增加的主要原因是，为了解决与卫生、安全和安保有关、不能再推迟的紧迫维修，需要580万美元的额外资源。咨询委员会获悉，所设想的主要项目包括：(a) E楼的维修、防水和绝缘；(b) 更换A楼大会堂的玻璃天花板；(c) 更换大会楼的两部乘客电梯。尽管战略遗产计划设想的是以后进行翻修，但咨询委员会认识到，有必要立即执行这些项目，以避免建筑物进一步毁损，导致将来花费更多的维修费，立即执行这些项目还可确保在万国宫的工作人员、代表和其他人员的安全(见上文第八.87段)。", "标准化出入控制项目", "十一.8 拟议2012-2013年增加230万美元，作为在联合国日内瓦办事处、联合国维也纳办事处和亚太经社会执行标准化进入控制项目第二阶段和最后阶段一次性所需经费。咨询委员会回顾，秘书长根据大会第59/276号决议，提交了一份报告(A/60/695)，其中概述了分两个阶段在本组织所有主要工作地点实施标准化出入控制的拟议范围、概念和订正行动方针。秘书长在他的报告(A/64/532)中叙述了实施标准化出入控制项目第二阶段的详细战略，提出了费用估计数，以便加强保护措施，包括实施防入侵保护、视频监控和出入控制。在2010-2011两年期期间，在联合国内罗毕办事处、非洲经委会和西亚经社会执行了标准化出入控制项目第二阶段(见A/64/7/Add.15，第15至20段，以及大会第64/243号决议，第139段)。", "联合国企业网络", "十一.9 在第三构成部分(联合国企业网络)项下拟议开列经费7 331 100美元，在2012-2013两年期期间分阶段执行。经费中有4 133 100美元用于支付在联合国日内瓦办事处、联合国维也纳办事处、亚太经社会、拉加经委会和非洲经委会继续执行因特网协议电话系统的所需经费；2 291 300美元用于支付所有总部以外办事处和区域委员会的综合维修合同，并采取统一供应商方式(见A/66/6 (Sect.34)，第34.56款)。咨询委员会获悉，这种方法有以下益处：(a) 所有地点都有全球范围的大幅度折扣；(b) 能更快确定问题的症结所在，从而最大限度地减少本组织网络意外停机时间；(c) 具备互操作性，减少了事故发生时多个供应商之间相互指责的现象，还可在所有办事处执行共同的最终用户电话程序。", "十一.10 预算文件第34.53至34.56段提供了有关企业网络项目的背景和分阶段实施的信息。正如其所述，该项目采取了一个覆盖整个组织的举措，把传统的电话系统转为因特网协议电话。经询问，咨询委员会获悉每一个工作地点转换因特网协议电话的详细现状，表十一.2概要介绍其现状。咨询委员会获悉，虽然因特网协议电话项目启动时是作为企业网络标准化的一部分实施的，但总部以外的办事处执行特别经费已列入2010-2011两年期预算，并列入了2012-2013两年期拟议预算。该项目预计在2014-2015年将得到充分执行。因特网协议电话项目从2010年至2015年的总费用估计数为17 624 100美元。如果目前的建议获得批准，2014年和2015年余下的所需经费将达到8 650 000美元。表十一.3按工作地点提供费用细目表", "表十一.2 按工作地点开列的因特网协议电话项目执行现状", "工作地点\t所处阶段\t安装日期 \n日内瓦办事处\t阿尔卡特(使用寿命已到期)\t1994\n 朱塞佩·莫塔大楼——因特网协议电话项目安装完毕 2006 \n\t威尔逊宫——因特网协议电话项目已列入本两年期预算所需\t2012-2013\n\t万国宫——因特网协议电话项目计划列入今后预算所需\t2014-2015\n维也纳办事处\t北电网络(使用寿命已到期)\t1994\n 思科系统因特网协议电话项目(第一阶段已经完成) 2006 \n\t第二阶段的需要已列入本两年期预算所需\t2012-2013\n内罗毕办事处\t北电网络(使用寿命已到期)\t1996\n\t因特网协议电话项目第一阶段正在安装中\t2010-2011\n\t因特网协议电话项目第二阶段已列入计划\t2014-2015\n 非洲经委会 爱立信系统(使用寿命在下一两年期到期) 2004 \n\t因特网协议电话项目第一阶段已列入本两年期预算所需\t2012-2013\n 亚太经社会 北电网络(使用寿命已到期) 1996 \n\t因特网协议电话项目第一阶段正在安装中\t2010-2011\n\t因特网协议电话项目第二阶段已列入本预算所需\t2012-2013\n 拉加经委会 北电网络(使用寿命已到期) 1995 \n\t思科系统因特网协议电话项目(第一和第二阶段已完成)\t2010\n\t因特网协议电话项目第二阶段已列入本预算所需\t2012-2013\n 西亚经社会 阿尔卡特(使用寿命已到期) 2000 \n 思科系统因特网协议电话项目安装完毕 2010", "表十一.3 按工作地点开列因特网协议电话项目所需经费总额", "(单位：美元)", "工作地点 2010-2011年提供的资金 2012-2013年请拨的资金 2014-2015年计划的资金", "日内瓦办事处 — 1 525 200 6 994 000", "维也纳办事处 — 112 000 —", "内罗毕办事处 3 400 000 — 1 656 000", "非洲经委会 — 1 484 400 —", "亚太经社会 1 441 000 746 500 —", "拉加经委会 — 265 000 —", "共计 4 841 000 4 133 100 8 650 000", "海外资产管理", "十一.11 基本建设支出资源是根据第34款统一请拨的，以确保以连贯和系统的办法来管理设施、进行主要维修和建筑工程。咨询委员会在其报告(A/65/518)中强调，咨询委员会重视中央支助事务厅在以下方面发挥的中央领导作用，即确保从整个组织的视角，处理有关建设、主要维修和全面管理联合国设施的需要和优先次序。咨询委员会进一步表示，该厅的作用应该得到加强，应建立更加明确的权限和责任(另见A/64/7/Add.11)。大会在第65/259号决议中认可了咨询委员会的结论和建议，秘书长为执行该决议，在设施管理处下设立了海外资产管理股，以便进一步支助和指导总部以外各办事处规划和管理重大建设项目。秘书长表示，这一措施加大了向总部以外办事处和各区域委员会规划、管理和监督其主要建筑项目的工作提供指导、支助和技术意见的力度。(见A/66/6(Sect.34)，第34.7段)。咨询委员会鼓励秘书长继续发挥海外资产管理股的领导和协调作用，使该股成为有效的工具，借以改进对整个联合国中长期需要的预测，提高联合国资产的规划和编制预算效率，并提高其通盘管理效率。", "十一.12 咨询委员会回顾，2009年5月启动了对在总部以外所有办事处设施的战略基本建设审查，以解决与全球设施管理有关的问题，就新设施的开发和现有设施的主要维修的需求和优先次序确定适用全组织的方法，并确保充分支持参与这类工作的工作地点。(见A/65/351，第6-8段)。该项审查的结果将形成为期20年的战略基本建设计划的基础。咨询委员会注意到，中央支助事务厅已开始开展审查进程，正如预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.34))第34.8段所述，审查进程将分三个阶段进行。秘书长预计将在2013年1月完成最后一个阶段，并于2013年年底向大会提交一份报告，其中将报告审查结果，提出联合国秘书处全球房舍20年基本建设方案和优先次序战略。在这方面，咨询委员会强调海外资产管理股的重要作用。咨询委员会还重申，有必要借鉴在规划和执行总部基本建设总计划和联合国内罗毕办事处建设项目方面吸取的教训和积累的专门知识。咨询委员会还着重指出，20年全球战略计划应能提高效率和成本效益，有助于更好地管理联合国设施。", "建议", "十一.13 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长在第34款内的建议。", "表十一.4 按类别开列的拟议项目", "定义：", "• 多年期项目是指非经常性建设、改建或装修项目，由于其规模和复杂性，必须分阶段执行，持续时间超过一个两年期", "• 经常项目涉及每个两年期必须提供的所需经费，以确保建筑物保持良好的工作状态", "• 新项目是新执行的建设、改建或装修项目，其性质是非经常性的，只需要在一个两年期内执行", "(千美元)", "项目 数额 类别 \n 1. 总部 \n 改建和装修 \n警犬股地区修缮\t220.0\t新项目\n改装争议法庭的审判室\t419.5\t新项目\n为支持虚拟机的扩大，增加后备基础设施\t637.6\t经常项目\n实体服务器基础设施升级\t959.0\t经常项目\n中央数据、储存和网络能力\t385.0\t经常项目\n更换建筑群以外的交换器\t3000.0\t多年期项目\n 主要维修 \n供暖、通风、空调和机械加工车间\t4943.3\t经常项目\n电器维修\t990.0\t经常项目\n水暖维修\t50.0\t经常项目\n更换地毯、椅垫和窗帘\t329.6\t经常项目\n木工\t20.0\t经常项目\n油漆粉刷\t367.5\t经常项目\n一般维修\t628.2\t经常项目\n环境质量监测和石棉减排\t200.0\t经常项目\n常规屋顶维修\t250.0\t经常项目\n办公空间的重新配置\t2539.3\t经常项目\n秘书长官邸维修\t116.6\t经常项目\n与安保和安全相关的维修\t2816.8\t经常项目\n 2. 联合国日内瓦办事处 \n 改建和装修 \n为残疾人安装3个厕所设施\t308.7\t新项目\n改装争议法庭审判室\t250.0\t新项目\n扩展城域网\t100.0\t多年期项目\n更换备份架构\t700.0\t新项目\n出入控制项目第二阶段\t1199.5\t新项目\n 主要维修 \n维修B楼防水墙和隔离墙\t3453.0\t新项目\n修缮大会厅A楼的玻璃屋顶\t1600.0\t新项目\n更换13号和15号载客电梯\t645.0\t多年期项目\n维修屋顶飞檐和石外墙\t1055.0\t新项目\n进气口和通气井大修\t1014.0\t新项目\nE楼地下车库板坯翻新\t415.0\t新项目\nC和K楼的屋顶修理和防水\t566.3\t新项目\n砖石和混凝土工程的日常维护\t184.0\t新项目\n主变电站板的维修\t300.0\t多年期项目\n更换秘书处主下水道的第三阶段\t1300.3\t多年期项目\n识别和去除有害物质\t300.0\t经常项目\n更换C楼和D楼的水管和下水道管\t1060.0\t多年期项目\n安保和安全设备的维护\t2742.0\t经常项目\n 3. 联合国维也纳办事处 \n 改建和装修 \n给装修设施和一般基础设施的机构间基金的捐款\t2551.2\t经常项目\n出入控制项目第二阶段\t295.8\t新项目\n 主要维修 \n给主要维修和更换筹资共同基金的捐款\t1300.8\t经常项目\n 4. 内罗毕办事处 \n 改建和装修 \n办公室室内翻新多年期计划最后阶段，推出一项开放计划\t400.0\t多年期项目\n环境管理计划第二阶段\t200.0\t多年期项目\n重新配置和扩大停车设施多年期项目第二阶段\t760.0\t多年期项目\n改装争议法庭的审判室\t389.0\t新项目\n代表休息室的改造和装修\t570.0\t新项目\n安装玻璃幕墙，改善第2、3和4会议室的自然采光\t150.0\t新项目\n第1至4号会议室口译厢升级换代\t350.0\t新项目\n 主要维修 \n电器维修\t1000.0\t经常项目\n一般维修\t550.0\t经常项目\n结构和建筑维修\t600.0\t经常项目\n安保和安全相关的维修\t1333.1\t经常项目\n 5. 非洲经委会 \n 改建和装修 \n非洲大厅装修第一阶段\t437.0\t新项目\n能源管理系统的改进\t485.0\t新项目\n紧急维修通路\t388.0\t多年期项目\n联合国会议中心水管道系统升级换代，并更换地板\t286.0\t新项目\n亚的斯亚贝巴各种安保项目\t333.0\t经常项目\n所有5个次区域办事处的各种安保项目\t250.0\t经常项目\n 主要维修 \n更换电梯\t509.0\t多年期项目\n所有次区域办事处的重大维修工程\t260.0\t经常项目\n与安保和安全相关的维修\t298.0\t经常项目\n 6. 亚太经社会 \n 改建和装修 \n改装供暖、通风和空调(HVAC)系统，以提高效率\t291.0\t新项目\n更换一个冷水机组，以降低高峰负荷\t291.0\t新项目\n安装独立的供暖、通风和空调机和灭火系统，以支持新的因特网协议电话系统\t189.1\t新项目\n会议通风升级换代并改善厨房卫生\t215.3\t新项目\n联合国会议中心同声传译系统更换第二阶段\t291.0\t多年期项目\n加强网络安全基础设施\t222.6\t新项目\n电子存储升级换代\t224.3\t新项目\n联合国会议中心消防安全系统升级换代\t145.5\t新项目\n秘书处和服务大楼安装消防喷头\t219.0\t新项目\n出入控制项目第二阶段\t848.1\t新项目\n 主要维修 \n电力接地\t97.0\t经常项目\n服务大楼电梯电机室屋顶维修\t97.0\t新项目\n会议中心大楼防水卷材\t164.9\t经常项目\n更换亚太经社会大厅现有墙壁\t126.1\t经常项目\n更换备用发电机\t281.3\t新项目\n 7. 拉加经委会 \n 改建和装修 \n更换主体建筑屋顶系统\t110.0\t推迟\n执行“可持续联合国”项目\t130.0\t推迟\n主体建筑入口大厅的改建\t200.0\t推迟\n附楼存储空间\t180.0\t推迟\n残疾人设施升级\t60.0\t多年期项目\n重铺行车路面和破损地区\t270.0\t新项目\n次区域办事处小规模重新配置工作\t15.0\t新项目\n安保和安全的改进\t85.7\t经常项目\n 主要维修 \n会议室供暖、通风和空调系统维修\t260.0\t新项目\n更换一部电梯\t100.0\t新项目\n更换太子港次区域办事处配电板\t180.0\t新项目\n拆卸和更换陈旧电缆和管道\t50.0\t新项目\n更换地下柴油罐\t40.0\t新项目\n灌溉系统升级\t120.0\t新项目\n更换两个主要会议室陈旧破损的地毯\t50.0\t多年期项目\n更换一部过时的发电机\t170.0\t多年期项目\n更换公共场所、停车区、楼内车辆和行人区的照明\t50.0\t多年期项目\n与安保和安全相关的维修\t600.0\t经常项目\n 8. 西亚经社会 \n与安保和安全相关的维修\t450.0\t经常项目\n 9. 企业网络 \n在秘书处非洲经委会、拉加经委会、亚太经社会以及联合国日内瓦办事处和联合国维也纳办事处等地继续执行因特网协议电话项目\t4133.1\t多年期项目\n总部以外办事处和各区域委员会的综合维修合同\t2291.3\t经常项目\n在各主要工作地点安装网络压缩装置\t756.7\t新项目\n在7个工作地点维修和更新检查站防火墙软件\t150.0\t经常项目", "第十二编", "安全和安保", "第35款", "安全和安保", "秘书长拟议数(经常预算)\t238 745700美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t238 447700美元\n秘书长拟议数(共同出资预算)\t243 800300美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t243 605700美元\n预算外资源预计数\t13 310100美元^(b)\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所提经常预算员额总表载于预算导言表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t^(a)除另有说明外，本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。 \n^(b) 包括其他分摊资源7 603400美元，此处修正A/66/6(Sect.35)表35.6中所列资料，以反映关于维持和平行动支助账户的大会第65/290号决议所作决定；还包括预算外资源5706 700美元。", "十二.1　秘书长为第35款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为238 745 700美元。与2010-2011两年期相比，净增298 000美元，即0.1%。编列的经费包括共同出资的安全和安保费用中联合国分担的份额。出现净增额有多种原因，详见预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.35))第35.9段的说明。", "十二.2　秘书长表示，由于安全和安保部担负向联合国各主要地点的工作人员、代表、来访者以及向联合国系统外地业务活动提供安全和安保服务的双重职责，因此该部的活动经费一部分来自经常预算，另一部分同外地安保管理系统覆盖的其他组织分担(同上，第35.7段)。", "十二.3　2012-2013两年期，共同出资活动的毛额预算在重计费用前为243 800 300美元。与2010-2011两年期相比，净增194 600美元，或0.1%。出现净增额有多种原因，详见预算文件第35.10段的说明。秘书长表示，每个参与组织的财政责任都是依据其在外地活动的人员所占比例而定的(同上，第35.7段)。咨询委员会获悉，在2012-2013两年期，共同出资活动毛额预算中由联合国分担的份额估计为23.74%，约5 790万美元。", "十二.4　秘书长表示，2012-2013两年期，该款下的经常预算和共同筹措资源将得到以下来源的资金补充：(a) 维持和平行动支助账户；(b) 为联合国各基金及方案提供的安保和安全服务的偿还款；(c) 捐助方指定用于支助亟需的安保措施的资金。2012-2013两年期，其他分摊资源和预算外资源估计数共计13 676 400美元(同上，第35.11段)。", "十二.5　下表十二.1汇总2010-2011两年期核定的经常预算和共同出资员额以及秘书长为2012-2013年拟议的经常预算和共同出资员额。该表还列示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表十二.1", "人员编制", "员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t1 059\t1个USG，1个ASG，1个D-2，2个D-1，10个P-5，20个P-4，21个P‑3，7个P-2/1，8个一般事务(特等)，173个一般事务(其他职等)，314个安保人员，501个当地雇员\n2012-2013年拟议数\t1 072\t1USG，1个ASG，1个D-2，6个D-1，6个P-5，26个P-4，15个P-3，7个P-2/1，8个一般事务(特等)，178个一般事务(其他职等)，314个安保人员，509个当地雇员\n 新设 13 次级方案1^(a)：5个GS(OL)，8个LL 改叙\t10\t行政领导和管理：2个P-5改叙为D-1，4个P-3改叙为P-4 \n 次级方案1：2个P-5改叙为D-1，2个P-3改叙为P-4\n共同出资活动毛额预算 \n2010-2011年核定数\t942\t1D-2，2个D-1，35个P-5，205个P-4，115个P-3，6个P-2/1，4个一般事务(特等)，26个一般事务(其他职等)，150个安保人员，398个当地雇员\n2012-2013年拟议数\t960\t1 D-2，11D-1，28个P-5，196个P-4，115个P-3，14个P-2/1，4个一般事务(特等)，26个一般事务(其他职等)，155个安保人员，410个当地雇员 新设 20 5个SS，次级方案1^(a) 次级方案2，构成部分1：10个LL 次级方案2，构成部分2：1个P-4，1个P-3，2个LL \n 次级方案2，构成部分2^(a)：1个P-4 改叙\t20\t次级方案1：1个P-5改叙为D-1，1个P-3改叙为P-4 \n 次级方案2，构成部分1：8个P-5改叙为D-1，2个P-4改叙为P-5，8个P-4改叙为P-2/1\n调动\t2\t1个P-4个和1个P-3，从总部外勤支助处调至内罗毕区域培训中心\n 裁撤 2 2个P-4，次级方案2，构成部分1 \n 预算外 \n2012-2013年拟议数^(b)\t40\t1个P-5，11个P-4/3，1个P-2/1，15个一般事务(其他职等)，12个安保人员", "^(a) 先前核定为2010-2011两年期临时员额，现拟设为常设员额。", "^(b) 包括由维持和平行动支助账户供资的18个其他分摊员额和22个预算外员额。", "关于员额的评论和建议", "十二.6　主管安全和安保事务副秘书长向咨询委员会说明，该部寻求将人员编制稳定在2010-2011年核定的人数。但咨询委员会获悉，为确保管理结构为世界各地安保业务提供必要的监督和管理，提出了一些重组和调整现有职位的提议。咨询委员会注意到，安全和安保部自成立以来经过了一个持续扩大的时期，仅2010-2011年期间就核准了204个新员额。咨询委员会赞同秘书长稳定安全和安保部现有人员编制的意图。咨询委员会认为，考虑到已有的编制增长，该部应按当前业务需要和优先事项严格审查和评估现有资源，如有必要，应向其认为需要加强的活动或工作地点调动资源。", "行政领导和管理", "经常预算", "改叙", "十二.7　秘书长拟将副秘书长办公室特别助理职位从P-5改叙为D-1职等，以设置一个办公室主任职位。秘书长在提出这一提案时，强调关于安保、人力资源、共同制度和立法问题的部间、部内、机构间和全系统协调的水平。秘书长还指出，该办公室主任将辅助该部领导，并发挥桥梁作用，将战略愿景变为协调一致、指挥得当的行动，使该部、秘书处其他各部以及会员国和联合国系统内外其他行为体了解信息(同上，第35.18至35.19段)。", "十二.8　咨询委员会不建议核准改叙该特别助理员额的提议。在提出这一建议时，咨询委员会考虑到最近任命了助理秘书长。咨询委员会认为，这项任命应该加强该部在拟设办公室主任员额的理由中所强调的若干领域的能力。对这一问题，咨询委员会又回顾，在提议通过改叙已有的D-2职等副手员额设立上述助理秘书长员额时，秘书长曾强调，需要一名高级官员负责该部的日常全面管理并加强内部管理(见A/64/6(Sect.34)Add.1，第34.21段)。", "十二.9　秘书长提议将政策、规划和协调股(为整个安全管理系统发布政策和标准)与合规、评价和监测股(负责合规审查)合并成合规和政策事务处。秘书长说，这两个股的合并将最大程度地利用现有资源，使执行合规督察职能的检查员能够有助于政策的拟订，并使政策拟订人员更多地接触到各种合规问题(A/66/6(Sect.35)，第35.21段)。拟将两股现有P-5员额中的一个改叙为D-1职等，作为新建处的领导。咨询委员会认识到，安全管理方面的政策制定和合规情况审查至关重要，两个领域也需要相互提供信息。因此，咨询委员会不反对秘书长关于将政策、规划和协调股与合规、评价和监测股合并以及将新设处处长员额改叙为D-1职等的提案。", "十二.10　秘书长还拟将合规、评价和监测股现有的4个P-3员额改叙为P-4职等。秘书长表示，这些职位的职责是参与制定与合规有关的程序和准则，监测各项战略，并制订和实施该部的评价政策。秘书长在向咨询委员会提供的补充资料中说，合规检查团的一条经验教训是，无论合规督察干事的个人专业才干如何，在同P-5或资深P-4职等安保主任打交道或向D-2或以上职等指定官员汇报情况时，一个P-3合规督察干事的资历或实地经验都不足以取信。咨询委员会认为，合规督察干事的主要任务是查明该部的政策和程序是否得到充分遵守。咨询委员会认为，P-3职等的叙级不应成为影响其监测和报告这类合规情况的能力的因素。因此，咨询委员会不建议核准将合规、评价和监测股员额改叙为P-4职等的提议。", "次级方案1，安保和安全协调", "经常预算", "新员额", "十二.11　拟在联合国日内瓦办事处安全和安保处新设5个一般事务(其他职等)员额，以组建一个警犬股(同上，第35.28段)。2010-2011两年期曾核准设立这几个临时员额。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于设立这5个一般事务(其他职等)员额的提议。", "十二.12　拟在亚的斯亚贝巴安全和安保处新设八个当地雇员员额。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，请设这些员额是为了各安保控制中心运行安装的周边进出控制系统。它们先前是由2010-2011两年期一次性经费供资的临时员额由。咨询委员会建议核准设立这八个当地雇员员额。", "改叙", "十二.13　秘书长拟将日内瓦和内罗毕两个安保和安全处处长员额从P-5改叙为D-1(同上，第35.28段)。此外，在共同出资活动项下，还拟将维也纳安保和安全处处长员额改叙为D-1职等(见下文第十二.20段)。秘书长在向咨询委员会提供的补充信息中表示，这些员额需要改叙，以便准确反映这些职位的全面职责范围，包括向这些工作地点联合国房地的工作人员、代表和来访要人提供安全和安保服务的职责。秘书长还表示，各安保处长必须建立和维持一个广泛的工作关系网络，并强调，所涉的对话者包括较高职级的官员。据说明，改叙将使各安保处长能够以适当级别行使相应权力、决策自主和进行对话。", "十二.14　关于日内瓦安全和安保处处长员额的拟议改叙，咨询委员会获悉，该任职者为比利时、法国、摩纳哥和瑞士事务指定官员担任首席安保顾问。就这一问题，咨询委员会还获悉，该处长为在瑞士的40个、在比利时的24个和在法国的11个机构、基金和方案承担安全协调责任。", "十二.15　咨询委员会获悉，内罗毕安全和安保处处长还为肯尼亚事务指定官员担任首席安保顾问。因此，该任职者不仅负责吉吉里大院，还负责肯尼亚各地另外43个联合国办事处的工作人员和家属的安保。咨询委员会还获悉，肯尼亚复杂的威胁环境是拟改叙该员额的一个原因。联合国各机构在目前处于第三安全等级的地区广泛开展业务的情况是这种威胁环境的反映。", "十二.16　咨询委员会回顾，对外交使团的安全保护主要由东道国政府负责，安全和安保部则主要负责联合国房地内的安保。然而，东道国虽然愿意承担这一责任，它们的承担能力在不同工作地点各有差异。为此，咨询委员会以前曾提出，在东道国已建立健全的安保结构和手段的地点，联合国应重点加强与国家和(或)当地执法机构的合作与协调，而在不具备这些条件的地点，则应特别注意加强联合国确保自身安全的能力(A/59/539，第20段)。", "十二.17　咨询委员会认为，日内瓦和内罗毕安保和安全处处长与之互动的对话者的级别并不是提高其员额叙级的一个理由。但咨询委员会认为，具体地点的总体安全环境是影响首席安保顾问职责级别的一个因素。因此，关于内罗毕的这一员额，咨询委员会注意到有关该国部分地区目前安全等级提高以及现存总体威胁程度的说明。考虑到这些因素，咨询委员会建议核准将内罗毕安保和安全处处长员额改叙为D-1职等的提议。咨询委员会不建议核准将日内瓦安保和安全处处长改叙为D-1职等。", "十二.18 在内罗毕安保和安全处，拟将现有P-3员额中的一个改叙为P-4职等，以设置副处长职位。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，该干事将负责联合国内罗毕办事处安保和安全业务的日常管理和行政，并负责提供政策咨询意见和制定安保应急计划。咨询委员会获悉，副处长任职者还将负责管理包括行政股、安全风险管理股、安保系统股、培训和发展股以及安全股在内的各股安保和安全支助方案。考虑到所述内罗毕安保和安全处副处长员额的职责，咨询委员会不反对将其改叙为P-4职等的提议。", "十二.19　在总部，秘书长拟将总部安保和安全事务司现有P-3行政干事员额改叙为P-4职等。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，据说明，该员额需要改叙，原因是该职位承担的责任增加，其中包括：协调内部监督事务厅和联合检查组合规情况考察和审计的实施和对其所作的答复；关于总部、总部以外办事处、区域委员会和法庭各安保和安全处的管理报告；监测有关建议的执行情况；起草政策和标准作业程序。咨询委员会认为，目前该员额的职等足以有效履行所述职责，因此，咨询委员会不建议核准拟议改叙。", "共同出资活动毛额预算", "新员额", "十二.20　拟在维也纳安全和安保处设立五个新的安保干事员额，以组建一个警犬股(同上，第35.32段)。2010-2011两年期曾核准设立这几个临时员额。咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于设立这五个安保干事员额的提议。", "改叙", "十二.21　拟将维也纳安保和安全处处长员额职等提高到D-1。咨询委员会获悉，该员额任职者不仅负责维也纳国际中心周边以内工作人员和来访者的安全和安保，还为奥地利、捷克共和国、德国和斯洛伐克事务指定官员担任首席安保顾问。咨询委员会还获悉，该任职者负责监督18个机构、基金和方案的安全和安保。考虑到上文第十二.17段所述因素，咨询委员会不建议核准将维也纳安保和安全处处长员额改叙为D-1职等。秘书长还拟将维也纳安保和安全处一个现有P-3员额改叙为P-4职等，设为副处长职位。所提改叙理由与拟设内罗毕副处长的理由相同(见上文第十二.18段)。咨询委员会不反对将该员额改叙为P-4，设为维也纳安保和安全处副处长。", "次级方案2，区域外勤协调和支助", "构成部分1，区域外勤业务协调", "共同出资活动毛额预算", "新员额", "十二.22　秘书长拟设立10个新的当地雇员员额。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，拟设这些员额是为了在有需求的工作地点增加本国工作人员，以加强对五个安保信息和行动中心(亚洲及太平洋两个、东非两个、中东一个)的支助。咨询委员会建议核准设立10个新的当地雇员员额。咨询委员会期望采取灵活办法使用这些员额，使各中心的人员配置通过员额调动得到调整，以适应不断变化的业务要求和优先事项。", "改叙", "十二.23　关于外勤业务，秘书长拟将7个首席安保顾问职位从P-5改叙为D-1。如拟议方案预算(A/66/6(Sect.35))第35.40段所述，其中6个职位所在的维和特派团被称为“超大特派团”，分别拥有5 000至25 000名人员，其中包括首席安保顾问直接监督下的160至1 100名安保人员。此外，拟将驻巴基斯坦的首席安保顾问员额改叙为D-1职等，原因是，按照其规模、复杂程度和承担的责任，再加上复杂的人道主义紧急情况，驻巴基斯坦安保管理系统堪比一个大型维持和平行动。秘书长说，这一提案是根据该部对按照复杂程度、业务和规模排列的25个工作地点进行的分析提出的。该提案还考虑到外勤支助部就政治事务部、维持和平行动部或外勤支助部领导的29个外地行动的安保职能进行的基准测定报告(同上，第35.39至35.41段)。", "十二.24　如上文第十二.16段所强调，东道国承担联合国工作人员安保责任的能力在不同工作地点各有差异，联合国开展业务所处安全环境的复杂程度也不尽相同。咨询委员会认为，这些因素综合起来，可成为秘书长拟议将若干地点首席安保顾问员额的职等提高到D-1的理由。同时，咨询委员会也指出，特定工作地点的总体安全环境可能会发生变化。因此，为了使该部有能力适应业务优先事项中的这种变化，咨询委员会建议核准将四个P-5员额改叙为D-1职等。咨询委员会期望灵活使用这些员额，以便在某些工作地点最需要相应职等管理人员的时候，能够将这些员额调至这些工作地点。", "十二.25　在外勤业务范围内，秘书长还拟议将八个P-4员额向下改叙为P2/1职等，以提供更多初级职等的机会(同上，第35.41段)。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，这还将有助于精简目前以中等职级专业人员员额(P-3和P-4)为主的外勤人员配置。咨询委员会获悉，将这些员额设为P-2/1职等的实现途径是在现有工作人员之间重新分配职能，由新设的P-2/1员额承担适合其职等的职责。咨询委员会注意到，在目前经常预算和共同出资活动项下合计人员编制中，专业及以上职类核定员额共有427个，其中361个为P-3和P-4职等，只有13个是P2/1职等(同上，表35.7)。咨询委员会看到该部增设初级职等员额的好处，并欢迎通过重新评价现有人员编制来增设这些员额。咨询委员会建议核准将八个P-4员额改叙为P-2/1职等的提议。", "十二.26　秘书长拟将威胁和风险评估股股长的P-5员额改叙为D-1职等。此外，拟将该股一个P-4员额改叙为P-5职等，据补充资料中的说明，改叙该员额是为了提供适当程度的业务连续性。咨询委员会获悉，自2011年1月开始实行新的安保等级制度以来，威胁和风险分析这一概念的重要性已大大增加。在这方面，咨询委员会还获悉，该股在联合国全系统范围承担发现新威胁、确定脆弱领域以及制定缓解战略和措施的主要作用。据信有必要提议改叙该股长员额，以确保总部和外地所需的协调和监督水平，并适当提供分析、评估和危机管理领域必不可少的专家知识和经验。咨询委员会获悉，该股长监督总部8个专业分析员，并为外地19个专业分析员职位以及外勤地点五个安保信息和行动中心的25个分析员提供技术监督。咨询委员会认识到威胁和风险评估在整个安保管理系统中的重要性以及该领域所需判断力的程度。因此，咨询委员会建议核准将威胁和风险评估股股长员额改叙为D-1职等的提议。关于将该股一个P-4员额改叙为P-5职等，咨询委员会认为所提理由不充分，因此不建议核准该提议。", "十二.27　在区域业务司，拟将一个现有P-4员额改叙为P-5职等。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，改叙是为了加强该部内部与外地非政府组织开展联络和协调活动的能力。咨询委员会获悉，该员额任职者将担任区域业务主任办公室非政府联络股股长。咨询委员会认为，目前该员额的职等足以有效履行与非政府组织联络的职能，因此，咨询委员会不建议核准将其改叙为P-5的提议。", "员额的裁撤", "十二.28　秘书长拟裁撤外地两个P-4职位(同上，第35.41段)。咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到，这样做据说明是为了补偿拟在各安保信息和行动中心新设的10个当地雇员职位(见上文第十二.22段)。咨询委员会不反对该裁撤提案。", "构成部分2，外勤支助", "共同出资活动毛额预算", "新员额", "十二.29　拟在内罗毕设立4个新的安保培训员员额，包括一个P-4、一个P-3和两个当地雇员，以作为区域化培训服务的一部分，向非洲区域提供支助(A/66/6(Sect.35)，第35.57至35.58段)。咨询委员会获悉，开展区域培训活动被认为是培训非洲各地安保干事的更有实效、更具成本效益的方法。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，该次级方案订约承办事务经费减少了约150 000美元，据说明是因为在内罗毕开展培训活动。咨询委员会欢迎因使用内罗毕区域培训中心而减少订约承办事务。咨询委员会建议核准在该培训中心新设一个P-3员额和两个当地雇员员额。咨询委员会注意到将现有的1个P-4和1个P-3职等员额从总部调至该中心的提议，因此，咨询委员会不建议核准新的P-4员额。", "十二.30　秘书长拟设立一个新的P-4员额，在总部提供航空风险管理能力，协调该部的航空安全活动和方案(同上，第35.58段)。咨询委员会回顾，秘书长曾为现两年期提议设立该员额(A/64/6(Sect.34)/Add.1，第34.81至34.84段)。在审议该请求之后，咨询委员会曾建议设立一个P-4职等临时员额，到2010-2011两年期终了时结束，并说明，今后在为航空风险管理办公室请批任何资源时，都应附有对其活动的评价(A/64/7/Add.16，第70段)。", "十二.31　咨询委员会经询问后获悉，该临时员额的受聘任职者2011年5月才开始工作。因此，提供对该领域活动的所需评价还为时过早。鉴于这些情况，咨询委员会建议2012-2013两年期续设该临时员额，以便继续履行这些职能。咨询委员会重申其要求，即今后该领域的任何提议都应附有对该部航空风险管理活动的评价。", "调动", "十二.32　作为加强区域培训中心的提议的一部分，拟将两个员额(P-4和P-3)从总部培训和发展科调至内罗毕。咨询委员会不反对该调动提议。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "经常预算", "十二.33　2012-2013两年期经常预算下拟议非员额资源86 119 500美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少4 300 900美元，即4.8%。数额减少的主要原因是以下各类所需资源减少：其他工作人员费用(4 597 800美元)，家具和设备(2 105 900美元)，用品和材料(867 100美元)，一般业务费用(594 000美元)，订约承办事务(510 000美元)。该减少额因赠款和捐款项下增加4 298 800美元而被部分抵消，这项经费用于支付共同出资活动费用中联合国分担的份额(见上文第十二.3段)。该数额增加的原因是联合国外地工作人员增加。", "共同出资活动毛额预算", "十二.34　2012-2013两年期共同出资活动项下拟议非员额资源为60 356 000美元，与2010-2011两年期相比减少9 450 000美元，即13.5%。尽管各支出用途项下均有减少，但减少额大部分是在其他工作人员费用项下(5 686 300美元)，原因是恶意行为损害保险在订立新的三年期保单后，保费明显降低，导致所需经费减少5 248 700美元。以下各项所需资源也有所减少：一般业务费用(1 451 600美元)，家具和设备(1 199 500美元)，工作人员差旅(689 700美元)，咨询人(297 800美元)。", "十二.35　咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "监测和评价", "十二.36　秘书长表示，2012-2013两年期间用于开展监测和评价活动的资源估计数为2 455 900美元。其中包括合规评价和监测股一个P-5、两个P-4、三个P-3和两个一般事务(其他职等)员额的费用及相关支助费用。咨询委员会注意到，没有就迄今开展的监测和评价活动的结果或计划在下一个两年期开展的活动提供任何资料。咨询委员会要求在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中提供这些资料。咨询委员会在上文第一章对监测和评价问题作出进一步评论。", "标准化出入控制项目实施情况", "十二.37　咨询委员会回顾，秘书长曾拟在联合国所有主要地点分两个阶段实施标准化出入控制系统。标准化出入控制项目第一阶段旨在确保周边保护和电子出入控制符合总部最低运作安保标准，第二阶段旨在确保周边以内各层界定安保与这些标准相符。", "十二.38　秘书长在其报告A/64/532中拟在八个工作地点实施标准化出入控制项目第二阶段。咨询委员会在审议该提议之后建议，应将加强安保工作排定优先次序并分阶段实施，2010-2011两年期应在西亚经社会、联合国内罗毕办事处和非洲经委会实施。咨询委员会还建议，2010-2011两年期应借鉴初期实施工作的经验教训，审查其余工作地点的需要并排定优先次序，并在 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中列报订正所需资源(A/64/7/Add.15，第20段)。这项建议得到大会第64/243号决议认可。", "十二.39　咨询委员会获悉，已决定推迟标准化出入控制项目第二阶段的大部分支出。据说明，标准化出入控制项目第二阶段的很多安保强化和升级项目属于高技术项目，涉及出入控制和证件制作、车辆识别和出入、闭路电视监视系统以及综合通信系统。咨询委员会获悉，这类安保系统的费用正在降低，新技术即将投入使用，无线技术的发展可能会帮助节省基础设施和接线费用。因此，据说明，推迟可能会在未来给联合国带来显著的成本效益。然而，拟议方案又为另外三个工作地点(曼谷、日内瓦和维也纳)实施标准化出入控制项目第二阶段编列了230万美元的经费。咨询委员会获悉，在这些地点的实施工作涉及到关键的安保升级，延迟升级可能会导致过时系统构成部分发生故障，造成安保脆弱性。咨询委员会要求在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中载列关于标准化出入控制项目第二阶段现状的最新资料。", "人员配置的地域多样性和性别均等", "十二.40　主管安全和安保事务副秘书长告知咨询委员会，该部一直主要依靠聘用退役军人和退役警察，因此需要扩大人员征聘基础。秘书长在提出该提议时还表示，需要招收一批新的干事。此外还说明，拟将八个P-4员额向下改叙为P-2/1职等，以此扩大征聘范围，从而有助于加强该部的地域多样性和性别均等。", "十二.41　主管安全和安保事务副秘书长还表示，他认识到，安全和安保部在人员配置的地域多样性和性别均等目标方面还需要做出更多努力。咨询委员会回顾，大会在第59/276号决议中设立安全和安保部，并敦促秘书长确保从广泛的地域征聘该部专业及以上职类人员。咨询委员会虽然看到最近任命了主管安全和安保事务助理秘书长，但注意到该部D-1或D-2员额目前均无女性工作人员任职。咨询委员会欢迎对这方面所表示的重视，并期望下一个两年期间该部的人员配置在地域多样性和性别均等方面取得可见进展。", "第十三编", "发展账户", "第36款", "发展账户", "秘书长拟议数 23 651 300美元 \n 2010-2011年订正批款 23 651 300美元", "十三.1 秘书长为2012-2013两年期发展账户请批的经常预算资源为23 651 300美元，与2010-2011两年期的订正批款数持平。拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.36))附录载有2012-2013两年期发展账户拟议供资项目清单。该拟议预算表2汇总了主要支出用途所需资源。", "十三.2 该预算文件概述了设立发展账户的背景以及自设立发展账户以来大会关于重新计算其费用和增加其批款的各项决定(同上，第36.1-36.3段)。根据大会这些决定，目前的23 651 300美元资源数额比大会在1998-1999两年期设立该账户初期核定的13 065 000美元数额增加了10 586 300美元。", "秘书长的第七次进度报告", "十三.3 秘书长在关于发展账户供资项目(A/66/84，表1)执行情况的第七次进度报告中说明，自1998-1999两年期以来，已有204个项目分七个连续档次得到供资，批款总额为127 614 500美元。前四档的所有项目业已完成，第五、第六和第七档的项目仍在实施当中。A/66/84号文件表1概述了截至2011年4月30日的各档情况，包括项目数、批款额、主题和执行率。该报告附件一和二载列了正在实施的项目详情，包括项目名称、实施实体、批款和开支。", "十三.4 发展账户的目标是向联合国发展纲领优先领域建立能力项目提供经费，造福于发展中国家(A/66/6(Sect.36)，第36.5段)。咨询委员会回顾，它在审议2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算时获悉，当时正在开展努力，以清楚地反映在联合国发展系统业务框架内和联合国国家一级发展援助框架内通过这些项目取得的成果(A/64/7，第十三.3段)。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，第七次进度报告第二节和第三节介绍了有关联合国发展工作中发展账户的信息，并概述和评估了关于支持实施千年发展目标等国际商定发展目标的此类项目的成果。秘书长还表示，现在更多项目与联合国发展援助框架挂钩，预计将与联合国国家工作队开展积极协商(A/66/84，第46段)。", "十三.5 第七次进度报告第四节以执行实体的最终报告为基础，分析了第五档项目的执行情况。咨询委员会获悉，在该档供资的40个项目中，项目绩效评估包括2006-2009年期间实施的30个项目，而其余10个项目仍处于实施阶段(同上，表1，脚注a)。秘书长进度报告的结论表示，对第五档项目的审查表明，这些项目旨在产生尽可能广泛的影响，帮助实现所有千年发展目标或针对减贫这一最主要目标。此外，发展账户资助的项目与千年发展目标保持一致，不仅为该帐户提供了有用的战略重点，还为项目的合作伙伴和受援国提供了指导参考(同上，第39段)。", "十三.6 咨询委员会建议大会注意到秘书长的第七次进度报告。", "2012-2013两年期第八档拟议项目", "十三.7 秘书长表示，发展账户第八档项目的总主题是“支持会员国迎接相互关联的多重发展挑战，加快在实现包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标方面的进展”(A/66/6(Sect.36)，第36.6段)。项目提案包括关于执行机构、背景、目标、预算概要和主要活动的信息，都包含在拟议预算附件中。咨询委员会注意到，发展账户指导委员会在2011年3月会议上认可了第八档拟议供资的40个项目(同上，第36.9段)。在经济和社会事务执行委员会的职权范围内，这些项目将由秘书处10个实体实施，即经济和社会事务部、贸发会议，环境署、禁毒办、人居署和五个区域委员会(同上，第36.7段)。", "十三.8 秘书长还指出，账户自设立以来为204个项目提供了资金，其中150个项目仍在进行之中和(或)需要方案管理支助(同上，第36.10段)。在这方面，咨询委员会注意到，为了向发展账户提供方案支持，大会第64/243号决议核准为经济和社会事务部2010-2011两年期增设2个员额(1个P-5和1个P-4)，协助发展账户方案主管提升方案管理水平和扩大方案管理任务的范围(同上，第36.10段)。", "十三.9 秘书长还指出，发展账户的管理更趋复杂，范围也进一步扩大，会员国对于发展账户的方案拟订、监测和评价的期望也有所增加(同上)。咨询委员会回顾，多年来发展账户管理和行政得到了改善和加强，包括规定为期四年的项目实施周期，必须按照全面逻辑框架提交详细项目文件并提交最终评价报告，以及设立指导委员会和能力发展办公室，重新设计网站，改进基于互联网的协调，使各方更容易了解项目信息和扩大影响(A/64/7，第十三.6-十三.7段)。秘书长指出，今后两年，发展账户的管理重点是加强监测和评价，更好地将已经取得的经验教训纳入新项目的方案编制工作中(A/66/84，第38段)。咨询委员会赞同秘书长强调项目监测和评价的重要性，并期待继续适当注意这类活动。咨询委员会建议大会核可秘书长关于发展账户的提议。", "第十四编", "工作人员薪金税", "第37款", "工作人员薪金税", "秘书长拟议数\t537 622800美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t550 749900美元\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "十四.1 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第37款请批的经常预算资源重计费用前为537 622 800美元，与2010-2011两年期批款相比减少了13 127 100美元，减幅2.4%。工作人员薪金税拟议资源减少13 127 100美元的原因是，2012-2013两年期与拟议员额费用和其他工作人员费用相关的工作人员薪金税所需资源出现净减，但减少数额被2010-2011两年期248个核定新员额的滞后影响部分抵销(A/66/6(Sect.37)，第37.3段和A/66/6(Introduction)，表10)。", "十四.2 秘书长表示，依照联合国预算编制程序，联合国工作人员薪金和有关薪酬应按照《联合国工作人员条例和工作人员细则》条例3.3内所列薪金税率缴税。为便于同联合国系统其他组织的拟议预算相比较，方案预算各支出款所列工作人员费用减除了工作人员薪金税。因此，本款列出薪酬毛额和净额的总差额。此外，以工作人员薪金税形式预扣的款项视为联合国的收入。因此，本款下请批的款项也将列入收入第1款(工作人员薪金税收入)(A/66/6(Sect.37)，第37.1-37.2段)。", "收入估计数", "收入第1款", "工作人员薪金税收入", "秘书长拟议数 558 973 300美元 \n 2010-2011年核定估计数 555 041 000美元", "IS1.1 2012-2013年工作人员薪金税总额估计数为558 973 300美元，包括(a) 在第37款项下为方案预算各支出款次所请经费总额(554 561 800美元，重计费用后)，和(b) 收入第3款(服务公众)项下的工作人员薪金税(4 411 500美元)。", "IS1.2 咨询委员会注意到，在拟议预算中，凡未经大会以特定决议另行指定用途的工作人员薪金税项下的收入，一概记入大会1955年12月15日第973 A(X)号决议所设的衡平征税基金，按照有关财政年度适用的经常预算经费分摊比额表记在各会员国名下(A/66/6(Income sect.1)，第IS1.2段)。", "收入第2款", "一般收入", "秘书长拟议数 52 495 800美元 \n 2010-2011年核定估计数 40 487 800美元", "IS2.1 2012-2013 两年期本款收入总额估计数为52 495 800美元，比2010-2011年核定估计数增加12 008 000美元。收入估计数包括房地租金收入、专门机构和其他机构偿付的服务费用、银行利息、出售旧设备、往年支出退款、非会员国缴款、电视和类似服务以及杂项收入。收入第2款表IS2.1显示，2012-2013两年期估计数增加的主要原因是，预计房地租金收入增加(12 417 900美元)，但增加数额被银行利息预计减少额(387 300美元)和杂项收入预计减少额(189 900美元)部分抵销。", "IS2.2 房地租金收入来自若干与联合国活动有关联的专门机构和其他实体为使用联合国在纽约、日内瓦、亚的斯亚贝巴、曼谷、内罗毕和圣地亚哥的房地而支付的租金。表IS2.2开列了上述六个地点中每个地点的2010-2011年核定估计数和2012-2013年预计估计数。咨询委员会注意到，估计净增12 417 900美元主要是由于以下地点租金收入增加：内罗毕(11 000 000美元)、总部(562 300美元)、日内瓦(793 900美元)和曼谷(61 700美元)(A/66/6(Income sect.2)，第IS2.1-IS2.2段)。", "收入第3款", "服务公众", "IS3.1 收入第3款(服务公众)包括：(a) 工作方案，涵盖联合国邮政管理处业务、联合国出版物销售、游客服务、经济和社会事务部的收入服务、礼品销售、报摊业务、停车场业务、餐饮业务和其他商业运作相关活动；(b) 方案支持，提供给方案规划、预算和账户厅的账户司的收入账户股。", "净收入(重计费用后)", "秘书长拟议数 62 200美元 \n 2010-2011年订正估计数 (2 557 000)美元", "IS3.2 拟议方案预算(A/66/6(Income sect.3))表IS3.1显示，2012-2013年净收入估计数为62 200美元，这是重计费用后预计总开支38 782 700美元和预计毛收入38 844 900美元相抵的结果。估计现两年期净亏损2 557 000美元。预算文件表IS3.4按本款下各项活动开列了毛收入和净收入估计数，第IS3.5段作了说明。秘书长表示，2012-2013年拟议预算的假设是，基本建设总计划的实施将继续对总部某些服务产生负面影响。虽然咨询委员会注意到，基本建设总计划将影响总部一些公众服务所产生的收入，但感到鼓舞的是，2012-2013两年期预计将产生净收入62 200美元，咨询委员会相信，有关各方将努力使净收入达到这一最低金额。", "销售联合国出版物", "IS3.3 咨询委员会注意到，在预算文件中，2012-2013年工作方案强调继续开展在现两年期启动、取得初步成功的电子出版方案，其中包括智能手机应用软件；适用于Kindle、iPad和Nook等阅读器的电子书籍；建立联合国电子图书集，作为以订阅为基础的平台，主要面向图书馆等机构(同上，第IS3.30和IS3.31段)。秘书长表示，电子图书和电子出版技术市场的演变为宣传和增加收入带来了无穷的机会。", "IS3.4 在这方面，咨询委员会询问了针对普通民众和年轻受众的印刷书籍、电子书籍以及移动应用软件的销售情况。咨询委员会获悉，每年，《世界人权宣言》印刷本平均售出12 500本，《联合国宪章》14 000本，《联合国概况》3 000本。关于这三本出版物，从2010年6月至2011年5月售出了1 600份针对苹果设备的移动应用软件版本，从2010年8月至2011年5月售出了700份电子版本，其中不包括Nook和索尼电子书的销售，因为暂无相关数据。此外，最近推出了AIDSInfo等三个免费的应用程序，以宣传本组织的活动。此外，计划在2012年推出印刷版和电子版学校工具包，以教育青年受众。咨询委员会欢迎开展这些倡议，以利用新的技术和平台，促进联合国的活动，教育更广泛的受众和年轻人。", "游客服务", "IS3.5 关于总部的导游服务，第IS3.47和IS3.48段显示，下列外部因素将继续影响下个两年期导游业务产生收入的能力：(a) 根据基本建设总计划，关闭会议和大会大楼，进行翻修；(b )安保和安全限制；(c) 当前全球经济衰退，东道市旅游发展趋势波动。鉴于东道市旅游业票价趋于上涨，通常计划每年提高所有类别游客在导游带领下参观的票价。然而，由于基本建设总计划将导致若干场所对游客关闭，2012-2013年收费将维持2010-2011年的水平。因此，导游参观的价格将继续低于东道市的大部分景点。咨询委员会认为，一旦基本建设总计划项目完工，应考虑提高总部导游收费并改善向游客提供的服务。在这方面，可以比较分析东道市的旅游景点收费情况，以便在2014-2015两年期方案预算中，提出关于提高总部导游收费的建议。", "IS3.6 预算文件表IS3.17提供了1993年至2013年期间总部、日内瓦和维也纳实际和估计游客人数信息。2012年，估计的游客人数分别为：总部300 000人，日内瓦95 000人，维也纳52 500人。咨询委员会注意到，由于内罗毕建筑群的建设工作，联合国内罗毕办事处尚未正式开办导游业务。据预计，2012-2013年期间，在正式成立游客服务部门后，游客人数可能达到每年约7 000人。鉴于将启动新业务以及联合国内罗毕办事处所处位置，咨询委员会认为，内罗毕办事处可与当地旅游经营者探索合作机会，以增加内罗毕办事处的游客数量。", "礼品销售", "IS3.7 预算文件显示，根据基本建设总计划目前的安排，将自2012年4月1日起关闭目前由承包商经营的总部礼品店，进行翻新(A/66/6(Income sect.3)，第IS3.70-IS3.72段)。预算文件进一步指出，为筹备大会大楼在2014年重新开放，将努力签订新的礼品中心合同，并建立网上销售平台。咨询委员会了解到秘书长打算在新的礼品中心合同中包含关于网上销售联合国礼品的内容，并欢迎这一举措。", "支出估计数", "秘书长拟议数\t37 604000美元^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\t39 713300美元\n按预算款次开列的秘书长所列经常预算员额总表载于预算导言部分表5。按资金来源和职等开列的员额总表载于本报告附件一。\t\n^(a)除另有说明外，本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。", "IS3.8 秘书长为收入第3款请批的经常预算资源重计费用前为37 604 000美元，与2010-2011两年期批款相比减少2 109 300美元，即5.3%。拟议减少资源主要是由于员额所需资源减少(924 700美元)和其他工作人员费用所需资源减少(1 180 200美元)。预算文件表IS3.6汇总了各支出用途所需资源。", "IS3.9 下表汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额以及秘书长提出的2012-2013两年期拟议经常预算员额。", "人员编制", "员额资源 员额 职等 \n 经常预算 \n2010-2011两年期核定数\t89\t2个P-5，6个P-4，4个P-3，3个P-2/1，9个GS(PL)，63个GS(OL)，2个SS\n2012-2013年两年期拟议数\t89\t2个P-5，6个P-4，4个P-3，3个P-2/1，9个GS(PL)，63个GS(OL)，2个SS\n调动\t1\t1个GS(OL)从日内瓦调入纽约联合国出版物销售项下", "关于员额的评论和建议", "暂时冻结员额和调动", "IS3.10 由于维也纳和总部正在进行的翻修项目导致活动减少，秘书长提议在2012-2013两年期暂时冻结以下7个员额：", "(a) 联合国维也纳邮政管理处1个P-4和2个一般事务人员(其他职等)(同上，第IS3.20段)；", "(b) 纽约游客处1个P-3和3个一般事务人员(其他职等)(同上，第IS3.55段)。该预算文件表明，这4个员额在现两年期已被暂时冻结。", "IS3.11 咨询委员会询问冻结员额的做法，并获悉，通常如果预见在一定期限内活动量将减少，但稍后将恢复，则对各收入款次下各种事务的员额采取这种做法。咨询委员会不反对暂时冻结这些员额的建议。", "IS3.12 拟将日内瓦联合国出版物销售部门的1个一般事务(其他职等)员额调至这一业务最近进行了合并的纽约(同上，第IS3.6和IS3.35段)。秘书长指出，日内瓦销售和推销科在2010年关闭，导致总部销售和推销科重组，设立了一个电子出版股，对一些工作人员职位职能进行了调整，以满足新的要求。经询问，咨询委员会获悉，因为总部销售和推销科重组之后，新活动增加，业务需求也增加，为此，拟议调动日内瓦最后一个剩余空缺员额。因此，咨询委员会不反对调动该员额的建议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "IS3.13 预算文件表IS3.6汇总了各支出用途所需资源。2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为18 725 500美元。咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的建议。", "附件一", "按资金来源和职等开列的员额数", "A. 维持和平行动以外的员额", "2010-2011年(核定数) 2012-2013(拟议数)\n 数目 百分比 数目 百分比", "经常预算，支出各款", "USG 34 0.3 34 0.3", "ASG 28 0.3 29 0.3", "D-2 101 1.0 105 1.0", "D-1 277 2.7 287 2.8", "专业职等 4 121 39.6 4 129 39.9", "一般事务及其他职等 5 746 55.3 5 679 54.9", "小计 10 307 99.1 10 263 99.1", "经常预算,收入各款", "专业职等 15 0.1 15 0.1", "一般事务及其他职等 74 0.7 74 0.7", "小计 89 0.9 89 0.9", "共计 10 396 100.0 10 352 100.0", "其他，摊派^(a)", "D-2 8 0.6 8 0.6", "D-1 23 1.7 23 1.8", "专业职等 852 64.6 843 64.8", "一般事务及其他职等 435 33.0 427 32.8", "共计 1 318 100.0 1 301 100.0", "预算外", "ASG 6 0.0 6 0.0", "D-2 44 0.3 48 0.4", "D-1 186 1.4 197 1.5", "专业职等 3 597 27.5 3 577 27.4", "一般事务及其他职等 9 254 70.7 9 214 70.6", "共计 13 087 100.0 13 042 100.0", "各国际法庭^(b)", "USG 2 0.2", "2010-2011年(核定数) 2012-2013(拟议数)\n 数目 百分比 数目 百分比", "ASG 2 0.2", "D-2 2 0.2 不详", "D-1 7 0.6", "专业职等 501 42.9", "一般事务及其他职等 655 56.0", "共计 1 169 100.0", "^(a) 2012-2013两年期员额估计数，已得到大会关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议核准。", "^(b) 根据2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的开列方式，与各法庭相关的内部监督事务厅2010-2011两年期监督事务核定员额列在“其他，摊派”项下。", "B. 所有维持和平行动的核定文职员额^(a)", "6月30日终了财政期间", "2011年 2012年", "国际工作人员^(b)", "专业及以上职等", "USG 8 8", "ASG 21 20", "D-2 38 38", "D-1 110 110", "P-5 313 311", "P-4 781 748", "P-3 1 259 1 145", "P-2/P-1 363 288", "小计 2 893 2 668", "外勤事务职等 3 788 3 394", "安保事务职等 0 0", "共计,国际工作人员 6 681 6 062", "本国工作人员^(c) 14 870 15 089", "共计 21 551 21 151", "^(a) 所涉时期核定数，不包括支助账户和联合国后勤基地项下供资的员额。", "^(b) 不包括一般临时人员项下的临时职位。", "^(c) 在适用之处，包括本国干事。", "C. 共同出资员额", "2010-2011年(核定数) 2012-2013年(拟议数)\n 预算款次 数目 百分比 数目 百分比", "2. 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-2 — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-1 1 0.6 1 0.6", "专业职等 87 50.0 87 50.0", "一般事务及其他职等 86 49.4 86 49.4", "小计 174 100.0 174^(a) 100.0", "13. 国际贸易中心", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG 1 0.6 1 0.6", "D-2 1 0.6 1 0.6", "D-1 5 3.1 5 3.0", "专业职等 84 51.9 86 52.4", "一般事务及其他职等 71 43.8 71 43.3", "小计 162 100.0 164^(b) 100.0", "32. 共同出资的行政活动", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-2 3 3.7 3 3.7", "D-1 5 6.2 5 6.2", "专业职等 36 44.4 36 44.4", "一般事务及其他职等 37 45.7 37 45.7", "小计 81 100.0 81 100.0", "35. 安全和安保", "USG — 0.0 — 0.0", "ASG — 0.0 — 0.0", "D-2 1 0.1 1 0.1", "D-1 2 0.2 11 1.1", "专业职等 362 38.0 353 36.8", "一般事务及其他职等 588 61.7 595 62.0", "小计 953 100.0 960 100.0", "共计 1 370^(c) 1 379^(d)", "^(a) 未列入图书馆股2010-2011两年期两个核定员额(1个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))，以便构成可与2012-2013两年期工作人员配置情况比较的基础。", "^(b) 根据现行安排，2012-2013两年期详细预算将在2011年第四季度提交大会。", "^(c) 不包括大会在第64/243和第65/260号决议中核准的第29A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)项下由经常预算、维持和平行动支助账户和预算外资源供资的90个执行企业资源规划项目临时员额(1个D-2；8个D-1；21个P-5；37个P-4；9个P-3；1个P-2；1个一般事务(特等)和12个一般事务(其他职等))。", "^(d) 不包括大会在第64/243和第65/260号决议中核准的第29A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)项下由经常预算、维持和平行动支助账户和预算外资源供资的90个执行企业资源规划项目临时员额(1个D-2；8个D-1；21个P-5；37个P-4；9个P-3；1个P-2；1个一般事务(特等)和12个一般事务(其他职等))以及拟议在第30款(信息和通信技术厅)项下设立、由经常预算、维持和平行动支助账户和预算外资源出资的14个与信息和技术倡议相关的员额(2个D-2；2个P-5；10个P-4)。", "附件二", "常设和临时员额拟议变动一览表", "A. 拟议裁撤员额(共计：147个)", "第1款 通盘决策、领导和协调", "秘书长办公厅 2个一般事务(其他职等)", "第2款 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理", "会议和出版服务，纽约 37个工匠，4个一般事务(其他职等)", "文件服务，日内瓦 2个P-5，2个P-4", "第3款 政治事务", "安全理事会事务 1个P-4，1个P-3，2个一般事务(其他职等)", "非殖民化 1个P-4，1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第5款 维持和平行动", "联合国停战监督组织 2个外勤事务职等", "第9款 经济和社会事务", "统计 1个P-3，1个P-2/1，1个一般事务(其他职等)", "经济及社会理事会支助协调 1个P-4", "社会政策与发展 2个一般事务(其他职等)", "可持续发展 1个P-5", "发展政策和分析 2个一般事务(其他职等)", "公共行政和发展管理 2个一般事务(其他职等)", "发展筹资 1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第12款 贸易与发展", "方案支助 1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第16款 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法", "方案支助 1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第19款 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展", "方案支助 5个P-3，2个P-2，1个本国干事", "第20款 欧洲经济发展", "行政领导和管理 1个P-4", "环境 1个P-3，1个一般事务(其他职等)", "运输 1个一般事务(其他职等)", "统计 2个P-2", "贸易 1个P-2", "第21款 拉丁美洲经济和社会发展", "行政领导和管理 1个P-2", "与全球经济的联系、区域一体化及合作 1个P-2", "生产和创新 1个P-2", "宏观经济政策和增长 1个P-2", "社会发展与平等 1个P-2", "墨西哥和中美洲的次区域活动 1个P-2", "加勒比次区域的活动 1个当地雇员", "方案支助 1个P-4，1 个P-2，3个当地雇员", "第22款 西亚经济和社会发展", "经济发展和一体化 2个当地雇员", "信息和通信技术推动区域一体化 1个当地雇员", "方案支助 1个当地雇员", "第24款 人权", "支持人权条约机构 1个P-3，1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第28款 新闻", "战略传播事务 5个当地雇员", "新闻事务 4个一般事务(其他职等)", "外联和知识共享事务 1个P-5，1个P-2/1，9个一般事务(其他职等)", "第29B款 方案规划、预算和账户厅", "财务信息业务处 1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第29E款 行政，日内瓦", "支助服务 1个一般事务(其他职等)", "图书馆服务 2个一般事务(其他职等)", "第35款 安全和安保", "安保和安全组织 10个一般事务(其他职等)，11个当地雇员", "B. 拟议新设员额(共计：63个)", "第3款 政治事务 \n联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙造成的损失登记册 1 个P-3\n 第5款 维持和平行动 \n 联合国停战监督组织 2个当地雇员 \n 第7款 国际法院 \n书记官处 1个P-3，1个P-2，2个一般事务(其他职等)\n 第9款 经济和社会事务 \n 统计 2个P-3 \n第16款国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法 \n 行政领导和管理 1个P-4 \n打击跨国有组织犯罪和非法贩运，包括贩毒 1个P-5，1个P-4\n 预防和打击恐怖主义 1个P-4 \n 司法 1个P-4 \n 保健和生计 1个D-1 \n 研究和趋势分析 1个P-4 \n 政策支助 1个D-1 \n 第17款 妇女署 \n 方案支助 2个P-3 \n 第19款 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 \n 次级方案8，次区域活动促进发展 1个D-1 \n构成部分3，北亚和中亚次区域活动促进发展 \n 第22款 西亚经济和社会发展 \n 提高妇女地位 1个D-1 \n 减轻冲突影响和发展 1个D-1，1个P-5 \n 第24款 人权 \n 行政领导和管理 2个一般事务(其他职等) \n支持人权条约机构 1个P-4，2个P-3，2个一般事务(其他职等)\n 支持人权理事会、其附属机构和机制 1个P-4，1个P-3 \n 第26款 巴勒斯坦难民 \n 争议法庭(安曼) 1个D-1，1个P-4 \n 近东救济工程处总部 2个P-5，1个P-4 \n 布鲁塞尔联络处 1个P-4 \n 华盛顿特区联络处 1个P-5，1个P-4 \n 外地办事处 5个P-3 \n 第27款 人道主义援助 \n 减少自然灾害 1个D-1 \n 第28款 新闻 \n 外联事务 1个P-2 \n 第29D款 中央支助事务厅 \n 设施管理处 1个P-4 \n 旅行和运输科 1个P-3 \n 第31款 内部监督 \n 行政领导和管理 1个ASG \n 第35款 安保 \n安保和安全组织 5个一般事务(其他职等)，8个当地雇员", "附件三", "拟议从一般临时人员、订约承办事务和预算外供资项下改划的新员额", "A. 拟议从一般临时人员项下改划的新员额一览表", "拟议将原先在一般临时人员项下供资的共14个职位改划为常设员额或临时员额，因此，下列款次和方案的人员编制增加：^(a)", "第24款 人权", "支持人权理事会、其附属机构和机制 1个P-4，1个P-3，1个P-2，1个一般事务(其他职等)", "第28款 新闻", "新闻事务 4个一般事务(其他职等)", "第31款 内部监督", "检查和评价 3个P-3，3个P-2", "^(a) 此外，还拟议将第7款(国际法院)项下10个专业职等员额(2个P-4，6个P-3和2个一般事务(其他职等))由临时员额改划为常设员额。拟议改划员额的地位从临时改为常设，对资源的净影响为零。", "B. 拟议从订约承办事务项下改划的新员额一览表", "拟议将共24个员额由订约承办事务改划为常设员额，因此，下列款次和方案的人员编制增加：", "第29 D款 中央支助事务厅", "广播和会议支助科 4个P-3，5个一般事务(特等)，8个一般事务(其他职等)", "设备工程科 7个工匠", "C. 拟议从预算外供资项下改划的新员额一览表", "拟议将原先在预算外资源项下供资的共2个职位改划为常设员额或临时员额，因此，下列款次和方案的人员编制增加:", "第3款 政治事务", "联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处 1个本国干事", "第27款 人道主义援助", "人道主义行动和紧急反应的协调 1个P-5", "附件四", "拟议改叙员额(共计：55个)", "第1款 通盘决策、领导和协调 1个P-5改叙为D-1", "第2款 11个P-4改叙为P-5 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理", "第3款 政治事务 1个外勤事务职等改叙为当地雇员", "第5款 维持和平行动 13个外勤事务职等改叙为当地雇员", "1个外勤事务职等改叙为本国干事", "第18款 非洲经济和社会发展 1个外勤事务职等改叙为P-4", "1个当地雇员改叙为本国干事", "第22款 西亚经济和社会发展 1个P-4改叙为P-3", "第26款 巴勒斯坦难民 4个D-1改叙为D-2", "1个P-4改叙为P-5", "第28款 新闻 6个当地雇员改叙为本国干事", "第29G款 行政，内罗毕 2个P-5改叙为D-1，2个P-4改叙为P-5", "第35款 安保 4个P-5改叙为D-1，6个P-3改叙为P-4", "附件五", "截至2011年3月31日以及2012-2013两年期预计将继续由一般临时人员项下供资的职位", "编次\t款次\t截至2011年3月31日的职位数\t2012-2013年期间将续设的职位估计数\t2012-2013年期间拟议改划为常设员额的职位数\t职务 \n第一编.通盘决策、领导和协调 \n1\t通盘决策、领导和协调\t9\t4\t—\t大会主席办公厅主任，大会主席办公厅副主任，高级顾问，顾问\n2\t大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\t25\t4\t—\t数据库管理员，人力资源助理，网路开发员\n 小计 34 8 — \n第二编.政治事务 \n3\t政治事务\t4\t3\t—\t财务和预算干事，财务小组助理，人力资源助理\n 4 裁军 2 1 — 小组助理 \n 5 维持和平行动 5 — — \n 小计 11 4 — \n第三编.国际司法和国际法 \n 7 国际法院 3 3 — 主任医官，打字员\n 8 法律事务 4 — — \n 小计 7 3 — \n第四编.国际合作促进发展 \n 9 经济和社会事务 5 1 — 统计员 \n10\t最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家\t4\t—\t—\t\n12\t贸易与发展\t6\t—\t—\t\n15\t人类住区\t5\t5\t—\t行政助理，个人助理，方案助理，小组助理\n16\t国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\t2\t—\t—\t\n 小计 22 6 — \n第五编.区域合作促进发展 \n17\t非洲经济和社会发展\t33\t28\t—\t医务干事，房舍事务办事员，木工，清洁工，数据输入操作员，司机，财务助理，库存和供应助理，工人，邮件助理，送信员，小组助理，技术员，电话接线员，电话接待员，运输助理\n18\t亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展\t4\t3\t—\t信息系统助理，电信技术员\n19\t欧洲经济发展\t1\t—\t—\t\n20\t拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展\t17\t2\t—\t司机，财务助理\n21\t西亚经济和社会发展\t6\t6\t—\t医务干事，信息技术干事，信息系统助理，护士，电信业务员，电信技术员\n 小计 61 39 — \n第六编.人权和人道主义事务 \n23\t人权\t6\t—\t—\t\n25\t巴勒斯坦难民\t1\t—\t—\t\n26\t人道主义援助\t5\t—\t—\t\n 小计 12 — — \n第七编.新闻 \n27\t新闻\t30\t21\t4\t新闻干事,信息干事，无线电节目制作员，信息助理，印刷业务员，新闻助理,网站助理，校对员\n 小计 30 21 4 \n第八编.共同支助事务 \n28A.\t主管管理事务副秘书长办公室\t1\t1\t—\t法律干事\n28B.\t方案规划、预算和账户厅\t3\t—\t—\t\n28C.\t人力资源管理厅\t11\t8\t—\t工作人员-管理当局协调委员会第三十二届会议主席,医务干事，行政干事，人力资源助理，办公室助理，工作人员发展助理\n28D.\t中央支助事务厅\t5\t5\t—\t业务连续性管理股股长，业务连续性专家,司机,送信员\n28E.\t行政，日内瓦\t10\t3\t—\t信息系统干事，网站协调员，计算机信息系统助理\n28F.\t行政，维也纳\t3\t—\t—\t\n28G.\t行政，内罗毕\t2\t1\t—\t业务连续性规划协调员\n29\t信息和通信技术厅\t14\t4\t—\t信息系统干事，行政助理，计算机系统助理\n 小计 49 22 — \n第九编.内部监督 \n30\t内部监督\t9\t—\t6\t评价干事，协理评价干事\n 小计 9 — 6 \n第十二编.安全和安保 \n34\t安全和安保\t67\t39\t—\t采购协调员，安保干事，办事员，控制中心助理，信息管理办事员，办公室助理，办公室助理/出入证和身份证助理，项目助理，小组助理，技术员\n 小计 67 39 — \n 共计 302 142 10", "附件六", "大会关于与发展有关的活动的第63/260号决议核定员额的现状", "第63/260号决议 核定员额\n 预算款次和次级方案 Level 截至2011年7月的现状", "9. 经济和社会事务", "行政领导和管理 1个P-5 已于2009年7月1日填补", "1. 经济及社会理事会支助协调 1个P-4 拟议在2012-2013两年期裁撤", "2. 性别平等问题与提高妇女地位 1个P-5 根据大会第64/289和65/259号决议转调妇女署", "2个P-4", "2个P-3", "3. 社会政策与发展 1个P-4 已于2010年11月填补", "4. 可持续发展 1个P-4 已于2009年12月填补", "1个P-3 拟议在2012-2013两年期裁撤", "6. 人口 1个P-4 已于2010年11月填补", "9. 可持续森林管理 1个P-5 已于2010年7月填补", "10. 发展筹资 1个P-4 已于2011年1月填补", "小计 8(2个P-5；3个P-4；1个P-3)", "10. 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家", "1. 最不发达国家 1个P-4 已于2010年12月填补", "2. 内陆发展中国家 1个P-4 已于2010年5月填补", "3. 小岛屿发展中国家 1个P-4 已于2010年4月填补", "小计^(a) 3个P-4", "11. 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系", "1. 全球宣传和支助非洲发展新伙伴关系的协调 1个P-4 已于2010年4月填补.", "2个P-3 已分别于2010年2月和2010年8月填补", "小计 3(1个P-4, 2个P-3)", "^(a) 不包括转调妇女署的员额。", "第63/260号决议核定员额 \n 预算款次和次级方案 Level 截至2011年7月的现状 \n 12. 贸易与发展 \n1.全球化、相互依存和发展 1个D-1 已填补\n 1个P-5 已填补 \n 2个P-4 已填补。不得已，再次贴出了一个P-4员额的空缺通知，因为面试的候选人中无一人符合该员额要求。在填补之前，该员额被用来聘用临时专家，为一个比较发展中地区区域和货币合作经验项目服务。\n 2个P-3 已填补 \n 2. 投资和企业 1个P-5 已填补 \n 1个P-4 已填补 \n 3. 国际贸易 1个D-1 已填补 \n 1个P-4 已填补 \n5.非洲、最不发达国家和特别方案 1个D-1 已填补\n 1个P-4 已填补 \n小计 12(3个D-1,2个P-5,5个P-4,2个P-3) \n 17. 妇女署 \n2.性别平等问题与提高妇女地位 1个P-5 根据第64/289和65/259号决议，自2011年1月1日起，这些员额从第9款转调到第17款。\n 2个P-4 \n 2个P-3 \n小计 5(1个P-5；2个P-4；2个P-3) \n 18. 非洲经济和社会发展 \n 行政领导和管理 1个本国干事 已填补 \n 7. 次区域活动促进发展 6个本国干事 已填补 \n 4个本国干事 面试中 \n 1个本国干事 第一次征聘活动未产生合适候选人，因此，6月份再次发出了空缺通知\n 9. 统计 2个P-5 已填补 \n 2个P-4 已填补 \n 2个P-3 已填补 \n方案支助 1个本国干事 已在INSPIRA上贴出职位空缺通知，报名截止日尚未到\n小计 19(2个P-5，2个P-4，2个P-3，13个本国干事) \n19.亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 \n 8. 次区域活动促进发展 1个D-1 已于2010年6月1日填补 \n 1个D-1 预计将在2011年9月通过平级调动填补\n 1个P-5 已于2010年8月19日填补 \n 1个P-5 已于2010年5月1日填补 \n 1个P-5 面试和评估以完成。已将最后审查送交中央审查机构\n 1个P-5 已于2011年4月29日填补 \n 1个P-4 已于2010年5月9日填补 \n 1个P-3 在2009年12月22日至2011年3月11日期间，该员额曾填补。目前正在制定替代前面这位任职者的候选人短名单\n 1个P-3 尚未得到评估信息，目前正在制定候选人短名单\n 1个当地雇员 等待完成对与亚洲及太平洋技术转让中心的联合行政支助安排进行的审查。\n 1个本国干事 已于2011年5月24日填补 \n小计 11(2个D-1,4个P-5,1个P-4,2个P-3,1个当地雇员,1个本国干事 \n 20. 欧洲经济发展 \n行政领导和管理 1个P-4 该员额（经济事务干事）现任职者于2010年5月1日获得任命。任职者将于2012年8月退休。现拟议，将自2013年1月1日起，裁撤该员额。\n3. 统计 1个P-3 该员额（统计员）现任职者于2010年8月1日获得任命。\n5. 可持续能源 1个P-4 该员额（经济事务干事）现任职者于2010年8月8日获得任命。\n方案支助 1个P-3 由于设置阿拉木图办事处的工作出现延后，阿拉木图的该员额（经济事务干事）目前空缺。欧洲经济委员会于2010年9月15日才着手贴出该员额通知。但是，现拟议，将自2012年1月1日起，裁撤该员额。\n小计 4(2个P-4,2个P-3) \n21.拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 \n1.与全球经济的联系、区域一体化及合作 1个P-4 已填补\n 1个P-3 已填补 \n 2. 生产和创新 1个P-3 已填补 \n 4. 社会发展和社会公平 1个P-3 已填补 \n5.将两性平等观点纳入区域发展主流 1个P-5 已公布职位空缺\n 1个P-3 已填补 \n 6. 人口与发展 1个P-3 已填补 \n 8. 可持续发展和人类住区 1个P-5 已填补 \n 1个P-3 已填补 \n 1个P-2 已完成征聘，从名册上选出了候选人\n 9. 自然资源和基础设施 1个P-4 已填补 \n 1个P-3 已填补 \n 1个P-2 已填补 \n 1个当地雇员 已填补 \n 10. 统计和经济预测 1个P-3 已填补 \n11.墨西哥和中美洲次区域活动 1个P-4 已填补\n 1个P-3 已公布职位空缺 \n 1个当地雇员 已填补 \n 12. 加勒比次区域活动 2个P-3 已填补 \n小计 20(2个P-5,3个P-4，11个P-3,2个P-2，2个当地雇员) \n 22. 西亚经济和社会发展 \n1.综合管理自然资源促进可持续发展 1个P-4 已于2010年3月1日填补\n2. 综合社会政策 1个P-4 已于2009年4月11日填补。2010年4月，由于任职者提升为P-5，该员额再次空缺。目前已有人临时填补该员额，任期到2011年12月31日止。\n 3. 经济发展和一体化 1个P-4 已于2010年1月12日填补 \n4.信息和通信技术促进区域一体化 1个P-5 已于2009年12月21日填补\n 1个本国干事 选中的候选人退出。职位空缺通知再次发出，并于2011年7月11日截止。\n 5. 循证决策统计 1个P-3 已于2009年3月9日填补 \n小计 6(1个P-5,3个P-4,1个P-3,1个本国干事) \n 共计 91", "––––––––––––––", "11-45064 (C) 280911 290911", "*1145064*", "[]", "[1] 注: 本报告中使用了下列与员额有关的简称：DSG：常务副秘书长；USG：副秘书长；ASG：助理秘书长；GS：一般事务；PL：特等；OL：其他职等；LL：当地雇员；NO：本国干事；FS：外勤事务；SS：安保事务；TC：工匠。", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算载于文件A/66/6(Introduction)、(Sects.1-7)、(Sect.8和Corr.1)、(Sects.9-15)、(Sect.16和Corr.1)、(Sects.17-25)、(Sect.26和 Corr.1)、(Sect.27)、(Sect.28和Corr.1)、(Sects.29 A-E)、(Sect.29F和Corr.1)、(Sect.29G)、(Sects.30-35)、(Sect.36和Corr.1)和(Sect.37)及(Income Sects.1-3)。", "[2] 应注意的是，除非特别标明采用2012-2013年费率，本报告中提到的所有预算资源均采用2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前的标准)。", "[3] 此外，国际贸易中心的详细拟议方案预算(A/66/6(Sect.13)/Add.1)将按照既定程序在2011年第四季度提交给大会和世界贸易组织总理事会。", "[4] 即15%来自经常预算，62%来自维持和平行动支助账户，23%来自方案支助费用特别账户。", "[5] 经询问，委员会获悉，为每个预算款次提供的数字反映了主要用于信通技术的特定支出类别的经费，具体如下：在数据处理设备项下，用于购置和更换硬件和软件以及许可证和在线服务订购的估计数；在用品和材料项下，打印机墨盒、碳粉、彩色墨水、服务器部件、电脑备件和光盘等物项；在订约承办事务项下，为信息技术项目的开发或实施专门聘请的专家和咨询人；在租赁和维修项下；在人力资源项下，可直接确定的专门用于信息技术的员额和培训资源。在这方面，秘书长澄清，由于很多工作人员都花一些时间来处理信通技术有关问题，真正的人力资源构成部分可能超过列报的数字。", "[6] 见E/CN.7/2010/13-E/CN.15/2010/13；E/2010/28,第一章，A；E/2010/30-E/CN.15/2010/20，第一章，A，决议三。", "[7] 咨询委员会经询问获悉，“重要”的联合国文件包括联合国主要机关的正式记录，其中包括决议、会议记录、各委员会及其他主要机构的报告、预算和财务报告以及联合国各次主要会议筹备会议报告。", "[8] 秘书长以提议将订约承办事务改划为员额的方式提出设立这些员额的请求。在上文第一章第84段，咨询委员会进一步评述了这一问题，并表示在今后的拟议预算中，类似提议应作为设立新员额的请求提出。", "[9] A/63/582；另见咨询委员会有关报告(A/63/736)和大会第63/270号决议。", "[10] 见A/65/511/Add.1、A/65/725和大会第65/259号决议。", "[11] 即：15%来自经常预算，62%来自维持和平行动支助账户，23%来自方案支助费用特别账户。" ]

[ "联 合 国", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第一次报告", "大 会", "正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第7号", "大 会 正式记录 第六十六届会议 补编第7号", "[联合国]2011年,纽约", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第一次报告", "A/66/7", "ISSN 0255-1470 (英语).", "说明", "联合国文件都用英文大写字母附加数字编号。 凡是提到这种编号,就是指联合国的某一个文件。", "[2011年8月11日]", "目录", "段次 页次\n一. 总论 1\nA. 格式13和拟议方案的陈述\n预算\nB. 方法学 18C. 18\n改革 D. 效力 19\nE. 人事. 20\nF. 非员额性32个\n支出\nG. 培训36H.信息 37和通信\n一. 加强促进发展的影响 41\n支柱J. 商业 42\n连续性 凯. 其他45个摊款\n预算外资源\n与其他联合国的合作 47\n咨询委员会关于两年期初步概算的50个以上立场\n2012-2013两年期 关于拟议方案的详细51项建议\n51个概算\n通盘决策、领导和\n第1款. 51\n第2款. 63 大会和经济及社会理事会事务\n和会议管理 第二编 政治\n政治事务\n第4款. 92\n裁军科\n维持和平行动科\n使用外部空间 第三编 106\n第7节. 106国际法院\n第8款. 法律 110\n事务 第四编 114国\n第9款. 经济社会\n最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家\n11. 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系\n12. 贸易和贸易\n第127款 发展\n13. 国际 贸易中心第129节 14.\n15. 人类\n16. 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\n第150条 17.\n妇女署第五编 155 区域合作\n第164款 经济和社会\n《非洲发展》第164 18A节。\n区域委员会科 168 18B. 区域委员会\n纽约办事处科 169 19. 亚洲的经济和社会发展\n太平洋科 20. 经济\n欧洲发展科 拉丁美洲和加勒比的经济和社会发展\n22. 经济和社会发展 西部\n23. 经常技术方案\n合作 人权和人道主义\n第192节\n24. 人权科 201 25. 国际保护、持久解决办法和援助\n26. 巴勒斯坦\n第209条 难民\n人道主义援助 第七编 公共\n第213条. 公共\n资料 共同支助223\n29. 管理和支助\n第224款 29A款. 副秘书长办公室\n29B. 方案规划、预算和账务厅\n第235款 账户\n29C. 人力资源管理厅\n服务科 256 29E。\n行政,日内瓦第259-29F款。\n行政,维也纳第262 29G款。 行政部门\n30. 办公室 资料\n第9部分 271\n内部监督科 277 31.\n合资办理的行政活动和特别事务\n32. 联合\n资助行政活动 国际民事284\n服务委员会\n288协调行政委员会,包括国际公共部门会计标准\n项目第291款 33. 特别\n费用 第十一编 295 资本\n34. 建筑、改建、装修和主要工程\n维修 第十二编 安全 305 和\n35. 安全和\n警卫 第十三编 317\n第317款 账户 36. 发展\n账户\n第320节\n37. 工作人员评估\n收入估计数 320\n第2节 321\n一般收入第3节 321项服务\n公众\n按资金来源和职等开列的326个员额数目\nA. 维持和平以外的326个员额\nB. 授权所有维持和平的327个文职员额\nC. 共同供资的328\n三. 常设和临时员额拟议变动简表 330\nA. 拟议员额330\nB. 拟新设332人\n四. 拟议从一般临时人员、订约承办事务和预算外改划的335个新员额\nA. 拟从一般临时人员项下改划的335个新员额总表\nB. 拟议从合同改划的335个新员额摘要\nC. 拟议从预算外改划的336个新员额总表\n五. 拟议员额337\n六. 截至2011年3月31日供资并预计将在本两年期续设的338个一般临时人员职位\n2012-2013年 七. 导言 大会关于与发展有关的第63/260号决议核准的341个员额的状况\n活动", "前言", "1. 联合国 根据大会1946年2月13日第14(I)号决议的规定,行政和预算问题咨询委员会的主要职能是:", "(a) 国家 审查并报告秘书长向大会提交的预算;", "(b) 国家 就交给大会的任何行政和预算事项向大会提供意见;", "(c) 代表大会审查各专门机构的行政预算以及关于同这些机构作出财务安排的提议;", "(d) 审议审计员关于联合国和各专门机构决算的报告并向大会提出报告。", "咨询委员会还就维持和平行动、前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的经费筹措提出报告。 此外,委员会还就行政预算和其他事项向下列机构的理事机构提出报告:联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)、联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)、联合国人口基金(人口基金)、联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民专员办事处)(自愿基金)、联合国环境规划署(环境规划署)(环境基金)、联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)、联合国裁军研究所(裁研所)、联合国训练研究所(训研所)、联合国大学、世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处(禁毒办)、联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)、联合国项目事务厅(项目厅)和联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)。", "2. 联合国 根据大会议事规则第一五六条,咨询委员会成员不得有两人为同一国国民,各成员应在广泛的地域代表性、个人资格和经验的基础上选出。", "3个 截至2011年7月21日,咨询委员会有下列成员:", "科伦·凯拉皮尔(主席) 迪尼奇·阿基拉·杉山 纳姆加·坎帕 理查德·穆恩", "卡洛斯·鲁伊斯·马谢乌 张万海", " 4.四. 本报告载有咨询委员会根据秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算提出的结论和建议,并尽可能以秘书长代表口头或书面提供的补充资料为补充。", "[]", "科伦五世. 凯拉皮尔主席", "第一编", "一般性评论、意见和建议", "1. 联合国 行预咨委会回顾,大会第65/262号决议请秘书长在按2010-2011年订正费率计算的初步估计数5 396 697 200美元的基础上编制2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算。 在同一决议中,大会决定了2012-2013两年期的优先事项,并请秘书长在提出2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时反映这些优先事项。 优先事项如下:", "(a) 按照大会和联合国最近各次会议的有关决议,促进持续经济增长和可持续发展;", "(b) 维持国际和平与安全;", "(c) 非洲发展;", "(d) 促进人权;", "(e) 有效协调人道主义援助工作;", "(f) 促进司法和国际法;", "(g) 裁军;", "(h) 药物管制、预防犯罪和打击一切形式和表现的国际恐怖主义。", "2. 联合国 秘书长提议2012-2013两年期方案预算[1],支出各款为5 343 758 100美元,收入各款为611 531 300美元(均按2012-2013年费率计算)。 [2] 按净额计算,估计数共计4 732 226 800美元。 按2010-2011年订正费率计算,2012-2013年支出各款下的拟议预算共计5 196 993 400美元,比2012-2013年核定大纲减少3.7%。", "3个 下文表1将2012-2013两年期估计数(按2012-2013年初步费率计算)同大会第65/260号决议核准的2010-2011年订正估计数以及2008-2009两年期最后支出和收入进行比较。 按2010-2011年订正费率计算,2012-2013年支出估计数减少1.702亿美元,即3.2%。", "表1 按区域开列的所需资源", "2008-2009、2010-2011和2012-2013两年期收入和支出比较", "(单位:千美元)", "(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)\n2012-2013年订正费率", "2008-2009年批款百分比", "支出 4 494 420.8 5 367 5 196 5 343 (170 (3.2) (23 (0.4)234.7 993.4 758.1 241.3 476.6)", "收入 559 038.1 592 594 611 1 484.7 0.3 18 3.1 971.8 456.5 531.3 559.5", "净额4 190 382.7 4 774 4 602 4 732 (171 (3.6)(42 (0.9) 262.9 536.9 226.8 726.0) 036.1)", " 4.四. 秘书长在拟议方案预算导言中表示,2010-2011两年期所设248个员额的延迟影响为24 930 300美元(A/66/6(Introduction),表10)。 此外,还按现时费率提供了2012-2013年设立99个新员额的提议对2014-2015年的延迟影响的资料,这些员额估计为12 010 300美元(同上,表11)。", "5 (韩语). “其他分摊资源”类别的估计数由基本建设总计划、前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭、卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和维持和平行动支助账户的经费组成,共计823 088 000美元(同上,表8)。 行预咨委会获悉,关于加强联合国管理和持续开展2011/12年度维持和平行动能力的大会第65/290号决议通过后,订正估计数为692 021 100美元(见表2)。", "表2. 私营部门", "预算总额", "(单位:千美元)", "2012-2013两年期 增加(减少)\n数额\n经常预算支出 5 367234.7 5 343758.1 (23 (0.4))\n联合国\n一般收入 37 930.8 52 558.0 14627.2 38.6\n小计 5 329303.9 5 291 200.1 (38103.8) (0.7)\n工作人员薪金税收入 555041.0 558973.3 3932.3 0.7\n经常预算净额\n其他分摊额(a)\n支助活动\n小计 700087.9 692021.8(8066.1)1.2\n预算外\n支助活动\n实质性活动\n业务活动 9 066870.6 9 477672.9 410802.3 4.5\n小计 11 650089.6 12 441573.7 791484.1 6.8\n共计 17 124440.4 17 865822.3 791381.9 4.3", "^(a) 反映大会第65/290号决议关于维持和平行动支助账户的决定。", "6. 国家 2012-2013两年期预算外资源数额估计为12 441 573 700美元(同上,表9)。 如上表2所示,估计总数包括支助活动425 019 000美元、实务活动2 538 881 800美元和业务活动9 477 672 900美元。", "7. 联合国 2012-2013两年期由经常预算、其他分摊资源和预算外资金供资的活动的总额估计为17 865 822 300美元。", "8. 联合国 行预咨委会还获悉,2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日和2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间,财政期间不同的维持和平行动估计数共计约140亿美元。 这一数字不包括由经常预算供资的联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处、联合国停战监督组织(停战监督组织)、联合国驻印度和巴基斯坦军事观察组(印巴观察组)和政治特派团的费用。", "9. 国家 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭2012-2013两年期拟议预算将于2011年第三季度提交咨询委员会审议。 两个法庭2010-2011年订正批款共计毛额578 315 900美元(净额525 414 900美元)(见大会第65/252和65/253号决议)。", "10个 秘书长在拟议方案预算导言中表示,预算是根据大会第64/229号决议核准的2012-2013年期间战略框架(A/65/6/Rev.1)编制的,并遵循了会员国确定的优先事项、目标和任务。 秘书长还指出,在拟订提案时,仔细审查了方案活动及其相关资源。 作为努力减少重叠、接受创新、建立更大的协同作用并落实工作方案的一部分,对进程进行了广泛而严格的审查。 虽然拟议方案预算低于预算大纲的核定数额,但秘书长指出,该预算旨在使本组织能够充分执行任务(A/66/6(Introduction),第1和3段)。", "11个 虽然总体预算水平低于2010-2011年订正批款,但秘书长重点介绍了拟议加强的若干领域,即毒品和犯罪问题办公室、妇女署、联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)、近东救济工程处、国际减少灾害战略秘书处和内部监督事务厅(监督厅)。 秘书长着重指出了与企业资源规划项目、执行国际公共部门会计准则、信息和通信技术投资以及改善达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆提供的服务的获取并使其现代化有关的额外经费(同上,第12至14段)。", "12个 咨询委员会获悉,2011年第二季度,秘书长请其高级管理人员在不影响本组织执行任务或方案的能力的情况下,在预算大纲核定数额下工作至少3%。 秘书长通知委员会,提出这一要求的依据不是对方案的深入分析,而是反映全球金融危机后紧张时期的现实,以及他承诺确保本组织以成本效益高的方式执行其任务。 秘书长要求方案主管不仅对其方案和相关活动,而且更重要的是对其业务程序进行彻底审查。 他说,已赋予方案主管充分权力,在确保方案交付的同时设计最佳的资源组合。 委员会获悉,这一进程是互动的,根据每个领域共同确定的效率收益,在不同预算款次方面实现了不同的目标。", "13个 咨询委员会一贯强调,为确保最有成效和最有效率地执行任务,必须不断审查方案和业务流程。 因此,委员会欢迎秘书长主动要求方案主管进行这种审查。 不过,委员会认为,方案管理人员可用的时间不够,无法进行全面审查。 在这方面,委员会认为,提出的提案反映了这一缺陷。 特别是,行预咨委会认为,拟议的总体削减既不是重大也不是结构性的。 因此,今后预算中不可能维持拟议的削减。", "14个 因此,在本报告中,咨询委员会强调了它所关切的提议的若干方面。 这些变化包括拟议的人员配置变动概况,这将减少起职专业员额的数目,以及根据第63/260号决议为加强与发展有关的活动而获得额外资源的部厅的裁减可能产生的影响。 关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的数额,委员会注意到,提交特别政治任务提案和就涉及经费问题的单独报告作出决定,将影响资源总额,这些报告将提交大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议。 此外,委员会注意到,第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)下与制作简要记录和向联合国各基金和方案提供会议服务有关的费用减少约1 800万美元,这取决于大会关于拟议变动的决定。", "15个 咨询委员会注意到秘书长表示,这些提议旨在使本组织能充分执行任务。 然而,在听询会期间,一些方案主管表示,资源减少会影响到有关办事处的运作,即使不是直接影响到任务的执行。 例如,关于亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会(亚太经社会),委员会获悉,虽然在方案支助领域已经减少,以避免减少工作方案的资源,但政府间机构的服务能力会减少。 因此,亚太经社会将不再翻译非立法文件或非强制性翻译的专家机构(另见第一章,A节)。 页:1 (原始内容存档于2017-06-25). V.46-V.47.", "16号. 咨询委员会认为,拟议预算的全面影响只有在一段时间后才能显现出来,大会将通过执行情况报告机制在适当时候加以审议。 不过,行预咨委会期望采取步骤来减轻任何意外后果,使任务的执行不受影响,并不会改变向会员国提供的总体支助水平。", "17岁。 行预咨委会注意到,秘书长的提议比2010-2011两年期订正批款少1.702亿美元。 与本两年期订正批款相比的资源分配情况载于拟议方案预算导言第17段(见下文表3)。 预算的七个部分有所减少,从百分比来看,减少幅度最大的领域是政治事务(8.4%)、通盘决策、领导和协调(5.2%)和新闻(3.0%)。 建议增加6个部分的资源,其中最重要的是资本支出(5.9%)、人权和人道主义事务(3.8%)和共同支助事务(1.5%)。", "表3 2012-2013年与2010-2011年订正批款相比的资源分配情况", "(单位:千美元)", "2012-2013年资源(重计费用前)\n数额\n一. 通盘决策、指导和协调 756270.0(39345.0)(5.2)\n二. 政治事务 1 457909.0 (12223.36) (8.4) 1 335675.4\n三. 国际司法和国际法\n四. 国际合作促进发展 42850.5 (1828.8)(0.4) 426676.5\n五. 区域合作促进发展\n六、结 论 人权和人道主义事务 298021.2 11384.7 3.8 309405.9\n页:1 新闻184996.6(5564.4)(3.0)179432\n第八编. 共同支助事务 598091.2 8894.0 1.5 606985.2\n九. 内部监督 38925.0 100.3 0.3 39 025.3\n十. 合资办理的行政活动和特别费用 126127.5(2955.7)(2.3) 123171.8\n十一. 资本支出 60326.8 3589.3 5.9 63 916.1\n第十二编. 安全和安保\n第十三编 发展账户 23651.3 - 23 651.3\n十四. 结 论 工作人员薪金税550749.9(13127.1) (2.4) 537622.8\n共计5 367234.7 (170241.3 (3.2)) 5 196993.4", "18岁。 按预算款次开列的概算摘要载于方案概算导言表3。 咨询委员会注意到,与2010-2011年订正批款相比,21个预算款次的拟议减少额共计2.063亿美元,4个预算款次的资源保持不变,18个款次的资源增加额共计3 610万美元。", " 19. 19. 如下表4所详述,为8个预算款次提出了拟议预算,这些预算款次比2010-2011年订正批款多出3%或更多,合计增加2 860万美元。 在某些情况下,咨询委员会注意到,拟议的增加反映了大会要求加强有关领域的决定,如第16款(国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法)和第26款(巴勒斯坦难民)。 其他部分反映了本两年期核准的新任务,例如第24款(人权)。 同时,这些提议反映出秘书长优先重视使本组织现代化,预计最终将产生大量节余。 经询问后,委员会获悉,鉴于这一优先事项,秘书长关于削减3%的要求不适用于信息和通信技术厅(并见下文第32段)。", "表4 预算各款比2010-2011年订正批款增加3%或以上", "(单位:千美元)", "2010-2011年预算款次 2012-2013年资源增长\n数额\n13. 国际贸易中心 31793.3 997.1 3.1 32 790.4\n16. 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\n17. 妇女署(a) 1353(2001)2.5 1304.4 9.6 14 836.9\n24. 人权\n26. 巴勒斯坦难民 43712.4 5000.0 11.4 48 712.4\n29A. (英语). 主管管理事务副秘书长办公室\n30. 信息通信技术办公室 ^(b) 722.0 3000.0 4.2 75 120.0\n34. 建筑、改建、装修和主要维修 60326.8 3589.3 5.9 63 916.1", "^(a) 妇女署是根据大会第64/289号决议设立的综合实体,自2011年1月1日起生效。 仅为比较和列报目的,在本报告中对订正批款数额作了技术调整,以反映两年期数额。", "•(b) 秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术举措的报告(A/66/94)载有2012-2013两年期经常预算共计6 423 400美元的其他提议。", "20号. 关于拟议减少所需经费的预算款次,有5个款次的所需经费减少了3%或以上,减少的所需经费为1.69亿美元(见下文表5)。", "表5 预算款次比2010-2011年订正批款减少3%或以上", "(单位:千美元)", "资源增长\n2010-2011年预算款次 2012-2013年重计费用前资源百分比\n2. 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 656070.4(41958.2)(6.4) 614 112.2\n3. 政治事务 1 314847.4 (119734.3) (9.1) 1 195113.1\n10个 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家 7406.1(740.6)(1.0) 6 665.5\n28. 新闻 184996.6(5564.4)(3.0) 179 432.2\n32. 合资办理的行政活动 11993.4(999.6)(8.3) 10 993.8", "21岁 咨询委员会注意到,与2010-2011年订正批款相比,总体减少1.702亿美元,主要基于两个因素:特别政治任务经费估计数减少1.208亿美元;其他工作人员费用减少4 370万美元,主要原因是会议临时助理人员和一般临时人员经费减少。 其他支出类别显示所需经费减少,包括工作人员薪金税(1 310万美元)、用品和材料(750万美元)、家具和设备(590万美元)、咨询人(200万美元)和工作人员差旅费(100万美元)。 这些减少额被员额(1 290万美元)、代表差旅费(290万美元)、房地改善(100万美元)以及赠款和捐款(1 080万美元)项下的增加额所部分抵销,主要原因是企业资源规划项目经费增加660万美元。", "22号. 如前所述,秘书长指出,已赋予方案主管充分权力,以确定确保执行任务所需资源的组合。 咨询委员会获悉,没有具体指示以贯穿各领域的方式适用任何特定的效率措施。 因此,这些提案反映了实现削减的各种办法。 例如,拟议削减13个预算款次的人员配置水平,削减集中在初级专业人员或一般事务及有关职类。 在少数情况下,特别是在一些区域经济委员会,资源总体减少的大部分是由于员额被裁撤。 关于非员额支出领域,委员会注意到正在采取一系列措施,包括保留超出正常更换周期的家具和设备、减少咨询人所需资源以及用经常预算培训资金支付所有旅费的拟议要求。", "23. 联合国 第18款(非洲的经济和社会发展)和第21款(拉丁美洲和加勒比的经济和社会发展)下具有类似规模和任务规定的办事处,可以最好地说明不同方案主管采取的不同办法。 拟议预算分别减少280万美元(2.3%)和290万美元(2.6%)。 然而,非洲经济委员会(非洲经委会)提议在非员额领域进行所有裁减,但人员配置没有减少。 相比之下,拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会(拉加经委会)的削减大部分是由于拟议裁撤12个员额。", "24 (韩语). 咨询委员会注意到,根据秘书长关于与发展有关的活动的报告(A/62/708),除一个预算款次外,2009年所有预算款次都拟议削减现有资源。 第63/260号决议为9个预算款次核准的91个新员额中,有6个款次的38个员额现拟议裁撤。 裁撤员额包括第63/260号决议特别核准的4个员额:第9款(经济和社会事务)(P-4,P-3)下2个,第20款(欧洲经济发展)(P-4,P-3)下2个。 委员会特别注意到,在整个预算中拟议裁撤的34个专业职等员额中,20个来自三个区域经济委员会,即欧洲经济委员会(欧洲经委会)、亚太经社会和拉加经委会。", "25岁 咨询委员会注意到拟议方案预算提供的关于第63/260号决议核准的新员额(其中许多员额到2010年才填补)对有关办事处的工作的早期积极影响的信息(见下文第126至128段)。 委员会认识到,预算过程为审查和重新评估如何最有效地完成任务提供了机会,但对某些部厅拟议减少的人员编制,特别是最近根据第63/260号决议予以加强的部厅,表示关切。 委员会认为,这些削减似乎使人怀疑最初提出的加强建议的内容的依据。", "特别政治任务费用估计数", "26. 联合国 如上文第21段所述,拟议方案预算数额减少的主要原因是第3款(政治事务)下特别政治任务估计数减少。 估计数为11亿美元,比2010-2011年订正批款减少1.208亿美元。 委员会经询问获悉,经费减少反映了两个因素。 首先,对任务已经完成或中止或任务范围有变化的特派团,即联合国尼泊尔特派团(联尼特派团)、联合国派驻国际咨询和监测委员会的代表和联合国布隆迪办事处(联布办事处),进行了共计8 580万美元的调整。 第二,有人说,根据以成本效益高和高效率的方式预期实现目标和任务的情况,其他特别政治任务进一步减少了3 500万美元。", "27个 咨询委员会指出,两年期特别政治任务的经费将取决于大会和(或)安全理事会确定或延长任务的决定。 因此,这项规定可作修改。 由于特别政治任务2012年拟议资源尚未编制,行预咨委会认为,目前只能考虑将现有特派团的估计数再减少3 500万美元。 因此,鉴于以往经验表明无法预测这些特派团,行预咨委会认为,秘书长2012-2013两年期特别政治任务预测所反映的削减水平可能令人乐观,因此不一定等于节省。 在这方面,委员会认为,秘书长在提交特别政治任务拟议预算时必须表现出克制。", "将向大会提交的其他报告", "28岁 秘书长指出,除了大会第六十六届会议各主要委员会可能提出的事项外,还有一些其他正在演变中的问题,将就这些问题向大会提交单独报告,秘书长表示这些问题可能对2012-2013两年期工作方案产生重大影响(A/66/6(Introduction),第16段)。 经询问,咨询委员会获得了秘书长预期向大会第六十六届会议主要会期提交的其他报告的下列资料:", "所涉经费问题的报告\n信息和通信技术战略(第65/259号决议)、企业内容管理、客户关系管理以及灾后恢复和业务连续性(第63/262、63/269和64/243号决议)\n联合国日内瓦办事处战略遗产计划(第64/243号决议)\n内部司法(第65/259号决议)\n第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议可能产生的需要\n可能涉及经费问题的报告\n关于道德操守办公室活动的年度报告\n秘书长关于应急管理框架的报告(第64/260号决议)\n国际公务员制度委员会2011年报告所载决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题\n秘书长关于联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会报告引起的行政和经费问题的报告\n其他报告[3]\n海外财产管理和在建项目(第65/259号决议)\n审查为特别政治任务供资和支助的现有安排(第65/259号决议)\n关于联合国总部长期住宿需求的可行性研究\n关于问责制的报告:第64/259号决议的执行情况", "29. 国家 行预咨委会获悉,预计上述根据第65/259号决议提交的内部司法报告将分两份单独报告处理,涵盖正式系统(内部司法办公室和其他办公室)和非正式系统,将在关于联合国监察员和调解事务活动的年度报告中述及。", "30岁。 除上述报告外,咨询委员会还获悉,联合国内罗毕办事处总干事员额设立后,正在审查内罗毕办事处的支助安排。 委员会获悉,2012-2013年所需资源的任何相关订正将根据惯例向大会第六十六届会议主要会期报告。", "31岁 咨询委员会回顾,大会在过去两个两年期中已请秘书长采取必要步骤,避免对预算过程采取零敲碎打的做法,并确保拟议方案预算尽可能全面地反映本组织的所需经费(见第62/236号决议第9段和第64/243号决议第15段)。 关于信息和通信技术,行预咨委会还回顾,大会第64/243和65/259号决议要求在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中提交这些拟议预算。 委员会认识到,可能出现意外需要,需要在正常的两年期经常预算周期之外加以解决。 但是,委员会认为,在编制方案概算时预见的问题本来可以列入秘书长的提议。 如果无法全面提交这些项目,委员会本来期望在拟议方案预算中至少反映所需资源的指示性估计数,以向会员国提供当时尽可能全面的资料。", "32. 联合国 在这方面,行预咨委会收到并审议了秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术举措的报告(A/66/94)。 委员会注意到,报告载有2012-2013两年期所需追加资源约4 280万美元,其中640万美元由经常预算提供。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 虽然上述报告将在大会审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时提交大会,但咨询委员会感到关切的是,这种零敲碎打的做法没有向委员会提供审议秘书长能够就拟议方案预算向大会提供建议所需的全部资料。", "改革管理举措", "34. 国家 秘书长指出,2012-2013年期间将继续审查和更新本组织通过改革管理进程开展工作的方式,以确保本组织更有成效地为会员国及其受益者服务。 咨询委员会经询问获悉,已设立一个改革管理小组来推动这一进程。 该小组由一名助理秘书长领导,由另外六至八名从各自部厅借调的工作人员以及少数在改革管理、人力资源及信息和通信技术(信通技术)方面具有专门知识的咨询人组成。 还有人表示,该小组的工作由常务副秘书长监督。", "35. 联合国 咨询委员会获悉,改革管理小组的任务是:", "(a) 国家 将工作重点放在六个类别:方案实效;人力资源;信通技术;采购和共同事务;业务流程创新;理事机构进程,包括内部和与会员国的接触战略设计;", "(b) 国家 评估所有拟议改革的可行性和成本;", "(c) 确保执行改革措施的一致性;", "(d) 将努力与其他重要的工作流相交叉;", "(e) 协助 制定有优先次序的执行计划,并有时限供秘书长审议。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会获悉,改革管理小组的首要任务是分析和评估高级管理人员、工作人员和其他利益攸关方提出的改革倡议并制定一项执行计划。 预计这项工作将于2011年底完成,而改革举措本身的执行时间范围不同,一些举措预计将于2011年完成,而其他举措则将持续到2012年或更长的时间。 行预咨委会还获悉,预测改革管理小组的活动对2012-2013两年期所需资源的影响为时尚早。", "37. 联合国 咨询委员会还获悉,改革管理举措的范围和影响各不相同,有些举措可能涉及秘书长授权下内部程序的改变,而另一些举措可能涉及需要大会核准的改变。 在这方面,有人说,改革管理小组将制定一项参与战略,以宣传其工作并寻求会员国和适当的政府间机构的适当指导。 委员会强调,必须在内部和与会员国定期沟通该小组的活动,包括其目标、活动时间表和正在审议和采取的举措。", "38. 国家 关于供资问题,咨询委员会获悉,预计改革管理小组在2011年12月31日这一业务期间将通过预算外资源供资。 虽然向该小组提供的主要支助是从本组织各部门借调工作人员,但行预咨委会获悉,预计执行这一举措需要约700 000美元。 截至2011年7月26日,行预咨委会获悉,除助理秘书长外,该小组由从监督厅、管理事务部、政治事务部和新闻部借调的4名专业工作人员组成,另有一名成员将从经济和社会事务部借调。 此外,目前正在讨论确定一名代表各机构、基金和方案的成员。 行政支助由维持和平行动部借调的一名一般事务人员提供。", "39. 联合国 咨询委员会认识到,提高效率和效力的举措是由各部厅各级方案主管不断制定和实施的。 然而,委员会认为,迄今为止,尚未充分重视确定那些被认为最有效的措施,并确保这些措施在整个联合国得到有效执行。 因此,委员会认为,建立以这些改革管理举措为重点的临时能力是有好处的。 委员会指出,如能早些设立这样一个小组,其工作成果本可反映在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中。", " 40. 40. 行预咨委会询问后获悉,迄今没有完成对联合国改革管理或改革举措的评价。 然而,委员会获悉,改革管理小组将评估以往的此类举措,并吸取经验教训。 委员会强调,必须彻底审查以前的所有倡议和改革,以便吸取经验教训,特别是在这些倡议未能产生预期影响的情况下。", "41. 国家 行预咨委会注意到,改革管理小组预计将于2011年底完成其主要任务。 行预咨委会期望,这些举措本身的执行和影响随后由现有机制监督,特别是由常务副秘书长主持的改革管理措施执行指导委员会,以及管理委员会等高级管理论坛,并酌情由联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长协调会)监督。", "应急基金", "42. 国家 咨询委员会回顾大会第41/213和42/211号决议的规定。 行预咨委会还回顾,大会第65/262号决议决定,2012-2013两年期应急基金数额为40 475 200美元,其中应匀支所需追加经费。", "A. 拟议方案预算的格式和列报方式", "43. 东帝汶 行预咨委会感到遗憾的是,由于拟议方案预算导言和一些预算款次的迟交,行预咨委会对2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的审议受到影响。 委员会重申,必须确保充分尊重预算程序,包括及时提交文件以及委员会所要求的补充资料。", "44. 国家 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的格式基本上与2010-2011年相同。 秘书长指出,根据大会第58/269号决议的规定,方案说明是严格根据2012-2013年期间核定战略框架(A/65/6/Rev.1)编制的,任何差异将报告给方案和协调委员会。 如拟议方案预算导言第54段所述,新的和(或)订正的任务规定所产生的差异影响到第3款(政治事务)、第15款(人类住区)、第17款(妇女署)和第22款(西亚经济和社会发展)。 行预咨委会注意到,秘书长已根据第58/269号决议就两年期方案计划的变动提交了一份综合报告(A/66/82),供方案和协调委员会审查。", "成果预算编制框架", "45. 国家 行预咨委会回顾,审计委员会在其关于联合国2008-2009两年期的报告(A/65/5(Vol.I),第二章)中,强调了逻辑框架列报中的一些缺陷。 在某些情况下,这些问题包括预期成绩与相应目标之间的联系以及所使用的绩效指标与相关预期成绩之间的联系不明确。 更为根本的是,审计委员会查明了一些结构性和根深蒂固的障碍,妨碍改变目前设计和执行的成果预算编制制度。 因此,审计委员会认为,秘书处实施的程序似乎没有达到作出制定成果预算制的决定的预期。 从它在预算审查过程中所起作用的角度来看,委员会提出了类似于审计委员会所阐明的关切(见A/64/7,第13-22段)。 委员会确认正在继续努力改进和改善逻辑框架的列报方式。 然而,根据其对2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的审查,委员会认为这些关切仍然有效。 在这方面,行预咨委会期待审查成果管理工作队的工作所产生的提案,这些提案将提交大会第六十六届会议。", "中止的产出", "46. 经常预算: 根据《方案规划、预算内方案部分、执行情况监测和评价方法条例和细则》条例5.6和细则105.6,秘书长报告,2010-2011年交付的共计1 792项产出将在2012-2013年终止,反映了2010-2011年交付产出的审查结果。 终止产出的情况在预算的有关款次中报告,拟议方案预算导言第23段的表格中提供了摘要。 咨询委员会重申其观点,即如果预算文件确定是否提议新的产出以代替有关活动,则关于终止产出的资料将更为有用。 此外,在终止的产出没有被新产出具体取而代之的情况下,行预咨委会仍然认为,应努力确定因拟议终止而可调拨的资源总数(见A/60/7,第15段)。", "47. 国家 咨询委员会回顾其建议,即拟议方案预算应说明政府间机构参与制订与由经常预算供资的活动有关的方案的程度(同上,第18段)。 在这方面,作为导致终止上述产出的进程的一部分,行预咨委会注意到,有关机构已经审查了第2、3、6、8、9、12、14、15、16、18、19、20、21、22、24和28款的工作方案(A/66/6(Introduction),附件一)。", "监测和评价", " 48. 48. 根据大会第58/269号决议第20段,拟议方案预算在每个款次内确定了与监测和评价有关的资源。 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013年用于监测和评价的资源为5 730万美元,比2010-2011两年期估计数增加650万美元,即约13%。 经常预算经费为3 350万美元,比2010-2011年增加260万美元,而其他分摊经费和预算外资源分别占430万美元和1 940万美元。 资源在各预算款次之间的分配情况见下表6。", "表6 按区域开列的所需资源", "监测和评价所需资源估计数", "(单位:千美元)", "预算款次 其他分摊预算共计", "2. 大会和经济及社会理事会 3 191.7 -- -- 3 191.7 经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理", "3. 政治事务. 39.3 15.6 - 54.9", "4. 裁军 301.4 20.0 - 321.4", "5 (韩语). 维持和平行动——1 581.3 1 581.3", "6. 国家 和平利用外层空间 321.3 116.1 - 437.4", "8. 法律事务 970.1 - 172.0 1 142.1", "9. 经济和社会事务 598.1 42.6 - 640.7", "10个 最不发达国家,112.4 -- -- 112.4 内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家", "11个 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系 171.7 - 171.7", "12. 贸易和发展 996.5 374.9 - 1 371.4", "14. 环境 377.6 1 513.2 - 1 890.8", "15. 人类住区 396.5 2 713.3 - 3 109.8", "16. 国际药物管制、犯罪868.6 2 327.6 - 3 196.2和恐怖主义预防和刑事司法", "17. 妇女署 -- -- 3 735.5 -- -- 3 735.5", "18. 非洲的经济和社会发展 2 536.3 714.0 - 3 250.3", "19. 亚洲及太平洋的经济和社会发展 3 616.8 430.2 - 4 047.0", "20号. 欧洲经济发展", "21岁 拉丁美洲和加勒比的经济和社会发展 718.4 212.5 - 930.9 拉丁美洲和加勒比", "22. 西亚经济和社会发展 663.0 148.4 - 811.4", "24. 人权 1 251.9 251.2 - 1 503.1", "25. 国际保护、持久解决难民问题 1 256.0 2 344.0 - 3 600.0 解决办法和援助", "26. 巴勒斯坦难民 1 748.8 1 903.0 - 3 651.8", "27. 人道主义援助 401.2 1 389.4 - 1 790.6", "28. 新闻. 2 792.0 - 2 792.0", "29A. (英语). 109.3 —109.3 主管管理事务副秘书长", "29B. 方案规划厅,2 234.7 459.3 246.4 2 940.4 预算和账户", "29C (英语). 人力资源管理厅", "29D (英语). 中央支助事务厅", "29E (英语). 行政,日内瓦", "29F. (英语). 行政,维也纳 266.2 270.6 - 536.8", "29G (英语). 行政,内罗毕 246.6 5.6 - 252.2", "30岁。 信通厅和41.8——41.8 通信技术", "31. 内部监督 753.3 - 256.7 1 01.0", "35. 联合国 安全和安保 2 449.2 - 2 449.2", "共计 33 512.0 19 424.3 4 343.3 57 279.6", "49. (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会注意到,专门用于监测和评价活动的资源数额相当可观,而且继续增加。 委员会强调,必须定期监测和评价方案活动,以确定本组织活动的相关性、效率、效力和影响,并认为这些活动是有效管理的中心内容。 因此,委员会认为,应增加所提供的资料,说明如何利用这一领域的资源以及所开展活动的结果。", " 50. 50. 秘书长在拟议方案预算导言中说明了开展的监测和评价活动的类型。 行预咨委会注意到,这一领域的大部分资源继续用于内部评价,包括自我评价以及在监测和方案执行情况报告中进行的自我评估,只有约2%用于授权或酌情进行的外部评价(A/66/6(Introduction),第74和76段)。 委员会仍然认为,独立评价是客观分析联合国方案和活动的成绩和缺点的一个来源,不能取代这种评价,系统内有为此目的设立的机制和办事处。", "51. 联合国 行预咨委会还注意到,第31款(内部监督)的估计数仅反映用于内部监督事务厅评价自身活动的资源约100万美元(A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.12段)。 但是,拟议方案预算提供的估计数不包括监督厅和联合检查组外部监测和评价活动的费用。 委员会认为,必须列入资料,说明监督厅和联合检查组可用于评价其他部厅活动的资源,并更准确地说明全组织用于监测和评价的资源总数。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会继续注意到秘书处各部厅监测和评价的预计支出数额相差很大。 即使办事处的职能被认为在性质和范围上大体相似,例如区域经济委员会,也值得注意。 然而,委员会也注意到,这种差异可能部分反映了不同部厅在如何衡量所涉资源方面的差异。 例如,虽然一些部厅具有分散的监测和评价能力,工作人员全时从事这些活动,但在许多其他部厅,这种活动是临时由工作人员作为其持续职责的一部分进行的。 在后一种情况下,拟议方案预算反映了根据工作人员为这类活动所花的非全时时间所作的估计。 这就造成一种情况,即在方法上的一致性,包括管理人员责任中哪些要素被确定为不同的监测和评价活动,很可能难以实现。 因此,咨询委员会认为,预算列报的重点应放在监测和评价活动的性质和成果上,而不应仅仅放在其估计费用上。", "53. 联合国 在这方面,咨询委员会注意到,在编制拟议方案预算时,每个方案主管都必须提交一份评价计划,详细说明计划在下一个两年期进行的外部和内部评价。 虽然每个预算款次都列有2012-2013两年期计划开展的评价活动所需资源估计数,但行预咨委会认为,预算文件总体上缺乏有关所涉具体活动的信息。 委员会要求今后的方案预算提供资料,说明各部厅计划的主要评价活动。", "54. 联合国 秘书长介绍了已开展的监测和评价活动的一系列惠益(A/66/6(Introduction),第79段)。 在某些预算款次中也不同程度地列入了关于这些结果的资料。 咨询委员会欢迎列入这些资料,但认为需要作出更大努力。 委员会感到遗憾的是,一些预算款次没有列入关于已开展的监测和评价活动的资料。 行预咨委会再次要求今后的预算列报更加一致地突出开展的主要评价活动、如何落实经验教训来改进方案交付情况,并酌情突出对拟议资源分配的影响(见A/64/7,第26段)。", "B. 方法", "55. 国家 如拟议预算导言所指出,编制所需经费的方法与大会第47/212 A号决议所核可的本两年期所用方法相同。 拟议预算包括一笔2 500万美元的经费,用于2010-2011年核准的新员额的延迟影响,并扣除该两年期核准的一次性费用6 500万美元(见A/66/6(Introduction),第46和47段)。 为特别政治任务编列了约11亿美元的资源。 特别政治任务所需额外经费,如有必要,将继续按照大会第41/213号决议的规定处理。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 如拟议预算导言第50段所示,拟议为连续性员额统一空缺率,专业人员为9.6%,一般事务人员为4.0%。 就外勤安保人员而言,拟议专业人员的空缺率为14.0%,一般事务人员为14.7%。 这些反映大会第64/243号决议为2010-2011两年期核准的费率。 咨询委员会获悉,截至2011年5月31日,专业工作人员的实际平均空缺率为6.0%,一般事务人员为5.1%(另见下文第90段)。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 咨询委员会注意到,专业员额9.6%的拟议空缺率大大高于目前6.1%的实际空缺率。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,拟议费率继续采用大会核准的2010-2011两年期费率。 委员会还获悉,在审议拟议方案预算时,将向大会提供重计费用订正估计数中的最新空缺率。 委员会注意到,专业人员员额的空缺率降低1%,将使员额费用增加约1 690万美元,工作人员薪金税项下增加250万美元。", "C. 改革的影响", "58. 联合国 咨询委员会在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中表示,预算文件应包含更多关于影响所需资源的主要管理问题和结构改革的信息(A/64/7,第29段)。 大会第64/243号决议回顾委员会报告第29段,并强调指出,2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算应明确说明已实施的改革措施、这些措施所涉预算问题、执行这些措施后产生的增效以及实现目标的进展情况评估。 委员会感到遗憾的是,这种资料没有列入2012-2013两年期拟议预算,认为这是严重遗漏。 委员会重申,关于重大改革措施的现状和成果的资料应载入拟议方案预算导言。", "D. 增效", "59. (中文(简体) ). 秘书长指出,2012-2013两年期拟议预算考虑到旨在提高方案执行效率和成效以及相关资源利用的措施。 关于人力资源,秘书长指出,这些提议反映了为减少重叠和精简作用与责任而作的努力,以通过对信息和通信技术的投资在工作流程中实现更大的协同增效(A/66/6(Introduction),第26段)。", "60. 联合国 咨询委员会欢迎强调提高效率,这将对资源的水平或分配产生影响。 然而,委员会感到遗憾的是,拟议方案预算缺乏将增效措施的影响与所需资源挂钩的具体资料。 在这方面,委员会重申,应在拟议方案预算导言中概述最重要的增效措施,并提供关于因执行这些措施而实际或预期腾出的资源的资料。 在预测未来效率时,应就何时实现效率提出明确的时间表。 此外,应在提供给咨询委员会的补充资料中提供每个部或厅的更详细资料(见A/60/7,第102段)。", "61. 国家 经询问,咨询委员会获悉,由于没有建立系统来准确确定每项活动和产出的费用,因此无法确定正在采取的举措所产生的实际节余或收益。 委员会对这一令人不满意的情况和在这方面明显缺乏进展感到关切。 在这方面,行预咨委会回顾第64/259号决议,其中大会请秘书长确定适当的方法和工具来说明秘书处开展工作的效率。 委员会期望,将提交给大会第六十六届会议主要会期的秘书长关于该决议执行情况的报告将反映这方面的进展情况。", "62. 联合国 经询问后,咨询委员会得到关于因信息技术投资回报而拟裁撤的员额的资料。 下表7按预算款次列出了54个一般事务(其他职等)员额的分布情况。 行预咨委会仍然认为,对信息和通信技术的大量投资应导致本组织支助职能的可衡量效益、效率和节约。 因此,委员会欢迎员额配置提案反映了这种投资在若干领域的影响。 然而,咨询委员会认为,拟议的员额裁减只涉及三个预算款次,委员会认为,其他部厅也应采用类似措施。", "表7 因信息和通信技术投资而拟议裁撤的员额总表", "编号 级别\n节次 2. 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\n纽约会议和出版事务\n4个GS(OL)\n拟议改进反映了投资技术的回报和工作流程的分流\n41小计\n28. 新闻\n1个P-5 裁撤\n1个P-2/1 裁撤\n9个GS(OL)\n提议的改进是由于达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆改进了技术和修改了程序\n小计11\n29E. 行政,日内瓦\n图书馆事务 2个GS(OL)\n提议的改进是由于改进了技术并增加了电子资源的使用(以及重新分配任务和责任并精简程序)\n共计 54", "E. 人事事项", "63. 国家 大会在第65/247和65/248号决议中核准给予连续合同,并核准了国际公务员制度委员会关于统一工作人员服务条件的若干建议。 这些决定以大会第63/250号决议为基础,其中核准了一个新的合同框架,是近年来一系列重大人力资源改革的又一里程碑。 咨询委员会认为,这些改革已建立一个框架,使本组织能够以协调一致的方式处理人力资源管理领域许多长期存在的问题,并期望现在的重点将转移到确保有效实施。 委员会还期望今后向大会提交的报告将分析取得的成果。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 在审议拟议方案预算期间,咨询委员会继续注意到一些部厅的高空缺率,包括长期空缺的员额。 此外,一些方案主管表示希望增加授权,特别是在征聘方面。 同样明显的是,必须继续努力改善无人任职和任职人数偏低的会员国的任职人数,并实现人员配置方面的两性均等目标。 委员会期望秘书长向大会第六十七届会议提交的关于人力资源管理的下一份报告能全面处理这些问题。 因此,委员会在本报告中限制了对人事政策事项的讨论,届时将更详细地讨论更广泛的人力资源问题。", "65. 国家 咨询委员会注意到,可用于执行本组织工作方案的人力资源包括常设员额、临时员额、临时助理人员、订约承办事务、咨询人和特设专家组以及加班费,这些经费由经常预算、其他分摊资源和预算外资金提供。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 2012-2013两年期,支出各款下的员额费用估计数为2 369 447 800美元(按2010-2011年费率计算),其他工作人员费用为219 062 400美元,共计2 588 510 200美元(不包括工作人员薪金税)。 如果加上收入第3款(服务公众)下的员额和其他人事费估计数25 958 100美元,共计2 614 468 300美元。 预算外员额(包括相关的其他工作人员费用)和其他分摊资源供资的员额的费用估计为4 067 800 300美元。 因此,2012-2013年由经常预算和其他分摊和预算外资源供资的人事费用合计估计为6 682 268 600美元。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 行预咨委会回顾,联合国2009年12月31日终了两年期财务报表五显示,经常预算支出总额为4 749 421 000美元,其中约3 516 845 000美元,即约占74.0%,与薪金和其他人事费用有关(见A/65/5(Vol.I),第一章)。 页:1 这与2006-2007两年期的74.6%相比略有减少。", "经常预算常设和临时员额", "68. (中文(简体) ). 在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算支出各款和收入第3款(服务公众)下,秘书长共请设10 352个员额。 下文表8将2012-2013年所需经费同2010-2011年核定员额配置表进行比较。", "表8 所需员额", "职类及服务及以上职类\n2010-2011年 增加额 增加(减少)(减少)", "设立4 521 4 554 33 5 733 5 689(44) 10 254 10 243(11)", "临时55 45(10) 87 64 (23) 142 109 (33)", "共计^(a) 4 576 4 599 23 5 820 5 753(67) 10 396 10 352(44)", "^(a) 收入第3款下包括89个员额。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 支出各款下的常设和临时员额净减少44个,原因是提议增设63个新员额,40个从一般临时人员、预算外资源或订约承办事务改划,147个裁撤。 此外,拟将10个临时员额改划为常设员额。 拟议再改叙55个员额(见A/66/6(Introduction),表5和第24-45段)。", "70. 联合国 经询问后,咨询委员会获得了按资金来源和职等分列的核定和拟议员额总数的资料,这些资料载于本报告附件一。 附件二载有按拟议方案预算款次开列的关于裁撤或设立员额的提议清单。 关于拟从一般临时人员、预算外供资或订约承办事务改划的员额的资料见附件三。 拟议改叙的详细情况见附件四。", "71. 联合国 咨询委员会注意到,有人提议增加8个预算款次的人员编制,13个款次拟议减少(见下文表9)。 其余预算款次中包含由经常预算供资的员额,其总体人员配置水平没有变化。", "表9 人员配置水平的拟议变动", "专业及以上 一般事务和有关职类\n预算款次反映人员编制增加\n7. 国际法院 4 2 2\n16. 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法 7 8 (1)\n17. 妇女署 2 2\n24 (韩语). 人权 11-7 4\n26. 巴勒斯坦难民 13 13\n27. 人道主义援助 2 2\n29D (英语). 中央支助事务厅 26 - 6 20\n31. 内部监督 7 7\n小计 72 47 25\n预算款次反映人员配置水平下降 1. 总体(2)(2) 决策、领导和\n协调 2. 大会(45)(4)(41)大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\n管理层 3. 政治(4)(2)(2)\n事务 9. 经济(10)(2)(8)和社会\n事务 12. 贸易(1)(1)和\n发展 19. 经济(7)(6)(1) 亚洲和亚洲的社会发展\n20. 经济(7)(5)(2)\n21. 拉丁美洲和加勒比的经济(12)(8)(4)和社会发展\n加勒比 22. 西方的经济(1)、3(4)和社会发展\n亚洲 28. 公众(15)(1)(14)\n资料 29B. 方案规划、预算和账务厅(1)\n29E. 行政,(3)(3)\n日内瓦 35. 安全(8)和(8)\n警卫\n小计(116)(25)(91)\n共计(44)22(66)", "^(a) 第18款(非洲的经济和社会发展)载有将一个员额从外勤事务改叙为专业职等的提议,但该科总的人员配置水平没有变化。", "裁撤员额", "72. 联合国 16个预算款次提议裁撤147个员额。 这些员额包括113个一般事务及有关职类员额和34个专业职等员额,即4个P-5、7个P-4、9个P-3和14个P-2/1员额。 其中29个裁撤与临时员额有关。 关于拟议裁撤的员额的详细资料见附件二。 下表10概述了按预算款次开列的分配情况。", "表10. 妇女状况 关于裁撤员额的提议", "专业及以上 一般事务和有关职类\n1. 联合国 通盘决策、指导和协调 2 2\n2. 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 45 - 4 41\n3. 政治事务 6-3 3\n5 (韩语). 维持和平行动 2 2\n9. 国家 B. 经济和社会事务 12 - 4 8\n12个 贸易和发展 1 1\n16. 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法 1 1\n19. 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 8-7 1\n20号. B. 欧洲的经济发展 7 - 5 2\n21岁 拉丁美洲和加勒比的经济和社会发展 12 - 8 4\n22. 西亚经济和社会发展 4 4\n24 (韩语). 人权 2 1 1\n28. 新闻. 20 - 2 18\n29B (英语). 方案规划、预算和账务厅 1 1\n29E (英语). 行政,日内瓦 3 3\n35. 安全和安保 21 - 147 34 113\n共计", "73 (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会一贯强调,需要不断审查人员配置构成部分,以确保调整人数、职等和地点,确保最有成效和最有效率地执行任务。 因此,委员会原则上欢迎方案主管在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中努力这样做。", "74. 国家 在减少人员配置方面,咨询委员会注意到,最大的一个构成部分是第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)下与业务流程有关的举措所产生影响所产生的效率。 行预咨委会欢迎实现这种效率,并鼓励做出类似努力,使整个组织的业务程序合理化。 在这方面,委员会注意到,第29款(管理和支助事务)各构成部分约占总员额配置表的12.5%,只提议裁撤4个一般事务员额,并提议净增22个员额。", "75. 国家 如上文第24段所述,咨询委员会注意到,在审议秘书长关于与发展有关的活动的报告(A/62/708)后,根据第63/260号决议予以加强的预算各款拟议裁撤38个员额。 其中包括当时核定的4个员额。 委员会特别注意到,整个预算中拟议裁撤的34个专业职等员额中有20个来自三个区域经济委员会。", "76. 联合国 行预咨委会询问后获悉,拟议裁撤的许多员额目前没有空缺。 行预咨委会还获悉,在一些情况下,有关部厅没有足够数目的适当职等空缺员额来吸收工作人员。 委员会期望采取适当措施,确保完全按照人力资源规则和程序处理员额裁减的影响。", "调动", "77. 国家 咨询委员会注意到,拟议在2012-2013两年期预算款次之间调动62个员额(见表11)。", "表11. 国家 跨款调动员额总表", "编号 级别\n1. 联合国 通盘决策、指导和协调联合国驻非洲联盟办事处(6) 助理秘书长、D-2、6个员额调到第3款(政治事务),作为一个单独的构成部分,因为该办公室在方案上履行与和平与安全有关的实务职能。 P-5、P-4、2GS\n(其他职等)\n小计(6)\n2. 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理,日内瓦(54个)D-1、2个P-5、54个员额调至第29 E款(行政、日内瓦、图书馆事务),作为根据组织报告线调整图书馆事务的一部分;还包括2个拟议裁撤的一般事务(其他职等)员额P-4、6个P-3、10个P-2/1、1个一般事务(特等)、33个一般事务\n(其他职等)\n会议分会 管理,维也纳(2),P-3,一般事务(其他职等)\n小计(56)\n3. 联合国非洲联盟政治事务办公室 6个助理秘书长,6个员额从第1款(通盘决策、领导和协调)调入(见上文)D-2、P-5、P-4、2个一般事务\n(其他职等)\n小计6\n29E. 行政,日内瓦图书馆事务 54个D-1,从第2款调动54个员额,作为图书馆事务调整的一部分(见上文) 2个P-5、P-4、6个P-3、10个P-2/1、1个一般事务(特等),33个GS\n(其他职等)\n小计 54\n29F. 行政,维也纳支助事务 2个P-3,从第2款调动2个员额,作为图书馆服务改编的一部分(见上文)\n一般事务(其他职等)\n小计2\n共计 -- --", "改叙", "78. 国家 拟议改叙共55个员额。 按预算款次开列的概算详情见附件四。 总而言之,拟议改叙的职等变动如下:", "4个D-1改叙为D-2", "7个P-5改叙为D-1", "14个P-4改叙为P-5", "1个P-4改叙为P-3", "6个P-3改叙为P-4", "1个外勤人员改叙为P-4", "14名外勤人员改叙为当地雇员", "1个外勤事务改叙为本国干事", "7个当地雇员改叙为本国干事", "79. 联合国 咨询委员会注意到,与近年来提出的数目相比,总共55个改叙提议大幅增加,比过去三个两年期的拟议方案预算所载的27个提议增加了一倍多。 此外,虽然这些提议包括将若干外勤事务职位本国化和将一个专业人员员额下调,但委员会注意到,大多数提议继续反映上升趋势,包括25个提议改叙为P-5或以上职等。", "80个 咨询委员会以前曾评论过改叙方面始终存在向上偏好,这助长了“职等爬升”,即员额配置表的职等结构向上变动。 行预咨委会仍然对这一趋势感到关切,特别是考虑到2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中人员配置提案的总体概况(见下文第86段)。", "81个 虽然这些员额对经常预算员额配置表没有影响,但行预咨委会注意到第35款(安全和安保)中的提议,即将8个P-4合资员额下调至P-2/1职等,以提供更多的起职机会(A/66/6(Sect.35),第35.41段)。 下文第二章第十二.25段概述了关于这项提议的进一步资料。 委员会欢迎安全和安保部的提议,这与经常预算供资的人员编制拟全面减少的起职专业人员员额形成对照。", "82. 咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期员额改叙提议的具体意见和建议载于第二章。", "改划", "83个 行预咨委会收到了以前在一般临时人员、预算外资源或订约承办事务项下供资的职位拟议改划为常设员额的2012-2013年汇总表。 拟从一般临时人员项下改划总共14个职位,从预算外资源改划2个职位,从订约承办事务改划24个职位(见附件三)。", "第八十四会. 咨询委员会注意到第29 D款(中央支助事务厅)下关于会议工程师和电气维修职位从订约承办事务改划为员额的提议。 委员会认为,今后应将类似提议作为新员额的请求提出。 由一般临时人员或由预算外资金供资的职位按照联合国人力资源政策进行分类和设立。 因此,在经常预算下设立此类员额的提议可视为转换为不同的供资来源。 委员会认为,与私营公司履行的职能有关的提议并不类似。", "85. 咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期拟议改划的意见和建议载于本报告第二章。", "人员配置概况", "86号. 人员配置提议将净减少67个一般事务及有关职类员额,并增加23个专业及以上职类员额,包括增加1个助理秘书长、4个D-2、10个D-1、9个P-5和9个P-3员额以及减少2个P-4和8个P-2/1员额(见A/66/6(Introduction),第27段,图)。 咨询委员会注意到拟议减少起职职等P-2/1员额,这与拟议增加的高级员额形成对照。 咨询委员会对这一趋势感到关切,并认为秘书长应不断审查这一情况。", "87个 下文表12提供了10年期间人员配置情况,2004-2005两年期核定人员配置与2012-2013两年期拟议人员配置作了比较。 咨询委员会注意到,如果2012-2013年拟议预算得到核准,这一期间将总共增加725个员额,其中大多数为专业及以上职类。 咨询委员会注意到,自2004-2005两年期以来,已核准为专业职类的所有职等增设员额,但认为应更强调P-2/1员额。", "88个 咨询委员会认为,提供足够的起职员额是有效的人力资源管理的一个基本组成部分。 征聘新的工作人员担任这些职位也有助于秘书处的振兴和振兴。 此外,委员会认识到,P-2/1员额是通过青年专业人员方案征聘工作人员的主要途径,还可以提高通过竞争性考试征聘其他职类工作人员进入专业人员职类的一般事务人员的职等。", "89. 国家 咨询委员会以前曾要求降低一般事务及有关职类员额与专业人员员额的比例。 委员会认为,这种削减将反映本组织不断变化的工作方法,包括信息和通信技术对所需文书支助的影响(见A/58/7,第61和62段)。 如上文第62段所述,委员会获悉,在这一类别拟议裁撤的113个员额中,54个是信息技术投资造成的。 如下表12所示,一般事务及有关职类占拟议经常预算人员编制的55.3%,而2004-2005年占核定常设和临时员额的58.5%。", "表12 2004-2005年核定工作人员与2012-2013年拟议人员编制的比较", "2012-2013年拟议变动\n人数", "DSG 1 1 - 翻译:", "副秘书长 29 33 4 13.8", "助理秘书长 21 29 8 38.1", "D-2 86 105 19 22.1", "D-1 254 287 33 13.0", "P-5 713 842 129 18.1", "P-4 1 216 1 419 203 16.7", "P-3 1 162 1 340 178 15.3", "(单位:千美元)", "小计3 963 4 584 621 15.7", "PL 279 281 2 0.7", "OL 2 746 2 717 (29)(1.1.1)", "SS 306 320 14 4.6 (中文(简体) ).", "当地雇员 1 877 2 014 137 7.3", "FS 147 129 (18) (12.2)", "NO 39 78 39 1000.", "TC 181 140(41)(22.7)", "小计 5 575 5 679 104 1.9", "共计 9 538 10 263 725 7.6", "空缺率", "90. (中文(简体) ). 行预咨委会收到了截至2011年5月31日核定常设和临时经常预算员额的最新空缺统计数据,当时专业员额空缺率为6.0%,一般事务及有关职类为5.1%,总体空缺率为5.5%。 委员会注意到,相比之下,在审议2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算时,专业人员员额为8.4%,一般事务及有关职类员额为3.5%。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,2006至2010年五年期间,专业员额的平均空缺率为7.0%至8.9%,一般事务及有关职类员额的平均空缺率为3.3和4.2%。 委员会虽然仍然对一些部厅空缺率居高不下感到关切,但欢迎专业员额总体空缺率有所改善并期望这一趋势会继续下去。 然而,委员会对一般事务及有关职类员额的总体空缺率上升感到关切。", "91. 联合国 咨询委员会注意到,从发布空缺通知之日起至2010-2011年所有正常空缺的甄选之日的平均时间估计为210天(A/66/6(Sect.29C),表29C.11)。 在委员会听询会期间,一些方案主管对征聘过程表示失望,认为它是造成高出缺率和长期空缺的一个因素。 有时,也有人表示希望在征聘事项上下放更多的权力。 在这方面,行预咨委会获悉,一个由人力资源管理厅和外勤支助部外勤人事司代表组成的业绩审查小组已经成立,该小组确定了征聘过程中需要进一步研究的若干步骤,以确定延误的原因。 委员会还获悉,管理业绩委员会在高级管理人员契约的框架内每年审查每个部厅在征聘方面的业绩。 委员会期望尽一切努力精简征聘程序。 不过,咨询委员会认为,缩短征聘时限还需要方案主管负责和承担责任,确保及时就属于其职权范围内的步骤采取行动,包括及时发布空缺通知。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 在审议拟议方案预算期间,咨询委员会注意到一些员额长期空缺的情况。 委员会重申,应不断审查是否继续需要长期空缺的员额,特别是在向大会提出关于新员额的提议之前。 委员会认为,在拟议方案预算中应重新说明继续需要空缺两年或更长时间的员额的理由,并对空缺作出解释。", "93. 国家 咨询委员会获悉,有时空缺员额被用于大会核准的职能以外的职能,这种做法被称为“空缺管理”。 委员会虽然认识到这为处理临时需要提供了灵活性,但认为不应用“空缺管理”来长期设立职位,以履行未获核准的职能。 此外,行预咨委会注意到,员额一旦被填补,就将不反映在用于预算目的的空缺率中,而不论其用途如何。 因此,“空缺管理”的做法可能掩盖长期不使用员额履行预定职能的情况。 因此,根据上文第92段中的建议,委员会认为,如果一个员额在两年内没有由履行核定职能的工作人员担任,则需要重新说明理由。 行预咨委会还认为,通过提高整个组织利用空缺情况的透明度,将加强这一人力资源领域的管理。", "统一服务条件", "94. 国家 大会第65/248号决议决定,因该决议所核准的服务条件变化而增加的费用由本组织从现有资源中匀支,而不影响业务费用或破坏已获授权的方案和活动的执行。 咨询委员会注意到,在拟议方案预算中,只有两项拟议员额变动是由于大会关于匀支统一服务条件费用的决定的影响。 不过,委员会经询问获悉,根据该决定,最初已确定裁撤37个空缺员额/职位(停战监督组织4个,政治特派团33个)。 此外,64个空缺的外勤事务员额和职位(13个由经常预算供资的维持和平行动和51个特别政治任务)被指定改划为本国工作人员职类。", "95号. 不过,咨询委员会还获悉,同停战监督组织协商后,在第5款(维持和平行动)下,拟裁撤四个员额中的两个。 此外,拟将15个外勤事务员额改叙为本国工作人员职类(1个来自联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处第3款(政治事务);14个来自第5款(维持和平行动);13个来自停战监督组织;1个来自印巴观察组)。 委员会注意到拟议裁撤的员额数目有所减少。 行预咨委会期望在特别政治任务拟议预算中作出抵消调整,以确保全面执行大会关于匀支因服务条件变化而发生的费用的第65/248号决议的规定。", "本国专业干事", "96. (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会回顾,在其关于2006-2007两年期方案预算的第一次报告中,它鼓励继续努力,在可行和可行的情况下吸引和雇用本国专业干事,例如在各区域委员会、联合国内罗毕办事处和联合国新闻中心(见A/60/7,第70和71段)。", "97. 国家 行预咨委会还回顾其关于具有区域层面的联合国维持和平行动中的本国专业干事的意见。 行预咨委会认为,虽然应继续努力维持大会第49/223号决议规定的本国专业干事原概念的完整性,但应考虑允许向有关区域的国民提供本国专业干事职位(A/63/746,第123段)。 例如,鉴于区域任务,委员会认为,区域经济委员会本国专业干事员额的征聘可以向所覆盖区域的会员国国民开放。 委员会建议大会考虑请国际公务员制度委员会审查这一问题。", "借调", "98 (英语). 咨询委员会认为,由联合国各机构、基金和方案借调人员来补充其任务授权具有全系统重点的办事处的经常预算人员配置是有益的。 然而,它认识到借调和预算外资源可能无法预测。 因此,委员会认为,完全依靠这类资源来执行核心经常预算方案和活动是不审慎的,因为这些资源无法保证。", "99号. 在审议拟议方案预算期间,行预咨委会注意到,提议在秘书长办公厅法治股增设一个新员额,主要是因为借调安排已经停止(见A/66/6(Sect. 1),第1.147和1.148段)。 同样地,秘书长指出,2008-2009年期间,建设和平支助办公室有8个借调人员,但到2011年底,只有4个借调人员继续借调(A/66/6(Sect.3),表3.34)。 委员会获悉,在这两种情况下,有关机构、基金和方案都表示,预算拮据是停止借调的原因。 鉴于这些办事处的全系统范围,委员会强调,这种借调安排不仅有益于秘书处,而且有益于各机构、基金和方案。 委员会认为,不应用经常预算来补贴由预算外资源共同开展并由预算外资源供资的活动。", "费. 非员额支出用途", "其他人事费", "一百个 2012-2013两年期其他工作人员费用拟议数为219 062 400美元,比2010-2011年订正批款减少4 370万美元,即16.6%。 下文表13提供了关于这一支出类别各组成部分的资料。", "表13. 按区域开列的所需资源 2010-2011年(订正批款)和2012-2013年(重计费用前)按支出用途开列的其他工作人员费用", "(单位:美元)", "2012-2013年拟议订正变动批款\n数额", "临时人员 71 010 000 37 965 200(33 044 (46.5)次会议 800)", "一般临时助理人员 50 102 700 44 429 900 (5 672 (11.3) 援助 800)", "加班费和夜间津贴", "个人服务合同 1 682 700 1 763 200 80 500 4.8", "其他人员相关 17 781 500 20 095 500 2 314 13.0美元", "离职后健康", "共计262 749 500 219 062 400 (43 687 (0.2) 100)", "会议临时助理人员", "101. (中文(简体) ). 会议临时助理人员项下的经费减少约3 300万美元,用于短期口译员、笔译员、打字员和其他会议服务人员。 咨询委员会关于会议临时助理人员的意见载于下文第二章第一部分第2款。", "一般临时人员", "102. 国家 2012-2013两年期一般临时人员经费为44 429 900美元。 这比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少5 672 800美元,即11.3%。 按预算款次开列的分配情况详见下表14。 咨询委员会注意到,某些款次的削减,例如第24款(人权)和第31款(内部监督)的削减,部分反映了将一般临时人员项下供资的现有职位改划为员额的提议。", "第103页。 秘书长提供了截至2011年3月31日一般临时人员职位总数302个的资料(见A/66/6(Introduction),表12)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,在这些职位中,估计有142个将在2012-2013两年期续设(见附件五)。 委员会强调,一般临时助理人员是为了在工作最忙期间提供额外支助,并替代休产假或长期病假的工作人员。 委员会认为,它应仅用于这些目的,因此,筹资提案应有时间限制。 行预咨委会欢迎2012-2013两年期一般临时人员经费减少,并期望这一趋势会继续下去。", "表14. 妇女状况 一般临时人员拟议数", "2012-2013年拟议批款", "1. 联合国 通盘决策、领导和2 966.0 2 390.2 协调", "2. 大会和经济及社会理事会 2 418.1 2 418.1 理事会事务和会议管理", "3. 政治事务 910.5 887.1", "4. 裁军", "5. 维持和平行动 1 539.8 288.9", "6. 国家 和平利用外层空间 18.7 18.7", "7. 国际法院 284.0 256.2", "8. 法律事务", "9. 经济和社会事务 1119.6 1 135.6", "10个 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家", "11个 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系", "12. 贸易和发展 1 350.6 1 127.2", "14. 环境", "15. 人类住区", "16号. 国际药物管制、犯罪和586.2 472.6 预防和刑事司法", "17. 妇女署", "18. 非洲经济和社会发展 1 343.5 1 364.1", "19. 亚洲经济和社会发展,468.4 435.6 太平洋", "20号. 欧洲经济发展", "21岁 拉丁美洲和加勒比的经济和社会发展", "22. 亚洲西部经济和社会发展", "24. 人权 6 160.2 4 822.3", "26. 巴勒斯坦难民 13.4 19.9", "27. 人道主义援助 625.1 625.1", "28. 新闻 4 896.5 4 155.7", "29. 管理和中央支助事务 9 540.1 9 812.0", "29A. (英语). 主管副秘书长办公室", "29B (英语). 方案规划、预算和账务厅", "29C (英语). 人力资源管理厅", "29D (英语). 中央支助事务厅 1 731.1 1 673.6", "29E (英语). 行政,日内瓦", "29F. (英语). 行政,维也纳 1 381.6 1 172.6", "29G.行政,内罗毕 883.4 883.4", "30. 信息和通信技术厅 1 943.4 5 380.5 技术", "31. 内部监督 1 062.1 262.7", "35. 安全和安保 8 644.0 5 063.0", "共计 50 102.7 44 429.9", "旅费", "104 (韩语). 工作人员差旅费拟议所需资源为37 270 000美元,比2012-2013年订正批款减少100万美元,即2.7%。 咨询委员会欢迎这一减少,并期望继续努力尽可能利用视像会议和其他电子通信手段。 此外,行预咨委会认为,应尽量利用派往工作地点或附近区域或分区域办事处的工作人员。 委员会认为,这将减少旅行需要,或者,如果需要一名高级官员旅行,则减少陪同工作人员的需要。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会在审议拟议方案预算时获悉,秘书长正在修订有关旅行的行政指示,要求今后工作人员参加由人力资源管理厅供资的与培训有关的活动,不论旅行时间长短,均乘坐经济舱。 咨询委员会欢迎这一举措,并认为秘书长可在下一个两年期执行旅行领域进一步节省费用的措施。", "咨询人、专家和订约承办事务", "106. (中文(简体) ). 行预咨委会回顾,大会第65/247号决议对咨询人的使用增加表示关切,特别是在本组织的核心活动中。 大会请秘书长尽可能利用内部能力。 委员会注意到,就整个拟议方案预算而言,2012-2013年咨询人拟议资源为10 994 700美元,比2010-2011年订正批款减少1 956 600美元,即15.1%。 减少数额最大的一个原因是方案规划、预算和账户厅(第29 B款),虽然2010-2011年的经费为491 400美元,但没有为该厅请拨咨询人资源。 委员会还注意到,在第1款中,没有为秘书长办公厅编列咨询服务经费,尽管本两年期核定了125 000美元。 委员会欢迎这两个办事处树立的榜样。 委员会注意到大多数预算款次为咨询人编列的经费减少,在许多情况下,所需经费减少的原因是更多地依赖内部能力。 委员会欢迎这一趋势并期望这一趋势继续下去。", "107 (韩语). 在审议第22款(西亚经济和社会发展)时,咨询委员会获悉,聘请了一名顾问,负责审查西亚经社会结构的要素,并就如何作出适当的组织安排或结构及其相应的所需人员编制提出建议(见第一章)。 页:1 行预咨委会重申其观点,即秘书处利用内部机构知识和现有资源,最终有责任就本组织的结构和人员配置提出建议(见A/65/782,第23段)。", "108. (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会注意到,订约承办事务项下的拟议资源约为1.39亿美元,仅比该领域目前的供资水平略为减少480 400美元。 委员会还注意到,第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)(2 730万美元)、第29 C款(人力资源管理厅)(2 560万美元)、第28款(新闻)(1 610万美元)和第30款(信息和通信技术厅)(1 580万美元)对订约承办事务的利用尤为重要。 委员会虽然认识到在某些领域使用订约承办事务可能是适当的,但认为应限制其使用,并尽量利用内部能力。", "出版物", "第109页. 咨询委员会注意到,作为许多部厅工作方案一部分的出版物是持续审查的主题,在大多数情况下,预算反映了削减情况。 委员会还注意到,随着印刷版的印发,电子出版物的使用有所增加。 委员会认识到,特别是在发展中国家,继续需要使用传统通信手段(即无线电和印刷媒体)。 然而,委员会欢迎在认为可行和具有成本效益的情况下努力增加使用电子出版手段。 委员会还重申在印发出版物时使用多种语文的重要性,并需要确保酌情以更多的语文提供联合国出版物(见大会第63/306号决议)。", "110. 国家 咨询委员会注意到拟议方案预算中出版物资料的列报方式不一致。 例如,关于环境署,预算文件所提供的资料反映出出版物数量持续下降的趋势(A/66/6(Sect.14),第14.28段)。 然而,委员会经询问获悉,所提供的数字不包括仅以电子方式出版的出版物。 另一方面,在第15款(人类住区)中,出版物总数略有增加(A/66/6(Sect.15),第15.14段),行预咨委会注意到,所提供的数据还只包括电子出版物。 委员会强调,拟议方案预算的列报必须保持一致。 委员会建议,应调整出版物资料的格式,以反映电子出版物使用量的增加。 资料不仅应表明经常出版物和非经常出版物(目前的做法),还应区分拟以印刷文本、电子文本或两种文本印发的出版物的数量。", "G. 培训", "111. 秘书长指出,拟议方案预算包括用于培训活动的3 120万美元,其中包括1 790万美元的中央管理经费、970万美元的语文培训经费和360万美元的其他经费(见A/66/6(Introduction),第69-72段)。", "112号. 关于对培训活动的监测和评价,咨询委员会获悉,目前评价工作的重点主要是评估培训班学员的预期价值以及这些培训班对学员信心水平的影响。 然而,委员会获悉,今后将更加重视评估培训课程的业务影响和本组织最终的投资回报(见第一章)。 页:1 (八.52) (中文(简体) ). 委员会认识到培训对于建立一支能够以最有效和最有效率的方式执行本组织任务的能力强的工作人员队伍的重要性。 不过,行预咨委会重申,培训方案和目标应与任务执行和组织目标挂钩(见A/65/743,第115段)。 鉴于用于培训的资源数额很大,委员会还重申必须制定评价培训方案的框架和方法,以及这些方案对提高工作人员履行职责的能力以及对开展这些方案的效率和成效的影响(同上,第137段)。", "113号. 正如审计委员会在其关于联合国2008-2009两年期的报告中所强调的,为各部厅提供的经常预算培训资金在许多情况下由预算外资源补充。 但是,委员会注意到,人力资源管理厅不知道这种供资的程度及其用途。 因此,审计委员会建议行政当局不分资金来源,评估其培训支出总额(A/65/5(Vol.I),第380至383段)。 咨询委员会支持审计委员会的建议并赞同需要更完整和透明地了解整个组织的培训活动和相关资源的看法。", "H. 信息和通信技术", "114 (韩语). 秘书长为2012-2013两年期信息和通信技术请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为255 622 100美元,比2010-2011年订正批款增加3 783 400美元,即1.5%。 拟议方案预算导言按预算款次分列了分配给信通技术的资源(见A/66/6(Introduction),第90段)。 秘书长表示,拟议经常预算资源将满足持续所需经费和项目。 根据第65/259号、第64/243号、第63/269号和第63/262号决议(A/66/94),向大会提交了单独报告,供大会审议。 该报告载有与执行信通技术战略、企业内容管理、客户关系管理和业务连续性有关的四项举措的建议,涉及经费问题。 这些举措拟在2012至2015年这4年期间实施,并将根据为企业资源规划项目核准的费用分摊安排供资。 [4] 2012-2013两年期,四项举措所需追加资源为42 822 500美元,包括经常预算6 423 400美元、维持和平行动支助账户26 550 000美元和方案支助费用特别账户9 949 100美元(见上文第31段和第二章)。 页:1 (见下文第八.126-八.129段)。", "115. (中文(简体) ). 秘书长在关于信通技术战略执行情况的报告(A/65/491)中估计,本组织的信通技术年度支出已增至约7.74亿美元(另见下文第119段)。 咨询委员会注意到,分配给信息和通信技术的资源大部分来自维持和平特派团预算和维持和平行动支助账户以及方案支助费用预算外特别账户。 因此,仅涉及经常预算的预算导言中提供的资料只提供了分配给信息和通信技术的总资源的部分情况。 此外,对方案概算各款项下支出的构成[5]或拟议资源的利用情况几乎没有作出解释。", "116 (英语). 鉴于本组织用于信通技术的资源数额巨大,而且确保资源利用的整体一致性具有战略重要性,咨询委员会建议在拟议方案预算导言中全面说明信通技术拟议资源的总体情况,按预算款次分列资源,区分不同的资金来源。 此外,还应提供关于拟议资源使用情况的信息,包括与持续业务需求、信通技术项目的执行情况以及与信息和通信技术厅或其他信通技术服务供应商订立的服务级协议有关的支出。 还必须包括信息和通信技术服务提供者通过服务级协议获得的额外费用回收收入估计数。", "117号 咨询委员会还建议,今后提交的预算中,不论资金来源如何,都应包括每个款次的明确信通技术计划,其中载有执行信通技术项目的建议,以及关于对此类项目进行投资的预期成果和效益的资料。 应根据整个秘书处的信通技术战略制定这类计划。 这些资料应在各预算分册的概览部分提供。", "118. 在这方面,咨询委员会回顾,在其关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中,委员会注意到信息和通信技术厅在监督信通技术全球管理以及审查秘书处所有信通技术举措和业务所有供资来源的预算方面的作用(A/64/7,第63段;又见A/62/793,第35(b)段和A/63/487,第21段)。 行预咨委会强调,需要确保所有与信通技术有关的提议协调一致并符合大会第63/262号决议通过的信通技术战略。 行预咨委会重申其建议,即方案规划、预算和账户厅同信息和通信技术厅密切合作,确保建立适当的预算程序,以便进行这种审查,并确保今后充分遵守这些程序。", "信息和通信技术战略的执行情况", "119. 大会第63/262号决议核可了秘书处的信通技术战略并决定设立信息和通信技术厅,根据该决议,秘书长提交了一份关于联合国秘书处信通技术战略执行情况的报告(A/65/491)。 根据要求,秘书长还根据2010年对全秘书处70多个信通技术单位进行的结构审查,提供了全秘书处信通技术能力的综合清单。 审查的主要结果如下:(a) 考虑到经常预算、维持和平、支助账户和预算外供资来源,信通技术年度支出估计为7.74亿美元;(b) 信通技术工作人员总数估计为4 219人,包括联合国人员、志愿人员以及临时和约聘工作人员;(c) 有1 994个应用方案;(d) 估计有211个服务器室和数据中心支持多个服务器环境;(e) 约有131个信通技术服务器台支持多个可变工作站环境和提供电信支助。 简言之,信通技术环境和流程仍然分散、零散、重复和不标准化;信通技术界限没有明确界定,导致信通技术活动或作用的构成不明确;信通技术职务说明没有反映信通技术的需求和行业最佳做法。 这些弱点对信通技术业务的成本产生了负面影响,使本组织无法实现规模经济,并导致信通技术对行政和方案活动的支持不足并及时决策。", "120号. 为克服这些弱点,秘书长提议从2011年起在四至五年期间开展四个结构审查项目(服务台全球化;精简数据中心;信通技术组织合理化;加强信息和通信技术厅),费用总额约为1.4亿美元。 这些项目涉及拟议在经常预算下设立51个员额,其中23个员额将在2011年设立,28个员额将在2012-2013两年期设立。 建议根据为企业资源规划项目核准的费用分摊安排为结构审查项目提供资金。", "121. (中文(简体) ). 行预咨委会在相关报告中欢迎对信通技术资源和信通技术环境进行全面的结构审查和提出全组织视角(A/65/576,第92段)。 大会第65/259号决议授权秘书长着手进行结构审查项目3(信通技术组织合理化),又决定提供相当于7个P-4职位的一般临时人员,用于关于加强信通厅的结构审查项目4,其中5个职位由现有资源供资。 大会不支持结构审查项目1(服务台全球化)和2(精简数据中心)。 在同一决议中,大会请秘书长审查其报告(A/65/491)所载关于执行信通技术战略的提议,并结合2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算提交新的和(或)订正提议。 如上文第114段所述,秘书长根据这一要求单独提交了一份报告(A/66/94),在审议秘书长关于2012-2013两年期第30款(信息和通信技术厅)的初步提议时,已将报告预发本提供给委员会。 行预咨委会的相关意见和建议将载于其关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的第二次报告(A/66/7/Add.1)。", "122. (中文(简体) ). 又请秘书长向大会第六十五届会议主要会期报告对组织安排的深入评估,包括改变信息和通信技术厅在本组织结构中的位置的可能性(见大会第63/262号决议,第一节,第10(c)段)。 然而,秘书长在其关于信通技术战略执行情况的进度报告(A/65/491)中评估了信通厅的内部结构,但没有解决安放信通厅的问题。 大会在第65/259号决议中再次要求将深入评估提交第六十八届会议审议。 咨询委员会认为,管理和报告安排必须为该厅提供全面指导,并确保本组织信息和通信技术结构的效力、监督和问责制。 委员会建议请秘书长严格审查目前的安排,并视需要作出任何调整,以确保这些安排的效力和效率,并充分响应大会关于最迟于大会第六十八届会议期间进行深入评估的请求(见第一章,A节)。 页:1 (见下文第八.145和八.146段)。", "企业资源规划项目( \" 团结 \" 项目)", "123. 国家 秘书长在关于企业资源规划项目执行情况的第二次进度报告(A/65/389)中指出,企业资源规划项目小组在本报告所述期间(2009年10月至2010年8月)的主要重点是设计阶段。 秘书长指出,他预计该项目将在预计时限内于2013年底完成并部署,所需资源总额保持不变,为3.158亿美元。 行预咨委会在相关报告中欢迎在完成项目设计阶段方面取得的进展(A/65/576)。 它还就一些问题发表了意见并表达了一些关切,包括项目小组人员配置方面的延误;征聘专题专家的过程漫长;项目小组同信息和通信技术厅需要更密切地合作,对拟由企业资源规划系统取代的系统进行编目和退役;项目小组、信息和通信技术厅和外勤支助部在执行技术活动和建立基础设施方面需要更密切地合作;企业资源规划系统同人力资源人才管理系统Inspira之间的接口复杂而多。 关于项目的组织结构和安排,委员会得到保证,项目指导委员会的结构和组成,其成员包括参与项目或受项目影响的主要部门的负责人,将促进项目的一致性并便利项目的顺利实施。", "124. (中文(简体) ). 行预咨委会在审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时获悉,秘书处预计企业资源规划项目的实施将出现延误,此外,该项目自2011年5月31日以来一直在没有主任的情况下运作。 鉴于这种情况,项目指导委员会已决定分阶段交付该项目,该系统的初步发布主要侧重于支持采用国际公共部门会计准则所需的功能。 委员会获悉,秘书长将在其关于企业资源规划项目执行情况的下一份进度报告中详细说明项目成绩并提议减少拖延的措施。 委员会在第29A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)下更充分地讨论了这种情况(第二章,第2至4段)。 (见下文第八.7至八.13段)。 委员会将在另一份报告中就秘书长的进度报告及其关于继续该项目的建议和有关资源提出意见。", "125. (中文(简体) ). 在现阶段,咨询委员会认为,应优先使项目迅速走上正轨,以避免项目专用资源的进一步拖延、超支和无成果地使用。 虽然委员会接受秘书长注重在第一阶段实施《国际公共部门会计准则》,但强调企业资源规划系统是支撑本组织管理改革议程的关键推动因素,包括成果管理制、风险管理、加强内部控制框架、加强业绩和问责制以及提高效率和效益。 这些改进仍然是重要的组织目标,秘书长关于项目未来方向的建议不应忽视。 在这方面,行预咨委会指出,会员国为此投资的部分原因是,预期管理做法和服务提供将得到改进,系统将允许提高方案管理的效率和效益。 行预咨委会还期望秘书长确保按照目前核定的供资水平交付该项目,为此要有效利用为该项目核准的资源,改进项目管理,确定活动的优先次序并分阶段开展活动。", "我当然知道 I. 加强发展支柱的影响", "126. (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会回顾秘书长根据大会第62/236号决议提交的关于与发展有关的活动的报告(A/62/708),其中呼吁提出全面建议,以期提高秘书处与发展有关活动执行任务的成效和效率。 秘书长在该报告中提议为11个预算款次提供资源,包括设立150个新员额。 在审议这些提议和咨询委员会的相关报告(A/62/7/Add.40)后,大会在第63/260号决议中核准了9个预算款次下总共91个员额。 此外,大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中报告该决议的执行情况。", "127 (韩语). 除第19款(亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展)外,第63/260号决议核准的加强工作的影响资料载于每个受影响的预算款次。 所有有关部厅都确认,追加资源提高了它们执行任务的能力。 委员会获得了关于亚太经社会核定员额影响的补充资料,这反映出类似的积极影响(见第一章)。 页:1 为便于参考,下表提供了拟议方案预算的相关文件参考,其中提供了对大会要求的答复。", "表15 第63/260号决议的执行情况", "经济和社会事务 A/66/6(Sect.9),第9至11段。 9.8-9.10 联合国\n最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家 10.11 联合国\n联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系A/66/6(Sect.11),第11段。 11.13 联合国\n贸易和发展 A/66/6(Sect.12),第12段。 12.13 (中文(简体) ).\n非洲经济和社会发展 A/66/6(Sect.18),第18段。 第18A.10号决定\n欧洲经济和社会发展 A/66/6(Sect.20),第20段。 20.12 国家\n拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展 A/66/6(Sect.21),第21段。 21.13 国家\n西亚经济和社会发展 A/66/6(Sect.22),第22段。 22.17 联合国", "128. (英语). 经询问后,咨询委员会收到了与第63/260号决议所核准的91个新员额有关的征聘情况的最新资料(见附件六)。 委员会注意到,如上文第24段所述,已提议裁撤第63/260号决议核准的4个员额:第9款(经济和社会事务)(P-4和P-3)下2个;第20款(欧洲经济发展)(P-4和P-3)下2个。 此外,委员会注意到,拟议进一步削减第63/260号决议所加强的若干次级方案的员额。", "J. 业务连续性", "129. 国家 行预咨委会回顾,大会第64/243号决议决定批款220万美元,用于业务连续性管理,用于7个职位(4个在总部、2个在联合国内罗毕办事处和1个在非洲经委会)的资源。 大会还请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作提出充分说明理由的员额和非员额资源提案。", "130. (中文(简体) ). 虽然没有以综合方式提供资料,但行预咨委会注意到,已就持续实施业务连续性管理提出建议,包括继续为2010-2011两年期核准的7个职位供资,以及一般临时人员和其他非员额项目下的所需追加经费。 经询问后,委员会获悉,正在提出的建议,包括为远程接入能力和医疗用品提供信通技术设备的请求,将确保联合国总部、总部以外办事处和区域委员会能有效应对任何扰乱其业务的重大事件。", "131. 国家 咨询委员会还得到资料,总结了拟议方案预算中业务连续性所需经费。 委员会注意到,为总部各部厅编列了862 400美元的流动办公(Citrix)许可证。 委员会获悉,作为业务连续性规划的一部分,各部厅需要确定其关键职能和流程以及执行这些职能和流程所需的工作人员人数。 行预咨委会还获悉,许多工作人员可以从偏远地点履行这些职能,但有些工作人员需要使用共享驱动器和某些核心应用程序,这需要使用移动办公许可证。 委员会获悉,目前共有616名各部厅工作人员获得Citrix许可证,他们被认为对业务连续性至关重要。 有关部厅的详细情况见下文表16。 鉴于所涉费用,委员会建议不断审查分配的移动办公许可证数目,以确保提供这些许可证只是为了促进关键职能和流程的业务连续性。", "表16. 按区域开列的所需资源", "移动办公许可证所需经费估计数", "(单位:美元)", "2012-2013年许可证款次拟议数", "1. 联合国 通盘决策、24 33 600个方向的执行办公室和秘书长协调", "2. 大会和总务部", "3. 政治事务部 40 56 000", "4. 裁军事务厅 12 16 800", "5 (韩语). 维持和平行动部", "8. 联合国 法律事务厅", "9. 国家 经济和社会事务部", "10个 最不发达国家问题高级代表办事处 2 2 800个国家、发展中国家和最不发达国家的内陆代表、小岛屿发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家", "27. 人道主义事务协调厅 37 51 800", "28. 新闻部 46 - 64 400", "29A. (英语). 主管管理事务副秘书长办公室", "29B (英语). 方案规划、预算和规划、预算和账户厅", "29C (英语). 人力资源管理厅 64 89 600 管理管理", "29D (英语). 中央支助事务厅 39 54 600", "30. 信息和通信技术厅和6 8 400个通信技术", "31岁 内部监督办公室", "35. 联合国 安全和安保部和95 133 000个安保", "共计 616 862 400", "132. (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会注意到,对于总部以外办事处和区域委员会,还编列经费520万美元,用于支付业务连续性和应急准备所需经费,包括远程准入服务、医疗用品和有关基础设施所需经费。 此外,还编列经费996 000美元,用于主管中央支助事务助理秘书长办公室业务连续性管理股继续运作(第28 D款)。 下文表17按款次列出了这些提议的细节。", "表17 业务连续性管理所需资源", "(单位:千美元)", "2012-2013年拟议资源(a)", "区域委员会和总部以外办事处", "18. 非洲经济和社会发展 1 109.2", "19. 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展 541.7", "21岁 拉丁美洲和加勒比的经济和社会发展 465.0", "22. 西亚经济和社会发展 384.8", "29E (英语). 行政,日内瓦", "29F (英语). 行政,维也纳 608.0", "29G (英语). 行政,内罗毕", "小计 5 217.1", "总部", "29D (英语). 中央支助事务厅 ^(b)", "共计 6 213.1", "^(a) 包括大会第64/243号决议核准的7个职位的经常性经费。", "•(b) 不包括上文第29 D款(中央支助事务厅)下的关键工作人员流动办公许可证所需经费,这些经费列于表16。", "133. (中文(简体) ). 行预咨委会注意到,除了拟议方案预算所列所需资源外,秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术举措的报告(A/66/94)还载有9 827 900美元的经费,其中包括由经常预算提供的1 474 200美元,用于建立一个具有复原力的信通技术基础设施。 这一举措被描述为力求精简世界各地的数据中心,并建立一个更好的信通技术灾后恢复和业务连续性环境。 行预咨委会关于这项提议的意见和建议将列入其关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的第二次报告(A/66/7/Add.1)。", "134. 咨询委员会获悉,中央支助事务厅业务连续性管理股就业务连续性活动向总部所有部门、总部以外办事处和区域委员会提供指导和指导。 这包括就制定业务连续性计划提供咨询,包括确定关键职能和负责履行这些职能的关键工作人员,以及确定与这些职能相关的重要记录和信通技术应用程序。 行预咨委会强调,总部在确保对业务连续性活动采取协调良好的办法以及支持这方面的各部厅方面发挥着重要作用。 委员会要求在今后拟议方案预算导言中以综合方式概述业务连续性活动和相关所需资源。", "凯. 其他分摊资源", "135. (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会注意到,根据大会第64/243号决议第41段的要求,对非经常预算资源的列报方式作了修改,以区分自愿捐款和摊款。 委员会欢迎这一列报方式的改变。", "136. (中文(简体) ). “其他分摊资源”类别包括用于基本建设总计划、前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭、卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的资金,以及在维持和平行动支助账户下支助各部厅活动的可用资源。 2012-2013年拟议方案预算导言表1列出了其他分摊资源估计数,共计8.231亿美元,按预算款次开列的分配情况见表 8. 行预咨委会获悉,大会关于加强联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动能力的第65/290号决议通过后,订正估计数为692 021 800美元。 这一数额的细目见下表18。", "表18. 妇女状况 2012-2013两年期其他分摊资源", "百分比(千美元)", "(a) 向下列机构提供支助服务:", "卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭", "前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭 725.6 0.1 南斯拉夫", "基本建设总计划", "维持和平行动^(a) 689 584.8 99.6", "共计 692 021.8 100", "^(a) 根据大会第65/290号决议修订。", "L. 预算外资源", "137号. 咨询委员会注意到,预算外资源继续占联合国工作方案支助的很大一部分。 如下表19所示,大部分预算外资源涉及难民署、近东救济工程处、禁毒办、环境署和人居署。", "表19. 按区域开列的所需资源 2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计数", "百分比(千美元)", "A类. 设有单独理事机构的方案", "难民署 254 743.0 2.0", "近东救济工程处", "禁毒办 476 140.5 3.8", "环境署 461 357.0 3.7", "人居署 370 776.5 3.0", "小计 8 121 261.2 65.3", "B. 技术合作基金 2 446 671.9 19.7", "C. 偿还支助和服务费用 313 588.0 2.5", "D. 实务信托基金 1 560 052.6 12.5", "小计 4 320 312.5 34.7", "共计", "138. 如拟议方案预算导言所概述,由于自愿捐款的性质,无法完全准确地确定两年期内预计可获得的预算外资源数额和供资员额的数目。 然而,目前2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计数约为124亿美元,与本两年期相比将增加约7.915亿美元,即7%。 这些资金预计将为13 042个员额提供经费。 秘书长表示,增加的大部分与妇女署(4.959亿美元)、难民署(1.678亿美元)和近东救济工程处(8.87亿美元)的预计业务有关(A/66/6(导言),第98-101段)。", "139. (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会审查并向表19A节所提及各方案提交关于行政或支助预算的报告(又见前言和下文第141段)。 委员会审查拟议方案预算时,主要审查特别账户中的其他预算外资源。 委员会还每两年收到一次关于信托基金状况的资料。 在审议这些方案时,委员会继续特别注意全系统的举措,如成果预算编制和执行国际公共部门会计准则等。", "140. 国家 根据大会第35/217号决议第二节第2段的规定,咨询委员会审查由预算外资源供资的D-1及以上职等所有新员额的提议,这些员额本来不受政府间机构的审查。 自提交关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告以来,委员会已审查并同意秘书长关于改叙或设立以下D-1及以上职等预算外员额的请求:", "(a) 国际电子计算中心主任员额从D-1改叙为D-2;", "(b) 为人道主义事务协调厅驻海地外地办事处主任设立一个D-1员额;", "(c) 设立1个D-1员额,担任负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室专家小组组长;", "(d) 延长主管减少灾害风险助理秘书长员额。", "咨询委员会回顾大会第64/243号决议第39段,其中大会强调,所有预算外员额的管理和行政必须与经常预算员额一样严格。", "M. 与联合国其他机构的合作", "141 (英语). 2. 自2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算第一次报告(A/64/7)印发以来,咨询委员会向下列联合国机构提交了报告:", "(a) 联合国开发计划署/联合国人口基金/联合国项目事务厅执行局:", "(一) 人口基金:修订财务条例和细则(DP/FPA/2009/12);", "(二) 开发署和联合国妇女发展基金2010-2011两年期概算(DP/2010/3、DP/2010/7);", "(三) 修订开发署财务条例和细则(DP/2011/36);", "(四) 开发署2012-2013年机构预算估计数(DP/2011/34);", "(五) 项目厅2010-2011两年期预算估计数(DP/2010/9);", "(六) 项目厅2012-2013两年期预算估计数(DP/OPS/2011/5);", "(b) 难民专员办事处:高级专员方案执行委员会:", "(一) 难民署:2010-2011两年期方案预算(A/AC.96/1068);", "(二) 难民署:2010-2011两年期方案预算(订正)(A/AC.96/1087);", "(c) 粮食计划署执行局:", "(一) 2010年7月1日至2016年6月30日期间外聘审计员的甄选和任命程序(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-E/2)(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-E/1);", "(二) 两年期管理计划(2010-2011年)(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-A/1);任命审计委员会成员(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-C/1);投资政策和准则(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-F/1);WINGS 二期项目的最新情况(WFP/EB.2/2009/5-G/1);", "(三) 外部审计员的甄选和任命(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-A/1);2008-2009两年期外部审计员的订正费用(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-B/1);外部审计员关于粮食计划署国家办事处乌干达和粮食计划署管理层的战略规划和报告的报告(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-D/1和Add.1);外部审计员关于公共部门会计准则红利的报告:加强财务管理和秘书处的回应(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-E/1和Add.1);粮食署两年期管理计划(2010-2011年)的最新情况(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-F/1);关于WINGS 二期项目的最后最新情况(WFP/EB.1/2010/6-G/1);", "(四) 2009年已审计年度账户(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-A/1);评价小组关于遴选和任命粮食署2010年7月1日至2016年6月30日外聘审计员的最后报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-B/1);任命审计委员会成员(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-C/1);粮食署管理计划(2010-2011)第二次最新情况(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-D/1);财务框架审查备选方案(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-E/1);对粮食署审计委员会职权范围的拟议修正(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-F/1);粮食署审计委员会年度报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-G/1);关于外部审计建议执行情况的进展报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-H/1);监察主任的报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-I/1);执行主任关于使用捐款和免除费用的报告(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-J/1);关于粮食署在索马里业务的调查(WFP/EB.A/2010/6-A/2010/6-K/1);", "(五) 向会员国披露内部审计报告的政策(WFP/EB.2/2010/4-B/1);WFP反欺诈和反腐败政策(WFP/EB.2/2010/4-C/1);财务框架审查(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-A/1);审查周转基金(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-B/1);粮食署管理计划(2010-2011)的第三次最新情况(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-C/1);粮食署在索马里管理行动的第二次最新情况(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-D/1);审查粮食署在索马里的业务(WFP/EB.2/2010/5-E/1);", "(六) 关于粮食署管理计划(2010-2011年)的第四次最新情况(WFP/EB.1/2011/5-A/1);外部审计员关于粮食署在索马里的行动的报告(WFP/EB.1/2011/5-B/1);粮食署管理层对外部审计员关于粮食署在索马里的行动的报告的回应(WFP/EB.1/2011/5-B/1/Add.1);关于安保管理安排供资的情况说明(WFP/EB.1/2011/12-B);外部审计员2010年7月至2011年6月期间的工作计划(WFP/EB.1/2011/5-C/1);", "(d) 妇女署执行局:", "(一) 支助预算和拟议财务条例和细则;", "(二) 联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署拟议财务条例和细则(UNW/2011/5和Add.1);", "(三) 关于将经常预算资源用于妇女署规范性支助职能的订正提案(A/65/531);", "(e) 裁研所董事会:裁研所2009年8月至2010年7月期间的活动以及2010-2011年拟议工作方案和概算(A/65/177);", "(f) 毒品和犯罪问题办公室2010-2011两年期合并预算(E/CN.7/2009/13-E/CN.15/2009/23);", "(g) 训研所董事会:", "(一) 2010-2011两年期方案预算;", "(二) 2010-2011两年期方案预算拟议订正;", "(h) 近东救济工程处咨询委员会:2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算;", "(一) 环境署理事会:2012-2013两年期拟议工作方案和预算(UNEP/GC.26/13);", "(j) 人居署理事会:2012-2013两年期拟议工作方案和预算(HSP/GC/23/5);", "(k) 联合国伙伴关系办公室:", "(一) 2010年行政预算(A/CN.1/R.1211);", "(二) 2011年行政预算(A/CN.1/R.1212);", "(l) 儿童基金会执行局:", "(一) 财务细则和条例(E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.8);", "(二) 2012-2013年机构预算(E/ICEF/2011/AB/L.2)。", "编号 行预咨委会对2012-2013两年期初步估计数的总体立场", "142. (中文(简体) ). 如拟议方案预算导言所着重指出,秘书长提议在重计费用前比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少约1.702亿美元(A/66/6(Introduction),第17段,表)。 行预咨委会审议了秘书长关于2012-2013两年期的提议,并注意到他保证将充分执行各项任务,基本上接受秘书长提议的职等。", "143. (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会在本报告第二章中就员额和其他支出用途提出了一些具体建议。 委员会的建议大多对预算总额没有重大影响。 因此,委员会没有为这些建议提供最后的费用计算,因为如果大会接受,这些建议将在秘书处重新计算时加以考虑,并在大会通过预算之前提交第五委员会。 委员会注意到,只有在秘书长分别提交并审议若干报告之后,拟议预算总额及其对整个拟议预算的立场才会显现出来。", "144. (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013两年期资源总额将因提交特别政治任务提案和就涉及经费问题的单独报告作出决定而受到影响,这些报告将提交大会第六十六届会议主要会期。 委员会虽然认识到可能出现的意外需要需要在正常的两年期经常预算周期之外解决,但认为在编制方案概算期间所预见的问题可以列入秘书长的提议,或者至少可以提供指示性估计数。 委员会认识到,在审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时,大会将收到这些补充报告,但委员会感到关切的是,零敲碎打的做法不能提供在审议秘书长提议时所需的全部资料,无法就拟议方案预算向大会提出咨询意见。", "145 (英语). 咨询委员会一贯强调,为了确保最有成效、最有效率地完成任务,必须不断审查方案和业务流程。 在这方面,行预咨委会认为,拟议方案预算应不仅在方案交付方面,而且在使用大会核定资源的效率方面,更加强调成果。 因此,委员会铭记这一目标提出了若干建议。 特别是,行预咨委会认为,今后的拟议方案预算应更详细地说明重大改革举措的现状和成果、正在采取的效率措施的明显影响以及监测和评价活动得出的结论。 委员会相信,其建议和意见将有助于确保高效率、高效益地利用资源来完成本组织的任务。", "第二章 联合国", "关于拟议方案预算的详细建议", "支出估计数", "第一编", "通盘决策、领导和协调", "第1节", "通盘决策、领导和协调", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款 100 199 600美元\n预计预算外资源56 105 300 ^(b)\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 包括其他分摊资源,数额为13 358 600美元,修正了A/66/6(Sect.1)表1.2中的信息,以反映大会第65/290号决议在尊重维持和平行动支助账户的情况下作出的决定,以及数额为42 746 900美元的预算外资源。", "一.1 秘书长为第1款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为102 812 800美元,比2010-2011两年期批款增加2 613 200美元,即2.6%(A/66/6(Sect.1),表1.2)。", "一.2 表一.1汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表一.1 按支出用途开列的所需资源", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会\n1个D-2、1个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、4个GS(OL)\n1个D-2、1个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、4个GS(OL)\n联合国审计委员会\n1个D-1、1个P-4/3、4个GS(OL)\n1个D-1、1个P-4/3、4个GS(OL)\n独立审计咨询委员会\n1个P-5、1个GS(OL)\n1个P-5、1个GS(OL)\n秘书长办公厅\n2010-2011年核定数 77 1个DSG、1个USG、1个ASG、5个D-2、6个D-1、8个P-5、11个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、5个GS(PL)、37个GS(OL)\n1个DSG、1个USG、1个ASG、5个D-2、6个D-1、8个P-5、11个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、5个GS(PL)、35个GS(OL)\n裁撤 2个GS(OL)\n联合国日内瓦办事处主任办公室\n1个USG、2个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、2个GS(PL)、7个GS(OL)\n1个USG、2个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、2个GS(PL)、7个GS(OL)\n联合国维也纳办事处主任办公室\n9个P-5、2个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、4个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数 2个P-5、2个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、4个GS(OL)\n联合国内罗毕办事处主任办公室\n1个USG、2个P-5、1个LL\n1个USG、2个P-5、1个LL\n负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室\n1个USG、1个P-5、5个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、2个GS(OL)\n1个USG、1个P-5、5个P-4/3、1个GS(PL)、2个GS(OL)\n负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室\n1个USG、1个D-1、1个P-5、3个P-4/3、3个GS(OL)\n1个USG、1个D-1、1个P-5、3个P-4/3、3个GS(OL)\n联合国监察员和调解事务办公室\n1个ASG、2个D-1、7个P-5、2个P-4/3、5个GS(OL)、3个LL\n1个ASG、2个D-1、7个P-5、2个P-4/3、5个GS(OL)、3个LL\n司法行政办公室\n1个D-2、1个D-1、5个P-5、13个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)、2个LL\n1个D-2、1个D-1、5个P-5、13个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)、2个LL\n道德操守办公室\n1个D-2、1个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、1个GS(PL)、2个GS(OL)\n1个D-2、1个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、1个GS(PL)、2个GS(OL)\n法治股\n1个P-5、3个P-4/3、1个GS(OL)\n1个D-1、3个P-4/3、1个GS(OL)\n1个P-5改叙为D-1\n预算外(a)\n联合国审计委员会\n1个GS(OL)\n秘书长办公厅\n1个D-2、1个D-1、4个P-5、8个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、5个GS(OL)\n联合国日内瓦办事处主任办公室\n3个GS(OL)\n负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室\n2012-2013年拟议数 1个D-1\n联合国监察员和调解事务办公室\n7个P-5、2个P-4/3、2个FS", "^(a) 包括由其他分摊资源供资的12个员额和21个预算外员额。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "改叙", "一.3. 在法治股,秘书长提议将1个P-5员额上调至D-1职等,以领导法治股,因为该职位在本组织内外都具有重要的管理和代表职能(A/66/6(Sect.1),第1.148和1.152段)。 经要求,咨询委员会获得了秘书长提议的详细理由,包括D-1员额的全部职能清单。 委员会获悉,如果核准这项提议,现有的P-5员额的职能将由该股其余工作人员承担,如有必要,该股的产出将缩减。", "一. 导言 经询问,咨询委员会得到的解释是,上段所述拟议向上改叙是为了填补因不再从开发计划署借调一名D-2职等工作人员领导该股而留下的空缺。 在这方面,委员会获悉,在2006-2007两年期设立该股时,其工作人员完全通过借调方式:从开发署借调2个员额(1个D-2和1个P-3)、从维持和平行动部借调1个P-4员额和从法律事务厅借调1个P-5员额。 然而,这些安排很快就变得很明显,无法长期维持,因为借调实体没有为这些安排编列预算,而且(或)借调员额是有关实体为履行最初设立的职能所需要的。 因此,在2008-2009两年期拟议方案预算中,秘书长请求设立7个经常预算员额,包括1个D-2级股长员额,大会随后核准设立联检组员额配置表(见第63/263号决议)所列的4个专业员额。 尽管大会请秘书长确保继续通过借调提供该股股长员额,但由开发署供资的D-2员额借调已于2009年6月结束。 在2010-2011两年期,为减轻股长不在对股长运作的负面影响,通过被称为 \" 空缺管理 \" 的做法(另见第一章),提供了一名临时员额。 页:1 该员额已于2010年4月1日填补。", "第5条 行预咨委会经询问还获悉,通过法治协调和资源小组成员实体的轮换借调为股股长提供员额可能会造成利益冲突,因为预计该股股长将从信任和中立的立场调解该小组成员之间的争端,包括中立观念,如果他或她是有关实体之一的工作人员,则不可能这样做。 此外,短期轮调借调可能妨碍该股为其工作制定协调一致的战略构想并与会员国和在法治领域工作的其他行动者建立并保持伙伴关系的能力,并可能造成不适当的行政问题,会影响到该股的顺利运作。 借调实体的负担也可能破坏该集团成员支持联检组协调职能的愿望。", "一.6. 联合国 咨询委员会认为,由各机构、基金和方案借调人员来补充其任务授权具有全系统重点的办事处的经常预算人员配置是有好处的。 然而,它认识到借调和预算外资源可能无法预测。 因此,委员会认为,完全依靠这类资源来执行核心经常预算方案和活动是不审慎的,因为这些资源无法保证。 因此,委员会建议核准将1个P-5员额改叙为D-1职等以领导法治股的提议。 行预咨委会在上文第一章就借调的使用作了进一步评论。", "裁撤", "一. 说明 拟议裁撤秘书长办公厅2个一般事务(其他职等)员额(A/66/6(Sect.1),第1.45段)。 咨询委员会从向其提供的补充资料中注意到,精简作用和职责、改进工作流程和重新分配办公室现有人员编制的任务,将使裁撤这两个员额成为可能。 委员会不反对秘书长的提议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "一.8 2012-2013两年期非员额资源估计数为40 853 200美元,比上一个两年期批款40 989 500美元减少136 300美元,即0.3%。 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于第1款下非员额资源的提议,但须遵照下列各段的意见和建议。", "一般性评论和建议", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会", "一.9 行预咨委会及其秘书处2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源在重计费用前为8 152 900美元(A/66/6(Sect.1),表1.9),比2010-2011年批款减少22 100美元,即0.3%。 减少额全部在非员额资源下,主要原因是根据实际使用情况,数据处理服务所需经费减少(同上,第1.17段)。", "一. 支助 秘书长表示,为2012-2013年请拨的资源除其他外将用作咨询委员会非纽约居民出席总部会议的专家成员的旅费和生活津贴(同上,第36段)。 1.16. 妇女 经询问后,委员会获悉,与常驻代表团无关、往来总部旅费由联合国支付的成员(即居住在通勤距离以外的成员)被视为非居民,因此有权获得生活津贴。", "第11页 行预咨委会从收到的补充资料中注意到,秘书长的估计数是基于以下假设:在2012-2013两年期,行预咨委会将举行六届会议,共78周,包括总部74周和总部以外4周。 委员会回顾,大会第64/243号决议根据委员会本身的建议,决定将委员会每两年期的会议时间从74周延长至78周。 该建议载于委员会关于2010-2011年方案概算的第一次报告,其依据是对委员会工作量的分析,自2000-2001两年期以来,工作量和复杂性都有所增加(见A/64/7,第40至40段)。 1.14-1.19 (英语).", "第12条 虽然咨询委员会欢迎延长其可用的会议时间,但它感到关切的是,仅仅延长时间可能无法充分处理其不断增加的工作量所产生的所有影响,除其他外,从组织角度和从主持会议和出席第五委员会会议的时间角度来说,这为委员会主席增加了责任。 在这方面,委员会回顾,自1994年以来,它一直有一名副主席,没有报酬。 委员会目前正在拟订其副主席的拟议职权范围以及可能薪酬的建议模式,将在大会审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时提交大会。", "联合国审计委员会", "一.13 联合国审计委员会、包括其秘书处2012-2013年经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前为6 479 400美元,比2010-2011年批款增加925 400美元,即16.7%(A/66/6(Sect.1),表1.11)。 拟议资源用于向委员会成员支付审计费的经常预算份额、他们出席审计委员会和外聘审计团会议的相关费用、为委员会秘书处续设6个员额以及相关的业务费用。 此外,预计该两年期其他分摊和预算外资源共计20 507 300美元,来自直接从联合国其他基金、方案和附属机构、正在清理结束的特派团和特派团预算中支付的审计费,以及直接从信托基金和技术合作项目中收取的费用(同上,第1.25和1.26段)。", "一. 导言 秘书长指出,非员额资源项下净增925 400美元,原因是审计费用增加(891 100美元)和与信息和通信技术厅提供的服务有关的费用增加(42 900美元),但通信和办公室自动化设备所需经费减少部分抵消了增加额(同上,第1.25段)。", "页:1 经要求后,咨询委员会得到关于审计委员会计算其审计费用的方法的说明。 委员会获悉,预计2012-2013年费用会增加,因为审计委员会将执行若干额外任务,即:审查行政当局执行《国际公共部门会计准则》的计划并监测有关里程碑;审查行政当局根据《国际公共部门会计准则》29所选择的会计政策;就初步财务报表提供咨询和指导并对这些报表进行干版。", "(单位:千美元) 关于与信息和通信技术厅提供的服务有关的较高费用,行预咨委会获悉,审计委员会将保留与该厅2010-2011年相同的服务级协议(A级)。 所需经费增加的原因是网络账户数量增加:审计委员会预计2012-2013年将需要39个此类账户。 行预咨委会经询问还获悉,不仅审计委员会秘书处需要网络账户,委员会成员和访问审计员也需要网络账户。", "联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会", "一.17 联合国 秘书长提议为联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会提供14 013 300美元的经常预算资源,包括联合国对联合国合办工作人员养恤基金秘书处费用的分摊。 在重计费用之前,这一数额反映了与2010-2011两年期相同的资源水平(同上,表1.12)。 然而,咨询委员会注意到,在秘书长提交2012-2013年拟议方案预算时,养恤基金的预算尚未最后确定(同上,第1.32段)。 因此,视养恤金联委会关于基金预算的建议和大会采取的任何有关行动而定,估计数可作进一步订正。 因此,委员会指出,可能需要向大会第六十六届会议提交所涉方案预算问题的说明,这可能导致所需资源增加。", "(单位:千美元) 关于联委会会议时间表,秘书长表示,联委会长期以来一直采取在奇数年在纽约开会和偶数年在其他地点开会轮流开会的做法。 然而,由于总部在基本建设总计划方面正在进行施工,委员会决定,从2009年起,所有会议都将在总部以外地点举行,直到施工完成(同上,第1.27段)。 咨询委员会询问后获悉,养恤基金议事规则第A.1段授权联委会在联委会或其常设委员会决定的地点举行会议。 因此,董事会第五十六届会议(2009年)在维也纳举行,第五十七届会议(2010年)在伦敦举行,第五十八届会议(2011年)在日内瓦举行。", "秘书长办公厅", "一.19 秘书长办公厅2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源在重计费用前为23 327 000美元(同上,表1.19),比2010-2011年批款减少703 200美元,即2.9%。 经费减少的原因是拟议裁撤该办公室的两个员额(见上文第一.7段),以及加班费减少和取消了咨询人所需经费。", "(单位:千美元) 关于加班费,咨询委员会获悉,其他工作人员费用项下减少244 000美元,反映出通过采用新的体制安排,如错开工作时间、改进监测和自我评价机制以及采用信息技术工具和软件,有意识地努力减少加班费需要。 委员会赞扬该厅为减少加班费而采取的措施。", "(单位:千美元) 咨询委员会经询问获悉,根据前几个两年期的经验,秘书长已决定取消其执行办公室所有咨询人所需经费(减少125 000美元)并依靠现有的内部专门知识。 委员会欢迎这一事态发展,并鼓励其他部厅最大限度地利用内部现有专门知识,以效仿秘书长办公厅树立的榜样。 应在方案预算第一次执行情况报告中说明实现的任何节余。 行预咨委会在上文第一章中就咨询人的使用情况作进一步评论。", "一.22. 咨询委员会在审议秘书长在本款下的提议时,询问了战略规划股的作用和职能。 行预咨委会在答复中获悉,1997年设立的该股负责就重要的全球趋势向秘书长提供意见并提出关于战略政策方向的建议。 更具体地说,该股为秘书长的政策委员会组织和提供秘书处服务;制定并贯彻秘书长确定的战略优先事项;监督联合国大学的工作并与联合国和非联合国培训和研究机构联络;并编写秘书长关于联合国工作的年度报告。", "一.23. 咨询委员会经询问还获悉,主管政策规划助理秘书长/战略规划股股长的职位没有列入秘书长办公厅的组织结构图,因为它不属于经常预算员额配置表的一部分。 该职位于2004年8月设立,通过所谓的“空缺管理”做法和一般临时人员资源供资。 委员会感到关切的是,继续使用一般临时助理人员经费来全部或部分地资助一个高级职位,特别是因为这种安排意味着委员会和大会都没有机会审查有关职位的必要性、职等或职能。 在这方面,委员会重申其关切对一般临时助理人员批款使用准则的灵活解释,该准则旨在临时替代请长期病假或产假的工作人员,或在工作最忙期间雇用更多工作人员,而不是资助具有持续性的事实上的经常预算员额(除其他外,见A/50/7/Add.2)。 行预咨委会强调,需要提高临时职位使用的透明度。 行预咨委会期望秘书长在审议第1款下的提议时向大会说明,他打算如何为2012-2013两年期主管政策规划助理秘书长职位及其执行办公室中未经政府间核准已存在12个多月的任何其他高级职位供资。", "联合国日内瓦、维也纳和内罗毕办事处主任办公室", "一.24 联合国日内瓦、维也纳和内罗毕办事处主任办公室2012-2013年经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前分别为6 086 900美元、2 431 700美元和1 526 300美元(同上,表1.20、1.21和1.22)。", "(单位:千美元) 咨询委员会特别提到联合国内罗毕办事处主任办公室,注意到所需资源估计数为1 526 300美元,比2010-2011年订正批款增加258 600美元,即20.4%。 秘书长表示,增加的主要原因是自2010年1月1日起为办事处主任设立一个副秘书长级员额的延迟影响(同上,第1.58段)。 委员会经询问获悉,设立该员额后,正在审查该办公室的支助安排。 根据既定程序,2012-2013年所需资源的任何调整将在订正估计数范围内提交大会第六十六届会议。", "第26页 更笼统地说,咨询委员会回顾,在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中,它质疑将联合国日内瓦办事处、维也纳办事处和内罗毕办事处的主任办公室放在第1款的逻辑,认为为了更连贯一致地概述本组织各种活动所需资源,秘书长应将这些办事处的所需资源列入专门用于这些活动的预算各款(A/64/7,第一.26段)。 委员会经询问获悉,关于适当安排相关所需资源的讨论仍在进行。 委员会鼓励秘书长尽快结束这些讨论并期望其成果将反映在下次提交的预算中。", "负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室", "(单位:千美元) 负责儿童与武装冲突问题的秘书长特别代表办公室2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源在重计费用前为3 693 100美元(同上,表1.24),与2010-2011两年期相同。 行预咨委会注意到,编制该办公室的估计数的假设是,该办公室的任务期限将于2011年12月31日到期(同上,第1.70段)。 委员会还注意到,如果任务出现变动,将根据大会议事规则第一五三条处理任何所涉经费问题。", "负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室", "一.28 联合国 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算首次反映了负责冲突中性暴力问题的秘书长特别代表办公室所需资源,该办公室是根据大会第65/259号决议和安全理事会第1888(2009)号决议设立的,自2011年1月1日起生效。 秘书长指出,该办公室的设立填补了在确保同会员国、安全理事会、大会、联合国其他实体、非政府组织、民间社会和各种高级别对话者进行协调一致和有效协作方面存在的重大空白(同上,第1.75段)。 预算文件第1.74至1.77段阐述了特别代表和办事处的作用和职能,第1.78段列举了特别代表在2012-2013两年期将开展的活动。", "页:1 秘书长提议为该办公室提供3 321 500美元的经常预算资源,比2010-2011年批款增加2 198 000美元,即195.6%(同上,表1.26)。 增加的主要原因是2011年1月1日设立的9个员额的延迟影响(同上,第1.83段)。", "页:1 行预咨委会从预算文件第1.80段注意到,该办公室有3名工作人员(1个P-5、1个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))从妇女署借调,由联合国制止冲突中性暴力行动倡议供资,该倡议是2006年为联合整个联合国系统打击性暴力而创建的机构间倡议。 经询问,委员会获悉,只要特别代表担任联合国行动指导委员会主席,借调人员就将继续。", "页:1 秘书长提到安全理事会第1888(2009)和1960(2010)号决议,其中安理会决定把保护妇女和儿童免遭强奸和其他性暴力的具体规定列入联合国维持和平行动的任务,包括逐案确定性别问题顾问和人权保护单位中的保护妇女顾问。 他指出,正在制定保护妇女顾问的职权范围(同上,第1.79段)。 经询问,有人向咨询委员会解释说,妇女保护顾问的职能很可能是在维持和平特派团现有人力资源能力范围内履行的,但将探讨为这一职能提供的额外经费来源。 委员会建议请秘书长在今后提交的报告中报告任何有关的事态发展。", "联合国监察员和调解事务办公室", "(单位:千美元) 联合国监察员和调解事务办公室2012-2013年经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前为6 398 400美元(同上,表1.28),与2010-2011年批款相比保持不变。 这笔经费将继续用于20个经常预算员额和相关的非员额资源。", "(单位:千美元) 秘书长指出,该办公室2010年的案件工作量继续增加:从联合国秘书处收到的案件增至1 206起,比上一年增加70%;涵盖秘书处、联合国各基金和难民署的综合监察员办公室2010年共处理了1 745起案件,而2009年为1 287起(同上,第1.89段)。 咨询委员会获悉,自2008年1月设立调解事务部分以来,该办公室共收到77个调解服务请求;其中43个案件已得到充分调解。 2010年是该办公室七个区域分支机构运作的第一年。 在这方面,秘书长强调了亲自干预的好处,以及需要通过改进人力资源和财务管理领域的协调和监测来协助各区域办事处,并确保整个组织采取一致的做法和适用政策。", "第34条 秘书长指出,加强非正式解决冲突制度作为解决工作场所问题首选的第一步已证明是成功的,指出有更多的工作人员与该办公室联系,作为正式诉讼的替代办法,以及79%的案件得到圆满解决(同上,第1.91段)。 行预咨委会注意到,2010年12月向正式内部司法系统的利益攸关方提供了旨在协助参与者有效识别、处理和移交案件以非正式解决的争议解决转介培训方案。 在这方面,委员会获悉,从两法庭和行政当局移交该办公室的案件已增加,其中包括纪律性质的案件。 行预咨委会还从预算文件中注意到,2012-2013年,该办公室将继续注重查明系统性问题并分析冲突的根源,并定期向秘书长提交报告,包括就引起其注意的政策、程序和做法提供评论意见(同上,第1.95(c)段)。 秘书长还表示,根据大会第61/261号决议第32(c)段,该厅正在修订其职权范围,以纳入大会核准的对该厅职能、存在和地点的变动(同上,第19段)。 (原始内容存档于2018-09-27) (中文(简体) ). 1.87. 委员会获悉,调解司的准则最近已公布在该办公室的网站上。", "第35页 咨询委员会一贯强调,应尽可能使用非正式系统来避免诉讼。 因此,委员会欢迎更多地利用监察员办公室提供的服务。 委员会获悉,根据大会第65/251号决议第22段,将提交大会第六十六届会议审议的监察员办公室下一份年度报告将载有在2012-2013两年期全面执行监察员上一份年度报告(A/65/303)第124至126和128至133段所载关于激励工作人员利用该办公室解决争端的建议的详细提议。 委员会将在审议下一份年度报告时进一步评论该办公室的活动。", "内部司法办公室", "一.36 内部司法办公室2012-2013年经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前为12 566 800美元,比2010-2011年批款13 252 900美元减少686 100美元,即5.2%。 经费减少的原因是,其他工作人员费用(599 900美元)和编外人员报酬(741 800美元)项下所需经费减少,因为不再需要一次性要求临时任命三名审案法官,任期为一年,使争议法庭能够清理以往内部司法系统遗留的积压案件。 2010年1月1日设立的5个新员额的延迟影响导致员额项下所需经费增加(661 700美元),部分抵消了减少额。 拟议资源将继续提供35个经常预算员额和其他非员额经费。", "(单位:千美元) 经询问后,咨询委员会得到关于前内部司法系统积压案件的最新情况。 行预咨委会获悉,313个案件已从上个系统移交联合国争议法庭,其中包括:(a) 2009年7月1日移交联合纪律委员会/联合申诉委员会的169个待决案件;(b) 2010年1月1日移交争议法庭的144个联合国行政法庭案件。 截至2011年5月31日,争议法庭已处理了从上个系统移交的313个案件中的250个;其余63个案件尚未结案。", "(单位:千美元) 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013年预计没有预算外资源,与2010-2011年可用估计数46 000美元相比有所减少。 2010-2011年预算外资源反映对工作人员法律援助信托基金的捐款,该基金于2010年初设立,目的是加强工作人员法律援助办公室的能力(同上,表1.30)。 经询问后,委员会获悉,信托基金自成立以来,除了联合国日内瓦办事处工作人员协调理事会捐款50 000美元和非洲经委会工作人员工会捐款1 500美元外,只收到工作人员法律援助办公室个人满意客户的小额捐款,例如约20名外地工作人员作为外地工作人员工会成员每月捐款255美元。 简言之,信托基金基本上未能满足其期望。", "一. 导言 咨询委员会获悉,虽然由于供资情况不确定,预计2012-2013年没有预算外资源,但将继续为筹集资金而努力。 委员会仍然认为,工作人员法律援助的经常预算经费应得到某种形式的工作人员参与的补充(见A/62/7/Add.7)。 大会还多次邀请工作人员代表进一步探讨是否可能建立一个由工作人员供资的计划,向工作人员提供法律咨询和支助,并斟酌情况同秘书长协商(见第61/261和62/228号决议)。 委员会建议请秘书长同工作人员代表合作,加紧努力,为工作人员供资的法律援助计划寻求可行的解决办法,为向工作人员提供法律咨询和支助提供更多的资源。 行预咨委会期望,根据大会第65/251号决议第40段,秘书长将最迟在大会第六十六届会议上就工作人员供资的计划提出建议,包括基于工作人员强制性缴款的提议。", "页:1 行预咨委会从预算导言中注意到,除了2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第1款所列提议外,秘书长将就内部司法问题向大会第六十六届会议提交一份单独报告(A/66/6(Introduction),第16段)。 委员会获悉,由于新的内部司法系统2012-2013两年期预算是在全部所需资源尚未确定之前编制的,上述报告将载有资源要求,使该办公室能够保持目前的工作速度并继续执行大会所有相关任务。 委员会期待审议该报告。", "道德操守办公室", "一.41 道德操守办公室2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源在重计费用前为3 903 400美元,比2010-2011年批款增加590 800美元,即17.8%(同上,(第1款),表1.32)。 该办公室的人员配置保持不变,有9个经常预算员额。 资源拟议增加的主要原因是订约承办事务项下所需经费增加,以支付根据方案参与者人数确定的财务披露报表审查中经常预算所占的份额。 行预咨委会从收到的补充资料中注意到,2010年,参加财务披露方案的秘书处工作人员增至1 314人,占参与者总数的32.2%,比2010-2011年方案预算编列的估计数20.5%有所增加。 经常预算资源将得到由维持和平行动支助账户提供的其他分摊资源3 202 200美元的补充,以支付外地工作人员的需要。", "第42条 自道德操守办公室成立以来,咨询委员会已对审查财务披露报表的外包安排费用表示关切,该费用与参与人数直接相关,据秘书长称,由于参与人数的自然增长,预计将增加。 委员会在其关于2008-2009两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中建议大会请秘书长在2008-2009两年期结束前深入分析内部审查相对于外包安排的相对利弊,包括费用(见A/62/7,第一.17段)。 行预咨委会从预算文件第1.131至1.134段中注意到,这种分析由外部承包商进行并完成于2010年9月,并确定了在内部进行审查或将其外包的若干备选方案,包括审查和使用的技术平台。 行预咨委会还注意到,该研究报告已由一个高级别咨询小组审查,秘书长将在提交给大会第六十六届会议主要会期的道德操守办公室年度报告中提出建议。 在这方面,行预咨委会获悉,为控制费用设想的一个备选办法是审查本组织的风险简介并重新评估申报资格标准,以将方案的重点集中在高风险群体上。 委员会认为,还应努力同外部承包商谈判更优惠的合同条件。 委员会期待着在审议道德操守办公室下一份年度报告时收到关于该审查的结果和秘书长的有关建议的进一步详情。", "第2款 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理", "秘书长的提案 614,112,200 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\n预计预算外资源 25 679 200美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 不包括联合国日内瓦图书馆的15 495 900美元和维也纳联合国图书馆的1 269 000美元,以确保这一数字构成与2012-2013两年期相当的基数,因为这两个图书馆的预算分别列在第29 E款(行政,日内瓦)和第29 F款(行政,维也纳)下。", "一.43 秘书长为第2款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为614 112 200美元,与2010-2011两年期订正批款(A/66/6(Sect.2),表2.5)相比,减少了41 958 200美元,即6.4%。", "第44条 咨询委员会获悉,所需经费减少是因为秘书长要求所有方案主管设法 \" 更聪明地工作 \" 。 委员会注意到,秘书长在预算文件第2.17段中表示,2012-2013年所需资源反映了为更有效和高效地利用资源而作的努力,以便应付对会议服务需求的预计增加,特别是在日内瓦。", "页:1 秘书长指出,下列措施将大大有助于资源的总体削减:", "(a) 国家 在整个文件处理链上实施提供文件服务的新业务模式,将需要重组所需资源。 同时,大会部提议修订交付和质量控制规程,严格控制和限制所有文件,包括出版物,并仔细审查所有客户的法定应享权利。 预计这些措施将导致两年期内费用净减约1 180万美元;", "(b) 国家 拟议将目前为其会议服务需要编列的预算资源“交还”总部设在纽约的联合国各基金和方案。 这项提议将导致2012-2013两年期减少约800万美元;", "(c) 额外节省和效率,估计为1 000万美元,用于编制文件,包括停止、限制或推迟所有工作地点的简要记录;停止编制汇编文件;对条约机构的所有报告和缔约国向条约机构提交的报告实行并强制执行页数限制;一次性消除积压的待处理文件;", "(d) 国家 采用了技术革新和其他增效措施,包括裁撤了41个员额,并减少了总部和日内瓦出版事务印刷用品所需经费,导致两年期内减少约1 060万美元;", "(e) 更好地利用资源和设备,使其他业务费用减少190万美元。", "在审议秘书长在第2款下的提议时,咨询委员会还获悉,为了应付日益增长的服务需要,同时限制费用,联合国维也纳办事处已制订和执行一个配额制度,根据该制度,每个主要客户的应享权利被限制在总能力的一定百分比上。 该系统将在2012-2013年继续实施。", "页:1 咨询委员会在下文各段更详细地讨论了上述一些增效措施。 在现阶段,咨询委员会赞扬大会和会议管理部采取积极主动的创新步骤,通过重新设计业务流程和使用现有技术来减少预算需要,同时保持其所有产出。", "一.47 下表一.2汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算和共同出资员额,包括临时员额以及秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算和共同出资员额的提议。 该表还显示该两年期拟议的预算外员额。", "表一.2 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、1个ASG、5个D-2、20个D-1、182个P-5、396个P-4、373个P-3、24个P-2/1、84个GS(PL)、706个GS(OL)、15个LL、76个TC\n1个USG、1个ASG、5个D-2、20个D-1、191个P-5、383个P-4、373个P-3、24个P-2/1、84个GS(PL)、702个GS(OL)、15个LL、39个TC\n次级方案4下裁撤41个4个GS(OL),纽约37个TC\n次级方案3下内罗毕11个P-4改叙为P-5\n次级方案4下内罗毕5个P-4改叙为P-5\n将纽约的1个P-4从次级方案1调至次级方案2\n纽约6个P-4,从次级方案3调至次级方案4\n纽约6个P-3,从次级方案4调至次级方案3\n纽约13个GS(OL)从次级方案4调至次级方案2\n合资办理的预算(维也纳)\n2010-2011^(b) 174 1个D-1、20个P-5、43个P-4、21个P-3、3个P-2/1、6个GS(PL)、80个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数 174 1个D-1、20个P-5、43个P-4、11个P-3、3个P-2/1、6个GS(PL)、80个GS(OL)\n1个P-2从次级方案2调至次级方案3\n预算外\n1个D-1、2个P-5、8个P-4/3、11个GS(PL)、9个GS(OL)、64个LL", "^(a) 包括2012-2013年不再续设的4个临时员额(2个P-5、2个P-4)。 2010-2011两年期第2款下日内瓦图书馆事务项下拟调至第29 E款下的员额已排除在外,以提供与2012-2013两年期可比的基数。", "^(b) 拟议调到第29F款的图书馆股2个员额(1个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))已排除在外,以提供与2012-2013两年期可比的基础。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "改叙", "页:1 秘书长提议提高联合国内罗毕办事处下列11个员额的职等:", "(a) 在翻译和编辑科(次级方案3),6个P-4职等审校员额改叙为P-5职等高级审校(A/66/6(Sect.2),第2.104段);", "(b) 在口译和出版科(次级方案4),5个P-4口译员员额改叙为P-5高级口译员(同上,第2.109段)。", "秘书长在预算文件中表示,他正根据大会第65/245号决议提出11个改叙的提议。 在这方面,咨询委员会注意到,大会在该决议中没有就拟议的改叙表态;它只是请秘书长在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中重新提出他在关于会议时地分配办法的报告(A/65/122)中提出的建议。", "页:1 在关于会议时地分配办法的报告中,秘书长根据联合国内罗毕办事处工作量增加,加上空缺率居高不下,为拟议向上改叙提供理由。 秘书长认为,由于空缺率居高不下,有必要提高内罗毕办事处吸引和留住高素质口译员和笔译员的能力。 他还提到同工同级的原则,以及会议委员会承认优质服务需要适当级别的工作人员。 当时,秘书长还表示,由于该厅40%的翻译工作量外包,必须确保适当的质量控制。 秘书长认为,质量控制职能应由P-5职等的高级审校履行(同上,第70-75段)。 行预咨委会在相关报告中指出,将在提交正式提案时采取它认为适当的任何行动(A/65/484,第32段)。", "第50页 经询问,咨询委员会获得了拟议向上改叙的其他理由。 委员会获悉,除了口译科科长和翻译和编辑科科长及副科长外,联合国内罗毕办事处是唯一没有P-5语文工作人员员额的会议服务工作地点。 该厅继续难以征聘和留住语文工作人员,其语文员额总空缺率目前为21%这一事实就证明了这一点。 关于口译员额,委员会获悉,拟议中的升级将提高工作人员的士气并提高其口译质量,因为口译科将能够更好地留住有经验的工作人员并降低34%的空缺率。 鉴于这种情况,并为了提高联合国内罗毕办事处提供的口译服务的质量,委员会建议核准将5个P-4口译员额上调到P-5高级口译职等。 行预咨委会回顾,在这方面,大会相继就会议时地分配办法通过决议,请秘书长采取措施来降低内罗毕各语文部门的空缺率(除其他外,见第63/248号、第64/230号和第65/245号决议)。", "页:1 关于笔译员员额,咨询委员会获悉,承包笔译占该厅笔译工作量的43%,而2010-2011两年期的最初估计数为40%。 这意味着更迫切需要高级审校提供适当的质量控制。 委员会确认需要提高联合国内罗毕办事处提供翻译服务的质量,特别是鉴于外包水平极高,确保对外部翻译进行适当的质量控制。 由于这些原因,并鉴于大会一再请秘书长采取措施来降低内罗毕各语文部门的空缺率(除其他外,见第63/248、64/230和65/245号决议),委员会建议核准秘书长关于将6个P-4职等审校员额改叙为P-5职等的提议。", "调动", "页:1 秘书长提议在纽约调动26个员额如下:", "(a) 1个P-4员额从裁军与和平事务处(次级方案1)调至中央规划和协调处(次级方案2),以正式设立培训协调职能,以扩大和提高工作人员的技能,与国际组织协作并开展与大学的外联工作(A/66/6(Sect.2),第2.38和2.42段);", "(b) 6个P-4员额,从文件司(次级方案3)的翻译处(每个语文各一个)调至会议和出版司(次级方案4)的制版和校对科(2个员额)和逐字记录处(4个员额),以纠正影响有关事务人员配置的长期不平衡(同上,第2.48段)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,有关不平衡与各处员额的职等有关:在制版和校对科,尽管正式决定将员额叙级较高,但所有语文的较高职等员额数量不足,而在逐字记录处,各语文处的工作人员人数不均衡,尽管职务说明相似;", "(c) 6个P-3员额(2个来自制版和校对科,4个来自逐字记录处)从会议和出版司(次级方案4)调至文件司(次级方案3)的翻译处(每个语文1个),以纠正影响有关事务处人员配置的长期不平衡(同上;另见上文(b));", "(d) 十三个一般事务(其他职等)员额从会议和出版司(次级方案4)调至中央规划和协调处(次级方案2),以加强信息技术管理职能(同上,第2.42段)。", "咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。 委员会特别期望次级方案3和4之间的12个调动将提高所提供服务的质量。", "裁撤", "页:1 秘书长提议裁撤纽约出版科复制股(次级方案4)的4个一般事务(其他职等)和37个工匠员额。 他指出,拟议的裁撤反映了该部技术投资和精简工作流程的回报(A/66/6(Sect.2),第2.53段)。 经询问,咨询委员会获悉,该部的印刷产出已大幅下降,其原因包括电子发行的使用增加,所使用的技术已从抵消改为数字化,这大大降低了劳力密集程度。 这些事态发展使得不需要工匠员额,这些员额的任职者负责复制厂设备的操作、监测和保养。 需要处理的纸张和用品数量持续减少,因此有理由裁撤一般事务(其他职等)员额。 委员会不反对拟议的裁撤。 咨询委员会在下文第一.67段中进一步评论该部的印刷业务。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "页:1 2012-2013年非员额所需经费估计数为123 653 800美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款160 635 500美元减少36 981 700美元,即23%。 咨询委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到,非员额资源减少最多的是其他工作人员费用。 在次级方案2(会议事务的规划和协调)下,其他工作人员费用估计数将在纽约减少22 405 200美元,在日内瓦减少12 599 400美元,其中包括会议临时助理人员、一般临时助理人员和支助会议的加班费。 据秘书长称,减少的原因是,由于积极主动地管理和确定资源的优先次序,包括通过尽量减少非当地征聘临时工作人员、对会议服务流程进行技术投资、更严格地执行页数限制和增加使用承包翻译,以及采取与简要记录和向总部各基金和方案提供会议服务有关的费用削减措施,预计效率会降低(另见上文第一.45段)。 行预咨委会建议核准秘书长关于第2款下非员额资源的提议,但以符合其在以下各段中的意见和建议为前提。", "一般性评论和建议", "关于提供简要记录的替代方法的建议", "第55页 秘书长表示,由于拟议停止、限制或推迟所有工作地点的简要记录制作,2012-2013两年期他的估计数包括约1 000万美元的效率(日内瓦300万美元,纽约700万美元)(A/66/16(Sect.2),第2.17(c)段)。 经询问后,咨询委员会获悉,大会第58/250号决议请秘书长对简要记录进行一次彻底的成本效益研究,以评估对简要记录的需要并探讨以更有效率和更有效的方式提供简要记录的可能性。 根据这一要求,秘书长在2004年关于大会和会议管理部改革的报告中提出了五个备选的交付方法,即以数字录音取代简要记录;减少有权获得简要记录的机构的数目;只以英文制作简要记录;限制其篇幅;只提供原始记录的电子(而不是纸质)副本(A/59/172,第53-63段;又见A/60/93)。 大会第60/236 B号决议要求进一步讨论和分析。", "页:1 行预咨委会询问后获悉,秘书长在其2012-2013年拟议方案预算中提出的建议试图利用最近的趋势和现有技术来节省大量经费。 这将需要继续以原文(英文或法文)制作简要记录,并采用补充系统,使会员国能够几乎实时地获得所有正式语文的安全数字录音。 数字录音还将包括电子会议记录,显示发言者名单和发言时间。 记录的印刷本除原文外的语文文本只有在提出请求时,才在四周左右的时间内制作。", "页:1 行预咨委会经询问还获悉,日内瓦人权理事会四年来没有简要记录。 其会议进行了网播并保存到可通过因特网查阅的电子档案中。 每次会议的网播费用远低于制作简要记录的费用。 在维也纳,和平利用外层空间委员会正在为其会议记录制定另一种传送方法,其中将包括数字音响文件,并附有上传的参考资料,如书面发言和/或会议英文记录。", "一.58 咨询委员会从预算文件第2.17(c)段中注意到,秘书长关于提供简要记录的其他方法的提议需要大会核准。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,会议委员会2011年9月届会将讨论这一问题。 行预咨委会还获悉,如果大会选择保留目前形式的简要记录,预计将节省的1 000万美元必须重新编入2012-2013两年期预算。 委员会注意到该部通过精简业务和更有效和高效地提供服务来努力节省费用。 然而,尽管秘书长关于提供简要记录的替代方法的提议有其优点,委员会认为,在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中列入1 000万美元的节余为时尚早,因为产生这些节余的举措须经大会核准,尚未由相关政府间机构审议。 因此,委员会建议大会根据会议委员会有关审议的结果,并考虑到有权获得简要记录的机构的意见,审议秘书长关于提供简要记录的建议。", "关于修正向各基金和方案提供会议服务的现行安排的建议", "页:1 秘书长指出,通过修改向总部设在纽约的基金和方案(即开发计划署、儿童基金会和人口基金)提供会议服务的安排,可以节省约800万美元。 他还回顾,大会和会议管理部向总部设在纽约的基金和方案提供会议服务的现行安排是根据大会第47/202号决议(A/66/6(Sect.2),第2.17(b)段)作出的。", "页:1 经询问后,咨询委员会获悉,各基金和方案的文件翻译资源目前由经常预算第1款提供。 2. 联合国 秘书长提议同有关基金和方案订立新的安排,根据这项安排,它们将在“现收现付”的基础上同大会部直接签订翻译服务合同。 行预咨委会还获悉,已把拟议的修改通知开发署、儿童基金会和人口基金的行政首长,该部将就如何尽量减少其翻译量以降低费用向这些实体提供意见。", "页:1 咨询委员会从预算文件第2.17(b)段中注意到,秘书长关于为满足各基金和方案的翻译需要而作出 \" 现收现付 \" 安排的提议需要得到大会核准。 委员会的理解是,如果大会决定不核准该提议,预计将节省的800万美元必须重新编入2012-2013两年期预算。 委员会认为秘书长的提议有其优点,特别是鉴于委员会长期以来认为经常预算活动不应补贴预算外活动(见A/50/7,第115段)。 然而,行预咨委会重申其观点,即,如果产生800万美元节余的倡议须经大会核准,而有关政府间机构尚未审议,则在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中列入这些节余为时尚早。 因此,委员会建议秘书长将他的提议提交主管机构,即会议委员会讨论。", "对条约机构的报告和缔约国对条约机构的报告实行和执行页数限制", "第62页 如上文第一.45段所述,大会部为在2012-2013两年期提高效率和节省费用而提议的措施之一是对条约机构的所有报告和缔约国提交条约机构的报告实行并强制执行页数限制。 经询问,咨询委员会获悉,条约机构的文件包括受页数/字数限制的文件(来自秘书处和政府间机构的文件)和非文件(来自会员国的文件)。 对大多数条约机构所在的联合国日内瓦办事处现有统计数据的审查表明,2010年会员国提交的文件数量大幅增加,工作量相应增加(待处理的字数)。 由于设立强迫失踪问题委员会、扩大防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会以及其他待决提案,预计人数将进一步增加。", "页:1 咨询委员会获悉,对会员国提交的文件规定页数限制将减少总的工作量并尽量减少过多而中断处理过程的文件数量。 日内瓦会议管理司随时准备同条约机构秘书处合作,审查它们的文件要求,以确保将其有限的资源用于条约机构成员最优先的领域。 这种审查可能需要确定缔约国报告的平均长度,并利用这些数据谈判页数/字数限制。 委员会认识到,由于条约机构数目增加,该部的工作也有所增加。 但是,委员会认为,对缔约国向条约机构提交的报告规定页数/字数限制是有待大会决定的事项。 因此,应请秘书长将这个问题提交会议委员会。", "增加使用承包翻译", "第64页 秘书长指出,作为采用提供文件服务的新业务模式的一部分,大会部预计将进一步增加使用承包翻译服务(A/66/6(Sect.2),第2.17(a)段)。 成果预算框架的相关绩效指标显示,2010-2011年至2012-2013年期间,纽约承包翻译的比例预计将从24%增至25%(同上,表2.18),日内瓦从20%增至25%(同上,表2.25),维也纳从30%增至32.5%(同上,表2.33),内罗毕将保持在43%(同上,表2.40)。 咨询委员会注意到,虽然承包翻译比例的增加将导致订约承办事务项下的资源增加,但会议临时助理人员所需资源的相应减少将抵消不了这一增加。", "页:1 行预咨委会询问后获悉,尽管承包翻译是最廉价的交付方式,但需要内部修订和质量控制。 在这方面,委员会回顾,为了回应大会关于适当控制外部翻译的关切(除其他外见第61/236和62/225号决议),2008-2009两年期在总部和日内瓦共设立了12个P-5职等高级审校员额,在2010-2011两年期,联合国维也纳办事处又将5个P-4职等审校员额升为P-5职等,在大会核准后,联合国内罗毕办事处还将将另外6个P-4职等审校员额改叙为P-5职等(见上文第一.48至一.51段)。 委员会还回顾,为了进一步加强质量控制,并确保翻译承包商(个人和公司)对其业绩负责,该部的外部承包商共同名册包括一个标准化的质量控制评价电子模板。 2009年商定了将笔译员和文本处理员列入共同名册、将其从名册上除名及其评价的统一标准(见A/64/136,第80段)。", "一.66 咨询委员会继续强调提供最高质量的语文服务的极端重要性。 因此,委员会欢迎为加强承包翻译的质量控制而采取的措施,欢迎这些措施有可能进一步提高承包翻译的比例,如果这种交付方式最具成本效益的话。 在这方面,并铭记其先前的建议,即因增加使用承包笔译而节省的费用和(或)提高效率不得以牺牲质量为代价,委员会指出,上述绩效指标规定,只有在交付方式产生与内部翻译质量相当的最终产品时,才增加承包笔译的比例。", "新闻部出版业务模式的演变", "页:1 秘书长指出,大会和会议管理部查明,由于精简总部和日内瓦的出版事务业务,节省了约1 060万美元(A/66/6(Sect.2),第2.17(d)段)。 除了裁撤41个员额(见上文第一.53段)预计节省680万美元外,由于印刷产出大幅下降,2012-2013两年期印刷用品预计减少380万美元。 秘书长解释说,在对印刷硬拷贝进行审查后,出版科已将会议文件的页数从2009年的3.36亿次减少到2010年的2.2亿次。 预计2011年将制作不到一亿五千万页的印象。 结果,硬拷贝分发的夜班被取消,能力被重新分配给以前的班级,从而节省了加班费和夜班津贴,并更有效地利用了印刷和复制能力(同上,第2.11(a)和(e)段)。", "一.68 咨询委员会注意到,通过电子邮件和其他各种在线工具以电子方式向会员国传播信息,大大地造成印刷产出的减少(同上,第2.11(g)段)。 在这方面,委员会在审议秘书长在第2款下的提议时获悉,该部最近制定了无纸化会议的业务模式,2011年5月首次用于为非政府组织委员会会议提供服务。 委员会赞扬大会部采取步骤利用新技术,确保及时、以符合成本效益地分发文件。", "全球统筹管理", "页:1 咨询委员会回顾,大会和会议管理部多年来一直对会议服务采取全球统筹管理办法,以提高其活动的效率和效力。 秘书长在预算文件中表示,这一办法正在继续演变,所有会议服务工作地点的行政政策、做法和程序正在逐步标准化就证明了这一点(同上,第18段)。 (第2.4条)。", "一.70 咨询委员会在审议秘书长在第2款下的提议时获悉,2010-2011两年期,在执行全球信息技术倡议方面取得了重大进展,该倡议是全球统筹管理办法的一个基本支柱。 该倡议包括以下三个项目:", "(a) 项目1,题为“gData”:一个全球数据仓,旨在编制四个工作地点的标准化执行情况报告和成本计算数据,以便确定基准、监测和精简业务,并促成全球工作量预测和能力规划;", "(b) 题为“gMeets”的项目2:一个全球会议管理系统,可以安排所有四个工作地点的会议,以便互动生成和管理全球会议日历;", "(c) 题为“gDoc”的项目3:全球综合文件管理应用程序,旨在对全球文件状况进行实时评估,实现文件统计全球标准化报告,跟踪任何工作地点的文件,并表明全球分担工作量的潜力。", "2010-2011两年期,在所有四个工作地点都执行了项目1和2。 项目3已经重新构思,正在由在纽约和日内瓦运作的小组制定。", "页:1 咨询委员会注意到全球统筹管理办法继续得到发展,并再次表示支持这一概念,认为这是最大限度地有效利用资源和提高会议服务质量的一种手段。 委员会欢迎该部在这方面使用信息技术工具,并鼓励该部尽快完成项目3的拟订工作,以便能在所有工作地点推广。", "(单位:千美元) 行预咨委会回顾,全球统筹管理的支柱之一是四个会议服务工作地点分担工作量,分享能力,以解决各工作地点工作量的高峰和谷地问题,从而确保资源得到最有效率和最有效的利用。 经要求,委员会获得了按工作地点分列的笔译工作量的下列资料。", "(单位:千字)", "2008-2009年 实际估计数", "内部翻译", "纽约 171 083 178 286 187 200", "日内瓦 108 941 118 000 120 000", "维也纳 34 573 37 340 37 320", "内罗毕 8 600 9 824 9 824", "承包翻译", "纽约 53 450 58 664 62 400", "日内瓦 25 815 28 500 41 500", "维也纳 13 183 16 000 15 990", "内罗毕 6 703 7 411 7 411", "行预咨委会从表中的资料中注意到,2012-2013两年期,纽约和日内瓦两种翻译方式的估计数量将增加,而内罗毕的估计数量将保持不变,维也纳的估计数量将减少。 委员会认为,这种情况将为分担工作量创造更多机会。 委员会建议在相关执行情况报告中列入说明该部如何利用这些机会的统计数据。", "页:1 关于一个相关事项,咨询委员会回顾,在监督厅对全球统筹管理所取得进展进行评价(A/64/166)后,大会部除其他外得出结论认为,由于主管大会和会议管理事务副秘书长对经常预算第2款下的所有支出负责,他也应能够行使相应的人力和财政资源管理和支付权力(见A/65/122,第28(a)段)。 秘书长在2010年关于会议时地分配办法的报告中表示,只有修订该部的组织结构和分级报告关系,使副秘书长获得完成大会任务所需的权力,才能全面实施全球统筹管理并由此提高效率和成本效益(同上,第28(c)段)。 随后,大会第65/245号决议请秘书长评估四个主要工作地点的会议管理效率和问责机制,并就此向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。 咨询委员会期待审议该报告。 秘书长的调查结果所产生的任何行政和(或)财务后果应反映在下次提交的预算中。", "继任规划", "一.74 咨询委员会认为,继任规划是一个涉及重大预算问题的管理问题(见A/64/7,第一.71段),一直是大会和会议管理部长期关切的问题。 根据最新统计数据,到2016年,大会部约20%的语文工作人员将退休(A/65/488,第17段)。 在2012-2013两年期,秘书长表示,为了满足不断变化的需要并应对影响语文工作人员的人口结构转型问题,大会部将继续持续支持培训机会,以提高工作人员的技能,与国际组织合作,并加强与大学的外联,使培训方案制度化(A/66/6(Sect.2),第2段)。 (第2.6条)。 预算文件第2.41(b)(六)和2.59(e)段列出了有关产出。 在这方面,委员会注意到,如上文第一.52(a)段所述,秘书长提议将1个P-4员额从裁军与和平事务处(次级方案1)调到纽约的中央规划和协调处(次级方案2),以正式设立培训协调职能,该职能迄今是临时存在的。", "一.75 咨询委员会在审议秘书长在本款下的提议时获悉,在2010-2011两年期,该部进一步加强了外联活动,以提高语文学生对联合国就业机会的认识并增加潜在的语文专业人员。 尤其是,新闻部同全球各地的大学缔结了更多的谅解备忘录,使与本组织有正式关系的机构总数达到19个。 根据这些备忘录的规定,各大学承诺重新建立或发展语言方案,以刺激追求语言职业的需求和兴趣。 新闻部还继续与语言培训机构合作,以制定其实习方案,该方案已证明是确定、吸引和培训有才华的青年语言专业人员的有效途径。 2010年接待了57名实习生,2011年迄今接待了70名实习生。 该方案的一些毕业生通过了竞争性考试,一些毕业生也被列入自由应聘笔译员/口译和承包笔译员名册。", "页:1 然而,咨询委员会获悉,由于没有用于实习方案的专门预算资源,因此,在能够参加实习的实习生人数方面,它将很快达到极限。 此外,许多潜在的实习生无法负担前往纽约、日内瓦或维也纳等城市并生活的费用,这限制了实习生的人数,并可能导致某些语言组合的个人任职人数不足。 为了解决这种情况,已经向阿拉伯国家联盟成员国提出了初步办法,以确定它们是否有兴趣通过一个信托基金或该部将制定的其他安排,为该部培训阿拉伯文笔译员和口译员的工作作出贡献。 行预咨委会赞扬该部为接触潜在征聘人员而采取的积极主动措施,并期望在2012-2013两年期继续推行并进一步扩大这些措施。 委员会相信,这些努力将导致更多的候选人成功通过竞争性语文考试并相应降低空缺率。 然而,委员会感到关切的是,缺乏用于实习方案的专用资源可能对具有某些不太常见的语言组合的年轻专业人员产生不成比例的负面影响。 在这方面,委员会欢迎该部打算同会员国接触寻求支助。 委员会建议鼓励秘书长扩大这些努力,以期为与所有六种正式语文有关的培训活动获得预算外资金。", "页:1 关于竞争性考试问题,咨询委员会在其关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中指出,这种考试是征聘语文工作人员的唯一手段,但是人力资源管理厅考试和测验科的能力不足以安排所需的考试次数。 当时,委员会再次呼吁大会和会议管理部和人力资源管理厅作为紧急事项商定适当措施,确保及时安排和安排必要的语文考试(A/64/7,第一.65-一.66段)。 秘书长在预算文件表2.45中说,根据委员会的建议,该部对考试过程进行了研究,并确定了旨在加强考试的若干行动,包括调整候选人筛选程序、考试内容和交付以及时间安排。 由该部和人力资源管理厅的代表组成的一个部门间工作组正在监测建议的执行情况,这些建议一旦得到全面执行,预计将大大缩短从确定考试需要到从名册上征聘合格候选人之间的时间。 鉴于工作人员短缺会大大妨碍该部高效率和有效力地执行任务,委员会欢迎该部采取步骤来改进竞争性考试程序并期待着在今后提交的报告中收到关于所取得成果的资料。", "监测和评价", "(单位:千美元) 秘书长指出,根据大会第58/269号决议,已确定2012-2013两年期用于开展监测和评价活动的经常预算资源共计约3 041 000美元。 这些资源共计307.6个工作月,其中专业职等115.6个,一般事务职等192个(A/66/6(Sect.2),第2.22段)。", "(单位:千美元) 咨询委员会回顾,在其关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中,委员会获悉,根据大会第61/245号决议和监督厅的建议,该部已着手建立强有力的监测、评价、风险分析和统计核查职能(见A/64/7,第一.73段)。 行预咨委会在审议秘书长2012-2013年拟议预算时获悉,已在现有资源范围内在总部和日内瓦建立了监测、评价、风险管理和统计核查能力。 该厅正注重文件管理的工作量预测和能力规划,并注重关键业绩指标的标准化,还负责从四个会议服务工作地点的所有特派团关键系统提取和汇编统计数据,以便利用全球数据仓(“gData”——见上文第一.70段)编制各种报告,包括每月内部管理报告。 据秘书长说,这些报告可以比较和更好地了解所有工作地点的业务,并使大会部管理人员能够就资源分配作出知情决定(A/66/6(Sect.2),第2.11(h)段)。 委员会经询问获悉,如果资源允许,将在中期加强维也纳和内罗毕的监测和评价能力。 委员会欢迎采取步骤,将监测和评价职能纳入该部的组织结构。 委员会鼓励秘书长确保监测、评价、风险管理和统计核查实体尽可能最佳地利用它们可以使用的新信息技术工具来进一步精简该部的业务,查明潜在的风险领域并突出提高效率的机会。 下一次提交的预算应提供关于其活动的更详细资料。 委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价活动作了进一步评论。", "大会主席办公室礼宾事务", "一.80 在审议秘书长在第2款下的提议时,咨询委员会询问,为什么从2008-2009两年期转到该部的礼宾和联络处没有为大会主席办公室提供礼宾服务。 委员会在答复时获悉,礼宾和联络处有10个专职员额。 为了应付繁重的工作量,该部另一股向该处借调了1个新增员额,并为具体活动或高峰期征聘了临时工作人员。 该处没有足够的能力向大会主席办公室提供服务,虽然大会已讨论过这个问题,但迄今为止,它不支持为此目的提供额外的专门资源。 鉴于大会主席代表本组织履行高级别职能,委员会认为应尽一切努力协助主席办公室提供礼宾和联络服务。", "第二编", "政治事务", "第3节", "政治事务", "秘书长的提案 1 195 113 100 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 1 314 847 400美元\n预计预算外资源 49 284 200 ^(b)\n秘书长关于经常预算员额的建议摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等开列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 将其他分摊资源列入15 267 600美元,修订拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.3))表3.3中的资料,以反映大会第65/290号决议所作出的决定;预算外资源为34 016 600美元。", "二. 1 咨询委员会注意到,秘书长为第3款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为1 195 113 100美元,与2010-2011两年期相比,减少了119 734 300美元,即9.1%(见A/66/6(Sect.3),第3.13至3.18段)。 拟议资源包括政治事务部(82 649 700美元)、特别政治任务(1 083 036 300美元)、联合国中东和平进程特别协调员(16 949 200美元)、建设和平支助办公室(5 220 500美元)、联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙造成的损失登记册(5 346 700美元)和联合国驻非洲联盟办事处(1 910 700美元)所需资源。", "A. 政治事务部", "表二.2 联合国 秘书长为政治事务部请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为82 649 700美元,比2010-2011两年期减少438 100美元,即0.5%(同上,表3.3)。 减少的原因是,与2010-2011年核定资源相比,员额所需资源减少647 100美元,非员额资源增加209 000美元。 就方案总构成部分而言,减少额是工作方案、特别是次级方案3和4减少(分别为927 600美元和493 900美元)的净结果,由次级方案6(703 400美元)和方案支助(367 800美元)项下增加额所抵消。", "二.3 下表二.1汇总2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "报表二.1 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、2个ASG、8个D-2、15个D-1、37个P-5、50个P-4、40个P-3、24个P-2/1、5个GS(PL)、93个GS(OL)\n1个USG、2个ASG、8个D-2、15个D-1、37个P-5、48个P-4、39个P-3、24个P-2/1、5个GS(PL)、91个GS(OL)\n次级方案3下裁撤6个P-4、1个P-3、2个GS(OL)、次级方案4下裁撤1个P-4、1个GS(OL)\n预算外\n2012-2013年拟议数 15 11个P-3、4个GS(OL)", "关于员额的意见和建议", "二.4. 联合国 2012-2013两年期拟议员额资源在重计费用前为74 875 600美元,用于上文表二.1所示269个员额(174个专业人员和95个一般事务人员员额)。 减少647 100美元,即0.9%,是次级方案3和4下裁撤6个员额所需资源减少(1 421 500美元)所抵消的净结果,反恐执行工作队所需资源增加(774 400美元),反映了2010-2011年核定的6个员额的延迟影响。", "二.5. 拟议在次级方案3(安全理事会事务)下裁撤4个员额(1个P-4、1个P-3、2个一般事务(其他职等)),作为该司内部人员配置调整的一部分,导致相关资源减少927 600美元(同上,第3.52段)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,在2010年对安全理事会事务司进行审查后,内部监督事务厅提出了9项建议,其中4项建议涉及被评为高风险的领域,涉及改进机构记忆、知识转让、信息共享和报告关系的正式定义。 委员会还获悉,为了改进知识的转让和信息交流,该司的数据库得到扩大和改造,并培训工作人员输入数据,将数据库用作研究工具以及分享信息和知识转让的手段。 此外,该司各处概述并精简了个人的责任和报告职能。 经修订的报告关系以及全司更多使用iSCAD,为该司提供了动力,使各处之间的协同作用合理化,重新确定全面工作做法的优先次序并修正工作人员个人的责任。 特别是,减少工作人员重复的任务,导致重新界定其职能。 在对该司内部工作人员的职责进行内部调整后,并依照秘书长关于加强预算纪律的呼吁,政治事务部提议通过裁撤上述四个员额来调整该司的总体所需人员编制。 委员会获悉,该司有理由相信,它将继续能够充分执行分配给它的任务和任务。 委员会欢迎为执行监督厅的建议而采取的行动,并期望还将采取行动来落实尚未执行的建议。", "二.6. 还拟议在次级方案4(非殖民化)下裁撤2个员额(1个P-4和1个一般事务(其他职等)),作为该股人员配置调整的一部分,2012-2013两年期减少439 900美元(同上,第3.57段)。 经询问,咨询委员会获悉,非殖民化股的工作量和有关活动与该部其他部门相比相当稳定,预期产出基本上可以预测。 此外,非殖民化委员会在该股支持下的工作是周期性的,可以精简并更好地提前规划其工作。 因此,该部提议调整所需人员编制,裁撤1个P-4和1个一般事务员额(第一个员额目前空缺,第二个员额临时任职)。 经询问后,该部进一步告知委员会,它有理由相信,它将继续能够充分执行分派给该股的任务和任务,但有一项谅解,即该股的工作人员将视需要在高峰时段得到补充。 此外,该股将与相关区域司进行必要的合作,以利用各自工作中的协同作用。", "二.7 联合国 行预咨委会不反对秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议人员编制和相关员额资源。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二. 8 人力资源 非员额资源为7 774 100美元,比2010-2011年核定资源增加209 000美元,主要反映在一般业务费用(181 500美元)和订约承办事务(97 800美元)下。", "二. 9 页:1 咨询委员会注意到,一般临时人员和加班所需经费是集中在方案支助项下编列的,因此次级方案项下的所需经费减少。 方案支助项下一般业务费用1 273 100美元包括通信费用。 与2010-2011年核定资源相较,增加230 000美元,用于增加电信费,因为公务差旅工作人员漫游费用高,以及调入先前在各次级方案下编列的预算资源。 作为业务连续性计划的一部分,方案支助项下订约承办事务拟议资源包括信息和通信技术厅提供的支助服务费用和40个关键工作人员流动账户(1 058 500美元)。 与上个两年期相比,增加了192 200美元,反映了以前在各次级方案下编入预算的资源的调拨。 咨询委员会建议接受政治事务部拟议非员额资源。", "一般性评论和建议", "安全理事会惯例汇辑", "二.10 咨询委员会回顾,大会第65/31号决议请秘书长继续增订《汇辑》并以电子方式提供其所有语文文本。 委员会获悉,根据“双轨”办法,允许同时编写两份或多份补编,秘书处在过去一年中一直在编制涵盖2004-2007年和2008-2009年期间的第十五和第十六次补编。 整个第十五号补编已经完成,《汇辑》网站已有电子版预发本。 第十六号补编的编写工作也取得了进展,预计将于2011年底完成,关于2010-2011年第十七号补编的工作已经启动。 此外,对《汇辑》网站进行了整改,进一步提高了搜索能力并提供了一个方便用户的界面,便于更快地进入。 秘书处将视可用资金水平,设法将网站翻译成所有正式语文。 《汇辑》的最后几章和正在出版的几章已经以预发本的形式张贴。", "二.11. 咨询委员会获悉,向用于增订《汇辑》的信托基金提供自愿捐助仍然是维持所取得进展和维持所有六种正式语文网站的一个重要因素。 有人指出,预算外资金使秘书处能够保留协助编写《汇辑》的临时工作人员服务,并同时编写多卷出版物。 在目前财政拮据的情况下,有人指出,向信托基金提供的自愿捐款仍然是维持这方面进展的一个重要因素。 委员会赞赏迄今所做的工作,并鼓励政治事务部继续其筹资努力,以确保在增订《安全理事会惯例汇辑》方面取得进展。", "大会关于意外及非常费用的第64/246号决议", "二.12. 咨询委员会获得了该部为支持秘书长的斡旋努力而开展的活动的资料,这些活动是最近中东和北非的事态发展。 委员会获悉,不可能在现有资源范围内支持这种激增的活动。 因此,根据大会第64/246号决议的规定提供了资金,该决议授权秘书长在2010-2011两年期任何一年中承付经他证明与维持和平与安全有关的至多800万美元。", "二.13 联合国 经询问后,咨询委员会获得了秘书长迄今根据大会关于2010-2011两年期每年意外及非常费用的第64/246号决议所授权的相关承付款细目,详见下表二.2。", "报表二.2", "秘书长授权为2010年和2011年承付的款项", "数额(美元) 所涉期间\n2010年统计\n2010年1月1日至12月31日联合国支持日内瓦国际讨论和联合事件预防和应对机制的安排\n圭亚那和委内瑞拉边界争端问题秘书长个人代表\n朝鲜民主主义人民共和国问题特使 2010年2月5日至19日\n伊朗伊斯兰共和国问题专家小组 2010年9月1日至12月31日\n2010年5月31日浮雕事件调查小组\n斯里兰卡问题专家小组 2010年8月5日至12月31日\n2010年9月27日至12月31日秘书长援助巴基斯坦问题特使\n2010年共计\n2011 (英语).\n2010年5月31日浮雕事件调查小组\n联合国支持日内瓦国际讨论和联合事件预防和应对机制的安排 215 600 2011年1月1日至3月31日\n2011年1月1日至3月31日,巴基斯坦援助特使\n阿拉伯利比亚民众国特使 2011年3月至9月(6个月)\n斯里兰卡问题专家小组\n2011年7月1日至12月31日(6个月)\n2011^(a)共计", "^(a) 在大会第六十五届会议续会第二期会议就其拟议预算作出决定之前,不包括阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组和参加日内瓦国际讨论的联合国代表临时使用的数额。 大会已核准这两项行动的预算,并决定从2010-2011年特别政治任务批款总额中提供所需经费(大会第65/288号决议)。", "B. 特别政治任务", "二.14 人力资源 2012-2013两年期特别政治任务经费估计为1 083 036 300美元,而2010-2011两年期订正批款总额为1 203 840 800美元(A/66/6(Sect.3),表3.25)。 咨询委员会注意到,这一数额是根据本两年期的支出模式估算的,该支出模式已根据任务被终止或完成的特派团以及2010-2011年期间设立的新特派团的延迟影响进行调整。 因此,资源估计数反映了联合国尼泊尔特派团和联合国伊拉克发展基金国际咨询和监测委员会代表的任务期限分别于2011年1月15日和6月30日结束,以及2011年1月1日由后续特派团 -- -- 联合国布隆迪办事处取代了联合国布隆迪综合办事处。 如上文第一章所指出,这一构成部分涉及减少8 580万美元;由于预期以更具成本效益和效率的方式实现目标和任务,预计将再减少3 500万美元(又见下文第二.16段)。", "二.15 2010-2011年特别政治任务下相关经费,包括任务结束情况,见下表二.3。", "报表二.3", "2010-2011年特别政治任务", "组群/特派团批款(千美元)\n第一专题组:秘书长特别顾问和个人代表\n秘书长缅甸问题特使 1914.2 开放\n秘书长塞浦路斯问题特别顾问\n秘书长防止灭绝种族罪行问题特别顾问 打开\n秘书长西撒哈拉问题个人特使 打开\n负责执行安全理事会第1559(2004)号决议的秘书长特使\n联合国驻伊拉克发展基金国际咨询和监测委员会代表\n联合国日内瓦国际代表 讨论——大会第65/288号决议核准1 469 000美元的预算,在为特别政治任务拨款的12亿美元总额范围内予以满足。\n小计 15114.4\n第二专题组:制裁监测队、小组和小组\n索马里问题监察组 3849.1 2011年7月31日\n利比里亚问题专家小组 2011年12月16日 (中文(简体) ).\n科特迪瓦问题专家组\n刚果民主共和国问题专家组 2011年11月30日 (简体中文).\n苏丹问题专家小组\n朝鲜民主主义人民共和国问题专家小组\n伊朗伊斯兰共和国问题专家小组 3217.7 9/6/2012\n阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组-2012年5月31日 大会第65/288号决议核准1 670 400美元的预算,这笔预算将在为特别政治任务拨款的12亿美元总额内支付。\n分析支助和制裁 安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关个人和实体的第1526(2004)号决议所设监测组 8231.2 31/12/2012号\n支持安全理事会关于不扩散所有大规模毁灭性武器的第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会\n反恐怖主义委员会执行主任\n小计 55061.3\n第三专题组:政治办公室、建设和平支助办事处和综合办公室\n负责西非问题的秘书长特别代表办公室 2013年12月31日 (中文(简体) ).\n联合国中非共和国建设和平综合办事处 35988.7 2011年12月31日 (中文(简体) ).\n联合国几内亚比绍建设和平综合办事处 33076.9 2011年12月31日 (中文(简体) ).\n联合国索马里政治事务处 32783.5 打开\n联合国塞拉利昂建设和平综合办事处 2011年9月15日\n联合国支助喀麦隆-尼日利亚混合委员会 2011年12月31日 (中文(简体) ).\n联合国中亚预防分裂区域中心 打开\n联合国布隆迪综合办事处/联合国布隆迪办事处 58705.0 2011年12月31日 (中文(简体) ).\n联合国尼泊尔特派团 25804.1 15/1/2010\n黎巴嫩问题联合国特别协调员办事处\n联合国中部非洲办事处 3505.2 S/2010/457:庭长的信 安全理事会主席的信 给秘书长的信 安理会注意到2009年12月11日秘书长的信(S/2009/697),并认为应设立拟设的办事处,最初为期两年,18个月后再审查其任务\n小计 277796.1\n2012年3月23日 联合国阿富汗援助团\n联合国伊拉克援助团 355063.3 2011年7月31日 (英语).\n小计 852717.4\n共计(工作人员评估净额)", "二.16. 咨询委员会回顾,根据既定程序,特别政治任务资源的使用须经大会或安全理事会确定或延长的个别立法授权和核准。 此外,将向大会第六十六届会议主要会期提交所需资源的详细理由说明。 如上文第一章所指出,委员会认为,目前只能考虑为正在进行的特派团再减少3 500万美元(另见上文第二.14段)。 委员会认为,秘书长在提出特别政治任务拟议预算时必须表现出克制。", "二.17. 咨询委员会将在载有大会和(或)安全理事会授权向大会第六十六届会议主要会期提交的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数的秘书长报告中就人员配置和非人员配置提议提出相关意见和建议。", "二.18 行预咨委会还回顾,大会第65/259号决议请秘书长彻底审查特别政治任务的现有供资和支助安排,以找出可能的替代办法。 行预咨委会在其关于加强管理和持续开展维持和平行动能力的报告中表示,它获悉外勤支助部、维持和平行动部、管理事务部和政治事务部一直在评估各种备选方案,以便按要求向大会第六十六届会议报告这一问题(A/65/827,第19段)。 如其中所指出,咨询委员会期待着审查结果,其中应更全面地说明和明确分析支助特别政治任务的能力、安排、进程和挑战,并提出建议来弥补已查明的差距。", "C. 中东和平进程特别协调员办事处", "二.19 联合国 2012-2013年拟议资源在重计费用前为16 949 200美元,比2010-2011年核定资源增加648 900美元,即4.0%。 增加的主要原因是员额所需经费增加(530 700美元)。", "二.20 下表二.4汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年员额的提议。", "报表二.4", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、1个D-2、6个P-5、3个P-4、9个P-3、9个FS、2个NO、6个SS、27个LL\n1个USG、1个D-2、6个P-5、3个P-4、9个P-3、8个FS、6个SS、3个NO、28个LL\n新设1个NO\n1个外勤人员改叙为当地雇员", "二.21 (韩语) 与2010-2011年核定员额资源13 364 000美元相比,增加了530 700美元,即4.0%,反映了2010-2011两年期核准的8个员额的延迟影响,以及拟议在区域事务股新设1个本国干事员额。 如拟议预算所示,本国干事员额目前由预算外资源供资。 行预咨委会经询问获悉,2011年以后不再为该员额提供资金,而该职能(见A/66/6(Sect.3),第3段)。 事实证明,3.80在加强联合国在以色列外联工作的效力方面是宝贵的,并将继续需要。 此外,在该股内,1名政治事务干事(P-3)被指派担任与以色列政府关系的协调人,而3名政治事务干事(1个P-5、1个P-4和1个P-3)则履行与加沙和西岸巴勒斯坦人有关的类似职能。 委员会建议接受拟议的本国干事员额。", "二.22. 拟将特派团支助部门内一个外勤事务员额改叙为当地雇用人员员额(同上)。 咨询委员会不反对拟议的改叙。", "二.23 次级方案 拟议非员额项目经费为3 054 500美元,比2010-2011年核定资源增加118 200美元。 增加的主要原因是家具和设备(134 700美元)以及用品和材料(47 700美元)项下所需经费增加,因为更换一辆装甲车辆和四辆已到使用寿命的常规车辆,而目前车队由两辆装甲车和五辆轻型车辆组成,以及汽油、机油和润滑油费用增加。 所需追加资源被其他非员额项目拟议资源减少所抵消。 咨询委员会建议接受为特别协调员办公室拟议的非员额资源,同时鼓励更严格地管理其车队。", "D. 建设和平支助办公室", "二.24 联合国 建设和平支助办公室2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源总额在重计费用前为5 220 500美元,比2010-2011年核定资源增加677 800美元,即14.9%。 增加的原因是员额所需资源增加(839 300美元)被非员额所需资源减少(161 500美元)所抵消。", "二.25 下表二.5汇总2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "报表二.5", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个ASG、1个D-2、1个D-1、3个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、1个GS(PL)、3个GS(OL)\n1个助理秘书长、1个D-2、1个D-1、3个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、1个GS(PL)、3个GS(OL)\n调动 1个D-1员额从建设和平委员会支助处调至政策规划和应用处\n预算外\n1个D-1、2个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、2个GS(OL)", "关于员额的建议", "页:1 2012-2013年拟议员额所需资源为4 329 700美元,比2010-2011年核定资源增加839 300美元,即24.0%。 资源增加反映了2010-2011年核准的6个新员额(2个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))的延迟影响。 拟将经常预算员额数目维持在2010-2011年的水平上。 咨询委员会回顾,将建设和平基金的方案和财务管理以及资源调动、跟踪供资情况和分析供资缺口结合起来的建设和平经费筹措处有8个预算外员额(见表二.5),由建设和平基金供资。", "二.27. 咨询委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到,该办公室拟将建设和平委员会支助处处长(D-1)员额调到政策规划和应用处,以取代开发署先前借调的D-1员额。 调动的目的是与联合国有关部门、机构、基金和方案以及非联合国伙伴密切合作,提供与知识管理、政策规划和发展领域预期的责任和高质量产出相称的必要领导水平。 建设和平支助办公室主任的职能由办公室主任和副主任(D-2)履行,并履行该员额的职责。 咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "二.28 咨询委员会回顾,2008年审查了建设和平支助办公室的职能和作用,包括支助建设和平委员会,并参照第一年业务的经验教训,对该办公室的结构进行了修订(见A/64/7,第18-25段)。 页:1 委员会注意到,列入建设和平委员会议程的国家数目从2006年的2个增加到2011年的6个:布隆迪、塞拉利昂、几内亚比绍、中非共和国、利比里亚和几内亚,并有可能在不久的将来又有一个国家加入。 建设和平基金已发展成为一个50个捐助者信托基金,在20个国家运作,首次在2011-2013年期间业务计划中阐明其战略,其目的是每年筹集、分配和支付一亿美元,以支持全球建设和平努力。", "二.29 联合国 咨询委员会获悉,列入建设和平委员会议程的国家数目增加,将对该办公室的工作量、人员配置需要以及代表和工作人员前往议程所列国家的旅费产生重大影响。 建设和平支助办公室多年来一直依靠联合国系统无偿借调人员和预算外资源,为临时履行支持委员会工作的核心职能的职位提供资金。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,截至2011年7月,建设和平支助办公室有5个员额由联合国系统其他组织和非联合国伙伴无偿借调(2个P-5从开发署借调,1个P-5从粮食署借调,1个P-5从世界银行借调,1个P-4从难民署借调)。 行预咨委会曾指出,其中一些员额的更替速度快,并强调指出,必须努力争取这些实体持续承诺为借调人员提供更长期的任务,以确保职能的稳定性(A/64/7,第二.28段)。", "二.30 咨询委员会获悉,尽管已作出努力从实体借调人员或从捐助国获得捐款来资助关键职位,但在目前的紧缩气氛中,情况越来越困难。 委员会认为,由各机构、基金和方案借调人员来补充其任务授权具有全系统重点的办事处的经常预算人员配置是有益的。 然而,它认识到借调和预算外资源可能无法预测。 因此,委员会认为,完全依靠这些资源来执行核心经常预算方案和活动是不审慎的,因为这些资源无法得到保障。 行预咨委会在上文第一章就借调问题作了进一步评论。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "页:1 2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为890 800美元,比2010-2011年批款1 052 300美元减少161 500美元。 所需经费减少的主要原因是:由于更严格地控制加班,其他工作人员费用项下的经费减少(22 200美元);顾问和专家经费减少(54 200美元),反映了计划利用现有内部专门知识;代表旅费减少(55 500美元),反映了旅行频率和尽可能多地使用视频会议设施;一般业务费用减少(29 600美元),反映了支出模式。 咨询委员会建议核准建设和平支助办公室拟议非员额资源。", "E. 联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙所造成的损失登记册", "二.32. 联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙所造成的损失登记册是根据大会第ES-10/17号决议的规定设立的。 根据该决议,在联合国维也纳办事处设立了损失登记册办公室,作为大会的一个附属机关。 2012-2013年拟议资源在重计费用前为5 346 700美元。 与2010-2011年批款5 505 100美元相比,减少158 400美元,即减少2.9%。 这是员额资源增加(147 600美元)和非员额项目所需资源减少(306 000美元)的净结果。", "二.33 下表二.6汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "报表二.6", "人力资源", "员额职等", "经常预算", "2010-2011年核定数 18 1个D-2;1个P-5;5个P-4;1个P-3;1个P-2/1;9个GS(OL)", "19个D-2;1个P-5;5个P-4;2个P-3;1个P-2/1;9个GS(OL)", "1个P-3索偿干事", "预算外", "2012-2013年拟议数 13个P-5;12个当地雇员", "二.34 联合国 员额所需资源(4 673 800美元)用于在2012-2013年继续维持上文表二.6所示的18个临时员额,并拟议在索偿处理股新设1个索偿干事员额(P-3)(比2010-2011年核定资源增加147 600美元)。", "二.35 联合国 咨询委员会从向其提供的补充资料中注意到,过去两年来,所收集的索赔表数量与所审查和处理的索赔表数量之间的差距有所扩大。 截至2010年底,共收集了12 611起索偿要求,只有2 286起得到审查和处理。 报告指出,拟议增设的临时索偿干事员额(P-3)将便利按照既定资格标准处理索偿,保存提交和处理索偿的记录,以编写案件摘要并维持登记册的数据库。 委员会建议接受拟议的P-3临时员额,并期望这将有助于及时处理索偿要求。", "II.36 联合国 2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源672 900美元减少306 000美元,原因是所有支出用途下减少。 其他工作人员费用项下的减少(15 200美元)反映了难民署在现有工作人员资源中重新分配额外工作的努力。 委员会赞扬该厅在这方面作出的努力。 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于损失登记册办公室非员额资源的提议。", "F. 联合国驻非洲联盟办事处", "二.37 咨询委员会回顾,根据大会第63/310号决议,对联合国与非洲联盟的和平与安全伙伴关系的职能要求进行了全面审查,以期将联合国在亚的斯亚贝巴的和平与安全存在并入一个单一的联合国办事处(见A/64/762)。 大会第64/288号决议核可了委员会在这方面的结论和建议(见A/64/792),该决议自2010年7月1日起设立了联合国驻非洲联盟办事处。", "二.38 该办公室整合了前联合国联络处、非洲联盟维持和平支助小组、联合国非洲联盟驻索马里特派团规划小组以及非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动联合支助和协调机制的支助部分。 该办公室由助理秘书长职等的秘书长特别代表领导,他向主管维持和平行动部、外勤支助部和政治事务部的副秘书长报告,但政治事务部主要负责监督该办公室。", "二. 39 联合国 行预咨委会在其关于该办公室拟议预算的报告中指出,为了根据改组精简总部向非洲联盟提供支助和协调的安排,仍有许多工作要做;行预咨委会还表示关切该办公室的报告关系复杂(A/64/792,第19段)。 16岁。 行预咨委会在其关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间支助账户预算的报告(A/65/827,第86段)中也表示,根据秘书长所述,鉴于安全理事会和大会要求的现有具体任务和任务保持不变,该办公室需要三个部提供同等水平的支助,因此就与各自任务有关的事项分别向其报告。 委员会获悉,该厅有效管理了三个独立的报告关系,没有遇到问题,目前正在建立一个部门间机制,由该厅同三个部门定期协商和分享信息。 行预咨委会期望,随着其全面完成整合,有关总部有关部门同该厅之间的协调和协商安排的信息将列入下次提交的预算。", "二.40 咨询委员会注意到,该办公室的经常预算资源已在2010-2011两年期方案预算第1款(通盘决策、领导和协调)中列报,因为成为联合国驻非洲联盟办事处一部分的联合国联络处自设立以来也被列入同一款。 鉴于该办公室所履行的方案职能涉及和平与安全,这些职能已作为单独构成部分列入2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第3款(政治事务)。", "II.41 联合国 2012-2013年拟议资源在重计费用前为1 910 700美元,比2010-2011年批款1 570 700美元增加340 000美元,即21.6%。 行预咨委会回顾,该办公室的经费也由维持和平行动支助账户提供(2012-2013两年期为15 267 600美元),用于支付下文表二.7所示57个员额的费用及其相关业务费用。", "二.42 下表二.7汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "报表二.7 拟议人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个ASG、1个D-2、1个P-5、1个P-4、2个LL\n1个ASG、1个D-2、1个P-5、1个P-4、2个当地雇员\n预算外\n2012-2013年拟议数 57 2个P-5、20个P-4、3个P-3、11个FS、20LL、1个UNV^(a)", "^(a) 在“其他分摊资源”下供资,反映大会第65/290号决议关于维持和平行动支助账户的决定。", "II.43 联合国 员额所需经费(1 828 500美元)用于支付上文表二.7所示6个连续性员额的费用。 增加340 000美元是因为2010-2011年核定一个员额的延迟影响。 拟议非员额资源82 200美元保持在2010-2011年核定水平上。", "二.44 咨询委员会注意到,该办公室的结构将包括一个实务部门,在政治事务、业务规划和行政规划等三个领域向非洲联盟提供支助,以及一个支助部门(A/64/792,第48段)。 5. 委员会还注意到,这一结构意在灵活,有可能随着情况的发展而扩大或缩小(又见A/66/6(Sect.3),第3.118段)。 行预咨委会再次要求在该办公室人员配备齐全并开始运作时,不断审查和进一步评估该办公室由62个员额中的32个员额组成的支助部门,包括安排从非洲经委会获取支助服务并共享人力资源,以促进支助关系(见A/64/792,第22段和A/65/827,第90段)。", "二.45 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长为联合国驻非洲联盟办事处提议的员额和非员额资源。", "第4款 裁军", "秘书长的提案 22 711 800美元(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款22 134 800美元\n预计预算外资源 16 643 000美元\n秘书长关于经常预算员额的建议摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等开列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "第二.46节 秘书长为第4款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为22 711 800美元,与2010-2011两年期相比增加了577 000美元,即2.6%(见A/66/6(Sect.4),第5段)。 页:1 增加的原因是员额所需资源增加(274 400美元)和非员额资源增加(302 600美元)。", "页:1 就本方案构成部分而言,增加额主要与工作方案有关,特别是次级方案2(大规模毁灭性武器)有关,原因是大会第65/68号决议界定的2012-2013年外层空间透明度和建立信任措施特设专家会议所需资源增加(见下文第二.51和二.52段);次级方案5(区域裁军),原因是2010-2011年核定的4个员额(2个P-3和2个当地雇员)的延迟影响;列入亚洲及太平洋和平与裁军区域中心及拉丁美洲和加勒比和平、裁军与发展区域中心的核心业务所需资源;以及三个区域中心所需额外安保经费(见下文第二.54段)。", "第二.48节 2012-2013年预算外资金预计为16 643 000美元,包括裁研所信托基金4 031 300美元,而2010-2011两年期估计数为21 446 500美元。 经费减少是因为2010-2011年为次级方案3下的一项具体活动提供了经费,预计2012-2013年不会继续(A/66/6(Sect.4),第4.10段)。", "二.49 表二.8汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "报表二.8 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、2个D-2、3个D-1、13个P-5、9个P-4、7个P-3、4个P-2、4个GS(PL)、15个GS(OL)、4个LL\n1个USG、2个D-2、3个D-1、13个P-5、9个P-4、7个P-3、4个P-2、4个GS(PL)、15个GS(OL)、4个LL\n预算外\n2012-2013年拟议数 1个P-5", "关于员额的建议", "第二章.50节 拟议员额资源为17 571 800美元,增加了274 400美元,主要原因是2010-2011年在次级方案5(区域裁军)下核准的4个员额(2个P-3和2个当地雇员)的延迟影响。 如上表二.8所示,人员编制不变。 咨询委员会建议接受拟议员额资源。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "二.51 联合国 2012-2013年非员额资源估计数为5 140 000美元,比2010-2011年批款净增302 600美元。 拟议专家所需资源为1 759 900美元,比2010-2011年批款增加366 100美元。 这是因为在次级方案2(大规模毁灭性武器)下为执行大会第65/68号决议的规定编列了经费,该决议请秘书长设立一个政府专家组,从2012年开始就外层空间透明度和建立信任措施进行研究。 委员会注意到,大会在该决议第3段中还请秘书长在现有资源范围内向专家组提供执行任务所需的任何协助和服务。", "二.52 行预咨委会询问后获悉,366 100美元的专家相关经费包括15名专家的旅费(254 800美元)、每日生活津贴(93 500美元)、终点站费用(5 700美元)和1名咨询人的服务费(12 100美元)。 行预咨委会注意到,预计2012年将在纽约举行一次为期10天的会议,2013年将举行两次为期10天的会议,一次在纽约,另一次在维也纳。", "第二.53条 赠款和捐款的提议维持在2010-2011两年期的水平上,为1 911 400美元。 拟议资源包括次级方案1(军备限制和裁军问题多边谈判)下1 873 300美元,用于研究金方案(1 295 500美元),该方案根据大会第37/100 G号决议每年最多供25名研究员使用,并用于裁研所的补助金(577 800美元);次级方案5(区域裁军)下38 100美元,用于三个区域中心的强制性最低运作安保标准。", "第二.54节 次级方案5拟议非员额资源为989 300美元,还包含其他工作人员费用项下增加的19 400美元,以确保非洲、亚洲和太平洋以及拉丁美洲和加勒比区域中心完全符合最低运作安保标准。 此外,一般业务费用拟议资源为181 000美元,增加了20 200美元,原因是对大会第62/216号、第63/74号和第63/77号决议作出了逐步反应,其中请秘书长为将与三个区域中心有关的业务费用列入经常预算编列经费。 咨询委员会注意到,拟议资源用于非洲(79 800美元)、拉丁美洲和加勒比(53 900美元)和亚洲和太平洋(47 300美元)区域中心的业务费用。 委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "二.55 咨询委员会注意到,裁军事务厅的新办公室将在维也纳开设,作为新举措的一部分,以应对与政府间组织合作并确保有效互动的日益增长的需要(A/66/6(Sect.4),第4至4段)。 联合国 委员会获悉,该办事处将于2011年9月成立,将由预算外资源提供全部资金,其继续运作完全取决于有关捐助者提供必要的捐款。 为支持该办事处设立了一个特别信托基金,已获得预算外资金,用于支助1个P-5员额(任职者将领导办事处)和1个当地征聘的一般事务员额,最初为期12个月。 经询问,委员会获悉,设立该办事处不会损害裁军事务厅由预算外资源供资的其他活动。 委员会认识到维也纳办事处在确保同政府间组织的合作和互动以及提高裁军事务厅跟上事态发展,特别是核领域事态发展的能力方面的重要性,并期望该厅继续这方面的筹资活动。", "第5款 维持和平行动", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款\n预计预算外资源536 891 900 ^(b)\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 修订A/66/6(Sect.5)号文件内表5.5所载列的资料,将其他分摊资源列入319 178 400美元,反映大会第65/290号决议关于维持和平行动支助账户和预算外资源的决定217 713 500美元。", "第二.56节 2012-2013两年期重计费用前拟议资源为109 779 100美元,比2010-2011两年期批款减少3 124 700美元,即2.8%。 第5款的拟议总资源包括维持和平行动部(10 644 500美元)和外勤支助部(8 252 500美元)以及两个维持和平特派团:联合国停战监督组织(69 672 300美元)和联合国驻印度和巴基斯坦军事观察组(21 209 800美元)。", "第二.57节 第5款共减少3 124 700美元,反映出维持和平行动部(2 616 000美元)、外勤支助部(53 300美元)和印巴观察组(1 208 600美元)的经费减少,但停战监督组织的经费增加(753 200美元)所抵消。", "第二.58节 维持和平行动部和外勤支助部的拟议资源并非全部所需资源,因为这两个部开展活动的能力主要取决于维持和平行动支助账户提供的资源(A/66/6(Sect.5),第5.14段)。 在这方面,委员会获悉,经常预算资源约占维持和平行动部总资源的2.7%和外勤支助部总资源的4.6%。 鉴于大会第65/290号决议关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间支助账户的决定,预算分册表5.5所示第5款的其他分摊资源数额需要订正为2012-2013两年期319 178 400美元。 同样,表5.6所示由其他分摊资源供资的员额总数应订正为852个。", "第二.59节 行预咨委会回顾,在其关于加强管理和持续开展维持和平行动能力的报告(见A/65/827)中,行预咨委会提到支助账户人员配置模式问题,这是关于支助账户演变情况的若干研究和报告的主题,包括审计委员会和外聘咨询人的报告。 委员会重申其观点,即人员配置模式或支助账户提议应考虑到所有可用资源,包括支助账户员额、经常预算员额以及参与支助维持和平行动的联合国实体的其他类型的人员配置指定。 此外,鉴于参与支助维持和平行动的经常预算员额和支助账户员额相互关联,委员会重申,应确定哪些是有效管理和支助维持和平行动所需的核心或基本能力,这与经常预算直接相关;哪些是适应与支助账户资源性质有关的维持和平活动水平变化的可扩展能力。", "A. 维持和平行动部", "第二.60节 维持和平行动部拟议所需经常预算资源为10 644 500美元,比2010-2011年批款减少2 616 000美元,即19.7%,原因是非员额所需经费减少2 616 000美元,主要是在行政领导和管理项下(2 101 200美元)。", "第二.61节 2012-2013年预算外资源估计数总额为420 390 700美元,包括支助账户资源187 409 600美元,反映了大会第65/290号决议的决定。 此外,预算外资源包括协助地雷行动自愿信托基金项下预计的217 713 500美元(包括22个临时员额的资源)、支助维持和平行动部信托基金项下预计的7 969 500美元以及预算外实务活动方案支助费用特别账户项下734 800美元(包括3个临时员额的资源)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,支助维持和平行动部信托基金2012-2013年估计数是根据2010-2011年支出模式计算的,截至2010年11月30日,该支出模式共为93个项目供资15 984 971美元。 虽然项目类型可能与2010-2011年相似,但对2012-2013年捐助方可能核准和资助的项目了解甚少。", "二.62 下文表二.9汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "报表二.9 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、3个ASG、4个D-2、4个D-1、3个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3、2个P-2/1、9个GS(OL)\n1个USG、3个ASG、4个D-2、4个D-1、3个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3、2个P-2/1、9个GS(OL)\n预算外\n2012-2013^(a) 5个D-2、10个D-1、45个P-5、189个P-4、95个P-3、10个P-2/12、97个GS(OL)的拟议员额", "^(a) 包括428个由维持和平行动支助账户供资的员额(4个D-2、10个D-1、42个P-5、184个P-4、88个P-3、10个P-2/1、2个GS(PL)、88个GS(OL)),反映大会第65/290号决议中关于支助账户经费筹措的决定,以及22个由协助地雷行动自愿信托基金供资的员额(1个D-2、3个P-5、5个P-4、6个P-3、7个GS(OL)和由预算外实务活动方案支助费用特别账户供资的3个员额(1个P-3、2个GS(OL))。", "关于员额的建议", "第二.63节 2012-2013年维持和平行动部的人员编制包括续设28个经常预算员额(19个专业和9个一般事务员额)和453个预算外员额(354个专业和99个一般事务员额),包括由支助账户供资的428个员额(338个专业和90个一般事务员额),由协助地雷行动自愿信托基金供资的22个员额(15个专业和7个一般事务员额)以及由特别账户供资的支助预算外实务活动的3个员额(1个专业和2个一般事务员额)。 由于员额数目保持不变,拟议员额资源为9 754 700美元,与2010-2011年批款数额相同。 咨询委员会不反对秘书长关于员额的提议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "第二.64节 非员额资源为889 800美元,比2010-2011年的批款3 505 800美元减少2 616 000美元。 减少的原因是,如第一次执行情况报告(A/65/589,第8和9段)所报告并列入2010-2011年订正批款的与秘书长维护和平与安全举措有关的意外及非常费用项下所核准的非经常资源减少。 相关减少额为2 101 200美元,反映于行政领导和管理项下的非员额支出用途,包括其他工作人员费用、工作人员差旅费、订约承办事务、一般业务费用以及用品和材料。", "第二.65节 方案支助项下拟议资源为1 071 600美元,减少436 700美元,主要原因是其他工作人员费用(143 800美元)减少,因为向工作人员提供补偿时间以代替支付加班费,一般业务费用(132 800美元)反映了商业通信以及家具和设备的实际用户费用(112 600美元)因推迟更换办公设备而减少。 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "B. 外勤支助部", "II.66 (韩语) 外勤支助部拟议所需资源为8 252 500美元,比2010-2011年核定资源减少53 300美元,即0.6%。 这一减少完全与非员额资源减少有关。 大会第65/290号决议通过后,2012-2013年其他分摊资源估计为131 768 800美元。", "二.67 下文表二.10汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表二.10 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、1个ASG、1个D-2、1个D-1、3个P-5、2个P-4、4个P-3、3个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)\n1个USG、1个ASG、1个D-2、1个D-1、3个P-5、2个P-4、4个P-3、6个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)\n预算外\n2012-2013年拟议数 ^(a) 424 3 D-2、8 D-1、37 P-5、87 P-4、113 P-3、5 P-2/1、21 GS(PL)、150 GS(OL)", "^(a) 与反映大会关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议的其他分摊资源供资的员额有关。", "第二.68节 2012-2013年外勤支助部的人员编制包括续设由支助账户资源供资的30个经常预算员额(19个专业员额和11个一般事务员额)以及424个预算外员额(253个专业员额和171个一般事务员额)。 经常预算员额经费在重计费用前为8 192 500美元,反映了2010-2011年核定员额和相关资源的水平相同。", "二.69 联合国 非员额资源减少53 300美元,主要反映在工作人员旅费项下。 鉴于更多依赖视像会议,所需资源比2010-2011年核定资源101 100美元减少46 100美元。", "二.70 咨询委员会建议接受外勤支助部的拟议员额和非员额资源。", "一般性评论和建议", "外联活动", "二.71 咨询委员会注意到,次级方案5(外勤行政支助)所列产出之一包括:通过参加职业和招聘会开展外联活动;在专门网站和专业出版物上进行有针对性的广告宣传;向无人任职和任职人数不足的国家派遣征聘团(A/66/6(Sect.5),第5.57(b)段)。 行预咨委会想获得这方面的补充资料并获悉,参加招聘会提高了本组织作为首选雇主的形象,促进了外地的职业,并确定了可能申请文职名册的人员。 在德国举办的一次这样的招聘会吸引了来自65个国家的200 000名游客和6 500名参展人,约有3 000人对联合国的职业生涯表示出兴趣。 其中,共有13个职业类别的203份简介目前正在总部审议,目前正在鼓励候选人申请。", "第二.72节 此外,咨询委员会获悉,过去三年来,外联股建立了一个800多个联系人的数据库,包括专门网站、大学、机构、基金和方案、常驻代表团、专门机构和培训中心。 这些职位是按职业、区域、妇女和其他群体安排的,在公布基于名册的通用空缺通知或某一外地特派团需要非常专门的职能时,用来引起对具体职业的兴趣。 最近,在南苏丹,事实证明该数据库是吸引候选人担任专门职能的有效机制,因为文职名册无法提供这种能力。 行预咨委会欢迎外勤人事司开展的外联活动,并鼓励继续并扩大这方面的工作。", "调查活动", "第二.73节 根据预计在2012-2013两年期交付的产出清单,主管外勤支助事务副秘书长办公室预计将处理关于调查的报告,证实监督厅和维持和平行动中其他调查实体提出的约700起不当行为指控,使相关内部和外部实体能够采取惩戒行动(A/66/6(Sect.5),第5.52(c)段)。", "二.74 咨询委员会获悉,根据所收集的数据,2008年通过调查证实了993起指控(195起列为第一类,798起列为第二类);2009年将指控数目减至890起(128起列为第一类,762起列为第二类);2010年通过调查证实了696起指控(91起列为第一类,605起列为第二类)。 然而,这些数字没有反映正在进行的调查的结果,说明在此期间,已证实的指控数量有所减少。 根据现有最新数据显示2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间记录的1 188起指控(306起第一类和882起第二类),并考虑到通过调查得到证实并提交采取纪律行动的指控百分比的历史趋势,假定大约314起指控(148起第一类和166起第二类)将在一年内提交纪律行动。 行预咨委会在其关于维持和平行动共有问题的报告(A/65/743,第103段)中注意到涉及维持和平人员的指控数量普遍呈积极趋势,并称赞秘书长同部队和警察派遣国为此而作的共同努力。 鉴于这个问题的重要性,委员会强调必须在这方面作出持续努力。", "C. 联合国停战监督组织", "二.75 咨询委员会回顾,停战监督组织是根据安全理事会第50(1948)号决议的规定为监督巴勒斯坦的停战而设立的。 此后被赋予各种任务,其职能不时被修改. 行预咨委会还回顾,自联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)和联合国脱离接触观察员部队(观察员部队)部队指挥官设立以来,指派到以色列-黎巴嫩和以色列-阿拉伯叙利亚共和国两地的停战监督组织军事观察员一直处于行动控制之下,协助他们完成任务;这不妨碍停战监督组织在维持和平部队任务到期后继续在这两个地段开展工作(A/66/6(Sect.5),第5.66和5.67段)。", "第二.76节 秘书长为停战监督组织2012-2013年拟议资源为69 672 300美元,比2010-2011年批款增加753 200美元,即1.1%。 增加的原因是非员额所需资源增加(2 645 500美元),由员额资源减少(1 892 300美元)所抵消。", "二.77 下文表二.11汇总2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年员额的提议。", "报表二.11 人力资源", "员额职等\n1个ASG、2个D-1、1个P-5、2个P-4、2个P-3、1个P-2、146个LL、111个FS\n266 1个ASG、2个D-1、1个P-5、2个P-4、2个P-3、1个P-2、1个NO、160个LL、96个FS\n新员额 2个LL\n改叙 13个FS改叙为12个LL和1个NO\n裁撤 2个FS", "关于员额的意见和建议", "第二.78节 如上文表二.11所示,拟议员额资源45 939 800美元将用于266个员额(9个专业及以上、96个外勤人员、160个当地雇员和1个本国干事)。 减少1 892 300美元,即4.0%,反映了拟议设立2个新员额、2010-2011年核准的8个员额的延迟影响、12个员额改叙和裁撤2个员额的净影响。 2012-2013年拟议人员配置变动如下:", "(a) 国家 由于停战监督组织、联黎部队和观察员部队为黎巴嫩观察员小组和戈兰观察员小组合并了支助安排,裁撤了2个外勤事务员额;", "(b) 国家 拟议新设2个司机当地雇员员额,其职能迄今由工作人员提供有效许可证,支付加班费履行这些职能,但没有被指定为司机,导致工作时间延长,不利于健康工作条件;", "(c) 将13个外勤事务员额改叙为12个当地雇员和1个本国干事员额,这是根据大会第64/269号决议确定的,该决议要求更多地使用本国工作人员。", "二.79 咨询委员会获悉,拟裁撤上述2个外勤事务员额和将13个外勤事务员额改叙为当地雇员,以确保大会关于匀支统一服务条件费用的第65/248号决议的规定得到遵守(另见第一章)。 页:1 行预咨委会不反对上文第二.78段所述的人员配置变动,并建议接受拟议员额资源。", "二.80 咨询委员会回顾,在2010-2011两年期预算中,有人提议将停战监督组织的后勤支助服务与联黎部队和观察员部队合并和合并,并提议裁撤37个员额(A/64/6(Sect.5))。 大会没有核准这项提议。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,截至2011年7月18日,停战监督组织有18个员额空缺,其中2个员额到8月底将填补;所有空缺员额都在征聘中,预计将于2011年9月填补。 行预咨委会还获悉,鉴于已提议合并,一些员额一直空缺。 然而,由于该提议未获核准,特派团目前正在考虑进一步将员额本国化。 因此,委员会期望今后提交的预算提案将包括将员额改划为当地雇员员额。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "第二.81节 2012-2013年非员额资源经费为23 732 500美元。 与2010-2011两年期批款相比,净增2 645 500美元,主要原因是其他工作人员费用(1 594 500美元)项下所需经费增加,原因是153名军事观察员的特派任务生活津贴费率增加(1 499 800美元),家具和设备项下增加1 034 400美元,原因是需要根据车队的年龄、里程和状况更换车辆和车间设备。 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于停战监督组织非员额资源的提议。", "D. 联合国驻印度和巴基斯坦军事观察组", "第二.82节 印巴观察组拟议预算在重计费用前为21 209 800美元,比2010-2011年批款减少1 208 600美元,即5.4%。 减少的原因是非员额所需经费减少。", "二.83 下文表二.12汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年员额的提议。", "报表二.12 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个D-2、1个P-5、1个P-4、49个LL、24个FS\n2012-2013年拟议数 76 1个D-2、1个P-5、1个P-4、50个LL、23 FS", "关于员额的建议", "第二.84节 员额拟议资源为10 762 000美元,用于维持表二.12所列的76个员额。 与2010-2011年核定资源相比净增10 300美元,反映了根据大会第65/259号决议核准的订正安保管理框架在2010-2011年设立的2个员额(1个P‐4和1个当地雇员)的延迟影响,以及根据大会关于匀支统一服务条件费用的第65/248号决议的规定,将1个外勤员额改叙为当地雇员(另见第一章,B节)。 页:1 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于员额的提议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "第二.85节 2012-2013年非员额资源经费为10 447 800美元。 净减少1 218 900美元的主要原因是,根据大会第65/259号决议核准的订正安保管理框架,2010-2011两年期核定非经常资源已停止使用,即房地改善项下减少2 592 800美元,家具和设备项下减少647 900美元。 减少额被其他工作人员费用(1 083 900美元)和一般业务费用(1 018 700美元)项下所需额外经费所抵消。", "第二.86节 其他工作人员费用4 362 200美元包括所需额外经费1 083 900美元,主要用于偿还特派团人员住宿安保措施的费用和增加危险工作地点津贴。", "第二.87节 一般业务费用为3 126 600美元,用于房地改建、维修事务、水电、通信、家具和设备的维修以及运输设备,并用于运费和有关费用、一般保险和杂项事务。 据称,增加的1 018 700美元主要用于翻修印巴观察组在伊斯兰堡的现有总部建筑群,其中包括需要将其使用寿命延长至2012年以后的预制结构。", "二.88 行预咨委会回顾,大会在第65/259号决议中为2010-2011两年期核准了与加强和统一联合国安保管理系统有关的订正安保管理框架资源,包括非经常经费。 经询问,委员会获悉,截至2011年6月30日,这些资金已用于为2个核定新员额(1个P-4安保主任和1个当地雇员安保信息助理)征聘工作人员和购置3辆装甲车。 此外,行预咨委会获悉,为加强安保措施,包括加强预制结构的外墙和屋顶,以及加强印巴观察组伊斯兰堡总部建筑群外部周边,购置所需用品和材料的采购程序已进入后期阶段,计划于2011年完成。", "二.89 咨询委员会还获悉,由驻地协调员领导的联合国工作队正同巴基斯坦政府讨论为在伊斯兰堡派驻人员的所有联合国基金和方案,包括印巴观察组,分配土地以建设“一个联合国村庄”项目。 该项目将为伊斯兰堡的所有联合国实体提供一个总部结构,一旦土地得到分配,并且所有相关实体同意并核准设计,该项目预计将获得联合供资。 开发计划署驻巴基斯坦办事处同巴基斯坦政府之间的谈判正在进行之中,但没有确定完成该项目的时间表。", "第二.90节 2012-2013年所需经费估计数为861 800美元,原因是需要翻修现有的印巴观察组总部,直至核准购置更永久性的结构 主要费用项目包括:", "(a) 477 000美元用于建造车间和仓储设施,包括消防系统,并安装空调和警报器,以按照外勤支助部的标准保护资产。 这些设施目前存放在已注销的海运集装箱内;", "(b) 212 000美元用于建筑工程,包括拆除和更换木地板和胶合板天花板并更换内部电器配件;", "(c) 118 000美元用于加强集装箱抗震部分;", "(d) 47 000美元用于更换门窗;", "(e) 7 800美元用于其他杂项事务。", "二.91 咨询委员会认识到,在谈判完成、分配土地和为联合国在伊斯兰堡的存在建造永久办公房舍之前,有必要着手翻修和维护现有的总部结构。 行预咨委会期望,将尽一切努力,确保一旦一个更永久性的结构项目完成,2012-2013两年期对现有结构翻修的任何投资都不会损失。 在此基础上,委员会建议接受印巴观察组拟议非员额资源。", "第6款 和平利用外层空间", "秘书长的提案 8 071 400 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\n预计预算外资源 2 013 000美元\n秘书长关于经常预算员额的建议摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等开列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "二.92 咨询委员会注意到,秘书长为第6款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为8 071 400美元,比2010-2011两年期增加48 400美元,即0.6%。", "二.93 下文表二.13汇总了2010-2011两年期核定员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期员额的提议。", "表二.13 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个D-2、1个D-1、2个P-5、8个P-4、4个P-3、3个P-2/1、5个GS(OL)\n1个D-2、1个D-1、2个P-5、8个P-4、4个P-3、3个P-2/1、5个GS(OL)", "第二.94节 拟议员额资源为6 833 200美元,用于2012-2013年续设24个员额。 咨询委员会注意到,2011年,外层空间事务厅按照监督厅的建议(A/66/6,(Sect.6),第6.22段),对其组织结构进行了审查并合并了空间应用科和联合国灾害管理和应急天基信息平台(天基信息平台)方案。", "第二.95条 如向咨询委员会所指出并载于预算分册中的那样,从2011年6月起,合并的目的是以统筹一致的方式规划和组织与气候变化、远程保健、搜索和救援以及水等超越这两个单位的问题有关的活动。 秘书长还期望,它将精简业务,消除重复程序并让方案以更具成本效益和效率的方式完成任务。 委员会注意到,合并后,新科将由D-1级现有科长领导,他将负责制定和规划空间应用方案和天基信息平台的目标,包括其区域支助办事处和附属于联合国的空间科学和技术教育区域中心。 此外,将修订现有1个P-5员额的职能,以包括协调天基信息平台方案,并将现有1个P-4员额调至司长办公室,协助管理该方案。 委员会欢迎进行合并,不反对为员额拟议的资源。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "第二.96节 拟议非员额资源为1 238 200美元,比2010-2011年批款增加48 400美元。 增加的主要原因是家具和设备所需经费增加(33 300美元),因为需要更换老旧的信息技术设备,其中一些设备是2005年购置的,已经超过四年的标准更换周期,并更新以前购置的软件包。 由于办公室工作人员计算机和膝上型计算机的工作站服务级协议费率提高,一般业务费用拟议资源也增加了(21 600美元)。 由于《空间大事记》的出版工作终止,订约承办事务拟议所需经费减少(6 500美元),抵消了上述增加额。 咨询委员会建议接受2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源。", "一般性评论", "二.97 咨询委员会注意到,预算外资源是经常预算资源的补充,用于资助各种活动,如技术咨询服务、培训、讲习班、研讨会、外地项目、出版物、小册子的编写和分发、特别活动的组织以及加强国际空间信息处,预计2012-2013年将增至2 013 000美元(2010-2011年为1 887 000美元)。 这主要与捐助方承诺支持天基信息平台方案、2011年在中国设立办事处以及全球导航卫星系统国际委员会的活动有关。", "二.98 咨询委员会获悉,外层空间事务厅的外联方案由各种活动组成,包括培训班、专家会议和讲习班,特别是为在区域基础上进行能力建设而设计的讲习班、在国家基础上进行的技术咨询访问和一般新闻活动。 此外,该办公室每年在不同国家组织活动,确保向所有区域提供它们所需的外联方案。 此外,外空事务厅还通过世界空间周庆祝活动和其他特别活动来宣传空间科学和技术的好处。 委员会欢迎外空事务厅开展的外联活动,这些活动应可进一步加强空间科学和技术及其应用的能力和利用。", "第二.99节 提供给咨询委员会的补充资料表明,802 800美元的资源将用于经常预算下的赠款(166 600美元)和个人研究金(636 200美元)。 委员会赞赏地注意到为维持该方案所作的努力。", "第三编 国际司法和国际法", "第7节 国际 法院", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款 46 605 800美元\n秘书长关于经常预算员额的建议摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等开列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "三. 1 秘书长为第7款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为47 608 500美元,与2010-2011两年期相比增加1 002 700美元,即2.2%。 增加的原因是,员额所需资源比2010-2011年核定资源23 895 600美元多出1 223 000美元,主要原因是2010-2011年预算核准的9个员额(1个P-3、6个P-2、2个一般事务(其他职等))和2012-2013年拟议新设4个员额(1个P-3、1个P-2、2个一般事务(其他职等))。 非员额资源比2010-2011年批款22 710 200美元减少220 300美元。 就构成部分而言,增加的主要原因是书记官处需要额外经费(997 600美元)。", "三.2 咨询委员会获悉,在审议拟议预算时,法院有15个待决案件,其中3个正在同时审理。 此外,几年来,法院清单上的案件数量一直相对稳定,平均为15至16起,而最终裁定的案件数量与提交给法院的新案件数量相当。 然而,法院认为,在评价法院工作量方面,这被认为有些不明智,因为从数量上讲,真正重要的是,在提交的案件和已裁定的案件之间,以及在质量上,后者的程序和实质复杂性之间,是不平衡的。 委员会还获悉,最近最显著的事态发展是向法院提起的附带诉讼大量增加,需要进行与就案件实质问题作决定所需的类似工作。 书记官长在委员会就拟议资源举行听询时所作的说明提供了有益的澄清。 委员会认为,今后应将这种资料列入法院的拟议预算。", "三.3 表三.1汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。", "表三.1 按支出用途开列的所需资源 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n2010-2011年核定数 114 1个ASG、1个D-2、1个D-1、4个P-5、32个P-4/3、19个P-2/1、6个GS(PL)、50个GS(OL)\n1个ASG、1个D-2、1个D-1、4个P-5、33个P-4/3、20个P-2/1、6个GS(PL)、52个GS(OL)\n1个P-3、1个P-2和2个GS(OL)\n10个P-4、6个P-3和2个GS(OL)从临时员额改划为常设员额", "关于员额的意见和建议", "新员额", "三. 支助 拟设2个安保主管员额(P-3)和1个安保信息助理员额(一般事务(其他职等))(A/66/6(Sect.7),第7.15段)。 咨询委员会获悉,这项请求是根据安全和安保部在进行安保风险评估后提出的建议提出的。 拟议新设的安保主管(P-3)将监督法院的安保股,该股由3名现有警卫(一般事务(其他职等))组成,将协调和管理法院、其成员和工作人员的安全业务,并确保保护机密信息,逐案评估风险并提出适当的解决办法。 拟设的安保信息助理将协助制订和执行政策和程序,以解决可靠性和冗余问题,为法院的信息技术系统提供支助并作出适当建议。 委员会获悉,目前没有工作人员负责这一确切职能。 委员会还获悉,法院迄今严重依赖前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭,在就政治敏感问题,包括国家元首访问时,提供更多的安保支助和人员。 然而,鉴于国际法庭的缩编,安全和安保部认为,法院需要在这一领域发展自己的内部能力。 委员会建议同意请设的2个安保主管员额(P-3)和1个安保情报助理员额(一般事务(其他职等))。", "三.5. 联合国 鉴于书记官处法律事务部工作量增加,请求在该部设立一个协理法律干事(P-2)员额(A/66/6(Sect.7),第7.16段)。 如拟议预算所指出,增设员额的任职者将协助该部现有工作人员起草信函,就与东道国的关系、雇用和合同事项提供建议,并编写会议记录和起草发言或说明。 咨询委员会回顾,大会关于2008-2009两年期预算的第62/236号决议核准了3个协理法律干事(P-2)员额;大会关于2010-2011两年期预算的第64/243号决议决定增加6个书记员员额,使书记员总数达到15个(14个P-2和1个P-3)。 委员会继续认为,书记官人才库是确保有效提供法律支助的适当途径,以应对法院总工作量的变化(见A/62/7,第18段)。 见A/64/7,第5段。 (三. ) 委员会认为,拟议协理法律干事的职能应在现有能力范围内提供,因此建议不核准增设的P-2职等员额。", "三.6. 鉴于法院工作量日益增加,特别是需要处理书状出版物的积压,请为出版物司设立1个一般事务(其他职等)行政和编辑助理员额(A/66/6(Sect.7),第7.17段)。 咨询委员会建议接受该拟议临时员额。 应在2014-2015年拟议方案预算中审查是否继续需要这一员额,同时考虑到在清理积压方面取得的进展。", "改划", "三. 支助 拟将10个临时员额改划为常设员额,其中包括语文事务部9个员额(2个P-4、6个P-3、1个一般事务(其他职等))和新闻部1个行政助理(一般事务(其他职等))员额(A/66/6(Sect.7),第7.18段)。 咨询委员会获悉,最初于2000年提供这些员额的改划是鉴于所履行的职能具有明显的持续性而要求的。 委员会注意到,改划不会增加费用。 委员会不反对将10个临时员额(2个P-4、6个P-3、2个一般事务(其他职等))改划为常设员额的提议。", "一般性评论", "三.8. 咨询委员会要求澄清法院在人力资源方面的目标,因为其成果预算框架中没有与性别有关的绩效指标。 委员会获悉,鉴于书记官处员额有限,在甄选候选人时,重点是征聘效率、才干和忠诚达到最高标准的工作人员。 虽然没有关于既定目标的正式政策,但在审查候选人时会考虑到性别和地域参数。 委员会还获悉,书记官处专业及专业以上职类工作人员中约有58%为女性,在书记官处11个股长中,5名为女性,6名为男性。 委员会赞扬法院在这方面的表现。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "三.9. 联合国 2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为22 489 900美元,比2010-2011年批款减少220 300美元。 这是家具和设备所需资源减少(833 900美元)的净结果,原因是2010-2011年预算为翻修大司法厅编列的一次性费用有所减少。 经费减少还涉及其他工作人员费用(289 600美元),主要原因是,由于使用外部笔译员取代费用较高的免费笔译员(需要每日生活津贴和旅费),以及尽可能使用内部工作人员进行口译,会议临时助理人员费用预计会减少。", "三.10 咨询委员会回顾,大司法会堂的翻修工作由卡内基基金会进行,由荷兰政府参与,费用总额约为200万美元。 更换和升级法官、当事方和口译员使用的过时技术设备将由本组织负责。 为此在2010-2011两年期预算中编列了880 000美元的经费(见A/64/7,第三.10段)。 关于翻修项目的状况,委员会获悉,由于法院与卡内基基金会雇用的建筑师意见分歧,该项目最初被推迟。 行预咨委会还获悉,电子设备的购置取决于整个项目的进展情况,但未决问题现已得到解决。 翻修工程定于2011年秋季开工,计划于2012年初完工。 委员会提醒不要进一步拖延翻修项目,因为这可能导致费用增加。", "三.11 联合国 上文第三.9段所述所需非员额资源的减少被订约承办事务项下拟议追加资源所抵消,与2010-2011年批款1 105 100美元相比,追加资源为593 100美元。 这主要是由于请求为外部印刷追加资源,包括增加254 400美元,以便在2012-2013两年期结束前清理法院出版物的现有积压;以及拟议为数据处理事务追加资源,即增加245 900美元,主要用于建立一个网络区域储存项目,以通过向虚拟环境迁移来合并服务器和数据。 与出版物司现有出版物和计划出版物有关的资料已编入预算分册(见A/66/6(Sect.7)附件表A.7.1)。 行预咨委会要求在2014-2015年拟议预算中提供关于清理出版物司积压工作的资料(另见上文第三.6段)。", "三.12 联合国 2012-2013两年期一般业务费用拟议所需资源为4 000 500美元,比2010-2011年核定资源增加146 700美元。 增加的主要原因是,由于现有房地内没有合适的空间,法庭出版物临时储存空间的租金(83 600美元)和复印机的合同费用增加(58 500美元)。 咨询委员会获悉,联合国在海牙和平宫为法院提供设施的一般业务费中的份额估计为3 317 900美元。 委员会回顾,和平宫的使用由1946年联合国与卡内基基金会之间的一项协定规定。 最近的一项补充协定于2006年7月1日生效,经大会第62/238号决议核准,至2011年6月底到期。 委员会获悉,正在与卡内基基金会进行谈判,秘书处采购司和法律事务厅也参加了谈判。 报告指出,将按照既定程序向大会提交一份报告,包括反映谈判结果的对协定的任何修订。 委员会相信,这些谈判将给本组织带来最有利的条件。", "三.13 联合国 2012-2013年法院法官所需经费估计数为13 535 800美元,用于支付法官酬金和其他应享权利以及前法官和未亡配偶的养恤金。 与2010-2011年核定资源相比,增加了99 200美元,反映了与2010年两名法官退休有关的养恤金费用增加。", "三.14 咨询委员会建议接受拟议的非员额资源。", "第8款 法律事务", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款 45 396 500美元\n预计预算外资源 15 382 600 ^(b)\n秘书长关于经常预算员额的建议摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正比率(即重计费用前)计算。\n^(b) 包括最多6 968 400美元的其他分摊资源,修改了秘书长分册(A/66/6(Sect.8))表8.5所载列的资料,以反映大会关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议所作出的决定,以及8 414 200美元的预算外资源。", "三.15 联合国 秘书长为第8款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为44 503 500美元,比2010-2011两年期核定资源减少893 000美元,即2.0%。 减少的主要原因是非员额所需资源,与2010-2011年拟议资源7 035 300美元相比,减少了1 019 200美元。", "三.16 表三.2汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "报表三.2 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n2010-2011年核定数 144 1个USG、1个ASG、4个D-2、7个D-1、18个P-5、19个P-4、11个P-3、14个P-2/1、11个GS(PL)、48个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数 144 1个USG、1个ASG、4个D-2、7个D-1、18个P-5、19个P-4、11个P-3、14个P-2/1、11个GS(PL)、48个GS(OL)从条约科调入4个2个GS(PL),各1个调至编纂司和海洋事务和海洋法司\n2个GS(OL)调至条约科,1个来自编纂司,1个来自海洋事务和海洋法司\n预算外\n2012-2013年拟议数 25 2个D-1、6个P-5、9个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、6个GS(OL)^(a)", "^(a) 包括由其他分摊资源供资的15个员额,修订A/66/6(Sect.31)表31.5所载列的资料,以反映大会关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议的决定,并包括10个预算外员额。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "三.17 联合国 拟议员额资源38 487 400美元将用于支付表三.2所示与保留144个经常预算员额有关的费用。 与2010-2011年批款相比,增加126 200美元,主要是由于2010-2011年核定的一个员额(P-3)的延迟影响。 这些资源还反映了根据该厅根据需要和优先事项合理和优化工作人员分配的努力,以及预期在实务领域扩大,在工作方案部分内调动4个员额后所作的调整。 拟从次级方案6下条约科调入2个一般事务(特等)员额,各1个调至次级方案3下编纂司,以帮助满足与联合国国际法教学、研究、传播和广泛了解协助方案有关的实务和日益增加的工作需要,并调至次级方案4下海洋事务和海洋法司,以增加对该司的支助和援助,包括就分派的海洋法问题进行研究,以及提供专门文件、法律出版物和其他专门材料。 作为交换,两个一般事务(其他职等)员额将分别从次级方案3和次级方案4调到次级方案6(条约的保管、登记和公布)。 报告指出,调整反映了对数字媒体和计算机化工作流程的更大依赖,而数字媒体和计算机化工作流程是加快向会员国提供并在因特网上传播与条约有关的信息所必需的。 咨询委员会不反对拟议的4个调动员额。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "三.18 联合国 非员额资源为6 016 100美元,比2010-2011年批款7 035 300美元减少1 019 200美元,即14.5%,分配给所有支出用途。", "三.19. 订约承办事务所需资源在重计费用前为1 805 900美元,比2010-2011年批款减少433 500美元。 这是由于数据处理服务资源减少(211 700美元),原因是法律事务厅最近使用的两个应用程序和系统从开发和设计阶段过渡到维护阶段;办公自动化设备服务级协议从B级改为C级(减少142 600美元),其依据是过去几年的服务呼叫次数以及该厅依靠自身能力提供一级支助的内部能力;海洋事务和海洋法司工作人员在地理信息系统方面的培训需要(40 000美元),其费用现在由其他部门分担;数据处理服务和基础设施支助费率降低,主要是备份和储存费用(39 200美元)。", "三.20 次级方案 拟议工作人员差旅费700 900美元比2010-2011年批款减少372 200美元。 这主要是由于拟议减少与联合国国际贸易法委员会(贸易法委员会)有关的工作人员差旅费资源,从2010-2011年的290 800美元减至2012-2013年的16 600美元,因为卢旺达问题国际法庭将在维也纳举行会议,而不是轮流在维也纳和纽约举行会议;以及所有次级方案(次级方案2除外)的所需资源减少,因为尽可能更多地使用视像会议作为差旅的替代办法。", "三.21 咨询委员会注意到,贸易法委员会于2011年7月8日结束了第四十四届会议,审议了在维也纳举行其所有届会的提议,并决定保持在维也纳和纽约轮流举行会议的长期做法,同时将贸易法委员会及其工作组会议的预算时间从15周减至14周。 这一减少将大致实现上文第三.20段所述的节余。 鉴于公务员制度委员会的决定需要大会按照既定程序予以核准,咨询委员会建议在大会审议秘书长2012-2013年拟议预算时,向大会提供预期节余的最新财务信息。", "三.22 咨询委员会注意到,与国际法委员会工作有关的代表差旅费拟议资源为2 019 200美元,增加了119 200美元。 这些资源将用于支付委员会主席(50 000美元)和33名成员(1 969 200美元)的旅费和生活津贴。 委员会回顾,自2000年起,除非大会另有决定,委员会根据大会的授权,在日内瓦举行了10至11周的分期年会。", "三.23. 咨询委员会获悉,过去通过从预算的其他领域调拨资金,可以匀支资金短缺,但今后没有余地来缓解任何这种短缺。 行预咨委会经询问还获悉,日内瓦10周分期会议的旅费和相关费用估计数为每两年期2 337 400美元。 计算依据的历史出勤率记录约为80%,并采用日内瓦每日生活津贴率,加上494美元的40%和平均机票3 400美元。 委员会还获悉,如果不将会议分开,每两年期连带费用为1 985 200美元。 委员会鼓励法律事务厅同国际法委员会成员协商,以确定是否有其他办法使费用合理化并实现可能的节约。", "一般性评论和建议", "次级方案 海洋法和海洋事务", "三.24 联合国 咨询委员会在审议秘书长2012-2013年拟议方案预算时获悉,联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议第二十一次会议已通过一项决定,增加大陆架界限委员会会议周数,以便更有效地审议收到的划界案(见2011年6月16日SPLOS/229,第1和2段)。 行预咨委会期望,如果大会随后核准增加亚太经社会工作周,大会第六十六届会议将根据既定程序处理任何相关所需资源。", "出版物", "三.25. 经常和非经常出版物的资料载于每个次级方案的列报。 咨询委员会注意到,大多数出版物是以印刷形式印发的。 委员会获悉,该厅的一些产出越来越多地采用电子形式出版。 它还讨论了为在线版本、硬拷贝和DVD创收的可能性。 委员会在上文第一章就出版物问题作了评论。 咨询委员会欢迎监督厅主动研究为出版物创收的办法,并鼓励它进一步调整出版物,使其适合感兴趣的用户,包括尽可能使用电子手段。", "法律事务厅在内部司法领域提供服务的费用分摊安排", "三.26. 咨询委员会在审议秘书长在第8款下的提议时获悉,分担法律事务厅在司法行政领域向各基金和方案提供服务的费用的安排尚未最后确定。 因此,该厅将经常预算资金转用于支付预算外活动产生的费用。 行预咨委会期望秘书长将根据大会第62/228号决议核准的情况,按人头计算,最后确定与各基金和方案为法律事务厅提供服务的费用分担安排,并期望秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告结果。", "第四编 国际合作促进发展", "第9款 经济和社会事务", "秘书长的提案 148 820 100 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\n预计预算外资源 150 878 100美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "四. 1 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第9款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为148 820 100美元,与2010-2011两年期相比减少3 715 400美元,即2.4%。 (见A/66/6(Sect.9),表9.5)。 表四.1汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟议预算。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表四.1 按支出用途开列的所需资源 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n505 1个USG、2个ASG、9个D-2、31个D-1、64个P-5、89个P-4、64个P-3、43个P-2/1、33个GS(PL)、169个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数 495 1个USG、2个ASG、9个D-2、31个D-1、63个P-5、88个P-4、65个P-3、42个P-2/1、33个GS(PL)、161个GS(OL)\n2个P-3,统计司\n次级方案1、3、4、5、7、8和10下裁撤12个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3、1个P-2和8个GS(OL)\n调动 页:1 3个员额调至行政领导和管理(1个D-1从次级方案5、1个P-4从次级方案8和1个一般事务(特等)从方案支助)\n行政领导和管理2个员额(1个P-3调至次级方案8;1个一般事务(其他职等)调至方案支助)\n预算外\n2012-2013年拟议数 26 2个P-5、8个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、10个GS(OL)", "关于员额的意见和建议", "四.2 人力资源 行预咨委会得到关于2010-2011两年期核定505个经常预算员额数目的说明(见A/66/6(Sect.9),表9.2),而A/64/6(Sect.9)号文件为同一两年期编列了545个经常预算员额。 委员会获悉,秘书长最初提议为2010-2011两年期设立545个经常预算员额(见A/64/6(Sect.9),表9)。 大会第64/244号决议核准了秘书长的提议;大会第64/243号决议第77段决定在2010-2011两年期方案预算第9款下增设两个员额(1个P-5和1个P-4),为发展账户提供方案支助,共计547个员额。 随后,根据大会第64/289和65/259号决议的规定,42个员额从2010-2011两年期方案预算第9款调至第37款(妇女署)。 因此,拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.9))正确地指出,2010-2011两年期方案预算第9款下的核定经常预算员额为505个。 秘书长关于将经常预算资源用于联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)规范性支助职能的订正提议的报告(A/65/531)详细介绍了资源转移情况,包括2010-2011两年期方案预算第9款的42个员额。", "四. 3个 咨询委员会获悉,截至2011年4月30日,经济和社会事务部有27个空缺员额(1个D-1、2个P-5、2个P-4、6个P-3、6个P-2/1、1个一般事务(其他职等)和9个一般事务(特等))。 委员会注意到,截至该日,这些员额中有许多空缺已超过六个月。 委员会期望尽快填补空缺。", "新员额", "四. 支助 提议在次级方案5(统计)下新设两个P-3员额,以履行以前根据与国际电子计算中心的合同安排规定的职能。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,与中心的合同安排的经费是通过两年期赠款提供的。 委员会还获悉,经济和社会事务部将其所有主机应用程序移至设在纽约的服务器业务后,最终取消了对设在日内瓦的主机服务器的技术支助需要。 随着服务需求水平的降低,该中心仅剩的两名借调P-3工作人员提供现场支助。 中心随后决定,这一安排已不再可行,将终止向该部提供现场支助的安排。 2010年,作为一项临时措施,从赠款和捐款中调拨资金给一般临时人员,以提供所需的支助。 调动后,安保部迅速征聘了两名P-3职等短期工作人员,以确保所需现场技术支助的连续性,直至2011年底。 也有人向委员会表示,员额配置安排不能再在一般临时助理人员项下适当供资了,应当正规化,因为现场技术支助的基本要求是长期性的,自1970年以来就已经确定。", "四.5 国家 行预咨委会经要求获得了与国际电子计算中心合同安排有关的2006-2007年和2008-2009年所需资源、2010-2011年估计数以及2012-2013年和2014-2015年2个P-3员额费用的比较分析如下:", "2006-2007年所需资源", "向712 599 798 648 908美元国际计算000^(a)中心付款", "2个P-3员额的费用", "^(a) 反映合同终止前的估计要求。", "^(b) 新员额。", "^(c) 续设员额。", "四.6. 联合国 咨询委员会注意到,两个新设P-3员额的估计费用将被赠款和捐款项下的减少所抵消(见A/66/6(Sect.9),第9.14(c)(四)段)。 委员会建议核准秘书长关于为统计司新设两个P-3员额的提议。", "裁撤", "四.7 国家 如第23段所示。 9.14 在拟议预算中,由于努力使员额结构合理化,拟议裁撤12个员额如下:次级方案1(经济及社会理事会支助和协调)下1个P-4员额;次级方案3(社会政策和发展)下2个一般事务(其他职等)员额;次级方案下1个P-5员额。 次级方案5(统计)下1个P-3、1个P-2和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额;次级方案7(发展政策和分析)下2个一般事务(其他职等)员额;次级方案8(公共行政和发展管理)下2个一般事务(其他职等)员额;次级方案10(发展筹资)下1个一般事务(其他职等)员额。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,拟议裁撤的12个员额中有2个与大会第63/260号决议先前核准设立同级员额的次级方案相对应(次级方案1下1个P-4员额和次级方案5下1个P-3员额)。", "四.8. 联合国 咨询委员会回顾,如拟议预算第9.8段所述,大会在其第63/260号决议中根据经济和社会事务部确定的对提高交付与发展有关活动的成效和效率至关重要的需求,核准了13个员额。 在13个员额中,有5个员额已调至新成立的性别平等和增强妇女权能实体 -- -- 妇女署,其余8个员额已分配给该部内的各自办公室和次级方案。 拟议预算第9.9和9.10段载有关于其余8个员额在办事处和次级方案之间分配情况的资料。 委员会不反对拟议的裁撤。", "调动", "四.9. 联合国 拟议调动5个员额:向行政领导和管理调入3个员额(1个D-1员额从次级方案5(统计)调入1个P-4员额从次级方案8(公共行政和发展管理)调入1个P-4员额,1个一般事务(特等)员额从方案支助调入1个P-3员额从行政领导和管理调入2个员额从次级方案8(公共行政和发展管理)调入1个P-3员额,1个一般事务(其他职等)员额从方案支助调入1个P-3员额)。", "四.10. 联合国 如拟议预算所示,将3个员额调至行政领导和管理是为了加强战略规划股并支助由副秘书长办公室集中监督的全部方案管理、监测和评价活动(A/66/6(Sect.9),第9.14(b)和9.43段)。 咨询委员会注意到,战略规划股的目标是更好和更有效地协助副秘书长开展具体的战略规划进程,针对三个领域:(一) 执行实质性战略优先事项;(二) 加强司际合作并促成全部的战略审查和行动,特别是在贯穿各领域的问题上;(三) 让利益攸关方,包括会员国以及秘书处和联合国系统中的主要战略伙伴参与其中(同上,第16段)。 9.9) (中文(简体) ). 委员会回顾,大会第57/300号决议第24段欢迎秘书长为加强秘书处经济和社会事务部的管理能力而作的努力,包括设立一个政策规划股。 委员会不反对拟议的调动,包括战略规划股的调动。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.11 联合国 2012-2013年非员额资源估计数为14 651 000美元,与2010-2011年批款相比,净减少1 895 600美元。 净减少反映了大多数支出用途项下的减少,包括咨询人项下的242 800美元,主要原因是尽可能增加使用内部专门知识;专家项下的104 700美元,主要原因是协同努力,合并会议或减少专家人数并缩短会议时间;工作人员差旅项下的121 200美元,主要原因是更多地利用视像会议、合并旅行和(或)尽可能缩短旅行时间;订约承办事务项下的460 800美元,主要原因是更多地使用电子手段传播出版物;家具和设备项下的111 000美元,反映了家具和设备寿命延长导致更换家具和办公设备所需经费减少;赠款和捐款项下的781 600美元,主要原因是与国际电子计算中心的合同终止。 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论", "出版物", "四. 12个 拟议预算显示,出版物数量从2010-2011两年期的483个减少到下一个两年期的432个,原因是尽可能更多地利用电子手段印发非经常出版物(A/66/6(Sect.9),第9.12段)。 此外,咨询委员会获悉,新闻部是2010年由新闻部和大会和会议管理部牵头设立的工作组的成员,该工作组的目的是审查联合国秘书处的整个出版过程,并想方设法提高出版效率,办法是:(一) 合并出版物;(二) 分析出版的必要性;(三) 增加使用网站出版,以减少印刷出版物。 这些措施将在工作组的建议被接受后立即执行。 有人还向委员会解释说,虽然正在考虑把按需印刷作为控制印刷费用的一种可行机制,并在成本效益高、目标对象易于取用的地点印刷,但新闻部目前利用本组织的采购程序确定最有竞争力的供应商印刷其出版物。 委员会欢迎秘书处强调探讨各种降低出版物费用的办法。 委员会强调,应在秘书处所有工作地点分享印刷出版物的最佳做法(另见第一章)。 页:1 委员会在上文第一章中就出版物问题作了进一步评论。", "预算外资源", "四.13 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计为150 878 100美元,而2010-2011两年期为163 547 900美元,减少了约7.7%。 预算外资源将补充经常预算资源,以资助实质性和技术合作活动,包括咨询、专家组、差旅、技术咨询服务、培训、讲习班、研讨会和外地项目。 如拟议预算第9.17段所述,预算外资源减少的原因是:(一) 2010-2011两年期预算外供资项目结束;(二) 鉴于当前的全球财政状况,捐助方没有承诺在2012-2013两年期延长供资安排。 委员会注意到,预算外员额将从本两年期的28个减至2012-2013两年期的26个。 鉴于2012-2013两年期预算外资源大幅减少,行预咨委会告诫说,该部预算外员额的经费可能无法保证。 新闻部应采取措施扩大其捐助基础,这可能有助于增加预算外资源。", "第10节 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款\n预计预算外资源 1 486 000美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "四.14 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第10款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为6 665 500美元,比2010-2011两年期减少740 600美元,即10.0%(见A/66/6(Sect.10),表10.5)。 表四.2汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟议预算。", "报表四.2 人力资源", "员额职等\n1个USG、1个D-2、1个D-1、3个P-5、5个P-4、2个P-3、1个P-2、4个GS(OL)\n1个USG、1个D-2、1个D-1、3个P-5、5个P-4、2个P-3、1个P-2、4个GS(OL)", "四.15 人力资源 2012-2013两年期没有要求增设员额。 咨询委员会建议核准拟议的员额配置表。", "四.16 大会第63/260号决议为最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处增设了3个P-4员额。 咨询委员会获悉,所有新增的3个P-4员额已经填补,截至2011年3月31日,只有1个P-3员额空缺。 委员会相信该空缺将迅速得到填补。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "四.17 联合国 2012-2013年非员额资源估计数为772 300美元,与2010-2011年批款相较净减740 600美元,原因是:(一) 由于不再提供用于筹备第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的一般临时助理的非经常性经费,家具和设备项下减少692 900美元;(二) 工作人员差旅费项下减少45 700美元,原因是不再提供用于工作人员为第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议区域筹备会议提供服务的非经常性经费;(三) 家具和设备项下减少4 800美元,原因是停止提供用于筹备第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的家具和设备的非经常性经费;(四) 业务连续性Citrix许可证订约承办事务项下增加2 800美元。 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论", "出版物", "四.18 联合国 据估计,2012-2013两年期将印发的非经常出版物将从本两年期的1份增加到8份(见A/66/6(Sect.10),表10.3)。 经询问后,秘书处澄清说,虽然以前计划在2010-2011两年期出版一份非经常出版物,但现在设想在第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议范围内印发10份非经常出版物。 因此,2012-2013两年期拟印发的非经常出版物(8)的数目反映出非经常出版物比2010-2011两年期预计的非经常出版物减少(10)。 咨询委员会已在上文第一章就出版物问题作进一步评论。", "第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的成果", "四.19 联合国 咨询委员会注意到,该预算款次下下一个两年期所需经费估计数预计会减少,主要原因是不再提供筹备和完成第四次联合国最不发达国家问题会议的一次性经费。 委员会获悉,2011年5月在伊斯坦布尔举行的这次会议通过了由最不发达国家和发展伙伴,包括捐助国、发展中国家、议员、私营部门、民间社会和国际金融和发展机构共同商定的全面、宏伟和注重成果的十年《伊斯坦布尔行动纲领》和《伊斯坦布尔宣言》。 委员会还获悉,目前正在进行评估,以确定处理会议成果的最有效办法;评估完成后,秘书长将就会议成果和有关所涉方案预算问题提出报告供大会审议。 委员会相信,秘书长的报告将在即将举行的大会第六十六届会议主要会期期间及时提交。", "高级代表办事处的作用", "四.20 咨询委员会注意到,副秘书长继续负责三项职能:最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表(第10款);代理联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系)非洲问题特别顾问(第11款);出席在联合国总部举行的高级别会议和职能的联合国贸易和发展会议(贸发会议)(第12款)。", "四.21 联合国 如拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.10),第10.9段)所指出,2008年,秘书长试验性地调整了非洲问题特别顾问办公室和最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处。", "四.22. 咨询委员会重申其对2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算第10款的意见,即赋予高级代表处理三项不同职能的责任的现行安排可能对该办公室的工作产生不利影响(见A/64/7,第四.27段)。 关于这一事项的相关评论和意见也载于下文第11和12节。", "第11款 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系", "秘书长的提案 12,641,000 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 12 641 000美元\n预计预算外资源 1 460 000美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "四.23 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第11款请批的经常预算资源为12 641 000美元,即按2010-2011两年期订正批款的维持水平计算(见A/66/6(Sect.11),表11.6)。 表四.3汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟议预算。", "表四.3 按支出用途开列的所需资源 人力资源", "员额职等\n1个USG、1个D-2、2个D-1、4个P-5、7个P-4、10个P-3、1个GS(PL)、8个GS(OL)、1个LL\n1个USG、1个D-2、2个D-1、4个P-5、7个P-4、10个P-3、1个GS(PL)、8个GS(OL)、1个LL", "四.24 联合国 2012-2013两年期没有要求增设员额。 咨询委员会建议核准拟议的员额配置表。", "四.25 联合国 如拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.11),第11.13段)所指出,非洲问题特别顾问办公室已填补了根据大会关于与发展有关活动的第63/260号决议的规定向其提供的所有员额(2个P-3和1个P-4)。 但行预咨委会获悉,截至2011年5月,本预算款次共有5个空缺,包括1个USG、1个P-4和3个P-3员额,空缺情况如下: 截至2007年5月1日,1个USG员额,截至2010年6月22日,1个P-4员额,截至2011年3月7日,1个P-3员额,截至2010年4月1日,1个P-3员额,截至2009年7月1日。 委员会有关副秘书长空缺员额的评论和意见载于第5至5段。 见下文四.29和四.30。 委员会相信剩余的空缺将迅速得到填补。", "四.26 咨询委员会注意到,秘书长关于2008-2009两年期方案预算的第二次执行情况报告(A/64/545)反映了预算第11款下所需资源的减少,部分原因是副秘书长员额空缺。 虽然秘书长的报告没有列入有关该空缺的具体资料,但委员会注意到其报告(A/64/574)表1中的空缺。 由于该空缺尚未填补,行预咨委会期望秘书长关于2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告将列入有关该空缺的详细资料。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.27 联合国 2012-2013两年期未请求追加非员额资源。 咨询委员会建议核准拟议的非员额资源。", "一般性评论", "监测机制", "四.28 秘书长在拟议预算第11.13段中指出,随着人力资源的增加(见上文第四.25段),该办公室更有能力监测非洲的发展需要,特别是千年发展目标的实现进展情况,以及非洲国家和捐助界在提交大会第六十五届会议的改进监测机制中作出的承诺。 在这方面,行预咨委会获悉,会员国已请大会主席继续就基于现有机制的监测机制的性质、范围、优先事项和体制安排以及秘书长报告所载建议进行非正式协商,以期在大会第六十六届会议结束前使监测机制开始运作。 行预咨委会还获悉,大会主席即将为必要的政府间谈判任命一名调解人,他将设法使会员国就监测机制的前进道路达成共识,可能在大会第六十六届会议期间达成共识。 委员会注意到,政策分析和监测股目前负责评估和监测新伙伴关系的执行进展以及国际社会提供的相关支助。 委员会期待顺利地完成关于监测机制的政府间谈判,但认为应更加重视进一步提高政策分析和监测股的效力,该股目前由一名D-1工作人员领导,有9个员额(1个D-1、1个P-5、2个P-4、3个P-3和2个一般事务(其他职等))。", "非洲问题特别顾问员额", "四.29 联合国 如拟议预算第11.8段所述,秘书长于2008年在试验基础上开始调整非洲问题特别顾问办公室和最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处。 行预咨委会获悉,秘书长打算对试验的影响进行评估,供大会第六十六届会议审议(又见A/66/6(Sect.11),第11段)。 (原始内容存档于2012-10-10) (英语). Official website 委员会期待收到秘书长对这一问题的评估。", "四.30 咨询委员会回顾,大会第62/236号决议除其他外,吁请秘书长作为优先事项紧急填补副秘书长兼非洲问题特别顾问的职位。 大会第63/260号决议除其他外,决定不裁撤非洲问题特别顾问员额,大会在第64/243号决议中重申了这一决定。 委员会注意到,尽管大会就此事作出了上述决定,但秘书长尚未填补该员额。 在这方面,委员会重申其对2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算第11款的意见,即必须迅速填补非洲问题特别顾问员额(A/64/7,第四.34段)。 委员会关于这一问题的相关评论和意见也载于第10和12节。", "第12款 贸易和发展", "秘书长的提案135 478 600 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款136 629 800美元\n预计预算外资源 75 830 000美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "四.31 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第12款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为135 478 600美元,与2010-2011两年期相比减少1 151 200美元,即0.8%(见A/66/6(Sect.12),表12.5)。 表四.4汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟议预算。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "报表四.4 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、1个ASG、6个D-2、20个D-1、48个P-5、61个P-4、74个P-3、32个P-2/1、12个GS(PL)、145个GS(OL)\n2012-2013年拟议数 399 1个USG、1个ASG、6个D-2、20个D-1、48个P-5、61个P-4、74个P-3、32个P-2/1、12个GS(PL)、144个GS(OL)从方案支助调入16 14个员额(1个D-2、3个P-4、2个P-3、2个P-2和6个GS(OL))从次级方案2调入行政领导和管理 1个P-3至次级方案4\n1个P-2从次级方案4调至次级方案2\n方案支助项下裁撤1个一般事务(其他职等)员额\n预算外\n2个D-1、1个P-5、4个P-4/3、4个P-2/1和10个GS(OL)", "关于员额的意见和建议", "四.32 咨询委员会注意到,拟将14个员额(1个D-2、3个P-4、2个P-3、2个P-2和6个一般事务(其他职等))从方案支助调至行政领导和管理,以更好地协调贸发会议秘书长办公室的职能,从而在全球经济危机及其对世界经济、特别是发展中国家的持续影响之后,加强贸发会议五个次级方案的实质性指导和协调(A/66/6(Sect.12),第12.19(b)段)。 在这方面,拟将管理司司长D-2员额以研究、战略规划和能力建设协调员的身份调到贸发会议秘书长办公室,同时将1个一般事务(其他职等)员额提供秘书支助。 委员会获悉,拟将1个D-2员额调至行政领导和管理,以在管理和协调与研究有关的交叉活动方面提供实务领导。 还有人向委员会表示,方案支助的管理不会因调动一个D-2员额而受不利影响,关键的监督职责现在交给了贸发会议副秘书长。 还拟议调动10个员额(2个P-4、2个P-3、1个P-2和5个一般事务(其他职等)),其中包括通信、信息和外联科,其职能与方案支助相同;以及1个P-4和1个P-2员额,以履行评价和监测职能。 此外,将在次级方案2和4之间调动1个P-2和1个P-3员额,以纠正先前的一项疏忽,即2010-2011两年期核准调动的2个员额无意中颠倒。 委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "四.33 秘书长还提议裁撤方案支助下的一个一般事务(其他职等)员额。 咨询委员会注意到,这项提议符合委员会关于管理司继续需要一般事务员额的意见。 委员会注意到,在该司的95个员额中,60个员额属于一般事务职类(见A/64/7,第四.46段)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,在编制2012-2013两年期预算时审查了该司所有一般事务员额的职能,因此,鉴于有关一般事务员额的职能属于秘书性质,拟议裁撤。 委员会不反对裁撤一个一般事务员额的提议。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "四.34 联合国 2012-2013年非员额资源估计数为12 367 300美元,比2010-2011年批款净减914 700美元。 多数支出用途反映了所需资源的减少,包括:其他工作人员费用(一般临时人员)下229 800美元,主要原因是更多地依靠现有能力承担任何额外工作量;一般业务费用下218 800美元,主要原因是预计国际电信费用稳定,且数量稳定到较少,以及更广泛地使用电子通信导致邮件和邮袋所需经费减少;家具和设备下154 000美元,主要原因是努力调整更换计划;咨询人下102 800美元,原因是更多地利用内部专门知识;用品和材料下96 300美元,主要原因是增加使用电子手段导致印刷材料所需经费减少;赠款和捐款下67 800美元,主要原因是通过国际电子计算中心和联合国日内瓦办事处外包的基础设施服务重组;订约承办事务下33 600美元,主要原因是更多地使用网络产品和无纸数据处理应用程序、电子模板和电子邮件。", "四.35. 咨询委员会欢迎贸发会议为提高效率而作的努力,并建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "监测和评价", "四.36 联合国 如拟议预算(A/66/6(Sect.12),第12.17段)所指出,秘书长提议将评价和监测股从方案支助调回行政领导和管理。 其目的是恢复监测和评价对实质性方案交付的重视。 咨询委员会获得了关于恢复采用以前的结构的理由的补充资料,以前的结构的监测和评价职能是在行政领导和管理项下执行的。 根据收到的资料,在2007年贸发会议的行政领导和管理改组时,其方案规划、监测和评价职能被合并到评价和规划股并重新部署到方案支助,以更好地整合贸发会议秘书处的监督、方案、预算和财务业务管理。", "四.37. 咨询委员会还获悉,过去两个两年期的经验表明,虽然方案和预算方面的业务整合以及行政审计和监督令人满意,但对实质性方案交付的评价和监测已成为评价和规划股活动的一个不太重要的方面。 也有人向委员会表示,与此同时,对实质性工作方案的评价已在联合国系统内得到重视,并正得到会员国和其他利益攸关方的日益重视。 因此,拟议将评价和监测职能从方案支助调回行政领导和管理部门,以组成评价和监测股,以确保在机构一级更有效和全面地履行这项重要的方案交付职能。", "四.38. 咨询委员会支持拟议的改革,并相信评价和监测股将进一步加强贸发会议有效执行任务的能力。 行预咨委会期待在审查2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算时收到关于这一调动所产生影响的资料。 委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作了进一步评论。", "贸发会议驻纽约代表处", "四.39 人力资源 如上文第10和11款所指出,秘书长先前指定最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表担任贸发会议驻纽约特别代表,贸发会议驻纽约联络处由高级代表领导,并担任联合国总部与非洲有关的所有经济和社会问题的协调中心(见A/62/708,第31段)。 高级代表还担任非洲问题代理特别顾问。 在这方面,咨询委员会注意到,贸发会议纽约办事处由两名专业人员(1个P-5和1个P-3)和两名一般事务人员组成。", "四.40 咨询委员会询问后获悉,贸发会议纽约办事处继续协助高级代表履行在联合国总部担任贸发会议特别代表的职责。 还有人向委员会表示,贸发会议与高级代表办事处之间没有行政关系,两个办事处之间没有共享资源,合作范围仅限于实务领域和代表职能。", "四.41. 尽管作出了解释,但咨询委员会重申其意见,即虽然预算第10、11和12款已获授权的工作方案相互关联,但目前的安排可能会破坏为确保适当宣传和调动国际支助以满足这些任务所服务的会员国群体的特殊需求所必要的高级别专门关注(见A/64/7,第四.49段)。 咨询委员会还重申其建议,即秘书长应审查关于高级代表兼任联合国总部贸发会议特别代表的现行安排(同上)(另见上文第四.22和四.30段)。 在审查过程中,秘书长应提出在联合国总部行使贸发会议代表职能的替代措施,供大会审议。", "预算外资源", "四. 42 预计预算外资源为75 830 000美元,比2010-2011两年期减少852 100美元。 如拟议预算所指出(见A/66/6(Sect.12),第12.20段),预计减少的原因是贸发会议的预算外活动几乎完全用于具体国家的技术合作项目,这些项目是需求驱动的,而且面临较高的供资不确定性,而且具有周期性。 咨询委员会认为,贸发会议应采取措施扩大其捐助基础,这可能有助于增加预算外资源。", "第13款 国际贸易中心", "四.43 咨询委员会回顾,大会在其第59/276号决议第一节中核可了秘书长报告(A/59/405)所提出并经委员会建议(A/59/543)的国际贸易中心(贸易中心)预算编制订正安排。 根据该决议,将在下一个财政期间前一年的第二季度以简化预算文件的形式,以联合国的格式,向大会和世界贸易组织总理事会提交一项提案,并请这两个机构注意计划请拨的资源数额。 然后在同年第四季度向大会和总理事会提交详细预算。", "四.44 联合国 因此,秘书长提出了国贸中心2012-2013两年期活动方案的初步估计数(见A/66/6(Sect.13))。 2012-2013年国贸中心所需经费估计数为76 141 200瑞士法郎(世界贸易组织(世贸组织)和联合国共同分担的份额),两年期预计收入为500 000瑞士法郎。 据此,世界贸易组织和联合国2012-2013两年期的捐款将各为38 070 600瑞士法郎。 报告指出,每个组织2012-2013两年期拟议缴款在重计费用前为32 790 400美元,比2010-2011年批款31 793 300美元(以1.085瑞士法郎兑1美元汇率计算)增加997 100美元,即3.14%。", "四.45 联合国 2012-2013两年期第13款拟议所需资源总额为76 141 200瑞士法郎,包括:", "(a) 国家 59 526 700瑞士法郎,用于164个员额,包括继续维持162个员额(91个专业员额和71个一般事务员额),将原先由一般临时人员项下供资的2个职位(1个P-4和1个P-2)改划为常设员额;", "(b) 国家 为2010-2011两年期核定的8个专业人员员额(1个D-1、2个P-5、3个P-4、2个P-2)的延迟影响编列了909 600瑞士法郎,为同一两年期以前由一般临时人员项下供资的2个员额(1个P-4、1个P-2)的延迟影响编列了172 200瑞士法郎;", "(c)) 非员额所需经费为16 032 700瑞士法郎,反映拟将一般临时人员项下供资的2个职位改划为常设员额减少601 700瑞士法郎。", "四.46 咨询委员会获悉,与贸易有关的技术援助自2008年以来增加了23%,2011年达到4 000万美元,2011年的目标进一步增加到4 400万美元。 国贸中心完成了调整组织结构以满足交付要求的变革管理进程;变动将在详细的预算估计数中加以记录(A/66/6(Sect.13),第13段)。 见A/64/7/Add.10,第13.6段。 5 (韩语). 在这方面,行预咨委会还获悉,国贸中心致力于确保所有未来项目都有明确的目标和理由、核准的工作计划和预算以及衡量成功的方法,并将定期向高级管理层提交监测报告。", "四.47 行预咨委会还注意到,作为国贸中心主要政府间决策机关的联合咨询小组在2009年12月举行的第四十三届年度会议上核可了国贸中心的战略计划(2010-2012年)和2012-2013年期间战略框架,并注意到2012-2013年拟议资源数额是根据大会所核准的战略框架(A/66/6(Sect.13),第13.3段)制定的。 (第13.6条)。 联合咨询小组还每年审查国贸中心的工作方案。 在这方面,行预咨委会获悉,在2010年12月举行的最近一次会议上,联合咨询小组表示支持将一般临时人员项下供资的两个职位改划为员额的提议。", "四.48 联合国 如初步资源估计数所示(A/66/6(Sect.13),第13.10和13.11段),将在2011年第四季度向大会和世贸组织总理事会提交国贸中心2012-2013两年期详细提案。 这将包括关于国贸中心实施《公共部门会计准则》和企业资源规划系统( \" 团结 \" 系统)所涉预算问题的信息,并考虑到大会第59/276号决议所核准的为确保与国贸中心的行政安排保持一致而认为必要的任何进一步调整。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,正在与联合国协调进行实施公共部门会计准则和 \" 团结 \" 项目的筹备工作。 关于公共部门会计准则,国贸中心正在对工作人员进行培训并清理财产和库存记录;目前正在同联合国秘书处讨论是否需要在设计 \" 团结 \" 项目时将瑞士法郎作为国贸中心预算货币,以及由此引起的费用。 因此,任何额外或增量的相关费用将列入详细提案。", "四.49 咨询委员会回顾,国贸中心预算是以瑞士法郎核准的,支出以同一种货币入账。 货币波动会影响现金流动,因为联合国的份额是按美元编制预算的,在执行情况报告中须作调整。 委员会获悉,世贸组织已非正式地表示,如果出现现金流动问题,它准备增加其在国贸中心预算中的份额,而且鉴于美元汇率最近波动,简化分册也强调了这一问题。", "四.50 在不妨碍审议国贸中心2012-2013两年期详细拟议方案预算的情况下,行预咨委会建议大会注意到初步概算中的拟议资源,包括将目前由一般临时人员项下供资的2个职位(1个P-4、1个P-2)改划为常设员额的请求。", "第14款 环境", "秘书长的提案 14,124,400 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 14 211 300美元\n预计预算外资源 475 609 300美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "四.51 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第14款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为14 124 400美元,与2010-2011两年期相比减少86 900美元,即0.6%(见A/66/6(Sect.14),表14.5)。 表四.5汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟议预算。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表四.5 按支出用途开列的所需资源 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、3个D-2、1个D-1、8个P-5、11个P-4、5个P-3、2个P-12、1个GS(PL)、5个GS(OL)、11个LL\n1个USG、3个D-2、1个D-1、8个P-5、11个P-4、5个P-3、2个P‐2、1个GS(PL)、5个GS(OL)、11个LL\n将4个P-5、1个P-4和1个当地雇员从“行政领导和管理”调至新的构成部分“方案支助”\n预算外\n1个ASG、5个D-2、34个D-1、62个P-5、170个P-4/3、24个P-2/1、249个LL", "关于员额的意见和建议", "四.52 秘书长提议将质量保证科从行政领导和管理转到方案支助,这需要将4个员额(2个P-5、1个P-4和1个当地雇员)调到方案支助(又见第5至5段)。 (见下文第四.61至四.63段)。 委员会建议核准拟议的调动。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.53 2012-2013年拟议非员额资源估计数为957 100美元,与2010-2011年批款相比,净减232 700美元。 经费减少的原因是咨询人(54 200美元)、工作人员差旅费(40 000美元)、订约承办事务(6 500美元)、一般业务费用(66 100美元)、招待费(15 600美元)、用品和材料(10 000美元)以及家具和设备(40 300美元)。 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论", "预算外资源", "四.54 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计为461 242 500美元,而2010-2011两年期为433 725 200美元,增加了约6.3%。 预计预算外资源约占环境署2012-2013两年期所需资源估计数总额的97%。 如拟议方案预算(A/66/6(Sect.14))第14.30段所示,2012-2013年预计所需资源的依据是:(a) 会员国对环境署工作方案表示的信任,因此预计对环境基金的捐款会增加;(b) 直接支持环境署工作方案的信托基金预计会增加;(c) 由于该支助领域预期正常增长,专用捐款会增加。", "四.55 咨询委员会强调自愿捐款对执行环境规划署活动方案的重要性,并欣见环境规划署管理层打算加强努力以产生预算外资源。", "四.56 联合国 与2010-2011两年期相比,预算外员额共计545个,共减少57个(29个专业人员和28个当地雇员员额)。 咨询委员会注意到预算外员额的减少,这除其他外反映了委员会关于环境署2010-2011两年期拟议方案和支助预算的报告(UNEP/GC.25/12/Add.1)中的意见和评论。", "矩阵管理办法", "四.57 联合国 如拟议预算第14.22段所述,针对前几个两年期的经验教训,环境署在2010-2011两年期采用了执行2010-2011两年期工作方案和预算的矩阵管理办法。 咨询委员会从拟议预算第14.23段注意到,监督厅在2010年治理审计中发现,虽然环境署的方案管理矩阵方法普遍受到欢迎,包括会员国的欢迎,但确实需要明确“参与执行次级方案的各司和工作人员的权力、责任和问责制的划分”。 调查结果还包括以下意见:新的矩阵方法中的报告关系很复杂,工作人员尚未学会如何执行贯穿六个司的单一方案。", "四.58 秘书长在拟议预算第14.23和14.24段中表示,为确保在交付其六个贯穿各领域的次级方案方面实行管理问责制,环境署已通过了一个新的简化方案问责框架,其中说明了各司对2010-2011和2012-2013两年期工作方案下所需成果(预期成绩、绩效指标和产出)所承担的责任。 此外,还通过方案咨询小组和项目审查委员会建立了协商和协调机制。 环境署还任命了每个次级方案的协调员,负责确保次级方案一级的一致性、协调、方案执行情况监测和报告。", "四.59 咨询委员会注意到,环境署的组织结构包括环境署评价办公室,该办公室直接向执行主任报告,以确保客观评价环境署活动与其核定工作方案的相关性、效率、效力和影响。 拟议预算第14.44段说明了该办公室的主要职能,其中包括评价环境署执行其工作方案取得计划成果的程度。 该厅还协调环境署与联合检查组有关的活动。 根据评价结果,评价办公室为改进方案规划和执行提供政策咨询。 根据环境署的评价政策,评价结果通过执行主任通报常驻代表委员会和理事会。", "四.60 咨询委员会相信,监督厅的建议将得到认真注意,有关所采取行动的资料将在下次提交的预算中提供。", "方案支助", "四.61 联合国 2012-2013两年期拟议为本两年期设立的行动厅设立一个新的构成部分,即“方案支助”。 质量保证科由4个经常预算员额(2个P-5、1个P-4和1个LL员额)、整体事务科和资源调动科组成,以前列在行政领导和管理项下,现在列入方案支助项下,由业务厅管理、统筹和协调。", "四.62 咨询委员会获悉,行动厅三个科的主要职能如下:(一) 质量保证科直接负责推动和支持环境署成果管理制改革和其他整体改革管理进程。 该科监督环境规划署的战略规划、方案和项目审查和核准程序、方案分析、业绩监测和报告以及管理政策的制定的执行情况;(二) 机构事务科负责环境规划署预算、财务和人事资源以及一般行政的战略管理,包括员额配置表和项目组合的管理。 该科还负责监测、管理和报告捐款状况和预算执行情况;(三) 资源调动科负责促进、支持和协调环境署方案主管开展的资源调动工作,以期确保为环境署六个次级方案提供充足和可预测的资金,特别是通过环境基金、信托基金和专用捐款。", "四.63 咨询委员会相信,设立行动厅将进一步加强方案有效执行任务的能力。 行预咨委会期待在审查2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算时审查新构成部分的效力。", "第15款 人类住区", "秘书长的提案 20,201,000 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 20 564 700美元\n预计预算外资源 370 776 500美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "四.64 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第15款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为20 201 000美元,比2010-2011两年期减少363 700美元,即1.8%(见A/66/6(Sect.15),表15.5)。 表四.6汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长2012-2013年拟议预算。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "报表四.6 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、1个D-2、4个D-1、9个P-5、16个P-4、14个P-3、5个P-2/1、2个GS(OL)、23个LL\n1个USG、1个D-2、4个D-1、9个P-5、16个P-4、14个P-3、5个P-2/1、2个GS(OL)、23个LL调动 8个调入:3个LL员额调至行政领导和管理 5个员额(2个P-4、1个P-3和2个LL)调至方案支助 外调:2个员额(1个P-4和1个LL)从次级方案1(住房和可持续人类住区发展)调入\n次级方案6个员额(1个P-4、1个P-2和4个当地雇员) 2. 监测《人居议程》\n预算外\n1个ASG、4个D-2、11个D-1、32个P-5、67个P-4/3、11个P-2/1、5个GS(OL)、75个LL", "关于员额的建议", "调动", "四.65 人力资源 拟议调动如下:在行政领导和管理项下,从次级方案2(监测《人居议程》)调入3个当地雇员员额(新闻和媒体联络助理、出版物助理和代表及礼宾助理);在次级方案1(住房和可持续人类住区发展)下,将2个员额外调到方案支助(1个P-4方案规划和协调干事和1个当地雇员方案助理);在次级方案2(监测《人居议程》)下,将3个员额外调到方案支助(1个P-4财务管理干事、1个P-3方案管理干事和1个当地雇员行政助理)和3个当地雇员员额从行政领导和管理项下调入对外关系办公室(新闻和媒体联络助理、出版物助理和代表及礼宾助理);在方案支助项下,从次级方案1(住房和可持续人类住区发展)调入2个员额(1个P-4和1个当地雇员员额;从次级方案下调入3个员额(1个P-4、1个P-3和1个当地雇员员额))。 2 监测《人居议程》。", "四.66 如拟议预算第15.15(b)(一)和(二)段所述,根据咨询委员会的建议(见A/60/7),拟将行政领导和管理项下的两个员额外调到方案支助,将三个员额外调到对外关系办公室。 但委员会指出,A/60/7号文件第四.51段中的建议具体涉及人居署内的监测和评价职能。 从预算文件中看不出将员额调到对外关系办公室和方案支助是否支持这些职能。 委员会经询问获悉,员额的调整有助于方案支助司的职能,以确保与监测和评价有关的活动得到集中管理,并将3个当地雇用人员员额调到对外关系办公室反映出人居署继续努力根据工作方案调整其结构。 委员会相信,拟议调动这五个员额将有助于进一步加强人居署的监测和评价职能。 委员会不反对拟议的调动。 委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作了进一步评论。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.67 联合国 2012-2013年拟议非员额资源估计数为1 923 900美元,与2010-2011年批款相比净减483 900美元。 净减少的原因是,咨询人项下减少143 300美元,主要原因是内部再培训措施提高了工作人员的能力,而且作为人力资源规划战略的一部分,技能组合多样化;专家项下增加25 700美元,主要原因是次级方案3(区域和技术合作)和次级方案4(人类住区筹资)下专家组会议所需经费;工作人员差旅费减少92 600美元,主要原因是利用了与差旅有关的视频会议和业务流程改进,包括预先差旅规划,并寻求更具竞争力的服务提供者/合作伙伴;订约承办事务项下减少118 900美元,主要原因是使用内部编辑和设计资源,更多使用数字和信息技术,包括将出版物制作权下放到其他联合国语文;用品和材料项下减少104 400美元,原因是各种业务改进的自动化;家具和设备项下减少37 300美元,原因是信息技术设备更换延迟。", "四.68 拟议预算第15.18段涉及人居署管理层为取得或提高效率而采取的举措。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,在编制2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时,考虑到了增效的影响,导致咨询人、用品和材料、订约承办事务和差旅资源大幅减少。 委员会赞扬人居署管理层为提高效率而作的努力。", "四.69 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论", "预算外资源", "四.70 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计为370 776 500美元,而2010-2011两年期为334 502 100美元,增加了约10.8%。 预计预算外资源约占人居署2012-2013两年期所需资源估计数总额的95%。 与本两年期相比,估计增加3 630万美元,主要原因是在国家一级执行具体技术活动的项目,以及作为人居署工作方案和任务一部分的具体活动。 对这些预算外资金进行政府间审查和管理的现有安排规定由人居署理事会核准关于使用这些预算外资源的两年期预算。", "四.71 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013两年期预计预算外员额将从227个减至206个,即减少约9.2%。 委员会还注意到,在一些次级方案下所执行的活动主要由预算外资源提供。 例如,次级方案3(区域和技术合作)由5个经常预算员额执行,包括1个D-2和42个预算外员额;次级方案1(住房和可持续人类住区发展)由21个经常预算员额和27个预算外员额执行,包括1个D-2员额。 经询问,委员会获悉,各司D-X2员额的供资具有历史性质,并非基于各司的供资结构。 行预咨委会还获悉,在拟议预算的总体范围内,正在努力在经常预算下为核心所需员额,包括高级员额提供经费,同时坚持以下原则,即业务性质的活动,包括人道主义和紧急活动及技术合作项目,主要由预算外资金提供经费。 委员会还获悉,在获得必要资金之前,将不从预算外员额征聘人员。 咨询委员会同意这一立场,并认为,鉴于人居署依靠获得预算外资金为其大多数人员提供经费,应当采取审慎做法,使人员配置与可用资源相匹配。", "培训", "四.72 咨询委员会注意到,培训方案列在行政领导和管理项下以及人居署将在2012-2013两年期执行的所有四个次级方案下。 委员会要求就拟议培训方案的经常预算和预算外资金之间的关系提供补充资料。 根据所收到的资料,培训所需资源是根据本组织的培训计划计算的,按照由经常预算和预算外资源供资的工作人员人数分摊,2012-2013年的比例估计分别为27%和73%。 拟议培训方案旨在加强工作人员的能力,主要由预算外资源供资。 委员会获悉,培训不仅有助于提高效率,而且有助于保留人居署的工作人员。 如拟议预算第15.34(c)段所述,作为由经常预算和预算外资源供资的技术合作活动的一部分,将举办培训班、研讨会和讲习班,内容涉及注重成果的规划、方案管理、监测和评价(培训研讨会、辅导和系统在职学习)的综合能力建设方案,以及为记者和高级管理人员举办城市化问题媒体讲习班。 但是,没有提供关于参加培训的联合国工作人员和非联合国工作人员人数的资料。 咨询委员会认为,拟议方案预算中培训活动的列报应明确指出两类培训对象,即本组织工作人员和其他编外人员参与者。", "组织结构", "四.73 咨询委员会经询问后得到关于人居署方案支助司方案支助职能和联合国内罗毕办事处行政事务司方案支助职能的补充资料。 据秘书处称,这两个司的职责没有重叠。 联合国内罗毕办事处行政事务司提供后端行政服务,包括会计、人力资源管理、信息技术服务和采购等,而人居署方案支助司则提供方案管理支助,重点是业务外地项目、人居署方案和项目预算的预算和财务管理、方案规划和协调职能,包括支助方案审查委员会、与伙伴之间的协议的法律审查、组织方法、风险管理和监督事务的协调等职能。", "第16款 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法", "秘书长的提案 41,118,600 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 39 191 100美元\n预计预算外资源 476 140 500美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "四.74 秘书长为第16款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为41 118 600美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款增加1 927 500美元,即4.9%(见A/66/6(Sect.16),表16.5)。 秘书长在其报告第16.14段中指出,2012-2013年拟议经常预算资源将由476 140 500美元的自愿捐款补充,其中包括普通用途资金和专用资金。 根据大会第61/252号决议,联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)2012-2013两年期合并预算将通过咨询委员会提交麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会,供其2011年12月续会核准。", "四.75 人力资源 在审议秘书长的提议时,咨询委员会铭记大会第65/227号决议第13段,其中大会请秘书长在其2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中适当注意执行赋予该办公室的任务所需资源(又见大会第64/243号决议,第85段)。", "四.76 咨询委员会获悉,在2009年同会员国协商后,毒品和犯罪问题办公室对业务司和条约事务司进行了内部组织调整,其主要目标是促进各专题和区域方案的综合规划,使规范活动和业务活动发挥协同作用,加强对专题和区域方案的支持,以及加强治理制度。 通过围绕毒品和犯罪问题办公室的主要任务设立五个专题组,对这两个司进行了调整:有组织犯罪和非法贩运;腐败;预防恐怖主义;司法;以及毒品预防和保健。 此外,重新设立了独立评价股并采取措施确保战略规划股的可持续性。 2010年春季,麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会核准了组织调整[6],随后经济及社会理事会和大会第65/227号决议也核准了组织调整。 经询问,委员会获得了在重新调整工作范围内在各次级方案之间调动的员额一览表,以及本节末尾所附按司、处、科和次级方案分列的详细组织结构图。", "四.77 表四.7汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "报表四.7 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n122 1个USG、2个D-2、5个D-1、14个P-5、28个P-4、15个P-3、14个P-2/1、3个GS(PL)、30个GS(OL)\n129 1个USG、2个D-2、7个D-1、15个P-5、33个P-4、25个P-3、14个P-2/1、3个GS(PL)、29个GS(OL)\n1个GS(OL)\n新设2个D-1、1个P-5、5个P-4\n预算外\n1个D-2、8个D-1、13个P-5、42个P-4/3、3个P-2/1、7个GS(PL)、67个GS(OL)、18NO、69个LL", "关于员额的意见和建议", "行政领导和管理", "四.78 联合国 拟为独立评价股设立1个P-4级评价干事员额,以领导、组织和管理深入评价;制定评价政策;管理评价报告的传播;使评价组合与毒品和犯罪问题办公室的战略方向保持一致;并发展毒品和犯罪问题办公室自我评价能力(见A/66/6(Sect.16),第16.58段)。 拟设新员额是为了在上述调整工作中加强独立评价股(见上文第四.76段)。 还拟议从次级方案4(司法)调入1个P-3评价干事。 行预咨委会回顾,在大会核准经济及社会理事会2010年实质性会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(见A/65/319;A/65/505;大会第65/259号决议)后,将战略规划股股长的P-5员额调至独立评价股股长。 秘书长在他的报告(A/65/319,第12段)中指出,独立评价股由自愿捐款供资的1个P-4和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额和2个初级专业人员员额组成。", "四.79 联合国 行预咨委会询问后获悉,毒品和犯罪问题办公室的评价职能需要得到加强,以确保遵守联合国评价小组为联合国系统评价所制定的准则,包括在实地建立评价能力,提供评价培训,实施评价建议跟踪系统并制订最新的评价政策和手册。 此外,麻醉药品委员会、预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会以及主要捐助者都强调必须确保该股在职能和业务上的独立性。 该办公室表示,在独立评价股增设经常预算员额,是为了提供这种独立性和公正性,以及为尚未开展的规范工作提供所需的额外能力。 根据所提供的解释,委员会建议核准秘书长关于独立评价股的提议。 委员会期望,如果大会批准增加这一能力,将使毒品和犯罪问题办公室能够加强其在制定和遵守有关规范和标准以及进行评价方面的评价能力,此外,这些加强将转化为改进方案执行工作。 委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作了进一步评论。", "次级方案 1. 打击跨国有组织犯罪和非法贩运,包括贩毒", "四.80 根据预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会和大会第65/230号决议赋予的网络犯罪问题额外任务,拟设立1个P-5员额,担任新的和新出现的犯罪高级方案主管,以管理和指导毒品和犯罪问题办公室的网络犯罪方案。 秘书长指出,网络犯罪目前由一名兼职工作人员负责,毒品和犯罪问题办公室需要一名全职高级工作人员来管理和牵头执行全球行动计划并动员其他机关和机构采取行动(见A/66/6(Sect.16),第16.66段)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,该办公室仍然侧重于网络犯罪的预防犯罪和刑事司法方面,而信息和通信技术的技术和安全要素则由国际电信联盟(国际电联)负责。 在这方面,毒品和犯罪问题办公室表示,它最近根据共同商定的目标和两个组织的补充任务,同国际电联缔结了一项关于合作的谅解备忘录。 行预咨委会还获悉,近年来,毒品和犯罪问题办公室从经济及社会理事会和大会收到了与网络犯罪有关的越来越多的任务授权,包括在这一领域向发展中国家提供支持和专门知识的任务授权(见大会第65/230号决议)。 该办公室还表明,发展中国家正日益面临与网络犯罪和新出现的犯罪有关的挑战,这些国家的互联网用户已经超过了发达国家,并且正在继续增长。 根据所作的澄清,委员会建议核准设立一个P-5员额来管理和指导毒品和犯罪问题办公室的网络犯罪方案。", "四.81 根据经济及社会理事会第2008/33号决议和大会第64/178号决议和第64/293号决议,拟议设立1个P-4员额,担任预防犯罪和刑事司法干事,以领导和协调打击贩运人口的工作和打击偷运移民的工作。 大会在该决议中通过了《联合国打击贩运人口全球行动计划》(见A/66/6(Sect.16),第16.67段)。 委员会注意到,次级方案6还请求设立1个研究管理干事员额,负责与贩运人口有关的数据分析(又见下文第四.87段)。", "四.82 人力资源 在这方面,咨询委员会回顾,在关于《联合国打击贩运人口全球行动计划》的第64/293号决议第7段中,大会请秘书长提出提议,通过在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中重新分配资源,为相关的人员配置和方案所需资源提供资金。 委员会要求进一步澄清增设一个P-4员额的提议同大会的要求之间是否一致。 委员会获悉,根据大会第64/293号决议,毒品和犯罪问题办公室对第16款下的人员配置结构和所有常设员额进行了认真审查。 根据审查结果,毒品和犯罪问题办公室确定,不得调动任何空缺或已任职员额,以履行拟设立的与打击贩运人口和偷运移民有关的两个P-4员额(一名预防犯罪和刑事司法干事和一名研究管理干事)的职能,而不会对毒品和犯罪问题办公室的运作产生不利影响。 委员会要求进一步澄清在调整工作中将1个P-4员额从次级方案1调到次级方案4的情况(见A/66/6(Sect.16),第16.65段)。 委员会获悉,调动的P-4员额的职能与贩运人口和偷运移民领域无关,而与预防犯罪和刑事司法领域相关标准和规范的执行有关。", "四.83 咨询委员会还获悉,目前没有专门处理人口贩运领域的经常预算员额:打击人口贩运和偷运移民股由各国政府供资的两名协理专家和由自愿捐款供资的四名P-2和P-3职等专业项目工作人员组成。 拟议P-4员额的任职者将领导向会员国提供实质性援助,以批准和执行《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的贩运和偷运议定书,包括为政府间机构提供服务。 根据所提供的解释,委员会不反对为打击人口贩运和偷运移民股新设一个P-4职等预防犯罪和刑事司法干事员额。", "次级方案3,预防和打击恐怖主义", "四.84 拟设立1个运输恐怖主义犯罪方案干事员额(P-4),就反恐国际法律文书所涵盖与运输有关的犯罪的法律和刑事司法方面提供专门知识(见A/66/6(Sect.16),第16.78段)。 咨询委员会获悉,这项提议的依据是,必须响应大会历次关于支持会员国执行国际反恐法律制度的任务规定(见大会第64/118、64/177和60/288号决议)。 委员会要求澄清联合国系统其他实体在多大程度上也开展了有关活动。 委员会获悉,毒品和犯罪问题办公室与国际民用航空组织和国际海事组织等处理运输和航空问题的专门机构建立了强有力的伙伴关系,其基础是按照各自的任务授权和专门知识领域明确分工。 根据提供的解释,委员会建议核准秘书长关于新设一名P-4职等方案干事(运输恐怖主义罪行)的提议。", "次级方案4. 司法", "四.85 拟设立1个P-4刑法改革干事员额,以领导司法科在与囚犯待遇有关的各个领域的工作,包括制定毒品和犯罪问题办公室的政策和战略,提供刑法改革方面的培训和特别咨询服务,以及支持在冲突后环境中与维持和平行动部和政治事务部联合拟订方案(见A/66/6(Sect.16),第16.84段)。 咨询委员会询问了毒品和犯罪问题办公室在这一领域的现有能力,以及拟议员额职能的持续性质,这些职能是否可以由一名咨询人以更高的成本效益来履行。 委员会获悉,大会第65/230号决议授权修订相关的联合国标准(《囚犯待遇最低限度标准规则》),毒品和犯罪问题办公室目前没有在刑法改革方面具有专门知识的工作人员。 行预咨委会认为,所需资源中至少有一部分是临时性的,但确认需要在这一领域发展一些内部能力和专门知识。 因此,委员会建议核准司法科设立1个P-4刑事改革干事的请求。", "次级方案5. 保健和生计 (打击毒品和艾滋病毒)", "四.86 拟设立1个D-1员额,担任预防吸毒和保健处处长,以协助该处主任。 如前所述,2009年3月麻醉药品委员会第五十二届会议高级别部分通过的《关于开展国际合作以综合、平衡战略应对世界毒品问题的政治宣言和行动计划》是这一职位的指导文件(见A/66/6(Sect.16),第16.90段)。 经询问,咨询委员会获悉,毒品预防和保健处的人员编制包括毒品和犯罪问题办公室总部的24个员额和职位,以及外地的139个员额和职位。 行预咨委会还获悉,预防吸毒和保健处处长的职能目前通过一个由项目资金和方案支助费用资金组合供资的预算外员额来提供。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室指出,目前的这些安排带来了一些风险,因为预防吸毒和保健处处长等核心职能不应由项目资金供资,而项目资金是用于技术援助活动。 委员会确认需要确保预防吸毒和保健处处长职能的可持续性,并建议核准秘书长关于设立一个D-1员额的提议。 然而,为透明起见,委员会认为预算文件应明确指出,拟议员额的职能目前通过预算外员额提供。", "次级方案 6. 研究和趋势分析", "四.87 拟设立1个P-4研究管理干事员额,领导国家、区域和国际各级贩运人口和贩运人口活动模式的数据收集、研究和分析工作,并根据大会第64/293号决议编写所要求的两年期报告(见A/66/6(Sect.16),第16.96段)。 如上文第四.82段所述,大会该决议还请秘书长通过在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中重新分配资源,为《联合国打击贩运人口全球行动计划》提供所需资源。 委员会获悉,毒品和犯罪问题办公室无法确定现有员额来履行拟议的P-4研究管理干事员额的职能。 咨询委员会不反对秘书长的提议。", "次级方案7. 政策支助", "四.88 拟设立1个D-1职等公共事务和政策支助处处长员额,以管理该处,指导和协调政策支助职能,并促进内部和外部的一致性(见A/66/6(Sect.16),第16.102段)。 咨询委员会认为,处长的职责似乎与执行主任的某些职责相重叠。 委员会获悉,虽然执行主任最终负责毒品和犯罪问题办公室的内部和外部一致性,但D-1处处长还将通过将理事机构秘书处、捐助方关系和资源调动、战略规划以及沟通和宣传联系起来,来帮助确保一致性。 委员会确认需要使毒品和犯罪问题办公室的多方面任务保持一致,并建议核准拟为管理该处而设的D-1员额。", "四.89 联合国 拟议裁撤次级方案下的一个一般事务(其他职等)员额。 7. 该员额的职能将通过预算外资金提供(见A/66/6(Sect.16),第16.101段)。 咨询委员会获悉,这是由于该职位的职能发生变化,需要更积极、更实际地支持外地技术援助的提供。 委员会建议核准秘书长的提议。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "四.90 联合国 2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为6 139 300美元,比本两年期批款7 013 600美元减少874 300美元。 秘书长提议削减大多数非员额支出用途,包括咨询人(86 600美元,即18.4%)、专家(246 800美元,即17.7%)、工作人员差旅费(40 600美元,即5.9%)和订约承办事务(49 300美元,即4.8%)。 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "列报和逻辑框架", "四.91 联合国 如上文第四.76段所述,咨询委员会收到了按司、处、科和次级方案分列的毒品和犯罪问题办公室的详细组织结构图,其中显示按职类和职等分列的现有和拟议员额数目;这些员额列于本节末尾。 委员会认为,这种详细的组织结构图有助于委员会审议拟议方案预算,特别是在自上次提交预算以来,毒品和犯罪问题办公室在2010年进行了内部调整等重大组织变革的情况下。 例如,在没有这种详细的组织结构图的情况下,无法从预算文件所提供的资料中确定支助理事机构的职能和相关员额已从条约事务司司长办公室(次级方案1)调至秘书处,并调至理事机构(次级方案7)。 为了提高透明度,委员会要求在今后提交的预算中列出详细的组织结构图。", "第四.92条 咨询委员会认为,第16款拟议方案预算还应提供更多资料,说明本两年期调整工作的结构变化。 例如,毒品和犯罪问题办公室本来可以更好地解释将秘书处(为麻醉药品委员会和预防犯罪和刑事司法委员会提供服务)和国际麻醉品管制局秘书处从条约事务司调到政策分析和公共事务司的理由,特别是在麻醉药品委员会和国际麻醉品管制局这两个条约机构的秘书处方面。 行预咨委会还注意到,在调整工作后,秘书长在其2012-2013年拟议预算中提议设立8个新员额,包括3个高级职位。 委员会虽然不反对秘书长的提议,但认为应不断审查毒品和犯罪问题办事处的组织结构,以确保业务结构的效率和效力,并避免职等通货膨胀。 委员会还强调,需要提供资料,说明这些重大组织变革的执行情况,评估由此产生的效益,并详细说明发生的费用、面临的挑战和经验教训。 因此,行预咨委会建议请秘书长在提交2014-2015年预算时,评估调整工作以及预期目标的实现程度。", "联合国反腐败公约审议机制", "四.93 咨询委员会注意到,拟议在次级方案2下追加资源,以支付2010-2011年因禁毒办调整而核准的9个新员额(1个D-1、1个P-5、2个P-4、1个P-3、3个P-2/1、1个一般事务(其他职等))的延迟影响而导致的支出(见A/66/6(Sect.16),第16.72段)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,这9个员额与联合国反腐败公约审议机制有关。 行预咨委会还获悉,除上述9个员额所需资源外,2010-2011两年期非员额支出估计为839 400美元。 秘书长还表示,在2009年12月核准2010-2011年这些资源时,大会获悉,每个两年期需要320万美元的预算外资源,用于国别审查、与会者差旅、培训和视频会议。 2012-2013年拟议预算为继续提供这些资源编列了经费。", "四.94 联合国 咨询委员会获悉,CAC/COSP/IRG/2011/CRP.1号文件载有2010-2011年审查机制支出估计数和2012-2013两年期所需经费估计数的详细概要。 毒品和犯罪问题办公室还表示,将在2011年9月实施情况审议组续会和2011年10月缔约国会议第四届会议上提供整个审议机制第一年的详细支出以及2012-2013两年期更准确的估计数。 缔约国会议作出的决定将于2011年11月提交大会,如有必要,将编写一份所涉方案预算问题的全面说明,供委员会和大会审议。", "表四.8 按支出用途开列的所需资源 在联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室2009年内部调整中在各次级方案之间调动的员额汇总", "职位标题调出/调入上下文\n执行委员会\n+1个P-5 独立评价主任 从次级方案7(战略规划股股长)调入的单位 18/6 经济和社会理事会第2010/258号决议,大会核准经济和社会理事会订正概算(A/65/319)\n+ 1个P-3 评价干事 从次级方案调入 4——司法科 3% 节能.\nSUBPROGRAMME1,跨国和有组织犯罪和非法贩运\n- 1个一般事务(其他职等)行政助理调至次级方案4\n- 1个P-5 司法科科长 调至次级方案4\n- 1个P-3药物管制和预防犯罪干事调至次级方案4\n- 1P-3 预防犯罪和刑事司法官员 调至次级方案4\n- 1个P-2 预防和刑事司法协理干事 调至次级方案4\n- 1个P-4 药物管制和预防犯罪干事调至次级方案4\n反腐败\n+ 1个P-4 方案管理干事从次级方案4调入\n4,正义\n+ 1个一般事务(其他职等)行政助理从次级方案1调入\n+1个P-5 司法科科长 从次级方案1调入\n+ 1个P-4 药物管制和预防犯罪干事调出次级方案1\n+ 1个P-3 药物管制和预防犯罪干事调自毒品和犯罪问题办公室次级方案1\n+ 1P-3 预防犯罪和刑事司法官员 从次级方案1调入\n+ 1个P-2 预防和刑事司法协理干事 从次级方案1调入\n- 1个P-4方案管理干事调至次级方案2\n- 1个P-3评价干事,调到独立评价股\n研究与趋势分析\n- 1个P-5,战略规划股股长,调往独立评价 作为股长于2010-2011年执行", "按司、处、科和次级方案分列的详细组织结构图", "A. 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处", "[] 组织结构和员额分配", "简称:RB:经常预算;XB:普通用途基金和方案支助费用基金;GS(PL):一般事务(特等);GS(OL):一般事务(其他职等);NO:本国干事;LL:当地雇员。", "^(a) 不包括协理专家。", "^(b) NYLO员额由经常预算第1款(联合国维也纳办事处)供资。", "•(c) 不包括由经常预算第22款(技术合作经常方案)供资的2个一般临时人员职位(1个L-6和1个L-5)。", "R = 调动", "N = 新设", "B. 业务司", "简称:RB:经常预算;XB:普通用途基金和方案支助费用基金;GS(PL):一般事务(特等);GS(OL):一般事务(其他职等);NO:本国干事;LL:当地雇员。", "R = 调动", "N = 新设", "C. 条约事务司", "[]", "D. 政策分析和公共事务司", "[]", "第17款 妇女署", "秘书长的提案 14 836 900 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\n预计预算外资源 993 272 200美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 除另有说明外,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前费率)计算。\n^(b) 妇女署是根据大会第64/289号决议自2011年1月1日起成立的复合实体。 仅为比较和列报目的,本报告对订正批款数额作了技术调整,以反映两年期数额。", "四.95 联合国 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算首次反映了妇女署的所需资源,妇女署是根据大会第64/289号决议自2011年1月1日起作为一个综合实体设立的,其方法是合并和向妇女署移交四个原有实体的任务和职能,即性别问题和提高妇女地位问题特别顾问办公室、提高妇女地位司、联合国妇女发展基金(妇发基金)和提高妇女地位国际研究训练所(提高妇女地位研训所)(又见A/65/531和A/65/593)。 根据同一项决议,妇女署在领导、协调和促进联合国系统在性别平等和增强妇女权能工作中的问责制方面可以发挥额外作用。 妇女署的工作方案取自2012-2013年期间战略框架(A/65/6/Rev.1)方案7(经济和社会事务)次级方案2(性别问题和提高妇女地位),但已作修改以反映上述决议的规定。 咨询委员会注意到,根据既定程序,订正战略框架将提交方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议。", "四.96 关于妇女署的供资安排,行预咨委会回顾,大会第64/289号决议决定由经常预算和自愿捐款两个来源为妇女署供资。 为规范政府间进程提供服务所需资源由经常预算提供并获得大会核准,为各级政府间业务进程和业务活动提供服务所需资源由自愿捐款提供并获得妇女署执行局核准。 妇女署的后一部分资源称为“支助预算”。 随后,大会在第65/259号决议中核准使用类似于难民署预算管理的赠款安排,以执行妇女署的经常预算部分。", "四.97 大会第64/289号决议通过后,性别问题和提高妇女地位问题特别顾问办公室、提高妇女地位司、联合国妇女发展基金(妇发基金)和提高妇女地位国际研究训练所(提高妇女地位研训所)的所有现有任务、职能、资产(包括设施和基础设施)和负债(包括合同义务)已移交给妇女署,并将其作为2010-2011两年期方案预算第37款处理。 因此,2011年第9款(经济和社会事务)次级方案2(性别问题和提高妇女地位)的初步经常预算批款(6 615 700美元)已转入新的第37款;大会在第65/259号决议中核准在该款下追加367 800美元,由应急基金支付。 次级方案2下2011年的预算外资源份额以及提高妇女地位研训所和妇发基金2011年的部分资源也已转移。 咨询委员会注意到,在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中,为了便于在2010-2011年和2012-2013年资源之间每两年进行比较,2011年第9和37款下为妇女署核准的资源已经合并,作为技术数字列入2010-2011年批款一栏,以反映两年期情况。", "四.98 咨询委员会注意到,秘书长为2012-2013两年期第17款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为14 836 900美元,比2010-2011两年期技术订正批款增加1 304 400美元,即9.6%(A/66/6(Sect.17),表17.5)。 表四.8汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟由妇女署支助预算供资的预算外员额。", "报表四.9", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n2010-2011年核定数 45 1个USG、1个ASG、2个D-2、3个D-1、6个P-5、7个P-4、5个P-3、5个P-2/1、15个GS(OL)\n1个USG、1个ASG、2个D-2、3个D-1、6个P-5、7个P-4、7个P-3、P-2/1、15个GS(OL)\n将次级方案2(b)下的5个D-1和3个P-4员额调至次级方案2(a)\n1个GS(OL)从次级方案2(b)调至方案支助\n预算外\n1个ASG、9个D-2、25个D-1、97个P-5、77个P-4/3、6个P-2/1、19个GS(PL)、42个GS(OL)、74个LL", "关于员额的意见和建议", "新员额", "四.99 联合国 秘书长提议在方案支助下设立两个P-3员额,一个为行政干事,一个为预算和财务干事(A/66/6(Sect.17),第17.14段)。 拟议员额的任职者将在预算编制、规划和报告、财务和人力资源管理、采购、信息和通信技术以及其他以前由经济和社会事务部执行办公室提供的行政服务领域提供支助。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,请求设立的这两个员额将有助于解决妇女署作为一个依赖摊款和自愿捐款的综合实体所产生的复杂的预算、财政、行政和人力资源需要。 关于行政干事员额,行预咨委会还获悉,从妇女署组成实体调入妇女署的经常预算员额没有一个专门履行人力资源管理职能。 行预咨委会还获悉,履行这两个拟议员额职能所需的能力不能从经济和社会事务部执行办公室调出,因为该办公室目前专门负责人力资源和财务管理的6个员额已经向若干部厅总共559个员额提供方案支助服务。 鉴于上述情况,委员会建议核准设立这两个P-3员额。", "调动", "四.100 秘书长还提议调动下列五个员额:", "(a) 将次级方案2(b)(政策和方案活动)的1个D-1两性平等问题协调人员额、1个P-4人事政策干事员额和2个P-4社会事务干事员额调至次级方案2(a)(政府间支助和战略伙伴关系),使主要与整个联合国系统在两性平等主流化和性别均衡问题上的合作与协调有关的员额职能与适当次级方案的活动保持一致(A/66/6(Sect.17),第17.39段);", "(b) 1个一般事务(其他职等)信息技术助理员额,从次级方案2(b)(政策和方案活动)调至方案支助,以提供信息技术设备和软件方面的技术支助(同上,第17.48段)。", "咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动", "四.101 联合国 如表四.8所示,妇女署目前有45个由经常预算供资的员额,据秘书长称,所有这些员额都支持政府间进程的职能,并增进这些支助与业务活动之间的协调(A/66/6(Sect.17),第17.13段)。 关于妇女署未来的人员编制以及确定哪些员额由经常预算供资和哪些员额由预算外资源供资的准确标准,行预咨委会回顾,大会第65/259号决议请秘书长具体说明妇女署的活动,包括行政、评价、协调、研究和分析政策职能,是否支持或被视为规范性政府间进程;政府间业务进程和业务活动;或两者兼而有之。 大会还请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中反映这一信息所产生的必要预算拨款,以确保所需财政资源有适当的资金来源,包括为高级职位提供经费。 行预咨委会在审议第17款下拟议资源时获悉,一旦妇女署运作了两年,秘书长打算在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中回应大会的要求。 不过,委员会也获悉,迫切需要上文第四.99段提到的两个新员额,设立这些员额很难推迟到那时。 委员会期待审议大会要求提供的资料。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "四.102 2012-2013年非员额所需经费估计数为重计费用前1 354 400美元,比2010-2011年技术订正批款1 272 400美元增加82 000美元,即6.4%。 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论", "监测和评价", "四.103 人力资源 秘书长在报告第17.18段中指出,根据大会第58/269号决议,已确定在2012-2013两年期进行监测和评价的资源为3 735 500美元。 咨询委员会注意到,所有这些资源将来自预算外资金。 委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价活动问题作了进一步评论。", "出版物", "第IV.104号决定 秘书长在预算文件表17.3中表示,妇女署计划在2012-2013两年期共印发23份出版物(18份经常出版物和5份非经常出版物),而2010-2011两年期印发19份(15份经常出版物和4份非经常出版物)。 咨询委员会从收到的补充资料的附件注意到,这些出版物中不到一半将以电子方式印发(两期《联合国系统防止和消除对妇女暴力行为活动清单》和八期《行动要点》通讯)。 为了尽量减少费用并确保尽可能广泛地传播其出版物,行预咨委会鼓励妇女署最大限度地利用电子出版技术。 委员会在上文第一章中就出版物问题作了进一步评论。", "向下订正预计自愿捐款", "四.105 人力资源 秘书长在第17款的拟议方案预算中表示,2012-2013两年期预算外资金预计为993 272 200美元,其中986 498 400美元为妇女署支助预算下所需经费估计数,其余为执行北京宣言和行动纲要信托基金下估计资源(A/66/6(Sect.17),第17.17段)。 然而,行预咨委会在审议秘书长的提议时获悉,经与利益攸关方协商,并依据对以往趋势、2011年已作出的承诺和会员国关于未来承诺的表示的分析,2012-2013两年期自愿捐款预测现已下调至约9亿美元。 这一调整将反映在2012-2013年支助预算的编制中,该支助预算将在妇女署执行局审议之前提交委员会审查。", "第五编 区域合作促进发展", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款\n预计预算外资源 140 204 800美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "一般性评论和建议", "五. 1 秘书长为第五编请拨的资源总额在重计费用前为503 648 200美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少9 562 700美元,即1.9%。 拟议资源用于五个区域委员会、区域委员会纽约办事处和技术合作经常方案的授权活动(见下文第18至23款)。 这些资源由发展账户提供补充(见下文第36节)。 咨询委员会在第四编(国际合作促进发展)下评论了与发展有关的活动。", "五.2 国家 秘书长为五个区域委员会(包括区域委员会纽约办事处)请拨的资源总额在重计费用前为451 402 000美元,同2010-2011两年期订正批款相比,减少9 562 700美元,即2.1%。", "表五.1 按区域开列的所需资源 区域合作促进发展:拟议资源", "(单位:千美元)", "2010-2011两年期 重计费用前资源总额\n数额", "18. 非洲的经济和社会发展 123 662.5(2 815.8 (2.3)) 120 846.7", "19. 亚洲及太平洋的经济和社会发展 98 326.8(1 523.9)(1.5) 96 802.9", "20. 欧洲经济发展 65 547.1(1 794.3)(2.7) 63 752.8", "21. 拉丁美洲和加勒比的经济和社会发展", "22. 西亚的经济和社会发展", "23. 联合国 技术合作经常方案 52 246.2 - 52 246.2", "513 210.9 (9 562.7) (1.9) 503 648.2", "^(a) 包括区域委员会纽约办事处。", "五. 3 如表五.1所着重指出的,虽然各区域委员会的拟议预算与目前核定经费相比有所减少,但咨询委员会注意到在如何实现这些减少方面存在差异。 如第一章所指出,秘书长指出,方案主管有充分的酌处权来设计最佳的资源组合,同时确保对执行任务不产生影响。 从对第18款(非洲经济和社会发展)和第21款(拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展)的审查来看,各区域委员会对规模和任务相当的办事处采取了不同的做法。 虽然这两项提议反映了数额相近的削减,即非洲经委会分别减少280万美元和290万美元,但所有削减都是在非员额领域提出的,没有减少人员配置。 相比之下,拉加经委会所需经费减少的大部分是由于拟议裁撤12个员额。 同样,第20款(欧洲经济发展)下的拟议削减主要是通过裁撤7个员额实现的。", "五.4. 联合国 行预咨委会注意到,秘书长指出,拟议预算旨在使本组织能充分执行任务(A/66/6(导言))。 然而,在听询会期间,一些方案主管,包括各区域委员会的方案主管表示,资源减少会影响到有关办事处的运作,即使不是直接影响到任务的执行。 如第一章第16段所强调,委员会期望采取步骤来减轻任何意外后果,使任务的执行不致受不利影响,并避免对会员国支助总额的任何改变。", "员额", "五.5. 采购 表五.2概述了为各区域委员会提出的员额配置提议的净影响。 总的来说,这些建议将使四个区域委员会的员额总数减少27个。 咨询委员会注意到,下一个两年期各区域委员会员额资源减少的原因是拟议裁撤31个员额,但提议增设4个新员额,其中3个在西亚经济社会委员会(西亚经社会)(2个D-1和1个P-5),1个在亚太经社会(D-1)。", "表五.2 国家 2012-2013年各区域委员会拟议人员配置变动", "专业一般事务及有关职类", "第18A款,非洲经委会 1(1) 0", "第19节,亚太经社会(6)(1)(7)", "第20节,欧洲经委会(5)(2)(7)", "第21款,拉加经委会(8)(4)(12)", "第22款,西亚经社会 3(4)(1)", "共计(15)(12)(27)", "五.6. 联合国 咨询委员会已就拟议方案预算中裁撤员额,特别是各区域委员会拟议裁撤的高比例专业人员员额作出评论(见第五章)。 页:1 委员会注意到,各区域委员会拟议裁撤的31个员额中,12个为P-2职等,6个为P-3职等,起职员额向青年专业人员方案的候选人开放。 如第一章第88段所强调,委员会对拟议减少起职专业人员员额感到关切,并认为其评论与各区域委员会特别相关。", "五.7. 联合国 咨询委员会回顾,秘书长在其关于2008-2009两年期与发展有关的活动的报告(A/62/708)中提议大力加强若干预算款次,包括提议为各区域委员会增设87个新员额。 在审议他的报告后,大会在第63/260号决议中为各区域委员会共核准了60个新员额(见表五.3)。 如上文第五.5段所述,2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中的提议将净减27个区域委员会员额,包括裁撤第63/260号决议为第20款(欧洲经济发展)核准的2个员额(1个P-4和1个P-3)。 咨询委员会反映了区域委员会一些方案主管对本报告各款拟议裁减员额可能产生的影响所表示的关切,并注意到秘书长保证将充分执行各项任务(另见第一章)。 页:1", "表五.3 妇女 根据大会第63/260号决议为各区域委员会与发展有关活动核准的员额", "以上及有关职类共计", "第18A款,非洲经委会 6 13 19", "第19款,亚太经社会 9 2 11", "第20款,欧洲经委会 4-4", "第21款. 拉加经委会 18 2 20", "第22款,西亚经社会 5 1 6", "共计 42 18 60", "五.8. 联合国 经询问,行预咨委会获得了截至2011年5月31日各区域委员会所有职类人员空缺状况,见表五.4。 委员会注意到,四个区域委员会,特别是非洲经委会目前的专业员额空缺率(20.2%)大大高于整个组织的平均空缺率(6.0%)。 虽然一般事务及有关员额的空缺率一般低于本组织5.5%的平均数,但非洲经委会14%的空缺率却高得多。 委员会在上文第一章第90段中对若干办事处空缺率居高不下表示关切。 行预咨委会还重申其观点,即应不断审查是否继续需要长期空缺的员额,特别是在向大会提出新员额建议之前。 委员会仍对各区域委员会专业员额空缺率居高不下感到关切。", "表五.4 国家", "截至2011年5月31日各区域委员会空缺率", "以上及有关职类共计", "第18A款,非洲经委会", "第19款,亚太经社会 10.9 1.6 5.7", "第20款,欧洲经委会", "第21款,拉加经委会", "第22款,西亚经社会 9.6 2.1 5.4", "非员额资源", "五.9. 联合国 秘书长提议为2012-2013两年期第五编提供非员额资源129 749 800美元,比2010-2011两年期减少4 560 600美元,即3.4%。", "五.10. 联合国 秘书长为包括区域委员会纽约办事处在内的五个区域委员会提议2012-2013两年期非员额资源为77 503 600美元,比2010-2011两年期减少4 560 600美元,即5.6%。 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013两年期第23款(技术合作经常方案)下非员额资源没有拟议减少。 表五.8按支出用途汇总了为各区域委员会请拨的资源。 各区域委员会所需非员额资源减少,主要是由于以下各项所需经费减少:若干区域委员会租金费用减少导致其他一般业务费用(1 840 800美元);用品和材料(1 384 500美元);家具和设备(1 766 200美元),原因是若干区域委员会更换家具和办公室自动化设备的工作被推迟。 委员会注意到拟议非员额资源总体减少,并欣见特别是通过延迟更换办公室自动化设备实现的减少。 但行预咨委会认为,应不断审查保留期,以确保不产生额外费用,例如通过增加维修费用。", "五.11 联合国 咨询委员会注意到,拟议在各区域委员会各款下的一些支出用途下增加资源,包括咨询人(66 400美元)、工作人员公务差旅(271 300美元)和订约承办事务(79 100美元)。 委员会在上文第一章中就旅行问题发表了意见。 鉴于秘书长呼吁限制预算,委员会本期望各区域委员会的公务旅行所需经费会减少。 委员会期望尽量利用各区域委员会分区域办事处的工作人员,以减少旅行需要,或在需要一名高级代表旅行时,提供必要的支助,从而尽量减少陪同工作人员的旅行需要。 此外,委员会注意到,在技术合作经常方案下,拟将工作人员公务旅行资源数额增加1 735 900美元,即36.1%。", "监测和评价", "五. 12 根据大会第58/269号决议第20段,每个区域委员会的预算款次都提供资料说明2012-2013两年期用于监测和评价活动的估计资源。 表五.5概述了这一信息。", "报表五.5", "各区域委员会监测和评价活动所需资源估计数", "(单位:千美元)", "预算款次 预算总额", "18. 非洲经济和社会发展 2 536.3 714.0 3 250.3", "亚洲经济和社会发展", "欧洲经济发展", "21,拉丁美洲和加勒比的经济和社会发展", "22,西亚经济和社会发展 663.0 148.4 811.4", "共计 8 356.5 1 511.1 9 867.6", "五.13个 咨询委员会注意到,在所有资金来源下为各区域委员会监测和评价活动编列的990万美元经费占拟议方案预算中为这些活动编列的5 730万美元经费总额的17.2%。 鉴于定期监测和评价方案活动的重要性,咨询委员会欢迎各区域委员会侧重这一领域。", "五.14个 但是,咨询委员会注意到,各区域委员会用于监测和评价的资源数额相差很大。 例如,虽然拉加经委会的拟议资源总额超过亚太经社会,但后一个区域委员会表示,将资源数额的四倍用于监测和评价活动。", "五. 15个 咨询委员会注意到,就所有区域委员会而言,预算文件没有提供关于迄今开展的监测和评价活动或2012-2013两年期计划活动的资料。 委员会在第一章中对整个方案概算中提供的监测和评价活动的资料表示关切。 行预咨委会期望,关于已完成和计划开展的监测和评价活动的信息将列入每个区域委员会2014-2015两年期拟议预算。", "各区域委员会之间的协调与合作", "五.16 行预咨委会回顾,大会第63/260号决议鼓励秘书长加强联合国发展系统的协调,以确保在履行其社会、经济和发展任务时,努力发挥更大的协同作用、提高效力、提高效率和一致性,并请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中报告该决议的执行情况。 大会还请秘书长就加强非洲经委会次区域办事处以及亚太经社会和欧洲经委会设立新的次区域办事处所取得的经验提出报告,并让各区域委员会分享,并交流处理全球经济危机和气候变化等新问题的最佳做法。 委员会注意到,为在两个区域委员会服务的次区域开展联合活动,采取了一些举措。 委员会鼓励这些努力,并建议大会请秘书长确保各区域委员会深化相互合作,并与联合国驻地协调员以及在适当情况下同维持和平特派团协调其活动。", "行政支助", "五.17个 行预咨委会经询问后获得了关于提供行政服务和工作方案的费用与各区域委员会2012-2013年预算总额比较的资料。 这些资料见表五.6。 行政服务费用,包括方案支助、决策机关以及行政领导和管理,在区域委员会预算总额中的比例将从2010-2011两年期的45.6%增至2012-2013两年期的46.7%。 委员会注意到,增加的主要原因是行政支助费用,包括联合国日内瓦办事处为欧洲经委会提供行政支助的估计费用,从2010-2011两年期第20款总费用的46.7%增加到52.4%。 行预咨委会注意到,2012-2013年向欧洲经委会提供的会议服务估计为27 171 300美元,而2010-2011两年期为19 386 000美元,增加了40.2%。 委员会回顾,它曾鼓励各区域委员会继续努力改善方案支助费用与工作方案费用之间的比例,为工作方案的实质性活动分配更多资源。 鉴于方案概算中反映联合国日内瓦办事处向欧洲经委会提供服务的费用大幅度增加,委员会认为应进一步分析这些服务的费用。", "表五.6 按支出用途开列的所需资源", "行政支助费用和工作方案费用与资源总额的比率(经常预算)", "(单位:千美元)", "区域委员会纽约办事处 非洲经委会 亚太经社会\n18B 18A 19 20 21 22\nA. 决策机构 - 633.20 1034.70 - 1288.80 145.00 3101.70\nB. 行政领导和管理 - 10981.70 5927.40 8056.50 6300.4018.10 35284.10\nC. 工作方案——68815.40 51310.70 49073.30 5984.50 3225.90 261301.80\nD. 方案支助 1895.60 38520.80 38530.10 6623.00 39789.30 2635.60 151714.40\n小计1895.60 118951.10 96802.90 63752.80 107227.00 62772.60 451402.00\nE. 其他办事处提供的方案支助 39280.8^(a) 39280.8\n^(b)共计 103033.6 490682.8\n行政支助(百分比)\n2010-2011年:43.4 47.1 46.7 43.6 47.9 45.6\n2012-2013年 - 42.2 47 52.4 44 48.6 46.7\n工作方案(百分比)\n2010-2011年: 56.6 52.9 53.3 56.4 52.1 54.4\n2012-2013年——57.8 53 47.6 56 51.4 53.3", "^(a) 联合国日内瓦办事处提供的方案支助,包括第28 E款(行政,日内瓦)下用于行政和总务的10 823 700美元,第28 E款下用于图书馆事务的1 285 600美元,第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)下27 171 500美元。", "^(b) 构成部分A、B、D和E。", "预算外资源", "五.18个 各区域委员会预算外资源项下2008-2009年支出以及2010-2011年和2012-2013年估计数见表五.7。 咨询委员会注意到,各区域委员会预算外资源的增长趋势参差不齐,预计欧洲经委会和西亚经社会的预算外资源会减少。 鉴于预算外资源在补充由经常预算为活动提供的经费方面的重要性,委员会鼓励各区域委员会加紧努力来筹集预算外资源。", "表五.7 按支出用途开列的所需资源", "区域委员会预算外资源", "(单位:千美元)", "实际预计数", "第18A款,非洲经委会", "第19款,亚太经社会 27 196.8 30 218.2 32 619.0", "第20款,欧洲经委会", "第21款. 拉加经委会 28 627.0 29 500.0 30 000.0", "第22款,西亚经社会^(a) 5 437.7 9 588.6 7 799.5", "共计 108 438.3 137 046.0 140 204.8", "^(a) 咨询委员会在审议第22款(西亚经济和社会发展)时收到的2010-2011和2012-2013两年期订正预测。", "表五.8 国家 2010-2011年和2012-2013年按支出用途开列的区域委员会资源比较", "(单位:千美元)", "第18 B款,第19款,第20款,第21款,第22款,非洲经委会区域18A共计 亚太经社会\n2010-2012-2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2012-2013年 2010-2011年 2010-2011年 2012-2013年 2010-2012年 2011-2013年 差异", "员额 86 041.3 86 1 784.2 1 784.2 85 304.1 83 677.9 61 076.1 59 488.0 91 89 89 762.7 52 802.9 53 061.0 378 373 (5 002.1) 124.6 900.5 898.4", "其他工作人员 3 428.2 3 445.0 17.8 1 670.5 1 650.1 250.9 250.9 2 235.7 2 263.6 985.8 973.4 8 588.9 8 600.8 11.9美元", "顾问 1 211.0 1 296.7 — — 394.7 440.0 366.3 329.6 723.5 729.5 685.3 651.4 3 380.8 3 447.2 66.4", "专家 2 962.2 2 989.5 — — 563.8 505.3 29.5 29.5 705.1 746.1 1 052.3 1 054.2 5 312.9 5 324.6 11.7", "工作人员旅费 2 539.3 2 724.3 35.1 1 430.7 1 460.9 963.3 963.3 1 789.7 1 817.6 615.3 643.5 7 373.4 7 644.7 271.3", "合同 4 570.6 4 415.7 24.4 24.4 930.4 955.3 652.5 611.3 1 720.1 1 802.1 1 250.5 1 418.8 9 148.5 9 227.6 79.1项服务", "一般费用 8 784.9 7 7 725.3 13.1 13.1 5 374.3 5 338.0 66.9 61.9 8 0134 7 506.4 3 583.4 3 35 5.5 25 23 (1 840.8) 业务费用 836.0 995.2", "招待费 34.8 1.5 35.1 35.1 23.0 33.9 30.7 24.8 153.1 149.9 (3.2)", "用品和4 162.4 2 981.0 4.9 9 927.1 1 033.9 253.9 180.6 1 301.9 1 287.2 885.6 663.7 7 535.8 6 151.3 (1 384.5) 材料", "家具和6 512.2 5 675.5 14.6 14.6 1 689.8 1 700.1 518.3 468.3 1 714.7 1 281.1 1 002.8 546.6 11 9 686.2 (1 766.2) 设备 452.4", "赠款和1 520.0 1 538.7 — — 6.3 1 346.4 1 346.4 — 409.7 384.7 3 282.4 3 276.1 (6.3) 捐款", "总计121 766.9 118 1 895.6 1 895.6 98 326.8 96 802.9 65 547.1 63 752.8 110 129.9 107 227.0 63 298.4 62 772.6 460 451 (9 562.7) 951.1 964.7 402.0", "第18款 非洲的经济和社会发展", "节次 18A 区域委员会", "秘书长的提案118,951,100美元(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 121 766 900美元\n预计预算外资源 44 773 600美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "五.19个 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第18 A款请求的经常预算资源在重计费用前为118 951 100美元,与2010-2011两年期相比减少2 815 800美元,即2.3%。 (A/66/6(Sect.18),第18A.14段)。 请求的资源由技术合作经常方案和发展账户的资源来补充(另见下文第23和36款)。", "五.20 表五.9汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表五.9 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、1个D-2、15个D-1、42个P-5、71个P-4、75个P-3、29个P-2/1、304个LL、2个FS、13个NO\n1个USG、1个D-2、15个D-1、42个P-5、72个P-4、75个P-3、29个P-2/1、303个LL、1个FS、14个NO\n1个FS改叙为P-4,1个LL改叙为NO\n从次级方案10调至次级方案1的22个P-5和3个P-3\n1个P-4和1个LL从次级方案5调至次级方案1\n1个P-5、2个P-3、1个P-2和1个LL从次级方案1调至次级方案5\n1个P-5和1个LL从次级方案4调至次级方案9\n1个P-4从次级方案7(a)调至方案支助\n1个P-4从次级方案4调至方案支助\n2个P-4、1个NO和4个LL,由行政领导和管理提供方案支助\n预算外 2个D-1、5个P-5、9个P-4、11个P-3、2个P-2/1、83LL、2个NO\n2012-2013年拟议数 114 2个D-1、5个P-5、9个P-4、11个P-3、2个P-2/1、83LL、2个NO", "关于员额的意见和建议", "五.21 联合国 秘书长提议在2012-2013两年期方案预算下续设553个员额。 2012-2013两年期没有要求为非洲经委会增设员额。", "改叙", "五. 22页 在方案支助项下,拟将1个外勤事务员额改叙为P-4职等。 该员额的任职者将领导电信事务股,负责规划和指导重大电信项目,确保同联合国其他机构的有效协调,同外部服务提供者联络,并提出适当的连通解决办法。 此外,拟将1个设施管理干事员额改叙为本国干事职等,为非洲经委会设施的管理提供技术文件、设计准备和行政支助,并为照明、取暖、通风和空调以及与建筑有关的设施提供所需的价值评估工程(同上,第18A.117段)。 咨询委员会不反对拟议的改叙。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "五.23个 秘书长提议为2012-2013两年期提供32 826 500美元非员额资源,比2010-2011两年期减少2 899 100美元,即8.1%。 减少的原因是,其他工作人员费用增加(16 800美元)、咨询人费用增加(85 700美元)、专家费用增加(27 300美元)和工作人员公务差旅费用增加(185 000美元),订约承办事务所需经费减少(154 900美元),特别是专业服务和语言培训服务所需经费减少;一般业务费用(1 059 600美元),主要原因是水电费减少1 086 500美元;用品和材料(1 181 400美元),根据以往各期的消费模式计算;家具和设备费用增加(836 700美元),主要原因是家具和设备更换延迟(670 000美元)和办公室自动化设备减少(763 800美元),但软件包所需经费增加(338 700美元)部分抵消了减少额。 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "出版物", "五.24个 秘书长指出,每个次级方案都对作为工作方案一部分的出版物进行了深入审查,预计2012-2013两年期将印发107份经常和非经常出版物,而2010-2011两年期将印发102份(同上,表18A.3)。 咨询委员会获悉,这些出版物将以英文和法文出版。 委员会鼓励亚太经社会考虑在资源允许的情况下,以该区域其他语文印发其出版物,如果这被认为可能增加其影响的话。", "监测和评价", "五. 25页 秘书长指出,根据大会第58/269号决议,为进行监测和评价确定的资源估计为3 250 300美元,其中包括由经常预算提供的2 536 300美元,相当于委员会2012-2013年拟议资源总额的2.1%。 咨询委员会就秘书长关于五个区域委员会监测和评价的提议提出的意见和建议载于上文第五.12至五.15段。 委员会注意到非洲经委会用于监测和评价活动的大量资源。 委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作了进一步评论。 咨询委员会欢迎非洲经委会继续注重这一重要职能,但指出,拟议方案预算没有提供足够的资料,说明非洲经委会迄今开展的监测和评价活动的结果,也没有说明将利用这些资源的2012-2013年评价计划。 行预咨委会期望2014-2015年拟议方案预算将载有此类信息。", "业务连续性", "五.26 行预咨委会回顾,大会在第64/243号决议中请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作提出充分说明理由的员额和非员额资源提议。 在这方面,委员会注意到,非洲经委会拟议方案预算载有与业务连续性管理直接有关的共计1 109 200美元的提议。 行预咨委会在上文第一章就业务连续性问题作了进一步评论。", "支助非洲发展新伙伴关系和加强分区域办事处", "五.27 咨询委员会回顾其建议,即第11款(联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系(新伙伴关系))同第18A款(非洲的经济和社会发展)之间存在互补性的领域,应在今后的方案执行情况报告和预算文件中予以明确确定和报告(A/64/7,第五.27段)。 秘书长指出,在这方面已在若干领域采取措施(A/66/6(Sect.18),第18段)。 18A.6号文件。 秘书长还指出,将通过非洲经委会为支持新伙伴关系优先事项而召集的联合国系统各机构区域协商会议,加强在非洲工作的联合国系统各机构之间的机构间协调与协作(同上,第6段)。 18A.8号文件。", "五.28 联合国 行预咨委会还回顾,它建议,在2008-2009两年期为加强非洲经委会次区域办事处所采取措施之后,应在2012-2013两年期预算报告中评估加强次区域办事处的效力(A/64/7,第五.26段)。 秘书长指出,2010年1月对五个次区域办事处进行的独立外部评价结果证实,2006年开始的加强次区域办事处的工作已基本成功(A/66/6(Sect.18),表18A.40)。 行预咨委会经询问获悉,独立外部评价由咨询人进行,外部评价的建议已获得经社会第874(XLIII)号决议的认可。 委员会欢迎这一进程取得的进展,并要求在这方面不断进行影响评估,并在今后提交的预算中予以报告(另见第5至5段)。 (见下文第五.29和五.30段)。", "委员会重新定位的后续行动", "五.29 联合国 秘书长指出,非洲经委会在实现2006年开始的重新定位工作的目标方面继续取得进展,这项工作通过将有关工作领域集中起来,加强各单位之间的协同作用、一致性和互补性而得到微调(同上,第19段)。 18A.6号文件。 特别是,非洲经委会各分区域办事处得到加强,并改进了与在非洲开展业务的其他主要发展组织的伙伴关系,特别是与非洲联盟委员会、非洲开发银行和主要区域经济共同体的伙伴关系。", "第五.30节 秘书长指出,在改革方案实施近五年后,从各种审查和评估中汲取的教训已查明若干因素,这些因素继续阻碍非洲经委会充分发挥其作为非洲主要发展组织的潜力,其中包括:分析和业务活动之间的联系不足;交付旗舰产出方面的内部协作不足;委员会现有技能组合和广泛经验没有得到最佳利用(同上,第18A.10段)。 行预咨委会认为,秘书长强调的因素属于非洲经委会内部因素,充分解决这些问题属于非洲经委会管理层的职权范围。 行预咨委会期望在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中提供关于所采取补救措施的资料。", "征聘和人员配置", "五.31 报告 咨询委员会获悉,截至2011年5月31日,非洲经委会有48个专业员额和45个一般事务员额空缺,专业人员空缺率为20.2%,一般事务人员为14%。 委员会经询问获悉,正在加紧努力来降低这些比率,一些员额的征聘工作已进入最后阶段。 因此,委员会还获悉,预计今后几个月空缺率将大幅降低。", "五.32个 尽管作出了保证,但咨询委员会仍对非洲经委会空缺率居高不下感到关切。 目前那里的空缺大大高于委员会审议2010-2011两年期方案预算时的水平。 委员会要求公务员制度委员会在人力资源管理厅的支持下,认真解决高空缺率的根本原因,以确保制定可持续的战略。 咨询委员会关于继续需要长期空缺员额的意见和建议载于第一章第92段,委员会认为这与非洲经委会有关。 委员会还要求向大会提供最新资料,说明现有空缺的现状,并向大会提供在审议秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时采取的补救行动。", "预算外资源", "五.33个 秘书长表示,2012-2013两年期预计预算外资源44 773 600美元将主要从双边来源调动,根据非洲经委会与与与非洲发展有关的全球和区域机构和组织之间的协议筹集。 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013年由预算外资源供资的员额为114个,比2010-2011两年期供资员额减少15个(A/66/6(Sect.18),表18A.6)。 2012-2013两年期预算外资源预计数比2010-2011两年期增加8 770 800美元(同上,第18A.16段)。 委员会欢迎为调动预算外资金而作的更大努力。", "第18B节", "区域委员会纽约办事处", "秘书长的提案 1 895 600 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 1 895 600美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等开列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字均按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "五.34 秘书长为第18 B款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为1 895 600美元,与2010-2011两年期的资源水平相同(A/66/6,表18B.2)。", "五.35 表五.10汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。", "表五.10 按部门开列的所需资源", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个D-1、1个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3、2个GS(OL)\n1个D-1、1个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3、2个GS(OL)", "五.36 联合国 行预咨委会建议核准秘书长关于区域委员会纽约办事处2012-2013两年期的提议。", "一般性评论", "成果预算编制", "五.37 联合国 行预咨委会注意到,秘书长为2012-2013两年期第18 B款(区域委员会纽约办事处)采用了成果预算编制框架。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,2008-2009两年期和2010-2011两年期绩效指标下业绩计量的相关数据由区域委员会纽约办事处维持,但以往方案预算没有正式列报。 行预咨委会欢迎2012-2013两年期第18 B款(区域委员会纽约办事处)采用成果预算编制框架,这将为大会提供衡量业绩的基准。", "第19节", "亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款\n预计预算外资源 32 619 000美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等开列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字均按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "五.38 联合国 秘书长为第19款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为96 802 900美元,比2010-2011两年期减少1 523 900美元,即1.5%(见A/66/6(Sect.19),表19.5)。 请求的资源由技术合作经常方案和发展账户的资源来补充(另见下文第23和36款)。 此外,还将使用估计为32 619 000美元的预算外资源。", "五.39 表五.11汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。", "表五.11 妇女", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、1个D-2、13个D-1、36个P-5、57个P-450个P-3、35个P-2/1、244个LL、3个NO\n1个USG、1个D-2、14个D-1、36个P-5、57个P-4、45个P-3、33个P-2/1、244个LL、2个NO\n次级方案8新设1个D-1\n裁撤8个P-3、2个P-2、1个NO 3个P-3从方案支助1个P-3从次级方案5调至次级方案1\n1个LL从方案支助调至次级方案8\n预算外\n2012-2013年拟议数 103 2个D-1、3个P-5、14个P-4、14个P-3、3个P-2/1、66个LL、1个NO", "关于员额的意见和建议", "五.40节 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013两年期经常预算下拟议员额共计433个,与2010-2011年相比净减少7个。 如下文各段所进一步解释,秘书长的提议包括设立一个D-1职等新员额并裁撤8个员额(5个P-3、2个P-2和1个本国干事)。", "新员额", "五. 41 秘书长提议为哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图的北亚和中亚次区域办事处设立1个D-1级办公室主任员额,以加强该办事处,使之成为次区域合作与协调国际项目的重要机制;并确保亚太经社会东亚和东北亚、北亚和中亚以及南亚和西南亚次区域办事处特设政府间会议确定的优先领域得到充分支持(A/66/6(Sect.19),第19.92段)。", "五.42 行预咨委会询问后获悉,亚太经社会在2010年5月第六十六届会议上注意到北亚和中亚次区域办事处工作量繁重,其负责的次区域合作领域也繁重,需要各次区域办事处保持人员配置水平的一致性,以平衡工作量。 委员会还获悉,亚太经社会在其第66/13号决议中请亚太经社会执行秘书加强和支持中亚经济体特别方案的执行;执行《阿拉木图行动纲领》;协助内陆国家和过境国促进过境运输的互惠安排;加强北亚和中亚次区域办事处作为次区域合作与协调国际项目的重要机制的作用和能力。 委员会还获悉,中亚经济体特别方案是亚太经社会和欧洲经委会的一个协作方案,其项目工作组侧重于运输和过境、水和能源资源、信息和通信技术促进发展、统计、贸易以及性别和经济等领域。", "五.43 联合国 咨询委员会不反对秘书长关于设立一个新的D-1员额的提议。 委员会期望设立这样一个员额将加强亚太经社会和欧洲经委会在中亚经济体特别方案下联合开展的协作发展活动。", "裁撤", "第五.44节 秘书长提议裁撤方案支助项下的8个员额如下:", "(a) 会议和文件处5名P-3笔译/口译(2名法文、2名俄文和1名中文)(同上,第19.107段);", "(b) 会议和文件处1个P-2协理图书馆员(同上);", "(c) 方案管理司1个P-2协理方案管理干事(同上);", "(d) 礼宾处中央支助事务科1个本国干事(同上)。", "五.45次报告 行预咨委会询问后获悉,拟议裁撤的原因是对各种备选方案进行了审查,以落实秘书长关于2012-2013年预算低于预算大纲核定数额3%的要求。 委员会还获悉,这些裁撤仅限于方案支助领域,以避免减少亚太经社会工作方案的资源。", "第五.46节 咨询委员会注意到,拟议裁撤的员额包括会议管理和文件处的5个P-3笔译/口译员额。 经询问,委员会获悉,拟议裁撤的17个现有语文员额将减少30%,这将产生以下负面影响:", "(a) 为立法机构和政府间机构翻译的文件量减少约30%,或从某些机构撤回此类服务,使亚太经社会和亚太经社会八个委员会等主要机构能够充分运作;", "(b) 亚太经社会可能无法翻译非立法性文件或为非强制性翻译的专家组会议提供翻译服务;", "(c) 语文股股长是各语文股的审校,他们必须进行更多的翻译,减少审校,或让所有工作人员自行审校。", "第五.47节 咨询委员会注意到拟议裁撤员额对亚太经社会提供笔译和口译服务的能力产生不利影响,这对政府间机构的运作至关重要。 与此同时,行预咨委会注意到,拟议预算没有反映任何补救措施,如为一般临时人员编列的经费,以帮助抵消笔译和口译能力预期会减少的情况。 行预咨委会不反对拟议裁撤员额,但建议大会请秘书长采取适当措施来减轻任何不利影响,并参照大会关于使用多种语文的相关决议,在2012-2013两年期执行情况报告中报告有关情况。", "征聘和人员配置", "五.48 在审议秘书长的提议时,咨询委员会得到的资料显示,截至2011年5月31日,亚太经社会有25个空缺员额。 委员会经询问获悉,正在尽一切努力填补这些员额,其中一些员额的征聘工作正在进行。 在这方面,委员会还获悉,其中6个员额已经填补,正在对另外8个员额的候选人进行评价。 还解释说,正在审查国家竞争性征聘考试名册,以确定4个空缺P-2员额的候选人。 委员会强调,空缺员额应及时填补。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "五.49 联合国 秘书长提议为2012-2013两年期提供13 125 000美元非员额资源,比2010-2011两年期增加102 300美元,即0.8%。 增加的主要原因是用品和材料项下的业务连续性经费(106 800美元)和咨询人经费(45 300美元)被专家组会议所需经费减少(58 500美元)所部分抵消。 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "业务连续性", "五.50 行预咨委会回顾大会第64/243号决议,其中大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作提出充分说明理由的员额和非员额资源提案。 在这方面,委员会注意到,亚太经社会拟议方案预算载有与业务连续性管理直接有关的共计541 700美元的提议。 行预咨委会在上文第一章就业务连续性问题作了进一步评论。", "次区域办事处", "五.51 联合国 经询问后,咨询委员会得到亚太经社会次区域办事处工作概览。 委员会获悉,各次区域办事处的工作由亚太经社会副执行秘书全面协调,它们的任务是加强亚太经社会在次区域一级的存在和战略地位,使针对次区域成员国具体关键优先事项的方案更有针对性,更能交付方案。 行预咨委会还获悉,这些办事处为加强次区域在关键的经济和社会发展问题上的合作提供了一个重要的地理平台,确保在促进亚洲及太平洋更广泛的区域合作时反映次区域的需要和观点。 还有人解释说,次区域办事处的工作扩大到通过技术合作支持能力建设,包括南南合作和亚太经社会成员国之间的三角发展合作。", "第五.52节 在这方面,咨询委员会回顾,大会2009年在审议秘书长关于与发展有关的活动的报告(A/62/708)后,在其第63/260号决议中为亚太经社会核准了11个新员额。 经询问后,委员会获得了关于这11个员额对亚太经社会方案交付所产生影响的资料。 根据所提供的资料,拟为2011年设立新的南亚和西南亚次区域办事处设立4个员额;为设立现已全面运作的东亚和东北亚次区域办事处设立3个员额;为2011年下半年设立新的北亚和中亚次区域办事处设立2个员额;为加强现有太平洋次区域办事处太平洋业务中心设立2个员额。 行预咨委会还获悉,一个全面运作的东亚和东北亚次区域办事处对以下方面产生了重大影响:", "(a) 亚太经社会通过加强互动和协商与该次区域成员国的关系;", "(b) 国家 亚太经社会的研究和分析能力,以及亚太经社会加强与民间社会、分区域组织和学术研究机构等主要利益攸关方协作的机会,导致确定了亚太经社会实质性工作方案的新重点领域,并将重点放在次区域特有的挑战上。", "第五.53节 关于次区域办事处东道国安排的状况,行预咨委会获悉,亚太经社会与大韩民国政府之间关于东亚和东北亚次区域办事处的东道国协定以及行政和财务协定预计将于2011年8月定稿。 据指出,仁川市将提供免租金的办公空间,东道国政府将提供为期四年的年度捐款,以资助业务和方案费用。 委员会还获悉,亚太经社会与哈萨克斯坦政府于2011年5月签署了《北亚和中亚次区域办事处东道国协定》,预计《行政和财务协定》将于2011年7月定稿。 据指出,东道国政府将提供免租金的办公空间、一次性的设立费用捐款以及年度业务费用捐款。 关于南亚和西南亚次区域办事处,咨询委员会获悉,亚太经社会同印度政府之间的《东道国协定》预计将于2011年7月签署,而在委员会审议秘书长方案概算时,关于《行政和财务协定》的协商正在进行之中。 东道国政府已认捐一次性的设立费用捐款和年度业务费用捐款。 秘书长的代表表示,太平洋分区域办事处是亚太经社会的一个常设办事处,已有《东道国协定》和《行政和财务协定》。 委员会欢迎在设立和加强现有次区域办事处方面取得的进展,以及东道国政府的货币和实物捐助和认捐。 委员会重申其先前的意见(A/64/7,第五.14段),即各区域委员会应分享通过设立新办事处所吸取的经验教训。", "妇女地位", "五.54号文件 经询问后,咨询委员会得到关于亚洲及太平洋区域妇女状况和所面临挑战的资料,其中表明,诸如有偏见的宏观经济和体制结构、歧视性法律和习俗以及社会态度等因素造成了绝大多数绝对穷人是妇女。 委员会获悉,妇女特别容易受到剥削、歧视和暴力,所有这些都加重了她们的艰苦经历。 有人解释说,除其他问题外,实现消除贫穷和饥饿的千年发展目标以及促进两性平等和赋予妇女权力是相互依存的。", "第55个 委员会还获悉,亚太经社会作为亚洲太平洋区域协调机制两性平等和赋予妇女权力专题工作组的共同主席,继续在协调联合国系统关于两性平等和赋予妇女权力的工作方面起主导作用。 亚太经社会指出,它以多学科为重点,制订了一个工作方案,旨在通过结合区域和分区域活动加强国家妇女机构的能力,并建设各国编制性别统计数据和可靠数据的能力。 此外,委员会获悉,亚太经社会正在促进将两性平等问题纳入其所有实质性次级方案的主流。", "第56条 行预咨委会欢迎亚太经社会正努力应对本区域妇女面临的挑战,并强调指出在这方面与妇女署密切合作的重要性。", "第20节", "欧洲经济发展", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款 65 547 100美元\n预计预算外资源 25 012 700美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "第五.57号决定 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第20款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为63 752 800美元,与2010-2011年相比减少1 794 300美元,即2.7%。 请求的资源由技术合作经常方案和发展账户的资源来补充(另见下文第23和36款)。 秘书长指出,联合国日内瓦办事处2012-2013两年期向欧洲经济委员会提供的一般、行政、会议和图书馆服务资源估计数为39 280 800美元(见A/66/6(Sect.20),表20.7)。 此外,预算外资源估计为25 012 700美元,将补充经常预算资源(又见第6段)。 (见下文第五.66段)。", "五.58 联合国 咨询委员会获悉,鉴于秘书长要求减少资源,欧洲经委会一些成员国认为,鉴于目前国家一级的预算限制,削减是合理的,而另一些成员国则对削减表示关切。 行预咨委会还获悉,欧洲经委会将在2011-2012两年期对其优先事项和战略方向进行彻底审查,审查结果将于2013年提交欧洲经委会供最后核准并纳入下个两年期预算周期的筹备工作。", "五.59 表五.12汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表五.12 按区域开列的所需资源", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、1个D-2、9个D-1、23个P-5、34个P-4、36个P-3、21个P-2/1、6个GS(PL)、69个GS(OL)\n193 1个USG、1个D-2、9个D-1、23个P-5、33个P-4、35个P-3、18个P-2/1、6个GS(PL)、67个GS(OL)\n裁撤7个P-4、1个P-3、3个P-2和2个GS(OL)\n1个P-2从方案支助调至次级方案2\n预算外\n2012-2013年拟议数 7个P-4、6个P-3、3个P-2/1和5个GS(OL)", "关于员额的意见和建议", "第五.60节 秘书长提议在2012-2013两年期方案预算下续设193个员额并裁撤7个员额,因此所需员额资源减少1 588 100美元。 这7个员额包括行政领导和管理项下的1个P-4员额,在对执行秘书办公室结构进行审查后确定予以裁撤;方案支助项下的1个P-3员额,在2010-2011两年期内部调至次级方案1(环境)并分配给哈萨克斯坦阿拉木图新的亚太经社会北亚和中亚次区域办事处的欧洲经委会-亚太经社会中亚经济体特别方案联合办事处;次级方案1(环境)项下的1个一般事务(其他职等)员额;次级方案2(运输)项下的1个一般事务(其他职等)员额;次级方案3(统计)项下的2个一般事务(其他职等)员额;次级方案6(贸易)项下的1个P-2员额(A/66/6(Sect.20),第20.15段)。", "五.61 人力资源 咨询委员会注意到,根据大会关于与发展有关的活动的第63/260号决议,欧洲经委会共收到4个员额(2个P-4和2个P-3)。 秘书长指出,这已使欧洲经委会能加强对经济转型国家,特别是低收入国家和内陆国家的支助,以努力实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标,并确保欧洲经委会各次级方案的规范工作和业务工作更加协同增效和协调一致(同上,第20.12段)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,2012-2013两年期拟裁撤的两个员额是第63/260号决议为欧洲经委会核准的员额;其中包括行政领导和管理下的发展政策和跨部门协调股1个P-4员额以及分配给亚太经社会北亚和中亚次区域办事处的P-3员额。 行预咨委会还获悉,行政领导和管理项下的P-4员额的职能将由分配给该股的其余专业员额(1个D-1和2个P-5)来承担;分配给亚太经社会北亚和中亚次区域办事处的P-3员额的职能由技术合作经常方案供资的区域顾问通过与其他国际和区域组织的伙伴关系以及驻阿拉木图的捐助方来履行。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,2012-2013两年期拟裁撤的7个员额中,4个员额目前空缺。 考虑到秘书长保证不会对执行任务产生不利影响,委员会不反对秘书长关于员额的提议并建议大会继续审查此事。", "征聘和人员配置", "五.62 咨询委员会回顾其以往关于欧洲经委会征聘的意见,其中鼓励欧洲经委会作出更大努力来改进其及时征聘和安置工作人员的目标(A/64/7,第五.49段)。 秘书长在报告中指出,2010年,欧洲经委会审查了其征聘和职位安排过程的所有步骤,包括涉及联合国日内瓦办事处人力资源管理处的步骤,以查明现有的瓶颈和问题领域,并审查了其执行办公室的结构。 通过这些审查,欧洲经委会调整了执行办公室与人力资源有关的部分,并提议在2012-2013两年期拟议预算中进行若干相关的调动(A/66/6(Sect.20),表20.28)。 委员会确认联合国日内瓦办事处人力资源管理处向欧洲经委会提供支助,进一步培训其征聘管理人员,以解决在征聘和职位安排上发现的问题。", "空缺率", "第五.63节 咨询委员会获悉,截至2011年5月31日,欧洲经委会专业职类的空缺率为7.2%,一般事务职类为2.7%。 委员会就秘书长关于五个区域委员会征聘的提议提出的意见和建议载于上文第五.8段。 委员会相信,欧洲经委会采取的内部措施将促进征聘进程。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "五.64号文件 秘书长提议为2012-2013两年期提供4 264 800美元非员额资源,与2010-2011两年期相比减少206 200美元,主要原因是咨询人(36 700美元)、订约承办事务(41 200美元)、一般业务费用(5 000美元)、用品和材料(73 300美元)以及家具和设备(50 000美元)等与严格审查信息技术设备更换工作有关的所需资源减少。 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "监测和评价", "五.65号文件 秘书长指出,根据大会第58/269号决议,2012-2013两年期用于监测和评价的资源为828 000美元(同上,第20.17段)。 秘书长还指出,2011年1月改组秘书处并随后在执行秘书办公室内设立方案管理股和发展政策和跨部门协调股,将进一步加强欧洲经委会各次级方案规范性和业务性工作的协同作用和一致性,并提高其工作效力和效率(同上,第20.12段)。 秘书长的报告指出,方案管理股是把方案支助项下的技术合作股同行政领导和管理项下的方案规划、监测和评价股合并而来(同上,第20.27段),该股的核心职能是对由经常预算和预算外资源供资的欧洲经委会所有活动的方案规划、方案执行情况评估和评价进行全面协调(同上,第20.23(b)段)。 咨询委员会就秘书长关于五个区域委员会监测和评价的提议提出的意见和建议载于上文第五.12至五.15段。 委员会注意到,拟议方案预算既没有提供关于欧洲经委会迄今开展的监测和评价活动的结果的资料,也没有提供关于2012-2013年评价计划的资料。 委员会要求今后提交的方案预算应载有这些资料。 委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作了进一步评论。", "预算外资源", "五.66号文件 秘书长指出,2012-2013两年期预计预算外资源为25 012 700美元,以新项目和持续项目已知和预计的捐款水平为基础,将补充经常预算资源,为各种实务和技术合作活动供资,包括培训、讲习班、研讨会和外地项目。 咨询委员会注意到,与2010-2011年相比,2012-2013年预算外资源预计将减少6 770 800美元,即21.2%,由预算外资源供资的员额将减少3个,即12.5%。 与2010-2011年相比,预算外员额总数将减少21个。 委员会相信,欧洲经委会将继续同捐助界接触,以扩大其捐助者基础。", "第21节", "拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款110 129 900美元\n预计预算外资源 30 000 000美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "第五.67节 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第21款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为107 227 000美元,与2010-2011年相比减少2 902 900美元,即2.6%(见A/66/6(Sect.21),第21.15段)。 请求的资源由技术合作经常方案和发展账户的资源来补充(另见下文第23和36款)。 此外,还将使用估计为30 000 000美元的预算外资源(又见第48段)。 (见下文第五.78段)。", "五.68 联合国 秘书长的代表告知咨询委员会,预算的削减导致必须裁撤员额,因为非员额项目的削减已达到“非常微妙和有风险的地步”。 行预咨委会还获悉,有人提议在行政及行政领导和管理项下的方案支助领域满足大多数削减,同时在实务方面保持任务和方案交付的完整性。 委员会获悉,拉加经委会在编制预算时,一直努力继续响应成员国的发展政策需要以及拉丁美洲和加勒比区域在方案概算第21.9段概述的八个优先领域中新出现的挑战。", "五.69 表五.13汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表五.13 妇女", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n496 1个USG、1个D-2、14个D-1、29个P-5、63个P-4、59个P-3、49个P-2/1、4个GS(OL)、2个NO、274LL\n484 1个USG、1个D-2、14个D-1、29个P-5、62个P-4、59个P-3、42个P-2/1、4个GS(OL)、2个NO、270LL\n裁撤12个P-4、7个P-2、4个当地雇员\n从次级方案3调入7个P-5、2个P-4、2个P-3和2个LL\n预算外\n1个D-1、2个P-5、5个P-4、2个P-3、4个P-2/1、28个当地雇员", "关于员额的意见和建议", "第五.70节 秘书长提议在2012-2013两年期经常预算下续设484个员额并裁撤12个员额,包括7个P-2职等员额,因此所需员额资源减少2 129 200美元。 这12个员额包括行政领导和管理项下1个P-2职等协理经济事务干事员额;次级方案1(与全球经济的联系、区域一体化与合作)项下1个P-2员额;次级方案2(生产和创新)项下1个P-2员额;次级方案3(宏观经济政策和增长)项下1个P-2员额;次级方案5(社会发展与平等)项下1个P-2员额;次级方案12(墨西哥和中美洲次区域活动)项下1个P-2员额;次级方案13(加勒比次区域活动)项下1个当地雇用人员员额;方案支助项下1个P-4临时员额、1个P-2员额和3个当地雇用人员员额。 咨询委员会就秘书长关于削减五个区域委员会预算的提议提出的意见和建议载于第一章和上文第五.4段。 方案支助项下员额减少的原因是拉加经委会采取了增效措施(A/66/6(Sect.21),第21.125段)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,根据大会关于与发展有关活动的第63/260号决议为拉加经委会核准的20个员额(2个P-5、3个P-4、10个P-3、3个P-2、2个当地雇员)中,没有1个拟议在2012-2013两年期裁撤。 但是,委员会注意到,拟议裁撤的拉加经委会4个P-2员额与第63/260号决议所加强的次级方案相对应。 考虑到秘书长保证不会对执行任务产生不利影响,委员会不反对秘书长关于员额的提议并建议大会继续审查此事。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "五.71 人力资源 秘书长为2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为17 464 300美元,与2010-2011年相比减少773 700美元,主要原因是以下领域所需资源减少:", "(a) 一般业务费(507 000美元),秘书长指出,其中173 300美元用于在同有关国家政府和房东重新谈判国家办事处合同后减少租金费用;264 400美元用于在整个拉加经委会使用更经济的电信和因特网协议电话技术;69 300美元用于水电费和维修办公室自动化设备;", "(b) 用品和材料(14 700美元),原因是印刷材料的使用减少;", "(c) 家具和设备(433 600美元),用于延迟更换信息技术设备。", "五.72 人力资源 非员额资源的上述减少因其他工作人员费用(27 900美元)、专家费用(41 000美元)、工作人员差旅费(27 900美元)和订约承办事务(82 000美元)等项下所需经费增加而部分抵消。", "业务连续性", "五.73 行预咨委会回顾大会第64/243号决议,其中大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作提出充分说明理由的员额和非员额资源提议。 在这方面,委员会注意到,拉加经委会拟议方案预算载有与业务连续性管理直接有关的共计465 000美元的提议。 行预咨委会在上文第一章就业务连续性问题作了进一步评论。", "五.74号文件 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "五.75号文件 咨询委员会注意到,拉加经委会拟议方案预算引入了一个新的次级方案4(发展筹资),从次级方案3(宏观经济政策和增长)调入现有资源。 秘书长表示,将根据2012-2013年期间战略框架(A/65/6/Rev.1)方案17次级方案4所详述的战略执行本次级方案。 本次级方案旨在提高拉丁美洲和加勒比决策者的能力,以制定反周期的国内金融工具和预警系统来防止和减轻金融危机的影响,并调动外国资源,为生产、社会和环境领域的发展筹资创造并分配国内资源(A/66/6(Sect.21),表21.18)。 委员会经询问获悉,拟调至本次级方案的员额(1个P-5、2个P-4、2个P-3和2个当地雇员)涉及次级方案3(宏观经济政策和增长)下的类似职能。 新次级方案下的活动由发展筹资司执行,司长为P-5职等。", "监测和评价", "五.76 根据大会第58/269号决议,确定用于监测和评价的资源为930 900美元(同上,第21.17段)。 咨询委员会关于五个区域委员会监测和评价工作的意见和建议载于上文第五.12至五.15段。 委员会注意到,拟议方案预算没有提供资料说明拉加经委会迄今开展的监测和评价活动的结果,也没有说明将利用这些资源的2012-2013年评价计划。 委员会期望今后提交的预算将载有这一资料。 委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作了进一步评论。", "内部监督事务厅对拉加经委会的全面审计", "五.77 报告 经询问后,咨询委员会得到内部监督事务厅(监督厅)对拉加经委会的全面审计副本(AN2010/730/01)。 委员会注意到,拉加经委会接受了监督厅的所有建议,并通过了一项在2010-2011两年期执行这些建议的计划。 行预咨委会相信,所有已接受的建议都将得到及时执行。", "预算外资源", "第五.78号决定 秘书长表示,2012-2013两年期预计预算外资源为30 000 000美元,将用于研究和技术合作,包括向该区域各国提供咨询服务、援助和支持,以及关于一体化问题的外地项目,以及为决策者提供培训课程,以建设机构能力,解决贫穷、社会不平等和性别问题。 咨询委员会注意到,与2010-2011年相比,2012-2013年预算外资源预计将增加500 000美元,即1.7%,由预算外资源供资的员额数目还将增加2个,使预算外员额总数达到42个。 委员会相信,拉加经委会将继续同捐助界接触,以扩大其捐助者基础。", "第22节", "西亚经济和社会发展", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款63 298 400美元\n预计预算外资源\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 截至2011年6月30日的最新预测。", "五.79 联合国 秘书长为第22款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为62 772 600美元,与2010-2011两年期相比减少525 800美元,即0.8%(见A/66/6(Sect.22),表22.5(1))。 请求的资源由技术合作经常方案和发展账户的资源来补充(另见下文第23和36款)。", "五.80 秘书长关于概算的报告指出,预算外资源估计为5 199 500美元(出处同上,表22.5(2)),预计将能补充经常预算资源。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,截至2011年6月30日更新的2012-2013两年期预算外资源订正估计数从5 199 500美元增至7 799 500美元(见表五.14)。 委员会还获悉,增加的原因是西亚经社会的筹资战略重新注入了活力。", "表五.14 按支出用途开列的所需资源", "预算外资源", "(单位:千美元)", "2012-2013年支出估计数", "A类. 决策机构 .", "B. 行政指导和30.4973.5 442.5管理", "C. 工作方案 5", "D. 方案支助 298.2 695.9 616.4", "共计 5 437.7 9 588.6 7 799.5", "五.81 表五.15汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。", "表五.15 妇女", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、1个D-2、7个D-1、24个P-5、35个P-4、29个P-3、18个P-2、2个NO、1个FS、143个LL\n1个USG、1个D-2、9个D-1、25个P-5、34个P-4、30个P-3、18个P-2、2个NO、1个FS、139LL\n次级方案61个D-1;次级方案71个D-1和1个P-5\n次级方案21个P-4改叙为P-3\n裁撤 4 4个当地雇员\n1个P-3从次级方案1调至次级方案7", "关于员额的意见和建议", "第五.82节 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013两年期拟在经常预算下设立260个员额,与2010-2011两年期相比净减了1个员额。 如以下各段所进一步解释的那样,秘书长的提议包括设立3个新员额(2个D-1和1个P-5),裁撤4个当地雇用人员员额,并下调一个P-4员额。", "新员额", "五.83 秘书长提议设立下列员额:", "(a) 1个D-1,妇女司司长,次级方案6(A/66/6(Sect.22),第22.72段),根据委员会关于将西亚经社会妇女中心升级为司级的决议,以便履行在成员国咨询服务请求数量方面增加的责任;随着更多的成员国批准《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》,立法改革领域的援助请求日益增多;以及需要应对该区域最近起义后产生的新问题(又见第6段)。 (见下文第五.95段)。", "(b) 1个D-1,新趋势和冲突相关问题司司长,次级方案7(A/66/6(Sect.22),第22.80段),符合委员会关于将该科升格为司的决议。 任职者将负责对本次级方案进行管理监督,重点是治理、不稳定和发展领域以及新出现的趋势和减少冲突。 有人解释说,这一职能涉及西亚经社会内部工作的协调,以及协助执行秘书编制该司的减少冲突和发展工作方案。", "(c) 1个P-5,次级方案7施政、不稳定和发展科科长(出处同上),根据秘书长的提议,将该科升为司,以侧重公共部门改革和转型期国家领域。 任职者的作用将包括监督工作人员,以确保高质量的产出,并编写关于转型期阿拉伯国家的全面研究报告和两份技术文件;任职者还将组织、设计和协调与各有关实体有关各种会议的必要研究与合作。", "五.84号文件 咨询委员会经询问获悉,秘书长的提议取自委员会的决议草案(E/ESCWA/RES/L.294和E/ESCWA/RES/L.295),其中要求将新问题和与冲突有关的问题科和妇女中心提升到司级,并在资源和行政程序方面提供必要的支助。 有人进一步解释说,除非大会和(或)经济及社会理事会另有决定,这些决定构成联合国秘书处的任务,而秘书长已在2012-2013两年期拟议预算中列入所需资源估计数。 委员会注意到,经济及社会理事会2010年实质性会议审议了决议草案294和295,但理事会决定将决议草案的进一步审议推迟到2011年实质性会议。 行预咨委会经进一步询问后获悉,经济及社会理事会于2011年5月18日通过了西亚经社会的决议草案,成为理事会第2011/3和2011/4号决议,并修改了每项决议的第1段,将“等同”改为“注意到”。 委员会注意到,编写本款拟议预算的假设是,理事会将在2011年就这些决议草案采取行动。 委员会将按照既定程序重新审议秘书长的提议。", "五.85号文件 关于在次级方案7下设立一个新的P-5员额的提议,咨询委员会注意到,拟议的新趋势和与冲突有关的问题司将有11名工作人员,其中3名P-5及以上职等。 委员会认为,为治理、不稳定和发展科设想的活动可以在现有人员编制和结构内完成。 考虑到上述考虑,委员会建议不接受秘书长关于在次级方案下新设一个P-5员额的提议。 7. 联合国", "裁撤", "五.86 秘书长提议裁撤4个员额如下:", "(a) 2个小组助理当地雇员员额,经济分析科和区域一体化科各1个,次级方案3(同上,第22.54段);", "(b) 次级方案4信息和通信技术司司长办公室1个小组助理当地雇员员额(同上,第22.60段);", "(c) 行政支助行政事务司中央支助事务小组助理1个当地雇员员额(同上,第22.86段)。", "五.87 咨询委员会不反对拟议的裁撤。", "改叙", "五.88 由于员额结构合理化,秘书长提议将次级方案2社会发展司司长办公室1个P-4职等社会事务干事员额下调至P-3职等(同上,第22.48段)。", "第五.89号决定 咨询委员会不反对拟议的改叙。", "征聘和人员配置", "第五.90节 行预咨委会经询问后获得了截至2011年4月30日被列为空缺的14个员额的征聘情况。 所提供的资料表明,一个员额已经填补;一个员额已提议调动;一个员额已在Inspira中公布;两个员额已临时填补;经济发展和全球化司次级方案3下六个员额一直空缺,等待目前关于改组工作的讨论结果(见第6段)。 其余3个空缺员额中,2个空缺员额的选定候选人拒绝了聘任。 委员会进一步询问次级方案3如何能够确保目前有这么多空缺员额执行任务,并获悉,一些工作人员已在各科之间部署一段时间,而一些空缺员额已临时填补,以加强次级方案的能力。 行预咨委会经询问还获悉,已征聘了一名区域顾问来开展千年发展目标方面的工作,此后对工作方案进行了审查,并优先将现有资源集中用于两项主要出版物:《西亚经社会区域经济和社会发展概览》和《阿拉伯千年发展目标报告》。 委员会期望尽快填补空缺员额。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "第五.91节 秘书长提议2012-2013两年期非员额资源为9 711 600美元,比2010-2011两年期减少783 900美元,即7%。 减少的主要原因是,一般业务费用(232 900美元)、用品和材料(221 900美元)和家具和设备(456 200美元)项下所需经费减少,主要原因是延长使用可使用设备。 订约承办事务项下所需经费增加(168 300美元),主要用于业务连续性,部分抵消了减少的所需经费。 咨询委员会关于业务连续性的评论载于上文第一章。 委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "改组工作", "五.92 咨询委员会在审议秘书长的报告时获悉,已聘请了一名独立顾问来审查经济发展和全球化司和执行秘书办公室的任务、职能和责任,并确定现有组织安排在何种程度上充分处理该区域的优先问题并便利方案的有效管理。 委员会还获悉,顾问的任务已经完成,目前正在进行内部讨论,以期执行顾问建议的行动方针。", "第五.93条 咨询委员会注意到改组举措以及其他举措,如新的方案业绩评价机制和将各科提升为司的提议。 然而,行预咨委会感到关切的是,目前采取的办法显然缺乏一致性,秘书长提议增设员额,同时保留6个空缺员额,以待目前关于结构调整工作的讨论取得成果。 委员会注意到为有效和高效地管理方案而采取的举措,导致改组工作。 行预咨委会期望赔偿委员会管理层继续注重迅速实施结构调整工作,并在相关执行情况报告中报告所实现的效率。 但是,委员会坚持认为,西亚经社会工作方案的监测和评价不应需要顾问,而应由管理层定期进行。", "西亚经社会妇女中心", "第五.94号决定 咨询委员会注意到,秘书长的概算包括西亚经社会妇女中心的升级,使其能在方案任务中发挥更大的作用。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,虽然妇女署从全球角度处理妇女问题,但各区域委员会内负责提高妇女地位的实体处理区域和国家的具体情况,并着重指出需要立即关注的领域。 行预咨委会还获悉,西亚经社会妇女中心为妇女署的工作提供了区域层面,包括执行《北京宣言和行动纲要》、《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》等国际文书和千年发展目标。 西亚经社会妇女中心也能够迅速处理国家一级的事态发展。", "五.95号文件 秘书长的代表就升级后的西亚经社会妇女中心在解决妇女问题方面的作用提供了进一步的资料,并解释说,除了关于妇女问题的现有文献所包括的领域外,有明确迹象表明其他研究领域仍未得到解决。 如咨询委员会所解释的那样,这些新领域包括在国家一级将两性平等观点纳入预算编制和性别审计;执行安全理事会关于妇女与和平与安全的第1325(2000)号决议,特别是鉴于该区域最近发生的起义;妇女参政,特别是在政党一级的参政;基于性别的暴力,特别是家庭暴力和以性剥削为目的的人口贩运;由于批准《公约》的成员国数目增加,《消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约》执行情况的后续行动;以及全球化和市场趋势对性别分工的影响。 此外,委员会获悉,妇女参与该区域正在发生的起义和政治发展预计会产生新的和额外的业务和咨询服务需求,这可能导致需要筹集更多的预算外资金,使中心能够满足这些新的需求。 秘书长还表明,西亚经社会妇女中心预计将向其他司提供对性别问题有敏感认识的方案拟定和执行方面的支助,作为西亚经社会2010年通过的两性平等主流化战略的一部分(另见第5段)。 (见上文第五.83(a)段)。", "五.96号文件 行预咨委会欢迎为应对该区域妇女所面临挑战而作的努力,并强调有必要与妇女署密切合作以避免重复。", "第23节 技术合作经常方案", "秘书长的提案 52,246,200^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 52 246 200美元\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "第五.97号 秘书长为第23款提议的所需资源在重计费用前为52 246 200美元,与2010-2011两年期订正批款相同。 按构成部分、支出用途和方案开列的所需资源资料载于拟议预算表23.2和23.4(见A/66/6(Sect.23))。", "第五.98号决定 在技术合作经常方案下开展的活动分为以下两个部分:", "(a) 部门咨询服务,由经济和社会事务部、贸发会议、禁毒办、人居署、人道主义事务协调厅和人权高专办提供(同上,第30-40段)。 页:1 拟议所需资源为22 875 400美元,即2012-2013年本款下所需资源总额的41.7%,将用于估计772个服务工作月,而本两年期为792个工作月。 拟议预算表23.6按次级方案和执行实体汇总了2012-2013年所需资源,并提供了2008-2009年支出和2010-2011年批款的资料;", "(b) 由五个区域委员会执行的区域和次区域咨询服务(同上,第23.34至23.40段)。 拟议服务所需资源为31 968 100美元,占所需资源总额的58.3%,用于2012-2013年1 114个服务工作月,而本两年期为1 320个工作月。 预算文件表23.13汇总了2012-2013年所需资源、2008-2009年支出和2010-2011年批款。", "第五.99号决定 咨询委员会回顾,技术合作经常方案是大会1946年第58(I)号决议设立的。 秘书长认为,将方案与联合国系统内现有的其他技术合作支助区分开来的关键因素是,方案能够迅速而灵活地回应发展中国家、最不发达国家、经济转型国家和刚刚摆脱冲突的国家在能力发展工作中提出的小规模但紧迫的要求。 虽然该方案继续以同样方式提供援助,但秘书长表示,已日益强调在各国和各区域之间交流经验和知识,特别是通过南南合作和建立知识网络来帮助维持国家间合作(A/66/6(Sect.23),第23.1、23.4和23.5段)。", "第V.100号决定 秘书长还表示,根据大会第2514(XXIV)号决议和经济及社会理事会第1434(XLVII)号决议,由本款供资的活动继续侧重于短期咨询服务、培训和外地项目,并特别强调学习和转让新的知识、技能和技术。 大多数干预措施都针对会员国确定需要履行国际承诺的具体内容(A/66/6(Sect.23),第23.10段)。 预算文件第23.11至23.17段载有关于短期咨询服务、外地项目和培训以及方案资源分配的目标、战略和标准的资料。 咨询委员会从预算文件中注意到,旨在建立知识和技能的培训活动有助于加强国家制定政策和有效执行国家政策的能力(同上,第23.15段)。 委员会相信,该方案将通过其未来活动继续加强国家能力,并在可行的情况下探讨利用通过技术合作经常方案获得技能的受援国担任顾问或专家的可能性。", "五.101 页:1 咨询委员会询问后获悉,在技术合作经常方案下,在次级方案一级向每个执行实体分配了资金。 为了说明技术合作经常方案资金是如何编入方案的,委员会获悉,关于对经济和社会事务部的拨款,每项业务活动都是作为一个单独项目确定的,目的是促进有效的监测、评价和报告。 每个项目还得到有关次级方案主任的认可并被能力发展办公室代表主管经济和社会事务副秘书长核准。 其他执行机构也采取了类似的做法。 此外,在整个两年期内分阶段设立了该方案下的项目,使资源能够得到最佳利用,以响应会员国的意外要求。 此外,在同一两年期内执行了项目,并拨出了资金。", "五.102 人力资源 关于技术合作经常方案下所执行的活动同发展账户下所执行的活动之间的区别和互补性(见下文第36节),咨询委员会经询问获悉,技术合作经常方案下的短期和小规模活动是在分配资金的两年期内制订和执行的,而发展账户下的中期项目则是事先拟订的,然后由大会核准,执行周期为四年。 同时,技术合作经常方案和发展账户都支持协助会员国实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标的总目标。 委员会期望,将继续确保并进一步发展技术合作经常方案同发展账户之间的互补性,以最大限度地扩大通过这两个机制所开展活动的综合影响。", "一般性评论和建议", "第一次进度报告", "五.103 联合国 在审议关于第23款的提议时,咨询委员会还收到了关于技术合作经常方案的第一次进度报告的预发本,其中概述了方案的作用和目的、其活动的成果和影响、方案的管理以及遇到的挑战。 行预咨委会从进度报告中注意到,该方案的基本特征之一是倍增效应,它将方案的试点活动与更充足资金挂钩,以产生更大的效益。 此外,南南合作是实现倍增效应的一种特殊机制。 咨询委员会还注意到,进度报告提供的与南南合作有关的例子包括拉加经委会同世界银行之间的协作以及五个区域委员会之间的跨区域合作。 委员会认为,第一份进度报告就技术合作经常方案提供了详细而有用的资料,并建议大会在审议2012-2013年拟议方案预算时提供该报告。 委员会还期望在审议技术合作经常方案两年期所需资源之前向其提供这种资料。", "成果预算编制", "第五.104号决定 关于将成果预算制和成果管理制纳入由第23款供资的活动,咨询委员会回顾,逻辑框架是2004-2005两年期在款一级启动的,2006-2007年扩大到方案一级,2008-2009年又扩大到次级方案。 因此,次级方案的每个执行实体直接负责确定和确定预期成绩、绩效指标以及最终取得成果(A/64/7,第五.72段)。 预算文件在一个执行实体的每个次级方案下,除预期成绩和绩效指标外,还载有与拟议预算、产出、活动和影响有关的汇总信息(A/66/6(Sect.23),第23.26至23.40段)。 虽然委员会欢迎拟议方案预算所提供的资料,但鼓励进一步改进摘要资料,特别是关于下一个两年期拟议活动预期产生的影响的资料。", "第五.105号决定 咨询委员会回顾,审计委员会在审查了技术合作领域成果预算编制框架后指出,由于缺乏明确的目标和有效指标,对所开展活动的客观评估变得困难重重,只作进展说明。 然而,审计委员会也注意到,对发展账户的监测总体上是这一结论的例外。 因此,审计委员会建议行政当局为其所有技术合作活动建立一个与发展账户所资助项目相类似的成果衡量机制。 行预咨委会还回顾,它后来请秘书长提供在这方面所取得进展的资料(见A/64/7,第五.73段)。 在这方面,行预咨委会从拟议预算中注意到,所有执行实体已建立一个监测机制,该机制有助于更好地评估和报告有关国家已开展的活动、取得的成果和累积的惠益(A/66/6,第23.21段)。 委员会欢迎为在技术合作经常方案下开展的活动建立监测机制,并期望这一机制会继续加强。", "第五.106号决定 咨询委员会在其关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中建议在今后提交的预算中提供与顾问合同授予和期限有关的资料和进展(A/64/7,第五.76段)。 此外,委员会注意到,当时秘书长尚未对委员会关于探讨利用国家和区域征聘的专门知识的建议作出回应(同上,第五.74段)。 在这方面,行预咨委会注意到,秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第23.12和23.13段列入了这方面的资料。 据秘书长称,方案的所有执行实体都更新其咨询能力,目的是根据需要替换顾问,以确保具备满足会员国不断变化的需要所需的最佳技能和知识。 此外,据指出,顾问合同现在以五年为限,短期顾问如具备应付具体和不同限期任务的知识,将作为一项补充措施予以征聘。 此外,当专家知识对确保最相关和最有针对性的支持至关重要时,将利用国家和区域专门知识来处理具体国家的问题。 委员会欢迎在方案概算中列入它所要求的有关资料。 委员会相信,该方案的所有执行实体将继续更新其咨询能力,包括利用国家和区域征聘的专门知识,并且在今后提交的预算中定期提供此类信息。", "其他问题", "第V.107号决定 如2012-2013年拟议预算表23.6所示,部门咨询服务将包括19个次级方案。 咨询委员会从表中注意到,在部门咨询服务项下,没有提议为关于性别问题和提高妇女地位的次级方案编列经费。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,妇女署将开展与两性平等问题和提高妇女地位有关的活动。", "第六编 人权和人道主义事务", "第24款 人权", "秘书长的提案 147 234 900 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 141 191 400美元\n254 743 000美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "六. 1 第24款拟议估计数总额包括联合国人权事务高级专员办事处(人权高专办)2012-2013两年期所需资源146 054 900美元和塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会所需资源1 180 000美元(A/66/6(Sect.24),第24.18段)。 人权高专办2012-2013两年期工作方案由四个次级方案组成:将人权纳入主流、发展权、研究和分析;支持人权条约机构;咨询服务、技术合作和外地活动;支持人权理事会及其附属机构和机制。 塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会的活动列于本预算款次下的一项单独工作方案中。", "六. 2 2012-2013两年期所需资源为147 234 900美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款增加6 043 500美元,即4.3%。 人权高专办增加的6 043 500美元包括:(a) 决策机构项下净增2 904 000美元;(b) 行政领导和管理项下净减255 400美元;(c) 实务活动项下净增3 372 500美元;(d) 方案支助项下净增22 400美元。", "六. 3 秘书长指出,第24款的拟议估计数没有考虑到:大会第六十六届会议就人权理事会第十六届和第十七届会议通过的决议和决定所涉方案预算问题可能作出的决定;大会第65/200号决议要求就人权条约机构提出具体而有针对性的建议,以提高其效力;人权理事会特别会议通过的决议和决定将影响到2012-2013两年期的人权工作方案(同上,第24.19段)。", "六.4 表六.1汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表六.1 按支出用途开列的所需资源", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n(a) 344个副秘书长、2个助理秘书长、3个D-2、9个D-1、42个P-5、90个P-4、89个P-3、20个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、79个GS(OL)、4个LL、1个NO\n1个USG、2个ASG、3个D-2、9个D-1、42个P-5、93个P-4、92个P-3、21个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、83个GS(OL)、4个LL、1个NO\n1个P-4、2个P-3和2个GS(OL),次级方案2;1个P-4和1个P-3,次级方案4;2个GS(OL),行政领导和管理\n从次级方案2下将4个P-4、1个P-3、1个P-2和1个GS(OL)、次级方案4下将4个GS(OL)调至行政领导和管理,从次级方案2下将1个GS(OL)改划为行政领导和管理\n2个GS(OL)从次级方案2调至次级方案4\n预算外\n2012-2013年拟议数 765 3个D-1、36个P-5、95个P-4、149个P-3、24个P-2/1、2个一般事务(特等)、324个GS(OL)、132个NO", "^(a) 包括2011年到期的两个非经常临时员额(1个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))。", "六.5 国家 秘书长在2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算中表示,根据大会第60/1号决议的授权,人权高专办的经常预算资源已增加一倍(见A/64/6(Sect.23),第23.16段)。 行预咨委会注意到,秘书长重申人权高专办在五年内得到了加强(A/66/6(Sect.24),第24.12段)。 然而,秘书长指出,2012-2013两年期拟议增加资源的一些内容涉及增加资源,以支持新的和扩大的任务,包括人权理事会自设立以来授权的任务(同上,第24.14段)。", "六.6 国家 咨询委员会注意到,在2012-2013两年期,人权高专办将向人权理事会及其附属机构和机制,包括普遍定期审议、特别程序、人权理事会咨询委员会和申诉程序以及其他相关联合国机构提供强化和综合的组织支助。 报告指出,所有得到人权高专办支持的联合国条约监测机构都将得到加强的支助和咨询意见(同上,第24.6段)。 咨询委员会经询问获悉,在过去十年中,人权高专办服务的条约机构数目从5个增加到10个;条约机构每年举行的会议从11个增加到24个;条约机构每年举行会议的周数从44个增加到73个;条约机构专家从74个增加到172个。 经要求,委员会获得了最近几个两年期决策机关和专家机构支出模式的详细情况(见表六.2)。 委员会注意到,表中的资料不包括人权高专办支助决策机关和专家机构、占用次级方案2和4下提议的134个经常预算员额的工作人员的费用,以及经常预算第2款和第28 E款下所列的有关支助费用。", "表六.2 按支出用途开列的所需资源", "支助人权高专办决策机关和专家机构的非员额支出", "(单位:千美元)", "2000-2001年、2004-2005年、2006-2007年、2008-2009年", "人权委员会", "人权理事会————————135.2 127.5 292.9 378.3", "小组委员会/人类 569.4 665.7 815.2 370.1 435.4 540.5 735.4 权利咨询委员会", "人权事务委员会 1 181.5 1 204.0 1 309.6 1 509.3 1 625.6 1 863.3 1 789.3", "特别委员会调查以色列的行为", "经济、社会和文化权利委员会,813.1 613.6 719.7 761.9 958.3 1 160.4 883.2 社会、文化权利委员会", "儿童权利委员会 551.0 832.4 1 426.0 1 462.4 1 751.7 1 896.3 1 870.2 儿童权利委员会", "委员会反对336.1 365.3 460.1 437.4 528.0 821.1 608.9 酷刑", "消除种族歧视委员会", "人权委员会主席", "土著问题常设论坛", "移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会", "消除对妇女歧视委员会 1 888.2 1 559.4 2 119.2", "防止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会", "残疾人权利委员会", "被强迫失踪问题委员会——————————————————", "共计 4 409.8 4 891.9 6 059.4 6 407.7 10 308.3 12 162.2 14 620.6", "六. 7 秘书长指出,大会正在审查人权理事会的地位,并在这方面审议为执行理事会授权的紧急人权活动提供资金的问题(同上,第24.15段)。 秘书长还称,虽然大会已根据理事会所制定的新任务核准追加资源,但人权条约机构和理事会及其机制的需求不断增加,有时没有相应的资源,这影响了人权高专办向人权理事会提供的支助水平(同上,第24.16段)。 咨询委员会期待大会审查人权理事会地位的结果,并相信这次审查就新需求供资问题提出的建议将包含确保最高效、最有成效地利用人权高专办现有资源的措施。", "组织效力方案", "六. 8 报告指出,在2012-2013两年期,人权高专办将巩固通过实施旨在纠正监督厅在其关于人权高专办执行任务效率的报告(A/64/203和Corr.1和Add.1)中观察到的弱点的组织效力方案而实现的管理和效率收益(A/66/6(Sect.24),第24.9段)。 监督厅建议作出各种改进,以突出战略重点,制定总体外地战略,通过更系统地落实人权机构的建议来改进人权高专办与这些机构的合作,加强伙伴关系,改进内部协调和沟通,并查明和记录工作进程。 咨询委员会获悉,2010年为收集人权高专办工作人员的意见进行了调查后,确定了需要审查的四个关键工作流程:征聘、战略规划、任务筹备以及文件提交和审批。 人权高专办在规划、预算编制、报告和征聘领域采用了简化程序,人权高专办预计到2011年底将落实组织效力方案提出的所有其余建议。 行预咨委会期望在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中报告执行该方案的影响。", "人权高专办纽约办事处", "六.9 国家 咨询委员会回顾,大会第64/243号决议核准了2010-2011两年期人权高专办纽约办事处主管的助理秘书长员额。 秘书长在提议设立这一员额时表示,纽约办事处的助理秘书长将使人权高专办能够以适当级别参加行政决策委员会,并确保政治级别的代表和参加高级别政策讨论。 此外,有人指出,助理秘书长员额将提高纽约办事处的决策和外联能力,从而提高人权高专办的效率和效力(A/64/6(Sect.23),第23.53段)。 委员会认为,拟议方案预算没有充分说明加强人权高专办纽约办事处的好处,并要求在执行情况报告中提供这种资料。 此外,行预咨委会认为,设立助理秘书长员额应可减少日内瓦与纽约之间的公务旅行所需经费(见第四章)。 同上,第一章,第104段。 页:1", "监测和评价", "六.10 秘书长指出,为2012-2013两年期进行监测和评价确定的资源为1 477 100美元,包括经常预算1 240 700美元和预算外资源236 400美元(A/66/6(Sect.24),第24.21段)。 据指出,人权高专办政策、规划、监测和评价科将努力加强并进一步发展整个人权高专办的监测和评价职能,并将在2012-2013两年期支持在整个人权高专办实施业绩评价制度(同上,第24.53(e)段)。 经询问,咨询委员会获悉,人权高专办目前正在筹备对支持人权机制后续工作的业绩和各国履行义务的能力进行重大内部自我评价,并正在对2008-2009两年期开展的三项评价采取后续行动,其中包括监督厅对人权高专办任务执行效率的外部评价(见上文第六.8段)和两项内部自我评价,关于在国家一级将人权纳入主流的业绩(2008年4月)和将性别观点纳入主流的业绩(2009年12月)。", "六.11 联合国 咨询委员会还获悉,内部自我评价得出的结论是,人权高专办应广泛宣传其优先事项;建立、审查或加强流程、工作流程和政策指导;与合作伙伴更加一致和系统地开展工作;审查各项政策,包括关于性别平等、区域办事处、人权顾问和外地存在的政策;精简关于性别平等的方案拟订流程、指导和准则;改善性别平等能力发展;加强性别平等问责制。 人权高专办利用后续行动计划系统地确定各项活动、主要执行司和执行评价建议所需的时间框架。 内部自我评价也定期跟踪执行进展情况。 行预咨委会还获悉,人权高专办已经通过强化规划进程,在2010-2011年开始执行上述若干建议,其中包括确定全球优先事项,为这些优先事项制定执行战略,并采用人权高专办的管理产出。 委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作了进一步评论。 行预咨委会重申监测和评价方案的重要性,特别是其建议,即预算列报应明确说明评价结果如何导致任务交付得到改进并影响拟议资源分配(见A/64/7,第26段)。 行预咨委会注意到人权高专办为加强对其工作方案的监测和评价而采取的措施,并期待着在提交2014-2015两年期预算时收到关于所取得进展的更详细资料。", "预算外供资", "第六.12条 人权高专办2012-2013两年期预算外资源估计为254 743 000美元,而2010-2011两年期为258 214 000美元(A/66/6(Sect.24),第24.20段)。 秘书长表示,2012-2013两年期共有765个员额由预算外资源供资,而2010-2011两年期为762个(同上,表24.6)。 咨询委员会获悉,2010年,人权高专办为支持预算外活动而拨付的资金比收到的自愿捐款多;但是,预算外资源项下的余额仍然足以应付超支。 委员会相信,人权高专办将继续与捐助方接触,并谨慎开展由预算外供资的活动,以避免因此类资金短缺而出现中断。", "外地存在", "六.13 联合国 秘书长指出,次级方案3下需要减少员额资源,因为三个经常预算员额是从外勤业务和技术合作司司长办公室调入的,直到2010年在曼谷设立人权高专办区域办事处(同上,第24.89段)。 不过,行预咨委会询问后获悉,曼谷区域办事处实际上自2002年以来一直是由预算外资源设立的,2010年,在努力在北非和南亚设立新的区域办事处后,3个经常预算员额被分配到曼谷区域办事处。 行预咨委会认为,预算列报没有足够明确地显示人权高专办的外地存在,并回顾其先前的建议,即拟议方案预算应载列关于人权高专办在外地,包括在联合国维持和平行动中的能力的资料(A/64/7,第六.18段)。 在这方面,委员会得到了人权高专办外地存在的资料,这些资料见本节末尾表六.3。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "新员额", "六.14 联合国 在行政领导和管理项下,秘书长提议为文件处理股新设两个一般事务(其他职等)员额,以应付增加的工作量,并确保人权理事会和条约机构所需的服务充足(A/66/6(Sect.24),第24.59段)。 咨询委员会经询问获悉,人权专员办事处文件处理股于2002年设立,目的是精简与文件管理有关的内部程序。 自2005年以来,该股处理的人权高专办文件数量几乎翻了一番,从1 525份增至2010年的3 000多份。 委员会不反对设立两个一般事务(其他职等)员额的提议。", "六. 15 在次级方案2下,秘书长提议设立三个员额来协助强迫失踪问题委员会:1个P-4员额,负责与请愿人和有关缔约国联系,根据个人来文程序起草决定和意见并跟踪委员会意见的落实情况;1个P-3员额,负责协助强迫失踪问题委员会审查各国根据《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》第29条提交的报告;1个一般事务(其他职等)员额,负责就个人来文(第31条)和《公约》下的调查(第33条)提供秘书协助。 此外,鉴于小组委员会的工作量预期会增加,特别是考虑到在组织外地特派团方面的需求,拟新设1个P-3员额和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额,以支助防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会新的25名成员,从10名增加到24名(同上,第24.80段)。 咨询委员会收到了人权高专办下支持条约机构的员额分配细目。 咨询委员会不反对设立拟议的5个员额(1个P-4、2个P-3和2个一般事务(其他职等))。", "六.16 联合国 在次级方案4下,秘书长提议为协商小组秘书设立1个P-4员额,以领导和监督两名工作人员的工作,管理公布职位和汇编申请的整个过程,编制和更新特别报告员和独立专家职位合格候选人的公开名单并编写小组会议的文件。 由于特别程序的工作量增加,拟议为公民权利和政治权利科新设一个P-3员额(同上,第24.104段)。 咨询委员会不反对设立拟议的两个员额(1个P-4和1个P-3)。", "调动", "六.17. 秘书长提议将两个一般事务(其他职等)员额调到文件处理股,各从次级方案2和4调入一个(同上,第24.59段),并将两个一般事务(其他职等)员额从次级方案2调到次级方案4,这些员额分配给人权理事会事务处,但继续在次级方案2下反映预算(同上,第24.104段)。 咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "改划", "六.18 联合国 秘书长提议在次级方案4下将1个P-4、1个P-3、1个P-2和1个一般事务(其他职等)一般临时人员职位改划为临时员额,以按照人权理事会第15/23号决议的授权,支持消除法律和实践中对妇女的歧视问题工作组(同上)。 咨询委员会不反对拟议的改划。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "六.19 联合国 秘书长提议2012-2013两年期行政领导和管理及工作方案项下咨询人费用共计971 200美元,比本两年期减少149 200美元。 秘书长提议2012-2013两年期决策机构和工作方案项下代表差旅费共计19 565 500美元,比2010-2011两年期增加3 261 600美元。 拟议2012-2013两年期决策机构、行政领导和管理、工作方案和方案支助项下工作人员公务差旅费共计4 238 800美元,比本两年期增加753 000美元。", "六.20. 咨询委员会注意到顾问资源拟议减少,并认为该办公室最近几个两年期的员额配置表增加,应可减少对外部专门知识的依赖。 关于旅费,委员会认识到,代表需要执行已获授权的定期外派任务。 但是,委员会认为,应加强努力,利用人权高专办外地和区域办事处的工作人员支持这些任务,从而减少工作人员公务旅行项下的所需经费。 鉴于有可能提高效率,委员会建议将工作人员旅费拟议经费4 238 800美元减少424 000美元。 委员会建议核准其余的非员额资源提案。", "塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会", "秘书长的提案(1 180 000美元(a))\n2010-2011年订正批款 1 180 000美元\n^(a) 按2010-2011年费率计算。 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "六.21 (中文(简体) ). 秘书长建议E分节叙述了塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会的活动。 该委员会是通过秘书长的斡旋,查明失踪人员的下落。 秘书长指出,联合国只负责失踪人员调查委员会第三名成员及其两名助理的费用及其办公室的杂项业务费用,塞浦路斯失踪人员遗骸的挖掘、辨认和归还项目由预算外资源供资(同上,第24.117段)。 拟议为2012-2013两年期提供1 180 000美元,与本两年期核定数额相同,其中包括1 082 500美元一般临时人员费用,用于支付塞浦路斯失踪人员调查委员会联合国成员(第三名成员)的D-1职等费用、第三名成员的1名P-4职等助理和2名一般事务人员的费用以及其他非员额资源97 500美元。 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于失踪人员调查委员会的提议。", "表六.3 按支出用途开列的所需资源", "截至2011年5月31日人权高专办的外地存在", "设立地点\n区域办事处和中心(12个)\n1998年南部非洲区域办事处\n中部非洲分区域人权与民主中心\n东非区域办事处\n中东区域办事处\n东南亚区域办事处 (a) 2002年曼谷\n2005年苏瓦太平洋区域办事处\n中亚区域办事处 ^(a) 2006年比什凯克\n中美洲区域办事处(a) 2007年巴拿马城\n西非区域办事处^(a) 2008年达喀尔\n欧洲区域办事处§(a) 2009年布鲁塞尔\n西南亚和阿拉伯区域人权培训和文件中心\n南美洲区域办事处 ^(a) 2009年圣地亚哥\n国家办事处和独立办事处(13个)\n柬埔寨 ^(a) 金边 1993\n巴勒斯坦被占领土\n2000年拉马拉\n哥伦比亚 波哥大 1997\n科索沃(塞尔维亚)\n墨西哥城 2002年\n危地马拉 2005年\n尼泊尔\n乌干达 2005年坎帕拉\n多哥 2006年\n多民族玻利维亚国 2007年\n几内亚 科纳克里 2009\n毛里塔尼亚 2009年\n突尼斯 2011年\n人权顾问(18)\n斯里兰卡 2004年科伦坡\n俄罗斯联邦 2005年\n2006年南高加索第比利斯\n厄瓜多尔 2007年\n卢旺达\n塞尔维亚 贝尔格莱德\n前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国 斯科普里 2007\n肯尼亚 2008年内罗毕\n尼日尔 尼亚美 2008\n2008年巴布亚新几内亚莫尔兹比港\n摩尔多瓦共和国 2008年\n2009年,布琼布拉\n洪都拉斯 2010年\n巴拉圭 2010年亚松森\n2010年塔吉克斯坦杜尚别\n2011年乍得恩贾梅纳\n马达加斯加 2011年\n乌克兰 2011年\n维持和平和政治特派团的人权部分(14个)\n^(b) 联合国布隆迪办事处、^(b) 联合国海地稳定特派团、联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团、^(b) 联合国阿富汗援助团、联合国伊拉克援助团、非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动、联合国几内亚比绍建设和平综合办事处、联合国塞拉利昂建设和平综合支助办事处、联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团、联合国利比里亚特派团、联合国苏丹特派团、联合国东帝汶综合特派团、联合国科特迪瓦行动、联合国索马里政治事务处", "^(a) 全部或部分由经常预算资源供资。", "^(b) 包括人权高专办的综合外地存在。", "第25节", "对难民的国际保护、持久解决和援助", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "六.22 联合国 秘书长为第25款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为83 717 500美元,与2010-2011两年期订正批款数额相同(A/66/6(Sect.25),表25.1和25.13)。 如方案概算第25.23段所述,根据《联合国难民事务高级专员办事处(难民专员办事处)章程》第20段,除与难民专员办事处运作有关的行政开支外,任何开支都不得由联合国经常预算承担,与难民专员办事处活动有关的所有其他开支由自愿捐款提供。 据估计,预算外所需资源为6 558 244 200美元,占难民署2012-2013两年期预计资源总额的98.7%(同上,第25.14段)。", "六.23 表六.4汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表六.4 人力资源", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、1个ASG\n2012-2013年拟议数 2个USG、1个ASG\n预算外\n2012-2013年拟议数 7870 2个ASG、24个D-2、86个D-1、190个P-5、1 247个P-4/3、205个P-2/1、312个GS(PL)、313个GS(OL)、4 743个LL、43个FS、705个NO", "一次总付安排", "六.24 联合国 2012-2013两年期经常预算一笔总付安排下拟议经费83 717 500美元,用于:", "(a) 高级专员和副高级专员员额经费(1 232 700美元);", "(b) 一笔赠款,用于难民专员办事处的行政费用(82 484 800美元)。", "六.25 联合国 秘书长指出,2002-2003两年期开始由经常预算以赠款形式而不是以员额和非员额资源形式为难民署行政支出提供经费,以简化难民署的预算程序,但须经过三个两年期审查(同上,第25.24段)。 因此,对一笔总付安排和三个两年期的经验教训的审查已向大会第六十三届会议报告(A/63/537)。 大会第63/263号决议认可按照咨询委员会的建议(A/63/616, 第10段),维持难民署经常预算供资的一笔总付安排。 会议决定将高级专员和副高级专员员额的经费与赠款分开列出(同上,第5段)。 第7条。", "六.26 秘书长还表示,2012-2013年经常预算的一笔总付将涵盖相当于220个管理和行政类员额(69 043 700美元)、一般业务费用(8 157 000美元)、用品和材料(170 000美元)和对联合活动的捐款(6 346 800美元)(A/66/6(Sect.25),第25.13段)。 难民署每年向联合国总部报告经常预算下按员额和非员额资源分列的支出情况(A/63/616,第24段)。 第7条。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "六.27. 在执行上文第六.25段所述的一笔总付安排之前,包括高级专员和副高级专员在内的220个员额由2000-2001两年期经常预算提供经费。 当时,220个员额占难民署归类为管理和行政员额的433个员额的50.8%(A/63/616,第6段)。 5. 咨询委员会注意到,2010-2011年由经常预算供资的220个员额相当于目前难民署管理和行政类别下515个员额的42.7%。 2012-2013两年期,由经常预算提供的经费将继续提供相当于220个管理和行政类员额的经费,其中包括高级专员和副高级专员的两个员额以及赠款下的其他218个员额。 行预咨委会还从预算文件表25.6中注意到,难民署7 870个员额将在2012-2013两年期由预算外捐款供资,与2010-2011两年期相同。", "六.28 行预咨委会询问由2012-2013年经常预算赠款供资的218个管理和行政员额的职等。 委员会获悉,虽然D-2/1和P-4/3职等员额将分别增加5个和6个,但将减少4个P-5员额、5个P-2员额和2个一般事务员额。 委员会注意到,较高职等员额有所增加,而较低职等员额有所减少。 在这方面,委员会还获悉,自实施一次总付安排以来,难民署已决定由经常预算赠款供资的218个员额对应哪些管理和行政员额,其余员额由自愿捐款供资。 此外,为了保持一致,难民署努力维持218个员额的职等比例。 然而,由于业务上的紧急需要和难民署的动态性质,在遵守一笔总付的总预算上限的同时,并不总是能够按职等静态分配218个员额。", "六.29 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长2012-2013年拟议预算。 虽然委员会同意难民署的业务性质可能需要灵活的员额配置表,但委员会认为,为了透明度和问责制的目的,应继续在难民署两年期方案预算中提供由经常预算赠款供资的218个员额的详细组成情况。", "一般性评论和建议", "布达佩斯服务中心", "六.30 咨询委员会回顾,在审查2010-2011年拟议方案预算(A/64/7,第六.27段)时,它获悉,难民署已把某些行政职能从日内瓦调出,以便在布达佩斯设立一个全球服务中心和全球学习中心。 当时估计,开办和过渡费用约为2 000万美元,从2010年开始,每年将节省约950万美元。", "六.31 联合国 在这方面,行预咨委会从拟议预算表25.4中注意到,2009年已实现年度节余615万美元,经修订的年度节余预测将分别为2010年1 520万美元、2011年1 700万美元和2012年和2013年1 630万美元。 报告指出,表25.4的估计数考虑到了匈牙利政府的捐款,即提供布达佩斯中部免租金房地、办公家具以及10年期间的维修和水电费、接待和安保服务费(A/66/6,第25.18段)。", "六.32 咨询委员会获悉,2010年实施成果管理制是难民署为提高本组织的透明度、灵活性和反应能力而采取的变革举措之一。 经询问后,委员会获得了关于难民署通过各种改革措施所提高效率的最新情况。 委员会获悉,难民署在过去五年中进行了广泛的内部改革,包括2007年在布达佩斯设立服务中心,这是由于迫切需要减少总部的行政费用。 因此,难民署总部费用从2006年占总支出的13.9%降至2010年的9.1%,工作人员费用占难民署总费用的比例从41.4%降至27.1%。 此外,通过改革实现的节余使难民署有回旋余地,可以向资金不足的行动和紧急情况分配未指定用途的自愿捐款,并启动举措来提高其保护和应急能力。 委员会欢迎难民署迄今采取的举措和取得的进展,并期望进一步提高效率。", "出版物", "六.33个 拟议预算表25.3汇总了经常和非经常出版物。 拟议预算附件还提供了将在2012-2013年停刊的出版物清单。 咨询委员会获悉,将在2012-2013两年期以印刷和电子形式印发的出版物将包括:(a) 每年更新难民署《统计年鉴》,显示难民署所关注人口的全球水平和趋势,以及持久解决办法;(b) 就一系列与保护有关的优先专题委托编写研究报告。 此外,难民署还将在其网站和社交媒体上发布电子出版物并定期更新其工作以及与难民和其他受关注人口有关的问题。 咨询委员会在第一章第109和110段中进一步评论了出版物问题。", "第26款 巴勒斯坦难民", "秘书长的提案 48 712 400 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 43 712 400美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "六.34 联合国 秘书长提议的第26款经常预算资源在重计费用前为48 712 400美元,比2010-2011两年期批款增加5 000 000美元,即11.4%(A/66/6(Sect.26),表26.3)。 2012-2013年,根据联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处(近东救济工程处)两年期预算总额中经常预算所占的份额约为2.7%,因为预计需要预算外资源1 857 300 000美元(同上,第26.12和26.13段)。", "六.35 联合国 秘书长指出,大会第3331 B(XXIX)号决议决定,从1975年1月1日起,原由自愿捐款支付近东救济工程处国际工作人员薪金的费用,在工程处任务期间由联合国经常预算提供(同上,第26.2段)。 2012-2013年拟议增加5 000 000美元,反映了大会为2010-2011年核准的14个新设专业员额的延迟影响资源(2 283 200美元);拟议新设13个员额(2 475 200美元);改叙5个员额(236 600美元);非员额资源增加5 000美元(同上,第26.22段;另见第26至22段)。 (见下文第六.40和六.48段)。", "六.36 表六.5汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "报表六.5 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、1个ASG、4个D-2、13个D-1、23个P-5、54个P-4、24个P-3、2个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)\n1个USG、1个ASG、8个D-2、10个D-1、27个P-5、57个P-4、29个P-3、2个P-2/1、11个GS(OL)\n1个D-1、3个P-5、4个P-4、5个P-3\n改叙5个D-1改叙为D-2;1个P-4改叙为P-5\n预算外\n2012-2013两年期拟议员额 ^(a) 75 2个D-2、2个D-1、7个P-5、54个P-4/3、3个P-2/1、7个GS(OL)", "^(a) 表中不包括近东救济工程处约31 800名当地工作人员(见A/66/6(Sect.26),表26.4,脚注)。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "六.37 联合国 秘书长提议为2012-2013年设立13个员额如下(同上,第26.23段):", "(a) 近东救济工程处争议法庭法官(D-1)和书记官长(P-4)(另见第24-29段)。 (见下文六.41-六.44);", "(b) 近东救济工程处总部评价司司长(P-5)和财务信息和系统干事(P-4);", "(c) 伙伴关系司司长(P-5),驻耶路撒冷(见第6段)。 (见下文第六.50段);", "(d) 在布鲁塞尔的高级联络干事(P-4);哥伦比亚特区华盛顿代表处主任(P-5)和副主任(P-4)(又见第5段)。 (见下文第六.49段);", "(e) 安保干事(5个P-3),将驻在西岸、加沙、约旦、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和黎巴嫩的五个外地办事处。", "六.38 信息技术 秘书长还提议向上改叙5个员额如下(同上,第26.24段):", "(a) 近东救济工程处5名外地主任(西岸、黎巴嫩和加沙)中有3名D-1至D-2;", "(b) 财务司司长从D-1至D-2;", "(c) 近东救济工程处总部安全和安保主任从P-4改叙为P-5。", "咨询委员会获悉,自1983年近东救济工程处上次进行改叙审查以来,一些较高职等员额的责任和问责大幅增加。 委员会还获悉,联合国秘书处人力资源管理厅报酬和叙级科最近审查了D-1员额,并决定将这些员额改叙为D-2职等。", "六.39. 根据秘书长提出的理由,咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的提议,包括拟议的13个新员额和5个改叙员额。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "第六.40节 关于2012-2013年拟议增加的5 000美元非员额资源(见第6段)。 咨询委员会获悉,拟议的增加反映了其他工作人员费用项下一般临时助理人员所需经费,以支付替换休产假或长期病假的工作人员的费用。 2012-2013年所需非员额资源总额为19 900美元。 委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "近东救济工程处 争议法庭和新的内部司法系统", "第六.41节 如上所述,拟设的两个新员额,即一个法官和一个书记官长员额,与近东救济工程处争议法庭有关。 秘书长指出,争议法庭将审理提交审议的申请并作出判决,近东救济工程处或其工作人员可依照《上诉法庭规约》,就争议法庭的决定向联合国上诉法庭提出上诉(同上,第26.23(a)段)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,近东救济工程处新的内部司法系统反映了联合国两级内部司法系统。 然而,近东救济工程处选择设立自己的争议法庭,作为根据人头计算费用分摊安排参加联合国争议法庭的选项(见大会第63/253号决议,第52段),鉴于工程处约有30 000名工作人员,工程处每年将面临800至900万美元的额外费用。 除了拟议的法官和书记官长员额费用外,近东救济工程处还表示,其内部司法系统的运作每年将达100万美元,由近东救济工程处普通基金供资。", "六.42 采购 咨询委员会还获悉,近东救济工程处将参加联合国内部司法系统的第二层联合国上诉法庭。 在这方面,委员会回顾,大会第63/253号决议所核准的《联合国上诉法庭规约》第2.10条规定,如果有关组织采用中立的一审程序,可与秘书长缔结一项特别协定。 因此,委员会获悉,近东救济工程处于2009年12月同秘书长签署了一项特别协定。 根据该协定,近东救济工程处将负责向联合国上诉法庭支付每起案件的固定费用9 600美元。 此外,根据《联合国工作人员条例和细则》的模式,自2010年6月1日起对近东救济工程处的工作人员条例和细则进行了修订。", "六.43 联合国 关于近东救济工程处争议法庭法官的甄选程序,咨询委员会经询问获悉,近东救济工程处内部司法委员会选出了一名独立法官,其中包括工作人员工会会议选定的一名地区工作人员、由国际工作人员选出的一名国际工作人员、人力资源主任、法律顾问和三名杰出的外部法学家。 行预咨委会还获悉,截至2011年6月1日,近东救济工程处争议法庭已全面运作,目前由预算外资源供资。", "第六.44节 行预咨委会经询问还获悉,近东救济工程处新的内部司法系统还加强了通过调解等非正式争端解决机制解决争端的框架。 不过,委员会也获悉近东救济工程处没有单独的监察员办公室,而是利用道德操守干事履行这些职能。 在这方面,行预咨委会回顾,在建立联合国内部司法系统时,大会确认非正式解决冲突是该系统的关键要素,并强调指出,应尽可能利用这一系统来避免不必要的诉讼(见第61/261号决议,第11段)。 大会同一项决议还决定设立秘书处、各基金和方案监察员办公室以及调解司。 委员会认为近东救济工程处的上述安排不够充分。 委员会认为,近东救济工程处应确保为其解决冲突的非正式进程提供充分支持。", "二. 财务状况", "六.45 采购 咨询委员会回顾,它曾提出近东救济工程处在审查2010-2011年拟议方案预算时遇到的资金短缺问题(A/64/7,第六.45段)。 在这方面,委员会获悉,对近东救济工程处的预算外捐款虽然在过去几年中逐步增加,但并没有跟上人口增加和费用增加的步伐。 此外,缺乏足够的资源已经削弱了近东救济工程处方案的质量,而且工程处在满足难民的紧急需要方面面临相当大的困难。", "六.46 行预咨委会经询问还获悉,造成近东救济工程处财务状况的主要问题如下:", "(a) 周转金不足,原因是过去10年持续从8 000多万美元降至2011年1月1日的4 200万美元;准备金不足以支付一个月约4 500万美元至5 000万美元的支出;", "(b) 年度收入不足,根据2011年底预计赤字为6 200万美元;", "(c) 不利的内部和外部因素,原因是与通货膨胀有关的工资增加(1 200万美元)、劳动力老化和离职偿金(400万美元)、食品和医疗用品及公用事业费用(400万美元)以及捐助者面临的严重国内经济挑战导致所需经费增加。", "第六.47节 关于向其地区工作人员提供的离职金,近东救济工程处表示关切的是,从2012年1月1日起实施公共部门会计准则将暴露离职金作为近东救济工程处资产负债表负债的价值。 由于近东救济工程处的离职负债完全没有资金,到2013年底,近东救济工程处的负债总额将大于其资产总额,这将产生报告负净股本的影响。 近东救济工程处期望其外聘审计人对其财务可行性表示严重关切。 咨询委员会打算在审议近东救济工程处2012-2013两年期预算时再讨论这个问题。", "六.48 秘书长在拟议预算中指出,大会第65/272号决议请他通过从联合国经常预算提供财政资源,继续支持加强工程处的体制。 因此,2012-2013年拟议资源增长500万美元(A/66/6(Sect.26),第26.11段)。 咨询委员会注意到,大会为2010-2011年核准的14个新设专业人员员额的延迟影响费用为2 283 200美元,占秘书长提议增加员额总数的46%。", "改革进程", "第六.49条 行预咨委会回顾,近东救济工程处启动了一项组织发展计划,以改革和加强管理结构和程序(A/64/7,第六.35段)。 在这方面,委员会获悉,已经结束的组织发展改革进程已大大改进了近东救济工程处的运作方式,包括一项以成果为基础的规划制度为后盾的中期战略。 此外,近东救济工程处还推行了新的改革方案,即 \" 持续变革 \" ,以提高其提供保健和教育服务的效率,并加强其减贫办法。 咨询委员会还获悉,正是在这种情况下,近东救济工程处要求这4个员额开展资源调动活动,以维持和提高自愿供资水平(见上文第六.37(c)和(d)段)。", "第六.50节 关于近东救济工程处设想的资源调动活动,咨询委员会获悉,请求设立伙伴关系司司长员额,是因为认识到发展和人道主义援助的筹资不仅限于会员国的职权范围。 虽然粮食计划署和难民专员办事处通过私人筹资获得了大约3.5%的资源,但近东救济工程处目前的私人供资水平占其资源的0.1%。 因此,工程处通过与各基金会、私营实体和一般公众建立伙伴关系来增加自愿捐款的潜力很大。 委员会欢迎近东救济工程处主动加强与非传统捐助者的伙伴关系,以扩大其捐助者基础。 委员会还鼓励近东救济工程处继续探索进一步的改革和效率举措。", "第27款 人道主义援助", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款\n预计预算外资源\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n•(b) 这一数额不包括通过救灾信托基金(2012-2013年估计150 000 000美元)和中央应急基金(2012-2013年估计800 000 000美元)为非人道主义事务协调厅活动提供的专用赠款。", "六.51 秘书长请求在第27款下为2012-2013两年期提供的经常预算资源为29 741 100美元,比2010-2011两年期增加341 200美元,即1.2%。 秘书长在报告中指出,这一增加反映了他继续致力于逐步加强人道主义事务协调厅的经常预算部分,并响应了大会第57/153号决议,其中大会强调该厅应受益于充足和更可预测的供资(A/66/6(Sect.27),第27.8段)。", "六.52 表六.6汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年经常预算员额的提议,其中还列出了2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表六.6 按区域开列的所需资源 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n2010-2011年核定数 70 1个USG、1个ASG、3个D-2、3个D-1、10个P-5、16个P-4、14个P-3、5个P-2、2个GS(PL)、15个GS(OL)\n1个USG、1个ASG、3个D-2、4个D-1、11个P-5、16个P-4、14个P-3、5个P-2、2个GS(PL)、15个GS(OL)\n次级方案3新设1个D-1,次级方案2新设1个P-5\n预算外\n1个ASG、1个D-2、12个D-1、79个P-5、218个P-4、319个P-3、58个P-2/1、4个GS/PL、161个GS/OL、340个NO、686个LL", "六.53 秘书长指出,2012-2013两年期,预计预算外资源为496 114 400美元,占人道主义事务协调厅所需资源总额的94%,将补充经常预算资源,为该厅的各种活动提供经费。 2012-2013年预算外拟议预算显示,与2010-2011年相比,预计资源将减少23 690 700美元,原因是开展了一项努力,使所需经费与预期捐款数额相匹配(同上,第27.10和27.11段)。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "新员额", "六.54 秘书长提议为次级方案2(协调人道主义行动和应急反应)设立1个P-5经常预算员额,为对外关系和支助动员处联合呼吁程序科科长,负责及时发出联合国机构间人道主义呼吁,领导机构间政策的制定和实施以及良好的人道主义捐助,并管理财务追踪服务和在线项目系统等新闻工具(同上,第27.34段)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,P-5科长员额是2010-2011两年期设立的,由预算外资源供资。 虽然委员会不反对在次级方案2下设立这个P-5员额,但委员会指出,该提议本应准确地作为从预算外资源向经常预算转移的经费提出。", "第六.55页 在次级方案3(减少自然灾害)下,拟议新设1个D-1职等区域方案和政策发展处处长员额。 秘书长指出,国际减少灾害战略区域办事处在执行该战略的任务方面起关键作用,即作为联合国系统协调减灾工作的协调中心,并确保联合国系统和各区域组织的减灾活动及社会经济和人道主义领域活动的协同作用。 区域办事处向减少灾害风险区域合作框架和《兵库行动框架》的区域执行提供支助(同上,第27.41段)。 大会第65/157号决议确认对国际减少灾害战略秘书处的需求不断增加,需要为执行该战略提供更多、及时、稳定和可预测的资源。 秘书长表示,战略秘书处目前完全由预算外资源供资,已采取若干措施,通过扩大捐助基础和增加未指定用途的资金,提高资金的可预测性;然而,预算外资源的性质无法确保战略秘书处核心和经常性活动资金的必要可预测性和稳定性(同上,第27.42段)。 行预咨委会注意到,秘书长打算向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告,载列针对第65/157号决议所提出的建议,大会在该决议中请秘书长考虑如何以最佳方式支持减少自然灾害战略的执行(同上)。 经询问后,委员会获悉,关于国际减少灾害战略的报告中将载列的建议之一是提议在经常预算下设立D-1区域方案和政策发展处处长员额。 委员会不反对在次级方案3下设立D-1员额。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "六.56 秘书长提议非员额资源下共计7 311 900美元,减少390 200美元,原因是订约承办事务(202 400美元)、一般业务费用(158 800美元)、咨询人(14 700美元)和招待费(500美元)减少,但因赠款和捐款(36 400美元)、家具和设备(23 900美元)、其他工作人员费用(6 700美元)和用品(200美元)增加而部分抵消。 咨询委员会建议核准拟议的非员额资源。", "一般评论和意见", "六.57 秘书长在报告表27.21中表示,根据监督厅在审计人道主义事务协调厅苏丹共同人道主义基金治理、安排时提出的建议,2011年将进行一次可行性审查,监督厅在审计中发现,共同人道主义基金执行机构的问责制仅限于提交项目执行情况报告,在核准项目和分配资金时不需要使用监测、评价和审计结果(A/65/271(Part I),第33段)。 监督厅建议苏丹人道主义协调员在分配过程中利用各执行机构的监测、评价和审计结果,以提高共同人道主义基金项目的总体效力和效率(AN2010/590/05,建议4)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,人道主义事务协调厅已评估了这项建议的可行性,并决定于2011年为苏丹共同人道主义基金制定监测和评价总框架,该框架将成为基金准则的附件。 在这方面,2011年4月举行了一次讲习班,通过加强监测和评价机制来改进对国家集合资金的管理。 委员会确认,必须加强对基金所执行项目的问责制,并期望迅速完成总框架,作为监测和评价的坚实基础。", "第七编 新闻", "第28款 新闻", "秘书长的提案 179 432 200 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\n预计预算外资源6 339 100美元(b)\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 包括其他分摊资源,数额为1 433 000美元,修正了A/66/6(Sect.28)号文件表28.6所载信息,以反映大会关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议中的决定,即预算外资源为4 906 100美元。", "七.1 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第28款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为179 432 200美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少5 564 400美元,即3.0%(A/66/6(Sect.28),表28.6)。", "七.2 咨询委员会在审议秘书长在第28款下的提议时获悉,所需资源总体减少主要是由于精简了新闻部的活动,特别是采用了更现代化的信息管理技术(又见第28-29段)。 因特网和社交媒体在传播信息方面的使用更为广泛(另见下文第17-VII.20段)。 (A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.5段)。 行预咨委会欢迎秘书长为减少第28款下的费用而作的努力,并特别赞扬他采取一些可被视为旨在改变新闻部业务方式的“变革动力”的措施,以期实现较长期的效率。", "七.3 表七.1汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表七.1 按支出用途开列的所需资源 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、4个D-2、20个D-1、37个P-5、75个P-4、89个P-3、58个P-2/1、9个GS(PL)、226个GS(OL)、45个NO、174LL\n1个USG、4个D-2、20个D-1、36个P-5、75个P-4、89个P-3、58个P-2/1、9个GS(PL)、217个GS(OL)、51个NO、163LL\n次级方案3下新设1个P-2/1\n次级方案1内调动4个P-5\n1个P-4和1个P-2从次级方案2调至次级方案3\n1个P-3从次级方案3调至次级方案2\n次级方案1下6个LL改叙为NO\n次级方案2下4个GS(OL)\n裁撤20个P-5、1个P-2/1、13个GS(OL)、5个LL\n预算外(a)\n2012-2013年拟议数 14 3个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、10个GS(OL)", "^(a) 预算外员额包括由维持和平行动支助账户供资的4个其他分摊员额和10个预算外员额。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "新员额", "VII.4 联合国 秘书长提议在教育外联组设立一个P-2/1员额(次级方案3)(A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.49段)。 秘书长在向咨询委员会提供的补充资料中表示,小组目前的人员配置水平(2个专业员额和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额)不足以支持2012-2013两年期预计开展的更多活动,这些活动将侧重于扩大本组织与学术和教育机构的关系。 经询问后,委员会获悉,青年是新闻部的优先受众(另见第5段)。 教育外联已成为一项战略需要。 拟议员额的任职者除其他外,将负责协助组织联合国学生会议并收集资料和就这些会议的主题进行研究;担任有兴趣与联合国合作的学术机构的联络点;帮助确定和提出外联机会和活动;并支助联合国学术影响方案,该方案鼓励学术机构为本组织执行任务作出实质性贡献。 委员会建议核准在教育外联组设立一个P-2/1员额的提议。", "调动", "七.5. 联合国 拟议调动下列4个员额:", "(a) 设在内罗毕的联合国新闻中心(次级方案1)的1个联合国新闻中心主任P-5员额,从联合国外地办事处(新闻部门)调至该中心,以加强该中心的人员配置结构,为设计联合国在肯尼亚和东非的小型办事处和方案的信息战略以及向新闻界和公众传播相关信息提供咨询和支助,并为了解联合国的地方、区域和全球工作提供一个中央接入点(A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.33段);", "(b) 一个P-4新闻干事员额从新闻和媒体司(次级方案2)调至外联事务(次级方案3),以加强非政府组织关系组(同上,第28.41段);", "(c) 1个P-3职等新闻干事员额,从外联事务(次级方案3)调至秘书长发言人办公室(次级方案2),以确保该办公室的人员配置足以应付所开展工作的复杂性质(同上,第28.40段);", "(d) 秘书长发言人办公室1个P-2/1协理行政干事员额(次级方案2)调至外联事务(次级方案3),以加强外联司的行政支助和监督(同上,第28.49段)。", "咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。 由于通过调动向外联事务净增了1个员额,并设立了上文第七.4段提到的P-2/1员额,委员会期望该部能进一步扩大外联活动的范围。", "改叙", "七.6. 秘书长提议将六个当地雇用人员员额(一个设在阿尔及尔的联合国新闻中心,五个设在白俄罗斯、厄立特里亚、格鲁吉亚、乌克兰和乌兹别克斯坦的联合国外地办事处)改叙为本国干事职等。 拟议改叙是为了确保员额职等与任职者所履行职能的专业性质相适应,并帮助吸引具有相关专门知识的合格当地专业人员(同上,第28.33和28.34段)。 咨询委员会注意到,秘书长的提议也符合委员会先前的建议,即应尽可能广泛地在专业和一般事务职等使用本国工作人员(见A/60/7,第70和71段)。 委员会建议核准将6个员额从当地雇员改叙为本国干事职等的提议。", "改划为常设员额", "七.7 联合国 秘书长还提议将目前由一般临时人员项下供资的4个一般事务(其他职等)职位改划为常设员额。 这些职位设在新闻和媒体司网站单位(次级方案2),拟予以改划,以反映新闻部确保六种正式语文平等的承诺,并因为任职者的职能是持续性的(A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.41段)。 考虑到大会第65/107 B号决议请新闻部进一步改进所采取的行动,以在联合国网站上实现六种正式语文的充分平等,咨询委员会建议核准将4个一般事务(其他职等)职位改划为同级常设员额。", "裁撤", "七.8. 联合国 提议裁撤下列20个员额:", "(a) 由于改进了达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆的技术并修改了程序,1个P-5科长、1个P-2图书管理员和9个一般事务(其他职等)图书馆助理员额(次级方案3)(另见第3段)。 (A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.49段);", "(b) 新闻和媒体司(次级方案2)1个一般事务(其他职等)秘书员额和3个一般事务(其他职等)新闻助理员额,原因是调整了资源以提高生产力(同上,第28.41段);", "(c) 设在布加勒斯特、洛美、利马和西班牙港等地的联合国新闻中心的5个当地雇用人员员额(次级方案1),这是在审查了新闻部新闻中心的需要及其在现有能力范围内履行有关职能的能力之后,考虑到退休和空缺的趋势(同上,第28.34段)。", "咨询委员会不反对拟议的裁撤。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "七.9. 联合国 2012-2013年非员额资源估计数为36 574 700美元,比2010-2011年订正批款减少3 676 400美元,即9.1%。 咨询委员会从向其提供的补充资料中注意到,秘书长提议减少除代表旅费以外的所有支出用途。 委员会建议核准秘书长关于第28款下非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "空缺率", "七.10. 联合国 行预咨委会询问后获悉,截至2011年4月30日,该部为2010-2011两年期核准的738个经常预算员额有36个空缺,空缺率为4.9%。 委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到,该部的许多空缺员额设在外地。 委员会重视外地的新闻活动,因为这些活动通过向各地人民宣传联合国的工作并调整这种信息供特定区域、国家和地方受众使用,有助于提高公众对联合国的目标和活动的了解和支持(又见第5至5段)。 (见下文第七.21至七.24段)。 因此,委员会敦促秘书长迅速填补外地的所有剩余空缺。", "监测和评价", "VII.11 联合国 秘书长在预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.28)/Corr.1)第28.13段中表示,根据大会第58/269号决议,为监测和评价工作确定的经常预算资源共计2 792 000美元,相当于工作人员的292个工作月。", "七. 第七.12节 经询问,咨询委员会获悉,负责监测和评价的实体评价和传播研究股设在副秘书长办公室。 3名专业人员和2名一般事务人员全时参与监测和评价活动。 行预咨委会还获悉,在2012-2013两年期,该部将评估:", "(a) 国家 为有关非政府组织举办的每周简报方案的范围和效用;", "(b) 国家 非政府组织年度会议和联合国公民大使方案在促进民间社会参与联合国工作方面的效力;", "(c)) 全球模拟联合国提高青年人对联合国工作的认识的效力;", "(d) 用户对其内部通信工具(iSeek和内联网)的满意度;", "(e) 协助 和平使者方案在促进媒体报道优先问题方面是否有用;", "(f) 其新闻产品的覆盖范围和影响;", "(g) 可持续发展宣传运动在提高对相关问题的认识方面的效力;", "(h) 联合国网站(www.un.org)的可导航性和可用性,以及该网站对用户询问的响应能力。", "委员会注意到新闻部将在2012-2013两年期开展广泛的监测和评价活动。 委员会期待在今后提交的报告中收到关于这些活动的成果和所采取的后续行动的资料,并表明所吸取的经验教训。 委员会已在上文第一章就监测和评价问题作进一步评论。", "青年作为新闻部工作的战略重点", "七.13. 咨询委员会从预算文件第28.2段注意到,新闻部已把青年确定为其传播工作的战略重点。 经询问,委员会获悉,作为其让全世界青年参与联合国重要问题的战略的一部分,新闻部已发起若干倡议,包括全球模拟联合国;关于各种主题的一系列全球学生视频会议;联合国学术影响方案;确保青年参加非政府组织年度会议的措施;以及外联活动。 委员会欢迎新闻部重视在青年人中宣传本组织的工作。 委员会期望秘书长在这方面继续努力并寻求与青年接触的新机会。 委员会认为,应有效地利用新的媒体(见第28-29段)。 (见下文七.14至七.16)应是这些努力的一个重要部分。", "使用新媒体", "七.14 咨询委员会在审议秘书长在第28款下的提议时获悉,不断演变的技术格局和不断进行的信息革命为加强新闻部提供的服务并使其现代化提供了肥沃的土壤。 在这方面,委员会注意到,2012-2013两年期的一些预期成绩和绩效指标涉及使用因特网和在线社交网络工具来扩大对联合国工作的了解和支持。", "VII.15 联合国 行预咨委会询问后获悉,除了管理自己的网站(www.un.org)外,联合国目前还在Twitter、Facebook和Youku等一些社交媒体平台设有存在。 委员会得到了以下表格,其中量化了截至2011年6月3日新闻部管理的平台产生的社交媒体流量:", "Facebook 推特 Flickr YouTube Sina Tudou Youku 微博", "111 699 400 561 1 121 166 3 362 499 330 865 242 2 171名追随者/ 676名观点/订阅者", "七.16 咨询委员会还获悉,为了使联合国出版物更方便地以电子形式提供给世界各地的用户,销售和推销组为平板电脑和移动取阅设备采用了电子书和应用程序(“应用程序”)。 委员会欢迎新闻部努力继续扩大服务对象,使用因特网和社会网络工具。 近年来,因特网和社会网络工具的受欢迎程度大幅提高,如果得到有效利用,可以帮助本组织将自己描绘成参与、接触和无障碍。 然而,与此同时,委员会注意到,更传统的传播手段(即无线电和平面媒体)仍然是确保有效宣传联合国信息,特别是在发展中国家有效宣传联合国信息的一个重要部分。", "达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆的现代化", "七.17 咨询委员会注意到,上述不断发展的技术格局和信息革命也为新闻部提供机会,使达格·哈马舍尔德图书馆的业务继续现代化,以确保它能向联合国工作人员和代表提供更好的服务,并成为全世界研究人员和一般公众获取联合国信息的虚拟门户(A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.6段)。", "七.18 联合国 咨询委员会询问后获悉,本款下拟议资源中的650 000美元将用于图书馆的现代化。 这些资源将用于获得必要的技术解决办法,以升级和定制现有信息管理系统、迁移数据并培训工作人员。 这些经费还将用于与系统有关的订约承办事务、安装和改革管理措施。 行预咨委会还获悉,从长远来看,将开发一个单独的项目来审查联合国图书馆在全球的活动,以期提高政策一致性并进一步统一系统。 为此,新闻部将在2011年晚些时候开始在联合国图书馆现代化和综合管理指导委员会的框架内进行审查,该委员会是在秘书长题为 \" 加强联合国:进一步改革纲领 \" 的报告(A/57/387)印发后成立的。", "七.19 联合国 咨询委员会注意到,上段概述的措施应与正在进行的将1946年至1993年的联合国会议文件数字化并上载到正式文件系统(ODS)的项目同时执行。 经询问,委员会获悉,目前有5名工作人员参与1999年1月开始的该项目,截至2010年10月31日,该项目已导致约225 000份文件(1 900 000页)的数字化并上载到正式文件系统。 1993年以前的大约3 750 000份文件仍有待处理,但预计其中只有25%被认为足够重要,可以数字化。 [7] 委员会还获悉,新闻部已开始同大会和会议管理部及信息和通信技术厅讨论设立一个单独的联合国文件数字化项目,以便能在五年内完成1993年以前所有文件的数字化工作。 如果该项目得以实施,就可能有机会审查目前从事数字化工作的图书馆工作人员的人数。 委员会认为该项目有其优点,有可能进一步减少费用,并鼓励有关部门尽快完成有关谈判。", "七.20 咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013两年期将采用的技术改进和修改程序将导致图书馆裁撤11个员额(1个P-5、1个P-2和9个一般事务(其他职等)员额)(见上文第七.8段)。 委员会欢迎目前正在进行的使图书馆业务现代化和精简的努力,预期这些努力将减少员额费用,并期待着收到关于上述项目的最新情况,包括在今后提交的报告中评估这些项目的影响并表明它们今后节省经费的潜力和吸取的任何教训。", "联合国新闻中心", "七.21 2012-2013两年期联合国新闻中心网络拟议经常预算所需资源为40 808 400美元,将用于246个员额(39个专业人员、161个当地雇员和46个本国干事)和相关的非员额资源(A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.34段)。 这些员额分布在世界各地53个联合国新闻中心之间,其中25个由新闻部工作人员领导,其余28个由联合国驻地协调员领导。 这些中心是在其所在国了解联合国系统的主要信息来源,负责通过向各地,特别是发展中国家的人民介绍联合国的工作,促进公众更好地了解并支持联合国的目标和活动。", "七.22 咨询委员会回顾,在这方面,大会第64/243号决议核准在罗安达设立一个新的联合国新闻中心。 2012-2013两年期拟议预算包括与该中心6个员额的延迟影响有关的资源(A/66/6(Sect.28),第28.34段)。 在回答关于罗安达新闻中心现状的问题时,委员会获悉,安哥拉政府最近已核准为建造必要的办公空间分配资源,新闻部正同法律事务厅就有关的东道国协定进行合作。", "七.23. 在审议第28款下的提议时,秘书长的代表告知咨询委员会,鉴于目前的经济气候,以及本组织在以合理费用获得适当房地方面遇到的困难,新闻部已开始重新评估联合国新闻中心的业务战略并使之合理化。 为了减轻由于增加安全和安保措施以及租金和水电费增加而增加支出的影响,新闻部正在减少分配给联合国新闻中心的实际办公空间,特别是通过向当地大学捐赠图书馆藏书或同联合国国家工作队其他成员共用空间。 如上文第七.8段所述,秘书长还提议在审查需要和在现有能力范围内重新分配职能的机会后,裁撤4个联合国新闻中心的5个当地雇员员额。 委员会获悉,从长远来看,新闻部的战略是确保各新闻中心能够利用它们作为专业传播支助和指导提供者向联合国国家工作队和秘书处提供的相对优势,并了解当地环境和语言。 今后,各中心将更注重帮助客户获得电子信息资源,并更注重在办公场所外开展外联活动。", "七.24. 咨询委员会长期以来一直是联合国新闻中心的支持者,因为它深信,新闻中心在传播有关联合国工作的信息和为当地受众调整这种信息方面的作用,是努力为联合国及其目标争取广泛支持的一个重要部分。 鉴于新闻中心面临的制约和不确定因素,委员会认为,秘书长今后应提交一份详细的行动计划,以确保联合国新闻中心网络能够在中长期有效运作。", "为加强制图股的专业技能所采取措施的最新情况", "七.25 咨询委员会回顾,在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中,委员会敦促秘书长作为优先事项,向大会提出关于提高制图股专业技能的建议(A/64/7,第6段)。 第七.12节。 行预咨委会在答复关于这些提议现状的询问时获悉,制图股的大多数设计人员(11名工作人员中的6名)是一般事务职等的制图助理。 对于这些工作人员来说,只能通过一般事务人员晋升专业人员或竞争性考试才能晋升专业人员职等,而且没有关于平面设计的专门考试,只有关于网页设计和开发的专门考试。 不过,委员会还获悉,该股的工作人员已优先参加外部培训方案,以提高其技能。 鉴于制图股在传播联合国信息方面的重要性,委员会敦促秘书长继续采取步骤,提高该股工作人员的专业技能和职业发展机会。", "出版物", "七.26 预算文件表28.3汇总了新闻部将在2012-2013两年期印发的经常性和非经常性出版物。 咨询委员会从表中注意到,预计出版物数量将从2010-2011年的71个减少到2012-2013年的61个,所有61个出版物都是经常性出版物。 委员会经询问获悉,会员国的一些保存图书馆要求新闻部不再发送出版物的硬拷贝,因为这些出版物可从因特网上下载,但从向其提供的补充资料中注意到,该部所有61份出版物将用印刷品印发,只有10份(《联合国年鉴》两期和8期《联合国纪事》)以电子形式提供。 委员会鼓励新闻部继续监测其出版物方案,以确保其符合会员国不断变化的需要。 委员会已在上文第一章就出版物问题作进一步评论。", "七.27 联合国 关于一个相关事项,咨询委员会注意到,审计委员会在其关于2009年12月31日终了两年期联合国财务报表的报告中建议行政当局重新审查并在必要时重新分配出版物委员会的任务和活动(A/65/5(Vol.I),第251段)。 在预算文件表28.26中,秘书长说明了为响应这项建议所采取和设想的步骤,其中包括召集出版物委员会的一个工作组并设立出版工作组。 委员会期待在适当时候收到关于这项工作成果的资料。", "提高新闻部对联合国需要的反应能力", "七.28. 行预咨委会重申其观点,即新闻活动在形成公众对本组织如何履行其法定职责的认识方面发挥着至关重要的作用(又见A/64/7,第18段)。 第七.2节。 然而,由于其他新闻媒介的受欢迎程度不断提高,主流新闻媒介的相关性正受到挑战,新闻传播平台迅速增加并多样化,社交媒体工具正在使人们获取信息和分享信息的方式发生革命性变化,委员会想知道,现在是否应该由新闻部来评估它如何能够加强其新闻活动对联合国需要的响应,它如何能够为它的工作带来更大的创造力和创新,它如何能够继续以更切合世界各地个人日常生活的方式促进联合国的工作。 委员会指出,此事属于新闻委员会的职权范围,因此请秘书长将此问题提交新闻委员会作进一步审议。", "第八编", "共同支助事务", "第29节", "管理和支助事务", "秘书长的提案 531 865 200 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款525 971 200美元\n预计预算外资源\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 包括251 005 200美元的其他分摊资源,修正了A/66/6(Sect.29)表29.1中的信息,以反映大会第65/290号决议在尊重维持和平行动支助账户的情况下作出的决定,以及211 693 400美元的预算外资源。", "八. 1 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第八编下所执行活动的总体目标是:(a) 加强联合国在以下四个广泛管理领域管理其资源的问责制和效率:财务;人力资源;信息和通信技术;支助事务,包括采购和基础设施;(b) 为本组织的政府间进程提供支助服务;(c) 为秘书处已获授权的方案和活动争取经费;(d) 为这些方案和活动的执行提供支助。 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第八编涵盖第29款(管理和支助事务),分为以下七个分款:信息和通信技术厅。", "八.2 秘书长为第29款(管理和支助事务)请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为531 865 200美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款增加5 894 000美元,即1.1%。", "第29A节", "主管管理事务副秘书长办公室", "秘书长的提案 32 816 100 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款\n预计预算外资源190 781 300 ^(b)\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 包括其他分摊资源,数额为160 313 800美元,修改了A/66/6(Sect.29)表29.1所载信息,以反映大会第65/290号决议在尊重维持和平行动支助账户的情况下作出的决定以及数额为30 467 500美元的预算外资源。", "八.3 秘书长为第29A款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为32 816 100美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款增加6 690 000美元,即25.6%(见A/66/6(Sect.29A),表29A.4)。 预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29A))第29A.10段概述了变动情况。 如前所述,增加额主要与企业资源规划项目( \" 团结 \" 项目)部分有关,反映了2012-2013两年期 \" 团结 \" 项目所需资源中经常预算的份额。", "八.4. 采购 在秘书长报告(A/66/6(Sect.29A))第29A.11段中,他表示经常预算资源将由其他分摊资源来补充,数额为171 165 300美元,其中包括103 191 700美元用于企业资源规划项目和67 973 600美元来自维持和平行动支助账户。 行预咨委会在审议秘书长关于第29A款的提议时获悉,在大会关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议作出决定后,该款其他分摊资源总额被减至160 313 800美元,其中包括企业资源规划项目94 370 400美元和维持和平行动支助账户65 943 400美元。 该厅还将有30 467 500美元的预算外资源估计数,用于偿还中央行政部门为预算外活动提供的服务的方案支助收入和技术合作偿还资源,其中27 702 100美元用于企业资源规划项目。", "八.5 国家 预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29A))第29A.1至29A.9段概述了管理事务部的主要职责及其2012-2013两年期的优先事项。 此外,秘书长将提交关于问责制框架的第64/259号决议执行情况的报告和关于企业资源规划项目执行情况的进度报告,供大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议审议(见A/66/6(Sect.29A),第29 A.30段和大会第64/243号决议)。 在审议拟议预算期间,咨询委员会得到关于这两个领域目前活动的最新情况。", "问责制", "八.6. 联合国 关于秘书处问责制的发展,咨询委员会获悉,已经开展活动并取得进展,特别是在以下领域:(a) 确定2011年高级管理人员契约中机构和个人问责制之间的明确联系;(b) 界定明确的作用和责任,确保系统地报告和监测《财务条例和细则》下的授权;(c) 以会员国在第63/276号决议中核准的框架为基础,并同时处理本组织独特的规范和业务需要,为成果管理制制定一个概念框架;(d) 制定企业风险管理政策和方法,以指导企业风险管理的采用和加强内部控制框架;(e) 试行业绩管理制度并开展总结经验教训活动,以便在整个组织更广泛地部署该系统。 行预咨委会期待收到关于秘书处建立问责制所取得进展的进一步详情,并在审议上述报告时就此事提供评论意见。", "企业资源规划项目( \" 团结 \" 项目)", "八.7. 咨询委员会在审议秘书长关于第29A款的提议时获悉,秘书处预计企业资源规划项目的执行会出现延误,该项目自2011年5月31日以来一直没有主任。 鉴于这种情况,项目指导委员会已决定分阶段交付该项目,把系统的初步发布主要放在支持采用国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)所需的功能上。 为此,秘书处与粮食署信息和通信技术小组合作,在粮食署企业资源规划系统(WINGS II)和 \" 团结 \" 项目的现有流程之间开展适当差距分析。 委员会获悉,由于粮食署已经实现了公共部门会计准则的合规,预计联合工作将有助于将某些 \" 团结 \" 项目解决方案与WINGS II系统解决方案相统一,并使联合国能够从粮食署在向公共部门会计准则过渡期间吸取的经验教训中受益。", "八.8. 联合工作预计于2011年8月完成,随后将进行评估并开始采取下一步步骤来加快项目交付。 在 \" 适应差距 \" 分析和评估工作完成之前,有人指出,秘书处无法提供任何关于延误的程度或影响的具体资料。 行预咨委会还获悉,秘书长将在其关于企业资源规划项目执行情况的下一份进度报告中详细说明项目成果并提议减少拖延的措施。", "八.9. 联合国 关于公共部门会计准则的实施,行预咨委会回顾,大会在第65/259号决议中请秘书长确保联合国至迟于2014年完成公共部门会计准则的实施。 委员会指出,联合国的战略是使《国际公共部门会计准则》与采用新的企业资源规划系统同步,因为本组织现有的信息技术系统不能满足《国际公共部门会计准则》的要求,除非进行广泛和昂贵的调整。 行预咨委会还回顾,公共部门会计准则的采用曾从2012年推迟到2014年,以便考虑到为在全组织部署企业资源规划系统而提出的“试点第一”战略(见A/64/380)。", "八.10 国家 行预咨委会非常失望地获悉,鉴于任何拖延都可能对费用增加产生影响,以及计划2014年向《公共部门会计准则》的过渡已落后于原定时间表(见第6段)。 (见上文第八.9段)。 行预咨委会在前一份报告(A/65/576,第29段)中强调,需要秘书长、管理委员会和项目指导委员会作出持续承诺,以利本组织适应企业资源规划带来的变化并改进工作方法。 行预咨委会继续持这种观点,并认为加强承诺对成功实施该项目至关重要。 在现阶段,委员会认为应优先使项目走上正确的轨道,以避免项目专用资源的进一步拖延、超支和无效果地使用。", "八.11 联合国 关于企业资源规划系统实施情况的进度报告(见第6段)。 应在大会审议2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算之前,向大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议提交上文第八.5段。 报告应全面而透明地分析妨碍项目执行进展的组织和业务因素以及经验教训。 报告还应就前进方向和实现组织目标提出明确的建议。 咨询委员会接受秘书长强调在第一阶段实施《国际公共部门会计准则》(见第6段)。 行预咨委会强调,会员国进行相应的投资,其部分依据是企业资源规划系统将促成的管理改进和改革,包括成果管理制、风险管理、加强内部控制框架、提高业绩和问责制以及提高效率和效力。 这些改进仍然是重要的组织目标,秘书长关于项目未来方向的建议不应忽视。", "八.12 联合国 秘书长还需要保证,目前的弱点不会永久存在,必要的保障措施已经到位,包括强有力的项目治理和监测机制,这将确保及早发现问题,使问题升级到适当的水平并迅速采取补救行动。 行预咨委会还期望秘书长尽一切努力,通过有效利用已经核准的项目资源、改进项目管理以及确定活动的优先次序并分阶段实施活动,来交付该项目。 在审议秘书长的上述进度报告之前,行预咨委会无法建议为企业资源规划项目承付拟议资源,因为拟议资源是根据大会第63/262号决议核准的项目时间表(见第6段)。 (见下文第八.17段)。", "八.13 人力资源 行预咨委会在以往关于企业资源规划系统实施进展情况的报告(A/65/576、A/64/7/Add.9和A/63/487)中,就一些问题发表了意见并表达了一些关切,包括项目小组人员配置方面的延误;征聘专题专家的漫长过程;项目小组与信息和通信技术厅需要更密切合作,对拟由企业资源规划系统取而代之的系统进行编目和退役;项目小组与信息和通信技术厅和外勤支助部在执行技术活动和基础设施方面需要更密切合作;企业资源规划系统与人力资源管理系统Inspira之间将开发的接口的复杂性和数量。 行预咨委会还在其前几次报告中强调,需要不断审查治理和项目管理安排,并需要根据经验酌情作出调整。 委员会认为,这些意见仍然具有相关性,并请秘书长在编写他关于该项目的下一份进度报告和就该项目的继续提出建议时考虑到这些意见。", "八.14 表八.1汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "报表八.1", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、2个D-2、4个D-1、9个P-5、6个P-4、2个P-3、2个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、22个GS(OL)\n1个USG、2个D-2、4个D-1、9个P-5、6个P-4、2个P-3、2个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、22个GS(OL)\n预算外(a)\n1个D-1、7个P-4/3、2个GS(OL)", "^(a) 预算外员额包括8个其他分摊员额(完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资),修订A/66/6(Sect.29)表29.1所载信息,以反映大会关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议所作出的决定;2个预算外员额(由方案支助收入供资)。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "八.15. 联合国 秘书长提议为主管管理事务副秘书长办公室续设52个经常预算员额。 咨询委员会不反对秘书长的提议。", "八.16 联合国 行预咨委会从预算文件表29A.5的说明中注意到,除本报告表八.1所列由其他分摊和预算外资源供资的员额外,还有90个大会第64/243和65/260号决议核准的企业资源规划项目临时员额。 这些员额是根据企业资源规划项目经费筹措费用分摊公式供资的:15%由经常预算供资,62%由维持和平支助账户供资(其他摊款),23%由预算外资源供资。 如第八段所述。 下文第17段,委员会将在审议秘书长关于企业资源规划系统的下一份进度报告时,再次讨论为企业资源规划项目承付资源的问题。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "八.17 联合国 2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源在重计费用前为18 586 900美元,比本两年期批款11 998 700美元增加6 588 200美元。 2012-2013两年期,拟议非员额资源大部分用于企业资源规划项目,在次级方案下赠款和捐款项下一次性编列经费17 806 300美元。 2. 鉴于上文第八.7至八.13段就企业资源规划系统实施情况提出的意见和建议,咨询委员会将在审议秘书长关于企业资源规划项目的上述下一份进度报告时就这项提议提出建议。", "八.18 联合国 关于其余项目,秘书长提议净减下列项目:订约承办事务(49 000美元,即15.1%)、一般业务费用(4 600美元,即4.3%)以及用品和材料(2 200美元,即6.8%)。 减少额被家具和设备所需经费增加(20 600美元,即101.5%)所部分抵销,这些增加额用于更换不再值得修理的办公室家具和自动化设备。 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议,但拟议在赠款和捐款项下为企业资源规划系统编列的经费除外(见第6段)。 (见上文第八.17段)。", "一般性评论和建议", "八.19 联合国 鉴于管理事务部在确保整个秘书处行政程序的效率和效力并推广良好管理做法方面担负起核心责任,行预咨委会认为,副秘书长办公室在这方面具有以身作则的独特地位,本可在2012-2013年拟议预算中作出更大努力,以更显著地提高效率并改进成本效益。 行预咨委会敦促该厅继续努力并加紧努力,提高其流程和提供服务的效率,并在下次提交预算时全面报告具体成就。", "第29B节", "方案规划、预算和账户厅", "秘书长的提案 37 441 900 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 38 552 500美元\n预计预算外资源61 864 600 ^(b)\n秘书长按预算款次分列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。\n^(b) 包括其他分摊资源,数额为39 539 200美元,对A/66/6(Sect.29B)表29B.4所载信息作了修正,以反映大会第69/290号决议就维持和平行动支助帐户作出的决定以及数额为22 325 400美元的预算外资源。", "八.20 秘书长为第29 B款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为37 441 900美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少1 110 600美元,即2.9%。 减少的主要原因是实施国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)所需经费减少。", "八.21 联合国 此外,该办公室还有61 864 600美元的其他摊款和预算外资源,用于执行其工作方案。 其中39 539 200美元涉及维持和平行动支助账户,19 594 500美元用于偿还中央行政部门为预算外活动、基金和方案提供的服务的方案支助收入,2 730 900美元来自其他预算外资源。 与维持和平支助账户资源有关的39 539 200美元反映了大会第65/290号决议所作决定,其中修订了秘书长报告(A/66/6(Sect.29B))第29 B.14段和表29 B.4中的数字。", "八.22 联合国 预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29B))第29 B.3段列出了方案规划、预算和账户厅的主要职责。 在第29B.5至29B.10段中,秘书长强调了该厅2012-2013两年期的优先事项。 行预咨委会注意到,该厅将继续发挥领导作用,在整个秘书处实施公共部门会计准则并加快实施成果管理制。 该办公室还将继续与 \" 团结 \" 项目小组密切合作,实施企业资源规划系统,并特别注重加强内部控制、加强风险管理、精简流程并提高其服务效率。", "八.23 咨询委员会注意到,方案规划、预算和账务厅将继续注重进一步完善成果预算制并为执行成果管理制作出贡献,改进预算列报方式,进行定期自我评价并与其他部门伙伴就监测和评价加强合作。 该办公室还担任为按照大会第64/259号决议的要求就加快实施成果管理制和制定成果管理制概念框架提出建议而成立的工作队的共同主席,该工作队将在大会第六十六届会议主要会期期间提出报告(见A/66/6(Sect.29 B),第29 B.6-29 B.7段)。 委员会重申成果预算制作为衡量预算执行情况的重要工具的重要性。 它期待着在审议上述报告时审查秘书长关于成果管理制的建议。", "八.24 表八.2汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013年经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "报表八.2", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n141 1个ASG、3个D-2、8个D-1、10个P-5、19个P-4、17个P-3、9个P-2/1、8个GS(PL)、66个GS(OL)\n1个ASG、3个D-2、8个D-1、10个P-5、19个P-4、17个P-3、9个P-2/1、8个GS(PL)、65个GS(OL)\n1个GS(OL)\n预算外(a)\n2012-2013年拟议数 170 1个D-2、2个D-1、12个P-5、67个P-4/3、3个P-2/1、12个GS(PL)、73个GS(OL)", "^(a) 预算外员额包括95个其他分摊员额(完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资)和75个预算外员额(由方案支助收入供资)。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "八.25. 在财务信息业务处,拟议裁撤一个一般事务(其他职等)员额,原因是该处不再履行信息技术支助职能,而是根据既定服务级协议由信息和通信技术厅履行(见A/66/6(Sect.29B),第29B.53段)。 咨询委员会不反对秘书长的提议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "八.26 采购 2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为2 999 600美元,比本两年期批款3 958 900美元减少959 300美元。 秘书长提议净减其他工作人员费用(36 700美元,即2.9%)、咨询人(491 400美元,即100%)、工作人员差旅费(42 000美元,即18.4%)和订约承办事务(457 600美元,即30.3%)。 一般业务费用(27 800美元,即11.4%)、用品和材料(3 800美元,即3.2%)以及家具和设备(36 800美元,即37.7%)所需资源增加,部分抵消了减少额。 如上所述,减少的主要原因是实施公共部门会计准则所需经费减少(又见下文第八.27和八.28段)。 委员会建议核准拟议的非员额资源。", "一般性评论和建议", "国际公共部门会计准则", "八. 27 人力资源 经询问,咨询委员会获得了与实施公共部门会计准则有关的费用细目,见表八.3。 行预咨委会获悉,公共部门会计准则所需经费由非经常经费供资,资源数额是根据该两年期工作方案计算的,符合分阶段实施公共部门会计准则和 \" 团结 \" 项目的时间表。 为了调整并同步实施公共部门会计准则和 \" 团结 \" 项目,某些活动已从2010-2011年期间推迟到2012-2013年期间。", "报表八.3", "与执行国际公共部门会计准则有关的费用细目", "(单位:美元)", "2010-2011年 支出用途 2012-2013年 订正经费", "员额 1 177 500 — — 1 177 500", "一般临时助理人员 662 400 (662 400) 524 300 524 300 援助", "顾问和专家 491 400(491 400) - -", "公务差旅 156 500 (156 500) 108 100 108 100", "订约承办事务 609 000 (586 800) 90 700 112 900", "一般业务费 15 300 (400) 4 500 19 400美元", "用品和材料 4 300 - 4 000 8 300", "家具和设备 4 100 (4 100) 4 200 4 200", "共计3 120 500(1 901 735 800 1 954 700 600) ^(a)", "^(a) 一次性费用主要涉及非消耗性财产的数据清理、专门知识的咨询需要和培训需要。", "八.28 联合国 2012-2013两年期实施公共部门会计准则拟议所需资源估计数包括:", "(a) 1 177 500美元用于在行政领导和管理项下为公共部门会计准则执行股续设4个员额(1个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-3和1个一般事务/其他职等);", "(b) 一般临时人员项下524 300美元,用于4个P-3级资产会计职位,以支持总部、联合国日内瓦办事处、联合国内罗毕办事处、联合国维也纳办事处和各区域委员会非消耗性财产和消耗性物品的数据编制;", "(c) 工作人员差旅费108 100美元,用于:驻纽约的临时资产会计师前往联合国日内瓦办事处、联合国内罗毕办事处、联合国维也纳办事处和各区域委员会进行实地访问,与这些地点的财产管理人员和财务干事合作;会计准则工作队两次年度会议;公共部门会计准则实施小组一名成员前往定于2012-2013年举行的公共部门会计准则委员会八次会议中的两次会议;", "(d) 订约承办事务项下112 900美元,以满足对公共部门会计准则的认识和概念培训的需求,包括为大约1 300名工作人员举办计算机和教员指导的培训课程,以及提供专门知识。", "八.29 联合国 行预咨委会要求澄清位于方案规划、预算和账户厅的公共部门会计准则实施小组的职能与位于联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长协调会)的联合国全系统公共部门会计准则实施小组的职能之间的区别。 行预咨委会获悉,行政首长协调会小组处理共同关心的问题并便利联合国系统所有组织分享知识,而联合国公共部门会计准则小组的重点是确保秘书处成功实施公共部门会计准则。 每个小组的核心职能摘要见表八.4。", "表八.4 按支出用途开列的所需资源", "行政首长理事会和联合国国际公共部门会计准则执行小组的核心职能", "全系统公共部门会计准则实施小组(CEB) 联合国公共部门会计准则实施小组\n监测负责国际公共部门会计准则的国际公共部门会计准则委员会的活动,并确保联合国系统的利益在该委员会每季的会议上都有适当的代表,以查明和阐明涉及秘书处执行国际公共部门会计准则的所有业务领域的财务条例、细则和政策的变化\n支持高级别 管理委员会工作队 * 提供联合国系统各组织对公共部门会计准则委员会公布的公共部门会计准则新准则所有协商文件和征求意见稿的书面评论的会计准则\n影响公共部门会计准则委员会发布的新的公共部门会计准则标准和指南的制定\n支持管理问题高级别委员会工作队:(a) 必要时为联合国系统各组织印发公共部门会计准则指导文件,以确保整个联合国系统对公共部门会计准则标准的协调解释;(b) 根据公共部门会计准则委员会发布的新标准和准则的影响,更新这些指导文件(目前超过60份)\n与联合国系统各组织外聘审计团技术小组互动,以(a) 突出对整个联合国系统类似会计处理方法的审计方式和意见不一致之处,并(b) 积极主动地寻求它们参与解决在联合国系统内解释和应用公共部门会计准则标准的潜在问题\n协助行政首长协调会全系统公共部门会计准则指导委员会和管理问题高级别委员会会计准则工作队的会议,并向管理问题高级别委员会报告整个联合国系统采用公共部门会计准则的进展情况,指导和协调秘书处全方位努力为公共部门会计准则实施第一个财政年度准备符合公共部门会计准则的开户余额(资产和负债)\n推动联合国系统各组织在公共部门会计准则实施之前、实施期间和之后立即交流信息和经验 领导全秘书处改革管理工作,以纳入采用公共部门会计准则所引入的政策和程序的变革;这包括实施沟通计划和培训计划\n管理整个秘书处实施公共部门会计准则的工作,并在实施工作完成后过渡到制度化安排", "VIII.30 联合国 委员会将在审议秘书长下一份关于《国际公共部门会计准则》实施情况的进度报告时再讨论这一事项,该报告将提交大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议审议(另见第5至6段)。 (见上文第八.7至八.9段)。", "其他问题", "八.31 联合国 行预咨委会询问后获悉,截至2011年6月初,第29 B款下共有8个空缺员额,包括D-2级副主计长和D-1级会费主管。 委员会注意到,即将离任的副主计长于2011年4月30日退休;2011年6月审议拟议预算时,该员额已空缺一个月多。 委员会在上文第一章中就空缺员额问题发表了意见。 委员会重申,预计空缺将在预期退休前六个月公布。 委员会认为,在填补副主计长员额方面的拖延显然表明,在预先规划、征聘和工作人员安置过程中仍然存在弱点。 委员会敦促秘书长通过严格的继任规划和及时发布空缺通知,确保今后避免出现这种情况。", "八.32 军事 秘书长指出,方案规划、预算和账户厅继续根据以往两年期对组织结构、人员配置、管理框架和业务的节约、效率和实效所进行审查的结果改进其业务(见A/66/6(Sect.29B),第29B.5段)。 委员会回顾,2006-2007两年期对该厅的组织结构、人员配置、管理框架和业务进行的外部审查查明了许多问题,例如信息系统不足和流程薄弱等大量人工和耗费时间的问题。 行预咨委会在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中要求在2012-2013年下个拟议方案预算中提供详细资料,说明该办公室在这方面采取的具体措施以及因这些措施而实现的节余(见A/64/7,第19段)。 (八.16) (中文(简体) ).", "八.33 联合国 行预咨委会注意到,该厅正在并计划努力提高服务效率,例如为供应商提供电子汇款和自动旅行支付卡(A/66/6(Sect.29B),第29B.9段),但认为需要更持续地努力改进工作方法并精简业务流程,以取得更重大和可衡量的增效并改进成本效益。 行预咨委会认为,该办公室在这方面具有以身作则的独特地位。 委员会敦促该厅继续努力并加紧努力,提高其流程和提供服务的效率,并在下次提交预算时提出全面报告。", "第29 C款 人力资源管理厅", "秘书长的提案 73,184,600^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 74 614 600美元\n预计预算外资源30 928 600美元(b)\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 包括其他分摊资源22 647 400美元,修改了A/66/6(Sect.29C)表29C.4中的信息,以反映大会在第65/290号决议中就维持和平行动支助账户作出的决定,以及8 281 200美元的预算外资源。", "八.34 联合国 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第29 C款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为73 184 600美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少1 430 000美元,即1.9%。", "八.35 表八.5汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表八.5 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个ASG、3个D-2、5个D-1、17个P-5、23个P-4、19个P-3、14个P-2/1、11个GS(PL)、84个GS(OL)\n1个ASG、3个D-2、5个D-1、17个P-5、23个P-4、19个P-3、14个P-2/1、11个GS(PL)、84个GS(OL)\n2个GS(OL)从构成部分2调至构成部分3\n预算外(a)\n3个P-5、28个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、28个GS(OL)", "(单位:千美元) 预算外员额包括47个其他分摊员额(完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资)和17个预算外员额(由方案支助收入供资)。", "关于员额的建议", "八.36 联合国 由于人事记录股从前者转到后者,秘书长提议从战略规划和人员配置司(构成部分2)将2个一般事务(其他职等)员额调至学习、发展和人力资源事务司(构成部分3)。 咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "关于非员额资源的评论和建议", "八.37 联合国 2012-2013年非员额所需经费估计数为30 596 900美元,比2010-2011年订正批款32 230 500美元减少1 633 600美元,即5.1%。 秘书长提议削减所有非员额支出用途。 咨询委员会从秘书长的代表获悉,这些削减将通过精简生产和提供服务来实现,以便尽可能以最低的成本提供最佳服务。", "八.38 联合国 在这方面,咨询委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到,构成部分3(学习、发展和人力资源事务)项下订约承办事务经费估计数22 310 900美元比上一个两年期订正批款24 066 800美元减少1 755 900美元,即7.3%。 委员会获悉,减少的主要原因是调整了培训活动的优先次序,包括审查了顾问费。 此次审查的结果是,取消支付给学习咨询人的较高特别费率:预计在2012-2013两年期,这些咨询人将得到适用于为联合国工作的所有咨询人的标准费率。 此外,为了进一步节省经费,秘书长正在修订目前的学习顾问旅行政策,他们目前代表本组织旅行时领取与工作人员相同的每日生活津贴。 根据新政策,他们将获得一笔总付的差旅费和住宿费,而适用于工作人员的其他差旅政策,包括旅行舱位标准规则,将不再适用。 咨询委员会欢迎为减少人力资源管理厅的顾问费用所采取步骤。 行预咨委会在上文第一章还就咨询人的使用作了进一步评论。", "VIII.39 联合国 关于一个相关的问题,咨询委员会在审议秘书长在本款下的提议时获悉,为了进一步限制非员额支出,秘书长还正在修订有关旅行的行政指示,规定今后参加由人力资源管理厅资助的与训练有关的活动的所有工作人员,不论旅行时间长短,都必须乘坐经济舱。 咨询委员会欢迎这一举措并期待着在今后提交的报告中收到关于由此节省的费用的资料。", "八.40 联合国 咨询委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到,在构成部分2(战略规划和人员配置)下,秘书长提议减少工作人员差旅费33 700美元。 减少的原因是,由于潜在的申请人现在可以通过因特网进入联合国职业门户,外联活动的旅行次数较少,而且外联任务将更好的规划和组织,例如,一次涵盖不止一个国家。 经询问,委员会获悉,为了确保外联工作不因资源减少而受不利影响,正在与一些会员国就外联差旅的筹资问题进行讨论。 此外,人力资源管理厅继续接触那些已经或有可能成为代表或任职人数不足的国家的常驻代表团。 行预咨委会强调,必须尽一切努力确保遵守与公平地域分配和性别均衡有关的组织任务,同时欢迎拟议通过采取增效措施并使用网络工具来减少外联差旅所需资源。 不过,委员会同时强调,现有的外联方法仍然十分重要,这仍然是吸引潜在申请人的有效手段。", "八.41 联合国 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "人力资源管理改革", "八.42 联合国 秘书长在预算文件第29C.1段指出,人力资源管理厅在支持本组织努力调整人力资源能力以迎接新挑战和建立新的实体方面发挥着战略作用。 在实务方面,人力厅通过政策和系统开发发展和维护人力资源管理基础设施,提供建议,监测业绩并按照大会规定的任务发展秘书处工作人员的技能和潜力。 行预咨委会回顾,大会第63/250号、第65/247号和第65/248号决议核准了若干人力资源管理改革举措。 正如秘书长在其报告第29C.3段中所指出,这些决议提出的改革举措涉及合同安排和统一服务条件、征聘、调动和职业发展。", "VIII.43 联合国 行预咨委会获悉,在本两年期,人力资源管理厅一直努力确保大会第63/250和65/247号决议规定的新合同安排得到实施,并确保第65/248号决议核准的外地工作人员统一服务条件在2011年7月1日过渡期结束时全面运作。 该办公室还采用了新的人才管理系统及其称为Inspira的电子支助工具(另见第2至3段)。 并且继续注重通过加强学习方案和自愿网络交流倡议来改善工作人员的发展机会。 行预咨委会经询问还获悉,现在就新的合同安排和统一服务条件可能节省费用和(或)提高效率作出任何结论为时尚早,因为改革的一些内容刚刚得到实施。 行预咨委会期望秘书长在其关于人力资源管理的下一份报告中提供资料,说明新的合同安排和统一服务条件的好处。", "八.44. 预算文件第29C.4段列举了人力资源管理厅在2012-2013两年期将开展的一些活动。 它们包括执行人力资源管理记分卡,以加强问责制并增强监测能力;进一步扩大工作人员培训和发展方案;继续开发和加强确保有效管理本组织人力资源所必要的信息技术工具;以及医疗服务的现代化和改进,特别是促进艰苦地点的保健。", "八.45 咨询委员会在审议秘书长在本款下的提议时经询问获悉,人力资源管理是最近设立的改革管理小组所要处理的六个优先问题之一。 行预咨委会还获悉,在2010-2011两年期剩余时间里,人力资源管理厅将同该小组密切合作,确定可以更有效地实施人力资源管理改革举措并可以进一步精简现有活动的领域。 两个具体重点领域是征聘,包括针对最近对冲突后文职能力的独立审查(见A/65/747-S/2011/85)所需采取的措施,以及工作人员流动。 关于后者,人力厅已着手拟订关于流动政策的全面提案,将提交大会第六十七届会议。 委员会强调,人员配置问题是联合国改革管理工作的核心。 行预咨委会还强调指出,改革管理小组和人力资源管理厅的各自活动应明确、相容和相辅相成,而不是重复,并造成过于复杂的情况。 行预咨委会在上文第一章进一步评论了改革管理小组的作用和职能。", "八.46 联合国 行预咨委会以往多次强调人力资源管理改革的重要性(见A/63/526,第5段和A/64/7,第5段)。 页:1 委员会仍然支持人力资源管理厅在执行改革举措方面发挥的领导作用。", "征聘和人员配置", "八.47 联合国 行预咨委会从预算文件表29C.11中注意到,在2012-2013两年期,秘书长打算将所有正常空缺从空缺通知发布之日起至甄选之日止的平均天数从2010-2011年的210天减至120天。 经询问,委员会获悉,为了实现120天的目标,人力资源管理厅除其他外已大幅重新设计其征聘指标,以更准确地反映征聘过程中各行为体之间的责任划分。 正在使用新的人力资源管理记分卡来监测人员配置时间表的11个步骤的遵守情况,每个步骤都有一个具体的拥有者以及一个目标期限。 此外,每个部、厅和外勤业务在征聘方面的业绩每年都在高级管理人员契约的框架内向管理业绩委员会提出报告。", "八.48 联合国 在这方面,咨询委员会回顾,大会第61/244号决议核准为本组织实施一个新的人才管理系统,其中包括电子人员配置新技术基础设施、学习管理系统、数据报告和管理系统、业绩管理(电子考绩制度)和职业网站(见A/65/305/Add.3,第3段)。 2. 如A/65/305/Add.3号文件图二所示,称为Inspira的新系统迄今所需经常预算资源总额为290万美元,分布在2008-2009和2010-2011两年期。", "八.49 (单位:千美元) 然而,行预咨委会还回顾,在其关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户拟议预算的报告中,行预咨委会指出,Inspira的部署被推迟,因为Inspira证明不方便用户。 因此,秘书处决定在推出其他模块之前,将重点放在稳定和增强系统现有模块上(A/65/827,第180至184段)。 针对关于提供Inspira实施状况最新资料的要求,行预咨委会获悉,上述报告第182段所述的订正推出时间表,即2011年底完成稳定化工作,并随后开发和推出其余模块,仍然如期进行。", "八.50 咨询委员会注意到人力资源管理厅为缩短征聘时间而作的努力,并期待着收到关于所取得成果的资料。 关于Inspira的部署,行预咨委会重申其先前的请求,即请秘书长确保尽快纠正已查明的缺陷,并向大会第六十六届大会提供最新资料,说明取得的进展和吸取的经验教训。", "学习与发展", "八.51 2012-2013两年期构成部分3(学习、发展和人力资源事务)的经常预算资源估计数在重计费用前为38 406 500美元(A/66/6(Sect.29C),表29C.4)。 如预算文件表29C.3所示,这一构成部分占第29 C款下经常预算资源总额的52.5%。 预算文件第29C.35段列出了将在这一构成部分下交付的产出,包括提供各种培训方案,以建设和维持本组织的领导和管理能力;提高负有行政责任的方案主管和工作人员在人力和财政资源管理方面的专门知识;提高秘书处工作人员的信息技术技能;建立和加强语文能力;支持职业发展并提升实务技能。 行预咨委会从收到的补充资料中注意到,在2012-2013两年期,预计本组织的培训课程将有63 830人参加,费用共计22 310 900美元。 经询问,委员会获悉,强制性培训课程的人均费用从11美元到5 880美元不等。 在线培训课程涉及初始开办费用,但没有人均持续费用。", "八.52 咨询委员会经询问还获悉,为了评价其学习和发展活动的影响,人力资源管理厅进行了年度评估和定期需要评估,以确定培训方案是否符合本组织的需要。 采用新政策和(或)工作做法,以及从培训班学员和一般工作人员那里得到的意见,为制定新方案和(或)更新现有方案提供了信息。 该厅评价和监测的基本办法由投资收益研究所设计出一个分四步走的框架来指导。 目前,评价工作主要集中于框架步骤1和步骤2,其目的是评估培训班学员的预期价值以及这些培训班对学员信心水平的影响。 展望未来,将更加重视框架的第3和第4级,评估培训课程的业务影响以及本组织投资的最终回报。 然而,这种评估需要更大量的资源,因为它必须在6至9个月内进行。", "八.53 咨询委员会认识到,如果联合国要建立一支能够以最有成效和最有效率的方式执行本组织各项任务的高度胜任的工作人员队伍,人力资源管理厅开展的学习和工作人员发展活动是必要的。 鉴于分配给这些活动的资源数额很大,委员会强调,必须继续努力提高效率,包括更有选择地开展与非实质技能有关的培训方案,同时为所有工作人员提供培训机会。", "八.54 行预咨委会还重申其先前的建议,即培训方案和目标应与任务执行和组织目标挂钩(A/65/743,第115段),并强调需要建立强有力的监测和评价机制,以评估所提供的方案是否满足已查明的需求。 在这方面,行预咨委会认为,目前正在加强的业绩管理制度(见A/65/305)应包括对主管和工作人员进行培训的相关指标,以确保方案主管负责查明技能差距并评估培训活动对其单位业绩的影响。 秘书长应在其关于人力资源管理的下一份报告中更详细地说明培训活动,包括说明2010-2011两年期和2012-2013两年期为这些活动投入的所有资源。", "应急准备和支助股", "VIII.55 联合国 秘书长在预算文件第29C.13段中表示,应急准备和支助股是根据大会第64/260号决议设立的,目的是提供专门能力,为恶意行为、自然灾害或其他紧急情况的幸存者以及因此类事件而死亡或受伤者的家属提供支助。 设在主管人力资源管理助理秘书长办公室的该股的作用和责任见第29C.14段。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,在重计费用前,该股2012-2013两年期所需资源估计数为1 994 700美元,其中包括续设一般临时人员项下供资的5个职位(2个P-5、1个P-4、1个P-2和1个一般事务(其他职等))的其他工作人员费用1 328 200美元,以及其他非员额费用666 500美元。 如预算文件第29C.17段所指出,由于在大会第六十六届会议审查联检组所需经费之前,不再为咨询人及家具和设备提供一次性经费,该股所需资源估计数已减少211 300美元。 这项审查将作为大会审议秘书长关于制定综合应急管理框架的建议的一部分进行。 行预咨委会感到失望的是,秘书长关于全面应急管理框架的提议将不会按照大会第64/260号决议最初的要求,在2012-2013年拟议方案预算中加以审议。 委员会期望秘书长将尽早向大会提交他的报告。", "联合国关爱方案", "第八.56节 在构成部分4(医疗服务)下,秘书长提议在赠款和捐款下增加350 000美元,这是秘书处对题为“联合国关爱”的联合国系统共同方案2012-2013两年期执行计划和预算的捐款(A/66/6(Sect.29C),第29 C.42段)。 经询问后,咨询委员会获悉,秘书长于2008年启动了 \" 联合国关爱 \" 方案,以加强联合国系统在其工作场所应对艾滋病毒/艾滋病的能力,从而减轻该流行病对联合国人员、其家属和整个联合国的影响。 该方案由共同制度20个组织自愿供资,核定预算总额约为260万美元。 目前,工作重点是通过宣传、开发在线工具和培训,在总部和外地进行能力建设。 为此,联合国关爱小组(总部4名工作人员和5名区域协调员)目前正在约125个国家与300多个协调人合作。", "第八.57条 关于“联合国关爱”小组与处理维持和平行动中艾滋病毒/艾滋病相关问题的工作人员之间的协调,咨询委员会经询问获悉,“联合国关爱”小组自成立以来一直通过维持和平行动部的特派团一级艾滋病毒/艾滋病顾问和协调中心与该部合作。 许多维持和平行动正在利用联合国关爱组织的最低标准指导其工作。 不过,有人指出,全职的特派团一级艾滋病毒/艾滋病顾问在军警人员的培训方面负有具体责任,不能取而代之的是“联合国关爱”区域协调员。 委员会还获悉,按人均计算的联合国在“联合国关爱”预算中的份额不包括维持和平行动部工作人员的经费,因为该部已有专职工作人员从事与艾滋病毒/艾滋病有关的活动。 委员会支持在联合国关爱方案框架内开展的重要工作。 秘书长应在今后提交的报告中提供所取得成果的详细资料。", "进行薪金调查", "八.58 人力资源 行预咨委会注意到,构成部分1(政策)下所列产出包括进行薪金调查,以确定为联合国共同制度各组织工作的一般事务和有关职类当地征聘工作人员的薪金、津贴和其他服务条件,并审查、核准和颁布根据对168个工作地点进行全面和临时薪金调查过程中所收集的数据进行分析而得出的薪金表和津贴(A/66/6(Sect.29C),第29C.23(c)(三)(c)段)。 委员会还从所收到的资料中注意到,这项活动的经费来自经常预算和预算外资源(维持和平行动支助账户和方案支助收入作为中央行政当局提供服务的偿还款)。", "第八.59节 行预咨委会回顾,在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告中,行预咨委会鼓励秘书长继续探讨是否可能将商业上可获得的数据用于当地薪金调查,以降低进行这种调查的人力和财政资源费用(A/64/7,第19段)。 (八.50) (中文(简体) ). 经询问,委员会获悉,国际公务员制度委员会在最近审查一般事务人员薪金调查方法时研究了这一办法。 委员会已设立一个工作组,评价供应商提供的薪金调查数据的使用情况,并根据其评价结果,建议利用这些数据作为剩余来源来完成调查,因为由于参与问题,无法对20名雇主进行调查。 已经评价了使用供应商数据的若干备选方案,包括外包数据收集和定制现成数据。 然而,一般而言,供应商数据库没有足够可靠的数据,用于支助级工作,类似于一般事务职类的工作。 此外,数据的定制成本较高,并带来很大程度的波动;供应商数据库并不总是能够反映现行方法所列的津贴和其他福利;公共/非营利雇主的任职人数一般很少。", "第29D款 中央支助事务厅", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款174 871 100美元\n预计预算外资源 105 001 300^(b)\n秘书长按预算款次分列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 包括28 504 800美元的其他分摊资源,修正了A/66/6(Sect.29D)表29D.4所载信息,以反映大会第65/290号决议就维持和平行动支助账户作出的决定,以及数额为76 496 500美元的预算外资源。", "八.60 秘书长为第29 D款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为176 844 300美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款增加1 973 200美元,即1.1%。 净增加的原因是员额(360万美元)、通信设备维修(140万美元)、房地租金(150万美元)和其他维修(110万美元)所需资源增加,但订约承办事务(380万美元)和电气维修(190万美元)所需资源减少,部分抵消了增加额。 预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29D))第29D.8段说明了这些变动。", "八.61 (单位:千美元) 此外,估计有105 001 300美元的其他分摊和预算外资源可供该办公室执行其工作方案。 其中28 504 800美元涉及维持和平行动支助账户,76 496 500美元涉及其他预算外来源,包括偿还预算外行政结构支助费用、预算外实务活动、技术合作偿还资源、德文翻译信托基金和联合国总部旅行事务、共同事务和房舍维修费用特别账户。 与维持和平资源支助账户有关的28 504 800美元反映了大会第65/290号决议所作决定,其中修正了秘书长报告(A/66/6(Sect.29D))第29D.9段和表29D.4中的数字。", "八.62 (单位:千美元) 预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29D))第29D.1至29D.5段概述了中央支助事务厅的主要职责及其2012-2013年的优先事项。 影响秘书长2012-2013两年期拟议预算的主要因素包括:", "(a) 国家 根据新的广播视听系统的业务和技术需要,对广播和会议支助科进行改组(见第28至30段)。 (见下文八.63-VIII.66和八.79-VIII.82);", "(b) 国家 在工厂工程科内建立内部能力,以处理日常的电气维修任务(见第28-29段)。 (见下文八.67-八.68);", "(c)) 实施安全强化的通行证制度,以遵守由国际民用航空组织推动的旅行证件国际标准;", "(d) 国家 2012年秘书处大楼逐步重新启用,以及需要恢复提供一些服务,这些服务在翻修期间因占用率较低而减少。", "广播和会议支助科改组", "八.63 (单位:千美元) 根据长期安排,广播视听支助能力完全通过订约承办事务提供。 目前,广播会议支助科共有86名工作人员,包括17名联合国电视、无线电/会议和特别活动股工作人员,以及69名广播视听服务约聘人员。 咨询委员会获悉,2010年3月至6月,鉴于将在基本建设总计划相关活动下实施新的广播视听系统,对该科进行了独立技术评价,评价结论是,目前的能力不再足够或适应性不足以有效管理将要实施的新系统。 技术审查的主要结论包括:", "(a) 国家 秘书处对这一核心职能过于依赖订约承办事务,并定期进行合同谈判,这使得服务的继续无法预测;", "(b) 国家 由于整个业务的外包,包括技术操作员和主管,约聘人员是自主的,基本上都是自我管理的. 因此,他们就应由联合国人员作出的资源分配作出了重要决定,例如任务分配和完成任务所需的时间;", "(c)) 现有的定制外包安排要求承包商提供监督员和技术操作员,减少了对合同的竞争,因为在市场上,监督员不如技术操作员容易获得;", "(d) 该科内的工作程序高度手工,效率低下,基本上没有记录;", "(e) 现有联合国系统目前的工程和支助能力是以无线电和会议业务技术为基础的,这些技术已经过时,不久将被基本建设总计划相关活动的新数字系统所取代。 因此,约聘人员的技能已过时,没有跟上广播行业的技术发展;", "(f) 与《公约》有关的问题 该科的组织结构平坦,没有中间管理层,工作人员太多,直接向P-5科科长报告。", "八.64 (中文(简体) ). 秘书长指出,独立评价提出的主要建议是,应设立员额,提供69名约聘人员中17名目前提供的服务,以此建立内部能力,提供低级的核心管理和工程维修服务。 技术操作员的职能,如相机操作员、工作室技术人员和录像编辑的职能,将继续外包,并由其余52名约聘人员提供。 拟设的17个员额任职者将负责记录和保持关于操作做法和技术系统配置的最新知识,并培训操作人员。 他们还将确保制定有效的工作方法和程序,充分利用新系统的技术能力。 秘书长期望拟议的结构调整将确保有效控制业务管理,在秘书处创造技术能力和能力,从而确保业务连续性。 本组织面临的工业争端或供应商破产风险也将被降低到最低限度。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,拟议的结构调整完全符合大会关于外包的第54/256号决议所制定的准则。 图八。 我提供反映广播和会议支助科目前和拟议结构的组织结构图。", "八.65 (单位:千美元) 秘书长在他的报告(A/66/6(Sect.29D))第29D.19段中指出,与目前的安排相比,拟议的结构调整将导致持续支出减少。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,约聘人员年度费用为2 567 400美元,而按2011年费率计算,按全额计算,联合国工作人员所需经费估计为2 219 800美元。 预计拟议的结构调整将持续地长期避免每两年期约100万美元的费用,包括减少薪金和加班费约700 000美元和管理费300 000美元。 第一个两年期的初步节余将暂时增加,因为新员额设立后第一年将适用空缺率(专业人员50%,一般事务人员35%)。 除了这些可直接识别的减少费用外,秘书长还期望从2014-2015年起产生更多效益,包括改善资源分配和对订约职能进行更具竞争性的招标所产生的节余。 委员会期待今后收到关于该科结构调整的最新情况,包括评估其对改进工作方法和流程、提高效率、节省经费和实现的其他效益所产生的影响。", "VIII.66 联合国 委员会得到了关于新广播视听系统的最新执行情况。 委员会获悉,为了遵守基本建设总计划的时间表,秘书长在大会审议上述提议之前,正在本两年期采取若干措施,向新的组织安排过渡。 委员会在第八.79至八段中对这些过渡措施提出了评论意见。 现见下文第82段。", "设备工程科", "第八.67条 联合国的电气维修业务目前完全外包。 咨询委员会获悉,共有19名约聘人员被部署到现场履行这一职能。 如预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29D))第29D.20段所示,根据2010年上半年对电气维修职能进行的独立评价,确定所有电气工程订单的70%与日常维修有关,与约聘人员相比,固定工作人员可以以更低的费用提供。 这种内部能力还将能对紧急呼叫作出更迅速的第一反应,从而减少关键基础设施供电中断的风险。", "八.68 联合国 根据独立评价的结果,秘书长提议设立一个内部电气商店,设立7个工匠级员额,履行承包商目前提供的日常维修职能。 内部能力将得到一组专门约聘人员的补充,他们负责进行重大的矫正和预防维修工作。 秘书长指出,纽约市其他大型机构大楼通常使用这种安排,这也将减少本组织在不可预测的合同谈判中的脆弱性。 咨询委员会经询问获悉,秘书长关于内部建筑服务店的提议将导致持续地节省费用,估计每两年期节省费用830 000美元。 目前安排和拟议安排项下支出的比较见表八.7。 委员会欢迎为发展电力维修职能的内部能力而作的努力。 因此,在这方面,应请秘书长在下次提交预算时提供提高效率和节省费用的最新情况。", "拟议人员编制", "八.69 表八.6汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表八.6 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个ASG、2个D-2、3个D-1、8个P-5、12个P-4、10个P-3、8个P-2/1、8个GS(PL)、174个GS(OL)、93个TC\n1个ASG、2个D-2、3个D-1、8个P-5、13个P-4、15个P-3、8个P-2/1、13个GS(PL)、182个GS(OL)、100个TC\n1个P-4、5个P-3、5个GS(PL)、8个GS(OL)、7个TC\n预算外(b)\n1个D-1、4个P-5、41个P-4/3、6个P-2/1、3个GS(PL)、42个GS(OL)、3个TC", "^(a) 包括24个从订约承办事务改划的员额。", "•(b) 预算外员额数目包括78个其他分摊员额(完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资)和22个预算外员额,由支助预算外行政结构的偿还款、预算外实务活动和技术合作偿还资源提供。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "第八.70节 秘书长的提议将使经常预算员额从本两年期的319个增加到2012-2013年的345个,包括1个P-4、5个P-3、5个一般事务(特等)、8个一般事务(其他职等)和7个工匠。 增加的主要原因是为广播和会议支助科的订约承办事务以及工厂工程科的电气维修职能设立24个员额,履行目前提供的职能。 [8] 员额所需经费总额为61 583 800美元,比2010-2011年批款57 960 500美元增加3 623 300美元。 增加的原因是:(a) 2010-2011两年期为加强对海外房地产的管理和监督而核准的2个新的专业员额(1个P-5和1个P-2)和2010-2011两年期为调整服务台服务职能而核准的2个新的一般事务(其他职等)员额与服务申请跟踪系统产生延迟影响;(b) 拟议设立26个员额,包括24个替换现有订约承办事务职位。 预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29D))第29D.8(b)段概述了拟议员额变动情况。", "八.71 (单位:千美元) 秘书长提议为广播和会议支助科改组设立17个员额,包括:", "(a) 4个P-3主管员额,负责管理生产业务、分配工作订单和工程业务;", "(b) 5个一般事务(特等)助理主管员额,协助管理生产业务、分配工作订单和工程业务;", "(c) 8个一般事务(其他职等)的维修技术员员额,提供基本的工程维修服务。", "在拟议的改组后,总人数将保持不变,仍为86人,但将包括34名联合国工作人员和52名约聘人员,而不是目前的17名联合国工作人员和69名约聘人员。 咨询委员会获得了关于拟议结构调整的详细资料(见第28-29段)。 (见上文第八.63-八.66段)。 委员会还获悉,在拟议改组之前,本两年期正在采取过渡措施,下文第八.79至八.82段将讨论这些措施。 根据提供的解释,咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的提议。", "八.72 拟在工厂工程科设立7个工匠级电气维修员额,组成内部建筑服务店,以满足日常维修需要,进行日常检查和小型电气工作,并对紧急情况作出第一反应。 咨询委员会获得了补充资料,说明上文第八.67至八.68段着重说明的提供电气维修服务的新组织安排的理由和预期效益。 根据所提供的解释,委员会建议核准秘书长关于在工厂工程科设立七个工匠员额的提议。", "八.73. 拟为设施管理处设立1个P-4级方案干事,负责审查和制定与设施管理、办公空间、资产库存和礼品管理有关的政策和程序,并监测其执行情况并在整个秘书处建立合规机制,包括监测和执行审计建议。 虽然咨询委员会认为这些职能很重要,但并不认为需要一名全心全意的工作人员。 鉴于该处现有能力,委员会建议不接受设立P-4方案干事员额。", "八.74. 拟为旅行和运输科设立1个P-3职等旅行证件干事,负责支持实施加强安保的联合国通行证制度,包括签发证工作地点(总部、联合国日内瓦办事处和联合国维也纳办事处)的全球行政管理。 行预咨委会获悉,任职者将负责与各办公室和实体进行协调和联络,包括与信息和通信技术厅进行协调和联络,以解决与系统托管有关的问题;与技术事项和设备升级有关的供应商;安全和安保部负责周边安全出入控制; \" 团结 \" 项目人力资源数据和资产管理小组;国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)负责遗失或被窃旅行证件数据库;国际民用航空组织。 秘书长指出,由于新的通行证系统的规模和复杂性,需要配备专门技术专长的专职支助,护照和签证小组没有这种能力。 根据提供的理由,咨询委员会建议核准秘书长的提议。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "八.75 (单位:千美元) 2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为115 260 500美元,比本两年期批款116 910 600美元减少1 650 100美元,即1.4%。 秘书长提议净减少其他工作人员费用43 500美元、订约承办事务1 567 400美元和一般业务费用475 600美元。 咨询人(74 800美元,即26.5%)、工作人员差旅费(5 500美元,即4.2%)、用品和材料(181 200美元,即8.7%)以及家具和设备(187 300美元,即10.8%)的所需经费增加,部分抵消了上述减少额。 预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.29D))第29D.8段提供了按支出类别开列的增减详情。", "八.76 人力资源 委员会从收到的补充资料中注意到,订约承办事务项下总共减少1 567 400美元,反映出拟议增设17个员额,以取代广播和会议支助科通过订约承办事务提供的现有会议工程师职位以及工厂工程科的7个电气维修员额,但因新广播视听系统信息技术服务以及与实施新的通行证系统有关的专利软件和印刷所需经费增加而部分抵消。", "八.77 人力资源 行预咨委会从收到的补充资料中还注意到,由于为2010-2011年期间核准的总部所有新员额提供了办公空间,为临时工作人员和约聘人员提供了所需额外空间,以及联合国租赁的各种空间的现有租赁合同下的合同义务,拟为设施管理处编列的房地租金经费将增加1 719 100美元。 在这方面,行预咨委会收到一份表格(见表八.8),其中显示所有联合国租赁财产的租赁期满、估计年租金和平面图,其中区分了设施管理处缔结的长期租约、基本建设总计划周转空间、基本建设总计划周转空间设施管理处租约以及设施管理处为团结项目租赁的财产。 委员会将在审议将提交大会第六十六届会议审议的关于基本建设总计划项目的下一份年度进展报告时再讨论这一事项。", "八.78 联合国 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "与广播和会议支助科改组有关的过渡措施", "八.79 (单位:千美元) 秘书长首先提议更换联合国过时的广播设备,并在其关于基本建设总计划连带费用的报告中安装新的数字系统。 [9] 根据基本建设总计划订正时间表,原定于2010年采购的广播视听系统推迟到2011年。 为了确保高效整合和协调的分阶段实施,广播视听系统由基本建设总计划施工经理采购和管理。 [10] 确定了四个主要广播/视听项目:媒体资产管理系统、常设广播设施、会议管理和同步口译和视听。 咨询委员会获悉,四个广播视听系统的合同将于2011年下半年授予,从7月开始。 图八概述了实施视听广播系统的时间表。 二. 行预咨委会还获悉,在授予合同之后,将有一个设计审查阶段,对应由联合国管理人员和工程师而不是约聘人员负责进行的工作流程和流程进行配置。 秘书长指出,为此原因,拟从订约承办事务改划为员额的17个职位需要填补,任职者需要在设计审查阶段开始之前接受新系统培训,设计审查阶段定于2011年10月开始,为第一个项目。", "八.80 联合国 行预咨委会经询问还获悉,鉴于时间有限,秘书长已决定在大会第六十六届会议主要会期审查2012-2013年方案预算时审议这项提议之前,由2010-2011两年期现有资源提供一般临时人员,为广播和会议支助科提供17个员额的职能。 在这方面,行预咨委会指出,截至2011年12月31日,这17个一般临时人员职位的资源将到位,根据大会就秘书长关于广播和会议支助科改组的提议作出的决定,这些职位的职能将只延续到2012-2013两年期。 行预咨委会还获悉,填补临时职位的征聘程序于2011年初启动,2011年3月和4月确定了职务说明并张贴了职位空缺,2011年6月17日完成了面试。 在委员会审议秘书长的建议时,甄选过程仍在进行。 委员会获悉,一旦填补了这些临时职位,根据合同条款和标准外包安排,外包给承包商的服务将相应减少,其中规定根据本组织的需要,灵活地增加和减少承包的服务。", "八.81 咨询委员会认识到,需要满足基本建设总计划时间表的要求,因此,秘书长决定现在就着手采取过渡措施,以改组广播和会议支助科。 然而,委员会仍然感到关切的是,这一进程在大会有机会审议秘书长的建议之前就已经开始了。 委员会告诫说,2010-2011两年期在这方面采取的步骤应尽可能有限,以避免未经大会具体核准就实际实施拟议的改组。 委员会要求在大会审议秘书长的概算时向大会提供广播和会议支助科改组的最新情况。 委员会强调,就广播和会议支助科的改组所采取行动须受大会可能就此事作出的决定的制约。", "八.82 此外,咨询委员会强调,秘书长在采用广播和会议支助科的新安排时,应适当考虑公平对待多年来为联合国服务的约聘人员,并确保他们能够竞争正在设立的临时职位。 委员会还强调,它重视确保以公平和公平的方式管理征聘进程。 在这方面,行预咨委会得到保证,征聘和甄选程序完全按照人力资源管理厅制定的准则进行,并将由主管内部审查机构进行审查。 行预咨委会还获悉,甄选过程涉及在一名专家协助下创建的测试基础上测试技术能力,该专家还向广播工程师协会提供类似服务,该协会是广播行业一个受人尊敬的技术培训和认证机构。 行预咨委会还强调必须确保长期服务的约聘人员有机会接受再培训,以便操作基本建设总计划所计划的新系统。", "图八.一 广播和会议支助科目前和拟议的结构", "^(a) 广播和会议支助科目前和拟议的结构包括由基本建设总计划预算供资的1个一般临时人员职位,这是基本建设总计划的连带费用。", "[]", "[]", "表八.7 电气维修合同的现期费用和项目费用", "电气维修合同的现期费用", "(单位:美元)", "承包商费用\n单位年费用", "首席工头 1 129.44 282 696.96", "办事员 1 40.16 87 709.44", "首席工头——班长", "一名班级电工 4 117.31 896 717.64", "建筑分区 4 74.26 567 643.44 维修 ^(a) 班级电工-日", "建筑分区 3 84.57 484 839.81 维修班电工——夜间", "大楼分区 维修班电工——Timken ^(b)", "共计 19 3 290 337.96", "^(a) 建筑维修司对从事维修工作和小改动及添加的电工进行注音。", "^(b) “Timken”指轮班工人。", "根据拟议组织安排订立的电气维修合同预计费用", "(单位:美元)", "承包商费用\n单位年费用", "主工长 1 129.44 247 359.84", "行政助理 1 40.16 76 745.76", "一个班级电工 5 117.31 1 120 897.05", "共计 7 1 445 002.65", "联合国费用", "单位年费", "前卫(TC7) 1 115 685.00 115 685.00", "Journeyman电工(TC6) 2 108 599.00 217 198.00", "助理旅行员(TC5)", "学徒电工(TC4) 4 94 467.00 377 868.00", "共计 10 015 341.00", "节余 829 994.31", "表八.8 联合国租赁财产", "截止2011年5月", "联合国所属建筑物 可供估计的平面摄像头年租金使用(美元)", "(S) 秘书处 2012年底 N/A 899 676", "(会议大楼)", "地下室 N/A 691 000", "大会 N/A 316 441", "(DHL)图书馆 N/A 118 554", "(NL)北草坪 N/A 99 465", "(北草坪会议大楼)北草坪大楼", "(SA) 南方附件 39 285", "(U) 训研所继续28 987", "联合国租赁财产 Square影像年租金估计数(美元)", "基本建设总计划回旋空间", "(AB) 阿尔巴诺 2017-Jul 9 807 549 187 060", "(M) 380 Madison 2014-Jan 25 276 875 485 128", "(CS)法院广场 2018-Apr 1 493 050 42 466", "(TB)教师Bldg 2013-Dec 3 183 973 79 599", "基本建设总计划共计 39 761 447", "设施管理 基本建设总计划周转空间的服务租赁", "(M) 380 Madison 2014-Jan 3 491 985 66 514", "(CS)法院广场-10fr 2018-Apr 881 170 21 233", "(CS)法院广场——11fr 2018-Apr 638 270 15 380", "(TB)教师的Bldg 2013-Dec 3 227 553 79 693", "团结项目设施管理处", "(MB)移动 Bldg 2013-Dec 1 033 643 24 321", "设施管理处 1 625 532 长期", "(A) Alcoa 2015-Jul 1 625 532 30 845", "(DC1)DC One Bldg 2020-Mar 6 868 340 196 566", "(DC2)DC 二号机车 2020-Mar 12 081 265 322 908", "达格·哈马舍尔德 2014-Dec 88 641", "(DN) 每日新闻 2017-Apr 2 104 594 31 891", "(FAL) Falchi, LIC 2024-Sep 756 195 50 413", "(DRT) Piscataway, NJ 2011-Dec 874 599 3 969", "(FF) 304 E 45 St 2012-Oct 6 655 695 141 119", "(IN) 300 E 42 St 2018-Sep 7 47 976 126 979 (英语).", "肯尼迪机场BA空间,2010-Dec 11 610 180", "设施管理共计 47 998 425", "图八.二 视听广播系统实施时间表", "[]", "简称:NMT,新移动电视", "VSG,地点服务集团公司", "PPS,优先生产服务有限责任公司", "第29E款 行政,日内瓦", "秘书长的提案 142 828 300 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款142 274 600 ^(b)\n预计预算外资源 33 947 500美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 仅为列报目的包括与日内瓦图书馆服务有关的拨款。", "八.83 秘书长为第29 E款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为142 828 300美元。 这比2010-2011两年期净增553 700美元,即0.4%。 (见A/66/6(Sect.29E),第29 E.6段)。 净增加是由于预算文件第29E.6段详细解释了若干因素。", "八.84 联合国 2012-2013两年期内,经常预算资源将由预算外资源补充,预算外资源估计为33 947 500美元,比2010-2011两年期增加1 834 300美元。 这包括续设142个员额并提议在人力资源管理处增设1个P-3职等员额。 将向设在日内瓦的联合国各组织的预算外行政结构和一系列领域的预算外实务活动提供各种服务(见A/66/6(Sect.29E),第29 E.8段)。", "第八.85条 正如秘书长在拟议方案预算第29E.5段中所指出,在2012-2013两年期,联合国日内瓦办事处行政司将:(a) 协助主管管理事务副秘书长协调并监测日内瓦管理改革的执行情况;(b) 为联合国秘书处21个部厅在日内瓦实施的业务以及联合国共同制度各实体提供行政和其他支助服务;(c) 按照总部最低运作安保标准,维护和维护联合国在日内瓦的资产和财产,包括新设施和设施;(d) 与信息和通信技术厅协调,提供并加强联合国日内瓦办事处的信息和通信技术基础设施、知识共享、信息安全和网络;(e) 协调日内瓦实施企业资源规划系统和采用国际公共部门会计准则的筹备工作;(f) 在发生紧急情况时,确保向联合国日内瓦办事处、秘书处其他部厅以及设在日内瓦的其他联合国共同制度实体提供行政支助的业务连续性。", "八.86 (单位:千美元) 关于设施,秘书长表示,正在继续就制定万国宫全面翻修和翻修方案(称为“战略遗产计划”)进行筹备工作。 然而,秘书长指出,计划设想的翻修工作在大会就此事作出决定并完成基本建设总计划之前不会开始(A/66/6(Sect.29E),第29 E.5(c)段)。 在这方面,秘书长指出,该计划的概念工程研究已经完成。 咨询委员会获悉,由于研究报告的完成出现延误,将向大会第六十六届会议报告研究结果,而不是按照第64/243号决议的要求向第六十五届会议报告。", "八.87 咨询委员会获悉,战略遗产计划包括翻修和翻修万国宫的3个会议室。 委员会还获悉,2001年开始的其余18个会议室的翻修和升级工作已经完成。 尽管如此,秘书长表示需要开展其他紧急和补救工作,这些工作不能推迟到2014-2015两年期来进行,以解决设施迅速恶化的问题。 在这方面,有关所需经费估计为580万美元,列入日内瓦项目提案,列在第34款(建筑、改建、装修和主要维修)下。 委员会确认有必要着手进行这些项目,以避免今后进行更昂贵的维修,并确保万国宫的人身安全。 委员会得到保证,这些与健康、安全和安保有关的紧急维修工作与战略遗产计划有关的问题是分开的,预计不会就此采取任何行动或作出决定。 尽管如此,行预咨委会期望这些任务与战略遗产计划的预期工作保持一致。", "八.88 表八.9汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表八.9 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n298 1个D-2、3个D-1、8个P-5、15个P-4、12个P-3、12个P-2/1、18个GS(PL)、229个GS(OL)\n1个D-2、4个D-1、10个P-5、16个P-4、18个P-3、22个P-2/1、19个GS(PL)、259个GS(OL)\n1个D-1、2个P-5、1个P-4、6个P-3、10个P-2、1个GS(PL)、33个GS(OL)^(a)\n裁撤3个GS(OL)\n预算外\n2012-2013年拟议数 143 3个P-5、29个P-4/3、3个GS(PL)、108个GS(OL)", "^(a) 从第2款(大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理)调入第29E款次级方案7(图书馆事务)。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "第八.89条 秘书长提议将第2款下的54个员额从日内瓦会议管理部门调入第29 E款下的次级方案7图书馆事务(同上,第29 E.7段)。 提出这项提议是为了更好地反映既定的组织报告关系,符合内部监督事务厅在评价大会和会议管理部全球统筹管理举措时提出的建议(见A/64/166)。 咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "八.90 三名一般事务人员 拟议裁撤(其他职等)员额,次级方案4下采购和运输科一个,次级方案7下两个,图书馆事务。 咨询委员会获悉,拟议裁撤员额反映了对所需经费的不断分析,同时考虑到通过更多地使用技术而减少某些领域的文书职能的现行工作方法。 咨询委员会不反对拟议裁撤员额(另见第三章)。 页:1", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "八.91 联合国 2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为54 632 100美元,比2010-2011两年期增加842 900美元,即1.6%。 经费增加反映了用品和材料项下经费减少(111 500美元)和下列领域所需经费增加的净结果:", "(a) 其他工作人员费用(604 200美元),主要原因是一名业务连续性专家(215 000美元)的P-4职等一般临时人员16个月和P-3职等所需额外经费(360 000美元),以协助管理下一个两年期将要开展的建筑项目;", "(b) 订约承办事务(136 800美元),主要原因是支助人权理事会会议的音响工程师所需经费增加(83 900美元);", "(c) 一般业务费(123 700美元),主要原因是业务连续性和信息技术基础设施升级方面所需经费增加;", "(d) 家具和设备(79 700美元),原因是业务连续性所需资源增加(421 900美元),但主要由其他领域的减少所抵消;", "(e) 工作人员差旅费(10 000美元),原因是与总部业务连续性管理股举行会议所需差旅费增加。", "第八.92条 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论", "业务连续性", "八.93 行预咨委会回顾,大会第64/243号决议请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作提出充分说明理由的员额和非员额资源提案。 在这方面,委员会注意到,联合国日内瓦办事处的拟议方案预算载有总额为895 000美元的提议,与业务连续性管理直接有关。 行预咨委会在上文第一章就业务连续性问题作了进一步评论。", "第29F款 行政,维也纳", "秘书长的提案 39 553 600 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 40 396 000美元(b)\n预计预算外资源 12 800 000美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 仅为列报目的包括与维也纳图书馆服务有关的拨款。", "第八.94条 秘书长为第29 F款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为39 553 600美元。 与2010-2011两年期相比,净减少842 400美元,即2.1%。 (A/66/6(Sect.29F),第29F.12段) 净减少是由于预算文件第29F.12段详细解释了若干因素。", "第八.95条 2012-2013两年期,预计预算外资源估计为12 800 000美元,将从联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室(毒品和犯罪问题办公室)支助预算和方案支助收入中拨给管理司,作为向预算外活动、基金和方案提供的支助服务的偿还款。 这符合2010-2011两年期12 756 600美元的估计数,并将为续设61个员额提供经费。", "八.96 (中文(简体) ). 如方案概算所指出(同上,第29-F.2-29F.4段),联合国维也纳办事处管理司向设在维也纳的联合国秘书处各单位提供行政支助,其中包括毒品和犯罪问题办公室、外层空间事务厅、国际贸易法司、联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会秘书处、联合国新闻处、内部监督事务厅和联合国关于在巴勒斯坦被占领土修建隔离墙所造成的损失登记册。", "八.97 (中文(简体) ). 根据1997年三方谅解备忘录及随后的修正案,该司还向设在维也纳国际中心的其他国际组织,即国际原子能机构(原子能机构)、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)和全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会提供一些共同事务方面的行政支助。 还向设在维也纳国际中心的其他联合国实体的办事处提供有限的行政支助,例如联合国难民事务高级专员办事处、联合国环境规划署和设在意大利都灵的联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所。", "八.98 表八.10汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表八.10 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n91 1个D-2、1个D-1、4个P-5、6个P-4、6个P-3、3个P-2/1、6个GS(PL)、64个GS(OL)\n1个D-2、1个D-1、4个P-5、6个P-4、7个P-3、3个P-2/1、6个GS(PL)、65个GS(OL)\n从第2款调动2个P-3、1个GS(OL)至次级方案4(支助事务)\n预算外\n2012-2013年拟议数 61 2个D-1、1个P-5、8个P-4/3、6个GS(PL)、44个GS(OL)", "关于员额的意见和建议", "第八.99节 秘书长提议从第2款下的会议管理处调入1个P-3员额和1个一般事务(其他职等)员额,调至第29 F款(行政,维也纳)下次级方案4(支助事务)。 提出这项提议是为了更好地反映既定的组织报告关系,并符合内部监督事务厅评价大会和会议管理部全球统筹管理举措的建议(见A/64/166)。 咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "八.100 (中文(简体) ). 2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为19 929 900美元,比2010-2011两年期减少842 400美元,即4.2%。 减少的原因是,其他工作人员费用(209 000美元)、一般业务费用(828 700美元)、用品和材料(85 300美元)以及家具和设备(124 200美元)项下所需经费减少。 赠款和捐款(254 800美元)、咨询人(60 000美元)、工作人员差旅费(40 000美元)和订约承办事务(50 000美元)项下所需经费增加,部分抵消了上述减少额。 咨询人、工作人员差旅和订约承办事务项下所需经费增加,都与支助业务连续性管理的活动有关(见第36段)。 (见下文第八.104段)。", "八.101 联合国 赠款和捐款项下的经费反映了与2010-2011年相比,该办事处在房舍管理费用中所占份额增加。 拟议所需经费显示,预计在C楼重新启用后,分配的办公楼层面积将会增加。 咨询委员会获悉,联合国应付的房舍维修费用数额在2011年下半年工发组织预算得到核准后才能最后确定。 秘书长指出,如果联合国维也纳办事处所欠份额有重大变化,将按照既定方法提请大会注意此事(A/66/6(Sect.29F),第29F.37段)。 就本两年期而言,委员会获悉,预计将在2010-2011年第二次执行情况报告中处理任何所需追加经费。 委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论", "费用分摊安排", "八.102 人力资源 秘书长指出,2010-2011年期间,维也纳国际中心各组织在费用分摊方面取得了进展。 关于笔译和口译服务,与工发组织和全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会商定了订正方法。 经询问后,咨询委员会获悉,以前为翻译工作开具的账单费用因是否使用了内部资源或外部翻译承包商而异。 订正方法的关键变化是确定了按翻译页数收取的标准费率。 虽然预计这一变化不会直接节省费用,但行预咨委会获悉,它减少了确定每项翻译工作费用所涉的行政工作量。 此外,新的方法使使用这些服务的各组织的费用更加可预测。 委员会欢迎这一举措,并认为减少行政工作量应腾出资源用于其他任务。 委员会鼓励该厅设法查明因这一程序改变而可能节省的任何费用,并结合下一份拟议方案预算就此提出报告。 关于房舍管理,秘书长指出,由工发组织赞助的独立外部审查建议改变现行费用分摊方法,维也纳各组织目前正在考虑这项建议(出处同上,第29F.7段)。", "石棉迁移项目", "VIII.103 请检查date=中的日期值 (帮助) 关于维也纳国际中心的石棉清除工作,秘书长指出,C楼主要由会议区组成,将在2012-2013两年期之前再次使用。 经询问,咨询委员会获悉,虽然清除石棉本身的大部分工作已接近完成,但该项目还涉及在重新使用之前翻修大楼的工作。 行预咨委会获悉,预计这项工作将于2013年初完成。 委员会注意到,该项目预计将于2011年年中完成(见A/62/6(Sect.28F),第28F.8段)。 委员会期望尽一切努力,确保完成所余工作,不再再有任何拖延,以便能够及时重新占领大楼。", "业务连续性", "八.104 人力资源 行预咨委会回顾,大会第64/243号决议请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作提出充分说明理由的员额和非员额资源提案。 在这方面,委员会注意到,联合国维也纳办事处拟议方案预算载有与业务连续性管理直接有关的共计608 000美元的提议。 行预咨委会在上文第一章就业务连续性问题作了进一步评论。", "第29G款 行政,内罗毕", "秘书长的提案 29 196 400 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 29 136 300美元\n预计预算外资源 27 375 300美元\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "八.105 人力资源 秘书长请求为第29G款提供重计费用前的经常预算资源29 196 400美元,与2010-2011两年期相比净增60 100美元,即0.2%。 净增加是由于预算文件第29F.7段详细解释的若干因素。", "八.106 联合国 如预算文件第29G.1段所述,联合国内罗毕办事处根据与联合国环境规划署(环境署)和联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)的谅解备忘录和具体服务协定,向其提供各种行政和其他支助服务,包括在人力资源管理、信息和通信技术服务、会计和采购等领域。 根据各项协议,该办公室还为设在内罗毕的联合国系统其他组织办事处提供共同支助服务。 内罗毕办事处还管理内罗毕的联合国设施。 该办公室的职责载于ST/SGB/2009/3号秘书长公报。", "八.107 联合国 2012-2013两年期,经常预算资源将得到预算外资源的补充,预算外资源估计为27 375 300美元,比2010-2011两年期增加2 064 600美元。 这一数额将占该办公室所需资源总额的46.5%。 预算外资源用于该厅提供的共同支助服务,其中很大一部分资金来自向环境署和人居署提供服务的偿还款。 此外,秘书长指出,向设在内罗毕的联合国各基金、方案和专门机构办事处提供共同事务的工作量和相关收入大幅增加,这一趋势预计将继续下去(A/66/6(Sect.29G),第29G.8段)。 委员会获悉,增加的部分原因是将更多的办事处迁入联合国建筑群,预计下一个两年期提供的共同事务将增加20%。", "八.108 联合国 表八.11汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "页:1 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n131 1个D-2、1个D-1、8个P-5、12个P-4、17个P-3、9个P-2/1、2个本国干事、81个一般事务(当地雇员)\n1个D-2、3个D-1、8个P-5、10个P-4、17个P-3、9个P-2/1、2个本国干事、81个一般事务(当地雇员)\n次级方案3和4下4个P-5员额改叙为D-1,2个P-4员额改叙为P-5\n1个D-1、1个P-2和1个一般事务(当地雇员)从行政领导和管理调至次级方案2\n预算外\n199 1个P-4/3、2个P-2/1、7个本国干事、189个一般事务(当地雇员)", "关于员额的意见和建议", "改叙", "八.109 联合国 关于改叙提议,秘书长回顾人力资源管理厅于2008年对联合国内罗毕办事处的内部组织和员额及职等结构进行的审查(同上,第29G.4段)。 秘书长指出,审查的结论是,该厅的员额和职等结构的叙级低于联合国日内瓦办事处和联合国维也纳办事处。 秘书长表示,建议逐步调整联合国内罗毕办事处的员额和职等结构,使之达到联合国日内瓦办事处和维也纳办事处的水平。", "八.110 人力资源 咨询委员会获悉,在2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算中改叙了4个P-4员额之后,2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中的提议是实施人力资源管理厅审查的第二阶段。 行预咨委会还获悉,打算在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中提出其余的审查建议。", "八.111 人力资源 行预咨委会重申其观点,即联合国内罗毕办事处的人员配置提案应反映内罗毕办事处的长期战略及其业务需求,并明确而客观地将员额的职等结构同分配给他们的职能联系起来(见A/64/7,第16段)。 (八.89) (中文(简体) ).", "八.112 人力资源 2012-213两年期,秘书长提议将2个P-5员额改叙为D-1职等,即人力资源管理处处长和支助事务处处长;将2个P-4员额改叙为P-5职等,即人力资源管理处处长和采购科科长。", "VIII.113 (中文(简体) ). 关于将人力资源管理处处长员额改叙为D-1职等的提议,咨询委员会获悉,2010年人力资源管理厅管理的工作人员人数为2 359人,而联合国维也纳办事处管理的工作人员人数为1 118人,联合国日内瓦办事处为4 272人。 除了监督工作人员行政科和征聘和叙级科的工作外,处长还监督工作人员培训和发展股以及向设在内罗毕的所有机构、基金和方案提供服务的联合医疗服务。 委员会还获悉,人力资源管理处处长负责监督该处的71名工作人员。 委员会不反对改叙人力资源管理处处长员额的提议。", "八.114 人力资源 经询问后,咨询委员会得到了关于联合国日内瓦办事处和维也纳办事处人力资源管理处人员配置的资料,其概况见表八。 12个", "表八.12 按支出用途开列的所需资源 人力资源管理事务人员配置", "联合国日内瓦办事处(内罗毕办事处)\n经常预算", "D-1 1 - 1 - 1 ^(a) -", "P-5 1 2 1 - 3^(a) -", "P-4 3 4 4 1 1 3", "P-3 3 2 2 1 6 -", "P-2 1 — — — 2 —", "小计 9 8 5 2 13 -", "GS(PL) 2 2 3 - - -", "一般事务人员(其他职等) 20 26 11 10", "否 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5", "法学——————————14 40", "小计 22 28 14 10 14 45", "共计 31 36 19 12 27 45", "^(a) 反映2012-2013两年期从P-5改叙为D-1和从P-4改叙为P-5的提议。", "八.115 人力资源 关于拟将人事行政科科长员额从P-4改叙为P-5,咨询委员会注意到该办公室管理的工作人员人数。 委员会不反对秘书长的提议。", "八.116 人力资源 秘书长还提议将支助事务处处长员额从P-5改叙为D-1。 咨询委员会获悉,该处负责管理和维护内罗毕联合国建筑群的建筑物,协调当地和国际采购,向建筑群所有办事处提供登记和其他一般服务,包括邮件、邮袋、旅行和运输服务。 行预咨委会还获悉,将处长员额提升为D-1职等的提议符合内部监督事务厅的建议。", "VIII.117 (中文(简体) ). 关于将支助事务处采购科科长员额从P-4提升为P-5的提议,咨询委员会得到关于该厅采购活动水平的资料。 2008-2009两年期,该厅发出了3 939份定购单,价值为9 400万美元,而2010-2011年的预计活动水平估计为3 900份定购单,价值为1.15亿美元。 委员会还获悉,拟议改叙为P-5职等符合内部监督事务厅的建议。", "VIII.118 (中文(简体) ). 咨询委员会根据其职责,不反对将支助事务处处长员额改叙为D-1和将采购科科长改叙为P-5的提议。 行预咨委会期望,加强该处的管理,将提高向环境署、人居署和其他客户办事处提供支助的响应能力和效力。 行预咨委会要求在2014-2015年拟议方案预算中提供这方面的资料。", "调动", "VIII.119 (韩语). 拟将3个员额(D-1、P-2和一般事务(当地雇员))从行政领导和管理调到次级方案2预算和财务管理处,以反映目前的组织结构(又见第6段)。 (见下文第八.123段)。 咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "八.120 人力资源 2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为8 965 500美元,比2010-2011两年期增加182 100美元,即2%。 一般业务费用项下减少627 900美元,原因是根据支出情况,对水电费、房舍维修费以及家具和设备租金等方面进行调整。 这一减少额被主要与下列领域的业务连续性管理有关的所需经费增加所部分抵消:", "(a) 家具和设备(202 700美元),主要原因是预付医疗员额的费用以及与业务连续性管理有关的信息和通信技术所需经费;", "(b) 用品和材料(142 100美元),主要用于医疗疫苗、用品和设备;", "(c) 工作人员差旅费(60 000美元),用于业务连续性管理协调员的差旅费,包括前往肯尼亚外派办事处培训关键工作人员的旅费。", "八.121 采购 行预咨委会回顾,大会第64/243号决议请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中就目前正在进行的业务连续性管理工作提出充分说明理由的员额和非员额资源提案。 在这方面,委员会注意到,联合国内罗毕办事处的拟议方案预算载有与业务连续性管理直接有关的共计1 213 400美元的提议。 这笔经费包括续设第64/243号决议所核准的2个一般临时人员职位。 行预咨委会在上文第一章就业务连续性问题作了进一步评论。", "八.122 人力资源 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "组织结构", "VIII.123 (单位:千美元) 咨询委员会在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的报告中强调指出,ST/SGB/2009/3号秘书长公报所载列的联合国内罗毕办事处组织结构与该预算文件所载结构不同(A/64/7(Sect.28G),第28G. 段)。 纽约 上文第八.119段提到的调动是为了解决这种不一致的情况。 委员会获悉,需要修订秘书长公报,以反映联合国内罗毕办事处总干事员额的设立。 行预咨委会还获悉,这一修订还将需要更新该办公室的组织结构和治理结构。 咨询委员会相信,对秘书长公报的必要订正将及时完成。", "监测和评价", "VIII.124 (中文(简体) ). 秘书长表示,共计约246 600美元(经常预算)和5 600美元(预算外)的资源将用于开展监测和评价活动(A/66/6(Sect.29G),第29G.9段)。 咨询委员会获悉,该厅没有专职工作人员专门从事这些任务,所涉工作由工作人员承担,是他们总体职责的一部分。 委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作了进一步评论。 委员会认为,对方案活动进行有效的监测和评价是一项关键的管理职能,并期望该厅确保为这一领域提供足够的资源。", "第30款 信息和通信技术厅", "秘书长提出的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款 72 120 000美元\n预计预算外资源 40 377 400 ^(b)\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 包括其他分摊资源,数额为20 037 200美元,修改了A/66/6(Sect.30)表30.4中的信息,以反映大会第65/290号决议中在尊重维持和平行动支助账户的情况下作出的决定以及数额为20 340 200美元的预算外资源。", "VIII.125 (中文(简体) ). 秘书长为第30款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为75 120 000美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款增加3 000 000美元,即4.2%(见A/66/6(Sect.30),表30.4;又见第30段)。 (见下文表八.14)。 增加的主要原因是次级方案6(信息和通信技术业务)下用于加强和支持2012-2013两年期资源管理服务的非员额资源所需资源增加(见A/66/6(Sect.30),第28段)。 (第30.8条)。 该办公室可用的经常预算资源将得到维持和平支助账户追加20 037 200美元和其他预算外资源追加20 340 200美元的补充。 与维持和平资源支助账户有关的20 037 200美元反映了大会第65/290号决议所作决定,其中修正了秘书长报告(A/66/6(Sect.30))第30.9段和表30.4中的数字。", "VIII.126 (中文(简体) ). 第65/259号决议(第十七节,第1段) 8) 大会请秘书长审查其报告(A/65/491)所载关于执行信通技术战略的提议,并结合2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算提交新的和(或)订正提议。 根据这一要求,秘书长提交了一份题为“联合国秘书处的信息和通信技术举措”的报告(A/66/94),供大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议审议。 报告还回应了以往各项决议,其中大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中就实施企业内容管理和客户关系管理解决方案提出建议(第64/243号决议,第125和126段),并拟订统一的信通技术灾后恢复计划和业务连续性办法(第63/262、63/269和64/243号决议,第127段)。", "八.127 采购 秘书长在他的报告中提出了执行信通技术战略和全面满足机构信通技术需要的四项经过修改的全组织跨领域举措,具体如下:(a) 改善企业信通技术管理;(b) 通过信通技术利用知识;(c) 加强信通技术服务的提供;(d) 建立具有复原力的信通技术基础设施。 这四项举措将在2012至2015年的四年期内实施,拟议根据为企业资源规划项目核准的费用分摊安排供资。 [11] 2012-2013两年期四项举措所需经费总额估计为42 822 500美元,包括由经常预算供资的6 423 400美元、由维持和平行动支助账户供资的26 550 000美元和由方案支助费用特别账户供资的9 849 100美元。 行预咨委会获悉,秘书长已另行印发了一份报告(A/66/94),因为关于企业信通技术举措的提议跨越多个财政期间,并提议由多个供资来源供资。 行预咨委会在其关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的第二次报告(A/66/7/Add.1)中就四项举措提出了意见和建议。", "VIII.128 (中文(简体) ). 在这方面,咨询委员会注意到,2012-2013年第30款拟议方案预算未反映这四项举措拟议资源中经常预算所占的份额,因此,该预算未完全反映信息和通信技术厅所需经常预算资源总额。 委员会获悉,鉴于大会于2010年12月24日通过第65/259号决议,使该厅没有时间在2010年12月15日最后期限之前编制并提交订正预算。 行预咨委会在上文第一章第31段中表示,如果秘书长无法将关于这些提案的完整呈件列入,2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第30款至少应列出相关所需资源的指示性估计数。", "VIII.129 (中文(简体) ). 然而,在审议2012-2013年拟议方案预算时,行预咨委会收到了秘书长关于企业信通技术举措的报告的预发本,并得以审议两年期拟议经常预算资源和活动总额。 秘书长关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第30款的提议应与上述关于联合国企业信通技术举措的报告以及行预咨委会的相关报告(A/66/7和Add.1)一并审议。 行预咨委会经要求后获得一份最新表格,其中显示2012-2013年第30款(信息和通信技术厅)(A/66/6(Sect.30))和企业信通技术举措(A/66/94)(表八.14)下拟议经常预算资源合并情况。 如表八.14所示,考虑到4个拟议企业信通技术举措所需资源中的经常预算份额为6 423 400美元,2012-2013两年期第30款拟议预算总额为81 543 375美元,比2010-2011年批款增加13.1%。", "八.130 联合国 在2012-2013年拟议方案预算导言(A/66/6 (Introduction))第5段中,秘书长提到他旨在提高本组织效率和效力的改革管理举措。 咨询委员会获悉,这一举措将涉及审查和更新本组织在信息和通信技术等六个领域的工作方式。 具体而言,目标是到2015年实现“无纸环境”,重点是电子记录保存、电子签名和知识管理解决方案。 委员会认为,同时增加倡议无助于明确了解秘书长对改革管理的总体办法。 行预咨委会建议请秘书长确保在这方面设想的活动将补充而不是重复信息和通信技术厅知识管理处和从事类似举措的其他部厅的工作,并确保该厅各小组与变革管理举措保持密切协调与合作,因为该厅负责较长期的信通技术举措。", "八.131 人力资源 咨询委员会获得了关于改革管理举措的进一步详情,上文第一章对此进行了讨论。 行预咨委会获悉,信息和通信技术厅已任命一名改革协调人,负责同改革管理小组、信息和通信技术厅和高级管理小组密切合作,确保改革提案在该厅内部得到合作和执行。 此外,该办公室将兼职借调一名工作人员到改革管理小组。", "八.132 人力资源 表八.13汇总2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "报表八.13", "人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个ASG、1个D-2、4个D-1、13个P-5、21个P-4、30个P-3、7个P-2/1、11个GS(PL)、48个GS(OL)、1个TC\n1个ASG、1个D-2、4个D-1、13个P-5、21个P-4、30个P-3、7个P-2/1、11个GS(PL)、48个GS(OL)、1个TC\n预算外(a)\n2012-2013年拟议数 24 8个P-4/3、3个P-2/1、3个GS(PL)、10个GS(OL)", "^(a) 预算外员额包括完全由维持和平行动支助账户供资的12个其他分摊员额以及由电信支助账户供资的12个预算外员额。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "八.133 联合国 秘书长提议为信息和通信技术厅续设137个经常预算员额。 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长的提议。", "八.134 人力资源 秘书长在关于企业信通技术举措的报告中提议增设14个经常预算员额以加强该办公室,其中包括2个行政领导和管理员额;8个次级方案5(信息和通信技术战略管理和协调)员额;2个次级方案6(信息和通信技术业务)员额;2个方案支助员额。 如上所述,行预咨委会关于这些请求的意见和建议载于其相关报告(A/66/7/Add.1)。 在这方面,行预咨委会回顾,在审议秘书长关于执行A/65/491号文件所载信息和通信技术战略的提议时,大会决定为2011年核准相当于7个P-4职位的一般临时人员,其中5个职位由现有资源提供(第65/259号决议,第十七部分,第1段)。 页:1 委员会获悉,这5个职位尚未获得供资,为其余2个职位提供的2011年一次性资源不在2012-2013年第30款拟议预算中继续提供。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "八.135 人力资源 2012-2013两年期拟议非员额资源为40 196 500美元,比本两年期批款净增3 000 000美元。 预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.30))第30.8段概述了变动情况,反映了各支出用途下拟议增减的综合影响。 秘书长提议在行政领导和管理项下为改革管理活动追加净额289 400美元(见第6段)。 次级方案非员额资源净增3 343 800美元 6 信息和通信技术业务,包括一般临时人员2 758 900美元,以满足加强和支持总部和总部以外办事处资源管理服务方面的更多需要。 增加的所需资源被其他大多数非员额用途类别项下的减少额所部分抵消,这些类别包括:工作人员差旅费(100 900美元,即18.4%)、订约承办事务(91 000美元,即0.6%)、用品和材料(175 600美元,即40.1%)、家具和设备(188 900美元,即17.2%)以及赠款和捐款(63 400美元,即100%)。", "第八.136条 关于行政领导和管理拟议追加的289 400美元,秘书长在其报告(A/66/6(Sect.30))第30.8(a)段中说,所需资源增加的原因是订约承办事务项下所需资源增加,以支付实施改革管理的专业服务费用,并支持提高对信通技术战略的认识和采用。 这些服务将包括组织、规划、发展和实施与信息和通信技术倡议和信息和通信技术战略执行有关的大型和复杂的宣传运动。 咨询委员会要求为支持秘书长的要求提出更多理由。 委员会认为,与支助和提高对信息和通信技术战略的认识有关的活动应由对本组织有良好知识的工作人员而不是由外部顾问进行,在这方面应发展内部能力。 因此,委员会建议不核准订约承办事务拟议增加的289 400美元。 委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的其余提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "格式和列报方式", "八.137 人力资源 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算第二次提出信息和通信技术厅所需经费,该厅是根据大会第63/262号决议在单独预算款次下作为一个独立组织单位设立的。 咨询委员会在其关于2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算的第一次报告(A/64/7)中,强调了该厅拟议预算列报方面需要改进的若干领域。 委员会注意到取得了一些进展,但仍然坚定地认为,委员会先前的许多意见和建议仍然具有相关性。 因此,监督厅在编制下一份预算时将考虑到这些建议将是有益的。 委员会建议,在编制下一份预算文件时,应继续努力在逻辑框架中充分反映该厅的工作方案,并明确规定目标、预期成绩和绩效指标。 该办公室还应提供关于该办公室已获授权的活动和产出的明确信息。", "VIII.138 联合国 咨询委员会还指出,预算文件没有足够清楚地说明可供执行该厅工作方案的人力资源,其中除常设员额外,还包括一般临时助理人员和订约承办事务。 例如,预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.30))第30.26段要求追加330万美元的非员额资源,但几乎没有提供关于一般临时人员、约聘人员或咨询人拟议所需资源的信息。 经询问后,委员会获得了拟议资源细目,包括拟议一般临时人员和约聘人员的工作月数和职等,以及他们需要履行的服务或职能。 行预咨委会还获悉,与其他部厅不同的是,信息和通信技术厅严重依赖订约承办事务,以灵活地增强能力,满足一次性信通技术项目的需求,这反映了一种最佳做法,即工作人员职位一般保留给需要长期维护机构利益和记忆的机构特定职能和活动。 鉴于大量信通技术服务是通过临时助理人员和约聘人员提供的,行预咨委会建议请秘书长例行地向大会通报这些支出类别使用情况的细目,区分人事费用和其他所需经费。 行预咨委会还敦促秘书长继续努力,使预算文件更加清晰和全面,并提供足够的细节,使大会能更好地了解该办公室的活动、人员配置和提供的服务以及资源的拟议使用情况。 术语的这种更明确,对于监督厅在秘书处内部和与会员国的传播活动的成功至关重要。", "八.139 联合国 咨询委员会也注意到在预算文件和向其提供的补充资料中使用高度技术性术语的趋势。 委员会承认,鉴于该厅活动的性质,使用某些技术术语是不可避免的,但为了更加明确和透明,委员会要求适当注意以非专家可以使用的语言编制拟议预算,并酌情为所使用的任何技术术语和概念提供词汇。", "信息和通信技术服务费用", "第八.140节 咨询委员会在其关于2010-2011年拟议方案预算的第一次报告中强调,应以最具成本效益的方式提供信通技术服务,准确定价实际费用,并向客户部门提供以计算这些服务成本为基础的透明信息(A/64/7,第18段)。 第八. 十二节。 产出和服务的成本计算问题长期存在。 大会第56/253号决议第29段强调,计算产出成本的制度是有效而透明的决策进程的重要组成部分。 最近,大会在第63/262号决议(第六节,第4段)中请秘书长继续改进支助服务费用的计算方法。", "八.141 (单位:千美元) 咨询委员会获悉,费用回收机制自2000-2001两年期起就已建立,并作为预算过程的一部分同方案规划、预算和帐务厅协商执行。 现已确定,随着对信通技术服务的需求继续增长并超过供应,中央供资已证明是一种无效的控制机制,对此类服务的需求需要加以管制和监测。 现有的费用回收机制使用户部门能够为自己使用信通技术服务编制预算并进行监测,还为信息和通信技术厅规划工作量和支出提供了重要信息。 方案规划、预算和账务厅将部门预算为服务级协定提供的经费转入预算外账户,用于具体支出用途,见表八.15。 这些资源在提供服务的有关次级方案下提供给信息和通信技术厅,用于支付与下列有关的所需经费:(a) 电话和网络服务;(b) 台式计算机服务和(c) 托管服务。", "八.142 采购 行预咨委会还获悉,在信息和通信技术厅项下编入预算的固定费用和通过费用回收机制支付的可变支出之间作了区分。 固定费用涉及资本支出、设施和共享资源的费用,如管理、行政人员和培训等,而可变费用则包括根据更换周期长短计算的硬件折旧、软件维护和许可证费以及专门提供信通技术服务的内部和外包人员的费用。 关于台式计算机服务,有三项服务级协议计划,提供不同程度的支助:A级全面支助,B级减少支助,C级最低支助。 表八汇总了每项计划下不同服务和支助水平的比较。 16号.", "八.143 (中文(简体) ). 在这方面,咨询委员会询问这种安排是否能够鼓励各部厅根据信息和通信技术厅的规格和标准,通过外部供应商采购同等的信通技术服务。 委员会获悉,虽然规模较小的组织单位从外部供应商获得信通技术服务是可行的,但在秘书处范围内,这种做法会对实现规模经济产生消极影响,而且从长远来看,还会造成信通技术能力更加分散并增加成本。", "八.144 (单位:千美元) 目前,信通技术服务级协议的经费在受援部厅项下编列,并列在第30款概览的预算外资源大类下(见A/66/6(Sect.30),表30.4)。 行预咨委会认为,预算文件必须使信息和通信技术厅的费用回收收入完全透明,包括说明各部厅以及任何其他实体为信通技术服务支付的数额。 还必须提供资料,说明该厅利用这些资源的情况,包括为该厅员额提供经费的情况。 在这方面,行预咨委会还认为,通过费用回收向监督厅提供的收入应在预算款次概览中单独列入一个类别(见第四章)。 同上,第115-117段。 行预咨委会还重申,应向客户部门提供这些服务定价和成本计算依据的信息。", "信息和通信技术厅的组织安排", "VIII.145 (英语). 大会第63/262号决议设立了信息和通信技术厅,作为一个单独的预算款次下的独立组织单位,由助理秘书长级的首席信息技术干事领导。 在同一决议中,大会还请秘书长向大会第六十五届会议主要会期报告对组织安排的深入评估,包括是否可能改变信息和通信技术厅在本组织结构中的地位。 然而,虽然秘书长评估了信通厅的内部结构,但他没有在其关于信息和通信技术战略执行情况的进度报告(A/65/491)中述及信通厅的位置问题。 大会第65/269号决议重申其先前提出的深入评估请求,将提交大会第六十八届会议审议。", "VIII.146 (英语). 咨询委员会仍然坚定地认为,管理和报告安排必须为该厅提供总体指导,并确保本组织信通技术结构的效力、监督和问责制。 委员会指出,为了确保对该办公室的持续信任,现有的组织安排必须符合目的,并被视为符合目的。 鉴于对信息和通信技术基础设施、系统和服务进行的大量投资,以及实施信息和通信技术战略和企业资源规划项目(团结项目)等现行举措的战略重要性,应请秘书长严格审查现行安排,并视需要作出任何调整,以确保这些安排的效力和效率,并充分响应大会关于最迟在第六十八届会议上审议深入评估的要求。", "更换信息和通信技术设备", "八.147 人力资源 行预咨委会在审查2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时注意到,若干部厅决定推迟更换信通技术设备,以降低家具和设备项下所需资源。 信息和通信技术厅询问了它对这些建议的立场,询问是否考虑改变标准更换周期,即使是在当前财务下滑期间的暂时更换周期,并说,如果用户部厅愿意,可以把个人计算机的更换推迟到目前四年周期之后,如果失败,则在采购新计算机之前提供借出的个人计算机。 该厅还表示,一般而言,在使用四年之后,事故和修理的频率大幅增加。 此外,鉴于一半以上现有个人计算机没有最低要求支持Windows 7,必须在2014年7月之前更换,因此延长总部更换个人计算机的当前周期可能会影响按计划在2014年7月前迁移到Windows 7操作系统。 还有人表示,目前联合国目前使用的Windows XP软件在2014年7月后将不再由微软支持。", "报表八.14", "2012-2013年第30款(信息和通信技术厅)(A/66/6(Sect.30))和企业信息和通信技术举措(A/66/94)拟议经常预算资源", "(单位:美元)", "A/66/6 A/66/94^(b) (Sect. growth^(c) (Sect.30) 30 (a)和A/66/94)\n数额", "员额 34 923 500 34 923 500 432 540 35 35 354 432 540 1.2 040", "其他工作人员费用", "咨询人", "工作人员旅费", "合同 15 890 600 15 799 500 3 904 230 19 703 3 813 24.0 服务 730 130", "一般业务 17 182 800 17 368 600 671 490 18 040 857 290 5.0 费用 090", "用品和438 200 262 600 174 915 437 515-685-0.2材料", "家具和1 097 500 908 600 884 880 1 793 480 695 980 63.4设备", "赠款和63 400————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————", "共计 72 120 000 75 120 000 6 423 375 81 543 9 423 13.1 375", "^(a) 2012-2013年的所有数字都在重计费用前。", "^(b) 数字是企业信息和通信技术提案所需经费中经常预算所占的份额。", "^(c) 与2010-2011年批款相比资源增长。", "报表八.15", "与费用回收有关的具体支出用途预算外账户", "账户代码", "307 3709 (中文(简体) ). 订约承办事务,协助支助中央数据处理事务", "307 3710 (中文(简体) ). 捐助支助办公室自动化设备", "307 3711 (简体中文). 为支持中央数据处理基础设施提供的捐助", "405 4304 (韩语). 数据处理设备租金和维修费", "表八.16 按支出用途开列的所需资源", "桌面服务服务协议计划之间的比较", "服务描述 SLA 一级A SLA B SLA C 所涵盖的组成部分\n年度费用(美元)\n网络账户 400 400 400 网络基础设施、许可证、维修、订约承办事务和楼间运输费\n电子邮件账户 360 360 360 电子邮件基础设施、许可证、维修和订约承办事务\n中央管理软件 50 50 50个订约承办事务,维护和配置桌面软件,为每个桌面提供防病毒、操作系统和应用更新\n桌面许可证 125 125 Microsoft Office的软件许可费,反垃圾邮件,PDF作家,etc.\n个人资料存储、备份和恢复服务\n服务台服务 542 542 125美元服务台订约承办事务;危险废物处理、硬件支助、出借设备和远程支助;苏丹解放军C级只包括有限的信息和通信技术办公室用于诊断问题的服务台订约承办事务\n局域网行政645——局域网行政服务包括全用户登记、培训、问题诊断和现场技术支助\n调整数(62)(17) -\n共计 2 100 1 500 1 100", "第九编 内部监督", "第31款 内部监督", "秘书长的提案 39 025 300 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 38 925 000美元\n预计预算外资源 73 664 400 ^(b)\n秘书长关于经常预算员额的建议摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等开列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算。\n^(b) 包括其他分摊资源57 170 200美元,修正了A/66/6(Sect.31)表31.4所载信息,以反映大会第65/290号决议在尊重维持和平行动支助账户的情况下作出的决定以及16 494 200美元的预算外资源。", "第九.1节 咨询委员会注意到,秘书长为第31款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为39 025 300美元,比2010-2011两年期增加100 300美元,即0.3%。", "第九.2节 增加的原因是,由于2010-2011年(次级方案2(检查和评价)下)核定的3个员额的延迟影响,员额所需资源比2010-2011年核定的32 640 900美元多出1 590 400美元;拟议在行政领导和管理下新设1个员额;拟议将次级方案下由一般临时人员项下供资的6个职位改划为常设员额。 2. 这被非员额资源减少1 490 100美元所抵消,主要原因是一般临时人员、咨询人、工作人员差旅、订约承办事务、一般业务费用、用品和材料以及赠款和捐款所需经费减少。 就本方案构成部分而言,增加的原因是行政领导和管理及方案支助项下所需经费增加,分别增加259 000美元和15 000美元,但工作方案所需资源减少173 700美元,这与次级方案1(内部审计)和次级方案3(调查)有关。", "九.3. 联合国 行预咨委会注意到,独立审计咨询委员会根据其职权范围(大会第61/275号决议,附件)第2(d)段,提交了关于审查内部监督事务厅2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的报告(A/66/85)。 委员会就此与独立审计咨询委员会主席举行了会议并交换了意见。", "九.4 表九.1汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013两年期拟议预算外员额。", "表九.1 按支出用途开列的所需资源 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n115 1个USG、3个D-2、5个D-1、13个P-5、28个P-4、20个P-3、12个P-2/1、8个GS(PL)、24个GS(OL)、1个LL\n122 1个USG、1个ASG、3个D-2、5个D-1、13个P-5、28个P-4、13个P-3、15个P-2/1、8个GS(PL)、24个GS(OL)、1个LL\n新设1个助理秘书长\n从一般临时人员经费中改划6个P-3和3个P-2\n在调查司内,将5个P-4从内罗毕调至纽约,1个P-2从维也纳调至内罗毕,1个P-3和2个P-2从维也纳调至纽约\n预算外\n103^(a) 1个D-1、12个P-5、39个P-4、24个P-3、16个FS、1个一般事务(特等)、6个GS(OL)、4个当地雇员", "^(a) 员额数包括103个其他分摊员额,修改了A/66/6(Sect.31)表31.5所载列的资料,以反映大会关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议的决定和46个预算外员额。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "九.5 内部监督事务厅告知行预咨委会,该厅的总体空缺率从2010年8月30日的17%降至2011年4月30日的11%,预计2011年8月后将进一步降至7.4%。 委员会回顾,检查和评价司司长(D-2)和调查司司长(D-2)员额分别自2008年1月1日和2006年8月1日起空缺。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,征聘工作现已完成,预计2011年8月获选人员将承担其职能;这些员额的职能在整个期间由各司代理司长履行。 委员会注意到该厅的出缺率一直很高,欢迎减少员额,并敦促加紧努力来填补所有空缺。", "行政领导和管理", "第九.6节 请求设立1个助理秘书长员额,以支持副秘书长办公室履行职责(A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.18段)。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,该员额的职能包括:监督业务活动;指导和管理执行办公室的工作;确保协调各司的工作并领导司际活动或任务;制定和监督内部监督事务厅外联方案;就与该厅业务有关的政策事项向副秘书长提供意见;确保执行理事机构的所有决议和决定,包括独立审计咨询委员会的决议和决定;在副秘书长缺席的情况下,代表该厅处理指定的组织问题;管理该厅。 咨询委员会还获悉,设立助理秘书长员额将提高副秘书长的能力,使其能集中注意该厅的战略问题并与各利益有关者互动,扩大该厅的参与和参与能力;加强三个司之间的协调与合作;加强对该厅成果、影响和资源利用的问责制;并确保副秘书长在任职期间或任职期间的领导连续性。 委员会确认需要更好地支持副秘书长履行职责,确保各次级方案之间的有效协调,指导和管理执行办公室的工作,并协助执行内部监督事务厅的任务。 然而,委员会不相信拟议职能需要设立一个助理秘书长职等员额。 因此,委员会建议核准一个D-2职等员额,以提供所需的支助。 可根据所取得的经验,在2014-2015年拟议方案预算中进一步审查该员额的适当职等。", "次级方案 2. 检查和评价", "第九.7节 拟将6个一般临时人员职位(3个P-3和3个P-2)改划为常设员额,以支持更加注重检查和评价,并更好地交付工作方案(A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.28段)。 咨询委员会回顾,拟议在2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算中将9个一般临时人员职位(1个D-2、3个P-3、4个P-2、1个一般事务(其他职等))改划为常设员额。 委员会建议同意改划3个职位(1个D-2、1个P-2、1个GS(OL)),以待检查和评价司评估按照独立审计咨询委员会的建议在次级方案一级采用风险评估办法的可行性,而不是目前方案一级的办法(A/64/7,第24-29段)。 (原始内容存档于2013-10-12). IX.8-IX.10. 大会第64/243号决议核可了委员会的建议。", "第九.8节 行预咨委会注意到,检查和评价司的结论是,鉴于12个代用风险指标缺乏数据,在次级方案一级采用风险评估方法是不可行的(A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.29段)。 独立审计咨询委员会同意这一论点,同时继续重申,方案层面的风险评估对于有效分配资源十分重要(A/66/85,第16段)。 秘书长指出,重新提出6个一般临时人员职位的改划符合大会第62/236号决议,而且履行的职能具有持续性。 鉴于上述情况,委员会不反对将检查和评价司的6个职位(3个P-3和3个P-2)改划为员额。", "次级方案3,调查", "九.9. 联合国 2012-2013年次级方案3下拟议人员编制为9 939 600美元,用于续设35个员额(27个专业人员、7个一般事务人员和1个当地雇员)。 与2010-2011年核定资源相较,增加59 900美元,原因是在本次级方案内,在工作地点之间调动5个员额,对薪金和一般工作人员费用作了如下调整:", "(a) 从内罗毕到纽约的1个调查员(P-4)员额,以满足与合并采购问题工作队职责有关的需要,并在采购事项方面向所有办事处提供进一步支助,因为内罗毕经常预算对采购调查的需求较少;", "(b) 从维也纳到内罗毕的1个协理调查员员额(P-2),以应付采购调查需求减少的情况,取代上文第九.9(a)段所述的P-4员额,同时考虑到维也纳的能力超过需求;", "(c) 2个协理调查员(P-2)员额从维也纳调至纽约,调至专业实务科,为新的内部司法系统提供调查支助;", "(d) 从维也纳到纽约的1个调查员员额(P-3),以加强设在总部的法医股的工作。", "九.10 咨询委员会回顾,2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算中也提出了类似要求。 咨询委员会建议核准调动这5个员额,目前正在重新提交,而当时总共要求调动7个员额(见A/64/7,第九.11和九.21段)。 行预咨委会还注意到,如预算分册所指出,秘书长关于调动员额的提议并不打算预先阻止因大会第63/287号决议决定的试点项目的结果而可能产生的任何需要,而是基于更有效地利用资源来满足经常预算下已确定的调查需要。 行预咨委会提及秘书长向大会第六十五届会议续会提交的关于试点项目执行情况的初步报告和审计委员会关于该项目执行情况的审计报告(见A/65/782,第29-31段;A/65/827,第212-214段)。", "九.11. 咨询委员会回顾,它曾表示,与审计不同的是,调查本质上是被动的,在需要时进行,因此,根据需要,相关资源必然会发生变化(A/64/7,第18段)。 因此,行预咨委会注意到,如拟议预算所示,就调查工作量而言,2010年由经常预算处理的新案件数包括纽约的19个事项、维也纳的13个事项和内罗毕的8个事项(A/66/7(Sect.31),第31.39段)。", "九.12 考虑到它先前表示的意见,咨询委员会建议接受拟议将3个员额(1个P-3和2个P-2)从维也纳调到纽约,将1个员额(P-2)从维也纳调到内罗毕,将1个员额(P-4)从内罗毕调到纽约,以应对已确定的调查经常预算需要和案件数量。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "第九.13节 2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为4 794 000美元,比2010-2011年批款减少1 490 100美元。 减少的主要原因是,鉴于拟议在2010-2011年将6个一般临时人员职位改划为员额,次级方案2(检查和评价)下的其他工作人员费用减少(806 200美元)(见上文第九.7段)。", "九. 十四. 联合国 工作人员差旅费拟议资源为1 857 800美元,比2010-2011年批款2 200 600美元减少342 800美元。 减少主要反映在次级方案2(检查和评价)下(235 200美元),原因是由于对方案一级监测和评价的检查次数减少,预计前往总部以外各办事处的旅行减少,以及由于地点天数减少,每日生活津贴所需经费减少。 次级方案3 \" 调查 \" 项下的减少(102 700美元)反映了以往的支出模式,以及采用视频和电话会议等替代手段的努力。", "九.15 人力资源 拟议咨询人资源为866 100美元,比2010-2011年批款1 022 200美元减少156 100美元。 经费减少主要反映在次级方案1(内部审计)(103 300美元)下,因为执行2010-2011年工作计划所需的专题专家所需经费减少;次级方案2(检查和评价)(32 000美元)下,因为计划的旅行时间较短,咨询人差旅费减少。", "九.16 联合国 一般业务费用总体减少76 100美元,而2010-2011年核定资源为441 500美元,主要是由于总部电话和传真服务标准费率降低,而总部电话和传真服务标准费率集中在方案支助项下(2012-2013年每人每年420美元,而2010-2011年预算期间为每人每年1 400美元)。", "九.17 联合国 订约承办事务项下净减少60 100美元,而2010-2011年核定资源为1 149 700美元,原因是停止了2010-2011年预算期间行政领导和管理项下购置的软件所需资源(减少50 900美元),以及次级方案3(调查)项下所需资源减少,因为2010-2011年将购置的案件管理系统相关费用减少(174 000美元)。 关于后者,咨询委员会获悉,在软件的测试阶段,技术不足显然会使该系统成为一个不适当的解决办法,特别是对于维持和平特派团而言。 因此,2010-2011年分配的资金将不予使用,未用余额将在第二次执行情况报告中报告。 现已确定购置满足所有无障碍、安全和案件管理要求的更廉价系统(130 100美元),并列入2012-2013两年期拟议预算。", "九.18 咨询委员会建议接受拟议的非员额资源。", "一般性评论和建议", "九.19 咨询委员会注意到,如独立审计咨询委员会的报告(A/66/85)所指出,在编制审计工作计划和确定2012-2013年审计任务的优先次序时,内部审计司根据内在风险确定了最大的组织风险、可能的原因和相关的主要内部控制。 独立审计咨询委员会对使用基于固有风险的风险模型表示关切,认为这些模型不适合提出所需资源总额。 然而,行预咨委会也注意到内部监督事务厅为最终指导该厅阐明剩余风险而作的努力(见A/66/85,第11段和A/65/827,第204段)。 独立审计咨询委员会确认,对拟议关键控制措施的审计应导致确定本组织面临的剩余风险,因此支持2012-2013年拟议预算中内部监督事务厅的提议。 咨询委员会鼓励内部监督事务厅继续努力改进其风险评估方法。 委员会还同意独立审计咨询委员会的建议,即内部监督事务厅各司,包括内部审计司,通过报告成果的实现情况,显示向联合国提供的服务的价值。", "九.20 关于次级方案2(检查和评价),行预咨委会注意到,根据大会第65/244号决议,方案评价周期将从目前的11至13年时限缩短为8年周期。 检查和评价司提议采取分阶段办法,先将期限缩短为10年,再将期限缩短为8年。 因此,它计划在2012-2013两年期评价人道主义事务协调厅、难民署、毒品和犯罪问题办公室、环境署和非洲经委会的五个方案。 注意到这些方案大多由预算外资源供资,指出该司打算从各自方案寻求资金,同时考虑到大会的要求和行预咨委会的意见,即需要避免经常预算活动补贴预算外活动,反之亦然(见A/66/6(Sect.31),第31.33段和A/66/85,第18段)。 委员会从主管内部监督事务副秘书长获悉,目前的筹资安排过于复杂并需要精简,监督厅正在审议此事并打算向大会提出建议。 在这方面,委员会回顾其关于内部监督事务厅筹资安排的报告(A/61/880)中的意见和建议以及大会第61/275号决议(第三部分),其中大会要求重新拟订秘书长报告(A/61/810)中所提出的筹资安排,同时铭记咨询委员会报告(A/61/880)第31至40段中的建议。", "合资办理的行政活动和特别费", "第32节 合资办理的行政活动", "秘书长的提案(全额预算)\n2010-2011年订正批款 37 125 400美元\n2012-2013年联合国分担的费用\n2010-2011年联合国分担的份额 11 993 400美元\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "十.1 第32款下为三个以机构间方式供资的联合国机构请拨资源:", "(a) 国际公务员制度委员会(公务员制度委员会)及其秘书处;", "(b) 联合检查组(联检组)及其秘书处;", "(c) 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会(行政首长协调会)秘书处,包括国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)项目。", "十. 2项 公务员制度委员会和联检组的全部预算按照既定安排提交大会审议和核准。 行政首长协调会的全额预算,包括公共部门会计准则项目,是供参考的,而联合国的份额则提交核准。", "十.3 国家 行政首长协调会成员组织对公务员制度委员会和联检组最初提交的预算的评论意见载于预算文件附件(A/66/6(Sect.32),附件)。 秘书长在向咨询委员会提供的补充资料中表示,公务员制度委员会最初提出的增加0.59%的建议得到提供评论意见的八个成员组织中的五个组织的支持;另外三个组织坚持预算为零增长。 成员组织的评论指出,它们普遍反对增加预算,指出它们正面临财政困难。 委员会从补充资料中注意到,联检组提出的最初拟议预算增加了10.2%。 提供评论意见的11个成员组织达成的共识是,在目前的经济环境中,拟议的增加不能得到支持。 大多数成员组织本身在2012-2013年预算方面面临名义上零增长,而有些则预测其收入会实际减少。", "十. 四级 经询问后,咨询委员会收到了关于10个行政首长协调会成员组织对行政首长协调会秘书处拟议预算提出评论意见的请求作出回复的资料。 成员组织之间的共识支持行政首长协调会秘书处的名义零增长预算。", "十.5 国家 行预咨委会获得了进一步的资料,其中显示行政首长协调会管理问题高级别委员会财务和预算网的结论,即委员会“认可2012-2013年所有合资办理活动(安全和安保部合资办理活动、行政首长协调会秘书处、联检组和公务员制度委员会)的预算为零增长水平”,并表示“将尽最大努力通过提高效率来吸收重计费用调整数”(CEB/2011/3,第95(e)段)。 行预咨委会在另一项决定中核准将公共部门会计准则项目小组延长至2013年底,2012-2013年相应所需资源为1 896 000美元,并核准财务和预算网核准的战略方向和活动(同上,第95(b)段)。", "十.6. 联合国 关于第32款(合资办理的行政活动),2012-2013两年期请批的全部预算资源(包括所需经常预算资源)在重计费用前为37 723 800美元,比2010-2011两年期增加598 400美元,即1.6%(A/66/6(Sect.32),表32.6)。 秘书长为第32款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为10 993 800美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款减少999 600美元,即8.3%。", "十.7个 咨询委员会注意到,本款下联合国经常预算份额净减少只是由于公务员制度委员会和行政首长协调会秘书处所需资源中联合国所占份额减少,但因联检组和公共部门会计准则项目所需资源中联合国所占份额增加而抵消的综合影响。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,每个组织分摊费用的理由取决于每个实体代表本组织承担的工作比例。 公务员制度委员会的工作与工作人员的服务条件有关,其人事统计是决定性的衡量标准,而行政首长协调会秘书处的工作包括一系列全系统事项,其费用分摊百分比以50%的人事和活动规模为基础,按已审计的支出水平衡量(又见下文第十.14段)。", "国际公务员制度委员会", "秘书长的提案(全额预算)\n2010-2011年订正批款 17 714 000美元\n2012-2013年联合国分担的份额\n2010-2011年联合国分担的费用\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "十.8个 国际公务员制度委员会(公务员制度委员会)请批的全部预算资源(包括请批的经常预算资源)在重计费用前为17 616 900美元,比2010-2011两年期减少97 100美元,即0.5%(A/66/6(Sect.32),表32.6)。", "十. 9个 咨询委员会注意到,秘书长在第32款下为公务员制度委员会请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为5 884 000美元,比2010-2011两年期减少1 026 900美元,即14.9%(同上,表32.5)。 拟议资源数额反映了联合国分担公务员制度委员会全额预算的份额从2010-2011年的39%减少到2012-2013两年期使用的33.4%,以及公务员制度委员会全额预算减少的综合影响(同上,第32.17段)。 表十.1汇总2010-2011两年期核准合资办理的员额以及秘书长关于2012-2013两年期这些员额的提议。 共同出资员额的详细情况见附件一。", "表十.1 人力资源", "员额职等\n全额预算\n2010-2011年核定数 47 1个D-2、3个D-1、4个P-5、9个P-4、3个P-3、4个P-2/1、3个GS(PL)、20个GS(OL)\n1个D-2、3个D-1、4个P-5、9个P-4、3个P-3、4个P-2/1、3个GS(PL)、20个GS(OL)", "关于员额和非员额资源的意见和建议", "十.10. 联合国 咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到,拟议预算包括922 700美元的顾问经费,他们的活动主要涉及收集各工作地点的价格、薪金和住房费用的数据。 委员会经询问获悉,数据收集活动尽可能由秘书处工作人员进行,有时在共同制度各组织工作人员的协助下进行。 行预咨委会还获悉,经常需要咨询人为公务员制度委员会的研究提供专门知识,而共同制度内往往没有这种专门知识。 关于在外地工作地点使用顾问而不是联合国系统现有工作人员收集数据的问题,委员会获悉,使用顾问可避免利益冲突。 在这方面,委员会还获悉,公务员制度委员会核准的现行方法规定,其秘书处工作人员所收集的价格数据只能用于与其他工作地点独立定价机构所收集的价格资料进行比较。 委员会认为,公务员制度委员会收集数据的方法费用高昂。 委员会建议亚太经社会考虑采用其他更具成本效益的数据收集办法,同时保持程序的完整性。", "十.11个 咨询委员会不反对秘书长提出的公务员制度委员会2012-2013两年期拟议预算。", "联合检查组", "秘书长的提案(全额预算)\n2010-2011年订正批款 12 694 300美元\n2012-2013年联合国分担的费用\n2010-2011年联合国分担的费用\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "十.12个 秘书长为联合检查组(联检组)提议的全额预算资源(包括所需经常预算资源)在重计费用前为12 744 300美元,比2010-2011两年期增加50 000美元,即0.4%)(同上,表32.6)。", "十.13个 咨询委员会注意到,在第32款下请批的联检组经常预算费用中,联合国在重计费用前为3 007 700美元,比2010-2011两年期增加24 900美元,即0.8%(同上,表32.5)。 表十.2汇总了2010-2011两年期核准的共同出资员额以及秘书长关于2012-2013两年期这些员额的提议。 共同出资员额的详细情况见附件一。", "表十.2 人力资源", "员额职等\n全额预算\n1个D-2、2个P-5、7个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、1个GS(PL)、8个GS(OL)\n1个D-2、2个P-5、7个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、1个GS(PL)、8个GS(OL)", "关于员额和非员额资源的意见和建议", "十.14个 经询问后,咨询委员会获悉,用于确定联检组自1996-1997两年期以来预算相对百分比费用份额的方法取自各参加组织已审计账目中报告的支出。 假设一个组织的活动规模越大,监督范围就越大。 活动规模由已审计支出数字计量。 上述方法说明了联合国在联检组预算中所占的百分比从2010-2011两年期的23.5%增加到2012-2013两年期的23.6%的原因。", "一般性评论和建议", "联合检查组的执行情况 单位建议", "十.15个 咨询委员会注意到,2008-2009两年期联检组建议的接受率和执行率为50%,预计2010-2011两年期将增至53%。 行预咨委会询问后获悉,虽然50%的执行率不是最佳的,但总体而言,评价的执行率和更具战略性的报告类型远远低于审计报告的执行率。 有人进一步解释说,联检组的建议涉及的战略问题需要几年来在所有参加组织的理事机构一级进行,这与注重遵守和涉及个别组织的审计建议不同。 不过,委员会建议联检组继续拟订面向行动的建议和咨询意见,并结合下一个预算报告其执行率。", "咨询人", "十.16 咨询委员会注意到,联检组拟议预算中的咨询人所需资源为170 300美元,比2010-2011两年期增加50 000美元。 所需经费包括执行网络后续行动系统所需的技术专门知识147 900美元和向检查专员提供专门咨询和技术服务的22 400美元。 委员会不反对拟议的活动,但建议敦促联检组更多地利用其秘书处和联合国共同制度内现有的专门知识,向检查专员提供这种专门咨询和技术服务。 因此,委员会建议2012-2013两年期咨询人所需资源维持在2010-2011两年期的水平上(又见下文第十.17-十.20段)。", "网络跟踪系统", "十.17个 行预咨委会询问后获悉,正在开发一个网络系统,以跟踪与联检组建议有关的信息。 该系统将跟踪联检组给各参与组织的报告、说明和信函或建议的接受、执行和影响情况;管理立法机构对联检组报告的审议;并提供统计资料,说明联检组报告、说明和信函所载联检组建议的接受、执行和影响类别,最终在联检组年度报告中提出。", "十.18个 行预咨委会获悉,大会第65/270号决议授权秘书长承付71 300美元,反映联合国在网络系统开发费用总额中分担的302 000美元,并邀请其他参与组织提供捐款。 行预咨委会还获悉,开发计划署、儿童基金会、国际劳工组织、联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国教育、科学及文化组织、世贸组织和国际原子能机构等7个组织已拒绝捐款;人口基金、项目厅、国际民用航空组织和世界气象组织等4个组织已分别承付7 852美元、11 174美元、3 322美元和1 208美元,共计23 556美元;粮食计划署、国际电联、世界知识产权组织和联合国工业发展组织等4个组织预计将提供总额为40 770美元的书面确认;世界卫生组织、万国邮政联盟和国际海事组织等3个组织预计将提供34 428美元的潜在捐款。 行预咨委会还获悉,2011年用于开发该系统的资金为185 626美元,其中包括大会核准的71 300美元、上述自行酌定的缴款以及2010-2011年预算确定的节余所增加的50 000美元。 行预咨委会还获悉,上述资金加上2012-2013年预算中拟议的147 900美元所需经费,预计将能充分支付2012年开发和实施该系统的费用。", "十.19个 行预咨委会经询问还获悉,维持和运作该系统的估计费用为每两年期466 800美元,未列入2012-2013年拟议预算。 这笔经费用于支付两名专业人员的服务费,每人半工半读,以确保质量控制,以及培训协调人的费用和经常性维修费用。 委员会注意到,一些参与组织,包括开发署和儿童基金会,由于资源普遍受限,成员组织的理事机构的预算仅限于零增长,因此拒绝向该项目提供捐款。 委员会还注意到,人口基金对咨询人、差旅和培训项下的大量需求提出质疑,因为后者的依据是,现代的网络系统一般是针对用户的直观和自我指导。", "十.20个 咨询委员会感到关切的是,成员组织有能力和愿意为维持网上后续行动系统的经常性费用提供资金。 委员会注意到成员组织表达的意见。 考虑到委员会本身在上文第十.16段中的评论,委员会认为,执行网络后续行动系统所需的任何额外经费应通过更合理地利用工作人员旅费和顾问项下的资源以及成员组织的捐款来解决。 除上述意见外,咨询委员会不反对秘书长提出的联检组2012-2013两年期拟议预算。", "联合国系统行政首长协调理事会,包括国际公共部门会计准则项目", "秘书长的提案(全额预算)\n2010-2011年订正批款\n2012-2013年联合国分担的费用\n2010-2011年联合国分担的费用\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "十.21个 为行政首长协调会请批的全部预算资源(包括请批的经常预算资源)在重计费用前为7 362 600美元,比2010-2011两年期增加645 500美元,即9.6%(A/66/6(Sect.32),表32.6)。 增加的645 500美元包括行政首长协调会秘书处的81 000美元和公共部门会计准则项目的564 500美元。", "十.22个 咨询委员会注意到,秘书长在第32款下为行政首长协调会请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为2 102 100美元,比2010-2011两年期增加2 400美元,即0.1%。 (同上,表32.5)。 表十.3汇总了2010-2011两年期核准的共同出资员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期这些员额的提议。 共同出资员额的详细情况见附件一。", "表十.3 人力资源", "员额职等\n全额预算\n1个D-2、2个D-1、2个P-5、4个P-4/3、5个GS(OL)\n1个D-2、2个D-1、2个P-5、4个P-4/3、5个GS(OL)", "关于员额的意见和建议", "十.23个 咨询委员会经询问获悉,填补两个空缺员额,即一个D-2和一个P-4员额的程序正在进行。 行预咨委会还获悉,执行主任D-2员额于2010年11月出缺,当时任职者请留职停薪特别假。 目前正在采取措施,在不采取行动填补该员额之后,在选举任职者为另一国际组织的行政首长之前,公布该空缺。 关于P-4员额,行预咨委会获悉,该员额已于2010年12月30日至2011年2月28日公布,目前正在考虑候选人。", "十.24个 咨询委员会经询问获悉,行政首长协调会是在2000年对其前身行政协调委员会(行政协调会)进行审查后成立的,该委员会由四个委员会组成,每个委员会有一个秘书处,由一名D-1职等干事领导。 审查的目的是将行政协调会转变为行政首长协调会,使其附属机构合理化,成为方案问题高级别委员会和管理问题高级别委员会两个支柱结构,由一个单一、共同出资的秘书处提供支助,以确保支助和行动的一致性。 委员会获悉,行政首长协调会秘书处两个地点的理由是,它反映了目前的做法,向日内瓦的附属管理机构提供支助,并向高级管理协调机制和方案问题高级别委员会提供支助,作为纽约的筹备方案机构。 秘书处首长和行政首长协调会秘书直接向行政首长协调会主席秘书长报告。 行预咨委会还获悉,2007年对行政首长协调会秘书处的作用和职能进行的审查并没有改变这种双重地点结构,而是证实了其适当性。 然而,委员会质疑行政首长协调会秘书处的结构,认为在提高管理和财务效力方面有很大的余地。 行预咨委会敦促秘书长拟订关于将行政首长协调会秘书处合并起来的费用更低、功能更有效的提议,并结合2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算提出报告。 行预咨委会建议接受秘书长的提议,但以符合其上述意见为前提。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "十.25个 咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到,行政首长协调会秘书处顾问、工作人员差旅和订约承办事务项下的拟议所需经费分别为42 300美元、268 500美元和312 300美元。 在顾问项下,秘书长提议的活动包括分析政府间机构所关注的新问题。 经询问,咨询委员会获悉,所需专门知识涵盖一系列领域,表明难以预测具体的咨询服务。 关于工作人员差旅,据解释,拟议活动包括需要机构间代表的培训和学习方案。 最后,在订约承办事务项下,行预咨委会获悉,拟议活动包括为行政首长协调会秘书处工作人员提供谈判和调解方面的培训。 行预咨委会认为,执行行政首长协调会的任务没有必要开展上述活动,因为行预咨委会注意到,行政首长协调会的任务是协调成员组织的政策和方案。 因此,委员会建议将咨询人、工作人员差旅和订约承办事务的拟议预算分别减少10%,分别为4 200美元、26 800美元和31 200美元。", "国际公共部门会计准则项目", "十.26 秘书长指出,行政首长协调会管理问题高级别委员会2011年3月会议核准将公共部门会计准则项目小组延长至2013年底并核准其2012-2013年预算。 委员会还决定,该项目将持续到2015年,将在2013年底前进行审查。", "十.27 咨询委员会注意到,公共部门会计准则项目预算增加564 500美元(即42.4%),反映了聘用一名一般事务人员的人数从半日制增加到全日制,以及3个专业职等职位(1个P-5、2个P-4)的标准费用增加,共计254 000美元;在共同制度内不具备专门知识的具体领域的咨询服务项下增加资金316 500美元(A/66/6(Sect.32),第32.43段)。", "十.28个 行预咨委会询问后获悉,专业职等职位的任务是开展四项战略活动,即促进和沟通;公共部门会计准则委员会监测和后续活动;协调会计多样性;提供指导和支助。 顾问的作用是支持或补充在内部和管理会计多样性领域没有特定领域专门知识的项目小组。 行预咨委会还获悉,采用公共部门会计准则预计将大大提高联合国共同制度各组织之间财务信息的统一和可比性。 鉴于《国际公共部门会计准则》以原则为基础,对准则进行解释的自由度使各组织在报告方面存在一定的多样性。 在这方面,2010年对国际公共部门会计准则小组的作用进行的外部审查建议该项目使用顾问和专家:", "(a) 国家 在项目生命的关键时期就重大问题达成更高程度的共识;", "(b) 国家 获得联合国系统内不具备的特定领域的专门知识,如新出现的问题;新的和已修改的公共部门会计准则;会计政策多样性研究问题;捐助方报告;联合国合办工作人员养恤基金会计处理;有具体指导的财务工具;2012年全系统审查进程。", "十.29个 行预咨委会鼓励秘书长发展内部工作人员在公共部门会计准则实施后提供支助的能力,以减少对外部咨询人的依赖。", "十. 30个 行预咨委会还获悉,在23个组织中,有9个到2010年底已实施公共部门会计准则,另有11个组织正在努力在2012年之前或期间实施公共部门会计准则。 据解释,实施公共部门会计准则的6个组织到2010年底已编制完全符合准则的财务报表,并提出干净的审计意见。 行预咨委会注意到在联合国共同制度内全面实施公共部门会计准则方面取得的进展。 委员会建议,随着更多组织向公共部门会计准则过渡,应不断审查公共部门会计准则项目小组在行政首长协调会秘书处内的作用。", "第33节", "特别费", "秘书长的提案(全额预算)\n2010-2011年订正批款114 134 100美元\n预计预算外资源\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "十.31 协助 秘书长为第33款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为112 178 000美元,比2010-2011两年期减少1 956 100美元,即1.7%。", "离职后健康保险", "十.32个 离职后健康保险所需资源为100 649 100美元(重计费用前),比2010-2011两年期批款减少3 382 500美元(3.3%)。 预算外资源项下所需经费估计数为23 437 500美元,用于本组织的维持和平行动和预算外活动的退休人员。 据秘书长称,拟议资源数额反映,由于维持和平活动扩大,新工作人员的入职人数大幅增加,从而得以遏制已计入2010-2011两年期概算的溢价增加。 预计总部计划的入学人数平均增加6.5%,日内瓦平均增加7%,联合国维也纳办事处管理的计划平均增加7%。", "十.33个 秘书长在其报告(A/66/6(Sect.33),第33.4段)中解释说,大会第61/264号决议已核准修改2007年7月1日或之后征聘的新工作人员的离职后健康保险规定。 该决议规定,工作人员退休后,如果参加联合国系统缴费健康保险计划至少10年,并在退休时参加联合国计划,则有资格分担离职后健康保险费用。 2007年7月1日之前征聘的参加联合国缴款计划至少5年的工作人员也有资格参加,但他们必须支付其参与期间未达到费用分摊参与10年要求的全部保险费。", "十.34个 大会第64/241号决议请秘书长向大会第六十七届会议报告为减少本组织与保健计划有关的费用而采取的进一步措施。 据秘书长称,其中一项措施是,在2010-2011两年期对以美国为基地的计划提出新的要求,适用于截至2011年1月1日已注册并有资格享受医疗保险B部分待遇的所有75岁以下离职后健康保险参与人。 预计这项措施将有助于遏制2012-2013两年期总部管理的保险计划的保险费。 咨询委员会相信,正在采取一切可能的措施来减少本组织与保健计划有关的费用。", "一般保险", "十.35个 一般保险所需资源为6 772 200美元,比2010-2011两年期批款增加1 189 000美元(21.3%)。 秘书长指出,这笔经费的费用是根据最近与总部保险商签订的合同条款计算的。 所需经费增加是因为一般保险单增加1 242 900美元,但因恐怖主义行为保险减少53 900美元而部分抵消(同上,第5至6段)。 (原始内容存档于2018-03-28) (中文(简体) ).", "十.36个 经询问后,咨询委员会得到资料(见表十.4),其中显示一般保险所需经费增加的构成,主要原因是财产保险增加,这与根据现行基本建设总计划预期完成总部大楼翻修有关。 秘书长解释说,随着翻修工程的完成,保险将从基本建设总计划特有的建筑商风险财产保险单转到财产保险单上。", "表十.4 国家", "一般保险", "(单位:千美元)", "2010-2011两年期 2012-2013年批款增长估计数(重计费用前)", "空中旅行^(a) 282.0 38.6 320.6", "外国一般赔偿责任 22.2(0.1) 22.1", "总部一般负债", "总部车辆", "摩根大通15.1(0.1)的信用证费用", "外部咨询服务 231.6(231.6) -", "外部精算服务", "外部法律服务", "主航空 25.2 (5.1) 20.1", "财产保险 ^(b) 2 819.4 1 389.3 4 208.7", "自保基金 402.8 (2.0) 400.8", "一般保险", "为1 508.0(53.9) 1 454.1起恐怖主义行为提供保险", "一般保险共计 5 583.2 1 189.0 6 772.2", "^(a) 空中旅行政策包括总部、各区域委员会、联合国日内瓦办事处和联合国维也纳办事处。", "^(b) 财产保险包括总部、非洲经委会、西亚经社会和拉加经委会。", "赔偿金", "十.37个 补偿性付款所需资源为2 699 400美元,比2010-2011两年期批款增加176 400美元(7.0%)。 这一增加是根据2006至2009年期间《联合国工作人员细则》附录D所列支出的当前趋势计算的。 拟议预算不包括与正在进行的对《工作人员细则》附录D的机构间审查有关的任何变动,因为这些变动将提交大会审议(同上,第5至6段)。 (原始内容存档于2017-03-13). Games. Games.", "银行手续费", "十.38个 银行手续费所需资源为822 200美元,与2010-2011两年期批款数额相同。 所需经费用于根据经常支出模式维持银行账户、电子资金转账和银行提供服务的其他费用。", "向前秘书长支付养恤金", "十.39个 向前任秘书长支付养恤金所需资源为1 235 100美元,比2010-2011两年期批款增加61 000美元(5.2%)。 此项经费下所需经费用于按2010年1月1日起应付最高退休金的半比率支付三名前秘书长和一名前秘书长遗孀的退休津贴。", "十.40 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长的提议。", "第十一编 资本支出", "第34款 建筑、改建、装修和主要维修", "秘书长的提案\n2010-2011年订正批款 60 326 800美元\n预计预算外资源 -\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等分列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "十一.1 第34款载有联合国在世界各地主要财产的现有建筑物和技术设施现代化的基本建设支出项目所需经费,分为三个部分:(a) 改建和装修;(b) 主要维修;(c) 联合国企业网络。 本款拟议活动的行政和管理的工作人员和相关费用列于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算纽约、维也纳和日内瓦及各区域委员会的主要款次下。", "十一.2 秘书长为第34款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为63 916 100美元,比2010-2011两年期订正批款净增3 589 300美元,即5.9%。 增加的原因是主要维修项目(15 338 800美元,即72.2%)和联合国企业网络(1 793 800美元,即32.4%)所需经费增加,但改建和装修项目的所需经费减少(13 543 300美元,即40.4%)所抵消。", "十一. 3 联合国 拟议预算第34.2和34.3段列出了用于确定项目是否属于改建和装修或主要维修类别的标准。 预算文件表34.3按构成部分和地点列出资源分配情况。 表34.4显示2012-2013两年期拟议项目的状况。 秘书长还区分了新的、经常性的和多年期的项目。 经要求,行预咨委会获得了按构成部分、地点和职类分列的这些类别的定义以及2012-2013年拟议项目的详细清单(见表十一.4)。", "十一. 4 联合国 按工作地点开列的改建、装修和主要维修项目所需经费总额总表见表十一.1。", "表十一.1 按区域开列的所需资源 按工作地点开列的所需经费总额总表", "2012-2013年拟议批款百分比", "总部 11 937 100 18 872 400 6 935 300 58.1", "日内瓦", "维也纳 3 726 900 4 147 800 420 900 11.3", "内罗毕 11 344 300 6 302 100 (5 042 200) (44.4)", "亚太经社会 2 418 400 3 703 200 1 284 800 53.1", "拉加经委会 2 108 100 2 670 700 1 307 800", "非洲经委会 7 946 900 3 246 000 4 700 900 (59.2)", "西亚经社会 4 564 700 450 000 (4 114 700)(90.1)", "评论和意见", "总部", "十一.5. 联合国 2012-2013两年期总部改建、装修和主要维修项目拟议所需资源总额为18 872 400美元,比本两年期批款增加6 935 300美元,即58.1%。 如预算文件第34.24段所述,拟议所需资源考虑到基本建设总计划关于2012年重新启用秘书处和会议楼以及恢复翻修期间减少的若干服务的时间表。 行预咨委会获悉,周转空间预计将从2012年下半年至2013年腾空,设施管理处需要运营这些周转空间大楼,直至搬迁完成。 北草坪、图书馆和大会大楼以及秘书处建筑群的地下室将继续正常办公。 2012-2013年拟议经费还包括用于改善信息和通信技术基础设施的4 981 600美元,包括用于购置服务器、增加数据储存和网络容量的经费,以及用于更换2002-2003年安装且使用寿命已接近尾声的大楼外数据交换机的3 000 000美元。", "联合国日内瓦办事处", "第十一.6条 行预咨委会回顾,大会在第64/243号决议(第十一部分,第133段)中核准为2010-2011年拨款110万美元,以在全面翻新和翻修联合国日内瓦办事处的战略遗产计划范围内进行一项概念工程研究(又见A/64/7,第十一.12段)。 秘书长在预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.34))第34.15段中表示,概念工程研究于2011年初完成,将向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告,介绍审查结果和关于继续制定战略遗产计划的下一步措施的提议。 大会在其第64/243号决议(第十一部分,第136段)中也强调,战略遗产计划不应在大会就此事作出决定之前和基本建设总计划完成之前开始。 委员会同意,主要项目的顺序安排应使本组织和会员国能够更好地规划支出。", "第十一.7条 2012-2013年联合国日内瓦办事处拟议经费为17 192 800美元,比本两年期批款增加6 449 700美元,即60.0%。 如预算文件第34.28段所述,增加的主要原因是需要追加资源580万美元,用于处理不能再推迟的与保健、安全和安保有关的紧急维修。 咨询委员会获悉,设想的主要项目包括:(a) E楼的修理、防水和绝缘;(b) 更换A楼大会堂玻璃屋顶上层建筑;(c) 更换大会大楼的双层乘客电梯。 尽管根据战略遗产计划设想今后进行翻修,但行预咨委会认识到,需要立即开展这些项目,以避免建筑物进一步恶化,这可能导致今后进行更昂贵的维修,并确保在万国宫的工作人员、代表和其他人员的安全(见第6段)。 (见上文第八.87段)。", "标准化出入控制项目", "第十一.8条 2012-2013年拟增加230万美元,作为联合国日内瓦办事处、联合国维也纳办事处和亚太经社会实施标准化出入控制项目第二阶段和最后阶段的一次性所需资源。 委员会回顾,根据大会第59/276号决议,秘书长提交了一份报告(A/60/695),概述了拟分两个阶段实施的本组织所有主要地点标准化出入控制的拟议范围、构想和订正行动方针。 秘书长在他的报告(A/64/532)中为PACT II提出了详细的战略和费用估计数,以加强保护措施,包括入侵防护、视频监控和出入控制。 在2010-2011两年期,正在联合国内罗毕办事处、非洲经委会和西亚经社会执行第二阶段项目(见A/64/7/Add.15,第15至20段和大会第64/243号决议,第139段)。", "联合国企业网络", "十一.9. 联合国 在第三个构成部分 -- -- 联合国企业网络 -- -- 下拟编列经费7 331 100美元,用于在2012-2013两年期分阶段实施。 这笔经费包括4 133 100美元,用于支付在联合国日内瓦办事处、联合国维也纳办事处、亚太经社会、拉加经委会和非洲经委会继续实施因特网协议电话系统的所需经费,以及2 291 300美元,用于根据统一的供应商办法为所有总部以外办事处和区域委员会订立综合维修合同(见A/66/6(Sect.34),第34.56段)。 咨询委员会获悉,这一办法有以下好处:(a) 全世界所有地点都给予很大折扣;(b) 更快地分析问题,从而将本组织网络的意外故障时间减少到最低程度;(c) 互操作性,在发生事件时减少多个供应商之间的指点,并允许在所有办事处对电话采用共同的最终用户程序。", "十一.10 预算文件第34.53至34.56段提供了关于企业网络项目的背景和阶段的信息。 如前所述,该项目包括一项全组织倡议,从传统的电话系统向因特网协议电话过渡。 经询问后,咨询委员会获得了每个工作地点因特网协议电话实施现状的详细情况,见表十一.2。 委员会获悉,虽然因特网协议电话项目是作为企业网络标准化的一部分而启动的,但2010-2011两年期为在总部以外各办事处实施该项目提供了具体资金,现拟为2012-2013两年期供资。 预计该项目将在2014-2015年全面实施。 2010至2015年因特网协议电话项目的总费用估计为17 624 100美元。 如果目前的提议得到核准,2014-2015年的其余所需资源为8 650 000美元。 按工作地点开列的费用细目见表十一.3。", "表十一.2 按工作地点开列的因特网协议电话实施情况", "安装日期", "1994年联合国阿尔卡特(寿终)", "朱塞佩·莫塔 大楼——2006年安装的IPT", "威尔逊宫——本2012-2013年预算要求中规划的IPT", "万国宫——规划为2014-2015年未来预算", "联合国诺特尔(寿终) 1994年", "Cisco IPT(第一阶段完成) 2006年", "2012-2013年本期预算中规划的第二阶段请求", "联合国诺特尔(寿终)", "IPT第一阶段安装正在进行中,2010-2011年", "2014-2015年规划的第二阶段", "非洲经委会 Ericsson(将在下个两年期结束)", "2012-2013年本期预算中计划开展的第一阶段", "1996年亚太经社会诺特尔(寿终)", "IPT第一阶段安装正在进行中,2010-2011年", "2012-2013年本期预算中计划的第二阶段", "拉加经委会 诺特尔(寿终) 1995年", "Cisco IPT(第一和第二阶段完成) 2010年", "2012-2013年本期预算中计划的第二阶段", "西亚经社会 阿尔卡特(生命末期) 2000年", "Cisco IPT 安装于2010年", "表十一.3 按支出用途开列的所需资源 按工作地点开列的因特网协议电话所需经费总额", "(单位:美元)", "2012-2013年计划供资工作地点", "联合国日内瓦办事处 1 525 200 6 994 000", "联合国维也纳办事处——112,000——维也纳", "联合国内罗毕办事处 3 400 000 - 1 656 000", "非洲经委会——1 484 400", "亚太经社会 1 441 000 746 500 -", "拉加经委会——265 000美元", "共计 4 841 000 4 133 100 8 650 000", "海外财产管理", "十一.11 资本支出资源在第34款下集中请拨,以确保对设施管理、主要维修和建筑采取一致和系统的办法。 行预咨委会在其报告(A/65/518)中强调,它重视中央支助事务厅发挥中央领导作用,确保从全组织角度看待联合国设施建设、主要维修和总体管理方面的需要和优先事项。 行预咨委会还进一步表示,该办公室的作用应更强有力,并应确立更明确的权力和责任(又见A/64/7/Add.11)。 大会第65/259号决议认可委员会的结论和建议,为此,秘书长在设施管理处下设立了海外财产管理股,以进一步支持和指导总部以外办事处规划和管理重大建筑项目。 秘书长指出,这项措施加强了向总部以外办事处和区域委员会提供规划、管理和监测其主要建筑项目方面的指导、支助和技术咨询(见A/66/6(Sect.34),第34段)。 页:1 行预咨委会鼓励秘书长继续发挥海外财产管理股的领导和协调作用,使该股能够成为一个有效的工具来改进对全组织需求的中期和长期预测,并更有效地为联合国财产及其总体管理进行规划和预算编制。", "十一.12 行预咨委会回顾,2009年5月启动了对总部以外所有办事处设施的基本建设战略审查,以解决与全球设施管理有关的关切问题,从全组织角度出发,确定与开发新设施和主要维修现有设施有关的需要和优先事项,并确保为参与这项工作的工作地点提供充足支助(见A/65/351,第16-21段)。 (原始内容存档于2018-06-28) (中文(简体) ). 审查的结果将构成20年基本建设战略计划的基础。 委员会注意到,中央支助事务厅已开始进行审查,如预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.34))第34.8段所述,审查将分三个阶段进行。 秘书长预计于2013年1月完成最后阶段的工作,并将于2013年底向大会提交一份报告,其中载列审查结果以及联合国秘书处全球房地20年基本建设方案和优先战略提案。 在这方面,委员会强调海外财产管理股的作用的重要性。 行预咨委会还重申,需要吸取总部和联合国内罗毕办事处建筑项目规划和执行期间所积累的经验教训和专门知识。 行预咨委会还强调指出,20年全球战略计划应促进更好地管理联合国设施,包括提高效率和成本效益。", "建议", "十一.13 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长在第34款下的提议。", "表十一.4 按支出用途开列的所需资源 按类别分列的拟议项目", "定义:", "• 多年项目是非经常性建筑、改建或装修项目,由于规模大而复杂,必须分阶段执行,为期一个多两年期", "二. 支助 经常项目涉及每个两年期必须提供的经费,以确保建筑物保持良好的工作秩序", "二. 支助 新项目是非经常性的新建筑、改建或装修项目,只需要一个两年期", "(单位:千美元)", "项目金额 类别", "1. 联合国 总部", "改建和装修", "警犬单位区域维修", "争议法庭审判室的改划", "637.6 虚拟机器的经常使用", "实体服务器基础设施升级", "中央数据、储存和网络容量 385.0", "更换非复合楼的开关", "主要维修", "取暖、通风、空调和机器 经常商店", "电气维修", "管道维修 经常", "更换地毯、室内装饰和窗帘 329.6 经常性", "木工 20.0 经常性", "367.5 油漆", "628.2 经常性", "环境质量监测和石棉", "日常屋顶维修", "办公室面积的重新配置 2 539.3", "116.6 经常活动", "与安全有关的维修", "2. 联合国日内瓦办事处", "改建和装修", "为308.7人安装3个厕所设施 新残疾", "争议法庭审判室的改划", "扩大都会区网", "替换备份架构", "PACT II 1 199.5 新设", "主要维修", "E 楼的防水和隔离修复", "修理大会A楼的玻璃屋顶", "更换第13和15号客运电梯", "维修屋顶玉米和石板", "彻底检修入气口和坑口 1 014.0 新", "415.0号新E楼地下车库板的翻修", "C楼和K566.3楼的屋顶修理和防水", "泥瓦和混凝土工程的日常维修", "维护主要电站分站板", "1 300.3 更换主要下水道的第三阶段", "危险材料的识别和清除", "更换C 1 060.0多年度和D楼的水和排水柱", "安保和安全设备维修", "3. 联合国维也纳办事处", "改建和装修", "对机构间改善基金的捐款 2 551.2 设施和一般基础设施的经常性", "PACT II 295.8 新设", "主要维修", "向主要维修和更换共同基金捐款", "4. 联合国内罗毕办事处", "改建和装修", "翻修400.0个多年内部办公室的多年项目最后阶段,以推行开放计划", "环境管理计划第二阶段", "重组760.0多年和扩大停车设施的多年期项目第二阶段", "争议法庭审判室的改划 389.0 新", "翻新和装修代表休息室 570.0 New", "通过安装玻璃墙来改进第2、3、150.0和4会议室的自然照明", "升级为会议室口译厢", "主要维修", "电气维修", "一般维修 550.0", "结构和建筑维修", "安保和安全方面的维修", "5 (韩语). 非洲经委会", "改建和装修", "非洲会堂第一阶段翻修", "改进能源管理系统 485.0 n", "紧急修复道路 388.0年", "286.0 联合国会议中心新的更换", "亚的斯亚贝巴的各种安保项目 333.0", "所有五个次区域的各种安保项目", "主要维修", "更换电梯 509.0", "所有次区域办事处的主要维修工程", "与安全有关的维修", "6. 国家 亚太经社会", "改建和装修", "修改取暖、通风和291.0 新的空调系统以提高效率", "更换一台冷却机来减少峰值载荷", "189.1 安装新的抑制系统,以支持新的IPT系统", "会议通风和厨房卫生", "更换联合国会议中心同时291.0多年口译系统的第二阶段", "加强网络安全基础设施建设. 222.6 新设", "电子储存升级", "联合国新会议中心消防安全系统的升级", "在秘书处安装喷火器和219.0个新服务楼", "PACT II 848.1 新设", "主要维修", "97.0 经常性", "维修服务中的升降机室", "会议中心防水膜", "更换亚太经社会现有墙壁", "备用发电机更换 281.3 New", "7. 联合国 拉加经委会", "改建和装修", "更换主楼屋顶系统", "执行“可持续联合国”项目 已推迟", "主楼入口大厅改建 已推迟", "辅助大楼的储存空间", "改善残疾人设施", "车辆人行道和被损坏地段重新铺设", "次区域办事处的小规模重组工作", "85.7 改进安保和安全", "主要维修", "会议室HVAC系统的维护", "更换一台电梯 100.0 新", "西班牙港新办事处", "拆除和更换陈旧电缆和50 000个新管道", "更换地下柴油罐", "灌溉系统升级", "更换两个主要会议室的老旧地毯", "更换一台已过时的发电机", "更换公共场所的照明、停放50.0个多年区以及内地车辆和行人区", "安保和安全方面的维修", "8. 西亚经社会", "与安全有关的维修", "9. 国家 企业网络", "非洲经委会、拉加经委会、亚太经社会、联合国日内瓦办事处和联合国维也纳办事处的多年期秘书处继续在整个4 133.1个多年期秘书处实施因特网电信技术", "2 291.3 总部和区域委员会之外的办事处的合并维修合同", "每756.7个网络压缩装置 新的主要工作地点", "维持和更新7个工作地点的检查站防火墙", "第十二编 安全和安保", "第35款 安全和安保", "秘书长的提案(经常预算)\n2010-2011年订正批款 238 447 700美元\n秘书长的提案(共同出资预算)\n2010-2011年订正批款\n预计预算外资源 13 310 100 ^(b)\n秘书长按预算款次开列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 ^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。\n^(b) 包括其他分摊资源7 603 400美元,其中修改了A/66/6(Sect.35)表35.6所载资料,以反映大会第65/290号决议就维持和平行动支助账户作出的决定以及预算外资源5 706 700美元。", "十二.1 秘书长为第35款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为238 745 700美元。 与2010-2011两年期相比,净增298 000美元,即0.1%。 这笔经费包括联合国分担的合资办理的安全和安保费用。 出现净增加的原因是预算文件(A/66/6(Sect.35))第35.9段详细解释的若干因素。", "十二.2 国家 秘书长指出,鉴于安全和安保部有双重责任,一方面负责联合国主要地点工作人员、代表和来访者的安全和安保,另一方面负责联合国系统外勤业务的安全和安保,因此该部的活动由经常预算供资,并与外地安保管理系统涵盖的其他组织分担费用(出处同上,第5段)。 (第35.7段)。", "第十二.3条 2012-2013两年期,合资办理活动毛额预算为243 800 300美元(重计费用前)。 与2010-2011两年期相比,净增194 600美元,即0.1%。 净增加是由于预算文件第35.10段详细解释了若干因素。 秘书长指出,每个参加组织的财务责任是按其在外勤业务人员中的比例承担的(同上,第5段)。 (第35.7段)。 咨询委员会获悉,2012-2013两年期合资办理活动毛额预算中联合国的份额估计为23.74%,约为5 790万美元。", "第十二.4节 秘书长指出,2012-2013两年期,本款下经常预算和共同出资的资源将由以下来源的资金来补充:(a) 维持和平行动支助账户;(b) 向联合国各基金和方案提供安保和安全服务的偿还;(c) 捐助者为支持迫切需要的安保措施而指定的资金。 2012-2013两年期,其他摊款和预算外资源总额估计为13 676 400美元(同上,第35.11段)。", "十二.5. 表十二.1汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算和共同出资员额以及秘书长关于2012-2013年经常预算和共同出资员额的提议。 该表还显示2012-2013年拟议预算外员额。", "表十二.1 人力资源", "员额职等\n经常预算\n1个USG、1个ASG、1个D-2、2个D-1、10个P-5、20个P-4、21个P-3、7个P-2/1、8个GS(PL)、173个GS(OL)、314个SS、501个LL\n1个USG、1个ASG、1个D-2、6个D-1、6个P-5、26个P-4、15个P-3、7个P-2/1、8个GS(PL)、178个GS(OL)、314个SS、509个LL\n新设13个GS(OL)和8个LL,次级方案1^(a)\n10个P-5改叙为D-1,4个P-3改叙为P-4,行政领导和管理\n2个P-5改叙为D-1,2个P-3改叙为P-4,次级方案1\n共同供资活动毛额预算\n1个D-2、2个D-1、35个P-5、205个P-4、115个P-3、6个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、26个GS(OL)、150个SS、398LL\n1个D-2、11个D-1、28个P-5、196个P-4、115个P-3、14个P-2/1、4个GS(PL)、26个GS(OL)、155个SS、410个LL\n新的20 5 SS,次级方案1^(a)\n10个LL,次级方案2,构成部分1\n1个P-4、1个P-3和2个LL,次级方案2,构成部分2\n1个P-4,次级方案2,构成部分2(a)\n改叙20个P-5改叙为D-1,1个P-3改叙为P-4,次级方案1\n8个P-5改叙为D-1、2个P-4改叙为P-5和8个P-4改叙为P-2/1,次级方案2,构成部分1\n将总部外勤支助处的2个P-4和1个P-3调至内罗毕的区域培训中心\n裁撤2个P-4,次级方案2,构成部分1\n预算外\n2012-2013 ^(b) 40 1个P-5、11个P-4/3、1个P-2/1、15个GS(OL)、12个SS", "^(a) 先前为2010-2011两年期临时核准,现拟议为常设员额。", "^(b) 包括由维持和平行动支助账户供资的18个其他分摊员额和22个预算外员额。", "关于员额的意见和建议", "十二.6. 联合国 主管安全和安保事务副秘书长在对咨询委员会的发言中表示,该部正在设法将人员编制稳定在2010-2011年的核定水平上。 不过,委员会获悉,正在提出若干建议,以调整和调整现有职位,确保有一个管理结构,为世界各地的安保业务提供必要的监督和管理。 委员会注意到,安全和安保部自成立以来经历了一个持续扩大的时期,仅在2010-2011年期间就核准了204个新员额。 委员会同意秘书长将安全和安保部人员配置稳定在现有水平的打算。 行预咨委会认为,在出现增长的情况下,大会部应根据当前的业务需要和优先事项严格审查和评估其现有资源,并视必要将资源重新部署到被认为需要加强的活动或工作地点。", "行政领导和管理", "经常预算", "改叙", "十二.7. 秘书长提议将副秘书长办公室特别助理的职位从P-5改叙为D-1,以设立一个办公室主任职位。 秘书长在提出这项提议时,强调了在安保、人力资源、共同制度和立法问题上部门间和部门内以及机构间全系统协调的程度。 秘书长还指出,办公室主任将支持该部的领导,并作为一个渠道,通过这一渠道将战略构想转化为连贯和有条不紊的行动,向该部和秘书处内其他部门以及会员国和联合国系统内外其他行为体通报情况(同上,第5至5段)。 (原始内容存档于2017-09-25). 35.18-35.19.", "十二.8. 行预咨委会不建议核准拟议改叙特别助理员额。 在提出这项建议时,委员会考虑到最近任命了助理秘书长,委员会认为,这应该加强该部在若干领域的能力,说明拟议设立办公室主任员额的理由。 在这方面,行预咨委会还回顾,在提议通过改叙现有的D-2职等副员额设立助理秘书长员额时,秘书长强调需要一名高级官员,负责该部的日常总体管理和内部管理(见A/64/6(Sect.34)/Add.1,第34.21段)。", "十二.9. 秘书长提议将政策、规划和协调股与负责审查遵守情况的合规、评价和监测股合并,设立合规和政策处,该股在安保管理系统的所有部分颁布政策和标准。 秘书长指出,将这两个股合并,将使履行合规职能的检查专员能为政策制定出力,并让那些从事政策制定工作的人更多地了解合规问题,从而最佳地利用现有资源(A/66/6(Sect.35),第35.21段)。 为了领导新设立的处,建议将各股现有的一个P-5员额改叙为D-1职等。 咨询委员会认识到,在安保管理方面,政策制订和遵守情况审查都十分重要,而且需要在每个领域开展工作,向对方通报情况。 因此,委员会不反对秘书长关于将政策、规划和协调股同遵守、评价和监测股合并以及将新处处长员额改叙为D-1职等的提议。", "十二.10 秘书长还提议将合规、评价和监测股现有的4个P-3员额改叙为P-4职等。 秘书长指出,这些职位负责参与制定与合规有关的程序和准则、监测战略以及制订和执行该部的评价政策。 秘书长在向咨询委员会提供的补充资料中表示,在合规特派团方面的经验教训之一是,无论合规干事个人的专业能力如何,在与P-5或高级P-4职等安保主任打交道或向D-2或以上职等指定官员汇报情况时,一名P-3合规干事的资历或外地经验都不可信。 委员会认为,督察干事的主要任务是确定该部的政策和程序是否得到全面执行。 行预咨委会认为,这些员额的职等定为P-3职等不应成为其监测和报告遵守情况能力的一个因素。 因此,咨询委员会不建议将合规、评价和监测股的员额改叙为P-4职等。", "次级方案1. 安保和安全协调", "经常预算", "新员额", "十二.11 5个新的一般事务人员 提议设立(其他职等)员额,以便在联合国日内瓦办事处安全和安保处设立一个警犬股(同上,第35.28段)。 这些员额在2010-2011两年期被核准为临时员额。 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于设立5个一般事务(其他职等)员额的提议。", "十二. 十二.12节 提议为亚的斯亚贝巴安全和安保处新设8个当地雇用人员员额。 行预咨委会从补充资料中注意到,这些员额用于安保控制中心运行已安装的周边出入控制系统。 这些员额以前都是由2010-2011两年期一次性经费供资的临时员额。 咨询委员会建议核准设立这8个当地雇用人员员额。", "改叙", "十二.13 秘书长建议将日内瓦和内罗毕安保和安全处处长员额从P-5改叙为D-1(同上,第35.28段)。 此外,在合资办理的活动项下,还提议将维也纳安保和安全处处长员额改叙为这一职等(见下文第十二.20段)。 秘书长在向咨询委员会提供的补充资料中表示,这些改叙是必要的,以便准确地反映这些职位的全部职责范围,包括负责这些工作地点联合国房地内的工作人员、代表和来访要人的安全。 秘书长还指出,各主管必须建立和维持广泛的工作关系网络,并着重指出,这些对话者包括更高级别的官员。 据称,改叙将使酋长们能够在适当级别上行使权力、独立决策以及相互干预。", "十二.14 联合国 关于拟议改叙日内瓦安全和安保处处长员额的问题,咨询委员会获悉,任职者担任比利时、法国、摩纳哥和瑞士指定官员的首席安保顾问。 在这方面,委员会还获悉,处长负责瑞士的40个机构、基金和方案的安保协调,比利时24个,法国11个。", "十二.15 咨询委员会获悉,内罗毕安全和安保处处长还担任肯尼亚指定官员的首席安保顾问,因此,除了负责吉吉里建筑群外,任职者还负责在肯尼亚各地43个其他联合国办事处工作的工作人员和家属。 行预咨委会还获悉,肯尼亚面临的复杂威胁环境是拟议改叙该员额的一个因素,这反映在联合国各机构在目前处于第三安全阶段的地区广泛开展工作。", "十二.16 咨询委员会回顾,东道国政府对外交界的安保和保护负有首要责任,而安全和安保部对联合国房地内的安保负有首要责任。 然而,尽管东道国愿意承担这种责任,但它们的能力因工作地点而异。 因此,委员会以前曾表示,虽然重点应放在在东道国安全结构和手段完善的地点加强与国家和(或)地方执法机构的合作与协调上,但应特别注意加强联合国的能力,以确保在没有这种能力的地方安全(A/59/539,第20段)。", "十二.17 咨询委员会认为,日内瓦和内罗毕安保和安全处处长与对话者互动的级别不是支持他们向上改叙的一个因素。 然而,委员会认为,某一地点的总体安全环境是影响首席安保顾问责任程度的一个因素。 因此,关于内罗毕员额,委员会注意到所提供的关于目前该国部分地区安全等级提高和总体威胁程度的资料。 考虑到这些因素,咨询委员会建议核准将内罗毕安保和安全处处长员额改叙为D-1职等的提议。 委员会不建议将日内瓦安保和安全处处长改叙为D-1职等。", "十二.18 联合国 内罗毕安保和安全处拟将1个现有P-3员额改叙为P-4职等,以提供副处长职位。 咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到,该干事将负责联合国内罗毕办事处安保和安全业务的日常管理和行政、提供政策咨询并制订安保应急计划。 委员会获悉,担任该处副处长的任职者还将负责管理包括行政股、安保风险管理股、安保系统股、培训和发展股以及安全股在内的各单位的安保和安全支助方案。 鉴于概述的内罗毕安保和安全处副处长的职责,咨询委员会不反对将员额改叙为P-4职等的提议。", "十二.19. 在总部,秘书长提议将总部安保和安全事务司现有的P-3行政干事员额改叙为P-4职等。 咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到,之所以需要这一改叙,是为了反映分配给该职位的额外职责,包括协调对内部监督事务厅和联合检查组合规情况访问和审计的交付和反应;关于总部、总部以外办事处、区域委员会和法庭的安保和安全事务的管理报告;监测相关建议的执行情况;并起草政策和标准作业程序。 委员会认为,可以按该员额的现有职等有效履行概述的职能,因此,委员会建议不核准拟议的改叙。", "合资办理活动毛额预算", "新员额", "十二.20 拟为在维也纳安全和安保处设立一个警犬股新设5个安保干事员额(同上,第35.32段)。 这些员额在2010-2011两年期被核准为临时员额。 咨询委员会建议核准秘书长关于设立5个警卫员额的提议。", "改叙", "十二.21个 提议将维也纳安保和安全处处长员额提升为D-1职等。 咨询委员会获悉,任职者除了负责维也纳国际中心周边工作人员和来访者的安全和安保外,还兼任奥地利、捷克共和国、德国和斯洛伐克指定官员的首席安保顾问,并负责监督18个机构、基金和方案的安全和安保。 考虑到上文第十二.17段所述的因素,咨询委员会建议不核准将维也纳安保和安全处处长员额改叙为D-1职等。 秘书长还提议将维也纳安保和安全处1个现有P-3员额改叙为P-4职等。 改叙的理由与拟议设立的内罗毕副科长的理由(见上文第十二.18段)相同。 咨询委员会不反对将维也纳安保和安全处副处长员额改叙为P-4的提议。", "次级方案 2,区域外地协调和支助", "构成部分1:区域外地行动协调", "合资办理活动毛额预算", "新员额", "第十二.22条 秘书长提议增设10个当地雇用人员员额。 咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到,拟议增加5个安保情报和行动中心(亚洲及太平洋2个、东非2个、中东1个)的本国工作人员,以加强对要求较高的工作地点的支助。 委员会建议核准设立10个新的当地雇员员额。 委员会期望在使用这些员额方面采取灵活办法,并通过调动员额来调整每个中心的人员编制,以适应不断变化的业务需要和优先事项。", "改叙", "十二.23 联合国 关于外地行动,秘书长提议将7个首席安保顾问职位从P-5改叙为D-1。 如拟议方案预算(A/66/6(Sect.35))第35.40段所述,其中6个特派团被描述为“非常大型的特派团”,共有5 000至25 000人,包括160至1 100名由首席安保顾问直接监督的安保人员。 此外,拟议将巴基斯坦首席安全顾问员额改叙为D-1职等,因为从规模、复杂性和职责程度来看,加上复杂的人道主义紧急情况,巴基斯坦的安全管理系统被认为与大型维持和平行动相当。 秘书长指出,这些提议是在大会部对按复杂性、业务和规模排列的25个工作地点进行分析之后提出的。 这些提议还考虑到外勤支助部就政治事务部、维持和平行动部或外勤支助部领导的29个外地行动的安保职能进行的基准验证报告(同上,第5至5段)。 页:1", "十二.24个 如上文第十二.16段所述,东道国承担联合国工作人员安全责任的能力因工作地点而异,联合国开展业务的安全环境也复杂。 咨询委员会认为,综合这些因素,有理由将秘书长提议的若干地点的首席安保顾问员额提升为D-1职等。 与此同时,委员会指出,某一工作地点的总体安全环境可能改变。 因此,为了使该部有能力适应业务优先事项的这种变化,委员会建议核准将4个P-5员额改叙为D-1职等。 委员会期望这些员额将得到灵活使用,以便能够部署到在特定时间认为最需要这一级别管理的工作地点。", "十二.25 在外地行动中,秘书长还提议将8个P-4员额下调至P-2/1职等,以提供更多的起职机会(同上,第35.41段)。 咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到,这也将有助于精简目前工作人员主要由中级专业人员员额(P-3和P-4)组成的外地人员编制。 委员会获悉,这些P-2/1级员额将通过现有工作人员之间的职能再分配来实现,新的P-2/1级员额被分配到该级的适当级别。 委员会注意到,在经常预算和合资办理活动的现有人员编制中,427个专业及以上职类核定员额中有361个是P-3和P-4职等,只有13个是P-2/1职等(同上,表35.7)。 委员会认为在该部增设起职员额有其优点,并欢迎通过重新评估现有人力资源来做到这一点。 委员会建议核准将8个P-4员额改叙为P-2/1职等的提议。", "十二.26 秘书长提议将威胁和风险评估股股长的P-5员额改叙为D-1职等。 此外,拟将该股的1个P-4员额改叙为P-5职等,该员额在补充资料中说明,目的是保持适当的业务连续性。 咨询委员会获悉,自2011年1月采用新的安保级别系统以来,威胁和风险分析概念的重要性已大大增加。 在这方面,行预咨委会还获悉,该股是整个联合国系统查明新出现的威胁、确定脆弱领域和制定减轻威胁战略和措施的主要工具。 认为有必要对股长进行改叙,以确保总部和外地进行必要的协调和监督,并充分反映分析、评估和危机管理领域所需的专家知识和经验。 委员会获悉,该股股长监督总部的8个专业分析员,并对外地的19个专业分析员职位以及外地地点5个安保信息和业务中心的25个分析员进行技术监督。 咨询委员会认识到威胁和风险评估在总体安保管理系统中的重要性,以及在这方面需要做出多大的判断。 因此,委员会建议核准将威胁和风险评估股股长员额改叙为D‐1职等的提议。 委员会认为,没有提供充分理由将该股的一个P-4员额改叙为P-5职等,因此不建议核准这项提议。", "十二.27 联合国 在区域业务司,拟将1个现有的P-4员额改叙为P-5职等。 咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到,需要改叙是为了加强该部与非政府组织在外地的联络和协调活动的能力。 委员会获悉,该员额任职者将担任区域业务主任办公室非政府联络股股长。 委员会认为,与非政府组织联络的职能可以按该员额的现有职等有效履行,因此不建议核准将员额改叙为P-5的提议。", "员额裁撤", "十二.28 秘书长提议裁撤外地的2个P-4职位(同上,第35.41段)。 咨询委员会从补充资料中注意到,据称这是为了补偿安保信息和行动中心拟议新设的10个当地雇员职位(见上文第十二.22段)。 咨询委员会不反对拟议的裁撤。", "构成部分2:外勤支助", "合资办理活动毛额预算", "新员额", "十二.29 国家 拟在内罗毕新设4个安保培训员员额,即1个P-4、1个P-3和2个当地雇员,作为区域化培训服务的一部分,为非洲区域提供支助(A/66/6(Sect.35),第35至35段)。 联合国 咨询委员会获悉,在区域基础上开展培训活动被认为是在非洲各地培训安保干事的一种更有效和更具成本效益的方法。 在这方面,委员会注意到本次级方案提供的订约承办事务减少约150 000美元,据说这是由于在内罗毕开展培训活动。 行预咨委会欢迎订约承办事务减少,原因是利用了内罗毕的区域培训中心。 委员会建议核准在培训中心新设一个P-3员额和两个当地雇用人员员额。 委员会注意到拟议将两个现有的P-4和P-3员额从总部调到中心,因此不建议核准新的P-4员额。", "十二.30 联合国 秘书长提议设立一个新的P-4员额,以提供总部的航空风险管理能力,协调该部在航空安全方面的活动和方案(同上,第35.58段)。 行预咨委会回顾,秘书长提议为本两年期设立该员额(A/64/6(Sect.34)/Add.1,第34.81至34.84段)。 委员会在审议了该项请求后,建议设立一个P-4职等的临时员额,到2010-2011两年期结束时期满,并指出,今后为航空风险管理办公室请拨资源时,应同时评估其活动(A/64/7/Add.16,第70段)。", "页:1 行预咨委会经询问获悉,从该临时员额中征聘的人员直到2011年5月才开始工作。 因此,现在为时尚早,无法对这一领域的活动进行必要的评价。 鉴于这些情况,行预咨委会建议在2012-2013两年期续设这一临时员额,使这些职能能够继续得到履行。 行预咨委会再次要求今后这方面的任何提议都应附有对该部航空风险管理活动的评价。", "调动", "第十二.32条 作为拟议加强区域培训中心的一部分,拟将两个员额(P-4和P-3)从总部培训和发展科调到内罗毕。 咨询委员会不反对拟议的调动。", "关于非员额资源的意见和建议", "经常预算", "十二.33个 在经常预算下,2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为86 119 500美元,比2010-2011两年期减少4 300 900美元,即4.8%。 经费减少的主要原因是其他工作人员费用(4 597 800美元)、家具和设备(2 105 900美元)、用品和材料(867 100美元)、一般业务费用(594 000美元)和订约承办事务(510 000美元)项下的经费减少。 这些减少额被赠款和捐款项下增加的4 298 800美元所部分抵销。 赠款和捐款用于联合国分担合资办理活动的费用(见上文第十二.3段)。 增加的原因是联合国外地工作人员增加。", "合资办理活动毛额预算", "第十二.34条 关于合资办理的活动,2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为60 356 000美元,比2010-2011两年期减少9 450 000美元,即13.5%。 虽然所有支出用途都有所减少,但大多数减少额都列在其他工作人员费用下(5 686 300美元),原因是在订立新的三年保单并大幅降低保险费之后,恶意行为保险经费减少了5 248 700美元。 一般业务费用(1 451 600美元)、家具和设备(1 199 500美元)、工作人员差旅费(689 700美元)和咨询人(297 800美元)也减少了所需经费。", "十二.35 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "一般性评论和建议", "监测和评价", "十二.36 秘书长表示,2012-2013两年期用于开展监测和评价活动的资源估计为2 455 900美元。 这反映了合规评价和监测股1个P-5、2个P-4、3个P-3和2个一般事务(其他职等)员额的费用和相关支助费用。 咨询委员会注意到,既没有提供关于迄今开展的监测和评价活动的结果的资料,也没有提供关于下一个两年期计划开展的活动的资料。 行预咨委会要求在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中提供此类信息。 委员会在上文第一章中就监测和评价问题作了进一步评论。", "实施标准化出入控制项目", "十二.37 行预咨委会回顾,秘书长提议分两个阶段在本组织所有主要地点实施标准化出入控制系统。 第一阶段,即PACT I,旨在确保周边保护和电子出入控制遵守总部最低运作安保标准,第二阶段,即PACT II,旨在规定在周边确定的安全级别方面遵守这些标准。", "十二.38个 秘书长在其报告(A/64/532)中提议在8个工作地点实施PACT II。 咨询委员会在审议了这项提议后,建议分阶段确定加强安保工作的优先次序并加以实施,并建议在2010-2011两年期在西亚经社会、联合国内罗毕办事处和非洲经委会实施。 委员会还建议,在2010-2011年期间,应审查其余工作地点的所需经费并排定优先次序,同时考虑到在初步实施过程中吸取的经验教训,并在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中列报订正所需经费(A/64/7/Add.15,第20段)。 大会第64/243号决议核可了这项建议。", "十二.39 咨询委员会获悉,已决定推迟PACT II项下的大部分支出。 据指出,PACT II安全增强和升级项目大多是与出入控制和证件、车辆识别和出入口、闭路电视监视系统和综合通信系统有关的高技术项目。 委员会获悉,这种安全系统的费用正在下降,新技术正在得到利用,无线技术的进步可节省基础设施和线路费用。 因此,有人表示,推迟可能在今后给本组织带来高成本效益。 不过,为在另外三个工作地点(曼谷、日内瓦和维也纳)实施第二阶段项目的拟议方案编列了230万美元的经费。 委员会获悉,这些地点的实施涉及关键的安保升级,推迟可能导致系统过时组件的故障,导致安全脆弱。 委员会要求在2014-2015两年期拟议方案预算中列入关于PACT II项目状况的最新资料。", "工作人员地域多样性和性别均等", "十二.40 主管安全和安保事务副秘书长告知咨询委员会,需要扩大该部人员征聘基础,这主要是征聘了前军事和警务人员。 有人在提出秘书长的建议时又说,需要征聘新的干事。 此外,有人指出,将8个P-4员额向下改叙为P-2/1职等的提议将有助于扩大征聘人才库,从而扩大该部的地域多样性和性别均衡。", "十二.41 主管安全和安保事务副秘书长还称,他认识到,在安全和安保部人员配置的地域多样性和性别目标方面需要进一步努力。 咨询委员会回顾大会第59/276号决议,其中大会设立了安全和安保部,并敦促秘书长确保在广泛地域基础上征聘该部专业及以上职类人员。 委员会虽然承认最近任命了主管安全和安保事务助理秘书长,但注意到该部目前没有一个D-1或D-2员额由女性担任。 咨询委员会欢迎明确强调这一领域,并期望在下一个两年期在该部人员配置的地域和性别概况方面取得明显进展。", "第十三编 发展账户", "第36款 发展账户", "秘书长拟议数 23 651 300美元\n2010-2011年订正批款", "十三. 1 组织事项 秘书长为发展账户请求的2012-2013两年期经常预算资源为23 651 300美元,与2010-2011两年期订正批款数额相同。 拟议预算附录(A/66/6(Sect.36))载有拟议由发展账户为2012/2013年供资的项目清单。 拟议预算表2载有按主要支出用途开列的所需资源总表。", "十三. 2 经常预算 预算文件概述了设立发展账户的背景情况以及大会自发展账户成立以来为发展账户重计费用和批款的决定(同上,第36.1至36.3段)。 根据大会的决定,目前的23 651 300美元资源比大会在1998-1999两年期发展账户开始时核准的13 065 000美元增加了10 586 300美元。", "秘书长第七次进度报告", "十三. 3 人力资源 秘书长在关于发展账户供资项目执行情况的第七次进度报告(A/66/84,表1)中表示,自1998-1999两年期起,发展账户连续七个分档共为204个项目供资,批款总额为127 614 500美元。 前四个阶段的项目已经完成,而第五、第六和第七阶段的项目仍在执行中。 A/66/84表1汇总了所有各档项目,包括截至2011年4月30日的项目和批款数目、主题和执行率。 该报告附件一和附件二提供了正在进行的项目的详细资料,包括项目名称、执行实体、批款和支出。", "十三. 4 联合国 发展账户的目标是为有利于发展中国家的联合国发展议程优先领域的能力建设项目提供资金(A/66/6(Sect.36),第36.5段)。 咨询委员会回顾,在审议2010-2011年拟议方案预算时获悉,正在努力在联合国发展系统和联合国发展援助框架国家一级业务框架内,明确反映通过这些项目取得的成果(A/64/7,第19段)。 第十三.3节。 在这方面,委员会注意到,第七次进度报告的第二和第三节结合联合国的发展工作,提供了关于发展账户的资料,并概述和评估其项目与支持执行包括千年发展目标在内的国际商定发展目标有关的成果。 秘书长还表示,现在有更多的项目与联合国发展援助框架有联系,并预计与联合国国家工作队进行积极协商(A/66/84,第46段)。", "十三.5. 联合国 第七份进度报告第四节根据执行实体的最后报告,分析了第五档项目的执行情况。 咨询委员会获悉,在该阶段供资的40个项目中,项目业绩评估包括2006-2009年期间执行的30个项目,而其余10个项目仍处于执行阶段(同上,表1,脚注a)。 秘书长在进度报告中的结论中指出,对第五档项目的审查表明,这些项目旨在产生最广泛的影响,实现所有千年发展目标或以减贫为总体目标。 此外,发展账户资助的项目与千年发展目标保持一致,不仅为发展账户提供了有益的战略重点,而且也为项目伙伴和受援国提供了指导参考(同上,第39段)。", "十三.6. 咨询委员会建议大会注意到秘书长的第七次进度报告。", "2012-2013两年期第八档下的拟议项目", "十三.7. 秘书长指出,由发展账户供资的第八批项目的总主题是“支持会员国结合多重和相互关联的发展挑战,加快实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标”(A/66/6(Sect.36),第36段)。 36.6 (中文(简体) ). 概算附件载有项目提案,包括关于执行机构、背景、目标、预算摘要和主要活动的资料。 行预咨委会注意到,发展账户指导委员会在2011年3月的会议上核可了第八档项下拟议供资的40个项目(同上,第36.9段)。 这些项目将在经济和社会事务执行委员会的职权范围内由秘书处的10个实体执行,即经济和社会事务部、贸发会议、环境署、毒品和犯罪问题办公室、人居署和五个区域委员会(同上,第5至5段)。 (第36.7段)。", "十三.8 国家 秘书长还表明,在发展账户自成立以来供资的204个项目中,有150个项目仍在活动并(或)需要方案管理支助(同上,第36.10段)。 在这方面,咨询委员会注意到,大会第64/243号决议核准为2010-2011年经济和社会事务部设立2个员额(1个P-5和1个P-4),以便向发展账户提供方案支助,这有助于发展账户方案主管提高方案管理的水平并扩大其范围(同上,第36.10段)。", "十三.9. 联合国 秘书长还表明,虽然管理发展账户的复杂性和范围已扩大,但会员国对该账户的方案拟订、监测和评价的期望也有所提高(出处同上)。 行预咨委会回顾,发展账户的管理和行政工作多年来得到改进和加强,包括实行为期四年的项目执行周期,根据综合逻辑框架和最后评价报告强制提交详细项目文件,设立指导委员会和能力发展办公室,重新设计网站以改善基于因特网的协调和更多地获取项目信息和影响(A/64/7,第19-22段)。 第十三.6-十三.7节。 秘书长指出,发展账户管理的重点将是加强监测和评价,并在今后两年更好地将所吸取的经验教训纳入新项目的方案拟订(A/66/84,第38段)。 咨询委员会同意秘书长强调项目监测和评价的重要性,并期望继续适当注意这些活动。 咨询委员会建议大会核准秘书长关于发展帐户的提议。", "第十四编 工作人员薪金税", "第37节 工作人员薪金税", "秘书长的提案 537 622 800 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款550 749 900美元\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "第14.1条 秘书长为2012-2013两年期第37款请批的经常预算资源在重计费用前为537 622 800美元,比2010-2011年批款减少13 127 100美元,即2.4%。 拟议减少的工作人员薪金税为13 127 100美元,反映了2012-2013年拟议员额和其他工作人员费用所需工作人员薪金税净减额被2010-2011年核定248个新员额的延迟影响所部分抵消(A/66/6(Sect.37),第37.3段和A/66/6(Introduction),表10)。", "第十四.2条 秘书长指出,根据联合国预算程序,联合国工作人员的薪金和有关薪酬适用《联合国工作人员条例和细则》条例3.3所载的税率。 为了便于同联合国系统其他组织的拟议预算进行比较,在方案预算各支出款次下列出扣除工作人员薪金税后的工作人员费用。 因此,要求在本款下将薪酬毛额和净额之间的差额作为总额。 此外,以工作人员薪金税形式扣留的款项是本组织的收入。 因此,本款下要求的数额也列入下文收入第1款(工作人员薪金税收入)(A/66/6(Sect.37),第37至37段)。 (原始内容存档于2017-07-29) (中文(中国大陆) ). S.", "收入估计数", "收入款次 1 工作人员薪金税收入", "秘书长拟议数 558 973 300美元\n2010-2011年核定估计数 555 041 000美元", "第IS1.1号决定 2012-2013年工作人员薪金税总额估计为558 973 300美元,包括:(a) 第37款下为方案预算各支出款次请拨的经费总额(重计费用后为554 561 800美元)和(b) 收入第3款(服务公众)下的工作人员薪金税(4 411 500美元)。", "IS1.2 咨询委员会从拟议预算中注意到,所有未经大会特别决议另行处理的工作人员薪金税收入都记入大会1955年12月15日第973 A(X)号决议设立的衡平征税基金。 根据适用于有关财政年度的经常预算分摊比额表(A/66/6(收入第2款)),将贷记会员国账下。 (见A/CN.9/WG.III/WP.II,第1段,第IS1.2段)。", "收入款次 2 一般收入", "秘书长提议数 52 495 800美元\n2010-2011年核定估计数 40 487 800美元", "第IS2.1号决定 2012-2013年本款收入估计数为52 495 800美元,比2010-2011年核定估计数增加12 008 000美元。 估计收入涉及房地租金、向专门机构和其他机构提供服务的费用偿还、银行利息、旧设备出售、往年支出退款、非会员国缴款、电视和类似服务以及杂项收入。 如收入第2款表IS2.1所示,2012-2013年估计增加的主要原因是房地租金项下预计增加12 417 900美元,但银行利息(387 300美元)和杂项收入(189 900美元)项下预计减少,部分抵消了增加额。", "第IS2.2号决定 房地租金项下的收入用于一些专门机构和与本组织活动有关的其他实体支付在纽约、日内瓦、亚的斯亚贝巴、曼谷、内罗毕和圣地亚哥的联合国房地的租金。 表IS2.2提供了上述六个地点的2010-2011年核定估计数和2012-2013年预计估计数。 行预咨委会注意到,估计增加12 417 900美元的主要原因是内罗毕(1 000 000美元)租金收入增加,以及总部(562 300美元)、日内瓦(793 900美元)和曼谷(61 700美元)(A/66/6(收入第2款))。 页:1 (第IS2.1-IS2.2号决定)。", "收入款次 3 服务公众", "IS3.1 收入第3款(服务公众)包括:(a) 工作方案,涵盖与联合国邮政管理处业务、联合国出版物销售、参观事务、经济和社会事务部收入事务、礼品销售、报摊业务、停车场业务、餐饮业务和其他商业业务有关的活动;(b) 方案支助,为方案规划、预算和账务厅账户司的收入账户股提供经费。", "净收入(重计费用后)", "秘书长提出的拟议数\n2010-2011年订正核定估计数(2 557 000美元)", "第IS3.2号决定 如拟议方案预算表IS3.1所示(A/66/6(收入第1款))。 2012-2013年收入净额估计数为62 200美元,反映重计费用后预计支出总额为38 782 700美元,而预计收入毛额为38 844 900美元。 本两年期的净赤字估计为2 557 000美元。 本款下按个别活动分列的收入毛额和收入净额估计数摘要载于表IS3.4,预算文件第IS3.5段对此作了解释。 秘书长表示,2012-2013年拟议预算所依据的假设是,基本建设总计划的执行将继续对总部的一些服务产生不利影响。 行预咨委会注意到,基本建设总计划将影响总部向公众提供的某些服务所产生的收入,但对2012-2013两年期预计净收入62 200美元感到鼓舞,并相信将努力至少实现这一数额。", "联合国出版物的销售", "IS3.3 咨询委员会从预算文件中注意到,2012-2013年工作方案强调继续开展本两年期启动的最初成功的电子出版方案,其中包括智能手机应用程序;Kindle、iPad和Nook等阅读设备的电子书籍;以及开发联合国电子书库,这是一个主要面向图书馆等机构的订阅平台(同上,第IS3.30和31段)。 秘书长指出,电子图书市场和电子出版技术的演变为外联和增加收入提供了许多机会。", "IS3.4 联合国 在这方面,咨询委员会询问了针对公众和青年受众的印刷和电子书籍及移动应用程序的销售情况。 委员会获悉,《世界人权宣言》每年平均销售印刷品12 500份,《联合国宪章》14 000份,《联合国概况》3 000份。 对于这三份出版物,2010年6月至2011年5月苹果设备移动应用的销售量已达1600个,2010年8月至2011年5月售出700个电子版本,其中不包括诺克和索尼eBook的销售量,因为还没有所有的统计数据. 此外,最近还推出了三项免费申请,以促进本组织的活动,包括艾滋病信息。 此外,还计划于2012年推出一个印刷版和电子版的学校工具包,以覆盖年轻受众。 咨询委员会欢迎采取这些举措,利用新技术和平台来推动联合国的活动并惠及更广泛的受众和年轻一代。", "游客服务", "IS3.5 关于总部的导游,第IS3.47和IS3.48段指出,下列外部因素将继续影响导游业务在下一个两年期创收的能力:(a) 根据基本建设总计划关闭会议和大会大楼进行翻修;(b) 安保和安全限制;(c) 由于目前全球经济下滑,东道城市的旅游趋势起伏不定。 根据主办地城市旅游业票价上涨的趋势,通常每年计划对参加导游的各类游客提高票价. 然而,由于基本建设总计划的影响,将关闭若干导游空间,2012-2013年的费用将保持在2010-2011年的水平。 因此,导游的费用将继续低于东道城市的大多数景点。 行预咨委会认为,应考虑在基本建设总计划项目完成后增加总部导游费用,并增加向游客提供的服务。 在这方面,可以对东道城市旅游景点收取的费用进行比较分析,以便将增加总部导游费用的提议列入2014-2015年拟议方案预算。", "IS3.6 预算文件表IS3.17提供了1993至2013年期间总部、日内瓦和维也纳实际和估计的参观人数。 2012年,总部的访问人数估计为300 000人,日内瓦为95 000人,维也纳为52 500人。 咨询委员会注意到,由于内罗毕建筑群的施工,联合国内罗毕办事处的导游业务尚未正式设立。 预计在2012-2013年期间,将正式设立来访者办公室。 服务,访问人数每年可能达到约7 000人。 鉴于新业务的启动和内罗毕办事处的地点,咨询委员会认为,内罗毕办事处可与当地旅游运营商探讨机会,以增加联合国内罗毕办事处的游客人数。", "礼品销售", "(单位:千美元) 预算文件指出,目前由承包商经营的总部礼品店将从2012年4月1日起,根据基本建设总计划现行时间表(A/66/6(收入第1款)),关闭翻修。 见A/CONF.96/10,第3段,第IS3.70-IS3.72段。 另据指出,为准备2014年重新开放大会大楼,将努力订立新的礼品中心合同并建立一个在线销售平台。 咨询委员会理解,秘书长打算在新的礼品中心合同中选择在线销售联合国礼品,并欢迎这一举措。", "支出估计数", "秘书长的提案 37 604 000 ^(a)\n2010-2011年订正批款 39 713 300美元\n秘书长按预算款次分列的经常预算员额概算摘要载于预算导言表5。 按资金来源和职等开列的员额总数摘要载于本报告附件一。\n^(a) 除非另有说明,本报告中的数字均按2010-2011年订正费率计算(即重计费用前)。", "(单位:千美元) 为收入第3款请拨的经常预算资源在重计费用前为37 604 000美元,比2010-2011两年期批款减少2 109 300美元,即5.3%。 拟议减少的主要原因是员额(924 700美元)和其他工作人员费用(1 180 200美元)项下所需经费减少。 按支出用途开列的所需经费总表载于预算文件表IS3.6。", "第IS3.9号决定 下表汇总了2010-2011两年期核定经常预算员额和秘书长关于2012-2013两年期经常预算员额的提议。", "人力资源", "所需员额 员额职等\n经常预算\n89 2个P-5、6个P-4、4个P-3、3个P-2/1、9个GS(PL)、63个GS(OL)、2个SS\n2012-2013年拟议数 89 2个P-5、6个P-4、4个P-3、3个P-2/1、9个GS(PL)、63个GS(OL)、2个SS\n1个GS(OL)从日内瓦调至纽约,出版物销售不足", "关于员额的意见和建议", "员额和调动的暂时冻结", "IS3.10 秘书长提议在2012-2013两年期暂时冻结7个员额,原因是维也纳和总部正在进行的翻修项目导致活动减少,详情如下:", "(a) 维也纳联合国邮政管理处1个P-4和2个一般事务(其他职等)(同上,第5段)。 IS3.20; (中文(简体) ).", "(b) 纽约来访事务项下的1个P-3和3个一般事务(其他职等)(同上,第IS3.55段)。 预算文件指出,这四个员额在本两年期内被暂时冻结。", "IS3.11 咨询委员会询问冻结员额的做法,并获悉,冻结员额通常是针对收入各款下的服务员额进行的,因为预计活动在预期期间会放慢,但稍后会恢复。 咨询委员会不反对暂时冻结这些员额的提议。", "联合国 拟将日内瓦联合国出版物销售项下的一个一般事务(其他职等)员额调到最近合并业务的纽约(同上,第IS3.6和IS3.35段)。 秘书长指出,2010年关闭日内瓦销售和推销办公室导致总部办公室重组,包括设立一个电子出版股并调整一些工作人员职位的职能,以满足新的需要。 经询问后,咨询委员会获悉,拟议调动日内瓦最后剩余空缺员额,以满足总部办事处重组后增加的新活动和业务需要。 因此,咨询委员会不反对拟议调动该员额。", "关于非员额资源的建议", "第IS3.13号决定 按支出用途开列的所需经费总表载于预算文件表IS3.6。 2012-2013年拟议非员额资源为18 725 500美元。 咨询委员会建议接受秘书长关于非员额资源的提议。", "页:1", "按资金来源和职等开列的员额数", "A类. 维持和平行动以外的员额", "2012-2013年(核定)(拟议)\n人数 百分比", "经常预算,支出款次", "副秘书长 34 0.3 34 0.3", "助理秘书长", "D-2 101 1.0 105 1.0", "D-1 277 2.7 287 2.8", "专业人员 4 121 39.6 4 129 39.9", "一般事务人员和其他人员", "小计 10 307 99.1 10 263 99.1", "经常预算,收入各款", "专业人员 15 0.1 15 0.1", "一般事务人员和其他", "小计 89 0.9 89 0.9", "共计 10 396 100.0 10 352 100.0", "其他分摊额(a)", "D-2 8 0.6 8 0.6", "D-1 23 1.7 23 1.8", "专业人员", "一般事务和其他", "共计 1 318 100 0 1 301 100 0", "预算外", "助理秘书长", "D-2 44 0.3 48 0.4", "D-1 186 1.4 197 1.5", "专业人员 3 597 27.5 3 577 27.4", "一般事务人员和其他职类", "共计 13 087 1000.0 13 042 1000.0", "国际法庭^(b)不详", "副秘书长 2 0.2", "助理秘书长 2 0.2", "D-2 2 0.2", "D-1 7 0.6级", "专业人员 501 42.9", "一般事务和其他", "共计 1 169 1000.", "^(a) 2012-2013两年期员额估计数,反映大会关于维持和平行动支助账户的第65/290号决议决定核准的员额数。", "^(b) 根据2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的列报,内部监督事务厅2010-2011两年期与两法庭有关的监督事务核定员额列在“其他摊款”标题下。", "B. 所有维持和平行动的核定文职员额 □(a)", "6月30日终了财政期间\n2011, 2012 (英语).", "国际工作人员(b)", "专业及以上", "副秘书长 8 8", "助理秘书长 21 20", "D-2 38 39", "D-1 110 112", "P-5 313 311", "P-4 781 748", "P-3 1 259 1 145", "页:1", "小计 2 893 2 668", "外勤事务 3 788 3 394", "警卫人员 0 0", "国际工作人员共计", "本国工作人员 ^(c) 14 870 15 089", "共计 21 551 21 151", "^(a) 代表这一期间的核定数额,但不包括由支助账户和联合国后勤基地供资的员额。", "^(b) 不包括一般临时助理人员项下的临时职位。", "^(c) 酌情包括本国干事。", "C. 合资办理的员额", "2012-2013年预算款次(核定)(拟议)\n人数 百分比", "2. 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理", "副秘书长 -- -- 0.0 -- -- 0.0", "助理秘书长 - 0.0 - 0.0", "D-2 -- -- 0.0 -- -- 0.0", "D-1 1 0.6 1 0.6", "专业", "一般事务和其他", "小计 174 1000 174 ^(a) 1000.", "13. 国际贸易中心", "副秘书长 -- -- 0.0 -- -- 0.0", "助理秘书长", "D-2 1 0.6 1 6.6", "D-1 5 3.1 5 3.0 (中文(简体) ).", "专业人员 84 51.9 86 52.4", "一般事务和其他", "小计", "32. 国家 合资办理的行政活动", "副秘书长 -- -- 0.0 -- -- 0.0", "助理秘书长 - 0.0 - 0.0", "D-2 3 3.7 3 3.7", "D-1 5 6.2 5 6.2", "专业人员", "一般事务人员和其他人员", "小计 81 100.00 81 100.00", "35. 联合国 安全和安保", "副秘书长 -- -- 0.0 -- -- 0.0", "助理秘书长 - 0.0 - 0.0", "D-2 1 0.1 1 0.1", "D-1 2 0.2 11 1.1", "专业人员 362 38.0 353 36.8", "一般事务和其他", "小计", "总计 1 370 ^(c) 1 379 ^(d)", "^(a) 2010-2011两年期核准的图书馆股2个员额(1个P-3和1个一般事务(其他职等))被排除在外,以构成2012-2013两年期人员配置的可比基础。", "^(b) 根据现有安排,将在2011年最后一个季度向大会提交2012-2013两年期详细预算。", "^(c) 不包括经大会第64/243和65/260号决议核可的第29A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)下的90个临时员额,以实施由经常预算、维持和平行动支助账户和预算外资源供资的企业资源规划项目(1个D-2;8个D-1;21个P-5;37个P-4;9个P-3;1个P-2;1个一般事务(特等)和12个一般事务(其他职等))。", "•(d) 不包括经大会第64/243和65/260号决议核可的第29A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)下90个临时员额,以实施由经常预算、维持和平行动支助账户和预算外资源供资的企业资源规划项目(1个D-2;8个D-1;21个P-5;37个P-4;9个P-3;1个P-2;1个一般事务(特等)和12个一般事务(其他职等);拟议在第30款(信息和通信技术厅)下设立14个员额,涉及拟议由经常预算、维持和平行动支助账户和预算外资源供资的信息和通信技术举措(2个D-2;2个P-5;10个P-4)。", "页:1", "常设和临时员额拟议变动汇总表", "A类. 拟议裁撤员额(共计:147个)", "节次 1. 通盘决策、指导和协调\n秘书长办公厅 2名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n节次 2. 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理\n会议和出版事务,纽约37个工匠,4个一般事务(其他职等)\n文件事务,日内瓦 2个P-5、2个P-4\n节次 3. 政治事务\n安全理事会事务 2 一般事务人员 (其他职等)\n非殖民化 1个P-4、1个一般事务(其他职等)\n节次 5. 维持和平行动\n联合国停战监督组织 组织 2个外勤事务\n节次 9. 经济和社会事务\n1个P-3、1个P-2/1、1个总务 (其他职等)\n经济及社会理事会支助和协调 1个P-4\n社会政策和发展 2名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n1个P-5\n发展政策和分析 2名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n公共行政和发展管理 2名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n发展筹资 1名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n第12款. 贸易和发展\n方案支助 1名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n节次 16. 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\n方案支助 1名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n第19款. 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展\n方案支助 5个P-3、2个P-2、1个本国干事\n第20款. 欧洲经济发展\n行政领导和管理 1个P-4\n1个P-3、1个一般事务(其他职等)\n1名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n统计 2个P-2\n1个P-2\n第21款. 拉丁美洲经济和社会发展\n行政领导和管理 1个P-2\n与全球经济的联系、区域一体化与合作 1个P-2\n生产和创新 1个P-2\n宏观经济政策和增长 1个P-2\n社会发展与平等\n墨西哥和中美洲的次区域活动\n加勒比次区域活动 1个当地雇员\n方案支助 1个P-4、1个P-2、3个当地雇员\n第22款. 西亚经济和社会发展\n经济发展和一体化 2个当地雇员\n信息和通信技术促进区域一体化\n方案支助 1个当地雇员\n第24节。 人权\n1个P-3、1个一般事务(其他职等)\n第28款. 新闻\n战略传播事务\n新闻服务 4名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n外联和知识共享服务 1个P-5、1个P-2/1、9个一般事务 (其他职等)\n第29 B款. 方案规划、预算和账户厅\n财务信息业务处 1名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n第29E节。 行政,日内瓦\n支助事务 1名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n图书馆事务 2名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n第35节。 安全和安保\n警卫和安全组织 10个一般事务(其他职等),11个当地雇员", "B. 拟议新员额(共计:63个)", "节次 3. 政治事务\n联合国损失登记册 因在被占领巴勒斯坦领土上建造隔离墙所造成\n节次 5. 维持和平行动\n联合国停战监督组织 组织 2个当地雇员\n节次 7. 国际法院\n1个P-3、1个P-2、2个GS(其他职等)\n节次 9. 经济和社会事务\n统计 2个P-3\n节次 16. 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法\n行政领导和管理 1个P-4\n打击跨国有组织犯罪和包括贩毒在内的非法贩运 1个P-5、1个P-4\n预防和打击恐怖主义 1个P-4\n1个P-4\n保健和生计 1个D-1\n研究和趋势分析 1个P-4\n政策支助 1个D-1\n第17款. 妇女署\n方案支助 2个P-3\n第19款. 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展\n次级方案 构成部分3,促进北亚和中亚发展的次区域活动\n第22款. 西亚经济和社会发展\n提高妇女地位 1个D-1\n1个D-1,1个P-5\n第24节。 人权\n行政领导和管理 2名一般事务人员(其他职等)\n支助人权条约机构 1个P-4,2个P-3, 2 一般事务人员 (其他职等)\n支持人权理事会及其附属机构和机制 1个P-4、1个P-3\n第26款. 巴勒斯坦难民\n1个D-1,1个P-4\n近东救济工程处总部 2个P-5、1个P-4\n布鲁塞尔联络处 1个P-4\n哥伦比亚特区华盛顿联络处 1个P-5、1个P-4\n外地办事处 5个P-3\n第27款. 人道主义援助\n1个D-1\n第28款. 新闻\n外联事务 1个P-2\n第29 D款. 中央支助事务厅\n设施管理处 1个P-4\n旅行和运输科 1个P-3\n第31款. 内部监督\n行政领导和管理 1个ASG\n第35节。 警卫\n警卫和安全组织 5名一般事务人员(其他职等),8个当地雇员", "联合国", "拟议从一般临时人员、订约承办事务和预算外供资改划的新员额", "A类. 拟议从一般临时人员项下改划的新员额总表", "^(a) 此外,提议将第7款(国际法院)下的10个专业人员员额(2个P-4、6个P-3和2个一般事务(其他职等))从临时员额改划为常设员额。 拟议的改划反映了状况从临时改为常设,对资源的净影响为零。", "拟将原先由临时助理人员项下供资的这些职位的总共14个员额改划为常设或临时员额,因此按款次和方案开列的人员编制增加如下:", "第24款. 人权\n支助人权理事会及其附属机构和机制 1个P-4、1个P-3、1个P-2、1个一般事务(其他职等)\n第28款. 新闻\n一般事务(其他职等)\n第31款. 内部监督\n检查和评价 3个P-3、3个P-2", "B. 拟议从订约承办事务改划的新员额总表", "拟将订约承办事务的总共24个员额改划为常设员额,因此按款次和方案开列的人员编制增加如下:", "第29 D款. 中央支助事务厅\n第4个P-3、5个GS(PL)、8个GS(OL)\n工厂工程科 7 TC", "C. 拟议从预算外资金改划的新员额总表", "拟将以前在预算外资金项下的2个员额改划为常设或临时员额,因此按款次和方案开列的人员编制增加如下:", "节次 3. 政治事务\n联合国中东和平进程特别协调员办事处 1名本国干事\n第27款. 人道主义援助\n协调人道主义行动和应急行动 1个P-5", "联合国", "拟议改叙员额(共计:55个)", "节次 1. 通盘决策、指导和协调 1个P-5改叙为D-1\n节次 2. 大会和经济及社会理事会事务和会议管理 11个P-4至P-5\n第3款. 政治事务 1名外勤人员改叙为当地雇员\n节次 5. 维持和平行动 13名外勤人员改叙为当地雇员\n1名外勤人员改叙为本国干事\n第18款. 非洲经济和社会发展 1个外勤改叙为P-4\n1个当地雇员改叙为本国干事\n第22款. 西亚经济和社会发展 1个P-4改叙为P-3\n节次 26. 巴勒斯坦难民 4个D-1至D-2\n1个P-4改叙为P-5\n第28款. 新闻 6个当地雇员改叙为本国干事\n第29G款. 行政,内罗毕 2个P-5改叙为D-1, 2个P-4改叙为P-5\n第35款. 安保 4个P-5改叙为D-1,6个P-3改叙为P-4", "页:1", "截至2011年3月31日供资并预计将在2012-2013两年期续设的一般临时人员职位", "2011年3月31日职位数目 估计2012-2013年继续的职位数 2012-2013年拟议改划为常设员额的职位数 职称\n第一部分. 通盘决策、指导和协调\n1 通盘决策、指导和协调 第9条 4. 大会主席办公厅主任、大会主席办公厅副主任、高级顾问、顾问\n2 大会、经济和社会理事会及会议管理 4. 数据库管理员、人力资源助理、网络开发者\n小计 34 8 -\n第二编. 政治事务\n3名政治干事 4名财务和预算干事,财务小组助理,人力资源助理\n4 裁军 2 1名小组助理\n5 维持和平行动 5 - - 5 (英语).\n小计 11 4 -\n第三编. 国际司法和法律\n7 国际法院 3名高级医务干事,打字员\n8 法律事务 4 -\n小计 7 3 -\n第四编. 国际合作促进发展\n经济和社会事务\n10 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家 4 - - -\n第12条 贸易和发展. 6 - 5 3\n15 人类住区 5 5 名行政助理、个人助理、方案助理、团队助理\n16 国际药物管制、预防犯罪和恐怖主义及刑事司法 2 - - -\n小计 22 6 -\n第五部分. 区域合作促进发展\n17 非洲经济和社会发展 33 28名——医务干事、建筑事务办事员、木匠、清洁工、数据输入操作员、司机、财务助理、库存和供应助理、劳工、邮件助理、信使、团队助理、技术员、电话操作员、电话接收员、运输助理\n18 亚洲及太平洋的经济和社会发展 4 3\n19 欧洲经济发展 1 - .\n20 拉丁美洲和加勒比的经济和社会发展 17 2 - 驱动、财务助理21 西亚经济和社会发展 6 6 - 医务干事,信息技术干事,信息系统助理、护士、电信 接线员,\n电信技术员\n小计 61 39 -\n第六编. 人权和人道主义工作\n23 人权. 6 -\n25名巴勒斯坦难民 1 -- -- 3页\n26 人道主义援助 5 - - -\n小计 12 -\n第七编. 新闻\n27 新闻 30 21 4 4 新闻干事、新闻干事、无线电节目制作员、新闻助理、新闻编辑、新闻 助理、网站助理、读取员\n小计 30-21 4\n第八编. 共同支助服务\n28A. (英语). 主管管理事务副秘书长办公室 1 1名法律干事\n28B (英语). 方案办公室 规划、预算和帐务 3 - -\n28C. 人力资源管理办公室 11 8 委员会,医务干事,行政干事,人力资源助理,办公室助理,工作人员发展助理\n28D (英语). 中央支助事务办公室 管理股,商务继续专业,司机,信使\n28E. 行政,日内瓦 10 3 - 信息系统干事、网站协调员、计算机信息系统助理\n28F (英语). 行政,维也纳 3 -\n28G.行政,内罗毕 2 1 - 商业持续规划协调员\n29 信息和通信办公室 技术 14 4 - 信息系统干事、行政助理、计算机系统助理\n小计 49 22 -\n第九编. 内部监督\n30 内部监督 9 - 6 名评价干事、协理评价干事\n9 -- -- 6小计\n第十二编. 安全和安保\n34 安全和安保 67 39 采购协调员、警卫、办事员、控制中心助理、信息管理 办事员、办公室助理、办公室助理/身份证助理、项目助理、团队助理、技术员\n小计 67 39 -\n共计 302 142 10", "联合国", "大会关于与发展有关活动的第63/260号决议所核准的员额状况", "核定员额 常规\n大会第63/260号决议\n预算款次和次级方案 截至2011年7月的状况\n9. 国家 经济和社会事务\n行政领导和管理 1个P-5员额自2009年7月1日填补\n1. 联合国 经济及社会理事会支助和协调 1个P-4\n2. 联合国 根据大会第64/289和65/259号决议将1个P-5调至妇女署\n2个P-4\n2个P-3\n3个 1个P-4员额自2010年11月起填补\n 4.四. 1个P-4员额自2009年12月起填补\n2012-2013两年期拟裁撤的1个P-3\n2010年11月以来1个P-4员额已填补\n9. 国家 1个P-5员额自2010年7月起填补\n10个 1个P-4员额自2011年1月起填补\n小计8(2个P-5、3个P-4、1个P-3)\n10个 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家\n1. 联合国 1个P-4员额自2010年12月以来已填补\n2. 内陆发展中国家 1个P-4员额自2010年5月以来已填补\n3个 1个P-4员额自2010年4月起填补\n小计 ^(a) 3个P-4\n11个 联合国支助非洲发展新伙伴关系\n1. 联合国 协调非洲发展新伙伴关系的全球宣传和支助工作\n自2010年2月和2010年8月填补的2个P-3员额\n小计3(1个P-4、2个P-3)\n12. 贸易和发展\n1. 全球化、相互依存和发展 1个D-1员额已填补\n1个P-5员额已填补\n2个P-4员额已填补。 1名P-4必须重新发布广告,因为受访候选人中没有一人符合该职位的要求。 在这些国家,这一职位已被利用来推动一个在发展中区域开展区域和货币合作经验比较的项目。\n2个P-3 员额已填补\n2. 投资和企业\n1个P-4员额已填补\n3. 国际贸易 1个D-1员额\n1个P-4员额已填补\n5 (韩语). 非洲、最不发达国家和特别方案\n1个P-4员额已填补\n小计12(3D-1、2P-5、5P-4、2P-3)\n17. 妇女署\n2. 联合国 2011年1月1日第64/289和65/259号决议将1个P-5员额从第9款调至第17款\n2个P-4\n2个P-3\n小计5(1个P-5、2个P-4、2个P-3)\n18. 非洲经济和社会发展\n主席团成员 7. 促进发展的次区域活动\n正在约谈的国家\n主席团成员\n1名本国干事 6月再次发布公告,因为最初的征聘过程没有提供直观的候选人\n9. 统计 2个P-5员额已填补\n2个P-4 员额已填补\n1 国家职位空缺在Inspira公布,等待死线\n小计19(2个P-5、2个P-4、2个P-3、13)\n国家官员)\n19. 亚洲及太平洋经济和社会发展\n8. 联合国 2010年6月1日以来填补的1个D-1员额\n1个D-1 预计将于2011年9月由横向调动填补的员额\n1个P-5员额自2010年8月19日填补\n1个P-5员额自2010年5月1日填补\n1个P-5 已完成面谈和评估。 最后审查并提交中央审查机构\n1个P-5员额自2011年4月29日以来已填补\n1个P-4员额自2010年5月9日以来已填补\n1个P-3员额于2009年12月22日至2011年3月11日填补。 候选人的短名单取代先前的现任者\n1个P-3 待评估信息,正在将候选人除名\n1个当地雇员 2011年5月24日以来填补的与亚洲及太平洋转让技术中心1个本国员额的行政支持联合安排审查完成之前搁置\n小计11(2个D-1、4个P-5、1个P-4、2个P-3、1个当地雇员、1个本国人员)\n主席团成员\n20号. 欧洲的经济发展\n行政领导和管理 1个P-4 该员额(经济事务干事)由2010年5月1日任命的在职者担任。 任职者将于2012年8月退休。 拟议自2013年1月1日起裁撤该员额\n3. 统计 1个P-3 这一职位(统计员)由2010年8月1日任命的在职人员担任。\n5 (韩语). 可持续能源 1个P-4 该员额(经济事务干事)由2010年8月8日任命的在职者担任。\n方案支助 1个P-3 设在阿拉木图的这个员额(经济事务干事)目前因办事处设置延误而空缺。 欧洲经委会直到2010年9月15日才得以对这个员额进行广告宣传。 不过,拟议从2012年1月1日起裁撤该员额\n小计4(2个P-4、2个P-3)\n21岁 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展\n1. 联合国 与全球经济、区域一体化和合作的联系\n1个P-3 员额已填补\n2. 生产和创新 1个P-3员额已填补\n4. 社会发展和公平\n5 (韩语). 将性别视角纳入区域发展的主流\n1个P-3 员额已填补\n6. 人口与发展 1个P-3员额已填补\n8. 联合国 可持续发展和人类住区 1个P-5员额已填补\n1个P-3 员额已填补\n1个P-2 征聘程序完成。 候选人已被选入名册\n9. 国家 1个P-4员额\n1个P-3 员额已填补\n1个P-2员额已填补\n1个当地雇员 员额已填补\n10个 1个P-3员额已填补\n11个 墨西哥和中美洲的次区域活动\n出版1个P-3职位空缺\n1个当地雇员 员额已填补\n12. 加勒比次区域活动 2个P-3员额已填补\n小计20(2个P-5、3个P-4、11个P-3、2个P-2、2个当地雇员)\n22. 西亚经济和社会发展\n1. 联合国 截至2010年3月1日,1个P-4员额已填补\n2. 综合社会政策 1个P-4,2009年4月11日填补。 由于任职者晋升为P-5职位,该员额于2010年4月再次出缺。 目前暂留至2011年12月31日\n3个 截至2010年1月12日,1个P-4员额已填补\n4. 信息和通信技术促进区域一体化\n1名本国干事 选定候选人退出。 2011年7月11日重新发布并结束职位空缺\n5 (韩语). 循证决策的统计 截至2009年3月9日1个P-3员额已填补\n干事)\n共计 91", "^(a) 不包括转入妇女署的员额。", "230911", "*1145065*", "[]", "[1] 注:本报告使用了与员额有关的下列缩写:常务副秘书长:DSG;副秘书长:USG;助理秘书长:ASG;一般事务:PL:特等;其他职等:LL:当地雇员;NO:本国干事;FS:外勤事务:SS:安保事务;TC:工匠。", "2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算载于A/66/6 (Introduction),(Sect. 1-7),(Sect. 8和Corr.1),(Sect. 9-15),(Sect.16和Corr.1),(Sect. 17-25),(Sect. 26和Corr.1),(Sect. 27),(Sect. 28和Corr.1),(Sect. 29A-E),(Sect.29F和Corr.1),(Sect. 29G),(Sect. 30-35),(Sect. 36和Corr.1)和(Sect.37)和(Income Sects. (原始内容存档于2018-09-29). Sports.com.", "[2] 应当指出,本报告所有提及预算资源之处均按2010-2011年订正费率(即重计费用前)计算,除非具体指明为2012-2013年费率。", "[3] 此外,国际贸易中心的详细拟议方案预算(A/66/6(Sect.13)/Add.1)将按照既定程序于2011年第四季度提交大会和世界贸易组织总理事会。", "[4] 即经常预算15%,维持和平行动支助账户62%,方案支助费用特别账户23%。", "[5] 委员会经询问获悉,每个预算款次提供的数字反映了主要用于信息和通信技术的具体支出类别下的经费,如下:数据处理设备项下硬件和软件的购置和更换估计数以及网上服务的许可证和订阅费;用品和材料项下,例如打印机墨盒、墨水、服务器零件、计算机备件和光盘;订约承办事务项下,专门为开发或执行信息技术项目聘用的专家和顾问;租金和维修项下;人力资源项下,专门用于信息技术的员额和培训资源,只要可以直接确定。 在这方面,秘书长澄清说,由于很大一部分工作人员在与信息和通信技术有关的问题上花费了一段时间,因此,真正的人力资源部分可能超过了所提出的数字。", "[6] 见E/CN.7/2010/13-E/CN.15/2010/13;E/2010/28,第一章,A;和E/2010/30-E/CN.15/2010/20,第一章,A节,决议三。", "[7] 咨询委员会经询问获悉,“重要的”联合国文件包括联合国主要机构的正式记录,包括决议、会议记录、各委员会、委员会和其他主要机构的报告、预算和财务报告以及联合国主要会议筹备会议的报告。", "[8] 秘书长将这些员额的设立作为从订约承办事务改划为员额的提议。 在上文第一章第84段中,委员会进一步评论了这个问题,并表示希望在今后的拟议预算中将类似的提议作为新员额的请求提出。", "[9] A/63/582;又见咨询委员会的相关报告(A/63/736)和大会第63/270号决议。", "[10] 见A/65/511/Add.1,A/65/725和大会第65/259号决议。", "[11] 由经常预算15%、维持和平行动支助账户62%和方案支助费用特别账户23%组成。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 69 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "Globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 65/216, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to seek further the views of Member States and relevant agencies of the United Nations system on the issue of globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights and to submit a substantive report on the subject to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The report summarizes views expressed in replies received from the Governments of Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Kuwait, Panama, Peru, Senegal and Serbia, as well as from the World Trade Organization, and provides recommendations on ways to address the impact of globalization on the full enjoyment of all human rights.", "I. Introduction", "1. In its resolution 65/216, the General Assembly took note of the report of the Secretary-General on globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights (A/65/171), and requested the Secretary-General to seek further the views of Member States and relevant agencies of the United Nations system and to submit to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session a substantive report on this subject based on these views, including recommendations on ways to address the impact of globalization on the full enjoyment of all human rights.", "2. Pursuant to that request, on 28 April 2011, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights sent a request for views on this issue. As at 15 July 2011, the Office had received responses from the Governments of Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Kuwait and Serbia and from the World Trade Organization. The present report also contains summaries of responses that were received from the Governments of Panama, Peru and Senegal in 2010 after the submission deadline and therefore could not be included in the aforementioned report.", "II. Replies received from Governments", "Azerbaijan", "3. The Government of Azerbaijan provided a list of State programmes dealing with various issues, such as regional development; energy, including from alternative and renewable sources; employment, including migration, demography and population development; social protection and its extension to the elderly; health; education; the environment; refugees and internally displaced persons, including improving their living standards and increasing their employment opportunities; human trafficking and violence; youth policy; and good governance, increasing transparency and fighting corruption.", "Bulgaria", "4. The Government of Bulgaria stated that it was of the view that only a stable economic and financial framework could encourage the democratic development of societies and full respect for all human rights. The existence of an open, predictable, rule-based, equitable and non-discriminatory multilateral trade and financial system would foster the democratic and transparent participation of the developing countries. Bulgaria expressed its commitment to the achievement of an equitably and democratically functioning transparent international economic system, promoting the ideas of democracy and freedom. Bulgaria stated that it worked actively for the attainment of that goal by supporting basic European principles and values, such as liberty, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights. It participated in the work of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the United Nations system, both of which had the objective of establishing an equitable, open and democratic reallocation system, which, in turn, would lead to the achievement of democratic governance and ensure human and civil rights worldwide.", "Cuba", "5. The Government of Cuba stated that it attached great importance to the central role that the United Nations system should play as a universal and more representative forum in redefining the bases of the current process of globalization such that its potential benefits could reach all the peoples of the world. It referred to growing links of interdependence, explained by the fact that events taking place in one part of the world had consequences for the lives of millions of people in other parts. In this context, Cuba stated that under the principle of shared responsibility and within the multilateral framework, all peoples should enjoy the intrinsic right to participate in the governance and administration of those processes that had a global impact.", "6. Cuba referred to the diminishing role and economic and financial capacity of the State to realize the right to development and to maintain, provide or guarantee basic public services, such as education, health care and social security in the process of neo-liberal globalization. This had deepened inequality and, in most cases, deprived millions of people, in some cases the majority of the population, of their economic, social and cultural rights. Neo-liberal globalization had contributed to the expansion of vice and crime, such as drug-trafficking, prostitution and pornography, including human trafficking, paedophilia, racism and racial discrimination, xenophobia and intolerance. The right of every person to a social and international order in which rights and freedoms could be fully realized, as proclaimed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, reiterated in the Declaration on the Right to Development and reaffirmed by consensus at the World Conference on Human Rights in 1993, was far from being achieved.", "7. Cuba stated that the mechanisms of free market economy and the “equality” between unequals promoted by neo-liberal globalization through regional free trade agreements or trade liberalization within the framework of WTO tended to favour developed countries and perpetuate and deepen the inequalities between the latter and the countries of the South. With regard to subsidies, Cuba stated that, despite the fact that developed countries and the trade and financial institutions they controlled advocated market deregulation and the elimination of subsidies in developing countries, developed countries continued to provide agricultural subsidies and kept their markets closed to the main exports of the majority of developing countries.", "8. With respect to the political aspect of globalization, Cuba referred to the centres of power and their tendency to globalize their formal representative democracy as a unique system; and criticized the biased interpretation of civil and political rights according to which the latter was given priority and was divorced from the realization of economic, social and cultural rights. Cuba highlighted the consensus of the 1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action that affirmed the importance of taking into consideration national and regional particularities, as well as differences in historical, cultural and religious heritage. It stated that policies restricting the movement of persons between the South and the North were far from having been liberalized. Instead, restrictions on migration to the industrialized world were increasing, even threatening the use of military force to stop the growing wave of migration. Cuba stressed that, furthermore, the transfer of technology had not been liberalized. On the contrary, the intellectual property regimes, which were aimed at protecting the monopoly and dominance of developed countries and their enterprises and perpetuated the dependency of developing countries, were being strengthened.", "9. Cuba stated that the continued application of neo-liberal policies would render the realization of all human rights for all an unattainable and illusory objective. It highlighted the grave consequences of those policies for peace; national, regional and international stability; the preservation and rational use of resources; and, consequently, the survival of humanity. Cuba underlined the need to adopt policies and measures at the global level which corresponded to the needs of developing countries and were formulated and implemented with their participation. The international cooperation and order conducive to the realization of all human rights must be strengthened urgently by the entire international community, in particular by those who had benefited the most from such cooperation to date. In that respect, international solidarity was indispensable.", "10. The main obstacle to finding solutions to problems caused by the current philosophy of globalization was the absence of real political will on the part of industrialized countries to fulfil the commitments previously undertaken and to change the prevailing rules of the game. The approaches and initiatives designed to date by developed countries and international institutions to address the challenges exacerbated by the current neo-liberal globalization, such as underdevelopment, poverty and HIV/AIDS, were only limited palliative remedies and were insufficient to resolve the serious problems and enormous inequalities existing in the contemporary world.", "11. Cuba stated that if real political will existed, much could be done, with relatively few resources out of the hundreds of billions of dollars spent annually on armaments, wars of conquest and commercial publicity, to realize the right to life and to development of millions of people.", "12. Cuba emphasized the importance of placing development at the centre of the international economic agenda with a view to eradicating poverty and eliminating the disparities between the rich and the poor. It was necessary to establish an equitable, transparent and democratic international system in which far-reaching, comprehensive, innovative and simultaneous measures were implemented in various areas, starting with the cancellation of external debt. Cuba stated that official development assistance should increase, should be unconditional and should not be subject to the economic and political interests of donors. It suggested a return to preferential trade agreements and ways of compensating for the deep and growing inequalities, and recommended that the international financial institutions be replaced and that the United Nations be reformed and democratized in order to make it truly effective. It proposed the creation of a tax for development.", "13. Cuba expressed its agreement with the positions of growing social sectors worldwide that questioned and criticized the current neo-liberal order. Humanity would be able to survive only with a more humane and equitable order in which social justice prevailed. Lastly, Cuba reiterated that the unfair, egotistical and unequal international order could solve neither the severe problems that humanity confronted today nor the major challenges of the future.", "Kuwait", "14. Kuwait provided information on the national development plan, which was aimed at raising the standard of living of its citizens and supporting human and community development. In order to address the impact of the global financial crisis, Kuwait had engaged in efforts to revive its economy through the strengthening of public expenditure, which was the main driver of economic activity, with a focus on public investment to accelerate the implementation of major development projects. It had also encouraged investment by giving the private sector a leading role in the financing, implementation and management of some of the projects.", "15. Kuwait stated that it had enacted or amended laws and legislation to reinforce stability and transparency, thereby contributing to an enabling environment for domestic and foreign investment. Those developments were explained in detail in the response of Kuwait. In addition, Kuwait was engaged in preparing a national report on the human rights situation in the country within the framework of the universal periodic review of the Human Rights Council, and had taken steps in that regard.", "Panama", "16. The Government of Panama stated that it had taken a series of actions in order to fulfil the commitments undertaken with respect to General Assembly resolution 64/160 on globalization and its impact on the full enjoyment of all human rights. In this context, in 2006 the Government had created the Social Protection System Secretariat, involving various governmental institutions that provided services to townships mired in extreme poverty identified through poverty mapping and social vulnerability analyses, to integrate families living in extreme poverty into the dynamics of national development. As of January 2010, the programme had taken care of 63,072 households. The Government had adopted various policies and programmes, as explained in detail in the reply of Panama, on the provision of support to elderly persons who did not have pensions and to victims of sexual violence; on combating hunger and malnutrition; on the protection of the right to family life; on the prevention and eradication of child labour; and on child adoptions. Panama provided information regarding policy recommendations made by the Advisory Council on Infancy in the areas of health, education and a working environment with universal access to breastfeeding rooms and childcare centres.", "17. Panama stated that the process of globalization had shortened the distance between countries, peoples, cultures and generations. In this rapprochement, every person claimed his or her rights, and States should guarantee the right to development in a culturally appropriate manner. In order to respond to the effects of globalization, the Ministry of Social Development focused on priority groups. In this respect, a series of activities to ensure the participation, awareness, protection and security of elderly persons had been implemented. Likewise, Panama had been promoting the rights of indigenous peoples, as well as the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, at the national level. Furthermore, a process had been initiated to establish an inter-institutional and multisectoral network to promote respect for the human rights of young people. Panama supported the strengthening of spaces for youth participation in order to improve their impact on public policies.", "Peru", "18. The Government of Peru stated that its contribution was informed by the views expressed by the National Human Rights Council. Peru hoped that globalization would be seen as a process in the larger context of respect for human rights and the dignity of persons; would serve to integrate countries with which it maintained relations; and would provide opportunities for progress to those countries and their citizens, regardless of gender, race or social class. Peru had recognized the universal nature of human rights by ratifying the relevant international instruments, which had been integrated into its internal legislation, contributing to achieving the full enjoyment of human rights.", "19. Peru stated that globalization was a process of structural transformation that affected respect for the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of citizens in every country, and created difficulties that must be addressed. Globalization must benefit every citizen and elevate the income levels of countries in accordance with universally recognized values. In this respect, Peru had implemented policies oriented towards linking economic growth with respect for human rights in areas such as agriculture, trade, poverty reduction and respect for cultural diversity. Detailed information on those programmes was provided by Peru.", "20. With regard to good governance and transparency, Peru recognized that the economic sphere could not be separated from the social and political spheres. In this respect, in order to ensure growth and prosperity, market forces should be based on values that helped to improve the living standards of those with fewer resources.", "21. With regard to the social, environmental and cultural consequences of globalization, Peru emphasized the need to put in place mechanisms to promote ecologically sustainable development. In this respect, Peru had enacted an environmental law creating a national system for environmental impact evaluation, which established certain norms for all construction, work, services and other activities, as well as public policies, plans and programmes, that might have significant environmental consequences. Among the requirements of the system was the conduct of environmental impact studies, which were management tools that included a technical evaluation of the proposed activity and its foreseeable direct and indirect impacts on the environment, both physically and socially, in the short and long terms. Such studies served to identity the measures necessary for preventing damage or reducing it to tolerable levels.", "Senegal", "22. The Government of Senegal stated that under pressure from growing market forces, human rights were being reduced to basic civil and political rights, as economic, social and cultural rights were constantly being eroded. Senegal stated that civil and political rights, which were directly under the sovereignty of States, were largely protected within States, subject to the limits laid down by law. In the case of economic, social and cultural rights, under the current conditions of uncontrolled and dehumanizing globalization, market forces were establishing a new economic order that was seriously jeopardizing the full enjoyment of human rights.", "23. Senegal stated that the global expansion of the neo-liberal economic system proceeded by means of liberalization, deregulation, privatization and cuts in public expenditure as a result of pressures exerted on States by international financial and trade institutions. Such policies had appalling consequences, such as poverty and malnutrition, for the majority of the world’s population. The proliferation of diseases, the deterioration of educational systems, mass unemployment, job insecurity, the phenomenal rise of corruption and money-laundering, environmental degradation, the destruction of the social fabric, widespread poverty, insecurity, armed violence and the threat of terrorism were the effects of globalization and were likely to seriously affect the enjoyment of human rights.", "24. Senegal stated that, within the current economic system, the power of transnational corporations was becoming more prominent, while the State was excluded from economic decision-making in the name of “competition” and the “free play of market forces”. The turnover of the largest such corporations was equivalent to or greater than the gross domestic product (GDP) of many countries, and that of half a dozen of them exceeded the GDP of the 100 poorest countries. The working methods and activities of transnational corporations were determined by the sole objective of profit maximization, for the attainment of which they resorted to all possible means. Senegal stressed that the right of peoples to self-determination and to dispose of their natural resources, as laid down in article 1 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, was increasingly in question. With the organized looting of wealth in parts of the world, including in Africa, entire populations were deprived of their means of subsistence. The activities of oil giants in the Niger Delta had provoked a revolt by the people of southern Nigeria, who claimed their share of wealth and their right to a healthy environment.", "25. Deregulation for the purpose of attracting investment in sectors where traditional social rights were in question opened the way to abuse and led to the violation of articles 7 and 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Thus, the right of all persons to fair working conditions to provide a decent living for themselves and their families was no longer guaranteed. In the view of Senegal, the privatization of essential services — water, energy, education, health and housing — and cuts in public spending had worsened the impoverishment of the populations of underdeveloped countries, where the overwhelming majority still lived below the poverty threshold according to United Nations Development Programme indicators. Access to safe drinking water had become a luxury for the poor and the inhabitants of the deprived zones. The decline in public health services had disadvantaged the poor. While measures to ensure the full exercise of the right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health were not made available by States, private health services remained out of reach for the poor and people living in remote areas. Education was no exception to the phenomenon of commercialization. Only rarely did States consider public expenditure on education as investment in human capital formation and make it a priority. According to Senegal, it was quite common to see the State disengage and the quality of education deteriorate. Access to quality education was increasingly becoming a privilege, owing to its high cost.", "26. Senegal recommended some measures to reconcile globalization and human rights. It stressed the importance of the empowerment of citizens in questioning public authorities regarding the solution of public policy problems, especially in relation to economic and social rights. The participation of citizens should allow both governors and governed to lead the international trade and financial institutions to respect the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the international covenants on civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights so as to give globalization a human face. Globalization needed a legal framework of which human rights were an essential element. Given that the rule of the market could no longer be beyond the reach of international legal instruments, the human person should be the end, not just the means, of globalization.", "27. In the view of Senegal, citizen participation would also lead transnational corporations to respect the relevant international human rights instruments by assuming responsibility for the violation of rights contained therein. Those enterprises which did not enjoy any sovereignty, and thus no jurisdictional immunity, should address the serious infringement of human rights for which they were responsible throughout the world.", "28. The participation of people was also expected to induce States to honour their commitments while negotiating with international financial institutions. Senegal believed that decisions regarding market liberalization should no longer be imposed on people through State intervention. Such decisions, including laws or international treaties prior to signature and ratification, must be controlled by democratically elected or legally competent bodies and, where necessary, must be approved or rejected by referendum. The same was true for privatization, deregulation and cuts in public spending.", "29. Senegal stated that public participation would help to shield the rights and freedoms of individuals and peoples from subordination to or dependence on the law of the market. As the market was not a democratic and transparent authority and its true decision makers did not have the legitimacy to make decisions on behalf of nations throughout the world, the mission and competence of the Economic and Social Council should be broadened to make it a global observatory and a centre of impetus and regulation for the global market.", "Serbia", "30. Serbia stated that it had adopted a national strategy for sustainable development for the period 2009-2017 and an action plan for the implementation of the strategy. However, a large number of measures envisaged in the strategy and the action plan could not be implemented in 2010 owing to the global economic crisis. Consequently, a period of substantial decrease in absolute poverty had been followed by an increase in the number of people living below the absolute poverty line, accompanied by a deterioration in all other poverty indicators. The fall in economic activity and the consequent rise in unemployment had contributed to that deterioration. The employment rate had fallen from 50 per cent in 2009 to 37.9 per cent in 2010, which was the second consecutive year to witness a decrease in employment. Serbia also emphasized the big differences in the generation and distribution of income between regions in the country.", "31. Serbia stated that the period 2009-2010 was marked by a gradual shift from the concept of decreasing poverty to that of social inclusion aimed at eliminating the causes of poverty, providing an adequate level of living standards and creating conditions for the active participation of the population in the economic, social and cultural spheres. Serbia noted that the priorities in guaranteeing the exercise of human rights included the carrying out of reforms, the elimination of the structural deficit, in particular where the coordination of tasks falling within the competence of several State bodies was concerned. There needed to be a clear definition of competences for the fulfilment of obligations arising from international human rights instruments and the implementation of relevant norms. Serbia stressed the need to develop a system of functional reporting on and supervision over the implementation of measures with respect to human rights, including minority rights. The priority in guaranteeing the exercise of minority rights lay primarily in strengthening further the social and economic situation of persons belonging to certain national minorities and reducing the ethnic distance of the majority of the Serbian population from members of national minorities.", "III. Replies received from United Nations organizations", "World Trade Organization", "32. The World Trade Organization stressed transparency, coherence and equity as the driving forces behind the multilateral trading system, much as was the case with human rights mechanisms. Opening up international trade could lead to growth and development, helping to raise standards of living and thereby contribute to the actual implementation of proclaimed rights such as those relating to employment, access to education and health care. This presupposed that existing rules were global and just and reflected the expectations of all that adhered to them. The current set of rules and agreements that collectively formed the multilateral trading system did not fully meet that condition, nor did it entirely reflect the changing composition and demands that WTO faced in today’s globalized world. The need for updating and change was the most important reason for the WTO membership to launch the Doha Round of negotiations in 2001. The strongest drivers of that conviction were the changing economic, social and environmental circumstances and a shared need to address the development and poverty challenges dominating the international agenda.", "33. That change in direction was reflected in the daily operations of the organization, as well as in the negotiating positions of its members. The States members of WTO sought to place the interests of the developing and least developed countries at the heart of WTO and reform the multilateral trading system and functions so that the majority of its membership could secure a larger share in the growth of world trade that would meet their economic and development needs. Providing guaranteed market access, reforming the rules in favour of developing countries and building demand-driven and sustainable technical assistance and capacity-building programmes were examples of the central role that development played in the operations of WTO. It was crucial that members focus on the way forward in implementing the Doha Development Agenda and on the continued functioning and further improvement of the multilateral trading system in the long term.", "34. WTO stressed the contribution of the multilateral trading system to economic growth, development and employment. Trade was recognized as one of the driving forces of globalization and the role that trade played in fostering economic development had been clearly established. It had generated gains for many developing countries, and the reverse effects of collapsing trade volumes on growth, employment and stability had been seen during the 2008 economic and financial crisis. Despite the signs of stabilization in the financial markets, the aftermath of the crisis persisted, in particular for many developing countries. However, recent statistics showed how trade had helped the world to escape recession. After the record-breaking 14.5 per cent surge in the volume of exports in 2010 (12.9 per cent for developed countries and 16.7 per cent for developing countries), world trade growth was expected to return to a more normal rate of expansion of 6.5 per cent in 2011 (4.5 per cent for developed countries and 9.5 per cent for developing countries). WTO had projected a 3.1 per cent growth rate of world GDP for 2011, against 3.6 per cent in 2010. Although the risk of deterioration could not be excluded, owing to the situation in Japan and the Middle East, those figures remained very encouraging and showed that the global economy had recovered to its pre-crisis level.", "35. During the crisis, there was a fear that an increase in protectionist measures would run the risk of creating a downward spiral. This trend was visible in both developed and developing countries. The developing countries were expected to suffer more as a result of any surge in protectionism, because their exports were often particularly sensitive to the various protectionist actions and because they generally lacked the safety nets necessary to help those affected. WTO reports on measures taken by its members — as part of its regular Trade Policy Review Mechanism — had indicated further slippage towards more trade-restrictive actions, but resort to high-intensity protectionism had been contained. However, WTO members should remain vigilant and continue to work towards opening up markets rather than closing them, as high unemployment in developed countries and severe belt-tightening in Europe would clearly maintain protectionist pressures. Therefore, WTO members were strongly urged to advance the conclusion of the Doha Development Agenda. An ambitious, balanced and development-oriented outcome would ensure that the global trading system remained open to support the development efforts of all countries. Concluding the Doha Development Agenda would be the surest way of safeguarding individual trade interests and the multilateral trading system against an outbreak of protectionism.", "36. WTO stated that it was at the forefront of efforts to fulfil Millennium Development Goal 8 on the global partnership for development and actively promoted the attainment of target E of Millennium Development Goal 8, which aimed to provide access to affordable medicines in developing countries. The Doha Declaration on the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and Public Health had given poor countries additional flexibility to gain access to affordable medicines. The system of compulsory licensing was now more effective and allowed generic versions of patented medicines to be made under compulsory licence for exports to countries that could not manufacture the medicines themselves.", "37. Aid for Trade was a stimulus that many developing and least developed countries needed in order to remain competitive and to use trade as a tool for poverty reduction. The effects of the crisis on the availability of liquidity and the subsequent supply of trade credit were well known. WTO emphasized the importance of trade financing at affordable rates and stated that more was needed in terms of building stable and longer-term productive capacity and infrastructural networks in developing countries. Since 2005, Aid for Trade had grown by 10 per cent a year, bringing total new commitments to more than $41 billion in 2009. Aid for Trade and the successful conclusion of the Doha Round were the two global tools that the international community should use to combat the negative effects of the crisis. Both were born out of mutual interests and cooperation and provided a further opportunity to reinvigorate multilateral cooperation. Strengthening the multilateral trading rules and locking in countries’ trade policy ambitions and aspirations were important multipliers of improved and more efficient global governance.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "38. The year 2011 marks the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Declaration on the Right to Development. The Declaration defines the right to development as an inalienable human right by virtue of which everyone has the right to participate in, contribute to and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development (article 1.1). The Declaration sets out the particular requirements of the right to development, which include putting the human person at the centre of development; ensuring active, free and meaningful participation; securing non-discrimination; fairly distributing the benefits of development; respecting self-determination and sovereignty over natural resources; and informing all processes that advance other civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights.", "39. International cooperation and solidarity between States are indispensable for the sharing of the benefits and burdens of globalization. This concerns all spheres of cooperation, including aid, trade, investment, debt relief, transfer of technology, access to medicines, financing for development and climate change. In this regard, the reform of global economic governance is vital so as to ensure that all countries and peoples can benefit equally from globalization. Such reform must take into consideration the enhanced and effective participation of developing countries, least developed countries, small island developing States, landlocked developing countries and civil society in global decision-making, in order to create more favourable international conditions for equitable, inclusive and sustainable development respectful of all human rights. In a world that bears witness to increasingly frequent natural and man-made disasters, solidarity among peoples and nations is essential to human survival.", "40. Respect for all civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights, the rule of law, the fight against corruption and commitment to good governance practices, including transparent, responsible, accountable, inclusive and participatory government responsive to the needs and aspirations of people, are indispensable to peace and security, economic and political stability and development. These principles should be well respected by States and non-State actors at both the national and the international levels. Current developments throughout the world against authoritarian regimes prove that violations of human rights, the inequitable distribution of national wealth and resources, corruption, exclusion and discrimination will not be tolerated in the long term.", "41. The world has also witnessed popular dissatisfaction in developed countries, with economic policies that have not put people at their centre and thus failed to equitably increase the economic and social welfare of people and led to the economic and social marginalization of certain sectors of the population, including the poor, youth, migrants and women. In the light of these developments, States should look for ways to enhance the active, free and meaningful participation of people and civil society in decision-making mechanisms.", "42. At the High-level Plenary Meeting of the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly on the Millennium Development Goals, held in 2010, Member States recognized that human rights were essential in efforts to achieve the Millennium Development Goals. Efforts towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals should incorporate the human rights principles of accountability, equality, non-discrimination, participation and transparency.", "43. The international community should strengthen its efforts to implement an inclusive, equitable and rights-based approach in the lead-up to the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20) Conference in 2012 and to focus on addressing the rights of the most vulnerable sectors of society. The human rights dimensions of sustainable development should feature prominently in negotiations.", "44. States should work towards a meaningful conclusion of the Doha Round of negotiations to ensure an open, rules-based, transparent and fairer multilateral trading system that guarantees respect for all human rights, including the right to development.", "45. Prior to designing and implementing policies or undertaking any commitments at the local, national, regional and international levels in the area of trade and investment, States should consider and assess the impacts of trade, investment and development policies on human rights.", "46. The activities of business enterprises may affect human rights. As such, concerted measures are necessary to prevent business-related human rights abuses. States and businesses are encouraged to observe the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights, endorsed by the Human Rights Council on 16 June 2011, for implementing the United Nations “protect, respect and remedy” framework developed by the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises. The Guiding Principles provide — for the first time — a global standard for preventing and addressing the risk of adverse impacts on human rights linked to business activity." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权：人权问题，包括增进 人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是按照大会第65/216号决议提交的，其中大会请秘书长进一步征求会员国和联合国系统相关机构关于如何应对全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响的意见，并就此向大会第六十六届会议提出一份实质性报告。本报告摘要提出收自阿塞拜疆、保加利亚、古巴、科威特、巴拿马、秘鲁、塞内加尔和塞尔维亚等国政府的意见，以及来自世界贸易组织的意见，并提出如何应对全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响的建议。", "* A/66/150。", "一、 导言", "1. 在第65/216号决议，大会注意到秘书长关于全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响的报告(A/65/171)，并请秘书长进一步征求会员国和联合国系统相关机构的意见，并根据这些意见，向大会第六十六届会议提出一份实质性报告，包括提出如何应对全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响的建议。", "2. 根据这一要求，联合国人权事务高级专员办事处于2011年4月28日发信请各方就这个问题发表意见。截至2011年7月15日，人权高专办收到了阿塞拜疆、保加利亚、古巴、科威特和塞尔维亚各国政府以及世界贸易组织的答复。这份报告还载有从巴拿马、秘鲁和塞内加尔政府收到的答复摘要，这些国家在2010年回复时已过了截止日期，无法将它们的意见载入上一份报告。", "二. 从各国政府收到的答复", "阿塞拜疆", "3. 阿塞拜疆政府列出了处理各种问题的国家方案，如区域发展；能源，包括替代和可再生能源；就业，包括移徙、人口组成和人口发展；社会保护和老人保障；卫生；教育；环境；难民和国内流离失所者，包括提高他们的生活水平，增加其就业机会；贩运人口和暴力；青年政策与良政善治，提高透明度和打击腐败。", "保加利亚", "4. 保加利亚政府认为，有了稳定的经济和金融框架，才可以推动社会的民主发展，促进对所有人权的充分尊重。有一个开放的、可预计的、有章可循的、公平和不歧视的多边贸易和金融体制，将可促进发展中国家的民主和透明的参与。保加利亚表示将致力实现公平和民主运作的透明的国际经济体系，促进民主和自由的思想。保加利亚指出它赞同欧洲的基本原则和价值观，如自由、平等、法治和尊重人权等等，并积极努力实现这些目标。保加利亚参与世界贸易组织和联合国系统的工作。两个组织的目标都是要建立一个公平、开放和民主再分配的制度，这将有助于在全世界推动民主治理，保证落实人权和各项公民权利。", "古巴", "5. 古巴政府指出，联合国系统是一个普遍参与和比较有代表性的论坛，由联合国发挥核心作用，重新界定当前全球化进程的各种论据，使它的潜在好处惠及世上所有人民，非常重要。它提到相互依存的联系日益增加，在世界某地正在发生的事情可对其他地区数以百万计人民的生活产生影响。在这方面，古巴指出，根据共同责任原则，在多边框架内，对于具有全球影响的这些进程，所有人民均应享有参与管治的固有权利。", "6. 古巴提到，在新自由主义全球化过程中，国家在落实发展权，在维护、提供或保证获得教育、保健和社会保障等基本公共服务方面的作用及经济和金融能力，都在消减。这加深了不平等情况，而且在大多数情况下，剥夺了无数人的经济、社会和文化权利，在某些情况下，还剥夺了大多数人的经济、社会和文化权利。新自由主义全球化助长了各种邪恶和罪行，如贩毒、卖淫和色情活动，包括人口贩运、恋童癖、种族主义和种族歧视，仇外心理和不容忍。《世界人权宣言》宣布，《发展权利宣言》重申，1993年世界人权会议的协商一致意见再次申明，人人有权享有能充分实现其权利和自由的社会和国际秩序，可是这种权利仍然远未实现。", "7. 古巴指出，新自由主义全球化通过区域自由贸易协定或世界贸易组织框架内的贸易“自由化”鼓吹的自由市场经济机制和不平等者之间的“平等”往往有利于发达国家，还会长期固定和加深发达国家与南方国家之间的不平等。关于补贴，古巴指出，尽管事实上发达国家和他们控制的贸易和金融机构主张在发展中国家放松市场管制和取消补贴，可是发达国家仍继续补贴农业，并封闭其市场，使大多数发展中国家的主要出口无法入市。", "8. 关于全球化的政治方面，古巴提到各权力中心和它们倾向于将其代议制形式民主作为独一无二的体系予以全球化；并批评它们对公民权利和政治权利提出带偏见的解释，这些解释脱离经济、社会和文化权利的落实情况，优先考虑政治权利。古巴强调1993年《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》的协商一致意见申明，必须考虑到国家和区域的特殊性，以及在历史、文化和宗教遗产方面的差异。古巴指出，南北人员流动远远没有自由化。相反，移民到工业化国家的限制增加，为了阻止日益壮大的移民浪潮，甚至威胁使用武力。此外，古巴强调，技术转让也没有自由化。知识产权制度的目的是保护发达国家及其企业的垄断和主导地位，使发展中国家永远依赖它们，这个制度反而得到加强。", "9. 古巴指出，如果继续适用新自由主义政策，人人享有人权就会成为不可实现的虚幻目的。它强调这些政策对下列各方面会产生严重后果：和平；国家、区域和国际稳定；保护和合理利用资源；最后影响到人类的存亡绝续。古巴强调必须在全球一级采取符合发展中国家需要的政策和措施，发展中国家应参与制定和实施这些政策。整个国际社会，特别是迄今从国际合作中受益最多的国家，必须紧急加强有利于落实所有人权的国际合作与秩序。在这方面，国际团结是必不可少的。", "10. 对于当前全球化思想所造成的问题，寻求解决办法的主要障碍是工业化国家缺乏真正的政治意愿，不愿履行先前作出的承诺，无意改变当前的游戏规则。当前新自由主义全球化加剧了各种挑战，如发达不足、贫困和艾滋病毒/艾滋病等等，迄今由发达国家和国际机构设计来解决这些挑战的办法，都只是治标不治本的有限措施，不足以解决当今世界严重的问题和巨大的不平等。", "11. 古巴指出，如果真有政治意愿，从每年花在武备、征服战争和商业宣传的数千亿美元中，拿出相对较少的资源，即可为千百万人实现生命权和落实发展做很多事情。", "12. 古巴强调将发展置于国际经济议程的中心地位的重要性，以期消除贫穷以及消除贫富之间的差距。必须建立一个公平、透明和民主的国际体系，在各个领域贯彻落实影响深远的、综合全面的和同时并举的创新措施，可以从取消外债开始。古巴指出，应增加官方发展援助，官发援应当是无条件的，不应受捐赠者的经济和政治利益所制约。古巴提议恢复优惠贸易协定，想方设法补偿日益深化和加剧的不平等，并建议国际金融机构汰旧换新，联合国进行改革，推行民主化，使其发挥真正效用。古巴提出征收促进发展税。", "13. 对于当前的新自由主义秩序，全球提出质疑和批评的社会各界人士不断增多，古巴表示同意它们的立场。人类只能生存于一个普遍实现社会正义，更为人道和更加公平的秩序。最后，古巴重申，不公平的、利己的和不平等的国际秩序既不能解决人类今天面临的严重问题，也不能应对未来的主要挑战。", "科威特", "14. 科威特介绍了它的国家发展计划，其目的是提高公民的生活标准，支持人权和社会发展。为了应对全球金融危机的影响，科威特通过增加公共开支，努力恢复经济，公共开支是经济活动的主要驱动力，其重点是推动公共投资，加快重大发展项目的实施。科威特还让私营部门在一些项目的融资、实施和管理中发挥主导作用，从而鼓励投资。", "15. 科威特指出，它已颁布或修订法律和法规，以加强稳定性，增加透明度，为国内投资和外国投资营造有利环境。关于这些事态发展，科威特的答复中有详细解释。此外，科威特准备按照人权理事会普遍定期审议框架，编制人权状况国家报告，已在这方面采取步骤。", "巴拿马", "16. 巴拿马政府指出，它已采取一系列行动，以履行就关于全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响的大会第64/160号决议作出的承诺。为此，巴拿马政府在2006年创立了社会保护制度秘书处，凡是负责向通过绘制贫困图和社会脆弱性研究确定的极端贫困乡镇提供服务的政府机构，都参与其中，将极端贫困家庭纳入国家发展的大流。截至2010年1月，该方案已照顾了63 072户家庭。巴拿马的答复中详细解释了政府采取的各种政策和方案，向没有养老金的老人和性暴力的受害者提供支助；消除饥饿和营养不良；保护家庭生活权利；防止和取缔童工；以及收养儿童的权利。巴拿马介绍了婴儿咨询委员会在卫生、教育和普及哺乳室和幼儿中心的工作环境等领域提出的政策建议。", "17. 巴拿马指出，全球化进程缩短了国家、人民、文化和代与代之间的距离。在这种和睦关系中，每个人都可享受他/她的权利，各国应以文化合适方式确保发展权。为了应对全球化的影响，社会发展部重点关注各优先群体。在这方面，已实施一系列活动，确保加强老年人的参与、意识、保护和安全。同时，巴拿马已在国家一级促进土著人民的权利，以及实施《土著人民权利宣言》。此外，已发起一个过程，建立一个机构间和多部门的网络，以促进尊重年轻人的人权。巴拿马支持扩大青年参与的空间，以提高他们对公共政策的影响。", "秘鲁", "18. 秘鲁政府指出，全国人权理事会的意见说明了秘鲁所作的贡献。秘鲁希望全球化是在尊重人权和人的尊严大环境下的一个过程；有助于同与它保持关系的国家实现一体化；并向这些国家及其公民，不论性别、种族或社会阶层，提供谋求进步的机会。秘鲁承认人权的普遍性，批准了有关的国际文书，这些文书已纳入秘鲁内部立法，有助于实现人权的充分享受。", "19. 秘鲁指出，全球化是一个结构转变的过程，在每一个国家影响到其公民的公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利，而且还制造了必须面对的困难。全球化必须按照普遍公认的价值观，造福每个公民，提高国家的收入水平。在这方面，秘鲁在诸如农业、贸易、减贫和尊重文化多样性等领域实施多项政策，将经济增长与尊重人权挂钩。秘鲁详细介绍了这些方案。", "20. 至于良政善治与透明度，秘鲁确认经济领域不能与社会和政治领域分开。在这方面，为了确保增长与繁荣，市场力量所基于的价值观应当有助于提高资源较少人群的生活水平。", "21. 关于全球化带来的社会、环境和文化后果，秘鲁强调必须建立机制，促进生态可持续发展。在这方面，秘鲁制订了环境法，创建了全国环境影响评价制度，其中对可能有重大环境后果的所有建筑、工程、服务和其他活动，以及公共政策、计划和方案，订立了某些规范。这个制度的有关规定之一是进行环境影响研究，这是一套管理工具，包括从技术上评估拟议活动及其可预见的直接和间接的环境影响，包括物质影响和社会影响，短期影响和长期影响。这些研究有助于查明必要的措施，防止破坏环境或将破坏程度降低到可接受的水平。", "塞内加尔", "22. 塞内加尔政府指出，在不断增长的市场力量的压力下，人权被减损为基本的公民和政治权利，正如经济、社会和文化权利不断被侵蚀一样。塞内加尔指出，公民权利和政治权利直接在国家主权之下，只要不超出法律规定的范围，在国内大多受到保护。对于经济、社会和文化权利，在当前全球化失控和非人化的情况下，市场力量正在营造的新经济秩序严重危害到人权的充分享受。", "23. 塞内加尔指出，新自由主义经济体制在全球扩张，是通过自由化、放松管制、私有化和削减公共开支实现的，是国际金融和贸易机构对各国施加压力的结果。这些政策对世界上大部分人口产生了可怕的后果，如贫困和营养不良。疾病扩散传播、教育系统恶化、大规模失业、就业不稳定、腐败和洗钱惊人增加、环境退化、社会结构破坏、普遍贫困、不安全、武装暴力和恐怖主义威胁都是全球化带来的影响，有可能严重影响到人权的享受。", "24. 塞内加尔指出，在当前的经济体系下，跨国公司的势力日益显著，在“竞争”和“任由市场力量发挥作用”的名义下，国家被排除在经济决策之外。最大的跨国公司其营业额相当于甚或高于许多国家的国内生产总值(GDP)，有六七个跨国公司的交易额还超过了100个最贫穷国家加起来的国内生产总值。跨国公司的工作方法和活动的唯一目标是追求最大的利润，为了达到目的，他们会不择手段。塞内加尔着重指出，《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第1条规定的人民自决和处置其自然资源的权利已日益成为问题。在世界上部分地区，包括在非洲，财富被有组织的掠夺，所有人都被剥夺了谋生手段。在尼日尔河三角洲地区，石油巨头们的活动迫使南尼日利亚人民反抗，他们要分享财富，要维护健康的环境。", "25. 在一些传统社会权利出了问题的部门放松管制，吸引投资，会为权力的滥用开辟道路，导致违反《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第7条和第11条。结果，人人有公平的工作条件，使自己和家人过上体面生活的权利，都不再得到保证。塞内加尔认为，水、能源、教育、卫生、住房等基本服务的私有化，加上削减公共开支，加剧了不发达国家人口的贫困化，其中绝大多数人仍生活在联合国开发计划署指标所定的贫困线以下。对穷人和贫困地区的居民来说，安全饮用水成为奢侈品。公共医疗服务下降，对穷人更为不利。尽管国家未能采取措施，确保人人可充分行使享有能达到的最高身心健康标准的权利，穷人和偏远地区居民仍然无法获得私人医疗服务。对于商业化现象，教育也不能幸免。国家很少会考虑到，划拨给教育的公共开支是用于人力资本形成的投资，应给予优先。根据塞内加尔的经验，经常会看到国家想办法脱身，教育质量因而恶化。由于成本很高，接受得高质量的教育日益成为一种特权。", "26. 塞内加尔建议了一些措施，以调和全球化和人权。它强调市民有权就有关公共政策问题的解决方案质疑当局的重要性，特别是如果涉及经济和社会权利。通过公民的参与，治人者与治于人者都可以引导国际贸易和金融机构尊重《世界人权宣言》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》，使全球化体现人道的面孔。全球化需要一个法律框架，其中人权是不可或缺的元素。由于市场规则不能再置诸国际法律文书的管辖范围以外，人应该是推行全球化的目的，而不仅仅是全球化的手段。", "27. 塞内加尔认为，公民的参与也将导致跨国公司尊重有关的国际人权文书，如侵犯到其中所载权利，要承担责任。这些企业不享有任何主权，因而没有管辖豁免，对于它们在世界各地严重侵犯人权的行为，它们应负责纠正。", "28. 人民的参与预期也可以促使各国在与国际金融机构谈判时履行自己的承诺。塞内加尔认为，凡是关于市场自由化的决定，不应再通过国家干预措施强加给人民。这样的决定，包括法律或国际条约，在签署和批准之前，都必须受民主选举产生的或依法有管辖权的机构控制，必要时要通过全民投票予以批准或否决。对于私有化、放松管制和削减公共开支，也需要这样做。", "29. 塞内加尔指出，公众参与将有助于保护个人和人民的权利和自由，不用屈从或依赖市场规律。由于市场并不是一个民主和透明的当局，其真正的决策者并不享有代表全世界各国作出决策的合法权力，应当扩大经济及社会理事会的任务和权能，使它成为全球市场的全球观测站以及动力和调控中心。", "塞尔维亚", "30. 塞尔维亚指出，它通过了2009-2017年国家可持续发展战略以及实施这一战略的行动计划。然而，由于全球经济危机，该战略和行动计划所设想的很多措施都无法在2010年期间实施。结果，经过一段绝对贫困人口大幅下降的时期后，生活在绝对贫困线下的人数又再增加，所有其他贫穷指标也跟着恶化。经济活动的下降和随之而来的失业率上升，导致这种恶化。就业率从2009年的50%下降到2010年的37.9%，这是连续第二年就业人数减少。塞尔维亚还强调，该国各地在创造和分配收入方面，差异很大。", "31. 塞尔维亚指出，2009-2010期间的特点是从减贫概念逐渐转为提倡社会普惠包容，旨在消除贫困的根源，向人民提供适当的生活水平，为人民在经济、社会和文化领域的积极参与创造条件。塞尔维亚注意到，在保障人权方面，优先事项包括推行改革，消除结构性赤字，如果有关任务属于几个国家机关的职权范围，尤其需要协调。对职权需要有明确的定义，以履行国际人权文书和实施相关规范所产生的义务。塞尔维亚强调有必要制定一个行之有效的关于实施人权，包括落实少数人权利的措施的报告和监督制度。保障落实少数人权利的优先重点主要在于进一步加强某些少数民族的社会经济状况，拉近塞尔维亚少数民族成员同大多数人之间的民族距离。", "三. 从联合国组织收到的答复", "世界贸易组织", "32. 世界贸易组织强调，如同人权机制那样，透明度、一致性和公平是多边贸易体制背后的驱动力。开放国际贸易可导致经济增长和发展，有助于提高生活水平，从而可实际行使促进就业、获得教育机会和保健等已公布的权利。这样做的前提是，现有规则是全球性的、公正的，反映了所有依循这些规则的人的期望。目前共同构成多边贸易体制的一套规则和协议并不完全符合上述条件，也不能完全反映世贸组织在当今全球化世界中面临的构成和需求方面的变化。需要更新变革是世界贸易组织在2001年推出多哈回合谈判的最重要原因。驱使人们有这样的信念的最强大的力量，是不断变化的经济、社会和环境局势，以及共同需要设法解决在国际议程中占主要地位的发展挑战和扶贫挑战。", "33. 这种方向的改变反映在世贸组织的日常运作中，也反映在其成员的谈判立场。各成员国都在努力将发展中国家和最不发达国家的利益置于世贸组织的核心，都在努力改革多边贸易体制和职能，使大多数成员获得更大份额的世界贸易增长，以满足它们的经济和发展需要。保证市场准入，修订各项规则，使其向发展中国家倾斜，制订需求驱动的可持续技术援助和能力建设方案，都是在世贸组织运作中让发展起核心作用的例子。各成员集中注意推动实施多哈发展议程，并使多边贸易体制长期继续运作并进一步改善，是非常重要的。", "34. 世贸组织强调多边贸易体制对经济增长、发展和就业所作的贡献。贸易是公认能推动全球化的一种力量，贸易已清楚确立了其在促进经济发展中的作用。它为许多发展中国家产生了收益，在2008年的经济和金融危机中，人们看到了贸易量锐减对增长、就业和稳定的反向影响。尽管金融市场有趋于稳定的迹象，但危机的后果依然存在，特别影响到许多发展中国家。然而，最近的统计数据显示贸易如何帮助世界逃避衰退。2010年出口量破记录激增14.5%后(发达国家12.9%，发展中国家16.7%)，世界贸易增长速度有望恢复正常，即2011年增长6.5%(发达国家4.5%，发展中国家9.5%)。世贸组织预测2011年世界国内生产总值增长3.1%，2010年是3.6%。虽然由于日本和中东局势恶化，不能排除恶化的危险，但这些数字仍然非常令人鼓舞，显示出全球经济已恢复到危机前的水平。", "35. 在危机期间，人们担心保护主义措施的增加会创造螺旋下降的风险。这种趋势在发达国家和发展中国家都可以看到。对于任何保护主义的抬头，预料发展中国家都会受害较多，因为他们的出口往往对各种保护主义行动特别敏感，也因为它们普遍缺乏必要的安全网，以帮助那些受影响的人。世贸组织经常贸易政策审议机制报告了其成员所采取的措施，显示它们进一步陷入了采取更多贸易限制措施的境地，但采取高强度保护主义的做法已受到控制。但是，由于发达国家失业率高，欧洲大大紧缩开支，显然会维持保护主义的压力，世贸组织成员应保持警觉，应继续努力开放市场，而不是关闭市场。因此，大力敦促世贸组织成员推动完成多哈发展议程。有了宏大的、平衡的和面向发展的成果，就可以确保全球贸易体系保持开放，支持所有国家的发展努力。完成多哈发展议程是维护个别经济体的贸易利益，支持多边贸易体制，抵御保护主义爆发的最可靠的方法。", "36. 世贸组织指出，在努力履行关于全球发展伙伴关系的千年发展目标8并积极推动实现关于向发展中国家提供负担得起的药物的千年发展目标8具体目标E中，它占据最重要的位置。在获取负担得起的药物方面，关于与贸易有关的知识产权协定和公共卫生问题的《多哈宣言》给予贫穷国家更大的灵活性。现在的强制性许可证制度更为有效，它允许根据强制性许可证生产专利药的非专利版，出口到无法自己生产药物的国家。", "37. 贸易援助是一种刺激，许多发展中国家和最不发达国家都需要这种援助，以保持竞争力，并利用贸易作为减贫的工具。危机对流动资金供应及其后的贸易信贷供应的影响是众所周知的。世贸组织强调以负担得起的利率提供贸易融资的重要性，并指出日益需要在发展中国家建设稳定和长期的生产能力和基础设施网络。自2005年以来，贸易援助每年增长10%，使2009年新的承诺总额超过410亿美元。贸易援助和多哈回合谈判的圆满结束是国际社会的两个全球工具，应该用来对付危机的负面影响。两者都源自共同利益，出自相互合作，为重振多边合作提供了又一个机会。加强多边贸易规则，长期保持各国贸易政策的雄心与期待，是改进全球治理，使其更为有效的重要倍增效应因素。", "四. 结论和建议", "38. 2011年是《发展权利宣言》二十五周年。《宣言》定义发展权为一项不可剥夺的人权，据此人人有权参与、促进并享受经济、社会、文化和政治的发展(第1.1条)。《宣言》列明了发展权的特殊要求，包括把人置于发展的中心；确保积极、自由和有意义的参与；确保不歧视；公平分配的发展带来的好处；尊重自决和对自然资源的主权；并将推动其他公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利的所有过程通报周知。", "39. 要分享全球化的好处，分担全球化的重负，国际合作与国与国之间的团结是必不可少的。这涉及所有领域的合作，包括援助、贸易、投资、减免债务、转让技术、获取药物、发展筹资和气候变化。在这方面，全球经济治理改革至关重要，以确保所有国家和人民都可以平等得到全球化的好处。这种改革必须考虑到让发展中国家、最不发达国家、小岛屿发展中国家、内陆发展中国家和民间社会加强和有效参与全球决策，以创造更有利的国际条件，推动尊重所有人权的公平、普惠包容和可持续的发展。在天灾人祸日益频繁的这个世界上，各民族和各国之间团结合作，对人类的存亡绝续至关重要。", "40. 尊重所有公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利、法治、打击腐败，并承诺实行良政善治，包括打造透明、负责、问责、包容和参与性的政府，顺应人民的需要和愿望，是谋求和平与安全、经济和政治的稳定与发展所必不可少的。各国以及在国家和国际两级的非国家行为者都应尊重这些原则。当前世界各地都在反对独裁政权，证明侵犯人权、国家的财富和资源分配不公、腐败、排斥和歧视，不可能长期被容忍。", "41. 民众对发达国家不满，因为它们的经济政策没有以人为本，未能公平地提高人民的经济和社会福利，导致人口的某些部分，包括穷人、青年、移民和妇女的经济和社会边缘化。鉴于这些事态发展，各国应想方设法促进人民和民间社会积极、自由和有意义地参与决策机制。", "42. 在2010年关于千年发展目标的大会第六十五届会议高级别全体会议上，会员国确认，在实现千年发展目标的努力中，人权至关重要。实现千年发展目标的努力应纳入问责、平等、不歧视、参与和透明等人权原则。", "43. 国际社会应加强努力，在筹备2012年联合国可持续发展(里约+20)会议时，实施包容、公平和权基办法，并把重点放在落实社会最弱势部分的权利。在谈判之中，应重点突出可持续发展的人权方面。", "44. 各国应努力谋求多哈回合谈判的圆满结束，建立一个保证尊重所有人权，包括尊重发展权的开放、有章可循、透明和公平的多边贸易体制。", "45. 各国在地方、国家、区域和国际各级制订和执行贸易和投资领域的政策或作出任何承诺之前，应考虑和评估贸易、投资和发展政策对人权的影响。", "46. 工商企业的活动可能影响人权。因此，必须采取协调一致的措施，防止工商企业侵犯人权。鼓励国家和工商企业遵守人权理事会于2011年6月16日赞同的《企业与人权指导原则》，用以执行秘书长特别代表就人权与跨国公司和其他工商企业问题制订的联合国“保护、尊重和补救”框架。这些指导原则首次提供了一套全球性标准，以预防和应对企业活动对人权产生不利影响的风险。", "––––––––––––––" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目69(b)", "促进和保护人权:人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "全球化及其对所有人权的充分享受的影响", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第65/216号决议提交的,大会在该决议中请秘书长就全球化及其对所有人权的充分享受的影响问题进一步征求会员国和联合国系统相关机构的意见,并就此问题向大会第六十六届会议提交一份实质性报告。 报告概述了阿塞拜疆、保加利亚、古巴、科威特、巴拿马、秘鲁、塞内加尔和塞尔维亚政府以及世界贸易组织在答复中表达的意见,并就如何解决全球化对充分享有所有人权的影响提出了建议。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第65/216号决议注意到秘书长关于全球化及其对所有人权的充分享受的影响的报告(A/65/171),请秘书长进一步征求会员国和联合国系统相关机构的意见,并基于这些意见,向大会第六十六届会议提交关于这一主题的实质性报告,包括就如何应对全球化对充分享受所有人权的影响提出建议。", "2. 根据这一要求,联合国人权事务高级专员办事处于2011年4月28日发出一项请求,征求对这一问题的意见。 截至2011年7月15日,该办公室收到了阿塞拜疆、保加利亚、古巴、科威特和塞尔维亚政府以及世界贸易组织的答复。 本报告还载有巴拿马、秘鲁和塞内加尔政府在提交期限后于2010年提交的答复摘要,因此无法列入上述报告。", "二. 从各国政府收到的答复", "阿塞拜疆", "3个 阿塞拜疆政府提供了一份涉及各种问题的国家方案清单,如区域发展;能源,包括来自替代和再生来源的能源;就业,包括移徙、人口和人口发展;社会保护及其对老年人的延伸;保健;教育;环境;难民和国内流离失所者,包括改善他们的生活水平并增加他们的就业机会;人口贩运和暴力;青年政策;善政,提高透明度并打击腐败。", "保加利亚", " 4.四. 保加利亚政府认为,只有稳定的经济和金融框架才能鼓励社会的民主发展和充分尊重所有人权。 开放、可预测、有章可循、公平和非歧视性的多边贸易和金融体系的存在将促进发展中国家的民主和透明的参与。 保加利亚表示致力于建立一个公平和民主运作的透明的国际经济体制,促进民主和自由的思想。 保加利亚说,它积极支持自由、平等、法治和尊重人权等欧洲基本原则和价值观,为实现这一目标而积极努力。 它参加了世界贸易组织(世贸组织)和联合国系统的工作,两者的目标是建立一个公平、开放和民主的再分配制度,这反过来将导致实现民主治理和确保全世界的人权和公民权利。", "古巴", "5 (韩语). 古巴政府指出,它非常重视联合国系统作为一个普遍和更具代表性的论坛,在重新界定目前全球化进程的基础方面应起的核心作用,使全球化的潜在利益能够惠及世界各国人民。 它提到相互依存关系日益密切,其原因是世界某一地区发生的事件对其他地区数百万人的生活造成了影响。 在这方面,古巴指出,根据分担责任的原则,在多边框架内,所有人民都应享有参与具有全球影响的进程的治理和管理的固有权利。", "6. 国家 古巴提到,在新自由主义全球化进程中,国家在实现发展权以及维持、提供或保障教育、保健和社会保障等基本公共服务方面的作用和经济及财政能力正在下降。 这加深了不平等,在大多数情况下,剥夺了数百万人的经济、社会和文化权利,有时是大多数人口。 新自由主义的全球化助长了罪恶和犯罪的扩大,如贩毒、卖淫和色情制品,包括贩卖人口、恋童癖、种族主义和种族歧视、仇外心理和不容忍。 正如《世界人权宣言》所宣布、《发展权利宣言》所重申、1993年世界人权会议所协商一致重申的,人人享有可充分实现权利和自由的社会和国际秩序的权利远未实现。", "7. 联合国 古巴说,自由市场经济机制和新自由主义全球化通过区域自由贸易协定或世贸组织框架内的贸易自由化所促进的不平等之间的“平等”往往有利于发达国家,使发达国家与南方国家之间的不平等永久化并加深。 关于补贴问题,古巴指出,尽管发达国家及其控制的贸易和金融机构主张取消发展中国家的市场管制并取消补贴,但发达国家继续提供农业补贴并禁止大多数发展中国家的主要出口。", "8. 联合国 关于全球化的政治方面,古巴提到权力中心及其将正式代议制民主全球化的倾向,认为这是一种独特的制度;古巴批评对公民和政治权利的有偏见的解释,根据这种解释,公民和政治权利被置于优先地位,与实现经济、社会和文化权利脱节。 古巴强调了1993年《维也纳宣言和行动纲领》的共识,该共识确认必须考虑到国家和区域的特点以及历史、文化和宗教遗产的差异。 它说,限制人员在南方和北方之间流动的政策远远没有自由化。 相反,对向工业化世界移徙的限制正在增加,甚至威胁使用军事力量来制止日益增加的移徙浪潮。 古巴强调,技术转让没有自由化。 相反,旨在保护发达国家及其企业的垄断和支配地位并维持发展中国家依赖性的知识产权制度正在得到加强。", "9. 国家 古巴指出,继续实行新自由主义政策将使实现所有人的所有人权成为一个无法实现和虚幻的目标。 它强调了这些政策对和平、国家、区域和国际稳定、保护和合理使用资源,以及因此对人类生存的严重后果。 古巴强调必须在全球一级采取符合发展中国家需要的政策和措施,这些政策和措施是在发展中国家的参与下制订和执行的。 整个国际社会,特别是迄今为止从这种合作中受益最大的国家,必须紧急地加强有利于实现所有人权的国际合作和秩序。 在这方面,国际团结是必不可少的。", "10个 解决当前全球化理念所造成问题的主要障碍是工业化国家缺乏履行以前作出的承诺并改变现行游戏规则的真正政治意愿。 发达国家和国际机构迄今为解决目前新自由主义全球化所加剧的挑战而设计的办法和倡议,如发展不足、贫穷和艾滋病毒/艾滋病,只是有限的缓解性补救办法,不足以解决当今世界存在的严重问题和巨大的不平等。", "11个 古巴指出,如果有真正的政治意愿,就能够做很多工作,每年用于军备、征服战争和商业宣传的数千亿美元资源相对较少,以实现数百万人民的生命权和发展权。", "12个 古巴强调必须将发展置于国际经济议程的中心,以消除贫穷和消除贫富差距。 必须建立一个公平、透明和民主的国际制度,从取消外债开始,在各个领域实施影响深远、全面、创新和同时实施的措施。 古巴指出,官方发展援助应当增加,应当是无条件的,不应受捐助者的经济和政治利益所左右。 它建议恢复优惠贸易协定和补偿严重和日益加剧的不平等现象的方法,并建议取而代之的是国际金融机构,并改革联合国并使之民主化,使其真正有效。 它提议设立促进发展的税。", "13个 古巴同意全世界越来越多的社会部门质疑和批评目前新自由主义秩序的立场。 人类只有在社会正义占上风的更人道和公平的秩序下才能活下来。 最后,古巴重申,不公平、自私和不平等的国际秩序既不能解决人类今天面临的严重问题,也不能解决未来的重大挑战。", "科威特", "14个 科威特介绍了国家发展计划的情况,该计划旨在提高科威特公民的生活水平,支持人类和社区发展。 为了应对全球金融危机的影响,科威特努力通过加强公共支出来恢复经济,公共支出是经济活动的主要动力,重点是公共投资来加快重大发展项目的实施。 它还鼓励投资,让私营部门在资助、执行和管理一些项目方面发挥主导作用。", "15个 科威特指出,该国已颁布或修正了法律和立法,以加强稳定和透明度,从而为国内和外国投资创造有利环境。 科威特的答复对这些事态发展作了详细解释。 此外,科威特还在人权理事会普遍定期审议的框架内,参与编写关于该国人权状况的国家报告,并在此方面采取了步骤。", "巴拿马", "16号. 巴拿马政府指出,它已采取一系列行动,以履行对大会关于全球化及其对充分享受所有人权的影响的第64/160号决议所作的承诺。 在这方面,2006年,政府设立了社会保护系统秘书处,参与其中的有各种政府机构,这些机构向贫穷状况调查和社会脆弱性分析所查明的赤贫乡镇提供服务,以便将赤贫家庭纳入国家发展动态。 截至2010年1月,该方案已照顾了63 072个家庭。 正如巴拿马的答复所详细解释的那样,巴拿马政府通过了各种政策和方案,涉及向没有养老金的老年人和性暴力受害者提供支助;消除饥饿和营养不良;保护家庭生活权;预防和消除童工;以及儿童收养。 巴拿马介绍了婴儿咨询理事会在卫生、教育和普遍使用哺乳室和儿童保育中心的工作环境领域的政策建议。", "17岁。 巴拿马说,全球化进程缩短了国家、人民、文化和世代之间的距离。 在这种和解中,每个人都要求自己的权利,各国应以文化上适当的方式保障发展权。 为了应对全球化的影响,社会发展部重点关注优先群体。 在这方面,已经开展了一系列活动,以确保老年人的参与、认识、保护和安全。 同样,巴拿马在国家一级一直在促进土著人民的权利以及《土著人民权利宣言》。 此外,还启动了一个建立机构间和多部门网络的进程,以促进对青年人人权的尊重。 巴拿马支持加强青年参与空间,以增强其对公共政策的影响。", "秘鲁", "18岁。 秘鲁政府说,它的捐助参考了国家人权理事会表达的意见。 秘鲁希望在尊重人权和人的尊严的大背景下将全球化视为一个进程;它将促进与它保持关系的国家一体化;并将为这些国家及其公民提供进步的机会,而不论其性别、种族或社会阶级如何。 秘鲁通过批准相关国际文书承认人权的普遍性,这些文书已被纳入国内立法,有助于实现人权的充分享受。", " 19. 19. 秘鲁指出,全球化是一个结构转型进程,影响到对每个国家公民的公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利的尊重,造成了必须解决的困难。 全球化必须使每个公民受益,并依照普遍公认的价值观提高各国的收入水平。 在这方面,秘鲁执行了政策,在农业、贸易、减贫和尊重文化多样性等领域将经济增长与尊重人权联系起来。 秘鲁提供了关于这些方案的详细资料。", "20号. 关于善政和透明度,秘鲁认识到,经济领域不能与社会和政治领域相分离。 在这方面,为了确保增长和繁荣,市场力量应基于有助于改善资源较少者的生活水平的价值观。", "21岁 关于全球化的社会、环境和文化后果,秘鲁强调必须建立促进生态上可持续发展的机制。 在这方面,秘鲁颁布了一项环境法,建立了国家环境影响评估制度,为所有建筑、工程、服务和其他活动以及可能产生重大环境影响的公共政策、计划和方案确立了某些规范。 该系统的要求包括进行环境影响研究,这些研究是管理工具,包括从短期和长期角度对拟议活动及其对环境的可预见直接和间接影响进行技术评价。 这些研究有助于确定预防损害或将其降低到可容忍程度所必要的措施。", "塞内加尔", "22号. 塞内加尔政府指出,在不断增长的市场力量的压力下,人权被削弱为基本的公民权利和政治权利,因为经济、社会和文化权利不断被削弱。 塞内加尔指出,直接属于国家主权的公民权利和政治权利基本上在国家内部受到保护,但受法律规定的限制。 就经济、社会和文化权利而言,在目前无节制和非人化的全球化条件下,市场力量正在建立一种新的经济秩序,这严重地损害了人权的充分享受。", "23. 联合国 塞内加尔指出,由于国际金融和贸易机构对国家施加了压力,新自由主义经济制度在全球的扩展是通过自由化、放松管制、私有化和削减公共开支来进行的。 这种政策给世界大多数人口带来可怕的后果,例如贫穷和营养不良。 疾病的扩散、教育系统的恶化、大规模失业、就业无保障、腐败和洗钱的激增、环境退化、社会结构被破坏、普遍贫穷、不安全、武装暴力和恐怖主义的威胁是全球化的影响,并有可能严重影响人权的享受。", "24 (韩语). 塞内加尔指出,在目前的经济体系中,跨国公司的权力日益突出,而国家则以“竞争”和“市场力量的自由发挥”的名义被排除在经济决策之外。 最大的这类公司的营业额相当于或超过许多国家的国内生产总值(国内总产值),其中6个超过100个最贫穷国家的国内总产值。 跨国公司的工作方法和活动是由利润最大化这一唯一目标决定的,为了达到这一目的,它们采取了一切可能的手段。 塞内加尔强调,《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第一条规定的人民自决权和处置其自然资源的权利日益受到质疑。 随着包括非洲在内的世界一些地区财富被有组织地掠夺,整个人口被剥夺了生存手段。 石油巨头在尼日尔三角洲的活动引发了尼日利亚南部人民的起义,他们要求分享财富和享有健康环境的权利。", "25岁 为了吸引对传统社会权利受到质疑的部门的投资,放松管制为滥用开辟了道路,并导致违反《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》第七条和第十一条。 因此,不再保障所有人享有公平工作条件的权利,为自己及其家人提供体面的生活。 塞内加尔认为,基本服务——水、能源、教育、卫生和住房——的私有化以及公共开支的削减加剧了欠发达国家人口的贫困,根据联合国开发计划署的指标,这些国家绝大多数人仍然生活在贫困线以下。 获得安全饮用水已成为穷人和贫困地区居民的奢侈品。 公共卫生服务的减少使穷人处于不利地位。 虽然国家没有采取措施,确保人人能充分行使能达到的最高标准的身心健康的权利,但穷人和边远地区人民仍然得不到私人保健服务。 教育也不是商业化现象的例外。 各国很少将教育方面的公共支出视为人力资本形成方面的投资,并将其作为优先事项。 塞内加尔认为,看到国家脱离接触和教育质量下降是相当常见的。 获得优质教育的机会由于费用高而日益成为一种特权。", "26. 联合国 塞内加尔建议采取一些措施使全球化与人权相协调。 它强调赋予公民权力对于质疑公共当局解决公共政策问题,特别是经济和社会权利的重要性。 公民的参与应允许省长和领导国际贸易和金融机构尊重《世界人权宣言》和关于公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利的国际公约,使全球化具有人性。 全球化需要一个法律框架,其中人权是一个基本要素。 鉴于市场规则不能再超出国际法律文书的范围,人应该是全球化的目的,而不仅仅是手段。", "27个 塞内加尔认为,公民参与还将促使跨国公司尊重有关的国际人权文书,对其中载列的权利受到侵犯承担责任。 那些不享有任何主权,因而没有管辖豁免的企业,应当解决它们在世界各地所应负责的严重侵犯人权的问题。", "28岁 人们的参加还将促使各国在与国际金融机构谈判时履行承诺。 塞内加尔认为,关于市场自由化的决定不应再通过国家干预强加于人民。 这类决定,包括签署和批准前的法律或国际条约,必须由民主选举或法律主管机构控制,必要时须经公民投票批准或拒绝。 私有化、放松管制和削减公共开支也是如此。", "29. 国家 塞内加尔指出,公众参与将有助于保护个人和人民的权利和自由,使其免于服从或依赖市场法律。 由于市场不是一个民主和透明的权力机构,其真正的决策者没有代表世界各国作出决定的合法性,经济及社会理事会的使命和权限应当扩大,使之成为全球观察站和全球市场的动力和管制中心。", "塞尔维亚", "30岁。 塞尔维亚表示,该国已经通过了2009-2017年国家可持续发展战略和执行该战略的行动计划。 但是,由于全球经济危机,2010年未能执行战略和行动计划中设想的大量措施。 因此,在绝对贫穷大幅减少之后,生活在绝对贫穷线以下的人数有所增加,同时所有其他贫穷指标都恶化了。 经济活动的下降和随之而来的失业率的上升助长了这种恶化。 就业率从2009年的50%下降到2010年的37.9%,这是连续第二年就业人数下降。 塞尔维亚还强调,该国各地区在收入的产生和分配方面存在巨大差异。", "31岁 塞尔维亚指出,2009-2010年期间的特点是逐渐从减少贫穷的概念转向了旨在消除贫穷根源的社会包容概念,为人民积极参与经济、社会和文化领域创造适当水平的生活水平并创造条件。 塞尔维亚指出,保障行使人权的优先事项包括开展改革,消除结构性赤字,特别是在协调属于若干国家机构职权范围的任务方面。 需要明确界定履行国际人权文书规定的义务和执行相关规范的权限。 塞尔维亚强调,需要建立一个职能报告制度,监督包括少数群体权利在内的人权措施的执行情况。 保障少数民族行使权利的优先事项主要在于进一步加强某些少数民族的社会和经济状况,并减少大多数塞尔维亚人口同少数民族成员的族裔距离。", "三. 从联合国各组织收到的答复", "世界贸易组织", "32. 联合国 世界贸易组织强调透明、一致和公平是多边贸易体制的动力,人权机制也是如此。 开放国际贸易可以导致增长和发展,有助于提高生活水平,从而有助于实际落实已宣布的权利,如与就业、获得教育和保健有关的权利。 这预示着现行规则是全球性的,是公正的,反映了所有遵守这些规则的人的期望。 目前共同构成多边贸易体系的一套规则和协定没有完全满足这一条件,也没有充分反映世贸组织在当今全球化世界中面临的不断变化的组成和要求。 需要更新和改变是世贸组织成员在2001年启动多哈回合谈判的最重要原因。 这种信念的最有力动力是不断变化的经济、社会和环境环境,以及共同需要应对主导国际议程的发展和贫穷挑战。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 该组织的日常运作以及其成员的谈判立场反映了这一方向的变化。 世贸组织成员国力求将发展中国家和最不发达国家的利益置于世贸组织的核心地位,并改革多边贸易体系和职能,使世贸组织大多数成员国能够在世界贸易增长中获得更大的份额,以满足其经济和发展需要。 提供有保障的市场准入、改革有利于发展中国家的规则并建设由需求驱动和可持续的技术援助和能力建设方案是发展在世贸组织业务中起核心作用的例子。 至关重要的是,各成员应注重执行《多哈发展议程》的前进方向,并注重多边贸易体制的长期持续运作和进一步改善。", "34. 国家 世贸组织强调多边贸易体系对经济增长、发展和就业的贡献。 贸易被认为是全球化的驱动力之一,贸易在促进经济发展方面的作用已经明确确立。 它为许多发展中国家带来了收益,在2008年的经济和金融危机期间,贸易量崩溃对增长、就业和稳定产生了相反的影响。 尽管金融市场出现了稳定的迹象,但危机的后果依然存在,对许多发展中国家来说尤其如此。 然而,最近的统计数字显示,贸易如何帮助世界摆脱衰退。 2010年出口额猛增14.5%(发达国家为12.9%,发展中国家为16.7%),创下历史新高后,世界贸易增长预计将在2011年恢复到6.5%(发达国家为4.5%,发展中国家为9.5%。 世贸组织预测,2011年世界国内生产总值增长率为3.1%,而2010年为3.6%。 尽管由于日本和中东局势,不能排除恶化的风险,但这些数字仍然非常令人鼓舞,表明全球经济已恢复到危机前的水平。", "35. 联合国 在危机期间,人们担心保护主义措施的增加有可能造成螺旋式下降。 这一趋势在发达国家和发展中国家都很明显。 由于保护主义的猛增,发展中国家的出口往往对各种保护主义行动特别敏感,而且这些国家普遍缺乏必要的安全网来帮助受影响者,因此,预计发展中国家将遭受更大的苦难。 世贸组织关于其成员所采取措施的报告——作为其正常的贸易政策审查机制的一部分——表明,在采取更多限制贸易的行动方面进一步倒退,但诉诸高强度保护主义的做法受到遏制。 然而,世贸组织成员应当保持警惕,并继续努力开放市场,而不是关闭市场,因为发达国家的高失业率和欧洲的严厉紧缩将显然保持保护主义压力。 因此,强烈敦促世贸组织成员推动多哈发展议程的完成。 一项雄心勃勃、平衡和以发展为取向的成果将确保全球贸易体系保持开放,以支持所有国家的发展努力。 缔结《多哈发展议程》将是保障个人贸易利益和多边贸易体系免遭保护主义爆发的最可靠方式。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 世贸组织指出,它站在实现千年发展目标8(全球发展伙伴关系)努力的前列,并积极推动实现千年发展目标8的具体目标E,该具体目标旨在为发展中国家提供负担得起的药品。 《关于与贸易有关的知识产权协定和公共卫生的多哈宣言》为穷国提供了获得负担得起的药品的额外灵活性。 强制许可制度现在更为有效,允许根据强制许可向不能自己制造这些药品的国家出口专利药品的通用版本。", "37. 联合国 贸易援助是许多发展中国家和最不发达国家保持竞争力和利用贸易作为减贫工具所需的刺激。 危机对流动性和随后的贸易信贷供应的影响是众所周知的。 世贸组织强调以可承受的价格提供贸易融资的重要性,并指出,在发展中国家建立稳定和长期的生产能力和基础设施网络方面还需要更多的资金。 自2005年以来,贸易援助每年增长10%,2009年新承诺总额已超过410亿美元。 贸易援助和多哈回合的成功结束是国际社会应对危机负面影响的两个全球工具。 两者都产生于共同利益和合作,为重振多边合作提供了又一次机会。 加强多边贸易规则并锁定各国的贸易政策抱负和愿望,是改善全球治理并提高其效率的重要倍数。", "四、结 论 结论和建议", "38. 国家 2011年是《发展权利宣言》通过二十五周年。 《宣言》将发展权界定为一项不可剥夺的人权,据此,人人有权参与、促进并享受经济、社会、文化和政治发展(第1条第1款)。 《宣言》规定了发展权的特别要求,其中包括:将人置于发展的中心;确保积极、自由和有意义的参与;确保不歧视;公平分配发展的利益;尊重自决和对自然资源的主权;告知所有促进其他公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利的进程。", "39. 各国之间的国际合作和团结对于分享全球化的利益和负担是必不可少的。 这涉及所有合作领域,包括援助、贸易、投资、债务减免、技术转让、获得药品、发展筹资和气候变化。 在这方面,全球经济治理改革至关重要,以确保所有国家和人民都能从全球化中平等受益。 这种改革必须考虑到发展中国家、最不发达国家、小岛屿发展中国家、内陆发展中国家和民间社会加强和有效参与全球决策,为尊重所有人权的公平、包容和可持续发展创造更有利的国际条件。 在日益频繁地发生自然和人为灾害的世界上,各国人民和各国之间的团结对人类生存至关重要。", " 40. 40. 尊重所有公民、政治、经济、社会和文化权利、法治、打击腐败并致力于善政做法,包括透明、负责、负责、包容和参与性的政府,顺应人民的需要和愿望,是和平与安全、经济和政治稳定与发展所不可或缺的。 这些原则应得到国家和国际两级国家和非国家行为者的充分尊重。 目前世界各地反对独裁政权的事态发展证明,从长远看,侵犯人权、国家财富和资源分配不均、腐败、排斥和歧视是不会被容忍的。", "41. 国家 发达国家也出现了民众的不满,经济政策没有把人民放在中心地位,因而未能公平地提高人民的经济和社会福利,并导致包括穷人、青年、移民和妇女在内的某些人口阶层的经济和社会边缘化。 鉴于这些事态发展,各国应想方设法促进人民和民间社会积极、自由和有意义地参与决策机制。", "42. 国家 在2010年举行的大会第六十五届会议关于千年发展目标的高级别全体会议上,会员国认识到人权对于实现千年发展目标的努力至关重要。 实现千年发展目标的努力应当纳入问责制、平等、不歧视、参与和透明度等人权原则。", "43. 东帝汶 国际社会应加强努力,在2012年联合国可持续发展大会(里约+20)之前采取包容、公平和以权利为本的做法,并注重解决社会最脆弱群体的权利问题。 可持续发展的人权方面应在谈判中占据突出位置。", "44. 国家 各国应努力使多哈回合谈判有实际意义地结束,以确保建立一个开放、有章可循、透明和更公平的多边贸易体系,保障尊重所有人权,包括发展权。", "45. 国家 在制订和执行地方、国家、区域和国际各级的贸易和投资政策或作出任何承诺之前,各国应当考虑并评估贸易、投资和发展政策对人权的影响。", "46. 经常预算: 工商企业的活动可能影响人权。 因此,必须采取协调一致的措施,防止与企业有关的侵犯人权行为。 鼓励各国和企业遵守人权理事会2011年6月16日批准的《工商业与人权指导原则》,以落实人权与跨国公司和其他工商企业问题秘书长特别代表所制定的联合国“保护、尊重和补救”框架。 《指导原则》首次提供了防止和处理与商业活动有关的人权受不利影响风险的全球标准。" ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 September to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 2 of the provisional agenda", "Financial, budgetary and administrative matters", "Annual review of the financial situation, 2010", "Report of the Administrator", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of the financial position of UNDP at the end of 2010. Total income (contributions, interest and other income) rose by 3 per cent to $5.95 billion, from $5.79 billion in 2009. Total contributions increased by 3 per cent to $5.49 billion, from $5.34 billion in 2009. Total expenditures increased significantly, by 8 per cent to $5.99 billion, from $5.53 billion in 2009.", "Contributions to regular (core) resources decreased in 2010 to $967 million, 5 per cent below the 2009 level of $1.01 billion. This reduction required UNDP to institute a corresponding reduction in planned core expenditures to avoid drawing on the operational reserve. Consequently, UNDP expenditures related to regular resources decreased by 8 per cent to $1.08 billion, from $1.17 billion in 2009.", "Other (non-core) resources contributions increased by 4 per cent to $4.31 billion, from $4.13 billion in 2009. This increase is mainly attributable to programmes in countries with special development situations. The contributions for such programmes grew by 44 per cent to $1.66 billion, compared to $1.15 billion in 2009. Among other resources contributions, contributions from bilateral partners increased by 13 per cent, from $1.56 billion in 2009 to $1.76 billion. Multilateral partners also increased their contributions by 12 per cent, to $1.74 billion, from $1.55 billion in 2009. Local resources provided by programme countries decreased by 4 per cent, from $0.72 billion in 2009 to $0.69 billion. Other resources expenditures amounted to $4.67 billion, a 12 per cent increase compared to $4.18 billion in 2009.", "Other or “earmarked” resources represent an important complement to the regular or “unearmarked” resource base of UNDP. In 2010 UNDP was funded by 78 per cent earmarked resources, and 18 per cent from unearmarked resources, with the United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) and the United Nations Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) making up the remaining 4 per cent. The ability of UNDP to fulfill its multilateral mandate and deliver effective capacity-building is contingent on sufficient core funding. This core funding allows UNDP to operate as a flexible, forward-looking organization, with the ability to pursue integrated management and programming approaches focused on long-term effectiveness and sustainability.", "UNDP coordinates the United Nations system at the country level, and continues to play a vital role in forging development coherence. The value of fund flows to multi-donor trust funds (MDTFs), to joint programmes and to support other United Nations organizations totaled $1.15 billion, compared to $1.78 billion in 2009. The decrease was due primarily to a fall in contributions to multi-donor trust funds and joint programmes, from $1.25 billion in 2009 to $610 million, a drop due in large part to a reduction in contributions to the three largest MDTFs, two of which have fully allocated their resources and are winding down in the coming years.", "This report contains figures for the entire year 2010 for UNIFEM, which was merged into UN-Women on 2 July 2010. Since the UN-Women founding resolution, General Assembly resolution 64/289, states that UN-Women will become operational on 1 January 2011, this is the last time that UNIFEM shall be featured in the present report.", "Elements of a decision", "The Executive Board may wish: (a) to take note of documents DP/2011/33 and DP/2011/33/Add.1; (b) note the continuing decrease in regular resources, which are necessary for UNDP to fulfil its mandate, to preserve its multilateral, impartial and universal character, and to provide an adequate and secure regular funding base; (c) to urge all Member States to support UNDP in reaching its regular resources targets and to commit, as early as possible, contributions to UNDP regular resources for 2011 and onwards, if possible through multi-year pledges; and (d) to recall the importance of funding predictability and timeliness of payments to avoid liquidity constraints in regular resources.", "Contents", "Chapter Page\t\nI.Introduction 4\t\nII.UNDPoverall 4\t\nIII.Regularresources 7\t\nA.Income 7\t\nB.Expenditure 8\t\nC.Balanceofunexpendedresources 10\t\nIV.Otherresources 11\t\nA.Income 11\t\nB.Expenditures 14\t\nC.Cost-recoverypolicy 17\tD.Balanceofunexpendedresources 1718 \nE.Others \nV.UnitedNationsreformandsupporttootherUnitedNationsorganizations 19\t\nA.UNDPadministrativeagentfunction 19\t\nB.SupporttoUnitedNationsorganizations 19\tC.UnitedNationsdevelopmentcoordinationactivities 1919 \nD.UnitedNationsmandatedsecuritycosts \nVI.Internationalpublicsectoraccountingstandards 20\t\nVII.FundsadministeredbyUNDP 20\t\nA.UnitedNationsCapitalDevelopmentFund 20\t\nB.UnitedNationsDevelopmentFundforWomen 21\t\nAnnex \nI.UNDPoverview A.Statementofincomeandexpendituresfortheyearended31December2010,with 22 \ncomparativefiguresfor2009 B.Assets,liabilitiesandreserves,andfundbalancesasof31December2010,with 23 \ncomparativefiguresfor2009", "I. Introduction", "1. This report provides an overview of the financial position of UNDP at the end of 2010 with comparative figures for 2009 where available. The analysis of UNDP activities at the aggregate level is followed by analyses of regular or core resources, “other” or non-core resources, including for the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) programme, and the funds established by the General Assembly – the UNCDF, and other activities. This report contains figures for the entire year 2010 for UNIFEM, which was merged into UN-Women on 2 July 2010. Since the General Assembly resolution 64/289 states that UN-Women will become operational on 1 January 2011, this is the last time that UNIFEM shall feature in the present report. Annex I reflects an overview of the aggregate figures, and Annex II contains the definitions of the terms used in this document. Table 1 of the addendum to the present report (DP/2011/33/Add.1) continues with a summary of all activities undertaken by UNDP. The percentages in the body of the report reference data in the annexes.", "2. In accordance with the recommendation made by the Executive Board in decision 2009/22, for the first time expenditures are reported in 2010 in four broad cost-classification areas: (a) development; (b) management; (c) United Nations development coordination; and (d) special purpose. In addition, other expenditures, which do not fall within the four broad cost classifications, are also reported as part of overall expenditures.", "II. UNDP overall", "3. At the aggregate level, UNDP saw a small yet significant increase in total income in 2010, combined with continued growth in expenditures. UNDP was funded by 18 per cent core resources and 78 per cent non-core resources, with 4 per cent pertaining to UNIFEM and UNCDF.", "4. Total income is defined as the sum of contributions, interest income and other income. Total income increased to $5.95 billion, an increase of 3 per cent compared to the 2009 income of $5.79 billion. Total contributions increased by 3 per cent from $5.34 billion to $5.49 billion; interest income increased to $0.12 billion (from $0.10 billion in 2009); and other income increased to $0.36 billion (from $0.35 billion in 2009).", "5. Contributions to core resources decreased by 5 per cent to $967 million, compared to $1.01 billion in 2009 and the 2010 target of $1.4 billion contained within the integrated financial resources framework of the strategic plan, approved by the Executive Board in its decision 2007/32.", "6. Non-core contributions reached a total of $4.31 billion, 4 per cent above the $4.13 billion reached in 2009. This increase is mainly attributable to programmes in countries facing special development situations. The contributions to these programmes grew by 44 per cent to $1.66 billion, compared to $1.15 billion in 2009. Bilateral contributions amounted to $1.76 billion, an increase of 13 per cent compared to $1.56 billion in 2009, with contributions for countries with special development situations growing from $633 million in 2009 to $1 billion. Non-core resources entrusted to UNDP by multilateral partners reached $1.74 billion, an increase of 12 per cent over the $1.55 billion of 2009, with contributions received for countries with special development situations growing from $495 million in 2009 to $614 million. Local resources, channelled through UNDP by programme country Governments and other local partners in support of their own national development, amounted to $0.69 billion, a decrease of 4 per cent compared to $0.72 billion in 2009.", "7. Other resources are earmarked for specific programmes and activities and represent an important complement to the unearmarked regular resource base of UNDP. Regular resources contributions have dropped to a level which is equivalent to 22 per cent of other resources contributions, compared to 25 per cent in 2009. The ability of UNDP to fulfil its mandate and to preserve its multilateral, impartial and universal character depends upon an adequate and secure regular funding base to support strategic and flexible management approaches focused on long-term effectiveness and sustainable development results.", "8. Total expenditures continued to increase, growing by 8 per cent to $5.99 billion, from $5.53 billion in 2009. Of the $5.99 billion, $4.94 billion (82 per cent) was spent on development activities, $518 million (9 per cent) on management activities, $125 million (2 per cent) on United Nations development coordination activities, $220 million (4 per cent) on special purpose activities, and $190 million (3 per cent) on activities other than those that fall under the four broad cost classifications. Figure 1 below presents the trend of overall income and expenditures.", "Figure 1. Overall income and expenditures, 2001 to 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "9. The overall balance of unexpended resources at the end of 2010 fell to $5.03 billion, from $5.19 billion in 2009. The $5.03 billion consisted of $283 million under regular resources, $4.49 billion under other resources, $53 million under UNCDF and $206 million under UNIFEM. As UNDP is required to operate on a fully funded basis for all other resources activities, the cash is held for discrete purposes, without commingling or “sharing” of balances for one project with another project, or fungibility of resources for commitment or disbursement of funds. A total of $1.78 billion, or 41 per cent of other resources contributions, were received in the last quarter, and thus can only be programmed for future years’ delivery. The balance of unexpended regular resources also continued to drop: from $354 million in 2009 to $283 million. At this point in time, the majority of unexpended resources have been programmed and will be delivered in future years.", "10. As shown in Figure 2 below, the majority of funds were received in the last quarter of 2010. Together with the decrease in the level of regular resources contributions received, this resulted in low liquidity at the end of third quarter, and UNDP acted swiftly to reduce planned core expenditures in order to maintain the required liquidity ratio. The decrease in contributions was due mainly to reduced contributions in United States dollars and local currencies, as well as exchange rate movements. The effect of this was partially offset by UNDP hedging activity. At the end of 2010, the UNDP year-end liquidity position remained low, at approximately 3.1 months of working capital. This is close to the minimum threshold of liquidity requested by the Executive Board: three to six months of regular resources expenditures. Accordingly, UNDP did not draw from its operational reserve. Nevertheless, as other resources are not fungible, if UNDP planning is to be effective and results achieved, it is vital that Member States adhere to their commitments and do not delay their regular resource contributions.", "Figure 2. Regular (core) and other (non-core) resources income by quarter, 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "11. UNDP is fully committed to United Nations reform initiatives and to the optimization of its country-level coordination role in support of national development efforts. Total income for trust funds and joint programmes funded by multiple donors and managed by UNDP in its role as administrative agent decreased to $1.15 billion from $1.78 billion in 2009. This drop was due in large part to a reduction in contributions to the three largest multi-donor trust funds (MDTFs), two of which have fully allocated their resources and are winding down in the coming years. The $1.15 billion figure includes $612 million ($1.25 billion in 2009) for MDTFs and joint programmes for which UNDP serves as administrative agent, and $535 million for management and operational services provided by UNDP. In addition, UNDP provided $125 million for the United Nations development coordination activities.", "III. Regular resources", "12. For regular resources, total income inclusive of interest income and other income decreased by 3 per cent compared to 2009, from $1.05 billion to $1.02 billion. Although total expenditures decreased by 8 per cent from $1.17 billion to $1.08 billion. They exceeded total income (shown in Figure 3 below). As a result, the unexpended resource balance, exclusive of operational reserves, decreased to $283 million, from $354 million in 2009.", "Figure 3. Regular resources income and expenditures 2001-2010", "(in billions of dollars)", "[]", "A. Income", "13. Compared to 2009, total regular resources income inclusive of interest income and other income decreased by 3 per cent, from $1.05 billion to $1.02 billion.", "Contributions", "14. Regular resources contributions decreased by 5 per cent to $967 million, from $1.01 billion in 2009.", "15. As shown in Table 1 below, contributions from the top 10 donors to regular resources decreased by 5 per cent in dollar terms to $786 million from $828 million in 2009. Whereas most bilateral donors maintained their contributions, some increased, including Australia, Belgium, Finland and the Republic of Korea. Seven of the Development Assistance Committee countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development reduced their contributions in local currency. A total of 55 Member States contributed towards core resources including India at $5 million, the People’s Republic of China at $4 million, and Saudi Arabia at $2 million, all of which maintained the same contributions as in 2009. Bangladesh, Egypt, Greece, Kazakhstan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Morocco, South Africa and Turkey all resumed contributions in 2010.", "Table 1. Regular resources contributions from top 10 donors, 2009-2010", "Donor\tContributionsinlocalcurrency Contributionsinmillionsofdollars \n\t2009\t2010\tPercentchange\t2009\t2010\tPercentchange\n Netherlands 90 90 - 122 121 -1 \n Norway 770 770 - 123 118 -4 \nUnited States ofAmerica 103\t99\t-4\n Sweden 720 630 -13 91 88 -3 \nUnited Kingdomof Great Britainand NorthernIreland\t58\t55\t-5\t93\t85\t-9\n Japan*       74 73 -1 \n Denmark 320 320 - 55 58 5 \n Switzerland 54 54 - 54 56 4 \n Canada 50 50 - 48 48 - \n Spain 45 30 -33 65 40 -38 \nTotal of top 10donors\tN/A\tN/A\tN/A\t828\t786\t-5\n Others N/A N/A  N/A 186 181 -3 \n Total resources       1,014 967 -5 Source: Table 7,DP/2011/33/Add.1. \n* Japan’scontributionsare pledged andreceived in US$.", "Interest income", "16. Interest income on regular resources was $14 million, compared to $10 million in 2009. As in 2009, UNDP successfully avoided any loss of principal in its investments despite ongoing financial market volatility.", "Other income", "17. Other income, which mainly includes miscellaneous income and exchange gains, was $48 million, up from $38 million in 2009. The increase was in part due to currency revaluation and exchange rate gains.", "B. Expenditure", "18. In accordance with the recommendation made by the Executive Board in decision 2009/22, expenditures are reported in 2010 (for the first time) in the four broad cost-classification areas: (a) development; (b) management; (c) United Nations development coordination; and (d) special purpose. In addition, other expenditures, which do not fall under any of the four broad cost classifications, are also reported as part of overall expenditures.", "19. Total regular resources expenditures decreased by 8 per cent, from $1.17 billion in 2009 to $1.08 billion.", "Development expenditures", "20. Expenditures on development, which includes programmes and development effectiveness activities, reached $627 million, of which $74.8 million was for development effectiveness activities. Development activities expenditures include $4 million for the Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People (2009: $5 million).", "21. A total of $108 million (17 per cent of total development expenditures) was spent in countries facing special development situations.", "Management and Biennial support budget Expenditures", "22. Net biennial support budget expenditures decreased by approximately 7 per cent, from $392 million to $363 million. This was in line with typical budgetary performance in the first year of a biennium, as investments endorsed by the Executive Board are spread over two years and deliberate measures are taken to reduce spending in the first year. The endorsed investments were undertaken in the areas of management (support to crisis prevention and recovery activities, knowledge management, and operational support in the Africa region) and development effectiveness (strengthened substantive response and contributions in the areas of climate change, Millennium Development Goals achievement, crisis prevention and recovery, and South-South cooperation). These investments were offset by budget reductions in other areas of the 2010-2011 biennial support budget.", "23. For the 2010-2011 period, biennial support budget expenditures are reported using the categories endorsed by the Executive Board in decision 2009/22. By category, 62 per cent of the biennial support budget expenditures in 2010 was spent on management activities, 12 per cent on development effectiveness activities, 21 per cent on United Nations development coordination activities, and 5 per cent on special purpose activities.", "24. Government contributions towards local office costs (GLOC) represent an important source of income by helping to defray biennial support budget costs for UNDP country offices. These contributions can be made as cash and/or as an in-kind donation. They also represent an acknowledgement by host Governments of the value they place on the UNDP country office presence.", "25. The value of GLOC in-kind contributions increased slightly ($11 million) compared to 2009, (just under $11 million). GLOC cash contributions for 2010 increased by approximately $1 million (4 per cent) over 2009 levels to $26 million. The Administrator appreciates improvements made by many programme countries in meeting their GLOC obligations. In cases of non-compliance, however, UNDP will maintain the option of withholding a portion of institutional budget resources from countries with significant GLOC deficits.", "United Nations development coordination expenditures", "26. Expenditures on United Nations development coordination activities support the coordination of development activities of the United Nations system. The net expenditures on these activities amounted to a total of $94 million in 2010.", "Special purpose expenditures", "27. Net expenditures incurred on special purpose activities equaled $43 million. Special purpose activities represent cross cutting activities that are further classified into three groupings: General Assembly mandated activities, non-UNDP operations administered by UNDP, and capital investments. A total of $25 million was spent on General Assembly mandated activities, which include human resources contractual reform, United Nations mandated security costs and adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). On non-UNDP operations administered by UNDP (UNV programme and UNCDF) $18 million was spent.", "Other expenditures", "28. Under the new cost classification system, other expenditures were $88 million.Of that amount, $46 million was due to the revaluation of currencies and exchange-rate fluctuations. As part of its preparations for IPSAS, UNDP is continuing its review of balances that have grown on balance sheet accounts over the past 15 to 20 years, making considerable progress in cleaning the data. This process is ongoing, and with further due diligence may result in the identification of expenditures for which funding is no longer available.", "29. An independent consulting actuary undertook a valuation of After-Service Health Insurance (ASHI) benefits, as of 31 December 2009. On the basis of that study, the accrued liability estimates for UNCDF are $11 million; UNIFEM, $20 million; and UNDP, $430 million, totalling $461 million. The total accrued liability represents a decrease of $5 million below the $466 million estimated in the previous actuarial report of 31 December 2007. As of 31 December 2010, the ASHI reserve for UNDP alone is $429 million, and the unfunded liability stands at $34 million, which represents the difference between the accrued UNDP liability of $429 million and the projected ASHI reserve for 2010 of $463 million, as per the aforementioned actuarial report. The UNDP ASHI funding strategy established in 2001 aims at achieving full funding of the UNDP ASHI liability within 15 years. UNCDF and UNIFEM will fund their ASHI liabilities in future years.", "30. As in prior years, the full ASHI liability is disclosed in a note to the financial statements. Upon the adoption of IPSAS in 2012, the full amount of the ASHI liability will be shown as a liability in the statement of financial position.", "C. Balance of unexpended resources", "31. The balance of unexpended regular resources, excluding the operational reserve, fell significantly to $283 million at the end of 2010, compared to $354 million in 2009. This represented 6 per cent of the overall balance of unexpended resources, a reduction from 7 per cent in 2009.", "32. A significant amount of funds ($280 million or 29 per cent of contributions to regular resources) were received in the last quarter of 2010, a pattern which distorts the unexpended regular resources balance reported at year-end. In addition, specific cash balances are set aside for regulatory reasons such as for the operational reserve. In other cases, balances are earmarked for prudent management of future liabilities (e.g., ASHI). Other amounts are for routine operations, including the settlement of accounts payable, unliquidated obligations and inter-fund transactions with other United Nations agencies.", "33. A prudent level of liquidity for UNDP regular resources would be the equivalent of expenditures for three to six months, implying a total liquidity of between $269 million and $538 million at the 2010 expenditure level. The decrease in regular resources contributions received, combined with the low level of contributions received in the first three quarters of 2010, resulted in low liquidity at the end of third quarter. Thus UNDP had to act swiftly to reduce planned core expenditures in order to maintain the required liquidity ratio. The decrease in contributions was due mainly to reduced contributions in US dollars and local currency, as well as exchange-rate movements. The effect of the latter was partially offset by UNDP hedging activity. However, at the end of 2010 the UNDP year-end liquidity position represented approximately 3.1 months of working capital, a decrease from the level of approximately 3.5 months at the previous year-end.", "34. In accordance with Executive Board decision 1999/9, the formula for the calculation of the level of the UNDP regular resource operational reserve was amended on the basis of documents DP/1999/5/Rev.1 and DP/1999/CRP.9/Rev.1. Based on the final income and expenditure data for the year 2010, the operational reserve will be adjusted downwards to a new level of $226 million, from $238 million. The $12 million will be transferred to the general resources of UNDP.", "IV. Other resources", "35. Other resources are composed of: cost sharing, trust funds, reimbursable support services, the Junior Professional Officer (JPO) programme and miscellaneous activities, such as management service agreements (MSAs). Reimbursable support services and miscellaneous activities are shown as “Others” in Figure 4 below.", "A. Income", "36. Overall income for other resources increased by $193 million (4 per cent); from $4.52 billion in 2009 to $4.71 billion.", "Contributions", "37. Other resources contributions by funding mechanism for 2009-2010 are shown in Figure 4.", "Figure 4. Other resources contributions by funding mechanism, 2009-2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "38. Other resources contributions totaled $4.31 billion, an increase of 4 per cent from $4.13 billion in 2009. A comparison of other resources contributions between 2009 and 2010, by funding source, is set out in Table 2 below.", "Table 2. Comparison of contributions by funding source, 2009-2010", "(in billions of dollars)", "Funding source Contributions\n 2009 2010 Per cent change", "Bilateral donors 1.56 1.76 13", "Multilateral partner sources 1.55 1.74 12", "Local resources 0.72 0.69 -4", "Other sources 0.30 0.12 -60", "Total 4.13 4.31 4", "Bilateral donors", "39. Other resources contributions received from bilateral donors increased 13 per cent to $1.76 billion, up from $1.56 billion in 2009. Figure 5 represents the top 10 bilateral donors that contributed to other resources in 2010.", "Figure 5. Other resources contributions, top 10 bilateral donors, 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "Multilateral partner sources", "40. Other resources entrusted to UNDP by multilateral partners have increased by 12 per cent to $1.74 billion, compared to $1.55 billion in 2009. Figure 6 represents the breakdown of multilateral partners that contributed to other donor resources in 2010.", "Figure 6. Other resources contributions, multilateral partners, 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "Local resources (Governments)", "41. Contributions from local resources, excluding MSAs, represented 16 per cent of total other resources contributions received in 2010. This pool of resources decreased by 4 per cent, from $0.72 billion in 2009 to $0.69 billion, exceeding the rate of portfolio realignment called for within the strategic plan. This decrease was due in part to a shift in programmatic priorities, with offices gradually moving away from providing procurement services to delivering strategic advice, as envisaged in the strategic plan.", "42. Of local resources contributions, 67 per cent came from the Governments of 10 programme countries (see Figure 7). Among the top 10 countries, Argentina, Egypt, Venezuela, Dominican Republic and China increased their contributions , and Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Panama and Uruguay decreased their contributions. As the number of contributing Member States increased, the percentage share of the top 10 countries to the total local resources continued to drop: from 78 per cent of the total in 2007, to 72 per cent in 2008, to 71 per cent in 2009 and to 67 per cent in 2010.", "Figure 7. Local resources contributions (top 10 countries), 2009-2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "43. MSAs contributions decreased by 62 per cent, from $325 million in 2009 to $122 million. The distribution of MSA income is shown in Table 12 in DP/2011/33/Add.1.", "Interest income", "44. Interest income increased by 12 per cent from $92 million in 2009 to $104 million.", "Other income", "45. Other income was $297 million, the same level as in 2009. Other income was largely made up of: fees for support services; reimbursements for common services, other support services and field security provided for the United Nations Department of Safety and Security; and income from other funding sources.", "B. Expenditures", "46. Overall expenditures of other resources amounted to $4.67 billion, a 12 per cent increase compared to $4.18 billion in 2009.", "Development expenditures", "47. Total expenditures for development activities equaled $4.09 billion, of which $73.7 million was for development effectiveness activities. Development expenditures by region, including MSAs (Global-Other), and excluding the Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People, is shown in Figure 8 below. Development expenditures incurred for the Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People amounted to $52.7 million.", "Figure 8. Other resources: development expenditures ^(/)by region, 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "48. Of the total development expenditures of $4.09 billion, $1.56 billion (38 per cent) was incurred in the countries facing special development situations. As Figure 9 illustrates, Afghanistan accounted for the largest expenditure: $755 million, or 18 per cent of the total, of other resources development expenditures.", "Figure 9. Other resources development expenditures: countries in special development situations, 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "[]", "49. Of the development expenditures of $1.56 billion incurred in countries facing special development situations, $958 million (62 per cent) was funded by bilateral donors, $179 million (12 per cent) by the European Union, $136 million (9 per cent) funded by The Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria, $177 million (11 per cent) was funded from multi-donor trust funds, and $106 million (6 per cent) funded by other multilateral donors.", "United Nations development coordination", "50. A total of $32 million was spent on United Nations development coordination activities in the other resources category. This was funded by bilateral partners.", "Management expenditures", "51. Total expenditures for management activities in 2010 amounted to $272 million. This consisted of $26 million for trust funds and $246 million for reimbursable support services. Of the $246 million, $220 million was incurred on activities related to programmes and projects.", "Special purpose expenditures", "52. Special purpose expenditures in 2010 amounted to $177 million. This included $52 million for the Junior Professional Officer (JPO) programme, $80 million for field security officers funded by the United Nations Department of Safety and Security, and $11 million incurred by UNV for its reimbursable support services. The remaining $34 million was incurred for other expenditures such as the One UN Fund, the Change Management Fund, Programme Acceleration Fund, Avian and Human Influenza Coordination Fund and so forth.", "Other expenditures", "53. Other expenditures (as defined in the cost classification) in 2010 amounted to $102 million. Of this, $101 million was spent on common service activities in country offices.", "C. Cost recovery policy", "54. In line with decisions 2004/30 and 2007/18, whereby the Executive Board endorsed the recommendation that both regular resources and other resources should fund and support the priorities set out in the strategic plan and regular resources should not subsidize the costs of programmes funded by other resources, the UNDP cost-recovery policy establishes that all costs associated with the delivery of other resources-funded programmes at the country and Headquarters levels are to be fully covered through specific cost-recovery mechanisms.", "55. UNDP makes all efforts to recover the general management and implementation costs associated with the delivery of other resources-funded programmes and projects at the country and Headquarters levels as well as to other United Nations entities. The objective is to recover the costs of providing services, so that the UNDP core biennial support budget does not bear the cost of providing support services that it was never intended to bear.", "56. The total cost-recovery income and utilization in 2010 is shown in the Table 3 below.", "Table 3. Cost recovery, 2010", "(in millions of dollars)", "Cost recovery\tProgrammeandprojectdelivery\tReimbursablesupportservices\tTotal\n Income: \nGeneralmanagement/implementationsupport services\t237 237\n Common services 107 107 \n Agencies reimbursable services 11 31 42 \n Interest 8 8 \n Administrative agent fees 5 5 \n Other 24 24 \n Total income 285 138 423 \n Expenditures: \n Staff/personnel costs 142 31 173 \n General operating expenses 78 93 171 \n Total expenditures 220 124 344", "57. Total income increased by 7 per cent from $394 million in 2009 to $423 million. Total expenditures increased by 8 per cent from $318 million to $344 million. Included in the cost-recovery income of $285 million listed in Table 3 is the general management support income of $237 million from cost sharing and trust funds that is not included in the total other income of other resources. In the 2010-2011 biennial support budget document (DP/2010/3), UNDP reported on the exceptions granted on the cost-recovery policy. In 2010 UNDP has granted two additional general management support waivers: (i) a 0 per cent fee for a contribution to the Office of the United Nations Special Envoy for Haiti, and (ii) a reduced 4 per cent fee for a contribution to the Regional Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Tsunami, Disaster and Climate Preparedness administered by the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific.", "D. Balance of unexpended resources", "58. The balance of unexpended other resources at the end of 2010 decreased by 1 per cent to $4.49 billion, compared to $4.55 billion at the end of 2009. Unexpended other resources represented 89 per cent of the overall balance of unexpended resources. The balance of unexpended resources consists of $2.49 billion ($2.48 billion in 2009) from cost sharing, $1.14 billion from trust funds ($1.19 billion in 2009), and $0.84 billion (0.86 billion in 2009) from reimbursable support services, with the remaining $0.02 billion from government cash counterpart contributions ($0.02 billion in 2009). Approximately 76 per cent of other resources amounts were fully programmed as of 31 December 2010 and will be delivered in future years.", "59. The pattern of receipt of contributions influences the peak levels of cash at the year-end. In 2010, 41 per cent of other resources contributions were received in the fourth quarter. To illustrate, UNDP Afghanistan received 60 per cent ($144 million) of its total 2010 contributions of $238 million in the fourth quarter, and UNDP Sudan received 50 per cent, or $59 million, of its 2010 total contributions of $117 million in the fourth quarter. This pattern distorts year-end unexpended resource balances.", "60. UNDP is required to operate on a fully funded basis for all other resources activities, per the financial regulations. In accordance with current partnership agreements, all project balances are fully segregated for accounting and reporting purposes. The cash is held for discrete purposes, with no commingling or “sharing” of balances between projects, or fungibility of resources for commitment or disbursement of funds. In addition, specific cash balances are set aside for regulatory reasons, such as the operational reserve. In other cases, balances are earmarked for prudent management of future liabilities (i.e., ASHI), or are held to meet the requirements of routine operations, such as to settle current liabilities.", "61. UNDP concludes that the level of unspent balances is reasonable, taking into account the programme cycle, as well as the UNDP mandate and governance framework as approved by the Executive Board and as documented in the financial regulations and rules. However, looking forward UNDP will seek to develop an integrated resource framework with the intent of better coordinating core and non-core resources. This framework would enable resources to be considered collectively, through the merger of the institutional and the programme budget, and within a unified framework of core and non-core resources. This should facilitate strategic resource planning, allocation and monitoring, as well as strengthen results-based resource allocation.", "E. Others", "United Nations Volunteers programme", "62. In 2010, 7,765 volunteers, representing 158 nationalities, carried out 7,960 assignments in 132 countries. These operations were supported by UNDP regular resources, and amounted to $235 million. Of this, 9 per cent was covered from contributions made directly to UNV (special voluntary fund, cost sharing, trust funds and full funding arrangements). The rest was covered by direct charges to programmes of the United Nations and other United Nations organizations, funds and programmes, including UNDP.", "Junior Professional Officer (JPO) programme", "63. A total of 24 Governments had agreements with UNDP for the provision of JPOs in 2010. As of 31 December 2010, UNDP administered 364 JPOs and 39 Special Assistants to the Resident Coordinator (SARCs). This compared to 350 JPOs and 29 SARCs as of 31 December 2009. Of the 403 JPOs/SARCs, 224 worked with UNDP and affiliated funds, while UNDP administered 179 JPOs on behalf of other United Nations agencies and partners. Twenty-four per cent (57 JPOs/SARCs) of UNDP and affiliated JPOs/SARCs served in New York and at other headquarters locations.", "64. UNDP received $45 million in contributions for the JPO programme, as compared to $57 million in 2009. Total expenditures including support costs increased to $52 million in 2010 from $47 million in 2009. The resource balance available at the end of 2010 was $31 million, a decrease from $38 million in 2009 ($28 million in 2008).", "Reserve for field accommodation (RFA)", "65. In 1979, a reserve of $25 million was established to finance the RFA, which provides housing for internationally recruited, UNDP-financed field personnel, and, exceptionally, office accommodation. The unexpended resource balance in 2010 of the RFA was $1.12 million, compared to $0.65 million in 2009. The RFA is now under review as part of a UNDP review of legacy balances and preparations for IPSAS. This may result in adjustments.", "Direct budget support", "66. Via decision 2009/24, the Executive Board endorsed, in principle, a four-year pilot (commencing September 2009) which allows UNDP financial contributions to pooled funding and to sector budget support, on a case-by-case basis upon the request of the recipient country, in accordance with the mandate and comparative advantage of UNDP, and in line with the guidance provided in DP/2009/36 and Corr. 1 and 2.", "67. A request from the Government of Burkina Faso for UNDP participation in sector budget support was approved in 2009 for two projects in priority areas established by the Government: HIV/AIDS and human rights promotion. Each initiative falls within the core mandate of UNDP. The UNDP contribution to sector budget support in Burkina Faso for 2010 amounted to approximately $120,000 (depending on the exchange rate). This represented 1 per cent of the HIV/AIDS sector budget funds and 1 per cent of the human rights promotion sector budget funds. This amount is funded from regular resources and is below the cap of 10 per cent of the annual authorized spending limit of core funds contained in the resource planning framework established by the Executive Board.", "V. United Nations reform and support to other United Nations organizations", "68. In addition to its own operational activities, UNDP coordinates the United Nations system at a country level, and continues to play a vital role in forging development coherence. Based on the available data, the value of fund flows for multi-donor trust funds, joint programmes and support to other United Nations organizations totaled $1.15 billion, compared to $1.78 billion in 2009.", "A. UNDP administrative agent function", "69. UNDP continues to provide significant support to joint programming activities, through its role as administrative agent of joint programmes and MDTFs on behalf of the United Nations development system, and through its programme implementation role as a participating United Nations organization. The total value of contributions received by UNDP on behalf of the United Nations system for joint programmes and MDTFs was $610 million in 2010 (2009: $1.25 billion). This drop in contributions is in contrast to the previous upward trend and to the seven-year average annual contributions level of $714 million. The drop is a reflection of both the ongoing worldwide economic downturn and the reduction in contributions to the three largest MDTFs: the Millennium Development Goal Achievement Fund, the Expanded Delivering as One Funding Window and the Sudan Common Humanitarian Fund. Two of these funds have fully allocated their resources and will be winding down in the coming years. The total value of funds transferred by the MDTF Office, in its role as administrative agent for all participating organizations, was $969 million in 2010. This includes $357 million (2009: $283 million) in funds transferred to UNDP for UNDP programmes. The funds transferred incorporated a portion of the 2009 unspent balance of $1.23 billion.", "B. Support to United Nations organizations", "70. UNDP country offices provide operational support to other United Nations organizations. The funds for those services are recorded in agency services clearing accounts, which involved $531 million in fund flows to other United Nations organizations. This was a slight increase over 2009 ($528 million).", "C. United Nations development coordination activities", "71. UNDP plays important roles in United Nations system coordination and in country-level coordination in support of national development. United Nations development coordination activities are funded by both regular and other resources, and combined expenditures in 2010 were $126 million ($94 million for regular resources and $32 million from other resources). UNDP encourages Member States to continue to support this activity.", "D. United Nations mandated security costs", "72. In decision 2010/1, the Executive Board endorsed the proposal of the Administrator to grant exceptional authority, during 2010-2011, to access up to an additional 30 per cent ($17.4 million) of the $58 million from regular resources earmarked for security measures mandated by the United Nations.", "73. The $58 million mentioned in paragraph 72 forms part of the total amount of $85 million reserved in 2010-2011 for security measures mandated by the United Nations, with the remaining $25 million provided from other resources, and $2 million from a credit from prior period overbillings by the United Nations Department of Safety and Security. In 2010, UNDP spent $33 million (2009: $39 million), including $11 million (2009: $10 million) in other resources. Of the $33 million spent in 2010, $17 million (2009: $21 million) was spent on the United Nations field security coordination programme, and $16 million (2009: $18 million) on country office assessments of and investments in compliance with the minimum operating security standards, including at Headquarters.", "VI. International public sector accounting standards (IPSAS)", "74. The adoption of IPSAS was mandated in General Assembly resolution 60/283, and is essential for transparent financial reporting, strong accountability and good governance. IPSAS adoption will result in increased transparency through more complete disclosure and accounting of assets and liabilities, and improved management, tracking and reporting of financial and non-financial assets. Employee costs and associated obligations, such as annual leave and After-Service Health Insurance, will be recognized in full, and fully allocated to the respective funding sources of the activities from which they arise.", "75. UNDP is on target for the adoption of IPSAS on 1 January 2012. Through the IPSAS programme, UNDP formulated most of its IPSAS policies, defined system changes, and commenced the transition and change-management processes, raising staff awareness, understanding and skills.", "76. In decision 2008/1, the Executive Board approved $9 million from regular resources for the 2008-2009 biennium to cover the costs of introducing the IPSAS by the end of 2009. UNDP spent $5.2 million during the 2008-2009 biennium on preparations to adopt IPSAS. In addition, the Executive Board in its decision 2010/1 approved a total of $13 million for IPSAS-related activities during 2010-2011. This included $11 million for one-off project costs, such as policy formulation, systems configuration and reporting, and global training. The remaining $2 million went to fund new positions, for a period of six months, which were required to do the additional work required to adopt IPSAS. These positions will be required on an ongoing basis. UNDP spent $1.8 million in 2010 on the required preparations to adopt IPSAS.", "77. To ensure the most efficient means of compliance with IPSAS, UNDP is establishing a global shared service centre (GSSC) to centralize the recording of complex IPSAS-related functions on behalf of UNDP country offices, and to provide support to them to ensure a successful transition to and ongoing compliance with IPSAS. The choice to centralize these functions was made following a cost-benefit analysis, and represents the most efficient option for addressing the complexity of IPSAS. The decision to establish the GSSC, including the location, was made on the basis of a comprehensive study carried out by an independent consulting firm. The decision was based on a few key factors, including the availability of skills and cost. Negotiations are currently under way with the government of the selected location. It is anticipated that the GSSC will be operational by 1 January 2012.", "VII. Funds administered by UNDP", "78. Table 5(a) in the addendum to the present report (DP/2011/33/Add.1) provides detailed data for the two funds administered by UNDP.", "A. United Nations Capital Development Fund", "79. In 2010, UNCDF operated in 40 of the 49 least developed countries, focusing particularly on post-conflict countries. Total contributions in 2010 amounted to $38 million, ($35 million in 2009). This included a slight decrease in the volume of regular resources due to exchange rates and a significant reduction by one major donor because of the fiscal crisis. It also included a substantial increase in other resources. The overall resource outlook remains positive, especially in terms of volume and diversification of other resources.", "80. Total programme expenditures remained constant at $40 million (. Other resources expenditures accounted for 44 per cent of total programme resources. All programme expenditures were joint programmes with UNDP. UNCDF also disbursed $230,000 in loans (together with $10 million in grants, already reflected in expenditures) to microfinance institutions in Timor-Leste. The total operational reserve for both UNCDF core and non-core remained at $25 million. Accordingly, UNCDF was able to deliver its planned development, management and financial results while sustaining its liquidity.", "81. The total of $40 million of programme expenditures excludes $3 million allocated to UNCDF by UNDP in accordance with Executive Board decision 2007/34. This amount was fully expended by UNCDF but is being recorded and reported separately by UNDP. In addition, there was $10 million in the UNDP biennial support budget for UNCDF management expenditures.", "B. United Nations Development Fund for Women", "82. UNIFEM was merged into UN-Women on 2 July 2010. However, since the UN-Women founding resolution, General Assembly resolution 64/289, states that UN-Women will become operational on 1 January 2011, the figures hereunder cover the entire year 2010 for UNIFEM.", "83. UNIFEM provides financial and technical assistance to innovative programmes and strategies to foster women’s empowerment and gender equality. Placing the advancement of women’s human rights at the centre of all its efforts, UNIFEM focuses its activities on four strategic areas: (a) reducing poverty among women; (b) ending violence against women; (c) reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS among women and girls; and (d) achieving gender equality in democratic governance in times of peace as well as war.", "84. Total contributions to UNIFEM increased by $6 million or 4 per cent to $171 million, up from $165 million in 2009. Voluntary contributions increased by $13 million or 21 per cent, and cost-sharing by $6 million or 8 per cent, while sub-trust funds decreased by $12 million or 43 per cent.", "85. Programme expenditures increased by $56 million, or 46 per cent, to $179 million, up from $123 million in 2009. Regular resources expenditures increased to $80 million in 2010, up from $49 million in 2009, an increase of $31 million or 63 per cent. Cost-sharing expenditures increased by $18 million or 32 per cent to reach $71 million, up from $53 million in 2009. Sub-trust fund expenditures increased by $8 million or 39 per cent to reach $29 million, up from $21 million in 2009.", "86. Unexpended resources at 31 December 2010 were $206 million, a decrease of $22 million from the $228 million of 31 December 2009. These resources at December 2010 are fully supported by approved project budgets. The level of the operational reserve was reviewed in accordance with Executive Board decision 97/4 of January 1997, and the reserve was increased to $21 million as at 31 December 2010, from $20 million at 31 December 2009.", "Annex I", "UNDP overview", "A. Statement of income and expenditures for the year ended 31 December 2010, with comparative figures for 2009", "(in thousands of dollars)", "a/\n Regular Other Funds Total resources resources", "2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/-", "Income", "Contributions 967,132 1,013,599 -5% 4,311,319 4,129,137 4% 209,235 199,738 5% 5,487,686 5,342,474 3%", "Less: transfer to (9,632) (8,671) -11% - -   - - - (9,632) (8,671) -11% biennial support budget", "Contributions – net 957,500 1,004,928 -5% 4,311,319 4,129,137 4% 209,235 199,738 5% 5,478,054 5,333,803 3%", "Interest income 14,165 10,173 39% 103,661 92,306 12% 1,438 2,127 -32% 119,264 104,606 14%", "Other income – net 48,084 38,480 25% 297,127 297,389 - 11,495 16,678 -31% 356,706 352,547 1%", "Total income 1,019,749 1,053,581 -3% 4,712,107 4,518,832 4% 222,168 218,543 2% 5,954,024 5,790,956 3%", "Expenditures", "Development 626,849     4,092,353     219,564     4,938,766", "UN development 93,752     31,705     -     125,457 coordination", "Management 224,082     271,771     22,226     518,079", "Special purpose 43,430     176,908     -     220,338", "Other expenditures 87,733     101,795     140     189,668", "Total expenditures 1,075,846 1,166,574 -8% 4,674,532 4,177,244 12% 241,930 182,988 32% 5,992,308 5,526,806 8%", "Excess (shortfall) (56,097) (112,993) 50% 37,575 341,588 -89% (19,762) 35,555 -156% (38,284) 264,150 -114% of income over expenditures", "Savings on 596 15,682 -96% - - - - - - 596 15,682 -96% obligations of prior biennium", "Transfer (to)/from (16,000) (14,000) -14% (2,000) (5,000) 60% (1,390) (6,910) 80% (19,390) (25,910) 25% reserves", "Refunds to donors (48) (32,879) 100% (99,062) (85,878) -15% (799) (2,098) 62% (99,909) (120,855) 17% and transfers (to)/from other funds", "Adjustments to               1,982 - - 1,982 - reserves and fund balances", "Fund balances, 1 354,412 498,602 -29% 4,550,006 4,299,296 6% 280,690 252,161 11% 5,185,108 5,050,059 3% January", "Fund balances, 31 282,863 354,412 -20% 4,486,519 4,550,006 -1% 258,739 280,690 -8% 5,028,121 5,185,108 -3% December", "Source: Table 1(a), DP/2011/33/Add.1.", "^(a/) Includes General Management Support service cost.", "B. Assets, liabilities and reserves and fund balances as at 31 December 2010, with comparative figures for 2009", "(in thousands of dollars)", "Regular Other   Funds   Total resources resources\n 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/-", "Assets", "Cash 53,904 25,929 108% 30 34 -12% 3,554 6,404 -45% 57,488 32,367 79%", "Cash and 847,956 1,324,804 -36%             847,956 1,324,804 -36% investments - funds held in trust", "Government letters       49,195 108,460 -55%       49,195 108,460 -55% of credit", "Investments held for:", "Operational reserve 238,000 222,000 7%             238,000 222,000 7%", "Reserve for 429,268 373,276 15%             429,268 373,276 15% After-Service Health Insurance", "Regular resources 142,746 602,527 -76% 7,230 492,446 -99% 361,807 343,405 5% 511,783 1,438,378 -64%", "Other resources 4,688,388 4,266,293 10%             4,688,388 4,266,293 10%", "Medical insurance 48,283 45,073 7%             48,283 45,073 7% plan", "Subtotal 5,546,685 5,509,169 1% 7,230 492,446 -99% 361,807 343,405 5% 5,915,722 6,345,020 -7% investments", "Total cash, letters 6,448,545 6,859,902 -6% 56,455 600,940 -91% 365,361 349,809 4% 6,870,361 7,810,651 -12% of credit and investments", "Advances from 11,834 22,269 -47% 135,297 125,452 8% 1,050 668 57% 148,181 148,389 - Governments and executing agencies", "Accounts receivable 17,371 29,017 -40% 29,340 24,167 21% 1,685 1,286 31% 48,396 54,470 -11% and deferred charges", "Funds due from core       4,730,611 4,378,995 8%   4,810   4,730,611 4,383,805 8% resources", "Funds due from 42,763 118,644 -64%             42,763 118,644 -64% other resources", "Funds due from 185,668 -               185,668 - UNOPS, UNFPA and UN current account", "Accrued interest 29,897 34,360 -13% 22,199 21,742 2% 2,474 2,394 3% 54,570 58,496 -7%", "Loans             5,169 5,168   5,169 5,168 -", "Special capitalized 1,570 1,570 - 1 -         1,571 1,570 - assets", "Reserve for field       34,741 34,844 -       34,741 34,844 - accommodation activities", "Total assets 6,737,648 7,065,762 -5% 5,008,644 5,186,140 -3% 375,739 364,135 3% 12,122,031 12,616,037 -4%", "Liabilities", "Advances to 1,213 2,267 -46% 8,601 16,087 -47% 907 850 7% 10,721 19,204 -44% Governments and executing agencies", "Unliquidated 37,617 53,313 -29% 213,131 239,539 -11% 9,104 6,734 35% 259,852 299,586 -13% obligations", "Accounts payable 120,488 127,217 -5% 138,138 135,242 2% 26,119 5,634 361% 284,745 268,093 6%", "Funds due to other 4,730,524 4,383,806 8%             4,730,524 4,383,806 8% resources & funds", "Funds due to core       8,200 93,187 -91% 34,563 25,457 36% 42,763 118,644 -64% resources by other resources & funds", "Funds due to UNOPS, - 163,502               - 163,502 UNFPA and UN current account", "Deferred liability 895,389 1,383,254 -35%             895,389 1,383,254 -35%\n trust", "Deferred liability 429,269 373,276 15%             429,269 373,276 15%\n Health Insurance", "Other liabilities 715 1,145 -38% 16,060 16,079 - 707 561 26% 17,482 17,785 -2%", "Total liabilities 6,215,215 6,487,780 -4% 384,130 500,134 -23% 71,400 39,236 82% 6,670,745 7,027,150 -5%", "Reserves and fund balances", "Operational reserve 238,000 222,000 7% 109,995 108,000 2% 45,600 44,209 3% 393,595 374,209 5%", "Endowment fund       3,000 3,000         3,000 3,000 -", "Reserve for field       25,000 25,000         25,000 25,000 - accommodation authorized level", "Special capital 1,570 1,570               1,570 1,570 - resources", "Balance of 282,863 354,412 -20% 4,486,519 4,550,006 -1% 258,739 280,690 -8% 5,028,121 5,185,108 -3% unexpended resources", "Balance of 284,433 355,982 -20% 4,486,519 4,550,006 -1% 258,739 280,690 -8% 5,029,691 5,186,678 -3% unexpended resources and special capital resources", "Total liabilities, 6,737,648 7,065,762 -5% 5,008,644 5,186,140 -3% 375,739 364,135 3% 12,122,031 12,616,037 -4% reserves and balance of unexpended resources" ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目2", "财务、预算和行政事项", "2010年财务状况年度审查", "署长的报告", "摘要", "本报告概述了开发署2010年底的财务状况。总收入（捐款、利息和其他收入）为59.5亿美元，2009年这一数字为57.9亿美元，增长了3%。捐款总额从2009年的53.4亿美元增至54.9亿美元，增长了3%。支出总额从2009年的55.3亿美元增至59.9亿美元，增幅为8%。", "为经常（核心）资源提供的捐款在2010年减少了5%，从2009年总额10.1亿美元减至9.67亿美元。捐款的下降要求开发署在其规划的核心支出中制定一个相应的减少量以避免动用业务准备金。因此，开发署与经常资源有关的支出减少了8%，由2009年的11.7亿美元降至10.8亿美元。", "为其他（非核心）资源提供的捐款增加了4%，从2009年的41.3亿美元增至43.1亿美元。这一增长主要归因于有着特殊发展情况的国家中的方案。为这些方案提供的捐款从2009年的11.5亿美元增至16.6亿美元，增幅为44%。在为其他资源提供的捐款中，双边合作伙伴的捐款增长了13%，由2009年的15.6亿美元增至17.6亿美元。多边合作伙伴的捐款也由2009年的15.5亿美元增至17.4亿美元，增加了12%。方案国提供的地方资源减少了4%，从2009年的7.2亿美元降至6.9亿美元。其他资源支出总计达到46.7亿美元，较2009年的41.8亿美元增长了12%。", "其他或“指定用途”资源是对开发署经常或“指定用途”资源基础的重要补充。2010年，开发署得到的资助中有78%来自指定用途资源，18%来自未指定用途资源，联合国资本发展基金（资发基金）和联合国妇女发展基金（妇发基金）补足了剩余的4%。开发署能否履行其多边任务，为发展提供有效的能力建设支持，取决于是否有足够的核心供资。这种核心供资使开发署能够作为一个灵活、具有前瞻性的组织开展业务，并有能力从事注重长期成效和可持续性的综合管理和方案制定工作。", "开发署在国家一级协调联合国系统，并继续在建立发展的一致性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。对多方捐助信托基金、联合方案和对联合国其他机构的支助的资金流总价值达11.5亿美元，而2009年这一数字为17.8亿美元。这一减少量主要是由于对多方捐助信托基金和联合方案的捐款的降低，从2009年的12.5亿美元降至6.1亿美元，这一下降在很大程度上是由于对三项最大的多方捐助信托基金的捐款的减少，其中的两项基金已完全分配了资源，在未来几年将接近尾声。", "本报告包括妇发基金2010年全年的数据，该基金于2010年7月2日被合并入妇女署。因为妇女署的创建决议即大会第64/289号决议规定，妇女署将于2011年1月1日开始运作，所以这应该是最后一次在本报告中重点介绍妇发基金的财务状况。", "决定的要点", "执行局不妨：(a) 注意到DP/2011/33号和DP/2011/33/Add.1号文件；(b) 注意到经常资源不断减少，经常资源对开发署履行其任务、保持其多边、公正和普遍的特性以及提供充足和有保障的经常供资基础而言十分必要；(c) 敦促所有会员国支持开发署实现其经常资源目标，并尽早承诺向开发署2011年及以后经常资源提供捐款，如有可能通过多年认捐做出承诺；(d) 回想可预测的供资和及时支付的重要性，以避免经常资源资金中的流动性约束。", "目录", "章次 页 次", "一、导言 4", "二、开发署概况 4", "三、经常资源 7", "A. 收入 8", "B. 支出 9", "C. 未用资源余额 11", "四、其他资源 11", "A. 收入 11", "B. 支出 15", "C. 费用回收政策 17", "D. 未用资源余额 18", "E. 其他 19", "五、联合国改革和对其他联合国组织的支助 20", "A. 开发署的行政代理职能 20", "B. 对联合国各组织的支助 20", "C. 联合国发展协调活动 20", "D. 联合国授权的安保费用 21", "六、国际公共部门会计准则 21", "七、开发署经管的基金 22", "A. 联合国资本发展基金 22", "B. 联合国妇女发展基金 22", "附件", "一. 开发署概况", "A. 列有2009年可比数字的截至2010年12月31日的年度收入和支出报表 24", "B. 列有2009年可比数字的截至2010年12月31日的资产、负债、准备和基金余额 25", "一、导言", "1. 本报告概述了开发署截至2010年底的财务状况和2009年的可比数字。报告分析了开发署总体层面上的各项活动，然后分析了经常（或核心）资源，“其他”（或非核心）资源，包括联合国志愿人员方案（志愿人员方案）、大会所设基金——联合国资本发展基金（资发基金）和联合国妇女发展基金（妇发基金）和其他活动。本报告载有妇发基金2010年全年的数据，该基金于2010年7月2日被合并入妇女署。因为大会第64/289号决议规定妇女署将于2011年1月1日开始运作，所以这应该是最后一次在本报告中重点介绍妇发基金的财务状况。附件一 是对总体数字的概述，附件二列有本文件所用术语的定义。本报告增编（DP/2011/33/Add.1）中的表1还提供了开发署所开展的所有活动的概况。报告正文中的百分比参考了附件中的数据。", "2. 根据执行局在第2009/22号决定中的建议，在2010年首次报告了下列四项粗略成本分类领域中的支出：(a) 发展；(b)管理；(c) 联合国发展协调；以及 (d) 特殊目的。此外，未列入这四项粗略成本分类中的其他支出也作为总支出的一部分进行报告。", "二、开发署概况", "3. 从总体水平来看，2010年，开发署的总收入取得小而显著的增长，支出也呈上升趋势。在开发署的活动中，18%由核心资源供资，78%由非核心资源供资，另有4%与妇发基金和资发基金有关。", "4. 收入总额的定义是捐款、利息收入和其他收入的总和。收入总额增至59.5亿美元，比2009年的57.9亿美元收入增长了3%。捐款总额从53.4亿美元增至54.9亿美元，增长了3%；利息增至1.2亿美元（2009年为1亿美元），其他收入增至3.6亿美元（2009年为3.5亿美元）。", "5. 为核心资源提供的捐款减少了5%，从2009年的10.1亿美元减至9.67亿美元，而执行局第2007/32号决定批准的战略计划的综合财务资源框架中2010年核心资源的捐款目标为14亿美元。", "6. 非核心捐款总额达到43.1亿美元，相较2009年的41.3亿美元增幅为4%。这一增长主要归因于面临特殊发展情况的国家中的方案。为这些方案提供的捐款从2009年的11.5亿美元增至16.6亿美元，增幅为44%。双边捐款达到17.6亿美元，较2009年的15.6亿美元增长13%，其中对特殊发展情况国家的捐款由2009年的6.33亿美元增至10亿美元。多边合作伙伴委托开发署管理的非核心资源达到17.4亿美元，较2009年的15.5亿美元增长了12%，其中对特殊发展情况国家的捐款由2009年的4.95亿美元增至6.14亿美元。方案国政府及其他支持其本国发展的地方合作伙伴通过开发署调拨的地方资源共计6.9亿美元，较2009年的7.2亿美元减少了4%。", "7. 其他资源被指定用于特定方案和活动，并作为开发署非指定用途经常资源基础的重要补充。为经常资源提供的捐款降至等同于其他资源捐款的22%的水平，而2009年这一比率为25%。开发署能否履行任务规定，维持其多边、公平和普遍性质，取决于是否有充足和稳固的经常供资基础，来支持注重长期成效和可持续发展成果的战略性和灵活的管理方法。", "8. 总支出持续增长，由2009年的55.3亿美元增至59.9亿美元，增幅为8%。在这59.9亿美元中，49.4亿美元（82%）用于发展活动，5.18亿美元（9%）用于管理活动，1.25亿美元（2%）用于联合国发展协调活动，2.2亿美元（4%）用于特殊目的活动，还有1.9亿美元（3%）用于未列入这四项粗略成本分类的其他活动。以下图1显示了总收入和总支出的变化趋势。", "图1. 2001至 2010年收入和支出总额比较", "(单位：百万美元)", "[]", "9. 2010年底，未用资源结余总额为50.3亿美元，而2009年为51.9亿美元。在这50.3亿美元中，经常资源项下为2.83亿美元，其他资源项下为44.9亿美元、资发基金项下为5 300万美元、妇发基金项下为2.06亿美元。因开发署需在充分供资的基础上开展所有其他资源活动，所持现金用于不相关联的目的，所以不将某个项目的资源结余与另一个项目混合或“分享”，承付的资源或资金开支也没有可替代性。共有17.8亿美元，即其他资源捐款的41%是在最后一个季度收到的，因此只能被列入方案，在未来几年交付。未用经常资源余额也持续下降，从2009年的3.54亿美元减至2.83亿美元。此时，未用资源的大部分已列入方案，将在未来几年交付。", "10. 如下文图2所示，大部分资金是在2010年的最后一个季度收到的。收到的经常资源捐款的数额也同时减少，这导致了三季度末的低流动性，开发署迅速行动，减少了已计划的核心支出，以维持所需的流动资金比率。捐款减少的主要原因是由于以美元和本币支付的捐款减少以及汇率的波动。开发署的对冲活动部分地抵消了这一影响。截至2010年底，开发署的年终流动资金头寸仍较低，约为3.1个月的运转资金。这接近执行局要求的最低门限值：三至六个月的经常资源支出。因此，开发署未动用业务准备金。然而，由于其他资源的可替代性不足，若要开发署的计划有效实施并实现成果，会员国恪守承诺并不拖延其对经常资源的捐款便显得至关重要。", "图 2. 2010年各季度经常（核心）和其他（非核心）资源收入", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "11. 开发署完全致力于联合国的改革举措，并致力于优化在国家一级的协调作用，以支持国家的发展努力。开发署作为行政代理人所管理的多方捐助者资助的信托基金和联合方案的总收入由2009年的17.8亿美元减至11.5亿美元。这一下降在很大程度上是由于对三项最大的多方捐助信托基金捐款的减少，其中的两项基金已完全分配了资源，在未来几年将接近尾声。这11.5亿美元包括开发署作为行政代理人管理的多方捐助信托基金和联合方案的6.12亿美元和开发署提供的管理和业务服务5.35亿美元。此外，开发署为联合国发展协调活动提供了1.25亿美元。", "三、经常资源", "12. 就经常资源而言，包括利息收入和其他收入在内的收入总额比2009年减少了3%，从10.5亿美元减至10.2亿美元。尽管支出总额减少了8%，从11.7亿美元减至10.8亿美元。但支出仍超过了收入总额（如下文图3所示）。其结果是，不包括业务准备金的可动用资源结余从2009年的3.54亿美元减至2.83亿美元。", "图 3. 2001-2010年经常资源收入和支出", "（单位：十亿美元）", "[]", "A. 收入", "13. 与2009年相比，包括利息和其他收入在内的总收入从10.5亿美元减至10.2亿美元，减少了3%。", "捐款", "14. 经常资源捐款从2009年的10.1亿美元减至9.67亿美元，减少了5%。", "15. 如下文表1所示，10个最大的捐助者的捐款额按美元计算减少了5%，从2009年的8.28亿美元降至7.86亿美元。然而大多数双边捐助者维持了它们的捐款，一些捐助者增加了捐款，包括澳大利亚、比利时、芬兰和大韩民国。七个经济合作与发展组织的发展援助委员会国家减少了它们的本币捐款。共有55个成员国为核心资源捐款。这包括印度的500万美元、中华人民共和国的400万美元和沙特阿拉伯的200万美元，均维持了2009年的捐款额。孟加拉国、埃及、希腊、哈萨克斯坦、老挝人民民主共和国、摩洛哥、南非和土耳其均在2010年恢复了捐款。", "表1. 2009-20010年10个最大捐助者的经常资源捐款", "捐助者\t捐款额（本币） 捐款额（百万美元） \n\t2009年\t2010年\t变化（%）\t2009年\t2010年\t变化（%）\n 荷兰 90 90 - 122 121 -1 \n 挪威 770 770 - 123 118 -4 \n 美利坚合众国       103 99 -4 \n 瑞典 720 630 -13 91 88 -3 \n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\t58\t55\t-5\t93\t85\t-9\n 日本*       74 73 -1 \n 丹麦 320 320 - 55 58 5 \n 瑞士 54 54 - 54 56 4 \n 加拿大 50 50 - 48 48 - \n 西班牙 45 30 -33 65 40 -38 \n 10个最大捐助者共计 不详 不详 不详 828 786 -5 \n 其他 不详 不详  不详 186 181 -3 \n 总资源       1 014 967 -5 资料来源：DP/2011/33/Add.1表7。 \n*日本的捐款是以美元认捐和收到的。", "利息收入", "16. 2010年，经常资源的利息收入为1 400万美元，而2009年为1 000万美元。与2009年相同，尽管目前金融市场波动较大，开发署成功地避免了投资中遭受任何本金损失。", "其他收入", "17. 其他收入（主要包括杂项收入和汇兑收益）为4 800万美元，较2009年的3 800万美元有所增长。这一增长的原因是汇率升值和汇率收益。", "B. 支出", "18. 根据执行局在第2009/22号决定中的建议，在2010年首次报告了下列四项粗略成本分类领域中的支出：(a) 发展；(b)管理；(c) 联合国发展协调；以及 (d) 特殊目的。此外，未列入这四项粗略成本分类中的其他支出也作为总支出的一部分进行报告。", "19. 经常资源的支出总额下降了8%，由2009年的11.7亿美元减至10.8亿美元。", "发展支出", "20. 发展支出包括方案和发展实效活动，达6.27亿美元，其中7 480万美元用于发展实效活动。发展活动支出包括用于援助巴勒斯坦人民方案的400万美元（2009年为500万美元）。", "21. 总计1.08亿美元（发展支出总额的17%）用于面临特殊发展情况的国家。", "管理和两年期支助预算支出", "22. 两年期支助预算净支出从3.92亿美元减至3.63亿美元，降低了约7%。这与两年期第一年典型的预算执行情况保持一致，由于执行局核准的投资分布于两年内，并采取有意的措施减低第一年的支出。经核准的投资在管理领域(支助预防危机和恢复活动、知识管理、以及在非洲地区的运行保障)和发展实效领域（加强在气候变化地区的实质性响应和贡献、实现千年发展目标、预防危机和恢复、以及南南合作）开展。这些投资被 2010-2011两年期支助预算其他领域中预算的减少所抵消。", "23. 在2010-2011年间，使用大会第2009/22号决定中核准的分类来报告两年期支助预算支出。根据分类，2010年，两年期支助预算中的62%用于管理活动，12%用于发展实效活动，21%用于联合国发展协调活动，还有5%用于特殊目的活动。", "24. 政府对当地办事处费用的捐助有助于支付开发署国家办事处两年期支助预算费用，对开发署而言，是重要的收入来源。这些捐助可以用现金和/或实物的形式进行。这些捐助也体现了所在国政府对开发署国家办事处的存在价值的肯定。", "25. 政府对当地办事处费用的实物捐助（1 100万美元）比2009年（略低于1 110万美元）略有增加。2010年政府对当地办事处费用的现金捐助比2009年增加了约100万美元（4%），超过了2009年总额，增至2 600万美元。署长对很多方案国为达成其当地办事处费用责任所做出的改善表示感激。但是，对于不遵守义务的情况，开发署将维持原有做法，从存在大额当地办事处费用赤字的国家截留部分机构预算资源。", "联合国发展协调支出", "26. 用于联合国发展协调活动的支出支助了联合国系统内发展活动的协调工作。2010年，在这些活动方面的净支出总额达到9 400万美元。", "特殊目的支出", "27. 用于特殊目的活动的净支出为4 300万美元。特殊目的活动所表示的交叉活动可进一步的分为三个类别：大会授权的活动、开发署管理的非开发署行动以及资本投资。大会授权的活动的支出总额为2 500万美元，其中包括人力资源合同改革、联合国授权的安保费用和采用国际公共部门会计准则。用于开发署管理的非开发署行动（联合国志愿人员方案和资发基金）的支出为1 800万美元。", "其他支出", "28. 根据新的成本分类体系，其他支出为8 800万美元。其中，有4 600万美元支出是由于货币重新估值和汇率波动造成的。作为国际公共部门会计准则准备工作的一部分，开发署继续审查在过去15至20年内资产负债表账户上增加的余额，并在清理数据方面取得了相当大的进展。这一进展正在进行中，并结合进一步的尽职调查，可确认供资不再可用的支出。", "29. 一名独立的顾问精算师对截至2009年12月31日的离职后健康保险进行估值。根据此研究，资发基金的应计负债估计数为1 100万美元；妇发基金为2 000万美元；开发署为4.3亿美元，共计4.61亿美元。应计负债总额比2007年12月31日的上次精算报告中估计的4.66亿美元低500万美元。截至2010年12月31日，仅就开发署而言的离职后健康保险准备金为4.29亿美元，无准备金负债为 3 400万美元，这是开发署4.29亿美元应计负债和2010年4.63亿美元离职后健康保险准备金之间的差额。2001年制订的开发署离职后健康保险供资战略的目的是在十五年内为其离职后健康保险债务提供充分资金。资发基金和妇发基金将在未来几年中为其离职后健康保险债务供资。", "30. 如以往几年，离职后健康保险整个负债情况载于财务报表的一份说明中。在2012年采用国际公共部门会计准则后，离职后健康保险的整个负债数额将作为负债载于财务状况报表中。", "C. 未用资源余额", "31. 2010年底，经常资源未用余额（不包括业务准备金）为2.83亿美元，较2009年的3.54亿美元大幅减少。占未用资源总余额的6%，比2009年的7%有所下降。", "32. 相当数量的基金（2.8亿美元或向经常资源捐款的29%）在2010年最后一季度收到，这一模式扭转了年末报告的未用经常资源余额。此外，还因业务准备金等管理原因而预留了特定现金余额。在其他情况下，余额被指定用于未来负债（例如离职后健康保险）的审慎管理。其他余额用于常规运作，包括结算应付账款、未付债务和与其他联合国机构的基金间业务。", "33. 开发署经常资源稳妥的资金周转数额应相当于三到六个月的支出，按2010年的支出水平计算，流动资金总额应在2.69亿美元至5.38亿美元之间。经常资源收到的捐款减少，加之2010年前三季度收到的捐款的数额较低，导致了第三季度末的流动性低。因此，开发署必须迅速采取行动，减少已计划的核心支出，以维持所需的流动资金比率。捐款减少的主要原因是由于以美元和本币支付的捐款的减少以及汇率波动。开发署的对冲活动部分地抵消了后者的影响。但截至2010年底，开发署的年终流动资金头寸约为3.1个月的运转资金，比去年年末约3.5个月的水平有所减少。", "34. 根据执行局第1999/9号决定，在DP/1999/5/Rev.1和DP/1999/CRP.9/Rev.1号文件的基础上修改了开发署经常资源业务准备金数额的计算公式。根据2010年最终收支数据，将把业务准备金从2.38亿美元下调至2.26亿美元的新水平。减少的1 200万美元将转拨至开发署的一般资源。", "四、其他资源", "35. 其他资源包括费用分摊、信托基金、有偿支助服务、初级专业人员方案以及管理事务协议等杂项活动。有偿支助服务和杂项活动在下文图4中显示为“其他”。", "A. 收入", "36. 其他资源总收入增长了1.93亿美元（4%），从2009年的45.2亿美元增至47.1亿美元。", "捐款", "37. 图4显示了2009-2010年按供资机制分列的其他资源捐款。", "图 4. 2009-2010年按供资机制分列的其他资源捐款", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "38. 其他资源捐款共计43.1亿美元，较2009年的41.3亿美元增长了4%。下表2显示了对2009年和2010年按供资来源分列的其他资源捐款的比较。", "表2. 2009-2010年按供资来源分列的其他资源捐款比较", "（单位：10亿美元）", "供资来源 捐款\n 2009年 2010年 变化（%）", "双边捐助者 1.56 1.76 13", "多边合作伙伴来源 1.55 1.74 12", "地方资源 0.72 0.69 -4", "其他来源 0.30 0.12 -60", "共计 4.13 4.31 4", "双边捐助者", "39. 来自双边捐助者的其他资源捐款增加了13%，从2009年的15.6亿美元增至17.6亿美元。图5列出了2010年向其他资源捐款最多的10个双边捐助者。", "图5. 2010年向其他资源捐款最多的10个双边捐助者", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "多边合作伙伴来源", "40. 多边合作伙伴委托给开发署的其他资源增至17.4亿美元，较2009年的15.5亿美元增加了12%。图6列示了2010年向其他资源捐款的多边合作伙伴。", "地方资源（政府）", "41. 来自地方资源的捐款（不包括管理服务协议）占2010年收到的其他资源捐款总额的16%。这一资源的总额从2009年的7.2亿美元减至6.9亿美元，减少了4%，超过了战略计划中要求的资源组合调整率。这一下降的原因部分在于方案优先事项发生改变，各办事处根据战略计划中的构想，逐渐从提供采购服务转向发布战略咨询。", "42. 地方资源捐款中约有67%来自10个方案国政府（请见图7）。在捐款最多的10个国家中，阿根廷、埃及、委内瑞拉、多米尼加共和国和中国增加了捐款，而巴西、哥伦比亚、秘鲁、巴拿马和乌拉圭则减少了其捐款。由于提供捐款的成员国的数量的增加，捐款最多的10个国家在地方资源捐款总额中所占的百分比继续呈下降趋势：从2007年占总额的78%降至2008年的72%，又降至2009年的71%，再降至2010年的67%。", "图6. 2010年向其他资源捐款的多边合作伙伴", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "图 7. 2009-2010年向地方资源捐款最多的10个国家", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "43. 向管理服务协议的捐款减少了62%，从2009年的3.25亿美元减至1.22亿美元。DP/2011/33/ Add.1号文件中的表12列示了管理服务协议收入的分配情况。", "利息收入", "44. 利息收入由2009年的0.92亿美元增至1.04亿美元，增幅为12%。", "其他收入", "45. 其他收入为2.97亿美元，与2009年持平。其他收入主要包括支助服务费用，偿付共同事务、其他支助服务和联合国安全和安保部提供的外勤安保的款项，以及来自其他供资来源的收入。", "B. 支出", "46. 其他资源的总支出为46.7亿美元，较2009年的41.8亿美元增长了12%。", "发展支出", "47. 用于发展活动的总支出为40.9亿美元，其中7 370万美元用于发展实效活动。下文图8显示了包括管理服务协议（全球-其他）在内的分区域发展支出，其中不包括援助巴勒斯坦人民方案。用于援助巴勒斯坦人民方案的发展支出为5 270万美元。", "图8. 其他资源: 2010年按区域分列的发展支出", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "48. 在总计40.9亿美元的发展支出中，15.6亿美元（38%）用于面临特殊发展情况的国家。如图9所示，用于阿富汗的支出最多，为7.55亿美元，或其他资源发展支出总额的18%。", "图9. 2010年用于特殊发展情况国家的其他资源发展支出", "（单位：百万美元）", "[]", "49. 在15.6亿美元用于面临特殊发展情况国家的发展支出中，9.58亿美元（62%）由双边捐助者供资，1.79亿美元（12%）由欧洲联盟供资，1.36亿美元（9%）由全球抗击艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金供资，1.77亿美元（11%）由多方捐助信托基金供资，还有1.06亿美元（6%）由其他多方捐助者供资。", "联合国发展协调", "50. 在其他资源类别中，用于联合国发展协调活动的总额为3 200万美元，这由双边合作伙伴供资。", "管理支出", "51. 2010年，用于管理活动的支出总计达2.72亿美元。其中包括用于信托基金的2 600万美元和用于偿付支助收入的2.46亿美元。在这2.46亿美元中有2.2亿美元用于与方案和项目相关的活动。", "特殊目的支出", "52. 2010年，特殊目的支出总额为1.77亿美元。其中包括用于初级专业人员方案的5 200万美元，联合国安全和安保部出资的用于现场安保人员的8 000万美元，用于偿付联合国志愿人员支助服务的1 100万美元。余下的3 400万美元则用于“一个联合国基金”、“变更管理基金”、“禽流感和人类流感协调基金”等其他支出。", "其他支出", "53. 2010年，其他支出（成本分类所定义的）总计1.02亿美元。其中1.01亿美元用于国家办事处的共同事务活动。", "C. 费用回收政策", "54. 执行局第2004/30号和第2007/18号决定核可了这一建议，即经常资源和其他资源均应支持战略计划中制定的优先事项，并且经常资源不应补贴其他资源供资方案的费用，开发署的费用回收政策规定，在国家和总部两级交付的其他资源供资方案所涉的一切费用均通过具体的费用回收机制全额回收。", "55. 开发计划署尽一切努力收回在国家和总部两级以及向其他联合国实体交付的与其他资源供资方案和项目相关的一般管理和实施费用，目的在于收回提供服务的费用，使得开发署核心两年期支助预算不需承担其未计划承担的支助服务费用。", "56. 下文表3显示了2010年费用回收收入和利用总额。", "57. 收入总额由2009年的3.94亿美元增至4.23亿美元，增幅为7%。支出总额从3.18亿美元增至3.44亿美元，增长了8%。在表3中列出的2.85亿美元费用回收收入中，有2.37亿美元属于支出分摊和信托基金一般管理支助收入，未被列入其他资源的其他收入总额。开发署在2010-2011年两年期支助预算文件(DP/2010/3)中报告了准予费用回收政策的例外。2010年，开发署准予了对两项额外一般管理服务的减免：（1）对向海地问题特使办公室的捐款收取0%的管理费，（2）对向亚太经社会防范海啸、灾害和气候变化多方捐助者信托基金的捐款管理费降至4%。", "表 3. 2010年费用回收", "（单位：百万美元）", "费用回收\t方案和项目交付\t有偿支助服务\t共计\n 收入： \n 一般管理/实施支助服务 237 237 \n 共同事务 107 107 \n 各机构有偿服务 11 31 42 \n 利息 8 8 \n 行政代理费 5 5 \n 其他 24 24 \n 收入共计 285 138 423 \n 支出： \n 工作人员/人事费用 142 31 173 \n 一般业务费用 78 93 171 \n 支出共计 220 124 344", "D. 未用资源余额", "58. 至2010年底，未用的其他资源为44.9亿美元，较2009年的45.5亿美元减少了1%。未用的其他资源占未用资源总余额的89%。未用资源余额包括费用分摊24.9亿美元（2009年为24.8亿美元）、信托基金11.4亿美元（2009年为11.9亿美元）、有偿支助服务8.4亿美元（2009年为8.6亿美元）、以及政府对应现金捐助0.2亿美元（2009年为0.2亿美元）。截至2010年12月31日，已有76%的未用资源被完全列入方案，将在未来几年交付。", "59. 捐款的接受模式造成了捐款高峰出现在年底。2010年，有41%其他资源捐款在第四季度收到。例如，开发署阿富汗紧急信托基金2010年全年2.38亿美元捐款中的60%（1.44亿美元）在第四季度收到，开发署苏丹紧急信托基金2010年全年1.17亿美元捐款中的50%（5 900万美元）在第四季度收到。这一模式使年终未用资金余额失真。", "60. 按照财政条例，开发署需在充分供资的基础上开展所有其他资源活动。根据目前的合作伙伴协议，所有项目余额被完全分离以用于会计和报告之目的。所持现金用于不相关联的目的，不会将某个项目的资源余额与另一个项目混合或“分享”，承付的资源或资金支出也没有可替代性。此外，还因业务准备金等管理原因而拨出了特定现金余额。在其他情况下，余额被指定用于未来负债（例如离职后健康保险）的审慎管理，或用于结算流动负债等常规运作的需要。", "61. 开发署断定，考虑到方案周期和执行局批准及财务条例和细则中记载的开发署任务和治理框架，未用余额总量是合理的。然而，开发署期待能为更好地协调核心及非核心资源而寻求制订综合资源框架。这一框架将通过合并机构及方案预算，使得能够在一个统一的核心和非核心资源框架内总体审视资源。这应该会促进战略资源的计划、分配和监控，并加强基于结果的资源分配。", "E. 其他", "联合国志愿人员方案", "62. 2010年，来自158个国家的7 765名志愿人员在132个国家从事7 960项任务。这些行动的资金由开发署经常资源支助，总额达到2.35亿美元。其中的9%由直接向联合国志愿人员提供的捐款（特别志愿人员基金、费用分摊、信托基金和全额供资安排）支付。其余部分则由联合国方案及包括开发署在内的其他联合国组织、基金和方案直接支付。", "初级专业人员方案", "63. 2010年，共有24个政府与开发署签订了提供初级专业人员的协议。截至2010年12月31日，开发署管理364名初级专业人员和39名驻地协调员特别助理，而截至2009年12月31日管理的初级专业人员为350名，驻地协调员特别助理为29名。在403名初级专业人员中，有224人为开发署和关联基金工作，在这其中有24%的人员（57名初级专业人员/驻地协调员特别助理）在纽约和其他总部地点工作。", "64. 开发署收到为初级专业人员方案提供的捐款为4 500万美元，而2009年为5 700万美元。包括支助费用在内的支出总额从2009年的4 700万美元增至2010的5 200万美元。2010年底的资源余额为3 100万美元，较2009年的3 800万美元有所减少（2008年为2 800万美元）。", "外地住房准备金", "65. 1979年设立了2 500万美元准备金，用于为国际征聘、开发署供资的外勤人员提供住房，在特殊情况下也用于办公用房。2010年外地住房准备金住房和办公房舍业务的未用资源余额为112万美元，而2009年为65万美元。外地住房准备金作为国际公共部门会计准则准备工作和开发署遗留余额审查的一部分正在接受审查。这将会导致一些调整。", "直接预算支助", "66. 执行局第2009/24号决定原则上核准了一项为期四年的试点（从2009年9月开始），使开发署能够应受援国请求，依照DP/2009/36及Corr. 1和2号文件提供的指导方针，根据开发署的任务和相对优势，逐案向联合供资和部门预算支助提供财政捐款。", "67. 布基纳法索政府请求开发署参与该国两个政府制定的优先领域，即艾滋病毒/艾滋病和促进人权的部门预算支助，该请求于2009年获准。这两项举措均属于开发署的核心任务。2010年，开发署对布基纳法索部门预算支助的捐款共计12万美元，占艾滋病毒/艾滋病部门预算资金的1%，占促进人权部门预算资金的1%。这笔资金从经常资源中划拨，数额低于执行局在资源规划框架中规定的核心供资年度授权支出限额的10%上限。", "五、联合国改革和对其他联合国组织的支助", "68. 除自身的业务活动之外，开发署还在国家一级协调联合国系统，继续在构造发展的一致性方面发挥着重要作用。根据现有数据，用于多方捐助信托基金、联合方案和支助联合国其他组织的资金流动总额为11.5 亿美元，2009年为17.8亿美元。", "A. 开发署的行政代理职能", "69. 开发署通过代表联合国发展系统在联合方案和多方捐助信托基金行政代理机构发挥作用，以及作为参与的联合国组织发挥方案实施作用，继续为联合拟订方案活动提供重要的支持。2010年，开发署代表联合国系统为联合方案和多方捐助信托基金接收的捐款总值为6.1亿美元（2009年为12.5亿美元）。捐款额的降低与之前的上升势头相反，并与七年间年均捐款总额7.14亿美元形成对比。这一下降缘于持续的全球经济衰退以及针对千年发展目标成就基金、扩充的“一体行动”资助窗口、和苏丹共同人道主义基金这三项最大的多方捐助信托基金捐款的减少。其中的两项基金已完全分配了资源，在未来几年将接近尾声。 2010年，多方捐助信托基金办事处作为行政代理人向所有参与组织转拨的资金总值为9.69亿美元。其中包括转入开发署，用于开发署各方案的基金3.57亿美元（2009年为2.83亿美元）。 这些被转拨的基金被纳入2009年12.3亿美元未用余额中。", "B. 对联合国各组织的支助", "70. 开发署国家办事处向联合国其他组织提供业务支助。用于这些服务的资金记入机构服务清结账户，包括用于支助联合国其他组织的5.31亿美元资金流动，较2009年（5.28亿美元）略微增长。", "C. 联合国发展协调活动", "71. 开发署在联合国系统协调工作和支助国家发展的国家一级协调工作中发挥着重要的作用。联合国发展协调活动由经常资源和其他资源共同供资，2010年的总计支出为1.26亿美元（9 400万美元来自经常资源，另有3 200万美元来自其他资源）。开发署鼓励会员国继续支助这项活动。", "D. 联合国授权的安保费用", "72. 执行局第2010/1号决定核准了署长的提议，特许在2010至2011年期间最多再动用指定用于联合国授权安保措施的5 800万美元经常资源中的另外30% （1 740万美元）。", "73. 第72段提及的5 800万美元是2010-2011年为联合国授权的安保措施所预留的8 500万美元总额中的一部分，此外还有2 500万美元由其他资源供资，另有200万美元来自联合国安全和安保部前一期超额收费的贷款。2010年，开发署支出3 300万美元（2009年为3 900万美元），包括其他资源中的支出1 100万美元（2009年为1 000万美元）。在2010年支出的3 300万美元中，1 700万美元用于联合国外勤安保协调方案（2009年为2 100万美元），1 600万美元用于按照最低运作安保标准合规情况，对国家办事处（包括在总部）进行的评估和投资（2009年为1 800万美元）。", "六、国际公共部门会计准则", "74. 大会第60/283号决议批准采用《国际公共部门会计准则》，这对透明财务报告、强有力的问责制和良好的治理而言至关重要。采用《国际公共部门会计准则》将通过对资产和负债进行更完整的披露和核算从而提高透明度，并改善管理及对金融和非金融资产的追踪与报告。将全面确认年假和离职后健康保险等雇员费用和相关义务，并充分地分配至产生这些费用的各活动的基金来源。", "75. 开发署的目标是自2012年1月1日起采用《国际公共部门会计准则》方案。通过这一方案，开发署规划了其大多数的《国际公共部门会计准则》政策，界定了制度的变化，并开始了过渡和变更管理过程，提升工作人员的认识、理解和技能。", "76. 执行局第2008/1号决定批准截至2009年底动用900万美元经常资源用于采用《国际公共部门会计准则》的费用。2008-2009两年期，开发署在采用公共部门会计准则的准备工作中花费了520万美元。此外，执行局第2010/1号决定批准在2010至2011年期间总额1 300万美元用于与《国际公共部门会计准则》有关的活动。其中1 100万美元将用于一次性项目费用，例如政策制定、系统配置和报告、以及全球培训。剩下的200万美元用于向新职位供资，为期六个月，这些新职位将从事采用公共部门会计准则所需的额外工作。对这些职位会有持续需求。2010年，开发署在为采用《国际公共部门会计准则》所需的准备工作上花费了180万美元。", "77. 为确保遵守公共部门会计准则的最有效方法，开发署建立了全球共享服务中心，以便集中记录开发署国家办事处收集与《国际公共部门会计准则》相关的复杂功能，并对国家办事处提供支助以确保成功过渡并继续遵守国家公共部门会计准则。集中记录这些功能的选择是在成本效益分析后做出的，这是处理公共部门会计准则复杂性的最有效选择。建立全球共享服务中心及其选址的决定以一家独立咨询公司所开展的综合性研究为基础。这一决定基于一些关键因素，包括技能和费用的可用性。目前正与政府就选定的地点进行协商。预计全球共享服务中心将于2012年1月1日开始运作。", "七、开发署经管的基金", "78. 本报告增编（DP/2011/33/Add.1）表5(a)提供了开发署管理的两个基金的详细数据。", "A. 联合国资本发展基金", "79. 2010年，资发基金在49个最不发达国家中的40个国家开展业务，特别侧重冲突后国家。2010年捐款总额为3 800万美元（2009年为3 500万美元）。因汇率和财政危机造成的一个主要捐助者捐款额的显著减少，使经常资源额略有降低。而其他资源同时大幅增长。资源的总体前景依然乐观，特别是在其他资源的总量和多样化方面。", "80. 2010年方案支出总额保持不变，仍为4 000万美元。其他资源支出占方案资源总额的44%。所有的方案支出都用于与开发署共同开展的联合方案。资发基金还向东帝汶的小额供资机构发放了23万美元的贷款（另有1 000万美元赠款，已列于支出项下）。资发基金核心和非核心业务准备金总额仍为2 500万美元。因此，资发基金能够在维持其流动资金的同时实施其计划的发展、管理和财务成果。", "81. 总额4 000万美元的方案支出并不包括开发署根据执行局第2007/34号决定划拨给资发基金的300万美元。这部分资金由资发基金全额使用，但目前由开发署分别记账和报告。此外，开发署两年期支助预算中还拨付了1 000万美元用于资发基金的管理支出。", "B. 联合国妇女发展基金", "82. 妇发基金于2010年7月2日并入妇女署。但因妇女署的创建决议，即大会第64/289号决议规定，妇女署将于2011年1月1日开始运作。下列数字包括了妇发基金2010年的全年数据。", "83. 妇发基金为有创意的方案和战略提供财政和技术援助，以增强妇女力量，促进性别平等。妇发基金把提升妇女人权摆在其全部工作的核心位置，重点围绕四个战略领域开展活动：(a) 减少女性贫困；(b) 消除暴力侵害妇女行为；(c) 扭转艾滋病毒/艾滋病在妇女和女童中的蔓延趋势；以及(d) 在和平与战争时期，实现民主治理中的性别平等。", "84. 妇发基金的捐款总额从2009年的1.65亿美元增至1.71亿美元，增加了600万美元（4%）。自愿捐款增加了1 300万美元（21%），费用分摊部分减少了600万美元（8%），而次级信托基金部分减少了1 200万美元（43%）。", "85. 方案支出从2009年的1.23亿美元增至1.79亿美元，增加了5 600万美元（46%）。经常资源支出从2009年的4 900万美元增至2010年的8 000万美元，增加了3 100万美元（63%）。费用分摊支出从2009年的5 300万美元增至7 100万美元，增加了1 800万美元（32%）。次级信托基金支出从2009年的2 100万美元增至2 900万美元，增加了800万美元（39%）。", "86. 截至2010年12月31日，未用资源为2.06亿美元，较截至2009年12月31日的2.28亿美元减少了2 200万美元。2010年12月的资源由已批准的项目预算全额支助。根据执行局1997年1月第97/4号决定，对业务准备金数额进行了审查，准备金从2009年12月31日的2 000万美元增至2010年12月31日的2 100万美元。", "附件一", "开发署概况", "A. 列有2009年可比数字的截至2010年12月31日的年度收入和支出报表", "（单位：千美元）", "经常资源 其他资源 基金 共计^(a)\n 2010年 2009年 +/- 2010年 2009年 +/- 2010年 2009年 +/- 2010年 2009年 +/-", "收入", "捐款 967 132 1 013 -5% 4 311 319 4 129 4% 209 235 199 738 5% 5 487 686 5 342 3% 599 137 474", "减去：转入两年前支助预算 (9 632) (8 671) -11% - -   - - - (9 632) (8 671) -11%", "捐款净额 957 500 1 004 -5% 4 311 319 4 129 4% 209 235 199 738 5% 5 478 054 5 333 3% 928 137 803", "利息收入 14 165 10 173 39% 103 661 92 306 12% 1 438 2 127 -32% 119 264 104 606 14%", "其他收入净额 48 084 38 480 25% 297 127 297 389 - 11 495 16 678 -31% 356 706 352 547 1%", "收入共计 1 019 749 1 053 -3% 4 712 107 4 518 4% 222 168 218 543 2% 5 954 024 5 790 3% 581 832 956", "支出", "发展 626 849     4 092 353     219 564     4 938 766", "联合国发展协调 93 752     31 705     -     125 457", "管理 224 082     271 771     22 226     518 079", "特殊目的 43 430     176 908     -     220 338", "其他支出 87 733     101 795     140     189 668", "支出共计 1 075 846 1 166 -8% 4 674 532 4 177 12% 241 930 182 988 32% 5 992 308 5 526 8% 574 244 806", "收支盈余（亏损） (56 097) (112 50% 37 575 341 588 -89% (19 762) 35 555 -156% (38 284) 264 150 -114% 993)", "上两年期债务节减额 596 15 682 -96% - - - - - - 596 15 682 -96%", "从（向）准备金转账 (16 000) (14 000) -14% (2 000) (5 000) 60% (1 390) (6 910) 80% (19 390) (25 910) 25%", "向捐助者退款和从（向）其他基金转账 (48) (32 879) 100% (99 062) (85 878) -15% (799) (2 098) 62% (99 909) (120 17% 855)", "准备金和基金结余调整数               1 982 - - 1 982 -", "1月1日基金余额 354 412 498 602 -29% 4 550 006 4 299 6% 280 690 252 161 11% 5 185 108 5 050 3% 296 059", "12月31日基金余额 282 863 354 412 -20% 4 486 519 4 550 -1% 258 739 280 690 -8% 5 028 121 5 185 -3% 006 108", "资料来源： DP/2011/33/Add.1，表1(a)。", "^(a) 包括一般管理支助服务费用。", "B. 列有2009年可比数字的截至2010年12月31日的资产、负债以及准备金和基金余额", "(单位：千美元)", "经常资源 其他资源   基金   共计\n 2010年 2009年 +/- 2010年 2009年 +/- 2010年 2009年 +/- 2010年 2009年 +/-", "资产", "现金 53 904 25 929 108% 30 34 -12% 3 554 6 404 -45% 57 488 32 367 79%", "现金与投资——托管基金 847 956 1 324 -36%             847 956 1 324 -36% 804 804", "政府信用证       49 195 108 460 -55%       49 195 108 460 -55%", "用于下列用途所持投资：", "业务准备金 238 000 222 000 7%             238 000 222 000 7%", "离职后医疗保险准备金 429 268 373 276 15%             429 268 373 276 15%", "经常资源 142 746 602 527 -76% 7 230 492 446 -99% 361 807 343 405 5% 511 783 1 438 -64% 378", "其他资源 4 688 388 4 266 10%             4 688 4 266 10% 293 388 293", "医药保险计划 48 283 45 073 7%             48 283 45 073 7%", "投资小计 5 546 685 5 509 1% 7 230 492 446 -99% 361 807 343 405 5% 5 915 6 345 -7% 169 722 020", "现金、信用证和投资共计 6 448 545 6 859 -6% 56 455 600 940 -91% 365 361 349 809 4% 6 870 7 810 -12% 902 361 651", "政府和执行机构预付款项 11 834 22 269 -47% 135 297 125 452 8% 1 050 668 57% 148 181 148 389 -", "应收账款和迟延费用 17 371 29 017 -40% 29 340 24 167 21% 1 685 1 286 31% 48 396 54 470 -11%", "核心资源应付款项       4 730 611 4 378 8%   4 810   4 730 4 383 8% 995 611 805", "其他资源应付款项 42 763 118 644 -64%             42 763 118 644 -64%", "项目厅、人口基金和联合国往来账户经常账户 185 668 -               185 668 -", "应计利息 29 897 34 360 -13% 22 199 21 742 2% 2 474 2 394 3% 54 570 58 496 -7%", "贷款             5 169 5 168   5 169 5 168 -", "特别资本化资产 1 570 1 570 - 1 -         1 571 1 570 -", "外地住房活动准备金       34 741 34 844 -       34 741 34 844 -", "资产共计 6 737 648 7 065 -5% 5 008 644 5 186 -3% 375 739 364 135 3% 12 122 12 616 -4% 762 140 031 037", "负债", "支付给政府和执行机构的预付款 1 213 2 267 -46% 8 601 16 087 -47% 907 850 7% 10 721 19 204 -44%", "未清偿债务 37 617 53 313 -29% 213 131 239 539 -11% 9 104 6 734 35% 259 852 299 586 -13%", "应付账款 120 488 127 217 -5% 138 138 135 242 2% 26 119 5 634 361% 284 745 268 093 6%", "应付给其他资源和基金的款项 4 730 524 4 383 8%             4 730 4 383 8% 806 524 806", "其他资源和基金应付给核心资源的款项       8 200 93 187 -91% 34 563 25 457 36% 42 763 118 644 -64%", "应付给项目厅、人口基金和联合国往来账户的款项 - 163 502               - 163 502", "递延负债——托管基金 895 389 1 383 -35%             895 389 1 383 -35% 254 254", "递延负债——离职后医疗保险 429 269 373 276 15%             429 269 373 276 15%", "其他债务 715 1 145 -38% 16 060 16 079 - 707 561 26% 17 482 17 785 -2%", "债务总计 6 215 215 6 487 -4% 384 130 500 134 -23% 71 400 39 236 82% 6 670 7 027 -5% 780 745 150", "准备金和基金余额", "业务准备金 238 000 222 000 7% 109 995 108 000 2% 45 600 44 209 3% 393 595 374 209 5%", "捐赠基金       3 000 3 000         3 000 3 000 -", "外地住房准备金核准金额       25 000 25 000         25 000 25 000 -", "特殊资本资源 1 570 1 570               1 570 1 570 -", "未用资源余额 282 863 354 412 -20% 4 486 519 4 550 -1% 258 739 280 690 -8% 5 028 5 185 -3% 006 121 108", "未用资源和特殊资本资源余额 284 433 355 982 -20% 4 486 519 4 550 -1% 258 739 280 690 -8% 5 029 5 186 -3% 006 691 678", "负债、准备金和未用资源余额共计 6 737 648 7 065 -5% 5 008 644 5 186 -3% 375 739 364 135 3% 12 122 12 616 -4% 762 140 031 037" ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日,纽约", "临时议程项目2", "财务、预算和行政事项", "2010年财务状况年度审查", "署长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告概述了开发署2010年底的财务状况。 总收入(捐款、利息和其他收入)从2009年的57.9亿美元增至59.5亿美元,增长了3%。 捐款总额从2009年的53.4亿美元增至54.9亿美元,增加了3%。 支出总额大幅增加,从2009年的55.3亿美元增至59.9亿美元,增幅为8%。", "2010年对经常(核心)资源的捐款减少到9.67亿美元,比2009年的10.1亿美元少了5%。 这一减少要求开发署相应减少计划的核心支出,以避免动用业务准备金。 因此,开发署与经常资源有关的支出从2009年的11.7亿美元减至10.8亿美元,减少了8%。", "其他(非核心)资源捐款增加了4%,从2009年的41.3亿美元增至43.1亿美元。 这一增加主要是由于在具有特殊发展情况的国家开展了方案。 对这些方案的捐款增长了44%,达到16.6亿美元,而2009年为11.5亿美元。 在其他资源捐款中,双边伙伴的捐款增加了13%,从2009年的15.6亿美元增至17.6亿美元。 多边伙伴的捐款也增加了12%,从2009年的15.5亿美元增加到17.4亿美元。 方案国提供的当地资源减少了4%,从2009年的7.2亿美元减至6.9亿美元。 其他资源支出为46.7亿美元,比2009年的41.8亿美元增加12%。", "其他或“专用”资源是对开发计划署经常资源或“非专用”资源基础的重要补充。 2010年,开发署由78%的专用资源供资,18%由未指定用途资源供资,其余4%由联合国资本发展基金(资发基金)和联合国妇女发展基金(妇发基金)供资。 开发署能否完成其多边任务并进行有效的能力建设,取决于是否有足够的核心资金。 这种核心供资使开发署能够作为一个灵活、前瞻性组织运作,能够采取注重长期效力和可持续性的综合管理和方案拟订办法。", "开发署在国家一级协调联合国系统,并继续在建立发展一致性方面发挥重要作用。 流向多方捐助者信托基金、联合方案和支助其他联合国组织的资金总额达11.5亿美元,而2009年为17.8亿美元。 减少的主要原因是对多方捐助者信托基金和联合方案的捐款从2009年的12.5亿美元降至6.1亿美元,减少的主要原因是对三个最大的多方捐助信托基金的捐款减少,其中两个基金已充分分配资源并正在逐步减少。", "本报告载有妇发基金2010年全年的数字,妇发基金于2010年7月2日并入妇女署。 由于妇女署的成立决议 -- -- 大会第64/289号决议规定妇女署将于2011年1月1日开始运作,这是本报告最后一次介绍妇发基金。", "决定要点", "执行局不妨:(a) 注意到DP/2011/33和DP/2011/33/Add.1号文件;(b) 注意到经常资源持续减少,这是开发署履行任务、保持其多边、公正和普遍性质、提供充足和安全的经常供资基础所必需的;(c) 促请所有会员国支持开发署实现其经常资源目标,并尽早承诺向开发署2011年及以后的经常资源提供捐款,如有可能,通过多年认捐提供捐款;(d) 回顾供资的可预测性和及时性的重要性,以避免经常资源的流动性限制。", "目录", "段次 页次\n一. 导言. 4\n二. 开发计划署的总体情况 4\n三. 经常资源. 7\nA. 收入. 7\nB. 支出. 8\nC. 未用资源 10个\n四、结 论 其他资源. 11\nA. 收入. 11\nB. 支出. 14\nC. 成本回收政策 17\n页:1 其他人员\n五. 改革联合国并支持其他联合国组织 第 19 条\nA. 开发署行政代理职能 19\nB. 支助性联合国组织 19 - 19\nD. 联合国规定的安保费用\n六. 国际公共部门会计标准 20\n七. 开发署管理的基金 20 (简体中文).\nA. 联合国资本发展基金 20\nB. 联合国妇女发展基金 21\n页:1\n一. 开发署2010年12月31日收入和支出概览 第 22 条\n2009年比较数字 B. 资产、负债和储备金和资金余额\n2009年比较数字", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告概述了开发署2010年底的财务状况,并提供了2009年的可比数字。 在对开发计划署活动进行总体分析之后,将分析经常资源或核心资源、 \" 其他 \" 资源或非核心资源,包括联合国志愿人员方案、大会设立的基金 -- -- 资发基金 -- -- 和其他活动。 本报告载有妇发基金2010年全年的数字,妇发基金于2010年7月2日并入妇女署。 由于大会第64/289号决议规定妇女署将于2011年1月1日开始运作,这是妇发基金在本报告中最后一次发挥作用。 页:1 我概述了汇总数字,附件二载有本文件所用术语的定义。 本报告增编(DP/2011/33/Add.1)表1继续概述开发署开展的所有活动。 报告正文中的百分比参考了附件中的数据。", "2. 联合国 根据执行局第2009/22号决定所提出的建议,2010年首次报告了四个广泛的费用分类领域的支出:(a) 发展;(b) 管理;(c) 联合国发展协调;(d) 特殊用途。 此外,不属于四大费用分类范围的其他支出也作为总支出的一部分列报。", "二. 开发署总体", "3个 总体而言,开发署2010年的总收入略有增加,但大幅度增加,同时支出继续增加。 开发署由18%的核心资源和78%的非核心资源供资,其中4%用于妇发基金和资发基金。", " 4.四. 总收入被定义为捐款,利息收入和其他收入之和. 总收入增至59.5亿美元,比2009年收入57.9亿美元增长3%. 捐款总额从53.4亿美元增至54.9亿美元,增长了3%;利息收入从2009年的10亿美元增至1.2亿美元;其他收入从2009年的3.5亿美元增至3.6亿美元。", "5 (韩语). 对核心资源的捐款减少了5%,为9.67亿美元,而2009年为10.1亿美元,2010年的目标是执行局第2007/32号决定核准的战略计划综合财政资源框架内的14亿美元。", "6. 国家 非核心捐款共计43.1亿美元,比2009年的41.3亿美元高出4%。 这一增加主要是由于面临特殊发展情况的国家的方案。 对这些方案的捐款增加了44%,达到16.6亿美元,而2009年为11.5亿美元。 双边捐款为17.6亿美元,比2009年的15.6亿美元增加了13%,对特殊发展情况国家的捐款从2009年的6.33亿美元增至10亿美元。 多边伙伴委托开发署提供的非核心资源为17.4亿美元,比2009年的15.5亿美元增加12%,特殊发展情况国家收到的捐款从2009年的4.95亿美元增至6.14亿美元。 方案国政府和其他当地伙伴通过开发署为支持本国发展而输送的地方资源为69亿美元,比2009年的7.2亿美元减少4%。", "7. 联合国 其他资源被指定用于具体的方案和活动,是对开发计划署未指定用途的经常资源基础的重要补充。 经常资源捐款已降至相当于其他资源捐款22%的水平,而2009年为25%。 开发署能否完成任务并保持其多边、公正和普遍性质,取决于是否有充足而可靠的经常供资基础,以支持注重长期效力和可持续发展成果的战略性和灵活管理办法。", "8. 联合国 支出总额继续增加,从2009年的55.3亿美元增至59.9亿美元,增长8%。 在59.9亿美元中,49.4亿美元(82%)用于发展活动,5.18亿美元(9%)用于管理活动,1.25亿美元(2%)用于联合国发展协调活动,2.2亿美元(4%)用于特殊目的活动,1.90亿美元(3%)用于四大费用分类以外的活动。 下文图1显示了收入和支出总额的趋势。", "图 1. 2001至2010年收入和支出总额", "(单位:百万美元)", "[]", "9. 国家 2010年底未用资源余额从2009年的51.9亿美元降至50.3亿美元。 50.3亿美元包括经常资源下2.83亿美元、其他资源下44.9亿美元、资发基金下5 300万美元和妇发基金下2.06亿美元。 由于所有其他资源活动都要求开发署在有全额资金的基础上运作,因此,这些现金是单独持有的,不将一个项目的余额同另一个项目混合或“分享”,也不将资金用于承付或支付的资源加以可互换。 上个季度共收到17.8亿美元,即其他资源捐款的41%,因此只能为今后几年的交付编列方案。 未用经常资源余额也继续下降:从2009年的3.54亿美元降至2.83亿美元。 此时,大多数未用资源已编入方案,将在今后几年交付。", "10个 如下图2所示,大部分资金是在2010年最后一个季度收到的。 由于收到的经常资源捐款数额减少,第三季度末的流动性较低,开发署迅速采取行动减少计划的核心支出,以维持所需的流动性比率。 捐款减少的主要原因是以美元和当地货币的捐款减少以及汇率变动。 开发署的套期保值活动部分抵消了这一影响。 截至2010年底,开发署年终流动资金状况仍然很低,约为3.1个月的周转资金。 这接近执行局所要求的最低流动资金门槛:3至6个月的经常资源支出。 因此,开发计划署没有动用其业务准备金。 但是,由于其他资源是不可替代的,开发署的规划要有效并取得成果,会员国就必须信守承诺,不拖延经常资源捐款。", "图 2. 按季度分列的2010年经常(核心)和其他(非核心)资源收入", "(单位:百万美元)", "[]", "11个 开发署充分致力于联合国改革举措并优化其在国家一级的协调作用,以支持各国的发展努力。 由多个捐助方供资并由开发署作为行政代理机构管理的信托基金和联合方案总收入从2009年的17.8亿美元减至11.5亿美元。 这一下降主要是由于对三个最大的多捐助方信托基金(多捐助方信托基金)的捐款减少,其中两个基金已充分分配资源并正在逐步减少。 11.5亿美元的数字包括用于开发署担任行政代理的多捐助方信托基金和联合方案的6.12亿美元(2009年为12.5亿美元)和用于开发署提供管理和业务服务的5.35亿美元。 此外,开发署为联合国发展协调活动提供了1.25亿美元。", "三. 经常资源", "12个 就经常资源而言,包括利息收入和其他收入在内的总收入同2009年相比减少了3%,从10.5亿美元减至10.2亿美元。 虽然总支出从11.7亿美元下降到10.8亿美元,但下降了8%。 它们超过了总收入(见下文图3)。 因此,不包括业务准备金在内的未用资源余额从2009年的3.54亿美元减少到2.83亿美元。", "图 3. 经常资源收入和支出", "(以十亿美元计)", "[]", "A. 收入", "13个 与2009年相比,包括利息收入和其他收入在内的经常资源总收入减少了3%,从10.5亿美元减至10.2亿美元。", "捐款", "14个 经常资源捐款从2009年的10.1亿美元减至9.67亿美元,减少了5%。", "15个 如下表1所示,以美元计算,前10个捐助方对经常资源的捐款从2009年的8.28亿美元降至7.86亿美元,减少了5%。 虽然大多数双边捐助者维持捐款,但有些捐助者有所增加,包括澳大利亚、比利时、芬兰和大韩民国。 经济合作与发展组织发展援助委员会的七个国家减少了以当地货币提供的捐款。 共有55个会员国向核心资源提供捐款,其中包括印度500万美元、中华人民共和国400万美元和沙特阿拉伯200万美元,所有这些捐款都与2009年持平。 孟加拉国、埃及、希腊、哈萨克斯坦、老挝人民民主共和国、摩洛哥、南非和土耳其均于2010年恢复捐款。", "表1. 2009-2010年10个最大捐助方的经常资源捐款", "捐助者捐款(当地货币) 捐款(百万美元)\n2009-2010年百分比变化 百分比变化\n荷兰 90 90 - 122 121 - 1\n挪威 770 - 770 - 123 118 - 4\n美国. 103 99 - 4\n瑞典 720 630 - 13 91 88\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 58 55 - 5 93\n日本* 74 73-1\n丹麦. 320 - 55 58 5\n瑞士. 54 - 54 56 4\n加拿大 50 - 50 48 48\n西班牙. 45 30 - 33 65 40 - 38\n捐款最多的10个捐款国总数\n其他 N/A N/A N/A 186 181-3\n资源共计 资料来源:表7,DP/2011/33/Add.1。\n* 日本的捐款是以美元认捐和收到的。", "利息收入", "16号. 经常资源利息收入为1 400万美元,而2009年为1 000万美元。 同2009年一样,尽管金融市场持续动荡,开发署仍成功地避免了投资本金损失。", "其他收入", "17岁。 其他收入主要是杂项收入和汇兑收益,为4 800万美元,而2009年为3 800万美元。 增加的部分原因是货币重新估值和汇率收益。", "B. 支出情况", "18岁。 根据执行局第2009/22号决定的建议,2010年(首次)报告了四个广泛的费用分类领域的支出:(a) 发展;(b) 管理;(c) 联合国发展协调;(d) 特殊用途。 此外,不属于四大费用分类范围的其他支出也列为总支出的一部分。", " 19. 19. 经常资源支出总额从2009年的11.7亿美元降至10.8亿美元,减少了8%。", "发展支出", "20号. 包括方案和发展实效活动在内的发展支出达到6.27亿美元,其中7 480万美元用于发展实效活动。 发展活动支出包括用于援助巴勒斯坦人民方案的400万美元(2009年:500万美元)。", "21岁 总共有1.08亿美元(占发展支出总额的17%)用于面临特殊发展情况的国家。", "管理和两年期支助预算", "22号. 两年期支助预算支出净额减少了约7%,从3.92亿美元减至3.63亿美元。 这符合两年期第一年的典型预算执行情况,因为执行局核准的投资分两年进行,并有意采取措施减少第一年的支出。 经认可的投资涉及管理(支持非洲区域的危机预防和恢复活动、知识管理和业务支持)和发展实效(加强气候变化、实现千年发展目标、危机预防和恢复以及南南合作等领域的实质性应对和贡献)。 这些投资被2010-2011两年期支助预算其他领域的预算削减所抵消。", "23. 联合国 2010-2011年期间,两年期支助预算支出采用执行局第2009/22号决定核准的类别列报。 按类别划分,2010年两年期支助预算支出的62%用于管理活动,12%用于发展实效活动,21%用于联合国发展协调活动,5%用于特殊目的活动。", "24 (韩语). 政府对当地办事处费用的捐助是一个重要的收入来源,有助于支付开发署国家办事处的两年期支助预算费用。 这些捐款可作为现金和(或)实物捐助提供。 它们还表明东道国政府承认它们对开发署国家办事处的存在的重视。", "25岁 当地办事处费用实物捐助的价值同2009年相比略有增加(1 100万美元)(略低于1 100万美元)。 2010年政府对当地办事处费用的现金捐款比2009年增加了约100万美元(4%),达到2 600万美元。 署长赞赏许多方案国家在履行政府对当地办事处费用的捐助义务方面所作的改进。 但是,如果出现不遵守的情况,开发署将保留从政府对当地办事处费用的捐助出现重大赤字的国家扣留一部分机构预算资源的选择。", "联合国发展协调支出", "26. 联合国发展协调活动的支出支助联合国系统发展活动的协调。 2010年,这些活动的支出净额为9 400万美元。", "特别用途支出", "27个 特别用途活动支出净额为4 300万美元。 特殊目的活动是交叉活动,又分为三类:大会授权的活动、由开发署管理的非开发署业务和资本投资。 大会授权的活动共支出了2 500万美元,其中包括人力资源合同改革、联合国授权的安保费用和采用国际公共部门会计准则。 在开发计划署管理的非开发计划署业务(志愿人员方案和资发基金)方面,支出了1 800万美元。", "其他支出", "28岁 根据新的费用分类制度,其他支出为8 800万美元。 其中4 600万美元是货币重新估值和汇率波动造成的。 作为公共部门会计准则筹备工作的一部分,开发署正在继续审查过去15至20年资产负债表账户中增长的余额,在清理数据方面取得了相当大的进展。 这项工作正在进行中,如果有进一步的尽职调查,就可能查明不再有资金的支出。", "29. 国家 独立顾问精算师对截至2009年12月31日的离职后健康保险福利进行了估值。 根据这项研究,资发基金的应计负债估计数为1 100万美元;妇发基金为2 000万美元;开发计划署为4.3亿美元,共计4.61亿美元。 应计负债总额比2007年12月31日上一次精算报告中估计的4.66亿美元减少500万美元。 截至2010年12月31日,仅开发署离职后健康保险准备金为4.29亿美元,无准备金负债为3 400万美元,这是开发署4.29亿美元的应计负债与2010年预计的4.63亿美元的离职后健康保险准备金之间的差额。 2001年制定的开发计划署离职后健康保险供资战略旨在15年内实现开发计划署离职后健康保险负债的全部供资。 资发基金和妇发基金将在今后几年为其离职后健康保险负债提供资金。", "30岁。 与往年一样,离职后健康保险的全部负债在财务报表附注中披露。 在2012年采用公共部门会计准则后,离职后健康保险负债全额将在财务状况表中列为负债。", "C. 未用资源余额", "31岁 2010年底,不包括业务准备金在内的未用经常资源余额大幅降至2.83亿美元,而2009年为3.54亿美元。 这占未用资源总余额的6%,比2009年的7%有所下降。", "32. 联合国 2010年最后一个季度收到了大量资金(2.8亿美元,即经常资源捐款的29%),这一模式扭曲了年终报告的未用经常资源余额。 此外,出于诸如业务准备金等监管原因,留出了具体的现金余额。 在其他情况下,余额被指定用于审慎管理未来负债(例如离职后健康保险)。 其他数额用于日常业务,包括结算应付账款、未清债务和与联合国其他机构的基金间往来业务。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 开发署经常资源的合理流动性水平相当于三至六个月的支出,这意味着2010年支出水平的流动性总额在2.69亿至5.38亿美元之间。 2010年头三个季度收到的经常资源捐款减少,加上收到的捐款数额低,导致第三季度末的流动性低。 因此,开发计划署必须迅速采取行动来减少计划的核心支出,以保持必要的流动性比率。 捐款减少的主要原因是美元和当地货币捐款减少以及汇率变动。 开发署的套期保值活动部分抵消了后者的影响。 然而,截至2010年底,开发署年终流动资金状况大约为3.1个月周转金,比上个年终时的3.5个月有所减少。", "34. 国家 根据执行局第1999/9号决定,根据DP/1999/5/Rev.1和DP/1999/CRP.9/Rev.1号文件修订了开发计划署经常资源业务准备金数额的计算公式。 根据2010年最后收入和支出数据,业务准备金将从2.38亿美元下调到2.26亿美元的新水平。 这1 200万美元将转入开发计划署的一般资源。", "四、结 论 其他资源", "35. 联合国 其他资源包括:费用分摊、信托基金、可偿还支助服务、初级专业人员方案以及管理事务协议等杂项活动。 有偿支助服务和杂项活动在下图4中列为“其他”。", "A. 收入", "36. (中文(简体) ). 其他资源总收入增加了1.93亿美元(4%);从2009年的45.2亿美元增至47.1亿美元。", "捐款", "37. 联合国 按供资机制分列的2009-2010年其他资源捐款见图4。", "图4. 按供资机制分列的2009-2010年其他资源捐款", "(单位:百万美元)", "[]", "38. 国家 其他资源捐款共计43.1亿美元,比2009年的41.3亿美元增加了4%。 下表2按供资来源分列了2009至2010年其他资源捐款的比较。", "图表 2. 2009-2010年按资金来源分列的捐款比较", "(以十亿美元计)", "资金来源\n2009, 2010 (英语). 百分比变化", "1.56 1.76 13", "B. 多边伙伴来源 1.55 1.74 12", "当地资源 0.72 0.69-4", "其他来源 0.30 0.12-60", "共计 4.13 4.31 4", "双边捐助者", "39. 联合国 从双边捐助者收到的其他资源捐款增加了13%,从2009年的15.6亿美元增加到17.6亿美元。 图5是2010年向其他资源捐款最多的10个双边捐助者。", "图 5. 2010年其他资源捐款前10名双边捐助者", "(单位:百万美元)", "[]", "多边伙伴来源", " 40. 40. 多边伙伴委托开发署提供的其他资源增加了12%,达到17.4亿美元,而2009年为15.5亿美元。 图6是2010年向其他捐助资源捐款的多边伙伴的细目。", "图6. 2010年其他资源捐款 -- -- 多边伙伴", "(单位:百万美元)", "[]", "当地资源(政府)", "41. 国家 来自当地资源的捐款,不包括管理事务协议,占2010年收到的其他资源捐款总额的16%。 这笔资源减少了4%,从2009年的7.2亿美元减少到69亿美元,超过了战略计划所要求的投资组合调整速度。 减少的部分原因是方案优先事项发生变化,各办事处逐渐从提供采购服务转向提供战略计划所构想的战略咨询。", "42. 国家 当地资源捐款中有67%来自10个方案国政府(见图7)。 在前10名国家中,阿根廷、埃及、委内瑞拉、多米尼加共和国和中国增加了捐款;巴西、哥伦比亚、秘鲁、巴拿马和乌拉圭减少了捐款。 随着捐款国数量的增加,前10个国家在当地资源总额中所占的百分比继续下降:从2007年占总额的78%降至2008年的72%,再降至2009年的71%和2010年的67%。", "图 7. 2009-2010年当地资源捐款(最多10个国家)", "(单位:百万美元)", "[]", "43. 东帝汶 管理事务协议捐款减少了62%,从2009年的3.25亿美元减少到1.22亿美元。 DP/2011/33/Add.1号文件表12列出了特派任务生活津贴收入的分配情况。", "利息收入", "44. 国家 利息收入增加了12%,从2009年的9 200万美元增至1.04亿美元。", "其他收入", "45. 国家 其他收入为2.97亿美元,与2009年持平。 其他收入主要包括:支助事务费;偿还联合国安全和安保部的共同事务、其他支助事务和外勤安保费用;以及其他资金来源的收入。", "B. 支出情况", "46. 经常预算: 其他资源支出总额为46.7亿美元,比2009年的41.8亿美元增加12%。", "发展支出", "47. 国家 发展活动总支出为40.9亿美元,其中7 370万美元用于发展实效活动。 按区域分列的发展支出,包括管理事务协议(全球-其他),不包括援助巴勒斯坦人民方案,见下表8。 援助巴勒斯坦人民方案的发展支出为5 270万美元。", "图8. 其他资源:2010年按区域分列的发展支出", "(单位:百万美元)", "[]", " 48. 48. 在40.9亿美元的发展支出总额中,15.6亿美元(38%)发生在面临特殊发展情况的国家。 如图9所显示,阿富汗的支出最多:7.55亿美元,占其他资源发展支出总额的18%。", "图9. 2010年其他资源发展支出:处于特殊发展情况的国家", "(单位:百万美元)", "[]", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在面临特殊发展情况的国家发生的15.6亿美元发展支出中,9.58亿美元(62%)由双边捐助者提供,1.79亿美元(12%)由欧洲联盟提供,1.36亿美元(9%)由全球防治艾滋病、结核病和疟疾基金提供,1.77亿美元(11%)由多方捐助者信托基金提供,1.06亿美元(6%)由其他多边捐助者提供。", "联合国发展协调", " 50. 50. 在其他资源类别中,联合国发展协调活动共支出了3 200万美元。 这由双边伙伴提供资金。", "管理支出", "51. 联合国 2010年管理活动的支出总额为2.72亿美元。 其中包括信托基金2 600万美元和可偿还支助服务2.46亿美元。 在2.46亿美元中,2.2亿美元用于与方案和项目有关的活动。", "特别用途支出", "52. (中文(简体) ). 2010年特别用途支出为1.77亿美元。 这包括用于初级专业人员方案的5 200万美元、由联合国安全和安保部供资的用于外勤安保干事的8 000万美元以及用于联合国志愿人员有偿支助服务的1 100万美元。 其余3 400万美元用于其他支出,如 \" 一个联合国 \" 基金、改革管理基金、方案加速基金、禽流感和人流感协调基金等。", "其他支出", "53. 联合国 2010年的其他支出(按费用分类的定义)为1.02亿美元。 其中1.01亿美元用于国家办事处的共同事务活动。", " C C. 费用回收政策", "54. 联合国 执行局在第2004/30和2007/18号决定中核可了以下建议:经常资源和其他资源应资助和支持战略计划中确定的优先事项;经常资源不应补贴由其他资源供资的方案的费用。 根据这两项决定,开发署费用回收政策规定,在国家和总部两级执行由其他资源供资的方案的所有费用应通过具体的费用回收机制全额支付。", "55. 国家 开发署尽一切努力收回与在国家和总部两级以及向联合国其他实体提供由其他资源供资的方案和项目有关的一般管理和执行费用。 目标是收回提供服务的费用,使开发计划署的核心两年期支助预算不承担它从未打算承担的提供支助服务的费用。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 2010年费用回收收入和使用总额见下表3。", "表3. 2010年费用回收", "(单位:百万美元)", "费用回收 方案和项目交付 共计\n收入:\nA. 一般管理/执行支助服务 237 237\n共同事务\n机构有偿服务 11-31 42\nB. 利 息 8 8\nA. 行政代理费 5 5\n其他 24 24\n收入共计 285 138 423\n支出:\n工作人员/人事费用 142 - 31 173\n1. 一般业务费用 78 - 93 171\n支出总额 220 124 344", "57. 萨尔瓦多 总收入从2009年的3.94亿美元增至4.23亿美元,增加了7%。 支出总额从3.18亿美元增至3.44亿美元,增加了8%。 表3所列2.85亿美元的费用回收收入中包括来自费用分摊和信托基金的一般管理支助收入2.37亿美元,这些收入未列入其他资源的其他收入总额。 在2010-2011两年期支助预算文件(DP/2010/3)中,开发署报告了费用回收政策中的例外情况。 2010年,开发署又给予两项一般管理支助豁免:(一) 向联合国海地问题特使办公室捐款的收费为0%;(二) 向亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会管理的海啸、灾害和气候防备区域多方捐助者信托基金捐款的收费为4%。", "D. 未用资源余额", "58. 联合国 2010年底其他资源未用余额减少1%,为44.9亿美元,而2009年底为45.5亿美元。 未用其他资源占未用资源余额总额的89%。 未用资源余额包括分摊费用24.9亿美元(2009年为24.8亿美元)、信托基金11.4亿美元(2009年为11.9亿美元)和可偿还支助服务8.4亿美元(2009年为8.6亿美元),其余0.2亿美元来自政府现金对应捐款(2009年为0.2亿美元)。 截至2010年12月31日,约76%的其他资源数额已全部编入方案,并将在未来年份交付。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 收到的捐款模式影响到年底的现金高峰水平。 2010年,第四季度收到其他资源捐款的41%。 例如,开发署阿富汗办事处在第四季度收到2010年2.38亿美元捐款总额的60%(1.44亿美元),开发署苏丹办事处在第四季度收到2010年1.17亿美元捐款总额的50%,即5 900万美元。 这一模式扭曲了年终未用资源余额。", "60. 联合国 根据财务条例,开发署必须在充分供资的基础上为所有其他资源活动开展活动。 根据目前的伙伴关系协定,为了会计和报告目的,所有项目余额都完全分开。 现金为零散用途所持有,项目间余额不混合或“分享”,或可互换资源承付或支付资金。 此外,出于诸如业务准备金等监管原因,留出了具体的现金余额。 在其他情况下,余额被指定用于审慎管理未来负债(即离职后健康保险),或用于满足日常业务的要求,如结清流动负债。", "61. 国家 开发署的结论是,考虑到方案周期以及经执行局核准并载于财务条例和细则的开发署任务和治理框架,未用余额数额是合理的。 然而,展望开发署将设法制定一个综合资源框架,以更好地协调核心资源和非核心资源。 这一框架将使资源能够通过机构和方案预算的合并,在核心资源和非核心资源的统一框架内进行集体审议。 这应可促进战略性资源规划、分配和监测,以及加强注重成果的资源分配。", "页:1 其他人员", "联合国志愿人员方案", "62. 联合国 2010年,代表158个国籍的7 765名志愿人员在132个国家执行了7 960项任务。 这些行动得到开发计划署经常资源的支助,数额达2.35亿美元。 其中9%由直接向志愿人员方案提供的捐款(特别自愿基金、费用分摊、信托基金和全额供资安排)支付。 其余费用由联合国和包括开发计划署在内的其他联合国组织、基金和方案的方案直接支付。", "初级专业人员方案", "63. 国家 2010年,共有24个政府与开发署签订了提供初级专业人员的协议。 截至2010年12月31日,开发署管理364名初专干事和39名驻地协调员特别助理。 相比之下,截至2009年12月31日,有350名初专干事和29名非典协调员。 在403名初专干事/临时助理干事中,224名与开发署和附属基金合作,而开发署代表联合国其他机构和伙伴管理179名初专干事。 开发署的24%(57名初专干事/特别助理)和附属初专干事/特别助理在纽约和其他总部地点服务。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 开发署收到初级专业人员方案捐款4 500万美元,2009年为5 700万美元。 包括支助费用在内的支出总额从2009年的4 700万美元增至2010年的5 200万美元。 截至2010年底,可用资源余额为3 100万美元,比2009年的3 800万美元(2008年为2 800万美元)有所减少。", "外地住房准备金(RFA)", "65. 国家 1979年,设立了2 500万美元的准备金来资助外地住房基金,为国际征聘的、由开发计划署供资的外地人员提供住房,并在特殊情况下提供办公房舍。 2010年外地资源协定未用资源余额为112万美元,而2009年为65万美元。 作为开发署对遗留余额和《公共部门会计准则》筹备工作的审查的一部分,目前正在审查外地资源框架。 这可能导致调整。", "直接预算支助", "66. (中文(简体) ). 执行局根据第2009/24号决定,原则上核准了一个为期四年的试点(自2009年9月起),允许开发署根据开发署的任务规定和相对优势,并依照DP/2009/36和Corr.1和2提供的指导,应受援国的请求,逐一向集合供资和部门预算支助提供财政捐助。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 2009年,布基纳法索政府批准了开发署参与部门预算支助的请求,涉及政府确定的优先领域的两个项目:艾滋病毒/艾滋病和促进人权。 每项倡议都属于开发署的核心任务范围。 开发署2010年对布基纳法索部门预算支助的捐款约为120 000美元(取决于汇率)。 这占艾滋病毒/艾滋病部门预算资金的1%和促进人权部门预算资金的1%。 这一数额由经常资源供资,低于执行局所制定的资源规划框架所载核心资金年度核定支出限额的10%上限。", "五. 联合国改革和对其他联合国组织的支助", "68. (中文(简体) ). 除了自己的业务活动外,开发署还在国家一级协调联合国系统,并继续在建立发展一致性方面发挥重要作用。 根据现有数据,多方捐助者信托基金、联合方案和对其他联合国组织的支助的资金流量总值为11.5亿美元,而2009年为17.8亿美元。", "A类. 开发署行政代理职能", "69. (中文(简体) ). 开发计划署继续代表联合国发展系统,作为联合方案和多方捐助信托基金的行政代理机构,并通过作为参与的联合国组织的方案执行作用,为联合拟订方案活动提供重要支助。 2010年开发署代表联合国系统收到的联合方案和多方捐助信托基金捐款总值为6.1亿美元(2009:12.5亿美元)。 捐款的减少与以前的上升趋势以及7年平均年度捐款额7.14亿美元形成对比。 这一下降反映了当前世界经济衰退和对三大多捐助方信托基金的捐款减少的情况:实现千年发展目标基金、扩大一体行动供资窗口和苏丹共同人道主义基金。 其中两个基金已充分分配资源,并将在今后几年逐步收尾。 2010年,多方捐助信托基金办公室作为所有参与组织的行政代理机构转移的资金总值为9.69亿美元。 这包括转给开发署用于开发署方案的资金3.57亿美元(2009年:2.83亿美元)。 转账资金包括2009年12.3亿美元未用余额的一部分。", "B. 对联合国各组织的支助", "70. 联合国 开发署国家办事处向联合国其他组织提供业务支助。 这些服务的资金记入机构服务结算账户,其中涉及流向其他联合国组织的资金5.31亿美元。 这比2009年略有增加(5.28亿美元)。", "C. 联合国发展协调活动", "71. 联合国 开发计划署在联合国系统的协调和国家一级支助国家发展的协调方面发挥着重要作用。 联合国发展协调活动由经常资源和其他资源供资,2010年总支出为1.26亿美元(经常资源为9 400万美元,其他资源为3 200万美元)。 开发署鼓励会员国继续支持这一活动。", "D. 联合国法定安保费用", "72. 联合国 在第2010/1号决定中,执行局核可了署长的提议,即在2010-2011年期间,在指定用于联合国规定的安保措施的经常资源5 800万美元中,给予特别授权,最多再动用30%(1 740万美元)。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 第72段提到的5 800万美元是2010-2011年为联合国授权的安保措施预留的8 500万美元的一部分,其余2 500万美元来自其他资源,200万美元来自联合国安全和安保部上一期间超额收取的款项。 2010年,开发署支出了3 300万美元(2009年:3 900万美元),包括其他资源1 100万美元(2009年:1 000万美元)。 在2010年支出的3 300万美元中,1 700万美元(2009年:2 100万美元)用于联合国外地安保协调方案,1 600万美元(2009年:1 800万美元)用于国家办事处对遵守最低运作安保标准进行评估和投资,包括在总部。", "六、结 论 国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)", "74. 国家 大会第60/283号决议授权采用公共部门会计准则,这对于透明的财务报告、强有力的问责制和善治至关重要。 采用《公共部门会计准则》将通过更全面地披露和核算资产和负债以及改进金融资产和非金融资产的管理、跟踪和报告来提高透明度。 雇员费用和相关债务,如年假和离职后医疗保险,将全额确认,并全额分配给产生这些费用的活动的各自供资来源。", "75. 国家 开发署有望于2012年1月1日采用公共部门会计准则。 通过公共部门会计准则方案,开发署制定了大部分公共部门会计准则政策,界定了系统变化,并开始了过渡和变革管理进程,提高了工作人员的认识、理解和技能。", "76. 联合国 执行局第2008/1号决定核准从2008-2009两年期经常资源中提供900万美元,以支付到2009年底采用公共部门会计准则的费用。 2008-2009两年期,开发署为准备采用公共部门会计准则花费了520万美元。 此外,执行局第2010/1号决定为2010-2011年期间与公共部门会计准则有关的活动共核准1 300万美元。 其中包括1 100万美元一次性项目费用,如政策制定、系统配置和报告以及全球培训。 其余200万美元用于为新的职位供资,为期六个月,这些职位是开展采用公共部门会计准则所需的额外工作所需的。 这些职位将持续需要。 开发署在2010年花费了180万美元,为采用《公共部门会计准则》进行必要的准备。", "77. 国家 为确保以最有效的方式遵守《公共部门会计准则》,开发署正在建立一个全球共享服务中心,代表开发署国家办事处集中记录与《公共部门会计准则》有关的复杂职能,并向它们提供支助,以确保成功过渡到并持续遵守《公共部门会计准则》。 集中这些职能的选择是在成本效益分析之后作出的,是处理公共部门会计准则复杂性的最有效选择。 建立全球安保委员会的决定,包括地点在内,是根据一家独立咨询公司进行的一项全面研究作出的。 这一决定基于几个关键因素,包括技能和成本的可得性。 目前正在同选定地点的政府进行谈判。 预计全球安保服务框架将于2012年1月1日开始运作。", "页:1 开发署管理的基金", "78. 本报告增编(DP/2011/33/Add.1)表5(a)提供了开发署经管的两个基金的详细数据。", "A. 联合国资本发展基金", "79. 联合国 2010年,资发基金在49个最不发达国家中的40个开展业务,特别侧重于冲突后国家。 2010年捐款总额为3 800万美元(2009年为3 500万美元)。 这包括由于汇率,经常资源数额略有减少;由于财政危机,一个主要捐助者大幅度减少。 它还包括大幅增加其他资源。 总体资源前景仍然是积极的,特别是在其他资源的数量和多样化方面。", "80个 方案支出总额保持不变,为4 000万美元。 其他资源支出占方案资源总额的44%。 所有方案支出都是同开发计划署的联合方案。 资发基金还向东帝汶的小额供资机构发放了230 000美元贷款(加上已经反映在支出中的1 000万美元赠款)。 资发基金核心和非核心业务准备金总额仍为2 500万美元。 因此,资发基金得以在保持流动性的同时,交付其计划的发展、管理和财务成果。", "81个 方案支出总额为4 000万美元,不包括开发署根据执行局第2007/34号决定分配给资发基金的300万美元。 这一数额由资发基金全额支出,但开发计划署正在单独记录和报告。 此外,开发署两年期支助预算中有1 000万美元用于资发基金的管理支出。", "B. 联合国妇女发展基金", "82. 2010年7月2日,妇发基金被并入妇女署。 然而,自妇女署成立决议 -- -- 大会第64/289号决议 -- -- 指出妇女署将于2011年1月1日开始运作以来,以下数字涵盖妇发基金2010年全年。", "83个 妇发基金向促进赋予妇女权力和两性平等的创新方案和战略提供财政和技术援助。 妇发基金将促进妇女人权置于其所有努力的中心,其活动集中于四个战略领域:(a) 减少妇女的贫穷;(b) 终止对妇女的暴力行为;(c) 扭转艾滋病毒/艾滋病在妇女和女孩中的扩散;(d) 在和平时期和战争时期在民主施政中实现两性平等。", "第八十四会. 对妇发基金的捐款总额从2009年的1.65亿美元增加到1.71亿美元,增加了600万美元,即4%。 自愿捐款增加了1 300万美元,即21%,分摊费用增加了600万美元,即8%,而次级信托基金减少了1 200万美元,即43%。", "85. 方案支出从2009年的1.23亿美元增至1.79亿美元,增加了5 600万美元,即46%。 2010年经常资源支出从2009年的4 900万美元增至8 000万美元,增加了3 100万美元,即63%。 费用分摊支出增加了1 800万美元,即32%,从2009年的5 300万美元增至7 100万美元。 次级信托基金支出从2009年的2 100万美元增至2 900万美元,增加了800万美元,即39%。", "86号. 截至2010年12月31日,未用资源为2.06亿美元,比2009年12月31日的2.28亿美元减少2 200万美元。 截至2010年12月的这些资源由已核准的项目预算提供充分支持。 根据执行局1997年1月第97/4号决定审查了业务准备金数额,准备金从2009年12月31日的2 000万美元增至2010年12月31日的2 100万美元。", "页:1", "开发署概览", "A类. 2010年12月31日终了年度收入和支出报表及2009年可比数字", "(单位:千美元)", "(单位:千美元)\n资源总额", "2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/-", "收入", "捐款967 132 1 013 599 - 5% 4 311 319 4 129 137 4% 209 235 199 738 5% 5 487 686 5 342 474 3%", "减:转入(9,632)(8,671)-11% -- -- (9,632)(8,671)-11%两年期支助预算", "缴款净额957 500美元 1 004 928 - 5% 4 311 319 4 129 137 4% 209 235 199 738 5% 5 478 054 5 333 803 3%", "利息收入 14 165 10 173 39% 103 661 92 306 12% 1 438 2 127-32% 119 264 104 606 14%", "其他收入 -- -- 净额48 084 38 480 25% 297 127 297 389 - 11 495 16 678 - 31% 356 706 352 547 1%", "总收入1 019 749 1 053 581 - 3% 4 712 107 4 518 832 4% 222 168 218 543 2% 5 954 024 5 790 956 3%", "支出", "发展 626 849 4 092 353 219 564 4 938 766", "联合国发展", "管理 224 082 271 771 22 226 518 079", "特别用途 43,430 176,908 - 220,338", "其他支出 87 733 101 795 140 189 668", "支出总额 1 075 846 1 166 574 - 8% 4 674 532 4 177 244 12% 241 930 182 988 32% 5 992 308 5 5526 806 8%", "盈余(亏损)(56 097)(112 993) 50% 37 575 341 588 - 89% (19 762) 35 555 - 156 % (38 284) 264 150 - 114%的收入超过支出", "596项节余 15 682 - 96% - - - - - - - 596 15 682 - 96% 上一个两年期的债务", "转入/转自(16 000人)(14 000人) - 14%(2 000人)(5 000人) 60%(1 390人)(6 910人) 80%(19 390人)(25 910人) 25% 储备金", "退还捐助者(48个)(32 879个)100%(99 062个)(85 878个)-15%(799个)(2 098个) 62%(99 909个)(120 855个) 17%(转入)/从其他基金转移", "调整1 982 - 1 982 - 准备金和基金结余", "基金结余,1 354 412 498 602-29% 4 550 006 4 299 296 6% 280 690 252 161 11% 5 185 108 5 050 059 3% 1月", "基金结余,31 282 863 354 412 - 20% 4 486 519 4 550 006 - 1% 258 739 280 690 - 8% 5 028 121 5 185 108 -3% 12月(3个月)", "资料来源:DP/2011/33/Add.1号文件,表1(a)。", "^(a) 包括一般管理支助服务费用。", "B. 截至2010年12月31日的资产、负债及准备金和基金结余以及2009年的可比数字", "(单位:千美元)", "资源总额\n2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 +/- 2010 2009 (英语). +/- 键", "资产", "现金 53 904 25 929 108% 30 34 - 12% 3 554 6 404 - 45% 57 488 32 367 79%", "现金和847 956 1 324 804 - 36% 847 956 1 324 804 - 36%的投资 -- -- 信托资金", "政府信函 49,195 108,460 - 55% 49,195 108,460 - 55%的信贷", "持有的投资:", "业务准备金 7%", "429 268 373 276 15% 429 268 373 276 15% 离职后健康保险", "经常资源 142 746 602 527 - 76%", "其他资源 4 688 388 4 266 293 10%", "医疗保险 48 283 45 073 7% 48 283 45 073 7%计划", "小计 5 546 685 5 509 169 1% 7 230 492 446 - 99% 361 807 343 405 5% 5 915 722 6 345 020 - 7% 投资", "6 448 545 6 859 902 - 6% 56 455 600 940 - 91% 365 361 349 809 4% 6 870 361 7 810 651 - 12% 信贷和投资", "11 834 22 269 - 47% 135 297 125 452 8% 1 050 668 57% 148 181 148 389 - 政府和执行机构", "应收账款17 371 29 017 - 40% 29 340 24 167 21% 1 685 1 286 31% 48 396 54 470 - 11% 递延费用", "应收核心资金4 730 611 4 378 995 8% 4 810 4 730 611 4 383 805 8% 资源", "42,763美元 118,644 - 64% 42,763 118,644 - 64% 其他资源", "185 668 - 185 668 - 项目厅、人口基金和联合国经常账户的应付款项", "应计利息", "贷款 5,169 5,168 5,169 5,168 -", "特别资本1 570 1 570 - 1 571 1 570 - 资产", "外地准备金 34 741 34844 - 34 741 34,844 - 住宿活动", "总资产6 737 648 7 065 762 - 5% 5 008 644 5 186 140 - 3% 375 739 364 135 3% 12 122 031 12 616 037 - 4%", "负债", "预付给1 213 2 267-46% 8 601 16 087-47% 907 850 7% 10 721 19 204 -44%的政府和执行机构", "未清偿债务37 617 53 313 - 29% 213 131 239 539 - 11% 9 104 6 734 35% 259 852 299 586 - 13%", "应付款120 488 127 217 - 5% 138 138 135 242 2% 26 119 5 634 361% 284 745 268 093 6%", "应付其他4 730 524 4 383 806美元的资金", "应付核心资金8 200 93 187 - 91% 34 563 25 457 36% 42 763 118 644 - 64% 其他资源和基金", "应付项目厅资金 -- -- 163 502 - 163 502 人口基金和联合国经常账户", "递延负债 895 389 1 383 254 - 35% 895 389 1 383 254 - 35%\n信托", "递延负债 429 269 373 276 15% 429 269 373 276 15%\n健康保险", "其他负债 715 1 145 - 38% 16 060 16 079 - 707 561 26% 17 482 17 785 - 2%", "总负债 6 215 215 6 487 780 - 4% 384 130 500 134 - 23% 71 400 39 236 82% 6 670 745 7 027 150 - 5% (单位:千美元)", "准备金和基金结余", "业务准备金 238 000 222 000美元 7% 109 995 108 000美元 2% 45 600 44 209 3% 393 595 374 209 5%", "捐赠基金", "外地准备金 25 000 25 000 25 000 -- -- 住宿核定水平", "特别资本 1 570 1 570 1,570 - 资源", "282 863 354 412 - 20% 4 486 519 4 550 006 - 1% 258 739 280 690 - 8% 5 028 121 5 185 108 -3%未用资源", "284 433 355 982 - 20% 4 486 519 4 550 006 - 1% 258 739 280 690 - 8% 5 029 691 5 186 678 -3%的未用资源和特别资本资源", "负债总额6 737 648 7 065 762 - 5% 5 008 644 5 186 140 - 3% 375 739 364 135 3% 12 122 031 12 616 037 - 4%的储备金和未用资源余额" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 13", "Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "Argentina:* revised draft resolution", "Follow-up to the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development", "The General Assembly,", "Recalling its resolution 63/303 of 9 July 2009, by which it endorsed the Outcome of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,[1]", "Recalling also its resolution 63/305 of 31 July 2009, by which it decided to establish an ad hoc open-ended working group of the General Assembly to follow up on the issues contained in the Outcome of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,", "Recalling further its decision to take note of the progress report of the Ad Hoc Open-ended Working Group of the General Assembly to follow up on the issues contained in the Outcome of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,[2]", "Expressing deep concern about the ongoing adverse impact, particularly on development, of the world financial and economic crisis, recognizing that global growth is returning and that there is a need to sustain the recovery, which is fragile and uneven, and stressing the need to continue to address systemic fragilities and imbalances,", "Taking note of the important efforts undertaken nationally, regionally and internationally to respond to the challenges posed by the financial and economic crisis, in order to ensure a full return to growth with quality jobs, to reform and strengthen financial systems and to create strong, sustainable and balanced global growth,", "Recognizing the need to ensure proper follow-up to the outcomes of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development,", "Decides to further explore, at its sixty-sixth session, the most efficient modalities of the intergovernmental follow-up process of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development and in this regard, requests the President of the General Assembly to hold open, inclusive, timely and transparent consultations with all Member States.", "[1] * On behalf of the States Members of the United Nations that are members of the Group of 77 and China.", "Resolution 63/303, annex.", "[2] A/64/884." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目13", "联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要 会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行 及后续行动", "阿根廷：[1] 订正决议草案", "世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议的后续行动", "大会，", "回顾其2009年7月9日第63/303号决议，其中大会赞同《世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议成果》，[2]", "又回顾其2009年7月31日第63/305号决议，其中大会决定设立一个大会不限成员名额特设工作组，就《世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议成果》所列问题采取后续行动，", "还回顾大会决定注意到就《世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议成果》所列问题采取后续行动的大会不限成员名额特设工作组的进展情况报告，[3]", "深为关切世界金融和经济危机持续产生的各种不利影响，特别是对发展的不利影响，确认全球增长正在恢复，有必要维持复苏，因为复苏极为脆弱，且不均衡，强调必须继续解决体制弱点和不平衡，", "注意到国家、区域和国际各级作出重要努力，以应对金融和经济危机带来的挑战，从而确保全面恢复增长，创造高质量的就业机会，改革和加强金融系统，并建立强劲、可持续和均衡的全球增长，", "认识到必须确保就世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议成果采取适当的后续行动，", "决定在大会第六十六届会议期间进一步探讨世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议政府间后续进程的最有效模式，并在这方面请大会主席与全体会员国进行开放、包容、及时和透明的协商。", "[1] ^(*) 代表属于77国集团的联合国会员国和中国。", "[2] 第63/303号决议，附件。", "[3] A/64/884。" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目13", "联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议结果的统筹协调执行及后续行动", "阿根廷:* 订正决议草案", "世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议的后续行动", "大会,", "回顾其2009年7月9日第63/303号决议,其中认可了世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议成果,[1]", "又回顾其2009年7月31日第63/305号决议,其中决定设立一个大会不限成员名额特设工作组,就世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议成果文件 所载问题采取后续行动,", "还回顾其决定注意到就世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议成果文件所载问题采取后续行动的大会不限成员名额特设工作组的进度报告,[2]", "深为关切世界金融和经济危机的持续不利影响,特别是对发展的影响,认识到全球增长正在恢复,需要维持脆弱和不均衡的复苏,并着重指出需要继续处理系统性弱点和失衡问题,", "注意到国家、区域和国际各级为应付金融和经济危机所带来的挑战而作的重要努力,以确保全面恢复有高质量就业机会的增长,改革和加强金融制度并促成强劲、可持续和平衡的全球增长,", "确认需要确保就世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议的成果采取适当的后续行动,", "9. 决定在大会第六十六届会议上进一步探讨世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议政府间后续进程的最有效模式,并在这方面请大会主席同所有会员国进行公开、包容、及时和透明的协商。", "[1] * 代表属于77国集团的联合国会员国和中国。", "第63/303号决议,附件。", "[2] A/64/884." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 (i) of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development: sustainable mountain development", "* A/66/150.", "Sustainable mountain development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report was prepared in response to General Assembly resolution 64/205, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the status of sustainable development in mountain regions. The report describes the status of sustainable mountain development at the national and international levels, including an overall analysis of the challenges that lie ahead, and provides suggestions for consideration by the Assembly as to how to continue to promote and effectively sustain development in mountain regions around the world within the existing policy context, including chapter 13 of Agenda 21, adopted at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (“Johannesburg Plan of Implementation”), the Millennium Development Goals and the upcoming United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development. The report was prepared by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in collaboration with Governments, relevant agencies of the United Nations system and other organizations.", "I. Introduction", "1. In 1998, the General Assembly adopted resolution 53/24, by which it proclaimed 2002 the International Year of Mountains. The resolution encouraged Governments, the United Nations system and all other actors to take advantage of the year in order to increase awareness of the importance of sustainable mountain development. In 2003, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) prepared a report on the achievements of the year, which was transmitted to the General Assembly by the Secretary-General (A/58/134).", "2. The International Year of Mountains in 2002 built on chapter 13 of Agenda 21, which focused on mountain issues, and was dedicated to protecting mountain ecosystems and improving the well-being of mountain people. The year acted as a catalyst for long-term, effective action to implement chapter 13, and it achieved much by raising awareness of the importance of mountains to life and the need to improve mountain environments and the livelihoods of the inhabitants of mountain areas. The activities of the year supported the establishment of 78 national committees for country-level action and strengthened partnerships with stakeholders in mountain issues, culminating in the launch of the International Partnership for Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions (Mountain Partnership) at the World Summit on Sustainable Development, held in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002.", "3. The International Year of Mountains led to the adoption by the General Assembly of resolution 57/245, by which it designated 11 December as International Mountain Day, as from 2003, and encouraged the international community to organize events at all levels on that day to highlight the importance of sustainable mountain development.", "4. In its resolutions 59/238, 60/198 and 62/196, the General Assembly decided to consider, at its sixtieth, sixty-second and sixty-fourth sessions, respectively, under the agenda item entitled “Sustainable development”, sub-items related to sustainable mountain development. At each of those sessions, the Secretary-General submitted reports entitled “Sustainable mountain development” to the Assembly (A/60/309, A/62/292 and A/64/222).", "5. The present report is submitted in accordance with General Assembly resolution 64/205, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to it at its sixty-sixth session on the status of implementation of sustainable development in mountain regions. The report was prepared by FAO in collaboration with Governments, relevant agencies of the United Nations system and other organizations.", "II. Background and challenges", "6. There is increasing awareness that mountains, as the source of most of the Earth’s freshwater, repositories of rich biological diversity, popular destinations for recreation and tourism and areas of important cultural diversity, knowledge and heritage, are fragile ecosystems of global importance. Covering about one quarter of the world’s land surface, mountains provide life support for about 12 per cent of the world’s population, as well as essential goods and services to more than half of humankind. Yet many of the world’s most impoverished and food-insecure people live in mountain regions. Consequently, there is a need to ensure the ecological health and the economic and social improvement of mountain areas, both for the sake of mountain inhabitants and for people living in lowland areas.", "7. Awareness of the importance of mountain ecosystems and communities has increased since the adoption of Agenda 21, at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, which contained a chapter entitled “Managing fragile ecosystems: sustainable mountain development”.[1] Commitment and will to support and sustain mountain ecosystems were strengthened during the International Year of Mountains, and the subject has gained an increasingly high profile on agendas at all levels. In the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, actions required to address the sustainable development of mountain regions are set out in paragraph 42. Along with chapter 13 of Agenda 21, these measures serve as the overall policy framework for sustainable mountain development.", "8. Despite increased recognition of mountain issues and tangible results, significant constraints remain to alleviating poverty, averting environmental degradation and attaining sustainable development in mountain regions, in line with the Millennium Development Goals.", "9. It is nine years since the International Year of Mountains, yet many challenges remain. Mountain communities and their environments are still vulnerable to growing demands for water and other natural resources, expanding tourism, greater rates of out-migration, disproportionate incidence of conflict and the pressures of industry, mining and agriculture in an increasingly globalized world. The global economic slowdown, paired with soaring food prices, has dramatically increased the number of hungry and undernourished people, and mountain people are particularly vulnerable to food shortages. The threats and consequences of climate change provide new challenges requiring urgent attention and concerted efforts. There is a clear need for higher levels of funding and investment in mountain areas, for enhanced coordination and collaboration and for a stronger enabling environment with more supportive laws, policies and institutions.", "10. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, which is to be held in Rio de Janeiro in 2012, offers an important opportunity to ensure that sustainable mountain development has a prominent place on the global agenda, to secure renewed political commitment to such development and to review the mountain agenda, taking into account recent developments and current global challenges such as climate change, increasing natural disasters, water scarcity, desertification and the food and energy crisis.", "11. The demand for goods and services from mountains is growing steadily. In the context of a green economy, new opportunities for investment are emerging, especially for renewable energy and ecosystem services (for example, freshwater and biodiversity conservation). These opportunities offer scope for economic development, but they also place increased pressure on an already fragile environment and scarce resources. The implementation of institutional arrangements, which ensure a balanced development of social, ecological and economic capital, is essential in order to guarantee that these new opportunities are beneficial and do not perpetuate the degradation of social and ecological systems in mountain areas.", "III. National actions", "12. Action at the national level is a key factor in achieving progress in sustainable mountain development. It is beyond the scope of the present report to describe the multitude of activities undertaken by countries. The following sections provide selected examples and highlights of actions being taken at the national level.", "Africa", "13. In Morocco, a project in the Outat watershed in the high Atlas mountains (Midelt province) provides assistance to key stakeholders in combating desertification through watershed management. The project is implemented by FAO as a component of a Spanish-funded interregional programme. The Government of Morocco, with the support of FAO and the Mountain Partnership secretariat, has implemented a project for improving the production of saffron in the Anti-Atlas mountains. The project generated valuable information regarding the technical, social and economic aspects of production and processing, as well as a comprehensive overview of the saffron value chain.", "14. Guinea is active in the implementation of the regional Fouta Djallon Highlands Integrated Natural Resources Management Project, funded by the Global Environmental Facility. Guinea hosts the Regional Project Coordination Unit, and 18 of the 29 project pilot sites are located in the country. A baseline survey and a watershed management plan have been developed for all pilot sites, as have interventions related to improving natural resources management and enhancing local livelihoods, which will be initiated in the fall of 2011.", "Asia", "15. Kyrgyzstan, with support from the Global Environment Facility, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and United Nations University, is operating the sustainable land management project in the High Pamir and Pamir-Alai mountains. Mountain communities have received small grants to mitigate the pressure on environment, including land degradation and soil erosion, as well as funding for wildlife conservation. Many international organizations and non‑governmental organizations have been working with local municipal authorities in mountain areas to support the recently adopted “Pasture law” (2009).", "16. Since 2009, China has implemented a number of plans and policies in this area that have been incorporated into the twelfth five-year plan for forestry development, which aims to improve forest coverage and forest carbon-sink capacity. The major national plans and strategies being jointly supported by competent ministries and governmental agencies include: the second phase of the Natural Forest Protection Programme; the Three North Shelterbelt Development Programme; the Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserve Development Programme; the Programme for Converting Cropland to Forests and Grasslands; and the Integrated Agricultural Development Programme.", "17. The medium-term livelihood rehabilitation project in earthquake-affected areas of Pakistan, implemented by the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority, with Swedish funding and technical support from FAO, was successfully completed in June 2011. In addition to the development of 1,789 community livelihood rehabilitation plans throughout the earthquake-affected areas as well as extended capacity-building activities, the project developed and implemented integrated and collaborative watershed management plans in 17 watersheds. Field activities included landslide stabilization, natural resource management, livelihood improvement and institutional innovation.", "18. The project on sustainable mountain development, initiated by the Government of Turkey in 2008, with financial and technical support from FAO, was successfully completed in December 2010. Subsequently a strategic document was developed to mainstream sustainable mountain development in the national planning process. At the local level, a pilot project was implemented in the Yuntdagi mountains, Manisa province, to experiment with and display sustainable mountain development efforts in a concrete field reality.", "Europe", "19. The deep engagement and commitment of the Swiss Government in the field of sustainable mountain development, at both the national and international levels, continues, including through its funding of the Mountain Forum and the Mountain Research Initiative. Switzerland remains the main donor for the Mountain Partnership. In preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, in 2012, Switzerland has initiated regional and global assessments on the progress made in sustainable mountain development since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992. Switzerland will host the Lucerne World Mountain Conference in October 2011, during which reports on sustainable mountain development will be presented and future challenges and opportunities in this area discussed. During its current Presidency of the Alpine Convention, Switzerland aims to foster collaboration throughout the Alps by taking up relevant political issues and sparking debate. The Government will launch an innovative public-private partnership for sustainable mountain development, with a novel forum celebrating International Mountain Day, to be launched in 2011 in four regions in the global South and North, including Verbier in Switzerland.", "20. In the Sudety mountains of Poland, as a result of important projects implemented during the last five to six years to promote the idea of sustainable mountain development, financed by FAO, the Global Environment Facility, the EQUAL programme of the European Commission and some private foundations, local non‑governmental organizations successfully established a real mountain alliance with a number of partners, including local and regional governments, agricultural universities, mountain culture centres and national and landscape protected areas. This alliance serves as a model for other mountain provinces in the country.", "21. In Italy, the consistent use of European Union funds to support research and cooperation projects in mountain areas has facilitated work on a wide range of issues, primarily the effects of climate change, natural hazards, integrated risk management, climate-proof spatial planning, ecological networks and sustainable tourism. At the international level, Italy continues to participate in the activities of the Mountain Partnership and provides financial support to its secretariat. The Italian Development Cooperation supports a number of projects in mountain areas, for example the “Stations at High Altitude for Research on the Environment” project, jointly implemented by UNEP and the Ev-K2-CNR (Italian National Research Council) Committee. Italy is strongly committed to ensuring that mountains receive adequate attention in key international processes, including after the holding of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.", "Latin America", "22. Since 2009, the Committee for Sustainable Development in Mountain Regions of Argentina has been very active, both nationally and internationally. A national and provincial mountain platform targeting dialogue in the various mountain zones was established, while existing dialogues with different regions and provinces have been improved. The Committee has launched local and provincial mountain committees capable of involving the southern countries of the Andes and enhancing regional contacts and joint activities with mountain frameworks. In June 2011, the Committee, with the Mountain Partnership secretariat, organized an international workshop of the southern Andean countries with representatives from European entities working on sustainable mountain development.", "23. Ecuador is preparing to implement a project on the enhancement of participatory management for sustainable development in the Andes. A project funded by the Global Environment Facility on the management of the natural resources of the Chimborazo volcano was launched in June 2011 and the Facility’s National Committee recently approved the project identification form for a project on carbon and biodiversity in high Andean ecosystems, which was presented by the Consortium for the Sustainable Development in the Andean Region. Implementation of a project on combating desertification and degradation through watershed management, a component of a Spanish-funded interregional programme, is ongoing in the Manabi province with technical support from FAO. In July 2011, an FAO-funded project, implemented in the Cotopaxi area, with the support of the Mountain Partnership secretariat, successfully developed models for sustainable mountain agricultural farms as well as development plans.", "24. In Guatemala, the Forest Incentive and the Smallholder Forestry and Agroforestry Vocation Incentive programmes promote mechanisms for environmental services and public goods provided by natural and planted mountain forests. From 2009 to 2010, 12,482 hectares of forest plantations and 39,919 hectares of natural forests were supervised and certified in the highlands. Guatemala invested $6,978,114 in incentives for forest management, generating more than 48,000 jobs and involving around 300 indigenous communities. The Vice-Presidency of Guatemala has endorsed the establishment of an inter-agency commission for the prevention and combat of illegal logging and the implementation of a pilot action plan aimed at strengthening forest management in the Guatemalan highlands.", "25. In Peru, a multi-stakeholder national working group on mountain ecosystems initiated its second phase in 2011, implementing numerous programmes at both national and international levels. The regional governments of Piura, Ancash, Apurimac and Cuzco are implementing programmes on adaptation to climate change, while in Piura, Ancash and Huánuco, a programme on the sustainable use of biodiversity in the “Gran Ruta Inca” and the in situ long-term conservation project for local varieties of crops are under way. Together with Ecuador and Colombia, Peru is involved in the regional programme for the management of Andean Forest ecosystems in the regions of Apurimac and Piura.", "26. The Government of Mexico, through the National Forestry Commission, is undertaking a project with financial support from the World Bank and the Global Environment Facility to improve the effectiveness of the national programme for payments for environmental services in upper watersheds and mountain areas and to increase the provision of ecosystem services that generate local and global benefits. The project also promotes local mechanisms for payments for environmental services, with financial support from direct users of environmental services under a scheme of matching funds.", "27. Chile depends heavily on mountain ecosystems for water, energy, minerals, tourism and the provision of subsistence habitat for indigenous peoples. To create a national committee for mountains, promoted by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, a training workshop is scheduled to be held in September 2011 for the countries of the Andean region (Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)). The focus will be on melting snow caps and glaciers and the need for policies to manage the environmental and economic impacts of a changing climate.", "IV. International actions", "A. Thematic initiatives", "Biodiversity conservation and mountain ecosystems", "28. In 2004, the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted its programme of work on mountain biological diversity. At its tenth meeting, held in Japan in 2010, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, undertook an in‑depth review of the status of the programme’s implementation and noted that: (a) the programme of work was successful in bringing together the international mountain community and improving the capabilities of institutions and organizations to promote conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity; (b) as of 2009, about 14.4 per cent of the mixed mountain system biomes were protected; (c) the observance of International Mountain Day and many regional and local initiatives are raising awareness of the importance of mountain biological diversity.", "29. In 2010, the Protocol on Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biological and Landscape Diversity to the Framework Convention on the Protection and Sustainable Development of the Carpathians (the Carpathian Convention) entered into force. To support the implementation of the Protocol, the “BIOREGIO Carpathians” project was approved under the European Union South-Eastern Europe programme. UNEP Vienna, the interim secretariat of the Carpathian Convention, is a partner in the Austria-Slovakia cross-border project “Alpine Carpathian Corridor”, which aims to re-establish the ecological corridor between the Alps and the Carpathians.", "30. The Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment (GMBA) Programme of DIVERSITAS International contributes to policy on the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in mountain regions. In 2010, the programme launched its portal on mountain biodiversity, permitting mountain-specific access to primary biodiversity data. In July 2010, it organized an international conference on the “Functional significance of mountain biodiversity” in Switzerland. With the support of the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, the programme prepared a booklet on “Mountain biodiversity and global change” for the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity.", "31. During the tenth meeting, the Mountain Partnership secretariat organized a side event to explore more effective implementation of the programme of work on mountain biological diversity. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development organized two side events, entitled: (a) “Facing the challenges of mountain biodiversity conservation and management in a changing climate across the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region”; and (b) “Transboundary cooperation for biodiversity conservation: A strategy towards ‘ecosystem approach’ of the Convention on Biological Diversity and adaptation to climate change”.", "32. The Ev-K2-CNR Committee has successfully launched its project “Social, economic and environmental development of Central Karakorum National Park and buffer zone” in the north of Pakistan, with funding from the Governments of Italy and Pakistan. The project aims to support local authorities and stakeholders in building capacity in natural resources management in the park and its buffer zone, with a focus on poverty reduction. The Committee collaborates with Karakorum International University, the World Wildlife Foundation, the Aga Khan Rural Support Programme and several local and national non-governmental organizations.", "33. In 2010, the Mountain Group of the Man and the Biosphere programme of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), which is hosted at the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Science joined the Katunskiy Biosphere Reserve and the International Union for Conservation of Nature-World Commission on Protected Areas Mountain Protected Areas Network, to hold an international workshop in the Altai entitled “Climate change and connectivity conservation of biodiversity in the Altai-Sayan eco-region”. The workshop adopted a plan of action for the Transboundary Altai-Sayan-Baikal Connectivity Conservation Management initiative (Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, China and Mongolia).", "Climate change", "34. As revealed by the rapid retreat of glaciers worldwide, mountains are early indicators of climate change. It is vital to study and monitor the biological, physical and environmental health of mountains in an effort to better understand, manage and mitigate the negative effects of climate change.", "35. The Ev-K2-CNR Committee launched the Stations at High Altitude for Research on the Environment (SHARE) project to study climate and environment in mountain regions. The project’s monitoring network currently includes 14 sites around the world. The installation of the highest automatic weather station at Mount Everest South col (8,000 metres) and the supraglacial automatic weather stations at 5,700 metres on the Changri Nup glacier strengthened the atmospheric monitoring in the Himalayas through the study of climatic impacts on glacier dynamics, including the effects of black carbon in the atmosphere, including its effects on the snow-ice melting processes.", "36. In June 2009, the Mountain Research Initiative co-sponsored a side event with Germanwatch and the German Federal Environment Agency at the meeting organized by the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Bonn on “Adaptation in mountain regions: Current directions and research needs for adaptation to climate change in mountain regions”. The Initiative collaborated with the Mountain Partnership, the Government of Liechtenstein and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation in organizing a side event at the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention to highlight the challenges posed by climate change to mountain regions.", "37. The Global Mountain Biodiversity Assessment programme of DIVERSITAS prepared a report on the impacts of climate change on mountain biodiversity in Europe for the Council of Europe. The report gives an overview of recent literature about expected future climatic changes, discusses the impact of climate change on mountain biodiversity and furnishes recommendations on adaptation measures.", "38. The Global Observation Research Initiative in Alpine Environments aims to establish and maintain a site-based network for long-term surveillance of the impact of climate change on fragile Alpine ecosystems and biodiversity in high mountain systems worldwide. The initiative is particularly active in the Andean region, supporting a regional monitoring system of 10 sites to assess the impact of climate change on biodiversity in the high Andes.", "39. The Mountain Partnership secretariat actively promotes better awareness about the threats posed by climate change to mountain areas and facilitates the work of its members in this context. A document was prepared by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation for the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention in the context of the Mountain Partnership on “Mountains and climate change — from understanding to action”. During the sixteenth session of the Conference of the Parties, the secretariat organized, with member countries, two side events on: (a) adapting to the impacts of climate change in mountain areas: innovative approaches at local and national level; and (b) regional approaches for climate change adaptation in mountain areas.", "40. In June 2011, a meeting was organized by FAO and the Mountain Partnership secretariat, with participants from Armenia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Colombia, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Morocco, Nepal, Peru, Slovenia, Tajikistan, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development and the secretariat of the Framework Convention, to discuss two major initiatives on mountains: the “Mountain Initiative” of the Government of Nepal, which was announced in 2009 at the fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties by the Prime Minister of Nepal, to establish a stronger political lobby for mountain issues within the secretariat of the Framework Convention; and the Group of Mountain Landlocked Developing Countries, which was formally established by the Governments of Armenia, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.", "41. In June 2011, the Mountain Partnership secretariat along with the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, received a grant from the World Bank to support a strategic initiative on climate change impacts, adaptation and development in mountain regions. The initiative will focus on raising awareness about the relationship between mountains and climate change among members of national delegations to the sessions of the Conference of the Parties to the Framework Convention, as well as politicians, scientists and practitioners working on climate change policy. The initiative will empower national delegations and experts to negotiate and mobilize international support to promote climate change adaptation for the mountain ecosystems.", "42. In December 2010, the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety announced 10 million euros in funding for the programme of UNEP, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature on ecosystem-based adaptation, including the joint project in mountain regions. The pilot phase of the programme will focus on the mountain regions of Nepal, Peru and Uganda for a period of four years (2011-2014).", "Desertification", "43. Dryland mountain ecosystems represent more than one third of all mountains and provide up to 90 per cent of the freshwater supply in those areas. Poverty and food insecurity appear to be particularly exacerbated in arid mountain areas. In addition, more than one quarter of the world’s biodiversity hotspots are in such locations. The Mountain Partnership secretariat, the secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation are preparing a joint publication entitled “Highlands and drylands: mountains, a source of resilience in arid regions” to draw greater attention to, and promote a sustainable mountain development agenda on, these fragile, arid ecosystems.", "44. DESIRE, an integrated research project including 26 international partners funded under the European Union sixth framework programme (2007-2012), has developed and tested sustainable land management strategies for areas vulnerable to desertification. Eleven of the 16 DESIRE sites, which are in the Mediterranean and across the world, are located in mountainous or hilly environments where the threat of desertification is aggravated by degradation and erosion. As part of the DESIRE project, the Centre for Development and Environment of the University of Bern has developed a participatory methodology to identify, evaluate and select the most promising sustainable land management strategies based on local contexts.", "Mountain water", "45. Mountain water resources are increasingly under pressure, with serious implications both for mountain and lowland areas. Greater attention is being paid to this critical issue through events, scientific publications and research programmes around the world, but more concerted efforts are required to face the growing challenges of adequate water quality and supply.", "46. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development has been designated as the Asia-Pacific knowledge hub for water management in Asian mountain regions by the Asia-Pacific Water Forum. The Centre is also the knowledge partner of the Abu Dhabi Dialogue Knowledge Forum on the subject of Himalayan water. With the support of the World Bank, the Centre has launched a small grant research programme on sharing benefits from water management from the rivers of the greater Himalayan region.", "Watershed management", "47. Since 2009, the follow-up to the FAO-led global review of watershed management experiences has received considerable attention. The technical resource book, The new generation of watershed management programmes and projects, and the policy document entitled “Why invest in watershed management?” continue to be widely disseminated. Recommendations from the global review are being applied as part of several field projects in Ecuador, Guatemala, Mauritania, Morocco, Pakistan and West Africa.", "48. The twenty-seventh session of the European Forestry Commission Working Party on the Management of Mountain Watersheds, entitled “Integrated forest and water management of mountain watersheds: experiences and perspectives”, was held in the Slovak Republic in April 2010. The twenty-eighth session of the Working Group will take place in September 2011 in Turkey on the theme “Water for forests — forests for water”.", "49. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development is focusing on capacity-building for integrated watershed management practices in the Hindu Kush-Himalayan region. International training courses on participatory integrated watershed management are held regularly and are constantly being customized to incorporate emerging thematic issues. Climate proofing of community watershed plans has been implemented with a focus on the development of high-altitude agribusiness, linking good practices to advance a green economy. In March 2011, the Centre and FAO organized a workshop to discuss a long-term programme to implement and field test the new generation of watershed management techniques in the Asia-Pacific region.", "50. The Latin American Technical Cooperation Network on Watershed Management aims to increase technical capacity in watershed management, focusing on exchanges of experience, knowledge management and transnational cooperation. The network continues to play a key role in monitoring and fostering collaborative actions and the sharing of experiences in Latin America.", "Disaster risk management", "51. Disaster risk management in mountain areas is receiving increased attention, particularly in the context of the impact of climate change. The growing risks of glacial lake outburst floods in the Himalayas and of rockfalls in the Alps are only two examples.", "52. The Integrated Management of Natural Disaster Risks project, carried out by the Central Asia Mountain Partnership in Kyrgyzstan, has allowed mountain communities living in the pilot villages to be better prepared for natural disasters, acquiring new knowledge and skills for the construction of bridges and dams.", "53. The Second World Landslide Forum, which is being organized by the International Consortium on Landslides and its partners, will take place in October 2011 at FAO headquarters. With 25 thematic sessions on its agenda, the focus of this important global event is “Putting science into practice”.", "54. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, in collaboration with the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), has launched a programme on regional flood information systems, with the goal of minimizing the loss of lives and property by reducing flood vulnerability in the Himalayan region. The Centre and WMO are working together to improve data quality, effective data collection and dissemination and regional cooperation.", "Indigenous peoples issues", "55. Indigenous groups living in less-favoured areas, such as mountains, are among the poorest in the world owing to socio-economic and political marginalization. Nevertheless, many lessons can be learned from their approaches to and experiences in managing and conserving mountain ecosystems.", "56. The World Mountain People Association aims to make the voice and the needs of mountain peoples heard. It proposes to create regional centres for interaction and cooperation between mountain peoples and national policymakers, funding agencies and international actors. The Association is also elaborating global charter communities, territories and natural resources management activities and is organizing an assessment on progress made on the goals set out in chapter 13 of Agenda 21 in preparation for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012.", "57. Yachay Wasi, based in Peru, is an indigenous non-governmental organization that focuses on the protection of biodiversity in the Andes and aims to make the voice of indigenous peoples heard at the global level. In 2008, after completing the first phase of an environmental project recovery of the circuit of four lakes in the provinces of Acomayo and Canas, Yachay Wasi launched its “Million native trees campaign”.", "Gender", "58. Mountain women face many of the same challenges faced by women throughout the developing world, but those challenges are further accentuated by altitude, steep terrain and isolation.", "59. Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management has implemented a project entitled “Rural women’s leadership” to strengthen the role and voice of women leaders in rural organizations at all levels and to promote the participation of representative women farmers’ organizations in the strategic policy dialogue and negotiation arena at the national, regional and global levels. To date, the project has trained over 35 leaders among farmers in Nepal and 30 in the Philippines; these leaders have, in turn, trained over 200 rural women.", "60. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development has organized a number of events on a variety of issues related to gender, climate change adaptation and development. One of the major problems in the Himalayan region is the growing feminization of mountain agriculture owing to the massive male migration, which has increased women’s workload and drudgery.", "Payment for environmental services", "61. Mountain regions have a significant potential for the deployment of innovative financing mechanisms, including payment for environmental services schemes, given the global importance of their resources.", "62. Since 2009, the Albertine Rift Conservation Society, in collaboration with the World Wildlife Fund of the United States, the University of Cambridge and various local institutions, has sought to assess the stock of environmental goods and services coming from the Greater Virunga region, a transboundary area between Uganda, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda. The team produced a series of maps depicting the distribution and relevance of four major ecosystem services: water yield; carbon sequestration; timber and non-timber forest products; and tourism. The outcomes clearly show the major importance of high-altitude natural ecosystems in the Virunga massif, including the Virunga volcanoes and the Rwenzori mountains, in providing environmental benefits to lowland areas.", "63. The pasture ticket, newly introduced in Kyrgyzstan, is an innovative payment for environmental services tool, replacing the old pasture renting system, whereby pasture use is now paid for in livestock units instead of hectares. The pasture ticket is an economic instrument for farmers to regulate livestock numbers depending on the capacity of the seasonal pastures, and, thus, protects against pasture degradation.", "High-quality mountain products", "64. The promotion, processing and marketing of high-quality mountain products are becoming increasingly important for the improvement of the livelihoods of the inhabitants of mountain communities around the world.", "65. In 2011, a manual about the organic production of Andean crops was published by FAO and the Mountain Partnership secretariat on a project in the Cotopaxi area of Ecuador, providing technical information about traditional and innovative cultivation techniques without the use of chemicals. The project demonstrated that traditional mountain products not only contribute to family food security, health and a balanced diet, but can also significantly increase family income if sold in the right markets. In Morocco, a technical manual on good practices in growing saffron was issued as a result of the FAO-Mountain Partnership project on the saffron value chain mentioned above.", "Tourism", "66. Tourism in mountain areas is a potential long-term source of income that can create positive effects, which can also be channelled towards both conservation and benefit-sharing.", "67. The World Tourism Organization has developed a set of indicators to assist managers in making informed decisions regarding issues of particular concern to mountain environments, including loss or degradation of flora and fauna, erosion, water quality and the economic benefits of tourism.", "68. In 2011, the draft text of the Protocol on Sustainable Tourism to the Carpathian Convention was elaborated with the assistance of the World Tourism Organization and was adopted and signed on the margins of the Third Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Carpathian Convention.", "Policy and law", "69. The Fouta Djallon Highlands Integrated Natural Resources Management Project, funded by the Global Environmental Facility, is jointly implemented by the African Union, FAO and UNEP. The project involves eight countries in West Africa (the Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, the Niger, Senegal and Sierra Leone). One important component of the project is to mitigate the causes and the negative impacts of land degradation through the establishment of a regional legal and institutional framework for cooperation in transboundary natural resources management and the adaptation and harmonization of conservation laws within participating countries.", "70. Since 1991, the European Association of Elected Representatives from Mountain Areas has promoted the participation of regional and local decision makers in the formulation of European policy for mountain issues, in particular issues related to regional, environmental and transport matters. Its main objective is to ensure that the specificities of mountain regions are reflected and considered in European Union policies. The Association currently includes members from 10,000 municipalities, 100 provinces and 50 regions from 11 national members. The Association also participates in a number of European projects.", "Education", "71. The International Programme on Research and Training on Sustainable Management of Mountain Areas was launched in 2007 by the Mountain Partnership secretariat, UNESCO and the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of Turin, Italy. The training programme is funded by the government of the Piedmont region, local authorities, the Consortium for Sustainable Development in the Andean Region, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation. In 2010, the training course focused on protecting mountain biodiversity and in 2011 on natural hazards and disaster risks management. Each year around 30 experts from developing countries are trained.", "72. UNESCO has prepared a teaching resource kit for mountain countries with funding by the Flemish Government of Belgium. The kit targets schoolteachers and students in secondary schools in mountain areas of countries worldwide. It offers a creative approach to environmental education and is designed to stimulate students’ curiosity and allow for a better transmission of scientific information and environmental knowledge.", "73. The University of Central Asia has established the Mountain Societies Research Centre, dedicated to supporting and enhancing the resilience and quality of life of mountain societies through research on the sustainable development and management of physical, social, economic and cultural assets. The Centre’s fellowship programme builds Central Asian capacity to conduct research to inform policy and practice to promote sustainable mountain development.", "74. The Centre for Mountain Studies at Perth College in Scotland, which, since 2009, has hosted the UNESCO Chair in sustainable mountain development, has run an online Master of Science in managing sustainable mountain development since 2004. Building on this experience, the Centre is developing Masters-level courses in collaboration with institutions in Asia.", "Research", "75. In 2011, in collaboration with the Mountain Partnership secretariat, MRI has promoted the development and support of a network of scientists focused on global change research in the mountains of sub-Saharan Africa contributing to the activities leading to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development and the Conferences of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification. With support from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, the Mountain Research Initiative brokered an agreement between FAO and the University of Pretoria to create a coordination unit for the Global Change Research Network for African Mountains.", "76. UNESCO, through its Man and the Biosphere programme, continues to implement its worldwide project on “Global change in mountain sites — developing adaptation strategies in mountain biosphere reserves”. The project studies key drivers for and impacts of global changes, including climate change, in fields including biological diversity, availability of water resources, land use change and mountain economies. The results will provide a better understanding on how change will affect mountain environments and livelihoods.", "77. The Centre for Mountain Studies has coordinated an integrated assessment of Europe’s mountain areas for the European Environment Agency, which was published in September 2010. The Centre organized an international conference on global change and the world’s mountains in Scotland, bringing together 450 participants from 60 countries and five continents. The Centre is also responsible for reporting on the mountain perspective for the two-year project entitled Geographic Specificities and Development Potentials in Europe, funded by the European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion, which aims to provide a coherent framework to characterize past trends and to map out the potential future development of the geographical specificities for territorial policy and regional development.", "78. The Mountain Research Initiative has implemented two synthesis workshops, one on climate change and mountain water resources and the other on drivers of food security in mountain regions. The workshops are in preparation for further discussions on: urban growth in mountain regions; building resilience in coupled human-natural systems in mountains; and the vulnerabilities and management of ecosystem services in mountains.", "79. Together with the Mountain Research Initiative, the Chinese Academy of Science has developed and promoted the “Third pole environment”, an international project focused on investigating the nature and impacts of global change on the Tibetan plateau and the surrounding mountain ranges. Since 2009, the Academy has organized annual “Third pole environment” workshops to develop a strategic science plan to organize research efforts by groups from all of the countries in the region and in Europe.", "80. In 2010, the Mountain Group of UNESCO Man and the Biosphere programme initiated a consortium of research institutions of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, partner universities and biosphere reserves, with the objective of developing a strategy for sustainable development and landscape diversity conservation in the transboundary Altai-Sayan-Baikal eco-region within the context of current global changes. The research is being conducted under partnership arrangements with regional research institutions in Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia and several international institutions, including UNDP, the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.", "Communications and networking", "81. The Mountain Forum is a global network promoting sustainable mountain development through information and knowledge sharing. With support from its regional networks (Asia-Pacific, InfoAndina and European Mountain Forum) the Forum currently serves more than 7,000 individual members, providing access to more than 5,600 digital resources. The Forum also supports the global mountain community by serving as an information clearing house and providing platforms for dialogue among its users. The most recent e-forums were related to benefit-sharing mechanisms for hydrological environmental services in the Andes. A programme of the Consortium for Sustainable Development in the Andean Region, InfoAndina currently supports the implementation of several policy dialogues on climate change, water management and rural innovation.", "82. In 2010, the theme of the International Mountain Day, “Mountain minorities and indigenous peoples”, highlighted the threats faced by those communities, but also acknowledged the invaluable contributions they make towards overcoming the global challenges of hunger and malnutrition, biodiversity loss and climate change. The 2011 International Mountain Day will focus on mountain forests and will be linked to the International Year of Forests 2011.", "83. The international peer-reviewed quarterly journal Mountain Research and Development enhances knowledge on key sustainable mountain development issues by bringing together research findings and validated development experience. Since 2009, the journal has been available online, with open access for all users. The journal also produces special issues on subjects including mountain forests in a changing world, agro-biodiversity and management tools and methods for protected areas. The editorial office of the journal is part of the Centre for Development and Environment at the University of Bern.", "84. The Central Asia Mountain Partnership Forum 2010, a learning and knowledge sharing event entitled “Mountain communities of Central Asia and climate change — call to action: Global challenges in local perspectives”, took place in November 2010 in Kazakhstan. It brought together more than 100 participants from Central Asia, Europe and Latin America, representing a variety of stakeholder groups.", "B. Partnerships, transboundary cooperation and funding mechanisms", "United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development", "85. Members of the Mountain Partnership, including the Governments of Italy and Switzerland, FAO, the World Bank, UNEP and the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, are working together to draw attention to mountain ecosystems and the views of mountain peoples in the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development processes. These organizations have formed a strategic alliance to position the Mountain Partnership as an agent for transformation towards green growth and to secure renewed political commitment for sustainable mountain development. Regional findings and global assessments on progress made in sustainable mountain development since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992, initiated by the Government of Switzerland, and the outcomes of the “Lucerne World Mountain Conference” will be channelled into the preparation processes for the Conference.", "Partnerships", "86. The Mountain Partnership has a growing membership, which currently includes more than 180 members, including Governments, intergovernmental organizations and major groups. In 2008, the Mountain Partnership secretariat began a process of decentralization to provide more effective services and support to its members. Today, the secretariat consists of the central and decentralized hubs hosted, respectively, by FAO in Rome (central hub), the Consortium for Sustainable Development in the Andean Region in Peru (Latin America hub), the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development in Nepal (Asia-Pacific hub), and the University of Central Asia in Kyrgyzstan (Central Asia hub), as well as the Environmental Reference Centre hosted by UNEP in Vienna.", "Transboundary cooperation", "87. In 2003, the Alliance of Central Asian Mountain Communities, an association of 41 mountain villages in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan, was established in the wake of the International Year of Mountains and the Bishkek Global Mountain Summit. The Alliance aims to improve livelihoods in mountain areas through capacity development and the sharing of experiences among its members and within networks of communities in mountain areas worldwide.", "88. Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru have joined forces to promote a regional approach to development in the Andean region. Together these countries created an Andean initiative in the context of the Mountain Partnership. The Paramo Andino Project is a regional initiative of Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of), Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, funded by the Global Environment Facility and executed by the Consortium for Sustainable Development in the Andean Region. The project is aimed at overcoming key barriers to biodiversity conservation and protecting the hydrology of the Paramo area. The hydrological monitoring of Andean ecosystems initiative is a regional undertaking to generate, improve and share information related to Andean hydrology and the impacts of global change.", "89. Since 2009, the Centre for Development and Environment and its local and international partners have supported Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan in a transboundary initiative on sustainable land management in the Pamir-Alai mountains. This initiative, funded by the Global Environment Facility, aims to address the interlinked problems of land degradation and poverty within one of Central Asia’s crucial freshwater sources and biodiversity hotspots.", "90. UNEP continues to lead an initiative that builds on experience sharing of the Alpine and Carpathian Conventions with other mountain regions, such as the Caucasus, the Dinaric Arc and the Balkans, to facilitate the development of a legal framework of regional cooperation. In the framework of the Environment and Security Initiative, UNEP supports transboundary cooperation in mountain areas in border regions of the Balkans. This work contributes to the stabilization of the region and the improvement of the environment. UNEP also facilitates the negotiations for a legally binding agreement of the Dinaric Arc.", "91. The International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, with UNEP support, has initiated the regional Kailash Sacred Landscape Conservation Initiative. A draft regional cooperation framework was developed for implementing conservation and ecosystem management activities within the transboundary Kailash Sacred Landscape initiatives in China, India and Nepal. An innovative and highly participatory approach was implemented to create a policy enabling environment, institutional networks and the knowledge base for regional collaboration.", "Funding mechanisms", "92. A preliminary portfolio analysis of World Bank investments in sustainable mountain development indicates investments of approximately $66 billion globally for the 2000-2010 period. Investments in sustainable mountain development in Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Latin America lead, with about $16 billion each, closely followed by investments of about $13 billion in East Asia and the Pacific. Africa and South Asia received investments in mountain regions amounting to about $8.8 billion and $8.3 billion, respectively, while only small amounts were directly associated with sustainable mountain development in the Middle East and North Africa.", "93. Funding economic growth, political empowerment, citizenship equality and poverty reduction of mountain peoples forms part of the mandate of the International Fund for Agriculture Development. The Fund supports the development of innovative rural financial services, such as the Financing Facility for Remittances and the development of index-based weather insurance and related services, which are being piloted and tested, including in mountain areas.", "V. Recommendations", "94. Since the last report of the Secretary-General on the topic of sustainable mountain development, significant progress has been made in terms of implementation, awareness-raising, institutional strengthening and international collaboration. Nevertheless, much remains to be done, especially in the light of current global challenges, including climate change, natural disasters, the food and energy crises, increasing water scarcity, desertification, ecosystem degradation, biodiversity loss and migration. While mountain regions and their inhabitants are disproportionally affected by such challenges, there may also be significant opportunities in the search for solutions. Mountain systems are essential building blocks for long-term sustainable development, poverty alleviation and the transition towards a green economy. The General Assembly, in its efforts to address those challenges in a manner that is consistent with chapter 13 of Agenda 21, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the Millennium Development Goals, may wish to reiterate some of the possible courses of action for Governments such as those set out below:", "1. Recommendations related to international processes", "(a) Renew efforts to ensure that mountain issues are prioritized within development agendas and processes dealing with poverty reduction, food security, climate change and other issues that are critical to sustainable development in mountain areas;", "(b) Promote, where relevant, the establishment of regional mechanisms for coordinated and integrated transboundary cooperation for sustainable mountain development; strengthen existing mechanisms, such as the Alpine and Carpathian Conventions, and promote the exchange of experiences and lessons learned;", "(c) Support the collaborative efforts of the Mountain Partnership and encourage the active involvement of relevant governmental, civil society and private sector institutions at the national and regional levels;", "(d) Increase efforts to conserve biodiversity in mountain areas and encourage multi-stakeholder cooperation for a more effective implementation of the plan of work on mountain biological diversity of the secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity;", "(e) Support better integration of mountain issues in intergovernmental discussions, in particular discussions on climate change and combating desertification in the context of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification; take advantage of the potential of mountain forests for carbon storage and sequestration and of their consideration in Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) and REDD-plus programmes;", "(f) Integrate sustainable mountain development into strategies towards a green economy and ensure that institutional arrangements are in place to allow mountain communities to benefit from these emerging opportunities and protect mountain resources from increasing demand;", "(g) Foster exchange and collaboration between Governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, research institutions and civil society to assure that sustainable mountain development receives a prominent place on the agenda of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development;", "2. Policy recommendations", "(h) Encourage the continuation of existing or the establishment of new national committees or similar institutional arrangements, bodies and mechanisms to strengthen intersectoral coordination and collaboration for sustainable development in mountain areas;", "(i) Encourage greater engagement by civil society and the private sector in the development and implementation of programmes related to sustainable development in mountains;", "(j) Encourage the formulation and implementation of strategies, programmes, policies and laws that specifically address mountain issues and provide an urgent response to current challenges, including climate change and soaring food prices; support developing countries and countries with economies in transition through bilateral, multilateral and South-South cooperation, as well as through non-traditional arrangements, such as decentralized cooperation;", "(k) Develop strategies for adaptation and mitigation of climate change that take into account the specific situation of mountain environments and communities; integrate those strategies into the National Adaptation Programmes of Action process of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;", "(l) Enhance attention to disaster risk management in mountain areas, in particular with regard to rockfall, avalanches, glacial lake outburst floods, landslides and the impacts of climate change;", "(m) Promote the conservation and sustainable use of increasingly scarce resources from mountain areas, especially water, through innovative management approaches and improved institutional mechanisms that cross administrative boundaries, as well as forward-looking political decisions that safeguard those resources for future generations;", "(n) Elaborate strategies, programmes and policies for food security in mountains, allowing for timely responses to soaring food prices and related challenges, which disproportionally affect mountain communities;", "(o) Enhance public services, particularly in the health and education sectors, and improve transport and communication infrastructures in mountain areas;", "(p) Support education, extension and capacity-building programmes, in particular among local mountain communities, to further sustainable mountain development at all levels;", "(q) Ensure, through more effective engagement in the decision-making process, that indigenous peoples’ cultures, traditions and knowledge are fully recognized and included in development policy and planning in mountain regions, and that access and agreed upon rights to land and natural resources are respected;", "(r) Foster strengthening of the role of mountain women in planning and decision-making processes that affect their communities, cultures, livelihoods and environments;", "3. Recommendations related to financial mechanisms", "(s) Increase levels of investment and funding for sustainable mountain development at the global, regional, national and community levels, including through innovative financial mechanisms and approaches, such as payments for environmental services and opportunities offered by the green economy;", "(t) Promote and provide a supportive and enabling environment for the development of high-quality products and services from mountain areas as a means to improve livelihoods, protect mountain environments, encourage more active involvement by the private sector in the overall value chain for high-quality mountain products and improve access of mountain communities to national and international markets;", "4. Recommendations for awareness-raising", "(u) Support the continued development and implementation of communications, capacity-building and advocacy programmes for sustainable mountain development at all levels and take full advantage of the opportunities provided annually by the International Mountain Day on 11 December;", "(v) Increase efforts to enhance awareness of the effects of climate change, as well as the risks and hazards faced in mountain areas;", "5. Recommendations for research", "(w) Support increased and better coordinated research efforts at all levels in order to gain an improved understanding of environmental, economic and social drivers of change affecting mountain regions and promote the collection of disaggregated data from mountain areas as the basis for informed decision-making for appropriate policies and programmes;", "(x) In the context of climate change, increase efforts to monitor glaciers and run-off patterns in mountain areas in order to assess future water availability and pay specific attention to the hydrological impacts of climate change in dryland mountain ecosystems.", "[1] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3‑14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolution Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex I, chapter 13." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(i)", "可持续发展：山区可持续发展", "山区可持续发展", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "大会第64/205号决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告山区可持续发展状况，本报告就是应此要求编写的，其中介绍了各国和国际山区可持续发展的状况，包括对未来挑战的总体分析，并就如何根据联合国环境与发展会议通过的《21世纪议程》第13章、《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》（“约翰内斯堡执行计划”）和千年发展目标等现有政策框架以及即将举行的联合国可持续发展会议，继续促进和有效维持世界各地山区发展提出了建议，供大会审议。本报告由联合国粮食及农业组织在各国政府、联合国系统相关机构和其他组织的协作下编写。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "一. 导言", "1. 大会于1998年通过第53/24号决议，宣布2002年为国际山地年，并鼓励各国政府、联合国系统和所有其他行为体加以利用，以提高对山区可持续发展重要性的认识。2003年，联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)编写了关于国际山地年各项成就的报告，由秘书长转交大会（A/58/134）。", "2. 2002年国际山地年以《21世纪议程》着重探讨山区问题的第13章为行动基础，致力于保护山区生态系统和提高山区人民福祉。国际山地年作为采取长期有效行动执行第13章的一个促进因素取得了许多成就，包括帮助认识山区对生命的重要性以及改善山区环境和山区居民生计的必要性。在国际山地年活动的支持下，有78个国家设立了在国家一级采取行动的委员会，与利益攸关方在山区问题上的伙伴关系也得到加强，2002年8月26日至9月4日于南非约翰内斯堡举行的可持续发展问题世界首脑会议还推出了国际促进山区可持续发展伙伴关系。", "3. 国际山地年促成大会通过第57/245号决议，从2003年起将每年的12月11日定为国际山地日，并鼓励国际社会每逢此日在所有级别举办活动，突出山区可持续发展的重要性。", "4. 大会在第59/238号、第60/198号和第62/196号决议中分别决定，将在第六十届、第六十二届和第六十四届会议题为“可持续发展”的议程项目下，审议与山区可持续发展有关的分项目。在这三届会议上，秘书长都向大会提交了题为“山区可持续发展”的报告（A/60/309、A/62/292和A/64/222）。", "5. 大会第64/205号决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告山区可持续发展的执行情况，本报告正是应此要求，由粮农组织在各国政府、联合国系统相关机构和其他组织的协作下编写。", "二. 背景和挑战", "6. 人们日益认识到，山区是一个事关全球的脆弱生态系统。作为地球上大部分淡水的来源，山区蕴藏着丰富的生物多样性，是热门的娱乐和旅游目的地，也是重要的文化多样性、知识和遗产所在地。山区约占世界陆地面积的四分之一，为世界上大约12%的人口提供生活支持，并为一半以上人口提供基本的货物和服务。然而，世界上许多最贫穷和粮食匮乏者也居住在山区。因此，必须确保山区生态健康并改善其经济和社会状况，造福山区居民，也造福生活在低地的居民。", "7. 1992年联合国环境与发展会议通过《21世纪议程》，其中载有题为“管理脆弱生态系统：山区可持续发展”的一章，[1] 此后，对山区生态系统和社区重要性的认识与日俱增。支持和维护山区生态系统的承诺和意愿在国际山地年期间有所增强，这个问题在各级议程中的位置也日益鲜明。2002年可持续发展问题世界首脑会议通过《约翰内斯堡执行计划》，在第42段中阐述了处理山区可持续发展所需的行动。这些措施与《21世纪议程》第13章一道，成为山区可持续发展的总体政策框架。", "8. 虽然对山区问题的认识有所提高并已取得实际成果，但在按照千年发展目标实现减贫、防止环境退化和实现山区可持续发展方面，仍然面临重大制约。", "9. 设立国际山地年已有九年，许多挑战依然存在。面对水和其他自然资源的需求不断增加、旅游业不断增长、向外移民速度加快、冲突发生异常频繁以及在日益全球化世界中工业、矿业和农业带来的压力，山区社区及其环境仍然十分脆弱。全球经济放缓，加上粮食价格飞涨，造成饥饿和营养不良人数急剧增加，而山区人民尤其易受粮食短缺的影响。气候变化的威胁和后果带来了新的挑战，需要立即给予关注并采取步调一致的行动。明确需要增加对山区的供资和投资，加强协调与协作，并巩固当前有利环境，推出扶持性更强的法律、政策和体制。", "10. 定于2012年在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会，将为确保山区可持续发展在全球议程中的突出位置、保证继续拥有政治承诺、以及结合近期事态发展和诸如气候变化、自然灾害增加、水源稀缺、荒漠化、粮食和能源危机等当前全球挑战审查山区议程，提供一个重要机会。", "11. 对山区的货物和服务的需求稳步增加。在绿色经济框架内，新的投资机会正在显现，特别是可再生能源和生态系统服务（例如淡水和生物多样性养护）。这些机会提供了经济发展空间，但也增加了对本已脆弱的环境和稀缺资源的压力。落实体制安排，确保社会、生态和经济资本的平衡发展，是保证这些新机遇能够造福山区和遏制山区社会及生态系统退化的关键所在。", "三. 国家行动", "12. 国家一级的行动是山区可持续发展取得进展的一个关键因素。本报告因篇幅所限，无法载述各国进行的诸多活动。以下各节将选列在国家一级采取的行动。", "非洲", "13. 在摩洛哥，一个位于高阿特拉斯山区乌塔特流域（米德勒特省）的项目正在协助关键利益攸关方通过流域管理防治荒漠化。该项目由粮农组织实施，是由西班牙供资的一个区域间方案的组成部分。摩洛哥政府还在粮农组织和山区伙伴关系秘书处的支持下实施了一个改善安蒂阿特拉斯山区藏红花生产的项目，并通过该项目获得了有关生产和加工的技术、社会和经济方面的宝贵资料，以及对整个藏红花价值链的全面了解。", "14. 几内亚积极实施由全球环境基金供资的区域富塔贾隆高地自然资源综合管理项目。区域项目协调单位就设在几内亚，29个试点项目场地也有18个位于该国。所有试点场地都已完成基线测量和流域管理计划，改善自然资源管理和增强地方生计的措施也已经拟订，将于2011年秋季启动实施。", "亚洲", "15. 吉尔吉斯斯坦正在全球环境基金、联合国环境规划署（环境署）和联合国大学的支持下实施帕米尔高原和帕米尔-阿莱山脉土地可持续管理项目。山区社区已收到用于缓解环境压力，包括防止土地退化和土壤侵蚀的小额赠款以及野生动物养护资金。许多国际组织和非政府组织一直与山区当地市镇当局保持合作，支持最近通过的“牧场法”（2009年）。", "16. 中国从2009年开始在该领域实施一些相关计划和政策，并已将这些计划和政策纳入林业发展第十二个五年规划，以提高森林覆盖率和增强森林碳汇能力。由主管部委和政府机构共同支持的国家主要计划和战略包括国家森林保护计划第二阶段、三北防护林发展计划、野生动物养护和自然保护区发展计划、退耕还林计划和综合农业发展计划。", "17. 巴基斯坦地震灾区中期生计恢复项目由地震重建和恢复管理局实施，瑞典提供资金，粮农组织提供技术支持，已于2011年6月圆满完成。除了为所有地震灾区拟订1 789份社区生计恢复计划以及开展能力建设活动之外，该项目还在17个流域拟订并实施了流域统筹协作管理计划。实地活动包括滑坡防治、自然资源管理、生计改善和体制创新等。", "18. 土耳其政府2008年启动实施的山区可持续发展项目由粮农组织提供资金和技术支持，已于2010年12月圆满完成。随后拟订的一份战略文件将山区可持续发展纳入国家规划进程的主流。在地方一级，马尼萨省云达吉山区实施了一个试点项目，通过实地具体实情，试验和展示山区可持续发展努力。", "欧洲", "19. 瑞士政府在国家和国际两级继续在山区可持续发展领域作出广泛参与和承诺，包括向山区论坛和山区研究倡议提供资金。瑞士仍是山区伙伴关系的主要捐助方。为筹备2012年的联合国可持续发展大会，瑞士率先提出对1992年联合国环境与发展会议以来在山区可持续发展方面取得的进展进行区域和全球评估。瑞士将于2011年10月主办卢塞恩世界山区会议，期间将推出山区可持续发展报告，并讨论未来在该领域的挑战和机遇。作为《阿尔卑斯公约》现任主席国，瑞士的目标是通过着手处理政治问题和推动相关辩论，促进整个阿尔卑斯山区的协作。瑞士政府将推出创新性山区可持续发展公私伙伴关系，于2011年在包括瑞士韦尔比耶在内的全球南方和北方四个地区，推出新的庆祝国际山地日论坛。", "20. 在波兰苏台德山区，由于过去五、六年间在粮农组织、全球环境基金、欧盟委员会EQUAL方案和一些私营基金会的资助下实施了促进山区可持续发展理念的重大项目，当地非政府组织已经成功地与一些合作伙伴，包括地方和区域政府、农业大学、山区文化中心以及国家和景观保护区，组建成一个真正的山区联盟。这一联盟对该国其他山区省份起到示范作用。", "21. 在意大利，持续使用欧洲联盟资金支持山区研究和合作项目，为一系列广泛议题的相关工作提供了便利，包括气候变化效应、自然灾害、综合风险管理、不受气候变化影响的空间规划、生态网络和可持续旅游。在国际一级，意大利继续参加山区伙伴关系的活动并为其秘书处提供资助。意大利发展合作署支持多个山区项目，例如由联合国环境署和EV-K²-CNR（意大利国家研究理事会）委员会共同实施的“高海拔环境研究站”项目。意大利坚决地致力于确保山区在关键国际进程中、包括在联合国可持续发展大会之后获得适足关注。", "拉丁美洲", "22. 自2009年以来，阿根廷山区可持续发展委员会在国家和国际层面一直非常活跃，不仅设立了以各类山区对话为目标的国家和各省山区平台，还改进了现有与不同地区和省份的对话。该委员会推出了能使安第斯山南部各国参与并增进与各山区框架进行区域接触和开展联合活动的地方和各省山区委员会。2011年6月，委员会与山区伙伴关系秘书处一道，为安第斯山南部各国与欧洲从事山区可持续发展研究的实体代表举办了国际研讨会。", "23. 厄瓜多尔正准备实施一个关于增进安第斯山区可持续发展参与式管理的项目。由全球环境基金供资的钦博拉索火山自然资源管理项目已于2011年6月启动，该基金国家委员会最近还批准了安第斯山区可持续发展联盟提出的高安第斯山区生态系统碳与生物多样性项目立项申请。通过流域管理防治荒漠化和土壤退化项目作为由西班牙供资的一个区域间方案的组成部分，继续在马纳维省实施，并由粮农组织提供技术支持。2011年7月，一个由粮农组织供资、山区伙伴关系秘书处提供支持、在科托帕希地区实施的项目成功地开发出可持续山区示范农场并拟订了开发计划。", "24. 在危地马拉，造林激励方案及小农林业和复合农林从业激励方案促进了由天然和人工山林提供环境服务和公益产品的机制。从2009年到2010年，高原地区共有12 482公顷人工森林和39 919公顷天然森林接受监督并获得认证。危地马拉已投入6 978 114美元用于激励森林管理，产生48 000多个工作机会，涉及大约300个土著社区。危地马拉副总统办公室已批准设立机构间预防和打击滥砍滥伐委员会，并实施一项旨在加强危地马拉高原地区森林管理的试点行动计划。", "25. 在秘鲁，多方利益攸关方全国山区生态系统工作组于2011年启动第二阶段工作，在国家一级和国际一级实施多个方案。皮乌拉、安卡什、阿普里马克和库斯科地区政府正在实施气候变化适应方案，而在皮乌拉、安卡什和瓦努科，“印加大道”生物多样性可持续利用方案和地方农作物品种就地长期养护项目正在实施。秘鲁还与厄瓜多尔和哥伦比亚一道，在阿普里马克和皮乌拉地区实施区域安第斯山森林生态系统管理方案。", "26. 墨西哥政府正通过国家林业委员会实施一个由世界银行和全球环境基金资助的项目，以提高在上游流域和山区实施全国环境服务付费方案的实效，并增加提供可产生地方和全球利益的生态系统服务。该项目还促进了地方环境服务付费机制，由环境服务的直接用户按照匹配资金计划提供财务支持。", "27. 智利严重依赖山区生态系统提供水源、能源、矿物和旅游以及为土著居民提供自给性生活环境。为设立由外交部推动的国家山区委员会，2011年9月将为安第斯区域各国（阿根廷、多民族玻利维亚国、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国）举办一次培训班。培训重点将是正在融化的雪盖和冰川，以及针对气候变化的环境和经济影响制订管理政策的必要性。", "四. 国际行动", "A. 专题倡议", "生物多样性养护和山区生态系统", "28. 2004年，《生物多样性公约》秘书处通过了关于山区生物多样性的工作方案。《公约》缔约方会议在2010年于日本举行的第十次会议上对该方案的执行情况进行了深入审查，并指出，(a) 工作方案成功地汇聚了国际山地社区，并提高了各组织机构促进生物多样性养护和可持续利用的能力；(b) 截至2009年，约有14.4%混合山区系统生物群落得到了保护；(c) 庆祝国际山岳日活动以及很多区域和地方倡议正在使更多人认识到山区生物多样性的重要性。", "29. 2010年，《保护喀尔巴阡山脉及其可持续发展框架公约(《喀尔巴阡公约》)养护和可持续利用生物和景观多样性议定书》生效。为了支持该《议定书》的执行，在欧洲联盟东南欧方案下核准了BIOREGIO喀尔巴阡项目。环境署维也纳办事处是《喀尔巴阡公约》的临时秘书处，也是奥地利-斯洛伐克跨境项目“阿尔卑斯-喀尔巴阡走廊”的合作伙伴，该项目旨在重建阿尔卑斯山脉和喀尔巴阡山脉之间的生态走廊。", "30. 国际生物多样性计划的全球山区生物多样性评估方案为山区生物多样性养护和可持续利用政策作出了贡献。2010年，该方案启动了山区生物多样性门户，使人们可以针对具体山区查阅基本生物多样性数据。2010年7月，该方案在瑞士举办了题为“山区生物多样性的重要功能”的国际会议。在瑞士发展合作机构的支持下，该方案为《生物多样性公约》缔约方会议第十次会议编写了题为“山区生物多样性和全球变化”的小册子。", "31. 在第十次会议期间，山区伙伴关系秘书处举办了一次会外会，以探讨如何更有效地执行有关山区生物多样性的工作方案。国际山区综合开发中心举办了两次会外会，分别题为：(a) “在不断变化的气候条件下兴都库什山脉-喜马拉雅地区面临的山区生物多样性养护和管理方面的挑战”；(b) “生物多样性养护方面的跨境合作：采用《生物多样性公约》规定的‘生态系统办法’和适应气候变化的战略”。", "32. Ev-K2-CNR委员会利用意大利和巴基斯坦政府提供的资金，在巴基斯坦北部顺利启动了“卡拉库拉姆中部国家公园和缓冲区社会、经济和环境发展”项目。该项目旨在支持地方当局和利益攸关方建设该公园及其缓冲区的自然资源管理能力，重点在于减贫。委员会与卡拉库拉姆国际大学、世界野生动植物基金会、阿加汗农村支助方案以及若干地方和国家非政府组织开展合作。", "33. 2010年，联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)设在俄罗斯科学院地理学研究所的人与生态圈方案山区组与卡通山生物圈保护区和国际自然保护联盟-世界保护区委员会山地保护区网络携手，在阿尔泰举办了题为“阿尔泰-萨彦生态区域的气候变化和生物多样性的连通性养护”的国际讲习班。该讲习班通过了阿尔泰-萨彦-贝加尔越境连通性养护管理倡议行动计划(俄罗斯联邦、哈萨克斯坦、中国和蒙古)。", "气候变化", "34. 正如世界各地冰川迅速后退所揭示的那样，山区为气候变化发出了早期信号。至关重要的是研究和监测山区生物、物理和环境健康，以便更好地了解、管理和减轻气候变化的负面影响。", "35. Ev-K2-CNR委员会启动了高海拔环境研究站项目，以研究山区的气候和环境。目前，该项目的监测网络包括世界各地14个站址。在埃佛勒斯峰南口(8 000米)安装了最高的自动气象站，并且在Changri Nup 冰川上5 700米高的地方安装了冰川上自动气象站，通过研究气候对冰川动态的影响、包括大气中炭黑的影响、尤其是炭黑对冰雪融化过程的影响，加强了对喜马拉雅山脉大气的监测。", "36. 2009年6月，在《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处于波恩举行的会议上，山区研究倡议与德国观察和德国联邦环境机构共同主办了题为“山区的适应：目前山区适应气候变化的方向和研究需求”的会外会。这项倡议与山区伙伴关系、列支敦士登政府和瑞士发展与合作机构合作，在《框架公约》缔约方会议第十五届会议上举办了一次会外会，重点讨论气候变化对山区造成的挑战。", "37. 国际生物多样性计划的全球山区生物多样性评估方案编写了一份报告，以说明气候变化对欧洲山区生物多样性的影响。该报告概括介绍了有关今后预期气候变化情况的近期文献资料，讨论了气候变化对山区生物多样性的影响，并就适应措施提出了建议。", "38. 全球高山环境观察研究倡议的目标是建立和维持一个基于站点的网络，以长期监测气候变化对世界各地高山系统脆弱的高山生态系统及生物多样性的影响。该倡议在安第斯地区尤其活跃，它支持了一个有10个站点的区域监测系统评估气候变化对安第斯高山生物多样性的影响。", "39. 山区伙伴关系秘书处积极促进人们更好地认识到气候变化对山区造成的威胁，并推动其成员为此开展的工作。瑞士发展与合作机构在山区伙伴关系范畴内为《框架公约》缔约方会议第十五届会议编制了一份文件，标题是“山区和气候变化——从了解到采取行动”。在缔约方会议第十六届会议期间，秘书处与成员国举办了两次会外会，内容分别为：(a) 山区适应气候变化的影响：地方和国家一级的创新办法；(b) 山区适应气候变化的区域办法。", "40. 2011年6月，粮农组织和山区伙伴关系秘书处举办了一次会议，与会者来自亚美尼亚、孟加拉国、不丹、哥伦比亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、莱索托、摩洛哥、尼泊尔、秘鲁、斯洛文尼亚、塔吉克斯坦、国际山区综合开发中心和《框架公约》秘书处，目的是讨论两项有关山区的主要举措：一种是2009年尼泊尔总理在缔约方会议第十五届会议上宣布的尼泊尔政府“山区倡议”，其目的是在《框架公约》秘书处内部为山区问题建立更强有力的政治游说集团；另一种是亚美尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦政府正式建立的内陆山区发展中国家集团。", "41. 2011年6月，山区伙伴关系秘书处与国际山区综合开发中心收到世界银行提供的赠款，用于支助山区气候变化影响、适应和发展战略倡议。该倡议将侧重于提高出席《框架公约》缔约方会议各届会议的各国代表团成员以及政治家、科学家和开展气候变化政策工作的执行人员对山区与气候变化之间关系的认识。该倡议将增强各国代表团和专家就国际支助开展谈判和调动国际支助的能力，从而促进山区生态系统适应气候变化。", "42. 2010年12月，德国联邦环境、自然保护与核安全部宣布为环境署、联合国开发计划署(开发署)和国际自然保护联盟基于生态系统的适应方案，包括为山区联合项目，提供1 000万欧元的资金。该方案的试验阶段为期四年(2011-2014年)，将把重点放在尼泊尔、秘鲁和乌干达的山区。", "荒漠化", "43. 干地山区生态系统在所有山区中占三分之一以上，并在这些地区提供了多达90%的淡水供应。在干旱的山区，贫穷和粮食无保障似乎尤其严重。此外，世界各地的生物多样性热点中有四分之一以上位于此类地区。山区伙伴关系秘书处、联合国防治荒漠化公约秘书处和瑞士发展与合作机构正在编写一份联合出版物，其标题是“高原和干地：山区——干旱地区的复原力来源”，目的是促使更多人关注这些脆弱的干旱生态系统，并促进关于这一系统的可持续发展议程。", "44. DESIRE是一个包括26个国际伙伴的综合研究项目，其资金在欧洲联盟第六个框架方案(2007-2012年)下提供，该项目已为易发生荒漠化的地区制订并试行可持续土地管理战略。DESIRE在地中海和世界各地的16个站点中有11个位于山区或丘陵环境，在这里，荒漠化的威胁因退化和侵蚀而加重。作为DESIRE项目的一部分，伯尔尼大学发展与环境中心制订了根据当地情况查明、评价和选择最有前景的可持续土地管理战略的参与式方法。", "山区水", "45. 山区水资源日益紧张，严重影响到山区和低地。目前，这一关键问题通过世界各地的活动、科学出版物和研究方案得到了更多关注，但需要开展更加协调一致的努力，以应对适当水质和充足供水方面日益严峻的挑战。", "46. 国际山区综合开发中心已被亚太水论坛指定为亚洲山区水管理亚太知识中心。该中心也是关于喜马拉雅水资源专题的阿布扎比对话知识论坛的知识伙伴。在世界银行的支持下，该中心启动了大喜马拉雅地区河水管理利益共享小额赠款研究方案。", "流域管理", "47. 自2009年以来，粮农组织牵头的全球流域管理经验审查的后续行动得到了相当重视。技术资料手册“新一代流域管理方案和项目”以及题为“为什么投资于流域管理？”的政策文件继续广为分发。在厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、毛里塔尼亚、摩洛哥、巴基斯坦和西非，经全球审查提出的建议正作为若干实地项目的一部分得到采用。", "48. 欧洲林业委员会山区流域管理工作队第二十七届会议于2010年4月在斯洛伐克共和国举行，其专题是“山区流域森林和水综合管理：经验和展望”。工作组第二十八届会议将于2011年9月在土耳其举行，其专题是“水滋养森林-森林维持水分”。", "49. 国际山区综合开发中心正在兴都库什山脉-喜马拉雅地区重点进行综合流域管理做法能力建设。关于参与式综合流域管理的国际培训课程定期举办，并不断对其进行调整，以纳入新出现的专题。使社区流域计划不受气候变化影响的措施已得到执行，其重点是发展高海拔农业企业，使良好做法相互结合，以推动绿色经济。2011年3月，该中心和粮农组织举办了一次讲习班，以讨论在亚太地区执行和实地试行新一代流域管理技术的长期方案。", "50. 拉丁美洲流域管理技术合作网络的目标是增强流域管理技术能力，其重点是经验交流、知识管理和跨国合作。该网络继续在监测和促进拉丁美洲的合作行动以及分享经验方面发挥关键作用。", "灾害风险管理", "51. 山区灾害风险管理日益得到重视，在气候变化影响方面尤为如此。喜马拉雅山冰川湖溃决和阿尔卑斯山岩崩的风险日益增加，它们不过是其中两个例子。", "52. 中亚山区伙伴关系在吉尔吉斯坦开展的自然灾害风险综合管理项目使生活在试点村庄的山地社区得以更好地为自然灾害做准备，并获取修建桥梁和水坝的新知识和技能。", "53. 国际滑坡协会及其伙伴举办的第二届世界滑坡论坛将于2011年10月在粮农组织总部举行，其议程上有25次专题会议，这一全球重要会议的重点是“将科学付诸实践”。", "54. 国际山区综合开发中心与世界气象组织(气象组织)合作启动了区域洪水信息系统方案，其目标是通过减轻喜马拉雅地区易发洪水的脆弱性，尽量降低生命和财产损失。该中心和气象组织正在合作提高数据质量，加强有效的数据收集和传播，以及改善区域合作。", "土著人民问题", "55. 由于在社会经济和政治被边缘化，生活在山区等较为不利地区的土著群体属于世界最贫穷的人口之列。然而，从他们管理和保护山区生态系统的做法和经验中可以吸取许多经验教训。", "56. 世界山区人民协会的目标是让人们关注山区人民的心声和需要。该协会提议建立区域中心，以促进山区人民与国家决策者、供资机构和国际行动者之间的互动与合作。该协会还正在精心策划全球特许社区、领土和自然资源管理活动，并且正在安排评估在实现《21世纪议程》第13章规定的目标方面取得的进展，以便为2012年联合国可持续发展大会做好准备。", "57. 设在秘鲁的“学习之家”组织是一个侧重于保护安第斯山脉生物多样性的土著人非政府组织，其目标是使土著人民的心声在全球一级得到关注。2008年，在完成Acomayo和Canas省四连湖复原环境项目第一阶段之后，“学习之家”启动了“百万株土生树木活动”。", "两性平等", "58. 山区妇女面临着整个发展中世界的妇女所面临的许多同样挑战，但这些挑战因海拔过高、地形陡峭和与世隔绝而进一步加剧。", "59. 妇女促进农业和自然资源管理改革组织实施了题为“农村妇女领导作用”的项目，以加强女领导人在各个级别农村组织中的作用和发言权，并促进有代表性的农妇组织参与国家、区域和全球一级的战略政策对话和谈判领域。迄今为止，该项目在尼泊尔培训了35名农民领导人，在菲律宾培训了30名农民领导人；这些领导人又培训了200多名农村妇女。", "60. 国际山区综合开发中心就与两性平等、适应气候变化和发展有关的各种问题举办了多项活动。喜马拉雅地区的一个主要问题是由于男性大规模外出，越来越多的妇女承担起从事山区农业的任务，这一点增加了妇女的工作量，使其更为辛苦。", "为环境服务付费", "61. 鉴于山区资源在全球的重要性，山区在采用创新性融资机制方面，包括在为环境服务付费计划方面，有着巨大的潜力。", "62. 自2009年以来，艾伯丁裂谷保护协会与美国世界野生动植物基金会、剑桥大学以及当地各机构合作，力求评估乌干达、刚果民主共和国和卢旺达之间的跨界地区，即大维龙加地区的环境商品和服务存量。小组制作了一系列地图，以说明四类主要生态系统服务的分布和相关性：储水量；碳固存；木材和非木材林业产品；旅游。评估结果明确说明包括维龙加火山和鲁文佐里山在内的维龙加地块内的高海拔自然生态系统在为低地提供环境效益方面发挥的重大作用。", "63. 吉尔吉斯斯坦新采用的牧场票是一种为环境服务付费的创新手段，它取代了过去使用的牧场租用制，牧场使用费如今是按照牲畜头数而不是按照公顷数支付的。牧场票是农民根据季节性牧场的容量调整牲畜数目的经济手段，因此可防止牧场退化。", "高质量的山区产品", "64. 高质量山区产品的推广、加工和销售日益成为改善世界各地山地社区居民生计的重要手段。", "65. 2011年，粮农组织和山区伙伴关系秘书处发布了一个手册，介绍在厄瓜多尔科多帕希地区的项目中有机生产安第斯山作物的情况，该手册提供技术信息说明不采用化学品的传统和创新性耕作技术。该项目表明，传统山区产品不仅有助于家庭粮食保障、健康和均衡饮食，而且如果在合适的市场上售出，还可大大提高家庭收入。在摩洛哥印发了技术手册介绍种植藏红花的良好做法，这是上文提及的粮农组织-山区伙伴关系藏红花价值链项目的成果。", "旅游业", "66. 山区旅游业是一个潜在的长期收入来源，能创造积极效果，还能用于养护和利益共享。", "67. 世界旅游组织制定了一套指标，以帮助管理人员就动植物群丧失或退化、土壤侵蚀、水质和旅游业的经济惠益等对山区环境有特别重复关系的问题，作出知情决定。", "68. 2011年，在世界旅游组织的协助下，拟订了《喀尔巴阡公约》可持续旅游议定书草案文本，并在《喀尔巴阡公约》缔约方大会第三次会议期间获得通过和签署。", "政策和法律", "69. 全球环境基金资助的富塔贾隆高原综合自然资源管理区域项目由非洲联盟、粮农组织和环境署联合实施。该项目涉及8个西非国家(冈比亚、几内亚、几内亚比绍、马里、毛里塔尼亚、尼日尔、塞内加尔和塞拉利昂)。项目的一个重要组成部分是建立区域性法律和体制框架，用于加强跨界自然资源管理的区域合作，并在参与国家内变通适用和统一养护法律，从而减轻土地退化的成因和负面影响。", "70. 自1991年以来，欧洲民选山区代表协会促进区域和地方的决策者参与制定欧洲政策，用于解决山区问题，特别是涉及区域、环境和运输事宜的问题。其主要目标是确保欧洲联盟的政策体现和考虑山区的具体情况。目前，欧洲民选山区代表协会包括来自11个国家成员的10 000个市、100个省和50个地区的成员。该协会还参与了若干欧洲项目。", "教育", "71. 国际山区可持续管理研究和培训方案由山区伙伴关系秘书处、教科文组织和意大利都灵大学农学院于2007年启动。该培训方案由皮徳蒙特地区政府、地方当局、安第斯地区可持续发展联合会、国际山区综合开发中心和瑞士发展与合作机构资助。2010年培训课程重点是保护山区生物多样性，2011年重点是自然灾害和灾害风险管理。每年培训约30名来自发展中国家的专家。", "72. 教科文组织在比利时佛兰芒政府的资助下，制定了一份山地国家教学资料包。该资料包主要针对世界各山地国家的中学教师和学生。该资料包采用创新性方法来进行环境教育，目的是激发学生的好奇心，更好地传播科学信息和环境知识。", "73. 中亚大学最近成立了山区社会研究中心，旨在通过研究物质、社会、经济和文化资产的可持续发展和管理，支持和提高山区社会的抗灾能力和生活质量。该中心的奖学金方案有助于建设中亚的研究能力，帮助制定明智的政策和做法，促进山区可持续发展。", "74. 苏格兰珀斯学院的山区研究中心自2009年来担任联合国教科文组织的山区可持续发展问题的主席工作，该中心自2004年以来，开办了关于管理山区可持续发展的网上理科硕士课程。在这一经验的基础上，该中心正协同一些亚洲机构，制定硕士水平的课程。", "研究", "75. 2011年，山区研究倡议与山区伙伴关系秘书处合作，帮助发展和支持了一个由重点研究撒哈拉以南非洲山区气候变化问题的科学家组成的网络，为政府间气候变化专门委员会的第五次评估报告、联合国可持续发展大会以及《联合国气候变化框架公约》、《生物多样性公约》和《联合国防治荒漠化公约》缔约方会议之前的活动作出了贡献。在瑞士发展与合作机构的支持下，山区研究倡议促成粮农组织和比勒陀利亚大学之间达成了一项协议，内容是为非洲山区全球变化研究网络设立一个协调单位。", "76. 教科文组织通过其人与生物圈方案，继续实施其名为“山区全球变化——制定山区生物圈保护区适应战略”的全球项目。该项目研究包括气候变化在内的全球变化的主要驱动力和影响，涉及领域包括生物多样性、水资源供应、土地利用变化和山区经济等。研究结果将让人们更好地了解变化将如何影响山区环境和生计。", "77. 山区研究中心为欧洲环境署协调了一项欧洲山区综合评估，该评估于2010年9月出版。该中心在苏格兰举办了有关全球变化与世界山区的国际会议，共有来自五大洲60个国家的450人参与。该中心还负责就一个名为“欧洲地理特点与发展潜力”的两年期项目中关于山区方面的工作提交报告，该项目由欧洲本土发展和凝聚力观测网络资助，旨在提供一致框架来描述过去趋势，并为领土政策和区域发展绘制地理特征潜在的未来发展。", "78. 山区研究倡议举办了两期综合讲习班，一期是关于气候变化和山区水资源，另一期是关于山区粮食安全的驱动因素。开办讲习班是为今后关于以下主题的讨论做准备：山区城市增长；建设山区相配合的人类-自然系统的抗灾能力；山区生态系统服务的脆弱性和管理。", "79. 中国科学院协同山区研究倡议，制定和推广了一个名为“第三极环境”的国际项目，该项目的重点是调查全球变化的性质及其对青藏高原及其周围山脉的影响。自2009年以来，中国科学院每年都举办第三极环境讲习班，制定战略性科学计划，以组织该区域和欧洲所有国家的团体开展研究工作。", "80. 2010年，教科文组织人与生物圈方案的山区小组发起了一个由俄罗斯科学院西伯利亚分院的研究机构、伙伴大学和生物圈保护区组成的联盟，目的是共同制定一项关于在全球当前变化背景下保护阿尔泰-萨彦-贝加尔跨境生态区的可持续发展和保护景观多样性的战略。这项研究目前是在与哈萨克斯坦、中国和蒙古的区域研究机构以及包括开发署、国际山区综合开发中心和国际自然及自然资源保护联盟在内的一些国际机构伙伴关系安排下开展的。", "交流和网络", "81. 山区论坛是一个全球网络，目的是分享信息和知识，促进山区可持续发展。目前，山区论坛在其区域网络(亚太、安第斯信息网络和欧洲山区论坛)的支持下，7 000多名个人成员提供服务，提供5 600多个数字资源。山区论坛作为信息交流中心，提供用户对话平台，支持了全球山区社区。最新的电子论坛是关于安第斯山脉的水文环境服务的利益共享机制。安第斯信息网络作为安第斯地区可持续发展联合会的一个方案，目前在帮助开展关于气候变化、水资源管理和农村创新的若干政策对话。", "82. 2010年，国际山岳日的主题是“山区少数民族和土著人民”，以强调这些群体所面临的威胁，并确认他们对克服饥饿和营养不良、生物多样性丧失和气候变化等全球性挑战所作出的宝贵贡献。2011年国际山岳日将重点关注山林问题，将与2011国际森林年联系起来。", "83. 国际同行评审季刊《山区研究与发展》汇集了研究结果和经过验证的发展经验，增强了各方对山区可持续发展关键问题的知识。自2009年以来，该季刊有了网络版，开放供所有用户查访。该季刊还编有了关于变化世界中的山林、农业生物多样性以及保护区管理工具和方法等主题的专刊。该刊物的编辑部是伯尔尼大学发展与环境中心的一部分。", "84. 为了促进相互学习和共享知识，2010年11月，在哈萨克斯坦举行了2010年中亚山区伙伴关系论坛，主题为“中亚山区社区和气候变化——呼吁采取行动：地方视角下的全球性挑战”。该论坛汇集了来自中亚、欧洲和拉丁美洲代表各利益攸关方群体的100多名与会者。", "B. 伙伴关系、跨界合作和供资机制", "联合国可持续发展大会", "85. 意大利和瑞士政府、粮农组织、世界银行、环境署和国际山区综合开发中心等山区伙伴关系成员正在共同努力，让联合国可持续发展大会进程关注山区生态系统和山区人民的观点。这些组织已经形成战略联盟，以便将山区伙伴关系定位为推动迈向绿色增长的媒介，并为山区可持续发展寻求持续政治承诺。由瑞士政府发起的关于自1992年联合国环境与发展会议以来在山区可持续发展方面所获进展的区域调查结果和全球评估，以及“卢塞恩世界山区会议”的成果将被纳入联合国可持续发展大会的筹备进程。", "伙伴关系", "86. 山区伙伴关系成员不断增多，目前已有180多个成员，包括各国政府、政府间组织和主要团体。2008年，山区伙伴关系秘书处为了向成员提供更有效的服务和支持，开始权力下放进程。目前，山区伙伴关系秘书处包括中央和地方中心，分别设在罗马的粮农组织(中央中心)、秘鲁的安第斯生态区可持续发展联合会(拉丁美洲中心)、尼泊尔的国际山区综合开发中心(亚洲-太平洋中心)内，还包括环境署在维也纳主办的环境参考资料中心。", "跨界合作", "87. 2003年，继国际山年和比什凯克全球山区首脑会议之后，中亚山区社区联盟成立，该联盟由吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦的41个山区村庄组成。该联盟旨在通过能力建设以及促进其成员和世界各地的山区社区网络之间分享经验，改善山区生计。", "88. 阿根廷、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔和秘鲁等国联手倡导采取区域办法，推动安第斯地区的发展。这些国家联合在山区伙伴关系背景下设立了安第斯倡议。帕拉莫安迪诺项目是委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔和秘鲁的一项区域倡议，由全球环境基金资助，由安第斯地区可持续发展联合会执行。该项目旨在攻克养护生物多样性方面的主要障碍并保护帕拉莫地区的水文。安第斯生态系统水文监测倡议是一项区域倡议，旨在提供、改善和共享关于安第斯地区水文和全球变化影响的相关信息。", "89. 自2009年以来，发展与环境中心及其地方和国际合作伙伴支持了塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦开展关于帕米尔-阿莱山脉的可持续土地管理的跨界倡议。这个由全球环境基金资助的倡议旨在解决中亚的重要淡水资源和生物多样性热点地区之一的土地退化和贫穷这两个相互关联的问题。", "90. 环境署继续领导的一个倡议通过促进《阿尔卑斯山公约》和《喀尔巴阡公约》与高加索、迪纳拉弧型地区和巴尔干地区等其他山区分享经验，以推动制定区域合作的法律框架。环境署在环境与安全倡议框架内，支持巴尔干边境地区的山区开展跨界合作。这项工作有助于地区稳定并改善环境。环境署还推动了关于迪纳拉弧型地区的具有法律约束力的协议的谈判工作。", "91. 国际山区综合开发中心在环境署的支持下，发起了神山神圣景观区域养护倡议。为在中国、印度和尼泊尔的神山神圣景观跨界倡议中实施养护和生态系统管理活动，制定了区域合作框架草案。运用了创新性和高度参与的方法，以便为区域合作提供政策有利环境、机构网络和知识库。", "供资机制", "92. 对世界银行在山区可持续发展方面的投资的初步投资组合进行的分析表明，2000-2010年期间全球投资额约为660亿美元。东欧、中亚和拉丁美洲获得的山区可持续发展投资以各约160亿美元领先，其次是东亚和太平洋地区，约为130亿美元。非洲和南亚获得的山区投资分别约为88亿和83亿美元，而在中东和北非，只有少量金额与山区可持续发展直接相关。", "93. 国际农业发展基金的一部分任务是资助经济增长、赋予政治权力、公民平等和减少山区人民的贫困。该基金支持发展创新型农村金融服务，如汇款资金机制，以及发展基于指数的天气保险和相关服务，这些服务正在山区等地进行试验和测试。", "五. 建议", "94. 自秘书长上一次就山区可持续发展问题向大会提出报告以来，在执行、宣传、机构加强和国际合作方面，取得了重大进展。尽管如此，仍然有许多工作要做，特别是考虑到当前的全球性挑战，包括气候变化、自然灾害、粮食和能源危机、水资源日益短缺、荒漠化、生态系统退化、生物多样性的丧失和迁移。虽然山区及其居民遭受了这些挑战带来的不成比例的影响，但寻求解决之道的过程或许会发现重大机遇。山区系统是实现长期可持续发展、减贫和向绿色经济过渡的重要基石。为了以符合《21世纪议程》第13章、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》和千年发展目标的方式努力处理这些挑战，大会不妨再次申明各国政府或可采纳的一些行动方针如下：", "1. 有关国际进程的建议", "(a) 继续努力，确保山区问题成为处理减贫、粮食安全、气候变化和对山区可持续发展至关重要的其他问题的发展议程和进程的优先事项；", "(b) 在相关情况下促进建立区域机制，以协调和统筹山区可持续发展跨界合作；并加强《阿尔卑斯公约》和《喀尔巴阡公约》等现有机制，推动交流经验教训；", "(c) 支持山区伙伴关系的协作努力，并鼓励有关政府、民间社会和私营部门机构在国家和区域一级积极参与；", "(d) 加大努力，保护山区生物多样性，并鼓励各利益攸关方开展合作，以便更有效地执行《生物多样性公约》秘书处关于山区生物多样性的工作计划；", "(e) 支持将山区问题更好地纳入政府间讨论，特别是在《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《联合国防治荒漠化公约》范畴内进行的关于气候变化和防治荒漠化问题的政府间讨论；利用山林的碳储存和固存潜力以及降低因森林砍伐和退化所产生的排放(降排)方案和降排加方案对山林的考虑；", "(f) 将山区可持续发展纳入绿色经济战略，确保体制安排到位，让山区社区受益于这些新出现的机会，保护山区资源面不受日益增加的需求的影响；", "(g) 促进政府、国际组织、非政府组织、研究机构和民间社会之间的交流与合作，以确保山区可持续发展问题在联合国可持续发展大会议程上占据突出位置；", "2. 政策建议", "(h) 鼓励继续保留已有的或设立新的全国委员会或类似的体制安排、机构和机制，以加强部门间协调和协作，促进山区可持续发展；", "(i) 鼓励民间社会和私营部门更多参与制订和执行与山区可持续发展有关的方案；", "(j) 鼓励制定和实施专门针对山区问题并能紧急应对当前面临的气候变化和粮价飞涨等挑战的战略、方案、政策和法律；通过双边、多边和南南合作以及权力下放的合作等非传统安排，支持发展中国家和经济转型国家；", "(k) 制定适应和减缓气候变化战略，同时考虑到山区环境和社区的具体情况；将这些战略纳入《联合国气候变化框架公约》的国家适应行动方案进程；", "(l) 加大对山区灾害风险管理的重视，特别是在落石、雪崩、冰湖溃决洪水、山体滑坡和气候变化影响方面；", "(m) 通过创新性管理办法、经改进的跨越行政边界的体制机制和为子孙后代保障水资源的前瞻性政治决定，促进养护和可持续利用日益稀缺的山区资源，特别是水资源；", "(n) 拟订战略、方案和政策，促进山区粮食安全，以便对山区社区受影响特别严重的粮价飞涨和相关挑战作出及时反应；", "(o) 加强公共服务，特别是卫生和教育部门，并改善山区的交通和通讯基础设施；", "(p) 支持教育、推广和能力建设方案，特别是在地方山区社区中，以在各级推进山区可持续发展；", "(q) 通过更有效地参与决策过程，确保土著人民的文化、传统和知识得到充分确认并纳入山区发展政策和规划；并确保对土地和自然资源的使用权和商定权利得到尊重；", "(r) 促进加强山区妇女在影响其社区、文化、生计和环境的规划和决策过程中的作用；", "3. 有关金融机制的建议", "(s) 增加全球、区域、国家和社区各级促进山区可持续发展的投资和供资水平，包括利用创新性财务机制和做法，如为环境服务付费和绿色经济带来的机会；", "(t) 促进和提供扶持性的有利环境，以发展来自山区的高品质产品和服务，作为改善生计和保护山区环境的一种手段，并鼓励私营部门更加积极地参与高品质山区产品的整个价值链，使山区社区更容易打入国内和国际市场；", "4. 有关提高认识的建议", "(u) 支持各级继续发展和实施关于山区可持续发展的交流、能力建设和宣传方案；充分利用每年12月11日国际山岳日提供的契机；", "(v) 加大努力，提高对气候变化影响以及山区面临的风险和危害的认识；", "5. 有关研究的建议", "(w) 支持在各级开展更多、更协调的研究工作，以更好地了解影响山区的变化的环境、经济和社会驱动因素，并促进从山区收集分类数据，作为作出采取适当政策和方案的知情决定的依据；", "(x) 在气候变化的背景下，加大力度，监测山区的冰川和径流模式，以评估未来的水供应情况并特别关注气候变化对干地山区生态系统的水文影响。", "[1] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告，1992年6月3日至14日，里约热内卢》，第一卷，《会议通过的决议》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.93.I.8和更正)，决议1，附件一，第13章。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目19(一)", "可持续发展:山区可持续发展", "页:1", "山区可持续发展", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第64/205号决议编写的,大会在该决议中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告山区可持续发展的状况。 报告叙述了国家和国际两级山区可持续发展的现状,包括全面分析今后的挑战,并就如何在现有政策范围内,包括联合国环境与发展会议通过的《21世纪议程》 第13章、可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划(约翰内斯堡执行计划)、千年发展目标和即将举行的联合国可持续发展大会范围内,继续促进并有效维持世界各地的山区发展提出建议供大会审议。 该报告由联合国粮食及农业组织与各国政府、联合国系统相关机构和其他组织合作编写。", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 1998年,大会通过第53/24号决议,宣布2002年为国际山岳年。 该决议鼓励各国政府、联合国系统和所有其他行动者利用这一年的机会来提高对山区可持续发展重要性的认识。 2003年,联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)编写了一份关于该年成就的报告,由秘书长转递给大会(A/58/134)。", "2. 2002年国际山岳年以《21世纪议程》第13章为基础,以山区问题为重点,致力于保护山区生态系统和改善山区人民的福祉。 这一年是实施第13章的长期而有效的行动的催化剂,它取得了很大成就,提高了人们对山区对生活的重要性以及改善山区环境和山区居民生计的必要性的认识。 这一年的活动支持建立了78个国家一级行动国家委员会,并加强了同山区问题利益有关者的伙伴关系,最终于2002年8月26日至9月4日在南非约翰内斯堡举行的可持续发展问题世界首脑会议上发起了山区可持续发展国际伙伴关系(山区伙伴关系)。", "3个 国际山岳年导致大会通过第57/245号决议,从2003年起将12月11日定为国际山岳日,并鼓励国际社会在该日在各级举办活动,以突出山区可持续发展的重要性。", " 4.四. 大会第59/238号、第60/198号和第62/196号决议决定,第六十届、第六十二届和第六十四届会议将分别在题为“可持续发展”的议程项目下审议与山区可持续发展有关的分项目。 秘书长在这两届会议上都向大会提交了题为“山区可持续发展”的报告(A/60/309、A/62/292和A/64/222)。", "5 (韩语). 本报告是根据大会第64/205号决议提交的,大会在该决议中请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于山区可持续发展执行情况的报告。 本报告由粮农组织与各国政府、联合国系统相关机构和其他组织合作编写。", "二. 背景和挑战", "6. 国家 人们日益认识到,山区作为地球大部分淡水的来源、丰富的生物多样性的储存地、人们喜爱的娱乐和旅游目的地以及重要的文化多样性、知识和遗产地区,是全球重要的脆弱生态系统。 山区占世界陆地面积的约四分之一,为世界约12%的人口提供生命支持,并为人类一半以上的人口提供基本的货物和服务。 然而,世界上许多最贫穷和粮食不安全的人生活在山区。 因此,有必要确保山区的生态健康并改善其经济和社会状况,这既是为了山区居民,也是为了生活在低地地区的人们。", "7. 联合国 自1992年联合国环境与发展会议通过《21世纪议程》以来,对山区生态系统和社区的重要性的认识已经提高,该议程有一章题为“管理脆弱的生态系统:山区可持续发展”。 [1] 国际山年期间,支持并维持山区生态系统的承诺和意愿得到强化,这一主题在各个层面的议程上越来越受重视。 2002年可持续发展问题世界首脑会议通过的《约翰内斯堡执行计划》第42段阐述了解决山区可持续发展问题所需要采取的行动。 这些措施同《21世纪议程》第13章一样,是山区可持续发展的总体政策框架。", "8. 联合国 尽管人们日益认识到山区问题并取得切实成果,但在按照千年发展目标减轻贫穷、避免环境退化和在山区实现可持续发展方面仍存在重大制约因素。", "9. 国家 国际山岳年已经过去了九年,但仍然存在许多挑战。 在日益全球化的世界上,山区社区及其环境仍然易受对水和其他自然资源日益增长的需要、旅游业的扩大、向外移徙的比例上升、冲突发生率过高以及工业、采矿和农业的压力所影响。 全球经济放缓,加上粮食价格飞涨,使饥饿和营养不良的人数急剧增加,山区人民特别容易受到粮食短缺的影响。 气候变化的威胁和后果提出了需要紧急关注和共同努力的新挑战。 山区显然需要更高水平的资金和投资,需要加强协调与协作,需要有一个更有利的环境,有更有利的法律、政策和机构。", "10个 将于2012年在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会为确保山区可持续发展在全球议程中占据突出位置、确保对此类发展重新作出政治承诺并审查山区议程,同时考虑到气候变化、日益严重的自然灾害、缺水、荒漠化以及粮食和能源危机等最新事态发展和当前全球挑战,提供了一个重要机会。", "11个 对山区商品和服务的需求正在稳步增长。 在绿色经济的背景下,新的投资机会正在出现,特别是在可再生能源和生态系统服务(例如,淡水和生物多样性保护)方面。 这些机会为经济发展提供了空间,但也给本已脆弱的环境和稀缺的资源增加了压力。 执行体制安排,确保社会、生态和经济资本的均衡发展,对于确保这些新机会有益,不会使山区社会和生态系统的退化永久化至关重要。", "三. 国家行动", "12个 国家一级的行动是山区可持续发展取得进展的关键因素。 描述各国开展的大量活动超出了本报告的范围。 以下各节提供了在国家一级所采取行动的一些实例和重点。", "非洲", "13个 在摩洛哥,在阿特拉斯高地(米德尔特省)的Outat分水岭的一个项目通过流域管理向主要的利害关系方提供了防治荒漠化的援助。 该项目由粮农组织执行,是西班牙资助的区域间方案的组成部分。 摩洛哥政府在粮农组织和山区伙伴关系秘书处的支持下,执行了一个改善反阿特拉斯山区花红花生产的项目。 该项目产生了关于生产和加工的技术、社会和经济方面的宝贵信息,以及对红花价值链的全面概述。", "14个 几内亚积极实施由全球环境基金供资的富塔·贾隆高地综合自然资源管理项目。 几内亚是区域项目协调股的所在地,29个项目试点点中有18个设在该国。 为所有试点地区制订了基线调查和流域管理计划,2011年秋季将启动与改善自然资源管理和加强当地生计有关的干预措施。", "亚洲", "15. 吉尔吉斯斯坦在全球环境基金、联合国环境规划署(环境署)和联合国大学的支助下,正在高帕米尔和帕米尔-阿莱山区开展可持续土地管理项目。 山区社区已收到小额赠款来减轻对环境的压力,包括土地退化和水土流失,并为野生动物养护提供资金。 许多国际组织和非政府组织一直与山区的地方市政当局合作,支持最近通过的“法律”(2009年)。", "16号. 2009年以来,中国在这一领域实施了若干计划和政策,已纳入林业发展第十二个五年计划,旨在提高森林覆盖率和森林碳吸收能力. 由主管部委和政府机构联合支助的主要国家计划和战略包括:自然森林保护方案第二阶段;北三层保护区发展方案;野生动物养护和自然保护区发展方案;将耕地改为森林和草地方案;以及综合农业发展方案。", "17岁。 2011年6月,由地震重建和恢复管理局在瑞典的资助和粮农组织的技术支助下,在巴基斯坦受地震影响地区实施的中期生计恢复项目圆满完成。 除了在整个受地震影响地区制定1 789个社区生计恢复计划以及扩大能力建设活动外,该项目还制定和实施了17个流域的综合和协作流域管理计划。 实地活动包括山体滑坡稳定、自然资源管理、生计改善和机构创新。", "18岁。 土耳其政府在粮农组织的财政和技术支助下于2008年发起的山区可持续发展项目于2010年12月成功完成。 随后,制定了战略文件,将山区可持续发展纳入国家规划进程的主流。 在地方一级,在马尼萨省的云特达吉山区实施了一个试点项目,以在具体的实地现实中试验和展示山区的可持续发展努力。", "欧洲", " 19. 19. 瑞士政府在国家和国际两级继续深入参与并致力于山区的可持续发展,包括通过为山区论坛和山区研究倡议提供资金。 瑞士仍然是山区伙伴关系的主要捐助者。 在筹备2012年联合国可持续发展大会时,瑞士已着手对自1992年联合国环境与发展会议以来在山区可持续发展方面取得的进展进行区域和全球评估。 瑞士将于2011年10月主办卢塞恩世界山区会议,会议期间将提交关于山区可持续发展的报告并讨论这一领域的未来挑战和机遇。 在担任《阿尔卑斯山公约》现任主席期间,瑞士旨在通过处理相关政治问题并引发辩论,促进整个阿尔卑斯山地区的合作。 政府将在2011年在全球南部和北部四个区域,包括瑞士的韦尔比耶,发起一个庆祝国际山日的新颖论坛,以建立促进山区可持续发展的创新公私伙伴关系。", "20号. 在波兰的苏台德山区,由于在粮农组织、全球环境基金、欧洲联盟委员会的EQUAL方案以及一些私人基金会的资助下,在过去5至6年里实施了重要项目来促进可持续山区发展的想法,当地非政府组织成功地与一些伙伴建立了真正的山区联盟,其中包括地方和区域政府、农业大学、山区文化中心以及国家和景观保护区。 这一联盟为该国其他山区省份树立了榜样。", "21岁 在意大利,欧洲联盟持续利用资金支持山区的研究和合作项目,促进了广泛问题的工作,主要是气候变化的影响、自然灾害、综合风险管理、气候防护空间规划、生态网络和可持续旅游业。 在国际一级,意大利继续参与山区伙伴关系的活动并向秘书处提供财政支助。 意大利发展合作支持山区的一些项目,例如由环境规划署和Ev-K2-CNR(意大利国家研究理事会)委员会联合执行的“高海拔环境研究”项目。 意大利坚决致力于确保山区在关键的国际进程中,包括在联合国可持续发展大会后得到充分关注。", "拉丁美洲", "22号. 自2009年以来,阿根廷山区可持续发展委员会在国内和国际上一直非常活跃。 建立了针对各山区对话的国家和省级山区平台,同时改进了与不同地区和省份的现有对话。 该委员会已经成立了地方和省级山区委员会,能够让安第斯山脉南部国家参与,加强与山区框架的区域联系和联合活动。 2011年6月,委员会同山区伙伴关系秘书处一道,与从事山区可持续发展工作的欧洲实体的代表一道,组织了一次安第斯南部国家国际讲习班。", "23. 联合国 厄瓜多尔正准备实施一个项目,加强安第斯可持续发展的参与性管理。 由全球环境基金资助的钦博拉索火山自然资源管理项目于2011年6月启动,全球环境基金国家委员会最近批准了安第斯高地生态系统碳和生物多样性项目的项目鉴定表,该项目由安第斯区域可持续发展联合会提出。 在粮农组织的技术支助下,正在马纳比省执行一个通过流域管理防治荒漠化和退化的项目,这是西班牙资助的区域间方案的一个组成部分。 2011年7月,由粮农组织资助的一个项目在山区伙伴关系秘书处的支持下在科托帕克西地区实施,成功开发了可持续山区农业农场模式和发展计划。", "24. 在危地马拉,森林奖励和小农林业和农林业增值奖励方案促进自然和人工山地森林提供的环境服务和公益的机制。 从2009年到2010年,12 482公顷的林地和39 919公顷的天然林在高地得到监督和认证。 危地马拉投资了6 978 114美元,鼓励森林管理,创造了48 000多份工作,约300个土著社区参与了这项工作。 危地马拉副总统赞同设立防止和打击非法砍伐的机构间委员会并执行一项旨在加强危地马拉高地森林管理的试验性行动计划。", "25岁 在秘鲁,一个多利益攸关方国家山区生态系统工作组于2011年启动了第二阶段的工作,在国家和国际两级实施许多方案。 Piura、Ancash、Apurimac和Cuzco地区政府正在实施适应气候变化的方案,而Piura、Ancash和Huánuco地区正在开展“Gran Ruta Inca”地区生物多样性可持续利用方案和当地作物品种当地长期保护项目。 秘鲁同厄瓜多尔和哥伦比亚一道,参与了阿普里马克和皮乌拉地区安第斯森林生态系统管理区域方案。", "26. 联合国 墨西哥政府正通过国家林业委员会,在世界银行和全球环境基金的财政支助下,开展一个项目,以提高支付上游流域和山区环境服务费用国家方案的效力,并增加提供能产生地方和全球效益的生态系统服务。 该项目还推动地方环境服务支付机制,由环境服务直接用户根据匹配资金计划提供财政支持。", "27个 智利在水、能源、矿物、旅游和为土著人民提供生计生境方面严重依赖山区生态系统。 为了建立一个由外交部推动的国家山区委员会,定于2011年9月为安第斯区域各国(阿根廷、多民族玻利维亚国、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)举办一次培训讲习班。 重点将放在融雪盖和冰川上,以及管理气候变化对环境和经济影响的政策需要上。", "四、结 论 国际行动", "A类. 专题举措", "生物多样性养护和山区生态系统", "28岁 2004年,生物多样性公约秘书处通过了关于山区生物多样性的工作方案。 在2010年于日本举行的第十次会议上,公约缔约方会议深入审查了本方案的执行情况,并说:(a) 工作方案成功地使国际山区界走到一起,并提高了机构和组织促进养护和可持续利用生物多样性的能力;(b) 截至2009年,约有14.4%的混合山区系统生物群落受到保护;(c) 国际山区日纪念活动以及许多区域和地方倡议正在提高人们对山区生物多样性重要性的认识。", "29. 国家 2010年,《喀尔巴阡山脉保护和可持续开发框架公约(喀尔巴阡山脉公约)关于养护和可持续利用生物多样性的议定书》生效。 为支持议定书的执行,欧洲联盟东南欧方案核准了“BIOREGIO Carpathians”项目。 环境署维也纳办事处是《喀尔巴阡山公约》临时秘书处,是奥地利-斯洛伐克跨界项目“阿尔卑斯喀尔巴阡山走廊”的合作伙伴,该项目旨在重建阿尔卑斯山与喀尔巴阡山之间的生态走廊。", "30岁。 全球山区生物多样性评估方案 国际促进山区生物多样性的养护和可持续利用政策。 2010年,该方案启动了关于山区生物多样性的门户网站,允许山区获得初级生物多样性数据。 2010年7月,本组织在瑞士举办了一次关于“山区生物多样性的功能意义”的国际会议。 在瑞士发展和合作署的支助下,方案为生物多样性公约缔约方大会第十次会议编写了一本关于“山区生物多样性和全球变化”的小册子。", "31岁 在第十次会议期间,山区伙伴关系秘书处组织了一次会外活动,以探讨更有效地执行山区生物多样性工作方案。 国际山区综合发展中心组织了两次会外活动,题为“在兴都库什-喜马拉雅地区不断变化的气候中应对山区生物多样性养护和管理的挑战”;以及“跨界合作保护生物多样性: 《生物多样性公约》的 \" 生态系统办法 \" 和适应气候变化的战略。", "32. 联合国 Ev-K2-CNR号 该委员会在意大利和巴基斯坦政府的资助下,在巴基斯坦北部成功启动了“卡拉科鲁姆中部国家公园和缓冲区的社会、经济和环境发展”项目。 该项目旨在支持地方当局和利益攸关方在公园及其缓冲区建设自然资源管理能力,重点是减贫。 委员会与卡拉科鲁姆国际大学、世界野生动物基金会、阿加汗农村支助方案以及若干地方和全国非政府组织合作。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 2010年,在俄罗斯科学院地理研究所主办的联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)人与生物圈山区小组加入了卡通斯基生物圈保护区和国际自然保护联盟-世界保护区委员会山区保护区网络,在阿尔泰举办了题为“阿尔泰-萨扬生态区域的气候变化和生物多样性互联互通”的国际讲习班。 讲习班通过了跨界阿尔泰-萨扬-拜加尔连接性养护管理倡议行动计划(俄罗斯联邦、哈萨克斯坦、中国和蒙古)。", "气候变化", "34. 国家 正如全世界冰川迅速退缩所揭示的那样,山区是气候变化的早期指标。 必须研究和监测山区的生物、物理和环境健康,以更好地了解、管理和减轻气候变化的不利影响。", "35. 联合国 Ev-K2-CNR号 委员会启动了高海拔环境研究站项目,以研究山区的气候和环境。 该项目的监测网络目前包括世界各地的14个站点。 珠穆朗玛峰南山最高自动气象站(8,000米)和昌里努普冰川上5700米的超冰川自动气象站的安装,通过研究气候对冰川动态的影响,包括大气中黑碳的影响,包括其对雪冰融化过程的影响,加强了喜马拉雅山脉的大气监测.", "36. (中文(简体) ). 2009年6月,山区研究倡议与德国观察组织和德国联邦环境署共同主办了由联合国气候变化框架公约秘书处在波恩举办的题为“山区适应:山区适应气候变化的当前方向和研究需要”的会外活动。 该倡议与山区伙伴关系、列支敦士登政府和瑞士发展和合作署合作,在框架公约缔约方会议第十五届会议期间组织了一次会边活动,以突出气候变化给山区带来的挑战。", "37. 联合国 DIVERSITAS全球山区生物多样性评估方案为欧洲委员会编写了一份关于气候变化对欧洲山区生物多样性的影响的报告。 报告概述了最近关于未来预期气候变化的文献,讨论了气候变化对山区生物多样性的影响并提出了适应措施的建议。", "38. 国家 高山环境全球观测研究倡议旨在建立并维持一个基于地点的网络,以长期监测气候变化对世界各地高山生态系统和生物多样性的脆弱影响。 该倡议在安第斯地区特别活跃,支持一个由10个地点组成的区域监测系统,以评估气候变化对安第斯高地生物多样性的影响。", "39. 联合国 山区伙伴关系秘书处积极促进提高对气候变化对山区所构成威胁的认识并便利其成员在这方面的工作。 瑞士发展和合作署在山区伙伴关系范围内为框架公约缔约方会议第十五届会议编写了一份关于“山区与气候变化——从理解到行动”的文件。 在缔约方会议第十六届会议期间,秘书处与成员国共同组织了两次会外活动,内容分别是:(a) 适应气候变化对山区的影响:地方和国家两级的创新办法;(b) 山区适应气候变化的区域办法。", " 40. 40. 2011年6月,粮农组织和山区伙伴关系秘书处组织了一次会议,与会者来自亚美尼亚、孟加拉国、不丹、哥伦比亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、莱索托、摩洛哥、尼泊尔、秘鲁、斯洛文尼亚、塔吉克斯坦、国际山区综合发展中心和《框架公约》秘书处,讨论关于山区的两个主要倡议:尼泊尔总理在2009年缔约方会议第十五届会议上宣布的尼泊尔政府的“山区倡议”,以便在《框架公约》秘书处内建立更强有力的山区问题政治游说;以及亚美尼亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦和塔吉克斯坦政府正式成立的山区内陆发展中国家集团。", "41. 国家 2011年6月,山区伙伴关系秘书处同国际山区综合发展中心一起得到世界银行的赠款,以支持一项关于山区气候变化影响、适应和发展的战略倡议。 该倡议将侧重于提高出席框架公约缔约方会议届会的国家代表团成员以及从事气候变化政策的政治家、科学家和从业人员对山区与气候变化之间关系的认识。 该倡议将增强各国代表团和专家谈判和调动国际支持的能力,以促使山区生态系统适应气候变化。", "42. 2010年12月,德国联邦环境、自然保护和核安全部宣布为环境署、联合国开发计划署(开发署)和国际自然保护联盟基于生态系统的适应方案,包括山区联合项目提供1 000万欧元的资金。 该方案的试验阶段将侧重于尼泊尔、秘鲁和乌干达的山区,为期四年(2011-2014年)。", "荒漠化", "43. 东帝汶 旱地山区生态系统占所有山区的三分之一以上,为这些地区提供了多达90%的淡水供应。 干旱山区的贫穷和粮食无保障情况似乎尤其严重。 此外,超过四分之一的世界生物多样性热点位于这些地点。 山区伙伴关系秘书处、《联合国防治荒漠化公约》秘书处和瑞士发展和合作署正在编写一份联合出版物,题为“高地和干地:干旱地区抗御力的源泉山区”,以引起人们更多关注,并宣传关于这些脆弱的干旱生态系统的可持续山区发展议程。", "44. DESIRE是一个综合研究项目,由欧洲联盟第六个框架方案(2007-2012年)资助的26个国际伙伴组成,为易受荒漠化影响的地区制定并测试了可持续土地管理战略。 位于地中海和世界各地的16个DESIRE地点中,有11个位于山区或丘陵地,荒漠化的威胁因退化和侵蚀而加剧。 作为DESIRE项目的一部分,伯尔尼大学发展和环境中心制订了一种参与性方法,根据当地情况确定、评价和选择最有希望的可持续土地管理战略。", "山地取水", "45. 国家 山区水资源受到越来越大的压力,对山区和低地都有严重影响。 世界各地正在通过各种活动、科学出版物和研究方案,更加注意这一关键问题,但必须作出更协调一致的努力来应对水质和供水方面的日益严重的挑战。", "46. 经常预算: 国际山区综合发展中心被亚太水论坛指定为亚洲山区水管理亚太知识中心。 该中心还是阿布扎比对话知识论坛关于喜马拉雅水问题的知识伙伴。 在世界银行的支持下,该中心发起了一个小额赠款研究方案,以分享大喜马拉雅地区河流水管理的利益。", "流域管理", "47. 国家 自2009年以来,由粮农组织牵头的全球流域管理经验审查的后续行动受到相当重视。 技术资料书《新一代流域管理方案和项目》和题为“为何投资于流域管理?” 的政策文件继续得到广泛传播。 全球审查提出的建议正在作为厄瓜多尔、危地马拉、毛里塔尼亚、摩洛哥、巴基斯坦和西非若干实地项目的一部分得到实施。", " 48. 48. 欧洲林业委员会山区流域管理工作组第二十七届会议于2010年4月在斯洛伐克共和国举行,题为“山区流域综合森林和水管理:经验和前景”。 工作组第二十八届会议将于2011年9月在土耳其举行,主题是“森林之水-森林取水”。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 国际山区综合发展中心正注重兴都库什-喜马拉雅地区流域综合管理做法的能力建设。 定期举办参与性综合流域管理国际培训班,并不断根据需要将新出现的专题纳入其中。 实施了社区分水岭计划的气候验证,重点是发展高海拔农业综合企业,将良好做法与推动绿色经济联系起来。 2011年3月,中心和粮农组织举办了一次讲习班,讨论在亚太区域实施和实地测试新一代流域管理技术的长期方案。", " 50. 50. 拉丁美洲流域管理技术合作网旨在提高流域管理能力,重点是交流经验、知识管理和跨国合作。 该网络继续在监测和促进拉丁美洲的合作行动和经验交流方面发挥关键作用。", "灾害风险管理", "51. 联合国 山区的灾害风险管理日益得到关注,特别是在气候变化的影响方面。 喜马拉雅山脉冰川湖溃决洪水和阿尔卑斯山岩石倒塌的风险越来越大,只是两个例子.", "52. (中文(简体) ). 吉尔吉斯斯坦中亚山区伙伴关系开展的自然灾害风险综合管理项目,使生活在试点村庄的山区社区能够更好地防备自然灾害,获得建造桥梁和水坝的新知识和技能。", "53. 联合国 由国际滑坡联合会及其伙伴组织的第二届世界滑坡论坛将于2011年10月在粮农组织总部举行。 本次重要的全球活动有25个专题会议,其重点是“将科学付诸实践”。", "54. 联合国 国际山区综合发展中心同世界气象组织(气象组织)合作,发起了一个区域洪灾信息系统方案,目标是通过减少喜马拉雅地区的洪灾脆弱性来尽量减少生命和财产损失。 中心和气象组织正共同努力,提高数据质量,有效收集和传播数据,并开展区域合作。", "土著人民问题", "55. 国家 由于社会经济和政治边缘化,生活在山区等较不利地区的土著群体是世界上最贫穷的群体。 然而,可以从它们管理和养护山区生态系统的方法和经验中吸取许多教训。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 世界山区人民协会的目标是使山区人民的声音和需要得到倾听。 它建议建立山区人民与国家决策者、供资机构和国际行为者之间互动和合作的区域中心。 协会还正在拟订全球宪章社区、领土和自然资源管理活动,并正在组织评估在实现《21世纪议程》第13章规定的目标方面取得的进展,以筹备2012年联合国可持续发展大会。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 设在秘鲁的Yachay Wasi是一个土著非政府组织,着重保护安第斯山脉的生物多样性,旨在使土著人民的声音在全球一级得到倾听。 2008年,亚恰伊·瓦西在完成了阿科马约和卡纳斯省四个湖泊循环环境项目第一阶段的恢复工作后,发起了“百万原生树木运动”。", "性别", "58. 联合国 山区妇女在整个发展中世界面临许多相同的挑战,但这些挑战由于海拔高地、地势陡峭和与世隔绝而进一步加剧。", "59. 妇女促进农业和自然资源管理变革组织实施了题为 \" 农村妇女领导 \" 的项目,以加强各级农村组织妇女领导人的作用和发言权,并促使有代表性的妇女农民组织参与国家、区域和全球各级的战略政策对话和谈判。 迄今为止,该项目已培训了35名尼泊尔农民和30名菲律宾农民的领导;这些领导又培训了200多名农村妇女。", "60. 联合国 国际山区综合发展中心就与性别、适应气候变化和发展有关的各种问题举办了若干活动。 喜马拉雅地区的主要问题之一是,由于大量男性移民,山区农业的女性人数日增,增加了妇女的工作量和劳动。", "环境服务付费", "61. 国家 鉴于山区资源的全球重要性,山区具有部署创新筹资机制的巨大潜力,包括支付环境服务计划的费用。", "62. 联合国 自2009年以来,阿尔贝丁裂口保护协会与美国世界野生生物基金、剑桥大学和各地方机构合作,努力评估来自乌干达、刚果民主共和国和卢旺达之间跨界地区的大维龙加地区的环境产品和服务库存。 该小组绘制出一系列地图,说明四种主要生态系统服务的分布和相关性:水产量;碳固存;木材和非木材森林产品;旅游业。 这些成果清楚地表明了维龙加大面积地区(包括维龙加火山和鲁文佐里山脉)高海拔自然生态系统在为低地提供环境惠益方面的重要性。", "63. 国家 吉尔吉斯斯坦新推出的草地票是一种创新的环境服务工具,取代了原有的牧场租赁制度,即现在以牲畜单位而不是以公顷支付牧场使用费。 牧场票是农民根据季节性牧场的能力调节牲畜数量的一种经济工具,因此可以防止牧场退化。", "高质量山区产品", "64. (中文(简体) ). 高品质山地产品的推广,加工和销售,对改善世界各地山地社区居民的生计日益重要.", "65. 国家 2011年,粮农组织和山区伙伴关系秘书处就厄瓜多尔科托帕克西地区的一个项目出版了一本关于安第斯作物有机生产的手册,提供了关于不使用化学品的传统和创新性种植技术的技术信息。 该项目表明,传统山地产品不仅有助于家庭粮食安全、健康和均衡的饮食,而且如果在适当的市场销售,也能大大增加家庭收入。 在摩洛哥,由于粮农组织-山区伙伴关系关于上述红花价值链的项目,印发了一份关于种植红花的良好做法的技术手册。", "旅游业", "66. (中文(简体) ). 山区旅游业是潜在的长期收入来源,可以产生积极的影响,也可以用于养护和分享利益。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 世界旅游组织已制定一套指标来协助管理人员就山区环境所特别关注的问题作出知情决定,这些问题包括动植物的丧失或退化、侵蚀、水质和旅游业的经济效益。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 2011年,在世界旅游组织的协助下,《喀尔巴阡山公约可持续旅游议定书》草案得到拟订,并在喀尔巴阡山公约缔约方大会第三届会议期间得到通过和签署。", "政策和法律", "69. (中文(简体) ). 由全球环境基金资助的富塔贾隆高地综合自然资源管理项目由非洲联盟、粮农组织和环境署共同实施。 该项目涉及西非的八个国家(冈比亚、几内亚、几内亚比绍、马里、毛里塔尼亚、尼日尔、塞内加尔和塞拉利昂)。 该项目的一个重要组成部分是通过建立跨界自然资源管理合作的区域法律和体制框架,以及在参与国内调整和统一养护法来减轻土地退化的原因和负面影响。", "70. 自1991年以来,欧洲山区当选代表协会一直促进区域和地方决策者参与制定欧洲山区问题政策,特别是与区域、环境和运输事项有关的问题。 其主要目的是确保在欧洲联盟的政策中反映和考虑到山区的具体情况。 协会目前包括来自10 000个城市、100个省份和来自11个国家成员的50个地区的成员。 该协会还参加了一些欧洲项目。", "学历", "71. 联合国 山区伙伴关系秘书处、教科文组织和意大利都灵大学农业学院于2007年启动了山区可持续管理研究和训练国际方案。 培训方案由皮德蒙特地区政府、地方当局、安第斯地区可持续发展联合会、国际山区综合发展中心和瑞士发展和合作署资助。 2010年,培训课程侧重于保护山区生物多样性,2011年侧重于自然灾害和灾害风险管理。 每年约有30名来自发展中国家的专家接受培训。", "72. 教科文组织在比利时弗拉芒政府的资助下为山区国家编写了一套教学资料。 该工具包针对世界各国山区的学校教师和中学学生。 它为环境教育提供了创造性的方法,旨在激发学生的好奇心并更好地传播科学信息和环境知识。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 中亚大学已设立山区社会研究中心,专门通过对物质、社会、经济和文化资产可持续发展和管理的研究,支持和提高山区社会的复原力和生活质量。 中心的研究金方案建立了中亚进行研究的能力,以便为促进可持续山区发展的政策和做法提供信息。", "74. 国家 苏格兰珀斯学院山地研究中心自2009年以来担任教科文组织山区可持续发展教席的东道主,自2004年以来在管理山区可持续发展方面开设了在线科学硕士。 在这一经验的基础上,中心正与亚洲各机构合作开发硕士级课程。", "研究", "75. 国家 2011年,在山区伙伴关系秘书处的协作下,磁共振研究所推动开发和支持一个科学家网络,重点是撒哈拉以南非洲山区全球变化研究,为政府间气候变化问题小组、联合国可持续发展大会和联合国气候变化框架公约、生物多样性公约和联合国防治荒漠化公约缔约方会议第五次评估报告编写前的活动做出贡献。 在瑞士发展和合作署的支持下,山区研究倡议促成粮农组织和比勒陀利亚大学达成协议,为非洲山区全球变化研究网络设立一个协调单位。", "76. 教科文组织通过其人与生物圈方案,继续执行其世界性项目,题为 \" 山区地貌的全球变化 -- -- 制定山区生物圈保护区的适应战略 \" 。 该项目研究包括气候变化在内的全球变化在生物多样性、水资源供应、土地使用变化和山区经济等领域的主要驱动因素和影响。 结果将使人们更好地了解变化将如何影响山区环境和生计。", "77. 国家 山区研究中心协调了欧洲环境局对欧洲山区的综合评估,该评估于2010年9月发表。 该中心在苏格兰组织了一次关于全球变化和世界山区问题的国际会议,来自60个国家和五大洲的450名与会者参加了会议。 中心还负责报告题为 \" 欧洲地理特点和发展潜力 \" 的两年期项目,该项目由欧洲领土发展和团结观察网提供资金,目的是提供一个连贯的框架,说明过去的趋势,并勾画今后领土政策和区域发展的地理特点的潜在发展。", "78. 国家 山区研究倡议举办了两个综合讲习班,一个是关于气候变化和山区水资源,另一个是关于山区粮食安全驱动因素。 这些讲习班正在筹备进一步讨论:山区的城市增长;山区人与自然结合的系统的复原力建设;山区生态系统服务的脆弱性和管理。", "79. 联合国 中国科学院同 \" 山区研究倡议 \" 一道,制定并推广了 \" 三极环境 \" 这一国际项目,其重点是调查全球变化对青藏高原及其周围山脉的性质和影响。 自2009年以来,该学院每年举办“第三极环境”讲习班,以制定战略科学计划,组织该区域和欧洲所有国家的团体开展研究工作。", "80个 2010年,教科文组织山区小组人和生物圈方案发起了由俄罗斯科学院西伯利亚分会研究机构、伙伴大学和生物圈保护区组成的联合体,目的是在当前全球变化的背景下制定跨界阿尔泰-萨扬-拜卡尔生态区域的可持续发展和景观多样性保护战略。 这项研究是根据同哈萨克斯坦、中国、蒙古的区域研究机构和包括开发计划署、国际山区综合发展中心和国际自然保护联盟在内的若干国际机构的伙伴关系安排进行的。", "通信和联网", "81个 山区论坛是一个通过分享信息和知识来促进可持续山区发展的全球网络。 在区域网络(亚太、InfoAndina和欧洲山区论坛)的支持下,论坛目前为7 000多名个人成员提供服务,提供了5 600多条数字资源。 论坛还支持全球山区社区,充当信息交流所并为其提供用户对话的平台。 最近的电子论坛涉及安第斯地区水文环境服务的利益分享机制。 安第斯区域可持续发展联合会的一个方案InfoAndina目前支持执行关于气候变化、水管理和农村创新的若干政策对话。", "82. 2010年,国际山区日的主题是“山地少数群体和土著人民”,强调了这些社区面临的威胁,但也承认它们为克服饥饿和营养不良、生物多样性丧失和气候变化等全球挑战作出了宝贵贡献。 2011年国际山地日将侧重于山地森林,并将与国际森林年相挂钩。", "83个 国际同行评审季刊《山区研究与发展》汇集了研究结果并验证了发展经验,从而增进了对山区可持续发展关键问题的了解。 自2009年起,该期刊在网上提供,所有用户均可公开查阅. 该期刊还制作了专题特刊,包括不断变化的世界中的山区森林、农业生物多样性以及保护区的管理工具和方法。 该期刊编辑部是伯尔尼大学发展与环境中心的一部分.", "第八十四会. 2010年11月在哈萨克斯坦举行了2010年中亚山区伙伴关系论坛,题为“中亚山区社区与气候变化——行动呼吁:从地方角度看待全球挑战”的学习和知识共享活动。 来自中亚、欧洲和拉丁美洲的100多名与会者聚集一堂,代表了各种利益攸关群体。", "B. 伙伴关系、跨界合作和筹资机制", "联合国可持续发展大会", "85. 山区伙伴关系的成员,包括意大利和瑞士政府、粮农组织、世界银行、环境规划署和国际山区综合发展中心正在共同努力,以提请人们注意山区生态系统和山区人民在联合国可持续发展大会进程中的意见。 这些组织已组成一个战略联盟,使山区伙伴关系成为向绿色增长转变的推动者,并确保对山区可持续发展作出新的政治承诺。 关于自1992年由瑞士政府发起的联合国环境与发展会议以来在山区可持续发展方面取得的进展的区域调查结果和全球评估,以及“鲁塞内世界山区会议”的成果,将纳入会议的筹备进程。", "伙伴关系", "86号. 山区伙伴关系的成员越来越多,目前有180多个成员,包括各国政府、政府间组织和主要群体。 2008年,山区伙伴关系秘书处开始了权力下放进程,为其成员提供更有效的服务和支持。 今天,秘书处由粮农组织分别设在罗马(中央中心)、秘鲁安第斯区域可持续发展联合会(拉丁美洲中心)、尼泊尔国际山区综合发展中心(亚太中心)和吉尔吉斯斯坦中亚大学(中亚中心)的中央和分权中心以及环境署在维也纳所主持的环境参考中心组成。", "跨界合作", "87个 2003年,在国际山年和比什凯克全球山岳峰会后,成立了由吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦41个山地村庄组成的中亚山区社区联盟。 联盟旨在通过能力发展和其成员之间以及世界各地山区社区网络内部交流经验来改善山区生计。", "88. 阿根廷、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔和秘鲁联合起来,促进安第斯区域的区域发展办法。 这些国家共同在山区伙伴关系范围内发起了安第斯倡议。 帕拉莫-安迪诺项目是委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔和秘鲁的一项区域倡议,由全球环境基金供资,由安第斯区域可持续发展联合会执行。 该项目旨在克服保护生物多样性和保护帕拉莫地区水文的主要障碍。 安第斯生态系统水文监测倡议是一项区域性工作,旨在生成、改进和分享与安第斯水文和全球变化所产生影响有关的信息。", "89. 国家 自2009年以来,发展和环境中心及其地方和国际伙伴一直支持塔吉克斯坦和吉尔吉斯斯坦在帕米尔-阿莱山区开展可持续土地管理跨界倡议。 该倡议由全球环境基金资助,旨在解决中亚重要的淡水来源和生物多样性热点之一范围内的土地退化和贫困的相互关联问题。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 环境署继续牵头开展一项举措,以与高加索、迪纳里克弧和巴尔干等其他山区分享《阿尔卑斯山脉公约》和《喀尔巴阡山脉公约》的经验为基础,为区域合作法律框架的发展提供便利。 在环境与安全倡议的框架内,环境规划署支持巴尔干边境地区山区的跨界合作。 这项工作有助于该区域的稳定和环境的改善。 环境署还推动谈判一项具有法律约束力的迪纳里克弧协定。", "91. 联合国 国际山区综合开发中心在环境署的支持下,发起了 \" 凯拉什圣地保护倡议 \" 。 为在中国、印度和尼泊尔跨界凯拉什圣地倡议范围内开展养护和生态系统管理活动制定了区域合作框架草案。 采取了创新和高度参与性的办法,为区域合作创造一个有利的政策环境、机构网络和知识基础。", "筹资机制", "92. (中文(简体) ). 世界银行对山区可持续发展投资的初步投资组合分析显示,2000-2010年期间全球投资约为660亿美元。 东欧、中亚和拉丁美洲对可持续山区发展的投资居于领先地位,各投资约160亿美元,紧接着在东亚和太平洋投资约130亿美元。 非洲和南亚在山区的投资分别为88亿美元和83亿美元,只有少量资金直接用于中东和北非山区的可持续发展。", "93. 国家 为山区人民的经济增长、政治赋权、公民平等和减贫提供资金是国际农业发展基金任务的一部分。 基金支持发展创新的农村金融服务,如汇款融资机制和开发基于指数的天气保险和相关服务,这些保险和相关服务正在进行试点和测试,包括在山区。", "五. 建议", "94. 国家 自秘书长上次关于山区可持续发展的报告以来,在执行、提高认识、加强体制和国际合作方面取得了重大进展。 尽管如此,仍有许多工作要做,特别是鉴于当前的全球挑战,包括气候变化、自然灾害、粮食和能源危机、日益严重的缺水、荒漠化、生态系统退化、生物多样性丧失和移徙。 虽然山区及其居民受到这种挑战的影响不成比例,但寻找解决办法的机会也很大。 山区系统是长期可持续发展、减贫和向绿色经济过渡的重要基石。 大会在努力以符合《21世纪议程》第13章、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》和千年发展目标的方式应对这些挑战时,不妨重申各国政府可能采取的一些行动方针,例如:", "1. 联合国 与国际进程有关的建议", "(a) 继续努力,确保将山区问题列为减贫、粮食安全、气候变化等对山区可持续发展至关重要的发展议程和进程的优先事项;", "(b) 酌情促进建立协调和综合跨界合作区域机制,以促进可持续山区发展;加强诸如《阿尔卑斯山脉公约》和《喀尔巴阡山脉公约》等现有机制,并促进交流经验和教训;", "(c) 支持山区伙伴关系的协作努力,并鼓励有关政府、民间社会和私营部门机构在国家和区域两级积极参与;", "(d) 进一步努力保护山区生物多样性,并鼓励多方利益有关者合作,以更有效地执行生物多样性公约秘书处山区生物多样性工作计划;", "(e) 支持将山区问题更好地纳入政府间讨论,特别是结合《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《联合国防治荒漠化公约》讨论气候变化和防治荒漠化问题;利用山区森林的碳储存和固存潜力,并审议减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量(降排)和降排加方案;", "(f) 将山区可持续发展纳入绿色经济战略,确保做出体制安排,使山区社区能够从这些新出现的机遇中获益,并保护山区资源免受日益增加的需求;", "(g) 促进各国政府、国际组织、非政府组织、研究机构和民间社会之间的交流和合作,以确保山区可持续发展在联合国可持续发展大会的议程上占有突出地位;", "2. 政策建议", "(h) 鼓励继续现有的或设立新的国家委员会或类似的体制安排、机构和机制,以加强部门间协调与合作,促进山区可持续发展;", "(一) 鼓励民间社会和私营部门更多地参与制订和执行与山区可持续发展有关的方案;", "(j) 鼓励制定和执行专门处理山区问题并紧急应对当前挑战的战略、方案、政策和法律,包括气候变化和粮价飞涨;通过双边、多边和南南合作以及通过权力下放合作等非传统安排来支助发展中国家和经济转型国家;", "(k) 制定适应和减缓气候变化的战略,其中考虑到山区环境和社区的具体情况;将这些战略纳入《联合国气候变化框架公约》的《国家适应行动纲领》进程;", "(l) 加强对山区灾害风险管理的关注,特别是在岩石倒塌、雪崩、冰川湖溃决洪水、滑坡和气候变化的影响方面;", "(m) 通过创新的管理办法和改善跨越行政界限的体制机制以及前瞻性政治决定,为子孙后代保护这些资源,促进保护和可持续利用山区日益稀缺的资源,特别是水;", "(n) 为山区粮食安全制定战略、方案和政策,以便能够及时应对粮价飙升和相关的挑战,因为这些问题对山区社区的影响尤其严重;", "(o) 加强公共服务,特别是在卫生和教育部门,并改进山区的运输和通信基础设施;", "(p) 支持教育、推广和能力建设方案,特别是在地方山区社区,以推进各级山区可持续发展;", "(q) 通过更有效地参与决策进程,确保充分承认土著民族的文化、传统和知识并将其纳入山区的发展政策和规划,并尊重获得和商定的土地和自然资源权利;", "(r) 促进加强山区妇女在影响其社区、文化、生计和环境的规划和决策进程中的作用;", "3个 与资金机制有关的建议", "(s) 增加全球、区域、国家和社区各级对山区可持续发展的投资和供资水平,包括通过创新的金融机制和办法,如支付环境服务和绿色经济提供的机会;", "(t) 促进和提供有利和有利的环境,以开发山区优质产品和服务,以此来改善生计,保护山区环境,鼓励私营部门更积极地参与高质量山区产品的总体价值链,并增加山区社区进入国家和国际市场的机会;", " 4.四. 提高认识的建议", "(u) 组织事项 支持继续在各级制订和执行促进山区可持续发展的通信、能力建设和宣传方案,并充分利用每年由12月11日国际山日提供的机会;", "(五) 加强努力,提高对气候变化的影响以及山区面临的风险和危害的认识;", "5 (韩语). 研究建议", "(w) 支持加强和更好地协调各级的研究工作,以更好地了解影响山区的变化的环境、经济和社会驱动因素,并促使从山区收集分类数据,作为就适当政策和方案作出知情决策的基础;", "(十) 国家 在气候变化方面,加紧努力监测山区的冰川和径流模式,以便评估未来的供水情况并特别注意气候变化对旱地山区生态系统的水文影响。", "[1] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告,1992年6月3日至14日,里约热内卢》,第一卷。 1 《会议通过的决议》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.93.I.8和更正),决议1,附件一,第13章。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 72 of the provisional agenda*", "Report of the International Court of Justice", "Secretary-General’s Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice", "Report of the Secretary-General", "I. Introduction", "1. The present report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 16 of the Revised Terms of Reference, Guidelines and Rules of the Secretary-General’s Trust Fund to Assist States in the Settlement of Disputes through the International Court of Justice (A/59/372, annex), and is subsequent to the report submitted to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (A/65/309) under the agenda item entitled “Report of the International Court of Justice”.", "II. Mandate", "2. The Trust Fund was established in 1989 under the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, following consultations with the President of the International Court of Justice. In accordance with the Revised Terms of Reference, financial assistance is to be provided to States for expenses incurred in connection with: (a) a dispute submitted to the Court by way of a special agreement, on the basis of Article 36, paragraph 1, of its Statute; (b) a dispute submitted to the Court by way of an application on the basis of Article 36, paragraphs 1 and 2, of its Statute, provided certain conditions are fulfilled (see A/59/372, annex, para. 6 (ii)); or (c) the execution of a judgment of the Court.", "III. Beneficiaries", "3. Subject to the requirements of paragraph 6 of the Revised Terms of Reference, an application for financial assistance from the Fund may be submitted by any State Member of the United Nations, any other State party to the Statute of the International Court of Justice or any State not party to the Statute of the Court having complied with Article 35, paragraph 2, of the Statute.", "4. During the period under review (1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011), the Fund did not receive any applications.", "IV. Contributions", "5. Voluntary contributions to the Fund may be made by States, intergovernmental organizations, national institutions and non-governmental organizations, and by natural and juridical persons.", "6. During the period under review, Finland made the following contribution to the Fund:", "State Amount (United States Financial year dollars)", "Finland 13 720.00 2010", "Total 13 720.00", "7. As of 30 June 2011, the total balance of the Fund was $891,205.79. This amount excludes awards that have already been paid.", "V. Needs assessment", "8. The Charter of the United Nations, in Article 1, paragraph 1, recognizes the settlement of international disputes “by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law” as one of the basic purposes of the United Nations and as an essential tool for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Court is the principal judicial organ of the Organization. As noted above, the Fund was created with a view to facilitating a decision by parties to a dispute to seek judicial settlement of their dispute through the Court. As noted in my previous reports, despite numerous appeals, the Fund has had a decreasing level of resources since its inception. While I am grateful to the Member State that contributed to the Fund during the period under review, I also note that the number of contributions remains very low. Thus, I strongly urge all States and other relevant entities to give serious consideration to making contributions to the Fund, substantially and on a regular basis.", "VI. How to contribute", "9. Voluntary contributions to the Fund can be made by bank transfer or by cheque. Cheques should be to the order of the United Nations General Trust Fund, indicating “ICJ Trust Fund (TJA)” in the reference field, and sent to:", "United Nations Treasury", "380 Madison Avenue", "New York, N.Y. 10017", "United States of America", "Attention: Room No. M-19000", "For bank transfer details, please contact the United Nations Treasury (tel: + 1 212 963 5801; fax: 1 212 963 2086).", "10. For any additional information, please contact the Office of the Legal Counsel, Office of Legal Affairs (tel: + 1 212 963 5377; fax: + 1 212 963 6430)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目72", "国际法院的报告", "秘书长关于协助各国通过国际法院解决争端的信托基金", "秘书长的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 本报告根据《秘书长关于协助各国通过国际法院解决争端的信托基金的订正职权范围、准则和规则》(A/59/372，附件)第16段的规定提交，是在题为“国际法院的报告”的议程项目下向大会第六十五届会议提交的报告(A/65/309)的后续。", "二. 任务", "2. 1989年，根据《联合国财务条例和细则》，经与国际法院院长协商后，设立了本信托基金。根据《订正职权范围》，基金向各国提供财政援助以支付下列相关费用：(a) 根据《规约》第三十六条第一款，依照特别协定将某一争端提交国际法院的费用；(b) 根据《规约》第三十六条第一和第二款，以申请书向法院提交争端的费用，但必须符合某些条件(见A/59/372，附件，第6㈡段)；或(c) 执行法院判决的费用。", "三. 受益人", "^(*) A/66/150。", "3. 联合国任一会员国、《国际法院规约》的任何其他当事国或遵守《规约》第三十五条第二款规定的法院《规约》的任一非当事国，均可申请资助，但需符合《订正职权范围》第6段的规定。", "4. 在本报告所述期间(2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日)，基金没有收到任何申请。", "四. 捐助", "5. 国家、政府间组织、国家机构和非政府组织以及自然人和法人均可向基金提供自愿捐助。", "6. 在本报告所述期间，芬兰向基金提供了捐助：", "国家 数额(美元) 财政年度", "芬兰 13 720.00 2010", "共计 13 720.00", "7. 截至2011年6月30日，基金余额总额为891 205.79美元。该数额不包括已支付的资助。", "五. 需求评估", "8. 《联合国宪章》第一条第一项确认，“以和平方法且依正义及国际法之原则”解决国际争端是联合国的基本宗旨之一，也是维持国际和平与安全的重要手段。法院是本组织的主要司法机关。如上所述，建立基金是为了促使争端当事国决定通过国际法院寻求司法解决争端。我在以前的报告中提到，尽管多次发出呼吁，但基金资源数额自成立以来逐渐减少。我感谢在本报告所述期间向基金提供捐助的会员国，但我也注意到，捐款数额仍然很低。因此，我大力促请所有国家和其他相关实体认真考虑向基金定期提供大笔捐助。", "六. 捐助方法", "9. 向基金提供自愿捐助可以通过银行转账或采用支票方式。支票抬头请写“联合国普通信托基金”，注明捐款给“ICJ Trust Fund(TJA)”，并寄至：", "United Nations Treasury", "380 Madison Avenue", "New York, N.Y. 10017", "United States of America", "Attention: Room No. M-19000", "如需了解银行转账详情，请与联合国金库联系(电话：＋1 212 963 5801；传真：1 212 963 2086)。", "10. 如需进一步资料，请与法律事务厅法律顾问办公室联系(电话：＋1 212 963 5377；传真：＋1 212 963 6430)。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目72", "国际法院的报告", "秘书长协助各国通过国际法院解决争端信托基金", "秘书长的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本报告是根据《秘书长关于协助各国通过国际法院解决争端的信托基金的订正职权范围、准则和规则》(A/59/372,附件)第16段提交的,是在题为 \" 国际法院的报告 \" 的议程项目下向大会第六十五届会议提交的报告(A/65/309)后提交的。", "二. 任务", "2. 联合国 信托基金是根据《联合国财务条例和细则》于1989年同国际法院院长协商后设立的。 根据订正职权范围,应向各国提供财政援助,以支付与下列事项有关的费用:(a) 根据《规约》第三十六条第一款,以特别协定方式向法院提交的争端;(b) 根据《规约》第三十六条第一款和第二款,以申请书方式向法院提交的争端,但须满足某些条件(见A/59/372,附件,第6(二)段);(c) 执行法院的判决。", "三. 受益人", "3个 在符合《订正职权范围》第6款要求的情况下,任何联合国会员国、《国际法院规约》的任何其他缔约国或遵守了《规约》第三十五条第二项的任何非《法院规约》缔约国可申请基金提供财政援助。", " 4.四. 在本报告所述期间(2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日),基金没有收到任何申请。", "四、结 论 捐款", "5 (韩语). 各国、政府间组织、国家机构和非政府组织以及自然人和法人可向基金提供自愿捐助。", "6. 国家 在本报告所述期间,芬兰向基金捐款如下:", "数额(财政年度美元)", "芬兰 13 720.00 2010", "共计", "7. 联合国 截至2011年6月30日,基金余额为891 205.79美元。 这一数额不包括已经支付的赔偿金。", " V. 需求评估", "8. 联合国 《联合国宪章》第一条第一项确认“以和平方法并依正义及国际法原则”解决国际争端是联合国的基本宗旨之一,也是维持国际和平与安全的基本工具。 法院是联合国的主要司法机关。 如上所述,设立该基金是为了便利争端各方决定通过法院寻求司法解决争端。 如我前几次报告所述,尽管多次发出呼吁,基金自成立以来的资源水平已经下降。 尽管我感谢在本报告所述期间向基金捐款的会员国,但我也注意到捐款数量仍然很低。 因此,我强烈敦促所有国家和其他相关实体认真考虑向基金定期提供大量捐款。", "六、结 论 如何捐款", "9. 国家 对基金的自愿捐款可通过银行转账或支票方式提供。 支票应按联合国普通信托基金的顺序,在参考领域注明“ICJ信托基金”,并送交:", "联 合 国 财务处", "麦迪逊大道380号", "纽约,N.Y.10017", "美利坚合众国", "注意:M-19000室", "关于银行转账详情,请与联合国财务处联系(电话:1 212 963 5801;传真:1 212 963 2086)。", "10个 详情请洽法律事务厅法律顾问办公室(电话:+ 1 212 963 5377;传真:+ 1 212 963 6430)。" ]

[ "Letter dated 17 August 2011 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001) concerning counter-terrorism addressed to the Secretary-General", "I have the honour to refer to Security Council resolution 1963 (2010) and to submit to the Security Council, for its consideration, the updated global survey of the implementation of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) (see annex).", "The survey was prepared by the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate on the basis of information available as at May 2011. It provides an assessment of the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) in regions and subregions, and draws conclusions about progress in the implementation of the resolution in key thematic areas.", "In the survey, the evolution of risks and threats and the impact of implementation are assessed. Gaps in the implementation of the resolution are identified and new practical ways to implement the resolution are proposed.", "I should be grateful if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) H. S. Puri Chair Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001) concerning counter-terrorism and President of the Security Council", "Annex", "Global survey of the implementation of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) by Member States", "Contents", "Page\nAbbreviations 3\nI.Introduction 4II. Assessment 8 by \nregion \nA.Africa 8\nNorthAfrica 8\nEastAfrica 12\nSouthernAfrica 15West 20 and \nCentralAfrica \nB.Asia 25East 25 \n Asia Pacific 28 \nIslands South-East 32 \n Asia South 36 \n Asia Central 40 Asia and the \nCaucasus Western 44 \n Asia C. Latin 49 \nAmerica Central 49 America and \ntheCaribbean South 53 \nAmerica D.Europe 56 and North \nAmerica \nSouth-EasternEurope 56\nEasternEurope 60WesternEuropean,North 65 American \nandotherStates III. Assessment 71 by thematic \n area \nA.Legislation 71B. Counter-financing 73 of \nterrorism C.Law 76 \nenforcement D.Border 79 \ncontrol E. International 83 \ncooperation F. Human 86 \nrights \nAnnex Keycounter-terrorism 89 \ninstruments", "Abbreviations", "ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations \n ASEANAPOL ASEAN Association of Heads of Police \n CIS Commonwealth of Independent States \n CODEXTER Council of Europe Committee of Experts on Terrorism \n CSTO Collective Security Treaty Organization \n ECCAS Economic Community of Central African States \n ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States \n Eurojust European Union Judicial Cooperation Unit \n Europol European Police Office \nFrontex\tEuropean Agency for the Management of OperationalCooperation at the External Borders of Member States\n GCC Gulf Cooperation Council \n ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization \n IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development \n ILO International Labour Organization \n IMF International Monetary Fund \n IMO International Maritime Organization \n INTERPOL International Criminal Police Organization \nISPS Code\tInternational Ship and Port Facility Security Codeof the 1974 Convention on Safety of Life at Sea(“SOLAS”) Convention\n MOWCA Maritime Organization of Western and Central Africa \n NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization \n OAS Organization of American States \n OSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe \nPIANGO\tPacific Islands Association of Non-GovernmentalOrganizations\n SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation \n SADC Southern African Development Community \n SOLAS Convention on Safety of Life at Sea (“SOLAS”), 1974 \nUNHCR\tOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees\n USAP Universal Security Audit Programme of ICAO \n WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union \n WCO World Customs Organization \nWCO SAFE\tWCO Framework of Standards to Secure and FacilitateGlobal Trade", "I. Introduction", "1. This present global survey of the implementation of Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) by Member States was prepared by the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate, pursuant to the request of the Security Council in its resolution 1963 (2010), that the Committee Executive Directorate update the previous survey, issued in November 2009 (S/2009/620).", "2. The Council also stated in its resolution 1963 (2010) its intention to convene, on 28 September 2011, a special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee, open to the wider United Nations membership, to commemorate the tenth anniversary of the adoption of resolution 1373 (2001). Linking the present survey to the discussions to be held at that meeting, the Council requested that it be prepared by 30 June 2011.", "3. The Council further requested that, in addition to recording the state of implementation of resolution 1373 (2001), the survey should also assess the evolution of risks and threats, region by region; identify gaps in implementation; and propose ways to address those gaps.", "4. The survey relies on data compiled on the basis of information and updates provided by Member States; reports on country visits (in the case of the more than 60 States visited by the Committee); regional workshops; and information provided by international, regional and subregional organizations. The data are also recorded in the preliminary implementation assessments prepared by the Committee Executive Directorate for all 192 Member States. As with the previous versions, the present survey was prepared by the experts of the Committee Executive Directorate, based on their professional judgement of the information available as at April 2011.", "5. The survey focuses on the major thematic areas addressed by the resolution, notably: counter-terrorism legislation, the counter-financing of terrorism, law enforcement, border control and international cooperation. It also takes into account the protection of human rights, as relevant to the requirements of the resolution. The sections on law enforcement and border control in each region have generally been expanded from the 2009 survey, as experts have identified additional criteria by which to assess progress in these areas.", "6. Section II of the survey provides an assessment of the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001), broken down by region and subregion, as in the previous surveys. The regional and subregional divisions used for the survey do not necessarily reflect the economical and political groupings used by the United Nations or other international or regional organizations. Section II also provides an overview of the progress achieved, identifies regional strengths and vulnerabilities, and suggests areas where groups of States facing particular implementation difficulties might benefit from adopting a regional or subregional approach. This section of the survey includes some references to specific States that have made notable progress in certain areas. However, the fact that other States are not mentioned should not be understood to reflect negatively on their implementation.", "7. Section III provides the general standards and recommended practices that should be in place to give effect to the provisions of the resolution and presents general global trends in implementation of the resolution in key thematic areas. This thematic part might be more useful to the general reader, as it provides a more holistic picture of how the international community, in the broadest sense, has progressed in dealing with the challenge of terrorism since the adoption of the resolution.", "8. At the conclusion of each section, there are three priority recommendations for practical steps that Member States and the Committee and its Executive Directorate could take to strengthen implementation of the resolution in each subregion or thematic area. It is hoped that these recommendations will also be useful for other international organizations and bilateral donors working in the counter-terrorism field.", "9. A list of key counter-terrorism instruments is contained in the annex to the survey.", "General observations", "10. Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) fully retains its topicality and remains a key United Nations document in the field of counter-terrorism. In the 10 years since the adoption of resolution 1373 (2001), much progress has been made in this global effort. The resolution has brought increased solidarity and intensified dialogue among Member States concerning the threat posed by international terrorism and the means to confront it effectively. This positive trend has also benefited from the work of the other Security Council subsidiary bodies concerned with terrorism, as well as the adoption, in 2006, of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy by the General Assembly (resolution 60/288), and the related work of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force.", "11. As assessed by the most easily quantifiable measure — the rate of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments since the resolution’s adoption — Member States have clearly demonstrated increased political commitment to international cooperation. For example: whereas on 28 September 2001 a total of 50 States had signed the 1999 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism (hereinafter referred to as the Terrorist Financing Convention), and 4 had become States parties, by the end of 2001, an additional 82 States had signed the Convention, and 12 more had become States parties. As at 1 May 2011, the total number of States parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention stood at 173. To give another example: whereas on 28 September 2001 the number of States parties to the 1997 International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings was 28, by 1 May 2011, that number had increased to 164.", "12. Positive developments are also evident in other areas. Most States have now taken steps to criminalize terrorist acts in their domestic laws and regulations, in accordance with their obligations under the resolution and the relevant international instruments. Financial intelligence units and other mechanisms have been set up in many States to guard more effectively against terrorist financing. New systems of border security, such as enhanced cargo screening and the introduction in most States of machine-readable travel documents, as called for by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), have significantly complicated terrorists’ transnational activities. There is better information exchange between States, and it appears that mutual legal assistance now occurs more systematically. Many of these advances are due to the continuing commitment of bilateral donors, United Nations system agencies and others to providing technical assistance relevant to States’ implementation of the resolution.", "13. The progress of the last 10 years has resulted in a weakening of certain terrorist networks that have plagued the international community since September 2001. In some States, Al-Qaida has been driven further underground and some of its members successfully either prosecuted, convicted and sentenced or made the subjects of criminal proceedings. International cooperation has also aided prosecutions targeting other terrorist groups active in different regions of the world, including those on the Consolidated List of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and Associated Individuals and Entities. A heightened level of vigilance and effective police and intelligence work worldwide have thwarted a number of terrorist plots before they could be carried out and, in consequence, undoubtedly saved many lives.", "14. Nonetheless, the threat of terrorism remains high in many parts of the world. As some terrorist networks have been disrupted, others have altered their operational methods. For example, as the Monitoring Team of the Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee has observed, Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb has raised a considerable amount of money from kidnappings for ransom and also benefits from the growing use of smuggling routes in the Sahel by drug producers in South America (see S/2011/245). Some groups in South and Central Asia are also reported to be turning increasingly to arms and narcotics smuggling as revenue sources. Terrorist groups are also exploiting continued and (in some cases) increased instability in certain States, and this has enabled them to operate with less fear of disruption by Government authorities. Moreover, notwithstanding the death of Osama Bin Laden and the considerable disruption this will likely cause to the leadership of Al-Qaida, the organization remains a potent and dangerous force. This is due in part to its alliances with groups such as the Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb and Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula and to its continued capacity to inspire other groups and individuals to plan attacks in all regions of the world.", "15. A particular threat has arisen through increased use by terrorist groups and individuals of new information and communication technologies for recruitment, incitement and fund-raising, often across international borders. The Internet has proven to be a valuable terrorist tool because of the considerable technical and legal challenges involved in monitoring and regulating its content. A site that is blocked or disabled for allegedly illegal content can often be reactivated elsewhere on the Web within hours. The regulation of the Internet and other new communication technologies is necessarily constrained by the obligation of States to respect the right to freedom of expression, a cornerstone of international human rights law. However, resolution 1373 (2001) requires States to suppress terrorist recruitment, and the Security Council, in its resolution 1624 (2005), calls upon States to prohibit and prevent incitement to commit acts of terrorism. These issues will continue to pose challenges in the years to come.", "16. As the present survey demonstrates, gaps in international counter-terrorism efforts also remain in other areas of States’ implementation of resolution 1373 (2001). Full implementation of the obligation to bring terrorists to justice under the principle aut dedere aut judicare (extradite or prosecute) requires the adoption of implementing legislation in more States and a strengthened commitment to prosecute terrorism cases where extradition is not feasible. Some States need to strengthen their judicial systems further in order to conduct terrorism prosecutions in full accordance with the rule of law. The problem of securing porous land and sea borders remains a major challenge for many States, in large part due to resource constraints.", "17. Challenges also remain in the area of countering terrorist financing, including the need to monitor more effectively new payment methods, informal money and value transfer systems and the use of cash couriers. There is also a need to guard more effectively against the misuse of non-profit organizations while ensuring that regulation is proportionate to the risk and not arbitrarily applied.", "18. In virtually all regions, States continue to face challenges in ensuring the compliance of their counter-terrorism measures with all their obligations under international law, including international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law. Finally, many States face a range of other issues — such as competing developmental priorities, limited training opportunities and continuing pressure on Government budgets — that affect their level of progress achieved in implementing the resolution.", "19. In the 10 years since the adoption of resolution 1373 (2001), there has been increased recognition that, while law enforcement measures are at the heart of the resolution, effective responses will necessarily include other aspects of legal and social policy. Terrorism must be understood first as a crime, unjustifiable under any circumstances. However, it is also a manifestation of grievances, articulated in an inhuman, abhorrent and unacceptable manner. It must be confronted with resolute determination, not only by security bodies, but also by societies at large, through enhanced dialogue and broadened understanding among civilizations, awareness-raising of the suffering of victims of terrorism, and policies undertaken in many fields, including development, education, social integration and human rights. Prevention is critical, as recognized by the recent special meeting of the Counter-Terrorism Committee with international, regional, and subregional organizations, held in cooperation with the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, France, in April 2011.", "20. In this respect, it is significant that the Security Council, in its resolution 1963 (2010), encourages the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate to discuss with Member States, with their consent, the possible development of comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism strategies that include attention to the factors leading to terrorist activities, in accordance with their obligations pursuant to international law. Also relevant is the emphasis placed by the Council in resolution 1963 (2010) on the role that regional and subregional organizations can play in countering terrorism, in particular by enhancing the capacities of Member States fully to implement resolution 1373 (2001) and by facilitating the provision of technical assistance. Both these approaches will be essential to confronting the terrorism challenge.", "21. Although progress has certainly been made over the past decade, it is clear that a great deal remains to be done to make Member States and regions safe from the threat of terrorism.", "II. Assessment by region", "A. Africa", "North Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia)", "The Committee has visited five States of this subregion.", "General comments", "22. North Africa has suffered more than other African subregions from terrorism and has adopted a variety of approaches, both legal and operational, in response. All North African States have adopted legislative counter-terrorism measures. However, these measures often lack the precise definition of criminal behaviour set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments. This might raise concerns in relation to human rights and the rule of law. Counter-terrorism expertise has been acquired and innovative approaches adopted, whether to prevent further recruitment of potential terrorists or to counter radicalization that may lead to violence.", "23. Recent political and security developments in North Africa may lead some States to revisit current strategies, especially in order to ensure adherence to the rule of law and to address human rights concerns while also maintaining the region’s capacity to counter serious offences such as terrorism.", "24. As a general comment, law enforcement measures in the subregion could be better coordinated, particularly at the operational level, and should be subject to judicial oversight. Lengthy maritime and open land borders continue to pose challenges to border control.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "25. All visited States have introduced legislation giving their judicial, prosecutorial and law enforcement authorities the competences needed to counter terrorism. Penal codes, supplemented by special legislation, are primarily relied upon in bringing alleged perpetrators of terrorist offences before the courts. Terrorism-related prosecutions have been undertaken successfully in several States. However, some States continue to use an overly broad definition of terrorism and would be advised to codify terrorist offences into their domestic criminal law in accordance with the international counter-terrorism instruments. Such an approach is being taken by several visited States, which are introducing new legislation in order to strengthen compliance with their obligations under international human rights law. For example, in 2009, Tunisia amended Act No. 2003-75 criminalizing incitement to commit terrorist acts in order to separate “incitement to hatred” and “religious radicalization” from terrorist offences. Algeria recently lifted its state of emergency. Visited States have criminalized recruitment to commit terrorist acts and the provision of safe haven for terrorists, and have introduced operational measures to give effect to this. All visited States criminalize the use of their territories to commit or prepare terrorist acts against citizens, installations and diplomatic representatives of other States. They also consider any terrorist acts against these targets as acts against their own national security. However, States should criminalize acts committed against another State in the same way. In short, there is a need to domesticate the principle aut dedere aut judicare (extradite or prosecute), even when there is no immediate link with that State.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "26. States of the subregion have made progress since the previous survey, and all have anti-money-laundering laws in place. Tunisia amended its anti-money-laundering law in August 2009 and Morocco is currently revising its anti-money-laundering law. Although all States have established financial intelligence units, only Egypt has a unit that is fully operational and a member of the Egmont Group. The financial intelligence unit of Morocco received and processed its first suspicious transactions reports in October 2009. All States are parties to the 1999 Terrorist Financing Convention, but only some have criminalized the offence in accordance with the Convention. This may undermine their ability to cooperate effectively at the international level. Tunisia and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya have (in 2009 and 2010, respectively) extended customer due diligence, record-keeping and suspicious-transaction-reporting obligations to other designated non-financial businesses and professions, thereby enlarging the scope of anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism obligations. Asset-freezing provisions, although not fully in line with the requirements of the resolution, have been enacted in most States, and terrorist assets have been frozen successfully in some instances. Laws are in place to regulate charitable and non-profit organizations, but not all States have reviewed their legal frameworks to prevent the non-profit sector from being misused for the purpose of terrorist financing. Since the previous survey, Tunisia has amended its anti-money-laundering law to strengthen its prudential rules governing donations. Measures taken to control cross-border movement of currency are mostly designed to address exchange control concerns, not for anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism purposes.", "Law enforcement", "27. All States rely on internal regulations, issued by the Ministry of the Interior or other relevant ministries as a supplement to criminal codes, to regulate the work of their law enforcement agencies. Visited States have established specialized counter-terrorism units and institutional structures, and have the capacity to conduct investigations and make use of relatively advanced technologies. In visited States, there is a good level of inter-agency cooperation at the policy level, and this “cascades” down to operational levels. However, internal coordination, particularly for the exchange of information, is primarily conducted through meetings and personal contacts. There is a need to employ additional technological means to allow the exchange of real-time operational information. Apart from the regular meetings of the Council of Arab Ministers of the Interior, no regular and institutionalized exchange of operational information occurs at the subregional level. The establishment of a subregional office of the International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL) for North Africa would help improve cooperation among States of the subregion. Furthermore, there is a need for all States to strengthen judicial oversight of law enforcement activities in order to ensure respect for human rights in the investigation of terrorism-related cases and to prevent law enforcement officers acting with impunity. Recent developments in several States of the subregion were accompanied by changes to security structures. For example, both Egypt and Tunisia have dismantled their State Security Services, which had been accused of human rights violations in the context of countering terrorism. All States have taken steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives. Five States have ratified the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition (hereinafter referred to as the Firearms Protocol) supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.", "Border control", "28. Visited States have introduced measures to screen travellers and detect forged travel documents, including at international airports. Manual entry of information is still the practice at some border points. The security and integrity of the procedures for issuing identity papers and travel documents could be improved in several States. Most States of the subregion met the deadline of April 2010 set by ICAO for the introduction of machine-readable travel documents. All visited States use INTERPOL databases, and some are taking steps to extend them to border posts. A few States (e.g., Algeria, Egypt and Tunisia) have practical measures in place to detect incoming as well as outgoing cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments. Such measures include a declaration form, the obligation to report bearer negotiable instruments, and authorized seizure of cash by customs officials.", "29. All but one State are parties to the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 1951 (hereinafter referred to as the Refugee Convention) and its Protocol of 1967. Nonetheless, concerns have been raised by United Nations human rights mechanisms over the failure to respect fully the principle of non-refoulement. Measures to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders could be enhanced in all States, particularly on the southern borders. Algeria has sought to address this issue, adding a fourth brigade of border guards at Tamanrasset in 2009. Six States are parties to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (hereinafter referred to as the Trafficking in Persons Protocol) to the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and five States parties to the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air (hereinafter referred to as the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol). All but one has indicated an intention to implement the World Customs Organization (WCO) SAFE Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade and initiated that process. The Council of Maghreb Customs Cooperation was launched in April 2010, with a training centre established in Casablanca, the location of the Regional Intelligence and Liaison Office of WCO.", "30. Four States have implemented the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (2001) (hereinafter referred to as the Programme of Action on Small Arms). In 2010, all States of the subregion, except one, submitted an additional report to the United Nations on their implementation of the Programme of Action. With respect to maritime security, all visited States have implemented the International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code (an amendment to the Safety of Life at Sea “SOLAS” Convention of 1974). However, there are concerns regarding the irregularity of updates on implementation and testing of security measures and the observed gaps in the implementation of security practices at port facilities in visited States. Annex 17 and related security provisions of annex 9 to the 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) continue to be implemented in all States. In the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, the National Civil Aviation Security Programme was approved on 26 October 2009. Since the previous survey, Algeria, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Mauritania and Morocco have received second-cycle ICAO Universal Security Audit Programme (USAP) missions.", "International cooperation", "31. The level of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments in the subregion is relatively high. In 2010, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia became parties to one or more additional international instruments, with Algeria becoming the first State of the subregion to ratify all the instruments. However, as noted above, several States rely upon overly broad legal definitions of terrorism, which could present difficulties in respect of international cooperation. Enactment of laws on mutual legal assistance and extradition is still needed in almost all States. In general, States cooperate within the framework of the relevant institutions of the League of Arab States, its Convention (which has a high rate of ratification in the subregion) and bilateral treaties. There is a need to improve the exchange of information and to enhance cooperation with States of other regions.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "32. States of this subregion should:", "(a) Strengthen their legal framework and take steps to further protect their non-profit organizations, including by reviewing the adequacy of their legal frameworks, and to enhance the capacity of their financial intelligence units;", "(b) Continue enhancing border security at entry points and along open borders in order to prevent and suppress the movement across borders of terrorist cargo and arms/explosives, as well as currency and bearer negotiable instruments, and implement the international best codes and standards established by specialized agencies such as ICAO, IMO and WCO;", "(c) Strengthen judicial oversight programmes of police activities and promote continued dialogue with relevant international and regional mechanisms with a view to ensuring compliance with international human rights obligations in the context of counter-terrorism.", "33. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with the relevant regional organizations (e.g., the African Centre for Study and Research on Terrorism, the African Union and the League of Arab States), focusing on activities geared towards overcoming challenges and improving implementation of resolution 1373 (2001);", "(b) Continue building upon the close dialogue established with visited States, particularly in the light of current developments in the subregion;", "(c) Engage more actively with the States of the subregion, including by conducting follow-up visits and taking the opportunity, when passing through the subregion, to conduct bilateral meetings with officials in the relevant State.", "East Africa (Burundi, Comoros, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Rwanda, Seychelles, Somalia, Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania)", "The Committee has visited four States of this subregion.", "General comments", "34. The terrorist threat to the East Africa subregion remains high because of continued political instability in the Horn of Africa and the activities of various armed groups. On a positive note, in 2009, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Capacity-building Programme Against Terrorism adopted conventions on extradition and mutual legal assistance that have enhanced the legal framework for cooperation in countering terrorism among Member States, thereby strengthening national and regional security.", "35. The subregion faces significant border-control challenges (such as the continued threat of piracy and other crimes committed at sea) which deplete the national resources available for countering terrorism. Lengthy, and largely open, land and maritime borders continue to pose a significant challenge to national Governments. The issue of border demarcation and the disposition of border communities complicate effective border management in some parts of the subregion.", "36. Counter-terrorism efforts in the subregion would be strengthened through more effective national coordination of law enforcement efforts and improved subregional information exchange.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "37. All States have some legislative measures in place, but these measures do not fully incorporate into domestic law the offences of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Of the four visited States, two have not yet adopted the draft counter-terrorism laws that have been in preparation for some years. Kenya has successfully conducted trials in relation to terrorist acts occurring on its territory, notwithstanding prosecutorial challenges. The other two States introduced counter-terrorism laws more than five years ago, but report no related investigations or prosecutions. In view of the vulnerability of the subregion, there is a need for more steps to criminalize recruitment. Not all States have provided sufficient information on their jurisdiction over terrorist acts, although almost all have introduced partial measures granting them jurisdiction over offences committed on their territories. The principle aut dedere aut judicare is not applied throughout the subregion because States have not incorporated it explicitly into domestic law.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "38. Nine States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. A minority of States have adopted appropriate legislation to criminalize the financing of terrorism, while the others have at least partial measures in place. A majority of States have anti-money-laundering laws in place, but few have the legislative and operational measures to freeze funds without delay. Establishing regular onsite programmes for the inspection of reporting entities, in order to ensure compliance with anti-money-laundering/counter-financing of terrorism requirements, poses a significant challenge to some States, as it is a resource-intensive exercise. Several States have established financial intelligence units, but not yet made them operational. A minority of States have introduced reporting obligations for terrorist financing, but suspicious transaction reports are rare. Eight States of the subregion have been subject to mutual evaluation reports conducted either by the Eastern and Southern Africa Anti-Money Laundering Group, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) or the World Bank, but only five are members of the Group. All States except one have legislation in place to regulate non-profit organizations, but only one has introduced, and effectively implements, legal provisions to prevent terrorist financing through non-profit organizations. No State has reviewed its non-profit sector or conducted a risk assessment for terrorist financing. The Committee’s visits have demonstrated that States of the region (primarily cash-based economies) need to strengthen control of cash couriers by introducing threshold requirements, where they do not already exist, for the movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments.", "Law enforcement", "39. The vast majority of States rely primarily on their criminal procedure codes to regulate the work of their law enforcement agencies. Almost all States lack some capacity to conduct effective investigations or utilize advanced tools such as databases and forensics. Counter-terrorism and security structures for the purpose of internal coordination and the study of terrorism exist in some States. Kenya has a National Counter-Terrorism Centre; the United Republic of Tanzania, a National Counter-Terrorism Centre; and Uganda, a National Security Council. Internal coordination would be enhanced by “cascading” that policy-level coordination down to the operational level, if necessary. The exchange of information would benefit from technological improvements (e.g., by establishing databases and linking them to all relevant law enforcement agencies). Subregional cooperation could be enhanced further through existing regional bodies such as the Eastern Africa Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, as well as the INTERPOL regional office in Nairobi. There is inadequate oversight of law enforcement by competent judicial and other authorities aimed at ensuring the compliance of counter-terrorism measures with the rule of law and States’ international human rights obligations. Almost half the States of the subregion have taken steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives, and six have ratified the Firearms Protocol. The remainder need to improve their legislation in this regard. In a majority of visited States, there is a need to enhance crisis-management plans to secure evidence, prevent casualties of secondary bombs, and ensure adequate evacuation in the event of a major terrorist attack.", "Border control", "40. States of the subregion routinely check identity travel documents manually. Little information has been provided concerning “breeder” documents or the integrity of the process for issuing identity cards and passports. All States of the subregion met the ICAO deadline of April 2010 for the introduction of machine-readable travel documents. However, readers for screening such travel documents are still not widely available in the subregion. Although States of the subregion have set up INTERPOL National Central Bureaux, their use of INTERPOL services is hampered by a lack of capacity and the failure to extend access to border posts. The Committee’s visits to the region have shown that States need to increase their implementation of legislation to prevent the illicit cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments by developing risk indicators and building capacities in detection methodologies.", "41. Almost all States are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention, but United Nations human rights mechanisms have raised concerns over the inadequate legal frameworks established by some States to guard against refoulement. Migrant processing procedures/systems are not automated at all ports of entry, and there is very limited capacity to monitor watch lists. Where it is available, equipment to detect forgeries, communicate, and capture and store traveller data is in need of acquisition or upgrade. Seven States are parties to both the Trafficking in Persons and the Smuggling of Migrants Protocols, and monitoring the movement of cargo in the region also represents a significant challenge. All but two States have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards, but States need to do more to secure the trade chain, build capacity in risk management, and encourage agency coordination and information exchange at border posts.", "42. Over the past two years, Eritrea, Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania have submitted reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms. All States, except the landlocked States, have designated a national authority for port and ship security and have security plans in place in accordance with the ISPS Code. Measures that need further enhancement in this regard include implementing other aspects of the 1974 SOLAS Convention implementing the Long-Range Identification and Tracking System, and registering all seafarers’ and ships’ crews and issuing secured identity documents in accordance with International Labour Organization (ILO) standards.", "43. Laws to control arms and explosives contain no clear provisions on arms brokering and brokers or transit of weapons. Porous borders continue to pose challenges to effective border control, and more should be done to develop regional approaches and best practices (e.g., community policing) to address those challenges. Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania recognize that engagement with border communities is important in this respect, and engage in regular contact with community leaders on border issues. Since publication of the previous survey, four States have received second-cycle ICAO USAP missions and two have received first-cycle follow-up missions.", "International cooperation", "44. The level of ratification of the international instruments has remained unchanged since 2009 and varies widely. One State is a party to 14 instruments, while one of its neighbours is a party to none. Very few States have adopted laws on extradition and mutual legal assistance. This limits their ability to respond positively to related requests from other States. As noted in paragraph 34 above, in 2009, the Ministers of Justice of the member States of IGAD agreed on a draft convention on extradition and a convention on mutual legal assistance which, when fully implemented, will enhance cooperation in criminal matters among a number of East African States.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "45. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Adopt and implement national counter-terrorism legal frameworks that are comprehensive and coherent and include all the terrorist offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments, while also conforming to international human rights standards;", "(b) Enhance their internal coordination at the policy and operational levels;", "(c) Strengthen efforts to enhance border security at entry points and along open borders, including through the development of regional approaches and best practices, such as community policing, in order to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders, and also prevent and suppress the physical cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments, cargo and arms/explosives, in accordance with international best codes and practices.", "46. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with the relevant regional organizations (African Union, East African Community, Eastern Africa Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, Eastern and Southern African Anti-money-laundering Group and IGAD Capacity Building Program Against Terrorism and focus on activities geared towards overcoming deficiencies and improving implementation of the resolution;", "(b) Continue building upon the close dialogue established with States of the subregion, including through United Nations offices that deal with particular States facing threats and challenges which could impact their capacity and the capacity of other States of the subregion to deal with terrorism;", "(c) Continue to engage proactively with the subregion, including through the facilitation of technical assistance, the organization of workshops and other subregional events (such as the workshop on border management held in Nairobi in July 2010), and follow-up on initiatives to bring practitioners and operational officers together.", "Southern Africa (Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Swaziland)", "The Committee has visited one State of this subregion.", "General comments", "47. Although Southern African States have made a commitment to countering terrorism, many lack the technical and financial resources required to fully implement resolution 1373 (2001). Southern Africa’s natural resources, cross-border crime and the availability of small arms in the context of past conflicts make the subregion potentially vulnerable to money-launderers, international criminals, drug dealers and terrorist groups.", "48. Southern African Member States have benefited from the initiatives of the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, which focuses on preventing and fighting cross-border crime, including arms and weapons trafficking (a significant issue for the subregion). The Eastern and Southern African Anti-money-laundering Group plays a key role in the subregion, as it is responsible for evaluating anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism measures introduced by its member States and for developing subregional policies and programmes aimed at achieving an understanding of subregional trends in money-laundering and terrorist financing and developing actions and solutions to counter them. The efforts of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) to develop a Regional Early Warning Centre are encouraging.", "49. Several States find it difficult to meet their reporting and implementation obligations, perhaps because of their need to address other pressing concerns. The rate of ratification of the international instruments varies considerably. Several States have ratified over 10 instruments but, with the exception of two States, all need to take further action to fully incorporate the instruments into domestic law.", "50. The predominance of the informal economy of the subregion makes the tracking of financial transactions difficult. The cash-based economies of States of the subregion are vulnerable to terrorist financing and money-laundering. In order to reduce this risk, States should be encouraged to continue their efforts to promote financial inclusion, establish financial intelligence units and make them operational, and review the non-profit sector to ensure that it is not misused for illegitimate purposes such as terrorist financing. Because the physical cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments also remains vulnerable to terrorist financing, there is a need to enhance border control through the introduction of declaration forms.", "51. The cross-border movement and availability of small arms continues to require a coordinated response by all States of the subregion. As in other parts of Africa, the subregion’s lengthy maritime and land borders pose challenges to border control.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "52. Of the subregion’s 10 States, only Mauritius and South Africa have introduced comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation and only South Africa has had experience with bringing prosecutions within that framework. United Nations human rights mechanisms have expressed concern over the improper application of counter-terrorism measures in two States. Four States have adequately criminalized terrorist recruitment, while the remainder have either partially done so, or have not done so at all. Four States have introduced adequate legal measures to criminalize the provision of safe haven; four have partially done so; and two have not provided the relevant information. Five States have legislative measures prohibiting the use of their territories to commit or prepare terrorist acts against other States or their citizens. The legal challenges experienced by most States of this subregion demonstrate the continued need to encourage States to fully incorporate the international counter-terrorism instruments into their domestic legislation and to develop the institutional capacity of the prosecution and judiciary with respect to counter-terrorism cases.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "53. Six States of the subregion are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. Four States have adequately criminalized the financing of terrorism, while three have not done so at all. In July 2010, Angola introduced legislation establishing preventive and restrictive measures against money-laundering and terrorist financing. On 15 April 2010, Angola submitted its application to join the Eastern and Southern African Anti-money-laundering Group. The majority of States have anti-money-laundering legislation in place, and four of those States include terrorist financing as a predicate offence. Most States continue to experience challenges with respect to legislative and operational measures for the freezing of funds without delay. Six States have some measures in place relating to reporting obligations, including for financing of terrorism, but only one has adequate measures in place. In most cases, these measures extend to banks, but it is not clear whether they cover other financial, as well as non-financial business and professions.", "54. There has been progress in the adoption of measures to establish financial intelligence units. At present, four may be considered fully operational and three of these (Malawi, Mauritius and South Africa) are also members of the Egmont Group. Dissemination of suspicious transaction reports by Mauritius and South Africa has resulted in a number of investigations and to the prosecution of money-laundering cases. Six States have some legislative measures in place to regulate non-profit organizations. Only South Africa has conducted a review of its regulatory framework for non-profit organizations. However, no State has reviewed its non‑profit sector or conducted a risk assessment to ensure that non-profit organizations are not misused for the purposes of terrorist financing. Six States have taken measures to control the movement of currency (declaration system). Mauritius informed the Committee that its Customs Act was amended by the Finance Act 2009 and that on 1 October 2009, it introduced a declaration system for cross-border transportation of currency, which replaced the former disclosure system. The remaining States have not provided sufficient information in this area.", "Law enforcement", "55. Four States have set up specialized institutional counter-terrorism structures that are managed by appropriate agencies. South Africa has adopted a comprehensive strategy for countering terrorism and has set up adequate levels of cooperation, information-sharing and coordination of action among its various agencies. In 2010, Mauritius set up the Counter-Terrorism Unit in the Prime Minister’s Office, overseen by the National Counter-Terrorism Committee. All States are members of the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization and are thus able to share early-warning information. Member States have conducted specific operations in respect of crimes involving stolen motor vehicles, arms and ammunition trafficking, and drug smuggling and trafficking. However, only in the visited State was it possible to observe the successful efforts of the local INTERPOL National Central Bureau to connect relevant law enforcement agencies to INTERPOL information sources. In July 2010, SADC established its Regional Early Warning Centre to improve communications among its members. The Centre is composed of representatives of the Ministry of External Relations, the armed forces, the police and the State security and intelligence agencies. It will help SADC member States detect any signs of crises, conflicts or natural disasters. Two States have demonstrated effective oversight of law enforcement activities through the judicial process.", "56. All States have taken some steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives. Yet, with the exception of one State, their legislation to control arms and explosives contains no clear provisions on arms brokering and brokers, transit of weapons or Security Council arms embargoes. Only five States have ratified the Firearms Protocol. The SADC Protocol on the Control of Firearms, Ammunition and Other Related Materials is binding upon SADC member States. The Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization has been instrumental in the implementation of that Protocol and has made a number of proposals in this regard, including harmonization of legislation, capacity-building, joint cross-border operations, disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and development and destruction. It has also developed standard operating procedures for the implementation of the SADC Protocol and, together with a number of member States, has developed initiatives relating to the creation of a unified database and to the marking of firearms. South Africa has adopted a five-pillar strategy for the management of firearms and has taken part in subregional efforts to eliminate firearms.", "Border control", "57. Several States are taking steps to computerize their immigration and citizenship processes. With the exception of South Africa, entry/exit systems for checking passengers at most border points remain manual. South Africa’s land crossings are linked to a central database, and all entry points have access to a central automated system that captures all travellers’ details and contains warning lists that are regularly updated with information received from law enforcement agencies. Mauritius introduced a new border-control system in 2009, with passenger data being recorded in a database immediately upon arrival or departure at the international airport. This information is available online to authorized persons. There is limited available information about the effectiveness of customs in preventing the illegal physical cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments in States not visited by the Committee. However, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate was able to gain insight into South Africa’s application of risk-assessment techniques and its increasing success in seizing undeclared bulk cash.", "58. All States of the subregion have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention. Mixed migration movements, especially from the Horn of Africa and Great Lakes regions, pose challenges within Southern Africa and place pressure on the limited humanitarian resources available. All States of the subregion met the ICAO deadline of April 2010 for the introduction of machine-readable travel documents. Two States of the subregion plan to introduce e-passports. Four States have reported their national requirements for the issuance of national identity documents, and a further two States have proposed legislation for national identity cards. The issue of forged and fraudulently obtained documentation is being addressed through a combination of improved controls and awareness-raising. Seven States are parties to both the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. All States have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards.", "59. All States have reported on their implementation of the Programme of Action on Small Arms, but in general, States of the subregion need to reinforce their programmes and cooperation in this regard and implement the latest international best practices and arms control standards. The cross-border movement and availability of small arms in the Southern Africa subregion remains an issue of concern. The ISPS Code is in force and applicable in four States, three of which have designated a national authority for port and ship security and two of which have security plans in place for all ports. Only in the visited State (South Africa) was it possible to assess implementation of other aspects of the ISPS Code (implementation was of an acceptable standard). Annex 17 and related security provisions of annex 9 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation have been partially implemented in four States. Namibia and Zimbabwe have received second-cycle ICAO USAP missions, and Angola has received a first-cycle follow-up mission.", "International cooperation", "60. The rate of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments varies greatly. South Africa has ratified 13 of the instruments, while four other States (Botswana, Lesotho, Mauritius and Swaziland) have ratified at least 10. Three States have ratified four instruments or fewer. Since 2009, Lesotho has ratified five instruments, bringing its total to 11. Four States have introduced comprehensive domestic laws on mutual legal assistance and extradition, while the remainder have either partially fulfilled this requirement or not done so at all. There are subregional instruments on cooperation (notably, the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization Agreement in Respect of Cooperation and Mutual Assistance in the Field of Combating Crime, 1997, the SADC Protocol on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters and the SADC Protocol on Extradition. Much of the cooperation takes place through the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization. However, there is a lack of information on the practical aspects of cooperation on mutual legal assistance and extradition. South Africa demonstrated the ability to provide mutual legal assistance.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "61. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Implement the adopted national legislation on countering terrorism, while bearing in mind international human rights standards;", "(b) Review their non-profit sectors in order to ensure that they are not misused for the purposes of terrorist financing, and regulate and monitor the physical cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments;", "(c) Update national legislation on mutual legal assistance and extradition and fully implement the relevant SADC protocols on mutual legal assistance and extradition;", "(d) Facilitate capacity-building on international cooperation with subregional partners.", "62. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with the relevant subregional organizations, including the Eastern and Southern African Anti-money-laundering Group, SADC and the Southern African Regional Police Chiefs Cooperation Organization, in order to focus on activities geared towards overcoming deficiencies and improving implementation of the resolution;", "(b) Continue pursuing their proactive engagement with the subregion, including through the facilitation of technical assistance, organization of workshops and other subregional events;", "(c) Facilitate capacity-building to States, in cooperation with the Eastern and Southern African Anti-money-laundering Group, to establish/strengthen financial intelligence units of the subregion and to develop the legislative and operational capacities of States to freeze funds without delay.", "West and Central Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Cape Verde, Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Togo)", "The Committee has visited six States of this subregion.[1]", "General comments", "63. Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb poses a threat to the Sahel, in particular, and to West Africa in general. This threat compounds the other criminal threats to States of the subregion (notably money-laundering, drug trafficking, illicit arms trafficking and the movement of terrorists across borders). The lack of a subregional counter-terrorism action plan hampers collective efforts to address the terrorist threat. Lengthy, inaccessible and largely open borders make effective border management extremely difficult and facilitate the activities of transnational criminal groups and terrorist groups. Central Africa also faces an increase in armed violence, criminality and acts of terrorism, including in the Gulf of Guinea.", "64. The ability to prevent terrorists from organizing and moving freely across the territories of Member States of the subregion (especially in the Sahel) depends not only upon the effectiveness of bilateral and subregional cooperation but also on measures taken to put in place international best codes and practices related to law enforcement and border control and upon the effective protection and monitoring of borders, coasts and interior regions. All States have cash-based economies, and this increases the risk that terrorist financing will occur by means of physical cross-border transportation of currency and bearer negotiable instruments or by means of informal transfers of money and value through alternative remittance systems. In addition, the subregion continues to face challenges relating to law enforcement, the rule of law and respect for human rights.", "65. Since the previous survey, counter-terrorism measures taken by individual States have helped to prevent potential terrorist acts, indicating some improvement in capacity. In 2009 and 2010, several seizures of large quantities of military weapons were made in West Africa (Mali, Nigeria and Senegal). These seizures highlight the important work achieved by customs authorities in the subregion, with the support of WCO and the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate. At the subregional level, pursuant to the first and second phases of Operation “COCAIR”, all airports of Central (and East) Africa are now connected to the WCO Customs Enforcement Network database and INTERPOL databases, and customs officers and border police share information on passengers and other relevant information within the framework of joint customs/police platforms.", "66. In an effort to counter the increase in crimes committed at sea, the Maritime Organization of Western and Central Africa (MOWCA), with the assistance of IMO, is enhancing cooperation among law enforcement agencies through the establishment of a network of coastguard units. In 2010, in Ghana, member States and donors reviewed the establishment of four control centres at Abidjan, Dakar, Lagos and Pointe Noire, and two subregional coordinating centres in Angola and Ghana. This coastguard network should enable the 20 States parties, from Mauritania in the north to Angola in the south, to promote and conduct joint maritime activities aimed at protecting human life, enforcing the law, improving security and protecting the environment.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "67. The six visited States have established a legislative counter-terrorism framework within which they rely primarily on penal law and criminal procedural codes. Following an investigation into a seizure of illegal arms smuggled into Nigeria in 2010, one accused was arrested and is being prosecuted. In the Niger, as in Senegal, there has been one conviction related to money-laundering. Most States still need to incorporate the offences of the international counter-terrorism instruments into domestic law. Visited States have operational measures and policies in place for the suppression of terrorist recruitment. For example, Burkina Faso attaches importance to combating violent extremism and is working to counter attempts to recruit terrorists. The provision of safe haven is mainly criminalized through “assisting” or “abetting” offences. Almost all States criminalize the use of their territories to commit or prepare terrorist acts against the citizens, installations, and diplomatic representatives of other States. National capacities to implement these measures are, however, limited in several States. Most States have not established in their legislation adequate jurisdiction for the relevant offences of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Not all States have established the principle aut dedere aut judicare in domestic law in accordance with the provisions of the international counter-terrorism instruments.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "68. All States except two are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. There has been some progress in West Africa in criminalizing terrorism financing. Since the previous survey, three more States (Côte d’Ivoire, the Niger and Togo) have incorporated into their national legislation the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) Directive on Countering the Financing of Terrorism. As a result, more States have extended the reporting obligation to terrorism financing and included this offence as a money-laundering predicate offence. Due to the proactive role played by the Intergovernmental Action Group against Money-Laundering in West Africa, the anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regimes of West African States are relatively advanced. All States have adopted anti-money-laundering laws. However, with the exception of a few that recently amended their anti-money-laundering laws, most States still need to review them to bring them into compliance with international standards. The Central Bank of WAEMU has embarked on a revision of the Uniform Anti-Money-Laundering Law that applies to all eight States of the Union. Amendments to the law will address, inter alia, customer due diligence obligations. In 2010, Ghana adopted the Economic and Organized Crime Act, which also establishes an Economic and Organized Crime Office as a specialized agency to monitor and investigate economic and organized crime.", "69. Except in Nigeria, very few money-laundering cases (let alone terrorism-financing cases) have been prosecuted and resulted in conviction, despite an increase in the number of suspicious transactions reports. Judiciaries generally need to be strengthened in terms of capacity and independence. There has been some progress in West Africa with regard to financial intelligence units. Two more States have established financial intelligence units (bringing the total to 13); Cameroon and Côte d’Ivoire joined the Egmont Group, and Mali will do so shortly. With the exception of Nigeria and Senegal, financial intelligence units still lack the capacity to analyse suspicious transactions reports. The WAEMU/Counter-Financing of Terrorism Uniform Law provides for the administrative freezing of terrorist assets. The challenge for States will be to effectively implement this regime. In general, the subregion still needs to put in place adequate procedures allowing for the freezing of assets without delay and without prior notification to the person or entity concerned and including appropriate due-process safeguards.", "70. States of the subregion have neither reviewed their non-profit sectors nor conducted risk assessments for terrorist financing. Legal requirements on the cross-border movement of currency (e.g., a declaration system) and bearer negotiable instruments exist in most States. With the exception of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which is not a member of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), Central African States employ an anti-money-laundering/counter-financing of terrorism legal framework that consists of a self-executing ECCAS regulation that criminalizes money-laundering and terrorism financing; establishes customer due diligence and a reporting obligation; and provides for a financial intelligence unit. Information on the level of implementation of the regulation is, however, scarce. The Action Group against Money-Laundering in Central Africa lacks the capacity to assess implementation by its members of the “40+9” Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering recommendations on money-laundering and terrorism financing.", "Law enforcement", "71. Most States rely on criminal procedure codes to regulate the work of their law enforcement agencies. Very few States have established dedicated or specialized counter-terrorism law enforcement units. The effectiveness of the system is undermined in almost all States by manual processing of information. Some States are willing to set up coordinating mechanisms, including at the operational level, in the Ministry of the Interior, but still face internal challenges related to resources, control and oversight. Some States have yet to address human rights concerns (e.g., exceptional periods of police custody and limits on access to counsel) relating to terrorism cases. Mali and the Niger are members of the newly established subregional Joint Intelligence Centre in Tamanrasset, Algeria. The creation of the new INTERPOL Regional Bureau in Cameroon, in 2010, supported by INTERPOL projects such as “OASIS Africa” (a project to develop operational policing capacities) will enhance the capacity of States of the subregion. The Bureau will work with the Central African Police Chiefs Committee to improve security in the subregion. Most international airports of visited States have access to the INTERPOL “I-24/7” database. However, few land borders are connected to national central bureaus and thus lack access to INTERPOL tools. The entry into force of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Convention on Small Arms and Light Weapons, Their Ammunition, and Other Related Material, on 29 September 2009, was an important step in the subregion’s regulation of arms trafficking. The Convention regulates arms brokering and prohibits any supply of weapons to terrorists. Eleven States have ratified the Firearms Protocol. There is no subregional action plan on counter-terrorism or subregional organization with a dedicated counter-terrorism unit, apart from the African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism, which covers all African Union member States.", "Border control", "72. Most West African States have partially introduced measures to detect forged travel documents. Central African States have provided insufficient information in this regard. The security and integrity of procedures for issuing identity papers and travel documents could be significantly enhanced. Mali has established a national pilot commission on a civil registry plan with a view to computerizing its system and ultimately securitizing the issuance of identity and travel documents. The vast majority of States still rely on manual systems. Two States have not met the ICAO deadline for introducing machine-readable travel documents. Readers for screening such travel documents are not widely available in the subregion. In most States, there is no established procedure for currency declarations. The operational exchange of information is hampered by lack of institutional and operational capacities and by linguistic challenges. There is a need to enhance the practical implementation of existing legal requirements on the cross-border movement of currency (declaration system) and bearer negotiable instruments throughout the subregion. In Senegal, customs officers report that offences related to illegal cash export are increasing, and a number of arrests have been made in that connection at borders with the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau.", "73. Although all States but one are parties to both the 1951 Refugee Convention and its Protocol, United Nations human rights mechanisms have expressed concerns over inadequate legal frameworks in some States to guard against refoulement. All States have partially implemented measures to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders, but lengthy and open land borders will continue to pose challenges to border control. Nineteen States are parties to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and 15 are parties to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. All but three States have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards and have partially implemented the required measures. There are still no properly integrated border-management programmes. The great majority of land police border posts lack the tools and equipment to perform their missions, and national border-control agencies do not sufficiently cooperate among themselves or with their counterparts in neighbouring States.", "74. In 2010, during the preparations for the biennial meeting of the Programme of Action on Small Arms, 16 States (including Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Liberia for the first time) submitted a report on their implementation of the Programme of Action. Only one State has never submitted a report on its implementation. With respect to the ISPS Code of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, all non-landlocked States have designated a national authority responsible for port and ship security. Except in the case of the visited States (Nigeria and Senegal), there is insufficient information to permit an assessment of the implementation of the Code in West Africa. Central African States need to strengthen their maritime safety and security measures, as demonstrated at the 2010 IMO/Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate/ United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime workshop in Libreville. States that have not yet done so should implement the SOLAS Convention (as amended in 2002) and its 2005 Protocols. There is also a need to fully implement the ISPS Code and the Long-Range Identification and Tracking system; register all seafarers and ships’ crews; and issue secured identity documents in accordance with ILO standards, including the Seafarers’ Identity Documents Convention (Revised), 2003 (ILO Convention No. 185). Lastly, annex 17 and related security provisions of annex 9 of the 1944 Convention on International Civil Aviation have been only partially implemented. Cape Verde, Gabon, the Niger and Togo have received second-cycle ICAO USAP missions, and the Central African Republic and Sao Tome and Principe have received first-cycle follow-up missions.", "International cooperation", "75. The rate of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments varies widely. In 2009 and 2010, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mali became parties to one or more international counter-terrorism instruments. States of the subregion still need to strengthen their domestic legal frameworks to improve their cooperation in criminal matters, in particular through the enactment of laws governing extradition and mutual legal assistance. In 2010, Ghana adopted the Mutual Legal Assistance Act, which enhances its capacity to provide for the implementation of agreements on mutual legal assistance and other arrangements for such assistance. States cooperate with one another primarily through bilateral treaties. The Convention on Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance in Counter-Terrorism, adopted at the Fifth Conference of Ministers of Justice of the French-speaking African Countries on the implementation of the international counter-terrorism instruments, could enhance cooperation among many States of the subregion. Similarly, the adoption of a regional convention on extradition and mutual legal assistance, under the auspices of the African Union (including the African Centre for the Study and Research on Terrorism) could enhance inter-State cooperation in criminal matters.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "76. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Adopt national counter-terrorism legal frameworks that are comprehensive and coherent and that include all terrorist offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments and effectively implement anti‑money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism laws and regulations, while also conforming to international human rights standards;", "(b) Enhance internal coordination at the policy and operational levels;", "(c) Strengthen efforts to enhance border security at points of entry and at sea, and develop current cooperative projects, such as coastguard networks, joint customs/police platforms at airports and community policing at open borders, including through participation in workshops such as the workshop organized by IOM, in cooperation with the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate, held in April 2011 in Nouakchott.", "77. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue their active engagement with the relevant regional and subregional organizations engaged in the subregion (African Union, ECOWAS, the Intergovernmental Action Group against Money Laundering in West Africa, and MOWCA), with a focus on activities geared towards overcoming challenges and improving implementation of the resolution;", "(b) Facilitate technical assistance to ECOWAS with a view to adopting a regional counter-terrorism action plan for West African States and establishing a dedicated subregional counter-terrorism office under the auspices of ECOWAS;", "(c) Further strengthen their relations with the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, the Central African Police Chiefs Committee, the Action Group against Money-Laundering in Central Africa, the West African Police Chiefs Committee, the WCO Regional Intelligence Liaison Offices of West Africa (Dakar) and of Central Africa (Douala, Cameroon).", "B. Asia", "East Asia (China, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Japan, Mongolia and Republic of Korea)", "The Committee has visited one of the States of this subregion.", "General comments", "78. Most States of the subregion have been subject to terrorist attack, whether carried out on their territory or against their nationals in other parts of the world. There is therefore a high level of awareness of the importance of remaining vigilant against the threat of terrorism, and most States have worked to strengthen their defences against potential attacks. The United Nations Consolidated List identifies a number of terrorist organizations pursuing their activities in the subregion.", "79. Implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) is reasonably well advanced in the East Asia region, although challenges remain. Legislation has been enacted — although not always as comprehensively as recommended and not always in full accordance with international norms. States have also strengthened implementation of required counter-terrorism measures at the institutional level. An important accomplishment in this respect has been increased participation in, and involvement with, regional structures as well as provision of technical assistance on a bilateral basis. One State has not submitted sufficient information to allow for an assessment of its counter-terrorism efforts.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "80. Four States have comprehensive counter-terrorism laws in place. Most States have adequately addressed the criminalization in domestic law of the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments and the establishment of jurisdiction over the offences. However, United Nations human rights mechanisms have raised concerns about some States’ imprecise legal definitions of terrorist offences and alleged violations in the administration of justice. During the review period, Mongolia and the Republic of Korea to some extent criminalized recruitment of members of terrorist groups. All States have now criminalized in domestic law the provision of safe haven to terrorists and their supporters and the use of their territories to commit or prepare terrorist acts against other States or their citizens. Additional information regarding how States put these provisions into practice would be beneficial.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "81. China, Japan, Mongolia and the Republic of Korea have ratified the 1999 Terrorist Financing Convention and criminalized terrorist financing in their domestic law. These four States have also enacted anti-money-laundering laws. The inclusion of terrorism financing as a predicate offence to money-laundering, by several States, would strengthen these measures further. The same four States ensure that reporting obligations cover terrorist financing and have reported extending customer due diligence. These States have set up financial intelligence units and have put in place legislation to control the physical cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. China, Japan and the Republic of Korea have legal provisions in place to regulate the activities of non-profit organizations. China and the Republic of Korea are considering extending the reporting obligations to cover non-financial businesses and professions. The four States also have provisions that allow the freezing of assets of designated persons, but these might be strengthened by, for instance, putting in place sufficient legal safeguards enabling designated individuals or entities to appeal their designations or to request humanitarian exemptions on the frozen funds.", "Law enforcement", "82. Four States have established domestic counter-terrorism strategies and legislative frameworks to guide law enforcement agencies. Four States have set up national law enforcement units equipped with appropriate tools to work on counter-terrorism measures and initiatives supported by legislative mandates. However, United Nations human rights mechanisms have expressed concern over alleged violations by law enforcement agencies. Three States have established a reasonable level of coordination and cooperation among their law enforcement authorities. All States have taken some steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives, but the domestic legislation of some States contains no clear provisions on arms brokering, transit of weapons or Security Council arms embargoes. One State is not yet a party to the Firearms Protocol.", "Border control", "83. Four States have introduced procedures for the screening of travellers against national databases of individuals of interest to authorities. Four States use modern equipment to detect falsified travel documents. These States report that they have implemented control measures to ensure the integrity and security of the travel-document issuance process. China, Japan and the Republic of Korea have access to international databases for the screening of individuals. Four States issue machine-readable travel documents in compliance with international standards for document security. China recently initiated the preliminary phase of its e-passport programme. All States have introduced laws to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders, and four States take active steps to pursue offenders. Four States have either signed or ratified the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, and three have either signed or ratified the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. China, Japan and the Republic of Korea are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention, but sufficient information to determine whether an effective regime for detecting terrorist asylum-seekers is in place has not been provided by two of those States.", "84. Four States have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the SAFE Framework of Standards to ensure the security of cargo against exploitation for terrorist purposes, and three have achieved an advanced stage of implementation. Three of those States have put in place mechanisms to control the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, although methodologies for the detection of illicit transport could be enhanced. Four States have introduced legislation to implement standards and practices to ensure the security of civil aviation. All States have been audited by ICAO through its Universal Security Audit Programme. Three States have established a legal framework addressing requirements for maritime security and have partially implemented international mandatory standards for port and ship security in accordance with the ISPS Code. Three States have introduced stringent controls on the cross-border movement of arms, ammunition and explosives, as well as nuclear, chemical and biological material and their means of delivery. These three have implemented the Programme of Action on Small Arms, but two others have not reported on the Programme of Action and do not seem to have set up a national enforcement programme to combat arms smuggling.", "International cooperation", "85. Four States have ratified at least 12 of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Three States have introduced legal provisions to enable extradition, mutual legal assistance and information exchange and have entered into relevant bilateral treaties or other arrangements with other States. Mongolia has acted similarly, but its efforts in this regard could be enhanced. Two States could increase the number of such arrangements with other States in order to enhance their cooperative efforts. Three States have introduced procedures prohibiting the extradition of individuals who may face the risk of torture or persecution. Two States have not provided information about their refoulement practices/procedures. International human rights mechanisms have expressed concerns at the lack of adequate legal safeguards in the extradition procedures of two States. China, Japan, Mongolia and the Republic of Korea have an early-warning system that forms an integral part of their respective counter-terrorism strategies. With the exception of one State, which has provided very little relevant information, all East Asian States are members of several regional organizations or mechanisms for international cooperation on counter-terrorism and have sought to strengthen these relationships.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "86. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Review their criminal laws in order to ensure that recruitment to terrorist acts and terrorist groups is sufficiently criminalized;", "(b) Address deficiencies in the criminalization of terrorist financing and include it as a money-laundering predicate offence, and address deficiencies in the freezing of terrorist assets, especially by allowing for sufficient safeguards and including humanitarian exemptions in the freezing procedures;", "(c) Review their criminal laws to ensure that the legal definitions of terrorist activity and procedures for bringing terrorists to justice are well framed and in line with the relevant principles on the rule of law.", "87. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with States that provide limited information on the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001);", "(b) Work more closely with relevant international and regional organizations, through a variety of approaches, including facilitation of technical assistance with providers/donors and organization of workshops and other regional events to address specific areas of implementation requiring attention;", "(c) Engage more actively with international and regional organizations and States to promote sharing of experiences and provision of technical assistance.", "Pacific Islands (Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu)", "The Committee has visited no State of this subregion.", "General comments", "88. The terrorism risk to States of the Pacific Islands Forum is considered low, because of their isolated geographic location, transport limitations, small size (a factor that deters anonymity) and their relatively unsophisticated financial and commercial sectors. The region could, however, be vulnerable, at least, to use as a haven for terrorist activity, because of major resource constraints, which hinder implementation of required control measures in many areas of counter-terrorism.", "89. Transnational crime, including drug trafficking, trafficking in persons, and money-laundering, is present in the Pacific region. Pacific Islands Forum States require sustained capacity-building (including strengthening of border and maritime security controls) to address this criminality and any potential links to terrorism.", "90. Nonetheless, Pacific Islands Forum States have made good progress in implementing a variety of counter-terrorism measures in compliance with resolution 1373 (2001). They have enacted counter-terrorism legislation and made efforts to further strengthen regional coordination and cooperation, especially in the maritime context. Law enforcement efforts to combat transnational crime have been increased and could be adapted to counter-terrorism efforts if required. Several initiatives have been undertaken to raise awareness of financial institutions’ reporting requirements pursuant to anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "91. Few States have fully codified the terrorist offences in their domestic legislation. In the case of seven States, legal provisions on the jurisdiction of the courts do not provide the scope required by the relevant international instruments to which they are parties, although the principle of “extradite or prosecute” is applied by most States. Six States criminalize recruitment to terrorism and Samoa’s draft counter-terrorism law, once adopted, will do the same. Two States employ special criminal procedures, such as preventive detention and “special powers” for certain investigative techniques. However, no information has been provided about accompanying safeguards. Several States have drafted amendments to their counter-terrorism legislation that have not yet been enacted.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "92. Ten States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention, and six of those States have adequately criminalized the financing of terrorism. All States have set up financial intelligence units, of which three are operational. The remaining units operate at various levels of efficiency and effectiveness and will require technical assistance to develop their capacity to meet international standards. Although all States have adopted anti-money-laundering legislation, in most cases the relevant provisions contain shortfalls, including the omission of terrorist financing on the list of predicate offences to money-laundering, as well as the exclusion of certain relevant non-financial businesses and professions from the list of entities obliged to provide suspicious transaction reports to the financial intelligence unit, carry out customer due diligence, and perform adequate record-keeping. In some cases, anti‑money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism laws have never been used as the basis for criminal prosecution or charges. Most States have introduced laws to control the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Seven States have enacted legislation to regulate non-profit organizations, but few have implemented measures to prevent terrorist financing through such organizations. The regulation and monitoring of alternative remittance systems remains a challenge for most States.", "Law enforcement", "93. Ten States have set up national security bodies (“combined law agency groups”) or high-level central offices (comprised of law enforcement agencies, ministries of justice and prosecutors) to develop common counter-terrorism strategies and approaches, guide law enforcement efforts, and coordinate domestic security matters. Law enforcement agencies employ various mechanisms to maintain the rule of law, such as working closely together and actively enforcing legislation. Three States have set up transnational crime units to investigate terrorism and other crimes. However, States’ reports do not contain information about law enforcement mechanisms or about specific exceptional criminal procedures or special investigative techniques. Five States are members of INTERPOL. All States share information through regional law enforcement mechanisms. Domestically, law enforcement agencies rely on relevant legislative provisions, memorandums of understanding and membership in national central bodies for cooperation, coordination and information-exchange. However, no State has provided information on practical mechanisms in this regard. All States have enacted laws to control the manufacture, possession, acquisition, sale, transfer, transport and supply of small arms and ammunition, but these laws do not include clear provisions on arms brokering, transit of weapons or Security Council arms embargoes. Only one State is a party to the Firearms Protocol. Too little information is available to determine the overall institutional or operational approach taken by Governments with regard to countering terrorism or overseeing counter-terrorism activities. Governments appear to regard the terrorism threat as low, and consequently devote law enforcement resources primarily to the investigation of ordinary crimes.", "Border control", "94. All States have enacted immigration and passport laws to regulate immigration and travel-document issues. Nine States have introduced some legislative controls on the issuance of identity and travel documents. Ten States issue machine-readable travel documents and two are taking steps towards doing so. All States appear to screen travellers on arrival and departure, but in the case of nine States, the nature of the data used to screen individuals is unclear. Three States report that they screen travellers against national databases. No State has provided adequate information on practical control measures put in place to secure the document issuance process or detect offenders at border points. States of the subregion have not indicated the procedures or mechanisms used to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across the borders. Five States are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention, but only one State has ratified the Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants Protocols.", "95. Four States have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards and are moving towards the implementation phase. No information has been provided about mechanisms in place to control cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. More efforts should be made to implement legislation to control small arms, light weapons and explosives, and only four States have implemented the Programme of Action on Small Arms. Most States have introduced laws to establish national aviation security authorities and implement aviation security standards, but very few have provided information on their implementation of the relevant annexes to the Chicago Convention. During the review period, ICAO conducted aviation security audits of five States. Reports provided to IMO indicate that seven States appear to have implemented aspects of the ISPS Code, including the development of port facility security plans. It appears, however, that States have not been updating their security plans periodically on the basis of security audits/testing as required by the Code. Two States have made concerted efforts to enhance their inspection of arriving vessels. Nonetheless, the available information does not present a clear picture of the implementation of the aviation, maritime or cargo security measures, border controls or enforcement programmes in place to ensure that small arms do not fall into the hands of unauthorized individuals.", "International cooperation", "96. The subregion has achieved a reasonable level of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Six States have ratified 10 or more instruments, and Fiji and Nauru have ratified all 16. The other States continue efforts at ratification. All States have set up mutual legal assistance arrangements to facilitate regional and international cooperation, and all have enacted extradition and mutual legal assistance laws, but it is not possible to determine the scope or number of bilateral and multilateral treaties and arrangements, or the degree of cooperation and coordination, because of lack of information. Exchange of information about crime and legislative approaches to combating crime is mostly limited to the subregion and neighbouring jurisdictions, and is accomplished largely through regional bodies, supported by regional declarations.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "97. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Further institutionalize their counter-terrorism frameworks and review their criminal laws in order to ensure that terrorist offences in each of the designated categories are properly criminalized; and, as applicable, enact counter-terrorism legislation;", "(b) Further build the capacity of their financial intelligence units and law enforcement agencies to investigate financial and terrorism-related crime;", "(c) Strengthen information-sharing among relevant authorities and continue to enhance regional coordination and cooperation.", "98. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with international and regional organizations engaged in the region (Asian Development Bank, Asia/Pacific Group on Money-Laundering, the Oceania Customs Organization, the Pacific Islands Association of Non-Governmental Organizations and Pacific Islands Forum secretariat) and conduct activities geared towards overcoming deficiencies and improving implementation of the resolution;", "(b) Work more closely with Pacific Island States, through a variety of approaches (including joint facilitation of technical assistance with providers/ donors and organization of workshops and other regional events) to address specific areas of implementation requiring attention;", "(c) Consider future subregional visits. (The Committee has not visited any States of the subregion.)", "South-East Asia (Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste and Viet Nam)", "The Committee has visited 10 States of this subregion.", "General comments", "99. Major terrorist groups in the region include Jemaah Islamiyah, which has been especially active in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore; the Abu Sayyaf Group; insurgent groups in the Philippines; and separatist insurgents in southern Thailand. Largely as a result of effective counter-terrorism law enforcement measures, these terrorist groups are mostly believed to be in decline, although still capable of occasional attacks (e.g., the Jemaah Islamiyah suicide bombings at two hotels in Jakarta in July 2009, after four years’ silence, and a series of more recent terrorist attacks in Mindanao and southern Thailand). Since 2000, however, Indonesia has made over 600 arrests and prosecuted around 500 individuals for terrorist offences. This has not only removed a large number of dangerous people from society, but has shown the wider community that terrorism can be handled through the normal criminal justice system.", "100. States of the subregion have moved well beyond mere law enforcement approaches to address the challenge posed by terrorist groups. They have actively promoted interfaith dialogue and public-private partnerships; set up community-policing initiatives; and experimented with prison rehabilitation programmes in an effort to address violent extremism at its roots. Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore have gathered experience and good practices in this area and may be in a position to provide technical assistance to States in need.", "101. All States except one have established special counter-terrorism bodies at the policy and/or operational levels. Overall, law enforcement capacity has been greatly enhanced. However, the criminal justice system in at least five States could be improved in order to bring terrorists to justice more effectively. Four States employ preventive (administrative) detention without charge or judicial commitment in peacetime, and this has been the subject of human rights concerns. However, some States are increasingly recognizing the relevance of a human rights-based approach to effectively countering terrorism.", "102. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has worked to build a cooperative regional counter-terrorism framework. Timor-Leste is currently applying for ASEAN membership. The ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism was adopted in 2007, but the rate of ratification is quite slow. Cambodia and the Philippines ratified the Convention in 2010, joining Singapore and Thailand. Ratification by two more States is required for the Convention to come into force. Multilateral and bilateral donors actively provide technical assistance to build States’ counter-terrorism capacities.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "103. Eight States have incorporated counter-terrorism measures into their domestic law or introduced special counter-terrorism laws. Singapore has adopted comprehensive counter-terrorism laws incorporating all elements of resolution 1373 (2001). Cambodia has recently introduced comprehensive counter-terrorism laws. Three States must still introduce adequate counter-terrorism legal provisions. Some States’ definitions of terrorism seem to be ambiguous or too broad and should be aligned with international norms. Half of the States of the subregion lack criminalization of the recruitment of members of terrorist groups. Most States do not criminalize incitement to terrorism and, where it is criminalized, the definitions are generally not specific enough, giving rise to concerns that the laws could be used to suppress freedom of expression.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "104. Although all States except one are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention, almost half of the States of the subregion do not sufficiently criminalize the financing of terrorism. Some States do not criminalize money-laundering in accordance with international norms. The Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering International Cooperation Review Group stated in June 2009 that six States of the subregion had anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism deficiencies. Four States have no mechanisms in place for freezing terrorist assets and funds, and most States’ freezing mechanisms do not always work “without delay” as required by resolution 1373 (2001). Customer due diligence and record-keeping have been improved in most States. All States except one have financial intelligence units in place, and all States have experienced significant increases in the number of suspicious transactions reports they are required to process. Five financial intelligence units have considerably enhanced their ability to communicate with reporting entities and to analyse suspicious transactions reports. Malaysia and Singapore are considered to be in a position to provide technical assistance to other States in need relating to the functions of a financial intelligence unit. Reporting obligations have not yet been extended to all designated non-financial businesses and professions in most States. Awareness of the risks of abuse of the non-profit sector for the purpose of terrorist financing has been greatly increased among public officials over the past few years, and many States are trying to review their non-profit sectors to ensure that adequate regulations are in place. Reflecting the advance of technology, such as new payment methods, many States face new challenges in controlling alternative remittance systems. Most States have legal provisions in place to regulate the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments.", "Law enforcement", "105. Timor-Leste has recently completed the process of institutionalizing and integrating its national police force to create an independent structure. Law enforcement agencies are well structured and have established special agencies, committees and units to counter terrorism. In some cases, however, international mechanisms have expressed concern over human rights violations allegedly committed by security forces. In July 2010, Indonesia established the National Counter-Terrorism Agency and its Task Force in order to formulate counter-terrorism policy and coordinate the activities of relevant Government agencies. Law enforcement officers are well trained at a number of regional institutes, including the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation, in Indonesia, the South-East Asia Regional Centre for Counter-Terrorism, in Malaysia, and the International Law Enforcement Academy, in Thailand. ASEAN States work within the framework of the ASEAN Association of Heads of Police (ASEANAPOL) and contribute to its criminal database, which is connected to INTERPOL databases, in order to share information. However, inter-agency cooperation and information-sharing continue to require attention. It is believed that terrorists in the region rely mostly on conventional weapons. Despite strict legal and operational controls, artisans and family businesses that manufacture small arms and light weapons persist throughout the region. Only Cambodia and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic have acceded to the Firearms Protocol.", "Border control", "106. All States except one have met the deadline set by ICAO to issue machine-readable travel documents. However, one State’s machine-readable travel documents contain security vulnerabilities that should be addressed. Around half of the States of the subregion issue travel documents containing biometric features that render them even more secure. Many States lack relevant and viable police and intelligence lookout information at border control points, as well as connectivity with international “lookout” data contained in the INTERPOL “I-24/7” databases. Many States have not fully implemented modern detection methodologies such as risk-management practices, and lack inspection equipment to examine cargo crossing their borders. Detection of the illegal cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, and coordination among customs, financial intelligence units and law enforcement officials in this regard are either lacking or insufficient.", "107. Management of open land and sea borders is a significant challenge for most States, not least because it encompasses thousands of islands, many of which are sparsely inhabited. All ASEAN States have expressed their intention to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards, and many are making good progress towards doing so. Most States have controls on the cross-border movement of small arms and light weapons, but detection methodologies could be strengthened in a number of States. About half the States of the subregion have submitted reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms. Four States received a second-cycle ICAO USAP mission during the period of assessment, and one State received a first-cycle follow-up mission. Overall, maritime security in the region needs to be strengthened. Most States do not have domestic refugee legislation, and only three States have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention. However, most States have improved their cooperation with UNHCR with respect to the processing of refugee claims. Practical measures to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders could also be enhanced, with four States yet to ratify the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and five States yet to ratify the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol.", "International cooperation", "108. Nine ASEAN States are parties to the four aviation-related instruments. About half of the ASEAN States have ratified the 1988 maritime instruments, but no State has ratified the 2005 “amending maritime protocols”. All ASEAN States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. The rate of ratification of the nuclear-related instruments and the Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection remains low. One State is not a party to any relevant instrument. Although the ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism has not yet entered into effect, the ASEAN Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters has been ratified by nine States, and is in force. Most States have adopted legal provisions on extradition, but half of the subregion’s States need to improve these provisions. Three States do not extradite fugitives on the basis of reciprocity. Most States have designated a central authority for extradition and mutual legal assistance. ASEAN member States exchange information through ASEANAPOL and have signed the Agreement on Information, Exchange and Establishment of Communication Procedures. The number of memorandums of understanding on information exchange between financial intelligence units in the region has increased considerably.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "109. States of this subregion should:", "(a) Enhance their legislative and operational measures in order to fully address criminalization of the financing of terrorism; freezing mechanisms (paying due regard to due process); the effective functioning of financial intelligence units; the required controls on the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments; and control of the alternative-remittance and non-profit sectors;", "(b) Strengthen border control measures at entry points by ensuring connectivity to national criminal databases and INTERPOL databases, training staff in detection and inspection methodologies and acquiring the necessary inspection equipment;", "(c) Strengthen their criminal justice systems, including with regard to the right to fair trial, through training and seminars.", "110. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Strengthen cooperation with the regional counter-terrorism institutions, including the International Law Enforcement Academy, the Jakarta Centre for Law Enforcement Cooperation, the South-East Asia Regional Centre for Counter-Terrorism and others, to facilitate the provision of necessary technical assistance and training;", "(b) Organize regional events to address shortfalls in controlling cash couriers and the non-profit sector;", "(c) Work with partners to streamline bilateral technical assistance being provided to this subregion by donor States and organizations, in order to avoid duplication and fully address needs.", "South Asia (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka)", "The Committee has visited three States of this subregion.", "General comments", "111. South Asian States have suffered greatly from terrorism at the hands of groups espousing a wide variety of ideologies. Terrorist groups active in various parts of the region include Al-Qaida, elements of the Taliban, Lashkar-e-Taiba, among others, which continue to threaten the peace and security of the States in the region. Porous boundaries, illicit drug production, increasing criminal activities, globalization and limited resources and response capacities have contributed to the internationalization of the terrorist threat in the region and beyond. There is a close link between drug production and terrorist activities in the region. States confront many common challenges and constraints in their efforts to counter terrorism.", "112. Regional actors (notably, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)) have long recognized the threat posed to their citizens by terrorism. As early as 1987, the region’s political leaders agreed on the SAARC Regional Convention on Suppression of Terrorism, which obliged parties to criminalize the acts under the Convention as terrorist acts, and for this purpose called for cooperation among its member States on extradition, evidence-sharing and other forms of information exchange and cooperation to prosecute those who are alleged to have committed such “terrorist acts”. An Additional Protocol to the Convention was added in 2004 to address terrorist financing. To enhance effective prosecution of criminal cases, in 2008 the States in the region signed the SAARC Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters.", "113. Despite these initiatives, regional efforts to counter terrorism continue to face significant challenges. Attempts by States to achieve the peaceful resolution of conflict are an ongoing process. In many States, gaps in institutional capacities and limited resources make prioritizing counter-terrorism efforts difficult. In addition, the shortage of counter-terrorism legislation conforming to international standards and specialized counter-terrorism operational capacity limits the effectiveness of those mechanisms. States have made good progress in establishing anti-money-laundering/counter-terrorist financing regimes, but greater regional cooperation at the operational level is required.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "114. Four of the eight South Asian States have introduced legislation criminalizing recruitment for terrorism and prohibiting the use of their territories to commit or prepare terrorist acts against other States or their citizens. In addition, four States have introduced legislation criminalizing the provision of safe haven to terrorists and their supporters by individuals or organizations. The jurisdiction of courts in five States extends to acts committed outside a State’s territory by its nationals (whether or not the individual is currently within the State’s territory). Very few States have comprehensively updated their legal framework to include specific counter-terrorism laws. Instead, most have preferred to introduce limited amendments to their penal codes. Maldives began in early 2011 to draft a counter-terrorism law, with the assistance of INTERPOL and the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. United Nations human rights mechanisms have raised concerns over special counter-terrorism provisions that restrict certain rights in some States, which may in turn make it difficult to implement international agreements on mutual legal assistance and extradition. In this regard, some States could benefit from a review of their national legislation to ensure that it fully complies with the international counter-terrorism instruments and human rights obligations.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "115. All States but one are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. The subregion has experienced numerous developments in anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation in recent years. For example, Nepal adopted the Asset (Money) Laundering Prevention Act (2008), Bangladesh adopted the Money Laundering Prevention Ordinance (2009) and Pakistan passed the Anti-Money-Laundering Act (2010). India is the only country in the region to become a member of the Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering in June 2010. All eight States have set up financial intelligence units. Considering that many South Asian financial intelligence units were established only recently, the development of capacities is a priority concern. The capacity of States of the subregion to freeze assets without delay and in accordance with due process is an issue of concern.", "116. In its dialogue with States of the subregion, the Committee has identified several examples of good practice, including the development and enforcement of measures to protect charitable and non-profit funds from terrorist financing. This is particularly important when natural or man-made disasters require the urgent mobilization of large amounts of external funds (generally paid through non-profit organizations as charitable donations). Good practices designed to facilitate emergency relief efforts (e.g., simplified registration, customs and visa-issue procedures) have been identified. All eight States have legislation in place to regulate non-profit organizations, but it appears that in many States the implementation of legislation needs to be improved. Furthermore, there exist numerous vulnerabilities in money value-transfer systems. Although some South Asian States have put in place declaration regimes for the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, some regimes address only cash moving out of the State and neglect cash moving into the State. Additional legislative measures are therefore needed.", "Law enforcement", "117. All three visited States have introduced a comprehensive strategy to counter terrorism and taken steps to develop specialized institutional counter-terrorism structures and measures managed by the relevant agencies. In these States, there is an awareness of the importance of cooperation, information-sharing and coordination among the various agencies and between the regional and national levels. All three visited States have played an active role in creating specialized counter-terrorism agencies and/or police units and in ensuring that those units are provided with the necessary training and tools to perform their duties in a range of counter-terrorism-related areas. For example, in 2009, Bhutan established an elite special forces unit in its police department to tackle terrorism. In 2008, India also established the National Investigation Agency for undertaking investigation and prosecution for terrorist and other serious offences.", "118. With the exception of draft legislation prepared by Sri Lanka, witness-protection laws and programmes, which protect witnesses as well as members of law enforcement and the judiciary, are lacking. United Nations human rights mechanisms have, in some cases, identified serious concerns related to excessive use of force, and challenges remain in respect of efforts to institutionalize human rights safeguards in the work of law enforcement entities. Strengthening of regional cooperation and information-sharing among law enforcement personnel is an additional challenge. States should strengthen their legal frameworks to criminalize the illicit manufacturing, possession and trafficking in small arms and explosives. Only one State is a party to the Firearms Protocol.", "Border control", "119. Porous land borders pose a threat to almost all States. In response, four States have introduced legislation to penalize the movement of undocumented persons across State borders. Efforts are being made to establish greater control over the issuance of identity papers and travel documents. States have established procedures to issue machine-readable travel documents. Bangladesh and Nepal began issuing machine-readable travel documents in 2010. The Unique Identification Authority of India began issuing Unique Identity numbers on 29 September 2010, and Pakistan established the National Database and Registration Authority, which has built a sophisticated computerized civil registry system that helps to facilitate the secure issuance of identity and travel documents. Some States have taken operational steps to ensure the implementation of legislation on cash couriers. South Asian customs agents participated in “Operation ATLAS” (26-30 October 2009), which involved 80 WCO member States and was the largest ever multilateral operation targeting cash smugglers. Most States should take further practical measures to identify and halt the illegal movement of cash across borders. All States have indicated their intention to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards. No State has introduced a domestic law on asylum, and only Afghanistan is a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol. The current situation thus does not allow for the systematic screening of refugees for potential links with terrorism and other serious criminal activity. With regard to the criminalization of trafficking in persons and the smuggling of migrants, only India is a party to the Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants protocols.", "120. Further steps need to be taken to implement practical measures to suppress the smuggling of arms and explosives. Although three States reported to the Programme of Action on Small Arms, in 2010, and one did so in 2008, four other States have not reported to the Programme of Action at all. Airports in Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal were audited during 2009 and 2010 as part of the ICAO USAP. With regard to maritime security, the ISPS Code (1974 SOLAS Convention) is applicable and in force in five States of the subregion. Four of those five States have designated a national authority responsible for ship security, and three States have designated such an authority for port security.", "International cooperation", "121. Two States are parties to at least 13 of the international counter-terrorism instruments. No State has ratified the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and the 2005 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf. The most recent activity in the region in this regard was the ratification by Pakistan of the Terrorist Financing Convention, in June 2009. During a June 2010 meeting of the SAARC Terrorist Offences Monitoring Desk, SAARC member States decided to share information on a real-time basis and to exchange data on many related areas, such as photographs of terrorists, terrorist incidents and terrorist profiles.", "122. With the aim of enhancing the capacities of law enforcement officials in South Asia to counter terrorism and related crimes and, at the same time, to strengthen regional cooperation and information-sharing among law enforcement personnel, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate has facilitated a series of workshops (beginning in November 2009) aimed at bringing together law enforcement officials — primarily police officers and prosecutors — to share experiences, lessons learned and best practices in handling cases relating to international crimes and terrorism. All eight South Asian States have actively participated in the three meetings held to date, and the SAARC secretariat has attended as observer. Beginning with the fourth workshop, held in Bhutan in May 2011, this process will include the participation of judges.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "123. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Address vulnerabilities in the money-transfer system and strengthen frameworks to prevent misuse of funds obtained overseas by charitable organizations;", "(b) Develop a protection framework for witnesses, judges and law enforcement personnel;", "(c) Strengthen regional cooperation and information-sharing among law enforcement personnel, including with regard to relevant human rights issues.", "124. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to support initiatives to strengthen regional cooperation and information-sharing among law enforcement personnel, such as the regional workshops for police, prosecutors, other frontline officials and representatives of civil society working to counter terrorism in South Asia;", "(b) Build upon ongoing efforts to actively involve SAARC in regional activities supported by the Committee and its Executive Directorate;", "(c) Consider future visits to all States of South Asia, as well as follow-up visits to those already visited.", "Central Asia and the Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan)", "The Committee has visited one State of Central Asia and three States of the Caucasus.", "General comments", "125. The implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) in Central Asia is hampered by several factors: proximity to the conflict in Afghanistan (where drug production feeds terrorist activities and has generated a dynamic arms-for-drugs trade); the illicit activities of transborder cash couriers (a potential source of terrorism financing); the circulation of surplus arms (owing to political and civil unrest in the region); remote and underprotected borders, coupled with the lack of human and material resources to ensure effective border control; and the large number of migrant workers (which in turn increases the use of informal remittance systems, a potential source of terrorism financing). Moreover, the Islamic Jihad Group, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and its affiliated East Turkistan Islamic Movement — all Al-Qaida-affiliated groups — operate in some parts of the Central Asian region. Central Asian States are thus confronted with an acute transnational terrorist threat that requires concerted regional and coordinated responses.", "126. Central Asian States have made significant progress in implementing a variety of counter-terrorism measures, in compliance with resolution 1373 (2001). They have enacted counter-terrorism legislation and laws to regulate trade on small arms. They are working to curtail terrorist movements by strengthening immigration controls and to enhance cargo security by strengthening certain customs controls. They have also made robust efforts in the area of counter-terrorism law enforcement and are increasing their bilateral and multilateral cooperation. These measures have brought tangible results by limiting the spread of the above-mentioned terrorist groups.", "127. The Caucasus is a separate geopolitical region. The terrorist threats to this region are somewhat different in origin and nature, but their effects are similar. Unresolved ethnic and border disputes have resulted in conflicts that undermine efforts to develop a cohesive, regional counter-terrorism response. Moreover, the Caucasus includes landlocked and oil-producing States. As a result, a network of pipelines is required to transport oil and gas from Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan on the Caspian Sea to ports in Georgia and Turkey. There are concerns that this strategic infrastructure could be the target of terrorist attacks and that the Caucasus could serve as a corridor for terrorist groups transiting from Afghanistan into Europe. Moreover, Azerbaijan and Georgia border the Caucasus region of the Russian Federation, and there is a risk that terrorist groups operating in this region might cross shared borders in an effort to seek safe haven.", "128. Several States of the Caucasus have taken steps to amend their legislation to comply with their international human rights obligations, notably by establishing judicial safeguards in criminal cases. However, States of this region still present a number of shortfalls. Procedural safeguards for asylum-seekers are still weak. Although judicial safeguards have been strengthened in many States, these safeguards have yet to be effectively implemented, especially at the initial stages of investigation and the pretrial stage. Instances of torture, ill-treatment and arbitrary detention continue to cause concern. There is therefore a need to build upon the progress already made.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "129. All Central Asian States have introduced counter-terrorism legislation. Over the past two years, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have made progress in transposing the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism legal instruments into their criminal codes. Kazakhstan has also penalized crimes relating to terrorist recruitment and terrorist groups. Some States might wish to review their domestic legislation with a view to ensuring that it complies fully with the international instruments. Counter-terrorism offences should be precisely defined in order to uphold the principle of legality while ensuring that they do not infringe upon activities protected by international law. In at least one State, the crime of terrorism appears to be defined too broadly, which could hamper cooperation at the international level.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "130. Central Asian States have made tangible progress in implementing anti-money-laundering/counter-financing of terrorism provisions. All States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention. In 2009, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan adopted appropriate anti-money-laundering/counter-financing of terrorism legislation that created financial intelligence units, obligated an extensive list of entities to report suspicious transactions and established criteria defining such transactions. Pursuant to the Committee’s visit, Azerbaijan redefined and criminalized its terrorist financing offences, broadly in line with the Terrorist Financing Convention and the Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering Special Recommendation II. During the period 2009-2010, certain Central Asian States further refined and expanded existing anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation. For instance, Uzbekistan set out rules for internal control and established penalties for entities failing to report, and Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan introduced strict customer identification and record-keeping procedures. Tajikistan established the Financial Monitoring Department (its financial intelligence unit) in October 2009 and prepared a new draft anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism law in November 2010. Remittances from Central Asian migrant workers working in other States members of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) have been identified as a potential anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism risk requiring attention. Although these transfers are conducted through formal systems, the oversimplified customer identification procedures, the high volume of remittances and the difficulty in identifying the origin and purpose of the funds are causes for concern. The associated risks increase when such remittances are conveyed through informal systems. Moreover, there are concerns that the active arms-for-drugs trafficking emanating from Afghanistan may lead to terrorist financing in neighbouring Central Asian States, through the activities of cash couriers. Some Central Asian States have established declaration regimes for the cross-border carriage of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Azerbaijan modified its anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation in order to provide for enhanced customer due diligence measures. Non‑profit sectors should be regularly reviewed to ensure that non-profit organizations are not susceptible to abuse for the purposes of terrorist financing.", "Law enforcement", "131. Central Asian States have strengthened law enforcement measures since the previous survey through enhanced inter-agency cooperation and information-sharing and the establishment and utilization of criminal and other databases, both domestically and internationally, in support of law enforcement counter-terrorism efforts. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are utilizing centralized databases to which counter-terrorism law enforcement agencies have access. All States participate in regional mechanisms on law enforcement cooperation. Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan engage in information-exchange and respond to requests for legal assistance (at both the national and international levels) regarding persons linked to terrorism. Because there is a human rights element inherent in law enforcement work, there is a need to strengthen oversight mechanisms. Uzbekistan established a legal framework of safeguards to strengthen the rights of suspects, detainees and defendants and to investigate complaints of violations of such rights and the use of torture. All States have taken some steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms, ammunition and explosives. Three States have ratified the Firearms Protocol. States of the Caucasus would benefit from clearer procedures for cooperation and coordination among law enforcement agencies, at both the national and international levels, to ensure effective investigation and prosecution. (Azerbaijan, for example, has established a unified national database that provides law enforcement agencies with access to immigration, visa and border-control information.) Moreover, States should be more proactive in ensuring that the prosecution of terrorism cases is conducted effectively, utilizing good practices and respecting international fair-trial standards.", "Border control", "132. States of the subregion report progress in implementing legislative and operational measures relating to the cross-border movement of people and goods and aviation security. States have established procedures to determine the true identity of persons prior to the issuance of travel documents, and most issue machine-readable travel documents. Legislation to prevent the movement of terrorists across borders is in place, with all States having ratified the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and all but two being parties to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol. (Implementation of measures to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders could be improved, however.) In 2009, Turkmenistan introduced the Law on the Migration Service, and in January 2011, Uzbekistan introduced machine-readable travel documents. Kazakhstan screens individuals in accordance with the Consolidated List, the watch lists of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and CIS, as well as bilateral and intergovernmental agreements, before granting temporary or permanent residency or naturalization. Persons seeking to enter Azerbaijan illegally are detained in temporary centres located at border crossings and undergo identification and fingerprinting procedures. Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia all issue machine-readable travel documents and Azerbaijan has incorporated several security features into its passports, which are issued through a centralized and controlled national office. All States but one are party to the 1951 Refugee Convention, but their implementation of screening and exclusion mechanisms may be somewhat inconsistent.", "133. Practical implementation of methods to identify and halt cash couriers and also to detect the illicit movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments through other means needs to be improved in most States. It is not clear to what extent travellers are screened, their baggage inspected and appropriate actions taken. All States but one have indicated their intention to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards, and Azerbaijan is implementing its own State Programme on the Development of the Customs System of the Azerbaijan Republic 2007-2011. In Azerbaijan, weapons-detection and surveillance equipment has been installed at international border crossings. Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan submitted a national report to the Programme of Action on Small Arms, in 2010. Azerbaijan checks personal applications for a permit to legally possess firearms against a national “blacklist” produced by the Ministry of the Interior and the National Security Service. The import/export of arms for military or law enforcement purposes requires the approval of the Cabinet of Ministers. No State of the Caucasus has ratified the Firearms Protocol, but Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have done so. Increasingly, States of the subregion participate in regional projects and programmes (which encourage the soliciting, collecting and sharing of information and intelligence) as a means of enhancing capacity to address border-related threats of terrorism and organized crime. In some States, the lack of technical equipment, such as document readers and cargo scanners and the lack of full database connectivity prevent a thorough and effective screening of travel documents and cargo at border crossings.", "International cooperation", "134. Seven of the eight States of Central Asia and the Caucasus have ratified 12 of the international counter-terrorism legal instruments, with Kyrgyzstan actively considering adherence to the 6 instruments to which it is not yet a party. No State of the region has ratified the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and the 2005 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf. Even though most States are landlocked, they should nevertheless ratify the two 2005 Protocols and transpose their offences into domestic law for the purposes of dual criminality when responding to requests for mutual legal assistance and extradition. In 2009, Turkmenistan introduced legislation to enhance information-sharing and mutual legal assistance with foreign States in the area of anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism. Central Asian States belong to regional organizations that address specific aspects of counter-terrorism, including legislation, anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism, law enforcement and border security in the particular regional context. These States do interact with one another within these multilateral frameworks, but it is also important that they expand bilateral linkages in matters pertaining to mutual legal assistance and extradition, as well as to cooperate jointly in border security (especially as terrorist threats are often cross-border in nature). No State can counter terrorism alone, because the transnational nature of the terrorist threat requires cooperation and coordination with other States. In the Caucasus, the combination of terrorist activity, ongoing hostilities and the presence of the oil industry necessitates robust cooperation in the implementation of counter-terrorism measures. For this reason, it is important to establish effective, durable and holistic mechanisms for regional collaboration in the areas of law enforcement, border security, mutual legal assistance and extradition.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "135. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Ensure that national criminal and related databases are established, maintained and updated, and linked to law enforcement and border offices;", "(b) Ensure that technical equipment (document readers, scanners and fraud detection) are installed at key border crossings;", "(c) Tighten controls/monitoring of remittance systems (both formal and informal), including the physical movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments across borders.", "136. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with the international and regional organizations engaged in the region (including the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Regional Anti‑Terrorist Structure, and the OSCE Border Management Staff College in Dushanbe, Tajikistan) in order to focus on activities geared towards overcoming deficiencies and improving implementation of resolution 1373 (2001);", "(b) Work more closely with States of Central Asia and the Caucasus through different approaches (including the facilitation of technical assistance in cooperation with providers/donors and the organization of regional workshops) to address specific areas requiring attention, including strengthening of criminal justice systems and specialized programmes for judges and prosecutors;", "(c) Consider future visits and follow-up visits to this subregion in order to engage more actively with States.", "Western Asia (Bahrain, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United Arab Emirates and Yemen)", "The Committee has visited seven States of this subregion.", "General comments", "137. Threats and challenges in the subregion include terrorism, regional conflicts, instability caused by political transition and civil unrest, and piracy. In general, States of the subregion have strengthened their counter-terrorism measures since the adoption of resolution 1373 (2001). However, there is a need to fine-tune some of these measures to bring them into line with international codes and best standards and practices for implementing the resolution (including adherence to the rule of law and international human rights obligations). States of the subregion should ensure effective judicial oversight of law enforcement activities to guard against abuses and prevent impunity.", "138. The advanced economic status of several States of the subregion and the presence of political instability in neighbouring areas present the risk that funds may leak to terrorist groups. There is therefore a need to enhance the security of financial sectors, controls on remittances, and movement of cash across borders.", "139. The non-profit sector is carefully regulated by several jurisdictions. (For example: the practice of collecting money at kiosks has been banned in both Kuwait and Saudi Arabia, and charities are more closely regulated, in general, by the relevant ministries.) There is a need to enhance connectivity in order to facilitate exchange of information between the databases of charities and law enforcement agencies.", "140. Because of the ongoing terrorist threat to parts of this subregion, there is a need to enhance border control, screen travellers, and prevent the smuggling of weapons. There is also a need for some States to deal more effectively with the large number of asylum-seekers in the region, notably by becoming parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "141. Most States have in place a counter-terrorism legal framework that relies primarily on their respective penal laws, supplemented by other special decrees. Most States have the capacity to investigate terrorist cases. Perpetrators of terrorist acts have been arrested and subsequently brought to justice in a number of jurisdictions. However, several States rely on overly broad legal definitions and special criminal procedures that have raised concerns among United Nations human rights mechanisms and could also present difficulties in respect of international cooperation. Some States consider the international conventions to which they are a party an integral part of their national legislation. However, the United Arab Emirates has proactively incorporated most of the offences of the international instruments into its domestic legislation and draft laws to this effect are also being considered by Saudi Arabia and several other jurisdictions. Several States have criminalized recruitment for the purpose of committing terrorist acts. Saudi Arabia has put in place a terrorist rehabilitation programme that has shown some promise. The United Arab Emirates has policies to promote tolerance and moderation in all communities in the State as a measure to build community resilience against recruitment and radicalization. The provision of safe haven for terrorists is criminalized in most States, which also criminalize the use of their territories to commit or prepare terrorist acts against the citizens, installations, or diplomatic representatives of other States, considering any terrorist acts against these targets as an act against their own national security. However, States still need to domesticate the principle aut dedere aut judicare in accordance with the international counter-terrorism instruments.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "142. Seven States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention (including Yemen, which became a party in 2010). Most States of the subregion have adopted anti-money-laundering legislation and regulations and have established multiple regulatory bodies. However, there is a need for similar measures, particularly operational measures, to be put in place with regard to counter-financing of terrorism. Most States, for example, have yet to criminalize the financing of terrorism and establish it as a predicate offence to the money-laundering offence. States that have partially criminalized the financing of terrorism have still to ensure that all elements of article 2 of the Terrorist Financing Convention are included. Reporting obligations extend to the financing of terrorism primarily in those States that have partially criminalized terrorist financing. Others may have in place reporting obligations concerning counter-financing of terrorism through central bank circulars, but no legal framework for bringing perpetrators of such offences to justice. Most States have increased the number of laws and regulations in place to ensure that customer due diligence and record-keeping requirements are extended to designated non-financial business and professions. Most States have measures in place for seizure and confiscation. In 2010, Jordan amended its anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism law to bring it up to international standards, including by issuing an instruction establishing an administrative freezing of terrorist funds. In general, measures to freeze funds linked to terrorism in most States of the subregion need further enhancement, including streamlining of the process and the operations to freeze funds without delay.", "143. Most States have established a financial intelligence unit. Those of Bahrain, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic and the United Arab Emirates are members of the Egmont Group. Other financial intelligence units still need to become fully operational and could benefit from the experiences and assistance of the aforementioned more advanced units. In 2009, a computer-based training pilot programme on anti-money-laundering was successfully set up by the Iranian Judiciary and the Ministry of Economy and Financial Affairs located in the financial intelligence unit. Most States have adequate laws and regulations in place to regulate registration of non-profit organizations. Some have also introduced regulative measures under the auspices of security services. In Saudi Arabia, the accounts of charitable organizations and associations are regulated by the Saudi Arabia Monetary Agency rules for opening and operating accounts with commercial banks. However, most States have yet to conduct risk assessments of their non-profit sector with a view to ensuring that it is not misused for the purpose of terrorist financing. Most States have legal measures in place to regulate cash couriers, and some have disclosure systems.", "Law enforcement", "144. All visited States have adopted counter-terrorism strategies and put in place specialized counter-terrorism institutional structures and measures that are managed by law enforcement agencies. These States were observed to have relatively advanced capacities to conduct investigations. Forensics and technological capacities vary throughout the region and seem to be more advanced in the States of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) visited by the Committee. Community policing plays an important role (e.g., in one visited State, the Government uses mobile “smart” telephones to notify the public of significant events and posts police information on an Internet-based social-networking service). Internal coordination and information-exchange in most States is conducted at the policy level, and “cascaded” down to the operational level manually and through personal contacts, rather than electronically. This cooperation/coordination would be enhanced by the use of common or interlinked databases.", "145. Two forums that enhance regional policy cooperation among States of the subregion are the Council of Arab Ministers of the Interior and GCC. The latter, in particular, has strengthened, through the use of national identification cards containing appropriate biodata, both national and regional security and ease of movement of its citizens through mutual borders. The Permanent Security Council on Counter-Terrorism of GCC meets annually and in 2009 adopted a guidance plan for training counter-terrorism officials of GCC members. In view of concerns expressed by United Nations human rights mechanisms regarding excessive use of force and ill-treatment of detainees in the context of counter-terrorism in parts of the region, there appears to be a need for States to introduce more systematic oversight of law enforcement activities, including by the judiciary. All States have taken some steps to regulate the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives, though only four have ratified the Firearms Protocol. Most States have legal measures in place, including declaration systems, to regulate cross-border currency movements.", "Border control", "146. Most States have introduced measures to detect forged travel documents. The United Arab Emirates uses a multitiered approach to document security and travel-document inspection, which includes primary screening of travel documents and secondary screening of suspect documents in a well-equipped forensic document examination laboratory. In Jordan, officials at all major border checkpoints have advanced document fraud-detection equipment at their disposal. On-site observations indicate that the equipment is being regularly used to identify travel-document fraud. All States of the subregion met the ICAO deadline of April 2010 for the introduction of machine-readable travel documents. All visited States use INTERPOL databases. Most States, however, need to extend access to INTERPOL databases to border posts for use by front-line officers. Most States have operational mechanisms in place to identify and halt cash couriers. In Jordan, the customs department has set up an Anti-Money-Laundering and Counter-Financing of Terrorism Unit, which has access to various internal and external databases and cooperates with all border posts.", "147. Only two States are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention, and very few States have laws on asylum-seekers, relying primarily on the offices of UNHCR in the region to help them manage these processes. United Nations mechanisms have expressed concern regarding inadequate legal and practical measures to guard against refoulement in several States. Most States screen applicants before granting any form of temporary or permanent residence. Members of GCC use advanced technologies in this regard. In the United Arab Emirates, individuals seeking visas upon arrival are checked against alert lists, which are maintained in the national database, in both Latin and Arabic script. The immigration authorities also use an iris recognition immigration system to check the nationals of States that constitute the bulk of its migrant labour. Seven States are parties to either the Trafficking in Persons or Smuggling of Migrants Protocols (three States are parties to both), although implementation is difficult to measure. All States have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards and have partially implemented the requisite measures. In the United Arab Emirates, the Central Customs Intelligence unit feeds information/intelligence into the risk profiles installed in the electronic customs-clearance system. In Kuwait, risk profiles have been integrated into the electronic customs-clearance system.", "148. Bahrain, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Oman, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen submitted their reports for the period 2009-2010 on the implementation of the Programme of Action on Small Arms. However, States still need to reinforce their programmes and cooperation and to implement the latest international best practices and arms control standards. The ISPS Code is partially implemented throughout the subregion. Jebel Ali Port in the United Arab Emirates is by far the largest port in the Middle East. Consequently, the United Arab Emirates takes maritime security and threat prevention seriously, and has put in place advanced systems, infrastructures and processes to assess and respond to risks while also ensuring the smooth facilitation of trade. In general, most States could improve their maritime capacities through utilizing long-range identification and tracking systems to track foreign flag vessels or to track vessels beyond their respective automatic identification systems. Annex 17 and related security provisions of annex 9 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation are partially implemented in all reporting States. The United Arab Emirates and Jordan have each received a second-cycle ICAO USAP mission and the Islamic Republic of Iran has received a first-cycle follow-up mission. The United Arab Emirates and Jordan have instituted a number of significant improvements to aviation security policies, programmes and the implementation of security controls at the airport level.", "International cooperation", "149. Jordan, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen have each become parties to an additional counter-terrorism instrument, and Bahrain became a party to three additional instruments. Both Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates are now parties to 14 instruments. Only a few States have domestic provisions in place governing extradition and mutual legal assistance. Members of GCC and members of the League of Arab States follow their relevant uniform model legislation on extradition and mutual legal assistance. These would, however, be limited to the practice in the region, which is also governed by multilateral and bilateral treaties. Mutual legal assistance and extradition with States outside the region is primarily governed by bilateral treaties, and the consideration of extradition is normally triggered by INTERPOL notices. Most States need to exclude from the “political offence” exemption the offences of the international counter-terrorism instruments to which they are parties.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "150. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Train prosecutors and judges, as well as other relevant law enforcement officials, in the effective implementation of recently enacted laws in the field of counter-terrorism and/or money-laundering, with due regard for international human rights obligations;", "(b) Enhance the legislative and regulatory frameworks for countering the financing of terrorism, including through criminalizing the financing of terrorism, adopting necessary measures to freeze funds without delay, and conducting risk assessments of the non-profit sector;", "(c) Continue taking measures to enhance border security through the implementation of relevant international best codes and practices.", "151. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage more actively with relevant regional organizations, including the League of Arab States, GCC, the Organization of the Islamic Conference and the Middle East and North Africa Financial Action Task Force, with a focus on activities geared towards overcoming challenges and improving implementation of the resolution;", "(b) Continue building upon the close dialogue established with States visited in the region, particularly in the light of current developments in the subregion. This would also assist in identifying best ways to facilitate technical assistance through, for example, the organization of workshops and other regional events to address specific areas of implementation requiring attention;", "(c) Engage more actively with States of the subregion through further follow-up visits to West Asian States, and by taking the opportunity of being present in the region to conduct bilateral meetings with officials of relevant States.", "C. Latin America", "Central America and the Caribbean (Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago)", "The Committee has visited two States in this subregion.", "General comments", "152. The threat of terrorism has remained low in the Central America and the Caribbean region. Home-grown terrorism and the movement of groups of terrorists, or suspected terrorists, across its territories have not been documented or detected. However, the foremost security challenges being faced by States of the subregion continue to be escalating levels of criminal activity and their debilitating effects on society. A range of factors account for the crime and insecurity landscape, primary of which is the illegal drug trade, as well as illegal trafficking of firearms, trafficking in persons, gang warfare, unemployment, corruption and, in some cases, the inability of criminal justice systems to bring perpetrators to justice. Although terrorism is not specifically mentioned as a consistent occurrence, it certainly is an area of concern, as many of the above-mentioned factors have the potential to fuel terrorist acts in the region. Moreover, because of its geography (which includes expansive and open sea borders and numerous small island States), the region is vulnerable to criminal activity in the maritime domain and thus confronts challenges relating to effective maritime and border control. These challenges are complicated by constraints on the human and material resources available to address them. However, Governments continue to implement required measures and do cooperate bilaterally and regionally to address these problems. The availability of small arms is an issue of significant concern in Central America. There are more than 2 million unregistered small arms in circulation.", "153. The subregion has made good progress in complying with resolution 1373 (2001), particularly in countering the financing of terrorism and in the adoption of measures relating to port and airport control. Similarly, counter-terrorism legislation has been adopted, providing judicial and prosecutorial authorities with adequate legal powers to bring terrorists to justice. States have developed regional mechanisms for ensuring coherent legal and institutional capacity-building in the control of financial systems, law enforcement and border control, ensuring cooperation, attention to human rights and non-duplication of activities.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "154. All Central American and Caribbean States have introduced anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation that include provisions for the offences of terrorism and terrorist financing. However, States have not yet fully incorporated into domestic law the offences established in the international instruments. All States prohibit the use of their territories by their nationals to commit or prepare terrorist acts against other States, and a third of States have adequate measures for the suppression of recruitment of members of terrorist groups, for the criminalization of the provision of safe haven to terrorists or their supporters, and for establishing adequate jurisdiction for relevant offences in national law.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "155. Most Central American and Caribbean States have ratified the Terrorist Financing Convention and adopted anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation establishing the financing of terrorism as an independent offence and as a predicative offence to money-laundering legislation. Although States have set up financial intelligence units to analyse suspicious transactions reports, a number of these units require operational capacity-building. States could also improve the compliance of financial institutions with customer due diligence standards, particularly regarding politically exposed persons. Many States have in place legislation to control the physical cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. In 2009, Costa Rica approved the Law against Terrorism, which included terrorist financing. During 2010, Belize, Jamaica and Saint Lucia amended their counter-financing of terrorism legal provisions to further strengthen their respective regimes. Jamaica has initiated a programme to modernize its financial intelligence unit, and Barbados has approved the creation of six additional positions within its financial intelligence unit and upgraded its information technology system. The financial intelligence units of Antigua, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, Dominica, Grenada, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines have become members of the Egmont Group. A number of States have not yet implemented procedures to identify and freeze terrorist assets without delay. About half of States implement some measures to guard against terrorist financing through the non-profit sector. Further efforts must therefore be made in this regard.", "Law enforcement", "156. All Central American and Caribbean States have put in place effective law enforcement measures and entered into bilateral, regional, and international agreements for cooperation and exchange of information. States have enhanced inter-agency cooperation, sharing of information, and the establishment and use of criminal databases, both domestically and internationally, in support of law enforcement and counter-terrorism efforts. All States of the subregion are members of INTERPOL and have established national central bureaux. Some States are also members of the Commission of Chiefs of Police of Central America and the Caribbean and have access to its databases. However, many States need to improve the capacity of their national central bureaux in order to ensure connectivity of border checkpoints to centralized databases. The subregion is vulnerable to arms smuggling, and most States have shortfalls in their national legislation to regulate a variety of illegal activities regarding small arms and light weapons, despite 17 States having ratified the Firearms Protocol.", "Border control", "157. The Caribbean region is a leader in multi-country biometric border control programmes, with 15 States and 18 airports operating on the same fingerprint and facial biometrics-based system. The region has also developed the Caribbean Travel Pass (CARIPASS) programme, which provides secure and facilitated border crossings for citizens and legal residents of the Caribbean Community. All States of the subregion screen visitors and people requesting visas or residency status against a variety of national and international databases. All States issue machine-readable travel documents and a number of States have introduced Advanced Passenger Information. Two thirds of States have introduced mechanisms for establishing the true identity of citizens prior to the issuance of identity documents, but there is a need for greater security and integrity of the issuance process of identity and travel documents.", "158. Customs controls on illegal trafficking of small arms and light weapons, ammunition and explosives are implemented by around half of States, but there is a need to strengthen customs controls and the training of officers. Eight States have reported on their implementation of the Programme of Action on Small Arms. A Caribbean Community Task Force and the Organization of American States (OAS) Secretariat of Multidimensional Security have put in place a regional programme to halt the proliferation of illegal small arms. This problem has been identified as a major threat to the ability of Caribbean States to guarantee security and non‑violence for their citizens. Thus far, only Trinidad and Tobago has kept its obligations updated. The trafficking of drugs and small arms continues to be a serious concern to the subregion, especially across unguarded sections of the border. The illicit movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments is also a concern. Although many States have put in place mechanisms to control the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments, detection methodologies could be enhanced. Most States have expressed their intention to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards, and most have moved to implement its standards. ICAO conducted aviation security audits in nine States in 2009 and 2010. There is a lack of information regarding the implementation of maritime security standards, as most States have not provided sufficient information on their implementation of IMO maritime security standards. Seventeen States are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention and more than half have put in place measures to prevent the abuse of asylum procedures. All but four States have ratified the Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants Protocols.", "International cooperation", "159. One State, Panama, has ratified 15 of the international counter-terrorism instruments, three have ratified 13, and most States of the subregion have ratified around 12 instruments. However, two States have ratified no more than six instruments. Around half of States have introduced adequate provisions on extradition and mutual legal assistance, and the remainder are making progress in this regard. States of the Caribbean have, however, adopted the Caribbean Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Serious Criminal Matters (including offences relating to terrorism, terrorism financing, money-laundering and drug trafficking). The Treaty obligates States to afford the widest measure of mutual legal assistance at any stage of investigations, prosecutions, and judicial proceedings in relation to the above-mentioned serious criminal offences. Moreover, 20 States are members of the OAS Inter-American Committee against Terrorism, and around half of these States are parties to the Inter-American Convention against Terrorism and have ratified the Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters. Regional and bilateral mechanisms for law enforcement cooperation, such as early warning mechanisms and intelligence cooperation, have been established. Cooperation in the subregion is continuously improving, but should be further strengthened, especially in border areas, in order to bolster controls against possible terrorist incursion and proliferation of transnational crime.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "160. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Strengthen legislative and practical measures to regulate and control illicit trafficking in small arms and light weapons;", "(b) Continue to improve border-control measures in order to increase effectiveness in preventing and detecting illicit cross-border activity;", "(c) Improve customs-control methodologies in the cargo-processing domain in order to guard against manipulation for terrorist ends.", "161. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to strengthen their partnerships with regional organizations in support of effective implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) by Member States of the subregion;", "(b) Engage more actively with States of the subregion through visits and strengthened dialogue, especially with key actors and policymakers, in order to heighten awareness of resolution 1373 (2001) and of requirements for its effective implementation;", "(c) Continue to facilitate delivery of technical assistance in the identified areas of need, partnering with international and regional organizations and donor States, in order to build capacity.", "South America (Argentina, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of))", "The Committee has visited two States of this subregion.", "General comments", "162. The threat of terrorism to the subregion is considered to be low, but vulnerabilities to terrorism-related activities remain high, particularly in certain areas. The existence of domestic insurgent groups operating in the region, including the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) guerrillas in Colombia, the Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) and Tupac Amaru in Peru, and the Paraguayan Popular Army, present tangible security threats. In some cases, proceeds from the production and trafficking of illicit drugs and other transnational criminal activities are being used to finance existing illegal armed groups. Maintaining sufficient border security controls remains challenging, especially taking into account the difficulties posed by the subregion’s geography.", "163. South American States have made tangible progress in implementing a variety of counter-terrorism measures in compliance with resolution 1373 (2001). They have enacted counter-terrorism legislation, and most have ratified at least 12 of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Efforts have been made to further strengthen regional coordination and cooperation. Law enforcement efforts have been increased to combat transnational crime and could be adapted to counter terrorism as required. Governments have launched several initiatives to raise awareness, among financial institutions, of the requirement to report suspicious transactions.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "164. Although no State has fully integrated into domestic law the terrorist offences of the 16 international counter-terrorism instruments, six States have established comprehensive counter-terrorism legal frameworks. However, the implementation of counter-terrorism provisions needs to be improved, especially with respect to border control and international cooperation issues. Counter-terrorism legislation has been strengthened in Chile, Colombia, Paraguay and Peru. In the case of two States, shortfalls have been identified in the codification in domestic law of the terrorist offences. Paraguay recently adopted a comprehensive law against terrorism and has made significant improvements in its counter-terrorism and counter-financing of terrorism legislation. Most States have made progress in enhancing the capacity of their prosecution and judiciary services. International and regional organizations continue to play an active role in providing training and capacity-building in areas such as judicial cooperation, crime prevention and the promotion of human rights. Nine States have taken measures to suppress the recruitment of members of terrorist groups.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "165. Eleven States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention, and six of these States have adequately criminalized the financing of terrorism. Although all States have adopted anti-money-laundering legislation, in most cases the relevant provisions contain shortfalls, including the exclusion of certain relevant non‑financial businesses and professions from the list of entities obliged to submit reports on suspicious transactions to the financial intelligence unit and conduct customer due diligence and record-keeping. All States have set up financial intelligence units, and six of those units are operational. The remaining units operate at various levels of efficiency and effectiveness and, in some cases, will require technical assistance to develop their capacity to meet international standards. Seven States have extended the reporting obligation to include terrorist financing. The capacity to freeze without delay funds and assets linked to terrorism has improved in Colombia and Peru, but is not yet fully implemented in a number of other States. Although most States have legislation in place to regulate charitable organizations, legislation to prevent terrorism financing through non-profit organizations must still be enacted and effectively implemented in at least 10 States (12 in the previous survey). Peru and Uruguay have achieved improvements in this area. No State has completely reviewed its non-profit sector or conducted a risk assessment for terrorist financing. Many States have improved measures to address cash couriers by establishing declaration or disclosure systems for the reporting of cross-border movement of cash. Monitoring of alternative remittance systems continues to require improvement in most States, and regulation and monitoring of these systems remain challenges that must be addressed.", "Law enforcement", "166. Ten States have set up national agencies or offices (combined law agency groups) or high-level central offices to deal with counter-terrorism matters. States of the subregion have developed joint strategies and relationships among their various counter-terrorism agencies. However, States’ reports do not contain information about the law enforcement special investigative techniques used or about specific exceptional criminal procedures in place. All States have set up mutual legal assistance arrangements to facilitate regional and international cooperation and information-sharing. Regional law enforcement mechanisms are also used. Cooperation, including through early-warning and intelligence, seems to be effective. Colombia, Chile, Paraguay and Peru have also enacted legislation giving their law enforcement authorities special investigative powers. All States have access to INTERPOL data, but in many cases the degree of efficiency of access and use of the data is not clear. Domestically, law enforcement agencies rely on relevant legislative provisions, memorandums of understanding and membership in national central bodies for cooperation, coordination and information-exchange. Five States are not yet a party to the Firearms Protocol, but almost all have introduced OAS legislation criminalizing the illicit manufacturing, possession and trafficking of small arms and light weapons, ammunition and explosives. In nine States, the relevant legislation appears comprehensive. Most Governments appear to be strongly committed to ensuring that law enforcement agencies respect human rights, although in some cases serious concerns have been raised about violations by security forces.", "Border control", "167. All States of the subregion have enacted immigration and passport laws to regulate immigration and travel-document security and have set up procedures for establishing the true identity of persons prior to the issuance of identity documents. All States issue machine-readable travel documents. Nine States have implemented effective screening procedures for travellers. Cooperation across regional borders, including the sharing of information and customs cooperation, has improved substantially. However, the effectiveness of controls could be significantly improved by increasing police patrols and acquiring detection equipment, particularly in light of the subregion’s porous borders. Nine States have expressed their intention to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards. During the period of assessment, seven States of the subregion reported on their implementation of the Programme of Action on Small Arms. Most States have implemented controls on the cross-border movement of small arms and light weapons and are working to improve prevention and detection effectiveness. However, the existence of large stocks of illegal small arms and light weapons utilized in past and present conflicts makes the control and elimination of arms trafficking a challenge for border control and other law enforcement authorities.", "168. Controls on the cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments continue to be improved in the region through training and awareness-raising workshops and exercises. Chile, Colombia, Peru and Uruguay have established effective controls to detect and prevent illicit movements at some border points. Five States received an ICAO USAP audit during 2009 and 2010. Most States have introduced laws establishing national aviation security authorities and implementing aviation security standards, but few have provided information on their implementation of the relevant annexes to the Convention on International Civil Aviation. Implementation of maritime security codes and standards has also improved, overall. Despite the progress achieved, border management continues to pose a challenge because of the porosity of borders and the existence of black-market trade routes. Ten States have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention. All States have ratified the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, and all but two are parties to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol, yet the implementation of laws to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders could be strengthened.", "International cooperation", "169. The subregion has achieved a reasonable level of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Chile has ratified 14 instruments, Brazil, Paraguay and Peru have ratified 13, and four States have ratified 12. Eight States have introduced adequate provisions on extradition and mutual legal assistance, and the remainder are making progress in this area. International cooperation has improved, including through the establishment of regional cooperation mechanisms. All States are members of OAS, which provides regional mechanisms for cooperation at the policy and operational levels. Only two States have not yet ratified the Inter-American Convention against Terrorism. Eleven States have ratified the Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters, and the remaining State is a signatory. Only two States have ratified the Inter-American Convention on Extradition, while five other States are signatories. There appears, however, to be a lack of coordination among some actors involved in regional cooperation, especially in extradition and mutual legal assistance matters.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "170. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Review criminal laws in order to ensure that offences in each of the designated categories are properly criminalized, and enact counter-terrorism legislative provisions, as necessary;", "(b) Address deficiencies in the criminalization of terrorist financing and the freezing of terrorist assets, and strengthen the monitoring of the non-profit sector and alternative remittance systems;", "(c) Strengthen the capacity of competent authorities to detect the illegal movement of cargo, cash and other monetary instruments.", "171. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Enhance technical assistance coordination with OAS/Inter-American Committee against Terrorism/Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission, the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the South American Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering and donor States on a range of issues, including terrorist financing, counter-terrorism legal frameworks and border control;", "(b) Consider future visits to the region in order to engage more actively with States.", "Europe and North America", "South-Eastern Europe (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)", "The Committee has visited three States of this subregion.", "General comments", "172. The terrorist threat to the States of South-Eastern Europe is considered to be relatively low, although Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia have had occasion to use terrorism legislation to make arrests (2009 and 2010) and, in the case of Serbia, to bring criminals to justice on terrorism charges (2009). Most violence occurring in the subregion is linked to nationalist agendas. Authorities are, however, increasingly aware of the potential for religiously motivated radicalization and violent extremism.", "173. States of the subregion confront many common challenges and constraints in their efforts to counter terrorism. Regional challenges include potential links between organized crime and terrorism, and vulnerabilities and weaknesses in the financial system, which could be exploited for terrorism financing. The subregion also serves as a major transit route for people, funds, arms and illicit goods.", "174. Regional cooperation continues to improve, including through the establishment of new mechanisms for cooperation and the strengthening of existing mechanisms. States continue to develop their counter-terrorism capacity in all areas, including by updating their legislation and enhancing the capacity of their judicial, prosecutorial, financial and law enforcement bodies, very often as part of their European integration. Some States have developed national counter-terrorism strategies, but the level of implementation needs to be improved and more focus should be given to preventive aspects, including in particular addressing incitement to terrorism and the threat of radicalization leading to violent extremism.", "175. Despite improvements in border management and considerable investment in infrastructure, human resources and regional cooperation, refugees and asylum-seekers from other parts of the world (especially conflict zones) continue to use South-Eastern Europe to enter the European continent. The fact that more States in adjacent regions are facing periods of instability raises the likelihood of incoming flows of immigrants and refugees from these regions and could pose a significant challenge to States of South-Eastern Europe.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "176. Most States of the subregion have enacted modern counter-terrorism legislation and put in place a comprehensive legal framework for the implementation of the resolution. Nonetheless, substantial shortfalls remain in four States, in the way terrorist offences are codified in domestic law. The capacity of prosecutorial and judicial authorities also still needs to be enhanced. Additionally, regional and subregional organizations need to continue to invest in the training of prosecutors and judges and in building States’ capacity to bring terrorists to justice, notwithstanding a reduction in resources due to the global financial slowdown. In general, the States of the subregion have made good progress in the criminalization of recruitment to terrorism. During 2010, Slovenia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ratified the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, thereby making all States of the subregion parties to this important regional instrument. The next step for most States is to adopt practical measures and a national preventive strategy, as the subregion remains vulnerable to terrorist recruitment. It is also believed that more training in the handling of counter-terrorism cases needs to be provided in the areas of international cooperation; sophisticated methods of investigation (including, as appropriate, the use of special investigative techniques) and human rights safeguards.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "177. All States of the subregion are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention, and all have adopted new anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism laws in recent years. All States include financing of terrorism as predicate offences and extend reporting obligations to financing of terrorism. These laws — most of which were drafted with technical assistance, some of which was generated as a follow-up to a Committee visit — criminalize money-laundering and financing of terrorism reasonably well, in accordance with international standards. States of the subregion continue to develop their regulatory systems in order to effectively implement the financial aspects of the resolution. For example: Montenegro, as part of its new Strategy for the Fight against Terrorism, Money-Laundering and Terrorist Financing, adopted a national Action Plan for the implementation of the Strategy for the period 2009-2012, which focuses heavily on anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism. All States have established operational financial intelligence units, but their capacities vary. A good example in this respect is the Office for Money-Laundering Prevention of Slovenia, the designated financial intelligence unit. The Committee of Experts on the Evaluation of Anti-Money-Laundering Measures and the Financing of Terrorism (MONEYVAL) states that the Office is well structured and professional, appears to be operating effectively, and seems to have a good working relationship with the police and other relevant State agencies.", "178. On the other hand, several visits conducted by the Committee in the subregion and evaluations conducted by other international and regional organizations show that the capacity of some financial intelligence units still needs to be enhanced. Non‑profit organizations play an important role in the region. Although all States of the subregion have legislation in place to regulate non-profit organizations, the level of regulation and supervision is not high. No State has reviewed its non-profit sector or conducted a risk assessment for terrorist financing. Most States still lack a comprehensive system for freezing terrorist assets without delay. Legal measures to monitor the cross-border movement of cash for the purposes of preventing the financing of terrorism need to be strengthened, particularly as the use of cash as a basis for transactions is relatively high, thus making the region vulnerable.", "Law enforcement", "179. All States have enacted laws to guide the work of law enforcement and established bodies to coordinate their national counter-terrorism efforts. Recently, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia reformed their inter-agency cooperation mechanisms in order to enhance inter-agency cooperation. States of the region differ greatly in the way they have structured their counter-terrorism coordination bodies in terms of reporting, powers and structure. However, national cooperation and coordination in counter-terrorism efforts have posed challenges for all States of the subregion, and serious attempts have been made to streamline inter-agency cooperation. Six States have developed, either fully or partially, national counter-terrorism strategies. Croatia and Montenegro recently updated their national strategies. States need to make further efforts to ensure that these strategies cover all aspects of an effective counter-terrorism approach, and more work is needed in order to implement effectively the national strategies. Regional mechanisms for law enforcement cooperation, including early-warning and intelligence cooperation, have been established over the past few years and have substantially improved the level of regional cooperation. One key improvement has been the enhancement of Member States’ capacities to conduct joint investigations. Of particular interest is continued law enforcement cooperation through the South-East European Cooperative Initiative Regional Centre for Combating Trans-Border Crime and by the recently established Police Cooperation Convention for Southeast Europe Secretariat. The States of the subregion are alert to their vulnerabilities to arms trafficking and have developed legislative frameworks to criminalize illicit trafficking and to control the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives. Ratification of the Firearms Protocol is very high, with only one State not yet being a party.", "Border control", "180. All States of the subregion have issued machine-readable travel documents with enhanced security features during the past five years. Albania and Croatia are at an advanced stage of distributing biometric passports that comply with European Union and ICAO standards. Both States expect to complete this process in 2011. All States continue to make substantive progress with regard to border control as part of their European integration. Since 2009, all Member States of the subregion have signed working arrangements with Frontex, thereby improving the coordination of border management across the region. Cooperation in regional border management continues to improve, including through the establishment of joint patrols, sharing of information and regional mechanisms for border control and customs cooperation. All States but one have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards. Despite this progress, the subregion continues to face challenges in this respect, particularly as some internal borders are “green borders” and the quality of border management across the region varies. In three visited States, the border police did not possess equipment capable of detecting forged travel documents and did not have in place effective border surveillance mechanisms. In those States, formal border crossings were often found to be unconnected to central databases.", "181. Most States of the subregion face challenges in implementing measures dealing with cash couriers. Most States also have difficulty in enforcing legislation to suppress arms trafficking, despite efforts by many to increase screening and inspection activities. Five States reported to the Programme of Action on Small Arms during 2010, and only one has not submitted a report at all. Overall, despite the progress achieved, the management of border control and customs still poses a challenge.", "182. Progress has been made over recent years in efforts to prevent the abuse of refugee and asylum systems by terrorists. For example, in July 2009, Serbia adopted a National Strategy for Migration Management, following its adoption of a National Strategy for the Suppression of Illegal Migration in the Republic of Serbia for the Period 2009-2014. All States of the subregion have ratified the two Protocols to the Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and the 1951 Refugee Convention. However, the flow of immigrants and refugees across the region from conflicts zones in the Middle East and Africa continues to pose a challenge to immigration authorities.", "International cooperation", "183. The level of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments is relatively high. In recent years, States of the subregion (e.g., Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria and Serbia) ratified some the most recent counter-terrorism instruments. All States have adequate provisions in place on mutual legal assistance, extradition and exchange of information. The level of cooperation with European States at all levels (judicial, prosecutorial and law enforcement) is high. International cooperation within the region has improved substantially. Since 2008, the Police Cooperation Convention for Southeast Europe Secretariat and the Regional Cooperation Council have played an important role in enhancing regional cooperation. Despite this progress, several Committee visits and workshops conducted in the region have shown that regional cooperation in counter-terrorism matters requires further strengthening.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "184. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Build the capacity of their anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regimes, with a particular focus on financial intelligence units, the freezing of terrorists’ funds and assets, and regulation of charitable organizations;", "(b) Strengthen the capacity of regional cooperation mechanisms;", "(c) Strengthen border security and effectively cooperate with respect to border control and customs services.", "185. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue their engagement with subregional cooperation mechanisms in order to strengthen such cooperation;", "(b) Support States’ efforts to adopt and implement comprehensive national strategies, with a particular focus on prevention of terrorism;", "(c) Encourage States to strengthen border security and effectively cooperate in the areas of border control and customs services.", "Eastern Europe (Belarus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, Slovakia and Ukraine)", "The Committee has visited no State of this subregion.", "General comments", "186. The subregion is vulnerable to a range of terrorist threats. While low in most States, the terrorist threat is high in others, particularly in the Russian Federation, which has been the target of a number of terrorist attacks.", "187. All States have legislative frameworks in place to deal with terrorism. However, there is a general need for improvement in information-sharing, cooperation, and coordination among law enforcement agencies at the national and international levels. Recent legislation in the Russian Federation has sought to achieve a more integrated approach among relevant counter-terrorism entities. There is a need for more effective implementation of resolution 1624 (2005), which encourages dialogue and understanding among religions and cultures in order to counter incitement to terrorist acts motivated by extremism and intolerance.", "188. The subregion is located along major lines of communication connecting Western, Eastern, and South-Eastern Europe. This potentially increases the risks posed by organized crime and related activities of smuggling and trafficking in narcotics, arms and people, as well as money-laundering.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "189. Most States of the subregion have codified the international terrorist offences. Almost all have provisions in place for the prohibition of the use of their territory to commit or prepare for terrorist acts. Moreover, their courts have jurisdiction over their own nationals committing offences abroad and foreign nationals found on their territory. Most States are considered to have comprehensive and coherent national legal frameworks in place. In 2009, the Russian Federation strengthened penal sanctions for assisting or participating in terrorist activity (including recruitment) and introduced a draft law to strengthen criminal liability for terrorism-related offences. The Russian Federation has also adopted legislation to protect the rights of victims of terrorism and has introduced measures concerned with the conditions of detention for individuals suspected of committing a terrorist act. The criminal codes of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine contain articles establishing jurisdiction to try terrorist offences committed outside the State’s territory by its nationals (whether or not currently within the State’s territory), as well as offences committed outside the State’s territory by foreign nationals currently within the State. These codes also provide for the principle aut dedere aut judicare. In 2009, Poland adopted the Governmental Programme for the Protection of Cyberspace in Poland, 2009-2011, and also adopted a draft law amending the Act on Counteracting Introduction into Financial Circulation of Property Values Derived from Illegal or Undisclosed Sources, as well as a draft law amending the Act of Crisis Management. There have been a number of concerns raised by international mechanisms with regard to human rights in the context of counter-terrorism measures undertaken in the subregion.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "190. All States are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention, and all have introduced anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation and established financial intelligence units that are members of the Egmont Group. East European States have continued to strengthen their anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism legislation and practices. The Russian Federation has introduced legislation on the regulation of non-profit organizations and amended its anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism to extend the concept of “financing of terrorism” to the crimes contained in the Criminal Code pertaining to the illegal acquisition of nuclear and radioactive substances. Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine have all established fully operational financial intelligence units. In 2010, Belarus and Ukraine adopted amendments to their anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism laws on client identification, customer due diligence, record-keeping, ascertaining beneficial ownership, and suspicious transactions, and also extended oversight criteria for remitting money through the State postal system. In 2009, the Russian Federation increased the participation of, and coordination among, organs involved in financial monitoring, by forming an inter-administrative committee composed of high-level representatives of relevant ministries, the Bank of Russia, the Parliament and the Office of the Prosecutor-General.", "191. In December 2009, Slovakia amended its Penal Code to establish the autonomous criminal offence of terrorist financing. In 2009, Poland amended its Penal Code by adopting a new Act on Counteracting Money-Laundering and Terrorism Financing, thereby giving greater coverage to anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism. In October 2009, Poland established an inter‑ministerial advisory body against terrorist financing in the Office of the Inspector General for Financial Information. The International Sanctions Act of Estonia, which provides for financial sanctions, came into force on 5 October 2010. In 2009, Hungary clarified the legal framework for its non-profit sector by ruling that all non-profit organizations must register as non-profit business associations. In 2010, Hungary introduced the Law on Electronic Registration, which provides for the electronic registration of foundations and allows all relevant authorities to access the register; and established a procedure for the publication of “sanctions” resolutions of the Security Council.", "192. The six States of the subregion that are members of the European Union use the declaration system on the control of cash entering or leaving the Community introduced by the adoption of regulation (EC) No. 1889/2005 of the European Parliament and the Council of 26 October 2005.", "Law enforcement", "193. In order to respond effectively to the asymmetric nature of the terrorist threat, it is essential to strengthen cooperation by establishing continuous exchange of information among law enforcement, border security and intelligence agencies. Most States of the subregion have put in place arrangements for cooperation and coordination among domestic agencies. In October 2009, the President of the Russian Federation approved the Conceptual Framework for Counter-Terrorism, which establishes a national counter-terrorism mechanism to improve the interaction of State counter-terrorism agencies. Furthermore, in January 2011, a draft bill passed first reading in the Duma of the Russian Federation, defining three levels of terrorist threat and delineating the responsibilities and coordination among counter-terrorism agencies accordingly. Hungary established its first Counter-Terrorism Centre on 1 September 2010. The Centre will analyse and evaluate the status of terrorist threats to the country, protect the President and the Prime Minister and detect acts of terrorism and kidnappings. There is generally little information available about oversight or accountability of law enforcement agencies. Most States have introduced legislation to control the production, sale and transfer of arms, and have criminalized, to some extent, the trafficking of weapons and explosives. Six States are parties to the Firearms Protocol. In 2010, the Russian Federation introduced comprehensive legislation to strengthen controls on the import/export and circulation of weapons and explosives, assigning overall responsibility for the supervision, investigation and implementation of these measures to the Office of the Prosecutor-General.", "Border Control", "194. All States of the subregion issue machine-readable travel documents. Estonia introduced fingerprint biometrics in June 2009 and fingerprint verification against “chip” images in December 2009. Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine issue machine-readable travel documents in compliance with ICAO specifications. Hungary has been issuing e-passports with biometric data since 2006 and e-passports with fingerprints since 2009. As co-host, with Poland, of the 2012 Union of European Football Associations European Football Championship, Ukraine is expanding access to the INTERPOL Stolen and Lost Travel Documents database to airports and other border control points.", "195. Recognizing the importance of the subregion as a “transit” area, most States have introduced legislation on asylum, movement of travellers and the prevention and suppression of the cross-border movement of terrorists. All States, moreover, are either signatories or parties to the Convention on Transnational Organized Crime and its supplementing Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants Protocols, and have ratified the 1951 Refugee Convention. UNHCR provided training for relevant officials of Belarus and Ukraine aimed at ensuring effective and fair implementation of the provisions on determining refugee status set forth in the 1951 Convention. In 2010, Poland adopted a six-year programme to retrain its border guards to meet current border challenges.", "196. All States but one of the subregion have signed the Letter of Intent to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards. In 2010, the Russian Federation amended a series of legislative acts to establish administrative and criminal responsibility for transportation security and unlawful interference with transport operations and infrastructure. ICAO completed security audits of airport and aviation security in Belarus, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and the Russian Federation. The Russian Federation reported that it had introduced measures to protect vessels and port facilities against terrorist attacks, as set out in the provisions of the ISPS Code relating to training, notification and signals in emergency situations. Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine are making progress in implementing standards and practices to ensure cargo security. The maritime security of the six European Union member States is being monitored and assessed by the European Maritime Safety Agency, which inspects classification societies, assesses port State control systems, tracks problem ships and safeguards the standards of onboard equipment. The Agency monitors more than 20,000 vessels across Europe and worldwide.", "197. Most States of the subregion have introduced laws regulating the import and export of weapons. In 2010, all seven States submitted national reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms.", "198. Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine have introduced measures to implement declaration and inspection systems for cash and other monetary instruments crossing their international borders, although further action may be required to ensure that customs officers have the necessary resources to detect and prevent their illicit movement across their borders.", "International cooperation", "199. All States have ratified 13 or more of the international counter-terrorism instruments. Latvia is the only State in the subregion that is a party to all 16 instruments, and Estonia is a party to 15. Almost all States have introduced early warning systems and arrangements for the exchange of information. Almost all States also have arrangements for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters and extradition. Seven States are part of the Schengen Area. In 2009, the Russian Federation ratified the Treaty on Anti-Money-Laundering and Counter-Financing of Terrorism between CIS member States. It has also signed 51 agreements with the financial intelligence units of foreign States to exchange information on transactions linked to the financing of terrorism. The criminal procedure codes of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine all contain provisions relating to mutual legal assistance and extradition. In 2009, the Russian Federation amended the grounds for refusing a request for extradition by including the requirement of dual criminality. The Russian Federation and the States bordering the Caspian Sea signed a draft agreement on cooperation in the subregion on countering possible terrorist threats.", "200. Belarus and the Russian Federation regularly participate in anti-terrorist exercises conducted by CSTO. The Russian Federation also takes part in anti‑terrorist exercises organized by the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. The Russian Federation and Ukraine have participated in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization Operation Active Endeavour, which involves the patrolling and monitoring of maritime traffic in order to deter terrorist activity in the Mediterranean basin. Ukraine has signalled its readiness to exchange information with other States regarding threats arising from the activities, plans and intentions of terrorist and extremist organizations and groups. In December 2010, member States of the CIS Anti-Terrorism Centre signed an agreement to provide competent bodies with access to a specialized database containing information on persons appearing on the CIS inter-State “wanted” list. Moreover, the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation, within the framework of the Meeting of Heads of Special Services, Security Agencies and Law Enforcement Organizations, has been actively developing an International Counter-Terrorism Database, linking 20 States and two international organizations, which communicates confidential information through a controlled-access website.", "201. At the international level, Poland has signed bilateral agreements on mutual legal assistance with several States, including France and Germany, and hosts a special police training centre. Within the framework of subregional efforts to combat organized crime, Germany, Poland, the Russian Federation, the Baltic States and the Scandinavian States set up an expert group on organized crime.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "202. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Develop more integrated approaches and more effective mechanisms for ensuring robust cooperation and exchange of intelligence information among relevant counter-terrorism agencies, at the national and international levels;", "(b) Tighten controls/monitoring of the physical movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments across borders, as well as of remittance systems (both formal and informal);", "(c) Enhance their capacity to freeze terrorist funds and assets without delay and improve customer due diligence.", "203. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Engage in dialogue with Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine to organize visits to these three States during the period 2012-2013 in order to identify any areas of implementation that require attention;", "(b) Engage more intensively with relevant regional organizations, including the CIS Anti-Terrorism Centre, CSTO and the Eurasian Group on Combating Money-Laundering and the Financing of Terrorism, in order to focus on activities aimed at the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001), and similarly, continue its robust cooperation with the European Union and its associated entities;", "(c) Encourage States to ensure that counter-terrorism measures are conducted in compliance with human rights obligations, and establish effective mechanisms for oversight and accountability, as appropriate.", "Western European, North American and other States (Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and United States of America)", "The Committee has visited nine States of this subregion.", "General comments", "204. The terrorist threat to several States of the subregion is considered to be low, but other States have suffered a significant degree of terrorism over a period of more than 30 years. Several States have recently been the victims of successful and thwarted terrorist attacks. This continued terrorist threat derives from a range of domestic nationalist and politically inspired groups, including separatist organizations, left- and right-wing groups and groups radicalized to support a certain political issue (e.g., animal rights protection and anti-globalization), as well as transnational organizations such as Al-Qaida. Moreover, many States identify the risk of religious-based violent extremism, which may lead to the development of home-grown terrorists and attract sleeper-cells or independent terrorist actors. The threat to some States of the subregion is believed to remain high. Despite the best efforts of law enforcement and domestic security structures in these target States, the risk of further terrorist incidents remains. Moreover, many States are experiencing an increasing threat from individuals within their territories who plan, support and finance terrorist attacks in areas of conflict.", "205. The States of the subregion are very alert to the terrorist threats they face and have invested vast resources in the expansion of legal frameworks, the establishment and enhancement of counter-terrorism institutions, and efforts to strengthen the capacities of law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Most States employ sophisticated technologies, information-sharing mechanisms and comprehensive terrorism-prevention methods to protect their interests. However, vulnerabilities remain in many States’ transportation systems (especially critical infrastructure). Many States also invest in social programmes to better understand and prevent radicalization and the potential recruitment to terrorism, and all have become engaged, to some degree, in the counter-terrorism dialogue. At the same time, the question of ensuring the compliance of counter-terrorism measures with human rights obligations continues to be a major subject of debate in the subregion.", "206. The States of the subregion are very aware of the threat of terrorism financing and alert to the associated risks. States with large financial sectors are especially alert to vulnerabilities that might be exploited by criminal and terrorist groups. Most such States are members of international and regional bodies with counter-terrorism mandates, including the Council of Europe, the European Union and its various subsidiary bodies (the European Union Judicial Cooperation Unit (Eurojust), Europol and Frontex), INTERPOL and NATO. European Union member States are parties to a range of counter-terrorism instruments and conventions, and NATO allies and partners have developed a new strategy that cites terrorism, terrorist financing and cyberattacks as threats. However, the subregion continues to face numerous challenges and risks, such as transnational organized crime and financial crime, which may or may not be directly linked to the terrorist threat. Many States will also continue to grapple with issues such as radicalization, violent extremism and the movement of terrorists across borders.", "Areas of assessment", "Legislation", "207. The 16 States of the subregion that are members of the European Union have all ratified the Council of Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, adhere to European Union counter-terrorism instruments, and participate in the Council of Europe Committee of Experts on Terrorism (CODEXTER) process, as well as in the work of Eurojust. Most have completed the transposition into domestic law of European Union instruments. Non-European Union States work independently to develop counter-terrorism legislative frameworks and incorporate into domestic law the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments. Most States have adopted comprehensive counter-terrorism laws that adequately address the current terrorist risks to the subregion and take account of the threat levels in each State. Most have clearly defined terrorist acts and continue to add counter-terrorism offences to their penal and criminal codes. Most States are able to bring terrorists to justice and have the political will to do so. Australia, France, Germany, Greece, the Netherlands, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States and several other States have successfully tried and convicted persons for terrorist crimes. Almost all States have legislation in place to prohibit the use of their territory for the preparation and commission of terrorist acts, and most have criminalized the provision of safe haven to terrorists.", "208. All States have made progress in enhancing the capacities of their prosecution and judiciary. However, only 20 States have adopted practical measures and a national strategy to suppress recruitment by terrorist groups. In view of the problems faced by many States of the subregion with respect to the recruitment of terrorists, more efforts should be made to build the capacity of prosecution and law enforcement services in this area. Australia, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States all have departments, dependencies and/or overseas territories, each of which has a differing degree of autonomy and capacity to determine its own legislative framework for counter-terrorism. Where possible, Governments work with their territories to encourage them to draft the appropriate domestic counter-terrorism laws, but improvements to these frameworks are needed in many cases. International human rights mechanisms have raised concerns about the use of special counter-terrorism measures in several States and about problems with immigration and asylum procedures. States should ensure that implementation of counter-terrorism legislation fully respects human rights.", "Counter-financing of terrorism", "209. All 30 States of the subregion are parties to the Terrorist Financing Convention and have criminalized the financing of terrorism. All have established financial intelligence units that are members of the Egmont Group. Twenty-three States are members of the Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering. Those States that are members of the European Union also implement European Union legislation on Anti-Money-Laundering and Counter-Financing of Terrorism and have adopted national legislation that brings them into line with the relevant European Union Directives. All States of the subregion have introduced anti-money-laundering laws and most cite terrorism financing as a predicate offence to money-laundering. All States have extended the reporting obligation to include terrorist financing, but some States still need to extend the reporting obligation to include relevant non-financial businesses and professionals such as lawyers, accountants, trust and company service providers, real estate professionals, and dealers in precious metals and stones. All States have established listed and well-publicized penalties for non-compliance.", "210. All but two States of the subregion have introduced legislation to monitor the cross-border movement of cash, through either a declaration or disclosure system, but several States need to improve their systems and ensure that they address bearer negotiable instruments, as well as cash. For those States that are members of the European Union, a declaration system was put into place through the adoption of regulation (EC) No. 1889/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2005, on control of cash entering or leaving the Community.", "211. All States of this subregion have established operational financial intelligence units, although some are still working to improve capacity. The financial intelligence unit of Greece, for example, has made significant efforts to remedy its personnel shortfall. The number of staff increased from 19 in 2005 to 28 by late 2009, and a further 10 staff members will be seconded from several other agencies. The staffing of the financial intelligence unit of New Zealand was expanded from 9 to 21 in early 2011.", "212. Although States of the subregion function at a high level with regard to counter-financing of terrorism in general, many need to devote far greater attention to developing effective measures to freeze funds and assets linked to terrorism. Few of the European Union member States have developed separate national mechanisms to supplement European Union regulation. Such mechanisms are needed to give effect to requests for asset freezing and designations by other jurisdictions and to enable the freezing, without delay, of funds of European citizens and residents. Nearly all States have procedures in place for appealing against preventive freezing measures, although the effectiveness of those procedures could be improved in some cases. Most States need to improve their regulation of alternative remittance systems. Australia has taken steps to do so by clarifying the definition of “designated remittance arrangement” in its February 2010 Crimes Legislation Amendment (Serious Organized Crime) Act (No. 2) 2010 and by issuing a discussion paper providing for a high-level overview of proposed reforms to strengthen regulation of the remittance sector. Most States also need to improve their legislation and capacities to prevent terrorist financing through charitable organizations. Many States have not reviewed their non-profit sectors for terrorism financing risks, but the United Kingdom, in particular, has developed mechanisms for assessing and protecting this sector and, through the International Programme of the Charity Commission, for securing operational outreach internationally, as well as helping to build capacity in other parts of the world.", "Law enforcement", "213. The States that face a high level of terrorist threat are particularly alert and have taken steps to expand the resources and capacities of their law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Not every State has a stand-alone counter-terrorism strategy, but all have developed a range of counter-terrorism policies and practices, and established a national agency or centre, with a legislative mandate to guide it in its work, to manage counter-terrorism measures. In Italy, for example, the Political-Military Unit established by the Office of the Prime Minister is comprised of senior representatives of all Government departments and agencies responsible for countering terrorism, and has wide and comprehensive functions. Almost every State has introduced effective mechanisms to enable law enforcement agencies to tackle terrorism. All States have developed the necessary institutions and inter‑agency relationships, and many have established joint task forces and fusion centres to share intelligence, plan joint operations and ensure coordinated all-source analysis. Israel, for example, has established an inter-agency fusion centre, an inter‑agency task force for pursuing financial crimes and a task force against terrorism. Germany has established a joint counter-terrorism centre that enables several key counter-terrorism agencies to work at a centralized site to exchange information in real time and coordinate analysis and operations.", "214. Intelligence and security services in most States are well equipped to investigate terrorist activity and to coordinate with the relevant law enforcement agencies. All States use INTERPOL data, and the European Union member States cooperate on investigations and operations through Europol. Additional regional and bilateral mechanisms for law enforcement cooperation, including early warning and intelligence cooperation, have been established. Many States have also developed law enforcement programmes to counter radicalization. Turkey has launched the National Unity Project to address the social and economic inequalities in Turkish society that purportedly fuel Kurdish dissent and Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) recruitment. The Netherlands set aside more than €400 million to support a four-year action plan, begun in 2007, to prevent radicalization. Many Governments of the subregion have introduced neighbourhood policing programmes and outreach programmes, and there is cooperation with civil society. However, international human rights mechanisms have raised a number of concerns over violations allegedly committed by law enforcement and intelligence bodies in the course of investigations and interrogation.", "215. All States have introduced legislation regulating the production, sale and transfer of arms and explosives. Further steps need to be taken, however, in criminalizing illicit manufacturing, possession and trafficking in small arms and light weapons, as well as explosives. Ratification of the Firearms Protocol is weak, with only seven States having fully ratified the instrument. However, 13 States have signed the Convention since the previous survey.", "Border control", "216. Although States of the subregion have taken steps to reduce their vulnerability to terrorist mobility and arming, the risk remains that terrorist operatives and supporters may enter the territories of those States illegally and may be able to procure the materials necessary for a terrorist attack by means of a criminal network. Those States have attempted to minimize this threat through a range of border-control measures. All States are in compliance with machine-readable travel document requirements and most have controls in place for the issuance of travel documents. Greece, for example, has established a state-of-the-art agency and system for the production and issuance of biometric machine-readable travel documents, as well as identification cards for Greek law enforcement officials. The United States has upgraded its passports to make their forgery/falsification more difficult and has introduced a tamper-resistant visa.", "217. Border control is conducted at a high level of technical and technological sophistication. The United Kingdom makes extensive use of closed-circuit television (as do several other States) and the United States uses biometric technology to verify the identity of visitors. Border posts in most States have real-time link-ups to secure national databases, INTERPOL databases and international watch lists. Regional border management generally functions well through the use of practices such as the use of joint patrols, sharing of information and regional mechanisms for border control and customs cooperation. The Schengen Agreement covers 17 States of the subregion and provides for open borders between these States. (Two Schengen members no longer have external borders to guard.) Although this greatly facilitates integration, thereby improving the conditions for trade and the free movement of legitimate persons, it could also facilitate the movement of illicit goods and people across a broad geographical area. Schengen members have, however, introduced a range of measures to address this challenge. These include the Schengen Information System, an international computerized database that allows States to store and share information on aliens, asylum-seekers, criminals and those under surveillance by State security agencies, and an “opt-out” mechanism that allows members temporarily to re-establish border controls for national security reasons.", "218. Most States have taken practical steps to identify and halt cash-courier operations and can implement legislation relating to the illicit cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Canada and the United States signed a memorandum of understanding in November 2010 to track the movement of illicit currency by sharing data on currency seized at the border. This memorandum of understanding will significantly enhance the ability of law enforcement officers of both States to investigate and track cash couriers and disrupt the flow of funds that support the activities of criminals and terrorists.", "219. All States have taken steps to ensure cargo security, maritime security and aviation security to a high degree. Most States implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards and are compliant with ICAO requirements. ICAO has audited most States of the subregion. The maritime security of the 17 European Union member States is monitored and assessed by the European Maritime Safety Agency, which inspects classifications, assesses port State control systems, tracks problem ships, and safeguards the standards of onboard equipment. The Agency monitors over 20,000 vessels across Europe and worldwide. Most States of the subregion regularly update their security systems to reflect changing international standards.", "220. A remaining challenge is to enforce practical measures to identify and suppress the trafficking of arms and weapons. Although 23 States have submitted reports to the Programme of Action on Small Arms since the previous survey, many States could further strengthen their efforts in this regard. Much progress has been made in preventing the abuse of refugee and asylum systems by terrorists. All States have adopted legislation aimed at bringing asylum procedures into line with international standards, and all but three are parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention. Only a few States have yet to become parties to the Trafficking in Persons and Smuggling of Migrants Protocols. Concerns have been raised by United Nations and regional human rights mechanisms regarding the failure of some States strictly to observe the principle of non-refoulement.", "International cooperation", "221. States of the subregion cooperate well with regional and international partners to reduce the risk of, and their vulnerabilities to terrorism. They exchange threat and warnings intelligence, share operational information, and conduct joint training and other exercises within bilateral and multilateral contexts. Most States have in place a robust legal framework to support mutual legal assistance and extradition requests, particularly within the framework of the European Union. All have procedures in place for exchange of information, including by means of their financial intelligence units. The European Union member States have developed sophisticated mechanisms for cooperation among themselves and with third States, including Eurojust and Europol. The level of ratification of the international counter-terrorism instruments is relatively high, and four States of the subregion have ratified all 16 instruments.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "222. States of the subregion should:", "(a) Ensure that customs officers have the necessary practical measures and resources in place to detect and prevent the cross-border movement of currency and bearer negotiable instruments and to detect and prevent the smuggling of arms and weapons;", "(b) Enhance their capacity to freeze terrorist funds and assets without delay, by developing national “freezing” mechanisms to supplement regional frameworks;", "(c) Further develop programmes to counter radicalization and recruitment to terrorism.", "223. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Encourage States to strengthen the capacities of their anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regimes, with a particular focus on the regulation of alternative remittance systems and charitable organizations;", "(b) Encourage States to adopt practical measures and national strategies to suppress recruitment by terrorist groups, while respecting relevant human rights obligations;", "(c) With the aim of furthering international cooperation, encourage States to share best practices and technical expertise with other States, as widely as possible.", "III. Assessment by thematic area", "224. The present section of the survey provides the general standards and recommended practices that should be in place to give effect to the provisions of the resolution and presents general global trends in the implementation of the resolution in key thematic areas. This thematic assessment provides a more holistic picture of how the international community, in the broadest sense, has progressed in dealing with the challenge of terrorism since the adoption of the resolution. The analysis below shows that efforts should be made to more effectively implement provisions of resolution 1373 (2001) aimed at establishing comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation, preventing and suppressing terrorist financing, developing law enforcement infrastructure, ensuring border control and advancing international cooperation.", "A. Legislation", "225. In order to implement Security Council resolution 1373 (2001) effectively, it is essential to establish comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation. The intent of the resolution is that States, by enacting specific counter-terrorism legal provisions, should no longer need to resort to vague legal provisions, ad hoc methods, or customized interpretations in order to prosecute terrorist acts. Instead, States should establish a clear, complete and consistent legal framework that specifies terrorist acts as serious criminal offences, penalizes such acts according to their seriousness, establishes jurisdiction, and helps the courts bring terrorists to justice. As stated in resolution 1963 (2010), this framework should in turn provide the basis for the development of a comprehensive, integrated national counter-terrorism strategy that is rooted in a legal approach and ensures the rule of law (especially through the inclusion of fair treatment in the investigation and prosecution of terrorists, thereby protecting human rights) while also countering terrorism as effectively as possible.", "226. Although most States have taken significant steps towards the development of such a legal framework, progress has been more limited in certain regions. Most States of the Western European, Eastern European, and Central Asian and the Caucasus subregions have introduced comprehensive counter-terrorism legislation. In the regions where progress is still required, the degree to which the offences have been fully codified varies widely and continues to require attention. There have been improvements in the criminalization of terrorist recruitment, although information on the strategies and resources put in place to suppress recruitment by terrorist groups is generally lacking.", "227. Areas that require attention include legislative measures on criminalizing safe havens in certain regions. The Committee and its Executive Directorate addressed this issue in a general briefing to Member States in 2010. In accordance with paragraph 2 (c) of resolution 1373 (2001), States are obliged to deny safe haven to those who finance, plan, support, or commit terrorist acts, or provide safe havens. States are also required to prevent those who finance, plan, facilitate or commit terrorist acts from using their respective territories for those purposes against other States or their citizens (para. 2 (d)).", "228. States should criminalize the harbouring of and hindering the apprehension of any person, where they have knowledge that such a person has committed or is planning to commit a terrorist act or is a member of a terrorist group. Additional measures include laws criminalizing preparatory acts, including planning, aiding and abetting aimed at the commission of terrorist offences against another State or its citizens.", "229. These basic legislative measures must be supported by adequate jurisdiction to ensure that domestic courts are competent to deal with potential offenders. This includes the obligation of States to extradite or prosecute in accordance with the applicable international counter-terrorism instruments to which they are parties. States should adopt a comprehensive approach in denying safe haven, as several interrelated measures are required to ensure effectiveness. These include legislative, law enforcement, border control, refugee and asylum measures. Immigration and border control agencies should employ adequate procedures for screening refugees aimed at identifying terrorists, and should also be given the capacity to identify and pursue those who are in the State illegally.", "230. Resolution 1373 (2001) requires all Member States to bring terrorists to justice. However, country visits and other activities of the Committee have shown that this requirement poses a major challenge for States’ criminal justice systems. Most visited States continue to experience difficulties in their efforts to introduce legal provisions on effective investigative methods and criminal procedures, international cooperation, and human rights safeguards. In their efforts to develop a comprehensive legal framework, States should take steps to enhance the capacities of the prosecution and the judiciary. Many States continue to face challenges in their efforts to staff prosecution services and the judiciary with skilled prosecutors and judges and to provide them with the necessary technical resources and training.", "231. The prosecution of counter-terrorism cases relies on specific skills and expertise, and States’ prosecutorial and judicial authorities have been forced to develop ways to deal with the increasing complexity of such cases, which often pose unusual and challenging case-management issues. Among the main challenges is the use of classified information as evidence (including admissibility as evidence), investigation methods, international cooperation, protection of witnesses, the use of sophisticated technology by terrorists, and links between terrorism and other forms of criminality.", "232. The Committee, recognizing these issues, organized in December 2010 an innovative seminar on the theme “Bringing terrorists to justice”. The seminar, held at United Nations Headquarters, enabled the participating prosecutors to identify common challenges in prosecuting terrorist offences and to share successes in effectively bringing terrorists to justice while respecting the rule of law and human rights. The Committee was also able to build upon the experience and good practices employed by participating prosecutors by sharing and promoting them in its dialogue with international, regional and subregional organizations and Member States. The Committee, through its Executive Directorate, increasingly interacts with practitioners to implement resolution 1373 (2001). It has used the “convening” power of the United Nations to enable prosecutors and law enforcement officials involved in counter-terrorism to discuss common challenges, exchange good practices and increase their regional cooperation. (The Committee’s engagement with member States of SAARC is an example in this regard.) The convening of these practitioners’ seminars, with the support of donor States and organizations, allows the sharing of expertise, facilitates capacity-building, and provides a forum in which practitioners can interact and network.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "233. Member States should:", "(a) Promote the adoption of comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism legal frameworks, in accordance with the rule of law and human rights obligations, and enhance national capacities to investigate, prosecute and adjudicate terrorist acts, including by requesting capacity-building assistance as needed;", "(b) Promote criminalization of the terrorism offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments;", "(c) Take steps to criminalize the provision of safe haven and preparatory activities to commit terrorist acts.", "234. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to facilitate (notably through events such as global and regional practitioners seminars) the identification, sharing and dissemination of good practices and the forming of networks, in close coordination with donor States, the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and other donor organizations;", "(b) Encourage States to adopt the necessary counter-terrorism legal framework and to provide the relevant officials with training necessary to implement the legal framework (e.g., in areas such as investigation, prosecution and international cooperation) and to seek the support of technical assistance providers, as needed, to this end;", "(c) Facilitate capacity-building of States’ prosecution services and judiciary, as necessary.", "B. Counter-financing of terrorism", "235. Counter-financing of terrorism lies at the heart of resolution 1373 (2001), which requires States to take a number of legal, institutional and practical measures to prevent and suppress terrorist financing. Although there has been some progress in this area, States continue to face a number of challenges, including new ones. Because of the continuous development of the financial sector, States are confronted with various threats and vulnerabilities, such as Internet-based systems, new payment methods, development in wire transfers and electronic payments. The potential misuse of charities and the use of cash couriers for terrorism purposes also remain sources of concern. States need to ensure that their legislation and guidance are sufficiently flexible and robust to cover new threats and maintain their preventive function.", "236. The obligations of States in relation to the criminalization of terrorist financing are set forth in resolution 1373 (2001) and in the International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism. Compliance with these obligations requires the establishment of a comprehensive legal regime. Both the resolution and the Convention provide that in order for the terrorist financing offence to exist, the funds intended to finance the terrorist act need not be the proceeds of crime, and that the terrorist act that the funds were intended to finance does not actually need to have taken place or even to have been attempted. The Convention also allows for prosecution of the financing of all terrorist acts set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments. Although there has been some progress in criminalizing the offence, a significant number of States have yet to introduce a terrorism financing offence that fully conforms with the Convention or the resolution. Moreover, most States lack sufficient expertise and experience in the investigation and prosecution of the offence.", "237. Freezing of terrorist assets is a key element of resolution 1373 (2001) and must be understood as a preventive measure. States should take immediate action to identify the relevant individuals and entities, as well as all their associated funds and assets, and to freeze those funds and assets without prior notice to the person or entity in order to prevent the assets from being moved. In implementing the relevant provisions of the resolution, States must also pay attention to due process. They should have in place legal provisions or procedures to allow a person or entity whose assets have been frozen to challenge the decision before a court or an independent administrative body. States should also have in place provisions to allow for humanitarian exemptions where assets are frozen pursuant to the resolution. A few States, including some visited States, have put in place impressive mechanisms to implement effectively this challenging provision of the resolution. They have also reported that the freezing of funds and assets is a valuable tool in preventing acts of terrorism. However, the vast majority of States have yet to make effective provision for this part of the resolution, relying for the most part on the “seizing” provisions of their criminal procedure codes to implement the resolution. This may not meet the requirement to “freeze without delay”, since criminal provisions can be triggered only after a criminal investigation has begun.", "238. Another area in which many States continue to face considerable challenges is that of customer due diligence. Most States have established in their legislation customer due diligence obligations and reporting mechanisms that oblige financial institutions and certain professionals to identify their customers and report suspicious activities to the authorities. However, challenges remain, with regard in particular to the implementation of a risk-based approach. An effective risk-based approach focuses on the development of sound, global financial markets.", "239. Financial inclusion and financial integrity are complementary objectives. The former adds value to the anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regime by helping to lower the amount of cash in economies and by promoting the use of the regulated financial service sector, which is the basis of a sound and effective anti-money-laundering and counter-financing of terrorism regime.", "240. The emergence of new payment methods is a powerful argument for promoting financial inclusion. In recent years, there has been a significant rise in the number of transactions and the volume of funds moving through new payment methods, such as mobile money transfers and prepaid cards. New payment methods present a risk of terrorism financing because they can facilitate anonymous transactions and cross-border transfer of funds. Cases of money-laundering and financing of terrorism involving the use of new payment methods have been identified. However, States are experiencing difficulties in developing appropriate legislation and regulatory systems for these payment methods, which are evolving at an increasingly rapid pace. The investigation and prosecution of cases involving new payment methods requires a high level of technical skill and speedy action by the authorities. They also require enhanced forms of international cooperation, especially in the preservation of electronic evidence. In this regard, the Group of Eight 24/7 Network for Data Preservation and the 24/7 Network, established by article 35 of the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, represent good practices.", "241. Many informal money or value transfer systems — such as hawala, hundi and fei-chien — operate across borders and outside the domestic legal framework. Many overseas workers rely on such services for low-cost and rapid remittance of funds to their families. States may suspect that such systems are used for terrorist financing, but lack a clear understanding of their scope. It is therefore important to increase transparency in this sector and to take steps to reduce this risk, in accordance with international standards and best practices. Governments’ responses, however, should be flexible, effective and proportionate to the risk of abuse for the purposes of terrorist financing. In many parts of the world, such systems are vital to those who cannot afford the services of the formal financial system. They are also useful for cash-based economies in which the banking sector is not highly developed.", "242. The monitoring of cross-border movement of cash is another tool in the prevention of terrorist financing. Indeed, the use of cash couriers is recognized as one of the main methods used to move illicit funds, launder money and finance terrorism. The Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering Special Recommendation IX on cash couriers requires States to have legal, institutional and operational measures in place to detect and prevent the illicit movement of funds and bearer negotiable instruments (i.e., traveller cheques, money orders). Many States have introduced currency control mechanisms. These existing mechanisms should also be geared towards detecting funds and bearer negotiable instruments linked to money-laundering or terrorism financing and towards taking appropriate actions. States should introduce the required legal measures such as seizure of funds wherever there is a suspicion of money-laundering or terrorism financing. Common shortfalls in the monitoring of cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments include: inconsistent implementation of the required legal regime; inadequate knowledge of applicable laws and authorities; and inadequate information-sharing between relevant authorities. Over the next two years, the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate will organize a series of subregional workshops aimed at helping Member States enhance their response to the illicit movement of funds across borders.", "243. Globally, charitable giving is an indispensable financial resource, particularly for many developing States and for States that have suffered major disasters. The annual operating expenditure of the non-profit sector is approximately $1.3 trillion, and the sector employs more than 40 million people worldwide. This sector requires special protection against terrorist financing, since abuse of non-profit organizations can create lasting damage to the organizations themselves and can discourage charitable giving generally. States’ implementation of international standards designed specifically to address this issue is currently inadequate, for various reasons, including insufficient awareness, lack of political will, poor capacities and fragmented inter-agency coordination. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate has been able to identify, through its country visits, good practices that effectively protect this sector while respecting fundamental human rights such as freedom of association, and that entail a proportionate response. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate is also leading a three-year global initiative, on behalf of the Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force Working Group on Tackling the Financing of Terrorism and with the support of several donor States and organizations, to develop a common understanding of sound practices to counter terrorist financing through the sector.", "244. The Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering is currently reviewing its counter-financing of terrorism standards as part of an effort to improve its own evaluation process, respond to new threats and challenges, and support States’ effective implementation of the international standards. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate is actively supporting the Task Force in this work.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "245. Member States should:", "(a) Strengthen their efforts to introduce legal and practical measures aimed at effectively implementing the “freezing” provision of resolution 1373 (2001), taking into account the need to ensure fair treatment;", "(b) Continue to be alert to the development of the most recent techniques, in order to prevent misuse and to detect cases of terrorism financing through new payment methods; develop appropriate laws and regulations and enhance international cooperation in investigating and prosecuting suspicion of misuse of new payment methods for the purpose of terrorist financing;", "(c) Adopt practical and proportionate measures to protect the non-profit sector from terrorism financing abuse.", "246. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue their efforts to bring together key international, regional and national actors, including representatives of the non-profit sector, to share perspectives and gather tools and good practices to protect the sector against such abuse;", "(b) Help States to enhance their responses to the illicit movement of funds across borders, by organizing subregional workshops with the support of donor States and organizations;", "(c) Continue to support the efforts of the Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering to improve international counter-financing of terrorism standards, with a view to helping States to effectively implement the counter-financing of terrorism provisions of resolution 1373 (2001).", "C. Law enforcement", "247. The effective practical implementation of counter-terrorism policies and procedures requires a well-defined strategy, which is predicated on assessed risks and which seeks to detect, prevent and respond to terrorist activities and to suppress recruitment to terrorism. Such a strategy focuses on how the State’s defences against terrorism can be directed to protect critical infrastructures and citizens, and how the State would respond to a terrorist attack with a view to mitigating the effects of such an incident, assisting victims, and restoring public order. It would also address the investigation of terrorist acts and the pursuit of their perpetrators, aimed at bringing terrorists and their supporters to justice.", "248. Implementation of such a strategy requires a strong, well-coordinated domestic security and law enforcement infrastructure comprised of all agencies that are empowered to detect, prevent and investigate terrorist activities. Such agencies might include police, gendarmerie, intelligence agencies, special services, security agencies and even, in some States, military bodies. These agencies must have clear mandates that are grounded in law and that specify their respective counter-terrorism roles. States also need to ensure that their domestic legislation provides these agencies with the necessary authoritative framework, tools and operational manoeuvrability to carry out their mandates and ensure that they are adequately resourced, trained and equipped.", "249. In order to ensure that counter-terrorism measures are managed and conducted by appropriate law enforcement agencies, States should create dedicated counter-terrorism units and establish a coordinated national legislative mandate to guide their work. Oversight of law enforcement activities is also necessary in order to ensure that investigations and operations are conducted in compliance with human rights obligations. The Committee has observed that States that have created an overarching body to oversee and direct the operational activities of the various law enforcement agencies mandated to counter terrorism tend to have better inter-agency coordination and to share information more effectively.", "250. Coordination and cooperation among law enforcement agencies is essential at all levels. Shared access to specialized tools, such as counter-terrorism-related centralized databases and forensics capacities, is essential for the prevention of terrorism. Police and security services should be authorized to use special investigative techniques — with due regard for human rights — during terrorism-related investigations and in the gathering of evidence for counter-terrorism cases. The timely exchange of threat assessments and operational counter-terrorism information by means of joint task forces or inter-agency “fusion” centres — comprised of representatives of intelligence, police and other relevant law enforcement agencies — has been cited as a good practice in anticipating and disrupting terrorist activity. Joint investigations and coordination between law enforcement and judicial/prosecutorial services are good practices for bringing terrorists to justice.", "251. In addition to national coordination, it is essential that States have in place protocols and systems for sharing information regionally and internationally. These might include bilateral or multilateral agreements on facilitating operational cooperation or participation in existing regional and international law enforcement bodies such as ASEANAPOL, Europol and INTERPOL.", "252. Most States report certain positive developments in the implementation of practical measures to prevent and counter terrorism, although some have yet to report to the Committee on their efforts in this regard. Most States have developed comprehensive strategies for combating terrorism and have taken steps to ensure that counter-terrorism measures are managed by relevant or dedicated agencies. However, many have only begun to develop dedicated counter-terrorism capacities. A number of States continue to work to institutionalize the requisite capacity and coordination in their law enforcement systems. The level of inter-agency cooperation and coordination needs to be improved in most States.", "253. Although most States have access to INTERPOL information and communications tools, the use of these tools, including the INTERPOL databases, needs to be enhanced, more consistent and widespread, and promulgated beyond the INTERPOL community. In an effort to provide more coordinated assistance, INTERPOL established Special Representative Offices to the United Nations and the European Union, a liaison office in Bangkok, and six regional bureaux. One example of effective cooperation was the establishment of an INTERPOL regional bureau that supports the work of the Committee of Chiefs of Police and States’ law enforcement capacities in Central Africa. Many States lack centralized databases and sufficient forensics capacities to engage in complex counter-terrorism investigations. However, information-sharing tools and databases of organizations such as Europol and INTERPOL, available to most States, may assist in this regard. Most States are aware of the need for regional and international cooperation and have created relationships and mechanisms to facilitate early warning and a basic level of information-sharing. Nevertheless, regional and international cooperation in counter-terrorism matters requires further strengthening.", "254. As the terrorism threat changes through the adoption of new technologies and capacities for recruitment, financing, and operations, law enforcement agencies must also adopt new practices and enhance their counter-terrorism capacities. Some States have adopted strategies to counter the radicalization of individuals within the framework of recruitment to terrorism, giving greater significance to the role played by law enforcement agencies. Community policing, proactive intelligence work and dialogue programmes are examples of methods being effectively used by some Member States. However, reporting on this subject is limited, and good practices are only just emerging. Terrorists’ use of the Internet is another area in which States need to enhance their practical implementation of measures to prevent terrorist recruitment, support and planning.", "255. In order to eliminate the supply of weapons to terrorist organizations, States have enacted laws to criminalize a variety of weapons-related offences (including the illicit manufacturing, possession and trafficking in small arms and light weapons, ammunition and explosives) and have established related domestic enforcement programmes. However, there is a general need for States to review their legislative framework to address certain shortcomings and strengthen their implementation of operational measures to effectively control, among other things, the production, sale, brokering and transfer of weapons and explosives, as well as their import and export across borders. Eighty-four States are parties to the Firearms Protocol adopted by the General Assembly on 31 May 2001 and supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, and four more States became parties since the last review. Member States should also take steps to identify and trace illicit small arms and light weapons in a timely and reliable manner. The Programme of Action on Small Arms offers a good tool in this regard.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "256. Member States should:", "(a) Take steps to promote inter-agency coordination and the exchange of counter-terrorism information, both at the national (intracountry) level and regionally/internationally;", "(b) Consider establishing dedicated counter-terrorism units, assisted by experts seconded from specialized institutions in areas such as intelligence, criminal law, counter-financing of terrorism and border management, as required;", "(c) Continue to enhance cooperation with INTERPOL and increase their use of its resources and databases, such as its international notice system, including “red notices”, watch lists, and its Stolen and Lost Travel and Document database.", "257. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Encourage States to be more thorough and proactive in providing information and updates on the practical application of law enforcement methods and measures, as well as on practitioner capacities in those relevant areas;", "(b) Continue to work in close coordination and cooperation with INTERPOL, donor States and organizations in facilitating technical assistance aimed at building the capacities of law enforcement agencies and in the delivery of equipment and facilities to States in need;", "(c) Continue to work with States and United Nations entities, in particular the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, as well as international organizations, in the development and implementation of policies and operational measures to control the production, sale, brokering and transfer of weapons and explosives, including ratification of the Firearms Protocol and the international instruments to enable States to identify and trace, in a timely and reliable manner, illicit small arms and light weapons.", "D. Border control", "258. Effective border control is key to the effective implementation of counter-terrorism measures pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001), since it is the first line of defence against the movement of terrorists across borders, and the illegal cross-border movement of goods and cargo. Effective border control should also be part of any comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism strategy, pursuant to resolution 1963 (2010). Border control requires establishing measures and practices for the proper screening of travellers, refugees, and asylum-seekers, the effective screening and inspection of cargo and travellers’ baggage, and the detection and prevention of the smuggling of small arms and light weapons, as well as cash and bearer negotiable instruments. Border control must also address the security of civil aviation and maritime navigation. States should be guided by the standards and recommended practices developed by the relevant specialized international organizations. When properly implemented, these standards and recommended practices can significantly enhance the capacity of States to secure and control their borders.", "259. Resolution 1373 (2001) requires States to prevent the cross-border movement of terrorists and terrorist groups through controls on the issuance of secure and valid identity and travel documents. ICAO has established international standards for machine-readable travel documents to ensure their security against counterfeiting and forgery, and all except nine States complied with the ICAO deadline of April 2010 to begin issuing machine-readable travel documents. Although this represents significant progress, there remain concerns as to the ability of many States consistently to ensure the integrity of “breeder” or supporting documents submitted in support of applications to obtain machine-readable travel documents and to guarantee security in the issuance of identity and travel documents. Concerted efforts are being made by relevant international and regional organizations to promote effective control practices and develop States’ capacities in these two key areas.", "260. Preventing cross-border terrorist mobility also requires the use of technology and equipment, such as readers and scanners, at border checkpoints to capture traveller data in real time and to verify that data against national and international alert and criminal databases. Although most States have made progress in this area, the lack of capacity and connectivity to relevant databases frequently impedes access to information essential for the clearance of travellers at border crossings. Moreover, border control and immigration personnel could benefit from additional training in identifying fraudulent documents and in dealing appropriately with those who produce them.", "261. The resolution also requires States to prevent and suppress the financing of terrorist acts. One method of doing so is to exercise controls on the illicit cross-border movement of cash and bearer negotiable instruments. However, effective detection and prevention at the border are often lacking because of the insufficient application of risk indicators and targeting criteria; the absence of information-sharing and cooperation by officials of customs, law enforcement and immigration departments and financial intelligence units; and a lack of dedicated human and material resources. Guidance material is available to assist with the implementation of effective practices. Notable in this regard are the Financial Action Task Force on Money-Laundering Best Practices Paper on detecting and preventing the illicit cross-border transportation of cash and bearer negotiable instruments and the WCO Enforcement Guidelines on Countering Money-Laundering and Terrorist Financing.", "262. The resolution also directs Member States to take the necessary steps to prevent the commission of terrorist acts. In the area of border control, States have made notable progress in three important areas: safeguarding the security of the global trade supply chain, civil aviation and maritime navigation. States continued to enhance the security of the international supply chain by implementing international customs standards and expressing their intention to implement the WCO SAFE Framework of Standards (a total of 164 States have now done so). The SAFE Framework notably establishes standards that provide supply chain security and facilitation at the global level, promote certainty and predictability, enable integrated supply-chain management for all modes of transport, strengthen cooperation among customs administrations to improve their capability to detect high-risk shipments and strengthen customs-to-business cooperation.", "263. With respect to the security of civil aviation, most States have ratified the Convention on International Civil Aviation and have implemented, to varying degrees, its annex 17 on Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Interference, as well as the related security provisions of annex 9. To that end, ICAO performs audits of States’ airport and aviation facilities under its Universal Security Audit Programme and prescribes remedial measures, as necessary. During the period under review, ICAO conducted many second-cycle and follow-up USAP missions in many States, and continues to work with States to ensure their full compliance with the relevant standards.", "264. With respect to maritime security, there has been general improvement in the implementation of the IMO ISPS Code, which provides a standardized and consistent framework for evaluating risk so that Governments can determine the threat and vulnerability posed to ships and port facilities, assign the appropriate level of security, and implement the corresponding security measures. Since the previous survey, there have been additional ratifications of the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation and its 2005 Protocol, as well as the 1988 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf and its 2005 Protocol. There has been a recent trend towards increased ratification by small landlocked States and small island States, perhaps because the former wish to establish dual criminality and because the economies of the latter are dependent on shipping, ocean commerce and tourism.", "265. There has also been a marked increase in crimes committed at sea, including acts of piracy, and within national waters. This has compelled States to impose more stringent controls in order to protect strategic shipping lanes and preserve international supply chains. It is thought that payments generated from the release of seized ships, cargo and crews may be used to finance terrorist groups or activities. Moreover, there are concerns that seagoing vessels, whether hijacked or otherwise, may be used to commit terrorist acts. In order for States to adequately patrol vast coastlines, they are required to cooperate through the sharing of information and surveillance among their coastguards, navies and customs administrations. An example of such cooperation is the recent establishment of a network of coastguard units to enhance cooperation among law enforcement agencies in West and Central Africa under the aegis of MOWCA, with the assistance of IMO.", "266. States continued to enhance controls on the cross-border movement of small arms and light weapons, ammunition and explosives, in accordance with relevant provisions of the Programme of Action on Small Arms, which seeks to control the export, import and transit of small arms and light weapons and prevent their illicit brokering, trafficking and diversion, and establishes programmes for weapons marking, tracing, end-user certification, record-keeping and secure storage. A number of regions have also concluded specific agreements to control the export, import and transit of such weapons.", "267. States also continue to implement practical measures to prevent and suppress the movement of terrorists across borders. Two of the three Protocols supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime — the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol — are also key instruments in this regard. There have been 11 new accessions to the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, and 8 new accessions to the Smuggling of Migrants Protocol, since the previous survey. The 1951 Refugee Convention is a valuable tool in determining whether an applicant is eligible for refugee status and offers a basis to screen for possible links with terrorism and other serious criminal activity. There were no additional accessions to the 1951 Refugee Convention during the period under review. United Nations human rights mechanisms continue to raise concerns that the principle of non-refoulement has not been fully respected and that, in some instances, States have removed refugees and others to States where they would be at serious risk of torture or persecution.", "268. Shortfalls in practical implementation of border control measures require increased investment in human and physical resources as well as capacity-building. Moreover, the need for cooperation in border management through information-sharing, the pooling of resources, and the use of joint approaches in reinforcing capacities is emphasized in almost all the above subregional assessments. Cooperation and coordination in border controls among contiguous States are especially important in providing effective surveillance and coverage along extensive open and porous borders. In many cases, States lack the necessary resources or are insufficiently active in patrolling, inspection and joint operations with neighbouring States, as well as in implementing community policing at the local levels. The introduction of such measures along open borders and the application of innovative forms of cooperation and assistance in addressing these concerns would help increase the effectiveness of border controls. The Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate has facilitated workshops on border control management in a number of regions and plans to continue this practice in the future.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "269. Member States should:", "(a) Implement more active prevention, inspection and detection procedures, relying on risk assessments, the exchange and analysis of intelligence and international cooperation at official border crossings and along open or porous borders;", "(b) Take steps to ensure the integrity of “breeder” documents and the security of their issuance processes in the production of machine-readable travel documents, and install the equipment needed to read such documents at entry/exit border checkpoints;", "(c) Increase their connectivity to national and international law enforcement databases and watch lists in order to screen individuals for possible connections to criminal and terrorist organizations at border crossings.", "270. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to promote States’ adoption and implementation of international standards and recommended practices for customs, arms control, aviation security and maritime security;", "(b) Encourage regional cooperation in border management through information-sharing and cooperative efforts and, to the extent possible, more comprehensive controls at open borders, including joint initiatives with neighbouring States;", "(c) Continue to work with international and regional organizations and States to promote greater access and connectivity among law enforcement agencies to national and international criminal and counter-terrorism databases at entry/exit border checkpoints.", "E. International cooperation", "271. An important component of international cooperation in the field of counter-terrorism is the ratification of the 16 international counter-terrorism instruments and their transposition into national laws and practices. Since the previous survey, an additional 65 ratifications have taken place. The 1999 Terrorist Financing Convention now has 173 State parties (4 more than previously). The international instruments related to nuclear material have also seen a notable increase in the number of ratifications since the previous survey: the 1980 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material now has 145 States parties (4 more than previously). During the period under consideration, 17 States parties ratified the 2005 Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, which has now 45 States parties. The 2005 International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism now has 77 States parties (23 more than previously). Ratification rates are still low in respect of two instruments: only 19 States have ratified the 2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, and only 15 States have ratified the 2005 Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf. A significant majority of Member States have become parties to 10 or more instruments. However, there are regional discrepancies in the level of ratification. In order to make the instruments fully effective, States should adopt domestic legislation that specifically criminalizes the offences set forth in the international counter-terrorism instruments, sets appropriate penalties, and establishes jurisdiction over the defined offences in order to ensure that suspects are either extradited or prosecuted.", "272. Effective international cooperation is central to the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001), in which the Council calls upon Member States to cooperate with one another in the exchange of information, mutual legal assistance and extradition requests; and in denying safe haven to terrorists. Most States, in most regions, now have legal and administrative measures in place to grant legal assistance to other States upon request and enable extradition, especially on the basis of reciprocity. However, several States in South America, Western Asia, South Asia and Africa have yet to enact the relevant laws. Many States still need to enact laws allowing them to cooperate in more advanced modes of judicial and administrative cooperation.", "273. One area in which many States face challenges is cooperation in mutual legal assistance in criminal matters. Even where there is a legal basis for cooperation in counter-terrorism-related matters among States, achieving practical cooperation continues to be a challenge. The reasons are both technical and political in nature.", "274. Some regions have developed effective and advanced regional instruments and mechanisms for facilitating mutual legal assistance. Western Europe has developed an advanced information-exchange system through the use of tools such as joint investigation teams between States. Eurojust, the judicial cooperation organization of the European Union, is one example of an advanced judicial cooperation network. However, others have been or are being developed elsewhere in the world such as the Ibero-American Legal Assistance Network, the Hemispheric Information Exchange Network for Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters and Extradition of OAS, the Commonwealth Network of Contact Persons, and judicial regional platforms for cooperation in the Indian Ocean region and in the Sahel. The development of those mechanisms varies considerably from one region to another, and no judicial cooperation network has been established for the rest of Africa or Asia. Regional organizations also contribute greatly to improving judicial cooperation among their member States by adopting regional instruments on mutual legal assistance and extradition. Among other examples, the Council of Europe has adopted a European convention on mutual legal assistance,[2] ASEAN has a treaty on mutual legal assistance[3] to which nine States are party, and CIS is a party to the Minsk Convention,[4] which affords mutual legal assistance and extradition. In East Africa, IGAD has adopted a convention on extradition and mutual legal assistance. In 2008, the Rabat Declaration was adopted at the Fifth Conference of Ministers of Justice of the French-speaking African Countries on the implementation of the international counter-terrorism instruments, which includes a Convention on Extradition and Mutual Legal Assistance in counter-terrorism that has been signed by 17 Member States and ratified by 1 State so far.", "275. Extradition of terrorists also continues to face many obstacles and is neither smooth nor simple. Procedures are cumbersome, slow and resource-consuming. States continue to rely too heavily on grounds of refusal (such as the “political offense” exception) to refuse surrender. The European arrest warrant of the European Union provides an effective alternative to traditional extradition, allowing for direct contact and empowering the judicial authorities. However, many other parts of the world still rely on a process that requires intervention by the executive and the judiciary. Additional challenges are presented due to the need to respect relevant human rights obligations.", "276. In 2009, the Committee and its Executive Directorate briefed Member States on the practical and legal obstacles to effective extradition of accused terrorists. This led to the adoption by the Committee of Policy Guidance on International Cooperation (S/AC.40/2010/PG.3), which identified a set of actions for its future work in this field.", "277. There are many bodies engaged in cooperation through non-judicial international or regional organizations, including Europol and the customs information system of the Schengen Information System. A number of States are also members of the Egmont Group, which facilitates the exchange of information among financial intelligence units. Many States have developed, with bilateral and multilateral partners, some form of early warning arrangement to help predict and prevent terrorist attacks. Some arrangements include the sharing of intelligence about imminent attacks. Others involve regular exchanges of operational information to facilitate the prevention of terrorist activity and mobility. Some go further to include the sharing of resources to identify potential threats and to respond to acts of terrorism.", "278. The Committee actively cooperates with regional organizations and with other players engaged in this area in order to strengthen the capacity of Member States to cooperate with one another. Development of modern tools, best practices, instruments, and mechanisms could help regions and subregions to enhance international cooperation. The sharing of experiences among regions and subregions might also be beneficial. At the practical level, some States face significant challenges with respect to effective cooperation in criminal matters. Some visited States still lack the basic tools for cooperation, including in the areas of human resources and technical equipment. A number of visited States face difficulties in cooperating owing to a lack of training and technical skills.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "279. Member States should:", "(a) Engage more actively, and as a matter of priority, in mutual legal assistance and extradition in terrorism cases, by utilizing the instruments to which they are party, furthering bilateral cooperation, updating domestic legislation, and becoming parties to additional regional and international treaties on mutual legal assistance and extradition;", "(b) Take steps to provide the widest possible range of assistance in terrorism cases to other States and to build bridges between different legal systems;", "(c) Enhance expeditious information-exchange and improved cooperation among competent authorities by participating in relevant regional cooperation networks.", "280. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to remind Member States of their obligation to extradite or prosecute in accordance with the applicable international counter-terrorism instruments to which they are parties and to remind States of their obligation to ensure that claims of political motivation are not regarded as grounds for refusing requests for the extradition of alleged terrorists;", "(b) Work with States and the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to promote best practices and facilitate capacity-building and training for members of the judiciary, law enforcement agencies and other relevant civil servants in procedures for requesting and providing assistance in criminal investigations, mutual legal assistance and extradition matters;", "(c) Continue to work with international, regional and subregional organizations, in particular with the Terrorism Prevention Branch, on effectively implementing modern tools, best practices, instruments and mechanisms for cooperation, including the creation of networks in regions where there is no existing regional mechanism.", "F. Human rights", "281. The Security Council, in its resolution 1963 (2010), reaffirms that States must ensure that any measures taken to counter terrorism comply with all their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee, and humanitarian law. The Council also stresses that all human rights issues relevant to the implementation of the resolution should be addressed consistently and even-handedly. In many States, the question of how to effectively counter terrorism while complying with human rights obligations has continued to be the subject of debate and, in some cases, controversy. This is not necessarily a matter of concern, since counter-terrorism poses special challenges and may require innovative responses that deserve public scrutiny. Nonetheless, while it is true that human rights law affords some flexibility in addressing security challenges, States must respect certain core principles in all circumstances, including the principles of necessity, proportionality, legality and non-discrimination. States are also obliged at all times to respect rights that are non-derogable under international law or that have attained the status of jus cogens, such as the right of all persons to be free from torture and the prohibition against enforced disappearances.", "282. Some States have heeded the calls of the Security Council and other international and regional bodies concerning human rights and counter-terrorism and have taken steps in response, such as reviewing the compliance of their legal framework with human rights obligations, strengthening training and awareness-raising initiatives, and creating oversight mechanisms to help to ensure respect for human rights in the practices of law enforcement and intelligence bodies. Many States have also moved to strengthen the role and effectiveness of their judiciaries, which are central to guaranteeing a rule-of-law-based response to the terrorism threat. Other measures, such as considering the ratification of additional international human rights instruments, adopting community-policing models, and involving communities in the development of appropriate policies, can form part of a comprehensive counter-terrorism strategy with human rights at its core.", "283. Despite these positive signs, serious human rights concerns in the counter-terrorism context persist in all parts of the world. An issue that has recently drawn attention is the application of states of emergency or other states of exception in some States, purportedly on the basis of the terrorism threat. For States that are party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights or relevant regional instruments, the application of emergency measures is subject to strict requirements and may in no case infringe on non-derogable rights, such as those set out in article 4 of the Covenant. In its dialogue with States that have imposed emergency measures, the Counter-Terrorism Committee has referred to concerns expressed by international mechanisms and raised issues such as whether the measures were lawfully imposed, are strictly necessary and proportional, and comply with other legal obligations. It is significant that some States have recently begun to review or have terminated states of emergency.", "284. Some States have proposed or enacted special measures that depart from standard criminal or administrative procedures because of the unusual challenges posed by terrorism investigations and prosecutions. Such measures sometimes occur in the context of preventive action when terrorist acts are allegedly still at the preparatory stage. Some States, for example, have either extended permissible periods of investigative or pretrial detention or imposed limits on access to counsel. Clearly, particular challenges arise when dealing with terrorism cases, and additional measures may be warranted. However, United Nations mechanisms have expressed concern that such provisions may not comply with States’ international human rights obligations. In the case of special investigative techniques, for example, concerns have been expressed that such techniques are not always subject to adequate limits and judicial oversight and may infringe on the right to privacy. Respect for the right to fair trial has also been a subject of attention, especially in cases involving use of intelligence information or evidence claimed to be linked to State security. Serious concerns have also been raised over the use of preventive or administrative detention, as well as control orders, all of which involve restrictions on the right to liberty without criminal conviction.", "285. In some States, vague or overly broad definitions of terrorist offences continue to pose a challenge to effective implementation of resolution 1373 (2001). Terrorism-related accusations or criminal charges have reportedly been directed at times against persons for acts that are protected by international human rights law, such as the exercise of freedom of expression, conscience and assembly. United Nations mechanisms, regional courts and other bodies have also raised questions over terrorist designations, asset-freezing and other measures said to have been taken on unclear or unfair legal grounds, in some cases without adequate and effective remedies. The challenge of defining terrorist acts, including ancillary offences, precisely so as not to offend the principle of legality or infringe on human rights has remained a subject of discussion between the Committee and some States.", "286. Counter-terrorism measures in some States take place in the context of armed conflict, raising questions of compliance with international humanitarian law. The use of deadly force in such situations must respect the principles of distinction and proportionality, and violations should be subject to accountability. It has been alleged that in some States military forces have committed summary or extrajudicial killings, in violation of the laws of war and human rights law. Some States continue to use military tribunals to try terrorism cases, which has also raised human rights concerns.", "287. In its resolution 1963 (2010) the Security Council reminds States that effective counter-terrorism measures and respect for human rights are complementary and mutually reinforcing and are an essential part of a successful counter-terrorism effort. It also notes the importance, to effective counter-terrorism, of respect for the rule of law. Thus, it remains relevant for the Committee to address these issues in its dialogue with States on the effective implementation of resolution 1373 (2001). In its resolution 1963 (2010), the Council also recalls the need to address the conditions conducive to the spread of terrorism, as outlined in Pillar I of the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (General Assembly resolution 60/288), including the need to promote the rule of law, the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, good governance, tolerance and inclusiveness. In Security Council resolution 1624 (2005), which focuses on the threat posed by incitement to commit terrorist acts, the Council stresses that States must ensure that any measures taken to implement the resolution comply with all of their obligations under international law, including international human rights law.", "288. One way in which States might wish to take all these issues more fully into account is to incorporate them into comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism strategies that include attention to the factors that lead to terrorist activities. In resolution 1963 (2010), the Council encourages the Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate to arrange meetings with Member States in various formats, with their consent, including for the purpose of considering advising on such strategies. The Council also proposes interaction, as appropriate, with civil society and other relevant non-governmental actors, in the context of efforts to monitor the implementation of resolution 1373 (2001). These recommendations will continue to guide the Committee in its future dialogue with States.", "Recommendations for practical ways to implement the resolution", "289. Member States should:", "(a) Continue to ensure that any measures taken to counter terrorism comply with all their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law;", "(b) Consider developing comprehensive and integrated national counter-terrorism strategies that include plans for improving compliance with international human rights obligations, involving the relevant Government authorities and other entities, such as the private sector, national human rights institutions, civil society and the media, as appropriate;", "(c) Strive to ensure that human rights training is incorporated as appropriate into professional development and awareness-raising programmes for all officials involved in the implementation of counter-terrorism measures at all stages, including prevention, investigation, detention and prosecution.", "290. The Counter-Terrorism Committee and its Executive Directorate should:", "(a) Continue to take account of relevant human rights concerns in their assessment of States’ implementation of resolution 1373 (2001) and include discussion of such concerns in their dialogue with States;", "(b) Continue to identify States’ needs in relation to enhancing institutions and strengthening the rule of law, and incorporate human rights and rule of law in a proactive manner into their technical assistance recommendations to States with a view to strengthening national systems for bringing terrorists to justice and improving international cooperation;", "(c) Incorporate human rights more effectively into their communications strategies in order to dispel the misconception that human rights are not taken into account in the Committee’s work.", "Annex", "Key counter-terrorism instruments", "Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed On Board Aircraft, 1963", "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft (1970)", "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 1971 (replaced by the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to Civil Aviation, 2010)", "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents, 1973", "International Convention against the Taking of Hostages, 1979", "Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, 1980", "Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports Serving International Civil Aviation, 1988 (replaced by the Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to Civil Aviation, 2010)", "Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, 1988", "Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf, 1988", "Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives for the Purpose of Detection, 1991", "International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings, 1997", "International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism, 1999", "International Convention for the Suppression of Acts of Nuclear Terrorism, 2005", "Amendment to the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, 2005", "2005 Protocol to the Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation", "2005 Protocol to the Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf", "United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy (General Assembly resolution 60/288)", "Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects (2001)", "Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944 (Chicago Convention) (notably, annex 17 and related security provisions of annex 9)", "International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974 (as amended in 2002), and its 2005 Protocol", "Convention relating to the Status of Refugees 1951, and its 1967 Protocol", "United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000", "– Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, 2001", "– Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, 2000", "– Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 2000", "Framework of Standards to Secure and Facilitate Global Trade", "Enforcement Guidelines on Countering Money-Laundering and Terrorist Financing", "Revised Kyoto Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures, 1999", "[1] West and Central Africa are two subregions. However, for the purpose of this survey, both subregions were assessed together. This does not reflect the economical and political groupings used in Africa.", "[2] Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters between the Member States of the European Union, 2000.", "[3] Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters, 2004.", "[4] Convention on Legal Assistance and Legal Relations in Civil, Family and Criminal Matters, 1994." ]

[ "2011年8月17日安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的第1373(2001)号决议所设委员会主席给安全理事会主席的信", "谨提及安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议，并向安全理事会提交关于安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议执行情况的最新全球调查报告(见附件)，供安全理事会审议。", "调查报告由反恐怖主义委员会执行局根据截至2011年5月的现有资料编写，对各区域和次区域执行第1373(2001)号决议的情况进行了评估，并总结了在各主要专题领域执行该决议方面取得的进展。", "调查报告评估了风险和威胁的演变程度以及执行情况的影响，查明了在执行决议方面的差距，并就切实可行地执行决议的新方法提出了建议。", "请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。", "安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的", "第1373(2001)号决议所设委员会", "主席", "H.S.普里(签名)", "附件", "关于会员国执行安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议情况的全球调查报告", "目录", "页次\n缩写表 4\n1.导言 5\n2.按区域分类的评估 8\nA.非洲 8\n北非 8\n东非 11\n南部非洲 15\n西非和中部非洲 19\nB.亚洲 24\n东亚 24\n太平洋岛屿 26\n东南亚 29\n南亚 33\n中亚和高加索地区 36\n西亚 40\nC.拉丁美洲 44\n中美洲和加勒比 44\n南美洲 47\nD.欧洲和北美 50\n东南欧 50\n东欧 54\n西欧、北美和其他国家 58\n3.按专题领域进行的评估 63\nA.立法 64\nB.打击资助恐怖主义的行为 66\nC.执法 68\nD.边境管制 71\nE.国际合作 73\nF.人权 76\n附件：重要反恐文书 79", "缩写表", "东盟 东南亚国家联盟\n 独联体 独立国家联合体", "中非经共体 中非国家经济共同体", "西非经共体 西非国家经济共同体", "海合会 海湾合作委员会", "国际民航组织 国际民用航空组织", "伊加特 政府间发展管理局", "劳工组织 国际劳工组织", "基金组织 国际货币基金组织", "海事组织 国际海事组织", "国际刑警组织 国际刑事警察组织", "国际船舶和港口设施保安规则 1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》国际船舶和港口设施保安规则", "北约 北大西洋公约组织", "美洲组织 美洲国家组织", "欧安组织 欧洲安全与合作组织", "南盟 南亚区域合作联盟", "南共体 南部非洲发展共同体", "难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "西非经货联盟 西非经济和货币联盟", "一. 导言", "1. 关于会员国执行安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议情况的本全球调查系反恐怖主义委员会执行局依照安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议的要求编写，该决议要求反恐执行局更新2009年11月发布的前一次调查(S/2009/620)。", "2. 安理会还在第1963(2010)号决议中表示打算在2011年9月28日召开一次对联合国更广大会员国开放的反恐怖主义委员会特别会议，以纪念第1373(2001)号决议通过十周年。安理会把本调查与将在那次会议上举行的讨论联系起来，要求在2011年6月30日之前将本调查编写完毕。", "3. 安理会还要求，除了记录第1373(2001)号决议的执行情况外，调查报告还应逐地区评估风险和威胁的演变程度，查明执行方面的差距，并提出弥补这些差距的途径。", "4. 调查报告依据了在会员国提供的资料和最新资料基础上编撰的数据、关于国家访问的报告(委员会访问了60多个国家)、区域研讨会，以及国际、区域和次区域组织提供的资料。委员会执行局为192个会员国编写的初步执行评价也记录了这些数据。如同以往的版本，本调查报告由委员会执行局的专家根据其对截至2011年4月所得的资料所作的职业判断编写。", "5. 调查的重点是决议论及的主要专题领域，即反恐立法、打击资助恐怖主义行为、执法、边境管制和国际合作。调查还考虑到与决议的要求有关的保护人权状况。关于各区域执法和边境管制的章节，总体上较2009年调查有所扩大，原因是专家查明了评估这些领域进展情况的更多标准。", "6. 如同以往的调查，调查报告的第二节按区域和次区域评估了第1373(2001)号决议的执行情况。本调查使用的区域和次区域分类不一定反映出联合国或其他国际组织或区域组织使用的经济和政治分类。第二节还概述了取得的进展，查明了区域的强项和弱点，提出面对某些执行方面困难的国家组可能受益于采取区域或次区域办法的领域。调查报告的这一节提到在某些领域取得显著进展的具体国家。然而，不应把没有提到其他国家看作是对其执行情况的否定。", "7. 第三节提供了为履行决议的规定应制订的一般标准和建议的做法，并指出在某些重要专题领域决议执行情况的一般性全球趋势。对一般读者来说，这一专题部分可能更加有用，因为它提供了自决议通过以来，在应对恐怖主义的挑战方面，国际社会从最广泛的意义上说取得进展的较全面情况。", "8. 在每一节的最后，都有会员国和委员会及其执行局为加强决议在每个次区域或专题领域的执行而可以采取的三个实际步骤的优先建议。希望这些建议对在反恐领域工作的其他国际组织和双边捐助者有所助益。", "9. 调查报告的附件中载有重要反恐文书的清单。", "一般性评论", "10. 安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议充分保持了其时事性，是联合国在反恐领域的一个重要文件。在第1373(2001)号决议通过后的十年里，这一全球努力取得了许多进展。就国际恐怖主义提出的威胁和有效应对这一威胁的手段而言，这一决议加强了会员国之间的团结和对话。这一积极的趋势也受益于安全理事会关于恐怖主义问题的其他附属机构的工作，以及大会在2006年通过的全球反恐战略(第60/288号决议)和反恐执行工作队的相关工作。", "11. 用最简单的定量措施——自决议通过以来国际反恐文书的批准率——来评估，会员国已明确显示出对国际合作的政治承诺增加。例如：2001年9月28日，共有50个国家签署了1999年《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》(下称《制止资助恐怖主义公约》)(四个成为缔约国)，到2001年底，另有82个国家签署了该公约，另有12个国家成为缔约国。截至2011年5月1日，加入《制止资助恐怖主义公约》的国家总数达到173个。另一个例子是：2001年9月28日，有28个国际加入1997年《制止恐怖主义爆炸的国际公约》，到2011年5月1日，这一数字增加到164个。", "12. 其他领域的积极发展也很明显。多数国家现在已经按照决议和相关国际文书规定的义务，采取措施在其国内法规中，把恐怖主义行为定为刑事罪。许多国家成立了金融情报中心和其他机制，保证更有效地防止资助恐怖主义的行为。新的边境安全系统，例如像国际民用航空组织(国际民航组织)要求得那样加强货物检查和在多数国家采用机器可读旅行证件，都使恐怖分子的跨国活动变得复杂起来。国家间的信息交流得到改善，法律互助似乎更加系统。出现这些进步，许多是由于双边捐助者、联合国系统各机构和其他人持续承诺提供与各国执行决议相关的技术援助。", "13. 过去十年进步的结果是，自2001年9月以来，威胁国际社会的某些恐怖主义网络削弱了。在某些国家，基地组织被迫进一步转入地下，对该组织的一些成员进行了成功的起诉，定罪和判刑，或对其进行了刑事诉讼。国际合作还帮助检方找到在世界不同地区活动的其他恐怖团体，包括那些被列入安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会综合名单的人。警惕性的提高和世界各地警察和情报工作的效力提高，使得一些恐怖阴谋在执行之前就被挫败，这无疑拯救了许多生命。", "14. 然而，恐怖主义的威胁在世界许多地区依然很高。虽然有些恐怖分子的网络被破坏，其他的网络改变了它们的行动方法。例如，正如制裁基地组织和塔利班委员会的监测组所观察的那样，伊斯兰马格里布基地组织通过绑架赎金募集了相当数额的金钱，并受益于更多利用南美洲毒品生产者在萨赫勒的走私路线(见S/2011/245)。据报道，南亚和中亚的一些团体也在越来越多地把武器和毒品走私作为收入来源。恐怖团体还利用某些国家持续和(在某些情况下)越来越不稳定的局势，这使得他们在行动时不怕政府当局对其进行瓦解。此外，尽管乌萨马·本·拉丹被击毙，这可能引起基地组织领导层的断裂，但该组织仍然是一股有影响的危险力量。部分原因是它与伊斯兰马格里布基地组织和阿拉伯半岛基地组织等组织结盟，并继续有能力启发其他的团体和个人策划在世界所有地区发动攻击。", "15. 恐怖团体和个人更多地利用新的信息和通信技术，往往越过国境进行招募、煽动和募集资金，这造成了特殊的威胁。网络证明是从事恐怖活动的重要工具，因为在监管其内容方面，涉及重大的技术和法律挑战。因被控内容非法而受到阻挡和失去能力的网页，常常在几小时内就能够在别处的网上被重新激活。因特网和其他新通信技术的监管必然受到各国尊重言论自由的义务的限制，而言论自由是国际人权的基石。然而，第1373(2001)号决议要求各国制止招募恐怖分子，安全理事会第1624(2005)号决议要求各国禁止和防止煽动实施恐怖行为。在今后的岁月里，这些问题继续构成挑战。", "16. 如本调查报告所显示，在各国执行第1373(2001)号决议的其他领域，国际反恐工作仍然存在差距。若想充分履行按照引渡或起诉的原则将恐怖分子绳之以法的义务，需要在更多的国家通过执行立法，并做出更多的承诺，在引渡不可行时对恐怖主义案件提出起诉。某些国家需要进一步加强司法系统，以便以完全符合法治的方式来对恐怖主义进行起诉。确保管理松懈的陆地和海上边界安全问题对许多国家仍是重大挑战，大多是因为资源方面的限制。", "17. 在打击资助恐怖主义领域仍然存在挑战，包括需要更有效地监测新支付方法，非正规货币和价值转移系统以及使用现金运送人。还需要更有效地防止滥用非政府组织，同时确保监管与风险的程度相称，而不是任意实施。", "18. 实际上在所有区域，各国在确保其反恐措施遵守国际法，包括国际人权法、难民法和人道主义法规定的所有义务方面，继续面临挑战。最后，许多国家面对一系列其他问题，例如发展方面相互竞争的优先事项，培训机会有限，对政府预算的持续压力，这影响到它们在执行决议方面取得的进展。", "19. 在第1373(2001)号决议通过后的十年里，人们越来越认识到，尽管执法措施是决议的中心，但有效的应对措施必须包括法律和社会政策的其他方面。首先必须把恐怖主义作为在任何情况下都不可开脱的罪行。然而，它也是以非人、令人憎恶和不可接受的方式表达冤情。不仅是安全机构，而且是整个社会必须以坚定的决心面对这个问题，加强对话和扩大文明间的了解，提高对恐怖主义受害者痛苦的认识，并在包括发展、教育、社会融入和人权在内的许多领域采取政策。如2011年4月与欧洲委员会合作在法国斯特拉斯堡举行的反恐怖主义委员会与国际、区域和次区域组织特别会议所确认，预防工作至关重要。", "20. 在这方面，特别重要的是，安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议鼓励反恐执行局在会员国的同意下，与它们讨论如何制订全面和综合的国家反恐战略，其中包括按照国际法规定的义务，注重导致恐怖活动的因素。同样重要的是，安理会第1963 (2010)号决议强调区域和次区域组织在反恐方面可以发挥的作用，尤其是通过加强会员国全面执行第1373(2001)号决议的能力和促进提供技术援助。这两个方法对于应对恐怖主义的挑战都是必不可少的。", "21. 尽管过去十年肯定取得了进展，但要使各会员国和各区域免于恐怖主义的威胁，显然仍任重道远。", "二. 按区域分类的评估", "A. 非洲", "北非", "(阿尔及利亚、埃及、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、毛里塔尼亚、摩洛哥、苏丹和突尼斯)", "委员会访问了该次区域五个国家。", "一般性评论", "22. 北非比非洲其他次区域受到更多恐怖主义的影响，已经法律和行动方面采取了各种应对做法。所有北非国家均在立法上采取了反恐措施。但这些措施往往缺乏国际反恐文书中规定的犯罪行为的确切定义。这可能引起人权和法治方面的关注。已经获取了反恐方面的专门知识，并采用了创新的做法，目的是为了防止进一步招募可能的恐怖分子，或者是为了制止可能导致暴力行为的激进化。", "23. 北非最近的政治和安全事态发展可能导致某些国家修正其目前的战略，尤其是为了确保遵守法治和处理人权方面的关注，同时保持该地区打击恐怖主义等重罪的能力。", "24. 作为一般性评论，应更好协调该次区域的执法措施，尤其是在行动层面，而且这些措施应受到司法的监督。漫长的海洋边界和开放式陆地边界仍然是对边境管制的挑战。", "评估领域", "立法", "25. 所有的受访国都已颁布立法，授予其司法、检察和执法当局打击恐怖主义所需的能力。在将指称的恐怖主义罪行实施者送上法庭方面，主要依靠得到特别立法补充的刑法典。已在几个国家成功地进行了与恐怖主义有关的起诉。但有些国家继续利用过度宽泛的恐怖主义定义，将劝告这些国家按照国际反恐文书将恐怖主义罪行纳入其国内刑法。几个受访国正在采取这种做法，制定新的立法，以加强遵守国际人权法规定的义务。例如突尼斯在2009年修订了第2003-75号法，将煽动实施恐怖主义行为定为刑事罪，以便将“煽动仇恨”和“宗教激进化”与恐怖主义罪行分开。阿尔及利亚最近解除了紧急状态。受访国还把招募人员实施恐怖行为和为恐怖分子提供庇护所定为刑事罪，并为其实施制订了行动措施。所有受访国都把利用自己的领土实施或筹备实施针对其他国家的公民、设施和外交代表的恐怖行为定为刑事罪。它们还把针对这些目标的恐怖行为视为针对本国国家安全的行为。然而，国家应以同样方式把针对另一国的行为定为刑事罪。简言之，有必要将“引渡或起诉”的原则纳入国家立法，即便在与那个国家没有直接联系的情况下。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "26. 自前一次调查以来，次区域各国取得了进展，所有国家都制定了反洗钱法。突尼斯在2009年8月修订了其反洗钱法，摩洛哥目前正在对其自己的反洗钱法进行修订。虽然所有国家都设立了金融情报中心，但只有埃及的中心在充分运作，并且是埃格蒙特集团的成员。摩洛哥的金融情报中心在2009年10月收到和处理了其第一批可疑交易报告。所有的国家均加入了1999年《制止资助恐怖主义公约》，但只有几个国家依照《公约》规定将该罪行定为刑事罪。这可能削弱它们在国际一级开展有效合作的能力。突尼斯和阿拉伯利比亚民众国(分别于2009和2010年)将客户尽职调查、保存记录和报告可疑交易的义务延伸到其他指定的非金融业务和专业，从而扩大了反洗钱法和打击资助恐怖主义行为义务的范围。资产冻结条款虽然尚未完全符合决议的规定，但已经在多数国家颁布，在某些情况下已经成功冻结了恐怖分子的资产。制定了监管慈善和非营利组织的法律，但并非所有国家都已经审查了其法律框架，以防止将非营利部门滥用于资助恐怖主义的目的。自前一次调查以来，突尼斯已修订了其反洗钱法，以加强其管制捐款的审慎规则。为控制货币跨界流动而采取的措施主要是为了解决在兑换控制方面的担忧，而不是为了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为。", "执法", "27. 所有国家都依赖内政部或其他相关部委颁布的内部条例作为对刑法典的补充，以监管其执法机构的工作。受访国设立了专门的反恐单位和体制机构，并有能力进行调查和利用相对先进的技术。在受访国，政策层面的机构间合作水平已经很高，并已下传到行动层面。然而，内部协调、尤其是情报交换方面的内部协调主要是通过会议和私人接触来进行。有必要采用更多技术手段，以便进行实时的行动情报交流。除了阿拉伯司法部长理事会的定期会议外，在次区域一级没有定期和体制化的行动情报交流。为北非设立一个国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)次区域办事处，将有助于改善该次区域各国间的合作。此外，所有国家都必须加强对执法活动的司法监督，以确保在调查与恐怖主义有关的案件中尊重人权，防止对执法人员有罪不罚。在该次区域几个国家最近事态发展的同时，安全机构发生了改变。例如，埃及和突尼斯都解散了它们的国家安全部队，因为指控这些部队在反恐时侵犯了人权。所有国家均采取措施管制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让。有五个国家批准了《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的补充议定书》(下称《管制火器议定书》)。", "边境管制", "28. 受访国采取了筛查旅行者和检测伪造旅行证件的措施，包括在国际机场进行这些检查。在一些边境站，仍实行人工登记信息。几个国家可以改进身份证件和旅行证件发放程序的安全性和统一性。该次区域多数国家在国际民航组织规定的2010年4月这一最后期限前采用了机器可读旅行证件。所有的受访国均使用国际刑警组织的数据库，有些正在采取步骤，将其扩大到边境站。几个国家(例如阿尔及利亚、埃及和突尼斯)制定了实际措施，检查货币和无记名可转让票据的出入境携带。这种措施包括报关单、报告无记名可转让票据的义务，以及授权海关官员没收现金。", "29. 除一国之外，所有国家均加入了1951年《关于难民地位的公约》(下称《难民公约》)及其1967年议定书。然而，联合国人权机制对没有充分遵守不推回难民原则提出了关注。可以在所有国家，尤其是在处于南方边界的国家加强防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的措施。阿尔及利亚试图解决这个问题，2009年在塔曼拉塞特省为边防卫队增加了第四个旅。有六个国家加入了《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》(下称《打击贩运人口议定书》)，五个国家加入了《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击陆、海、空偷运移民的补充议定书》(下称《打击偷运移民议定书》)。除一个国家外，所有国家均表示愿意实施世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》，并启动了这一程序。2010年4月启动了马格里布海关合作理事会，并在世界海关组织区域情报联络处的所在地卡萨布兰卡设立了一个培训中心。", "30. 有四个国家执行了《2001年联合国从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》(下称《小武器问题行动纲领》)。2010年，除一个国家外，该次区域的所有国家均向联合国提交了一份附加报告，说明其执行该行动纲领的情况。关于海事安全，所有受访国均执行了国际海事组织(海事组织)《国际海上人命安全公约》国际船舶和港口设施保安规则(1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》的一个修正案)。然而，对最新执行情况以及安全措施测试的不合规定之处，以及所观察到的受访国港口安全措施的差距感到关切。所有国家继续执行1944年《国际民用航空公约》(《芝加哥公约》)附件17和附件9的相关安全条款。在阿拉伯利比亚民众国，2009年10月26日批准了国家民用航空安全方案。自前一次调查以来，阿尔及利亚、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、毛里塔尼亚和摩洛哥接待了国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划第二周期访问团。", "国际合作", "31. 该次区域批准国际反恐文书的比率较高。2010年，阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥和突尼斯又加入了一个或更多的国际文书，阿尔及利亚成为该次区域第一个批准所有文书的国家。然而，如上所述，几个国家依赖过度广泛的恐怖主义法律定义，这可能引起国际合作方面的困难。几乎所有的国家都仍需要颁布法律互助和引渡方面的法律。总的来说，各国在阿拉伯国家联盟相关机构、其公约(其在该次区域的批准比率高)和双边条约框架内开展合作。有必要改善信息的交流，并加强与其它区域国家的合作。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "32. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 加强法律框架，通过审查其法律框架是否适当等方式，采取措施进一步保护其非营利组织，并加强其金融情报中心的能力；", "(b) 继续加强入境点和开放式边界沿线的边境安全，以防止和制止恐怖分子跨界货物和武器/爆炸物以及货币和无记名可转让票据的流动，实施国际民航组织、世界海关组织和海事组织等专门机构规定的国际最佳守则和标准；", "(c) 加强对警务活动的司法监督方案，促进与相关国际和区域机制继续对话，以确保在反恐时遵守国际人权义务。", "33. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 更积极与相关区域组织(如非洲恐怖主义问题研究中心、非洲联盟和阿拉伯国家联盟)互动协作，重点开展旨在克服挑战和加强第1373 (2001)号决议执行工作的活动；", "(b) 继续推进与受访国的密切对话，特别是鉴于目前该次区域的事态发展；", "(c) 更积极地与该次区域各国互动协作，包括进行后续访问，并抓住机会，在经过该次区域时与相关国家的官员举行双边会晤。", "东非", "(布隆迪、科摩罗、吉布提、厄立特里亚、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、马达加斯加、莫桑比克、卢旺达、塞舌尔、索马里、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国)", "委员会访问了该次区域四个国家。", "一般性评论", "34. 由于非洲之角的政局持续不稳和各种武装团体的活动，恐怖主义对东非次区域的威胁依然很高。2009年，政府间发展管理局(伊加特)反恐能力建设方案在积极的气氛中通过了关于引渡和法律互助的公约，这些公约加强了成员国之间进行反恐合作的法律框架，从而加强了国家和区域安全。", "35. 该次区域在边境管制方面面临重大挑战(例如面临海盗行为和其他在海上实施的罪行的持续威胁)，这些挑战耗尽了用于反恐的现有国家资源。漫长和基本上开放的陆地和海洋边界继续对各国政府提出重大挑战。边界划定问题和边境社区的意向使得该次区域某些地区的有效边境管理复杂化。", "36. 将通过对执法工作进行更有效的国家协调和改善次区域的信息交流，来加强次区域的反恐工作。", "评估领域", "立法", "37. 所有国家均已制定了一些立法措施，但这些措施并没有将国际反恐文书中所列罪行充分列入国内法律。在四个受访国中，有两个尚未通过已经制订了几年的反恐法律草案。尽管在起诉方面存在挑战，肯尼亚已经对发生在其境内的恐怖活动成功地进行了审判。另外两个国家在五年多前开始实施反恐法律，但没有报告相关的调查或起诉。鉴于该次区域的脆弱性，有必要采取更多的措施将招募人员定为刑事罪。并非所有的国家都就其对恐怖行为的管辖权提供了充足的资料，但几乎所有的国家都采取部分措施，授予它们对在其境内所犯罪行的管辖权。整个次区域都没有适用“引渡或起诉”的原则，因为各国没有将其明确纳入国内法。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "38. 九个国家加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。少数国家已通过了把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪的立法，其他国家至少制定了部分措施。大多数国家制定了反洗钱法，但没有几个国家在立法和行动层面制定措施，以便毫不拖延地冻结资金。对某些国家来说，制定定期的实地方案以便对报告实体进行视察，从而确保遵守反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的要求，是一个重大的挑战，因为那是一个耗费资金的做法。有几个国家设立了金融情报中心，但尚未运作。少数国家规定了报告资助恐怖主义行为的义务，但关于可疑交易的报告很少。该次区域的八个国家须接受东南非洲反洗钱工作组、国际货币基金组织(基金组织)或世界银行进行的相互评价报告，但只有五个国家是东南非洲反洗钱工作组的成员。除一个国家外，所有国家均制定了规范非营利组织的立法，但只有一个国家采取并有效实施了防止通过非营利组织资助恐怖主义的法律规定。没有国家对非营利部门进行审查或就资助恐怖主义进行风险评估。委员会的访问表明，该区域各国(主要是以现金交易为基础的经济体)需要在对现金和无记名可转让票据的流动没有实行最低门槛要求的地方实施这一要求，从而加强对现金运送人的控制。", "执法", "39. 大多数国家主要依赖刑事诉讼法来监管其执法机构的工作。几乎所有国家都缺乏开展有效调查或利用数据库和法证等先进工具的能力。某些国家存在用于内部协调和恐怖主义问题研究的反恐和安全机构。肯尼亚和坦桑尼亚联合共和国各有一个国家反恐中心；乌干达则有一个国家安全委员会。如果有必要，将通过使政策一级的协调下传到行动一级，来加强内部协调。信息交换将受益于技术的改进(例如通过建立数据库并使它们与所有相关的执法机构连接)。可通过现有的区域机构，如东非警察局长合作组织以及国际刑警组织驻内罗毕办事处，加强次区域合作。为确保反恐措施与法治和各国的国际人权义务保持一致而通过主管司法当局和其它当局对执法进行的监督不力。该次区域几乎有半数国家已经采取措施管制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让，有六个国家批准了《管制火器议定书》。其他国家则需要改进在这方面的立法。大多数受访国有必要加强危机管理计划，以确保获取证据，防止二次爆炸的伤亡，并确保在发生大型恐怖袭击时做到充分疏散。", "边境管制", "40. 该次区域各国平常是使用人工方法检查身份旅行证件。关于原始证件以及身份证和护照发放程序健全性的资料提供得很少。次区域所有国家均在国际民航组织规定的2010年4月这一最后期限前采用了机器可读旅行证件。然而，筛查这种旅行证件的读取器尚未在次区域推广。尽管该区域各国设立了国际刑警组织国家中心局，但缺乏能力和无法延伸至边境站阻碍了对国际刑警组织服务的利用。委员会对该区域的访问表明，各国需要制订风险指标并提高探测方法方面的能力，从而加强对立法的实施，防止现金和无记名可转让票据的非法跨界流动。", "41. 几乎所有国家都加入了1951年《难民公约》，但联合国人权机制对某些国家没有建立充分的法律框架以防止驱回难民表示关注。并非所有进入港都有自动化操作的移民处理程序/系统，而且监测观察清单的能力非常有限。检查假冒证件、通信以及获取和储存旅行者数据的设备即使有，也需要购置或升级。七个国家加入了《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》，监测货物的流动在该区域仍是一个巨大挑战。除两个国家外，所有国家都签署了执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书，但各国需要做更多的工作，以确保贸易链，提高在风险管理方面的能力，并鼓励机构协调和边境站的信息交换。", "42. 过去两年，厄立特里亚、肯尼亚、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交了报告。除了内陆国家外，所有国家都指定了一个国家机构负责港口和船只安全，并按照《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》制定了安全计划。这方面需要进一步加强的措施包括实施1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》的其他方面，实施远程识别和跟踪系统，按照国际劳工组织(劳工组织)的标准，为所有海员和船员进行登记，并颁发安全身份证件。", "43. 管制武器和爆炸物的法律没有对武器中介活动和中间商或转让武器载有明确的规定。管理松懈的边界继续对有效的边境管制构成挑战，应该做出更多努力，制订区域办法和最佳做法(例如社区警务)，以应对这些挑战。肯尼亚、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国认识到在这方面与边境社区接触很重要，并定期与社区领导人接触，讨论边境问题。自前一次调查公布后，四个国家接待了国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划第二周期访问团，两个国家接待了第一周期后续访问团。", "国际合作", "44. 自2009年以来，批准国际文书的水平未变，并有很大差别。有一个国家加入了14项文书，其邻国之一却一项也没有加入。通过引渡和法律互助法律的国家甚少。这限制了它们对其他国家的相关请求做出积极回应的能力。如上文第34段所述，2009年，伊加特成员国内政部长就一项引渡公约草案和一项司法互助公约达成协议，这些公约如果得到充分实施，将加强一些东非国家之间在刑事事项上的合作。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "45. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 通过并实施列明国际反恐文书中所列一切恐怖主义罪行的全面、统一的国家反恐法律框架，同时与国际人权标准保持一致；", "(b) 加强政策和行动层面的内部协调；", "(c) 加大力度，加强入境点和开放边界沿线的边境安全，并通过制订区域办法和最佳做法(例如社区警务)等方式，预防和阻止恐怖分子的跨界流动，同时按照国际最佳准则和做法，防止和阻止货币和无记名可转让票据、货物、武器/爆炸物的实际跨界携带。", "46. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 更积极地与相关区域组织(非洲联盟、东非共同体、东非警察局长合作组织、东南非洲反洗钱工作组和伊加特反恐能力建设方案)互动协作，重点开展旨在克服不足和改进该决议执行情况的活动；", "(b) 继续推进与该次区域各国开展的密切对话，包括通过与面临威胁和挑战的具体国家打交道的联合国各办事处，这些威胁和挑战可以影响这些国家和该次区域其他国家对付恐怖主义的能力；", "(c) 继续积极与该次区域开展互动协作，包括通过促进技术援助、举办讲习班和其他次区域活动(例如2010年7月在内罗毕举办的边境管理讲习班)，以及通过把执行者和业务官员聚集在一起的举措开展后续行动。", "南部非洲", "(安哥拉、博茨瓦纳、莱索托、马拉维、毛里求斯、纳米比亚、南非、赞比亚、津巴布韦和斯威士兰)", "委员会访问了该次区域一个国家。", "一般性评论", "47. 尽管南部非洲各国已对反恐作出承诺，但很多国家缺乏全面执行第1373(2001)号决议所需的技术和财政资源。南部非洲的自然资源、跨界犯罪以及小武器在以往冲突中的供应使该次区域可能易受洗钱者、国际罪犯、毒品贩子和恐怖团体的影响。", "48. 南部非洲的会员国已从南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织的倡议中受益，这些倡议重点预防和打击跨界犯罪，包括军火和武器贩运(该次区域的一个重大问题)。东南非洲反洗钱工作组在该次区域发挥着关键作用，因为该工作组负责评价其成员国在反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为方面采取的措施，并负责制订次区域政策和方案，以了解次区域在洗钱和资助恐怖主义方面的趋势，并确定打击此类行为的行动和解决方案。南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)建立区域预警中心的努力令人鼓舞。", "49. 几个国家感觉很难履行其报告和执行义务，或许是因为这些国家需要解决其他紧迫的关切问题。批准国际文书的比率有很大差别。有几个国家批准了10多项文书，不过，除了两个国家之外，所有国家都需要进一步采取行动，把这些文书全面纳入国内法。", "50. 该次区域非正式经济占主导地位，这使金融交易难以追踪。该次区域国家的经济以现金为基础，容易发生资助恐怖主义和洗钱的现象。为了减少这一风险，应鼓励这些国家继续努力促进包容性金融，设立金融情报中心且使其运作，并审查非营利部门以确保其不会被滥用于资助恐怖主义等非法目的。由于货币和其它无记名可转让票据的实际跨界携带也仍可能用于资助恐怖主义，因此需要通过采用申报表来加强边境管制。", "51. 对于小武器的跨界流动和供应问题，次区域所有国家都应采取协调一致的应对措施。正如非洲其他区域一样，该次区域漫长的海上和陆地边界对边境管制提出了挑战。", "评估领域", "立法", "52. 该次区域10个国家中，只有毛里求斯和南非制定了全面的反恐立法，而且只有南非曾在该框架内提出诉讼。联合国人权机制对两个国家不当适用反恐措施表示关切。有四个国家已把招募恐怖分子行为适当地定为刑事罪，而其余国家或者部分程度上这么做了，或者根本没有这么做。有四个国家已采取适当的法律措施把提供庇护所定为刑事罪；有四个国家在部分程度上这么做了；有两个国家没有提供有关资料。有五个国家制定了立法措施，禁止利用其领土实施或筹划针对其它国家或其公民的恐怖行为。该次区域大多数国家在法律上遇到的挑战说明，仍然需要鼓励这些国家将国际反恐文书全面纳入其国内立法，并加强检察和司法部门在反恐案件上的机构能力。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "53. 该次区域有六个国家加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。有四个国家已适当地把资助恐怖主义行为定为刑事罪，有三个国家根本没有这么做。2010年7月，安哥拉颁布了立法，其中规定了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的预防和限制措施。2010年4月15日，安哥拉申请加入东南非洲反洗钱工作组。大部分国家制定了反洗钱立法，其中有四个国家将资助恐怖主义列为前提罪行。在采取立法和行动措施以毫不拖延地冻结资金方面，大多数国家仍然遇到挑战。有六个国家制定了与报告义务有关的一些措施，包括报告资助恐怖主义行为的措施，但只有一个国家的措施是充分的。在大多数情况下，这些措施扩大至银行，但不清楚是否包括其它金融及非金融行业和职业。", "54. 在采取措施设立金融情报中心方面取得了进展。目前，有四个机构可被视为已在全面运作，其中有三个(马拉维、毛里求斯和南非)也是埃格蒙特集团的成员。毛里求斯和南非散发的可疑交易报告引发了许多调查工作，并导致对几起洗钱案件提出诉讼。有六个国家制定了一些管制非营利组织的立法措施。只有南非对其非营利组织管制框架进行了审查。不过，没有一个国家为确保非营利组织不被滥用于资助恐怖主义的目的而对其非营利部门进行审查或开展风险评估。有六个国家已采取措施控制货币流动(申报制度)。毛里求斯告知委员会，2009年《金融法》对其《海关法》进行了修正，2009年10月1日，该国建立了跨界携带货币申报制度，该制度取代了以前的披露制度。其他国家没有提供这一领域的充分资料。", "执法", "55. 有四个国家建立了由适当机构管理的专门反恐组织结构。南非采取了综合反恐战略，且在其各机构间建立了适当水平的合作、信息分享和行动协调。2010年，毛里求斯在总理办公厅设立了反恐股，由国家反恐委员会负责监督。所有国家都是南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织的成员，因此能够分享预警信息。成员国就涉及被盗机动车辆、武器和弹药贩运及毒品走私和贩运等罪行开展了具体行动。不过，只有在受访国才有可能看到国际刑警组织在当地的国家中心局成功地让有关执法机构与国际刑警组织情报来源相互联系上。2010年7月，南共体为了加强其成员之间的沟通设立了区域预警中心。该中心由外交部、武装部队、警方以及国家安全和情报机构的代表组成。该中心将帮助南共体成员国查明任何危机、冲突或自然灾害的迹象。有两个国家说明了通过司法程序有效监督执法活动的情况。", "56. 所有国家都采取了一些管制武器和爆炸物生产、销售和转让的步骤，不过，除了一个国家之外，其管制武器和爆炸物的立法没有对军火中介活动和中间商、武器转运或安全理事会的军火禁运作出明确规定。只有五个国家批准了《管制火器议定书》。《南共体关于管制火器、弹药和其他有关物资的议定书》对南共体成员国具有约束力。南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织在执行该《议定书》方面起到了推动作用，并在这方面提出了很多提案，包括统一立法、能力建设、联合跨界行动、解除武装、复员、重返社会以及发展和破坏。该组织还为执行《南共体议定书》制订了标准作业程序，并与很多成员国一起制订了建立统一数据库和火器标识方面的倡议。南非采用了火器管理的五个支柱战略，且参与次区域消除火器的工作。", "边境管制", "57. 有几个国家正采取步骤把其移民和公民身份有关程序计算机化。除南非之外，大多数国家边境点的旅客检查出入境系统仍为手工操作。南非的陆地口岸与中央数据库相链接，所有入境点都可进入中央自动化系统获取所有旅客的详细资料，这一系统还载有利用各执法机构提供的资料定期更新的警告名单。毛里求斯在2009年采用了新的边境管制系统，可在旅客抵达或离开国际机场时立即将其数据记录到一个数据库中。经授权的人员还可在线查阅这些资料。关于委员会未到访国家的海关在防止货币和无记名可转让票据的实际跨界携带方面的成效，现有资料有限。不过，反恐怖主义执行局设法了解到，南非采用了风险评估技术并在收缴未申报大额现金方面日益取得成功。", "58. 该次区域所有国家都批准了1951年《难民公约》。混合移民流动，特别是来自非洲之角和大湖区的混合移民流动，在南部非洲内部造成挑战，并给有限的现有人道主义资源带来压力。该次区域所有国家都在国际民航组织规定的2010年4月这一最后期限前采用了机器可读旅行证件。该次区域有两个国家计划采用电子护照。有四个国家报告了本国关于签发国民身份证件的规定，还有两个国家提出了国民身份证立法。目前正在通过加强管制和提高认识相结合的办法，应对伪造证件和骗取证件问题。有七个国家既加入了《打击贩运人口议定书》，也加入了《打击偷运移民议定书》。所有国家都签署了实施海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书。", "59. 所有国家都报告了其执行《小武器问题行动纲领》的情况，但总体而言，该次区域各国需要加强它们在这方面的方案及合作，并采用最新国际最佳做法和军备控制标准。南部非洲次区域小武器的跨界流动和供应仍然是值得关切的问题。《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》已在四个国家实施和适用，其中有三个国家指定了负责港口和船只安全的国家权力机构，有两个国家制定了所有港口的安全计划。只有在受访国(南非)才可能评估《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》其它方面的实施情况(实施达到了可接受的标准)。有四个国家部分实施了《国际民用航空公约》附件17和附件9中与安保有关的规定。纳米比亚和津巴布韦接待了国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划第二周期访问团，安哥拉接待了第一周期后续访问团。", "国际合作", "60. 国际反恐文书的批准比率有很大差异。南非批准了其中13项文书，另外有四个国家(博茨瓦纳、莱索托、毛里求斯和斯威士兰)批准了至少10项文书。有三个国家批准了四项或不到四项文书。莱索托自2009年以来批准了五项文书，使其批准的文书总数达到11项。有四个国家制订了法律互助和引渡方面的综合国内法，其余国家或者在部分程度上执行了这一规定，或者根本没有这么做。还有一些次区域合作文书，主要包括1997年《南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织关于在打击犯罪方面开展合作和互助的协定》、《南共体刑事事项法律互助议定书》以及《南共体引渡议定书》。许多合作是通过南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织开展的。不过，在法律互助和引渡合作的实际内容方面缺乏资料。南非展示了提供法律互助的能力。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "61. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 落实其通过的国家反恐立法，同时铭记国际人权标准；", "(b) 审查其非营利部门，以确保其不被滥用于资助恐怖主义的目的，并对货币和无记名可转让票据的实际跨界携带活动进行管制和监测；", "(c) 更新本国在法律互助和引渡方面的立法，并充分执行南共体关于法律互助和引渡的有关议定书；", "(d) 在与次区域伙伴开展国际合作方面促进能力建设。", "62. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 与东南非洲反洗钱工作组、南共体和南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织等有关次区域组织进行更积极的接触，重点开展旨在克服不足和加强决议执行工作的活动；", "(b) 通过促进技术援助、举办讲习班和其他次区域活动等方式，继续与该次区域保持积极主动的接触；", "(c) 与东南非洲反洗钱工作组合作促进各国的能力建设，以建立/加强次区域的金融情报中心，并加强各国毫不拖延地冻结资金的立法和行动能力。", "西非和中部非洲", "(贝宁、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、中非共和国、佛得角、乍得、刚果、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、赤道几内亚、加蓬、冈比亚、加纳、几内亚、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、马里、尼日尔、尼日利亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂和多哥)", "委员会访问了该次区域六个国家。[1]", "一般性评论", "63. 伊斯兰马格里布基地组织特别对萨赫勒构成威胁，并对西非构成普遍威胁。这一威胁加重了该次区域各国面临的其他犯罪威胁(主要是洗钱、贩毒、非法贩运军火和恐怖分子跨界流动)。该次区域缺乏反恐行动计划，这阻碍了应对恐怖威胁的集体努力。漫长、无法接近和基本上开放的边境使得边境管理极难取得成效，并且助长了跨界犯罪集团和恐怖团体的活动。中部非洲还面临着几内亚湾等地武装暴力、犯罪和恐怖行为增多的局面。", "64. 是否有能力防止恐怖分子在该次区域(特别是在萨赫勒)的会员国境内组织起来和自由流动，不仅取决于双边和次区域合作是否见效，而且还取决于是否采取措施制订执法和边境管制方面的国际最佳准则和做法，以及是否对边境、海岸和内陆地区进行有效的保护和监测。所有国家的经济都以现金为基础，这增加了通过实际跨界携带货币和其它无记名可转让票据或通过其它汇款系统非正式转移金钱和价值的方式资助恐怖主义的风险。此外，该次区域在执法、法治和尊重人权方面仍然面临挑战。", "65. 自前一次调查以来，单个国家采取的反恐措施在防止潜在的恐怖行为方面发挥了作用，说明这方面的能力有所提高。2009年和2010年，在西非(马里、尼日利亚和塞内加尔)几次收缴了大量军用武器。这些收缴突出说明该次区域的海关机构在世界海关组织和反恐怖主义执行局的支持下开展了重要工作。在次区域一级，根据第一和第二阶段“COCAIR”行动的规定，中部非洲(和东非)所有机场如今都与世界海关组织海关执法网络数据库和国际刑警组织数据库实现连接，海关官员和边防警察在海关/警方联合平台框架内共享旅客资料和其他有关资料。", "66. 为了应付海上实施的犯罪增加的问题，西部和中部非洲海事组织(西中非海事组织)正在海事组织的协助下，通过设立海岸警卫队网络加强执法机构之间的合作。2010年，成员国和捐助者在加纳审查了在阿比让、达喀尔、拉各斯和黑角设立四个控制中心以及在安哥拉和加纳设立两个次区域协调中心的事宜。这个海岸警卫队网络应该能使北至毛里求斯、南至安哥拉的20个缔约国促进和开展旨在保护人的生命、执法、加强安全和保护环境的海上联合活动。", "评估领域", "立法", "67. 六个受访国建立了反恐立法框架，这些国家在该框架内主要依靠刑法和刑事诉讼法。2010年收缴了一批走私到尼日利亚的非法武器，在对此进行调查之后逮捕了一名被告人，目前正对其提出诉讼。与在塞内加尔一样，在尼日尔有一人因洗钱被定罪。大多数国家仍然需要将国际反恐文书中的罪行纳入国内法。受访国制订了制止招募恐怖分子的行动措施和政策。例如，布基纳法索重视打击暴力极端主义的工作，并且正在开展工作抵御招募恐怖分子的企图。提供庇护所的行为主要被定为 “协助”或“教唆”罪。几乎所有国家都把利用其领土对另一国公民、设施和外交代表实施或筹划恐怖行为定为刑事罪。不过，在几个国家，执行这些措施的国家能力有限。大多数国家尚未在其立法中确立对国际反恐文书中有关罪行的适当管辖权。并非所有国家都根据国际反恐文书的规定在其国内法中建立了“或引渡或起诉”原则。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "68. 除了两个国家之外，所有国家都加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。西非在把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪方面取得了某些进展。自前一次调查以来，又有三个国家(科特迪瓦、尼日尔和多哥)已把西非经济和货币联盟(西非经货联盟)关于制止资助恐怖主义的指令纳入其国内立法。结果，有更多国家把报告义务扩大至资助恐怖主义行为，并将这一罪行列为洗钱的前提罪行。由于西非政府间打击洗钱行动小组发挥了积极主动的作用，西非国家的反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的制度相对先进。所有国家都通过了反洗钱法。不过，除了几个近期对其反洗钱法进行修正的国家之外，大多数国家仍然需要对其反洗钱法进行审查，以使其符合国际标准。西非经货联盟中央银行已开始对适用于该联盟所有八个国家的《统一反洗钱法》进行修订。该法的修正案除其他外将涉及客户尽职调查义务。2010年，加纳通过了《经济犯罪和有组织犯罪法》，该国还设立了经济犯罪和有组织犯罪办公室，作为监测和调查经济犯罪和有组织犯罪的专门机构。", "69. 尽管可疑交易报告数量增加，但是除了在尼日利亚之外，已起诉并定罪的洗钱案很少(更不用说资助恐怖主义的案件)。司法机构的能力和独立性普遍需要加强。西非在金融情报中心方面取得了一些进展。又有两个国家建立了金融情报中心(使国家总数达到13个)。科摩罗和科特迪瓦加入了埃格蒙特集团，马里不久也将加入。除了尼日利亚和塞内加尔之外，其他国家的金融情报中心仍缺乏分析可疑交易报告的能力。西非经货联盟/《统一打击资助恐怖主义行为法》规定对恐怖分子的资产予以行政冻结。各国面临的挑战将是如何有效执行这一制度。总体而言，该次区域仍然需要建立适当程序，允许在不事先通知有关人员和实体的情况下毫不拖延地冻结其资产，其中包括相称的适当程序保障措施。", "70. 该次区域没有一个国家对非营利部门资助恐怖主义的情况进行审查，也没有就此开展风险评估。大多数国家都制定了关于货币和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的法律规定(例如申报制度)。除了未加入中非国家经济共同体(中非经共体)的刚果民主共和国之外，中部非洲国家都采用了反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的法律框架，该框架包括自动执行的《中非经共体章程》，该《章程》把洗钱和资助恐怖主义行为定为刑事罪；规定客户尽职调查和报告义务；规定设立金融情报中心。不过，有关该《章程》执行情况的资料很少。对成员执行“40＋9”反洗钱金融行动任务组关于反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的建议的情况，中部非洲反洗钱行动小组缺乏评估能力。", "执法", "71. 大多数国家依靠刑事诉讼法管理其执法机构的工作。只有很少国家设立了特别或专门反恐执法部门。几乎所有国家都采用人工处理信息，这削弱了该制度的效力。有些国家愿意在内政部建立协调机制，包括行动层面的协调机制，却仍然在资源、管制和监督方面面临内部挑战。有些国家有待处理与恐怖主义案件有关的人权问题(例如，警察拘留超期和利用律师服务方面的限制)。马里和尼日尔是在阿尔及利亚塔曼拉塞特新设的次区域联合情报中心的成员。2010年在喀麦隆新设了国际刑警组织区域局，由国际刑警组织“非洲绿洲”(发展警务活动能力的项目)等项目负责为其提供支助，这将加强该次区域各国的能力。该区域局将与中部非洲警察局长委员会合作加强该次区域的安全。受访国的大部分国际机场都可接入国际刑警组织的“I-24/7”数据库。不过，几乎没有几个国家的陆地边界与国家中央局连接，因此无法利用国际刑警组织的工具。西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)《关于小武器和轻武器、其弹药及其他相关材料的公约》于2009年9月29日开始生效，这是该次区域管制军火贩运活动的重要一步。该《公约》对军火中介活动进行管制，并禁止任何向恐怖分子供应武器的行为。有十一个国家批准了《管制火器议定书》。该次区域没有制订反恐行动计划，除了包括非洲联盟所有成员国的非洲恐怖主义问题研究中心之外，该次区域的组织都没有成立专门的反恐部门。", "边境管制", "72. 大多数西非国家部分采取了检测伪造旅行证件的措施。中部非洲国家在这方面未提供充分信息。应大大提高身份证件和旅行证件签发程序的安全性和统一性。马里建立了公民登记计划国家试点委员会，以期实现系统计算机化，并最终可保障安全签发身份和旅行证件。大多数国家仍依赖人工操作的系统。有两个国家未在国际民航组织规定的期限内采用机器可读取的旅行证件。审查此类旅行证件的读取器尚未在该次区域广泛使用。大多数国家未制订货币申报程序。机构和行动能力的缺乏以及语言障碍阻碍了情报业务交流。需要在整个次区域更加切实地执行有关货币和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的现行法律规定(申报制度)。在塞内加尔，海关官员报告说，与非法现金出口有关的罪行日益增加，为此在该国与冈比亚和几内亚比绍的边境逮捕了一些人。", "73. 虽然除一个国家之外所有国家都加入了1951年《难民公约》及其议定书，但是，联合国人权机制仍对有些国家防止驱回难民的法律框架不适当表示关切。所有国家都部分执行了防止和制止恐怖分子跨界移动的措施，但漫长、开放式的陆地边界将继续对边境管制构成挑战。有19个国家加入了《打击贩运人口议定书》，有15个国家加入了《打击偷运移民议定书》。除了3个国家之外，所有国家都签署了实施世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书，并部分执行了规定的措施。该次区域仍然没有制订适当统一的边境管理方案。大部分陆地边界警察哨所缺乏执行其任务的工具和设备，国家边境管制机构既没有相互充分合作，也没有与其邻国对应机构充分合作。", "74. 2010年，在筹备《小武器问题行动纲领》两年期会议期间，16个国家(首次包括几内亚、几内亚比绍和利比里亚)提交报告说明了其执行该《行动纲领》的情况。只有一个国家从未提交报告说明其执行情况。关于1974年《海上人命安全公约》的《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》，所有非内陆国家都指定了负责港口和船只安全的国家权力机构。除了在受访国(尼日利亚和塞内加尔)外，由于资料不足，无法评估《规则》在西非的执行情况。正如2010年海事组织/反恐怖主义执行局/联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室在利伯维尔举办的讲习班所指出的那样，中部非洲国家需要加强其海上安全和安保措施。尚未这么做的国家应执行《海上人命安全公约》(2002年修正案)及其2005年议定书。这些国家还需要全面实施《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》及远程识别和跟踪系统；对所有海员和船员进行登记；并根据劳工组织的标准，包括根据2003年《海员身份证件公约》(修订本)(劳工组织第185号公约)，签发可靠的身份证件。最后，1944年《国际民用航空公约》附件17和附件9与安保有关的规定仅得到部分执行。佛得角、加蓬、尼日尔和多哥接待了国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划第二周期访问团，中非共和国及圣多美和普林西比接待了第一周期后续访问团。", "国际合作", "75. 国际反恐文书的批准比率有很大差异。2009年和2010年，刚果民主共和国和马里加入了一个或更多国际反恐文书。这一次区域的国家仍需要加强其国内法律框架，以加强刑事事项上的合作，途径特别包括颁布关于引渡和法律互助的法律。2010年，加纳通过了《司法互助法》，该法加强了该国为执行有关法律互助协定和其他法律互助安排而作准备的能力。各国主要通过双边条约彼此合作。第五届非洲法语国家司法部长会议通过的关于执行国际反恐文书的《反恐司法互助和引渡公约》可加强该次区域很多国家之间的合作。同样，在非洲联盟(包括非洲恐怖主义问题研究中心)主持下通过的区域引渡和法律互助公约可加强国家间在刑事事项上的合作。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "76. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 采用列明国际反恐文书中所列一切恐怖主义罪行的全面、统一的国家反恐法律框架，有效执行反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的法律和法规，同时与国际人权标准保持一致；", "(b) 加强政策和行动层面的内部协调；", "(c) 加大力度，加强入境点和海上的边境安全，并通过参加讲习班(例如2011年4月国际移民组织与反恐怖主义执行局在努瓦克肖特合作举办的讲习班)等方式发展海岸警卫队网络、海关/警方机场联合平台以及开放式边境的社区警务等现有合作项目。", "77. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 继续与参与次区域工作的有关区域和次区域组织(非洲联盟、西非经共体、西非政府间打击洗钱行动小组和西中非海事组织)保持积极接触，重点开展旨在克服挑战和加强决议执行工作的活动；", "(b) 协助为西非经共体提供技术援助，以期通过西非国家区域反恐行动计划，并在西非经共体主持下设立专门的次区域反恐办公室；", "(c) 进一步加强与下列组织的关系：中部非洲经济和货币共同体、中部非洲警察局长委员会、中部非洲反洗钱行动小组、西非警察局长委员会、世界海关组织西非(达喀尔)和中部非洲(喀麦隆杜阿拉)区域情报联络处。", "B. 亚洲", "东亚", "(中国、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、日本、蒙古和大韩民国)", "委员会访问了该次区域一个国家。", "一般性评论", "78. 该次区域大多数国家都受到过恐怖袭击，有些袭击在其领土上进行，有些则针对它们在世界其他地方的国民。因此，对于保持警惕防范恐怖主义威胁的重要性具有高度认识，且大多数国家都已致力针对潜在的袭击加强防御。联合国综合清单列出了在该次区域开展活动的一些恐怖组织。", "79. 第1373(2001)号决议在东亚地区的执行取得了合理的良好进展，但挑战依然存在。立法已经制订——尽管并非都像建议的那样全面，也不总是完全符合国际规范。各国还在体制层面加强了对规定的反恐措施的执行。这方面的一个重要成果是更多地参加和参与了区域结构以及在双边基础上提供了技术援助。有一个国家未提交评估其反恐努力所需要的足够资料。", "评估领域", "立法", "80. 有四个国家已制订了全面的反恐法律。大多数国家已妥善处理了在国内法中把国际反恐文书列明的罪行定为刑事罪并对这些罪行确立管辖权的事项。不过，联合国人权机制对有些国家的恐怖主义罪行法律定义不精确以及被指司法侵权的问题提出了关切。在本次审查期间，蒙古和大韩民国已在一定程度上把为恐怖主义团体招募成员定为刑事罪。现在，所有国家都已在国内法中把为恐怖分子及其支持者提供庇护所和利用本国领土实施或准备实施针对其他国家或其公民的恐怖行为定为刑事罪。各国进一步提供资料说明它们如何落实这些规定将是有益的。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "81. 中国、日本、蒙古和大韩民国已批准1999年《制止资助恐怖主义公约》并在国内法中把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪。这四个国家还制订了反洗钱法。一些国家把资助恐怖主义列为洗钱的前提罪行将进一步加强这些措施。上述四个国家都确保报告义务涵盖了资助恐怖主义的问题，并报告正在扩大客户尽职调查。这些国家已设立金融情报中心，并制订了立法以管制现金和无记名可转让票据的实际跨界流动。中国、日本和大韩民国已制订了规范非营利组织活动的法律条文。中国和大韩民国正考虑把报告义务扩大到包括非金融行业和专业。这四个国家也有规定允许冻结被指认者的资产，但这些规定还可进一步加强，例如建立足够的法律保障，使被指认个人或实体能够就指认提出上诉或请求对被冻结的资金给予人道主义豁免。", "执法", "82. 有四个国家已订立了指导执法机构的国内反恐战略和立法框架。四个国家设立国家执法单位并配备了适当工具，负责落实立法授权所支持的反恐措施和举措。不过，联合国人权机制对一些执法机构被指侵犯人权的情况表示了关切。有三个国家在本国执法主管部门之间建立了程度合理的协调与合作。所有国家都采取了一些步骤对军火和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让进行管制，但有些国家的国内立法对于军火中介活动、武器过境或安全理事会军火禁运问题并未载有明确规定。有一个国家尚未加入《管制火器议定书》。", "边境管制", "83. 有四个国家已出台了对照国家数据库中当局所掌握的涉案人资料对旅客进行筛查的程序。有四个国家使用了检测伪造旅行证件的现代化设备。这些国家报告说已采取控制措施确保旅行证件发放程序的健全和安全。中国、日本和大韩民国可以利用国际数据库对个人进行筛查。有四个国家已发放了符合证件安全国际标准的机器可读旅行证件。中国最近启动了该国的电子护照方案初步阶段。所有国家都颁布了法律以防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动，有四个国家采取了积极步骤缉拿罪犯。有四个国家签署或批准了《打击贩运人口议定书》，并有三个国家签署或批准了《打击偷运移民议定书》。中国、日本和大韩民国是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国，但其中有两个国家未提供足够信息，因此无法确定它们是否已设立一个可查出寻求庇护者中恐怖分子的有效制度。", "84. 有四个国家已签署了执行《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书，以确保货物安全，防止其被用于恐怖主义目的，其中三个国家已达到较先进的执行阶段。这些国家中有三个已设立机制管制现金和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动，尽管检测非法运送的方法还有待加强。有四个国家已出台了立法以执行确保民航安全的标准和惯例。所有国家都由国际民航组织通过其普遍保安审计计划进行了审计。有三个国家已建立了处理海事安全需求的法律框架，并按照《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》部分地执行了港口和船舶安全的强制性国际标准。有三个国家已就武器、弹药和爆炸物以及核、化学和生物材料及其运载工具的跨界流动出台了严格的管制措施。这三个国家执行了《小武器问题行动纲领》，但其中两国没有就行动纲领提出报告，而且似乎没有为打击军火走私订立一个国家实施方案。", "国际合作", "85. 有四个国家已批准了国际反恐文书中的至少12份。有三个国家出台了允许引渡、司法互助和信息交流的法律条文，并与其他国家缔结了相关的双边条约或作出其他安排。蒙古采取了类似的行动，但该国在这方面的努力还有待加强。有两个国家可以为加强合作努力增加与其他国家作出这种安排的数目。有三个国家出台了一些程序，禁止引渡可能面临酷刑或迫害危险的个人。有两个国家都没有就其驱回难民的惯例/程序提供资料。国际人权机制对有两个国家的引渡程序中缺少适当法律保障表示关切。中国、日本、蒙古和大韩民国都有构成其各自反恐战略之一部分的早期预警系统。除了一个几乎没有提供相关信息的国家之外，所有东亚国家都是反恐方面几个区域组织或国际合作机制的成员，并致力于加强这些关系。", "就执行决议的切实可行方法提出的建议", "86. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 审查本国的刑法，以确保把为恐怖行动和恐怖团体招募人员充分定为刑事罪；", "(b) 解决在把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪方面的不足之处，并将这种行为列为洗钱的前提罪行，同时解决在冻结恐怖分子资产方面的不足之处，尤其是要允许足够的保障并把人道主义豁免纳入冻结程序中；", "(c) 审查本国的刑法，以确保恐怖活动的法律定义和将恐怖分子绳之以法的程序严谨并符合关于法治的相关原则。", "87. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 与就第1373(2001)号决议执行情况提供资料有限的国家进行更积极的接触；", "(b) 通过各种办法与有关国际和区域组织更紧密合作，包括促进提供方/捐助方的技术援助和组织讲习班及其他区域活动，以解决需要注意的具体执行问题；", "(c) 与国际和区域组织及各国进行更积极的互动协作，以推动经验的分享和技术援助的提供。", "太平洋岛屿", "(斐济、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚(联邦)、瑙鲁、帕劳、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、汤加、图瓦卢和瓦努阿图)", "委员会未访问该次区域任何国家。", "一般性评论", "88. 太平洋岛屿论坛各国地理位置偏僻、交通不便、幅员较小(一个不利于匿名的因素)且金融和商业部门相对简单，因此被认为恐怖主义危险较低。然而，由于重大的资源制约妨碍了在许多反恐领域落实规定的管制措施，该区域至少存在着被用作恐怖活动避风港的脆弱性。", "89. 太平洋区域存在跨国犯罪，其中包括贩毒、贩运人口和洗钱。太平洋岛屿论坛国家需要持续的能力建设(包括加强边境和海事安全管制)以处理这种犯罪与恐怖主义的任何潜在关联。", "90. 不过，太平洋岛屿论坛国家在按照第1373(2001)号决议执行各种反恐措施方面取得了良好进展。它们制订了反恐立法并努力进一步加强区域协调及合作，特别是在海事方面。打击跨国犯罪的执法努力有所增强，并可在需要时转化为反恐努力。已采取数项举措，提高对金融机构根据反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法按要求进行报告的认识。", "评估领域", "立法", "91. 很少有国家在其国内立法中充分编入了恐怖主义犯行。有七个国家关于法院管辖权的法律条文没有规定它们已加入的有关国际文书所要求的范围，尽管大多数国家都应用了“引渡或起诉”的原则。有六个国家把招募恐怖分子定为刑事罪，而萨摩亚的反恐法草案一旦通过，将产生同样效力。有两个国家采用了特别刑事程序，如预防性拘留和为某些调查技术规定的“特别权力”。然而，未就附带保障措施提供任何资料。有几个国家已为其反恐立法起草了修正案，但尚未颁布。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "92. 有十个国家加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》，其中六个国家已把资助恐怖主义适当定为刑事罪。所有国家都已设立金融情报中心，其中三个已正常运作。其余中心的运作效率和效力水平参差不齐，需要技术援助以提高它们的能力，使其符合国际标准。虽然所有国家都已通过反洗钱立法，但在大多数情况下，相关规定都存在不足之处，包括未在洗钱的前提犯罪清单上列入资助恐怖主义的行为，并把某些相关的非金融行业和专业排除在有义务向金融情报中心提交可疑交易报告、进行客户尽职调查和适当保存记录的实体名单之外。在有些情况下，反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的法律从未被用作刑事诉讼或指控的依据。大多数国家已出台了管制现金和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的法律。有七个国家已制订规范非营利组织的立法，但很少有国家采取措施防止通过这种组织对恐怖主义进行资助。对大多数国家而言，监管和监测替代汇款系统仍是一项挑战。", "执法", "93. 有十个国家设立了负责制订共同反恐战略和方针、指导执法努力和协调国内安全事务的国家安全机构(“法律机构联合小组”)或高级别中央办事处(由执法机构、司法部委和检察官组成)。各执法机构采用了各种机制维护法治，例如密切合作和积极执法。有三个国家设立了负责调查恐怖主义和其他罪行的打击跨国犯罪股。不过，各国的报告中并未载入资料说明执法机制或说明具体的特别刑事诉讼程序或特殊的调查技术。只有五个国家为国际刑警组织成员。所有国家都通过区域执法机制分享信息。在国内，执法机构依靠相关的法律规定、谅解备忘录以及国家中央机构的成员资格进行合作、协调及信息交流。不过，没有国家提供有关这方面实际机制的信息。所有国家都制订了法律以管制小武器和弹药的制造、拥有、获取、销售、转让、运输和供应，但这些法律未对军火中介活动、武器过境或安全理事会军火禁运作出明确规定。只有一个国家加入《管制火器议定书》。有关信息提供得太少，难以确定各国政府在反恐或监督反恐活动方面采取的体制或业务办法。各国政府看来认为恐怖主义威胁很低，因此把执法资源主要用于调查普通罪行。", "边境管制", "94. 所有国家都制订了移民和护照法，以监管移民和旅行证件问题。有九个国家对身份和旅行证件的发放实行了一些立法管制。有十个国家签发了机器可读旅行证件，有两个国家正朝这个方向采取步骤。所有国家似乎都对抵达和出发的旅客进行筛查，但有九个国家用于筛查旅客的数据性质不明。有三个国家报告说，它们对照国家数据库筛查旅客。没有国家提供足够信息说明为确保证件发放程序安全或在边界点查出犯罪分子而实行的实际管制措施。该次区域各国没有说明用于防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的程序或机制。有五个国家是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国，但只有一个国家批准了《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》。", "95. 有四个国家签署了执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书，并正在向执行阶段迈进。没有提供资料说明为管制现金和无记名可转让票据跨界流动而实行的机制。应加强努力落实管制小武器、轻武器和爆炸物的立法，而只有四个国家执行了《小武器问题行动纲领》。大多数国家出台了设立国家航空安全主管机构和执行航空安全标准的法律，但很少有国家提供资料说明其执行《芝加哥公约》相关附件的情况。在审查期间，国际民航组织对五个国家进行了航空安全审计。提交给海事组织的报告显示，有七个国家似乎执行了《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》一些方面的规定，包括制订港口设施安全计划。不过，一些国家似乎并未按照该《规则》的要求根据安全审计/测试的结果定期更新其安全计划。有两个国家为加强对抵达船只的检查作出了协调一致的努力。尽管如此，现有资料无法清楚说明执行航空、海事或货物安全措施、实行边境管制或落实执行方案以确保小武器不落入未获授权个人手中的情况。", "国际合作", "96. 该次区域对国际反恐文书的批准情况达到了合理水平。有六个国家批准了十项或更多文书，斐济和瑙鲁批准了全部16项。其他国家继续在为批准作出努力。所有国家都作出了法律互助安排以促进区域和国际合作，并全都制订了引渡和司法互助法，但由于缺少资料，目前不可能确定双边和多边条约及安排的范围或数目或合作及协调的程度。关于犯罪和打击犯罪立法办法的信息交流大都局限在次区域和邻近的管辖区，一般都是在区域声明支持下通过区域机构完成。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "97. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 进一步将本国反恐框架制度化并审查各自的刑法，以确保将每一指定类别中的恐怖主义罪行适当定为刑事罪；并在适用时制订反恐立法；", "(b) 进一步建立本国金融情报中心和执法机构调查金融及与恐怖主义有关罪行的能力；", "(c) 加强各有关主管部门之间的信息分享并继续强化区域协调及合作。", "98. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 与在该区域开展工作的国际和区域组织(亚洲开发银行、亚太反洗钱工作组、大洋洲海关组织、太平洋岛屿非政府组织协会和太平洋岛屿论坛秘书处)进行更积极的接触，并开展旨在克服不足和改进决议执行情况的活动；", "(b) 通过各种办法(包括与提供方/捐助方联合促进技术援助和举办讲习班及其他区域活动)更密切地与太平洋岛屿国家合作，以解决需要注意的具体执行问题；", "(c) 考虑今后访问该次区域(委员会未访问过该次区域任何国家)。", "东南亚", "(文莱达鲁萨兰国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、老挝人民民主共和国、马来西亚、缅甸、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国、东帝汶和越南)", "委员会访问了该次区域十个国家。", "一般性评论", "99. 该次区域的主要恐怖组织包括伊斯兰祈祷团(在印度尼西亚、马来西亚和新加坡特别活跃)、阿布沙耶夫集团、菲律宾的一批叛乱团体和泰国南部的叛乱分裂分子。主要是由于采取可有效的反恐执法措施，这些恐怖组织大都被认为在走下坡路，尽管它们仍有能力偶尔进行袭击(例如，伊斯兰祈祷团经过四年沉寂后于2009年7月在雅加达两家酒店进行自杀炸弹袭击，以及最近在棉兰老岛和泰国南部发生的一系列恐怖袭击)。不过，自2000年以来，印度尼西亚以恐怖主义罪名逮捕了600多人并起诉了约500人。这不仅从社会上清除了一大批危险人物，而且还向国际社会显示，恐怖主义是可以通过正常的刑事司法系统予以处理的。", "100.　该次区域各国的行动已远远超越了单纯以执法方式处理恐怖主义团体构成的挑战。它们积极推进不同信仰间的对话和公私合作伙伴关系、订立社区警务举措并尝试狱中改造方案，以努力从根源上解决暴力极端主义的问题。印度尼西亚、马来西亚和新加坡已在这方面积累了一些经验和良好做法，可向有需要的国家提供技术援助。", "101.　除一个国家外，所有国家都在政策和(或)行动层面设立了专门的反恐机构。总体而言，执法能力大大加强。但是，至少有五个国家的刑事司法系统有待改进，以求更有效地将恐怖分子绳之以法。有四个国家在和平时期采用了毋须起诉或司法承诺的预防性(行政)拘留，这种做法一直是人权关切的一个问题。不过，有些国家正日益认识到以人权为基础的办法与有效反恐之间的关联性。", "102.　东南亚国家联盟(东盟)为设立一个区域合作反恐框架开展了工作。东帝汶目前正在申请加入东盟。《东盟打击恐怖主义公约》于2007年通过，但批准速度相当缓慢。柬埔寨和菲律宾于2010年批准了该公约，此前批准的还有新加坡和泰国。该公约还需要再有两个国家批准才能生效。多边和双边捐助方为各国的反恐能力建设积极提供了技术援助。", "评估领域", "立法", "103.　有八个国家把反恐措施纳入了其国内法或出台了特别的反恐法律。新加坡通过了纳入第1373(2001)号决议所有要素的全面反恐法律。柬埔寨最近出台了全面反恐法律。有三个国家仍必须制订适当的反恐法律条文。有些国家的恐怖主义定义似乎模糊不清或过于宽泛，应当根据国际规范进行调整。该次区域有半数国家没有把为恐怖主义团体招募成员定为刑事罪。大多数国家都没有把煽动恐怖主义定为刑事罪，而在已定为刑事罪的国家，定义一般都不够具体，从而令人担心这些法律可被用于压制言论自由。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "104.　虽然除一个国家外，所有国家都加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》，但该次区域几乎半数国家都没有充分地把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪。有些国家未按照国际规范将洗钱定为刑事罪。反洗钱金融行动任务组的国际合作审查小组在2009年6月指出，该次区域有六个国家在反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为方面存在不足之处。有四个国家没有负责冻结恐怖分子资产和资金的机制，而大多数国家的冻结机制并不总是能按照第1373(2001)号决议的要求“毫不拖延地”发挥作用。客户尽职调查和记录保存在大多数国家都有所改善。除一个国家外，所有国家都设立了金融情报中心，且所有国家都经历了要求它们处理的可疑交易报告数目显著增加。五个金融情报中心大幅度增强了与报告实体进行沟通和分析可疑交易报告的能力。马来西亚和新加坡被认为有能力向有需求的其他国家提供与金融情报中心职能有关的技术援助。在大多数国家，报告义务尚未延伸到所有被指认的非金融行业和专业。公职人员中对非营利部门被滥用于资助恐怖主义目的之风险的认识近几年来大有提高，并有许多国家正尝试审查本国的非营利部门，以确保实行适当的监管。作为新型支付方法等技术进步的反映，许多国家在管制替代汇款系统方面面临新挑战。大多数国家都制订了法律条文，以管制现金和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动。", "执法", "105.　东帝汶最近完成了将国家警察部队制度化并整合成一个独立构架的进程。执法机构组织良好并设立了专门的反恐机构、委员会和单位。但是，在有些案件中，国际机制对安全部队被指侵犯人权的情况表示了关切。2010年7月，印度尼西亚设立了国家反恐局及其工作队，以制订反恐政策和协调相关政府机构之间的活动。执法官员在数个区域机构中得到了良好培训，这些机构包括位于印度尼西亚的雅加达执法合作中心、位于马来西亚的东南亚反恐怖主义区域中心和位于泰国的国际执法学院。东盟各国在东盟警察首长协会的框架之中开展工作并为其犯罪数据库提供资料，该数据库与国际刑警组织的数据库相连结以分享情报。不过，仍需注意机构间合作和情报分享。据信该区域的恐怖分子大都依赖常规武器。尽管有严格的法律和运营控制，但制造小武器和轻武器的工匠和家庭生意在整个区域都依然存在。只有柬埔寨和老挝人民民主共和国加入了《管制火器议定书》。", "边境管制", "106.　除一个国家外，所有国家都在国际民航组织规定的期限内发放了机器可读旅行证件。不过，有一个国家的机器可读旅行证件含有应当解决的安全隐患。该次区域约半数国家发放的旅行证件内置生物鉴别特征，从而使这些证件更加安全。许多国家的边境管制点缺少相关和可行的警务和情报“监视”信息，也未与国际刑警组织“I-24/7”数据库中的国际“监视”数据相连结。许多国家都未完全采用风险管理做法等现代化侦测方法，并缺少探测设备对过境货物进行检查。对现金和无记名可转让票据非法跨界流动的检测，以及海关、金融情报中心及执法人员之间在这方面的协调不是缺乏就是不足。", "107.　开放式陆海边境的管理对大多数国家而言都是一项巨大的挑战，一个重要原因是该区域覆盖了数以千计的岛屿，许多岛屿都人烟稀少。所有东盟国家都表示打算执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》，有许多国家正在这方面取得良好进展。大多数国家都对小武器和轻武器的跨界流动进行了管制，但若干国家的检测方法有待加强。该次区域约半数国家向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交报告。在本次评估期间，有四个国家接待了国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划第二周期访问团，有一个国家接待了第一周期后续访问团。总体而言，该区域的海事安全需要加强。大多数国家没有国内难民立法，且只有三个国家批准了1951年《难民公约》。不过，大多数国家在处理难民申请方面都改进了与难民署的合作。防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的实际措施还有待加强，尚有四个国家未批准《打击贩运人口议定书》，还有五个国家尚未批准《打击偷运移民议定书》。", "国际合作", "108.　有九个东盟国家加入了四项与航空有关的文书。约半数东盟国家批准了1988年海事文书，但没有国家批准2005年“修订海事议定书”。所有东盟国家都加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。与核有关的文书和《关于在可塑炸药中添加识别剂以便侦测的公约》的批准率仍然偏低。有一个国家未加入任何相关文书。虽然《东盟打击恐怖主义公约》尚未生效，但东盟《刑事司法互助条约》获得九个国家批准，已经生效。大多数国家都通过了关于引渡的法律规定，但该次区域半数国家需要改进这些规定。有三个国家不依据对等原则引渡逃犯。大多数国家都指定了一个中央机构负责引渡和司法互助事宜。东盟成员国通过东盟警察首长协会交流信息并签署了《信息交流和建立联系程序协定》。该区域金融情报中心之间有关信息交流的谅解备忘录数目大幅度增加。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "109.　该次区域各国应：", "(a) 加强本国的立法和业务措施以充分解决以下问题：把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪；冻结机制(妥善注意适当法律程序)；金融情报中心的有效运作；根据要求管制现金和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动；管制替代汇款和非营利部门；", "(b) 确保与国家犯罪数据库和国际刑警组织数据库相连接、对工作人员进行检测和检查方法方面的培训并购置必要的检测设备，以在入境点加强边境管制措施；", "(c) 通过培训和研讨会加强本国刑事司法系统，包括在获得公平审判的权利方面。", "110.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 加强同区域反恐机构的合作，这些机构包括国际执法学院、雅加达执法合作中心、东南亚反恐怖主义区域中心等等，以利于提供必要的技术援助和培训；", "(b) 组织区域活动以解决在管制现金运送人和非营利部门过程中存在的不足之处；", "(c) 与合作伙伴一道开展工作，精简捐助国和捐助组织向该次区域提供的双边技术援助，以避免重复并充分满足需要。", "南亚", "(阿富汗、孟加拉国、不丹、印度、马尔代夫、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡)", "委员会访问了该次区域三个国家。", "一般性评论", "111. 信奉多种意识形态的各种团体使南亚各国遭受恐怖主义的严重伤害。活跃在该区域各地的恐怖团体有基地组织、塔利班分子、虔诚军等，它们继续威胁着该区域各国的和平与安全。管理松懈的边界、非法毒品生产、日益增加的犯罪活动、全球化以及有限的资源和应对能力促使该区域内外恐怖主义的威胁的国际化。在该区域，毒品生产与恐怖活动之间存在密切关联。各国打击恐怖主义的努力面临许多共同的挑战和制约因素。", "112. 区域各行为体(主要是南亚区域合作联盟(南盟))，早就认识到恐怖主义对其公民造成的威胁。早在1987年，该区域的政治领袖们就商定了南盟《制止恐怖主义区域公约》，该公约要求缔约方将公约规定的行为定为恐怖主义罪行，并为此目的呼吁其成员国之间就引渡、证据共享和其他形式的信息交换开展合作，并且合作起诉被指称犯下此类“恐怖行为”者。2004年新签订了《公约》的一项《附加议定书》，以应对资助恐怖主义的行为。为更有效地起诉刑事案件，该区域各国于2008年签署了南盟《刑事事项互助公约》。", "113. 尽管采取了这些举措，打击恐怖主义的区域努力继续面临重大挑战。各国试图实现和平解决冲突的努力是一个持续进程。在许多国家，机构能力的差距和有限的资源使其很难将反恐工作置于优先地位。此外，缺乏符合国际标准的反恐立法和专业化的反恐行动能力制约了这些机制的有效性。各国在建立反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的制度方面取得良好进展，但在行动层面需要更多的区域合作。", "评估领域", "立法", "114. 亚八个国家中有四个制定了法律，将为恐怖主义招募人员定为刑事罪，并且禁止利用其领土实施或筹划针对其他国家或其公民的恐怖行为。此外，有四个国家制定法律，将个人或组织向恐怖分子及其支持者提供庇护所定为刑事罪。五个国家的法院管辖权扩展到其国民在本国领土之外实施的行为(不论此人目前在该国境内与否)。很少有几个国家全面更新其法律框架，列入具体的反恐法律。相反，大多数国家选择对其刑法做出有限的修正。马尔代夫在国际刑警组织和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处的协助下，于2011年初开始起草一部反恐怖主义法。联合国人权机制曾对一些国家限制某些人权的反恐特殊规定表示关切，这些规定有可能反而给执行司法互助和引渡方面的国际协定造成困难。在这方面，一些国家如能审查国内立法以确保其完全符合国际反恐文书和人权义务，将从中受益。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "115. 除一个国家外，所有各国都加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。该次区域近年来在反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法方面取得许多进展。例如，尼泊尔通过了《防止清洗资产(资金)法》(2008年)，孟加拉国通过了《防止洗钱法》(2009年)，巴基斯坦通过了《反洗钱法》(2010年)。印度是该区域惟一于2010年6月加入反洗钱金融行动任务组的国家。所有八个国家都设立了金融情报中心。考虑到南亚许多金融情报中心刚成立，能力发展是优先关切事项。该次区域各国是否有能力依照正当程序迅速冻结资产是一个关切事项。", "116. 在与该区域各国的对话中，委员会确认了一些良好做法，其中包括制定和强制执行相关措施以防止慈善和非营利基金为恐怖主义筹资。这一点在因发生自然或人为灾难而需要紧急调动大量外部资金时尤其重要(这些资金通常作为慈善捐款通过非营利组织支付)。旨在便利紧急救济工作的良好做法(例如简化登记、海关和签证发放程序)得到确认。所有八个国家都制定了管理非营利组织的法律，但似乎许多国家的执法工作都需要改进。此外，货币和价值转移系统仍存在许多脆弱环节。尽管一些南亚国家已经建立了现金和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动申报制度，但一些制度仅针对从境内流出的现金而忽略流入境内的现金。因此需要采取更多的立法措施。", "执法", "117. 委员会访问的三个国家都推出了综合反恐战略，并采取步骤制订由相关机构管理的专门的反恐体制架构和措施。这些国家均认识到各机构之间以及在区域与国家两级之间开展合作、共享资料和相互协调的重要性。三个受访国均发挥重要作用，创设了专门的反恐机构和/或警察单位，并确保为这些单位提供必要培训和工具以便履行其在一系列反恐领域中的职责。例如，不丹于2009年在其警察部门中设立了一支精英特种部队以应对恐怖主义。印度于2008年设立了国家调查局，负责对恐怖主义和其他严重犯罪进行调查和起诉。", "118. 该次区域缺乏保护证人及执法和司法人员的证人保护法和方案，唯一的例外是斯里兰卡，该国正在起草相关立法草案。联合国人权机制发现在一些情况下存在与过度使用暴力有关的严重关切事项，并且，就努力在执法机构的工作中实现人权保障制度化而言，仍然存在挑战。另一项挑战是加强区域合作以及执法人员之间的资料共享。各国应加强法律框架，将非法生产、持有和贩运小武器和爆炸物定为刑事罪。只有一个国家加入了《管制火器议定书》。", "边境管制", "119. 陆地边境管制存在很多疏漏，这一点对几乎所有国家都构成威胁。为此，四个国家颁布法律，惩处个人无证件跨越国界的行为。各国正在做出努力，加强控制身份证件和旅行证件的发放。各国均已建立发放机器可读旅行证件的程序。孟加拉国和尼泊尔于2010年开始发放机器可读旅行证件。印度的单一身份管理局于2010年9月29日开始发放单一身份号码，巴基斯坦设立了国家数据库和登记管理局，建立起一个先进的民事登记计算机系统，有助于便利身份和旅行证件的安全发放。一些国家已经采取行动步骤，以确保执行现金运送的相关法律。南亚海关官员参与了“阿特拉斯行动”(2009年10月26日至30日)，这次行动是有史以来最大的一次针对现金走私人员的多边行动，世界海关组织80个成员国参与其中。大多数国家应采取进一步实际措施，以查明并遏制现金非法跨界流动。所有国家均表示打算执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》。各国均未制定关于庇护的国内法，而且仅有阿富汗加入了1951年《难民公约》及其1997年《议定书》。因此，在目前情况下，不能对难民进行系统甄别，以查明其是否与恐怖主义和其他严重犯罪活动有潜在联系。在把贩运人口和偷运移民定为刑事罪方面，只有印度加入了《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》。", "120. 需要进一步采取步骤，以实施遏制武器和爆炸物走私的实际措施。尽管2010年有三个国家、2008年有一个国家向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交了报告，但另外四个国家从未向行动纲领提交过报告。作为国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划的组成部分，2009年和2010年对孟加拉国、不丹和尼泊尔的机场进行了审计。在海事安保方面，《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》(1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》)在次区域五个国家中适用且已生效，其中四个国家已经指定了负责船舶安全的国家管理局，三个国家指定了负责港口安全的国家管理局。", "国际合作", "121. 有两个国家加入了至少13项国际反恐文书。各国均未批准《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约2005年议定书》和《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为2005年议定书》。该区域在这方面的最新活动是巴基斯坦于2009年6月批准了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。在南盟恐怖犯罪监察股2010年6月的一次会议上，南盟会员国决定实时共享资料并在恐怖分子照片、恐怖事件和恐怖主义档案等许多相关领域交换数据。", "122. 为了增强南亚执法官员打击恐怖主义和相关犯罪的能力，并同时加强区域合作及执法人员之间的信息共享，反恐怖主义委员会执行局促成了(从2009年11月开始)举办一系列讲习班，这些讲习班的目的是将执法官员(主要是警官和检察官)聚集起来，分享处理国际犯罪和恐怖主义案件的经验、教训和最佳做法。所有八个南亚国家都积极参加了迄今为止召开的三次会议，南盟秘书处作为观察员列席。从2001年5月在不丹举行的第四次讲习班开始，将吸收法官参与该进程。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "123. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 解决资金转移系统中的薄弱环节，强化框架以防止慈善组织滥用来自海外的资金；", "(b) 制订保护证人、法官和执法人员的框架；", "(c) 加强区域合作及执法人员之间的资料共享，包括在相关人权问题方面。", "124. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 继续支持加强区域合作及执法人员之间资料共享的各项举措，例如为南亚从事反恐工作的警察、检察官、其他前线官员和民间社会代表举办区域讲习班；", "(b) 加强当前的努力，积极促使南盟参与委员会及其执行局支持的区域活动；", "(c) 考虑今后访问南亚所有国家，并且对已经访问过的国家进行后续访问。", "中亚和高加索地区", "(亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦)", "委员会访问了一个中亚国家和三个高加索国家。", "一般性评论", "125. 以下一些因素妨碍了第1373(2001)号决议在中亚的执行工作：靠近阿富汗冲突(在阿富汗，毒品生产供养恐怖主义活动，滋生活跃的武器换毒品交易)；存在非法跨界运送现金的活动(向恐怖主义提供资助的潜在来源)；(该区域的政治动乱和内乱导致)过剩武器的流动；边境偏远且保护不足，外加缺乏人力和物质资源以确保有效的边境管制；存在大量移民工人(转而增加了对非正式汇款系统的使用，这是向恐怖主义提供资助的潜在来源)。此外，伊斯兰圣战组织、乌兹别克斯坦伊斯兰运动以及与之有关联的东突厥斯坦伊斯兰运动、所有与基地组织有关联的团体都在中亚区域的某些地区行动。因此，中亚各国面临严重的跨国恐怖威胁，需要采取区域协同且协调一致的应对措施。", "126. 中亚各国在遵照第1373(2001)号决议执行各种反恐措施方面取得了巨大进展。各国颁布了反恐立法和法律，管制小武器贸易。它们通过加强移徙管制，努力遏制恐怖分子的流动，并且通过加强特定的海关控制措施来提高货物安全性。各国还在反恐法律执行领域做出有力的努力，并且正在增加双边和多边合作。这些措施通过限制上述恐怖团体的扩张而取得了具体成果。", "127. 高加索是一个单独的地缘政治区域。该区域面临的各种恐怖威胁在源头和性质上有所不同，但后果相似。种族和边界争端未决导致的冲突破坏了制订有凝聚力的区域反恐对策的努力。此外，高加索还包括内陆产油国。因此，需要输油管网络来将石油和天然气从阿塞拜疆、土库曼斯坦和哈萨克斯坦通过里海运送到格鲁吉亚和土耳其的港口。有人担心这个战略性的基础设施会成为恐怖袭击的目标，而高加索会成为恐怖团体从阿富汗进入欧洲的走廊。此外，阿塞拜疆和格鲁吉亚与俄罗斯联邦的高加索地区相邻，在该区域活动的恐怖团体有可能为寻求庇护所而穿过共同边界。", "128. 一些高加索国家已经采取步骤修改立法，尤其是通过建立刑事案件的司法保障制度，以遵守其国际人权义务。然而，该区域各国仍然存在一些缺陷。为寻求庇护者提供的程序性保障仍然薄弱。尽管许多国家加强了司法保障，但这些保障尚未得到有效执行，尤其是在调查的最初阶段和审判前阶段。酷刑、虐待和任意拘禁事件继续引起关切。因此，需要巩固已经取得的进展。", "评估领域", "立法", "129. 所有的中亚国家都已颁布反恐法律。在过去两年中，哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦在把国际反恐法律文书列明的罪行纳入本国刑法方面取得了进展。哈萨克斯坦还惩处了与招募恐怖分子和恐怖团体有关的犯罪。一些国家不妨审核其国内立法，以确保其完全符合各国际文书。应准确定义各项恐怖主义罪名，以维护合法性原则，同时确保这些罪名不会侵害受国际法保护的活动。至少在一个国家，恐怖主义罪的定义似乎过于宽泛，这有可能阻碍国际一级的合作。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "130. 中亚各国在执行反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的行为规定方面取得了具体进展。所有国家都加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》。2009年，哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦通过了适当的反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为法律，根据这些法律设立了金融情报中心，要求许多实体报告可疑交易，并确立了可疑交易的确定标准。依照委员会访问时提出的要求，阿塞拜疆重新定义了资助恐怖主义行为并将其定为刑事罪，大体上符合《制止资助恐怖主义公约》和反洗钱金融行动任务组特别建议二。2009-2010年期间，一些中亚国家进一步完善并扩展了在反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为方面现有的法律。例如，乌兹别克斯坦制订了内部控制规则，确立了对未履行报告义务的实体的惩罚措施；土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦实施了严格的客户身份认证和保存记录程序。塔吉克斯坦于2009年10月设立了金融监测部(其金融情报中心)，于2010年11月起草了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为法新草案。在独立国家联合体(独联体)其他成员国工作的中亚移民工人的汇款被确认有潜在的洗钱和资助恐怖主义风险，需要关注。尽管这些资金是通过正式系统进行转移，但客户身份认证程序过于简化、高额汇款以及难以查明资金来源和目的，是引起关切的原因。当此类汇款通过非正式系统转移时，相关风险更大。此外，有人关切，产生于阿富汗的活跃的武器换毒品贩运行为可能会导致通过现金运送活动在相邻的中亚国家资助恐怖主义。一些中亚国家已经建立了跨境携带现金和无记名可转让票据的申报制度。阿塞拜疆修订了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为法律，规定了更严格的客户尽职调查措施。应当定期审查非营利组织部门，以确保非营利组织不容易被用于资助恐怖主义目的。", "执法", "131. 自上次调查以来，中亚各国通过加强机构间合作和资料共享以及在国内和国际两级建立和使用犯罪和其他数据库，加强了执法措施，以支持反恐执法努力。土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦正在使用各反恐执法机关都能进入的中央数据库。所有国家都参与了区域执法合作机制。土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦参与资料交换，并(在国内和国际两级)就针对恐怖主义相关人员的司法援助请求做出回应。出于执法工作所固有的人权因素，必须加强监督机制。乌兹别克斯坦建立了法律保障框架，以增强嫌疑人、被拘押者和被告的权利，调查关于这些权利受到侵犯和使用酷刑的申诉。所有国际都已采取一定步骤管制武器、弹药和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让。三个国家批准了《管制火器议定书》。在国家和国际两级，执法机关之间的合作与协调程序更为明确，以确保有效调查和起诉，这将让高加索各国受益。(例如，阿塞拜疆建立了一个统一的国家数据库，供各执法机关查阅移民、签证和边境管制资料。)此外，各国应更积极地确保有效起诉恐怖主义案件，采取良好做法并遵循公平审判的国际标准。", "边境管制", "132. 本次区域各国的报告表示，在执行与人员和货物跨界流动以及航空安全有关的立法和行动措施方面取得了进展。各国已经确立了相关程序，在发放旅行证件之前确定相关人员的真实身份，且多数国家发放了机器可读旅行证件。已经制订了防止恐怖分子跨界流窜的法律，所有国家均已批准《打击贩运人口议定书》，除两个国家外，所有国家都加入了《打击偷运移民议定书》。(但尚可改进防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流窜措施的执行工作。)2009年，土库曼斯坦颁布《移民服务法》，2011年，乌兹别克斯坦推出机器可读旅行证件。哈萨克斯坦在给予临时或永久居留权或批准入籍之前，根据综合名单、上海合作组织和独立国家联合体的观察清单以及双边和政府间协定对相关个人进行筛查。试图非法进入阿塞拜疆的人员被扣留在边界过境点的临时中心内，经过身份认证和采指纹等程序。亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆和格鲁吉亚都发放机器可读旅行证件；阿塞拜疆还为其护照增添了一些安全特性，所有护照都通过一个集中控制的国家机构发放。除了一个国家外，所有国家都是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国，但它们的甄别和排除机制执行工作可能有些不一致。", "133. 大多数国家都需要更好地实际执行查明和制止现金运送人的办法，以及发现现金和无记名可转让票据以其他方式非法流动的办法。不清楚各国筛查旅行人员、检查其行李并采取适当行动的程度。除一个国家外，所有国家均表示有执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向，阿塞拜疆正在执行自己的阿塞拜疆共和国2007-2011年海关系统发展国家方案。阿塞拜疆在国际边界过境点安装了武器探测和监视设备。2010年，亚美尼亚、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交了国家报告。阿塞拜疆对照内务部和国家安全事务局列出的全国“黑名单”，对申请合法持有火器许可的人员进行核查。为军事或执法目的进出口武器需要内阁批准。除哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦之外，高加索其他国家均未批准《管制火器议定书》。该次区域各国越来越多地参与区域项目和方案(这促进了信息和情报的索取、收集和分享)，作为增强能力以解决与边境有关的恐怖主义威胁和有组织犯罪的途径。一些国家缺少证件阅读机等技术设备和缺少充分的数据库链接，因而无法在边界过境点对旅行证件和货物进行全面、有效的筛查。", "国际合作", "134. 中亚和高加索八个国家中有七个已批准了12项国际反恐法律文书，吉尔吉斯斯坦正在积极考虑加入其尚未成为缔约方的6项文书。该区域各国均未批准《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约2005年议定书》和《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为2005年议定书》。尽管多数国家是内陆国，但仍应批准这两部2005年议定书并将其中的罪名移植到其各自的国内法中，以便在答复司法互助和引渡请求时，相关罪行能成为两国共认罪行。2009年，土库曼斯坦制定法律，在反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为领域加强与外国的资料共享和司法互助。中亚国家所属的区域组织处理具体的反恐问题，包括在特殊区域背景下的立法、反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的行为、执法和边境安全。这些国家在上述多边框架下进行互动，但也应当扩大在司法互助和引渡事项中的双边联系，并在边境安全方面开展共同合作(尤其是因为恐怖主义威胁通常具有跨境性质)。没有任何一个国家能独自对抗恐怖主义，因为恐怖主义威胁的跨国性质要求与其他国家进行合作和协调。在高加索地区，恐怖活动、持续敌对和石油工业的存在综合在一起，需要在执行反恐措施方面开展强有力的合作。为此原因，必须在执法、边境安全、司法互助和引渡领域建立有效、持久和全面的区域协作机制。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "135. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 确保建立、维护和更新国家犯罪和相关数据库，并使其与执法和边境管理机关联网；", "(b) 确保在主要的边界过境点安装技术设备(文件阅读器、扫描仪和欺诈检测设备)；", "(c) 加紧对(正式和非正式)汇款系统的管制和监测，包括现金和无记名可转让票据的实物跨界流动。", "136. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 更积极地与在该区域开展活动的各国际和区域组织(其中包括集体安全条约组织、欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)、上海合作组织地区反恐机构以及位于塔吉克斯坦杜尚别的欧安组织边界管理工作人员学院)进行互动协作，以便重点开展旨在克服缺陷和改进第1373(2001)号决议执行工作的活动；", "(b) 通过不同方式(包括与援助提供方和捐助者合作为技术援助提供便利以及举办区域讲习班)，与中亚和高加索各国更密切合作，讨论需要关注的具体领域，包括加强刑事司法系统和为法官和检察官举办的专门方案；", "(c) 考虑将来对该次区域进行访问和后续访问，以便更积极地与各国互动协作。", "西亚", "(巴林、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克、约旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、阿曼、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、阿拉伯联合酋长国和也门)", "委员会访问了该次区域七个国家。", "一般性评论", "137.　该次区域面临的威胁和挑战包括恐怖主义、区域冲突、政治过渡和内乱造成的动荡及海盗行为。总体而言，该次区域各国自第1373(2011)号决议通过以来已加强其反恐措施。然而，还需要对其中一些措施作出细微调整，使之符合国际准则以及执行决议的最佳标准和做法(包括遵守法治和国际人权义务)。次区域各国应确保对执法活动进行有效司法监督，防范滥权行为，防止有罪不罚。", "138.　该次区域若干国家的经济发达地位和邻近地区的政治不稳定局面可能带来资金流入恐怖团体的风险。因此，需要加强金融部门安全和对汇款和现金跨界流动的管制。", "139.　一些司法管辖地区对非营利组织部门严加监管。(例如，科威特和沙特阿拉伯已取缔在自动服务亭募款的做法，相关部委总体上对慈善机构进行更加严密的监管。)应增强连通性，以促进慈善机构和执法机构数据库之间的信息交流。", "140.　由于该次区域部分地区持续存在恐怖主义威胁，应加强边境管制，进行旅客筛查，防止武器走私。一些国家还应更有效地处理该区域存在大批寻求庇护者这一问题，特别是应加入1951年《难民公约》。", "评估领域", "立法", "141.　大多数国家的反恐法律框架主要依赖本国的刑法以及其他特别法令。大多数国家有能力对恐怖案件进行调查。在一些司法管辖地区，恐怖行为犯罪人已被逮捕并随后被绳之以法。然而，一些国家依赖于过于宽泛的法律定义和特殊刑事诉讼程序，这已引起联合国人权机制的关注，并可能造成国际合作方面的困难。一些国家将本国已加入的国际公约看作是国内立法的组成部分。然而，阿拉伯联合酋长国已积极主动地将国际文书中列明的大多数罪行纳入国内立法，沙特阿拉伯和其他几个司法管辖地区也正在审议为此制定的法律草案。若干国家已将为实施恐怖行为而进行的招募活动定为刑事罪。沙特阿拉伯已经制定一个颇有前途的恐怖分子改邪归正方案。阿拉伯联合酋长国已制定在该国所有社区促进宽容和温和的政策，以此作为建立社区复原能力、防范招募活动和煽动激进行为的措施。大多数国家把为恐怖分子提供庇护所定为刑事罪，还把利用本国领土对其他国家的公民、设施或外交代表实施或筹备实施恐怖行为定为刑事罪，并且把对这些目标实施的任何恐怖行为视为危害其国家安全的行为。但是，各国还应依照国际反恐文书，将“引渡或起诉”的原则纳入国内法。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "142.　七个国家已加入《打击资助恐怖主义公约》(其中也门在2010年成为缔约国)。次区域大多数国家已通过反洗钱方面的立法和规定，并建立了多个监管机构。然而，在打击资助恐怖主义行为方面需要制定类似措施，特别是行动方面的措施。例如，大多数国家尚未将资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪，也没有将其定为洗钱罪的前提罪行。将资助恐怖主义行为部分定为刑事罪的国家还应确保纳入《打击资助恐怖主义公约》第2条的所有内容。报告义务已经扩及资助恐怖主义行为，这主要限于已部分地将资助恐怖主义定为刑事犯罪的那些国家。其他国家可能已通过中央银行通告，规定对资助恐怖主义行为有报告义务，但没有制定将这些罪行的犯罪人绳之以法的任何法律框架。大多数国家已制定更多的法律和法规，以确保把客户尽职调查和保存记录要求扩大到指定的非金融业务和行业。大多数国家已制定扣押和没收措施。2010年，约旦修正了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的法律，以使之符合国际标准，其中包括颁布一项关于行政冻结恐怖分子资金的指示。总体而言，次区域大多数国家为冻结与恐怖主义有关联资金所采取的措施还有待进一步加强，包括简化程序和业务以毫不拖延地冻结资金。", "143.　大多数国家已建立金融情报机构。巴林、黎巴嫩、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和阿拉伯联合酋长国的金融情报机构是埃格蒙特集团的成员。其他金融情报机构尚待进入全面运作，可从上述更先进的机构获得经验和协助。2009年，伊朗司法机构和经济和金融事务部成功建立了基于计算机的反洗钱培训试点方案，设在金融情报机构。大多数国家已制定充足的法律法规，对非营利组织的登记进行监管。一些国家还在安全部门主持下采取监管措施。在沙特阿拉伯，慈善组织和协会的账户须遵守沙特阿拉伯货币机构关于在商业银行开户和使用账户的规则。然而，大多数国家尚未对其非营利部门进行风险评估，以确保该部门不会遭到滥用，被用来资助恐怖主义。大多数国家已制定法律措施对现金运送进行监管，一些国家建立了披露制度。", "执法", "144.　所有受访国都通过了反恐战略，并建立了由执法机构负责管理的专业化反恐机制架构和措施。根据观察，这些国家已经拥有比较先进的调查能力。整个区域的取证和技术能力参差不齐，委员会到访的海湾合作委员会国家似乎拥有比较先进的能力。社区警务发挥重要作用，(例如，在一个受访国，政府利用移动“智能”电话向公众通告重大事件，并利用基于互联网的社交网络服务登载警方提供的信息。)大多数国家在政策一级进行内部协调和信息交流，并通过人工或亲自联络而不是电子方式“下达”到行动一级。如果利用共同或联网的数据库，可增强这种合作/协调工作。", "145.　阿拉伯内政部长委员会和海湾合作委员会是该次区域各国之间增强区域政策合作的两个论坛。后者特别是通过利用含有适当生物特征的国民身份证，加强国家和区域安全，为其公民跨越共同边境提供便利。海湾合作委员会打击恐怖主义常设安全委员会每年举行会议，并于2009年通过一项海湾合作委员会成员国反恐官员培训指导计划。联合国人权机制对该区域部分地区在打击恐怖主义过程中过度使用武力和虐待被羁押人表示关切，有鉴于此，各国似乎需要对执法活动进行更系统的监督，例如由司法机关进行监督。所有国家已采取一些步骤，对武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让进行监管，但只有四个国家已批准《管制火器议定书》。大多数国家已制定包括申报制度在内的法律措施，对货币跨界流动进行监管。", "边境管制", "146.　大多数国家已实施识别伪造旅行文件的措施。阿拉伯联合酋长国在证件安全和旅行证件查验方面采取多层面做法，其中包括对旅行证件进行初步筛查，并由一个设备精良的刑事鉴定证件审查实验室对可疑证件进行复检。约旦已向各主要过境点的官员提供先进的证件欺诈识别设备，供其使用。现场观察表明，这些设备被经常用来查明旅行证件欺诈。该次区域所有国家都在国际民航组织规定的2010年4月这一最后期限前采用了机器可读旅行证件。所有受访国都已使用国际刑警组织数据库。然而，大多数国家还需要把与国际刑警组织数据库的联网扩大到边境哨所，供前沿官员使用。大多数国家已建立查明和制止现金运送的行动机制。约旦海关署已设立反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为股，该股可以进入各种内部和外部数据库，并与所有边境哨所合作。", "147.　只有两个国家已加入1951年《难民公约》，极少数国家制定了关于寻求庇护者的法律，主要依赖难民署驻该区域办事处协助管理这些程序。联合国机制对若干国家缺乏防止驱回难民的法律和实际措施表示关切。大多数国家在批准任何形式的临时和永久居留之前对申请人进行审查。海湾合作委员会成员在这方面使用了先进技术。阿拉伯联合酋长国对照国家数据库中的警告名单，对抵达后申请签证的个人进行核对，这份名单包括拉丁文和阿拉伯文字母拼写。移民当局还使用虹膜识别移民系统，对移民劳工人数最多的国家的国民进行核查。七个国家已加入《打击贩运人口议定书》或《打击偷运移民议定书》(其中三个国家加入了两个议定书)，但是，很难对执行工作进行衡量。所有国家已签署执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书，并已部分执行必要措施。在阿拉伯联合酋长国，中央海关情报股将信息/情报输入到电子通关系统的风险说明中。科威特已将风险说明纳入电子通关系统。", "148.　巴林、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克、约旦、阿曼、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和也门已提交关于2009-2010年期间《小武器问题行动纲领》执行情况的报告。然而，各国仍然需要加强各项方案及合作，执行最新的国际最佳做法和军火管制标准。整个次区域已部分执行《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》。阿拉伯联合酋长国的杰贝阿里港是中东最大的港口。因此，阿拉伯联合酋长国认真对待海事安全和威胁防范工作，并已建立先进的系统、基础设施和程序，以评价和应对各种风险，同时确保提供畅通的贸易便利。总体而言，大多数国家可以通过利用远程识别和跟踪系统，对悬挂外国国旗的船只或对其自动识别系统以外的船只进行跟踪，以此改善海上能力。所有报告国已部分执行《国际民用航空公约》附件17以及附件9中关于安全的相关规定。阿拉伯联合酋长国和约旦均已接待了国际民航组织普遍安全审计计划第二周期访问团，伊朗伊斯兰共和国接待了第一周期后续访问团。阿拉伯联合酋长国和约旦对机场一级的航空安全政策、方案和安全管制的执行作出了一些重大改进。", "国际合作", "149.　约旦、阿拉伯联合酋长国和也门均已又加入一项反恐文书，巴林又加入了三个项文书。巴林和阿拉伯联合酋长国现已加入14项文书。只有少数国家已制定关于引渡和司法互助的国内规定。海湾合作委员会成员和阿拉伯国家联盟成员在引渡和法律互助方面依循各自相关的统一示范立法。然而，这都仅限于该区域的惯例，而这一惯例还受到多边和双边条约的约束。与该区域以外的国家进行法律互助和引渡主要受双边条约的约束，而且通常是在收到国际刑警组织发出的通知后才对引渡予以考虑。大多数国家应从“政治罪”豁免中排除其已加入的国际反恐文书中列明的罪行。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "150.　本次区域各国应：", "(a) 培训检察官和法官以及其他相关执法官员，以切实执行最近通过的反恐和(或)反洗钱法律，并适当关注国际人权义务；", "(b) 加强打击资助恐怖主义的立法和法规框架，包括把资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪，采取必要措施，毫不拖延地冻结资金，并对非营利部门进行风险评估；", "(c) 继续采取措施，通过执行相关国际最佳准则和做法加强边境安全。", "151.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 更加积极地与阿拉伯国家联盟、海湾合作委员会、伊斯兰会议组织、中东和北非金融行动特别工作组等相关区域组织互动协作，重点开展旨在克服挑战和改善决议执行工作的活动；", "(b) 继续推进与该区域受访国开展的密切对话，特别是考虑到该次区域目前的事态发展。这还将有助于查明促进技术援助的最佳方式，例如，通过举办讲习班和开展其他区域活动，处理在执行方面需要关注的具体问题；", "(c) 对西亚各国进行进一步后续访问，并利用访问该区域的机会与相关国家官员举行双边会晤，以此更加积极地与次区域各国进行互动协作。", "C. 拉丁美洲", "中美洲和加勒比", "(安提瓜和巴布达、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、古巴、多米尼克、多米尼加共和国、萨尔瓦多、格林纳达、危地马拉、海地、洪都拉斯、牙买加、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、巴拿马、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯以及特立尼达和多巴哥)", "委员会访问了该次区域两个国家。", "一般性评论", "152.　中美洲和加勒比区域的恐怖主义威胁程度依然很低。在整个区域，还没有记录或发现本土恐怖主义以及恐怖团体或恐怖主义嫌疑人的活动。然而，刑事犯罪活动不断升级及其对社会造成的破坏性影响，依然是该次区域各国所面临的最大安全挑战。一系列因素导致了犯罪和不安全的局面，其中主要是非法毒品贸易、非法贩运武器、贩运人口、帮派交战、失业、腐败，以及在某些情况下刑事司法制度没有能力将犯罪人绳之以法。尽管没有把恐怖主义具体说成是一种普遍存在的现象，但这无疑是一个令人关注的领域，因为上述许多因素有可能在该区域助长恐怖主义行为。此外，由于其所处的地理位置(其中包括广阔、开放的海洋边界以及众多的小岛屿国家)，该区域在海洋领域容易受到犯罪活动的影响，因此在海上和边境的有效管制方面面临挑战。由于用来应对挑战的人力和物质资源存在制约，这些挑战变得复杂化。然而，各国政府为了解决这些问题，继续执行必要措施，并开展双边和区域合作。小武器易于获得已成为中美洲令人严重关切的问题。处于流通之中的未登记小武器达到200多万件。", "153.　该次区域在遵守第1373(2001)号决议方面取得了良好的进展，特别是在打击资助恐怖主义行为以及采取与港口和机场管制有关的措施方面。同样，已通过反恐立法，为司法和检察机关提供了将恐怖分子绳之以法的足够法律权限。各国已制定区域性机制，确保在金融系统管制、执法和边境管制方面进行协调一致的法律和体制能力建设，并确保开展合作，对人权和避免活动重复给予关注。", "评估领域", "立法", "154.　中美洲和加勒比各国都已出台反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义立法，其中包括对恐怖主义和资助恐怖主义罪行作出规定。然而，各国尚未将各国际文书规定的罪行全面纳入国内法。所有国家都禁止本国国民利用其领土实施或筹备针对其他国家的恐怖行为，三分之一的国家已制定适当措施，以制止为恐怖团体招募成员，把为恐怖分子或其支持者提供庇护所定为刑事罪，在国内法中对相关犯罪规定充足的管辖权。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "155.　大多数中美洲和加勒比国家已批准《打击资助恐怖主义公约》，并已通过反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的立法，将资助恐怖主义单独定为一种罪行，并作为洗钱的前提罪行。尽管各国已建立金融情报中心，对特别交易报告作出分析，但是，其中一些中心需要开展行动方面的能力建设。各国还可以改善金融机构遵守客户尽职调查标准的情况，特别是在涉及政治风险人物方面。许多国家已制定立法，对现金和无记名可转让票据的实物跨界流动进行管制。2009年，哥斯达黎加批准了《反恐怖主义法》，并将资助恐怖主义列入其中。2010年期间，伯利兹、牙买加和圣卢西亚修订了本国的打击资助恐怖主义法律规定，以进一步加强本国的各项制度。牙买加已启动一项方案，使其金融情报中心实现现代化。巴巴多斯也核准在金融情报中心增设六个职位，并将该中心的信息技术系统更新换代。安提瓜、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、百慕大、多米尼克、格林纳达、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚以及圣文森特和格林纳丁斯的金融情报中心已成为埃格蒙特集团的成员。若干国家尚未执行查明和毫不拖延地冻结恐怖分子资产的程序。约半数国家采取了一些措施，防范利用非营利部门资助恐怖主义。因此，在这方面必须作出进一步努力。", "执法", "156.　所有中美洲和加勒比国家已制定切实有效的执法措施，并缔结双边、区域和国际合作和信息交流协定。各国在国内和国际上增强了机构间合作、信息共享以及犯罪数据库的建立和使用情况，以支持执法和打击恐怖主义工作。该次区域各国均已加入国际刑警组织，并已设立国家中心局。一些国家还加入了中美洲和加勒比警察局长委员会，可以利用该委员会的数据库。然而，许多国家需要改善本国国家中心局的能力，以确保边境检查站与中央数据库连线。该次区域容易受到武器走私的影响，尽管17个国家已批准《管制火器议定书》，大多数国家的国内立法在管制涉及小武器和轻武器的各种非法活动方面存在漏洞。", "边境管制", "157.　在多国生物特征边境管制方案方面，加勒比区域走在前列，有15个国家和18个机场在运作上采用了相同的指纹和面部生物特征识别系统。该区域还制定了加勒比旅行通行证方案，为加勒比共同体的公民和合法居民过境提供安全和便利。该次区域所有国家利用各种本国和国际数据库，对游客以及申请签证或居留地位的人进行审查。所有国家都签发了机器可读旅行证件，一些国家还采用了旅客信息预报系统。三分之二的国家已建立各种机制，以在签发身份证之前确认公民的真实身份，但还需要增强身份证和旅行证件签发程序的安全性和健全性。", "158.　约有半数国家已对小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物的非法贩运实施海关管制，但还需要加强海关管制和官员培训。八个国家已就《小武器问题行动纲领》的执行工作提出报告。加勒比共同体特别工作组和美洲国家组织多层面安全秘书处已实施一项制止非法小武器扩散的区域计划。这一问题已被确定为对加勒比国家保障公民安全和免遭暴力的能力构成主要威胁。迄今，只有特立尼达和多巴哥不断更新本国义务。毒品和小武器贩运依然是该次区域的一项严重关切，特别是无人防守的边境地区。现金和无记名可转让票据的非法流动也是一个令人关切的问题。尽管许多国家已建立各种机制，对现金和无记名可转让票据的跨境流动进行管制，但侦测方法还有待加强。大多数国家表示打算执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》，而且大多数国家已采取行动，执行其标准。国际民航组织在2009年和2010年对九个国家进行了航空安全审计。由于大多数国家尚未提供足够资料说明本国执行海事组织海事安全标准的情况，因此依然缺乏关于海事安全标准执行情况的资料。17个国家已加入1951年《难民公约》，其中半数以上已制定措施，防止庇护程序遭到滥用。除四个国家外，所有国家均已批准《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》。", "国际合作", "159.　有一个国家(巴拿马)已批准15项国际反恐文书，三个国家已批准13项，而该次区域大多数国家已批准大约12项文书。然而，有两个国家批准的文书不到六项。约半数国家已制定关于引渡和法律互助的适当规定，其余国家正在这方面取得进展。然而，加勒比各国已通过《加勒比严重刑事事项法律互助条约》(涵盖与恐怖主义、资助恐怖主义、洗钱和毒品贩运有关的罪行)。该条约规定，各国有义务在与上述严重刑事犯罪有关的调查、起诉和司法程序的任何阶段，提供最大限度的法律互助。此外，20个国家是美洲国家组织美洲恐怖主义问题委员会成员，其中约半数国家已加入《美洲反恐怖主义公约》，并已批准《美洲刑事事项互助公约》。已经建立区域和双边执法合作机制，例如预警机制和情报合作。该次区域的合作不断改善，但还应得到进一步加强，特别是在边境地区，以期加强管制，防止可能发生的恐怖分子入侵和跨国犯罪扩散。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "160.　该次区域各国应：", "(a) 加强立法和实际措施，对小武器和轻武器的非法贩运进行规范和管制；", "(b) 继续改善边境管制措施，以更加有效地防止和发现非法跨界活动；", "(c) 改善货运处理领域的海关管制办法，以防范为恐怖主义目的进行的操纵。", "161.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 继续加强与各区域组织的伙伴关系，以支持该次区域的会员国切实执行第1373(2001)号决议；", "(b) 通过出访和加强对话，更加积极地与次区域各国开展互动协作，特别是与关键行为体和政策制定者互动协作，以提高对第1373(2001)号决议的了解，以及提高对切实执行决议的要求的了解；", "(c) 继续促进在已查明的需求领域提供技术援助，与国际和区域组织及捐助国合作，以进行能力建设。", "南美洲", "(阿根廷、多民族玻利维亚国、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、圭亚那、巴拉圭、秘鲁、苏里南、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)", "委员会访问了该次区域两个国家。", "一般性评论", "162. 该次区域受到的恐怖主义威胁被认为并不严重，但还是极易发生与恐怖主义有关的活动，特别是在某些地区。在该区域存在着一些活跃的国内叛乱团体，其中包括哥伦比亚的哥伦比亚革命武装力量游击队、秘鲁的“光辉道路”和图帕克-阿马鲁，以及巴拉圭人民军，这些活动均构成实际的安全威胁。在某些情况下，从生产和贩运非法毒品和其他跨国犯罪活动所得的收入被用于资助现存的非法武装团体。保持足够的边境安全管制仍面临挑战，特别是考虑到该次区域地理环境所造成的困难。", "163. 南美国家在按照第1373(2001)号决议执行各项反恐措施方面取得切实进展。各国均颁布反恐立法，大多数国家至少已批准了12项国际反恐文书。已作出努力，进一步加强区域协调与合作。不断加强执法力度，以打击跨国犯罪，并能够根据需要适应反恐局势。各国政府已出台若干举措，以提高金融机构对要求上报可疑交易的认识。", "评估领域", "立法", "164. 虽然尚无国家把16项国际反恐文书中的恐怖主义罪行完全纳入国内法，但有6个国家建立了全面的反恐法律框架。然而，执行反恐条款的情况有待改进，特别是有关边境管制和国际合作问题。智利、哥伦比亚、巴拉圭和秘鲁的反恐立法得到加强。有两个国家查明在编篡有关恐怖主义罪行的国内法方面的不足。巴拉圭最近通过一项打击恐怖主义的全面法律，并在有关反恐和打击资助恐怖主义的立法方面取得显著进展。大多数国家在提高其起诉和司法服务的能力方面取得进展。国际和区域组织继续发挥积极作用，在司法合作、预防犯罪和促进人权等领域提供培训和能力建设。有九个国家已采取措施，制止恐怖团体招募成员。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "165. 有11个国家是《制止资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国，其中六个国家已将资助恐怖主义严格定为刑事罪。虽然所有国家都通过了反洗钱的立法，但在大多数情况下，有关规定存在缺陷，包括把某些相关非金融企业和行业排除在必须向金融情报中心报告可疑交易、进行客户尽职调查和保存记录的实体名单之外。所有国家都设立了金融情报中心，其中六个投入运作。其余的金融情报中心运作的效率和效力程度不同，某些需要技术援助，以提高其达到国际标准的能力。有7个国家将报告义务扩大到包括资助恐怖主义问题。哥伦比亚和秘鲁提高了毫不拖延地冻结与恐怖主义有关的资金和资产的能力，但其他一些国家尚未完全落实。尽管大多数国家都制定规范慈善组织的立法，但至少有十个国家仍需颁布和有效执行旨在防止通过非营利组织资助恐怖主义的立法(前一次调查时是12个国家)。秘鲁和乌拉圭在这一领域已取得改善。没有一个国家对其非营利组织部门进行全面审查，也没有对资助恐怖主义的问题进行风险评估。许多国家改进了关于现金运送者的措施，建立了报告现金跨界流动情况的申报和披露制度。大多数国家监测替代汇款系统的工作仍需改进，这些系统的监管和监测仍是必须应对的挑战。", "执法", "166. 有十个国家设立了国家机构或办公室(综合执法机构小组)或高级别中央办公室，以处理反恐事务。该次区域各国制定联合战略，并在其各自反恐机构之间建立联系。然而，各国的报告中未包含所使用的执法专项调查技术的资料，或现有的特定例外刑事诉讼程序的资料。所有国家都设立法律互助安排，以促进区域与国际合作以及信息共享。还利用了区域执法机制。包括通过预警和情报等开展的合作似乎是有效的。哥伦比亚、智利、巴拉圭和秘鲁还颁布立法，赋予其执法机关特别调查权力。所有国家都可获取国际刑警组织的数据，但在很多情况下，获取和利用这些数据的效果尚不清楚。在国内，执法机关依据有关立法规定、谅解备忘录和在国家中央合作机构中的成员资格，开展合作、协调和信息交流。有五个国家尚未加入《管制火器议定书》，但几乎所有国家都执行了美洲国家组织的立法，将非法制造、拥有和贩运小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物定为刑事罪。有九个国家的有关立法似乎比较全面。大多数国家的政府似乎都坚决致力于确保执法机构尊重人权，但在某些情况下，安全部队侵犯人权的情况引起人们的严重关切。", "边境管制", "167. 该次区域所有国家都制定了移民和护照方面的法律，以规范移民和旅行证件的安全，并建立了在发放一个人的身分证件之前先确定此人真实身份的程序。所有国家都签发机读旅行证件。有九个国家执行了有效的旅客筛查程序。跨区域边界的合作有了大幅改善，包括共享信息和海关合作。然而，鉴于该次区域边界的管理松懈，可通过增加警察巡逻和购置监测设备，显着改善控制的效果。有九个国家表示打算执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》。在报告所述期间，该次区域有七个国家报告了它们执行《小武器问题行动纲领》的情况。大多数国家对小武器和轻武器的跨界流动进行控制，并都在努力提高预防和侦察效果。然而，由于存在大量过去和现在的冲突中所使用的非法小武器和轻武器储存，控制和消除武器贩运活动成为边境管制机构和其他执法机构面临的一项挑战。", "168. 通过培训、举办提高认识讲习班和进行演习，该区域对现金和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动的管制情况继续得到改善。智利、哥伦比亚、秘鲁和乌拉圭在一些边界站点建立有效的控制，检测和防止非法流动的情况。2009年和2010年，有五个国家接受了国际民航组织普遍保安审计计划的审计。大多数国家都出台建立国家航空安全当局和执行航空安全标准的法律，但很少有国家提供其执行《国际民用航空公约》有关附件情况的信息。整体看来，海事安全法规和标准的执行情况也有所改善。尽管取得进展，由于边境管理松懈和存在黑市贸易路线，边境管理继续构成挑战。有十个国家批准了1951年《难民公约》。所有国家都批准了《打击贩运人口议定书》，而且除两个国家外，所有国家都是《打击偷运移民议定书》的缔约国，但是应加大力度执行防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的法律。", "国际合作", "169. 该次区域在批准国际反恐文书方面取得了合理的进展。智利批准了14项文书，巴西、巴拉圭和秘鲁批准了13项，还有四个国家批准了12项。八个国家出台了关于引渡和法律互助的全面规定，其余国家正在这一领域取得进展。通过建立区域合作机制，改进了国际合作。所有国家都是美洲国家组织成员国，该组织提供了在政策和行动领域进行区域合作的机制。只有两个国家尚未批准《美洲反恐怖主义公约》。11个国家批准了《美洲刑事事项互助公约》，余下的一个国家是《公约》的签署国。只有两个国家批准了《美洲国家间引渡公约》，而其他五个国家是《公约》签署国。然而，参与区域合作的一些行为体之间似乎缺乏协调，特别是在引渡和法律互助事项上。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "170. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 对刑法进行审查，以确保每个指定类别中的罪行均适当定为刑事罪，必要时制定反恐立法规定；", "(b) 解决在将资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪以及冻结恐怖分子资产方面的不足，并加强对非营利部门和替代汇款系统的监测；", "(c) 加强主管部门侦查货物、现金及其他货币票据非法流动的能力。", "171. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 加强与美洲国家组织/美洲反恐怖主义委员会/美洲管制药物滥用会员会、毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处、南美洲反洗钱金融行动特别工作组和捐助国就一系列问题，包括资助恐怖主义、反恐法律框架和边境管制问题的技术援助协调；", "(b) 考虑未来访问该区域，以便与有关国家更积极地互动协作。", "D. 欧洲和北美", "东南欧", "(阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、保加利亚、克罗地亚、黑山、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚、斯洛文尼亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国)", "委员会访问了该次区域三个国家。", "一般性评论", "172. 恐怖主义对东南欧国家的威胁程度被认为相对较低，虽然阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、匈牙利、黑山、塞尔维亚和斯洛文尼亚有时也利用反恐立法实施逮捕(2009年和2010年)，塞尔维亚还以恐怖主义罪行将罪犯绳之以法(2009年)。该次区域发生的大多数暴力行为均与民族主义议程相关。然而，各国当局越来越意识到出于宗教动机的激进主义和暴力极端主义的潜在影响。", "173. 该次区域各国在反恐努力方面，面临许多共同挑战和制约因素。区域范围的挑战包括有组织犯罪和恐怖主义之间存在潜在的联系，金融体系存在漏洞和缺陷，这有可能被利用来资助恐怖主义。该次区域也是人口、资金、武器和非法货物的主要过境路线。", "174. 通过建立新的合作机制和加强现有机制，区域合作不断得到改进。各国通过更新其立法，加强公检法和金融机构的能力，在很多情况下，作为其融入欧洲进程的一部分，继续发展在各个领域的反恐能力。一些国家制定了国家反恐战略，但执行程度需要改进，应更加关注预防方面，尤其是应对煽动恐怖主义的问题，以及激进主义导致暴力极端主义的威胁。", "175. 尽管改进了边界管理，对基础设施、人力资源与区域合作进行大量投资，但来自世界其他地区(特别是冲突地区)的难民和寻求庇护者继续利用东南欧进入欧洲大陆。邻近地区更多国家正处在不稳定时期，这增加了来自这些地区的移民和难民涌入的可能性，并有可能对东南欧国家形成重大挑战。", "评估领域", "立法", "176. 该次区域大多数国家都制定了现代反恐立法，并制订了执行决议的全面法律框架。尽管如此，仍有4个国家在把恐怖罪行列入国内法律方面存在严重不足。检察和司法当局的能力仍需加强。此外，尽管全球金融危机使资源减少，但区域和次区域组织还是有必要在检察官和法官的培训以及将恐怖分子绳之以法的国家能力建设方面进行投资。总体来看，该次区域各国在把招募恐怖分子定为刑事罪方面取得良好进展。2010年期间，斯洛文尼亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国批准了《欧洲委员会防止恐怖主义公约》，因此该次区域所有国家都已成为这一重要区域文书的缔约国。对大多数国家而言，下一步是采取切实可行的措施和国家预防战略，因为该次区域仍然容易出现招募恐怖分子的问题。据信，还需在国际合作、复杂调查方法(包括酌情使用特殊侦查手段)和保障人权等领域提供更多的有关处理反恐案件方面的培训。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "177. 该次区域所有国家均为《制止资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国，所有国家近年来都通过了新的反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义的法律。所有国家都将资助恐怖主义列为前提罪行，并将报告义务扩展至资助恐怖主义的行为。这些法律按照国际标准，合理地将洗钱和资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪。其中大多数法律的起草得到了技术援助，其中一些是委员会访问后采取后续行动的成果。该次区域各国继续制定本国的监管制度，以有效执行该决议在金融方面的规定。例如：作为其新的《打击恐怖主义、洗钱及资助恐怖分子行为的战略》的一部分，黑山通过了2009-2012年期间执行战略的国家行动计划，重点是反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的行为。所有国家都成立了开展行动的金融情报中心，但其能力各不相同。在这方面，斯洛文尼亚的指定金融情报中心“防止洗钱办公室”即是很好的范例。欧洲委员会评估反洗钱措施特设专家委员会表示，该办公室组织机构健全，具有专业水平，似乎正在有效运作并与警方和其他有关国家机关建立了良好的工作关系。", "178. 另一方面，委员会对该次区域进行的若干访问以及其他国际和区域组织进行的评价表明，一些金融情报中心的能力仍需加强。非营利组织在该区域发挥了重要作用。尽管该次区域所有国家都制定立法监管非营利组织，但规范和监督程度还不够高。没有一个国家对其非营利部门进行过审查，也没有对资助恐怖主义问题进行风险评估。大多数国家仍缺乏毫不拖延地冻结恐怖分子资产的完整制度。必须加强立法措施，监测现金的跨界流动，以防止资助恐怖主义，尤其是利用现金进行交易的做法比较普遍，因此使该区域易受影响。", "执法", "179. 所有国家都制定了指导执法工作的法律，并设立了协调国家反恐工作的机构。最近，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那以及斯洛文尼亚改革了其机构间合作机制，以加强机构间合作。该区域各国的反恐协调机构的结构(包括报告、权利和组织结构)方面大不相同。然而，各国反恐工作的合作和协调对该次区域所有国家形成挑战，现已认真做出努力，以提高机构间合作的效率。有六个国家全面或部分制定了国家反恐战略。最近，克罗地亚和黑山更新其国家战略。各国必须进一步努力确保这些战略涵盖有效反恐措施的各个方面，并有必要开展更多工作，以有效执行国家战略。过去几年，已成立了包括预警和情报合作在内的区域执法合作机制，并大大改善了区域合作水平。一项关键的改进是，提高了会员国开展联合调查的能力。特别令人感兴趣的是，继续通过东南欧合作倡议打击跨界犯罪区域中心和最近成立的《东南欧警务合作公约》秘书处开展执法合作。该次区域各国对其易受武器贩运影响是有警觉的，已制定立法框架，将非法贩运定为刑事罪，管制武器和炸药的生产、销售和转让活动。批准《管制火器议定书》的程度非常高，只有一个国家尚未成为缔约国。", "边境管制", "180. 过去五年里，该次区域所有国家签发的机器可读旅行证件都具有强化安全功能。阿尔巴尼亚和克罗地亚处在发放符合欧洲联盟和国际民航组织标准的生物特征护照的高级阶段。这两个国家可望在2011年完成这一进程。所有国家在边界管理方面继续取得实质性进展，这也是欧洲一体化进程的一部分。自2009年以来，该次区域所有会员国都与欧洲管理成员国对外边境业务合作署签署了工作安排，从而改善整个区域边界管理的协调。区域边界管理方面的合作继续得到改善，包括确立了联合巡逻、信息共享以及边境管制和海关合作区域机制。除了一个国家外，所有国家都签署了执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书。尽管取得这一进展，该次区域在这方面却仍面临一些挑战，特别是一些内部边界号称是“绿色边界”，而整个区域的边境管理质量参差不齐。在三个受访国，边境警察没有能够侦测伪造旅行证件的必要设备；也没有建立有效的边界监控机制。在这些国家，正式的过境点往往没有同中央数据库相连接。", "181. 该次区域大多数国家在执行针对现金运送者采取的措施方面面临挑战。虽然许多国家努力增加筛查和检查活动，但大多数国家发现很难执行制止武器贩运的立法。2010年期间，有五个国家向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交报告，只有一个国家从来没提交过报告。总体而言，尽管取得了进展，边境管制和海关管理仍是挑战。", "182. 近年来，在防止恐怖分子滥用难民和庇护制度方面的努力取得了进展。例如，塞尔维亚在通过了2009-2014年期间塞尔维亚共和国制止非法移民国家战略之后，又于2009年7月通过了管理移民国家战略。该次区域所有国家都批准了《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的两个议定书，以及1951年《难民公约》。然而，从中东和非洲冲突地区涌入的移民和难民继续对各移民当局形成挑战。", "国际合作", "183. 批准国际反恐文书的比例相对较高。近年来，该次区域各国(如波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、保加利亚和塞尔维亚)批准了一些最新的反恐文书。所有国家都制定了有关法律互助、引渡和信息交流的适当规定。在所有各级(公检法)与欧洲各国的合作水平很高。区域内国际合作大为改善。自2008年以来，《东南欧警务合作公约》秘书处和区域合作理事会在加强区域合作方面发挥了重要作用。尽管取得了这一进展，委员会对该区域进行的几次访问和举行的研讨会表明，需要进一步加强在反恐事项上的区域合作。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "184. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 建立反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的制度的能力，特别重视金融情报中心、冻结恐怖分子的资金和资产，以及对慈善组织的监管；", "(b) 加强区域合作机制的能力；", "(c) 加强边境安全，在边境管制和海关事务方面开展有效合作。", "185. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 继续与次区域合作机制互动协作，以加强这种合作；", "(b) 支持各国努力通过和执行全面的国家战略，尤其重视防范恐怖主义；", "(c) 鼓励各国加强边境安全，在边境管制和海关事务等领域开展有效合作。", "东欧", "(白俄罗斯、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、匈牙利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、摩尔多瓦共和国、波兰、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克和乌克兰)", "委员会没有访问该次区域任何国家。", "一般性评论", "186. 该次区域容易受到一系列恐怖威胁。尽管恐怖威胁在大多数国家较少，但在其他国家、尤其是在俄罗斯联邦则较多，该国一直是恐怖袭击的目标。", "187. 所有国家都制定了应对恐怖主义的立法框架。但是，普遍需要改善国家和国际两级执法机构之间的信息交流、合作与协调。俄罗斯联邦最近颁布的立法力求在有关反恐实体之间采取更统一的举措。有必要更有效地执行第1624(2005)号决议，该决议鼓励宗教和文化之间的对话和理解，以应对出于极端主义和不容忍动机而煽动恐怖活动的行为。", "188. 该次区域地处连接西欧、东欧和东南欧的交通干线上。这一位置潜在地增加了有组织犯罪以及与走私和贩运毒品、武器和人口有关的活动以及洗钱所带来的风险。", "评估领域", "立法", "189. 该次区域大多数国家都把国际恐怖主义罪行编篡成法。几乎所有国家都规定禁止利用其领土实施或准备实施恐怖行为。此外，各国法院均对其本国国民在国外实施罪行或外国人在其领土实施罪行拥有管辖权。据信，大多数国家制定了全面和连贯的国家法律框架。2009年，俄罗斯联邦加重了对协助或参与恐怖活动(包括招募)的刑事制裁，并推出一项法律草案，加重了对与恐怖主义有关罪行的刑事责任。俄罗斯联邦还通过立法，保护恐怖主义受害者的权利，并出台有关涉嫌实施恐怖行为的个人拘留条件的措施。白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰的《刑法》包含确立对审判以下罪行拥有管辖权的条款规定；其国民(无论届时是否在该国境内)在该国领土以外实施的恐怖罪行，和届时在该国境内的外国国民在该国领土以外实施的恐怖罪行。这些《刑法》还规定了“引渡或起诉”的原则。2009年，波兰通过了2009年至2011年保护波兰网络空间政府方案，还通过了一项法律草案，对《关于防止非法或不明来源的资产价值进入金融流通领域的法案》作出修订，并通过了修改《危机管理法》的法律草案。国际人权机制对该次区域采取的反恐措施的人权方面提出了一些关切。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "190. 所有国家都是《制止资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国，所有国家都出台了反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法，并建立了加入埃格蒙特集团的金融情报中心。东欧国家继续加强其反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法和实践。俄罗斯联邦已推出关于监管非营利组织的立法，并修订了其反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的概念，以便把“资助恐怖主义”的概念纳入《刑法》所载关于非法获得核材料和放射性物质的罪行。2010年，白俄罗斯，俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰都成立了金融情报中心并全面投入运作，白俄罗斯和乌克兰通过了关于反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为法律的修正案，在客户身份识别、客户尽职调查、保存记录、确定实际所有人以及可疑交易方面进行了修正，并将对汇款的监督标准扩大到整个国家邮政系统。2009年，俄罗斯联邦更多地参与并协调涉及金融监管的机关的工作，成立了一个由有关部委、俄罗斯银行、议会和检察官办公室高级别代表组成的跨部门委员会。", "191. 2009年12月，斯洛伐克修订了《刑法典》，规定将资助恐怖主义自动视为刑事罪。2009年，波兰修订了《刑法典》，通过了一项新的《制止洗钱和资助恐怖主义行为法》，从而从更大的范围开展反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的工作。2009年10月，波兰在金融情报监察长办公室设立了打击资助恐怖主义行为部际咨询机构。爱沙尼亚的《国际制裁法》规定了金融制裁措施，并于2010年10月5日生效。2009年，匈牙利规定所有非营利组织必须作为非营利性商业协会进行登记，从而澄清了该国非营利组织部门的法律框架。2010年，匈牙利出台《电子注册法》，规定基金会必须进行电子注册，允许所有有关当局查阅登记册，并规定了出版安全理事会关于“制裁”的决议的程序。", "192. 属于欧洲联盟成员的6个该次区域国家通过采行欧洲议会和欧洲理事会2005年10月26日第1889/2005号规章(欧共体)，使用欧洲联盟关于管制现金进出共同体的申报制度。", "执法", "193. 为了有效应对恐怖威胁的不对称性质，必须通过建立执法部门、边境安全和情报机构之间持续不断的信息交流，来加强合作。该次区域大多数国家为国内机构之间的合作与协调做出了安排。2009年10月，俄罗斯联邦总统批准了反恐概念框架，建立了国家反恐机制，以加强国家反恐机构的互动。此外，2011年1月，俄罗斯联邦国家杜马一读通过一项法案草案，确定三个层次的恐怖威胁，并相应厘清了反恐机构的责任与协调。匈牙利于2010年9月1日建立了该国第一个反恐中心。该中心分析和评估对本国恐怖威胁的状况，保护总统和总理，并侦测恐怖主义和绑架行为。有关对执法机构的监督与问责的资料普遍很少。大多数国家出台了控制生产、销售和转让武器的立法，并在一定程度上把贩运武器和爆炸物定为刑事罪。有6个国家是《管制火器议定书》的缔约国。2010年，俄罗斯联邦推出了全面立法，以加强对武器和爆炸物进出口和流通的控制，指派总检察长办公室全面负责监督、调查和落实这些措施。", "边境管制", "194. 该次区域所有国家均发放机器可读旅行证件。2009年6月，爱沙尼亚采用了指纹生物鉴别技术，2009年12月采用了对照“芯片”图片查验指纹的技术。白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰按照国际民航组织的规格签发机器可读旅行证件。自2006年以来，匈牙利一直在发放带有生物特征数据的电子护照，自2009年以来，发放可检验指纹的电子护照。乌克兰与波兰共同担任2012年欧洲足球协会联合会欧洲足球锦标赛的主办国，乌克兰在机场和其他边界管制站点扩大了获取国际刑警组织被盗和遗失旅行证件数据库的范围。", "195. 该次区域大多数国家认识到该次区域作为“中转”地区的重要性，纷纷出台有关庇护、旅客流动、预防和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的立法。此外，所有国家或者是《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》的签署国，或者是缔约国，并已批准1951年《难民公约》。难民署为白俄罗斯和乌克兰有关官员进行了培训，目的是确保有效和公平地执行1951年《难民公约》有关确定难民地位的规定。2010年，波兰通过了一项为期6年的方案，以重新训练其边防警卫，以应对当前的边界挑战。", "196. 除了一个国家外，该次区域所有国家都签署了执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书。2010年，俄罗斯联邦修订了一系列立法法案，对交通安全和非法干扰交通业务和基础设施的行为，规定了行政和刑事责任。民航组织完成了对白俄罗斯、爱沙尼亚、匈牙利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、波兰和俄罗斯联邦机场和航空安全的安保审计。俄罗斯联邦报告说，按照《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》有关培训、通知和紧急情况下发出信号的规定，该国已采取措施，保护舰船与港口设施免遭恐怖袭击。白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰在执行有关确保货物安全的标准和做法方面正取得进展。欧洲联盟6个成员国的海事安全得到欧洲海事安全局的监测和评估，该局检查船级社情况，评估港口国控制系统，跟踪问题船舶并保障船上设备符合标准。该机构监测欧洲和全世界20 000多艘船只的情况。", "197. 该次区域大多数国家都出台了管制武器进出口的法律。2010年，所有七个国家都向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交了国家报告。", "198. 白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰已采取措施，执行现金和其他货币票据跨越国际边界的申报和检查制度，但可能需要采取进一步行动，以确保海关人员有必要的资源，来检测并防止现金和其他货币票据非法跨越其边界的流动。", "国际合作", "199. 所有国家都批准了13项或更多的国际反恐文书。拉脱维亚是该次区域唯一加入所有16项文书的国家，爱沙尼亚则加入了15项文书。几乎所有国家都采取了预警系统和交流情报安排。几乎所有国家均有法律互助和引渡安排。七个国家加入了申根区。2009年，俄罗斯联邦批准了《独联体成员国之间反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为条约》。它还与外国的金融情报中心签署了51项协定，交流与资助恐怖主义有关的交易的情报。白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰的刑事诉讼法都包含有关法律互助和引渡的规定。2009年，俄罗斯联邦通过纳入两国共认罪行的规定，修订了拒绝引渡要求的理由。俄罗斯联邦和里海沿岸国家签署了一项关于在该次区域合作打击可能发生的恐怖威胁的协定草案。", "200. 白俄罗斯和俄罗斯联邦定期参加由集体安全条约组织进行的反恐演习。俄罗斯联邦还参加由上海合作组织举行的反恐演习。俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰参加了北大西洋公约组织的“北约积极进取行动”，该行动涉及对海上交通的巡逻和监测，以遏止地中海盆地的恐怖活动。乌克兰表示愿意与其他国家交流信息，以了解恐怖主义和极端主义组织和团体的活动、计划和意图形成的威胁。2010年12月，独联体反恐中心成员国签署了一项协议，向主管机构提供专门数据库的信息，其中载有列入独联体国家间“通缉”名单的个人信息。此外，俄罗斯联邦的联邦安全局在特勤局、安全机构和执法组织负责人会议框架内，一直积极开发国际反恐数据库，该数据库连接20个国家和两个国际组织，通过控制进入的网站传递机密信息。", "201. 在国际范围，波兰已与包括法国和德国在内的几个国家签署了法律互助双边协定，并主办一个特警培训中心。在次区域打击有组织犯罪努力的框架内，德国、波兰、俄罗斯联邦、波罗的海国家和斯堪的纳维亚国家成立了一个有组织犯罪问题专家小组。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "202. 该次区域各国应：", "(a) 制定更加统筹一致的办法和更加有效的机制，以确保国家和国际两级相关反恐机构之间进行强有力的合作并交流情报；", "(b) 加强对现金和无记名可转让票据实际跨界流动以及(正式和非正式的)汇款系统的管制/监测；", "(c) 提高其能力，毫不拖延地冻结恐怖分子的资金和资产，并改进客户尽职调查工作。", "203 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 在2012-2013年期间，与白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰进行对话，并组织对这3个国家的访问，以便查明哪些执行领域需要引起注意；", "(b) 与有关区域组织(包括独联体反恐中心、集体安全条约组织和欧亚反洗钱与打击资助恐怖主义行为工作组)进行更密切的互动协作，重点开展旨在执行第1373(2001)号决议的活动，并继续与欧洲联盟及其附属机构大力合作；", "(c) 鼓励各国确保反恐措施的执行符合人权义务，并酌情建立有效的监督和问责机制。", "西欧、北美和其他国家", "(安道尔、澳大利亚、奥地利、比利时、加拿大、塞浦路斯、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、冰岛、爱尔兰、以色列、意大利、列支敦士登、卢森堡、马耳他、摩纳哥、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、葡萄牙、圣马力诺、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国)", "委员会访问了该次区域九个国家。", "一般性评论", "204.　该次区域有几个国家被认为受到的恐怖威胁程度较低，但其他国家在30多年时间里遭受了程度显著的恐怖主义危害。数个国家最近成为得逞的和被挫败的恐怖袭击的受害者。这种持续的恐怖威胁来自各种国内民族主义团体和受政治动机驱策的团体，包括分裂主义组织、左翼和右翼团体以及支持某项特定政治议题(例如动物权利保护和反全球化)的激进团体，也来自基地组织等跨国组织。此外，许多国家都认定以宗教为基础的暴力极端主义的危险，认为这种极端主义可能导致本土恐怖分子的发展并吸引潜伏小组或独立行动的恐怖分子。据信该次区域一些国家面临的威胁程度仍然较高。尽管这些目标国的执法和国内安全机构尽了最大努力，但发生更多恐怖事件的风险依然存在。此外，许多国家正经历着在其境内策划、支持和资助冲突地区恐怖袭击的个人日益严重的威胁。", "205.　该次区域各国对于本国所面临的恐怖威胁非常警觉，并已投入大量资源扩大法律框架、建立和加强反恐机构，并努力增强执法和情报机构的能力。大多数国家都采用了尖端技术、信息共享机制和全面的防恐方法以保护本国利益。然而，许多国家的交通运输系统(尤其是重要基础设施)中仍然存在着种种弱点。许多国家还投资了一批社会方案以更好地了解和预防激进化及潜在的招募恐怖分子，而且所有国家都在一定程度上参加了反恐对话。与此同时，确保反恐措施符合人权义务的问题继续是该次区域一个重大的辩论主题。", "206.　该次区域各国都非常清楚认识到资助恐怖主义的威胁，并对相关风险保持了警觉。拥有大型金融部门的国家对可能被犯罪集团和恐怖团体利用的弱点特别警惕。这些国家大都是负有反恐任务的国际和区域机构的成员，其中包括欧洲委员会、欧洲联盟及其各附属机构(欧洲联盟司法合作股、欧洲刑警组织和欧洲管理成员国对外边境业务合作署)、国际刑警组织和北约。欧洲联盟成员国是一系列反恐文书和公约的缔约国，北约盟国及合作伙伴已制订了将恐怖主义、资助恐怖主义和网络攻击视为威胁的新战略。然而，该次区域继续面临诸多挑战和风险，例如跨国有组织犯罪和金融犯罪，这些犯罪可能与恐怖威胁有直接关联，也可能没有。许多国家还将继续大力处理激进化、暴力极端主义和恐怖分子跨界流动等问题。", "评估领域", "立法", "207.　该次区域16个欧洲联盟成员国全都批准了《欧洲委员会防止恐怖主义公约》，遵守了欧洲联盟各项反恐文书，并参加了欧洲委员会恐怖主义问题专家委员会进程以及欧洲联盟司法合作股的工作。大多数国家已完成了将欧洲联盟文书转化为国内法的工作。非欧洲联盟国家独立开展工作，制订反恐立法框架并将国际反恐文书中列明的罪行纳入国内法。大多数国家都通过了适当处理该次区域当前面临的恐怖主义危险并考虑到本国所受威胁程度的全面反恐法律。大多数国家都清楚界定了恐怖主义行为并继续在其刑法和刑事法典中增列了恐怖主义罪行。大多数国家都能将恐怖分子绳之以法并有这样做的政治意愿。澳大利亚、法国、德国、希腊、荷兰、土耳其、 联合王国、美国和其他几个国家已成功地以恐怖主义罪名对一些个人进行了审判和定罪。几乎所有国家都制订了禁止使用本国领土筹划和实施恐怖主义行为的立法，且大多数国家都已将为恐怖分子提供庇护所定为刑事罪。", "208.　所有国家在加强检察和司法能力方面都取得了进展。不过，只有20个国家采取了制止为恐怖团体招募人员的实际措施和国家战略。考虑到该次区域许多国家在招募恐怖分子方面所面临的问题，应当加大努力建立检察和执法部门在这方面的能力。澳大利亚、丹麦、法国、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、联合王国和美国都有海外省、属地和(或)领地，其中每一个都拥有程度不同的自治权和确定其自身反恐立法框架的能力。在可能时，各国政府与其领地合作，鼓励它们起草适当的本土反恐法，但在许多情况中，这些框架还需要改进。国际人权机制已对若干国家使用特别反恐措施和对与移民及庇护程序有关的问题提出了关切。各国应当确保在执行反恐立法时充分尊重人权。", "打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "209.　该次区域所有30个国家都加入了《制止资助恐怖主义公约》，并已将资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪。所有国家都设立了作为埃格蒙特集团成员的金融情报中心。有23个国家是反洗钱金融行动任务组成员。属于欧洲联盟成员的那些国家还执行欧洲联盟关于反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法，并通过了国家立法使之与相关的欧洲联盟指示保持一致。该次区域所有国家都出台了反洗钱法，多数国家都把资助恐怖主义定为洗钱的前前罪行。所有国家都将报告义务扩大到了包括资助恐怖主义，但有些国家还需要把报告义务扩大到包括相关的非金融行业和律师、会计师、信托和公司服务提供商、地产专业人士以及贵重金属和宝石营销商等专业人士。所有国家都已就违反行为制订了一一开列并广为公布的惩罚措施。", "210.　除两个国家之外，该次区域所有国家都出台了立法，通过申报或披露制度监测现金的跨界流动，但有几个国家需要改进其制度，以确保其既处理现金，也处理无记名可转让票据。属于欧洲联盟成员的那些国家都通过采纳2005年10月26日欧洲议会和理事会关于管制现金进出共同体问题的(EC)1889/2005号条例实施了申报制度。", "211.　该次区域所有国家都设立了运作正常的金融情报中心，尽管有些仍在致力于增进能力。例如，希腊的金融情报中心为弥补人手不足的弱点做出了大量努力，工作人员数目从2005年的19人增至2009年末的28人，还将从其他几个机构再借调10名工作人员。新西兰金融情报中心的人员编制从9人扩大到了2011年初的21人。", "212.　虽然该次区域各国在打击资助恐怖主义行为方面运作水平普遍较高，但许多国家都需要大幅度提高重视程度，为冻结与恐怖主义有关联的资金和资产制订有效的措施。欧洲联盟成员国中很少有国家为补充欧洲联盟规则而单独建立国家机制。现在需要这种机制使其他管辖区提出的冻结资产和指认请求产生效力，并使对欧洲公民和居民资金的冻结得以毫不拖延地生效。几乎所有国家都实行了针对预防性冻结措施提出上诉的程序，尽管在有些情况下这些程序的效力还有待改进。大多数国家需要改进它们对替代汇款系统的监管。澳大利亚已在这方面采取步骤，在2010年2月《2010年犯罪立法修正案(重大有组织犯罪)法(第2号)》中澄清了“被指认汇款安排”的定义，并发布了一份讨论文件，对为加强监管汇款部门而拟议进行的改革提供了一个高层次概述。大多数国家还需要改进本国的立法和能力，以防止通过慈善组织资助恐怖主义。许多国家还没有审查本国非营利组织部门被用于资助恐怖主义的风险，但具体而言，联合王国已制订了机制，以评估和保护这一部门，并通过慈善委员会国际方案确保开展国际业务外联以及帮助在世界其他地区建立能力。", "执法", "213.　面临恐怖主义高度威胁的国家都保持了特别的警觉，并采取步骤扩大其执法和情报机构的资源和能力。并非每个国家都有单独的反恐战略，但所有国家都制订了各种反恐政策和做法，并设立了一个国家机构或中心，根据立法授权开展工作，负责管理反恐措施。例如，在意大利，总理办公厅所设负责政治军事股由负责反恐的政府各部门和机构的高级代表组成，具有广泛和全面的职能。几乎每个国家都实行了有效机制，使执法机构有能力打击恐怖主义。所有国家都逐步建立了必要的机构和机构间关系，许多国家还设立了联合工作队和情报汇总中心，以分享情报、规划共同行动和确保协调一致的汇总分析。例如，以色列已设立了一个机构间情报汇总中心、一个查处金融犯罪的机构间工作队和一个反恐工作队。德国已设立了一个联合反恐中心，从而使数个关键反恐机构能在一个统一的地点一道开展工作，实时交流情报并协调分析和行动。", "214.　大多数国家的情报和安全机构都具备调查恐怖活动和同相关执法机构进行协调的良好能力。所有国家都使用国际刑警组织的数据，而欧洲联盟成员国还通过欧洲刑警组织开展调查和行动方面的合作。还为包括早期预警和情报合作在内的执法合作设立了更多的区域和双边机制。许多国家还制订了打击激进化的执法方案。土耳其启动了国家团结项目，以解决土耳其社会中存在的社会和经济不平等问题，据称这些问题加剧了库尔德人的异见和库尔德工人党的招募。荷兰划拨了4亿多欧元支持一个始于2007年的预防激进化四年行动计划。该次区域许多国家的政府都推出了社区警务方案和外联方案，并与民间社会开展了合作。不过，国际人权机制对执法和情报机构被指在调查和审讯过程中侵犯人权的情况已数度提出关切。", "215.　所有国家都出台了立法，对军火和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让进行管制。不过，还需要采取更多步骤，将非法制造、拥有和贩运小武器和轻武器以及爆炸物的行为定为刑事罪。对《管制火器议定书》的批准比较薄弱，只有7个国家完全批准了这一文书。不过，自前一次调查以来，已有13个国家签署了公约。", "边境管制", "216.　虽然该次区域各国已采取步骤降低它们面对恐怖分子机动性和武装时的脆弱性，但恐怖分子和支持者可能非法进入这些国家领土并可能通过犯罪网络采购到进行袭击所必需的材料的风险依然存在。这些国家力图通过一系列边境管制措施尽量减少这种威胁。所有国家都遵守了机器可读旅行证件的规定，且大多数国家都对旅行证件的发放实行了管制。例如，希腊为制作和发放生物特征机器可读旅行证件和希腊执法人员的身份卡设立了一流的机构和系统。美国对其护照进行了升级，使之更难以伪造/仿冒，并推出了防作弊签证。", "217.　以高水平的先进技术和工艺进行边境管制。联合王国(和其他几个国家)广泛使用了闭路电视，而美国则使用生物特征辨识技术核查访问者的身份。大多数国家的边境哨所都与安全的国家数据库、国际刑警组织数据库和国际观察名单实时相连。通过采用联合巡逻、分享情报和边境管制及海关合作区域机制等做法，区域边境管理一般都运作良好。《申根协定》覆盖了该次区域17个国家，为这些国家之间开放边界作出了规定(两个申根成员不再有需要守卫的外部边界)。虽然这极大地便利了一体化，从而改善了贸易条件和合法人员的自由流动，但却也有利于非法货物和人员在一个广大地理区域的流动。不过，申根成员已出台了一系列措施处理这一挑战，其中包括申根信息系统，即一个计算机化的国际数据库，使各国可以储存和分享有关外国人、庇护寻求者、犯罪分子和受到国家安全机构监视者的资料，并有一个“退出”机制，允许其成员出于国家安全原因临时重建边境管制。", "218.　大多数国家都已采取实际步骤查明和制止现金运送人作业，并能落实与现金和无记名可转让票据非法跨界流动有关的立法。加拿大和美国于2010年11月签署了一份谅解备忘录，通过分享有关在边境没收的货币的信息，追踪非法货币的流动情况。这一谅解备忘录将大幅度增强两国执法人员调查和追踪现金运送人和制止支助犯罪分子和恐怖分子活动的资金流动的能力。", "219.　所有国家都已采取步骤，高度确保货物安全、海事安全和航空安全。大多数国家都执行了世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》，并遵守了国际民航组织的规定。国际民航组织已对该次区域的大多数国家进行了审计。17个欧洲联盟成员国的海事安全由欧洲海事安全局监测和评估，由其检查分类情况、评估港口国家管制系统、追踪问题船只并保障船上设备标准的健全。该局在欧洲和全球对20 000多艘船只进行监测。该次区域大多数国家定期更新其安保系统，以反映不断变化的国际标准。", "220.　还有一个挑战是采取实际措施查明和制止军火和武器的贩运。虽然自前一次调查以来，已有23个国家向《小武器问题行动纲领》提交了报告，但许多国家在这方面的努力仍有待进一步加强。在防止恐怖分子滥用难民和庇护制度方面取得了很大进展。所有国家都已通过了旨在使庇护程序符合国际标准的立法，而且除三个国家之外，所有国家都是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国。只有几个国家尚未加入《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》。联合国和区域人权机制就有些国家未能严格遵守不驱回难民原则的情况提出了关切。", "国际合作", "221.　该次区域各国为减少恐怖主义危险和本国易受恐怖主义袭击的脆弱性与区域和国际伙伴开展了良好合作。它们在双边和多边背景中交换有关威胁和警告的情报、分享行动信息并开展联合培训和其他行动。大多数国家设立了有力的法律框架以支持司法互助和引渡请求，尤其是在欧洲联盟的框架之内。所有国家都制订了交流信息的程序，包括通过它们的金融情报中心交流信息。欧洲联盟成员国为它们之间的合作和与第三国的合作建立了先进的机制，其中包括欧洲联盟司法合作股和欧洲刑警组织。国际反恐文书的批准水平相对较高，该次区域有四个国家已批准了所有16份文书。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "222.　该次区域国家应：", "(a) 确保海关人员有必要的实用措施和资源，以检测和防止货币和无记名可转让票据跨界流动并检测和防止军火和武器走私；", "(b) 通过发展本国的“冻结”机制对区域框架进行补充，以增强本国毫不拖延地冻结恐怖分子资金和资产的能力；", "(c) 进一步制订方案制止激进化和为恐怖主义招募人员。", "223.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 鼓励各国加强它们反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的制度能力，尤其要重点监管替代汇款系统和慈善组织；", "(b) 鼓励各国通过实际措施和国家战略制止恐怖主义团体招募人员，同时遵守相关的人权义务；", "(c) 为促进国际合作，鼓励各国与其他国家尽可能广泛地分享最佳做法和技术专长。", "三. 按专题领域进行的评估", "224.　调查报告的这一节提出了为使决议的规定发生效力而应当实行的一般标准和推荐的做法，并介绍了在关键主题领域执行决议的总体全球趋势。这一专题评估就自决议通过以来国际社会在应对恐怖主义挑战方面如何取得最广义进展的情况提供了一个更全面的介绍。下文的分析显示，应当努力更加有效地执行第1373(2001)号决议旨在订立全面反恐立法、防止和制止资助恐怖主义、发展执法基础设施、确保边境管制和推进国际合作的规定。", "A. 立法", "225.　为有效执行安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议，订立全面反恐立法至关重要。该决议的意图是，各国通过制定具体的反恐立法规定，应当就不再需要诉诸含糊的法律条文、特设方法或自行定义的解释去起诉恐怖行为。因此，各国应建立明确、完整和一致的法律框架，具体将恐怖行为定为严重刑事罪，应根据此类行为的严重性进行处罚，确立管辖权并协助法院将恐怖分子绳之以法。正如第1963(2010)号决议所述，这一框架应为制订一个全面、综合的国家反恐战略提供依据，该战略以法律办法为根基并确保法治(特别是将公平待遇纳入对恐怖分子的调查和起诉之中以保护人权)，同时也尽可能有效地打击恐怖主义。", "226.　虽然大多数国家都为制订这样一个法律框架采取了重要步骤，但进展更多地局限在某些区域。西欧、东欧、中亚和高加索次区域的大多数国家都出台了全面反恐立法。在仍然需要取得进展的那些区域，有关罪行被充分编入法律的程度差异巨大，仍需关注。在将招募恐怖分子定为刑事罪方面有所改进，但普遍缺乏信息说明为制止恐怖团体招募人员采取了哪些战略并投入了哪些资源。", "227.　需要注意的领域包括某些区域在把提供庇护所定为刑事罪方面的立法措施。委员会及其执行局在2010年向会员国进行一般情况通报时谈到了这一问题。第1373(2001)号决议第2(c)段要求各国对于资助、计划、支持或犯下恐怖主义行为或提供安全庇护所的人拒绝给予安全庇护。各国还被要求防止资助、计划、协助或犯下恐怖主义行为的人出于敌对其他国家或其公民的目的利用本国领土(第2(d)段)。", "228.　各国应将窝藏它们知道已经实施或计划实施恐怖行为的个人或窝藏属于恐怖团体成员的个人的行为和妨碍逮捕这些个人的行为定为刑事罪。进一步的措施包括将准备行为定为刑事罪的法律，这些行为包括为实施针对另一国家或其公民的恐怖主义罪行而进行的策划、协助和教唆行为。", "229.　这些基本的立法措施必须得到适当管辖权的支持，以确保本国法院有能力处理潜在的犯罪者。这包括各国根据其加入的适用国际反恐文书履行引渡或起诉的义务。各国应采取全面办法拒绝提供庇护所，因为确保效力需要若干相互关联的措施，其中包括立法、执法、边境管制、难民和庇护措施。移民和边境管制机构应采用适当程序筛查难民以查出恐怖分子，而且应被赋予查出和缉拿非法逗留本国者的能力。", "230.　第1373(2001)号决议要求所有会员国将恐怖分子绳之以法。但是，委员会的国家考察和其他活动显示，这一要求对各国的刑事司法系统构成了重大挑战。大多数受访国在努力制订关于有效调查方法和刑事诉讼程序、国际合作和人权保障的法律规定方面继续遇到困难。各国在努力制订全面法律框架时，应采取步骤加强检察和司法部门的能力。许多国家在努力为检察和司法单位配备老练的检察官和法官并为他们提供必要的技术资源和培训方面，继续面临各种挑战。", "231.　反恐案件的起诉有赖于专门技能和专业知识，各国的检察和司法主管部门为处理这种日益复杂的案件不得不发展新方法，而这种情况常常造成不寻常和具有挑战性的案件管理问题。主要挑战包括：把机密情报用作证据(包括作为证据的可采性)、调查方法、国际合作、证人保护、恐怖分子对尖端技术的利用，以及恐怖主义与其他形式犯罪之间的联系。", "232.　由于认识到这些问题的存在，委员会于2010年举办了一次具创意的研讨会，讨论“将恐怖分子绳之以法”的问题。在联合国总部举行的这次研讨会使与会检察人员得以确定在起诉恐怖主义罪行方面的共同挑战，并分享在尊重法治和人权的同时有效地将恐怖分子绳之以法的成功经验。委员会还得以在与会检察人员的经验及所采用良好做法的基础上再接再厉，在同国际、区域和次区域组织及会员国的对话中分享和推广这些经验及良好做法。委员会通过其执行局不断增加与执行人员的互动以落实第1373(2001)号决议。它利用联合国的“召集”权，使参与反恐的检察人员和执法人员讨论共同的挑战、交流良好做法并增进他们的区域合作(委员会与南盟成员国的互动协作就是这方面的一例)。在捐助国和捐助组织支持下召开的这些执行人员研讨会促成了专业知识交流、促进了能力建设并为执行人员互动及建立关系网络提供了一个论坛。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "233.　会员国应：", "(a) 推动根据法治和人权义务通过全面和综合的国家反恐法律框架，并加强调查、起诉和判决恐怖主义行为的国家能力，包括在必要时请求能力建设援助；", "(b) 推动将国际反恐文书中列明的恐怖主义罪行定为刑事罪；", "(c) 采取步骤将提供庇护所和为实施恐怖行为进行准备的活动定为刑事罪。", "234.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 与捐助国、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处和其他捐助组织密切协调，继续促进(尤其是通过全球和区域执行人员研讨会等活动)良好做法的确定、分享和传播以及网络的形成；", "(b) 鼓励各国通过必要的反恐法律框架并为相关人员提供落实该法律框架所必需的培训(例如在调查、起诉和国际合作等方面)并为此根据需要寻求技术援助提供方的支持；", "(c) 在必要时促进各国检察和司法部门的能力建设。", "B. 打击资助恐怖主义的行为", "235.　打击资助恐怖主义行为是第1373(2001)号决议的核心。该决议要求各国采取一系列法律、体制和实际措施，防止和制止资助恐怖主义的行为。尽管在这方面取得了一些进展，但各国依然面临一些挑战，包括新的挑战。随着金融部门的继续发展，例如网基系统、新的付款方式、电汇和电子付款的发展，各国面临的威胁和风险更为多样。利用慈善事业和现金运送人从事恐怖活动的可能性也依然令人关切。各国必须确保其立法和指南足以灵活和有力地应对新的威胁，并保持其防御功能。", "236.　第1373(2001)号决议和《制止资助恐怖主义国际公约》列明了各国在将资助恐怖主义行为定为刑事罪方面的义务。遵守这些义务就必须建立一个全面的法律制度。决议和《公约》都规定，为资助恐怖主义的行为定罪，并非一定要求打算用于资助恐怖行动的资金是犯罪所得，也并非一定要求该资金打算资助的恐怖行动已经发生，甚至已经尝试过。该《公约》还规定可对国际反恐文书列明的所有资助恐怖主义的行为提出起诉。然而，虽然在将资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪方面取得了一些进展，但仍有相当数量的国家尚未完全按照《公约》或该决议的规定，将资助恐怖主义定为刑事罪。此外，大多数国家对调查和起诉这一罪行缺乏足够的专业知识和经验。", "237.　冻结恐怖分子的资产是第1373(2001)号决议的一项主要内容，必须将其作为预防措施理解。各国必须立即采取行动，查明有关个人和实体，查明所有与其相关的资金和资产，并冻结这些资金和资产，为防止转移资产，无须事先通知有关个人和实体。各国在执行决议的有关规定时，还必须注意适当程序。各国应该建立法律规定的程序，允许资产被冻结的个人或实体就这一决定向法院或独立行政机构提出质疑。各国还应该在根据决议冻结资产时，规定允许的人道主义例外。有几个国家，包括一些受访国，已建立令人印象深刻的机制，以有效执行该决议中具有挑战性的这项规定。这些国家还报告，冻结资金和资产是防止恐怖行为的宝贵手段。但绝大多数国家尚未对决议的这部分内容作出有效规定，基本是靠其刑事诉讼法中的“扣押”规定执行决议。这也许不符合“毫不拖延地冻结”的要求，因为刑法规定只有在开始进行刑事调查后才能适用。", "238.　许多国家继续面临很大挑战的另一个领域是客户尽职调查。大多数国家已在其立法中确定了客户尽职调查的义务和报告机制，其中要求金融机构和某些专业人员查明其客户，并向当局报告可疑活动。但挑战依然存在，特别是在实施基于风险的方法方面。有效的基于风险的方法注重发展健全的全球金融市场。", "239.　金融普惠和健全的财政状况是相辅相成的两个目标。金融普惠有助于反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的行为，因为能帮助减少经济体中的现金额，并推动使用受到监管的金融服务部门。后者是健全而有效的反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为这一制度的基础。", "240.　新付款方法的出现有力地说明必须促进金融普惠。近几年来，通过新付款方法(例如手机货币转帐和预付卡)交易的数量和流动的资金额数显著增加。由于新付款方法可以为匿名交易和跨界转移资金提供方便，因而具有资助恐怖主义的风险。迄今已经查明数起用新付款方法洗钱和资助恐怖主义的案件。但是，国家在为这种日益迅速发展的付款方法制定适当的立法和监管制度方面遇到各种困难。对涉及新付款方法的案件进行调查和起诉不仅要求当局技术高超、行动神速，而且要求加强国际合作的形式，特别是要保留电子证据。在这方面，《欧洲委员会打击网络犯罪公约》第35条建立的8国集团 24/7数据保留网和24/7 网是良好做法。", "241.　许多非正式的货币或价值转移系统，例如hawala哈瓦拉、hundi(印递)和fei-chien(飞钱)系统，均跨越国界经营，不在国内法律框架管辖权范围内。许多海外劳工依赖这类服务，以便以低成本的快捷方式汇款回家。各国可能怀疑这种系统被用于资助恐怖主义，但对其范围缺乏明确了解。因此，必须增加这一部门的透明度，按照国际标准和最佳惯例，采取步骤减少这种风险。不过，政府的应对措施应该灵活、有效并与滥用这种系统资助恐怖主义的风险相称。在世界许多地方，这类系统对那些负担不起正规金融系统服务的人十分重要，而且对以现金为基础的经济体也很有助益，因为那里的银行部门不很发达。", "242.　监测现金跨界流动是防止资助恐怖主义的另一个措施。事实上，如今人们已经认识到，利用现金运送人是非法资金流动、洗钱和资助恐怖主义的一个主要途径。反洗钱金融行动任务组关于现金运送人的特别建议九要求国家制定法律、机构和行动方面的措施，查明和防止资金和无记名可转让票据(即旅行支票、邮政汇票)的非法流动。许多国家已经引进货币管制机制。这些现有机制应该也有助于查明与洗钱或资助恐怖主义有关的资金和无记名可转让票据，并有助于采取适当行动。国家应该出台所要求的法律措施，诸如在怀疑洗钱或资助恐怖主义的情况下扣押资金。在监测现金和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动方面普遍存在的不足之处是：不能始终一贯地执行所要求的法律制度；对适用的法律和权力了解不充分；有关当局之间的信息交流不够。在今后的两年里，反恐怖主义委员会执行局将举办一系列次区域讲习班，帮助会员国更好地应对资金的非法跨界流动。", "243.　全球的慈善捐赠是一个必不可少的资金来源，对许多发展中国家和遭受重大灾害的国家而言尤其如此。非营利部门的年业务费用大约为1.3万亿美元，在世界各地有4 000多万雇员。该部门需要防止资助恐怖主义的特别保护，因为滥用非营利组织不仅会对这些组织本身造成持久损害，而且会普遍影响人们的慈善捐助热情。目前，国家在执行专门针对这一问题而制定的国际标准方面做得不够，原因很多，其中包括认识不足，缺乏政治意愿，能力差和机构间协调不完善。反恐怖主义委员会执行局通过国家访问，能够确认有效保护这一部门同时尊重结社自由等基本人权的良好做法，其要点是反应适度。反恐怖主义委员会执行局还代表反恐执行工作队对付资助恐怖主义行为工作组，在一些捐助国和捐助组织的支持下，领导了一个为期三年的全球主动行动，目的是在全部门对打击资助恐怖主义的正确做法形成共同认识。", "目前，反洗钱金融行动任务组正在审查打击资助恐怖主义的行为标准，作为改善其评估进程、应对新的危险和挑战，支持会员国有效实施国际标准的一部分努力。反恐怖主义委员会执行局正在积极支持任务组进行这项工作。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "244.　会员国应该:", "(a) 加强努力，制定有效实施第1373(2001)号决议“冻结”规定的法律措施和实际措施，同时考虑确保公平待遇这一需要；", "(b) 继续对最新技术发展保持警觉，以便防止滥用，并查明通过新付款方法资助恐怖主义的案例；在调查和起诉滥用新付款方法资助恐怖主义的可疑情况方面，制定适当的法律和条例，并加强国际合作；", "(c) 采取切实和适度的措施，不让人利用非营利部门资助恐怖主义。", "245.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 继续努力团结国际、区域和国家的主要行为体，包括非营利部门的代表，交流观点，汇集工具和良好做法，保护该部门不被人利用；", "(b) 在捐助国和捐助组织的支持下，举办次区域讲习班，帮助各国更好地应对资金跨界非法流动的问题；", "(c) 继续支持反洗钱金融行动任务组改善国际打击资助恐怖主义行为标准的努力，以帮助会员国有效实施第1373 (2001)号决议中关于打击资助恐怖主义行为的规定。", "C. 执法", "246.　有效切实地实施反恐政策和程序要求有一个在评估风险的基础上制定的明确战略。该战略力求查明、防止和应对恐怖活动，制止招募人员从事恐怖活动。这一战略的重点是如何使各国在防御恐怖主义的工作中注意保护重要的基础设施和民众以及各国如何应对恐怖袭击，以便减少这种事件的影响，帮助受害者，恢复公共秩序。该战略还将针对调查恐怖行为和追究其行为人的问题，以便将恐怖分子及其支持者绳之以法。", "247.　执行这一战略要求一国在安全和执法方面具备强有力和协调良好的基础设施。该基础设施由有权查明、防止和调查恐怖活动的所有机构组成。这些机构可以包括警察、宪兵、情报机构、特工、安全机构，在一些国家甚至包括军事机构。这些机构必须要有以法律为依据的明确任务规定，说明它们各自在反恐斗争中的作用。国家还需要确保国内立法为这些机构规定必要的权力框架、手段和业务机动性，以利其执行任务，并确保它们有足够的资金，经过一定的培训，并有适当的装备。", "248.　为了确保反恐措施由适当的执法机构进行管理和执行，国家应该建立专门的反恐单位，并且制定协调的国家立法授权，以指导它们的工作。此外还必须对执法活动进行监管，以确保开展的调查和行动符合人权义务。委员会注意到，凡已建立统辖机构对负责反恐的各执法机构的业务活动进行监管和指导的国家，往往能较好地进行机构间协调，并能更有效地交流信息。", "249.　执法机构之间的协调与合作在各级都必不可少。共同使用专门工具，诸如与反恐有关的中央数据库和法证能力，对防止恐怖主义至关重要。警察和安全部门在进行与恐怖主义有关的调查和收集反恐案件的证据时，应该有权使用特殊的调查技术，同时对人权予以适当关注。联合工作组或由情报、警察和其他有关执法机构的代表组成的机构间“情报汇总”中心及时交流威胁评估和反恐行动信息，被引证是防备和挫败恐怖活动的良好做法。执法机构和司法/检察机构之间的联合调查和协调是将恐怖分子绳之以法的良好做法。", "250.　除了国家协调以外，国家还必须建立区域和国际交流信息的程序和制度，其中可以包括关于促进东盟警察首长协会、欧洲刑警组织和国际刑警组织等现有区域和国际执法机构间合作行动或参与这些机构的双边或多边协定。", "251.　大多数国家报告了在执行防止和打击恐怖主义的切实措施方面取得某些积极进展，但有些国家尚未向委员会报告它们在这方面的努力。大多数国家制定了打击恐怖主义的全面战略，并已采取步骤，确保反恐措施由相关或专门机构管理。但许多国家刚刚开始发展专门的反恐能力。一些国家继续在努力把执法系统中必不可少的能力和协调工作制度化。大多数国家都需要改善机构间合作和协调的水平。", "252.　虽然大多数国家可以使用国际刑警组织的信息和通信工具，但需加强这些工具的使用，包括国际刑警组织数据库在内，使之更为一贯和普遍，并且推广到国际刑警组织范围以外。为了提供更为协调的援助，国际刑警组织在联合国和欧洲联盟设立了特别代表办事处，在曼谷设立了一个联络处，并设立了六个区域局。一个有效合作的范例是建立了一个国际刑警组织区域局，支持中部非洲警察局长委员会的工作和国家执法能力。许多国家缺少中央数据库和充分的法证能力，因而不能进行复杂的反恐调查。但是，大多数国家可以利用欧洲刑警组织和国际刑警组织等组织的信息交流工具并查阅其数据库，这可以在这方面提供帮助。大多数国家认识到区域和国际合作的必要性，并建立了促进预警的关系和机制，并具备了交流信息的基本水平。但区域和国际在反恐事项上的合作还需进一步加强。", "253.　恐怖主义的威胁在随着新技术的采用以及招募、筹资和行动的能力而变，执法机构也必须采用新的做法，加强其反恐能力。一些国家已经针对恐怖分子在招募人员时对其进行激进宣传的做法采取战略，让执法机构发挥更为重要的作用。社区警务、主动积极的情报工作和对话方案是一些会员国正在有效使用的方法范例。但是，这方面的报告有限，良好做法才刚刚出现。谨防恐怖分子利用因特网是各国需要加强切实执行措施以防止招募恐怖分子以及支持和规划恐怖活动的另一个方面。", "254.　为了杜绝恐怖组织的武器供应，各国已经颁布法律，将与武器有关的各种罪行(包括非法制造、拥有和贩运小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物)定为刑事罪，并建立了有关国内执法方案。但各国普遍需要审查其立法框架，以弥补某些缺陷，并加强执行行动方面的措施，以有效控制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售、中介和转让及其跨界进出口。2001年5月31日，大会通过《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约管制火器议定书》。迄今已有84个国家成为缔约国，而且自上次审查以来又有4个国家成为缔约国。会员国还应该采取步骤，及时并可靠地查明并追踪非法小武器和轻武器。在这方面，《小武器问题行动纲领》是一个很好的手段。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "255.　会员国应:", "(a) 采取步骤，推动国家(国内)一级和区域/国际一级的机构间协调，并交流反恐情报；", "(b) 考虑建立专门的反恐单位，并根据需要，从情报、刑法、打击资助恐怖主义和边界管理等领域的专门机构借调专家，提供帮助；", "(c) 继续与国际刑警组织加强合作，并进一步使用刑警组织的资源和数据库，例如国际通知系统，包括“红色通缉令”、观察清单以及被窃和遗失的旅行和证件数据库。", "256.　反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 鼓励各国更彻底和更主动地提供关于切实运用执法方式和措施的信息和最新情况，并介绍这些有关领域执行人员的能力情况；", "(b) 继续与国际刑警组织、捐助国和捐助组织密切协调与合作，促进提供技术援助，以建设执法机构的能力，并向需要的国家提供设备和设施；", "(c) 继续与各国和联合国各实体(特别是联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处)以及国际组织合作，制定和执行控制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售、中介和转让的政策和业务措施，包括批准《管制火器议定书》和各项国际文书，使各国能够及时并可靠地查明并追踪非法小武器和轻武器。", "D. 边境管制", "257. 有效的边境管制是遵照第1373(2001)号决议有效实施反恐战略的关键，因为边境管制是防止恐怖分子跨界流窜并防止商品和货物非法跨界流动的第一道防线。有效的边境管制也应该是国家按照第1963(2010)号决议制定的全面综合反恐战略的一部分。边境管制要求规定以下措施和做法：对旅客、难民和寻求庇护者进行适当筛查；有效筛查和检查货物和旅客行李，查明和防止走私小武器和轻武器以及现金和无记名可转让票据的行为。边境界管制还必须考虑民用航空和海上航行的安全问题。各国应该按照相关的国际专门组织制定的标准和建议的做法行事。只要适当执行这些标准和建议的做法，就可以极大地增强国家保护边境安全和管制边境的能力。", "258.　第1373(2001)号决议要求各国通过对签发安全有效的身份证和旅行证件的控制，防止恐怖分子和恐怖团体的跨界移动。国际民航组织制定了机器可读旅行证件的国际标准，以确保不能假造和伪造。目前除了9个国家以外，所有国家都已按照国际民航组织规定的2010年4月这一最后期限，开始签发机器可读旅行证件。尽管这一进展显著，但依然存在以下关切问题：许多国家是否有能力始终确保申请获得机器可读旅行证件时提交的“原始文件”或证明文件真实可信，并在签发身份证和旅行证件的过程中保障安全。有关国际组织和区域组织正在协同努力，倡导有效控制方面的做法，并发展国家在这两个关键领域中的能力。", "259.　防止恐怖分子的跨界流窜还要求在边境检查站使用技术和设备，例如证件阅读器和扫描机，以实时获取旅客数据，并且对照国家和国际的警报数据库和罪犯数据库核查旅客数据。虽然大部分国家在这方面已取得进展，但缺乏能力和没有连接有关数据库常常影响它们查阅对在过境点排查旅客十分重要的信息。此外，应该对边境管制和负责移民事务的人员加强培训，使其能够确认伪造的证件，并恰当处理出示这种证件的人。", "260.　决议还要求各国防止和制止资助恐怖主义的行为。为此可采取的一个办法是控制现金和无记名可转让票据的非法跨界流动。但是，由于没有充分利用风险迹象和选择目标的标准，海关官员、执法部门和移民部门以及金融情报中心缺乏信息交流和合作，加上缺乏专门的人力和物力，因此往往不能在边界有效地查明和预防。如今已经提供有助于采取有效做法的指导材料。在这方面特别值得一提的是反洗钱金融行动任务组关于查明和预防非法跨界携带现金和无记名可转让票据的最佳做法论文和世界海关组织关于反洗钱和资助恐怖主义行为的执法指南。", "261.　决议还指示会员国采取必要步骤，防止恐怖行为的实施。在边境管制方面，各国已在以下三个重要领域取得显著进展：保障全球贸易供应链、民用航空和海上航行的安全。各国在继续加强国际供应链的安全，为此它们实施了国际海关标准，并表示打算实施国际海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》(迄今共有164个国家这样做)。《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》尤其规定了以下各方面的标准：保障全球供应链安全和提供便利、提倡肯定性和可预测性、对供应链的所有运输方式进行综合管理、加强海关当局之间的合作以改善查明高风险交运物的能力、加强海关与工商业的合作。", "262.　关于民用航空安全，多数国家已经批准《国际民用航空公约》，并在不同的程度上实施了公约关于保护国际民用航空以防范非法干扰行动的附件17以及附件9的有关安全规定。为此，国际民航组织根据普遍保安审计计划，对会员国的机场和航空设施进行审计，并酌情提出了补救措施。在本报告所述期间，国际民航组织在许多国家进行了普遍保安审计计划的第二周期审计和后续审计，并继续与各国一起，确保各国充分遵守有关标准。", "263.　关于海事安全, 各国实施海事组织的国际船舶和港口设施保安规则的情况普遍改善。该规则提供了评估风险的标准化统一框架，使各国政府能够确定其船舶和港口设施面临的风险和薄弱环节，对其进行适当的保安，并采取相应的安全措施。自从上一次调查以来，又有一些国家批准了《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》及其 2005年议定书，并批准了1988年《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书》及其 2005年议定书。最近出现了越来越多的内陆小国和小岛屿国家批准公约和议定书的倾向，前者或许是因为希望确立两国共认罪行，后者则因为其经济取决于航运、海洋商贸和旅游。", "264.　此外，海上犯罪(包括海盗行为)显著增加，内水也不例外。这迫使各国严加控制，以便保护战略性的航道，并保护国际供应链。据设想，释放被扣押的船只、货物和船员得到的赎金可能被用于资助恐怖团体或恐怖活动。此外，还担心出海的船只，无论有否被劫持，都可能被用于实施恐怖行动。为了使各国能够对漫长的海岸线进行充分巡逻，要求它们彼此合作，在海岸警卫队、海军和海关当局之间交流信息和进行监测。最近建立的海岸警卫队网络就是这种合作的典范。该网络的目的是在西中非海事组织的主持并在国际海事组织的协助下，加强西非和中非执法机构之间的合作。", "265.　各国继续按照《小武器问题行动纲领》的有关规定，进一步控制小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物的跨界流动。该《行动纲领》力求控制小武器和轻武器的进出口和转口，防止非法中介、贩运和转移，并制定武器的标识、跟踪、最终用户证书、记录保存和安全储存方案。一些区域还缔结具体协定，控制这些武器的进出口和转口。", "266.　各国还继续采取切实措施，防止并制止恐怖分子的跨界流窜。《联合国跨国有组织犯罪公约》的三个补充议定书中有两个——《打击贩运人口议定书》和《打击偷运移民议定书》——也是这方面的主要文书。自从上一次调查以来，已有11个国家新加入《打击贩运人口议定书》，八个国家新加入《打击偷运移民议定书》。1951年《难民公约》是确定申请人是否符合难民地位条件的重要工具，并且为筛查与恐怖主义和其他严重犯罪行为的可能联系提供了依据。在本报告所述期间，没有国家新加入1951年《难民公约》。联合国人权机制继续对未充分遵守不驱回难民原则表示关切。有些国家将难民和其他人驱回他们很有可能遭受酷刑或迫害的国家。", "267.　切实执行边境管制措施的资金不足，因此需要增加人力资源和物质资源以及能力建设方面的投入。此外，上文在评估各次区域时，几乎无一例外地强调需要通过交流信息、汇集资源和共同加强能力的方式，合作管理边界。邻国在边境管制方面的合作与协调对于在开放和管理松懈的漫长边界沿线提供有效的监视和保卫尤其重要。许多时候，国家缺乏必要的资源，或在巡逻、检查和与邻国联合行动方面的积极性不够，也没有在地方一级积极实施社区警务。在开放的边境采取这些措施，并以创新的合作与援助方式解决这些关切问题，将有助于提高边境管制的效力。反恐怖主义委员会执行局已在若干区域帮助举办关于管理边境管制的讲习班，并计划今后继续这样做。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "268. 会员国应：", "(a) 通过评估风险、交换和分析情报并在官方的边境口岸以及开放边界或管制松懈的边界沿线开展国际合作，实施更积极的预防、核查和检测程序；", "(b) 采取行动确保原始证件的可靠性和制作机器可读旅行证件时的签发过程安全性，并在出入境检查站安装读取这些证件所需的设备；", "(c) 改进其与国家和国际执法数据库和观察清单的连接，以便在边境口岸检测可能与犯罪组织和恐怖组织有牵连的个人。", "269. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 继续推动会员国采纳和实施关于海关、军备控制、航空安全和海事安全的国际标准与建议措施；", "(b) 通过信息共享和合作努力，鼓励在边境管理领域开展区域合作，并尽可能在开放的边界实施更全面的控制措施，包括与邻国的联合举措；", "(c) 继续与国际和区域组织及会员国携手合作，让出入境检查站的执法机构能够更多存取和联接国家和国际犯罪和反恐数据库。", "E. 国际合作", "270. 反恐领域国际合作的一个重要组成部分，是批准16项国际反恐文书并将其转换为国内法和惯例。自从上次调查以来，又增加了65份批准书。1999年《制止资助恐怖主义公约》现有173个缔约国(比以前增加四个)。自从上次调查以来，与核材料有关的国际文书也增加了相当一批批准书：1980年《核材料实物保护公约》现有145个缔约国(比以前增加四个)。在本审议期间，17个缔约国批准了2005年《核材料实物保护公约修正案》，该公约现有45个缔约国。2005年《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》现有77个缔约国(比以前增加23个)。有两项文书的批准率仍很低：只有19个国家批准了2005年《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约议定书》，只有15个国家批准了2005年《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书》。绝大多数会员国已成为十项或十项以上文书的缔约国。然而，在批准水平上存在区域差异。为了使这些文书全面生效，各国应通过国内立法，将国际反恐文书列出的罪行具体定为刑事罪、设置适当的处罚并对界定的罪行确立管辖权，以确保嫌疑人得到引渡或起诉。", "271. 有效的国际合作是执行第1373(2001)号决议的中心内容，安理会在该决议中吁请会员国在信息交流、司法互助和引渡请求方面相互合作，并在拒绝向恐怖分子提供庇护方面相互合作。大多数区域的大多数国家现在均已采取法律和行政措施，特别是在互惠基础上应请求向其他国家提供法律援助和进行引渡。然而，南美、西亚、南亚和非洲的一些国家尚未制定有关法律。许多国家仍需要制定法律，使其能以更先进的司法和行政合作模式进行合作。", "272. 许多国家面临挑战的一个领域是在刑事事项法律互助方面的合作。即使各国之间存在就反恐事项进行合作的法律基础，实现具体合作仍然是一项挑战。这既有技术原因，又有政治原因。", "273. 一些区域已经发展了促进法律互助的有效和先进的区域合作文书和机制。通过利用国家间联合调查小组等工具，西欧还开发出了先进的信息交流系统。欧洲联盟的司法合作组织“欧洲司法协调机构”便是先进的司法合作网络的一个范例。不过，世界其他地区也已经或正在开发其他类型的司法合作网络，如伊比利亚-美洲法律援助网络、美洲组织的西半球刑事事项和引渡互助信息交流网络、英联邦联系人网络以及在印度洋地区和萨赫勒地区的司法合作区域平台。此类机制的发展在不同区域差异很大，非洲或亚洲的其他地区尚未建立司法合作网络。区域组织通过的关于法律互助和引渡的区域文书，对于改善其成员国之间的司法合作也有很大贡献。其他范例包括欧洲委员会通过的一个欧洲司法互助公约、[2] 东盟通过的一个司法互助条约[3] (有9个缔约国)以及独联体加入的提供法律互助和引渡合作的《明斯克公约》。[4] 在东非，伊加特通过了一项关于引渡和法律互助的公约。2008年，关于执行国际反恐文书的非洲法语国家司法部长第五次会议通过了《拉巴特宣言》，其中包括《反恐司法互助和引渡公约》，迄今已有17个成员国签署了这项公约，并获1个国家的批准。", "274. 引渡恐怖分子仍然面临着诸多障碍，既不顺利，也不简单。引渡程序十分繁琐、缓慢、消耗资源。各国仍时常会以各种拒绝理由(如“政治性罪行”例外)拒绝移送。欧洲联盟的欧洲逮捕证提供了一个替代传统引渡的有效办法，可以开展直接接触并赋予司法当局权力。但是，世界上其他许多地区仍然依赖于需要由行政机关和司法机关实施干预的进程。尊重有关人权义务的需要，也构成了额外的挑战。", "275. 2009年，反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局向会员国介绍了有效引渡被指控的恐怖分子所面临的实际和法律障碍。这促成委员会通过了《关于国际合作的政策指导》(S/AC.40/2010/PG.3)，确定了其今后在这一领域开展工作的整套行动。", "276. 许多机构通过国际或区域非司法组织(包括欧洲刑警组织和申根信息系统的海关信息系统)开展合作。许多国家还是埃格蒙特集团的成员，该集团推动各个金融情报中心之间开展信息交流。许多国家与双边和多边伙伴合作开发了某种形式的预警安排，以协助预测和防止恐怖袭击。一些安排还包括就即将实施的恐怖袭击共享情报。其他安排涉及到定期交流业务信息，以促进灵活机动性和防止恐怖活动。某些安排还更进一步，将资源共享也纳入其中，以确定潜在的威胁并应对恐怖主义行为。", "277. 委员会与区域组织和该领域的其他参与者积极合作，以加强会员国相互合作的能力。开发现代工具、最佳做法、文书和机制可能有助于各区域和次区域加强国际合作。区域和次区域之间相互分享经验可能也十分有益。在实际层面上，一些国家在就刑事事项开展有效合作方面面临重大挑战。一些受访国仍然缺乏合作的基本工具，包括人力资源和技术设备领域的工具。许多受访国家由于缺乏培训和技术技能，面临合作上的困难。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "278. 会员国应：", "(a) 作为优先事项，通过利用本国已加入的文书、进一步发展双边合作、更新国内立法并加入更多有关法律互助和引渡问题的区域和国际公约，更加积极地参与涉及恐怖主义案件的法律互助和引渡；", "(b) 采取行动向其他国家提供尽可能多的涉及恐怖主义案件的援助，在不同法律体系之间搭建桥梁；", "(c) 通过参与相关的区域合作网络，推动主管当局之间迅速开展信息交流和更好的合作。", "279. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 继续提醒会员国有义务根据本国已加入的适用国际反恐文书进行引渡或起诉，并提醒会员国有义务确保不把出于政治动机的主张作为拒绝引渡被控恐怖分子的请求的理由；", "(b) 与各国和禁毒办预防恐怖主义处携手合作，就刑事调查、法互助和引渡事项中有关请求和提供援助的程序问题，推广最佳做法并促成司法和执法机构成员和其他有关公务员的能力建设和培训；", "(c) 就有效实施合作的现代工具、最佳做法、文书和机制问题，包括在没有现有区域机制的地区创建网络的问题，继续与国际、区域和次区域组织协作，特别是与禁毒办预防恐怖主义处协作。", "F. 人权", "280. 安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议重申各国必须确保为打击恐怖主义而采取的一切措施均符合国际法，尤其是国际人权法、难民发和人道主义法为其规定的所有义务。安理会还强调，应一致和公平地处理所有所有与执行该决议有关的人权问题。在许多国家，如何在有效反恐的同时遵守人权义务的问题仍然是各方争辩的议题，在一些情况下还引发了争议。这未必是一个值得关切的问题，因为反恐所带来的特殊挑战可能需要作出创新性的回应，值得公众给予仔细考量。不过，虽然人权法确实在应对安全挑战方面赋予了一定灵活性，但各国在任何情况下都必须尊重某些核心原则，包括必要性、相称性、合法性和非歧视的原则。各国还有义务在任何时候都必须尊重国际法规定的不可克减的权利或已经取得强制法地位的权利，例如所有人都有免遭酷刑和禁止被迫失踪的权利。", "281. 一些国家响应安全理事会以及有关人权和反恐的其他国际和区域机构的呼吁，并已采取措施作出回应，例如审查本国法律框架是否符合人权义务，加强培训和提高认识的举措，并建立监督机制以帮助执法和情报机构在实践中确保尊重人权。许多国家还采取行动加强本国司法机关的作用和效能，这是保证对恐怖主义威胁采取基于法治的应对措施的关键。其他措施，如考虑批准更多的国际人权文书、采用社区警务模式、让各个社区参与制定适当的政策等，都可以成为以人权为核心的全面反恐战略的一部分。", "282. 尽管出现了这些积极的迹象，但世界各地仍然持续存在反恐背景下严重侵犯人权的关切。最近引发注意的一个问题是，一些国家根据指称的恐怖主义威胁实施了紧急状态或其他特别状态。对于《公民及政治权利国际公约》或有关区域文书的缔约国而言，紧急措施的适用有着严格的要求，在任何情况下都不得侵犯不可克减的权利，例如上述《公约》第4条所列的权利。在与实行紧急措施的国家进行对话时，反恐怖主义委员会提及了各国际机制提出的关切，并提出了一些问题，如实施的措施是否合法，是否绝对必要并与威胁相称，且符合其他法律义务等。一些国家最近开始审查或终止紧急状态，这样做意义重大。", "283. 鉴于反恐调查和起诉所带来的不同寻常的挑战，一些国家已拟议或颁布了有别于标准刑事或行政程序的特别措施。此类措施有时会发生在预防性行动的背景下，如恐怖主义行为据称仍处于筹备阶段时。例如，有些国家延长了调查或审前羁押的容许时限，或对获得律师协助的权利施加限制。显然，在处理恐怖主义案件时出现了特别的挑战，可能有必要采取额外措施。但是，联合国机制对此表示关注，认为这些规定可能不符合缔约国的国际人权义务。例如，就特殊侦查手段而言，联合国机制表达的关注是：此类手段并非总是受到充分的限制和司法监督，有可能侵犯私隐权。对公平审判权的尊重也是受到各方关注的话题，尤其是在涉及到使用声称与国家安全相关的情报或证据时。联合国机制还对使用预防性拘留或行政拘留及管制命令提出了严重关切，因为所有这些措施都涉及在没有刑事定罪的情况下对自由权利实施限制。", "284. 一些国家关于恐怖主义罪行的定义过于模糊或宽泛，这对有效执行第1373 (2001)号决议继续构成挑战。据报道，与恐怖主义有关的控告或刑事指控经常针对从事国际人权法保护的行为(如行使表达自由、良心自由和集会自由)的个人。联合国机制、区域法院和其他机构还对据称在法律依据不明或不公的情况下指认恐怖分子、冻结资产和其他措施提出问题，在某些情况下，这些措施还没有充足和有效的补救办法。关于如何精确界定恐怖主义行为，包括从属犯罪，以避免违反合法性原则或侵犯人权，这方面的挑战仍然是委员会和一些国家之间讨论的话题。", "285. 一些国家是在武装冲突的背景下采取反恐措施的，这就产生了是否遵守国际人道主义法的问题。在此类情况下使用致命武力必须尊重区分原则和相称原则，违规行为应受到问责。据称，一些国家的军队违反战争法和人权法，实施了即决处决或法外杀人。一些国家仍在使用军事法庭审判恐怖主义案件，这同样造成了人权方面的关切。", "286. 安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议提醒各国，采取有效的反恐措施和尊重人权是相辅相成、相互促进的，这也是反恐努力取得成功的一个重要因素。决议还指出，要有效打击恐怖主义，就必须尊重法治。因此，委员会仍有必要就如何有效执行第1373(2001)号决议与各国开展对话，以期解决这些问题。安理会第1963(2010)号决议还回顾了《联合国全球反恐战略》(大会第60/288号决议)第一支柱所概述的消除有利于恐怖主义蔓延的条件的必要性，包括促进法治、保护人权和基本自由、善治、宽容和包容性的必要性。安理会在着重处理煽动实施恐怖主义行为所造成的威胁的安全理事会第1624(2005)号决议中强调，各国必须确保为实施该决议而采取的任何措施均须符合根据国际法(包括根据国际人权法)承担的所有义务。", "287. 各国将所有这些问题更充分地考虑在内的方法之一是将其纳入全面统筹的国家反恐战略，并在战略中重视导致恐怖主义活动的因素。安理会第1963(2010)号决议鼓励反恐怖主义委员会执行局在征得会员国同意后安排与其举行各种形式的会议，包括举行会议审议有关此类战略的咨询意见。安理会还建议酌情与民间社会和其他有关的非政府行为体开展互动，努力监测第1373(2001)号决议的执行情况。这些建议将继续指导委员会今后与会员国开展的对话。", "关于如何切实执行决议的建议", "288. 会员国应：", "(a) 继续确保为打击恐怖主义而采取的任何措施均符合根据国际法(特别是国际人权法、难民法和人道主义法)承担的所有义务；", "(b) 考虑制订全面统筹的国家反恐战略，并纳入以下方面的计划：改善国际人权义务的遵守情况；酌情让有关政府当局和其他实体(如私营部门、国家人权机构、民间社会和媒体)参与其中；", "(c) 努力确保将人权培训酌情纳入参与实施包括预防、调查、羁押和起诉在内的所有阶段反恐措施的所有官员的职业发展和提高认识方案。", "289. 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应：", "(a) 在评估各国执行第1373(2001)号决议情况的工作中，继续考虑有关人权的关切问题，并将此类关切问题列为与各国对话时的讨论内容；", "(b) 继续确定各国在加强体制和加强法治方面的需要，并以积极的方式将人权和法治问题纳入到其给各国的技术援助建议之中，以期加强将恐怖分子绳之以法的国家制度，并改进国际合作；", "(c) 将人权问题更有效地纳入其传播战略中，以驳斥这样一种误解，即委员会的工作没有将人权问题考虑在内。", "附件", "重要反恐文书", "《关于在航空器内的犯罪和犯有某些其他行为的公约》，1963年", "《关于制止非法劫持航空器的公约》(1970年)", "《关于制止危害民用航空安全的非法行为的公约》，1971年(为2010年《制止与国际民用航空有关的非法行为的公约》所取代)", "《关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约》，1973年", "《反对劫持人质国际公约》，1979年", "《核材料实物保护公约》，1980年", "《制止在用于国际民用航空的机场发生的非法暴力行为的议定书》，1988年(为2010年《关于制止危害民用航空安全的非法行为的公约》所取代)", "《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》，1988年", "《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书》，1988年", "《关于在可塑炸药中添加识别剂以便侦测的公约》，1991年", "《制止恐怖主义爆炸的国际公约》，1997年", "《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》，1999年", "《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》，2005年", "《核材料实物保护公约修正案》，2005年", "《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约的议定书》，2005年", "《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书的议定书》，2005年", "《联合国全球反恐战略》(大会第60/288号决议)", "《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》(2001年", "1944年《国际民用航空公约》(《芝加哥公约》)(特别是附件17和附件9与安全有关的条款)", "1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》(2002年修正)及其2005年议定书", "1951年《关于难民地位的公约》及其1967年议定书", "《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》，2000年", "《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的补充议定书》，2000年", "《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》", "《关于打击洗钱和恐怖主义筹资的执法指南》", "《关于简化和协调海关业务制度的京都公约修订本》，1999年", "[1] 西非和中部非洲是两个次区域。不过，为了本次调查的目的，对这两个次区域一并进行评估。这并不反映在非洲采用的经济和政治分组情况。", "[2] 《欧洲联盟成员国刑事事项互助公约》，2000年。", "[3] 《刑事事项司法互助条约》，2004年。", "[4] 《关于民事、家庭及刑事事项法律援助和法律关系的公约》，1994年。" ]

[ "2011年8月17日安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的第1373(2001)号决议所设委员会主席给秘书长的信", "谨提及安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议并向安全理事会提交关于安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议执行情况的最新全球调查,供其审议(见附件)。", "调查由反恐怖主义委员会执行局根据截至2011年5月的资料编写。 报告评估了区域和次区域执行第1373(2001)号决议的情况,并总结了在关键专题领域执行该决议的进展情况。", "调查评估了风险和威胁的演变以及执行的影响。 决议执行工作的差距已经查明,并提出了执行该决议的新的实际办法。", "请将本函及其附件作为安全理事会文件分发为荷。 常驻代表", "安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的 第1373(2001)号决议 所设委员会主席", "页:1", "会员国执行安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议情况全球调查", "目录", "页次\n缩略语. 3\n一、导言. 4\n区域\nA. 非洲. 8\n北非 第8条\n东非. 12\n南部非洲\n中非\nB. 亚洲. 25\n亚太 28\n群岛 东南 32\n亚洲 南亚\n中亚 40个亚洲和中亚\n高加索西部 44\n亚洲 C. 拉丁语 49\n中美洲 49\n加勒比南部\n美国 D. Europe 56和North\n美国\n东南欧 56\n东欧 60个西欧、北65个美洲\n国家三。 按专题分列的评估\n区域\n71B. 反资助\nC. 第76号法律\nD. 边界 79\nE. 国际. 83\nF. 人类. 86\n权利\n附件 关键反恐 89\n文书", "简称", "东盟 东南亚国家联盟\n东盟警察首长协会\nCIS 独立国家联合体\n欧洲委员会恐怖主义问题专家委员会\n集体安全条约组织\n中非经共体 中非国家经济共同体\n西非经共体 西非国家经济共同体\n欧洲司法组织欧洲联盟司法合作股\n欧洲刑警组织 欧洲警察组织\n欧洲对外边境业务合作管理局\n海合会 海湾合作委员会\n国际民用航空组织\n伊加特 政府间发展管理局\n劳工组织 国际劳工组织\n货币基金组织 国际货币基金组织\n国际海事组织(海事组织)\n国际刑警组织\n1974年《海上人命安全公约》的国际船舶和港口设施安全守则 公约\nMOWCA 西非和中非海事组织\n北大西洋公约组织\n美洲国家组织(美洲组织)\n欧安组织 欧洲安全与合作组织\n巴布亚新几内亚 太平洋岛屿非政府组织协会\n南盟 南亚区域合作联盟\n南共体 南部非洲发展共同体\n《海上人命安全公约》,1974年\n难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处\nUSAP 民航组织全球安全审计方案\nWAEMU 西非经济和货币联盟\n海关组织 世界海关组织\n海关组织 海关组织", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 这份关于会员国执行安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议情况的全球调查报告是反恐怖主义委员会执行局根据安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议的要求编写的,该决议要求委员会执行局更新2009年11月发布的上一份调查报告(S/2009/620)。", "2. 联合国 安理会第1963(2010)号决议还表示打算于2011年9月28日召开一次向广大联合国会员国开放的反恐怖主义委员会特别会议,以纪念第1373(2001)号决议通过十周年。 理事会将本调查与该次会议上将举行的讨论联系起来,并请求在2011年6月30日之前编写。", "3个 安理会还要求,除了记录第1373(2001)号决议的执行情况外,调查还应按区域评估风险和威胁的演变情况;查明执行方面的差距;并就如何消除这些差距提出建议。", " 4.四. 调查依靠根据会员国提供的资料和最新情况汇编的数据;国别访问报告(委员会访问的60多个国家);区域讲习班;以及国际、区域和次区域组织提供的资料。 委员会执行局为所有192个会员国编写的执行情况初步评估报告也记录了这些数据。 与以往版本一样,本调查由委员会执行局专家根据他们对截至2011年4月所提供资料的专业判断而编写。", "5 (韩语). 调查的重点是该决议所处理的主要专题领域,特别是:反恐立法、打击资助恐怖主义行为、执法、边境管制和国际合作。 它还考虑到与决议要求有关的保护人权问题。 由于专家们确定了评估这些领域所取得进展的其他标准,因此从2009年的调查来看,每个区域关于执法和边境管制的章节总体上都得到了扩展。", "6. 调查的第二节对按区域和分区域分列的第1373(2001)号决议的执行情况进行了评估,这与以往的调查相同。 用于调查的区域和次区域司不一定反映联合国或其他国际或区域组织所使用的经济和政治集团。 第二节还概述了取得的进展,确定了区域优势和脆弱性,并提出了一些领域,在这些领域中,采取区域或次区域办法可能会使面临特殊执行困难的国家集团受益。 本调查部分提到在某些领域取得显著进展的具体国家。 然而,不提及其他国家这一事实不应被理解为对其执行产生消极影响。", "7. 第三节规定了实施决议各项规定所应采用的一般标准和建议做法,并介绍了在关键专题领域执行该决议的总体全球趋势。 这个专题部分可能对一般读者更有用,因为它更全面地描述了自决议通过以来,国际社会如何在应对恐怖主义挑战方面取得最广泛进展。", "8. 联合国 在每一节结束时,会员国、委员会及其执行局可采取三项优先建议,以采取实际步骤,加强决议在每个次区域或专题领域的执行。 希望这些建议也将对从事反恐工作的其他国际组织和双边捐助者有用。", "9. 国家 调查的附件载有重要的反恐文书清单。", "一般性意见", "10个 安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议完全保留其主题性,仍然是联合国在反恐领域的一项重要文件。 自第1373(2001)号决议通过以来的十年中,这一全球努力取得了很大进展。 该决议使会员国之间就国际恐怖主义所构成的威胁和有效对付恐怖主义的手段加强了团结和对话。 这一积极趋势还得益于安全理事会与恐怖主义有关的其他附属机构的工作,以及大会2006年通过的《联合国全球反恐战略》(第60/288号决议)和反恐执行工作队的相关工作。", "11个 根据最容易量化的措施——自决议通过以来国际反恐文书的批准率——的评估,会员国已明确显示对国际合作的政治承诺有所增加。 例如,2001年9月28日,共有50个国家签署了1999年《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》(下称《制止向恐怖主义提供资助公约》),4个国家成为缔约国,到2001年底,又有82个国家签署了该公约,另有12个国家成为缔约国。 截至2011年5月1日,《制止向恐怖主义提供资助公约》缔约国总数为173个。 举个例子:2001年9月28日,1997年《制止恐怖主义爆炸的国际公约》缔约国数目为28个,而到2011年5月1日,该数目已增加到164个。", "12. 其他领域也出现了积极的事态发展。 大多数国家现在已采取步骤,根据决议和有关国际文书规定的义务,在国内法和条例中将恐怖主义行为定为犯罪。 许多国家设立了金融情报机构和其他机制,以更有效地防范资助恐怖主义行为。 新的边界安全制度,如按照国际民用航空组织(民航组织)的要求,在大多数国家加强货物检查和采用机器可读旅行证件,使恐怖分子的跨国活动严重复杂化。 各国之间的信息交流有所改善,而且似乎现在更系统地开展司法协助。 其中许多进展是由于双边捐助者、联合国系统各机构和其他方面继续致力于提供同各国执行该决议有关的技术援助。", "13个 过去十年的进展使自2001年9月以来困扰国际社会的某些恐怖主义网络受到削弱。 在一些国家,基地组织被进一步推入地下,其一些成员要么成功起诉、定罪和判刑,要么成为刑事诉讼的对象。 国际合作还帮助起诉活跃在世界不同地区的其他恐怖主义团体,包括安全理事会关于基地组织和塔利班及有关个人和实体的第1267(1999)号决议所设委员会综合名单上的团体。 全世界提高警惕和进行有效的警察和情报工作,挫败了一些恐怖主义阴谋,使其得以实施,因此无疑挽救了许多生命。", "14个 然而,在世界许多地区,恐怖主义的威胁仍然很大。 由于一些恐怖主义网络被打乱,另一些网络改变了其运作方法。 例如,正如制裁基地组织和塔利班委员会监察组所指出,伊斯兰马格里布基地组织从绑架勒索中筹集了大笔资金,而且南美洲毒品生产者越来越多地使用萨赫勒的走私路线,也从中获益(见S/2011/245)。 据报告,南亚和中亚的一些团体也越来越多地把武器和毒品走私作为收入来源。 恐怖主义集团也在利用某些国家的持续和(在某些情况下)加剧的不稳定,这使得它们能够减少对政府当局破坏的恐惧。 此外,尽管乌萨马·本·拉丹已经死亡,而且这可能会给基地组织领导人造成相当大的破坏,但该组织仍然是一支强大而危险的势力。 其部分原因是它与伊斯兰马格里布基地组织和阿拉伯半岛基地组织等团体结盟,以及它继续有能力激励其他团体和个人计划在世界所有地区发动攻击。", "15个 恐怖主义团体和个人越来越多地利用新的信息和通信技术进行招募、煽动和筹资,往往跨越国际边界,造成了一种特别的威胁。 因特网已证明是一个宝贵的恐怖主义工具,因为在监测和管制其内容方面存在着相当大的技术和法律挑战。 一个网站因据称非法内容被封锁或被禁用,往往可以在数小时内在网络的其他地方重新启用。 互联网和其他新的通信技术的管制必然受到各国尊重言论自由权利这一国际人权法基石的义务的限制。 然而,第1373(2001)号决议要求各国制止招募恐怖分子,而安全理事会第1624(2005)号决议呼吁各国禁止和防止煽动实施恐怖行为。 这些问题今后将继续构成挑战。", "16号. 正如本调查所显示的,国际反恐努力在各国执行第1373(2001)号决议的其他领域仍然存在差距。 全面履行根据引渡或起诉原则将恐怖分子绳之以法的义务,需要更多的国家通过执行立法,并加强在引渡不可行的情况下起诉恐怖主义案件的承诺。 一些国家需要进一步加强其司法系统,以完全按照法治进行恐怖主义起诉。 保障漏洞多的陆地和海洋边界的问题对许多国家来说仍然是一项重大挑战,这主要是由于资源限制。", "17岁。 在打击资助恐怖主义行为方面也存在挑战,包括需要更有效地监测新的支付方法、非正规货币和价值转移系统以及使用现金运送人。 还需要更有效地防止滥用非营利组织,同时确保监管与风险相称,而不是任意适用。", "18岁。 在几乎所有区域,各国在确保其反恐措施符合国际法,包括国际人权法、难民法和人道主义法规定的所有义务方面继续面临挑战。 最后,许多国家面临一系列其他问题,例如相互竞争的发展优先事项、有限的培训机会以及对政府预算的持续压力等,这些问题影响到它们在执行该决议方面取得的进展。", " 19. 19. 自第1373(2001)号决议通过以来的十年中,人们日益认识到,虽然执法措施是该决议的核心,但有效对策必然包括法律和社会政策的其他方面。 恐怖主义必须首先被理解为一种罪行,在任何情况下都是没有道理的。 然而,它也是以不人道、可憎和不可接受的方式表达的冤情的表现。 面对恐怖主义,不仅安全机构,而且整个社会都必须下定决心,加强不同文明之间的对话并拓宽了解,提高对恐怖主义受害者所受苦难的认识,以及在许多领域采取的政策,包括发展、教育、社会融合和人权。 正如反恐怖主义委员会与国际、区域和次区域组织最近于2011年4月同欧洲委员会合作在法国斯特拉斯堡举行的特别会议所确认,预防至关重要。", "20号. 在这方面,重要的是,安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议鼓励反恐怖主义委员会执行局同会员国讨论是否可能按照国际法规定的义务,在征得其同意后,制定全面和综合的国家反恐战略,包括注意导致恐怖活动的因素。 同样相关的是,安理会第1963(2010)号决议强调区域和次区域组织在打击恐怖主义方面可以发挥的作用,特别是加强会员国充分执行第1373(2001)号决议的能力并便利提供技术援助。 这两种办法对于应对恐怖主义挑战至关重要。", "21岁 虽然在过去十年中确实取得了进展,但显然,要使会员国和区域免受恐怖主义的威胁,仍有许多工作要做。", "二. 按区域分列的评估", "A. 非洲", "北非(阿尔及利亚、埃及、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、毛里塔尼亚、摩洛哥、苏丹和突尼斯)", "委员会访问了该次区域的五个国家。", "一般性评论", "22号. 北非比非洲其他次区域遭受了更严重的恐怖主义之害,并采取了各种法律和业务方法来应对。 所有北非国家都通过了立法反恐措施。 然而,这些措施往往缺乏国际反恐文书对犯罪行为的准确定义。 这可能引起对人权和法治的关切。 已经获得反恐专门知识并采取创新办法,无论是防止进一步招募潜在恐怖分子,还是防止可能导致暴力的激进化。", "23. 联合国 北非最近的政治和安全事态发展可能导致一些国家重新审视现行战略,特别是为了确保遵守法治和解决人权问题,同时保持该区域打击恐怖主义等严重罪行的能力。", "24 (韩语). 作为一项一般性意见,可以更好地协调分区域的执法措施,特别是在业务一级,并应受到司法监督。 漫长的海洋和开放的陆地边界继续对边境管制构成挑战。", "评估领域", "立法", "25岁 所有受访国都制定了立法,赋予其司法、检察和执法当局打击恐怖主义所需的权限。 刑法,加上特别立法,在将被指控的恐怖主义罪犯提交法院时,主要依靠刑法。 一些国家成功地对恐怖主义进行了起诉。 然而,一些国家继续使用过于宽泛的恐怖主义定义,建议它们根据国际反恐文书,将恐怖主义罪行编入本国刑法。 一些受访国正在采取这种做法,它们正在制定新的立法,以加强遵守国际人权法规定的义务。 例如,2009年,突尼斯修订了第2003-75号法,将煽动实施恐怖行为定为刑事犯罪,以便将“煽动仇恨”和“宗教激进化”与恐怖主义罪行区分开来。 阿尔及利亚最近解除了紧急状态。 受访国将招募人员从事恐怖行为和为恐怖分子提供安全避难所定为犯罪行为,并已为此采取行动措施。 所有受访国都将利用其领土实施或准备针对其他国家公民、设施和外交代表的恐怖行为定为犯罪。 他们还认为,针对这些目标的任何恐怖行为都是危害本国安全的行为。 然而,各国应以同样方式将针对另一国所实施的行为定为刑事犯罪。 简言之,即使与该国没有直接联系,也有必要将引渡或起诉原则(引渡或起诉)纳入国内法。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "26. 联合国 自上次调查以来,该次区域各国都取得了进展,所有国家都制定了反洗钱法。 突尼斯于2009年8月修订了反洗钱法,摩洛哥目前正在修订反洗钱法。 虽然所有国家都设立了金融情报单位,但只有埃及有一个全面运作的单位并是埃格蒙特小组的成员。 摩洛哥金融情报机构于2009年10月收到并处理了第一批可疑交易报告。 所有国家都是1999年《制止资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国,但只有一些国家根据《公约》将这一罪行定为犯罪。 这可能会损害它们在国际一级进行有效合作的能力。 突尼斯和阿拉伯利比亚民众国(分别于2009年和2010年)将客户尽职调查、记录保存和可疑交易报告义务扩大到其他指定的非金融企业和专业,从而扩大了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为义务的范围。 大多数国家都颁布了冻结资产的规定,尽管这些规定并不完全符合决议的要求,而且在某些情况下成功地冻结了恐怖分子的资产。 已经制定了管理慈善和非营利组织的法律,但并非所有国家都审查了其法律框架,以防止非营利部门被滥用于资助恐怖主义的目的。 自上次调查以来,突尼斯修改了反洗钱法,以加强有关捐款的审慎规则。 为管制货币跨界流动而采取的措施主要是为了解决外汇管制问题,而不是为了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义。", "执法", "27个 所有国家都依靠内政部或其他有关部委颁布的国内条例来规范其执法机构的工作。 受访国设立了专门的反恐单位和体制结构,有能力进行调查和利用相对先进的技术。 在受访国家,在政策一级有良好的机构间合作,这种“混乱”降到业务一级。 然而,内部协调,特别是信息交流的协调,主要是通过会议和个人接触进行的。 需要利用更多的技术手段来交流实时业务信息。 除了阿拉伯内政部长理事会的定期会议外,在分区域一级没有定期和制度化的业务信息交流。 设立国际刑事警察组织(国际刑警组织)北非分区域办事处将有助于改善该次区域各国之间的合作。 此外,所有国家都需要加强对执法活动的司法监督,以确保在调查与恐怖主义有关的案件时尊重人权,并防止执法人员逍遥法外。 该次区域若干国家最近的事态发展伴随着安全结构的改变。 例如,埃及和突尼斯都解散了被指责在反恐背景下侵犯人权的国家安全部门。 所有国家都已采取步骤来管制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让。 五个国家已经批准了《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的补充议定书》(下称《枪支议定书》)。", "边境管制", "28岁 访问国采取了措施,对旅行者进行筛查并检测伪造的旅行证件,包括在国际机场。 一些边境点仍然采用人工输入信息的做法。 一些国家的身份证件和旅行证件签发程序的安全和完整性可以改善。 该次区域大多数国家都遵守了民航组织规定的2010年4月采用机器可读旅行证件的最后期限。 所有受访国都使用国际刑警组织的数据库,一些国家正在采取步骤,将数据库扩大到边境站。 一些国家(如阿尔及利亚、埃及和突尼斯)已制定实际措施,以侦查货币和无记名可转让票据的出入境跨境运输。 这些措施包括申报表、报告无记名可转让票据的义务以及海关官员授权扣押现金。", "29. 国家 除一个国家外,所有国家都是1951年《关于难民地位的公约》(下称《难民公约》)及其1967年《议定书》的缔约国。 然而,联合国人权机制对未能充分遵守不驱回原则表示关切。 在所有国家,特别是在南部边界,可以加强防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的措施。 阿尔及利亚努力解决这一问题,2009年在Tamanrasset增设了第四旅边防警卫。 六个国家是《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的议定书》(下称《贩运人口议定书》)的缔约国,五个国家是《关于打击陆、海、空偷运移民的议定书》(下称《偷运移民议定书》)的缔约国。 除一人外,所有人都表示有意执行世界海关组织(海关组织)《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》并启动了这一进程。 马格里布海关合作理事会于2010年4月成立,培训中心设在世界海关组织区域情报和联络处所在地卡萨布兰卡。", "30岁。 4个国家已执行了《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》(2001年)(下称《小武器行动纲领》)。 2010年,除一个国家外,该次区域所有国家都就《行动纲领》的执行情况向联合国提交了补充报告。 在海事安全方面,所有受访国都执行了国际海事组织(海事组织)《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》(1974年《海上人命安全公约》修正案)。 然而,有人担心,关于安全措施执行和测试的最新情况不规则,在受访国家的港口设施实施安保做法方面存在差距。 1944年《国际民用航空公约》(《芝加哥公约》)附件17和有关安全规定继续在所有国家得到实施。 在阿拉伯利比亚民众国,2009年10月26日批准了国家民用航空安全方案。 自上次调查以来,阿尔及利亚、阿拉伯利比亚民众国、毛里塔尼亚和摩洛哥接受了国际民航组织全球安全审计计划(安全审计计划)的第二周期任务。", "国际合作", "31岁 该次区域批准国际反恐文书的程度相对较高。 2010年,阿尔及利亚、摩洛哥和突尼斯加入一项或多项新的国际文书,阿尔及利亚成为该次区域第一个批准所有文书的国家。 然而,如上所指出,一些国家依赖过于宽泛的恐怖主义法律定义,这可能给国际合作带来困难。 几乎所有国家都需要颁布关于司法协助和引渡的法律。 一般而言,各国在阿拉伯国家联盟有关机构、其公约(该次区域批准率高)和双边条约的框架内开展合作。 需要改进信息交流并增强同其他区域国家的合作。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "32. 国家 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 加强法律框架并采取步骤进一步保护其非营利组织,包括审查其法律框架是否充分,并提高其金融情报单位的能力;", "(b) 继续加强入境点和开放边界沿线的边界安全,以防止和制止恐怖分子货物和武器/爆炸物以及货币和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动,并落实民航组织、海事组织和世界海关组织等专门机构所制定的最佳国际准则和标准;", "加强警察活动的司法监督方案,并促使与相关国际和区域机制继续对话,以确保在反恐背景下遵守国际人权义务。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 更积极地同有关区域组织(例如非洲恐怖主义问题研究中心、非洲联盟和阿拉伯国家联盟)接触,着重为克服挑战和更好地执行第1373(2001)号决议而开展的活动;", "(b) 与受访国建立密切对话,特别是鉴于该次区域目前的事态发展,在此基础上继续努力;", "(c) 更积极地同该次区域各国接触,包括进行后续访问,并借此机会同有关国家的官员举行双边会议。", "东非(布隆迪、科摩罗、吉布提、厄立特里亚、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、马达加斯加、莫桑比克、卢旺达、塞舌尔、索马里、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国)", "委员会访问了该次区域的四个国家。", "一般性评论", "34. 国家 由于非洲之角持续的政治不稳定和各种武装团体的活动,东非次区域面临的恐怖主义威胁仍然很大。 积极的方面是,2009年,政府间发展管理局(伊加特)反恐能力建设方案通过了关于引渡和司法协助的公约,加强了会员国反恐合作的法律框架,从而加强了国家和区域安全。", "35. 联合国 该次区域面临重大的边境管制挑战(如海盗和其他海上犯罪的持续威胁),使可用于打击恐怖主义的资源枯竭。 长而基本上开放的陆地和海洋边界继续对各国政府构成重大挑战。 边界划定和边界社区处置问题使次区域一些地区的有效边界管理复杂化。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 通过更有效地协调执法工作并改进次区域信息交流,将加强该次区域的反恐努力。", "评估领域", "立法", "37. 联合国 所有国家都制定了一些立法措施,但这些措施并未将国际反恐文书的罪行充分纳入国内法。 在4个受访国家中,有2个国家尚未通过多年来一直在编写的反恐法律草案。 肯尼亚尽管在起诉方面面临挑战,但仍成功地对在其境内发生的恐怖行为进行了审判。 另外两个国家在五年多前提出了反恐怖主义法律,但没有报告相关的调查或起诉。 鉴于该次区域的脆弱性,需要采取更多步骤将招募定为刑事罪。 并非所有国家都提供了足够资料,说明其对恐怖主义行为的管辖权,尽管几乎所有国家都采取了部分措施,允许它们对在其领土上所犯下的罪行行使管辖权。 引渡或起诉原则没有在整个次区域适用,因为各国没有明确将其纳入国内法。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "38. 国家 9个国家是《资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国。 少数国家已通过适当立法,将资助恐怖主义定为犯罪,而其他国家则至少采取了部分措施。 大多数国家都制定了反洗钱法,但很少有国家制定了毫不拖延地冻结资金的立法和业务措施。 为检查报告实体制定定期现场方案,以确保遵守反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的要求,对一些国家构成重大挑战,因为这是一项资源密集型工作。 一些国家已经设立了金融情报单位,但尚未使其投入运作。 少数国家对资助恐怖主义规定了报告义务,但可疑交易报告很少。 该分区域有8个国家接受东部和南部非洲反洗钱小组、国际货币基金组织(货币基金组织)或世界银行进行的相互评价报告,但只有5个国家是小组成员。 除一个国家外,所有国家都制定了管理非营利组织的立法,但只有一个国家制定并有效执行了防止通过非营利组织资助恐怖主义的法律规定。 没有任何国家审查其非营利部门或对资助恐怖主义进行风险评估。 委员会的访问表明,该区域各国(主要是以现金为基础的经济体)需要加强对现金运送人的管制,对现金和无记名可转让票据的流动实行门槛要求,如果还没有这种要求的话。", "执法", "39. 联合国 绝大多数国家主要依靠刑事诉讼法规范其执法机构的工作。 几乎所有国家都缺乏开展有效调查或利用数据库和法证等先进工具的能力。 有些国家存在反恐和安全结构,目的是进行内部协调和研究恐怖主义。 肯尼亚设有国家反恐中心;坦桑尼亚联合共和国设有国家反恐中心;乌干达设有国家安全委员会。 如有必要,将通过将政策一级的协调“分解”到业务一级来增强内部协调。 信息交流将受益于技术改进(例如,通过建立数据库并将其与所有相关执法机构联系起来)。 可以通过东非警察局长合作组织和国际刑警组织内罗毕区域办事处等现有区域机构来进一步加强次区域合作。 主管司法当局和其他当局没有充分监督执法工作,以确保反恐措施符合法治和国家的国际人权义务。 该次区域近半数国家已采取步骤来管制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让,有六个国家已批准了《火器议定书》。 其余需要改进这方面的立法。 在大多数受访国家中,需要加强危机管理计划,以获取证据,防止次级炸弹的伤亡,并确保在发生重大恐怖袭击时充分撤离。", "边境管制", " 40. 40. 该次区域各国通常手工检查身份旅行证件。 几乎没有提供关于“养家者”证件或签发身份证和护照程序完整性的资料。 该次区域所有国家均在民航组织2010年4月的最后期限之前采用机器可读旅行证件。 然而,在该次区域,检查这些旅行证件的读者仍然不多。 虽然该次区域各国已设立国际刑警组织国家中心局,但由于能力不足和无法进入边境站,它们利用国际刑警组织的服务受到阻碍。 委员会对该区域的访问表明,各国需要通过制定风险指标和建立侦测方法的能力,加强执行立法,防止现金和无记名可转让票据的非法跨界流动。", "41. 国家 几乎所有国家都是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国,但联合国人权机制对一些国家为防范驱回而建立的法律框架不足表示关切。 移民处理程序/系统并不是在所有入境口岸都自动化的,监测观察名单的能力非常有限。 如有检测伪造、通信、获取和储存旅行者数据的设备,则需要购置或升级。 七个国家既是《贩运人口议定书》和《偷运移民议定书》的缔约国,监测该区域的货物流动也是一个重大挑战。 除两个国家外,所有国家都签署了意向书,以执行世界海关组织的《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》,但各国需要做更多的工作,以确保贸易链的安全,建设风险管理能力,并鼓励在边境站进行机构协调和信息交流。", "42. 国家 过去两年来,厄立特里亚、肯尼亚、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国向《小武器行动纲领》提交了报告。 除内陆国家外,所有国家都已指定了负责港口和船舶安全的国家机构,并依照《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》制定了安全计划。 在这方面需要进一步加强的措施包括执行1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》的其他方面,实施远程识别和跟踪系统,登记所有海员和船员,并依照国际劳工组织(劳工组织)的标准签发安全身份证件。", "43. 东帝汶 管制武器和爆炸物的法律没有关于武器经纪和中间商或武器过境的明确规定。 漏洞百出的边界继续对有效的边界管制构成挑战,应做更多的工作来制定区域办法和最佳做法(例如社区警务)来应对这些挑战。 肯尼亚、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国认识到,在这方面,与边界社区接触很重要,并就边界问题与社区领导人定期接触。 自上次调查公布以来,有四个国家接受了国际民航组织的第二个周期特派团,有两个国家接受了第一个周期后续特派团。", "国际合作", "44. 国家 国际文书的批准水平自2009年以来保持不变,差异很大。 一个国家是14个文书的缔约国,而一个邻国是无一缔约国。 很少有国家通过了关于引渡和司法协助的法律。 这限制了它们积极回应其他国家相关请求的能力。 如上文第34段所述,2009年,伊加特成员国的司法部长商定了引渡公约草案和司法协助公约,这些公约一旦得到全面执行,将加强东非一些国家在刑事事项上的合作。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "45. 国家 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 通过并执行全面而一致的国家反恐法律框架,并纳入国际反恐文书中列明的所有恐怖主义罪行,同时符合国际人权标准;", "(b) 加强政策和业务层面的内部协调;", "(c) 加强努力,加强入境点和边界开放沿线的边界安全,包括制定区域办法和最佳做法,如社区警务,以防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动,并依照国际最佳守则和做法,防止和制止货币和无记名可转让票据、货物和武器/爆炸物的实际跨界运输。", "46. 经常预算: 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 更积极地同有关区域组织(非洲联盟、东非共同体、东非警察局长合作组织、东部和南部非洲反洗钱小组和伊加特反恐能力建设方案)接触,并注重为克服不足和改进决议的执行而开展的活动;", "(b) 继续与该次区域各国进行密切对话,包括通过联合国办事处与面临威胁和挑战的特定国家进行对话,这些威胁和挑战可能影响这些国家以及该次区域其他国家打击恐怖主义的能力;", "(c) 继续积极主动地与该次区域接触,包括通过促进技术援助、组织讲习班和其他次区域活动(如2010年7月在内罗毕举行的边境管理讲习班),并落实各种举措,将从业人员和业务官员聚集在一起。", "南部非洲(安哥拉、博茨瓦纳、莱索托、马拉维、毛里求斯、纳米比亚、南非、赞比亚、津巴布韦和斯威士兰)", "委员会访问了该次区域的一个国家。", "一般性评论", "47. 国家 虽然南部非洲各国已承诺打击恐怖主义,但许多国家缺乏充分执行第1373(2001)号决议所需的技术和财政资源。 南部非洲的自然资源、跨界犯罪和过去冲突中小武器的可获性,使该分区域可能易受洗钱者、国际罪犯、毒贩和恐怖主义集团之害。", " 48. 48. 南部非洲会员国受益于南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织的倡议,该组织的重点是预防和打击跨界犯罪,包括武器和武器贩运(该次区域的一个重要问题)。 东部和南部非洲反洗钱小组在该次区域发挥着关键作用,因为它负责评估其成员国提出的反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义措施,并负责制定次区域政策和方案,以了解次区域在洗钱和资助恐怖主义方面的趋势并制订打击这些趋势的行动和解决办法。 南部非洲发展共同体(南共体)发展区域预警中心的努力令人鼓舞。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 一些国家认为难以履行其报告和执行义务,这也许是因为它们需要解决其他紧迫问题。 国际文书的批准率相差很大。 一些国家已经批准了10多份文书,但除两个国家外,所有国家都需要采取进一步行动,将这些文书充分纳入国内法。", " 50. 50. 由于该次区域非正规经济占主导地位,难以跟踪金融交易。 该次区域各国的现金经济很容易被资助恐怖主义和洗钱。 为了减少这一风险,应鼓励各国继续努力促进金融普惠,建立金融情报机构并使其运作,并审查非营利部门,以确保该部门不被滥用于资助恐怖主义等非法目的。 由于货币和无记名可转让票据的实际跨界运输也仍然容易被资助恐怖主义,因此需要通过采用申报表加强边境管制。", "51. 联合国 小武器的跨界流动和提供继续需要该次区域所有国家作出协调一致的反应。 与非洲其他地区一样,该次区域漫长的海上和陆地边界对边境管制构成挑战。", "评估领域", "立法", "52. (中文(简体) ). 在该分区域的10个国家中,只有毛里求斯和南非制定了全面的反恐立法,只有南非有在这一框架内进行起诉的经验。 联合国人权机制已对两个国家不当适用反恐措施表示关切。 有四个国家将招募恐怖分子定为犯罪行为,其余国家要么部分这样做,要么根本没有这样做。 有四个国家采取了适当的法律措施,将提供安全避难所定为犯罪行为;有四个国家部分这样做;有两个国家没有提供有关资料。 五个国家有立法措施,禁止利用其领土对其他国家或其公民实施或准备恐怖行为。 本次区域大多数国家所经历的法律挑战表明,继续需要鼓励各国将国际反恐文书充分纳入其国内立法,并发展起诉和司法机关处理反恐案件的机构能力。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "53. 联合国 该次区域有六个国家是《资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国。 4个国家将资助恐怖主义行为充分定为刑事犯罪,有3个国家根本没有这样做。 2010年7月,安哥拉颁布了立法,规定了打击洗钱和资助恐怖主义行为的预防和限制性措施。 2010年4月15日,安哥拉提交了加入东部和南部非洲反洗钱小组的申请。 大多数国家都制定了反洗钱立法,其中四个国家将资助恐怖主义列为上游犯罪。 大多数国家在毫不拖延地冻结资金的立法和业务措施方面继续面临挑战。 有六个国家制定了一些与报告义务有关的措施,包括资助恐怖主义的措施,但只有一个国家制定了适当的措施。 在大多数情况下,这些措施适用于银行,但不清楚这些措施是否涵盖其他金融和非金融业务和专业。", "54. 联合国 在采取措施建立金融情报机构方面取得了进展。 目前,有4个国家(马拉维、毛里求斯和南非)可被视为全面运作,其中3个国家(马拉维、毛里求斯和南非)也是埃格蒙特小组的成员。 毛里求斯和南非散发了可疑交易报告,结果对洗钱案件进行了一些调查和起诉。 有六个国家制定了一些立法措施,对非营利组织进行管理。 只有南非对其非营利组织的监管框架进行了审查。 但是,没有一个国家审查其非营利部门或进行风险评估,以确保非营利组织不被滥用于资助恐怖主义的目的。 六个国家已采取措施控制货币流动(申报制度)。 毛里求斯告知委员会,2009年《金融法》修订了其《海关法》,并于2009年10月1日引入了货币跨境运输申报制度,取代了以前的申报制度。 其余国家尚未提供这方面的充分资料。", "执法", "55. 国家 四个国家建立了专门的反恐机构,由适当的机构管理。 南非通过了一项打击恐怖主义的全面战略,并在其各机构之间建立了适当的合作、信息共享和行动协调水平。 2010年,毛里求斯在总理办公室设立了反恐怖主义股,由国家反恐怖主义委员会监督。 所有国家都是南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织的成员,因此能够分享预警信息。 会员国针对涉及被窃机动车辆、武器和弹药贩运以及毒品走私和贩运等犯罪开展了具体行动。 然而,只有受访国才有可能看到国际刑警组织国家中心局成功地将相关执法机构与国际刑警组织的信息来源联系起来。 2010年7月,南共体建立了区域预警中心,以改善其成员之间的沟通。 该中心由外交部、武装部队、警察以及国家安全和情报机构的代表组成。 这将帮助南共体成员国发现任何危机、冲突或自然灾害的迹象。 两个国家通过司法程序有效监督了执法活动。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 所有国家都采取了一些步骤来管制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让。 然而,除一个国家外,它们管制武器和爆炸物的立法没有关于武器经纪和经纪人、武器过境或安全理事会武器禁运的明确规定。 只有五个国家批准了《枪支议定书》。 《南共体管制火器、弹药和其他有关材料议定书》对南共体成员国具有约束力。 南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织在执行该议定书方面发挥了作用,并在这方面提出了若干建议,包括协调立法、能力建设、联合跨界行动、解除武装、复员、重返社会以及发展和销毁。 它还制订了执行南共体议定书的标准作业程序,并同若干成员国一起制订了有关建立统一数据库和火器标识的倡议。 南非通过了一项管理火器的五大支柱战略并参与了消除火器的分区域努力。", "边境管制", "57. 萨尔瓦多 一些国家正在采取步骤,使其移民和公民身份程序计算机化。 除南非外,大多数边境口岸的出入境检查系统仍然是人工的。 南非的陆地过境点与一个中央数据库相连接,所有入境点都可以进入一个中央自动化系统,该系统收集所有旅客的详细情况,并载有根据执法机构提供的资料定期更新的警告名单。 毛里求斯于2009年引入了新的边境管制系统,旅客数据在抵达或离开国际机场后立即记录在数据库中。 这些资料可在网上提供给受权人员。 关于海关在委员会未访问的国家防止货币和无记名可转让票据非法跨境运输方面的效力,现有资料有限。 然而,反恐怖主义委员会执行局能够深入了解南非运用风险评估技术的情况,以及南非在扣押未申报的大宗现金方面日益成功的情况。", "58. 联合国 该次区域所有国家都批准了1951年《难民公约》。 混合移徙流动,特别是来自非洲之角和大湖区的移徙流动,在南部非洲构成挑战,并给有限的现有人道主义资源带来压力。 该次区域所有国家均在民航组织2010年4月的最后期限之前采用机器可读旅行证件。 该次区域两个国家计划采用电子护照。 4个国家报告了本国对发放国民身份证件的要求,另有2个国家提出了国民身份证立法。 正在通过改进管制和提高人们的认识来解决伪造和欺诈性获得文件的问题。 有7个国家是《人口贩运议定书》和《偷运移民议定书》的缔约国。 所有国家都签署了意向书,以实施世界海关组织的《安全标准框架》。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 所有国家都报告了它们执行《小武器行动纲领》的情况,但总体而言,该次区域各国需要加强其这方面的方案与合作,并落实最新的国际最佳做法和军备控制标准。 南部非洲次区域小武器的跨界流动和可获性仍然是一个令人关切的问题。 《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》已生效并适用于四个国家,其中三个国家已指定一个负责港口和船舶安全的国家机构,而两个国家已为所有港口制定了安全计划。 只有在受访国(南非),才有可能评估《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》其他方面的执行情况(执行情况符合可接受的标准)。 《国际民用航空公约》附件17和附件9的有关安全规定已在四个国家得到部分执行。 纳米比亚和津巴布韦已经接待了民航组织的第二个周期的USAP特派团,安哥拉也接待了第一个周期的后续特派团。", "国际合作", "60. 联合国 国际反恐文书的批准率差别很大。 南非已批准了其中13个文书,而其他4个国家(博茨瓦纳、莱索托、毛里求斯和斯威士兰)已批准了至少10个文书。 有3个国家批准了4个或更少的文书。 自2009年以来,莱索托批准了五项文书,使总数达到了11项。 有四个国家制定了关于司法协助和引渡的综合国内法,而其余国家要么部分满足了这一要求,要么根本没有这样做。 有一些分区域合作文书(特别是1997年《南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织打击犯罪领域的合作和互助协定》、《南共体刑事事项法律互助议定书》和《南共体引渡议定书》)。 大部分合作是通过南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织进行的。 然而,缺乏关于司法协助和引渡合作的实际方面的信息。 南非证明了提供司法协助的能力。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "61. 国家 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 执行已通过的反恐国家立法,并铭记国际人权标准;", "(b) 审查其非营利部门,以确保它们不被滥用于资助恐怖主义的目的,并管制和监测货币和无记名可转让票据的实际跨界运输;", "(c) 更新关于司法协助和引渡的国家立法并充分执行南共体关于司法协助和引渡的相关议定书;", "(d) 促进与次区域伙伴开展国际合作的能力建设。", "62. 联合国 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 更积极地同有关次区域组织,包括东部和南部非洲反洗钱小组、南共体和南部非洲警察局长区域合作组织进行接触,以集中力量开展旨在克服不足和改进决议执行工作的活动;", "(b) 继续积极主动地与该次区域接触,包括通过促进技术援助、组织讲习班和其他次区域活动;", "(c) 与东部和南部非洲反洗钱小组合作,促进各国的能力建设,以建立/加强该次区域的金融情报单位并发展各国毫不拖延地冻结资金的立法和业务能力。", "西非和中非(贝宁、布基纳法索、喀麦隆、中非共和国、佛得角、乍得、刚果、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、赤道几内亚、加蓬、冈比亚、加纳、几内亚、几内亚比绍、利比里亚、马里、尼日尔、尼日利亚、圣多美和普林西比、塞内加尔、塞拉利昂和多哥)", "委员会访问了该次区域的六个国家。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "一般性评论", "63. 伊斯兰马格里布基地组织尤其对萨赫勒地区和整个西非构成威胁。 这一威胁加重了对该分区域各国的其他犯罪威胁(特别是洗钱、贩毒、非法武器贩运和恐怖分子跨界流动)。 次区域反恐行动计划的缺乏阻碍了应对恐怖主义威胁的集体努力。 漫长、交通不便和基本开放的边界使有效的边界管理极为困难并便利了跨国犯罪集团和恐怖主义集团的活动。 中部非洲,包括在几内亚湾,武装暴力、犯罪和恐怖主义行为也有所增加。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 防止恐怖分子组织和自由穿越次区域(特别是萨赫勒)会员国领土的能力不仅取决于双边和次区域合作的有效性,还取决于为制定与执法和边境管制有关的国际最佳守则和做法而采取的措施,以及有效保护和监测边界、海岸和内陆地区。 所有国家都有以现金为基础的经济,这增加了恐怖分子通过实际跨界运输货币和无记名可转让票据或通过替代汇款系统非正式地转移金钱和价值来资助恐怖主义的风险。 此外,该次区域在执法、法治和尊重人权方面继续面临挑战。", "65. 国家 自上次调查以来,各国采取的反恐措施有助于防止潜在的恐怖行为,表明能力有所改进。 2009年和2010年,西非(马里、尼日利亚和塞内加尔)缉获了多起大量军用武器。 这些缉获突出了该次区域海关当局在世界海关组织和反恐怖主义委员会执行局的支持下所完成的重要工作。 在分区域一级,根据“COCAIR”行动的第一和第二阶段,中部非洲(和东非)所有机场现在都与海关组织海关执法网络数据库和国际刑警组织数据库相连接,海关官员和边防警察在海关/警察联合平台框架内分享乘客信息和其他相关信息。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 为了打击海上犯罪的增长,西非和中非海事组织在海事组织的协助下,正在通过建立海岸警卫队网络加强执法机构之间的合作。 2010年,在加纳,成员国和捐助方审查了在阿比让、达喀尔、拉各斯和黑角设立四个控制中心和在安哥拉和加纳设立两个次区域协调中心的情况。 这一海岸警卫队网络将使20个缔约国,从北部的毛里塔尼亚到南部的安哥拉,能够促进和开展联合海事活动,以保护人的生命、执法、改善安全和保护环境。", "评估领域", "立法", "67. (中文(简体) ). 六个受访国家建立了反恐立法框架,主要依靠刑法和刑事诉讼法。 在对2010年缴获走私到尼日利亚的非法武器进行调查后,一名被告被逮捕并正在被起诉。 与塞内加尔一样,尼日尔有一项与洗钱有关的定罪。 大多数国家仍然需要将国际反恐文书中的罪行纳入国内法。 受访国已制定行动措施和政策来制止招募恐怖分子。 例如,布基纳法索重视打击暴力极端主义,并正在努力打击招募恐怖分子的企图。 提供安全避难所主要是通过“协助”或“教唆”犯罪定罪的。 几乎所有国家都将利用其领土对其他国家公民、设施和外交代表犯下或准备恐怖主义行为定为犯罪。 然而,一些国家执行这些措施的国家能力有限。 大多数国家尚未在其立法中为国际反恐文书的相关罪行确立适当的管辖权。 并非所有国家都根据国际反恐文书的规定在国内法中确立了引渡或起诉原则。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "68. (中文(简体) ). 除两个国家外,所有国家都是《向恐怖主义提供资助公约》的缔约国。 西非在将资助恐怖主义定为犯罪方面取得了一些进展。 自上次调查以来,又有三个国家(科特迪瓦、尼日尔和多哥)将西非经济和货币联盟(西非经货联盟)关于打击向恐怖主义提供资助的指令纳入其国家立法。 因此,有更多的国家将报告义务扩大到资助恐怖主义,并将这一罪行列为洗钱上游犯罪。 由于西非反洗钱政府间行动小组发挥了积极作用,西非国家的反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义制度相对比较先进。 所有国家都通过了反洗钱法。 然而,除了最近修正了反洗钱法的少数国家外,大多数国家仍需要审查这些法律,使其符合国际标准。 西非经货联盟中央银行已开始修订适用于该联盟所有八个国家的统一反洗钱法。 法律修正案除其他外将涉及客户尽职调查的义务。 2010年,加纳通过了《经济和有组织犯罪法》,该法还设立了经济和有组织犯罪办公室,作为监测和调查经济和有组织犯罪的专门机构。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 除尼日利亚外,尽管可疑交易报告的数量有所增加,但起诉和定罪的洗钱案件很少(更不用说资助恐怖主义案件)。 司法机构一般需要在能力和独立性方面得到加强。 西非在金融情报单位方面取得了一些进展。 还有两个国家设立了金融情报单位(总数达到13个);喀麦隆和科特迪瓦加入了埃格蒙特小组,马里不久将加入。 除尼日利亚和塞内加尔外,金融情报单位仍然缺乏分析可疑交易报告的能力。 《西非经货联盟/资助恐怖主义统一法》规定对恐怖分子的资产实行行政冻结。 各国面临的挑战是有效实施这一制度。 总体而言,该次区域仍然需要制定适当程序,以便毫不拖延地、不事先通知有关个人或实体而冻结资产,包括适当的适当程序保障措施。", "70. 联合国 该次区域各国既没有审查其非营利部门,也没有对资助恐怖主义进行风险评估。 大多数国家都对货币(例如申报制度)和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动有法律要求。 除不是中非国家经济共同体(中非经共体)成员国的刚果民主共和国外,中部非洲国家采用反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为的法律框架,其中包括一项自行执行的中非经共体条例,将洗钱和资助恐怖主义行为定为犯罪行为;规定客户应有注意和报告义务;并规定金融情报单位。 但是,关于该条例执行程度的资料很少。 中部非洲反洗钱行动小组没有能力评估其成员执行洗钱问题金融行动任务组关于洗钱和资助恐怖主义问题的建议的情况。", "执法", "71. 联合国 大多数国家依靠刑事诉讼法规范其执法机构的工作。 很少有国家设立了专门的反恐执法单位。 该系统的有效性在几乎所有国家都因人工处理信息而受到损害。 一些国家愿意在内政部建立协调机制,包括在业务一级,但仍面临资源、控制和监督方面的内部挑战。 一些国家尚未解决与恐怖主义案件有关的人权问题(例如警察拘留期和获得律师机会的限制等)。 马里和尼日尔是阿尔及利亚塔曼拉塞特新成立的次区域联合情报中心的成员. 2010年在喀麦隆设立新的国际刑警组织区域局,由国际刑警组织的项目,如“OASIS Africa”(一个发展警务业务能力的项目)提供支持,将加强次区域各国的能力。 该局将与中部非洲警察局长委员会合作,改善该次区域的安全。 受访国的大多数国际机场都可以进入国际刑警组织的“I-24/7”数据库。 然而,几乎没有陆地边界与国家中央局相连,因此无法获得国际刑警组织的工具。 《西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)关于小武器和轻武器、其弹药及其他相关材料的公约》于2009年9月29日生效,是该次区域管制武器贩运的一个重要步骤。 《公约》规范了武器经纪活动并禁止向恐怖分子提供武器。 11个国家批准了《枪支议定书》。 除涵盖非洲联盟所有成员国的非洲恐怖主义问题研究中心外,没有专门的反恐股的次区域反恐行动计划或次区域组织。", "边境管制", "72. 联合国 大多数西非国家已部分采取措施来侦查伪造的旅行证件。 中部非洲国家在这方面提供的资料不足。 身份证件和旅行证件签发程序的安全性和完整性可得到显著加强。 马里设立了一个关于民事登记计划的国家试点委员会,以期使其系统计算机化,并最终保障身份证件和旅行证件的发放的安全。 绝大多数国家仍然依靠人工系统。 有两个国家没有遵守民航组织关于采用机器可读旅行证件的最后期限。 该次区域没有广泛提供检查此类旅行证件的读者。 大多数国家没有货币申报的既定程序。 缺乏体制和业务能力以及语言方面的挑战阻碍了业务信息交流。 需要在整个次区域加强关于货币和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的现有法律要求的实际执行。 在塞内加尔,海关官员报告说,与非法现金出口有关的犯罪正在增加,在与冈比亚和几内亚比绍接壤的边境地区也逮捕了一些人。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 虽然除一个国家外,所有国家都是1951年《难民公约》及其议定书的缔约国,但联合国人权机制对一些国家的法律框架不足以防止驱回表示关切。 所有国家都部分实施了防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的措施,但漫长和开放的陆地边界将继续给边境管制带来挑战。 《贩运人口议定书》有19个缔约国,《偷运移民议定书》有15个缔约国。 除三个国家外,所有这些国家都签署了执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书,并部分实施了所需要采取的措施。 仍然没有适当综合的边界管理方案。 大多数陆地警察边境哨所缺乏执行任务的工具和设备,国家边境管制机构相互之间或与邻国的对口部门没有充分合作。", "74. 国家 2010年,在筹备《小武器行动纲领》两年期会议期间,16个国家(首次包括几内亚、几内亚比绍和利比里亚)提交了关于《行动纲领》执行情况的报告。 只有一个国家从未提交过有关其执行情况的报告。 关于1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》的《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》,所有非内陆国已指定一个负责港口和船舶安全的国家机构。 除受访国家(尼日利亚和塞内加尔)外,没有足够资料评估西非执行《守则》的情况。 中部非洲国家需要加强海上安全和安保措施,2010年在利伯维尔举行的海事组织/反恐怖主义委员会执行局/联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室讲习班就表明了这一点。 尚未这样做的国家应当执行《海上人命安全公约》(2002年修正)及其2005年议定书。 还需要充分执行《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》和远程识别和跟踪系统;登记所有海员和船员;按照劳工组织的标准,包括2003年《海员身份证件公约》(修订本)(劳工组织第185号公约),签发安全身份证件。 最后,1944年《国际民用航空公约》附件17和附件9的有关安全规定只得到部分执行。 佛得角、加蓬、尼日尔和多哥已经接待了国际民航组织的第二个周期特派团,中非共和国和圣多美和普林西比也接待了第一个周期的后续特派团。", "国际合作", "75. 国家 国际反恐文书的批准率差别很大。 2009年和2010年,刚果民主共和国和马里加入了一项或多项国际反恐文书。 该次区域各国仍然需要加强其国内法律框架,以改进其在刑事事项上的合作,特别是通过颁布关于引渡和法律互助的法律。 2010年,加纳通过了《司法协助法》,加强了其为执行司法协助协定和其他司法协助安排作出规定的能力。 各国主要通过双边条约相互合作。 第五次非洲法语国家司法部长会议通过的关于执行国际反恐文书的《反恐怖主义引渡和法律互助公约》可以加强该次区域许多国家之间的合作。 同样,在非洲联盟(包括非洲恐怖主义问题研究中心)的主持下通过一项关于引渡和法律互助的区域公约,可加强国家间在刑事事项上的合作。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "76. 联合国 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 通过全面而一致的国家反恐法律框架,将国际反恐文书中列明的所有恐怖主义罪行都包括在内,并有效执行反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的法律和条例,同时遵守国际人权标准;", "(b) 加强政策和业务层面的内部协调;", "(c) 加强努力,加强出入境口和出海口的边界安全,并制订现有的合作项目,如海岸警卫队网络、机场海关/警察联合平台和开放边界的社区警务,包括参加国际移民组织与反恐怖主义委员会执行局合作于2011年4月在努瓦克肖特举办的讲习班等。", "77. 国家 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 继续与参与次区域工作的有关区域和次区域组织(非洲联盟、西非经共体、西非反洗钱政府间行动小组和西非妇女部)积极接触,重点是为克服挑战和改进决议的执行而开展的活动;", "(b) 为向西非经共体提供的技术援助提供便利,以通过一项西非国家区域反恐行动计划,并设立一个专门的次区域反恐办事处;", "(c) 进一步加强与中部非洲经济和货币共同体、中部非洲警察局长委员会、中部非洲反洗钱行动小组、西非警察局长委员会、世界海关组织西非区域情报联络处(达喀尔)和中部非洲区域情报联络处(喀麦隆杜阿拉)的关系。", "B. 亚洲", "东亚(中国、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、日本、蒙古和大韩民国)", "委员会访问了该次区域的一个国家。", "一般性评论", "78. 国家 该次区域大多数国家都遭受了恐怖袭击,无论是在其领土上实施,还是在世界其他地区针对其国民实施。 因此,人们高度认识到对恐怖主义威胁保持警惕的重要性,大多数国家已努力加强防范可能发生的攻击。 联合国综合清单查明了一些恐怖主义组织在该次区域开展活动。", "79. 第1373(2001)号决议的执行在东亚地区进展相当顺利,尽管挑战依然存在。 已经颁布了立法——尽管并不总是像所建议的那样全面,而且并不总是完全符合国际准则。 各国还加强了在机构一级执行必要的反恐措施。 这方面的一项重要成就是在双边基础上增加对区域机构的参与并提供技术援助。 有一个国家未提交足够资料,无法评估其反恐努力。", "评估领域", "立法", "80个 四个国家制定了全面的反恐法律。 大多数国家已充分处理了在国内法中将国际反恐文书所列举的罪行定为刑事犯罪和确立对这些罪行的管辖权的问题。 然而,联合国人权机制对一些国家对恐怖主义罪行的法律定义不准确以及据称在司法方面的侵权行为表示关切。 在本报告所述期间,蒙古和大韩民国在一定程度上将招募恐怖主义集团成员定为犯罪。 现在,所有国家都在国内法中将向恐怖分子及其支持者提供安全避难所以及利用其领土对其他国家或其公民犯下或准备恐怖主义行为定为犯罪。 关于各国如何将这些规定付诸实践的其他资料将是有益的。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "81. 中国、日本、蒙古和大韩民国已批准了1999年《制止资助恐怖主义公约》,并已将资助恐怖主义定为刑事犯罪。 这四个国家还颁布了反洗钱法。 一些国家将资助恐怖主义列为洗钱的前提罪行,将进一步加强这些措施。 这四个国家确保报告义务涵盖资助恐怖主义行为,并报告扩大了对客户的尽职调查。 这些国家设立了金融情报机构并制定了立法,以控制现金和无记名可转让票据的实际跨界流动。 中国、日本和大韩民国制定了管理非营利组织活动的法律规定。 中国和大韩民国正在考虑扩大报告义务,将非金融企业和专业包括在内。 这四个国家还有允许冻结被指认人员资产的规定,但这些规定可以得到加强,例如,制定充分的法律保障,使被指认的个人或实体能够对其指认提出上诉,或要求对被冻结的资金实行人道主义豁免。", "执法", "82. 有四个国家制定了国内反恐战略和立法框架来指导执法机构。 有四个国家设立了国家执法单位,配备了适当的工具来开展由立法授权支持的反恐措施和举措。 然而,联合国人权机制对执法机构据称的侵权行为表示关切。 有三个国家在其执法当局之间建立了合理的协调与合作水平。 所有国家都采取了一些步骤来管制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让,但一些国家的国内立法没有关于军火经纪、武器过境或安全理事会武器禁运的明确规定。 有一个国家尚未加入《枪支议定书》。", "边境管制", "83个 有四个国家采用了从当局感兴趣的个人的国家数据库中筛选旅行者的程序。 四个国家使用现代设备来检测伪造的旅行证件。 这些国家报告说,它们实施了控制措施,以确保旅行证件签发过程的完整性和安全性。 中国、日本和大韩民国可以利用国际数据库进行个人筛选。 四个国家按照国际证件安全标准发放机器可读旅行证件。 中国最近启动了电子护照方案的初步阶段。 所有国家都制定了防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的法律,有四个国家采取积极步骤追捕罪犯。 有4个国家已经签署或批准了《人口贩运议定书》,有3个国家已经签署或批准了《偷运移民议定书》。 中国、日本和大韩民国是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国,但其中两个国家没有提供足够资料,以确定是否有有效的制度来侦查恐怖主义寻求庇护者。", "第八十四会. 4个国家签署了意向书,以执行《安全、安全与安保标准框架》,确保货物安全,防止被利用用于恐怖主义目的,3个国家已进入执行的后期阶段。 其中三个国家建立了控制现金和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的机制,不过可以加强侦查非法运输的方法。 4个国家制定了立法,以实施确保民用航空安全的标准和做法。 民航组织通过其普遍安全审计方案对所有国家进行了审计。 3个国家已建立处理海事安全要求的法律框架,并部分按照《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》执行港口和船舶安全国际强制性标准。 三个国家对武器、弹药和爆炸物以及核生化材料及其运载工具的跨界流动实行了严格的管制。 这三人执行了《小武器问题行动纲领》,但另外两人没有报告《行动纲领》,似乎没有制定打击武器走私的国家执法方案。", "国际合作", "85. 4个国家批准了至少12个国际反恐文书。 3个国家制定了允许引渡、司法协助和信息交流的法律规定,并与其他国家订立了相关双边条约或其他安排。 蒙古也采取了类似行动,但可以加强它在这方面的努力。 两个国家可以增加与其他国家的此类安排的数目,以加强它们的合作努力。 有3个国家已制定程序,禁止引渡可能面临酷刑或迫害风险的个人。 两个国家没有提供有关其驱回做法/程序的资料。 国际人权机制对两个国家的引渡程序缺乏充分的法律保障表示关切。 中国、日本、蒙古和大韩民国有一个预警系统,构成各自反恐战略的组成部分。 除一个国家没有提供多少相关资料外,所有东亚国家都是若干反恐国际合作区域组织或机制的成员并努力加强这些关系。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "86号. 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 审查其刑法,以确保恐怖主义行为和恐怖主义集团招募人员的行为被充分定为刑事犯罪;", "(b) 处理在将资助恐怖主义定为刑事犯罪方面的缺陷,将其作为洗钱的上游犯罪,并处理在冻结恐怖分子资产方面的缺陷,特别是允许采取充分的保障措施,并将人道主义豁免纳入冻结程序;", "(c) 审查其刑法,以确保关于恐怖活动的法律定义和将恐怖分子绳之以法的程序得到妥善制定并符合有关法治的原则。", "87个 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 更积极地同就第1373(2001)号决议执行情况提供有限资料的国家接触;", "(b) 与相关国际和区域组织更密切地合作,采取各种办法,包括便利向提供者/捐助者提供技术援助,并举办讲习班和其他区域活动,以讨论需要注意的具体执行领域;", "(c) 更积极地同国际和区域组织及各国接触,以促进交流经验并提供技术援助。", "太平洋岛屿(斐济、基里巴斯、马绍尔群岛、密克罗尼西亚联邦、瑙鲁、帕劳、巴布亚新几内亚、萨摩亚、所罗门群岛、汤加、图瓦卢和瓦努阿图)", "委员会没有访问该次区域任何国家。", "一般性评论", "88个 太平洋岛屿论坛各国面临的恐怖主义风险较低,因为其地理位置偏僻、运输有限、规模小(这一因素阻碍了匿名)以及金融和商业部门相对不完善。 然而,由于资源严重受限,阻碍在许多反恐领域实施必要的控制措施,该区域至少可能难以成为恐怖活动的避风港。", "89. 国家 太平洋区域存在跨国犯罪,包括贩毒、贩运人口和洗钱。 太平洋岛屿论坛国家需要持续的能力建设(包括加强边界和海上安全管制)来对付这种犯罪以及与恐怖主义的任何潜在联系。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 尽管如此,太平洋岛屿论坛国家在根据第1373(2001)号决议实施各种反恐措施方面取得了良好进展。 它们已颁布反恐立法并努力进一步加强区域协调与合作,特别是在海洋方面的协调与合作。 打击跨国犯罪的执法努力已经加强,必要时可以适应反恐努力。 已采取了若干举措,以提高人们对金融机构根据反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为立法提交报告的要求的认识。", "评估领域", "立法", "91. 联合国 很少有国家将恐怖主义罪行充分纳入其国内立法。 就七个国家而言,关于法院管辖权的法律规定没有规定它们所加入的有关国际文书所要求的范围,尽管大多数国家都适用“引渡或起诉”原则。 六个国家将招募人员参加恐怖主义定为犯罪,萨摩亚的反恐法律草案一旦通过,也将这样做。 两个国家采用特别刑事程序,例如防范性拘留和对某些调查手段的“特别权力”。 但是,没有提供关于附带保障措施的资料。 一些国家已起草了尚未颁布的反恐立法修正案。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "92. (中文(简体) ). 10个国家是《制止向恐怖主义提供资助公约》的缔约国,其中6个国家已适当将资助恐怖主义定为犯罪。 所有国家都设立了金融情报机构,其中三个已经开始运作。 其余单位的工作效率和成效各有不同,将需要技术援助来发展其达到国际标准的能力。 虽然所有国家都通过了反洗钱立法,但在大多数情况下,有关规定有不足之处,包括在洗钱的上游犯罪清单中遗漏了资助恐怖主义行为,以及将某些相关的非金融企业和专业排除在有义务向金融情报机构提供可疑交易报告、对客户进行尽职调查并进行适当记录的实体清单之外。 在某些情况下,反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义法从未被用作刑事起诉或指控的依据。 大多数国家已出台法律来控制现金和无记名可转让票据的跨境流动。 有7个国家已颁布立法,对非营利组织进行管理,但很少有国家采取措施,防止通过这些组织资助恐怖主义。 对大多数国家来说,管制和监测替代汇款系统仍然是一个挑战。", "执法", "93. 国家 10个国家设立了国家安全机构(“联合法律机构小组”)或高级中央办事处(由执法机构、司法部和检察官组成),以制定共同的反恐战略和办法,指导执法工作并协调国内安全事项。 执法机构利用各种机制来维护法治,例如密切合作并积极执行立法。 三个国家已设立跨国犯罪股,调查恐怖主义和其他罪行。 然而,各国的报告并未载有关于执法机制或具体特殊刑事程序或特殊调查手段的资料。 五个国家是国际刑警组织的成员。 所有国家都通过区域执法机制分享信息。 在国内,执法机构依靠有关立法规定、谅解备忘录和参加国家中央机构的合作、协调和信息交流。 然而,没有任何国家提供这方面的实际机制。 所有国家都已颁布法律来管制小武器和弹药的制造、拥有、获取、销售、转让、运输和供应,但这些法律没有列入关于军火经纪、武器过境或安全理事会武器禁运的明确规定。 只有一个国家加入了《枪支议定书》。 资料太少,无法确定各国政府在反恐或监督反恐活动方面采取的总体体制或业务办法。 各国政府似乎认为恐怖主义威胁不大,因此将执法资源主要用于调查普通罪行。", "边境管制", "94. 国家 所有国家都颁布了移民和护照法来规范移民和旅行证件问题。 有9个国家对签发身份证件和旅行证件实行了某些立法管制。 十个国家签发机器可读旅行证件,两个国家正在为此采取步骤。 所有国家似乎都在对旅客进行入境和出境检查,但就9个国家而言,用于对个人进行检查的数据的性质不清楚。 3个国家报告说,它们利用国家数据库对旅客进行筛选。 任何国家都未提供充分资料,说明已采取哪些实际管制措施,确保证件签发程序的安全,或在出入境点侦查罪犯。 该次区域各国没有说明用于防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的程序或机制。 5个国家是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国,但只有一个国家批准了《贩运人口和偷运移民议定书》。", "95号. 4个国家签署了执行世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》的意向书,并正在进入执行阶段。 没有提供关于控制现金和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的机制的资料。 应作出更大努力来实施控制小武器、轻武器和爆炸物的立法,只有四个国家实施了《小武器行动纲领》。 大多数国家都制定了法律,以建立国家航空安全当局并执行航空安全标准,但很少有国家提供资料,说明它们执行《芝加哥公约》相关附件的情况。 在本报告所述期间,民航组织对5个国家进行了航空安全审计。 向海事组织提供的报告表明,有七个国家似乎已经执行了《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》的各方面,包括制定了港口设施保安计划。 不过,各国似乎没有按照《守则》的要求,根据安全审计/测试,定期更新其安全计划。 两个国家已协同努力,加强对抵达船只的检查。 然而,现有资料并未清楚地说明为确保小武器不落入未经授权的个人手中而实施的航空、海上或货物安全措施、边境管制或执法方案的执行情况。", "国际合作", "96. (中文(简体) ). 该次区域已经取得了批准国际反恐文书的合理水平。 有六个国家批准了10个或更多的文书,斐济和瑙鲁批准了所有16个文书。 其他国家继续努力批准。 所有国家都建立了司法协助安排来推动区域和国际合作,所有国家都颁布了引渡和司法协助法,但由于缺乏信息,无法确定双边和多边条约和安排的范围或数量,或合作和协调的程度。 有关犯罪和打击犯罪的立法办法的信息交流主要局限于次区域和相邻法域,主要通过区域机构进行,并得到区域宣言的支持。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "97. 国家 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 进一步使反恐框架制度化并审查其刑法,以确保将每一指定类别的恐怖主义罪行适当定为刑事犯罪;并酌情颁布反恐立法;", "(b) 进一步建设金融情报单位和执法机构调查金融和与恐怖主义有关的犯罪的能力;", "(c) 加强有关当局之间的信息共享并继续加强区域协调与合作。", "98 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 更积极地与在该区域开展工作的国际和区域组织(亚洲开发银行、亚太反洗钱小组、大洋洲海关组织、太平洋岛屿非政府组织协会和太平洋岛屿论坛秘书处)进行接触,并开展旨在克服不足和改进决议执行工作的活动;", "(b) 通过各种办法(包括与提供者/捐助者联合促进技术援助并组织讲习班和其他区域活动)同太平洋岛屿国家更密切合作,以解决需要注意的具体执行领域;", "(c) 考虑今后的次区域访问。 (委员会没有访问该次区域的任何国家。 )", "东南亚(文莱达鲁萨兰国、柬埔寨、印度尼西亚、老挝人民民主共和国、马来西亚、缅甸、菲律宾、新加坡、泰国、东帝汶和越南)", "委员会访问了该次区域的10个国家。", "一般性评论", "99号. 该地区的主要恐怖主义团体包括印度尼西亚、马来西亚和新加坡特别活跃的伊斯兰祈祷团;阿布沙耶夫集团;菲律宾的叛乱团体;以及泰国南部的分离主义叛乱分子。 主要由于有效的反恐执法措施,这些恐怖集团大多被认为正在减少,尽管仍然能够偶尔发动攻击(例如,2009年7月在雅加达两家旅馆发生的伊斯兰祈祷团自杀式爆炸事件,在沉默了四年之后,以及最近在棉兰老和泰国南部发生的一系列恐怖袭击)。 然而,自2000年以来,印度尼西亚已逮捕了600多人并起诉了约500人犯有恐怖主义罪行。 这不仅使大量危险人士脱离社会,而且向更广泛的社会表明,恐怖主义可以通过正常的刑事司法制度来对付。", "一百个 该次区域各国已远远超越仅仅采取执法办法来解决恐怖主义集团所构成的挑战。 他们积极促进不同信仰间对话和公私伙伴关系;制定社区警务举措;试行监狱改造方案,以努力从根源上解决暴力极端主义问题。 印度尼西亚、马来西亚和新加坡已经收集了这方面的经验和良好做法,可能有能力向有需要的国家提供技术援助。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 除一个国家外,所有国家都在政策和(或)业务层面设立了专门的反恐机构。 总体而言,执法能力已大大加强。 然而,至少可以改进五个国家的刑事司法制度,以更有效地将恐怖分子绳之以法。 四个国家在和平时期未经指控或司法承诺而实行预防性(行政)拘留,这一直是人权关切的主题。 然而,一些国家日益认识到立足人权的方针对有效打击恐怖主义的重要性。", "102. 国家 东南亚国家联盟(东盟)努力建立区域反恐合作框架。 东帝汶目前正在申请加入东盟。 2007年通过了《东盟反恐怖主义公约》,但批准率相当缓慢。 柬埔寨和菲律宾于2010年批准了《公约》,加入新加坡和泰国。 《公约》生效还需要另外两个国家批准。 多边和双边捐助者积极提供技术援助,以建设各国的反恐能力。", "评估领域", "立法", "第103页。 8个国家已把反恐措施纳入其国内法或制定了专门的反恐法律。 新加坡通过了综合反恐法律,将第1373(2001)号决议的所有内容都包括在内。 柬埔寨最近实行了全面的反恐法律。 三个国家仍然必须制定适当的反恐法律规定。 一些国家对恐怖主义的定义似乎含糊不清或过于宽泛,应当与国际准则相协调。 该次区域有一半国家没有将招募恐怖主义集团成员定为犯罪行为。 大多数国家没有将煽动恐怖主义定为犯罪,如果将煽动定为犯罪,定义一般不够具体,使人担心法律可能被用来压制言论自由。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "104 (韩语). 虽然除一个国家外,所有国家都是《制止资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国,但该次区域几乎有一半国家没有充分将资助恐怖主义定为犯罪。 一些国家没有按照国际准则将洗钱定为刑事犯罪。 2009年6月,洗钱问题金融行动特别工作组国际合作审查小组指出,该次区域有六个国家存在反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义方面的缺陷。 4个国家没有建立冻结恐怖分子资产和资金的机制,大多数国家的冻结机制并不总是按照第1373(2001)号决议的要求 \" 毫不拖延地 \" 运作。 大多数国家改善了客户尽职调查和记录保存。 除一个国家外,所有国家都设有金融情报单位,所有国家被要求处理的可疑交易报告数量都大幅增加。 五个金融情报单位大大加强了与报告实体联系和分析可疑交易报告的能力。 马来西亚和新加坡被认为有能力向其他需要金融情报机构职能的国家提供技术援助。 在大多数国家,报告义务尚未扩大到所有指定的非金融企业和专业。 过去几年来,公职人员对滥用非营利部门资助恐怖主义的风险的认识大大提高,许多国家正试图审查其非营利部门,以确保制定适当的条例。 许多国家在控制替代汇款系统方面面临新的挑战,这反映了技术的进步,例如新的支付方法。 大多数国家都制定了法律规定来规范现金和无记名可转让票据的跨国界流动。", "执法", "105. (中文(简体) ). 东帝汶最近完成了国家警察部队制度化和一体化的进程,以建立一个独立的结构。 执法机构结构完善,并设立了专门的反恐机构、委员会和单位。 然而,在某些情况下,国际机制对安全部队侵犯人权的指控表示关切。 2010年7月,印度尼西亚设立了国家反恐机构及其工作队,以制定反恐政策并协调相关政府机构的活动。 执法官员在印度尼西亚雅加达执法合作中心、马来西亚东南亚反恐区域中心和泰国国际执法学院等若干区域研究所接受了良好培训。 东盟国家在东盟警察局长协会(东盟警察协会)的框架内开展工作,为其犯罪数据库作出贡献,该数据库与国际刑警组织数据库相连接,以便分享信息。 然而,机构间合作和信息共享仍需要关注。 据信,该区域的恐怖分子主要依靠常规武器。 尽管有严格的法律和业务管制,但生产小武器和轻武器的手工业和家庭企业在整个区域仍然存在。 只有柬埔寨和老挝人民民主共和国加入了《枪支议定书》。", "边境管制", "106. (中文(简体) ). 除一个国家外,所有国家都在民航组织规定的发放机器可读旅行证件的最后期限之前完成。 然而,一个国家的机器可读旅行证件含有安全弱点,应当加以解决。 该次区域约一半的国家签发载有生物特征的旅行证件,使其更加安全。 许多国家在边境管制点缺乏相关和可行的警察和情报监视信息,也缺乏与国际刑警组织“I-24/7”数据库所载国际“监视”数据的连接。 许多国家尚未充分实施风险管理做法等现代检测方法,而且缺乏检查越境货物的设备。 侦查现金和无记名可转让票据的非法跨界流动以及海关、金融情报单位和执法官员在这方面的协调要么不足,要么不足。", "107 (韩语). 对大多数国家来说,开放的陆地和海洋边界的管理是一项重大挑战,特别是因为它包括了数千个岛屿,其中许多岛屿人烟稀少。 所有东盟国家都表示打算执行世界海关组织的《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》,许多国家正在为此取得良好进展。 大多数国家对小武器和轻武器的跨界流动实行管制,但一些国家可以加强探测方法。 该次区域约有一半国家向《小武器行动纲领》提交了报告。 4个国家在评估期间接待了国际民航组织的第二个周期特派团,1个国家接待了第一个周期后续特派团。 总体而言,需要加强该区域的海上安全。 大多数国家没有国内难民立法,只有三个国家批准了1951年《难民公约》。 然而,大多数国家在处理难民申请方面改善了同难民署的合作。 防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的实际措施也可以得到加强,有四个国家尚未批准《人口贩运议定书》,五个国家尚未批准《偷运移民议定书》。", "国际合作", "108. (中文(简体) ). 九个东盟 各国是四项航空文书的缔约国。 东盟约有一半的国家已经批准1988年的海事文书,但没有国家批准2005年的“修正海事议定书”。 所有东盟国家都是《资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国。 核相关文书和《关于在可塑炸药中添加识别剂以便侦测的公约》的批准率仍然很低。 一个国家不是任何有关文书的缔约国。 虽然《东盟反恐怖主义公约》尚未生效,但已有9个国家批准并生效《东盟刑事事项法律互助条约》。 大多数国家已通过了关于引渡的法律规定,但该次区域有一半国家需要改进这些规定。 有三个国家不根据互惠原则引渡逃犯。 大多数国家都指定了引渡和司法协助中央机关。 东盟成员国通过东盟刑警组织交流信息,并签署了《关于信息、交流和建立通信程序的协定》。 该区域金融情报单位之间交换情报的谅解备忘录数目已大大增加。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "第109页. 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 加强立法和业务措施,以充分处理资助恐怖主义行为的刑事定罪问题;冻结机制(适当顾及适当程序);金融情报单位的有效运作;对现金和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的必要管制;以及控制替代汇款和非盈利部门;", "(b) 通过确保连接国家刑事数据库和国际刑警组织数据库,对工作人员进行侦查和检查方法培训并购置必要的检查设备,加强入境点的边境管制措施;", "(c) 通过培训和研讨会,加强刑事司法系统,包括在公正审判权方面。", "110. 国家 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 加强与区域反恐机构的合作,包括国际执法学院、雅加达执法合作中心、东南亚反恐区域中心等,为提供必要的技术援助和培训提供便利;", "(b) 组织区域活动,以弥补控制现金运送人和非营利部门方面的不足;", "(c) 与伙伴合作,精简捐助国和捐助组织向该次区域提供的双边技术援助,以避免重复并充分满足需要。", "南亚(阿富汗、孟加拉国、不丹、印度、马尔代夫、尼泊尔、巴基斯坦和斯里兰卡)", "委员会访问了该次区域的三个国家。", "一般性评论", "111. 南亚国家深受支持各种意识形态的集团所实施的恐怖主义之害。 活跃在该区域各地的恐怖主义集团包括基地组织、塔利班分子、拉什卡尔-塔伊巴等,它们继续威胁该区域各国的和平与安全。 边界松懈、非法药物生产、犯罪活动增加、全球化以及资源和反应能力有限等,都促进了该区域内外恐怖主义威胁的国际化。 毒品生产与该区域恐怖主义活动之间有着密切联系。 各国打击恐怖主义的努力面临许多共同挑战和制约。", "112号. 区域行动者(特别是南亚区域合作联盟(南盟))早就认识到恐怖主义对其公民构成的威胁。 早在1987年,该区域的政治领导人就商定了《南盟制止恐怖主义区域公约》,该公约责成各方将《公约》规定的行为定为恐怖主义行为,并为此呼吁其成员国在引渡、证据分享和其他形式的信息交流与合作方面进行合作,以起诉被指称犯有这种 \" 恐怖主义行为 \" 的人。 2004年增加了该公约的附加议定书,以处理资助恐怖主义的问题。 为了加强对刑事案件的有效起诉,该区域各国于2008年签署了《南盟刑事事项互助公约》。", "113号. 尽管采取了这些举措,区域反恐努力继续面临重大挑战。 各国争取和平解决冲突的努力是一个持续的进程。 在许多国家,由于机构能力和资源有限,难以优先开展反恐工作。 此外,缺乏符合国际标准的反恐立法和专门的反恐业务能力限制了这些机制的效力。 各国在建立反洗钱/反资助恐怖主义制度方面取得了良好进展,但需要在业务一级加强区域合作。", "评估领域", "立法", "114 (韩语). 在八个南亚国家中,有四个国家制定了立法,规定为恐怖主义招募人员为犯罪行为,并禁止利用其领土对其他国家或其公民实施或筹备恐怖行为。 此外,有4个国家已颁布立法,将个人或组织向恐怖分子及其支持者提供安全避难所的行为定为刑事犯罪。 五个国家的法院管辖权适用于其国民在一国领土外所实施的行为(不论该人目前是否在该国境内)。 很少有国家全面更新其法律框架,以纳入具体的反恐法律。 相反,大多数国家倾向于对其刑法进行有限的修正。 马尔代夫于2011年初在国际刑警组织和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处的协助下开始起草反恐法。 联合国人权机制对一些国家限制某些权利的特别反恐规定表示关切,这反过来又可能使得难以执行关于司法协助和引渡的国际协定。 在这方面,一些国家可受益于对其国家立法的审查,以确保其完全符合国际反恐文书和人权义务。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "115. (中文(简体) ). 除一个国家外,所有国家都是《向恐怖主义提供资助公约》的缔约国。 该次区域近年来在反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的立法方面经历了许多发展。 例如,尼泊尔通过了《防止资产(洗钱)法》(2008年),孟加拉国通过了《防止洗钱条例》(2009年),巴基斯坦通过了《反洗钱法》(2010年)。 印度是该区域2010年6月成为洗钱问题金融行动工作队成员的唯一国家。 所有八个国家都设立了金融情报机构。 考虑到许多南亚金融情报机构是最近才成立的,能力建设是一个优先关注的问题。 该次区域各国毫不拖延地按照适当程序冻结资产的能力是一个令人关切的问题。", "116 (英语). 委员会在与该次区域各国的对话中,确定了好做法的若干实例,包括制定和执行措施,保护慈善和非营利资金免遭资助恐怖主义行为之害。 当自然或人为灾害需要紧急调动大量外部资金(一般通过非营利组织作为慈善捐款支付)时,这一点尤其重要. 已经确定了旨在促进紧急救济工作的良好做法(例如简化登记、海关和签证签发程序)。 所有8个国家都制定了管理非营利组织的立法,但看来许多国家需要改进立法的执行情况。 此外,货币价值转移系统存在许多弱点。 虽然一些南亚国家制定了现金和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的申报制度,但有些制度只处理现金流出该国的问题,而忽略了现金流入该国的问题。 因此,需要采取更多的立法措施。", "执法", "117号 所有三个受访国都实行了打击恐怖主义的全面战略,并采取步骤发展专门机构反恐结构和由相关机构管理的措施。 在这些国家,人们认识到各机构之间以及区域和国家两级之间合作、信息共享和协调的重要性。 所有三个受访国家都发挥了积极作用,建立了专门的反恐机构和(或)警察部门,并确保为这些部门提供必要的培训和工具,以在与反恐有关的一系列领域履行职责。 例如,2009年,不丹在警察部门设立了一个精英特种部队单位来打击恐怖主义。 2008年,印度还设立了国家调查局,负责调查和起诉恐怖主义和其他严重罪行。", "118. 除了斯里兰卡拟订的立法草案外,没有保护证人以及执法和司法部门成员的证人保护法律和方案。 联合国人权机制在某些情况下查明了与过度使用武力有关的严重关切问题,在努力将人权保障措施纳入执法实体的工作方面仍然存在挑战。 加强区域合作和执法人员之间的信息共享是另一项挑战。 各国应加强其法律框架,将非法制造、拥有和贩运小武器和爆炸物定为刑事犯罪。 只有一个国家加入了《枪支议定书》。", "边境管制", "119. 脆弱的陆地边界对几乎所有国家构成威胁。 对此,有四个国家制定了立法,以惩罚无证件人员跨越国界。 正在努力加强对身份证和旅行证件的发放的管制。 各国已制定了签发机器可读旅行证件的程序。 孟加拉国和尼泊尔于2010年开始发放机器可读旅行证件。 印度独特身份管理局于2010年9月29日开始发放独特身份号码,而巴基斯坦也建立了国家数据库和登记管理局,该管理局建立了一个先进的计算机化民事登记系统,协助安全发放身份和旅行证件。 一些国家已采取行动步骤,确保执行关于现金运送人的立法。 南亚海关人员参加了“ATLAS行动”(2009年10月26日至30日),涉及80个世界海关组织成员国,是有史以来规模最大的针对现金走私者的多边行动。 大多数国家应采取进一步的实际措施,查明并制止现金非法跨界流动。 所有国家都表示打算执行世界海关组织的《安全标准框架》。 没有任何国家颁布了关于庇护的国内法,只有阿富汗是1951年《难民公约》及其1967年《议定书》的缔约国。 因此,目前的情况不允许系统地甄别难民与恐怖主义和其他严重犯罪活动的潜在联系。 关于将贩运人口和偷运移民定为刑事犯罪的问题,只有印度加入了《贩运人口和偷运移民议定书》。", "120号. 需要采取进一步措施,执行实际措施来制止武器和爆炸物的走私。 虽然2010年有3个国家向《小武器行动纲领》提交报告,2008年有1个国家向《行动纲领》提交报告,但另有4个国家根本没有向《行动纲领》提交报告。 2009年和2010年对孟加拉国、不丹和尼泊尔的机场进行了审计,作为民航组织通用机场计划的一部分。 关于海事安全,《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》(1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》)适用于该次区域的五个国家并生效。 这5个国家中有4个国家指定了负责船舶安全的国家主管部门,有3个国家指定了负责港口安全的国家主管部门。", "国际合作", "121. (中文(简体) ). 两个国家是至少13个国际反恐文书的缔约国。 没有任何国家批准《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约2005年议定书》和《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为2005年议定书》。 该区域在这方面的最新活动是巴基斯坦于2009年6月批准了《资助恐怖主义公约》。 在南盟恐怖罪行监测股2010年6月的一次会议上,南盟成员国决定实时交流信息并交流许多相关领域的数据,例如恐怖分子的照片、恐怖事件和恐怖分子概况。", "122. (中文(简体) ). 为加强南亚执法官员打击恐怖主义和相关犯罪的能力,同时加强区域合作和执法人员之间的信息交流,反恐怖主义委员会执行局协助举办了一系列讲习班(2009年11月开始),目的是将执法官员——主要是警官和检察官——聚集在一起,分享在处理与国际犯罪和恐怖主义有关的案件方面的经验、教训和最佳做法。 所有八个南亚国家都积极参加了迄今举行的三次会议,南盟秘书处作为观察员参加了会议。 从2011年5月在不丹举行的第四次讲习班开始,这一进程将包括法官的参与。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "123. 国家 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 解决汇款系统的脆弱性,加强框架,防止慈善组织滥用海外获得的资金;", "(b) 为证人、法官和执法人员制定保护框架;", "(c) 加强执法人员之间的区域合作和信息共享,包括在相关人权问题方面的合作和信息共享。", "124. (中文(简体) ). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 继续支持加强执法人员之间的区域合作和信息共享的举措,例如为南亚的警察、检察官、其他前线官员和从事反恐工作的民间社会代表举办区域讲习班;", "(b) 在不断努力的基础上,使南盟积极参与委员会及其执行局所支持的区域活动;", "(c) 考虑今后对南亚所有国家的访问以及对已经访问的国家的后续访问。", "中亚和高加索(亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦)", "委员会访问了一个中亚国家和三个高加索国家。", "一般性评论", "125. (中文(简体) ). 第1373(2001)号决议在中亚的执行受到若干因素的阻碍:靠近阿富汗冲突(毒品生产滋长了恐怖主义活动并产生了以武器换毒品的活跃贸易);跨界现金运送者的非法活动(恐怖主义筹资的潜在来源);剩余武器的流通(由于该区域的政治和内乱);边远和缺乏保护的边界,加上缺乏人力和物力资源以确保有效的边境管制;以及大量移徙工人(这反过来又增加了非正式汇款系统的使用,而非正式汇款系统是恐怖主义筹资的潜在来源)。 此外,伊斯兰圣战集团、乌兹别克斯坦伊斯兰运动及其附属的东突厥斯坦伊斯兰运动——所有与基地组织有关联的团体——都在中亚区域的一些地区活动。 因此,中亚国家面临着严重的跨国恐怖主义威胁,需要采取协调一致的区域对策。", "126. (中文(简体) ). 根据第1373(2001)号决议,中亚各国在执行各种反恐措施方面取得了重大进展。 它们颁布了反恐怖主义立法和法律来管制小武器贸易。 它们正在努力通过加强移民管制来遏制恐怖分子的移动并通过加强某些海关管制来增强货物安全。 它们还在反恐执法领域作出了有力努力,并正在加强双边和多边合作。 这些措施通过限制上述恐怖主义集团的蔓延,取得了切实成果。", "127 (韩语). 高加索是一个单独的地缘政治区域。 对该区域的恐怖主义威胁在起源和性质上有些不同,但其影响类似。 未解决的族裔和边界争端已导致冲突,破坏了制定协调一致的区域反恐对策的努力。 此外,高加索包括内陆国家和石油生产国。 因此,需要建立一个管道网络,将石油和天然气从阿塞拜疆、土库曼斯坦和哈萨克斯坦的里海运往格鲁吉亚和土耳其的港口。 人们担心,这种战略基础设施可能成为恐怖袭击的目标,而高加索可能成为恐怖集团从阿富汗向欧洲过境的通道。 此外,阿塞拜疆和格鲁吉亚与俄罗斯联邦高加索地区接壤,在该区域活动的恐怖主义集团有可能跨越共同边界,以寻求安全避难所。", "128. (英语). 高加索的一些国家已采取步骤修订其立法,以履行其国际人权义务,特别是在刑事案件中建立司法保障。 然而,该地区各国仍存在一些不足。 对寻求庇护者的程序保障仍然很薄弱。 虽然许多国家加强了司法保障,但这些保障尚未得到有效执行,特别是在调查的初始阶段和预审阶段。 酷刑、虐待和任意拘留事件继续令人关切。 因此,需要在已经取得的进展上再接再厉。", "评估领域", "立法", "129. 国家 所有中亚国家都制定了反恐立法。 过去两年来,哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦在将国际反恐法律文书所列罪行纳入其刑法方面取得了进展。 哈萨克斯坦还惩罚与招募恐怖分子和恐怖集团有关的犯罪。 一些国家似宜审查其国内立法,以确保其完全符合国际文书。 应准确界定反恐罪行,以维护合法性原则,同时确保它们不违反国际法所保护的活动。 至少在一个国家,恐怖主义罪行的定义似乎过于宽泛,可能妨碍国际一级的合作。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "130. (中文(简体) ). 中亚国家在执行反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义规定方面取得了显著进展。 所有国家都是《资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国。 2009年,哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦通过了适当的反洗钱/打击资助恐怖主义行为立法,设立了金融情报机构,规定有一份广泛的实体清单报告可疑交易,并制定了界定此类交易的标准。 根据委员会的访问,阿塞拜疆大致按照《制止向恐怖主义提供资助公约》和洗钱问题金融行动特别工作组的特别建议二,重新界定了资助恐怖主义罪并将其定为刑事犯罪。 在2009-2010年期间,某些中亚国家进一步完善并扩大了现有的反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法。 例如,乌兹别克斯坦制定了内部控制规则并规定了对未报告实体的处罚,土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦实行了严格的客户识别和记录保存程序。 塔吉克斯坦于2009年10月设立了金融监测部(金融情报室),并于2010年11月起草了新的反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义法草案。 在独立国家联合体(独联体)其他成员国工作的中亚移徙工人的汇款被确定为潜在的反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的风险,需要予以注意。 虽然这些转移是通过正式系统进行的,但客户识别程序过于简化、汇款数量多和难以确定资金的来源和用途令人关切。 如果这种汇款通过非正式系统传送,相关风险就会增加。 此外,人们还担心,从阿富汗进行的以武器换毒品的活活活动可能导致通过现金运送者的活动在相邻的中亚国家资助恐怖主义。 一些中亚国家已建立了跨境运送现金和无记名可转让票据的申报制度。 阿塞拜疆修改了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法,以规定加强客户尽职调查措施。 应定期审查非营利部门,以确保非营利组织不会被滥用于资助恐怖主义。", "执法", "131. 国家 自上次调查以来,中亚国家加强了执法措施,加强了机构间合作和信息共享,建立和利用国内和国际的犯罪和其他数据库,以支持反恐执法工作。 土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦正在利用反恐执法机构可以利用的中央数据库。 所有国家都参加区域执法合作机制。 土库曼斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦(在国家和国际两级)就与恐怖主义有联系的人员进行情报交流并答复法律援助请求。 由于执法工作固有的人权要素,有必要加强监督机制。 乌兹别克斯坦建立了保障的法律框架,以加强嫌疑人、被拘留者和被告的权利,并调查关于侵犯此类权利和使用酷刑的申诉。 所有国家都采取了一些步骤来管制武器、弹药和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让。 有三个国家批准了《枪支议定书》。 高加索各国将受益于国家和国际两级执法机构之间更明确的合作与协调程序,以确保有效的调查和起诉。 (例如,阿塞拜疆建立了一个统一的国家数据库,使执法机构能够获得移民、签证和边境管制信息。 ) 此外,各国应更加积极主动地确保有效起诉恐怖主义案件,利用良好做法并尊重国际公平审判标准。", "边境管制", "132. (中文(简体) ). 该次区域各国报告说,在执行有关人员和货物跨界流动和航空安全的立法和业务措施方面取得了进展。 各国已制定程序,在签发旅行证件之前确定个人的真实身份,大多数还签发了机器可读旅行证件。 已经制定了防止恐怖分子跨界流动的立法,所有国家都批准了《人口贩运议定书》,除两个国家外,所有国家都是《偷运移民议定书》的缔约国。 (但可以改进防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的措施的执行情况。 ) 2009年,土库曼斯坦颁布了《移民局法》,2011年1月,乌兹别克斯坦推出了机器可读旅行证件。 哈萨克斯坦根据综合名单、上海合作组织和独联体观察名单以及双边和政府间协定对个人进行甄别,然后才给予临时或永久居留或归化。 试图非法进入阿塞拜疆的人被拘押在过境点的临时中心,并接受身份查验和指纹鉴定程序。 亚美尼亚、阿塞拜疆和格鲁吉亚均签发机器可读旅行证件,阿塞拜疆已在护照中纳入若干安全特征,这些特征是通过一个集中和受控制的国家办公室签发的。 除一个国家外,所有国家都是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国,但它们执行甄别和排斥机制的情况可能有些不一致。", "133. (中文(简体) ). 大多数国家需要改进查明和制止现金运送人以及侦查通过其他手段非法运送现金和无记名可转让票据的方法的实际执行情况。 不清楚旅行者接受检查、行李检查和采取适当行动的程度。 除一个国家外,所有国家都表示打算执行海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》,阿塞拜疆正在执行自己的《2007-2011年阿塞拜疆共和国海关系统发展国家方案》。 在阿塞拜疆,在国际过境点安装了武器探测和监视设备。 亚美尼亚、格鲁吉亚、哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦于2010年向《小武器行动纲领》提交了一份国家报告。 阿塞拜疆对照内政部和国家安全局编制的国家“黑名单”检查个人合法持有火器的申请。 为军事或执法目的进出口武器须经内阁批准。 没有高加索国家批准《枪支议定书》,但哈萨克斯坦和土库曼斯坦批准了该议定书。 该次区域各国越来越多地参与区域项目和方案(这些项目和方案鼓励征集、收集和分享信息和情报),以此来增强应对与边界有关的恐怖主义和有组织犯罪威胁的能力。 在一些国家,缺乏读取文件机和货物扫描仪等技术设备,数据库缺乏全面连接,妨碍了在过境点对旅行证件和货物进行彻底和有效的检查。", "国际合作", "134. 8个中亚和高加索国家中有7个批准了12个国际反恐法律文书,吉尔吉斯斯坦积极考虑加入尚未加入的6个文书。 该区域没有任何国家批准2005年《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约议定书》和2005年《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书》。 尽管大多数国家是内陆国,但它们仍应批准2005年的两项议定书,并在答复司法协助和引渡请求时,为了两国共认犯罪的目的将其罪行纳入国内法。 2009年,土库曼斯坦颁布了立法,在反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义方面加强与外国的信息共享和司法协助。 中亚国家属于处理反恐具体方面的区域组织,包括立法、反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义、执法和特定区域背景下的边境安全。 这些国家在这些多边框架内确实相互互动,但还必须在有关司法协助和引渡的事项上扩大双边联系,并在边境安全方面开展合作(特别是因为恐怖主义威胁往往具有跨界性质)。 任何国家都无法单独打击恐怖主义,因为恐怖主义威胁的跨国性质需要同其他国家合作和协调。 在高加索地区,恐怖主义活动、持续的敌对行动和石油工业的存在结合在一起,就必须在执行反恐措施方面进行强有力的合作。 因此,必须在执法、边境安全、司法协助和引渡领域建立有效、持久和整体的区域合作机制。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "135. (中文(简体) ). 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 确保建立、维护并更新国家刑事和相关数据库,并与执法和边境办事处相连接;", "(b) 国家 确保在主要过境点安装技术设备(文件阅读器、扫描仪和欺诈探测器);", "(c) 加强对(正式和非正式的)汇款系统的控制/监测,包括现金和无记名可转让票据的实际跨界流动。", "136. (中文(简体) ). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 更积极地同参与该区域的国际和区域组织(包括集体安全条约组织、欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)、上海合作组织区域反恐机构和欧安组织设在塔吉克斯坦杜尚别的边境管理工作人员学院)接触,以集中力量开展活动,克服不足之处并更好地执行第1373(2001)号决议;", "(b) 通过不同办法(包括与提供者/捐助者合作为技术援助提供便利并组织区域讲习班)同中亚和高加索各国更密切合作,以解决需要关注的具体领域,包括加强刑事司法系统和法官和检察官的专门方案;", "(c) 考虑今后对该次区域的访问和后续访问,以更积极地与各国接触。", "西亚(巴林、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克、约旦、科威特、黎巴嫩、阿曼、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国、阿拉伯联合酋长国和也门)", "委员会访问了该次区域的七个国家。", "一般性评论", "137号. 该次区域面临的威胁和挑战包括:恐怖主义、区域冲突、政治过渡和内乱造成的不稳定以及海盗行为。 自第1373(2001)号决议通过以来,该次区域各国总体上加强了反恐措施。 然而,有必要对其中一些措施进行微调,使其符合国际守则以及执行该决议的最佳做法和做法(包括遵守法治和国际人权义务)。 该次区域各国应确保对执法活动进行有效的司法监督,以防止滥用和防止有罪不罚现象。", "138. 该次区域若干国家的先进经济地位和相邻地区政治不稳定,有可能使资金泄露给恐怖主义集团。 因此,必须加强金融部门的安全、对汇款和现金跨界流动的控制。", "139. (中文(简体) ). 非营利部门由几个法域认真管理。 (例如,科威特和沙特阿拉伯都禁止亭收钱的做法,有关部委一般对慈善机构进行更严格的管理。 ) 有必要加强连通性,以促进慈善机构和执法机构数据库之间的信息交流。", "140. 国家 由于该分区域部分地区不断受到恐怖主义威胁,有必要加强边境管制、检查旅行者并防止武器走私。 一些国家还需要更有效地处理该区域大量寻求庇护者的问题,特别是加入1951年《难民公约》。", "评估领域", "立法", "141 (英语). 大多数国家建立了反恐法律框架,主要依靠各自的刑法,并辅以其他特别法令。 大多数国家都有能力调查恐怖主义案件。 在一些司法管辖区,恐怖主义行为的实施者已被逮捕并随后被绳之以法。 然而,一些国家依赖过于宽泛的法律定义和特别刑事程序,这些定义和程序已引起联合国人权机制的关注,也可能给国际合作带来困难。 一些国家认为它们所加入的国际公约是其国家立法的组成部分。 然而,阿拉伯联合酋长国已积极主动地将国际文书中的大多数罪行纳入其国内立法,沙特阿拉伯和其他几个法域也正在审议这方面的法律草案。 一些国家将招募人员从事恐怖行为定为犯罪。 沙特阿拉伯制订了一项恐怖主义康复方案,该方案显示出一些希望。 阿拉伯联合酋长国有促进国内所有社区宽容和温和的政策,作为建立社区抵御招募和激进化能力的一项措施。 大多数国家将向恐怖分子提供安全庇护所定为犯罪,它们还将利用其领土对其他国家公民、设施或外交代表实施或准备实施恐怖行为定为犯罪,认为针对这些目标的任何恐怖行为都是危害本国安全的行为。 然而,各国仍然需要根据国际反恐文书将引渡或起诉原则纳入国内法。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "142. (中文(简体) ). 七个国家是《资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国(包括也门,该国于2010年成为缔约国)。 该次区域大多数国家都通过了反洗钱立法和条例并建立了多个管理机构。 不过,在打击资助恐怖主义方面,有必要采取类似措施,特别是行动措施。 例如,大多数国家尚未将资助恐怖主义定为刑事犯罪,并将其定为洗钱罪的上游犯罪。 部分将资助恐怖主义定为刑事犯罪的国家仍需要确保列入《制止资助恐怖主义公约》第2条的所有内容。 报告义务主要适用于部分将资助恐怖主义定为犯罪的国家。 其他国家可能通过中央银行通知就打击资助恐怖主义行为规定了报告义务,但没有将此类罪行的行为人绳之以法的法律框架。 大多数国家都增加了已制定的法律和条例的数目,以确保将客户的尽职调查和记录保存要求扩大到指定的非金融业务和专业。 大多数国家都制定了扣押和没收措施。 2010年,约旦修订了其反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义法,使之符合国际标准,包括发布一项指令,对恐怖主义资金实行行政冻结。 总体而言,该次区域大多数国家需要进一步加强冻结与恐怖主义有关的资金的措施,包括精简程序并毫不拖延地冻结资金。", "143. (中文(简体) ). 大多数国家都设立了金融情报机构。 巴林、黎巴嫩、卡塔尔、沙特阿拉伯、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和阿拉伯联合酋长国是埃格蒙特集团的成员。 其他金融情报机构仍需充分运作,并可利用上述较先进机构的经验和援助。 2009年,伊朗司法部门和设在金融情报室的经济和财政事务部成功设立了反洗钱计算机培训试点方案。 大多数国家都制定了适当的法律和条例来管理非营利组织的登记。 一些国家还在安全部门的主持下采取了管制措施。 在沙特阿拉伯,慈善组织和协会的账户受沙特阿拉伯货币机构关于商业银行开设和经营账户的规则的管制。 然而,大多数国家尚未对其非营利部门进行风险评估,以确保该部门不被滥用于资助恐怖主义的目的。 大多数国家制定了管理现金运送人的法律措施,有些国家建立了披露制度。", "执法", "144. (中文(简体) ). 所有受访国都通过了反恐战略并建立了专门的反恐体制结构和措施,由执法机构管理。 据观察,这些国家开展调查的能力相对较强。 整个区域的法医和技术能力各不相同,在委员会访问的海湾合作委员会(海合会)国家看来更先进。 社区警务发挥着重要作用(例如,在一个受访国家,政府使用移动“智能”电话向公众通报重大事件,并将警察信息张贴在基于互联网的社会网络服务上)。 在大多数国家,内部协调和信息交流是在政策一级进行的,通过人工方式和通过个人接触,而不是通过电子方式,将内部协调和信息交流“分解”到业务一级。 通过使用共同或相互联系的数据库,这种合作/协调将得到加强。", "145 (英语). 加强次区域各国间区域政策合作的两个论坛是阿拉伯内政部长理事会和海湾合作委员会。 特别是后者,通过使用载有适当生物数据的国家身份证,加强了国家和区域安全以及公民通过相互边界的便利通行。 海合会反恐问题常设安全理事会每年举行一次会议,并于2009年通过了一项培训海合会成员国反恐官员的指导计划。 鉴于联合国人权机制对该区域部分地区在反恐中过度使用武力和虐待被拘押者表示关切,似乎需要各国对执法活动实行更系统的监督,包括司法部门的监督。 所有国家都采取了一些措施来管制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让,但只有四个国家批准了《火器议定书》。 大多数国家都制定了法律措施,包括申报制度来管制跨境货币流动。", "边境管制", "146. 国家 大多数国家已采取措施侦查伪造的旅行证件。 阿拉伯联合酋长国在证件安全和旅行证件检查方面采用了多层次的办法,包括在装备精良的法医证件检查实验室对旅行证件进行初步检查和对可疑证件进行二级检查。 在约旦,所有主要边境检查站的官员都配备了先进的证件欺诈检测设备。 现场观察表明,这些设备经常被用来识别旅行证件欺诈行为。 该次区域所有国家均在民航组织2010年4月的最后期限之前采用机器可读旅行证件。 所有受访国都使用国际刑警组织的数据库。 然而,大多数国家需要将国际刑警组织数据库的准入范围扩大到边境站,供一线官员使用。 大多数国家已建立业务机制来查明并制止现金运送人。 在约旦,海关部门设立了一个反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义股,该股可进入各种内部和外部数据库,并与所有边境哨所合作。", "147页. 只有两个国家是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国,很少有国家有关于寻求庇护者的法律,主要依靠难民署在该区域的办事处帮助他们管理这些进程。 联合国机制对一些国家没有采取充分的法律和实际措施防止驱回表示关切。 大多数国家在给予任何形式的临时或永久居留权之前对申请人进行筛选。 海合会成员在这方面使用先进技术。 在阿拉伯联合酋长国,入境后申请签证的个人将对照警戒名单进行检查,这些名单以拉丁和阿拉伯文两种文字保存在国家数据库中。 移民当局还采用虹膜识别移民制度,检查构成移民劳工大部分的国家的国民。 有7个国家是《贩运人口议定书》或《偷运移民议定书》的缔约国(有3个国家是这两项议定书的缔约国),尽管难以衡量其执行情况。 所有国家都签署了意向书,以实施世界海关组织的《安全标准框架》并部分实施了必要的措施。 在阿拉伯联合酋长国,中央海关情报股将信息/情报输入电子通关系统中的风险简介。 在科威特,风险简介已纳入电子通关系统。", "148. 巴林、伊朗伊斯兰共和国、伊拉克、约旦、阿曼、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和也门提交了关于2009-2010年期间《小武器行动纲领》执行情况的报告。 然而,各国仍然需要加强其方案与合作,并落实最新的国际最佳做法和军备控制标准。 《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》在整个次区域得到部分执行。 阿拉伯联合酋长国的杰贝勒阿里港是中东最大的港口。 因此,阿拉伯联合酋长国认真对待海上安全和预防威胁,并建立了先进的系统、基础设施和程序,以评估和应对风险,同时确保顺利地为贸易提供便利。 一般来说,大多数国家可以通过利用远程识别和跟踪系统跟踪悬挂外国国旗的船只或跟踪超出各自自动识别系统的船只来提高其海上能力。 《国际民用航空公约》附件17和附件9有关安全规定在所有报告国得到部分执行。 阿拉伯联合酋长国和约旦分别接受了国际民航组织美国航天局的第二个周期任务,伊朗伊斯兰共和国接受了第一个周期的后续任务。 阿拉伯联合酋长国和约旦在机场一级对航空安全政策、方案以及安全管制的实施作了一些重大改进。", "国际合作", "149. 约旦、阿拉伯联合酋长国和也门各成为另一项反恐文书的缔约国,巴林成为另外三项文书的缔约国。 巴林和阿拉伯联合酋长国现在是14个文书的缔约国。 只有几个国家制定了关于引渡和司法协助的国内规定。 海湾合作委员会成员国和阿拉伯国家联盟成员国遵循其有关引渡和司法协助的统一示范立法。 然而,这些限制将限于该区域的实践,因为该区域也受多边和双边条约的制约。 与区域外国家的司法协助和引渡主要受双边条约管辖,引渡的考虑通常由国际刑警组织的通知所触发。 大多数国家需要将其加入的国际反恐文书所列罪行排除在“政治罪”之外。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "150 (英语). 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 培训检察官和法官以及其他有关执法官员有效执行最近颁布的反恐和(或)洗钱领域的法律,并适当顾及国际人权义务;", "(b) 加强打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法和监管框架,包括将资助恐怖主义定为犯罪,采取必要措施毫不拖延地冻结资金,并对非营利部门进行风险评估;", "(c) 继续采取措施,通过执行相关国际最佳守则和做法,加强边境安全。", "151 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 更积极地同相关区域组织接触,包括同阿拉伯国家联盟、海湾合作委员会、伊斯兰会议组织以及中东和北非金融行动工作队接触,重点是为克服挑战和改进决议的执行而开展的活动;", "(b) 特别是在次区域目前事态发展的情况下,在与受访区域各国所建立密切对话的基础上继续努力。 这还将有助于确定促进技术援助的最佳方法,例如通过组织讲习班和其他区域活动,处理需要注意的具体执行领域;", "(c) 通过对西亚国家的进一步后续访问,并利用在该区域与相关国家官员举行双边会议的机会,同该次区域各国进行更积极的接触。", "C. 拉丁美洲", "中美洲和加勒比(安提瓜和巴布达、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、哥斯达黎加、古巴、多米尼克、多米尼加共和国、萨尔瓦多、格林纳达、危地马拉、海地、洪都拉斯、牙买加、墨西哥、尼加拉瓜、巴拿马、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯以及特立尼达和多巴哥)", "委员会访问了该次区域的两个国家。", "一般性评论", "152. (中文(简体) ). 中美洲和加勒比区域的恐怖主义威胁仍然很低。 土生土长的恐怖主义和恐怖集团或恐怖嫌疑分子跨越其领土的行动没有记录或被发现。 然而,该次区域各国面临的最大安全挑战仍然是犯罪活动不断升级及其对社会的破坏性影响。 一系列因素造成犯罪和不安全,其中最主要的是非法毒品贸易,以及非法贩运枪支、贩运人口、帮派战争、失业、腐败,在某些情况下,刑事司法系统无法将罪犯绳之以法。 虽然没有具体提到恐怖主义的一贯发生,但它无疑是一个令人关切的领域,因为上述许多因素有可能助长该区域的恐怖主义行为。 此外,由于其地理(包括广阔和开放的海洋边界以及许多小岛屿国家),该区域容易受到海洋领域的犯罪活动的影响,因此面临与有效的海洋和边境管制有关的挑战。 这些挑战因可用人力和物力资源有限而复杂化。 然而,各国政府继续执行必要的措施,并确实为解决这些问题进行了双边和区域合作。 小武器的可获性在中美洲是一个令人严重关切的问题。 有200多万件未登记的小武器正在流通。", "153 (英语). 本次区域在遵守第1373(2001)号决议,特别是在打击资助恐怖主义行为和采取与港口和机场管制有关的措施方面取得了良好进展。 同样,还通过了反恐立法,赋予司法和检察机关将恐怖分子绳之以法的充分法律权力。 各国建立了区域机制,以确保在控制金融系统、执法和边境管制方面进行协调一致的法律和机构能力建设,确保合作,注意人权和不重复活动。", "评估领域", "立法", "154 (英语). 所有中美洲和加勒比国家都制定了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的立法,其中包括关于恐怖主义和资助恐怖主义罪行的规定。 然而,各国尚未将国际文书中确立的犯罪充分纳入国内法。 所有国家都禁止本国国民利用其领土对其他国家犯下或准备恐怖主义行为,有三分之一的国家有适当措施来制止恐怖主义集团招募成员,把向恐怖分子或其支持者提供安全避难所定为犯罪,并在国内法中确立对有关罪行的充分管辖权。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "155 (英语). 大多数中美洲和加勒比国家已经批准了《资助恐怖主义公约》,并通过了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法,将资助恐怖主义行为定为一项独立罪行并列为洗钱立法的预定罪行。 虽然各国已设立金融情报机构分析可疑交易报告,但其中一些机构需要业务能力建设。 各国还可改进金融机构遵守客户尽职调查标准的情况,特别是在政治公众人物方面。 许多国家已制定立法来控制现金和无记名可转让票据的实际跨国界流动。 2009年,哥斯达黎加批准了《反恐怖主义法》,其中包括资助恐怖主义。 2010年期间,伯利兹、牙买加和圣卢西亚修订了其打击资助恐怖主义的法律条款,以进一步加强各自的制度。 牙买加启动了一个使其金融情报单位现代化的方案,巴巴多斯已核准在金融情报单位内增设6个职位并更新了信息技术系统。 安提瓜、巴哈马、巴巴多斯、伯利兹、百慕大、多米尼克、格林纳达、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚以及圣文森特和格林纳丁斯的金融情报机构已成为埃格蒙特集团的成员。 一些国家尚未立即执行查明和冻结恐怖分子资产的程序。 大约一半的国家执行一些措施,防止通过非营利部门资助恐怖主义。 因此,在这方面必须作进一步努力。", "执法", "156 (英语). 所有中美洲和加勒比国家都制定了有效的执法措施并订立了双边、区域和国际合作和信息交流协定。 各国加强了机构间合作、信息共享以及建立和使用国内和国际犯罪数据库,以支持执法和反恐努力。 该次区域所有国家都是国际刑警组织的成员并建立了国家中央局。 一些国家还是中美洲和加勒比警察局长委员会成员,可以进入其数据库。 然而,许多国家需要提高本国中央局的能力,以确保边境检查站与中央数据库的连接。 尽管有17个国家批准了《枪支议定书》,但该次区域很容易被走私武器所利用,大多数国家的国家立法在管制与小武器和轻武器有关的各种非法活动方面存在缺陷。", "边境管制", "157. (中文(简体) ). 加勒比区域是多国生物鉴别边境管制方案的领导地区,有15个国家和18个机场使用同样的指纹和面部生物鉴别系统。 该区域还制定了加勒比出行证方案,为加勒比共同体公民和合法居民提供安全和便利过境。 该次区域所有国家利用各种国家和国际数据库对来访者和申请签证或居留身份的人进行筛查。 所有国家都颁发了机器可读旅行证件,一些国家还采用了旅客信息预报。 三分之二的国家已建立机制,在签发身份证件之前确定公民的真实身份,但身份证件和旅行证件的签发过程需要更加安全和完整。", "158 (英语). 约有一半国家对非法贩运小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物实施海关管制,但需要加强海关管制并培训官员。 8个国家已报告了《小武器行动纲领》的执行情况。 加勒比共同体工作队和美洲国家组织(美洲组织)多层面安全秘书处制定了一项区域方案来制止非法小武器的扩散。 这一问题已被确定为对加勒比国家保障其公民安全和非暴力能力的重大威胁。 迄今为止,只有特立尼达和多巴哥不断更新其义务。 毒品和小武器的贩运仍然是该次区域所严重关切的问题,尤其是跨越边境无人看守的地段。 现金和无记名可转让票据的非法流动也是一个令人关切的问题。 尽管许多国家建立了控制现金和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的机制,但侦查方法可以加强。 大多数国家已表示打算实施世界海关组织《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》,大多数国家已着手实施其标准。 2009年和2010年,民航组织对9个国家进行了航空安全审计。 缺乏关于海上安全标准执行情况的信息,因为大多数国家没有提供关于其实施海事组织海上安全标准的充分信息。 17个国家是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国,一半以上的国家已采取措施防止滥用庇护程序。 除四个国家外,所有国家都已经批准了《贩运人口和偷运移民议定书》。", "国际合作", "159 (英语). 巴拿马批准了15个国际反恐文书,3个批准了13个,该次区域大多数国家批准了约12个文书。 然而,有两个国家批准了不超过六项文书。 约有一半的国家已对引渡和司法协助作出了适当规定,其余国家在这方面正在取得进展。 然而,加勒比各国已经通过了《加勒比严重刑事事项法律互助条约》(包括与恐怖主义、资助恐怖主义、洗钱和贩毒有关的犯罪)。 该《条约》规定各国有义务在与上述严重刑事犯罪有关的调查、起诉和司法程序的任何阶段提供最广泛的司法协助。 此外,有20个国家是美洲国家组织美洲反恐怖主义委员会的成员,其中大约一半国家是《美洲国家反恐怖主义公约》的缔约国并批准了《美洲刑事事项互助公约》。 建立了区域和双边执法合作机制,例如预警机制和情报合作。 该次区域的合作正在不断改善,但应当进一步加强,特别是在边境地区,以加强对可能的恐怖分子入侵和跨国犯罪扩散的控制。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "160 (英语). 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 加强立法和实际措施,以管制和管制小武器和轻武器的非法贩运;", "(b) 继续改进边境管制措施,以提高预防和侦查非法跨界活动的效力;", "(c) 改进货物加工领域的海关管制方法,以防止为恐怖主义目的进行操纵。", "161 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 继续加强同区域组织的伙伴关系,支持该次区域会员国有效执行第1373(2001)号决议;", "(b) 国家 通过访问和加强对话,尤其是与主要行为者和决策者的对话,更积极地与该次区域各国接触,以提高人们对第1373(2001)号决议及其有效执行要求的认识;", "(c) 继续与国际和区域组织及捐助国合作,为在已确定需要领域提供技术援助提供便利,以建设能力。", "南美洲(阿根廷、多民族玻利维亚国、巴西、智利、哥伦比亚、厄瓜多尔、圭亚那、巴拉圭、秘鲁、苏里南、乌拉圭和委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国)", "委员会访问了该次区域的两个国家。", "一般性评论", "162 (英语). 据认为,恐怖主义对该次区域的威胁不大,但易受与恐怖主义有关的活动影响的程度仍然很高,特别是在某些地区。 在该地区活动的国内叛乱团体的存在,包括哥伦比亚的哥伦比亚革命武装力量游击队、秘鲁的光辉道路和图帕克·阿马鲁以及巴拉圭人民军,构成了切实的安全威胁。 在某些情况下,来自生产和贩运非法药物和其他跨国犯罪活动的收益正被用来资助现有的非法武装团体。 维持足够的边界安全管制仍然具有挑战性,特别是考虑到分区域的地缘造成的困难。", "163 (英语). 南美洲国家在根据第1373(2001)号决议实施各种反恐措施方面取得了切实进展。 它们已颁布反恐立法,大多数已批准了至少12个国际反恐文书。 已作出努力来进一步加强区域协调与合作。 已经加强了打击跨国犯罪的执法努力,并可根据需要进行调整,以打击恐怖主义。 各国政府发起了几项举措,以提高金融机构对报告可疑交易要求的认识。", "评估领域", "立法", "164. (中文(简体) ). 虽然没有一个国家将16个国际反恐文书中的恐怖主义罪行完全纳入国内法,但有6个国家建立了全面的反恐法律框架。 然而,反恐怖主义条款的执行需要改进,特别是在边境管制和国际合作问题上。 智利、哥伦比亚、巴拉圭和秘鲁加强了反恐立法。 就两个国家而言,在国内法编纂恐怖主义罪行方面已经发现有不足之处。 巴拉圭最近通过了一项打击恐怖主义的全面法律,并大大地改进了反恐怖主义和打击资助恐怖主义的立法。 大多数国家在加强其起诉和司法服务能力方面取得了进展。 国际和区域组织继续在司法合作、预防犯罪和促进人权等领域提供培训和能力建设方面发挥积极作用。 9个国家已采取措施制止招募恐怖主义集团成员。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "165 (英语). 《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的公约》有11个缔约国,其中6个国家已将资助恐怖主义定为犯罪。 虽然所有国家都通过了反洗钱立法,但在大多数情况下,有关规定有缺陷,包括将某些相关的非金融企业和专业排除在有义务向金融情报机构提交可疑交易报告并进行客户尽职调查和记录的实体名单之外。 所有国家都设立了金融情报单位,其中6个已开始运作。 其余单位的工作效率和成效各有不同,在某些情况下将需要技术援助来发展其达到国际标准的能力。 有七个国家将报告义务扩大到包括资助恐怖主义。 哥伦比亚和秘鲁毫不拖延地冻结与恐怖主义有关的资金和资产的能力已经提高,但其他一些国家尚未充分执行。 虽然大多数国家都制定了管理慈善组织的立法,但至少10个国家(上次调查中有12个国家)仍必须颁布并有效执行防止通过非营利组织资助恐怖主义的立法。 秘鲁和乌拉圭在这方面取得了改进。 任何国家都没有彻底审查其非营利部门,也没有对资助恐怖主义行为进行风险评估。 许多国家通过建立报告现金跨界流动的申报或披露制度,改进了处理现金运送人的措施。 大多数国家仍然需要改进对替代汇款系统的监测,对这些系统的监管和监测仍然是必须应对的挑战。", "执法", "166 (英语). 10个国家已设立国家机构或办事处(联合法律机构小组)或高级中央办事处,处理反恐事项。 该次区域各国制定了联合战略,并建立了各反恐机构之间的关系。 然而,各国的报告没有载列关于所使用的执法特殊侦查手段或现行具体例外刑事诉讼程序的资料。 所有国家都建立了司法协助安排,以促进区域和国际合作及信息共享。 还利用了区域执法机制。 合作,包括通过预警和情报的合作,看来是有效的。 哥伦比亚、智利、巴拉圭和秘鲁还颁布了立法,赋予其执法当局特别调查权力。 所有国家都可以查阅国际刑警组织的数据,但在许多情况下,查阅和使用数据的效率尚不清楚。 在国内,执法机构依靠有关立法规定、谅解备忘录和参加国家中央机构的合作、协调和信息交流。 5个国家尚未加入《枪支议定书》,但几乎所有国家都提出了将非法制造、拥有和贩运小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物定为刑事犯罪的美洲组织立法。 9个国家的相关立法似乎全面。 大多数国家政府似乎都坚定地致力于确保执法机构尊重人权,尽管在某些情况下,人们对安全部队的侵权行为表示严重关切。", "边境管制", "167. (中文(简体) ). 该次区域所有国家已颁布移民和护照法来规范移民和旅行证件安全,并制定了在签发身份证件前确定个人真实身份的程序。 所有国家都签发机器可读旅行证件。 9个国家对旅行者实施了有效的筛查程序。 跨区域边界的合作,包括信息共享和海关合作,已大大改善。 但是,通过增加警察巡逻和购置侦测设备,特别是鉴于分区域边界漏洞多,可以大大提高管制的效力。 9个国家表示打算执行世界海关组织的《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》。 在评估期间,该次区域有7个国家报告了《小武器行动纲领》的执行情况。 大多数国家对小武器和轻武器的跨界流动实行了管制,并正努力提高预防和侦查效力。 然而,过去和目前冲突中使用的大量非法小武器和轻武器的存在,使控制和消除武器贩运成为边境管制和其他执法当局的一项挑战。", "168 (英语). 本区域通过培训和提高认识讲习班和活动,继续改进对现金和无记名可转让票据跨界流动的控制。 智利、哥伦比亚、秘鲁和乌拉圭建立了有效的管制,以侦查和防止一些出入境点的非法移动。 2009年和2010年期间,有5个国家接受了国际民航组织的美国审计计划审计。 大多数国家已制定法律,设立国家航空安全当局并实行航空安全标准,但很少国家提供资料,说明其执行《国际民用航空公约》相关附件的情况。 总体来说,海事安全守则和标准的执行情况也有所改善。 尽管取得了进展,但由于边界漏洞多和存在黑市贸易路线,边境管理继续构成挑战. 十个国家已经批准了1951年《难民公约》。 所有国家都已经批准了《人口贩运议定书》,除两个国家外,所有国家都是《偷运移民议定书》的缔约国,但可以加强防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动的法律的执行。", "国际合作", "169 (英语). 该次区域已经取得了批准国际反恐文书的合理水平。 智利已批准了14个文书,巴西、巴拉圭和秘鲁已批准了13个文书,4个国家已批准了12个文书。 有8个国家对引渡和司法协助作出了适当规定,其余国家在这方面正在取得进展。 国际合作有所改善,包括建立了区域合作机制。 所有国家都是美洲国家组织的成员,美洲国家组织在政策和业务层面提供区域合作机制。 只有两个国家尚未批准《美洲国家反恐怖主义公约》。 11个国家批准了《美洲刑事事项互助公约》,其余国家是签署国。 只有两个国家批准了《美洲引渡公约》,另有五个国家是签署国。 然而,参与区域合作,特别是引渡和司法协助事项的一些行为者之间似乎缺乏协调。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "170 (英语). 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 审查刑法,以确保将每一指定类别的罪行适当定为刑事犯罪,并在必要时颁布反恐立法;", "(b) 解决将资助恐怖主义定为犯罪和冻结恐怖分子资产方面的不足,并加强对非营利部门和替代汇款系统的监测;", "(c) 加强主管当局侦查货物、现金和其他货币票据非法流动的能力。", "171 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 加强同美洲国家组织/美洲反恐怖主义委员会/美洲药物滥用管制委员会、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处预防恐怖主义处、南美洲洗钱问题金融行动工作队和捐助国在一系列问题上的技术援助协调,包括资助恐怖主义、反恐怖主义法律框架和边境管制;", "(b) 考虑今后访问该区域,以更积极地与各国接触。", "欧洲和北美", "东南欧(阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、保加利亚、克罗地亚、黑山、罗马尼亚、塞尔维亚、斯洛文尼亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国)", "委员会访问了该次区域的三个国家。", "一般性评论", "172 (英语). 尽管阿尔巴尼亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、匈牙利、黑山、塞尔维亚和斯洛文尼亚曾有机会利用恐怖主义立法逮捕(2009年和2010年),在塞尔维亚,曾以恐怖主义罪名将罪犯绳之以法(2009年),但对东南欧国家的恐怖主义威胁被认为较低。 该次区域发生的大多数暴力行为都与民族主义议程有关。 然而,当局越来越意识到宗教动机激进化和暴力极端主义的可能性。", "173 (英语). 该次区域各国在打击恐怖主义的努力中面临许多共同挑战和制约。 区域挑战包括有组织犯罪与恐怖主义之间可能存在的联系,以及金融系统的脆弱性和弱点,它们可用于资助恐怖主义。 该次区域也是人员、资金、武器和非法货物的主要过境路线。", "174 (英语). 区域合作继续得到改进,包括建立新的合作机制并加强现有机制。 各国继续发展其在所有领域的反恐能力,包括更新其立法并加强其司法、检察、金融和执法机构的能力,这往往是其欧洲一体化的一部分。 一些国家已制定了国家反恐战略,但执行水平需要提高,应更注重预防方面,特别是处理煽动恐怖主义和导致暴力极端主义的激进化威胁。", "175 (英语). 尽管边境管理有所改善,对基础设施、人力资源和区域合作进行了大量投资,但来自世界其他地区(特别是冲突地区)的难民和寻求庇护者继续利用东南欧进入欧洲大陆。 邻近区域有更多的国家面临不稳定时期,这就增加了这些区域移民和难民流入的可能性,可能对东南欧国家构成重大挑战。", "评估领域", "立法", "176 (英语). 该次区域大多数国家已颁布了现代反恐立法并建立了执行该决议的全面法律框架。 然而,在将恐怖主义罪行编入国内法方面,有四个国家仍然有很大的不足。 检察和司法当局的能力也仍需加强。 此外,区域和次区域组织需要继续投资于检察官和法官的培训,并建设各国将恐怖分子绳之以法的能力,尽管由于全球金融放缓,资源有所减少。 总体而言,该次区域各国在将招募人员加入恐怖主义定为犯罪方面取得了良好进展。 2010年期间,斯洛文尼亚和前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国批准了欧洲委员会的《防止恐怖主义公约》,从而使该次区域所有国家成为这一重要区域文书的缔约国。 对大多数国家来说,下一步是采取实际措施和一项国家预防战略,因为该次区域仍然容易受到恐怖分子招募。 人们还认为,在处理反恐案件方面,需要在国际合作、复杂的调查方法(包括酌情使用特殊调查手段)和人权保障措施等领域提供更多的培训。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "177 (英语). 该次区域所有国家都是《制止向恐怖主义提供资助公约》的缔约国,近年来所有国家都通过了新的反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义法。 所有国家都将资助恐怖主义列为上游犯罪,并将报告义务扩大到资助恐怖主义。 这些法律——其中大多数是在技术援助下起草的,其中一些是作为委员会访问的后续行动产生的——按照国际标准将洗钱和向恐怖主义提供资助定为刑事犯罪。 该次区域各国继续发展其管理制度,以有效执行决议的财政方面。 例如:黑山作为其新的《打击恐怖主义、洗钱和资助恐怖主义战略》的一部分,通过了2009-2012年期间执行该战略的国家行动计划,该计划主要侧重于反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为。 所有国家都设立了业务金融情报单位,但其能力各不相同。 这方面的一个好例子是指定的金融情报机构斯洛文尼亚防止洗钱办公室。 反洗钱措施和资助恐怖主义问题专家委员会(评价反洗钱措施专家委员会)指出,该办公室结构合理并具有专业性,似乎在有效运作,似乎与警方和其他相关国家机构有着良好的工作关系。", "178 (英语). 另一方面,委员会对该分区域进行的几次访问和其他国际和区域组织进行的评价表明,一些金融情报单位的能力仍需加强。 非营利组织在该区域发挥重要作用。 尽管该次区域所有国家都有管理非营利组织的立法,但监管和监督的程度并不高。 没有任何国家审查其非营利部门或对资助恐怖主义进行风险评估。 大多数国家仍然缺乏毫不拖延地冻结恐怖分子资产的全面制度。 为了防止资助恐怖主义的目的,必须加强监测现金跨界流动的法律措施,特别是因为将现金用作交易基础的比例较高,从而使该区域易受伤害。", "执法", "179 (英语). 所有国家都颁布了法律来指导执法工作并建立了机构来协调本国的反恐努力。 最近,波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那与斯洛文尼亚改革了机构间合作机制,以加强机构间合作。 该区域各国在报告、权力和结构方面对反恐协调机构的结构差别很大。 然而,反恐努力中的国家合作与协调给该次区域所有国家带来了挑战,并已认真努力精简机构间合作。 6个国家已全部或部分地制定了国家反恐战略。 克罗地亚和黑山最近更新了它们的国家战略。 各国需要进一步努力,确保这些战略涵盖有效反恐办法的所有方面,并需要做更多的工作来有效执行国家战略。 在过去几年中,建立了区域执法合作机制,包括预警和情报合作,并大大提高了区域合作的水平。 一个关键的改进是加强了会员国进行联合调查的能力。 特别令人感兴趣的是,通过东南欧合作倡议打击跨界犯罪区域中心和最近为东南欧秘书处建立的《警察合作公约》继续开展执法合作。 该次区域各国警惕自己在武器贩运上的脆弱性,并制定了立法框架,将非法贩运定为犯罪行为并控制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让。 《枪支议定书》的批准率很高,只有一个国家尚未成为缔约国。", "边境管制", "180 (英语). 在过去五年中,该次区域所有国家都颁发了具有强化安全功能的机器可读旅行证件。 阿尔巴尼亚和克罗地亚已进入发放符合欧洲联盟和民航组织标准的生物鉴别护照的后期阶段。 两国预计于2011年完成这一进程。 作为欧洲一体化的一部分,各国在边境管制方面继续取得实质性进展。 自2009年以来,该次区域所有会员国都同Frontex签署了工作安排,从而改进了整个区域边界管理的协调。 区域边境管理方面的合作继续得到改进,包括建立联合巡逻、信息共享以及边境管制和海关合作的区域机制。 除一个国家外,所有国家都签署了意向书,以执行世界海关组织的《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》。 尽管取得了这些进展,但该次区域在这方面继续面临挑战,特别是因为一些国内边界是“绿色边界”,整个区域的边界管理质量各不相同。 在三个受访国家,边境警察没有能够侦测伪造旅行证件的设备,也没有有效的边境监测机制。 在这些国家,通常发现正式的过境点与中央数据库不相连。", "181 (英语). 该次区域大多数国家在执行有关现金运送人的措施方面面临挑战。 大多数国家也难以执行禁止武器贩运的立法,尽管许多国家已努力增加甄别和检查活动。 2010年,有五个国家向《小武器行动纲领》提交了报告,只有一个国家根本没有提交报告。 总体而言,尽管取得了进展,但边境管制和海关管理仍是一个挑战。", "182 (英语). 近年来,在努力防止恐怖分子滥用难民和庇护制度方面取得了进展。 例如,2009年7月,塞尔维亚通过了《2009-2014年塞尔维亚共和国禁止非法移民国家战略》后,通过了《国家移民管理战略》。 该次区域所有国家都批准了《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的两项议定书和1951年《难民公约》。 然而,来自中东和非洲冲突地区的移民和难民潮继续给移民当局带来挑战。", "国际合作", "183 (英语). 国际反恐文书的批准水平相对较高。 近年来,该次区域各国(如波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、保加利亚和塞尔维亚)批准了一些最新的反恐文书。 所有国家都有关于司法协助、引渡和信息交流的适当规定。 与欧洲国家在各级(司法、检察和执法)的合作水平很高。 区域内的国际合作已大为改善。 自2008年以来,《东南欧警务合作公约》秘书处和区域合作委员会在加强区域合作方面发挥了重要作用。 尽管取得了这些进展,但委员会在该区域进行的几次访问和讲习班表明,需要进一步加强反恐事项方面的区域合作。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "184 (英语). 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 建设其反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义制度的能力,特别注重金融情报单位、冻结恐怖分子的资金和资产以及管制慈善组织;", "(b) 加强区域合作机制的能力;", "(c) 加强边境安全并有效合作进行边境控制和海关服务。", "185 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 继续参与次区域合作机制,以加强这种合作;", "(b) 支持各国努力通过和执行全面的国家战略,并特别注重防止恐怖主义;", "(c) 鼓励各国加强边界安全和在边境管制和海关服务领域进行有效合作。", "东欧(白俄罗斯、捷克共和国、爱沙尼亚、匈牙利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、波兰、摩尔多瓦共和国、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛伐克和乌克兰)", "委员会没有访问该次区域任何国家。", "一般性评论", "186 (英语). 该次区域容易受到一系列恐怖主义威胁的影响。 虽然大多数国家的恐怖主义威胁较低,但其他国家,特别是俄罗斯联邦的恐怖主义威胁也很大,俄罗斯联邦一直是若干恐怖袭击的目标。", "187 (英语). 所有国家都有对付恐怖主义的立法框架。 然而,在国家和国际两级执法机构之间的信息共享、合作和协调方面普遍需要改进。 俄罗斯联邦最近的立法力求在有关反恐实体之间采取更综合的办法。 需要更有效地执行第1624(2005)号决议,该决议鼓励不同宗教和文化之间的对话和理解,以制止煽动以极端主义和不容忍为动机的恐怖行为。", "188 (英语). 该次区域位于连接西欧、东欧和东南欧的主要通信线上。 这可能会增加有组织犯罪和走私及贩运麻醉品、武器和人口的相关活动以及洗钱活动所构成的风险。", "评估领域", "立法", "189 (英语). 该次区域大多数国家都编纂了国际恐怖主义罪行。 几乎所有国家都有关于禁止利用其领土实施或准备恐怖行为的规定。 此外,本国法院对在国外犯罪的本国国民和在其境内发现的外国国民拥有管辖权。 大多数国家被认为已经建立了全面而一致的国家法律框架。 2009年,俄罗斯联邦加强了对协助或参与恐怖活动(包括招募)的刑事制裁,并提出了一项法律草案,以加强恐怖主义相关罪行的刑事责任。 俄罗斯联邦还通过了保护恐怖主义受害者权利的立法,并采取了与涉嫌实施恐怖行为的个人的拘留条件有关的措施。 白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰的刑法载有一些条款,规定对其国民(不论目前是否在本国境内)在境外所犯恐怖主义罪行以及目前在该国境内的外国国民在境外所犯罪行有管辖权。 这些法律还规定了引渡或起诉原则。 2009年,波兰通过了2009-2011年保护波兰网络空间政府方案,还通过了一项法律草案,修正了《打击非法或未披露来源衍生出的财产进入金融流通法》,并通过了一项法律草案,修正了《危机管理法》。 在该次区域采取的反恐措施中,国际机制提出了若干人权问题。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "190 (英语). 所有国家都是《资助恐怖主义公约》的缔约国,所有国家都制定了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法并设立了金融情报单位,这些单位是埃格蒙特小组的成员。 东欧国家继续加强反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义的立法和做法。 俄罗斯联邦制定了关于管理非营利组织的立法,并修订了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为,将“资助恐怖主义”的概念扩大到《刑法》所载与非法获取核和放射性物质有关的罪行。 白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰都建立了全面运作的金融情报单位。 2010年,白俄罗斯和乌克兰通过了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义法修正案,内容涉及客户身份、客户尽职调查、记录保存、确定实际所有权和可疑交易,并扩大了通过国家邮政系统汇款的监督标准。 2009年,俄罗斯联邦通过组建由相关部委、俄罗斯银行、议会和检察长办公室高级别代表组成的行政间委员会,加强了参与金融监测的各机构的参与和协调。", "191 (英语). 2009年12月,斯洛伐克修订了《刑法》,确定了自主的资助恐怖主义罪。 2009年,波兰修订了《刑法》,通过了新的《反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义法》,从而扩大了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的范围。 2009年10月,波兰在金融情报监察长办公室设立了打击资助恐怖主义行为的部际咨询机构。 《爱沙尼亚国际制裁法》规定了金融制裁,该法于2010年10月5日生效。 2009年,匈牙利澄清了其非营利部门的法律框架,裁定所有非营利组织必须登记为非营利商业协会。 2010年,匈牙利颁布了《电子登记法》,规定基金会进行电子登记,允许所有有关当局查阅登记册;并制定了公布安全理事会“制裁”决议的程序。", "192 (英语). 该次区域6个欧洲联盟成员国采用2005年10月26日欧洲议会和理事会通过第1889/2005号条例(欧共体)实行的关于控制现金进出共同体的申报制度。", "执法", "193 (英语). 为了有效应对恐怖主义威胁的不对称性质,必须加强合作,在执法、边境安全和情报机构之间不断交流信息。 该次区域大多数国家已经为国内机构之间的合作与协调作出了安排。 2009年10月,俄罗斯联邦总统批准了《反恐概念框架》,该框架建立了一个国家反恐机制来改善国家反恐机构的互动。 此外,2011年1月,俄罗斯联邦杜马一读通过了一项法案草案,界定了恐怖主义威胁的三个层面,并据此界定了反恐机构的责任和协调。 匈牙利于2010年9月1日建立了第一个反恐中心。 该中心将分析和评估该国面临的恐怖主义威胁的状况,保护总统和总理,并发现恐怖主义和绑架行为。 有关执法机构的监督或问责制的信息普遍很少。 大多数国家已制定立法来控制武器的生产、销售和转让,并在一定程度上将贩运武器和爆炸物定为犯罪。 《枪支议定书》有6个缔约国。 2010年,俄罗斯联邦颁布了全面立法,以加强对武器和爆炸物进出口和流通的管制,将监督、调查和执行这些措施的全面责任分派给检察长办公室。", "边境管制", "194 (英语). 该次区域所有国家均签发机器可读旅行证件。 爱沙尼亚于2009年6月采用了指纹生物鉴别技术,并于2009年12月对“芯片”图像进行了指纹核查。 白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰按照民航组织的规格发放机器可读旅行证件。 匈牙利自2006年起发布带有生物鉴别数据的电子护照,自2009年起发布带有指纹的电子护照. 作为2012年欧洲足球协会联盟欧洲足球锦标赛的共同主办国,乌克兰正在将国际刑警组织被盗和遗失旅行证件数据库的进入范围扩大到机场和其他边境管制点。", "195 (英语). 大多数国家认识到该次区域作为一个“过境”地区的重要性,已就庇护、旅行者流动以及防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动等问题制定了立法。 此外,所有国家都是《打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》及其《补充贩运人口和偷运移民议定书》的签署国或缔约国,并批准了1951年《难民公约》。 难民署为白俄罗斯和乌克兰的有关官员提供了培训,旨在确保有效和公平地执行1951年《公约》关于确定难民地位的规定。 2010年,波兰通过了一项为期六年的方案,对边防人员进行再培训,以应对当前的边境挑战。", "196 (英语). 除一个次区域外,该次区域所有国家都签署了意向书,以执行世界海关组织的《全球贸易安全与便利标准框架》。 2010年,俄罗斯联邦修订了一系列立法,规定运输安全和非法干预运输业务和基础设施的行政和刑事责任。 民航组织完成了对白俄罗斯、爱沙尼亚、匈牙利、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、波兰和俄罗斯联邦的机场和航空安全的安全审计。 俄罗斯联邦报告说,它已经按照《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》关于紧急情况下的培训、通知和信号的规定,采取措施保护船只和港口设施免受恐怖袭击。 白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰在执行确保货物安全的标准和做法方面取得了进展。 欧洲海上安全局正在监测和评估欧洲联盟六个成员国的海上安全,该机构检查船级社,评估港口国管制制度,跟踪有问题的船只并保障船上设备的标准。 该机构在欧洲和全世界监测20 000多艘船只。", "197 (英语). 该次区域大多数国家都制定了管制武器进出口的法律。 2010年,所有7个国家都向《小武器行动纲领》提交了国家报告。", "198 (英语). 白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰已采取措施,对跨越其国际边界的现金和其他货币票据实施申报和检查制度,但可能需要采取进一步行动,确保海关官员拥有侦查和防止其非法越境的必要资源。", "国际合作", "199 (英语). 所有国家都批准了13个或更多的国际反恐文书。 拉脱维亚是该次区域唯一加入所有16个文书的国家,爱沙尼亚是15个文书的缔约国。 几乎所有国家都采用了预警系统和信息交流安排。 几乎所有国家都有刑事事项和引渡方面的司法协助安排。 七个国家是申根区的一部分。 2009年,俄罗斯联邦批准了独联体成员国之间的《反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义条约》。 它还同外国金融情报单位签署了51项协定,以交换与资助恐怖主义有关的交易的情报。 白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰的刑事诉讼法均载有关于司法协助和引渡的规定。 2009年,俄罗斯联邦修订了拒绝引渡请求的理由,列入了两国共认犯罪的要求。 俄罗斯联邦同里海沿岸各国签署了一项关于该次区域合作对付可能的恐怖主义威胁的协定草案。", "200块 白俄罗斯和俄罗斯联邦定期参加集体安全条约组织开展的反恐演习。 俄罗斯联邦还参加了由上海合作组织组织的反恐演习。 俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰参加了北大西洋公约组织的积极努力行动,其中包括巡逻和监测海上交通,以遏制地中海盆地的恐怖主义活动。 乌克兰已表示愿意同其他国家就恐怖主义和极端主义组织和团体的活动、计划和意图所构成的威胁交换情报。 2010年12月,独联体反恐中心成员国签署了一项协议,向主管机构提供进入专门数据库的机会,该数据库载有独联体国家间“通缉”名单上的人的资料。 此外,俄罗斯联邦联邦安全局在特别事务、安全机构和执法组织负责人会议的框架内,积极开发一个国际反恐数据库,将20个国家和两个国际组织联系起来,通过一个受控访问网站传送机密信息。", "201 (英语). 在国际一级,波兰同包括法国和德国在内的一些国家签署了双边司法协助协定,并主办了一个特别警察培训中心。 在打击有组织犯罪的分区域努力框架内,德国、波兰、俄罗斯联邦、波罗的海国家和斯堪的纳维亚国家成立了一个有组织犯罪问题专家组。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "202 (英语). 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 制定更综合的办法和更有效的机制,以确保相关反恐机构之间在国家和国际一级开展强有力的合作并交流情报信息;", "(b) 加强对现金和无记名可转让票据跨境实际流动以及汇款系统(正式和非正式)的控制/监测;", "(c) 加强其毫不拖延地冻结恐怖主义资金和资产的能力并改进对客户的尽职调查。", "203 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 与白俄罗斯、俄罗斯联邦和乌克兰开展对话,在2012-2013年期间组织对这三个国家的访问,以查明需要注意的执行领域;", "(b) 国家 与独联体反恐中心、集体安全条约组织和欧亚反洗钱和资助恐怖主义小组等相关区域组织进行更深入的接触,以侧重于旨在执行第1373(2001)号决议的活动,并同样继续与欧洲联盟及其相关实体进行强有力的合作;", "鼓励各国确保反恐措施符合人权义务,并酌情建立有效的监督和问责机制。", "西欧和其他国家(安道尔、澳大利亚、奥地利、比利时、加拿大、塞浦路斯、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、冰岛、爱尔兰、以色列、意大利、列支敦士登、卢森堡、马耳他、摩纳哥、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、葡萄牙、圣马力诺、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、土耳其、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和美利坚合众国)", "委员会访问了该次区域的9个国家。", "一般性评论", "204 (英语). 据认为,对该次区域若干国家的恐怖主义威胁不大,但其他国家在30多年期间遭受了相当程度的恐怖主义。 一些国家最近成为成功和被挫败的恐怖主义袭击的受害者。 这种持续的恐怖主义威胁来自一系列国内民族主义和受政治启发的团体,包括分裂主义组织、左翼和右翼团体和激进支持某一政治问题的团体(如动物权利保护和反全球化),以及基地组织等跨国组织。 此外,许多国家查明了基于宗教的暴力极端主义的风险,这种极端主义可能导致本土恐怖分子的发展并吸引潜伏者或独立恐怖分子。 据信,该次区域一些国家面临的威胁仍然很大。 尽管这些目标国家的执法和国内安全机构尽了最大努力,但继续发生恐怖事件的风险依然存在。 此外,许多国家正在遭受其领土内策划、支持和资助冲突地区恐怖袭击的个人所发出的日益严重的威胁。", "205 (英语). 该次区域各国非常警惕它们面临的恐怖主义威胁,并已投入大量资源来扩大法律框架,建立和加强反恐机构,并努力加强执法和情报机构的能力。 大多数国家利用尖端技术、信息共享机制和全面预防恐怖主义方法来保护其利益。 然而,许多国家的运输系统(特别是关键基础设施)仍然存在着脆弱性。 许多国家还投资于社会方案,以更好地理解和防止激进化和恐怖主义的潜在招募,所有国家都在某种程度上参与了反恐对话。 与此同时,确保反恐措施符合人权义务的问题仍然是该次区域辩论的一个主要议题。", "206 (英语). 该次区域各国非常了解资助恐怖主义的威胁并警惕相关风险。 金融部门庞大的国家特别警惕犯罪集团和恐怖主义集团可能利用的脆弱性。 这些国家大多数是负有反恐任务的国际和区域机构的成员,包括欧洲委员会、欧洲联盟及其各附属机构(欧洲联盟司法合作股(欧洲司法股)、欧洲刑警组织和Frontex)、国际刑警组织和北约。 欧洲联盟成员国是一系列反恐文书和公约的缔约国,北约盟国和伙伴制定了将恐怖主义、资助恐怖主义和网络攻击视为威胁的新战略。 然而,该次区域继续面临许多挑战和风险,例如跨国有组织犯罪和金融犯罪,它们可能或可能与恐怖主义威胁直接相关。 许多国家还将继续处理激进化、暴力极端主义和恐怖分子跨界流动等问题。", "评估领域", "立法", "2017 (英语). 该次区域16个欧洲联盟成员国都批准了《欧洲委员会防止恐怖主义公约》,遵守了欧洲联盟的反恐文书,并参加了欧洲委员会恐怖主义问题专家委员会进程和欧洲司法组织的工作。 大多数国家已经完成将欧洲联盟文书纳入国内法的工作。 非欧洲联盟国家独立开展工作,制定反恐立法框架,将国际反恐文书所列罪行纳入国内法。 大多数国家都通过了全面的反恐法律,充分应对该次区域目前的恐怖主义风险,并考虑到每个国家的威胁程度。 大多数国家都明确界定了恐怖主义行为,并继续将反恐怖主义罪行列入刑法和刑法。 大多数国家能够将恐怖分子绳之以法,并有这样做的政治意愿。 澳大利亚、法国、德国、希腊、荷兰、土耳其、联合王国、美国和其他几个国家已成功地对犯有恐怖主义罪行的人进行了审判并定罪。 几乎所有国家都有立法禁止利用其领土筹备和犯下恐怖主义行为,大多数国家将向恐怖分子提供安全避难所定为犯罪。", "2018 (英语). 所有国家都在加强其起诉和司法能力方面取得了进展。 然而,只有20个国家采取了实际措施和国家战略来制止恐怖主义集团招募人员。 鉴于该次区域许多国家在招募恐怖分子方面面临问题,应作出更多努力来建设这一领域的起诉和执法部门的能力。 澳大利亚、丹麦、法国、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、联合王国和美国都设有省、属地和(或)海外领土,每个领土都有不同程度的自主权和能力来确定自己的反恐立法框架。 在可能的情况下,各国政府与其领土合作,鼓励它们起草适当的国内反恐法律,但在许多情况下,需要改进这些框架。 国际人权机制对一些国家使用特别反恐措施以及移民和庇护程序的问题表示关切。 各国应确保反恐立法的执行充分尊重人权。", "打击资助恐怖主义行为", "209 (英语). 该次区域所有30个国家都是《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的公约》的缔约国,并将资助恐怖主义定为犯罪。 所有国家都设立了金融情报单位,这些单位是埃格蒙特小组的成员。 23个国家是洗钱问题金融行动工作队的成员。 欧洲联盟成员国还执行欧洲联盟关于反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为的立法,并已经通过国家立法,使其符合欧洲联盟的有关指示。 该次区域所有国家都制定了反洗钱法,大多数将资助恐怖主义列为洗钱的前提罪行。 所有国家都将报告义务扩大到包括资助恐怖主义,但有些国家仍然需要将报告义务扩大到包括相关的非金融企业和专业人员,如律师、会计师、信托和公司服务提供者、房地产专业人员和贵金属和宝石交易商。 所有国家都规定了对不遵守行为的处罚清单并广为公布。", "210 (英语). 该次区域除两个国家外,所有国家都制定了立法,通过申报或披露制度监测现金跨界流动情况,但有几个国家需要改进其制度,确保它们处理无记名可转让票据和现金。 2005年10月26日欧洲议会和欧洲理事会通过了关于控制现金进出共同体的(欧共体)第1889/2005号条例,对属于欧洲联盟成员国的国家实行了申报制度。", "211 (英语). 该次区域的所有国家都建立了业务金融情报单位,尽管一些国家仍在努力提高能力。 例如,希腊金融情报机构已作出重大努力来弥补其人员短缺。 工作人员人数从2005年的19人增加到2009年底的28人,另有10名工作人员将从其他几个机构借调。 2011年初,新西兰金融情报室的人员编制从9人增至21人。", "212 (英语). 虽然该次区域各国在打击向恐怖主义提供资助方面处于高水平,但许多国家需要更加注意制定有效措施来冻结同恐怖主义有关的资金和资产。 欧洲联盟成员国中很少有国家建立了单独的国家机制来补充欧洲联盟的条例。 需要这种机制来落实其他管辖区关于冻结资产和指定资产的请求,并能够毫不拖延地冻结欧洲公民和居民的资金。 几乎所有国家都有对预防性冻结措施提出上诉的程序,尽管在某些情况下这些程序的有效性可以提高。 大多数国家需要改进对替代汇款系统的监管。 澳大利亚为此已采取步骤,在2010年2月《犯罪立法修正案》(严重有组织犯罪)(第2号)中澄清了“指定汇款安排”的定义,并发布了一份讨论文件,对旨在加强汇款部门监管的拟议改革进行高级别审查。 大多数国家还需要改进立法和能力,防止通过慈善组织资助恐怖主义。 许多国家没有审查它们的非营利部门资助恐怖主义的风险,但联合王国特别建立了评估和保护该部门的机制,并通过慈善委员会国际方案,确保在国际上开展业务,并帮助世界其他地区进行能力建设。", "执法", "213 (英语). 面临高度恐怖主义威胁的国家特别警惕,已采取步骤扩大其执法和情报机构的资源和能力。 并非每个国家都有独立的反恐战略,但所有国家都制定了各种反恐政策和做法,并设立了一个国家机构或中心,负责指导其工作,管理反恐措施。 例如,在意大利,总理办公室所设立的政治军事股由负责反恐的所有政府部门和机构高级代表组成,具有广泛而全面的职能。 几乎每个国家都采用了有效的机制,使执法机构能够打击恐怖主义。 所有国家都建立了必要的机构和机构间关系,许多国家建立了联合工作队和聚变中心,以分享情报,规划联合行动,并确保协调的全来源分析。 例如,以色列设立了一个机构间联合中心、一个追查金融罪行的机构间工作队和一个反恐怖主义工作队。 德国已设立一个联合反恐中心,使若干关键的反恐机构能够在一个集中地点工作,实时交流信息并协调分析和行动。", "214 (英语). 大多数国家的情报和安全部门都具备调查恐怖活动并与相关执法机构相协调的良好条件。 所有国家都使用国际刑警组织的数据,欧洲联盟成员国通过欧洲刑警组织在调查和行动方面进行合作。 还建立了更多的区域和双边执法合作机制,包括预警和情报合作。 许多国家还制定了打击激进化的执法方案。 土耳其启动了民族团结项目,以解决土耳其社会中据称助长库尔德异议和库尔德工人党招募的社会和经济不平等问题。 荷兰拨出了4多亿欧元,用于支持2007年开始的防止激进化的四年行动计划。 该次区域许多国家政府已推出邻里警务方案和外联方案,并与民间社会开展合作。 然而,国际人权机制对据称执法和情报机构在调查和审讯过程中所犯下的侵权行为提出了一些关切。", "215 (英语). 所有国家都制定了立法,管制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售和转让。 然而,需要采取进一步措施,将非法制造、拥有和贩运小武器和轻武器以及爆炸物定为犯罪。 《枪支议定书》的批准不力,只有七个国家已完全批准该文书。 然而,自上次调查以来,已有13个国家签署了《公约》。", "边境管制", "216 (英语). 虽然该次区域各国已采取步骤,减少恐怖分子流动和武装的脆弱性,但恐怖分子及其支持者可能非法进入这些国家领土,并可能通过犯罪网络获取恐怖袭击所必要的材料。 这些国家试图通过一系列边境管制措施来尽量减少这种威胁。 所有国家都遵守机器可读旅行证件的要求,大多数国家对旅行证件的签发实行管制。 例如,希腊已经建立了一个最先进的机构和系统,用于制作和发放生物鉴别机可读旅行证件以及希腊执法官员的身份证。 美国已对其护照进行了升级,使其更难伪造/伪造,并采用了防篡改签证。", "217 (英语). 边境管制是在高技术水平上进行的。 联合王国广泛使用闭路电视(同其他几个国家一样),而美国则使用生物鉴别技术核实游客的身份。 大多数国家的边境站都有实时链接,以保障国家数据库、国际刑警组织数据库和国际观察清单的安全。 区域边界管理一般通过使用诸如使用联合巡逻、分享信息和区域边境管制和海关合作机制等做法运作良好。 《申根协定》涵盖该次区域17个国家,并规定这些国家之间开放边界。 (两个申根成员不再有外部边界来守卫. 虽然这大大促进了一体化,从而改善了贸易条件和合法人员的自由移动,但也有利于非法货物和人员跨越广阔地理区域的流动。 然而,申根成员已采取一系列措施来应对这一挑战。 其中包括申根信息系统,这是一个国际计算机化数据库,使各国能够储存和分享关于外国人、寻求庇护者、罪犯和被国家安全机构监视者的信息,以及一个“退出”机制,使成员能够出于国家安全原因临时重新建立边境管制。", "218 (英语). 大多数国家已采取实际步骤,查明并制止现金库业务,并能够执行有关现金和无记名可转让票据非法跨界流动的立法。 加拿大和美国于2010年11月签署了一项谅解备忘录,通过分享在边境被扣押的货币的数据来跟踪非法货币的移动. 这项谅解备忘录将大大提高两国执法官员调查和追踪现金运送人的能力,并干扰支助犯罪分子和恐怖分子活动的资金流动。", "219 (英语). 所有国家都已采取步骤确保货物安全、海上安全和航空安全。 大多数国家执行海关组织《安全标准框架》并符合民航组织的要求。 民航组织审计了该次区域大多数国家。 17个欧洲联盟成员国的海上安全由欧洲海上安全局进行监测和评估,该局检查分类,评估港口国管制系统,跟踪有问题的船只,并保障船上设备的标准。 该机构在欧洲和全世界监测20 000多艘船只。 该次区域大多数国家定期更新其安全系统,以反映不断变化的国际标准。", "220 (英语). 剩下的一项挑战是执行实际措施,查明并制止贩运军火和武器。 虽然自上次调查以来已有23个国家向《小武器行动纲领》提交了报告,但许多国家可以进一步加强这方面的努力。 在防止恐怖分子滥用难民和庇护制度方面取得了很大进展。 所有国家都通过了旨在使庇护程序符合国际标准的立法,除三个国家外,所有国家都是1951年《难民公约》的缔约国。 只有几个国家尚未加入《贩运人口和偷运移民议定书》。 联合国和区域人权机制对一些国家未能严格遵守不驱回原则表示关切。", "国际合作", "221 (英语). 该次区域各国与区域和国际伙伴密切合作,以降低恐怖主义的风险和脆弱性。 它们交换威胁和警告情报,分享行动情报,并在双边和多边范围内进行联合培训和其他演习。 大多数国家建立了强有力的法律框架,以支持司法协助和引渡请求,特别是在欧洲联盟框架内。 所有国家都制定了交换情报的程序,包括通过金融情报单位。 欧洲联盟成员国为彼此之间以及与包括欧洲司法组织和欧洲刑警组织在内的第三国的合作建立了复杂的机制。 国际反恐文书的批准水平相对较高,该次区域有四个国家已批准了所有16个文书。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "222 (英语). 该次区域各国应:", "(a) 国家 确保海关官员拥有必要的实际措施和资源来侦查和防止货币和无记名可转让票据的跨界流动并侦查和防止武器弹药的走私;", "(b) 通过发展国家“冻结”机制来补充区域框架,加强毫不拖延地冻结恐怖主义资金和资产的能力;", "(c) 进一步制定打击激进化和恐怖主义招募的方案。", "223 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 鼓励各国加强其反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义制度的能力,并特别注重监管替代汇款系统和慈善组织;", "(b) 鼓励各国采取实际措施和国家战略,制止恐怖主义集团招募人员,同时尊重相关的人权义务;", "(c) 为促进国际合作,鼓励各国尽可能广泛地与其他国家分享最佳做法和技术专门知识。", "三. 按专题领域进行的评估", "224 (英语). 本节调查提供了实施决议各项规定所应采用的一般标准和建议做法,并介绍了在关键专题领域执行该决议的总体全球趋势。 本次专题评估更全面地描述了自该决议通过以来,国际社会如何在应对恐怖主义挑战方面取得最广泛进展。 以下分析显示,应努力更有效地执行第1373(2001)号决议的规定,以制定全面的反恐立法,防止和制止向恐怖主义提供资助,发展执法基础设施,确保边境管制并促进国际合作。", "A. 立法", "225 (英语). 为了有效地执行安全理事会第1373(2001)号决议,必须制定全面的反恐立法。 决议的用意是,各国通过颁布具体的反恐法律规定,不再需要诉诸模糊的法律条款、临时方法或定制的解释来起诉恐怖行为。 相反地,各国应建立一个明确、完整和一致的法律框架,将恐怖主义行为规定为严重刑事罪行,根据这些行为的严重性予以惩罚,确立管辖权,并帮助法院将恐怖分子绳之以法。 正如第1963(2010)号决议所指出,这一框架应为制定全面、综合的国家反恐战略提供基础,该战略应植根于法律方法,并确保法治(特别是通过在调查和起诉恐怖分子时纳入公平待遇,从而保护人权),同时尽可能有效地打击恐怖主义。", "226 (英语). 虽然大多数国家已经为建立这种法律框架采取了重大步骤,但某些地区的进展较为有限。 西欧、东欧、中亚和高加索次区域的大多数国家都实行了全面的反恐立法。 在仍然需要取得进展的地区,犯罪被充分编纂的程度大相径庭,仍然需要注意。 在将招募恐怖分子定为犯罪方面已有所改进,尽管普遍缺乏关于为制止恐怖主义集团招募人员而制订的战略和资源的资料。", "227 (英语). 需要注意的领域包括将某些地区的安全避难所定为犯罪的立法措施。 委员会及其执行局在2010年向会员国作一般性通报时讨论了这一问题。 根据第1373(2001)号决议第2(c)段,各国有义务拒绝向资助、计划、支持或犯下恐怖主义行为或提供安全避难所的人提供安全避难所。 各国还必须防止资助、计划、协助或犯下恐怖主义行为的人为敌对其他国家或其公民的目的利用本国领土(第2(d)段)。", "228 (英语). 各国应将窝藏和阻碍逮捕任何人的行为定为刑事犯罪,如果这些人知道自己已经或正在计划犯下恐怖主义行为或是恐怖主义集团的成员。 其他措施包括将准备行为定为刑事犯罪的法律,包括策划、协助和教唆对另一国或其公民犯下恐怖主义罪行。", "229 (英语). 这些基本立法措施必须得到充分管辖权的支持,以确保国内法院有权处理潜在的罪犯。 这包括各国根据其加入的适用国际反恐文书引渡或起诉的义务。 各国应采取全面办法,拒绝提供安全避难所,因为需要一些相互关联的措施来确保有效性。 其中包括立法、执法、边境管制、难民和庇护措施。 移民和边境管制机构应采用适当的程序来甄别难民,以查明恐怖分子,并应赋予其识别和追查非法在该国境内的人的能力。", "230. 第1373(2001)号决议要求所有会员国将恐怖分子绳之以法。 然而,国别访问和委员会的其他活动表明,这一要求对各国的刑事司法制度构成重大挑战。 大多数受访国在努力制订关于有效调查方法和刑事诉讼程序、国际合作和人权保障的法律规定方面继续遇到困难。 各国在努力制定全面的法律框架时,应采取步骤加强起诉和司法机构的能力。 许多国家在努力为检察机关和司法机构配备熟练的检察官和法官并向其提供必要的技术资源和培训方面继续面临挑战。", "231 (英语). 反恐案件的起诉依靠具体的技能和专门知识,各国检察和司法当局被迫制定办法,处理这类案件日益复杂,往往造成不寻常和有挑战性的案件管理问题。 主要挑战包括利用机密信息作为证据(包括作为证据的可采性)、调查方法、国际合作、保护证人、恐怖分子使用尖端技术以及恐怖主义与其他犯罪形式之间的联系。", "232 (英语). 委员会认识到这些问题,于2010年12月组织了主题为“将恐怖分子绳之以法”的创新研讨会。 该研讨会在联合国总部举行,使与会检察官能够确定在起诉恐怖主义罪行方面的共同挑战,并分享在尊重法治和人权的同时有效将恐怖分子绳之以法方面所取得的成功。 委员会还在与国际、区域和次区域组织及会员国的对话中分享并推广参与检察官的经验和良好做法,从而得以借鉴这些经验和良好做法。 委员会通过其执行局,为执行第1373(2001)号决议而越来越多地与从业人员互动。 它利用了联合国的“召集”权力,使参与反恐的检察官和执法官员能够讨论共同的挑战,交流良好做法并加强其区域合作。 (委员会与南盟成员国的接触就是这方面的一个例子。 ) 在捐助国和捐助组织的支持下,召开这些从业人员的研讨会,可以分享专门知识,促进能力建设,并为从业人员提供一个互动和联网的论坛。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "233 (英语). 会员国应当:", "(a) 按照法治和人权义务,促进通过全面和综合的国家反恐法律框架,并增强各国调查、起诉和判决恐怖行为的能力,包括视需要请求提供能力建设援助;", "(b) 促进将国际反恐文书所列举的恐怖主义罪行定为刑事犯罪;", "(c) 采取步骤,将提供安全避难所和筹备实施恐怖行为的活动定为犯罪。", "234 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 与捐助国、联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处预防恐怖主义处和其他捐助组织密切协调,继续(特别是通过全球和区域从业人员研讨会等活动)协助确定、分享和传播良好做法并组建网络;", "(b) 鼓励各国通过必要的反恐法律框架,并为执行法律框架(例如在调查、起诉和国际合作等领域)而向有关官员提供必要的培训,并为此目的寻求技术援助提供者的支持;", "(c) 视需要促进国家检察机关和司法机构的能力建设。", "B. 打击资助恐怖主义行为", "235 (英语). 打击资助恐怖主义行为是第1373(2001)号决议的核心,该决议要求各国采取若干法律、体制和实际措施来防止和制止资助恐怖主义行为。 尽管在这一领域取得了一些进展,但各国继续面临一些挑战,包括新的挑战。 由于金融部门的持续发展,各国面临着各种威胁和脆弱性,例如因特网系统、新的支付方法、电汇和电子支付的发展。 滥用慈善机构和为恐怖主义目的使用现金运送人的可能性也仍然令人关切。 各国需要确保其立法和指导足够灵活和有力,以涵盖新的威胁并维持其预防职能。", "236 (英语). 第1373(2001)号决议和《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》规定了各国在将资助恐怖主义定为犯罪方面的义务。 履行这些义务需要建立一个全面的法律制度。 该决议和《公约》都规定,为了存在资助恐怖主义罪,旨在资助恐怖行为的资金不必是犯罪收益,而旨在资助恐怖行为的资金实际上不必已经发生或甚至未遂。 《公约》还允许起诉向国际反恐文书所列所有恐怖行为提供资助的行为。 尽管在将这一罪行定为刑事犯罪方面取得了一些进展,但许多国家尚未提出完全符合《公约》或决议的资助恐怖主义罪行。 此外,大多数国家在调查和起诉犯罪方面缺乏足够的专门知识和经验。", "237 (英语). 冻结恐怖分子的资产是第1373(2001)号决议的关键要素,必须理解为一项预防措施。 各国应立即采取行动,查明有关个人和实体及其所有相关资金和资产,并冻结这些资金和资产,而无须事先通知有关个人或实体,以防止这些资产被转移。 在执行决议的有关规定时,各国还必须注意适当程序。 它们应制定法律条款或程序,允许资产被冻结的个人或实体向法院或独立行政机构对裁决提出质疑。 各国还应作出规定,允许在根据决议冻结资产时给予人道主义豁免。 包括一些受访国家在内的一些国家建立了令人印象深刻的机制来有效执行决议的这项具有挑战性的规定。 他们还报告说,冻结资金和资产是防止恐怖主义行为的宝贵工具。 然而,绝大多数国家尚未对决议的这一部分作出有效规定,它们主要依靠其刑事诉讼法中的“扣押”条款来执行该决议。 这可能不符合“毫不拖延地冻结”的要求,因为只有在刑事调查开始之后才能触发刑事规定。", "238 (英语). 许多国家继续面临巨大挑战的另一个领域是客户尽职调查。 大多数国家在其立法中规定了客户尽职调查义务和报告机制,要求金融机构和某些专业人员查明客户并向当局报告可疑活动。 然而,挑战依然存在,特别是在实施基于风险的办法方面。 有效的基于风险的方法侧重于发展健全的全球金融市场。", "239 (英语). 金融包容性和金融完整性是相辅相成的目标。 前者增加了反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义制度的价值,有助于降低经济体的现金数额并推广使用受监管的金融服务部门,这是健全而有效的反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义制度的基础。", "240 (英语). 新的支付方法的出现是促进金融普惠的有力论据. 近年来,通过移动货币转账和预付卡等新的支付方式进行的交易数量和资金量都有了显著增长. 新的支付方法有资助恐怖主义的风险,因为这些方法可以便利匿名交易和跨界转移资金。 已查明涉及使用新的支付方法的洗钱和资助恐怖主义案件。 然而,各国在为这些付款方法制定适当的立法和管理制度方面遇到困难,这些方法正在以越来越快的速度演变。 调查和起诉涉及新支付方法的案件需要高水平的技术能力和当局的迅速行动。 它们还需要加强国际合作,特别是在保存电子证据方面。 在这方面,根据《欧洲委员会网络犯罪公约》第35条建立的八国集团24/7数据保存网络和24/7网络是良好做法。", "241 (英语). 许多非正规货币或价值转移系统——如哈瓦拉、汉迪和费伊琴——跨越国界和在国内法律框架之外运作。 许多海外工人依靠这种服务,向家人迅速提供低成本汇款。 各国可能怀疑这种系统被用于资助恐怖主义,但不清楚其范围。 因此,必须根据国际标准和最佳做法,增加这一部门的透明度并采取步骤来降低这一风险。 然而,各国政府的反应应该灵活、有效并符合滥用恐怖主义资金的风险。 在世界许多地方,这种系统对那些负担不起正规金融系统服务的人至关重要。 它们对银行部门不高度发达的现金经济也有用。", "242 (英语). 监测现金跨界流动是防止资助恐怖主义的另一个工具。 事实上,使用现金运送人被认为是转移非法资金、洗钱和资助恐怖主义的主要方法之一。 洗钱问题金融行动特别工作组关于现金运送人的特别建议九要求各国制定法律、体制和业务措施,以侦查和防止资金和无记名可转让票据(即旅行支票、汇票)的非法移动。 许多国家采用了货币管制机制。 这些现有机制还应用于侦查与洗钱或资助恐怖主义有关的资金和无记名可转让票据并采取适当行动。 各国应采取必要的法律措施,如在怀疑存在洗钱或资助恐怖主义行为时扣押资金。 在监测现金和无记名可转让票据跨境流动方面普遍存在的缺陷包括:所需法律制度的执行不一致;对适用法律和当局的了解不足;有关当局之间的信息共享不足。 在今后两年中,反恐怖主义委员会执行局将组织一系列次区域讲习班,以协助会员国加强对跨界非法资金流动的反应。", "243 (英语). 在全球范围内,慈善捐助是不可或缺的财政资源,对许多发展中国家和遭受重大灾害的国家尤其如此。 非营利部门每年的营业支出约为1.3万亿美元,全世界该部门雇用了4 000多万人。 该部门需要特别保护,防止向恐怖主义提供资助,因为滥用非营利组织会给这些组织本身造成持久的损害,并会阻碍一般的慈善捐助。 由于各种原因,包括认识不足、缺乏政治意愿、能力差和机构间协调支离破碎等原因,各国目前没有充分执行专门解决这一问题的国际标准。 反恐怖主义委员会执行局通过其国家访问,得以确定有效保护这一部门并尊重结社自由等基本人权并作出相应反应的良好做法。 反恐怖主义委员会执行局还代表反恐执行工作队处理向恐怖主义提供资助问题工作组,在几个捐助国和组织的支持下,领导一项为期三年的全球倡议,以就通过该部门打击资助恐怖主义行为的良好做法达成共识。", "244 (英语). 洗钱问题金融行动特别工作组目前正在审查其打击资助恐怖主义行为的标准,作为改进其自身评价进程、应对新的威胁和挑战以及支持各国有效执行国际标准的努力的一部分。 反恐怖主义委员会执行局正积极支持工作队的这项工作。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "245 (英语). 会员国应当:", "(a) 加强努力,采取旨在有效执行第1373(2001)号决议“冻结”条款的法律和实际措施,同时考虑到需要确保公平待遇;", "(b) 继续注意最新技术的发展,以防止滥用,并侦查通过新的支付方法资助恐怖主义的案件;制定适当的法律和条例并加强国际合作,以调查和起诉为资助恐怖主义而滥用新的支付方法的嫌疑;", "(c) 采取切实和相称的措施,保护非营利部门免遭资助恐怖主义的滥用。", "246 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 继续努力使包括非营利部门代表在内的主要国际、区域和国家行为者汇聚一堂,交流观点并收集工具和良好做法,以保护该部门免遭此类虐待;", "(b) 通过在捐助国和捐助组织的支持下举办次区域讲习班来帮助各国加强对资金跨界非法流动的对策;", "(c) 继续支持洗钱问题金融行动特别工作组努力改进国际反资助恐怖主义的标准,以帮助各国有效执行第1373(2001)号决议关于反资助恐怖主义的规定。", "C. 执法", "247 (英语). 要切实有效地执行反恐政策和程序,就必须有一个明确的战略,该战略以评估出的风险为前提,力求发现、预防和应对恐怖活动并制止招募人员加入恐怖主义。 这种战略的重点是,如何引导国家防御恐怖主义,以保护关键的基础设施和公民,以及国家如何应对恐怖袭击,以缓解这种事件的影响,援助受害者并恢复公共秩序。 它还将处理对恐怖主义行为的调查和对肇事者的追捕,目的是将恐怖分子及其支持者绳之以法。", "248 (英语). 执行这一战略需要一个强有力的、协调良好的国内安全和执法基础设施,由所有有权侦查、预防和调查恐怖活动的机构组成。 这类机构可包括警察、宪兵、情报机构、特别服务机构、安全机构,甚至有些国家的军事机构。 这些机构必须具有基于法律的明确任务,并明确规定各自的反恐作用。 各国还需要确保其国内立法为这些机构提供必要的权威框架、工具和业务机动性,以执行其任务,并确保它们获得充足的资源、培训和装备。", "249 (英语). 为确保反恐措施由适当的执法机构管理和实施,各国应设立专门的反恐单位并确立协调的国家立法授权来指导其工作。 监督执法活动也是必要的,以确保调查和行动符合人权义务。 委员会指出,已设立一个总体机构来监督和指导负责反恐的各执法机构的业务活动的国家往往有更好的机构间协调并更有效地分享信息。", "250块. 各级执法机构之间的协调与合作至关重要。 共享与反恐有关的中央数据库和法医能力等专门工具对预防恐怖主义至关重要。 在与恐怖主义有关的调查和为反恐案件收集证据时,应授权警察和安全部门在适当顾及人权的情况下使用特殊调查手段。 由情报、警察和其他相关执法机构代表组成的联合工作队或机构间“联合”中心,及时交流威胁评估和反恐行动情报,被认为是预测和破坏恐怖活动的良好做法。 联合调查和执法部门与司法/检察部门之间的协调是将恐怖分子绳之以法的良好做法。", "251 (英语). 除国家协调外,各国还必须制定协议和制度,以在区域和国际上分享信息。 这些协定可包括关于促进业务合作或参与东盟刑警组织、欧洲刑警组织和刑警组织等现有区域和国际执法机构的双边或多边协定。", "252 (英语). 大多数国家报告说,在执行防止和打击恐怖主义的实际措施方面出现了某些积极的事态发展,但有些国家尚未向委员会报告它们在这方面所作的努力。 大多数国家已制定了打击恐怖主义的综合战略并采取步骤确保反恐措施由相关或专门机构管理。 然而,许多国家刚刚开始发展专门的反恐能力。 一些国家继续努力使执法系统的必要能力和协调制度化。 大多数国家的机构间合作与协调水平需要提高。", "253 (英语). 虽然大多数国家都能够利用国际刑警组织的信息和通信工具,但这些工具,包括国际刑警组织数据库的使用需要得到加强、更加一致和广泛,并在国际刑警组织之外颁布。 为了提供更协调的援助,国际刑警组织设立了联合国和欧洲联盟特别代表办事处、曼谷联络处和六个区域局。 有效合作的一个例子是设立国际刑警组织区域局,支持警察局长委员会的工作和中部非洲各国执法能力。 许多国家缺乏中央数据库和足够的法证能力来进行复杂的反恐调查。 但是,欧洲刑警组织和刑警组织等组织的信息分享工具和数据库可供大多数国家使用,在这方面可能有所帮助。 大多数国家认识到需要开展区域和国际合作,并建立了各种关系和机制来推动预警和基本的信息共享。 然而,反恐问题上的区域和国际合作需要进一步加强。", "254 (英语). 随着恐怖主义威胁通过采用新的征聘、筹资和业务技术和能力而发生变化,执法机构还必须采取新的做法并加强其反恐能力。 一些国家采取了战略,在招募人员加入恐怖主义的框架内制止个人激进化,从而更加重视执法机构发挥的作用。 社区警务、积极主动的情报工作和对话方案是一些会员国有效使用方法的例子。 然而,关于这一问题的报告有限,良好做法刚刚出现。 恐怖分子使用因特网是各国需要加强其实际执行措施以防止恐怖分子被招募、支持和计划的另一个领域。", "255 (英语). 为了消除向恐怖组织提供武器,各国已颁布法律,将各种与武器有关的犯罪(包括非法制造、拥有和贩运小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物)定为刑事犯罪,并制定了相关的国内执法方案。 然而,各国普遍需要审查其立法框架,以克服某些缺陷并加强其执行行动措施,以有效控制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售、中介和转让以及跨界进出口。 84个国家是大会2001年5月31日通过的《枪支议定书》的缔约国并补充了《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》,自上次审议以来又有4个国家成为缔约国。 会员国还应采取步骤,及时可靠地查明并追踪非法小武器和轻武器。 《小武器行动纲领》在这方面提供了一个好工具。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "256 (英语). 会员国应当:", "(a) 采取步骤促进国家(国内)一级和区域/国际一级的机构间协调和反恐信息交流;", "(b) 考虑在情报、刑法、打击资助恐怖主义和边境管理等领域从专门机构借调的专家的协助下,视需要设立专门的反恐单位;", "(c) 继续加强同国际刑警组织的合作并更多地使用其资源和数据库,例如其国际通知系统,包括“红色通知”、“观察清单”及其被窃和遗失的旅行和文件数据库。", "257 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 鼓励各国更彻底和积极主动地提供关于执法方法和措施的实际应用以及相关领域从业人员能力的信息和最新资料;", "(b) 继续与国际刑警组织、捐助国和组织密切协调与合作,为旨在建设执法机构能力和向有需要的国家提供设备和设施的技术援助提供便利;", "(c) 继续与各国和联合国各实体,特别是联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室预防恐怖主义处以及国际组织合作,制定和执行政策和行动措施来管制武器和爆炸物的生产、销售、中介和转让,包括批准《枪支议定书》和使各国能及时可靠地查明并追踪非法小武器和轻武器的国际文书。", "D. 边境管制", "258 (英语). 有效的边境管制是有效执行第1373(2001)号决议规定的反恐措施的关键,因为这是防止恐怖分子跨界流动以及货物和货物非法跨界流动的第一道防线。 根据第1963(2010)号决议,有效的边境管制也应成为全面而综合的国家反恐战略的一部分。 边界管制要求制定措施和做法,适当甄别旅行者、难民和寻求庇护者,有效甄别和检查货物和旅客行李,并发现和防止小武器和轻武器以及现金和无记名可转让票据的走私。 边境管制还必须解决民航和海上航行安全问题。 各国应以有关专门国际组织所制定的标准和建议的做法为指导。 如果执行得当,这些标准和建议的做法可以大大地加强各国保障和控制其边界的能力。", "259. 第1373(2001)号决议要求各国通过管制签发安全有效的身份证件和旅行证件来防止恐怖分子和恐怖主义集团的跨界流动。 民航组织制定了机器可读旅行证件的国际标准,以确保其安全,防止伪造和伪造,除9个国家外,所有国家都遵守民航组织2010年4月的最后期限,开始发放机器可读旅行证件。 虽然这代表着重大的进展,但许多国家是否有能力始终如一地确保为支持申请获得机器可读旅行证件和保证身份证件和旅行证件签发安全而提交的“债务人”或证明文件的完整性,仍然令人关切。 有关的国际和区域组织正在作出协调一致的努力,促进有效的控制做法并发展各国在这两个关键领域的能力。", "260 (英语). 防止恐怖分子跨界流动还需要在边境检查站使用阅读器和扫描器等技术和设备,实时获取旅客数据并对照国家和国际警报和犯罪数据库核实这些数据。 虽然大多数国家在这方面已取得进展,但由于缺乏能力和与相关数据库的连接,往往难以获得在过境点对旅客进行结关所必需的信息。 此外,边境管制和移民人员还可以接受关于识别伪造证件和适当处理证件制作者的额外培训。", "261 (英语). 该决议还要求各国防止和制止资助恐怖主义行为。 这样做的方法之一是控制现金和无记名可转让票据的非法跨界流动。 然而,边境往往缺乏有效的侦测和预防,因为风险指标和瞄准标准应用不充分;海关、执法和移民部门以及金融情报单位的官员缺乏信息共享与合作;以及缺乏专门的人力和物力资源。 提供了指导材料来协助实施有效的做法。 在这方面,关于侦查和防止非法跨界运输现金和无记名可转让票据的洗钱问题金融行动特别工作组最佳做法文件以及世界海关组织《反洗钱和打击资助恐怖主义行为执法准则》是值得注意的。", "262 (英语). 决议还指示会员国采取必要步骤,防止犯下恐怖主义行为。 在边境管制领域,各国在三个重要领域取得了显著进展:保障全球贸易供应链的安全、民航和海上航行。 各国继续加强国际供应链的安全,实施国际海关标准并表示打算实施海关组织《安全标准框架》(目前共有164个国家已经这样做了)。 《全球贸易安全与便利框架》特别确立了在全球一级提供供应链安全和便利的标准,促进确定性和可预测性,使所有运输方式的供应链综合管理成为可能,加强海关部门之间的合作,以提高其侦测高风险货运的能力并增强海关对企业的合作。", "263 (英语). 关于民用航空安全,大多数国家已经批准了《国际民用航空公约》,并不同程度地执行了《保护国际民用航空不受非法干扰行为所危害的附件17》以及附件9的有关安全规定。 为此,民航组织根据其普遍安全审计方案对各国机场和航空设施进行审计,并视需要规定补救措施。 在本报告所述期间,民航组织在许多国家派出了许多第二周期和后续特派团,并继续与各国合作,以确保它们充分遵守有关标准。", "264 (英语). 在海事安全方面,海事组织《国际船舶和港口设施保安规则》的执行工作普遍得到改进,该准则为评估风险提供了一个标准化和一致的框架,使各国政府能够确定对船舶和港口设施构成的威胁和脆弱性,确定适当的安全级别并落实相应的安全措施。 自上次调查以来,又有国家批准《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》及其2005年议定书,以及1988年《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书》及其2005年议定书。 最近出现了一个增加内陆国家和小岛屿国家批准数量的趋势,这可能是因为前者希望确定两国共认犯罪,而且后者的经济依赖于航运、海洋商业和旅游业。", "265 (英语). 在海上和本国水域所实施的罪行也显著增加,包括海盗行为。 这迫使各国实行更严格的控制,以保护战略航道并维护国际供应链。 据认为,释放被扣押的船只、货物和船员所产生的付款可能被用于资助恐怖主义集团或活动。 此外,人们还担心,海上船只,无论是被劫持船还是其他船只,可能被用来实施恐怖行为。 为了使各国能够充分巡逻广阔的海岸线,它们必须进行合作,在其海岸警卫队、海军和海关管理部门之间交流信息和进行监督。 这种合作的一个例子是,最近在海事组织的协助下,在妇女和儿童事务部的主持下,建立了一个海岸警卫队网络,以加强西非和中非执法机构之间的合作。", "266 (英语). 各国继续根据《小武器行动纲领》的有关规定,加强对小武器和轻武器、弹药和爆炸物跨界流动的管制,该行动纲领力求控制小武器和轻武器的出口、进口和过境,防止其非法中介、贩运和转用,并制订武器标识、追查、最终用户认证、记录保存和安全储存等方案。 一些区域还缔结了控制此类武器进出口和过境的具体协定。", "267 (英语). 各国还继续采取切实措施,以防止和制止恐怖分子跨界流动。 补充《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》的三项议定书中的两项——《人口贩运议定书》和《偷运移民议定书》——也是这方面的主要文书。 自上次调查以来,又有11个国家加入《人口贩运议定书》,8个国家加入《偷运移民议定书》。 1951年《难民公约》是确定申请人是否有资格获得难民地位的宝贵工具,为甄别可能与恐怖主义和其他严重犯罪活动的联系提供了依据。 在本报告所述期间,没有其他国家加入1951年《难民公约》。 联合国人权机制继续表示关注的是,不驱回原则没有得到充分尊重,在某些情况下,一些国家将难民和其他人遣返到他们极有可能遭受酷刑或迫害的国家。", "268 (英语). 实际执行边境管制措施方面的不足要求增加对人力和物力资源的投资以及能力建设。 此外,上述几乎所有次区域评估都强调,需要通过信息共享、汇集资源以及采用联合方法加强能力来开展边境管理方面的合作。 在边界管制方面,邻国之间的合作与协调对于有效监视和覆盖大面积开放和漏洞多的边界尤为重要。 在许多情况下,国家缺乏必要的资源,或没有充分积极地与邻国进行巡逻、视察和联合行动,以及在地方一级执行社区警务。 沿开放边界采取此类措施以及采用创新形式的合作与援助来解决这些关切将有助于提高边境管制的效力。 反恐怖主义委员会执行局协助在若干区域举办了边境管制管理讲习班,并计划今后继续这种做法。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "269 (英语). 会员国应当:", "(a) 实施更积极的预防、检查和侦查程序,依靠风险评估、情报交流和分析以及官方过境点和开放或漏洞多的边界沿线的国际合作;", "(b) 国家 采取步骤,确保“持枪者”文件的完整性及其签发程序在生产机器可读旅行证件时的安全,并安装在出入境边防检查站阅读这类文件所需的设备;", "(c) 增加它们与国家和国际执法数据库和观察清单的连接,以便甄别个人在过境点可能与犯罪和恐怖主义组织的联系。", "270 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 继续促进各国通过和执行海关、军备控制、航空安全和海事安全方面的国际标准和建议做法;", "(b) 通过信息共享和合作努力,并尽可能在开放边界进行更全面的管制,包括与邻国采取联合举措,鼓励在边境管理方面进行区域合作;", "(c) 继续与国际和区域组织及各国合作,促进执法机构在出入境边境检查站更多地进入国家和国际刑事和反恐数据库并与之连接。", "E. 国际合作", "271 (英语). 反恐领域国际合作的一个重要组成部分是批准16个国际反恐文书并将其纳入国家法律和实践。 自上次调查以来,又有65个国家批准。 1999年《制止向恐怖主义提供资助公约》现在已有173个缔约国(比以前多出4个)。 自上次调查以来,与核材料有关的国际文书的批准数量也显著增加:1980年《核材料实物保护公约》现有145个缔约国(比以前多出4个)。 在本报告所述期间,17个缔约国批准了2005年《核材料实物保护公约修正案》,现有45个缔约国。 2005年《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》现有77个缔约国(比以往多23个)。 两项文书的批准率仍然很低:只有19个国家批准了2005年《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约议定书》,只有15个国家批准了2005年《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书》。 绝大多数会员国已成为10个或更多文书的缔约国。 然而,在批准水平上存在着区域差异。 为了使这些文书充分有效,各国应通过国内立法,将国际反恐文书所列罪行具体定为刑事犯罪,规定适当刑罚,并确立对所界定罪行的管辖权,以确保嫌疑人被引渡或起诉。", "272 (英语). 有效的国际合作是执行第1373(2001)号决议的核心,安理会在该决议中呼吁会员国相互合作,交流信息、法律互助和引渡请求,并拒绝庇护恐怖分子。 在大多数区域,大多数国家现已制定法律和行政措施,根据请求向其他国家提供法律援助并促成引渡,特别是在互惠的基础上。 然而,南美洲、西亚、南亚和非洲有几个国家尚未颁布相关法律。 许多国家仍然需要颁布法律,允许它们在更先进的司法和行政合作模式中进行合作。", "273 (英语). 许多国家面临挑战的一个领域是刑事事项司法协助方面的合作。 即使在各国有反恐合作的法律基础的情况下,实现实际合作仍然是一个挑战。 其原因既有技术原因,也有政治原因。", "274 (英语). 一些区域已制定了促进司法协助的有效而先进的区域文书和机制。 西欧通过使用国家间联合调查小组等工具,建立了先进的信息交流系统。 欧洲联盟的司法合作组织欧洲司法组织是先进司法合作网络的一个例子。 然而,世界其他地区已经或正在发展其他网络,如伊比利亚-美洲法律援助网络、美洲国家组织刑事事项和引渡互助半球信息交流网络、英联邦联系人网络以及印度洋区域和萨赫勒区域司法区域合作平台。 各区域建立这些机制的情况差别很大,非洲或亚洲其他地区没有建立司法合作网络。 区域组织还通过通过关于司法协助和引渡的区域文书,为改善其成员国之间的司法合作作出重大贡献。 除其他例子外,欧洲委员会通过了一项关于司法协助的欧洲公约,[2] 东盟有一项司法协助条约,有9个国家加入,独联体是提供司法协助和引渡的《明斯克公约》的缔约国。 在东非,伊加特通过了一项引渡和司法协助公约。 2008年,非洲法语国家第五次司法部长会议通过了关于执行国际反恐文书的《拉巴特宣言》,其中包括《引渡和反恐司法协助公约》,该公约已经17个会员国签署,迄今已有1个国家批准。", "275 (英语). 引渡恐怖分子也继续面临许多障碍,既不顺利,也不简单。 程序繁琐、缓慢并耗费资源。 各国继续过分依赖拒绝投降的理由(例如“政治罪”例外)。 欧洲联盟的欧洲逮捕令是传统引渡的有效替代办法,允许直接接触并赋予司法当局权力。 然而,世界其他地区仍然依赖需要行政和司法部门干预的进程。 由于需要尊重相关的人权义务,提出了更多的挑战。", "276 (英语). 2009年,委员会及其执行局向会员国简要介绍了有效引渡被指控的恐怖分子的实际和法律障碍。 因此,委员会通过了关于国际合作的政策指导(S/AC.40/2010/PG.3),确定了今后在这一领域开展工作的一系列行动。", "277 (英语). 许多机构通过非司法性国际或区域组织开展合作,包括欧洲刑警组织和申根信息系统的海关信息系统。 一些国家还是埃格蒙特小组的成员,该小组促进金融情报单位之间的信息交流。 许多国家已同双边和多边伙伴制定了某种形式的预警安排来帮助预测和预防恐怖袭击。 一些安排包括分享关于即将发生的攻击的情报。 其他活动包括定期交流行动情报,以利防止恐怖活动和流动。 一些国家更进一步,包括分享资源,以查明潜在威胁并应对恐怖主义行为。", "278 (英语). 委员会同区域组织和从事这方面工作的其他行动者积极合作,以加强会员国相互合作的能力。 开发现代工具、最佳做法、文书和机制可有助于区域和次区域加强国际合作。 区域和分区域之间交流经验也是有益的。 在实践中,一些国家在刑事事项的有效合作方面面临重大挑战。 一些受访国家仍然缺乏基本的合作工具,包括在人力资源和技术设备领域。 由于缺乏培训和技术技能,一些受访国家面临合作困难。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "279 (英语). 会员国应当:", "(a) 更积极地优先参与恐怖主义案件中的司法协助和引渡,办法是利用它们所加入的文书,促进双边合作,更新国内立法并加入关于司法协助和引渡的其他区域和国际条约;", "(b) 国家 采取步骤,在恐怖主义案件中向其他国家提供尽可能广泛的援助,并在不同的法律制度之间架起桥梁;", "(c) 通过参加有关区域合作网络,加强主管当局之间的快速信息交流并加强合作。", "280 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 继续提醒会员国,它们有义务根据它们所加入的适用国际反恐文书进行引渡或起诉,并提醒各国,它们有义务确保不以出于政治动机的主张为理由而拒绝引渡被指控的恐怖分子的请求;", "(b) 与各国和联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处预防恐怖主义处合作,在请求和提供刑事调查、司法协助和引渡事项援助的程序方面促进最佳做法并便利司法人员、执法机构和其他相关公务员的能力建设和培训;", "(c) 继续与国际、区域和次区域组织,特别是预防恐怖主义处合作,以有效执行现代工具、最佳做法、文书和合作机制,包括在没有现有区域机制的区域建立网络。", "F. 人权", "281 (英语). 安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议重申,各国必须确保为打击恐怖主义而采取的任何措施符合国际法,特别是国际人权法、难民法和人道主义法为其规定的所有义务。 安理会还强调,应始终如一地、公正地处理与执行该决议有关的所有人权问题。 在许多国家,如何在遵守人权义务的同时有效打击恐怖主义的问题继续引起辩论,在某些情况下,还引起争议。 这不一定是一个令人关切的问题,因为反恐提出了特殊的挑战,可能需要有创新的对策,值得公众监督。 然而,虽然人权法确实在处理安全挑战方面提供了一定的灵活性,但各国在任何情况下都必须尊重某些核心原则,包括必要性、相称性、合法性和不歧视原则。 各国还有义务在任何时候都尊重根据国际法不可克减的权利或已经达到绝对法地位的权利,例如人人免受酷刑的权利和禁止被强迫失踪。", "282 (英语). 一些国家响应了安全理事会和其他国际和区域机构关于人权和反恐的呼吁,并采取了应对措施,如审查其法律框架遵守人权义务的情况,加强培训和提高认识举措,并创建监督机制来帮助确保执法和情报机构的做法尊重人权。 许多国家还采取行动,加强其司法机构的作用和效力,这对于保证以法治为基础应对恐怖主义威胁至关重要。 其他措施,如考虑批准其他国际人权文书、采用社区警务模式以及让社区参与制定适当政策,可以成为以人权为核心的全面反恐战略的一部分。", "283 (英语). 尽管出现了这些积极迹象,但世界各地在反恐方面仍然存在严重的人权问题。 最近引起人们注意的一个问题是一些国家实施紧急状态或其他例外,据称是基于恐怖主义威胁。 对《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》或有关区域文书的缔约国来说,紧急措施的适用必须受到严格的要求,在任何情况下都不得侵犯《公约》第四条等不可克减的权利。 反恐怖主义委员会在同已实施紧急措施的国家进行对话时,提到了国际机制表示的关切并提出了问题,例如这些措施是否合法、严格必要和相称并遵守了其他法律义务。 重要的是,一些国家最近已开始审查或终止紧急状态。", "284 (英语). 一些国家提议或颁布特别措施,由于恐怖主义调查和起诉构成异常挑战,这些措施不同于标准的刑事或行政程序。 这种措施有时在预防行动的范围内发生,因为据称恐怖主义行为仍在准备阶段。 例如,有些国家延长了允许的调查或审前拘留期,或对聘请律师施加了限制。 显然,在处理恐怖主义案件时会出现特殊的挑战,可能需要采取进一步措施。 然而,联合国各机制对这些规定可能不符合各国的国际人权义务表示关切。 例如,对于特殊侦查手段,有人表示担心,这些手段并不总是受到适当的限制和司法监督,并可能侵犯隐私权。 尊重公平审判权也一直受到关注,特别是在涉及使用情报信息或据称与国家安全有关的证据的案件中。 人们还对使用预防性或行政拘留以及管制令表示严重关切,所有这些措施都涉及限制未经刑事定罪的自由权。", "285 (英语). 在一些国家,恐怖主义罪行的模糊或过于宽泛的定义继续对有效执行第1373(2001)号决议构成挑战。 据报告,与恐怖主义有关的指控或刑事指控有时是针对受到国际人权法保护的人,如行使言论、良心和集会自由。 联合国机制、区域法院和其他机构也提出了关于恐怖主义指认、冻结资产和其他措施的问题,据说这些措施是在不明确或不公平的法律依据下采取的,有时没有适当和有效的补救办法。 界定恐怖主义行为,包括辅助罪行,确切地说是为了不违反合法性原则或侵犯人权,这一挑战仍然是委员会同一些国家讨论的主题。", "286 (英语). 一些国家的反恐措施是在武装冲突背景下采取的,这引起了遵守国际人道主义法的问题。 在这种情况下使用致命武力必须尊重区分和相称原则,违反原则的行为应追究责任。 据称,在一些国家,军队违反战争法和人权法,实施即审即决或法外处决。 一些国家继续利用军事法庭审判恐怖主义案件,这也引起了人权关切。", "287 (英语). 安全理事会第1963(2010)号决议提醒各国,有效的反恐措施和尊重人权是相辅相成的,是成功的反恐努力的重要组成部分。 安理会还指出,尊重法治对有效打击恐怖主义至关重要。 因此,委员会在同各国就有效执行第1373(2001)号决议进行对话时处理这些问题仍然很重要。 安理会第1963(2010)号决议还回顾需要消除《联合国全球反恐战略》(大会第60/288号决议)第一支柱所概述助长恐怖主义蔓延的条件,包括需要促进法治、保护人权和基本自由、善治、宽容和包容性。 安全理事会以煽动实施恐怖行为所构成的威胁为重点的第1624(2005)号决议强调,各国必须确保为执行该决议而采取的任何措施符合其根据国际法,包括国际人权法所应承担的所有义务。", "288 (英语). 各国不妨更充分地考虑所有这些问题的一个方法是,将这些问题纳入国家全面而综合的反恐战略,包括注意导致恐怖主义活动的因素。 安理会在第1963(2010)号决议中鼓励反恐怖主义委员会执行局在征得会员国同意后,以各种方式安排与会员国举行会议,包括考虑就此类战略提供意见。 安理会还建议在监测第1373(2001)号决议执行情况的努力中酌情同民间社会和其他有关非政府行动者进行互动。 这些建议将继续指导委员会今后同各国的对话。", "关于执行决议的实际方法的建议", "289 (英语). 会员国应当:", "(a) 继续确保为打击恐怖主义而采取的任何措施符合国际法,特别是国际人权法、难民法和人道主义法为其规定的所有义务;", "(b) 考虑制定全面而综合的国家反恐战略,包括改善遵守国际人权义务情况的计划,其中酌情包括相关政府当局和其他实体,如私营部门、国家人权机构、民间社会和媒体;", "(c) 努力确保酌情将人权培训纳入专业发展和提高认识方案,使所有参与执行反恐措施的官员在所有阶段,包括预防、调查、拘留和起诉阶段都得到培训。", "290 (英语). 反恐怖主义委员会及其执行局应:", "(a) 在评估各国执行第1373(2001)号决议的情况时,继续考虑到有关的人权问题,并在与各国的对话中讨论这些问题;", "(b) 继续查明各国在加强体制和加强法治方面的需要,并积极主动地将人权和法治纳入其对各国的技术援助建议,以期加强国家制度,将恐怖分子绳之以法并改进国际合作;", "(c) 将人权更有效地纳入它们的传播战略,以消除关于委员会的工作不考虑人权的误解。", "页:1", "主要反恐文书", "1963年《关于在航空器内的犯罪和犯有某些其他行为的公约》", "《关于制止非法劫持航空器的公约》(1970年)", "1971年《关于制止危害民用航空安全的非法行为的公约》(由2010年《关于制止与民用航空有关的非法行为的公约》所取代)", "1973年《关于防止和惩处侵害应受国际保护人员包括外交代表的罪行的公约》", "1979年《反对劫持人质国际公约》", "1980年《核材料实物保护公约》", "1988年《制止在为国际民用航空服务的机场上的非法暴力行为的议定书》(由2010年《关于制止与民用航空有关的非法行为的公约》所取代)", "1988年《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约》", "1988年《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书》", "1991年《关于在可塑炸药中添加识别剂以便侦测的公约》", "1997年《制止恐怖主义爆炸的国际公约》", "1999年《制止向恐怖主义提供资助的国际公约》", "2005年《制止核恐怖主义行为国际公约》", "2005年《核材料实物保护公约》修正案", "联合国 《制止危及海上航行安全非法行为公约议定书》", "联合国 《制止危及大陆架固定平台安全非法行为议定书议定书》", "联合国全球反恐战略(大会第60/288号决议)", "《从各个方面防止、打击和消除小武器和轻武器非法贸易的行动纲领》(2001年)", "1944年国际民用航空公约(芝加哥公约)(特别是附件17和附件9的有关安全规定)", "1974年《国际海上人命安全公约》(2002年修正)及其2005年议定书", "1951年《关于难民地位的公约》及其1967年议定书", "2000年《联合国打击跨国有组织犯罪公约》", "- 2001年《打击非法制造和贩运枪支及其零部件和弹药的议定书》", "- 2000年《关于预防、禁止和惩治贩运人口特别是妇女和儿童行为的议定书》", "- 2000年《关于打击陆、海、空偷运移民的议定书》", "全球贸易安全与便利标准框架", "打击洗钱和资助恐怖主义行为执行准则", "1999年《关于简化和统一海关手续的京都订正公约》", "[1] 西非和中非是两个次区域. 然而,为本调查的目的,两个次区域都得到了评估。 这并不反映非洲所使用的经济和政治集团。", "[2] 2000年《欧洲联盟成员国刑事事项互助公约》。", "[3] 2004年《刑事事项法律互助条约》。", "[4] 1994年《民事、家庭和刑事事项法律援助和法律关系公约》。" ]

[ "Meeting of States Parties", "New York, 11 August 2011", "Agenda", "1. Opening of the Meeting of States Parties by the President of the twenty-first Meeting.", "2. Minute of silent prayer or meditation.", "3. Adoption of the agenda.", "4. Organization of work.", "5. Report of the Credentials Committee.", "6. Election of one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf." ]

[ "缔约国会议", "2011年8月11日，纽约", "议程", "1. 第二十一次会议主席宣布缔约国会议开幕。", "2. 默祷或默念一分钟。", "3. 通过议程。", "4. 工作安排。", "5. 全权证书委员会的报告。", "7. 选举大陆架界限委员会的一名成员。" ]

[ "缔约国会议", "2011年8月11日,纽约", "议程项目", "1. 联合国 1. 第二十一次会议主席宣布缔约国会议开幕。", "2. 默祷或默念一分钟。", "3个 1. 通过议程。", " 4.四. 1. 安排工作。", "5 (韩语). 5. 全权证书委员会的报告。", "6. 国家 5. 选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员。" ]

[ "Identical letters dated 9 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I write to draw your attention to a troubling escalation in the firing of rockets and mortars at Israel from the Gaza Strip, which provides yet another clear example of Hamas’ destabilizing role in our region.", "Since 14 July 2011, terrorists in Gaza have launched some 16 rockets and 6 mortars into southern Israel, deliberately targeting Israeli civilians and causing injuries. For example, on 1 August 2011, terrorists fired a rocket into the area near Kibbutz Yad Mordechai, injuring a 55-year-old woman. On 4 August 2011, five more civilians were injured when a rocket landed in close proximity to Ashkelon — a major city home to more than 100,000 people. Other attacks in the past month have occurred in or around other areas with large civilian populations, including the city of Kiryat Gat, Mosahv Kfar Maimon, Kibbutz Zikim and Kibbutz Kfar Aza.", "These attacks — a flagrant violation of international law — must be addressed with the utmost seriousness and resolve. It is no mystery why terrorists continue to operate with impunity in Gaza. The violence that continues to flow from the Gaza Strip reveals the true face of Hamas, which cannot be hidden beneath the mask of a unity agreement.", "The continuous barrage of rocket fire into Israel is fuelled by the illegal smuggling of arms into Gaza. Preventing this activity — an integral part of Security Council resolution 1860 (2009) — does not receive the attention that it deserves from the international community.", "Israel holds Hamas fully responsible for all attacks emanating from Gaza, where it remains in de facto control. In response to these attacks, Israel has exercised and will continue to exercise its right to self-defence, as appropriate, and will take all necessary measures to protect its citizens. Israel expects the Security Council, the Secretary-General and the international community to clearly condemn all of these terrorist attacks, sending a firm message to Hamas and its patrons, which seek to escalate conflict in our region.", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter distributed as a document of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Ron Prosor Ambassador Permanent Representative" ]

[ "2011年8月9日以色列常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨致函提请你注意，从加沙地带向以色列发射火箭和迫击炮弹，造成本地区动荡不安局势加剧。这是哈马斯破坏本地区稳定的又一明显事例。", "自2011年7月14日以来，加沙地带的恐怖分子向以色列南部发射了16枚火箭和6发迫击炮，攻击蓄意针对以色列平民，并造成了人员伤亡。例如，2011年8月1日，恐怖分子向Kibbutz Yad Mordechai附近地区发射一枚火箭，一名55岁妇女受伤。2011年8月4日，一枚火箭落在离Ashkelon很近的地区，5名平民受伤。Ashkelon是一个大城市，人口超过10万。过去一个月里，在有大量平民居住地区和附近发生多起攻击，包括Kiryat Gat市、Mosahv Kfar Maimon、Kibbutz Zikim和Kibbutz Kfar Aza。", "这些攻击公然侵犯国际法，必须予以严肃解决。恐怖分子继续在加沙活动而逍遥法外，这一事实已无秘密可言。来自加沙地带的暴力持续不断，暴露了哈马斯的真实面目，而这是团结协议所无法掩盖的。", "向加沙地带非法走私武器，使得向以色列发射火箭弹的攻势愈演愈烈。制止这种活动是安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议的主要内容，然而它却没有得到国际社会的应有重视。", "以色列认为哈马斯应对来自加沙地带的所有攻击事件承担全部责任，因为哈马斯对当地具有事实上的控制。为了应对这些攻击，以色列已经并将继续行使自卫权，采取一切必要措施保护其公民。以色列希望安理会、秘书长和国际社会向哈马斯和其资助者发出强大信息，坚决谴责这些意图使本地区冲突升级的恐怖袭击。", "请将此信作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "龙恩·普罗索尔(签名)" ]

[ "2011年8月9日以色列常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨致函提请你注意从加沙地带向以色列发射火箭和迫击炮炮的令人不安的升级,这是哈马斯在我们地区起破坏稳定作用的又一明显例子。", "自14起 2011年7月,加沙恐怖分子向以色列南部发射了约16枚火箭和6发迫击炮弹,蓄意以以色列平民为攻击目标并造成伤害。 例如,2011年8月1日,恐怖分子向Yad Mordechai基布兹附近地区发射了一枚火箭,炸伤了一名55岁的妇女。 2011年8月4日,一枚火箭弹落在阿什克伦附近——一个有10多万人居住的大城市——又造成5名平民受伤。 过去一个月中,在有大批平民的其他地区或周围地区,包括基里亚特盖特市、莫萨夫克法尔迈蒙市、齐基姆基布茨克和克法尔阿扎基布茨克布茨克布茨克布特克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克克布斯克布斯克布斯克布斯克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克克", "这些袭击公然违反了国际法,必须以最认真和最坚决的态度加以处理。 恐怖分子为什么继续在加沙肆无忌惮地活动,这一点并不神秘。 继续从加沙地带流出的暴力暴露出哈马斯的真实面貌,哈马斯不能隐藏在统一协议的面具下。", "由于非法向加沙走私武器,不断向以色列发射火箭弹。 防止这一活动——安全理事会第1860(2009)号决议的组成部分——没有得到国际社会应有的重视。", "以色列持有 哈马斯应对从加沙发动的所有袭击负起全部责任,加沙仍然处于实际控制之中。 针对这些袭击,以色列已经并将继续酌情行使自卫权,并采取一切必要措施保护其公民。 以色列期望安全理事会、秘书长和国际社会明确谴责所有这些恐怖袭击,向哈马斯及其支持者发出坚定的信息,他们企图使本地区的冲突升级。", "请将本函作为安全理事会的文件分发为荷。 常驻代表", "罗恩·普罗索(签名)" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Singapore to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "With reference to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) requesting Member States to report to the Committee on the steps they have taken with a view to implementing effectively paragraphs 9, 10, 15, and 17 of that resolution, I have the honour to submit herewith the report of Singapore (see annex).", "Annex to the letter dated 24 June 2011 from the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Singapore to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "National report of Singapore on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "1. Singapore has taken note of the adoption of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and is committed to the implementation of the provisions of the relevant paragraphs. In this regard, Singapore has the necessary legislative framework that will enable it to meet its obligations under the resolution.", "National legislative measures", "2. Singapore has in place various legislative measures to impose the sanctions stipulated under resolution 1970 (2011). These include the Strategic Goods (Control) Act, the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act, the United Nations Act, the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act, the Merchant Shipping Act and the Immigration Act.", "3 Through these legislative measures (described in greater detail below), Singapore is able to implement the relevant provisions of resolution 1970 (2011) in the following manner:", "(a) Paragraph 9: through a combination of the United Nations Act, the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act, the Strategic Goods (Control) Act, the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act and the Merchant Shipping Act;", "(b) Paragraph 10: through a combination of the United Nations Act, the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act, the Strategic Goods (Control) Act and the Merchant Shipping Act;", "(c) Paragraph 15: through the Immigration Act;", "(d) Paragraph 17: through the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act and the United Nations Act.", "Strategic Goods (Control) Act", "4. As part of its efforts to help curb the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, Singapore implemented in January 2003 a robust and enhanced export control system. The Strategic Goods (Control) Act regulates the export, re-export, trans-shipment and transit of strategic goods or technology as defined under the Act. Singapore’s strategic goods control lists include all the items from the four multilateral non-proliferation regimes, namely the Australia Group, the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the Missile Technology Control Regime. Wide powers are also given to law enforcement officers for arrest, search and seizure. The Act imposes heavy penalties for parties involved in transferring or brokering the transfers of strategic goods or technology. A first-time offender can be subjected to a maximum fine of 100,000 Singapore dollars (or more, depending on the value of the goods or technology concerned) or a maximum sentence of two years’ imprisonment, or both.", "5. Singapore Customs is the national authority for the implementation of the Strategic Goods (Control) Act. Singapore Customs processes all permit applications, registers and audits arms brokers, conducts industry outreach and public awareness programmes and enforces the Act and its Regulations on violations of strategic goods control. Enforcement is based on both timely and reliable intelligence and risk management assessment.", "6. Singapore is continually monitoring its system and will make further refinements to it, be they in terms of control lists or procedures, where necessary. Singapore Customs has been conducting regular outreach sessions to educate industries on the Singapore strategic goods control system. Participants are reminded of the need to exercise due diligence, in particular with regard to goods originating from or destined to the countries and entities listed under the relevant Security Council resolutions.", "7. Specifically, the Strategic Goods (Control) Act enables Singapore to implement the sanctions in paragraphs 9 and 10 of resolution 1970 (2011) by controlling the export, re-export, trans-shipment and transit of items covered by those paragraphs to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya through its territory.", "Regulation of Imports and Exports Act", "8. The Regulation of Imports and Exports Act and its Regulations provide the framework under which Singapore regulates and controls general imports and exports. The Act also regulates controls on countries under Security Council embargo and certification of the import certificate and delivery verification system which regulates controlled items from originating countries for end-users in Singapore.", "9. Specifically, the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act and its Regulations enable Singapore to implement the sanctions in paragraphs 9 and 10 by controlling the import and export of items specified in those paragraphs. Singapore is in the process of amending the Regulation of Imports and Exports Act to incorporate the list of prohibited items and their modes of transaction, as covered by paragraphs 9 and 10.", "United Nations Act", "10. The United Nations Act enables the Singapore Government to give effect to binding decisions of the Security Council through subsidiary legislation, in areas not covered by existing legislation, without the need to enact additional primary legislation. Regulations made under this Act have force of law and entail criminal penalties, notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any other law apart from the Singapore Constitution. These Regulations apply to all persons and entities in Singapore and may be extended to Singapore citizens outside Singapore.", "11. Singapore is currently drafting new Regulations under the United Nations Act which will criminalize the supply, sale or transfer, whether directly or indirectly, to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of any of the items in paragraph 9 of the resolution, from or through Singapore, by persons or entities in Singapore and Singapore citizens outside Singapore, or by using Singapore flagged vessels or aircraft. The Regulations will also implement paragraph 10 by criminalizing the procurement of the items referred to in that paragraph from the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya by Singapore nationals or using Singapore flagged vessels or aircraft.", "12. The Regulations will further criminalize the provision of technical assistance, training or non-financial assistance related to military activities as covered under paragraph 9. In addition, the Regulations will impose an asset freeze on all relevant assets covered under paragraph 17, other than assets in the possession of financial institutions, of the list of persons or entities in annex II to the resolution or as designated by the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of the resolution. Assets in the possession of financial institutions will be frozen pursuant to Regulations made under the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act, as discussed below.", "Monetary Authority of Singapore Act", "13. Under section 27A of the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act, the Monetary Authority of Singapore may issue Regulations to require financial institutions to comply with Singapore’s obligations under Security Council resolutions. New Regulations under the Monetary Authority of Singapore Act, currently in draft form, will impose an asset freeze on all relevant assets covered under paragraph 17. Financial institutions in Singapore will also be prohibited from providing financial assistance related to the activities as covered in paragraph 9. Any financial institution found to be in breach of the Regulations will be guilty of an offence and be liable on conviction to a fine.", "Merchant Shipping Act", "14. Under section 43 of the Merchant Shipping Act, the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore may close the registry of a Singapore ship and cancel its certificate of registry. This statutory provision may be invoked in appropriate cases to enforce the relevant portions of resolution 1970 (2011).", "Immigration Act", "15. The Immigration Act sets the legal boundaries for the movement of persons into and out of Singapore. Under section 7, no person has automatic right of entry into Singapore apart from Singapore citizens. Under section 6, unless exempted by an order made under section 56, foreign visitors to Singapore must be issued with a valid pass before they are allowed entry. As part of the entry procedures, they are screened against the blacklist database of the Immigration and Checkpoint Authority during entry clearance. Persons designated in resolution 1970 (2011) or by the Sanctions Committee established under the resolution can be denied entry and returned to their last port of embarkation in accordance with international practice." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日新加坡常驻联合国代表团临时代办给委员会主席的信", "关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段，其中请会员国向委员会报告为有效执行该决议第9、10、15和17段而采取的措施，我谨随函提交新加坡的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月24日新加坡常驻联合国代表团临时代办给委员会主席的信的附件", "新加坡关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的国家报告", "1. 新加坡注意到安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议获得通过，承诺执行该决议相关段落的规定。在这方面，新加坡已为履行决议规定的义务，制定了必要的法律框架。", "国家立法措施", "2. 新加坡为按照第1970(2011)号决议规定实施制裁采取了各种立法措施。它们包括《战略物资(管制法)》、《进出口管理法条例》、《联合国法》、《新加坡货币管理局条例》、《商船管理法》和《移民法》。", "3. 通过上述立法措施(详情见下文)，新加坡还能够以下列方式执行第1970(2011)号决议相关规定：", "(a) 第9段：通过合并适用《联合国法》、《进出口管理法条例》、《战略物资(管制法)》、《新加坡货币管理局条例》和《商船管理法》；", "(b) 第10段：通过合并适用《联合国法》、《进出口管理法条例》、《战略物资(管制法)》和《商船管理法》；", "(c) 第15段：通过适用《移民法》；", "(d) 第17段：通过适用《新加坡货币管理局条例》和《联合国法》。", "《战略物资(管制法)》", "4. 作为大力遏制大规模毁灭性武器扩散的努力的一部分，新加坡于2003年1月执行了一套强有力和增强的出口管制制度。《战略物质(管制)法》对其界定的战略物资或技术的出口、再出口、转口和转运实行管制。新加坡的战略货物管制清单包括来自四个多边防扩散制度，即澳大利亚集团、瓦森纳安排、核供应国集团和导弹技术控制制度的所有物项。此外还赋予执法官员进行逮捕、搜查和缉获的广泛权力。该法对从事战略货物或技术的转让或担任转让中间商的当事方予以严厉惩罚。初犯者可被处以罚款100 000新加坡元(或视所涉货物或技术的价值加重惩罚)，或被判最长为两年的刑期，或两罪并罚，即判刑期，又处以罚款。", "5. 新加坡海关是执行《战略物质(管制)法》的国家当局。新加坡海关处理所有许可证申请、登记和对军火中间商的审核，以及执行工业外联方案和提高公众认识方案，并对违反战略货物管制的行为强制执行本法及其条例。执行的依据是及时可靠的情报和风险管理评估。", "6. 新加坡不断监测其制度，并于必要时在管制清单或程序上对其作进一步的改进。新加坡一直在举办定期外联讲习班，向企业讲授新加坡战略货物管制制度，并提醒参加者需要特别注意源于或运往根据安全理事会有关决议编列的清单内的国家和实体的货物。", "7. 具体而言，新加坡可根据《战略物质(管制)法》实施第1970(2011)号决议第9和第10段所规定的制裁，控制这两段所述物项通过本国领土向阿拉伯利比亚民众国出口、再出口、转口和转运。", "《进出口管理法条例》", "8. 《进出口管理法条例》及其规定为新加坡管制和控制一般进口和出口提供一个框架。该法还对安全理事会实施禁运的国家施行管制，并认证进口证书和运送核查制度。该制度规定对来源国供给新加坡境内最后用户的受控物项实施管制。", "9. 具体而言，新加坡可根据《进出口管理法条例》及其规定，实施第9和第10段所规定的制裁，控制这两段所述物项的进出口。新加坡还正在修正《进出口管理法条例》，以便将第9和第10段所列被禁物项清单及其交易方式纳入其中。", "《联合国法》", "10. 新加坡政府无需制订其他基本立法，就能根据《联合国法》在现有法规未涵盖的领域适用附属立法，来执行安全理事会具有约束力的决定。《联合国法》所规定的条例具有法律效力，除了新加坡《宪法》之外，不论任何其他法律是否有相反的规定，都可据此处以刑事惩罚。这些条例适用于新加坡境内所有人和所有实体，并可扩大到新加坡境外的新加坡公民。", "11. 新加坡目前正根据《联合国法》起草一项新的条例，对新加坡境内任何人或实体和新加坡境外的新加坡国民，凡直接或间接向阿拉伯利比亚民众国提供、销售或转让、或使用悬挂新加坡国旗的船只或飞机向阿拉伯利比亚民众国提供、销售或转让决议第9段所述任何物项的行为，将被定为刑事罪。该条例还将实施第10段，把新加坡国民或使用悬挂新加坡国旗的船只或飞机从阿拉伯利比亚民众国采购第10段所指物项的行为定为刑事罪。", "12. 该条例将进一步规定，对提供第9段所述与军事活动有关的任何技术援助、训练或非财政援助的行为，将被定为刑事罪。此外，还可根据该条例冻结决议附件二所列个人或实体或决议第24段所设委员会指定的个人或实体所属的第17段涵盖的所有相关资产，但金融机构所掌管的资产除外。金融机构所掌管的资产将根据下文所述《新加坡货币管理局法条例》予以冻结。", "《新加坡货币管理局法条例》", "13. 根据《新加坡货币管理局法条例》第27A节的规定，新加坡货币管理局可颁发条例，要求金融机构遵守根据安全理事会决议对新加坡规定的义务。根据目前《新加坡货币管理局法新条例》草案，新加坡可对第17条涵盖的所有相关资产实施资产冻结。新加坡境内的金融机构还被禁止提供与第9段涵盖的活动有关的财政援助。违反条例的任何金融机构将依法被判处有罪，并处以罚金。", "《商船管理法》", "14. 根据《商船管理法》第43节的规定，新加坡海港局可以拒绝新加坡船只的登记，并撤消其船籍证书。在适当情况下可以援引该项法定条例，以强制执行第1970(2011)号决议的相关部分。", "《移民法》", "15. 《移民法》对在新加坡进出的人员拟订法律限制。根据第7节的规定，除了新加坡国民之外，任何人均无进入新加坡的自动权利。根据第6节的规定，除非根据第56节发布命令予以豁免，在新加坡访问的外国人在获准入境前必须领取有效签证。作为入境手续的一部分，移民检查局可核对黑名单数据库对访客进行入境检查。经第1970(2011)号决议或该决议所设制裁委员会指认的人可被拒绝入境，并根据国际惯例规定他们必须返回最后启航港。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日新加坡常驻联合国代表团临时代办给委员会主席的信", "安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第25段请会员国向委员会报告为有效执行该决议第9、10、15和17段所采取步骤,谨提及新加坡的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月24日新加坡常驻联合国代表团临时代办给委员会主席的信的附件", "新加坡关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的国家报告", "1. 联合国 新加坡已注意到安全理事会通过第1970(2011)号决议,并致力于执行有关段落的规定。 在这方面,新加坡拥有必要的立法框架,使其能够履行决议规定的义务。", "国家立法措施", "2. 联合国 新加坡制定了各种立法措施来实施第1970(2011)号决议规定的制裁。 这些法律包括《战略物资(管制)法》、《进出口管理法》、《联合国法》、《新加坡货币管理局法》、《商船运输法》和《移民法》。", "3个 通过这些立法措施(详见下文),新加坡能够以下列方式执行第1970(2011)号决议的有关规定:", "(a) 第9段:将《联合国法》、《进出口管理法》、《战略货物(管制)法》、《新加坡货币管理局法》和《商船运输法》结合起来;", "(b) 第10段:将《联合国法》、《进出口管理法》、《战略货物(管制)法》和《商船运输法》结合起来;", "第15段:通过《移民法》;", "第17段:通过《新加坡货币管理局法》和《联合国法》。", "《战略物资(管制)法》", " 4.四. 作为帮助遏制大规模毁灭性武器扩散的努力的一部分,新加坡于2003年1月实施了一个强有力和强化的出口管制制度。 战略物资(管制) 该法令规定了战略物资或技术的出口、再出口、转口和过境。 新加坡的战略物资管制清单包括四个多边不扩散制度的所有物项,即澳大利亚集团、瓦塞纳尔安排、核供应国集团和导弹技术管制制度。 还赋予执法人员逮捕、搜查和扣押的广泛权力。 该法对参与转让或代理转让战略物资或技术的当事方处以重罚。 初犯最高可被处以10万新加坡元(或更多,视有关货物或技术的价值而定)的罚款,或最高可被处以两年监禁,或两者并罚。", "5 (韩语). 新加坡海关是执行《战略物资(管制)法》的国家当局,新加坡海关处理所有许可证申请、登记和对军火经纪人进行审计,开展行业外联和提高公众认识方案,并强制执行该法及其关于违反战略物资管制的条例。 执法工作基于及时和可靠的情报和风险管理评估。", "6. 国家 新加坡正在不断监测其制度,并将在必要时在管制清单或程序方面对其作进一步改进。 新加坡海关一直定期举办外联会,教育各行业了解新加坡战略货物管制系统。 请与会者注意,必须克尽职责,特别是针对来自或运往安全理事会有关决议所列国家和实体的货物。", "7. 联合国 具体地说,《战略物资(管制)法》使新加坡能够实施第1970(2011)号决议第9和10段规定的制裁,管制这些段落所涵盖物项的出口、再出口、转运和从其领土向阿拉伯利比亚民众国过境。", "《进出口管理法》", "8. 联合国 《进出口管理法》及其条例为新加坡管理和管制一般进出口提供了框架。 该法还规范了对受安全理事会禁运国家的管制以及对进口证书和交货核查制度的认证,该制度对来自来源国的、供新加坡最终用户使用的受管制物品进行管理。", "9. 国家 具体而言,《进出口管理法》及其《条例》使新加坡能够通过控制这些段落所指明的物项的进出口来实施第9和10段中的制裁。 新加坡正在修订《进出口管理法》,以纳入第9和10段所述被禁物品清单及其交易方式。", "联合国法", "10个 《联合国法》使新加坡政府能够在现有立法未涵盖的领域通过辅助立法使安全理事会具有约束力的决定生效,而无需颁布更多的主要立法。 尽管除《新加坡宪法》外,任何其他法律都规定,根据该法制定的条例具有法律效力并处以刑事处罚。 这些条例适用于新加坡境内所有个人和实体,并可适用于新加坡境外的新加坡公民。", "11个 新加坡目前正在根据《联合国法》起草新的条例,将新加坡境内的个人或实体、新加坡境外的新加坡公民、或使用悬挂新加坡国旗的船只或飞机直接或间接地从新加坡或通过新加坡向阿拉伯利比亚民众国提供、出售或转让该决议第9段所列的任何物品定为犯罪。 该条例还将执行第10段,规定新加坡国民或使用悬挂新加坡国旗的船只或飞机从阿拉伯利比亚民众国采购该段所述物品为犯罪行为。", "12个 该条例还将第9款所述与军事活动有关的技术援助、培训或非财政援助定为刑事犯罪。 此外,《条例》将冻结决议附件二所列或由决议第24段所设委员会指认的个人或实体名单第17段所列所有相关资产,但金融机构持有的资产除外。 如下文所讨论,金融机构拥有的资产将根据《新加坡货币管理局法》的规定被冻结。", "新加坡货币管理局法", "13个 根据《新加坡货币管理局法》第27A条,新加坡货币管理局可颁布条例,要求金融机构遵守新加坡根据安全理事会决议所应承担的义务。 《新加坡货币管理局法》的新条例目前为草案,将冻结第17段所述的所有相关资产。 还将禁止新加坡的金融机构提供与第9段所述活动有关的财政援助。 任何金融机构如果被发现违反条例,即构成犯罪,一经定罪,可处以罚款。", "商船运输 行为", "14个 根据《商船法》第43条,新加坡海事和港务局可关闭新加坡船舶的登记并注销其登记证书。 在适当情况下,可援引这一法定条款执行第1970(2011)号决议的相关部分。", "《移民法》", "15个 《移民法》规定了人员进出新加坡的法律界限。 根据第7条,除新加坡公民外,任何人都没有自动进入新加坡的权利。 根据第6条,除非根据第56条发出的命令予以豁免,外国游客在进入新加坡之前必须发给有效的通行证。 作为入境程序的一部分,在办理入境手续时,根据移民和检查站管理局的黑名单数据库对其进行筛选。 第1970(2011)号决议或该决议所设制裁委员会所指认的人员可被拒入境并按国际惯例被送回其最后一个上船港。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.1[1]25 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "PROPOSAL FOR A MANDATE TO NEGOTIATE A LEGALLY-BINDING INSTRUMENT THAT ADDRESSES THE HUMANITARIAN CONCERNS POSED BY CLUSTER MUNITIONS", "Presented by Austria, Holy See, Ireland, Mexico, New Zealand and Sweden", "The Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which may Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects decides to establish an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts to negotiate a legally-binding instrument that addresses the humanitarian concerns posed by cluster munitions.", "[1] ^(∗) Reissued for technical reasons." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "关于谈判一项具有法律约束力的文书以解决集束弹药 所引起的人道主义关注的任务授权建议", "奥地利、教廷、爱尔兰、墨西哥、新西兰和瑞典提出", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议决定设立一个不限成员名额的政府专家小组，负责谈判一项具有法律约束力的文书，以解决集束弹药所引起的人道主义关注。", "* 因技术原因重新印发。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "关于授权谈判解决集束弹药造成的人道主义关切的法律文书的建议", "奥地利、教廷、爱尔兰、墨西哥、新西兰和瑞典提交", "1. 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议决定设立一个不限成员名额的政府专家小组,就一项解决集束弹药所引起人道主义关切的具有法律约束力的文书进行谈判。", "[1] ^(*) 由于技术原因重新印发。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.2[1]25 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "PROPOSAL FOR A MANDATE TO STUDY LASER SYSTEMS", "Presented by Germany and Sweden", "The Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which may Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects decides to establish an open-ended Group of Governmental Experts to study feasible precautions which could be taken with a view to improving the design of military laser systems in order to avoid the incidence of permanent blindness to unenhanced vision.", "[1] ^(∗) Reissued for technical reasons." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "关于研究激光系统的任务授权建议", "德国和瑞典提出", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议决定设立一个不限成员名额的政府专家小组，负责研究可采取何种可行的预防措施，以改进军事激光系统的设计，从而防止对未用增视器材状态下的视觉器官造成永久失明。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "关于研究实验室系统的任务的建议", "德国和瑞典提交", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议决定设立一个不限成员名额的政府专家小组,研究可采取哪些可行的预防措施来改进军事激光系统的设计,以避免对未增强的视力造成永久性盲目。", "[1] ^(*) 由于技术原因重新印发。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.3[1]25 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "PROPOSAL FOR A MANDATE ON EXPLOSIVE REMNANTS OF WAR (ERW)", "Presented by the European Union", "The European Union is in favour of continuing the further work in the CCW beyond the Review Conference on munitions which may become ERW, in particular on the implementation of existing IHL and on possible preventive technical measures. The European Union therefore proposes, with a view to further consultation, that as a minimum the mandate of the Working Group on Explosive Remnants of War be extended at the Review Conference for the year 2007, as follows:", "“To continue to consider, including through participation of legal experts, the implementation of existing principles of International Humanitarian Law and to further study, on an open-ended basis, with particular emphasis on meetings of military and technical experts, possible preventive measures aimed at improving the design of certain specific types of munitions, including sub-munitions, with a view to minimising the humanitarian risk of these munitions becoming explosive remnants of war. Exchange of information, assistance and co-operation would be part of this work. The Group will report on the work done to the next Meeting of the States Parties.”", "[1] ^(∗) Reissued for technical reasons." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "关于战争遗留爆炸物的 任务授权建议", "欧洲联盟提出", "欧洲联盟赞成在审查会议之后继续在《特定常规武器公约》的框架内就可能成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药问题开展进一步的工作，特别是讨论现有国际人道主义法的实施问题和可采取何种预防性技术措施。因此，为进一步磋商起见，欧洲联盟建议审查会议至少将战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组的以下任务授权延长到2007年：", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施问题，包括由法律专家参加这一审议，并在可自由参加的基础上继续进一步研究可否制定一些预防措施来改进特定类型的弹药包括子弹药的设计，以求尽可能减少此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险，而在进行这一研究时，可把重点放在举行军事和技术专家会议上。信息交换以及援助与合作应是这项工作的一部分。工作组将向下一届缔约国会议报告所做的工作。”" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "关于战争遗留爆炸物任务的建议", "欧洲联盟提交", "欧洲联盟赞成在审查会议后继续在《特定常规武器公约》中就可能成为战争遗留爆炸物的弹药,特别是现有国际人道主义法的执行情况和可能的预防性技术措施开展进一步的工作。 因此,欧洲联盟建议,为了进一步磋商,审查会议至少将战争遗留爆炸物问题工作组的任务期限延长至2007年,具体如下:", "“继续审议国际人道主义法现有原则的实施情况,包括由法律专家参加审议,并在可自由参加的基础上进一步研究可否采取预防措施来改进包括子弹药在内的某些特定类型弹药的设计,以期将此种弹药成为战争遗留爆炸物的人道主义危险降至最低程度,同时特别强调军事和技术专家会议。 信息交换、援助与合作将是这项工作的一部分。 小组将向下一次缔约国会议报告所完成的工作。 “", "[1] ^(*) 由于技术原因重新印发。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.4[1]25 October 2006Original:ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "PROPOSAL FOR A PREAMBULAR PARAGRAPH OF THE", "FINAL DECLARATION TO BE ADOPTED AT THE", "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE[2]", "Presented by Ireland and Sweden", "“The High Contracting Parties...", "... recognizing the foreseeable short and long term effects of explosive remnants of war on civilian populations as an important factor to be considered in applying the international humanitarian law rules on proportionality in attack and precautions in attack...”", "[1] ^(∗) Reissued for technical reasons.", "[2] As contained in Part II of document CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7" ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "关于第三次审查会议将通过的最后宣言 [1] 序言部分一个段落的建议", "爱尔兰和瑞典提交", "“各缔约国……", "……确认战争遗留爆炸物对平民群体的可预见短期和长期影响是在适用关于攻击行动的相称性和攻击行动的预防措施的国际人道主义法规则时须考虑的一个重要因素……”", "[1] * 因技术原因重新印发。", "载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7号文件第二部分。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "关于序言段落的提案", "最后宣言", "第三次审查会议[2]", "爱尔兰和瑞典提交", "“缔约方......", ".认识到战争遗留爆炸物对平民群体的可预见短期和长期影响,是适用国际人道主义法关于攻击中相称性和攻击中预防措施的规则时需要考虑的一个重要因素. “", "[1] ^(*) 由于技术原因重新印发。", "[2] 载于CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.7-CCW/GGE/XV/6/Add.7号文件第二部分" ]

[ "[] UNITED \n NATIONS \n [] Distr. \n GENERAL \n FCCC/KP/CMP/2006/5 \n 25 August 2006 \n Original: English \nCONFERENCEOFTHEPARTIESSERVINGASTHEMEETINGOFTHEPARTIESTOTHEKYOTOPROTOCOL \nSecondsession \nNairobi,6–17November2006 \nItem6 oftheprovisionalagenda \nReportoftheJointImplementationSupervisoryCommittee", "Annual report of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "Summary This annual report of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee(JISC) to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of theParties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP) covers activities from 7December 2005 to 31 July 2006. The report recommends decisions to be taken by the COP/MOP, at itssecond session, on the rules of procedure for the JISC and a jointimplementation project design document. It also refers to workundertaken by the JISC during this reporting period, including onoperationalization of the verification procedure, guidance oncriteria for baseline setting and monitoring, and establishment of aJoint Implementation Accreditation Panel. Based on this information,the COP/MOP may wish to provide further guidance relating to JI,notably to the JISC. The report also highlights the areas of governance, management andresources, which are critical to ensuring the efficient,cost-effective and transparent functioning of the JISC. The JISCreiterates the urgent need for adequate and predictable resources toimplement its activities. \nThe work of the JISC from the beginning of August until the beginningof November 2006 will be covered in an addendum to this report. Ms.Daniela Stoycheva, Chair of the JISC, will highlight achievements andfuture challenges of the JISC in her presentation to the session.", "Contents", "Paragraphs Page", "I. Introduction 1–5 3", "A. Mandate 1–2 3", "B. Scope of the report 3–4 3", "C. Action to be taken by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol 5 3", "II. Work undertaken since the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol 6–27 3", "A. Summary of the work undertaken 6–10 3", "B. Rules of procedure 11 4", "C. Joint implementation project design document form 12–16 4", "D. Verification procedure under the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee 17–18 5", "E. Criteria for baseline setting and monitoring 19–22 5", "F. Accreditation process for independent entities 23–27 6", "III. Governance matters 28–47 6", "A. Provisions for the charging of fees and cooperation with other bodies and stakeholders 28–32 6", "B. Membership issues 33–34 7", "C. Calendar of meetings in 2006 35–37 8", "D. Transparency, communication and information 38–43 8", "E. Role of the secretariat 44–47 9", "IV. Resources 48–56 9", "A. Joint implementation management plan 2006–2007 48–49 9", "B. Resources for the work on joint implementation 50–56 10", "V. Summary of decisions 57 10", "Annexes", "I. Draft rules of procedure of the Joint Implementation Suvervisory Committee………..…………………………………………………. 11", "II. Draft joint implementation project design document form…………. 23", "III. Status of supplementary resources available in 2006 to support joint implementation activities …………………………….……… 31", "I. Introduction", "A. Mandate", "1. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP), by its decision 10/CMP.1, established the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee (JISC) to supervise, inter alia, the verification of emission reduction units generated by projects under Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol (joint implementation (JI)) as per the guidelines for the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol (JI guidelines).[1]", "2. The JI guidelines require that the JISC report on its activities to each session of the COP/MOP and that the COP/MOP provide guidance regarding the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol and exercise authority over the JISC.", "B. Scope of the report", "1. This report provides information on progress made in operationalizing the verification procedure under the JISC,[2] through decisions and actions taken by the JISC, and recommends decisions to be taken by the COP/MOP at its second session. The report also addresses governance issues, notably measures undertaken to ensure the efficient, cost-effective and transparent functioning of the JISC, as well as resource requirements and actual resources available for the work on Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol during the biennium 2006–2007.", "2. The report covers the period from the establishment of the JISC on 7 December 2005 to 31 July 2006 (the reporting period). The period 1 August to 1 November 2006, the closing date of the fifth meeting of the JISC, will be covered in an addendum to this report.[3]", "C. Action to be taken by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "1. Having reviewed the annual report of the JISC and having taken note of all matters agreed by the JISC, the COP/MOP, at its second session, may wish to decide the following:", "a. To provide further guidance relating to JI, notably to the JISC;", "b. To adopt the draft rules of procedure of the JISC (see annex I);", "c. To adopt the draft JI project design document (JI PDD) form (see annex II);", "d. To reiterate its invitation to Parties included in Annex I to the Convention (Annex I Parties) to make prompt voluntary contributions to the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities to cover administrative expenses for implementing Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol in the biennium 2006–2007.", "II. Work undertaken since the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol", "A. Summary of the work undertaken", "1. Joint implementation has attracted a considerable increase in interest since the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol on 16 February 2005, and especially since the establishment of the JISC. At its first meeting, the JISC agreed on a work programme,[4] prominent in which was work on the operationalization of the verification procedure,[5] which is anticipated to be completed in the second half of 2006.", "2. To ensure that information on decisions by the JISC and the process leading thereto was well communicated, members and alternate members of the JISC and the secretariat convened and/or took part in a number of events at which processes were explained and results presented. The JISC took note of interests and concerns of stakeholders and, wherever feasible and compatible with the Marrakesh Accords, sought to address them through streamlining and facilitating processes and procedures.", "3. Major tasks accomplished since COP/MOP 1 can be summarized as follows:", "a. The JISC agreed on its draft rules of procedure, applied them provisionally and now recommends them for adoption by the COP/MOP;", "b. The JISC agreed on a draft JI PDD form, applied it provisionally and now recommends it to the COP/MOP for adoption. Moreover, the JISC agreed on the guidelines for users of this draft JI PDD form;", "c. As part of the operationalization of the verification procedure, the JISC agreed on draft procedures on public availability of documents as well as procedures for reviews;", "d. The JISC started its work regarding guidance on criteria for baseline setting and monitoring as well as its work concerning provisions for small-scale (SSC) projects;", "e. The JISC established a Joint Implementation Accreditation Panel (JI-AP), which held its first meeting.", "4. To help ensure the best use of time and resources in meeting future challenges, the JISC, with the assistance of the secretariat, is preparing a JI management plan (JI-MAP) for the biennium 2006–2007 (see addendum to this report).", "5. In summary, the work of the JISC has advanced well in all areas under its purview. Given the limited resources available, however, the achievements were only possible due to a high level of time and effort devoted by members and alternate members of the JISC and JI-AP and secretariat staff.", "B. Rules of procedure", "1. The JISC, at its first meeting, agreed on draft rules of procedure of the JISC, as per the JI guidelines and decision 10/CMP.1, applied them provisionally, and now recommends them for adoption by the COP/MOP. The JISC invites the COP/MOP to take a decision on its recommendation of the rules of procedure, contained in annex I.", "C. Joint implementation project design document form", "1. In accordance with the JI guidelines and decision 10/CMP. 1, the JISC developed a draft JI PDD form and draft guidelines for users of this form. Before agreeing on these documents at its third meeting, the JISC launched a public call for input, inter alia, on their structure and contents. The call was open from 17 March to 16 April 2006. The JISC made the agreed documents public on the UNFCCC JI website.[6]", "2. The draft form has been in effect since 15 June 2006 and shall be used for all JI projects implemented under the verification procedure under the JISC after this date. Projects with written approvals from Parties dated before 15 June 2006 in accordance with paragraph 31 (a) of the JI guidelines shall use either the draft JI PDD form or the clean development mechanism (CDM) PDD forms. In the latter case, the accredited independent entity (AIE) selected by the project participants to perform the determination in accordance with paragraph 33 of the JI guidelines shall confirm that the PDD submitted provides all the information covered by the draft JI PDD form and related JISC guidance.", "3. In this context, the JISC also clarified that the end of the crediting period can be after 2012 subject to the approval by the host Party. The status of emission reductions/enhancements of removals generated by JI projects after the end of the first commitment period may be determined by any relevant agreement under the UNFCCC.[7]", "4. The draft JI PDD form and related guidelines are not applicable to JI land use, land-use change and forestry projects, for which the JISC is developing a separate form and guidelines.", "5. The JISC recommends the draft JI PDD form, contained in annex II, for adoption by the COP/MOP.", "D. Verification procedure under the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee", "1. At its second meeting, in order to operationalize the verification procedure defined in paragraphs 30–45 of the JI guidelines, the JISC:", "a. Agreed on draft procedures on the public availability of documents;[8]", "b. Requested the secretariat to prepare forms to be used by AIEs when submitting determination or verification reports for publication.", "2. At its third meeting, the JISC:", "a. Agreed on procedures for reviews under the verification procedure under the JISC;[9]", "b. Requested the secretariat to prepare a paper on options for appraising determinations referred to in paragraphs 33 and 37 of the JI guidelines;", "c. Agreed on terms of reference for experts appraising determinations or participating in review teams under the verification procedure under the JISC;[10]", "d. Decided to launch a call for experts with regard to paragraph 18 ‎(c) above.", "E. Criteria for baseline setting and monitoring", "1. The COP/MOP, by its decision 10/CMP.1, requested the JISC to develop guidance, as soon as possible, with regard to appendix B of the JI guidelines, including provisions for SSC projects as defined in paragraph 6 (c) of decision 17/CP.7, as appropriate.", "2. At its first meeting, the JISC decided to launch a call for public input on guidance on criteria for baseline setting and monitoring. The call was open for comments from 10 February to 1 March 2006.", "3. At its third meeting, the JISC agreed on a procedure for the development of draft guidance on criteria for baseline setting and monitoring,[11] which set out the schedule including a plan of a call for public input on the draft, the task allocation among the JISC members and alternate members and the support from the secretariat. The call was open from 19 July 2006 to 15 August 2006.", "4. Furthermore, the JISC requested the secretariat to develop, in consultation with selected members and alternate members of the JISC, draft provisions for JI SSC projects consistent with the provisions for CDM SSC project activities.[12]", "F. Accreditation process for independent entities", "1. The COP/MOP, by its decision 10/CMP.1, requested the JISC to further elaborate, as a priority, standards and procedures for the accreditation of independent entities, consistent with appendix A of the JI guidelines, taking into consideration, as appropriate, procedures for accrediting operational entities developed by the Executive Board of the CDM.", "2. In order to operationalize the accreditation process under JI, the JISC, at its second meeting:", "a. Decided to establish a JI-AP consisting of a minimum of four and a maximum of six experts, and two members of the JISC as Chair and Vice-Chair;", "b. Agreed on terms of reference for the JI-AP;[13]", "c. Decided to launch a public call for experts to serve on the JI-AP;", "d. Expressed its intention to request the JI-AP to review the draft procedure for accrediting independent entities, prepared by the secretariat,[14] and make recommendations on it to the JISC.", "3. The public call for experts referred to in paragraph ‎24 ‎(c) above was open from 29 March to 27 April 2006.", "4. At its third meeting, the JISC selected Mr. Shinichi Iioka, Mr. Ken Beck Lee, Mr. Vijay Mediratta, Ms. Maureen Mutasa, Mr. Takashi Otsubo and Mr. Satish Rao as members of the JI-AP, and elected Mr. Oleg Pluzhnikov as Chair and Ms. Fatou Gaye as Vice-Chair of the panel. (Panel members are paid fees for attending meetings of the panel in accordance with United Nations rules and regulations.)", "5. Also at its third meeting, the JISC decided to start the accreditation process by the end of 2006.", "III. Governance matters", "A. Provisions for the charging of fees and cooperation with other bodies and stakeholders", "1. Mandate and background", "1. The COP/MOP, by its decision 10/CMP.1, requested the JISC to develop provisions for the charging of fees to cover administrative costs relating to the activities of the JISC.", "2. The COP/MOP, by its decision 10/CMP.1, encouraged the JISC to collaborate with:", "a. The Executive Board of the CDM;", "b. The Compliance Committee under the Kyoto Protocol, in particular with regard to the list of Parties referred to in paragraph 27 of the JI guidelines;", "c. The designated focal points for Article 6 under the Kyoto Protocol;", "d. Observers to meetings of the JISC, referred to in paragraph 18 of the JI guidelines, through regular question-and-answer sessions held in this context.", "2. Work undertaken and action taken", "1. The JISC requested two of its members (including an alternate member), supported by the secretariat, to prepare an information paper on the provisions for the charging of fees for consideration by the JISC at its fourth meeting.[15]", "2. In relation to the mandate referred to in paragraph ‎29 (c) above, the JISC welcomes the information on the designation of focal points for Article 6 under the Kyoto Protocol sent to the secretariat so far, and invites further designations.", "3. With regard to the mandate referred to in paragraph ‎29 ‎(d) above, the JISC decided, at its first meeting, to have a question-and-answer session with registered observers at each of its meetings and to webcast these sessions.[16]", "B. Membership issues", "1. The COP/MOP, at its first session, established the JISC and elected its members and alternate members (table 1) in accordance with paragraphs 4–5 and 8 of the JI guidelines. There were no changes in membership during the reporting period.", "2. At its first meeting, the JISC elected by consensus Ms. Daniela Stoycheva, member from an Annex I Party, as its Chair, and Mr. Shailendra Kumar Joshi, member from a Party not included in Annex I to the Convention (non-Annex I Party), as its Vice-Chair. Their tenures will end at the first meeting of the JISC in 2007. Prior to assuming their functions, all members and alternate members of the JISC signed a written oath of service in accordance with paragraph 10 (e) of the JI guidelines.", "Table 1. Members and alternate members of the JISC", "Members Alternate members Nominated by", "Mr. Olle Björk^(b) Mr. Franzjosef Other Annex I Parties Schafhausen^(b)", "Mr. Georg Mr. Darren Other Annex I Parties Børsting^(a) Goetze^(a)", "Mr. Jaime Bravo^(b) Mr. Marcos Castro Non-Annex I Parties Rodriguez^(b)", "Ms. Fatou Gaye^(a) Mr. Vincent Kasulu Non-Annex I Parties Seya Makonga^(a)", "Mr. Maurits Blanson Mr. Hiroki Kudo^(a) Other Annex I Parties Henkemans^(a)", "Mr. Shailendra Kumar Mr. Maosheng Non-Annex I Parties Joshi Duan^(b) (Vice-Chair)^(b)", "Mr. Derrick Ms. Yumiko Alliance of Small Island Oderson^(b) Crisostomo^(b) States", "Mr. Oleg Mr. Evgeny Annex I Parties with Pluzhnikov^(b) Sokolov^(b) economies in transition", "Ms. Daniela Stoycheva Ms. Astrida Annex I Parties with (Chair)^(a) Celmina^(a) economies in transition", "Mr. Vlad Trusca^(a) Mr. Matej Annex I Parties with Gasperic^(a) economies in transition", "^(a) Term: three years ending at the first meeting in 2009.", "^(b) Term: two years ending at the first meeting in 2008.", "C. Calendar of meetings in 2006", "1. At its first meeting, the JISC adopted its meeting schedule for 2006, and revised it at its third meeting (table 2).", "Table 2. Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee meetings in 2006", "Meeting Date Location", "First 2–3 February UNFCCC headquarters, Bonn, Germany", "Second 8, 10–11 March UNFCCC headquarters", "Third 28–29 May UNFCCC headquarters (in conjunction with the twenty-fourth sessions of the subsidiary bodies)", "Fourth 13–15 September UNFCCC headquarters", "Fifth 31 October – 1 UNFCCC headquarters November", "2. The annotated agendas for the JISC meetings, including documentation supporting agenda items, as well as reports containing all agreements reached by the JISC, are available on the UNFCCC JI website.[17]", "3. To ensure the efficient organization and management of work, the meetings of the JISC were preceded by informal consultations of one to two days. During the reporting period, the workload before the JISC commonly required the committee to be in session or in consultations for well over the eight hours planned during a typical meeting day.", "D. Transparency, communication and information", "1. Rule 21 of the draft rules of procedure of the JISC (annex I) requires that the work of the JISC be transparent, subject to the need to protect confidential information. This encompasses the timely public availability of documentation and channels through which external comments by all Parties and all UNFCCC accredited observers and stakeholders can be submitted for consideration by the JISC.[18] Rule 20 requires that documentation be made available via the Internet.[19] Furthermore, the JI guidelines (in particular paragraph 16) require that decisions by the JISC be made available to the public.[20]", "2. The UNFCCC JI website is the principal means by which these requirements are met. It contains reports of meetings of the JISC, documentation on all matters agreed by the JISC, and documentation relating to operations and functions of the JISC and its support structure (e.g. the JI-AP), accredited independent entities, project participants, experts, the public and the secretariat. It will also present information made available by designated focal points established by Parties and notified to the secretariat. In addition, it contains a wide range of background documentation relating to JI (from COP/MOP decisions to application forms for experts). Furthermore, it provides an interface for public input on various topics as deemed necessary by the JISC and for experts to apply for membership on supporting bodies (e.g. JI-AP, review teams, etc.). Linked to the website is the JI News facility which sends the latest information on JI to more than 670 of the website’s 697 subscribers.[21]", "3. The secretariat also operates two extranets and two listservers to promote efficient, cost-effective and transparent exchange of information between the JISC, the JI-AP and the secretariat. These electronic facilities are essential for the smooth and cost-effective functioning of the JISC. Additional extranets and listservers will be created once the verification procedure and the accreditation procedure under the JISC are fully operationalized.", "4. In accordance with paragraph 18 of the JI guidelines and rule 22 of the draft rules of procedure of the JISC, all Parties and UNFCCC accredited observers and stakeholders may attend JISC meetings as observers, except where otherwise decided by the JISC and provided they register at least two weeks before the meeting. In the reporting period, JISC meetings were attended on average by 11 observers from Parties, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and intergovernmental organizations (IGOs). In addition, the JISC organized a question-and-answer session as a side event of the twenty-fourth sessions of the subsidiary bodies, which was open to all participants of the sessions.[22]", "5. To further improve transparency, the JISC webcasts its meetings.[23] On average, the live webcasts are accessed 810 times per meeting, resulting in 94 hours of viewing. Each archived webcast attracts a similar number of visits in the three-month period following each meeting. The webcasts cover the question-and-answer sessions with registered observers.", "6. In addition, a workshop on JI was held in Bonn, Germany, on 9–10 March 2006.[24] Organized by the secretariat, the workshop brought together JISC members and alternate members, and more than 80 experts on project-based mechanisms, including members of the CDM Executive Board, UNFCCC national focal points of both Annex I and non-Annex I Parties, UNFCCC accredited NGOs and IGOs, project developers, consultants and designated operational entities, to share information on the progress of the JISC and exchange views, including on critical issues relating to operationalization of the verification procedure under the JISC.", "E. Role of the secretariat", "1. The UNFCCC secretariat services the JISC, in accordance with paragraph 19 of the JI guidelines and rule 28 of the draft rules of procedure of the JISC.", "2. The secretariat provided administrative, logistical and substantive support to three JISC meetings and one JI-AP meeting during the reporting period. It also developed and maintained the JI website and the web interfaces for calls for public input and experts, and responded to external queries.", "3. Staffing was tight at the secretariat when the JISC was established. Although additional staff members have been recruited, staffing at the secretariat remains insufficient to ensure the long-term provision of timely, high quality support to the JISC, particularly with respect to case handling under the accreditation and verification procedures under the JISC, which are to be operationalized soon.", "4. The secretariat undertook fund-raising in support of the work on JI, managed contributions from Parties, and reported regularly to the JISC on the status of resources (see chapter IV below).", "IV. Resources", "A. Joint implementation management plan 2006–2007", "1. The COP/MOP, by its decision 10/CMP.1, requested the JISC to develop, as soon as possible, its management plan including a budget plan for 2006–2007 and to keep it under review, bearing in mind the experience of the CDM Executive Board in this area.", "2. The JISC considered a draft management plan prepared by the secretariat and agreed on main contents. The JISC requested the secretariat to update the JI-MAP to reflect discussion, agreements made and priorities identified at its third meeting, with a view to adopting the plan at its fourth meeting, on 13–15 September 2006. The finalized plan will be presented in an addendum to this report.", "B. Resources for the work on joint implementation", "1. During the reporting period, the JISC monitored and reviewed the status of resources for the work on JI, based on reports by the secretariat. Comprehensive information on the major activity areas (meetings and activities of the JISC, activities relating to accreditation of independent entities and review of determinations, technical workshops, and activities by the secretariat in support of the above‑mentioned areas of work) and resource requirements was developed by the secretariat. This information was used for initial fund-raising, and was later included in the draft JI-MAP. Updated information on the budget and expenditure will be presented in an addendum to this report.", "1. Annex III contains a summary of pledges and contributions by Parties and regional organizations to support work on JI in 2006. Contributions are acknowledged with appreciation.", "2. The COP/MOP, by its decision 9/CMP.1, decided that administrative costs arising from procedures contained in the JI guidelines relating to the functions of the JISC shall be borne both by Annex I Parties and by the project participants according to specifications set out in a decision by the COP/MOP at its first session. In this context, the COP/MOP, by its decision 10/CMP.1, requested the JISC to develop provisions for the charging of fees.", "3. In accordance with the work programme of the JISC agreed at its first meeting, the JISC will start its consideration of fees at its fourth meeting (13–15 September 2006). The JISC’s conclusions and recommendations on the matter will be included in an addendum to this report.", "4. The resources for supplementary funding during the reporting period were as follows:", "a. Carry over from 2005: USD 84,144", "b. Contributions by Parties: USD 399,397 (see annex III).", "5. At the end of the reporting period, the resource gap was USD 0.8 million for the remainder of 2006 and USD 2.8 million to the end of 2007, based on the current budget. Even if the provisions on fees referred to in paragraphs 52–53 above are agreed and introduced soon, it cannot be expected, based on the experience of the CDM, that the proceeds from fees will quickly fill this gap. Therefore, voluntary contributions from Annex I Parties should continue to cover a major part of the administrative expenses for implementing Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol, at least to the end of 2007.", "6. Given this situation, the JISC, throughout the reporting period, reiterated calls by the COP and the COP/MOP to Annex I Parties to make contributions to the Trust Fund for Supplementary Activities to ensure that all necessary activities envisaged in the biennium 2006–2007 can be carried out in a predictable and sustainable manner. Lack of such contributions has meant limitations in the hiring of staff necessary to support the work of the JISC, and might result in a scaling back of the envisaged work and a cancellation of some planned meetings.", "V. Summary of decisions", "1. As per paragraph 16 of the JI guidelines, decisions of the JISC are made publicly available in all six official languages of the United Nations by including the decisions or referring to them (indicating their placement on the UNFCCC JI website) in the JISC annual report to the COP/MOP.", "Annex I", "Draft rules of procedure of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee", "I. Scope", "Rule 1", "These rules of procedure shall apply to all activities of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee undertaken in accordance with decisions 16/CP.7[25] and 9/CMP.1,[26] and the annexes thereto on guidelines for the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol as well as any other relevant decisions.", "II. Definitions", "Rule 2", "For the purpose of these rules:", "1. “Joint Implementation guidelines” means guidelines for the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol contained in the annex to decision 9/CMP.1;", "2. “UNFCCC” means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change;", "3. “COP/MOP” means the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol;", "4. “JI” means the mechanism referred to in Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol;", "5. “Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee” is the committee established by decision 10/CMP.1[27] and the name given by that decision to the Article 6 Supervisory Committee as defined in the Joint Implementation guidelines adopted by decision 9/CMP.1. Throughout these Rules, “{Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee” has replaced “Article 6 Supervisory Committee” when the Joint Implementation guidelines are cited;", "6. “Chair” and “Vice-Chair” mean the members of the Committee elected as Chair and Vice‑Chair by the Committee;", "7. “Member” means member of the Committee;", "8. “Alternate member” means alternate member of the Committee;", "9. “Secretariat” means the secretariat referred to in Article 14 of the Kyoto Protocol and paragraph 19 of the Joint Implementation guidelines;", "Paragraph 1 (e) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n10. “Stakeholders” means the public, including individuals, groups orcommunities affected, or likely to be affected, by the project;", "11. For the purpose of rules 21 and 22, Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to the Kyoto Protocol may exercise the same rights as all other observers.", "III. Members and alternate members", "A. Nomination, election and re-election", "Rule 3", "Paragraph 4 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: The {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee shall comprise 10members from Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, as follows: (a) Three members from Parties included in Annex I that areundergoing the process of transition to a market economy; (b) Three members from Parties included in Annex I not referred to insubparagraph (a); (c) Three members from Parties not included in Annex I; \n (d) One member from the small island developing States.", "Rule 4", "Paragraph 5 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. Members, including alternate members, of the {JointImplementation} Supervisory Committee shall be nominated by therelevant constituencies referred to in paragraph 4 {of the JointImplementation guidelines} and be elected by the COP/MOP. TheCOP/MOP shall elect to the {Joint Implementation} SupervisoryCommittee five members and five alternate members for a term oftwo years and five members and five alternate members for a termof three years. Thereafter, the COP/MOP shall elect, every year,five new members and five alternate members for a term of twoyears. Appointment pursuant to paragraph 12 {of the JointImplementation guidelines} shall count as one term. The membersand alternate members shall remain in office until theirsuccessors are elected.", "Paragraph 6 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n2. Members of the {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee maybe eligible to serve a maximum of two consecutive terms. Terms asalternate members do not count.", "Paragraph 10 (a) and (d) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: 3. Members, including alternate members, of the {JointImplementation} Supervisory Committee shall: (a) Serve in their personal capacities and shall have recognizedcompetence relating to climate change issues and in relevanttechnical and policy fields; \n(b) Be bound by the rules of procedure of the {Joint Implementation}Supervisory Committee.", "1. The term of service of a member, or an alternate member, shall start at the first meeting of the Committee in the calendar year following his/her election and shall end immediately before the first meeting of the Committee in the calendar year in which the term ends.", "Rule 5", "Paragraph 8 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. The COP/MOP shall elect an alternate member for each member ofthe {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee based on thecriteria in paragraphs 4, 5 and 6 {of the Joint Implementationguidelines}. The nomination by a constituency of a candidatemember shall be accompanied by a nomination of a candidatealternate member from the same constituency.", "2. Any reference in these rules to a member shall be deemed to include his/her alternate when such alternate acts for the member.", "3. In the absence of a member from a meeting of the Committee, his/her alternate shall serve as the member for that meeting.", "Rule 6", "Paragraph 10 (a) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. The cost of participation of members and of alternate membersfrom developing country Parties and other Parties eligible underUNFCCC practice shall be covered by the budget for the {JointImplementation} Supervisory Committee.", "2. Funding for participation shall be provided in accordance with the financial regulations of the United Nations and the financial procedures of the UNFCCC.", "A. Suspension, termination and resignation", "Rule 7", "Paragraph 11 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. The {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee may suspend andrecommend to the COP/MOP the termination of the membership of aparticular member, including an alternate member, for causeincluding, inter alia, breach of the conflict of interestprovisions, breach of the confidentiality provisions, or failureto attend two consecutive meetings of the {Joint Implementation}Supervisory Committee without proper justification.", "2. Any motion calling for the suspension of, and recommendation to the COP/MOP to terminate the membership of, a member, or an alternate member, shall immediately be put to the vote in accordance with the voting rules in chapter V below. When the motion concerns the suspension of, and recommendation to the COP/MOP to terminate the membership of, the Chair, the Vice-Chair shall act as the Chair until the voting has been conducted and its result announced.", "3. The Committee shall suspend and recommend termination of the membership of a member, or an alternate member, only after the member, or the alternate member, has been afforded the opportunity of a hearing by the Committee in a meeting.", "Rule 8", "Paragraph 12 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. If a member, or an alternate member, of the {Joint Implementation}Supervisory Committee resigns or is otherwise unable to complete theassigned term of office or to perform the functions of that office,the {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee may decide, bearingin mind the proximity of the next session of the COP/MOP, to appointanother member, or an alternate member, from the same constituency toreplace the said member for the remainder of that member’s mandate.In such a case, the {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committeeshall take into account any views expressed by the group that hadnominated the member.", "2. The Committee shall request the relevant constituency to nominate the new member, or the new alternate member, to be appointed in accordance with paragraph 1 of this rule.", "A. Conflict of interest and confidentiality", "Rule 9", "Paragraph 10 (b) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. {Members, including alternate members, of the JointImplementation Supervisory Committee shall} {h}ave no pecuniaryor financial interest in any aspect of an Article 6 project.", "2. Members, including alternate members, of the Committee shall have no pecuniary or financial interest in any accredited independent entity, or any designated operational entity acting provisionally as an accredited independent entity.", "Rule 10", "Paragraph 10 (e) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. {Members, including alternate members, of the Joint ImplementationSupervisory Committee shall} {t}ake a written oath of servicewitnessed by the Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC or his/herauthorized representative before assuming his or her duties.", "2. The written oath of service shall read as follows:", "“I solemnly declare that I will perform my duties as a member/alternate member of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee honourably, faithfully, impartially and conscientiously.", "“I further solemnly declare and promise that I now do not have and shall not have any financial interest in any aspect of joint implementation, including accreditation of independent entities. I will not disclose, even after the termination of my functions, any confidential or proprietary information which is transferred to the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee in accordance with the guidelines for the implementation of Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol, or any other confidential information coming to my knowledge by reason of my duties for the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.", "“I will disclose to the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and to the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee any direct and indirect interest whatsoever that I or my immediate family have in any matter under discussion by the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee which may constitute a conflict of interest or which may be incompatible with the requirements of integrity and impartiality expected of a member/alternate member of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee and I will refrain from participating in the work of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee in relation to any such matter.", "“I further solemnly declare and promise that in case of any doubt as to whether there is an issue under the preceding paragraphs of this Declaration I shall disclose the full facts to the Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.”", "Rule 11", "Paragraph 10 (c) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. {Members, including alternate members, of the Joint ImplementationSupervisory Committee shall}, {s}ubject to their responsibility tothe {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee, not disclose anyconfidential or proprietary information coming to their knowledge byreason of their duties for the {Joint Implementation} SupervisoryCommittee. The duty of a member, including an alternate member, notto disclose confidential information constitutes an obligation inrespect to that member, including an alternate member, and shallremain an obligation after the expiration or termination of thatmember’s, including an alternate member’s, function for the {JointImplementation} Supervisory Committee.", "Paragraph 40 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n2. Information obtained {by members, and alternate members,} fromproject participants marked as proprietary or confidential shall notbe disclosed without the written consent of the provider of theinformation, except as required by applicable national law of thehost Party. Information used to determine whether reductions inanthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancements of anthropogenicremovals by sinks are additional, to describe the baselinemethodology and its application, and to support an environmentalimpact assessment referred to in paragraph 33 (d) {of the JointImplementation guidelines}, shall not be considered as proprietary orconfidential.", "A. Officers", "Rule 12", "Paragraph 7 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. The {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee shall electannually a Chair and Vice-Chair from among its members, with onebeing from a Party included in Annex I and the other being from aParty not included in Annex I. The positions of Chair and Vice-Chairshall alternate annually between a member from a Party included inAnnex I and a member from a Party not included in Annex I.", "2. At the first Committee meeting of each calendar year, the Committee shall elect a Chair and a Vice-Chair from among its members. The secretary of the Committee as defined in rule 30 shall preside over the opening of the first Committee meeting of each calendar year and conduct the election of the new Chair and Vice-Chair.", "Rule 13", "1. The Chair and Vice-Chair shall serve in their respective capacities at any meeting of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.", "2. If the elected Chair is not able to serve in that capacity for a meeting, the Vice-Chair shall serve as the Chair. If both are unable to serve in their respective capacities, the Committee shall elect a member from among its members present to serve as the Chair for that meeting.", "3. If the Chair or Vice-Chair ceases to be able to carry out his or her functions, or ceases to be a member, a new Chair or Vice-Chair shall be elected for the remainder of the term.", "Rule 14", "1. The Chair shall preside over the meetings of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee as provided for under this rule.", "2. In addition to exercising the functions conferred upon the Chair elsewhere by these rules, the Chair shall declare the opening and closing of meetings, preside at meetings, ensure the observance of these rules, accord the right to speak, put questions to the vote and announce decisions. The Chair shall rule on points of order and, subject to these rules, shall have complete control of the proceedings and over the maintenance of order at the meeting.", "3. The Chair may propose to the Committee a limitation on the time to be allowed to speakers and on the number of times each member may speak on a question, the adjournment or closure of the debate and the suspension or adjournment of a meeting.", "4. The Chair, or any other member designated by the Committee, shall represent the Committee as necessary, including at sessions of the COP/MOP.", "IV. Meetings", "A. Dates", "Rule 15", "Paragraph 9 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \nThe {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee shall meet at leasttwo times each year, whenever possible in conjunction with themeetings of the subsidiary bodies, unless decided otherwise.", "Rule 16", "1. At the first Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee meeting of each calendar year, the Chair shall propose for the approval of the Committee a schedule of meetings for that calendar year.", "2. If changes to the schedule or additional meetings are required, the Chair shall, after consultations with all members, give notice of any changes in the dates of scheduled meetings, and/or of the dates of additional meetings.", "Rule 17", "1. The Chair shall convene and give notice of the date of each meeting of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee, if possible not less than eight weeks prior to the date of such meeting.", "2. The secretariat shall promptly notify all those invited to the meeting.", "A. Venue", "Rule 18", "Meetings of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee held in conjunction with sessions of the subsidiary bodies shall be held at the same location as the sessions of these bodies. Other meetings of the Committee shall take place at the location of the secretariat, unless the Committee decides otherwise or other appropriate arrangements are made by the secretariat in consultation with the Chair.", "B. Agenda", "Rule 19", "1. The Chair, assisted by the secretariat, shall draft the provisional agenda of each meeting of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee and transmit a copy of such provisional agenda, agreed upon by the Committee at its previous meeting, to all those invited to the meeting.", "2. Additions or changes to the provisional agenda of a meeting may be proposed to the secretariat by any member, or alternate member, and incorporated in the proposed agenda provided that the member, or alternate member, shall give notice thereof to the secretariat not less than four weeks before the date set for the opening of the meeting. The proposed agenda for the meeting shall be transmitted by the secretariat to all those invited to the meeting three weeks before the date set for the opening of the meeting.", "3. The Committee shall, at the beginning of each meeting, adopt the agenda for the meeting.", "4. Any item included on the agenda for a meeting of the Committee, consideration of which has not been completed at that meeting, shall automatically be included on the provisional agenda for the next meeting, unless otherwise decided by the Committee.", "A. Documentation", "Rule 20", "1. All documentation for a Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee meeting shall be made available to members and alternate members through the secretariat at least two weeks before the meeting.", "2. Documentation shall be made publicly available by the secretariat via the Internet soon after transmission to members and alternate members. Availability of such documentation shall be subject to confidentiality provisions.", "A. Transparency", "Rule 21", "Subject to the need to protect confidential information, the principle of transparency should apply to all the work of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee, encompassing the timely public availability of documentation and channels through which external comments by all Parties and all UNFCCC accredited observers and stakeholders can be submitted for consideration by the Committee. The posting of the proceedings of the Committee’s meetings on the Internet is one way to ensure transparency.", "B. Attendance", "Rule 22", "Paragraph 18 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. Meetings of the {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee shallbe open to attendance, as observers, by all Parties and by all UNFCCCaccredited observers and stakeholders, except where otherwise decidedby the {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee.", "2. In the context of paragraph 1 above, the Committee may decide, in the interests of economy and efficiency, to limit physical attendance at its meetings to members, alternate members and secretariat support staff. In such instances, the Committee shall take all practicable steps to accommodate in other ways the interests of Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, Parties to the Convention that are not Parties to the Kyoto Protocol and accredited UNFCCC observers and stakeholders to observe its proceedings, except when the Committee decides to close all or a portion of a meeting.", "3. Observers may, upon invitation by the Committee, make presentations relating to matters under consideration by the Committee.", "C. Quorum", "Rule 23", "Paragraph 14 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \nAt least two thirds of the members of the {Joint Implementation}Supervisory Committee, representing a majority of members fromParties included in Annex I and a majority of members from Partiesnot included in Annex I, must be present to constitute a quorum.", "V. Voting", "Rule 24", "Paragraph 15 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. Decisions by the {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committeeshall be taken by consensus, whenever possible. If all efforts atreaching a consensus have been exhausted and no agreement has beenreached, decisions shall as a last resort be adopted by athree-fourths majority vote of the members present and voting at themeeting. Members abstaining from voting shall be considered as notvoting.", "2. The Chair shall ascertain whether consensus has been reached. The Chair shall declare that a consensus does not exist if there is a stated objection by a member of the Committee or by an alternate member acting for a member to the proposed decision under consideration.", "3. Each member shall have one vote.", "4. Alternate members may participate in the proceedings of the Committee without the right to vote. An alternate member may cast a vote only if acting for the member.", "Rule 25", "1. Whenever, in the judgment of the Chair, a decision must be taken by the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee which cannot be postponed until the next meeting of the Committee, the Chair shall transmit to each member a proposed decision, with an invitation to approve the decision by consensus. Together with the proposed decision, the Chair shall provide, subject to the applicable confidentiality requirements, the relevant facts that, in the Chair’s judgement, justify decision-making pursuant to this rule 25. The proposed decision shall be transmitted in the form of an electronic message through the listserver of the Committee. A quorum of the Committee is required to confirm the receipt of the message. Such a message shall also be transmitted to alternate members for information.", "2. Members, and/or alternate members, shall be given two weeks from the date of receipt of the proposed decision for comments. These comments shall be made available to members and alternate members via the Committee listserver.", "3. At the expiration of the period referred to in paragraph 2 above, the proposed decision shall be considered approved if there is no objection by any member. If an objection is raised, the Chair shall include consideration of the proposed decision as an item on the proposed agenda for the next meeting of the Committee and inform the Committee accordingly.", "4. Any decision made using the procedure specified in paragraphs 1 to 3 of this rule shall be included in the report of the Committee at its next meeting and shall be deemed to have been taken at the seat of the UNFCCC secretariat in Bonn, Germany.", "VI. Languages", "Rule 26", "Paragraph 16 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. The full text of all decisions of the {Joint Implementation}Supervisory Committee shall be made publicly available. Decisionsshall be made available in all six official languages of theUnited Nations.", "Paragraph 17 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n2. The working language of the {Joint Implementation} SupervisoryCommittee shall be English.", "VII. Expertise", "Rule 27", "Paragraph 13 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. The {Joint Implementation} Supervisory Committee shall draw on theexpertise necessary to perform its functions, in particular takinginto account national accreditation procedures.", "2. The Committee may establish subcommittees, panels or working groups to assist it in performing its functions.", "VIII. Secretariat", "Rule 28", "Paragraph 19 of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \nThe secretariat shall service the {Joint Implementation} SupervisoryCommittee.", "Rule 29", "The Executive Secretary of the UNFCCC shall arrange for the provision of staff and services required for the servicing of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee from within available resources. The Executive Secretary shall manage and direct such staff and services and provide appropriate support and advice to the Committee.", "Rule 30", "An official of the secretariat designated by the Executive Secretary shall serve as secretary to the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee.", "Rule 31", "In addition to the functions specified in the Joint Implementation guidelines and/or any subsequent decision by the COP/MOP, the secretariat shall, in accordance with these rules, and subject to the availability of resources:", "a. Receive, reproduce and distribute to members and alternate members the documents of a meeting;", "b. Receive and translate decisions into all six official languages of the United Nations and make publicly available the full texts of all decisions of the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee;", "c. Assist the Committee in fulfilling tasks relating to the maintenance of files and the collection, processing and public availability of information;", "d. Perform all other work that the Committee may require.", "Rule 32", "The financial regulations of the United Nations and the financial procedures of the UNFCCC shall apply.", "IX. Conduct of business", "Rule 33", "The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee shall undertake any tasks assigned to it by decision 16/CP.7, in accordance with the Joint Implementation guidelines, and by any subsequent decision taken by the COP/MOP.", "Rule 34", "1. The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee, and the secretariat, in its mandated role of support to the Committee, may use electronic means for transmission and storage of documentation.", "2. The documentation submitted using electronic means is subject to the transparency and confidentiality provisions of the Joint Implementation guidelines. In submitting any documentation through electronic means (e.g. the UNFCCC JI website), the submitter shall acknowledge that he or she has read the relevant procedures and agrees to be bound by the terms and conditions of submission of documentation, including with respect to the submitter’s sole responsibility for the content of his or her submission and the waiver of all claims associated with use of electronic means of submitting and transmitting documentation.", "3. The Committee shall not be made responsible for any claim or loss arising from the transmission, storage or use of documentation obtained through electronic means. Neither the confidentiality nor the integrity of the documentation submitted can be guaranteed following electronic transmission and storage.", "X. Record of the meeting", "Rule 35", "Before the end of each meeting, the Chair shall present draft conclusions and decisions of the meeting for consideration and approval by the Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee. Any written records of the Committee or recordings of proceedings shall be kept by the secretariat in accordance with United Nations rules and regulations.", "XI. Amendments to the rules", "Rule 36", "Paragraph 3 (g) of the Joint Implementation guidelines: \n1. {The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee shall beresponsible for} {t}he elaboration of any rules of procedureadditional to those contained in the {Joint Implementationguidelines}, for consideration by the COP/MOP.", "2. Further to any action under paragraph 1 of this rule, the Committee may also make recommendations to the COP/MOP on any amendments or additions to the rules of procedure of the Committee.", "Annex II", "Draft joint implementation project design document form", "JOINT IMPLEMENTATION PROJECT DESIGN DOCUMENT FORM Version 01 - in effect as of: 15 June 2006", "CONTENTS", "A. General description of the project", "B. Baseline", "C. Duration of the project / crediting period", "D. Monitoring plan", "E. Estimation of greenhouse gas emission reductions", "F. Environmental impacts", "G. Stakeholders’ comments", "Annexes", "Annex 1: Contact information on project participants", "Annex 2: Baseline information", "Annex 3: Monitoring plan", "SECTION A. General description of the project", "A.1. Title of the project:", ">>", "A.2. Description of the project:", ">>", "A.3. Project participants:", ">>", "A.4. Technical description of the project:", "A.4.1. Location of the project:", ">>", "A.4.1.1. Host Party(ies):", ">>", "A.4.1.2. Region/State/Province etc.:", ">>", "A.4.1.3. City/Town/Community etc.:", ">>", "A.4.1.4. Detail of physical location, including information allowing the unique identification of the project (maximum one page):", ">>", "A.4.2. Technology(ies) to be employed, or measures, operations or actions to be implemented by the project:", ">>", "A.4.3. Brief explanation of how the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases by sources are to be reduced by the proposed JI project, including why the emission reductions would not occur in the absence of the proposed project, taking into account national and/or sectoral policies and circumstances:", ">>", "A.4.3.1. Estimated amount of emission reductions over the crediting period:", ">>", "A.5. Project approval by the Parties involved:", ">>", "SECTION B. Baseline", "B.1. Description and justification of the baseline chosen:", ">>", "B.2. Description of how the anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases by sources are reduced below those that would have occurred in the absence of the JI project:", ">>", "B.3. Description of how the definition of the project boundary is applied to the project:", ">>", "B.4. Further baseline information, including the date of baseline setting and the name(s) of the person(s)/entity(ies) setting the baseline:", ">>", "SECTION C. Duration of the project / crediting period", "C.1. Starting date of the project:", ">>", "C.2. Expected operational lifetime of the project:", ">>", "C.3. Length of the crediting period:", ">>", "SECTION D. Monitoring plan", "D.1. Description of monitoring plan chosen:", ">>", "D.1.1. Option 1 – Monitoring of the emissions in the project scenario and the baseline scenario:", "D.1.1.1. Data to be collected in order to monitor emissions from the project, and how these data will be archived:", "ID number Data Source Data Measured Recording Proportion How will the Comment (Please use numbers variable of data unit (m), frequency of data to data be to ease calculated be monitored archived? cross-referencing (c), (electronic/ to D.2.) estimated paper) (e)", "D.1.1.2. Description of formulae used to estimate project emissions (for each gas, source etc.; emissions in units of CO₂ equivalent):", ">>", "D.1.1.3. Relevant data necessary for determining the baseline of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases by sources within the project boundary, and how such data will be collected and archived:", "ID number Data Source Data Measured Recording Proportion How will the Comment (Please use numbers variable of data unit (m), frequency of data to data be to ease calculated be monitored archived? cross-referencing (c), (electronic/ to D.2.) estimated paper) (e)", "D.1.1.4. Description of formulae used to estimate baseline emissions (for each gas, source etc.; emissions in units of CO₂ equivalent):", ">>", "D. 1.2. Option 2 – Direct monitoring of emission reductions from the project (values should be consistent with those in section E.):", "D.1.2.1. Data to be collected in order to monitor emission reductions from the project, and how these data will be archived:", "ID number Data Source Data Measured Recording Proportion How will the Comment (Please use numbers variable of data unit (m), frequency of data to data be to ease calculated be monitored archived? cross-referencing (c), (electronic/ to D.2.) estimated paper) (e)", "D.1.2.2. Description of formulae used to calculate emission reductions from the project (for each gas, source etc.; emissions/emission reductions in units of CO₂ equivalent):", ">>", "D.1.3. Treatment of leakage in the monitoring plan:", "D.1.3.1. If applicable, please describe the data and information that will be collected in order to monitor leakage effects of the project:", "ID number Data Source Data Measured Recording Proportion How will the Comment (Please use numbers variable of data unit (m), frequency of data to data be to ease calculated be monitored archived? cross-referencing (c), (electronic/ to D.2.) estimated paper) (e)", "D.1.3.2. Description of formulae used to estimate leakage (for each gas, source etc.; emissions in units of CO₂ equivalent):", ">>", "D.1.4. Description of formulae used to estimate emission reductions for the project (for each gas, source etc.; emissions/emission reductions in units of CO₂ equivalent):", ">>", "D.1.5. Where applicable, in accordance with procedures as required by the host Party, information on the collection and archiving of information on the environmental impacts of the project:", ">>", "D.2. Quality control (QC) and quality assurance (QA) procedures undertaken for data monitored:", "Data Uncertainty level Explain QA/QC procedures planned for these (Indicate of data data, or why such procedures are not table and (high/medium/low) necessary. ID number)", "D.3. Please describe the operational and management structure that the project operator will apply in implementing the monitoring plan:", ">>", "D.4. Name of person(s)/entity(ies) establishing the monitoring plan:", ">>", "SECTION E. Estimation of greenhouse gas emission reductions", "E.1. Estimated project emissions:", ">>", "E.2. Estimated leakage:", ">>", "E.3. The sum of E.1. and E.2.:", ">>", "E.4. Estimated baseline emissions:", ">>", "E.5. Difference between E.4. and E.3. representing the emission reductions of the project:", ">>", "E.6. Table providing values obtained when applying formulae above:", ">>", "SECTION F. Environmental impacts", "F.1. Documentation on the analysis of the environmental impacts of the project, including transboundary impacts, in accordance with procedures as determined by the host Party:", ">>", "F.2. If environmental impacts are considered significant by the project participants or the host Party, please provide conclusions and all references to supporting documentation of an environmental impact assessment undertaken in accordance with the procedures as required by the host Party:", ">>", "SECTION G. Stakeholders’ comments", "G.1. Information on stakeholders’ comments on the project, as appropriate:", ">>", "Appendix", "The table below appears as annex 1 in the joint implementation project design document (JI PDD) form. Information on the baseline and on the monitoring plan is supplied by project participants in annexes 2 and 3 of the JI PDD form, respectively.", "CONTACT INFORMATION ON PROJECT PARTICIPANTS", "Organisation:", "Street/P.O.Box:", "Building:", "City:", "State/Region:", "Postal code:", "Country:", "Phone:", "Fax:", "E-mail:", "URL:", "Represented by:", "Title:", "Salutation:", "Last name:", "Middle name:", "First name:", "Department:", "Phone (direct):", "Fax (direct):", "Mobile:", "Personal e-mail:", "Annex III", "Status of supplementary resources available in 2006 to support joint implementation activities", "Parties included in Annex I to theConvention^(a)\tContributionsas at 31July 2006\tPledgesoutstanding\n Austria 1,650 0 \n Belarus \n Belgium 10,297 0 \n Bulgaria \n Canada 156,252 500,000 \n Czech Republic \n Denmark \n Estonia \n European Community 0 310,559 \n Finland \n France 0 60,000 \n Germany \n Greece \n Hungary \n Iceland \n Ireland 8,075 0 \n Italy \n Japan \n Latvia \n Liechtenstein \n Lithuania \n Luxembourg 1,000 0 \n Monaco \n Netherlands 50,229 0 \n New Zealand \n Norway \n Nordic Council of Ministers^(b) 0 24,590 \n Poland \n Portugal \n Romania \n Russian Federation \n Slovakia \n Slovenia 1,907 0 \n Spain \n Sweden 29,986 0 \n Switzerland \n Ukraine \nUnited Kingdom of Great Britain andNorthern Ireland\t140,000\t0\n TOTAL 399,397 895,149", "Note: Some contributions differ from the pledge due to exchange rate fluctuations.", "^(a) Only the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol are listed.", "^(b) A forum for Nordic parliamentary co-operation (not a Party to the Convention). A pledge of the Council was made in April 2004.", "[1] Decision 9/CMP.1, annex.", "[2] As per decision 9/CMP.1, annex, paragraphs 30–45.", "[3] Further details on operations, functions and agreements/decisions are also available on the UNFCCC JI website <http://ji.unfccc.int>.", "[4] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[5] As per decision 9/CMP.1, annex, paragraphs 30–45.", "[6] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Forms.html> and <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Docs.html>.", "[7] It should be noted that decision 1/CMP.1 indicates that negotiations by Parties with regard to subsequent commitment periods shall be undertaken in such a way as to ensure that there is no gap between the first and second commitment periods.", "[8] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[9] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>.", "[10] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>.", "[11] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[12] This document was in development at the end of the reporting period.", "[13] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>.", "[14] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings/Sup_Committee/Meetings/002/index.html>.", "[15] This document was in development at the end of the reporting period.", "[16] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[17] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[18] At its first meeting, the JISC agreed that communications addressed to the JISC, or its members and alternate members, received by the secretariat will be made available on the JISC extranet. All such communications will receive a standard acknowledgement of receipt. The Vice-Chair of the JISC will advise the secretariat with regard to responses.", "[19] Agendas, work programmes, annotations to proposed agendas, etc.", "[20] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[21] As at 31 July 2006.", "[22] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Workshop>.", "[23] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>.", "[24] See <http://ji.unfccc.int/Workshop/Workshop/March_2006/index.html>.", "[25] ¹ FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.2.", "[26] ² FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2.", "[27] ³ FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2." ]

[ "作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的 《公约》缔约方会议", "第二届会议", "2006年11月6日至17日，内罗毕", "临时议程项目6", "联合执行监督委员会的报告", "联合执行监督委员会提交作为《京都议定书》 缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议的年度报告", "概 要 这是联合执行监督委员会(联合监委会)提交作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)的年度报告，介绍2005年12月7日至2006年7月31日的活动情况。 报告就《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议要就联合监委会议事规则和联合执行项目设计书作出的决定提出建议。它还提及联合监委会在本报告所涉期间开展的工作，包括在核查程序的落实、基准的确定和监测的标准指导意见，联合执行认证专门小组的建立等方面的工作。《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议不妨根据这份资料就联合执行提供进一步的指导意见，特别是向联合监委会提供指导意见。 报告还着重谈到对联合监委会工作效率、节约有效和透明至关重要的治理、管理和资源等领域。联合监委会重申急需充分和可预见的资源来开展活动。 \n联合监委会从2006年8月初至11月初的工作情况将在本报告的一个增编中介绍。联合监委会主席DanielaStoycheva女士在向会议发言时将着重介绍联合监委会的成绩和未来的挑战。", "目 录", "段 次 页 次", "一、导 言.................... 1 - 5 3", "A. 任 务.............. 1 - 2 3", "B. 本报告的范围... 3 - 4 3", "C. 有待作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议采取的行动 5 4", "二、《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议以来开展的工作……………… 6 - 27 4", "A. 工作总结…………………………… 6 – 10 4", "B. 议事规则…………………… 11 5", "C. 联合执行项目设计书表格……… 12 - 16 5", "D. 联合执行监督委员会的核查程序…… 17 - 18 6", "E. 基准确定和监测标准………………… 19 - 22 7", "F. 独立实体认证程序………… 23 - 27 7", "三、治理事项…………………………………………….. 28 - 47 8", "A. 收费规定以及与其他机构和利害关系方的合作……… 28 - 32 8", "B. 成员问题………………………………… 33 - 34 9", "C. 2006年会议日历……………………… 35 - 37 10", "D. 透明、交流和信息………… 38 - 43 11", "E. 秘书处的作用…………………………… 44 - 47 12", "四、资 源……………………………………….. 48 - 56 13", "A. 2006-2007年联合执行管理计划…… .48 - 49 13", "B. 联合执行工作的资源…………………. 50 - 56 13", "五、决定摘要……………………………… 57 14", "附 件", "一、联合执行监督委员会议事规则草案 15", "二、联合执行项目设计书表格草稿 30", "三、2006年支持联合执行活动可用的补充资源状况 38", "一、导 言", "A. 任 务", "1. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)通过第10/CMP.1号决定建立了联合执行监督委员会(联合监委会)，以便按照《京都议定书》第六条的执行指南(联合执行指南)监督《京都议定书》第六条项目产生的减排单位的核查情况。[1]", "2. 联合执行指南要求联合监委会就它的活动向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议各届会议提交报告，《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议就执行《京都议定书》第六条的问题提供指南，并对联合监委会行使领导权。", "B. 本报告的范围", "3. 本报告介绍在联合监委会下通过它作出的决定和采取的行动落实核查程序的进展情况，[2] 并就《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议要作出的决定提出建议。报告还讨论了治理问题，特别是为联合监委会高效率、节约有效和透明运行而采取的措施，还讨论了2006-2007两年期就《京都议定书》第六条开展工作的资源要求以及现有资源的情况。", "4. 报告所涉时期从2005年12月7日建立联合监委会至2006年7月31日(报告所涉期间)。2006年8月1日至11月1日联合监委会第五次会议闭会日这段时期的情况将在本报告的一个增编中介绍。[3]", "C. 有待作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的 《公约》缔约方会议采取的行动", "5. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议在审查了联合监委会的年度报告之后，注意到联合监委会议定的所有事项，不妨作出以下决定：", "(a) 就联合执行，特别是向联合监委会提供进一步指导；", "(b) 通过联合监委会的议事规则草案(见附件一)；", "(c) 通过联合执行项目设计书表格草稿(见附件二)；", "(d) 重申它请《公约》附件一所列缔约方(附件一缔约方)立即对补充活动信托基金作自愿捐款，以支付2006-2007两年期执行《京都议定书》第六条的行政费用。", "二、作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》 缔约方会议第一届会议以来开展的工作", "A. 工作总结", "6. 自《京都议定书》2005年2月16日生效以来，特别是联合监委会建立以来，联合执行引起了越来越大的注意。联合监委会第一次会议议定了一项工作方案，[4] 其中主要的是关于落实核查程序的工作，[5] 预计将在2006年下半年度完成。", "7. 为了确保妥为传达关于联合监委会决定和关于决定过程的信息，联合监委会委员和候补委员以及秘书处举办并/或参加了几次解释决定过程和介绍其结果的活动。联合监委会注意到利害关系的利益和关注，并在可行和符合《马拉喀什协定》的前提下设法通过精简和便利进程和程序予以解决。", "8. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议以来完成的主要任务可归纳如下：", "(a) 联合监委会议定并临时适用了议事规则草案，现在建议《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通过；", "(b) 联合监委会议定并临时适用了联合执行项目设计书表格草稿，现在建议《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通过。联合监委会还议定了该格式草稿的使用指南；", "(c) 作为落实核查程序的一部分，联合监委会议定了公开提供文件的程序草案和审查程序；", "(d) 联合监委会就基准制定和监测标准指南以及小规模项目的规定开始工作。", "(e) 联合监委会建立了联合执行认证专门小组(认证组)，认证组举行了第一次会议。", "9. 为帮助在应对将来的挑战中最有效地利用时间和资源，联合监委会正在秘书处的协助下编制2006-2007两年期联合执行管理计划(联管计划)(见本报告增编)。", "10. 总之，联合监委会的工作在其任务范围内的各方面都进展良好。但由于现有资源有限，这些成绩的取得，没有联合监委会委员和候补委员、认证组和秘书处工作人员投入大量的时间和精力是不可能的。", "B. 议事规则", "11. 联合监委会第一次会议按照联合执行指南和第10/CMP.1号决定议定了联合监委会议事规则草案，并临时适用，现在建议《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通过。联合监委会请《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议就它载于附件一关于议事规则的建议作出决定。", "C. 联合执行项目设计书表格", "12. 根据联合执行指南和第10/CMP.1号决定，联合监委会拟订了一份联合执行项目设计书表格草稿，并为该格式的用户编制了指南草案。联合监委会第三次会议在议定这些文件前，公开征求了对这两个文件的结构和内容的意见。这个要求从2006年3月17日开始，到4月16日截止。联合监委会在《气候公约》联合执行网站上公布了议定的文件。[6]", "13. 格式草稿从2006年6月15日开始启用，应从这一天起用于联合监委会核查程序下执行的所有联合执行项目。2006年6月15日前缔约方根据联合执行指南第31(a)段书面核准的项目，应使用该格式草稿或者清洁发展机制项目设计书表格。如果是后者，根据联合执行指南第33段作出决定的项目参与方，其选择的经认证的独立实体应确认提交的项目设计书提供联合执行项目设计书表格草稿和联合执行监委会有关指南所含的所有信息。", "14. 在这方面，联合监委会也还澄清：入计期可以视所在缔约方的核准情况延至2012年以后。第一个承诺期后联合执行项目产生的排放减少量/清除增加量情况可以根据《气候公约》下的任何有关协议来确定。[7]", "15. 联合执行项目设计书表格草稿和相关指南不适用于联合执行土地利用、土地利用的变化和林业项目，联合监委会在为这种项目另外编制一个格式和指南。", "16. 联合监委会建议《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通过附件二所载的联合执行项目设计书表格草稿。", "D. 联合执行监督委员会的核查程序", "17. 为了落实联合执行指南第30-45段界定的核查程序，联合监委会第二次会议：", "(a) 议定了关于公开提供文件的程序草案；[8]", "(b) 请秘书处编制了经认证的独立实体提交供出版的确定或核查报告时可用的格式。", "18. 联合监委会第三次会议：", "(a) 议定了联合监委会核查程序下的审查程序；[9]", "(b) 请秘书处编制了关于评估联合执行指南第33和第37段所述决定的各种方法的文件；", "(c) 议定了根据联合监委会核查程序评估这项决定或参加审查小组的专家的职权范围；[10]", "(d) 决定就上文第18(c)段向专家发起呼吁。", "E. 基准确定和监测标准", "19. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请联合监委会尽快就联合执行指南附录B编拟一份指南，酌情包括第17/CP.7号决定第6(c)段所界定的小规模项目。", "20. 联合监委会第一次会议决定公开征求对基准确定和监测标准指南的意见。这项呼吁从2006年2月10日至3月1日开始，请各方响应。", "21. 联合监委会第三次会议议定了拟订基准确定和监测标准指南草案的程序，[11] 制定了时间表，其中包括公开征求对草案提出意见的计划、在联合监委会委员和候补委员间的任务分配和秘书处的支持。呼吁从2006年7月19日至8月15日开始，请各方响应。", "22. 此外，联合监委会请秘书处与联合监委会若干委员和候补委员协商，按对照清洁发展机制小规模项目活动的规定为联合执行小规模项目拟订条款草案。[12]", "F. 独立实体认证程序", "23. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请联合监委会，根据联合执行指南附录A, 同时酌情考虑清洁发展机制执行理事会制定的经营实体认证程序，作为优先事项进一步拟订独立实体认证标准和程序。", "24. 为了落实联合执行的认证程序，联合监委会第二次会议：", "(a) 决定建立一个认证组，由至少四名至多六名专家以及担任主席和副主席的两名联合监委会委员组成；", "(b) 议定了认证组的职权范围；[13]", "(c) 决定向专家发出公开呼吁，请他们在认证组中任职；", "(d) 表示打算请认证组审查秘书处编制的独立实体认证程序草案，[14] 并就此向联合监委会提出建议。", "25. 上文第24(c)段所述向专家提出的公开呼吁从2006年3月29日至4月27日开始，请各方响应。", "26. 联合监委会第三次会议选举Shinichi Iioka先生、Ken Beck Lee先生、Vijay Mediratta先生、Maureen Mutasa女士、Takashi Otsubo先生和 Satish Rao先生为认证组成员，Oleg Pluzhnikov先生当选为认证组主席，Fatou Gaye女士当选为认证组副主席。(认证组成员参加认证组会议，根据联合国的规章条例付给费用。)", "27. 联合监委会第三次会议决定在2006年底开始认证程序。", "三、治理事项", "A. 收费规定以及与其他机构和利害关系方的合作", "1. 任务和背景", "28. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请联合监委会制定收费规定，以支付联合监委会的活动方面的行政费用。", "29. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定鼓励联合监委会与以下机构合作：", "(a) 清洁发展机制执行理事会；", "(b) 《京都议定书》遵约委员会，特别是在联合执行指南第27段所述缔约方名单方面；", "(c) 关于《京都议定书》第六条的指定联络点；", "(d) 联合执行指南第18条所述的联合监委会会议观察员，通过在这方面定期举行的问答会议。", "2. 开展的工作和采取的行动", "30. 联合监委会请它的两名委员(包括一名候选委员)，在秘书处的支持下就收费规定编写一份资料，供联合监委会第四次会议审议。[15]", "31. 关于上文第29(c)段所述的任务问题，联合监委会欢迎秘书处到目前为止获得的关于《京都议定书》第六条的指定联络点的情况，并请作进一步的指定。", "32. 关于上文第29(d)段所述的任务，联合监委会第一次会议决定在每次会议上与登记的观察员举行一次问答会议，并在网上直播这些会议。[16]", "B. 成员问题", "33. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议根据联合执行指南第4-5段和第8段设立联合监委会并选出其委员和候补委员(表1)。报告所涉期间成员情况没有变化。", "34. 联合监委会第一次会议协商一致从附件一缔约方中选举Daniela Stoycheva女士为主席，从非《公约》附件一所列缔约方(非附件一缔约方)中选举Shailendra Kumar Joshi先生为副主席。他们的任期到2007年联合监委会第一次会议结束时为止。联合监委会所有委员和候补委员在就职前根据联合执行指南第10(e)段签署了一份书面任职誓言。", "表1. 联合监委会委员和候补委员", "成 员 候补成员 提名方 \nOlleBjörk先生^(b)\tFranzjosefSchafhausen先生^(b)\t其他附件一缔约方\nGeorgBørsting先生^(a)\tDarrenGoetze先生^(a)\t其他附件一缔约方\nJaimeBravo先生^(b)\tMarcos CastroRodriguez先生^(b)\t非附件一缔约方\nFatouGaye女士^(a)\tVincent Kasulu SeyaMakonga先生^(a)\t非附件一缔约方\nMaurits BlansonHenkemans先生^(a)\tHiroki Kudo先生^(a)\t其他附件一缔约方\nShailendra KumarJoshi先生(副主席) ^(b)\tMaoshengDuan先生^(b)\t非附件一缔约方\nDerrickOderson先生^(b)\tYumikoCrisostomo女士^(b)\t小岛屿国家联盟\nOlegPluzhnikov先生^(b)\tEvgenySokolov先生^(b)\t经济转型期附件一缔约方\nDaniela Stoycheva女士(主席) ^(a)\tAstridaCelmina女士^(a)\t经济转型期附件一缔约方\nVladTrusca先生^(a)\tMatejGasperic先生^(a)\t经济转型期附件一缔约方", "^(a) 任期：三年，至2009年第一次会议时结束。 ^(b) 任期：两年，至2008年第一次会议时结束。", "C. 2006年会议日历", "35. 联合监委会第一次会议通过了2006年会议日历，并在第三次会议上作了修订(表2)。", "表2. 2006年联合执行监督委员会会议", "会 议 日 期 地 点 \n 第一次会议 2月2日至3日 《公约》总部，德国波恩 \n第二次会议\t3月8日、10日至11日 《公约》总部\n第三次会议\t5月28日至29日 《公约》总部(与两个附属机构的第二十四届会议同期举行)\n第四次会议\t9月13日至15日 《公约》总部\n第五次会议\t10月31日至11月1日 《公约》总部", "36. 联合执行监委会附加说明的会议议程，包括说明议程项目的文件以及载有联合执行监委会所达成的所有协议的报告可在《公约》联合执行网站上查阅。[17]", "37. 为了确保有效安排和管理有关工作，在联合监委会会议之前举行1-2天的非正式磋商。在报告所涉期间，联合监委会的工作量巨大，一般都需要在会议的每天计划开会或磋商8个小时以上。", "D. 透明、交流和信息", "38. 联合监委会议事规则草案(附件一)第21条要求联合监委会的工作要透明，但也要服从保护机密信息的需要。这包括公开及时地提供文件以及各种渠道，所有缔约方和《气候公约》所有经认证的观察员和利害关系方可以通过这种渠道从外部提出意见供联合监委会考虑。[18] 第20条要求通过互联网公布文件。[19] 此外，联合执行指南(特别是第16段)要求公布联合监委会的决定。[20]", "39. 《气候公约》联合执行网站是满足这些要求的主要手段。它含有联合监委会会议报告、联合监委会就所有问题议定的文件、关于联合监委会的运作和职能及其辅助结构(如认证组)、经认证的独立实体、项目参与方、专家、公众和秘书处等等的文件。它还提供缔约方设立的指定联络点提供并向秘书处通报的信息。它还含有关于联合执行问题的大量背景文件(从《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议的决定到专家申请表)。它还提供一个界面，供公众对联合监委会认为必要的各专题提供投入，供专家提出申请参加辅助机构(如认证组、审查中等等)。与网站相连接的是联合执行新闻设施，向697个以上的注册用户[21] 发送关于联合执行的最新信息。", "40. 秘书处还有两个外联网和两个清单服务器，以推动联合监委会、认证组和秘书处有效透明地交流信息。这些电子设施是联合监委会顺利高效地运作所必不可少的。一旦联合监委会下的核查程序和认证程序充分开展，将创建更多的外联网和清单服务器。", "41. 根据联合执行指南第18段和联合监委会议事规则草案第22条，所有缔约方和《气候公约》经认证的观察员和利害关系方，除了联合监委会另有决定外，只要在会议前两星期登记，都可作为观察员参加联合将会的会议。在报告所涉期间，平均有来自缔约方、非政府组织和政府间组织的11名观察员参加了联合监委会的会议。此外，联合监委会还举办了一次问答会议，作为附属机构第二十四届会议的辅助活动，这次活动向协会的所有与会者开放。[22]", "42. 为进一步提高透明度，联合监委会在网上直播它的会议。[23] 每次会议的平均网上直播点击率为810次，总收看时间为94小时。每一个直播档案在每次会议后三个月内的点击次数同样多。网上直播包括与注册观察员的问答会议。", "43. 此外，于2006年3月9日至10日在德国波恩举行了一次联合执行问题研讨会。[24] 研讨会由秘书处主办，与会者有联合监委会委员和候补委员，80多名项目机制问题专家，包括清洁发展机制执行理事会成员、《气候公约》的附件一和非附件一缔约方国家联络点、经认证的《气候公约》非政府组织和政府间组织、项目开发人员、顾问和指定经营实体，分享了联合监委会进展情况并交换了意见，包括关于联合监委会下核查程序运作方面的关键问题的意见。", "E. 秘书处的作用", "44. 《气候公约》秘书处根据联合执行指南第19段和联合监委会议事规则草案第28条为联合监委会提供服务。", "45. 秘书处在报告所涉期间向三次联合监委会会议和一次认证组会议提供了行政、后勤和实务方面的支持。它还开发和维持着联合执行网站和万维网界面，以呼吁公共投入和邀请专家，并对外部查询作出答复。", "46. 联合监委会建立时，秘书处的人员编制紧缺。虽然又招聘了一些工作人员，但秘书处的人员编制仍然不足以长期保证及时、高质量地支持联合监委会，特别是在联合监委会认证和核查程序下处理的案件方面，这种程序需要及时启动。", "47. 秘书处筹资支持联合执行的工作，管理缔约方的捐款，并就资源状况定期向联合监委会提交报告(见下文第四章)。", "四、资 源", "A. 2006-2007年联合执行管理计划", "48. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请联合监委会尽快拟定管理计划，列入2006至2007年预算计划，并结合清洁发展机制执行理事会在该领域的经验保持对它的审查。", "49. 联合监委会审议了秘书处编写的管理计划草案，并就主要内容达成了一致。联合监委会请秘书处更新该管理计划，以反映第三次会议的讨论情况、达成的协议和查明的优先事项，便于2006年9月13日至15日的第四次会议通过该计划。最后计划将在本报告增编中提出。", "B. 联合执行工作的资源", "50. 在报告所涉期间，联合监委会根据秘书处的报告监测并审查了联合执行工作的资源状况。秘书处拟订了关于主要活动领域(联合监委会的会议和活动、涉及独立实体的认证和决定的审查的活动、技术研讨会、秘书处支持上述工作领域的活动)和资源要求的综合资料。这份资料用于初步筹资，后来被列入管理计划草案。关于预算和支出的更新资料将在本报告增编中提出。", "51. 附件三载有缔约方和区域组织支持2006年联合执行工作的认捐和捐款概要。特此就收到的捐款向有关方面表示感谢。", "52. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议在第9/CMP.1号决定中决定，在联合监委会的职能方面，联合执行指南所载程序引起的行政费用由附件一缔约方和项目参加方根据《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议的一项决定中作出的规定承担。在这方面，《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请联合监委会拟订收费规定。", "53. 根据联合监委会第一次会议议定的工作方案，联合监委会将在第四次会议上开始审议收费问题(2006年9月13日至15日)。联合监委会就该事项的结论和建议将列入本报告增编。", "54. 报告所涉期间补充资金来源如下：", "(a) 2005年转结：84,114美元", "(b) 缔约方的捐款：399,397美元(见附件三)。", "55. 截至报告所涉期末，根据经常预算，2006年剩余时间的资源缺口80万美元，到2007年底为280万美元。即使商定并立即执行上文第52至53段所述的费用规定，按照清洁发展机制的经验，也不可能指望收费所得能很快弥补这个缺口。因此，附件一缔约方的自愿捐款应承担至少是2007年底执行《京都议定书》第六条的大部分行政费用。", "56. 鉴于这种情况，联合监委会在整个报告所涉期间重申缔约方会议和《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议呼吁附件一缔约方向补充活动信托基金捐款，以确保可以预见，可持续地开展2006至2007年两年期设想的一切必要活动。如果没有这种捐款，就会限制招聘支持联合监委会工作所必要的工作人员，可能是设想的工作规模缩小，并使一些计划召开的会议取消。", "五、决定摘要", "57. 根据联合执行指南第16段，联合监委会的决定以联合国所有六种正式语言公布，将决定列入联合监委会提交《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议的年度报告，或者在报告中参照引用(指明他们在《气候公约》联合执行网站上的位置)。", "附 件 一", "联合执行监督委员会议事规则草案", "一、范 围", "第 1 条", "本议事规则适用于根据第16/CP.7号决定 [25] 和第9/CMP.1号决定 [26] 以及该决定所附关于执行《京都议定书》第六条的指南的附件和任何其他相关决定开展的联合执行监督委员会的一切活动。", "二、定 义", "第 2 条", "本规则中：", "1. “联合执行指南”指第9/CMP.1号决定附件所载执行《京都议定书》第六条的指南；", "2. “《气候公约》”指《联合国气候变化框架公约》；", "3. “《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议”指作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议；", "4. “联合执行”指《京都议定书》第六条所指的机制；", "5. “联合执行监督委员会”指第10/CMP.1号决定 [27] 设立的委员会，该决定将此一名称定为第9/CMP.1号决定所通过的联合执行指南界定的第六条监督委员会的名称。在本规则中，凡引述联合执行指南时，一律以“{联合执行}监督委员会”取代“第六条监督委员会”；", "6. “主席”和“副主席”指被委员会选举为主席和副主席的委员会委员；", "7. “委员”指委员会委员；", "8. “候补委员”指委员会候补委员；", "9. “秘书处”指《京都议定书》第十四条和联合执行指南第19段所述秘书处；", "联合执行指南第1段(e)分段： \n10.“利害关系方”指已经或可能受活动影响的公众，包括个人、群体或社区；", "11. 为第21和22条的目的，未加入《京都议定书》的《公约》缔约方可行使与所有其他观察员相同的权利。", "三、委员和候补委员", "A. 提名、选举和连选连任", "第 3 条", "联合执行指南第4段： {联合执行}监督委员会应由来自《京都议定书》缔约方的10名委员组成，具体如下： (a) 正在向市场经济过渡的附件一所列缔约方的3名委员； (b) 不属于以上(a)分段所述附件一所列缔约方之列的3名委员； (c) 非附件一所列缔约方的3名委员； \n (d) 小岛屿发展中国家的1名委员。", "第 4 条", "联合执行指南第5段： \n1.{联合执行}监督委员会委员，包括候补委员，应由{联合执行指南}第4段所指各有关集团提名，并由《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议选举产生。《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议应为{联合执行}监督委员会选举任期2年的5名委员和5名候补委员，任期3年的5名委员和5名候补委员。此后，《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议应每年选举任期2年的5名新委员和5名新候补委员。{联合执行指南}第12段所指任命应按一个任期计算。委员和候补委员在继任委员和候补委员选出之前应继续留任。", "联合执行指南第6段： \n2.{联合执行}监督委员会委员最多可连任两任。作为候补委员的任期不计算在内。", "联合执行指南第10段(a)和(d)分段： 3. {联合执行}监督委员会委员，包括候补委员，应： (a) 以个人身份任职，在有关气候变化问题方面和在有关技术和政策领域具有公认的能力； \n (b) 受{联合执行}监督委员会议事规则的约束。", "4. 委员或候补委员的任期应始于当选后的日历年内委员会第一次会议，止于任期结束的日历年内委员会第一次会议前夕。", "第 5 条", "联合执行指南第8段： \n1.《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议应在{联合执行指南}第4、第5和第6段所列标准的基础上就{联合执行}监督委员会的每名委员选举一名候补委员。提名委员候选人的集团应同时提名来自同一集团的候补委员候选人。", "2. 本规则中凡有提及委员之处，均应认为其中包括代委员行事的候补委员。", "3. 如委员缺席委员会会议，其候补委员应以委员身份出席会议。", "第 6 条", "联合执行指南第10段(a)分段： \n1.发展中国家缔约方和根据《气候公约》惯例符合条件的其他缔约方委员和候补委员参加工作的费用应从{联合执行}监督委员会的预算中支付。", "2. 参加工作的费用应按照联合国财务条例和《气候公约》财务程序提供。", "B. 暂停、终止和辞职", "第 7 条", "联合执行指南第11段： 1. \n{联合执行}监督委员会可以因某一委员包括候补委员违反利益冲突回避规定、违反保密规定或无正当理由连续两次不出席{联合执行}监督委员会议等原因暂停该委员的资格，并向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议建议终止其委员资格。", "2. 要求暂停并向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议建议终止委员或候补委员资格的任何动议，应根据下文第五章所列表决规则立即付诸表决。在动议涉及暂停并向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议建议终止主席的委员资格时，副主席应代理主席，直至进行表决并宣布结果。", "3. 只有在委员或候补委员得到机会由委员会在会议上听取其主张之后，委员会方可暂停并建议终止其委员或候补委员资格。", "第 8 条", "联合执行指南第12段： \n1.如果{联合执行}监督委员会的委员或候补委员因辞职或其他原因无法完成有关任期或履行其职能，考虑到距举行下届《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议的时间长短，{联合执行}监督委员会可以决定任命来自同一集团的另一委员或候补委员代其在剩余的任期任职。在此种情况下，{联合执行}监督委员会应考虑提名该委员的集团发表的任何意见。", "2. 委员会应请有关集团提出将根据本条第1款任命的新任委员或新任候补委员的人选。", "C. 利益冲突和保密", "第 9 条", "联合执行指南第10段(b)分段： \n1.{联合执行监督委员会的委员，包括候补委员，}不得在第六条项目的任何方面有金钱或经济利益。", "2. 委员会的委员，包括候补委员，不得在经认证的独立实体或暂时作为经认证的独立实体行事的指定经营实体有金钱或经济利益。", "第 10 条", "联合执行指南第10段(e)分段： \n1. {联合执行监督委员会的委员，包括候补委员，}{应}在任职前，由《气候公约》执行秘书或其授权的代表见证，签署就职宣誓书。", "2. 就职宣誓书誓词如下：", "“我庄严宣誓，我将正直、忠诚、公正、勤恳地履行联合执行监督委员会委员/候补委员的职责。", "“我还庄严宣誓并承诺，在联合执行的任何方面，包括独立实体的认证方面，我将没有任何经济利益。即使在我的职务结束之后，我也决不透露根据《京都议定书》第六条执行指南转交联合执行监督委员会的任何机密或专有信息，或由于我在联合执行监督委员会任职而了解到的任何其他机密信息。", "“我将向《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行秘书和联合执行监督委员会说明，我在联合执行监督委员会所讨论的任何事务中具有的、有可能构成利益冲突或可能不符合联合执行监督委员会委员/候补委员应遵守的廉洁和公正规定的任何利益，我将回避参加委员会有关此种事务的工作。", "“我还庄严宣誓并承诺，如在本誓词以上各段之下的某一问题上存在疑问，我应向《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行秘书说明全部事实。”", "第 11 条", "联合执行指南第10段(c)分段： \n1.{联合执行监督委员会的委员，包括候补委员，}按照对{联合执行}监督委员会的责任，不得透露由于在{联合执行}监督委员会任职而了解到的任何机密或专有信息。委员包括候补委员不得透露机密信息的职责构成委员和候补委员的一项义务，并且于委员和候补委员在{联合执行}监督委员会的职务到期或终止之后仍然为一项义务。", "联合执行指南第40段： \n2.{委员和候补委员}从项目参与方获得的、标明为专有或机密的信息，未经信息提供者书面同意不得透露，所在缔约方国家法律规定者除外。用以确定人为源排放量减少或人为汇清除量增加的额外性、用以描述基准方法及其应用的信息、以及用以佐证{联合执行指南}第33段(d)分段所指环境影响评估的信息不应被视为专有或机密信息。", "D. 主席和副主席", "第 12 条", "联合执行指南第7段： \n1.{联合执行}监督委员会每年应从委员中选出自己的主席和副主席各一名，其中一名应为附件一所列缔约方的委员，另一名应为非附件一所列缔约方的委员。主席和副主席应每年在附件一所列缔约方和非附件一所列缔约方的委员之间轮流产生。", "2. 应在每一日历年的第一次委员会会议上从委员中选出一名主席和一名副主席。第30条所界定的委员会秘书应主持每一日历年内委员会第一次会议的开幕和新任主席和副主席的选举。", "第 13 条", "1. 主席和副主席应以各自的身份在联合执行监督委员会的任何会议上履行职务。", "2. 如当选的主席不能以这一身份在某次会议上履行职务，副主席应代行主席职务。如两者均不能以各自的身份履行职务，委员会应从出席会议的委员中选举一名委员担任该次会议的主席。", "3. 如果主席或副主席不再有能力履行其职责，或不再是委员，应为剩余的任期选举一名新的主席或副主席。", "第 14 条", "1. 主席应按照本条的规定主持联合执行监督委员会的会议。", "2. 主席除行使本规则其他条款赋予的职能之外，应宣布会议的开会和散会、主持会议、确保对本规则的遵守、准许发言、把问题付诸表决并宣布决定。主席应就程序问题作出裁决，并在遵守本规则的条件下全面掌握会议的进行和维持会议秩序。", "3. 主席可向委员会提议限制发言者的发言时间、限制每一委员就某一问题发言的次数、暂停或结束辩论以及暂停会议或休会。", "4. 主席或委员会指定的任何其他委员应在必要时代表委员会，包括在《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议的届会上代表委员会。", "四、会 议", "A. 日 期", "第 15 条", "联合执行指南第9段： \n{联合执行}监督委员会每年至少应举行两次会议，除非另有决定，会议应尽可能与各附属机构会议同时举行。", "第 16 条", "1. 在每一日历年的第一次联合执行监督委员会会议上，主席应提出该日历年的会议时间表供委员会通过。", "2. 如果需要改动会议时间表或增加会议次数，主席应在与所有委员磋商之后，通知原定会议日期的任何改动和/或增加举行的会议的日期。", "第 17 条", "1. 应由主席召集联合执行监督委员会的每次会议，并应由主席尽可能至少在会议召开日期前八周通知这一日期。", "2. 秘书处应迅速通知所邀请出席会议的所有各方。", "B. 会议地点", "第 18 条", "与附属机构的会议同期召开的联合执行监督委员会会议，应在与这些机构相同的地点举行。委员会的其他会议应在秘书处所在地举行，除非委员会另有决定或秘书处经与主席磋商另有适当安排。", "C. 议 程", "第 19 条", "1. 主席应在秘书处的协助下草拟联合执行监督委员会每次会议的临时议程，并将委员会在前次会议上商定的该临时议程发送给所邀请出席会议的所有各方。", "2. 任何委员或候补委员均可向秘书处提出会议临时议程的补充或修改，并列入拟议的议程，但委员或候补委员应在会议开幕规定日期前至少四周将此通知秘书处。秘书处应在会议开幕规定日期前至少三周将拟议的会议议程发送给所邀请出席会议的所有各方。", "3. 委员会应在每次会议开始时通过会议的议程。", "4. 委员会会议议程所列、但委员会会议未审议完毕的任何项目，应自动列入下次会议的临时议程，除非委员会另有决定。", "D. 文 件", "第 20 条", "1. 联合执行监督委员会会议的所有文件应在会议前至少两星期通过秘书处提供给委员和候补委员。", "2. 在将文件转发给委员和候补委员之后，秘书处即应通过互联网公开提供文件。文件的提供需符合保密规定。", "E. 透明度", "第 21 条", "以保护机密资料的必要性为前提，透明度原则应适用于联合执行监督委员会的一切工作，包括及时公开提供文件和所有缔约方和所有经认证的《气候公约》观察员和利害关系方可借以提出外部意见供委员会审议的渠道。将委员会的会议情况在互联网上公布是确保透明度的途径之一。", "F. 出 席", "第 22 条", "联合执行指南第18段： \n1.除{联合执行}监督委员会另有决定外，{联合执行}监督委员会的会议应允许所有缔约方和经认证的《气候公约》观察员和利害关系方以观察员身份出席。", "2. 在上文第1款的范围内，为了节省和效率，委员会可决定限制委员、候补委员和秘书处辅助工作人员出席会议的人数。在这种情况下，委员会应采取一切实际步骤，以其他方式兼顾缔约方和非《京都议定书》缔约方的《公约》缔约方、及经认证的《气候公约》观察员和利害关系方的利益，作为观察员出席会议，除非委员会决定会议全部或部分为非公开会议。", "3. 应委员会邀请，观察员可就委员会审议的事项发表意见。", "G. 法定人数", "第 23 条", "联合执行指南第14段： \n形成法定人数的要求是，联合执行监督委员会至少三分之二的委员――代表附件一所列缔约方的多数委员和非附件一所列缔约方的多数委员――必须出席。", "五、表 决", "第 24 条", "联合执行指南第15段： \n1.{联合执行}监督委员会应尽可能通过协商一致作出决定。如果已尽力争取达成协商一致但仍没有达成协议，作为最后办法，决定应由出席会议并参加表决的四分之三多数委员通过作出。对表决弃权的委员应被视为未参加表决。", "2. 主席应确定协商一致是否已经达成。如果委员会的任一委员或代行委员职权的任一候补委员明示反对拟议的决定，主席应宣布不存在协商一致。", "3. 每一委员有一票。", "4. 候补委员可以参加委员会议事活动，但无表决权。候补委员只有在代行委员职能时才能够投票。", "第 25 条", "1. 一旦主席认为联合执行监督委员会必须做出某项决定，而该决定不能推迟到委员会下次会议做出，主席应向每一位委员转交一项拟议的决定，请委员以协商一致方式核可这项决定。以符合适用的保密要求为前提，主席应与拟议的决定一并提供依主席的判断支持按第25条作出决定的相关事实。这项拟议的决定应以电子邮件形式通过委员会的邮件列表转交。这一邮件的收取须由委员会的一法定人数加以确认。此种邮件也应发给候补委员供参考。", "2. 委员和/或候补委员自收到拟议的决定之日起有两周时间提出评论。这些评论通过委员会的邮件列表提供给委员和候补委员。", "3. 在上文第2款所指的时间结束之时，如果没有任何委员提出反对意见，这项拟议的决定应被视为已获核可。如果有人提出反对意见，主席应将审议拟议的决定这一事项列入委员会下次会议的临时议程，并相应通知委员会。", "4. 使用本条规则第1至3款规定的程序作出的任何决定应列入委员会下次会议的报告，并应被视为在德国波恩《气候公约》秘书处总部作出。", "六、语 文", "第 26 条", "联合执行指南第16段： \n1.应公开提供{联合执行}监督委员会所有决定的全文。决定应以联合国全部六种正式语文提供。", "联合执行指南第17段： \n 2. {联合执行}监督委员会的工作语文为英文。", "七、专门知识", "第 27 条", "联合执行指南第13段： \n1.{联合执行}监督委员会应利用履行其职能所需的专长，尤其是考虑到国家认证程序的需要。联合执行监督委员会，包括利用《公约》专家名册上专家的专长。在这方面，应充分考虑区域平衡的因素。", "2. 委员会可设立小组委员会、专门小组或工作组，以协助其履行职能。", "八、秘书处", "第 28 条", "联合执行指南第19段： \n 秘书处应为{联合执行}监督委员会服务。", "第 29 条", "《气候公约》执行秘书应在现有资源范围内安排提供为联合执行监督委员会服务所需的人员和服务。执行秘书应管理和领导此种人员和服务，并向委员会提供恰当支助和咨询意见。", "第 30 条", "应由执行秘书指定的一名秘书处官员担任联合执行监督委员会秘书。", "第 31 条", "除了联合执行指南和/或《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议任何随后的决定明确规定的职能以外，秘书处应按照本规则并且根据资源的具备情况：", "(a) 接收、复制并向委员和候补委员分发会议文件；", "(b) 接收决定，将其译成联合国所有六种正式语文，并公开提供联合执行监督委员会的所有决定的全文；", "(c) 协助联合执行监督委员会完成维持档案及收集、处理和公布资料方面的工作；", "(d) 进行委员会可能要求进行的所有其它工作。", "第 32 条", "应适用联合国财务条例和《气候公约》财务程序。", "九、事务处理", "第 33 条", "联合执行监督委员会应依照联合执行指南，进行第16/CP.7号决定和《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议随后做出的任何决定安排其开展的任何工作。", "第 34 条", "1. 联合执行监督委员会及秘书处在其受权支持委员会的作用中，可使用电子方式传输和储存文件。", "2. 使用电子方式提交的文件适用联合执行指南有关透明和保密的规定。在通过电子方式(如《气候公约》联合执行网站)提交任何文件之时，提交人应承认已阅读过有关程序，并同意受文件提交规定和条件的约束，包括提交人对其所提交内容完全负责，并放弃与使用电子方式提交和传输文件相关的所有主张。", "3. 不得使委员会对因通过电子方式所获文件的传输、储存或使用而引起的任何主张或损失负责。经过电子传输和储存，不能保证所提交文件的保密性和完整性。", "十、会议记录", "第 35 条", "在每次会议结束之前，主席应提出会议结论和决定草案供联合执行监督委员会审议和核可。委员会的任何书面记录或议事活动记录应由秘书处根据联合国规则和条例加以保存。", "十一、本规则的修正", "第 36 条", "联合执行指南第3段(g)分段： \n1.{联合执行监督委员会应负责}拟出{联合执行指南}所载议事规则以外的规则，供《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议审议。", "2. 除本条第1款之下的任何行动外，委员会还可就本委员会议事规则的任何修正或补充向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议提出建议。", "附 件 二", "联合执行项目设计书表格草稿", "联合执行项目设计书表格 01 版 – 启用日期：2006年6月15日", "目 录", "A. 项目概况", "B. 基准", "C. 项目期/入计期", "D. 监测计划", "E. 温室气体排减量估计", "F. 环境影响", "G. 利害关系方的意见", "附 件", "附件1：项目参与方联系信息", "附件2：基准信息", "附件3：监测计划", "A 节. 项目概况", "A.1. 项目名称：", ">>", "A.2. 项目说明", ">>", "A.3. 项目参与方", ">>", "A.4. 项目技术说明", "A.4.1. 项目地点：", ">>", "A.4.1.1. 所在缔约方：", ">>", "A.4.1.2. 所在地区/州/省…：", ">>", "A.4.1.3. 市/镇/区…：", ">>", "A.4.1.4. 实际地点详情，包括可用以识别项目的专门信息 (最长1页)：", ">>", "A.4.2. 项目准备使用的(各项)技术或准备实施的措施、作业或行动：", ">>", "A.4.3. 关于拟议联合执行项目将如何减少温室气体源排放量的简要说明，包括联系国家和/或部门政策和情况说明为何在不开展拟议项目的情况下不会实现这种排减：", ">>", "A.4.3.1. 入计期的估计排减量：", ">>", "A.5. 项目的核准方：", ">>", "B节. 基准", "B.1. 说明所选基准及其理由：", ">>", "B.2. 说明如何把温室气体人为源排放量减少到低于不开展联合执行项目情况下的水平：", ">>", "B.3. 说明项目周界定义如何适用于项目：", ">>", "B.4. 进一步的基准信息，包括基准的确定日期和基准确定人姓名/基准确定实体名称：", ">>", "C节. 项目期/入计期", "C.1. 项目起始日期：", ">>", "C.2. 项目预计运作时间：", ">>", "C.3. 入计期：", ">>", "D节. 监测计划", "D.1. 所选定的监测计划说明：", ">>", "D.1.1. 备选 1 – 项目情景和基准情景中的排放量监测：", "D.1.1.1.为监测项目排放量而需收集哪些数据，这些数据如何存档： \n识别号(请使用数字以便与D.2.对照)\t数据变量\t数据来源\t数据单位\t计量(m)、计算(c)、估计(e)\t记录频度\t拟监测的数据比例\t数据如何存档？(电子/纸张)\t备注", "D.1.1.2. 说明用以估算排放量的公式(每一种气体、排放源，等等；CO₂ 当量排放量单位)：", ">>", "D.1.1.3.确定项目周界内温室气体源排放量所需的有关数据，以及这些数据如何收集和存档： \n识别号(请使用数字以便与D.2.对照)\t数据变量\t数据来源\t数据单位\t计量(m)、计算(c)、估计(e)\t记录频度\t拟监测的数据比例\t数据如何存档？(电子/纸张)\t备注", "D.1.1.4. 说明用以估算基准排放量的公式(每一种气体、排放源，等等；CO₂ 当量排放量单位)：", ">>", "D. 1.2. 备选 2 – 直接监测项目排放量(数值应与E节一致)：", "D.1.2.1.为监测项目排减量而需收集哪些数据，这些数据如何存档： \n识别号(请使用数字以便与D.2.对照)\t数据变量\t数据来源\t数据单位\t计量(m)、计算(c)、估计(e)\t记录频度\t拟监测的数据比例\t数据如何存档？(电子/纸张)\t备注", "D.1.2.2. 说明用以计算项目排减量的公式(每一种气体、排放源，等等；CO₂ 当量排放量单位)：", ">>", "D.1.3. 监测计划中对渗漏的处理：", "D.1.3.1.相关情况下，请说明为监测项目的渗漏效应而要收集的数据和信息： \n识别号(请使用数字以便与D.2.对照)\t数据变量\t数据来源\t数据单位\t计量(m)、计算(c)、估计(e)\t记录频度\t拟监测的数据比例\t数据如何存档？(电子/纸张)\t备注", "D.1.3.2. 说明用以估算渗漏的公式(每一种气体、排放源，等等；CO₂ 当量排放量单位)：", ">>", "D.1.4. 说明用以估算项目排减量的公式(每一种气体、排放源，等等；CO₂ 当量排放量单位)：", ">>", "D.1.5. 相关情况下，按照所在缔约方所要求的程序，提供信息说明如何收集和存档项目环境影响信息：", ">>", "D.2. 为监测数据而采用的质量控制(QC)和质量保证(QA)程序：", "数据 数据的不确定性 解释为这些数据计划采用什么QA/QC程序，或解释为何不需要这种程序。 (请注明表格和识别号) (高/中/低)", "D.3. 请说明项目经营人准备在执行监测计划中运用的业务结构和管理结构：", ">>", "D.4. 监测计划制订人姓名/制订实体名称", ">>", "E节. 温室气体排减量估计", "E.1. 项目的估计排放量：", ">>", "E.2. 估计渗漏值：", ">>", "E.3. E.1与E.2之和：", ">>", "E.4. 估计基准排放量：", ">>", "E.5. 项目排减量，即E.4与E.3之差：", ">>", "E.6. 列有用以上公式求得的数值的表格：", ">>", "F节. 环境影响", "F.1. 关于按所在缔约方所定程序进行项目环境影响分析的文件，包括关于跨界影响分析的文件：", ">>", "F.2. 如果项目参与方或所在缔约方认为环境影响重大，请提供结论和证明按照所在缔约方规定的程序开展环境影响评估的佐证文件的参考出处：", ">>", "G. 利害关系方的意见", "G.1. 相关情况下，关于利害关系方对项目的意见的信息：", ">>", "附 录", "下表为联合执行项目设计书(JIPDD)表格的附件1。关于基准的信息和关于监测计划的信息由项目参与方分别在JIPDD表格的附件2和附件3中提供。", "项目参与方的联系信息", "组织：", "街/邮政信箱：", "楼号：", "城市：", "州/地区：", "邮政编码：", "国家：", "电话：", "传真：", "电子邮箱：", "网址：", "代理：", "名称：", "收件人：", "姓：", "中间名：", "名：", "单位：", "电话(直通)：", "传真(直通)：", "移动电话：", "个人电子邮箱：", "附 件 三", "2006年支持联合执行活动的可用的补充资源状况", "《公约》附件一所列缔约方^(a)\t截至2006年7月31日的捐款情况\t待交认捐\n 奥地利 1,650 0 \n 白俄罗斯 \n 比利时 10,297 0 \n 保加利亚 \n 加拿大 156,252 500,000 \n 捷克共和国 \n 丹麦 \n 爱沙尼亚 \n 欧洲共同体 0 310,559 \n 芬兰 \n 法国 0 60,000 \n 德国 \n 希腊 \n 匈牙利 \n 冰岛 \n 爱尔兰 8,075 0 \n 意大利 \n 日本 \n 拉脱维亚 \n 列支敦士登 \n 立陶宛 \n 卢森堡 1,000 0 \n 摩纳哥 \n 荷兰 50,229 0 \n 新西兰 \n 挪威 \n 北欧部长理事会^(b) 0 24,590 \n 波兰 \n 葡萄牙 \n 罗马尼亚 \n 俄罗斯联邦 \n 斯洛伐克 \n 斯洛文尼亚 1,907 0 \n 西班牙 \n 瑞典 29,986 0 \n 瑞士 \n 乌克兰 \n 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 140,000 0 \n 合计 399,397 895,149", "说明：由于汇率波动，有些捐款额与认捐额有差异。", "^(a) 仅列出《京都议定书》缔约方。", "^(b) 北欧议会合作论坛 (不是《公约》缔约方)。该理事会曾于2004年4月认捐。", "[1] 第9/CMP.1号决定, 附件。", "[2] 按照第9/CMP.1号决定,附件，第30-45段。", "[3] 关于业务、职能和协议/决定的进一步情况，也可在《气候公约》联合执行网站上查阅：<http://ji.unfccc.int>。", "[4] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[5] 按照第9/CMP.1号决定,附件，第30-45段。", "[6] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Forms.html> and <http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Docs.html>。", "[7] 应该指出，第1/CMP.1号决定表明，缔约方就随后的承诺期举行谈判，应确保第一个承诺期与第二个承诺期之间没有间隔。", "[8] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[9] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>。", "[10] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>。", "[11] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[12] 在报告所涉期间结束时，该文件还在编写中。", "[13] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>。", "[14] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings/Sup_Committee/Meetings/002/index.html>。", "[15] 在报告所涉期间末，该文件仍在编写中。", "[16] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[17] 见。", "[18] 联合监委会第一次会议同意，秘书处收到的寄给联合监委会或其委员和候补委员的来文，都将在联合监委会的外联网上公布。所有这些来文都会收到一份标准的回执。联合监委会副主席将就答复情况通知秘书处。", "[19] 议程、工作方案、议程提案说明等等。", "[20] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[21] 截至2006年7月31日。", "[22] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Workshop>。", "[23] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[24] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Workshop/Workshop/March_2006/index.html>。", "[25] FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.2。", "[26] FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2。", "[27] FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2。" ]

[ "[ 联 合 国\n联合国\n[原件:英文]\n常规\n气候变化框架公约\n纽约\n页:1\n会场服务 使自己 的艺术到东京\n第二届会议\n2006年11月6-17日,内罗毕\n临时议程项目6\n联合执行监督委员会的报告", "联合执行监督委员会提交作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议的年度报告", "内容提要 1. 联合执行监督委员会(监委会)提交作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)的本年度报告涵盖2005年12月7日至2006年7月31日期间的活动。 报告建议由《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议就监委会议事规则和联合执行项目设计书作出决定。 报告还提到监委会在报告期内开展的工作,包括核查程序的运作、基准确定和监测标准指南,以及设立联合执行认证小组。 根据这些信息,《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议不妨就联合执行提供进一步的指导意见,特别是向监委会提供指导意见。 报告还强调了治理、管理和资源领域,这些领域对确保监委会高效、成本有效和透明地运作至关重要。 监委会重申迫切需要充足和可预测的资源来开展活动。\n监委会2006年8月初至11月初的工作将在本报告增编中介绍。 监委会主席Daniela Stoycheva女士将着重介绍监委会在本届会议上取得的成就和今后面临的挑战。", "目录", "段次 页次", "一. 导言 1-5 3", "A. 任务. 1-2 3", "B. 本报告的范围 3-4 3", "C. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议将采取的行动 5 3", "二. A. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议以来开展的工作 6 - 27 3", "A类. A. 工作概况 6-10 3", "B. 议事规则 11 4", "C. 联合执行项目设计书表格 12-16 4", "D. 联合执行监督委员会之下的核查程序 17-18 5", "E. 确定和监测基准的标准 19-22 5", "F. 独立实体的认证程序 23-27 6", "三. B. 治理事项 28 - 47 6", "A类. B. 收费规定和与其他机构和利益有关者的合作 28 - 32 6", "B. 成员问题 33-34 7", "C. 2006年会议日历 35-37 8", "D. 透明度、通报和信息 38-43 8", "页:1 秘书处的作用 44-47 9", "四、结 论 资源 48-56 9", "A. 2006-2007年联合执行管理计划 48-49 9", "B. 联合执行工作的资源 50-56 10", " V. 决定摘要 57 10", "目 录", "我当然知道 I. 联合执行常设委员会议事规则草案 第11个", "二. 联合执行项目设计书表格草案 第23条", "三. C. 2006年用于支持联合执行活动的补充资源状况 31个", "一. 导言", "A. 任务", "1. 联合国 1. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议(《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议)第10/CMP.1号决定设立了联合执行监督委员会(监委会),除其他外,按照《京都议定书》第六条执行指南(联合执行指南)监督《京都议定书》第六条下项目产生的排减单位的核查。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "2. 联合国 联合执行指南要求监委会向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议每届会议报告其活动情况,并要求《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议就执行《京都议定书》第六条提供指导意见并行使对监委会的权力。", "B. 本报告的范围", "1. 联合国 本报告介绍了通过联合监委会的决定和采取的行动在监委会之下的核查程序投入运作方面取得的进展,并提出了有待《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第二届会议作出的决定。 报告还讨论了治理问题,特别是为确保监委会高效率、有成本效益和透明的运作而采取的措施,以及2006-2007两年期《京都议定书》第六条工作的资源需要和实际资源。", "2. 联合国 本报告涵盖从2005年12月7日设立监委会到2006年7月31日(报告期)这段时间。 监委会第五次会议闭幕之日2006年8月1日至11月1日,将在本报告增编中述及。 [3]", "C. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议将采取的行动", "1. 联合国 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议在审查了监委会的年度报告并注意到监委会商定的所有事项后,可在其第二届会议上决定如下:", "(单位:千美元) 提供关于联合执行的进一步指导意见,特别是向监委会提供指导意见;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 通过监委会议事规则草案(见附件一);", "C. 结 论 通过联合执行项目设计书草案表格(见附件二);", "(单位:千美元) 重申请《公约》附件一所列缔约方(附件一缔约方)迅速向补充活动信托基金提供自愿捐助,以支付2006-2007两年期执行《京都议定书》第六条的行政费用。", "二. 作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议以来开展的工作", "A类. 二. 所开展工作概述", "1. 联合国 自《京都议定书》于2005年2月16日生效以来,特别是自监委会设立以来,联合执行引起了人们的极大兴趣。 在第一次会议上,监委会商定了一项工作方案,[4] 其中突出的是核查程序的运作工作,[5] 预期这项工作将在2006年下半年完成。", "2. 联合国 为了确保有关联合监委会决定及其过程的信息得到很好的传达,联合监委会和秘书处的委员和候补委员召集和/或参加了一些活动,在这些活动中对进程作了解释并介绍了结果。 监委会注意到利害关系方的利益和关切,并在可行和符合《马拉喀什协定》的情况下,设法通过精简和促进进程和程序解决这些问题。", "3个 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议以来完成的主要任务可概述如下:", "(单位:千美元) 监委会商定了议事规则草案,暂时适用,现建议《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通过;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 监委会商定了联合执行项目设计书表格草稿,暂时适用,现建议《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通过。 此外,监委会还商定了联合执行项目设计书表格草案用户指南;", "C. 结 论 作为核查程序运作的一部分,监委会商定了关于公开提供文件的程序草案和审查程序;", "(单位:千美元) 监委会开始了关于基准确定和监测标准指导意见的工作以及关于小规模项目规定的工作;", "e. 资源 监委会设立了一个联合执行认证小组,该小组举行了第一次会议。", " 4.四. 为帮助确保最佳地利用时间和资源来迎接未来的挑战,监委会在秘书处的协助下,正在编制2006-2007两年期联合执行管理计划(见本报告增编)。", "5 (韩语). 总之,监委会的工作在其职权范围内的所有领域都取得了良好进展。 然而,鉴于可用资源有限,之所以能够取得这些成就,是因为监委会成员和候补成员以及联合执行认证小组和秘书处工作人员投入了大量的时间和精力。", "B. 议事规则", "1. 联合国 监委会第一次会议根据联合执行指南和第10/CMP.1号决定,商定了监委会的议事规则草案,暂时适用,现建议《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通过。 监委会请《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议就附件一所载议事规则的建议作出决定。", "C. 联合执行项目设计书表", "1. 联合国 根据联合执行指南和第10/CMP号决定。 监委会为这一表格的用户制定了联合执行项目设计书表格和指南草案。 在第三次会议商定这些文件之前,监委会公开呼吁各方就这些文件的结构和内容等提出意见。 该电话于2006年3月17日至4月16日开通。 监委会在《气候公约》联合执行网站上公布了所商定的文件。 [6]", "2. 联合国 该表格草案自2006年6月15日起生效,应用于监委会核查程序之下在此日期后执行的所有联合执行项目。 根据联合执行指南第31(a)段,2006年6月15日之前得到缔约方书面批准的项目应使用联合执行项目设计书表格草案或清洁发展机制项目设计书表格。 在后一种情况下,项目参与方根据联合执行指南第33段选定的经认证的独立实体(AIE)应确认提交的项目设计书提供了联合执行项目设计书表格草案和监委会相关指导意见所包括的所有信息。", "3个 在这方面,监委会还澄清,入计期可于2012年之后结束,但须经东道缔约方批准。 第一个承诺期结束后联合执行项目产生的排减量/清除量的增加情况可由《气候公约》下的任何有关协定确定。 [7]", " 4.四. 联合执行项目设计书表格草案和相关指南不适用于联合执行的土地利用、土地利用的变化和林业项目,监委会正在为其制定单独的表格和指南。", "5 (韩语). 监委会建议附件二所载联合执行项目设计书表格草案由《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议通过。", "D. 联合执行监督委员会之下的核查程序", "1. 联合国 联合监委会在第二次会议上:", "(单位:千美元) 商定公开提供文件的程序草案;[8]", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 请秘书处编写表格,供经认证的独立实体在提交确定或核查报告供公布时使用。", "2. 联合国 在第三次会议上,监委会:", "(单位:千美元) 议定监委会核查程序之下的审评程序;[9]", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 请秘书处就评估联合执行指南第33和37段所述决定的备选办法编写一份文件;", "C. 结 论 商定了评估确定意见或参加监委会核查程序审查组的专家的职权范围;[10]", "(单位:千美元) 决定发出关于上文第18(c)段的专家呼吁。", "E. 确定和监测基准的标准", "1. 联合国 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请监委会尽快就联合执行指南附录B制定指导意见,包括酌情就第17/CP.7号决定第6(c)段界定的南南合作项目制定指导意见。", "2. 联合国 在第一次会议上,监委会决定呼吁公众就基准确定和监测标准指导意见提供投入。 2006年2月10日至3月1日,该呼吁开放供各方提出意见。", "3个 在第三次会议上,监委会商定了拟订基准确定和监测标准指南草案的程序,[11] 其中规定了时间表,包括征求公众对草案意见的计划、监委会成员和候补成员的任务分配以及秘书处的支持。 该电话于2006年7月19日至8月15日开通。", " 4.四. 此外,监委会还请秘书处与监委会的选定成员和候补成员协商,为联合执行南南合作项目拟订符合清洁发展机制南南合作项目活动规定的条文草案。 [12]", "F. 独立实体的认证程序", "1. 联合国 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请监委会根据联合执行指南附录A,酌情考虑到清洁发展机制执行理事会制定的认证经营实体的程序,优先进一步拟订认证独立实体的标准和程序。", "2. 联合国 为了启动联合执行下的认证进程,监委会第二次会议:", "(单位:千美元) 决定设立一个联合执行认证小组,由至少四名和最多六名专家以及两名监委会成员担任主席和副主席;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 商定联合执行认证组的职权范围;[13]", "C. 结 论 决定公开呼吁专家参加联合执行认证小组;", "(单位:千美元) 表示打算请认证小组审查秘书处编写的独立实体认证程序草案,[14] 并就此向监委会提出建议。", "3个 2006年3月29日至4月27日,上文第24段(c)分段提到的专家公开征集。", " 4.四. 在第三次会议上,监委会选举井冈新一先生、Ken Beck Lee先生、Vijay Medirata先生、Maureen Mutasa女士、Takashi Otsubo先生和Satish Rao先生为联合执行认证小组成员,并选举Oleg Pluzhnikov先生为小组主席,Fatou Gaye女士为副主席。 (小组成员按照联合国细则和条例出席小组会议需付费。 )", "5 (韩语). 在第三次会议上,监委会还决定于2006年底开始认证进程。", "三. 治理事项", "A类. 收费规定以及与其他机构和利益攸关方的合作", "1. 联合国 A. 任务和背景", "1. 联合国 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请监委会为收取与监委会活动有关的行政费用制定规定。", "2. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定鼓励监委会与下列机构合作:", "(单位:千美元) 清洁发展机制执行理事会;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 《京都议定书》之下的遵约委员会,特别是联合执行指南第27段所指缔约方名单;", "C. 结 论 《京都议定书》为第六条指定的联络点;", "(单位:千美元) 联合执行指南第18段所指监委会会议观察员,为此定期举行问答会。", "2. 联合国 开展的工作和采取的行动", "1. 联合国 监委会请其两名成员(包括一名候补成员)在秘书处的支持下就收费规定编写一份情况文件,供监委会第四次会议审议。 [15]", "2. 联合国 关于上文第29段(c)分段所述任务,监委会欢迎秘书处迄今收到的关于《京都议定书》第六条之下指定联络点的信息,并请进一步指定联络点。", "3个 关于上文第29段(d)分段所述任务,监委会在第一次会议上决定,在每次会议上与已登记的观察员举行一次问答会并网播这些会议。 [16]", "B. 成员问题", "1. 联合国 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议根据联合执行指南第4至5段和第8段设立了监委会并选出了其成员和候补成员(表1)。 在本报告所述期间,成员没有变化。", "2. 联合国 在第一次会议上,监委会以协商一致方式选举附件一缔约方成员Daniela Stoycheva女士为主席,非《公约》附件一所列缔约方(非附件一缔约方)成员Shailendra Kumar Joshi先生为副主席。 他们的任期将在2007年监委会第一次会议上结束。 在就职之前,监委会的所有成员和候补成员都根据联合执行指南第10(e)段签署了一份任职宣誓书。", "表1. 监委会委员和候补委员", "候补委员 提名者", "Olle Björk先生 (b) Franzjosef先生 其他附件一缔约方", "Georg先生 Darren先生 其他附件一缔约方", "Jaime Bravo先生 (b) 马科斯·卡斯特罗先生", "Fatou Gaye女士 (a) 文森特·卡苏鲁先生 非附件一缔约方", "Maurits Blanson先生 Kudo先生 (a) 其他附件一缔约方 Henkemans ^(a)", "沙伊兰德拉先生 Kumar Maosheng先生 非附件一缔约方 Joshi Duan^(b)(副主席)^(b)", "德里克·德雷克·尤米科女士", "Evgeny先生 与Pluzhnikov ^(b) 索科洛夫 ^(b) 转型经济体的附件一缔约方", "Daniela Stoycheva女士 Astrida女士 附件一缔约方与(主席)\\(a) Celmina\\(a) 转型经济体", "Vlad Trusca先生 (a) 具有Gasperic 的附件一缔约方", "^(a) 任期:三年,至2009年第一次会议结束。", "^(b) 任期:两年,至2008年第一次会议结束。", "C. 2006年会议日历", "1. 联合国 在第一次会议上,监委会通过了2006年会议时间表,并在第三次会议上作了修订(表2)。", "表2. 联合执行 监督委员会2006年会议", "会议日期", "《气候公约》总部, 德国波恩", "3月10日至11日《气候公约》 总部", "第三届 (与附属机构第二十四届会议同时举行)", "《气候公约》总部", "10月31日 -- -- 1个《气候公约》总部 11月(半天会议)", "2. 联合国 监委会会议附加说明的议程,包括支持议程项目的文件,以及载有监委会所达成的所有协议的报告,可在《气候公约》联合执行网站上查阅。 [17]", "3个 为确保有效的工作安排和管理,监委会会议之前举行了一至两天的非正式磋商。 在报告期内,监委会的工作量通常要求委员会开会或磋商时间大大超过通常会议日计划的8小时。", "D. 透明度、通报和信息", "1. 联合国 联合监委会议事规则草案(附件一)第21条规定,联合监委会的工作必须透明,但需保护机密信息。 这包括及时公开提供文件和渠道,所有缔约方和《气候公约》所有经认证的观察员和利害关系方可通过这些渠道提出外部意见,供监委会审议。 [18] 第20条要求通过因特网提供文件。 [19] 此外,联合执行指南(特别是第16段)要求将监委会的决定向公众公布。", "2. 联合国 《气候公约》联合执行网站是满足这些要求的主要手段。 其中载有监委会会议的报告、关于监委会所商定所有事项的文件,以及与监委会及其支助结构(如联合执行认证小组)、经认证的独立实体、项目参与方、专家、公众和秘书处的业务和职能有关的文件。 它还将介绍缔约方设立的指定联络点提供的信息并通知秘书处。 此外,报告还载有与联合执行有关的范围广泛的背景文件(从《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议的决定到专家申请表)。 此外,它还提供一种接口,供公众就监委会认为必要的各种专题提出意见,并供专家申请参加支助机构(例如认证组、审评组等)。 与网站链接的是联合执行新闻设施,向网站697个订户中的670多人发送关于联合执行的最新资料。 [21]", "3个 秘书处还设有两个外联网和两个名录服务器,以促进监委会、认证组和秘书处之间高效率、有成本效益和透明的信息交流。 这些电子设施对于监委会顺利和有成本效益地运作至关重要。 一旦监委会之下的核查程序和认证程序充分运作,将建立额外的外部网和名录服务器。", " 4.四. 根据联合执行指南第18段和监委会议事规则草案第22条,所有缔约方和经认证的《气候公约》观察员和利害关系方均可以观察员身份出席监委会会议,除非监委会另有决定并至少在会议前两周进行登记。 在本报告所述期间,平均有来自缔约方、非政府组织和政府间组织的11名观察员出席了监委会会议。 此外,监委会还组织了一次问答会,作为附属机构第二十四届会议的会外活动,所有与会者均可参加。 [22]", "5 (韩语). 为进一步提高透明度,监委会对会议进行网播。 [23] 平均而言,每次会议有810次网络直播,有94小时的收看。 每次存档网播在每次会议后的三个月期间吸引了类似的访问次数。 网播包括与注册观察员的问答会。", "6. 国家 此外,2006年3月9日至10日在德国波恩举行了联合执行问题研讨会。 [24] 研讨会由秘书处组织,召集了监委会成员和候补成员以及80多位基于项目的机制专家,包括清洁发展机制执行理事会、附件一和非附件一缔约方的《气候公约》国家联络点、经认证的《气候公约》非政府组织和政府间组织、项目开发者、顾问和指定的经营实体的成员,就监委会的进展情况交流信息并交换意见,包括与监委会核查程序的运作有关的关键问题。", "页:1 秘书处的作用", "1. 联合国 《气候公约》秘书处根据联合执行指南第19段和监委会议事规则草案第28条为监委会提供服务。", "2. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,秘书处为监委会的3次会议和联合执行认证小组的1次会议提供了行政、后勤和实质性支助。 它还开发并维护了联合执行网站和网络界面,以征集公众投入和专家,并答复了外部询问。", "3个 监委会成立时,秘书处人员紧张。 虽然已经征聘了更多的工作人员,但秘书处的人员编制仍然不足,无法确保向联合监委会提供及时和高质量的长期支助,特别是在联合监委会认证和核查程序下的案件处理方面,这些程序将很快投入运作。", " 4.四. 秘书处为支持联合执行工作进行了筹资,管理了缔约方的捐款,并定期向监委会报告了资源状况(见下文第四章)。", "四、结 论 资源", "A类. 2006-2007年联合执行管理计划", "1. 联合国 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请监委会尽快制定管理计划,包括2006-2007年预算计划,并铭记清洁发展机制执行理事会在这方面的经验,不断对其进行审查。", "2. 联合国 监委会审议了秘书处编写的管理计划草案并商定了主要内容。 监委会请秘书处更新联合执行管理计划,以反映第三次会议的讨论情况、达成的协议和确定的优先事项,以期在2006年9月13日至15日第四次会议上通过该计划。 计划定稿将载于本报告的增编。", "B. 联合执行工作的资源", "1. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,监委会根据秘书处的报告,监测和审查了联合执行工作的资源状况。 秘书处编写了关于主要活动领域(监委会的会议和活动、与独立实体认证有关的活动和对确定意见的审查、技术研讨会以及秘书处为支持上述工作领域而开展的活动)和资源需要的全面信息。 这一信息被用于最初的筹资活动,后来被列入联合执行管理计划草案。 关于预算和支出的最新资料将载于本报告增编。", "1. 联合国 附件三载有缔约方和区域组织为支持2006年联合执行工作的认捐和捐款概要。 对捐款表示感谢。", "2. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第9/CMP.1号决定决定,联合执行指南中与监委会职能有关的程序引起的行政费用,由附件一缔约方和项目参与方根据《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第一届会议决定中列明的规格承担。 在这方面,《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议第10/CMP.1号决定请监委会制定收费规定。", "3个 根据监委会第一次会议商定的工作方案,监委会将在第四次会议(2006年9月13日至15日)上开始审议费用问题。 监委会关于这一问题的结论和建议将载于本报告增编。", " 4.四. 在本报告所述期间,补充资金资源如下:", "(单位:千美元) 2005年结转:84,144美元", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 缔约方的捐款:399,397美元(见附件三)。", "5 (韩语). 在报告期结束时,根据目前的预算,2006年剩余时间的资源缺口为80万美元,到2007年底为280万美元。 即使就上文第52至53段中提到的收费规定达成协议并很快出台,根据清洁发展机制的经验,也不可能预期收费收入将迅速填补这一空白。 因此,附件一缔约方的自愿捐款应至少到2007年底继续支付执行《京都议定书》第六条的大部分行政费用。", "6. 国家 鉴于这种情况,监委会在整个报告期内都重申《公约》缔约方会议和《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议呼吁附件一缔约方向补充活动信托基金提供捐款,以确保2006-2007两年期所设想出的所有必要活动能够以可预见和可持续的方式开展。 缺乏这种贡献意味着在雇用支持监委会工作所必要的工作人员方面受到限制,并可能导致预期工作缩减并取消一些计划举行的会议。", " V. 决定摘要", "1. 联合国 根据联合执行指南第16段,监委会的决定以联合国所有六种正式语文公开发表,在监委会提交《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议的年度报告中列入或提及这些决定(说明这些决定在《气候公约》联合执行网站上的位置)。", "页:1", "联合执行监督委员会议事规则草案", "一. 范围", "第1条", "1. 本议事规则应适用于联合执行监督委员会根据第16/CP.7[25]和9/CMP.1号决定[26]及其关于执行《京都议定书》第六条的指南的附件以及任何其他有关决定而开展的活动。", "二. 定义", "第2条", "为本议事规则的目的:", "1. \" 联合执行指南 \" 指第9/CMP.1号决定附件所载关于执行《京都议定书》第六条的指南;", "2. \" 《气候公约》 \" 指《联合国气候变化框架公约》;", "3. \" 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议 \" 指作为《京都议定书》缔约方会议的《公约》缔约方会议;", "4. \" 联合执行 \" 指《京都议定书》第六条所指的机制;", "5 (韩语). “联合执行监督委员会”是第10/CMP.1[27]号决定所设立的委员会,也是第9/CMP.1号决定所通过《联合执行指南》所定义的该决定给第六条监督委员会的名称。 在本规则通篇中,“{联合执行}监督委员会”在引用联合执行指南时取代了“第六条监督委员会”;", "6. \" 主席 \" 和 \" 副主席 \" 指当选主席和副主席的委员会成员。 委员会主席;", "7. “委员”指委员会委员;", "8. \" 候补委员 \" 指委员会候补委员;", "9. \" 秘书处 \" 指《京都议定书》第十四条和联合执行指南第19段所指秘书处;", "联合执行指南第1(e)段:\n10. \" 利害关系方 \" 指公众,包括受项目影响或可能受项目影响的个人、群体或社区;", "11个 为了第21和22条的目的,非《京都议定书》缔约方的《公约》缔约方可行使与所有其他观察员相同的权利。", "三. 委员和候补委员", "A. 提名、选举和连选", "第3条", "联合执行指南第4段: {联合执行}监督委员会由《京都议定书》缔约方的10名委员组成,具体如下:(a) 正在向市场经济过渡的附件一所列缔约方的3名委员;(b) 未列入(a)分段的附件一所列缔约方的3名委员;(c) 未列入附件一的缔约方的3名委员;\n(d) 小岛屿发展中国家一名成员。", "第4条", "联合执行指南第5段:\n1. 联合国 {联合执行}监督委员会的委员,包括候补委员,由{联合执行指南} 第4段所指的有关选区提名,由《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议选出。 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议应选出{联合执行}。 监督 委员会有五名委员和五名候补委员,任期两年;有五名委员和五名候补委员,任期三年。 此后,《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议应每年选举5名新成员和5名候补成员,任期两年。 根据{联合执行指南}第12段作出的任命应算为一个任期。 委员和候补委员的任期至选出继任人为止。", "联合执行指南第6段:\n2. {联合执行}监督委员会的成员可能有资格最多连任两届。 候补成员的任期不计算在内。", "联合执行指南第10(a)和(d)段: 3. {联合执行}的成员,包括候补成员 监督委员会应:(a) 以个人身份任职,并在气候变化问题和相关技术和政策领域具有公认的能力;\n(b) 国家 受{联合执行}监督委员会议事规则的约束。", "1. 联合国 2. 委员或候补委员的任期从当选后历年的委员会第一次会议起,至任期结束的历年的委员会第一次会议前夕结束。", "第5条", "联合执行指南第8段:\n1. 联合国 1. 《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议应根据{联合执行指南} 第4、5和6段的标准为{联合执行}监督委员会的每一成员选举一名候补成员。 一个选区提名一名候选人成员时,应同时提名同一选区的一名候补成员。", "2. 联合国 本规则中凡提及理事时,应视为包括该理事的候补理事。", "3个 如委员缺席委员会会议,其候补委员应担任该次会议的委员。", "第6条", "联合执行指南第10(a)段:\n1. 联合国 发展中国家缔约方和符合《气候公约》惯例的其他缔约方的委员和候补委员的与会费用应由{联合执行}监督委员会的预算支付。", "2. 联合国 应按照联合国财务条例和《气候公约》财务程序为与会提供资金。", "A. 暂停、终止和辞职", "第7条", "联合执行指南第11段:\n1. 联合国 {联合执行}监督委员会可暂停并向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议建议终止包括候补成员在内的单独成员的成员资格,原因包括违反利益冲突规定、违反保密规定或无正当理由而连续两次不出席{联合执行}监督委员会的会议。", "2. 联合国 任何要求暂停并向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议建议终止理事或候补理事资格的动议,应按照下文第五章的表决规则立即付诸表决。 2. 如果动议涉及暂停并向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议建议终止主席的成员资格,副主席应代行主席职务,直至进行表决并宣布表决结果。", "3个 只有在委员或候补委员有机会在会议上举行听询后,委员会才应暂停并建议终止委员或候补委员的成员资格。", "第8条", "联合执行指南第12段:\n1. 联合国 如果{联合执行}监督委员会的一名成员或候补成员辞职或因其他原因不能完成所分配的任期或履行该职务的职能,则{联合执行} 考虑到即将举行下届《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议,监督委员会可决定从同一组别任命另一名委员或一名候补委员来取代该委员完成所余任期。 在这种情况下,{联合执行}监督委员会应考虑到已解散该成员的集团所表示的任何意见。", "2. 联合国 2. 委员会可请有关集团提名按照本条第1款任命的新任理事或新任候补理事。", "A. 利益冲突和保密", "第9条", "联合执行指南第10(b)段:\n1. 联合国 {联合执行监督委员会委员,包括候补委员应} 第六条项目的任何方面没有金钱利益。", "2. 委员会委员,包括候补委员,在任何经认证的独立实体或任何暂时作为经认证的独立实体行事的指定经营实体中,不应具有金钱或财务利益。", "第10条", "联合执行指南第10(e)段:\n1. 联合国 {联合执行监督委员会委员,包括候补委员应} {t}在就职前,由《气候公约》执行秘书或其授权代表签署宣誓书。", "2. 联合国 任职宣誓书如下:", "“我庄严宣誓,我将正直、忠实、公正和认真地履行联合执行监督委员会成员/候补成员的职责。", "“我还郑重声明并承诺,在联合执行的任何方面,包括独立实体的认证方面,我现在没有任何经济利益,也不会有任何经济利益。 即使在我的职务终止之后,我也不会披露根据《京都议定书》第六条执行指南转交联合执行监督委员会的任何机密或专有信息,或因我在联合执行监督委员会的职责而知悉的任何其他机密信息。", "“我将向《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行秘书和联合执行监督委员会披露我或我的直系亲属对联合执行监督委员会所讨论任何事项的任何直接或间接利益,这些利益可能构成利益冲突,或可能不符合联合执行监督委员会一名委员/候补委员应有的正直和公正要求,我将不参加联合执行监督委员会有关任何此类事项的工作。", "“我还郑重声明并承诺,如果对本宣言前几段内是否存在问题有任何疑问,我将向《联合国气候变化框架公约》执行秘书披露全部事实。 “", "第11条", "联合执行指南第10(c)段:\n1. 联合国 {联合执行监督委员会的成员,包括候补成员应},{s}履行对{联合执行}监督委员会的责任,不透露由于履行{联合执行}监督委员会的职责而获悉的任何机密或专有信息。 理事包括候补理事不披露机密信息的职责构成尊重该理事,包括尊重候补理事的义务,并应在该理事,包括候补理事,在{联合执行}监督委员会的职能期满或终止后仍为一项义务。", "联合执行指南第40段:\n2. 未经信息提供者的书面同意,不得披露{理事和候补理事}从标有专有或机密的项目参与方获得的信息,但东道缔约方可适用的国内法所要求者除外。 用于确定源的人为排放量减少或汇的人为清除量增加是否为额外信息,用于描述基准方法及其应用,以及用于支持{联合执行指南} 第33(d)段所指环境影响评估的信息,不应被视为专有或机密。", "A. 主席团成员", "第12条", "联合执行指南第7段:\n1. 联合国 {联合执行}监督委员会应每年从其成员中选出一名主席和副主席,其中一名来自附件一所列缔约方,另一名来自未列入附件一的缔约方。 主席和副主席的职位应每年由附件一所列缔约方的成员与未列入附件一的缔约方的成员轮流担任。", "2. 联合国 在每个日历年的委员会第一次会议上,委员会应从其成员中选举一名主席和一名副主席。 1. 第30条规定的委员会秘书应主持每个日历年委员会第一次会议的开幕并选举新的主席和副主席。", "第13条", "1. 联合国 主席和副主席应以各自身份在联合执行监督委员会的任何会议上任职。", "2. 联合国 如果当选主席不能以该身份出任会议主席,由副主席出任主席。 如果两者均不能以各自身份任职,委员会应从出席会议的成员中选举出一名委员担任该次会议的主席。", "3个 如果主席或副主席不再能够履行其职责,或不再担任理事,应另选一名主席或副主席接任余下的任期。", "第14条", "1. 联合国 2. 主席应按照本条规则的规定主持联合执行监督委员会的会议。", "2. 联合国 主席除行使本规则其他条款所赋予的职能外,应宣布会议的开会和散会、主持会议、确保本规则得到遵守、准许发言、将问题付诸表决并宣布决定。 主席应就程序问题作出裁决,并在不违反本规则的前提下全面掌握会议的进行和维持会场秩序。", "3个 主席可向委员会提议限制发言者的发言时间和每一委员就某一问题发言的次数、暂停或结束辩论以及暂停会议或休会。", " 4.四. 主席或由委员会指定的任何其他委员应在必要时代表委员会,包括在《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议上的代表。", "四、结 论 会议", "A. 日期", "第15条", "联合执行指南第9段:\n{联合执行} 除非另有决定,监督委员会应每年至少举行两次会议,并尽可能与附属机构的会议同时举行。", "第16条", "1. 联合国 1. 主席应在每个日历年的第一次联合执行监督委员会会议上提出该日历年的会议时间表,供委员会批准。", "2. 联合国 如需更改会议时间表或增加会议次数,主席应与所有成员协商后,将排定会议日期的任何变更和/或增加会议的日期通知各成员。", "第 17 条", "1. 联合国 1. 主席应召集联合执行监督委员会的每次会议,并尽可能在会议举行日期前至少八个星期发出通知。", "2. 联合国 秘书处应立即通知应邀出席会议的所有各方。", "A类. 地点", "第18条", "联合执行会议 与附属机构届会同时举行的监督委员会应于这些机构届会同地举行会议。 委员会的其他会议应在秘书处所在地举行,除非委员会另有决定或秘书处同主席磋商后作出其他适当安排。", "B. 议程", "第19条", "1. 联合国 1. 主席应在秘书处的协助下起草联合执行监督委员会每次会议的临时议程并转交委员会上次会议所议定的临时议程副本,送交应邀参加会议的各方。", "2. 联合国 任何理事或候补理事可向秘书处提出会议临时议程的增补或修改,并列入拟议的议程,但理事或候补理事至迟应于会议开幕规定日期前四周通知秘书处。 拟议的会议议程应由秘书处在会议开幕预定日期前三周送交应邀出席会议的所有各方。", "3个 委员会应在每次会议开始时通过会议议程。", " 4.四. 除非委员会另有决定,否则委员会会议议程所列、但该次会议未完成审议的任何项目将自动列入下次会议的临时议程。", "A. 文件", "第20条", "1. 联合国 联合执行监督委员会会议的所有文件应至少在会议前两周通过秘书处提供给委员和候补委员。", "2. 文件应在送交理事和候补理事之后立即由秘书处通过互联网公开提供。 此类文件的提供应遵守保密规定。", "A类. 透明度", "第21条", "在需要保护机密信息的前提下,透明度原则应适用于联合执行监督委员会的所有工作,包括及时公开提供文件以及所有缔约方和《气候公约》所有经认证的观察员和利害关系方可据以提交外部意见供委员会审议的渠道。 将委员会会议记录张贴在因特网上是确保透明度的一种方式。", "B. 出席情况", "第22条", "联合执行指南第18段:\n1. 联合国 {联合执行}监督委员会的会议应允许所有缔约方和所有《气候公约》认证的观察员和利害关系方作为观察员出席,除非{联合执行}监督委员会另有决定。", "2. 联合国 4. 在上文第1段方面,为节约和效率起见,委员会可决定将出席会议的人员限于委员、候补委员和秘书处支助人员。 在这种情况下,委员会应采取一切实际可行的步骤,以其他方式照顾《京都议定书》缔约方、非《京都议定书》缔约方的《公约》缔约方以及经认证的《气候公约》观察员和利害关系方的利益,以观察其议事情况,除非委员会决定结束全部或部分会议。", "3个 应委员会邀请,观察员可就委员会审议的事项发言。", "C. 法定人数", "第23条", "联合执行指南第14段:\n{联合执行}监督委员会至少三分之二的成员必须出席才能构成法定人数,这些成员代表附件一所列缔约方的多数成员和未列入附件一的缔约方的多数成员。", " V. 表决", "第24条", "联合执行指南第15段:\n1. 联合国 {联合执行}监督委员会应尽可能以协商一致的方式作出决定。 如果为达成协商一致意见已尽一切努力但仍未达成协议,作为最后手段,决定应以出席会议并参加表决的成员四分之三多数票通过。 弃权的成员应视为未参加表决。", "2. 联合国 主席应确定是否已达成协商一致。 如果委员会委员或代行委员职权的候补委员对审议中的拟议决定表示反对,主席应宣布不存在协商一致。", "3个 每一成员应有一票表决权。", " 4.四. 候补委员可参加委员会会议,但无表决权。 候补委员只有在代行委员职务时才能投票。", "第 25 条", "1. 联合国 1. 主席认为,一旦联合执行监督委员会必须作出决定而不能推迟到委员会下次会议,主席就应向每一委员转交拟议的决定,并请其以协商一致方式核准该决定。 在符合适用的保密要求的前提下,主席应连同拟议的决定一并提供根据主席的判断有理由根据本规则第25条作出决定的有关事实。 拟议的决定应以电子邮件形式通过委员会名录服务机传送。 委员会须有法定人数才能确认收到电文。 此种信息还应转发候补理事以供参考。", "2. 理事和/或候补理事应自收到提议的决定之日起两周后提出意见。 这些意见应通过委员会名录服务器提供给委员和候补委员。", "3个 在上文第2款所述期限届满时,如果没有任何成员反对,拟议的决定应视为得到核准。 如有人提出异议,主席应将拟议决定的审议作为项目列入委员会下次会议的拟议议程并通知委员会。", " 4.四. 2. 使用本条第1至3款规定的程序作出的任何决定均应列入委员会下次会议的报告并视为在德国波恩的《气候公约》秘书处所在地作出。", "六、结 论 语文", "第26条", "联合执行指南第16段:\n1. 联合国 {联合执行}监督委员会所有决定的全文应公布。 决定应以联合国所有六种正式语文提供。", "联合执行指南第17段:\n2. 联合国 {联合执行}监督委员会的工作语文 委员会以英语为主。", "页:1 专门知识", "第27条", "联合执行指南第13段:\n1. 联合国 {联合执行}监督委员会应利用履行职责所需的专门知识,特别是考虑到国家认证程序。", "2. 联合国 1. 委员会可设立小组委员会、专门小组或工作组来协助委员会履行其职能。", "第八编. 秘书处", "第28条", "联合执行指南第19段:\n秘书处应为{联合执行}监督委员会提供服务。", "第29条", "《气候公约》执行秘书应在现有资源范围内安排为联合执行监督委员会提供服务所需的工作人员和服务。 执行秘书应管理和指导这类工作人员和服务,并向委员会提供适当的支助和咨询意见。", "第30条", "执行秘书指定的一名秘书处官员应担任联合执行监督委员会的秘书。", "第31条", "除联合执行指南和/或《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议随后作出的任何决定所具体规定的职能外,秘书处应根据本规则并视可用资源情况:", "(单位:千美元) 接收、复制并向理事和候补理事分发会议文件;", "(b) 减少或减少员额。 接收决定并翻译成联合国所有六种正式语文,并公布联合执行监督委员会所有决定的全文;", "C. 结 论 协助委员会完成与维护档案以及收集、处理和公开信息有关的任务;", "(单位:千美元) 开展委员会可能需要的所有其他工作。", "第32条", "联合国财务条例和《气候公约》财务程序应予适用。", "第九编. 会议的掌握", "第33条", "1. 联合执行监督委员会应按照联合执行指南以及《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议随后作出的任何决定,承担第16/CP.7号决定所指定的任何任务。", "第 34 条", "1. 联合国 联合执行监督委员会和秘书处在其支助委员会的法定作用中,可使用电子手段传送和储存文件。", "2. 联合国 使用电子手段提交的文件须遵守联合执行指南的透明度和保密规定。 在通过电子方式(如《气候公约》联合执行网站)提交任何文件时,提交者应承认他或她已阅读了相关程序并商定受提交文件的条款和条件的约束,包括提交者对其提交文件的内容承担全部责任,并放弃与使用电子手段提交和发送文件有关的所有索赔要求。", "3个 委员会不应对通过电子手段获得的文件的传送、储存或使用所引起的任何主张或损失负责。 在电子传输和储存之后,所提交文件的保密性或完整性都无法得到保障。", " . 会议记录", "第35条", "每次会议结束前,主席应提出会议结论和决定草案,供联合执行监督委员会审议和核准。 委员会的任何书面记录或会议记录应由秘书处按照联合国规则和条例保存。", "十一会. 规则的修正", "第36条", "联合执行指南第3(g)段:\n1. 联合国 {联合执行监督委员会应负责}拟订除{联合执行指南}所载规则以外的任何议事规则,由《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议审议。", "2. 联合国 3. 除根据本条第1款采取的任何行动外,委员会还可就委员会议事规则的任何修正或补充向《议定书》/《公约》缔约方会议提出建议。", "页:1", "联合执行项目设计书表格草案", "联合执行项目设计文件格式1 - 自2006年6月15日起生效", "目 录", "A. 项目概况", "B. 基线", "C. 项目期限/入计期", "D. 监测计划", "E. 温室气体排减量估计", "F. 环境影响", "G. 利益有关者的评论", "目 录", "附件1:项目参与方的联系信息", "附件2:基准信息", "附件3:监测计划", "节次 A. 项目概况", "A.1. 国家 项目名称:", ">>", "A.2. 项目说明:", ">>", "A.3. 项目参与方:", ">>", "A.4. 项目的技术说明:", "A. 4.1 (中文(简体) ). 项目地点:", ">>", "A.4.1.1. 东道缔约方:", ">>", "A.4.1.2. 地区/州/省等:", ">>", "A.4.1.3. 城市/城镇/社区等:", ">>", "A.4.1.4. 具体地点的细节,包括项目的独特识别资料(最多一页):", ">>", "A.4.2. 项目将采用的技术或将采取的措施、业务或行动:", ">>", "A.4.3. 简要说明拟议联合执行项目如何减少温室气体源的人为排放量,包括为何在没有拟议项目的情况下不会减少排放量,同时考虑到国家和/或部门政策和情况:", ">>", "页:1 入计期估计排减量:", ">>", "A.5. 所涉缔约方批准的项目:", ">>", "B节. 基线", "B.1. 选定基准的说明和理由:", ">>", "B.2. 说明如何将温室气体源的人为排放量减少到低于不开展联合执行项目时的水平:", ">>", "B.3. 说明项目边界的定义如何适用于项目:", ">>", "B.4. 进一步的基准信息,包括确定基准的日期和确定基准的人/实体的名称:", ">>", "C节. 项目期限/入计期", "C.1. 项目开始日期:", ">>", "C.2. 项目的预期运行寿命:", ">>", "C.3. 入计期长度:", ">>", "D节. 监测计划", "D.1. 选择的监测计划说明:", ">>", "D.1.1. 备选办法 1. 项目设想和基准设想中的排放量监测:", "D.1.1.1 为监测项目排放量而需要收集的数据以及如何将这些数据存档:", "身份证号码 数据来源 数据计量记录比例 评论意见将如何 (请使用数据单位(m)的数字变量,数据到数据的频率便于计算)存档? 交叉参考(c),(电子/至D.2) 估计纸张 (e)", "D.1.1.2. 说明用于估计项目排放量的公式(每种气体、源等;CO2当量单位排放量):", ">>", "D.1.1.3. 确定项目界限内温室气体人为源排放量基准所必要的相关数据,以及如何收集和归档这些数据:", "身份证号码 数据来源 数据计量记录比例 评论意见将如何 (请使用数据单位(m)的数字变量,数据到数据的频率便于计算)存档? 交叉参考(c),(电子/至D.2) 估计纸张 (e)", "D.1.1.4. 说明用于估计基准排放量的公式(每种气体、源等;CO2当量单位排放量):", ">>", "D. 1.2. 选项 2-直接监测项目排减量(数值应与E节中的数值一致):", "D.1.2.1. 为监测项目排减量而需要收集的数据以及如何将这些数据存档:", "身份证号码 数据来源 数据计量记录比例 评论意见将如何 (请使用数据单位(m)的数字变量,数据到数据的频率便于计算)存档? 交叉参考(c),(电子/至D.2) 估计纸张 (e)", "D.1.2.2. 说明用于计算项目排减量的公式(每种气体、源等;CO2当量单位的排放量/排放量减少):", ">>", "D.1.3. 监测计划中的渗漏处理:", "第D.1.3.1号决定。 如果适用,请说明为监测项目渗漏影响而将收集的数据和资料:", "身份证号码 数据来源 数据计量记录比例 评论意见将如何 (请使用数据单位(m)的数字变量,数据到数据的频率便于计算)存档? 交叉参考(c),(电子/至D.2) 估计纸张 (e)", "D.1.3.2. 说明用于估计渗漏的公式(每种气体、源等;CO2当量单位排放量):", ">>", "D.1.4. 说明用于估计项目排减量的公式(每种气体、源等;CO2当量单位的排放量/排放量减少):", ">>", "D.1.5. 酌情按照东道缔约方要求的程序,收集关于项目环境影响信息的收集和归档信息:", ">>", "D.2. 为监测数据而采取的质量控制和质量保证程序:", "数据不确定性级 解释为这些目的规划的质量保证/质量控制程序(输入数据,或说明为什么此类程序不是表和(高/中/低)是必要的。 身份证号码)", "D.3. 请说明项目运营商在实施监测计划时将采用的业务和管理结构:", ">>", "D.4. 制定监测计划的人员姓名/实体:", ">>", "节次 E. 温室气体排减量估计", "页:1 项目排放量估计数:", ">>", "E.2. 估计渗出量:", ">>", "页:1 E.1和E.2的总和:", ">>", "E.4. 估计基准排放量:", ">>", "E.5. 项目排减量的E.4.和E.3.之间的差异:", ">>", "E.6. 联合国 提供在应用上述公式时获得的数值的表格:", ">>", "F节. 环境影响", "F.1. 按照东道缔约方确定的程序分析项目环境影响,包括跨界影响的文件:", ">>", "F.2. 如果项目参与方或所在缔约方认为环境影响重大,请提供结论和所有关于按照所在缔约方规定的程序进行的环境影响评估的佐证文件的参考文献:", ">>", "G. 利益有关者的评论", "G.1. 酌情提供关于利害关系方对项目的评论的资料:", ">>", "附 录", "下表作为附件1载于联合执行项目设计书表格。 项目参与方在联合执行项目设计书表格附件2和附件3中分别提供了关于基准和监测计划的信息。", "关于项目参与者的联系信息", "组织", "街道/邮箱:", "大楼:", "城市 :", "国家/地区:", "邮政编码:", "国家 :", "电话:", "传真:", "电子邮件:", "URL :", "代表机构:", "标题 :", "问候:", "姓:", "中间名 :", "姓 :", "部门:", "电话( 直接 ):", "传真(直接):", "移动 :", "个人电子邮件:", "联合国", "2006年用于支持联合执行活动的补充资源状况", "截至2006年7月31日的捐款情况 未缴认捐款\n奥地利 1 650 0\n白俄罗斯\n比利时 10,297 0\n保加利亚\n加拿大\n捷克共和国\n丹麦\n爱沙尼亚\n欧洲共同体 0 310 559\n芬兰\n法国\n德国\n希腊\n匈牙利\n冰岛\n爱尔兰 8 075 0\n意大利\n日本\n拉脱维亚\n列支敦士登\n立陶宛\n卢森堡\n摩纳哥\n荷兰 50,229 0\n新西兰\n挪威\n北欧部长理事会 ^(b) 0 24 590\n波兰\n葡萄牙\n罗马尼亚\n俄罗斯联邦\n斯洛伐克\n斯洛文尼亚 1 907 0\n页:1\n瑞典 29 986 0\n瑞士\n乌克兰\n大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国\n共计 399 397 895 149", "注:由于汇率波动,一些捐款不同于认捐。", "^(a) 仅列出《京都议定书》缔约方。", "^(b) 北欧议会合作论坛(不是《公约》缔约方)。 理事会于2004年4月作出认捐。", "[1] 第9/CMP.1号决定,附件。", "[2] 根据第9/CMP.1号决定附件第30至45段。", "[3] 关于业务、职能和协议/决定的进一步详情也可在《气候公约》联合执行网站<http://ji.unfccc.int>上查阅。", "[4] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[5] 根据第9/CMP.1号决定附件第30至45段。", "[6] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Forms.html>和<http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Docs.html>。", "[7] 应当指出,第1/CMP.1号决定指出,缔约方就以后各承诺期进行的谈判应确保第一个承诺期和第二个承诺期之间没有差距。", "[8] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[9] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Reference/Procedures.html>。", "[10] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Reference/Procedures.html>。", "[11] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[12] 在本报告所述期间结束时,该文件正在编写之中。", "[13] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Ref/Procedures.html>。", "[14] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings/Sup_Committee/Meetings/002/index.html>。", "[15] 在本报告所述期间结束时,该文件正在编写之中。", "[16] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[17] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[18] 监委会第一次会议商定,秘书处收到的给监委会或其委员和候补委员的来文将在监委会外部网上提供。 所有这些来文都将收到标准的收讫确认。 监委会副主席将就答复问题向秘书处提供意见。", "[19] 议程、工作方案、拟议议程说明等。", "[20] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[21] 截至2006年7月31日。", "[22] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Workshop>。", "[23] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Sup_Committee/Meetings>。", "[24] 见<http://ji.unfccc.int/Workshop/Workshop/March_2006/index.html>。", "[25] 1 FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.2。", "[26] 2 FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2。", "[27] 3 FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.2。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/1/Add.130 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 3 of the Provisional Agenda", "Adoption of the agenda", "PROVISIONAL AGENDA", "Presented on recommendation by the", "Group of Governmental Experts of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons which may be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects", "Addendum", "ANNOTATIONS", "Item 1. Opening of the Third Review Conference", "1. The Third Review Conference of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects (CCW) will be opened at 10.00 a.m. on Tuesday, 7 November 2006 at Conference Room XVIII of the Palais des Nations, Geneva, Switzerland.", "Item 2. Confirmation of the nomination of the President-designate", "2. Pursuant to Rule 6 of the Draft Rules of Procedure (CCW/CONF.III/3), the Conference shall elect a President from among the States parties participating in the Conference.", "3. At the Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention on 25 November 2005, the States Parties unanimously decided to nominate Ambassador François Rivasseau of France as the President-designate of the Third Review Conference. The Review Conference will confirm this nomination.", "Item 3. Adoption of the Agenda", "4. At its final plenary meeting on 10 March 2006, the Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided to recommend for adoption by the Third Review Conference the Provisional Agenda of the Third Review Conference (CCW/CONF.III/1).", "Item 4. Adoption of the Rules of Procedure", "5. At its final plenary meeting on 10 March 2006, the Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided to recommend for adoption by the Third Review Conference the Draft Rules of Procedure of the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects. The Group agreed to apply, mutatis mutandis, the same Rules of Procedure as adopted by the Second Review Conference held from 11 to 21 December 2001, with oral amendments.", "6. In connection with the adoption of the Rules of Procedure and in accordance with past practice, the President of the Third Review Conference will make the following statement:", "“With regard to Rule 34 of the Rules of Procedure, it is affirmed that, in the deliberations and negotiations relating to the Convention and its annexed Protocols, High Contracting Parties have proceeded on the basis of consensus and no decisions have been taken by vote.”", "Item 5. Confirmation of the nomination of the Secretary-General of the Conference", "7. Upon appointment by the Secretary-General of the United Nations, at its final meeting on 10 March 2006, the Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts decided to nominate Mr. Peter Kolarov, Political Affairs Officer in the Geneva Branch of the United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, to serve as Provisional Secretary-General of the Third Review Conference on the understanding that he would perform this function until the convening of the Conference, at which time his nomination will be confirmed.", "Item 6. Organisation of work including that of the subsidiary bodies of the Conference", "8. With the adoption of the Rules of Procedure, the Review Conference will establish a General Committee, which shall be composed of the President, who shall preside, ten Vice-Presidents, and the Chairpersons of the Main Committees, the Drafting Committee as well as the Credentials Committee. The Review Conference will also establish two Main Committees, which shall receive their assignments from the Conference and report to it; the Drafting Committee, which will be composed of representatives of the same States that are represented on the General Committee; and a Credentials Committee. The Conference and the Main Committees may establish working groups.", "9. The Group of Governmental Experts has recommended to the Third Review Conference its Provisional Programme of Work, as contained in CCW/CONF.III/2. It has also proposed the following distribution of work between the two Main Committees:", "Main Committee I: Review of the scope and operation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols, consideration of any proposals relating to the Convention or to Protocols annexed to the Convention, and preparation and consideration of the final documents;", "Main Committee II: Consideration of proposals for additional Protocols to the Convention.", "10. The Group of Governmental Experts has also recommended the following documents of the two Main Committees:", "(CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4-CCW/GGE/VX/6/Add.4); and", "(CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5- CCW/GGE/VX/6/Add.5).", "11. Pursuant to Rule 36 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, the Drafting Committee shall coordinate the drafting of and edit all texts referred to it by the Conference or by a Main Committee, without altering the substance of the texts, and report to the Conference or to the Main Committee as appropriate. It should also, without reopening the substantive discussion on any matter, formulate drafts and give advice on drafting as requested by the Conference or a Main Committee. Representatives of other States may also attend the meetings of the Drafting Committee and may participate in its deliberations when matters of particular concern to them are under discussion.", "12. Pursuant to Rule 44 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, the plenary meetings of the Conference and the meetings of the Main Committees shall be held in public unless the body concerned decides otherwise, for instance for the negotiation of proposals. Furthermore, Rule 45 stipulates that as a general rule, meetings of other committees and working groups shall be held in private.", "Item 7. Election of Vice-Presidents of the Review Conference, Chairpersons and Vice-Chairpersons of the Drafting Committee, the Credentials Committee and the Main Committees", "13. In accordance with Rule 6 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, the Conference shall elect from among the States parties participating in the Conference ten Vice-Presidents as well as the Chairperson and a Vice-Chairperson for each of the Main Committees, the Drafting Committee and the Credentials Committee. These officers shall be elected so as to ensure the representative character of the General Committee provided for in Rule 10, which stipulates that the General Committee shall be composed of the President, who shall preside, ten Vice-Presidents, the Chairpersons and the Vice-Chairpersons of the Main Committees, the Drafting Committee and the Credentials Committee.", "14. The Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts addressed the issue of provisional nomination of Vice-Presidents of the Review Conference, Chairpersons and Vice-Chairpersons of the Main Committees, the Drafting Committee and the Credentials Committee and agreed to request the regional Group Coordinators and China to have a list of nominees available by the opening plenary meeting of the Third Review Conference scheduled for 7 November 2006, based on the following attribution of positions to States Parties:", "Vice-Presidents of the Review Conference: Bulgaria, China Cuba, Czech Republic, Germany, Japan, Morocco, Philippines, Poland, and Switzerland", "Main Committee I: Chairperson: Lithuania; Vice-Chairman: United States of America", "Main Committee II: Chairperson: Brazil; Vice-Chairperson: Russian Federation", "Drafting Committee: Chairperson: India; Vice-Chairperson: Israel", "Credentials Committee: Chairperson: Croatia; Vice-Chairperson: Mexico.", "Item 8. Appointment of the Credentials Committee", "15. In accordance with Rule 4 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, there shall be a Credentials Committee consisting of five members elected by the Conference on the proposal of the President. The Committee will examine the credentials of representatives and report to the Conference.", "16. The Thirteenth Session of the Group of Governmental Experts addressed the issue of provisional nomination of the members of the Credentials Committee and agreed to request the regional Group Coordinators and China to have a list of nominees available by the opening plenary meeting of the Third Review Conference scheduled for 7 November 2006, based on the following attribution of positions to States Parties: Australia, Slovakia and South Africa", "Item 9. Message from the Secretary-General of the United Nations", "17. The Secretary-General of the United Nations will transmit his message to the Third Review Conference, which will be delivered by the Director-General of the United Nations Office at Geneva, Mr. Sergei Ordzhonikidze.", "Item 10. Submission of the report of the Group of Governmental Experts", "18. The Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention decided at its final plenary meeting on 25 November 2005 that all necessary preparations for the Third Review Conference are undertaken within the framework of the existing Group of Governmental Experts. The work of the Group of Governmental Experts was undertaken in three sessions at Geneva during 2006 (6 – 10 March; 19 – 23 June; and 28 August – 6 September 2006). The President-designate of the Third Review Conference, Ambassador François Rivasseau of France, will present the report (CCW/CONF.III/7 and addenda) of the work of the Group of Governmental Experts to the Review Conference for its consideration.", "Item 11. General exchange of views (Plenary)", "19. Pursuant to the Provisional Programme of Work of the Third Review Conference, the general exchange of views will take place during the plenary meetings to be held on 7 and 8 November (possible high-level segment) and thereafter at any time the President of the Conference will deem it necessary.", "20. Pursuant to Rule 49 (2) of the Draft Rules of Procedure, representatives of non-governmental organisations may make oral statements in plenary meetings on questions in which they have a special competence, upon the invitation of the presiding officer of the plenary and subject to the approval of that body. In accordance with the Provisional Programme of Work of the Third Review Conference a plenary meeting on 8 November 2006 has been envisaged for that purpose as well.", "21. To mark the entry into force of CCW Protocol V on Explosive Remnants of War, a special plenary meeting (possible high-level segment and NGO statements) is scheduled for 13 November in the morning.", "Item 12. Review of the scope and operation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols", "22. Following the decision of the Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention as stipulated in Part II, Final Declaration, under “Review of the Articles, Article 8 (Review and amendments)” of its Final Document (CCW/CONF.II/2) “to convene a further conference five years following the entry into force of the amendments adopted at the Second Review Conference, but in any case not later than 2006, with preparatory meetings starting as early as 2005, if necessary”, the Meeting of the States Parties to the Convention in its final plenary meeting on 25 November 2005 decided to convene the Third Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention from 7 to 17 November 2006 at Geneva in conjunction with the Eighth Annual Conference of the States Parties to Amended Protocol II.", "23. At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly of the United Nations, in its resolution 60/93 of 6 January 2006, inter alia, recalled the decision of the Second Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention to convene a further conference not later than 2006, requested that the Review Conference be held in November 2006 in Geneva and be preceded by as many preparatory meetings as deemed necessary by the States parties, and also requested the Meeting of the States Parties on 24 and 25 November 2005 to take a final decision on these matters. Furthermore, the General Assembly noted that in conformity with article 8 of the Convention, the Third Review Conference may consider any proposal for amendments to the Convention or the Protocols thereto as well as any proposal for additional protocols relating to other categories of conventional weapons not covered by existing protocols to the Convention. The General Assembly also requested that the Third Review Conference and its preparatory meetings exert maximum effort to promote universalization of the Convention, as amended, and of all Protocols thereto, including through the holding of regional conferences and seminars.", "Item 13. Consideration of any proposal for the Convention and its existing Protocols", "24. Pursuant to Rule 29 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, the draft proposals submitted to the Conference by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/7 and addenda) shall constitute the basic proposals for consideration by the Conference.", "25. In accordance with Rule 30 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, other proposals and substantive amendments shall normally be introduced in writing and handed to the Secretary-General of the Conference, who shall circulate copies to all delegations in the languages of the Conference. As a general rule, proposal shall be discussed or put to a decision only when copies of it have been circulated to all delegations in their respective working languages not later than the day preceding the meeting.", "Item 14. Consideration of proposals for additional protocols to the Convention", "26. Pursuant to Rule 29 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, the draft proposals submitted to the Conference by the Group of Governmental Experts (CCW/CONF.III/7 and addenda) shall constitute the basic proposals for consideration by the Conference.", "27. In accordance with Rule 30 of the Draft Rules of Procedure, other proposals and substantive amendments shall normally be introduced in writing and handed to the Secretary-General of the Conference, who shall circulate copies to all delegations in the languages of the Conference. As a general rule, proposal shall be discussed or put to a decision only when copies of it have been circulated to all delegations in their respective working languages not later than the day preceding the meeting.", "Item 15. Report of the Credentials Committee", "28. The Conference shall approve the Report of the Credentials Committee.", "Item 16. Reports of the Main Committees", "29. The Conference shall take note of the Reports of the Main Committees.", "Item 17. Report of the Drafting Committee", "30. The Conference shall take note of the report of the Drafting Committee.", "Item 18. Consideration and adoption of the final documents", "31. The Conference shall consider and adopt the final documents under this item.", "Item 19. Other matters", "32. Any other matters may be raised as the situation warrants." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目3", "通过议程", "临 时 议 程", "根据《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或 滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 缔约国政府专家小组的建议提交", "增 编", "说 明", "项目1. 第三次审查会议开幕", "1. 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议将于2006年11月7日星期二上午10时在瑞士日内瓦万国宫第十八会议室开幕。", "项目2. 确认候任主席的任命", "2. 议事规则草案(CCW/CONF.III/3)第6条规定，会议应从与会缔约国中选举一名主席。", "3. 在2005年11月25日《公约》缔约国会议上，缔约国一致决定任命法国大使弗朗索瓦·里瓦索先生为第三次审查会议的候任主席。审查会议将确任这一任命。", "项目3. 通过议程", "4. 在2006年3月10日最后一次全体会议上，政府专家小组第十三届会议决定建议第三次审查会议通过CCW/CONF.III/1号文件所载的第三次审查会议临时议程。", "项目4. 通过议事规则", "5. 在2006年3月10日最后一次全体会议上，政府专家小组第十三届会议决定建议第三次审查会议通过《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议议事规则草案。同意比照适用经口头修正后的2001年12月11日至21日举行的第二次审查会议所通过的议事规则。", "6. 在通过议事规则一事上，按照以往的惯例，第三次审查会议主席将作如下的声明：", "“关于议事规则第34条，要申明的是，在与《公约》及其所附各议定书有关的审议和谈判过程中，各缔约方在协商一致的基础上行事，没有以投票方式作出决定。”", "项目5. 确认会议秘书长的任命", "7. 在2006年3月10日最后一次会议上，政府专家小组第十三届会议根据联合国秘书长的任命，决定提名联合国裁军事务部日内瓦办事处政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生担任第三次审查会议临时秘书长，但有一项理解是，他将在审查会议召开之前担任此一职务，而审查会议召开后将确认此一任命。", "项目6. 安排工作，包括会议各附属机构的工作", "8. 议事规则通过后，审查会议将设立一个由会议主席主持的总务委员会，其成员包括会议主席、十名副主席、两个主要委员会的主席、起草委员会主席和全权证书委员会主席。审查会议还将设立：两个主要委员会，负责执行会议分派的任务并向会议提出报告；起草委员会，由在总务委员会中派有代表的国家的代表组成；以及全权证书委员会。会议和各主要委员会可设立工作组。", "9. 政府专家小组向第三次审查会议建议了CCW/CONF.III/2号文件所载的临时工作计划。它还建议两个主要委员会分工如下：", "第一主要委员会：审查《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况；审议关于《公约》或《公约》所附议定书的任何提案；编写和审议最后文件；", "第二主要委员会：审议关于《公约》新增议定书的提案。", "10. 政府专家小组还建议了两个主要委员会的下列文件：", "11. 根据议事规则草案第36条，起草委员会应协调起草和编辑会议或某一主要委员会交付给它的所有案文，而不对案文的内容作出更改，并酌情向会议或主要委员会报告。它还应根据会议或某一主要委员会的要求拟订草案，并对起草工作提出建议，但不对任何问题重开实质性的讨论。其他国家的代表也可出席起草委员会的会议，并可在讨论同它们特别有关的问题时参加这些讨论。", "12. 根据议事规则草案第44条，会议的全体会议和各主要委员会的会议应公开举行，除非有关机构另有决定，例如为了谈判提案而另有决定。此外，第45条规定，在一般情况下，其他委员会和工作组的会议应为非公开会议(第45条)。", "项目7. 选举审查会议的副主席以及起草委员会、全权证书委员会和各主要委员会的主席和副主席", "13. 根据议事规则草案第6条，会议应从参加会议的缔约国中选出十名副主席以及两个主要委员会、起草委员会和全权证书委员会的主席和副主席各一名。这些主席团成员的选举应确保第10条规定的总务委员会的代表性。第10条规定，总务委员应由会议主席、十名副主席、两个主要委员会的主席、起草委员会和全权证书委员会的主席组成，总务委员会由会议主席主持。", "14. 政府专家小组第十三届会议讨论了审查会议各副主席以及各主要委员会、起草委员会和全权证书委员会主席和副主席的临时任命问题，并一致同意请各集团协调员和中国在预定于2006年11月7日举行的第三次审查会议第一次全体会议之前，按以下所列的缔约国出任有关职位的办法，提出一份人选名单：", "审查会议副主席： 保加利亚、中国、古巴、捷克共和国、德国、日本、摩洛哥、菲律宾、波兰和瑞士", "第一主要委员会：主席：立陶宛；副主席：美利坚合众国", "第二主要委员会：主席：巴西；副主席：俄罗斯联邦", "起草委员会：主席：印度；副主席：以色列", "全权证书委员会：主席：克罗地亚；副主席：墨西哥", "项目8. 任命全权证书委员会", "15. 根据议事规则草案第4条，会议应根据会议主席的提议选举五名成员组成全权证书委员会。全权证书委员会将审查代表的全权证书并向会议报告。", "16. 政府专家小组第十三届会议讨论了全权证书委员会成员的临时任命问题，并一致同意请各集团协调员和中国在预定于2006年11月7日举行的第三次审查会议第一次全体会议之前，按以下所列的缔约国出任有关职位的办法，提出一份人选名单：澳大利亚、斯洛伐克和南非。", "项目9. 联合国秘书长的贺词", "17. 联合国秘书长将向第三次审查会议致词，由联合国日内瓦办事处主任谢尔盖·奥尔忠尼启则先生宣读。", "项目10. 提交政府专家小组的报告", "18. 《公约》缔约国会议在2005年11月25日最后一次全体会议上决定在现有政府专家小组的框架内为第三次审查会议进行一切必要的筹备。政府专家小组在2006年于日内瓦举行了三届会议(2006年3月6日至10日、6月19日至23日和8月28日至9月6日)，进行了有关的工作。第三次审查会议候任主席法国大使弗朗索瓦·里瓦索将把政府专家小组的工作报告(CCW/CONF.III/7和增编)提交审查会议审议。", "项目11. 一般性意见交换(全体会议)", "19. 根据第三次审查会议临时工作计划，一般性意见交换将在11月7日和8日举行的全体会议上进行(也许有高级别官员发言)，其后将在会议主席认为必要时随时举行。", "20. 根据议事规则草案第49条第2款，非政府组织的代表可在全体会议主持者的邀请下并经该机构同意，在全体会议上就其特别擅长的问题进行口头发言。根据第三次审查会议临时工作计划，定于2006年11月8日也为此目的举行一次全体会议。", "21. 为了庆祝《特定常规武器公约》的《战争遗留爆炸物议定书》(第五号议定书)生效，定于11月13日上午举行一次特别全体会议(也许有高级别官员和非政府组织发言)。", "项目12. 审查《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况", "22. 《公约》缔约国第二次审查会议在其《最后文件》(CCW/CONF.II/2)的第二部分(即《最后宣言》)“对条文的审查，第八条(审查和修正)”一节内决定“在第二次审查会议通过的修正生效后五年再召开一次会议，但无论如何至迟于2006年召开此一会议，必要时，可提前于2005年开始举行筹备会议”。根据这一决定，《公约》缔约国会议在2005年11月25日最后一次全体会议上决定于2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦举行《公约》缔约国第三次审查会议，该会议将与经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议一同举行。", "23. 联合国大会第六十届会议在2006年1月6日第60/93号决议中特别回顾《公约》缔约国第二次审查会议决定最迟在2006年再举行一次会议，要求审查会议于2006年11月在日内瓦举行，在此之前召开筹备会议，筹备会议次数不限，以缔约国认为有必要为准，并要求2005年11月24日和25日举行的缔约国会议就这些事项作出最后决定。此外，大会还指出，根据《公约》第八条，第三次审查会议可审议对《公约》或其所附议定书提出的任何修正案以及就《公约》现有议定书未包括的其他类别常规武器提出的任何新增议定书提案。大会还请第三次审查会议及其筹备会议作出最大努力，通过召开区域会议和讨论会等做法，推动各国普遍加入经修正后的《公约》及其所有议定书。", "项目13. 审议任何关于《公约》及其现有议定书的提案", "24. 根据议事规则草案第29条，政府专家小组向会议提出的提案草案(CCW/CONF.III/7和增编)应作为会议审议的基本提案。", "25. 根据议事规则草案第30条，其他提案和实质性修正案通常应以书面形式提交会议秘书长，他应以会议所用语文将副本分发给各代表团。一般情况下，除非至迟已在会议的前一天以各国代表团各自所用的工作语文将副本分发给它们，否则不应对提案进行讨论或付诸决定。", "项目14. 审议关于《公约》新增议定书的提案", "26. 根据议事规则草案第29条，政府专家小组向会议提出的提案草案(CCW/CONF.III/7和增编)应作为会议审议的基本提案。", "27. 根据议事规则草案第30条，其他提案和实质性修正案通常应以书面形式提交会议秘书长，他应以会议所用语文将副本分发给各代表团。一般情况下，除非至迟已在会议的前一天以各国代表团各自所用的工作语文将副本分发给它们，否则不应对提案进行讨论或付诸决定。", "项目15. 全权证书委员会的报告", "28. 会议应核准全权证书委员会的报告。", "项目16. 各主要委员会的报告", "29. 会议应注意到各主要委员会的报告。", "项目17. 起草委员会的报告", "30. 会议应注意到起草委员会的报告。", "项目18. 审议和通过最后文件", "31. 会议应在本项目下审议和通过最后文件。", "项目19. 其他事项", "32. 可根据情况提出任何其他事项。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议 原文:英文 联合国", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目3", "通过议程", "临时议程", "根据小组委员会的建议提交", "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国政府专家小组", "增编", "说明", "项目1. 第三次审查会议开幕", "1. 联合国 《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》(《特定常规武器公约》)缔约国第三次审查会议将于2006年11月7日星期二上午10时在瑞士日内瓦万国宫第十八会议室举行。", "项目2. 确认候任主席的提名", "2. 根据议事规则草案(CCW/CONF.III/3)第6条,会议应从参加会议的缔约国中选举主席一人。", "3个 在2005年11月25日《公约》缔约国会议上,缔约国一致决定提名法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使为第三次审查会议候任主席。 审查会议将确认这一提名。", "项目3. 通过议程", " 4.四. 在2006年3月10日最后一次全体会议上,政府专家小组第十三届会议决定建议第三次审查会议通过第三次审查会议的临时议程(CCW/CONF.III/1)。", "项目4. 通过议事规则", "5 (韩语). 在2006年3月10日最后一次全体会议上,政府专家小组第十三届会议决定建议第三次审查会议通过《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议的议事规则草案。 工作组同意比照适用2001年12月11日至21日举行的第二次审查会议所通过、经口头修正的议事规则。", "6. 国家 关于议事规则的通过并依照惯例,第三次审查会议主席将作如下发言:", "“关于议事规则第34条,兹申明,在与《公约》及其所附议定书有关的审议和谈判中,各缔约方是在协商一致的基础上进行的,没有以表决方式作出决定。 “", "项目5. 确认会议秘书长的任命", "7. 联合国 政府专家小组第十三届会议经联合国秘书长于2006年3月10日最后一次会议上任命后,决定提名联合国裁军事务部日内瓦办事处政治事务干事彼得·科拉罗夫先生出任第三次审查会议临时秘书长,但有一项谅解,即他将履行这一职能,直至会议召开时为止,届时将确认他的提名。", "项目6. 工作安排,包括会议附属机构的工作安排", "8. 联合国 4. 议事规则通过后,审查会议将设立一个总务委员会,由会议主席、十名副主席、各主要委员会主席、起草委员会主席以及全权证书委员会主席组成。 审查会议还将设立两个主要委员会,接受会议指派的任务并向大会提出报告;起草委员会由出席总务委员会的同样国家的代表组成;并设立一个全权证书委员会。 会议和各主要委员会可设立工作组。", "9. 国家 政府专家小组向第三次审查会议提出了载于CCW/CONF.III/2号文件的临时工作计划。 它还提议两个主要委员会之间的工作分配如下:", "主要委员会 审查《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况,审议与《公约》或《公约》所附议定书有关的任何提案,并编写和审议最后文件;", "主要委员会 二:审议关于《公约》附加议定书的提案。", "10个 政府专家组还提出了两个主要委员会的下列文件:", "(CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.4-CCW/GGE/VX/6/Add.4);", "(CCW/CONF.III/7/Add.5-CCW/GGE/VX/6/Add.5)。", "11个 根据议事规则草案第36条,起草委员会应协调起草和编辑会议或主要委员会提交的所有案文,但不改变案文的实质内容,并酌情向会议或主要委员会提出报告。 委员会还应在不就任何事项重开实质性讨论的情况下,按照会议或主要委员会的要求拟订草案并就起草工作提供建议。 其他国家的代表也可出席起草委员会的会议并可在讨论同它们特别有关的事项时参加其审议。", "12. 根据议事规则草案第44条,会议的全体会议和各主要委员会的会议应公开举行,除非有关机构另有决定,例如就提案的谈判另有决定。 此外,第45条规定,作为一般规则,其他委员会和工作组的会议应非公开举行。", "项目7. 选举审查会议副主席、起草委员会、全权证书委员会和各主要委员会的主席和副主席", "13个 根据议事规则草案第6条,会议应从参加会议的缔约国中选出十名副主席以及各主要委员会、起草委员会和全权证书委员会的主席和副主席。 主席团成员的选举应确保第10条规定的总务委员会的代表性,该条规定总务委员会由会议主席、十名副主席、各主要委员会、起草委员会和全权证书委员会的主席和副主席组成。", "14个 政府专家小组第十三届会议讨论了临时提名审查会议副主席、各主要委员会、起草委员会和全权证书委员会主席和副主席的问题,并商定请各区域组协调员和中国在定于2006年11月7日举行的第三次审查会议开幕全体会议上,根据缔约国职位的下列分配,提供一份被提名人名单:", "审查会议副主席:保加利亚、中国、古巴、捷克共和国、德国、日本、摩洛哥、菲律宾、波兰和瑞士", "主要委员会 一:主席:立陶宛;副主席:美利坚合众国", "主要委员会 二:主席:巴西;副主席: 俄罗斯联邦", "起草委员会:主席:印度; 副主席: 以色列", "全权证书委员会:主席:克罗地亚;副主席:墨西哥。", "项目8. 任命全权证书委员会", "15个 根据议事规则草案第4条,全权证书委员会由会议根据主席提议选出的五名成员组成。 委员会将审查代表的全权证书并向缔约方会议提出报告。", "16号. 政府专家小组第十三届会议讨论了临时提名全权证书委员会成员的问题,并商定请区域组协调员和中国在定于2006年11月7日举行的第三次审查会议开幕全体会议上,根据下列缔约国职位的归属情况,提供一份被提名人名单:澳大利亚、斯洛伐克和南非。", "项目9. 联合国秘书长的贺词", "17岁。 联合国秘书长将向由联合国日内瓦办事处总干事谢尔盖·奥尔忠尼启则先生宣读的第三次审查会议致词。", "项目10 提交政府专家小组的报告", "18岁。 公约缔约国会议在2005年11月25日最后一次全体会议上决定,第三次审查会议的所有必要筹备工作都是在现有政府专家组的框架内进行的。 2006年(3月6日至10日;6月19日至23日;8月28日至9月6日),政府专家小组在日内瓦举行了三届会议。 第三次审查会议候任主席、法国的弗朗索瓦·里瓦索大使将向审查会议提交政府专家小组的工作报告(CCW/CONF.III/7和增编),供其审议。", "项目11 一般性交换意见(全体会议)", " 19. 19. 根据第三次审查会议临时工作计划,一般性意见交换将在11月7日和8日举行的全体会议(可能举行的高级别会议)期间进行,此后会议主席将认为有必要在任何时候进行。", "20. 根据议事规则草案第49条第2款,非政府组织代表可应全体会议主持者的邀请,在全体会议上就他们具有特别专长的问题作口头发言,但须经该机构批准。 根据第三次审查会议临时工作计划,还设想为此于2006年11月8日举行一次全体会议。", "21岁 为纪念《特定常规武器公约》关于战争遗留爆炸物的第五号议定书生效,定于11月13日上午举行一次特别全体会议(可能举行的高级别会议和非政府组织发言)。", "项目12 审查《公约》及其所附议定书的范围和实施情况", "22号. 根据《公约》缔约国第二次审查会议最后文件(CCW/CONF.II/2)第二部分(《最后宣言》)“审查条款、第八条(审查和修正)”的规定,“在第二次审查会议通过的修正案生效后五年内再召开一次会议,但无论如何不迟于2006年举行筹备会议,必要时尽早从2005年开始”,2005年11月25日《公约》缔约国会议在最后一次全体会议上决定结合经修正后的第二号议定书缔约国第八届年度会议,于2006年11月7日至17日在日内瓦举行公约缔约国第三次审查会议。", "23. 联合国 1. 联合国大会第六十届会议在2006年1月6日第60/93号决议中,除其他外,回顾《公约》缔约国第二次审议大会决定至迟于2006年再召开一次会议,要求审查会议于2006年11月在日内瓦举行并在此之前召开缔约国认为必要的筹备会议,又请缔约国会议于2005年11月24日和25日就这些事项作出最后决定。 此外,大会指出,根据《公约》第8条,第三次审查会议可审议对《公约》或其《议定书》提出的任何修正提案,并审议与《公约》现有议定书未涵盖的其他类别常规武器有关的附加议定书提案。 大会还请第三次审查会议及其筹备会议尽最大努力,包括通过举行区域会议和研讨会,促进普遍加入经修正的《公约》及其所有议定书。", "项目13 审议关于《公约》及其现有议定书的任何提案", "24 (韩语). 根据议事规则草案第29条,政府专家小组提交会议的建议草案(CCW/CONF.III/7和增编)将构成供会议审议的基本提案。", "25岁 按照议事规则草案第30条,其他提案和实质性修正案通常应以书面形式提出并交给会议秘书长,由他以会议语文将复制本分送各代表团。 作为一项通则,提案只应在不迟于会议前一天以各代表团各自的工作语文分发给各代表团后,再加以讨论或作出决定。", "项目14 审议关于《公约》附加议定书的提案", "26. 联合国 根据议事规则草案第29条,政府专家小组提交会议的建议草案(CCW/CONF.III/7和增编)将构成供会议审议的基本提案。", "27个 按照议事规则草案第30条,其他提案和实质性修正案通常应以书面形式提出并交给会议秘书长,由他以会议语文将复制本分送各代表团。 作为一项通则,提案只应在不迟于会议前一天以各代表团各自的工作语文分发给各代表团后,再加以讨论或作出决定。", "项目15 全权证书委员会的报告", "28岁 会议应核准全权证书委员会的报告。", "项目16. 各主要委员会的报告", "29. 国家 会议应注意到各主要委员会的报告。", "项目17 起草委员会的报告", "30岁。 会议应注意到起草委员会的报告。", "项目18 审议并通过最后文件", "31岁 会议应审议和通过本项目下的最后文件。", "项目19 其他事项", "32. 联合国 任何其他事项可根据情况需要提出。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/830 October 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "Item 13 of the provisional agenda", "Consideration of any proposal for", "the Convention and its existing Protocols", "DRAFT DECISION ON COMPLIANCE[1]", "Presented by the President-designate", "DECISION ON A COMPLIANCE MECHANISM APPLICABLE TO THE CONVENTION ON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONS ON THE USE OF CERTAIN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BE DEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELY INJURIOUS OR TO HAVE INDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS", "PART I", "1. With a view of ensuring compliance the High Contracting Parties undertake to consult each other and to co-operate with each other bilaterally, through the Secretary-General of the United Nations, or through other appropriate international procedures, regarding any concerns which relate to the fulfilment of their legal obligations or to resolve any issue that may arise with regard to the interpretation and application of the provisions of this Convention and any of its annexed Protocols by which they are bound.", "2. For this purpose, the Secretary General is requested to convene a separate Meeting of the High Contracting Parties within one year, in the context of other meetings of the High Contracting Parties to the Convention or its annexed Protocols. Subsequent meetings could be held as agreed by the High Contracting Parties.", "3. Participation in the Meeting shall be determined following the Rules of Procedure of the Third Review Conference, applied mutatis mutandis.", "4. The work of the Meeting will include:", "(a) Review of the operation and status of the Convention and its annexed Protocols;", "(b) Consideration of matters arising from the information provided by the High Contracting Parties according to paragraph 5 of Part I of this Decision;", "(c) Preparation for the next review conference;", "(d) Consideration of international co-operation and assistance to facilitate the implementation of the Convention and its annexed Protocols; and", "(e) Consideration and undertaking of any additional actions that may be required for the achievement of the objectives of the Convention and its annexed Protocols.", "5. The High Contracting Parties will provide information to the Secretary General in advance of the Meeting, which will be circulated by the Secretary General to all the High Contracting Parties, on any of the following matters:", "(a) Dissemination of information on the Convention and its annexed Protocols to their armed forces and to the civilian population;", "(b) Steps taken to meet the relevant technical requirements of the Convention and its annexed Protocols and any other relevant information pertaining thereto;", "(c) Legislation related to the Convention and annexed Protocols;", "(d) Measures taken on technical co-operation and assistance; and", "(e) Other relevant matters.", "6. The cost of the Meeting of the High Contracting Parties shall be borne by the High Contracting Parties and States not parties participating in the work of the Meeting, in accordance with the United Nations scale of assessment adjusted appropriately.", "PART II", "7. Each High Contracting Party will take all appropriate steps, including legislative and other measures, to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention and any of its annexed Protocols by which it is bound by persons or on territory under its jurisdiction or control.", "8. The measures envisaged in paragraph 7 of Part II of this Decision include, where necessary, appropriate measures to ensure the imposition of penal sanctions against persons who, in relation to an armed conflict and in contravention of the prohibitions imposed by the Convention and its annexed Protocols, willfully kill or cause serious injury to civilians, and to bring such persons to justice.", "9. Each High Contracting Party shall also require that its armed forces issue relevant military instructions and operating procedures and that armed forces personnel receive training commensurate with their duties and responsibilities to comply with the provisions of the Convention and any of its annexed Protocols by which it is bound.", "10. A pool of experts is hereby established. Each High Contracting Party may provide one expert per field of application of the annexed Protocols to the Convention to be included into the pool. Any expert included in the pool shall be of acknowledged impartiality and recognized technical, legal or other appropriate competence.", "11. The High Contracting Parties invite the Secretary-General of the United Nations to prepare and update a list containing the names, nationalities and other relevant data of the experts included into the pool and communicate it to the High Contracting Parties.", "12. Any High Contracting Party may seek assistance from the pool of experts regarding any concerns which relates to the fulfilment of its own legal obligations under the provisions of the Convention and any of its annexed Protocols by which it is bound.", "13. For that purpose, the High Contracting Parties invite the Secretary-General to select, in consultation with the High Contracting Party concerned and on a case by case basis, an expert or a group of experts from the pool, who will consider any concern mentioned in paragraph 12 of Part II of this Decision. In the selection of experts the Secretary-General shall give particular consideration to their appropriate competence, as well as to equitable geographical distribution.", "14. The expert or experts selected shall fulfill their duties in their personal capacity according to the terms of reference of their mission.", "15. The expert or experts selected shall submit to the High Contracting Party concerned and to the Secretary-General the report containing his or their views and possible recommendations on the issue raised by the High Contracting Party concerned. Upon request by a High Contracting Party, the Secretary General shall communicate the report to this High Contracting Party.", "16. The costs of the work undertaken and expertise conducted by the expert or experts selected shall be borne by the High Contracting Party concerned or through voluntary contributions.", "17. The provisions contained in this Decision shall not prejudice any possible future provisions on compliance to be decided upon by the High Contracting Parties.", "18. Upon its adoption, this decision will apply to all High Contracting Parties to the Convention and its annexed Protocols. States not parties to the Convention shall be informed by the Secretary-General of the United Nations of this decision and its operation for the benefit of all High Contracting Parties. This decision is intended to complement, but not to substitute the existing relevant provisions on compliance contained in Protocols annexed to the Convention.", "[1] Amendments to the previous version of this proposal (as contained in CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2) appear underlined." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "临时议程项目13", "审议任何关于《公约》及其 现有议定书的提案", "关于遵约的决定草案 [1]", "候任主席提出", "关于《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分 伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》 适用的遵约机制的决定", "第 一 部 分", "1. 为了确保遵守，各缔约方承诺，针对与履行其法律义务有关的任何关注，或为解决在《公约》及对缔约方具有约束力的任何所附议定书条款的解释和适用上可能产生的任何问题而通过双边方式、联合国秘书长或其他适当国际程序彼此进行协商与合作。", "2. 为此目的，请秘书长在一年内趁举行《公约》或其所附议定书缔约方其他会议之便，单独召开一次缔约方会议。其后的会议可由缔约方商定后举行。", "3. 会议的参加应比照适用第三次审查会议的议事规则行事。", "4. 会议的工作将包括：", "(a) 审查《公约》及其所附议定书的实施情况和现况；", "(b) 审议各缔约方根据本决定第一部分第5段提交的资料所引起的事项；", "(c) 筹备下一次审查会议；", "(d) 审议旨在促进执行《公约》及其所附议定书的国际合作与援助；以及", "(e) 审议并采取为实现《公约》及其所附议定书的目标所需的任何其他活动。", "5. 各缔约方将在每届会议举行之前向秘书长提交关于下列任何事项的资料，而秘书长应将这些资料分发给所有缔约方：", "(a) 向其武装部队和平民群体传播有关《公约》及其所附议定书的资料；", "(b) 为满足《公约》及其所附议定书的相关技术要求而采取的步骤和任何其他有关资料；", "(c) 与《公约》及其所附议定书有关的立法；", "(d) 就技术合作与援助采取的措施；以及", "(e) 其他有关事项。", "6. 缔约方会议的费用应由各缔约方和参加会议工作的非缔约国按照经过适当调整的联合国会费分摊比额表分摊。", "第 二 部 分", "7. 每一缔约方将采取一切适当步骤，包括立法及其他措施，以防止和制止其管辖或控制下的个人违反《公约》及对该缔约方具有约束力的任何所附议定书或在其管辖或控制下的领土上违反《公约》及对该缔约方具有约束力的任何所附议定书。", "8. 本决定第二部分第7段所指的措施在必要时，包括为了确保对违反《公约》及其所附议定书的禁止规定在与武装冲突有关的情况下故意造成平民死亡或使平民受到严重伤害的个人进行刑事制裁和将其绳之以法而采取的适当措施。", "9. 每一缔约方还应要求其武装部队发布有关的军事指令和作业程序，并要求武装部队人员接受与其任务和职责相称的培训，以期遵守《公约》及对该缔约方具有约束力的任何所附议定书的规定。", "10. 为此建立一个专家人才库。每一缔约方可就《公约》所附议定书每一适用领域提名一位专家，供列入人才库。任何列入人才库的专家均应具有公认的公正性和得到承认的技术、法律或其他适当才能。", "11. 缔约方请联合国秘书长编制和更新一份载有人才库所列专家姓名、国籍和其他相关资料的名单，并通报各缔约方。", "12. 任何缔约方，可针对与履行其在《公约》及对其具有约束力的任何所附议定书条款之下的法律义务有关的任何关注而向专家人才库寻求帮助。", "13. 为此目的，缔约方请秘书长与有关缔约方协商，在个案基础上，从人才库中挑选一名或一组专家来审议本决定第二部分第12段所指的任何关注。在挑选专家时，秘书长应特别考虑专家的恰当才能以及公平地域分配。", "14. 选定的专家应以个人身份按照其任务授权履行其职责。", "15. 选定的专家应向有关缔约方和秘书长提交报告，其中载列其对有关缔约方所提出的问题的意见和可能的建议。秘书长应根据一缔约方的要求，向该缔约方提供该报告。", "16. 选定的专家进行工作和提供专门知识的费用应由有关缔约方承担或由自愿捐款支付。", "17. 本决定所载的规定不影响缔约方未来就遵约问题可能作出的任何规定。", "18. 本决定一经通过，即适用于《公约》及其所附议定书的所有缔约方。为所有缔约方的利益，联合国秘书长应将本决定及其实施情况通报非《公约》缔约国。本决定旨在补充而非替代《公约》所附议定书中现有的相关遵约规定。", "[1] 对本提案的前一版本(载于CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2)所作的修改以下划线表示。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议 原文:英文 联合国", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "临时议程项目13", "二. 审议任何关于", "及其现有议定书", "关于遵约的决定草案 [1]", "候任主席提交", "关于《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力 或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》适用的遵约机制的决定", "第一编", "1. 联合国 为确保遵约,各缔约方承诺就与履行其法律义务有关的任何关切,通过双边方式、联合国秘书长或其他适当的国际程序,彼此进行协商并进行合作,或解决在解释和适用本公约及其所附对其具有约束力的任何议定书的规定方面可能出现的任何问题。", "2. 联合国 为此目的,请秘书长结合《公约》或其所附议定书缔约方的其他会议,在一年内再召开一次缔约国会议。 随后的会议可按缔约方的协议举行。", "3个 会议的参加应按照比照适用的第三次审查会议议事规则确定。", " 4.四. 会议的工作将包括:", "审查《公约》及其所附议定书的实施情况和现况;", "审议缔约方根据本决定第一部分第5段所提供资料引起的事项;", "(c) 筹备下一次审查会议;", "审议促进执行《公约》及其所附议定书的国际合作和援助;", "审议并采取为实现《公约》及其所附议定书的目标而可能需要的任何其他行动。", "5 (韩语). 各缔约方将在会议之前就下列任何事项向秘书长提供情况,秘书长将将其分发给所有缔约方:", "向其武装部队和平民传播有关《公约》及其所附议定书的资料;", "(b) 为满足《公约》及其所附议定书的有关技术要求而采取的步骤和任何其他有关资料;", "与《公约》及其所附议定书有关的立法;", "(d) 在技术合作与援助方面采取的措施;", "(e) 其他有关事项。", "6. 国家 1. 缔约国会议的费用由各缔约方和参加会议工作的非缔约国按照经适当调整的联合国会费分摊比额表分摊。", "第二编", "7. 联合国 1. 每一缔约方将采取一切适当步骤,包括立法和其他措施,以防止和制止其受其管辖或控制的个人违反《公约》及其所附任何议定书的行为。", "8. 联合国 本决定第二部分第7段设想的措施包括必要时采取适当措施,确保对那些因武装冲突而违反《公约》及其所附议定书所禁止的规定而故意杀害或严重伤害平民的人实行刑事制裁,并将这些人绳之以法。", "9. 国家 每一缔约方还应要求其武装部队发布有关军事指示和作业程序,并要求武装部队人员接受与其任务和责任相适应的培训,以遵守对其有约束力的《公约》及其所附任何议定书的规定。", "10个 兹设立专家库。 每一缔约方可提供一名专家,供列入人才库,供《公约》所附议定书的每个适用领域使用。 列入人才库的任何专家应具有公认的公正性和公认的技术、法律或其他适当能力。", "11个 缔约方请联合国秘书长编制并更新一份清单,列出列入人才库的专家的姓名、国籍和其他有关数据,并送交缔约方。", "12个 1. 任何缔约方可就与履行《公约》及其所附对其有约束力的任何议定书的规定之下的法律义务有关的任何关切向专家库寻求援助。", "13个 为此目的,缔约方请秘书长同有关缔约方协商,逐一从人才库中挑选一名或一组专家,负责审议本决定第二部分第12段所指出的任何关切。 在甄选专家时,秘书长应特别考虑到专家的适当能力以及公平地域分配。", "14个 被选定的专家应以个人身份根据其任务的职权范围履行职责。", "15个 选定的专家应向有关缔约方和秘书长提交载有其对有关缔约方提出的问题的看法和可能建议的报告。 经一缔约方请求,秘书长应将报告送交该缔约方。", "16号. 2. 选定的专家所开展工作和专长的费用由有关缔约方负担或通过自愿捐款支付。", "17岁。 本决定所载规定不影响缔约方今后可能决定的关于遵约的任何规定。", "18岁。 本决定一经通过,将适用于《公约》及其所附议定书的所有缔约方。 联合国秘书长应向非《公约》缔约国的国家通报本决定及其实施情况,以造福所有缔约方。 本决定旨在补充而不是取而代之的是《公约》所附议定书所载关于遵约的现有相关条款。", "[1] 对本提案上一稿(载于CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2)的修正以下划线标出。" ]

[ "THIRD REVIEW CONFERENCE OF THESTATES PARTIES TO THE CONVENTIONON PROHIBITIONS OR RESTRICTIONSON THE USE OF CERTAINCONVENTIONAL WEAPONS WHICH MAY BEDEEMED TO BE EXCESSIVELYINJURIOUS OR TO HAVEINDISCRIMINATE EFFECTS CCW/CONF.III/WP.51 November 2006Original: ENGLISH", "Geneva, 7-17 November 2006", "EUROPEAN UNION COMMENTS ON THE REPORT BY THE COORDINATOR AND THE CHAIRPERSON OF THE MEETINGS OF MILITARY EXPERTS ON THE WORK IN 2006 ON MOTAPM", "Presented by Finland", "Introduction", "1. The European Union (EU) is very grateful for the efforts of the Coordinator on MOTAPM, Ambassador Carlos Antonio da Rocha Paranhos of Brazil, and, in particular, for the hard work he and his team did during the last session.", "2. The European Union takes this opportunity to reaffirm its support to the President-designate’s request to the Coordinator, the Chairperson of the Meeting of Military Experts, General Gerson Menandro Garcia de Freitas, and the Coordinator’s whole team to continue to coordinate the MOTAPM process in the run-up to the Review Conference. The EU considers very important that the discussions and decisions to be taken on MOTAPM at the Review Conference be actively and carefully prepared under the Coordinator’s able guidance. For its part, the EU is able and willing to engage in these preparations on the basis of the positions which the EU has stated at the previous CCW meetings and outlined in more detail in previous comments by the EU to the Coordinator.", "3. The EU has now reviewed in more detail the Coordinator’s report presented at the end of the fifteenth session of the Group of Governmental Experts (GGE), and would like to provide the following comments on it.", "GENERAL COMMENTS", "4. The European Union refrains from commenting on the descriptive parts of the report with the understanding that they are put forward under the personal responsibilities of the Coordinator and the Chairperson of the Meeting of the Military Experts and are not intended to reflect wider agreement. Therefore the European Union will focus its detailed comments below exclusively on the technical annexes of document CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.2 entitled Set of Provisions on the Use of MOTAPM/AVM - A Compilation of Provisions that Could Command Consensus in the Group of Governmental Experts.", "5. The European Union notes the Coordinator's confirmation, stated during the fifteenth session of the GGE , that nothing can be agreed before everything is agreed. The European Union is grateful to the Coordinator for this important clarification. It is with this understanding that the EU now wishes to provide comments on the report presented by the Coordinator at the end of the fifteenth session of the GGE. The European Union continues to support the set of recommendations as contained in document CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev 2. The comments made prior to and during the fifteenth session of the GGE remain valid. With this understanding, the EU will continue to engage pragmatically in discussing the text annexed to the report presented on 6 September.", "Title of the document", "6. The European Union notes that the Coordinator has used the expression \"MOTAPM/AVM\". The European Union’s view is that in the title and throughout the text, the term MOTAPM should be used. The AP II regulates all mines. Some provisions of the AP II concern only anti-personnel mines and would also like to recall that the Coordinator's official mandate was on \"MOTAPM\".", "7. In the view of the EU, the title of the document should be kept short and simple, that is, “Set of provisions on MOTAPM”. That would not prejudge, or limit beforehand, the provisions that could be included in the document.", "Article 1", "8. Paragraph 3: The purpose of this paragraph would be better covered by the following: \"This Set of provisions is without prejudice to existing international humanitarian law, or other international instruments as applicable, or decisions by the Security Council of the United Nations, which provide for stricter obligations or which have wider applicability.\" The European Union is uncomfortable with the mentioning of the CCW Convention itself in this kind of context, as the goal of the EU is that a new legally binding Protocol be annexed to the CCW Convention. The EU does not think that a specific reference to the CCW is necessary or desirable in this context. The CCW is part of the international humanitarian law and the desired effect regarding the CCW is best captured by only referring to IHL.", "Article 2", "9. Paragraph 1 (b): It is the view of the European Union that the last sentence, which is in italics, should be deleted.", "10. Paragraph 1 (e): This language is a significant improvement as compared to the previous paper that was circulated in August. Also the language on marking of the PMA later in the text (now in Technical Annex A) has improved from the paper presented in August. However, both the definition of the Perimeter-marked area (PMA) (contained now in the article on definitions) and the provisions on marking of the PMA (contained now in the Technical Annex A) would be better placed in the main body of the Set of provisions text. However, the EU will need to see the proposed language on detectability and active life before completing its analysis on the PMA question. Therefore the EU may complement its comments later.", "11. Paragraph 1 (h): To be in line with the terminology used in the AP II, the term \"Self-deactivation\" should be replaced by \"Self-deactivating\".", "Articles 3 and 4", "General comments", "12. For the EU, as for the great majority of States, the inclusion of legally binding commitments on detectability and active life constitute key objectives for a MOTAPM instrument.", "13. The EU supports option 1and looks forward to the Coordinator’s further reporting on his consultations with the countries that have not so far been able to join the consensus on a legally binding language on detectability and active life. The EU continues to encourage the Coordinator to seek consensus on the basis of option 1 and the language proposed by the EU.", "14. Regarding the language of option 1, the EU notes only the need to make it technically consistent with the rest of the \"Set of Provisions\", as follows:", "Article 3", "15. Paragraph 4: Replace \"chapter\" by \"Article\".", "16. Paragraph 6: Replace \"chapter\" by \"Article\" and \"20\" by \"4\".", "17. Paragraph 7: Replace \"chapter\" by \"Article\" and \"recommendations\" by \"provisions\" throughout.", "Article 4", "18. Paragraph 4: Replace \"24 and 25\" by \"1 and 2\".", "Article 5", "General comments", "19. The coherence of the Article's title and text, as well as the sequence of the provisions would benefit from some further work. As a preliminary remark, the title (measures etc) is probably too weak as the text rightly contains prohibitions. Also, clearer distinctions could be made between prohibitions, restrictions, provisions on cooperation etc, by sequencing the Article differently or by dividing the Article into several Articles.", "Specific comments", "20. Paragraph 2 (e): This paragraph should be deleted.", "21. Paragraph 6: In the view of the European Union, for the sake of ensuring consistency and to avoid any possible misunderstanding, the definition of terms used should refer not only to definitions in Article 2(7) of the AP II but also to definitions in Article 3(7) of the AP II.", "22. Paragraph 7 (a) and (c): In the view of the European Union, for the sake of ensuring consistency and to avoid any possible misunderstanding, the definition of terms used should in all cases refer explicitly to the definitions used in AP II.", "23. General comment on paragraphs 11-13: The EU would like to enquire on the reason for the insertion of these paragraphs. These paragraphs would seem to relate to compliance with the Set of provisions. However, they would provide only a limited basis for compliance provisions. The EU proposes that the compliance issue be dealt with more comprehensively and refers to this last point of at the end of these comments.", "24. Specific comment on paragraph 11: Most victims are caused by MOTAPM laid by non-state actors. There are organizations doing valuable work to engage the negative security assurances (NSAs) to abandon use of anti-personnel landmines (APLs) and to commit themselves to implement international norms and instruments, such as the Ottawa Convention. This approach should not be excluded as regards the MOTAPM. The EU is concerned that retaining paragraph 11 with its current wording could make it impossible for any organization to engage NSAs to implement the provisions of the future MOTAPM Protocol. The EU will also need to study other implications of this wording from the IHL viewpoint and would encourage the Coordinator to consult with international humanitarian organizations and notably the ICRC on their views regarding the wording of this paragraph.", "Article 7", "25. The EU is concerned that the formula \"agreed by the parties\" may be more restrictive than \"permitted by such party\" that is used in AP II Article 10 paragraph 3. It is the view of the EU that the language in the set of provisions should not be more restrictive than the language in AP II and . The EU would, therefore, propose reverting back to the AP II formula \"permitted by such party\".", "Article 9", "26. Paragraph 1 (b): The provision contained in this paragraph is very important, but the EU has doubts whether the provision can be effective with a PMA exception. Therefore only the alternative language in subparagraph (b) in italics should be retained and the language proposed first on normal characters should be deleted.", "27. Paragraph 1 (c): Refererence is made to the comment above. A full stop should be inserted after the word \"certificate\" and the rest of the text in this paragraph should be deleted.", "28. The EU may complement its comments later, depending on what standards the Coordinator will propose for detectability and active life.", "29. A new paragraph should be added between the current paragraphs 3 and 4 with the following language: \"The provisions and prescriptions of this Article will be effective upon the entry into force of this set of provisions, irrespective of the transition period which the State could avail itself of in order to meet the requirements set for detectability and active life of MOTAPM.\"", "Article 10", "30. Paragraph 2 (b): The EU notes that the Coordinator has used the term \"demining\" instead of \"mine clearance\" which was the term used in AP II in this connection and would suggest using the same terminology as in AP II.", "Article 11", "31. Paragraph 1 (c): See comment on Article 10 paragraph 2 (b).", "Article 12", "32. The text proposed first should be retained. In the view of the EU,the States Parties are very close to reaching a consensus on the section on fuze design in Technical Annex B. The EU does not believe that its deletion, thereby losing the results of years of expert work, would lead to a significant change in the position of any country in the MOTAPM process.", "Technical Annex A", "33. The EU proposes to add \"This Annex is legally binding on High Contracting Parties\".", "34. The EU reiterates its comment on Article 2 paragraph 1 (e) and may come back to it.", "35. The following sentence should be inserted at the end of \"chapter\" 1, that is after 1 d (iii): \"The marking shall be visible, legible, durable, and resistant to environmental effects, as far as possible.\" This sentence is needed here among the provisions on minefield recording, even if this same sentence may be pertinent also in some other relevant parts of the set of provisions.", "Technical Annex B", "36. The EU proposes replace \"qualified personnel\" by \"authorized personnel\". This would be coherent with the language in Article 2 (e).", "Other remarks", "37. The EU notes that the question of the compliance mechanism is not addressed in the set of provisions. The EU is aware that in the MOTAPM process, this question has been put aside awaiting for the outcome of the general discussion on the compliance mechanism to be introduced to the CCW Convention. This general discussion has now entered its final stage. The EU takes note, in this context, of the latest President-designate's proposal on compliance (CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev 2, dated 5 September2006, and in particular paragraph 11 of Article 7 ter/Part III contained therein). According to this paragraph, applicable to the CCW Convention itself, \"the provisions of ... shall not prejudice any possible future provisions on compliance to be decided upon the High Contracting Parties\". In the EU’s point of view, if the MOTAPM process leads to a legally binding Protocol to be annexed to the CCW Convention, which is the EU’s goal, this new MOTAPM Protocol should not have a compliance mechanism that is weaker than that in AP II. This remark is valid both on contents and on legal status of the compliance mechanism. The EU considers this remark important as the AP II already regulates MOTAPM in many respects." ]

[ "2006年11月7日至17日，日内瓦", "欧洲联盟对协调员和军事和技术专家会议主席 关于非杀伤人员地雷问题2006年工作报告的评论", "芬兰提出", "导 言", "1. 欧洲联盟(欧盟)十分感谢非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员、巴西的卡洛斯·安东尼奥·达罗沙·帕拉尼奥斯大使所作的努力，特别是他和他的小组在上届会议期间的辛勤工作。", "2. 欧盟借此机会重申支持候任主席的要求，候任主席要求协调员、军事专家会议主席格尔森·梅南德罗·加西亚·德弗雷塔斯将军和协调员的整个团队在筹备审查会议的工作中继续协调非杀伤人员地雷进程。欧盟认为，在协调员干练的指导下积极认真地就非杀伤人员地雷问题进行的讨论和为审查会议准备的决定十分重要。欧盟在《特定常规武器公约》先前会议上所述以及在欧盟先前对协调员的评论中更详细叙述的立场基础上，欧盟方面能够而且也愿意参与这些筹备工作。", "3. 欧盟现已更详细地审查了在政府专家小组第十五届会议结束时提出的协调员的报告，并愿就该报告提出下列评论。", "一般评论", "4. 欧盟对该报告叙述部分不作评论，有关谅解是，这些部分是由协调员和军事和技术专家会议主席个人负责提出的，并未打算反映更广泛的一致意见。因此，欧盟以下的详细评论将完全集中于题为“关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一组规定政府专家小组会取得协商一致意见的建议汇编”的CCW/GGE/XV/ WG.2/1/Rev.2号文件的技术附件。", "5. 欧盟注意到，协调员在政府专家小组第十五届会议期间确认，在一切都商定之前，什么都无法商定。欧盟感谢协调员的这一重要澄清。本着这一谅解，欧盟现在愿就协调员在政府专家小组第十五届会议结束时提出的报告作出评论。欧盟继续支持CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev.2号文件所载的一组建议。在政府专家小组第十五届会议之前和期间所作的评论仍然有效。本着这一谅解，欧盟将继续务实地参与讨论9月6日提交的报告所附的案文。", "文件标题", "6. 欧盟注意到，协调员使用了“非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷”这一表述。欧盟的意见是，在标题和整个案文中，应当使用非杀伤人员地雷一词。经修正后的第二号议定书规范所有地雷。经修正后的第二号议定书中有些规定仅涉及反人员地雷，欧盟愿回顾协调员的正式任务授权是“非杀伤人员地雷”。", "7. 欧盟认为，文件标题应当短小精干，即“关于非杀伤人员地雷的一组规定”。这不影响、也不会预先限制可能列入文件的有关规定。", "第 1 条", "8. 第3款：下列措辞更好地涵盖了该款的目的：“这一组建议不妨碍现有的国际人道主义法或规定了更严格义务或适用范围更广的其他适用的国际文书或联合国安全理事会的决定” 。在这种情形中提到《特定常规武器公约》本身，欧盟感到不合适，因为欧盟的目的是要为《特定常规武器公约》附上一个新的有法律约束力的议定书。在这方面，欧盟认为不需要具体提到《特定常规武器公约》，此举也不可取。《特定常规武器公约》是国际人道主义法的一部分，仅提及国际人道主义法能够取得关于该公约所期待的效果。", "第 2 条", "9. 第1款(b)项：欧盟认为，应当删除斜体的最后一句。", "10. 第1款(e)项：与先前在8月分发的文件相比，有关措辞有了明显改善。案文后面部分关于标界区标示(现为技术附件A)的措辞也比8月提出的文件有所改进。然而，关于标界区的定义(现列于关于定义的条款)和关于标界区标示(现列于技术附件A)的规定最好放在一组规定的正文。但是，在完成关于标界区问题的分析之前，欧盟需要查看提议的关于可探测性和有效寿命问题的措辞。因此，欧盟可能在以后补充其评论。", "11. 第1款(h)项：应当与经修正后的第二号议定书所用术语一致，“Self-deactivation”应改为“Self-deactivating”。", "第3和第4条", "一般评论", "12. 对欧盟以及对大多数国家而言，列入关于可探测性和有效寿命的有法律约束力的承诺是非杀伤人员地雷文书的一个关键目标。", "13. 欧盟支持第一种选择，并期待着协调员进一步报告他与那些至今为止尚未能加入关于可探测性和有效寿命问题有法律约束力措辞协商一致意见的国家磋商的情况。欧盟继续鼓励协调员在第一种选择和欧盟提议的措辞基础上寻求协商一致意见。", "14. 关于第一种选择的措辞，欧盟指出，仅需以下列方式使其在技术上与“一组规定”的其余部分相一致：", "第 3 条", "15. 第4款：将“章”改为“条”。", "16. 第6款：将“章”改为“条”，将“20”改为“4”。", "17. 第7款：将“章”改为“条”，将“建议”全部改为“规定”。", "第 4 条", "18. 第4款：将“24和25”改为“1和2”。", "第 5 条", "一般评论", "19. 开展一些进一步的工作将会提高该条标题与案文以及规定顺序的一致性。作为一项初步意见，其标题(措施等)也许太弱，因为案文正确地载有各项禁止。而且，可以通过另外安排该条的顺序或将该条分为数个条款，更明确地区分禁止、限制、合作规定等。", "具体评论", "20. 第2款(e)项：应当删除该项。", "21. 第6款：欧盟认为，为了确保一致性，避免任何可能的误解，所用术语的定义不仅应当提到经修正后的第二号议定书第2条第7款的定义，而且应当提到经修正后的第二号议定书第3条第7款的定义。", "22. 第7款(a)和(c)项：欧盟认为，为了确保一致性，避免任何可能的误解，所用术语的定义全都应当明确提到经修正后的第二号议定书所用的定义。", "23. 关于第11-13款的一般评论：欧盟愿询问列入这些条款的理由。这些条款看来涉及一组规定的遵守问题。然而，这些条款仅提供了遵守有关规定的有限的基础。欧盟提议更全面地处理遵守问题，并在评论结束部分提到最后这一点。", "24. 关于第11款的具体评论：大多数受害者都是因非国家行为者所布设的非杀伤人员地雷而受到伤害的。有一些组织正在设法使非国家行为者放弃使用杀伤人员地雷，并承诺执行国际准则和文书，如《渥太华公约》。在非杀伤人员地雷方面，不应当排除这种办法。欧盟担心的是，保留目前措辞的第11款将会使各组织没有可能采用消极安全保证来执行未来非杀伤人员地雷议定书的规定。欧盟还需要从人道主义法的观点来研究这种措辞的其他影响，欧盟愿鼓励协调员征询各国际人道主义组织、特别是红十字委员会关于该款措辞的意见。", "第 7 条", "25. 欧盟关注的是，“当事方商定的”的提法可能比经修正后的第二号议定书第10条第3款所用的“当事方准许的”限制性更强。欧盟认为，一组规定中的措辞不应当比经修正后的第二号议定书所用的措辞更具限制性。因此，欧盟提议回到经修正后的第二号议定书的“当事方准许的”的提法。", "第 9 条", "26. 第1款(b)项：该款所载规定十分重要，但欧盟怀疑，在有标界区例外的情况下，有关规定是否能够有效。因此，仅应保留(b)项中斜体的替代措辞，首先提议的正体的措辞应当删除。", "27. 第1款(c)项：参见上文的评论。应在“certificate”一词后加上一个句号，并删除该款中的其余案文。", "28. 根据协调员将就可探测性和有效寿命提议何种标准，欧盟稍后可能补充其评论。", "29. 在现有第3和第4款之间可以增加一个新款，其措辞如下：“本条的规定和要求在这一组建议生效后发生效力，而不论一国是否宣布它将利用过渡期来达到对非杀伤人员地雷可探测性和有效寿命规定的要求。”", "第 10 条", "30. 第2款(b)项：欧盟注意到，协调员使用了“demining”一词，而没有使用经修正后的第二号议定书在这方面所用的“mine clearance”一词，建议使用经修正后的第二号议定书中的相同术语。", "第 11 条", "31. 第1款(c)项：见关于第10条第2款(b)项的评论。", "第 12 条", "32. 首先提议的案文应予保留。欧盟认为，缔约国非常接近于就技术附件B关于引信设计一节达成一致意见。欧盟并不相信，删除决议案文，从而丧失专家多年工作的结果会导致任何国家明显改变在非杀伤人员地雷进程中的立场。", "技术附件A", "33. 欧盟提议增加“本附件对缔约国具有法律约束力”一语。", "34. 欧盟重申其关于第2条第1款(e)项的评论，并可能回到这一问题。", "35. 在第一“章”末尾――即在第1(d)(三)之后插入下列句子：“标记应尽可能可看见、可判读、耐久和耐受环境作用的影响。”在关于雷场记录的规定中，在此需要这一句话，即使同一句话在一组规定的某些其他相关部分也可能是贴切的。", "技术附件B", "36. 欧盟提议将“合格的人员”改为“授权的人员”，以便与第2条(e)款的措辞相一致。", "其他意见", "37. 欧盟注意到，一组规定中没有涉及遵约机制的问题。欧盟意识到，在非杀伤人员地雷进程中，这一问题被搁置一旁，以待关于将要引入《特定常规武器公约》遵约机制的一般性讨论结果。该一般性讨论现已进入了最后阶段。在这方面，欧盟注意到候任主席最近关于遵约问题的提议(2006年9月5日CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2号文件，特别是其中所载关于第7条/第三部分第11段)。该段适用于《特定常规武器公约》本身，规定“……所载规定，不影响本公约缔约国未来就遵守问题作出的任何规定。”欧盟认为，如果非杀伤人员地雷进程导致了一项附于《特定常规武器公约》的有法律约束力的议定书――这是欧盟的目标，这项新的非杀伤人员地雷议定书的遵约机制不应当比经修正后的第二号议定书更弱。这一意见在遵约机制的内容和法律地位方面都有效。欧盟认为，这一意见十分重要，因为经修正后的第二号议定书已经在许多方面规范了非杀伤人员地雷。" ]

[ "《禁止或限制使用某些可被认为具有过分伤害力或滥杀滥伤作用的常规武器公约》缔约国第三次审查会议 原文:英文 联合国", "2006年11月7日至17日,日内瓦", "欧洲联盟对协调员和军事专家会议主席2006年非杀伤人员地雷工作报告的评论", "芬兰提交", "导言", "1. 联合国 欧洲联盟(欧盟)非常感谢非杀伤人员地雷问题协调员巴西的卡洛斯·安东尼奥·达罗沙·帕拉尼奥斯大使所作的努力,并特别感谢他和他的团队在上届会议期间所做的辛勤工作。", "2. 联合国 欧洲联盟借此机会重申支持候任主席向协调员、军事专家会议主席格森·梅南德罗·加西亚·德弗赖塔斯将军和协调员的全体小组提出的请求,请它们在审查会议之前继续协调非杀伤人员地雷进程。 欧盟认为,在协调员的得力指导下积极和仔细地准备审查会议上就非杀伤人员地雷进行的讨论和作出的决定是非常重要的。 就欧盟而言,它能够并愿意根据欧盟在前几次《特定常规武器公约》会议上所阐明并在欧盟以前对协调员的评论中更详细阐述的立场,参与这些筹备工作。", "3个 欧盟现已更详细地审查了协调员在政府专家小组第十五届会议结束时提交的报告,并想就此提出以下评论。", "一般性意见", " 4.四. 欧洲联盟不评论报告的叙述性部分,但有一项了解,即这些部分是由协调员和军事专家会议主席个人负责提出的,无意反映更广泛的一致意见。 因此,欧洲联盟将在以下详细评论中专门以CCW/GGE/XV/WG.2/1/Rev.2号文件中题为“战争遗留爆炸物”的技术附件为重点。 关于使用非杀伤人员地雷/反车辆地雷的一套规定----政府专家小组可取得协商一致意见的规定汇编。", "5 (韩语). 欧洲联盟注意到,协调员在政府专家小组第十五届会议上确认,在就所有事项达成协议之前,无法达成协议。 欧洲联盟感谢协调员所作的这一重要澄清。 正是本着这种理解,欧盟现在希望就协调员在政府专家小组第十五届会议结束时提交的报告发表评论。 欧洲联盟继续支持载于CCW/GGE/XII/WG.2/1/Rev号文件的一套建议。 2. 在政府专家小组第十五届会议之前和期间所发表的意见仍然有效。 基于这种理解,欧盟将继续务实地讨论9月6日提交的报告所附案文。", "文件标题", "6. 国家 欧洲联盟注意到协调员使用了\"MOTAPM/AVM\"的说法. 欧洲联盟认为,在标题和整个案文中,应使用非杀伤人员地雷一词。 《第二号附加议定书》规范了所有地雷。 经修正后的第二号议定书的一些规定只涉及杀伤人员地雷,并想回顾,协调员的正式任务是“非杀伤人员地雷”。", "7. 联合国 欧盟认为,该文件的标题应当简短,即“关于非杀伤人员地雷的一组规定”。 这不会预先预先判断或限制可列入该文件的规定。", "第1条", "8. 段落 3: 本款的目的最好由下列内容涵盖: \"这组规定不妨碍现有的国际人道主义法,或适用的其它国际文书,或联合国安全理事会的决定,规定更严格的义务或具有更广泛的适用性\". 欧洲联盟对在这种背景下提到《特定常规武器公约》本身感到不安,因为欧盟的目标是将一项新的有法律约束力的议定书作为《特定常规武器公约》的附件。 欧盟认为在这方面没有必要或不宜具体提及《特定常规武器公约》。 《特定常规武器公约》是国际人道主义法的一部分,只有在提及国际人道主义法时才能最好地体现《特定常规武器公约》的预期效果。", "第2条", "9. 第1(b)段:欧洲联盟认为,最后一句用斜体字写出,应予删除。", "10. 第1(e)段:与8月份分发的上一份文件相比,这一措辞有重大改进。 另外,案文(现为技术附件A)稍后部分关于PMA标识的措辞也比8月份提交的文件有所改进。 然而,关于标界区的定义(现载于关于定义的条款)和关于标界区标识的规定(现载于技术附件A)都最好放在《一套规定》案文的正文中。 然而,欧盟在完成对PMA问题的分析之前需要看到关于可探测性和活性寿命的拟议措辞。 因此,欧盟可以稍后补充其评论。", "11. 第1(h)款:为了与第二号附加议定书中使用的术语保持一致,应将\"自失能\"一词改为\"自失能\".", "第3条和第4条", "一般性评论", "12个 就欧盟而言,同大多数国家一样,纳入具有法律约束力的可探测性和有效寿命承诺是非杀伤人员地雷文书的关键目标。", "13个 欧盟支持备选案文1并期待着协调员进一步报告他与尚未能够加入关于可探测性和活性问题具有法律约束力的措辞的协商一致意见的国家的磋商情况。 欧盟继续鼓励协调员以欧盟提议的备选案文1和措辞为基础寻求共识。", "14个 关于备选案文1的措辞,欧盟仅指出需要使其在技术上与“一组规定”的其余部分保持一致,具体如下:", "第3条", "15个 第4款:将“章节”改为“条款”。", "16. 第6款:将\"章\"改为\"条\";将\"二十\"改为\"四\".", "17. 第7款:将“章节”改为“条款”,将“建议”改为“规定”。", "第4条", "18岁。 第4款:将“24和25”改为“1和2”。", "第5条", "一般性评论", " 19. 19. 该条标题和案文的一致性以及条款的顺序,将受益于一些进一步的工作。 作为初步意见,标题(措施等)可能太弱了,因为案文正确地载有禁止规定。 此外,可以通过对该条进行不同的排序或将该条分为若干条款,对禁止、限制、合作规定等作出更明确的区分。", "具体评论", "20. 第2(e)段:该段应予删除。", "21岁 第6款:欧洲联盟认为,为了确保一致性并避免任何可能的误解,所用术语的定义不仅应指《第二号附加议定书》第2条第7款的定义,还应指《第二号附加议定书》第3条第7款的定义。", "22. 第7(a)和(c)段: 欧洲联盟认为,为了确保一致性并避免任何可能的误解,所使用的术语的定义在任何情况下都应明确提及第二号附加议定书中使用的定义。", "23. 联合国 关于第11-13段的一般性意见:欧盟想询问加入这些段落的原因。 这些段落似乎与遵守《一套规定》有关。 然而,它们只能为遵约规定提供有限的基础。 欧盟建议更全面地处理遵约问题,并提及这些意见末尾的最后一点。", "24 (韩语). 关于第11段的具体评论:大多数受害者由非国家行为者所布设的非杀伤人员地雷所造成。 有一些组织正在作出宝贵努力,争取消极安全保证,放弃使用杀伤人员地雷,并承诺执行国际准则和文书,例如《渥太华公约》。 对于非杀伤人员地雷,不应排除这种做法。 欧盟感到关切的是,保留第11段的现有措辞可能使任何组织都无法参与消极安全保证以实施未来的非杀伤人员地雷议定书的规定。 欧盟还需要从国际人道主义法的角度研究这一措辞的其他影响,并会鼓励协调员同国际人道主义组织,特别是红十字委员会,就它们对本款措辞的看法进行协商。", "第7条", "25岁 欧盟担心,\"双方同意\"的公式可能比第二号附加议定书第十条第三款中使用的\"此类方许可\"更具限制性. 欧盟认为,这套条款的措辞不应比第二号议定书和......号议定书的措辞更具限制性。 因此,欧盟将提议回到经修正后的第二号议定书的“此类缔约方允许”方案。", "第9条", "26. 第1(b)款:本款所载规定非常重要,但欧盟怀疑该规定能否在《议定书》的例外情况下生效。 因此,只应保留(b)项中斜体字的备选案文,并删除在正常字符上首先提出的语文。", "27. 第1(c)段:参见上述评论。 在\"证书\"后应插入一整站,并删除本款其余文字.", "28岁 欧盟以后可补充其评论,这取决于协调员就可探测性和有效寿命提出的标准。", "29. 国家 在目前第3款和第4款之间应增加一款,其措辞如下:“本条的规定和规定将在本套规定生效时生效,而不论国家为满足非杀伤人员地雷可探测性和有效寿命的要求可以利用的过渡期。”", "第10条", "30. 第2(b)段:欧盟注意到,协调员使用了 \" 排雷 \" 一词,而不是第二号议定书在这方面使用的 \" 排雷 \" 一词,并建议使用第二号议定书中的相同术语。", "第11条", "31. 第1款(c)项:见对第10条第2(b)款的评论。", "第12条", "32. 联合国 首先提议的案文应予保留。 欧盟认为,缔约国非常接近于就技术附件B中引信设计一节达成共识。 欧盟认为,删除该案文,从而失去多年的专家工作成果,不会使任何国家在非杀伤人员地雷进程中的立场发生重大变化。", "技术附件A", "33. (中文(简体) ). 欧盟提议添加\"本附件对缔约方具有法律约束力\".", "34. 国家 欧盟重申其对第2条第1款(e)项的评论,并可能回头讨论。", "35. 联合国 应在 \" 第1章 \" 后插入以下一句,即1之一(三)后: “标记应尽量可见、可辨认、耐久并耐受环境影响。” 关于雷场记录的规定中需要这一句,即使该句在整套规定的某些其他有关部分也可能适用。", "技术附件B", "36. (中文(简体) ). 欧盟提议将\"合格人员\"改为\"授权人员\". 这与第2条(e)款的措辞是一致的。", "其他意见", "37. 联合国 欧盟注意到,一套规定未涉及遵约机制问题。 欧盟意识到,在非杀伤人员地雷进程中,这一问题被搁置一旁,等待《特定常规武器公约》遵约机制一般性讨论的结果。 这次一般性讨论现已进入最后阶段。 在这方面,欧盟注意到候任主席最近提出的关于遵约的建议(2006年9月5日CCW/GGE/XV/2/Rev.2, 特别是其中所载第7条之三/第三部分第11段)。 根据适用于《特定常规武器公约》本身的这一段,“......的规定不应影响今后可能由缔约方决定的遵约规定”。 欧盟认为,如果非杀伤人员地雷进程导致一项具有法律约束力的议定书,作为《特定常规武器公约》的附件,而这是欧盟的目标,那么这项新的非杀伤人员地雷议定书不应有一个比第二号议定书更弱的遵约机制。 这一意见对于遵约机制的内容和法律地位都是有效的。 欧盟认为这一点很重要,因为经修正后的第二号议定书在许多方面已经对非杀伤人员地雷作出了规定。" ]

[ "CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT CD/1799 28 September 2006 \nENGLISHOriginal: SPANISH", "NOTE VERBALE DATED 15 SEPTEMBER 2006 FROM THE PERMANENT MISSION OF CHILE TO THE CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT ADDRESSED TO THE SECRETARIAT OF THE CONFERENCE IN WHICH THE GOVERNMENT EXPRESSES ITS GENERAL RESERVATION CONCERNING CERTAIN PARAGRAPHS OF THE FINAL DOCUMENT OF THE MINISTERIAL MEETING OF THE COORDINATING BUREAU OF THE MOVEMENT OF NON-ALIGNED COUNTRIES, HELD IN PUTRAJAYA, MALAYSIA, ON 29 AND 30 MAY 2006[1]", "The Permanent Mission of Chile to the United Nations Office and other international organizations in Geneva presents its compliments to the office of the Secretary-General of the Conference on Disarmament and has the honour to inform it that the Government of Chile wishes to express its general reservation concerning those paragraphs of the Final Document of the Ministerial Meeting of the Coordinating Bureau of the Movement of Non-Aligned Countries, held in Putrajaya, Malaysia, on 29 and 30 May 2006, which run counter to its foreign policy and to Chile’s international obligations, in particular those which are not consistent with instruments on human rights, humanitarian law, disarmament and non-proliferation and the principle of non‑interference in the internal affairs of States, including the Statute and resolutions of IAEA. Consequently, those paragraphs will not be binding on Chile in any manner whatsoever.", "In this regard, I would be grateful if this letter could be issued as an official document of the Conference on Disarmament and distributed to all the member States of the Conference and the non-member States participating in its work.", "Geneva, 15 September 2006", "[1] Issued as a document of the Conference on Disarmament under the symbol CD/1788 of 30 June 2006.", "GE.06-64891 (E) 141106 271106" ]

[ "2006年9月15日智利常驻裁军谈判会议代表团 致会议秘书处的普通照会，其中智利政府对 2006年5月27日至30日在马来西亚 布特拉贾亚举行的不结盟运动协调局 部长会议最后文件[1] 中的某些段落 普遍表示保留", "智利常驻联合国日内瓦办事处及其他国际组织代表团向裁军谈判会议秘书处致意，并有幸通报，智利政府对2006年5月27日至30日在马来西亚布特拉贾亚举行的不结盟运动协调局部长会议最后文件中的一些段落普遍表示保留，这些段落有悖于智利的外交政策和国际义务，特别是那些与各项人权文书、人道主义法、裁军和不扩散以及不干涉各国内部事务的原则不一致、包括与原子能机构《规约》和相关决议不一致的段落。因此，这些段落不以任何方式对智利具有约束力。", "谨请将本函作为裁军谈判会议正式文件印发，分发给裁谈会所有成员国和参加会议工作的非成员国。", "2006年9月15日，日内瓦", "[1] 2006年6月30日作为裁军谈判会议文件印发, 文号为CD/1788。" ]

[ "2006年9月28日致裁军谈判会议主席的信\n原件: 西班牙语", "2006年9月15日智利常驻裁军谈判会议代表团致会议秘书处的普通照会,其中政府就2006年5月29日和30日在马来西亚普特拉贾亚举行的不结盟国家运动协调委员会部长级会议最后文件的某些段落作出一般性保留[1]", "智利常驻联合国日内瓦办事处和其他国际组织代表团向裁军谈判会议秘书长办公室致意,并谨通知它,智利政府谨对2006年5月29日和30日在马来西亚普特拉贾亚举行的不结盟国家运动协调局部长级会议最后文件中违反其外交政策和智利的国际义务,特别是不符合人权、人道主义法、裁军和不扩散文书和不干涉各国内政原则,包括原子能机构规约和决议的段落表示一般性保留。 因此,这些段落对智利没有任何约束力。", "在这方面,谨请将此信作为裁军谈判会议的正式文件分发给裁谈会所有成员国和参加会议工作的非成员国。", "2006年9月15日,日内瓦", "[1] 作为裁军谈判会议2006年6月30日CD/1788号文件印发。", "141106 271106 (中文(简体) )." ]

[ "CONFERENCE ON DISARMAMENT CD/1795", "14 Septembre 2006", "Original: ENGLISH", "CANADA", "A CUT-OFF OF PRODUCTION OF WEAPON-USABLE FISSIONABLE MATERIAL: CONSIDERATIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND", "IAEA CAPABILITIES", "Presentation by the IAEA to the Conference on Disarmament on 24 August 2006 in Geneva", "Introduction", "1. The United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution A/RES/48/75/L on 16 December 1993 which, inter alia, requested the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to provide assistance, as requested, for examination of verification arrangements-for a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices (referred to heretofore as an FMCT).", "2. The IAEA conveyed its readiness to provide assistance, as required, and its Secretariat carried out internal studies to analyze the potential verification requirements of a fissile material production cut-off and prepared preliminary estimates of the resources needed for their implementation. These findings were duly conveyed at various FMCT workshops in 1995.", "3. An FMCT foreseen by General Assembly resolutions, the Shannon mandate and the NPT States Parties would include an undertaking not to produce any fissile material for use in nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosives nor to assist other States in pursuing such activities. In so far as the production of such material for other legitimate purposes is concerned, it would follow that verification arrangements would need to be such as to meet all the requirements of the undertaking of an FMCT.", "4. In the IAEA Secretariat’s view, the technical objective of verifying compliance with an FMCT would be to provide assurance against any new production of weapon-usable fissile material and the diversion of fissile material from the civilian nuclear fuel cycle to nuclear weapon purposes. Thus there would be the need to ensure that stocks of plutonium and highly enriched uranium to be used for nuclear weapon purposes, where they exist at the date of entry into force of an FMCT, are not increased thereafter. A related issue would be how to deal with existing stocks of weapon-usable material.", "5. A number of issues will have to be addressed by the States in order to clarify the basic undertaking of the States Parties and the scope of an FMCT verification regime. These issues, as far as verification is concerned, can be reduced to two basic questions:", "(i) How is the undertaking not to produce fissile material for weapon purposes to be verified? Could the undertaking, as agreed, be verified with a high degree of assurance by simply focusing on verification activities at a core of facilities, or should the verification activities be comprehensive?", "(ii) How, and to what extent, should verification ensure that stockpiles for nuclear weapon purposes, where they exist, are not increased, and where they do not exist, are not created thereafter?", "6. The way in which States will address these issues would determine:", "(i) the verification architecture and the scope of activities under the verification system (i.e., application of verification measures to the entire nuclear fuel cycle or parts of it only);", "(ii) the ability of the verification organization to provide a high degree of assurance that no activity proscribed by the treaty is being conducted in or by a particular State, particularly through provisions to enable the verification body to detect possible undeclared nuclear facilities and activities, including fissile material production; and", "(iii) the overall costs of the verification system for the States party to an FMCT.", "7. The IAEA is well aware of the differing views of States inter alia on the scope and verification of an FMCT and does not wish to pre-judge the discussion of such issues in the Conference on Disarmament. This paper presents an overview of the Agency’s safeguards and verification activities for the information of States taking part in the work of the Conference on Disarmament and identifies activities that could be of relevance to a discussion on verification of a future FMCT.", "Definitions: Fissile Material vs. Nuclear Material", "8. UN General Assembly resolutions and the Shannon mandate refer to “fissile material” – in this regard, it would be useful to provide a precise definition of fissile material. For example, fissile material might be defined as nuclear material from which nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices could be manufactured directly, without the need for further enrichment or transmutation. This would correspond to the term “direct-use nuclear material” used in IAEA safeguards.", "9. The term “fissile material” is not used in implementing IAEA safeguards agreements. Rather, IAEA safeguards are applied to “nuclear material”[1] — any source or special fissionable material[2] as defined in Article XX of the IAEA Statute. Special fissionable material is defined in the IAEA Statute as: “plutonium-239; uranium-233; uranium enriched in the isotopes 235 or 233; any material containing any of the foregoing; and such other fissionable material as the Board of Governors shall from time to time determine.” The term source material is defined in the IAEA Statute as “uranium containing the mixture of isotopes occurring in nature; uranium depleted in the isotope 235; thorium; any of the foregoing in the form of metal, alloy, chemical compound, or concentrate; any other material containing one or more of the foregoing in such concentration as the Board of Governors shall from time to time determine; and such other material as the Board of Governors shall from time to time determine.”[3]", "10. In the context of IAEA safeguards, “nuclear material” is further categorized into: (1) “direct-use nuclear material”[4] – unirradiated (UDU) and irradiated (IDU) – that could be used in the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosives without transmutation or further enrichment, and (2) “indirect-use nuclear material” that would require irradiation or enrichment to make it suitable for use in nuclear weapons. For the purposes of IAEA safeguards, direct-use nuclear materials are: plutonium except that containing 80% or more of the isotope plutonium-238, uranium containing 20% or more of the isotope uranium-235, and uranium-233. “Separated direct-use nuclear materials” are those direct-use nuclear materials that have been separated from fission products and thus the processing that would be required for their use in nuclear weapons is substantially less and the times required substantially shorter than if mixed with highly radioactive fission products. The definition of fissile material to be included in an FMCT could be close to this definition of separated", "direct-use nuclear material. Differences in these basic definitions could complicate the obligations as well as actions required of States and the implementation of IAEA safeguards and FMCT verification.", "Types of IAEA Safeguards Agreements", "11. IAEA safeguards are applied under different types of agreements and arrangements and the scope, objectives, measures, technology, evaluations and reporting employed may vary.[5]", "12. Following the conclusion of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in 1968, the IAEA has become the instrument with which to verify that the “peaceful use” commitments made under the NPT, or similar agreements, are kept through the implementation of safeguards.[6]", "13. At present, 183 non-nuclear-weapon States parties to the NPT have undertaken treaty commitments that include not to manufacture or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.[7] Such States have also undertaken to submit all nuclear material in all nuclear activities to IAEA safeguards, and to conclude a comprehensive safeguards agreement (CSA) with the IAEA to fulfill their obligation under Article III of the NPT.", "14. The five nuclear-weapon States (NWS) parties to the NPT, have in force voluntary offer safeguards agreements with the IAEA, which cover some or all civilian nuclear material and/or facilities from which the IAEA may select material or facilities for the application of safeguards.", "15. In the three remaining non-NPT States, India, Israel and Pakistan, IAEA safeguards are applied at specific facilities to the facilities themselves or to nuclear material and other items specified in the relevant safeguards agreement.[8]", "Safeguards in CSA States", "16. IAEA safeguards are regarded as a cornerstone of the international nuclear non-proliferation regime, and comprehensive safeguards agreements (CSAs) are the cornerstone of IAEA safeguards.[9] CSAs obligate States to submit all nuclear material to IAEA safeguards and obligate the IAEA to apply safeguards, in accordance with the terms of CSAs, to all nuclear material in all peaceful nuclear activities within the territory of the State, under its jurisdiction or carried out under its control anywhere. The scope of IAEA safeguards in States pledging not to develop or otherwise acquire nuclear weapons includes what is understood to be “fissile material”, together with nuclear material other than fissile material. CSA verification activities address possibilities involving both declared nuclear material and undeclared material and activities; they are intended to confirm that all nuclear materials are submitted to safeguards and remain committed to peaceful use.[10]", "17. Two verification objectives guide the implementation of IAEA safeguards under CSAs:", "(i) to detect the diversion of (significant quantities of nuclear material[11]) declared by the State from peaceful use to the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosives; and", "(ii) to verify the correctness and completeness of the declarations made by States, including the objective to detect undeclared production or processing of nuclear material at declared facilities.", "18. Over the years, standard criteria have been adopted to guide the implementation of safeguards at declared facilities, affecting the extent and quality of information to be provided by States, design information verification activities, the safeguards approach to be applied at the facility to satisfy safeguards goals, and specific requirements related to inspection frequencies, inspection activities and the outcome of those activities. For plutonium and for uranium-233, an amount of 8kg is considered adequate for a State to produce its first nuclear weapon, taking into account process losses and the need to be conservative in the design, absent the benefit of nuclear tests. For high enriched uranium (HEU), an amount of 25kg of the isotope uranium-235 is similarly considered adequate.", "19. The structure and content of CSAs and the infrastructure for implementing safeguards may affect FMCT verification not only in CSA States, but may also be of interest in other States as well.", "Below the level of the Agreements, subsidiary arrangements are concluded as part of the legal framework under which the safeguards are implemented. Subsidiary arrangements include a General Part and a Facility Attachment for each facility identified. The General Parts of the Subsidiary Arrangements are standardized to the extent possible, and while the Facility Attachments for different types of facilities begin with “models”, substantial adaptations are often required to accommodate the specific characteristics of individual facilities. Facility Attachments relate specific obligations and inspection rights applicable at individual facilities to specific paragraphs in the Safeguards Agreement with a State.", "20. Under CSAs, a “State system of accounting for and control of its nuclear material” (referred to as a SSAC) must be created to be responsible for implementing, inter alia, effective accountancy arrangements and to control imports and exports. States must make extensive declarations regarding their nuclear activities at safeguarded facilities and report at specified periods on their nuclear material inventories and flows. When a CSA first enters into force, the initial inventory declaration is verified to assure that it is complete and accurate. Subsequently, in relation to each facility a State declares, the State is required, inter alia, to provide design information, carry out material balances annually and to report material unaccounted for on the basis of a measured physical inventory and measured inventory changes. Those State declarations are verified by the IAEA to assure that they are complete and accurate, and that declared nuclear materials are not diverted to the manufacture of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.", "Safeguards strengthening measures in CSA States", "21. The discovery of an extensive clandestine nuclear weapon programme in Iraq, an NPT non‑nuclear‑weapon State with a CSA, gave evidence to the fact that a safeguards system that focused on verifying declared activities was inadequate. In strengthening the safeguards system, the IAEA Board of Governors recognized that to address the possibility of clandestine operations, the IAEA had to be equipped with supplementary tools that would address CSAs limitations. The Additional Protocol to CSAs, based on INFCIRC/540 (Corr.), was created to extend the authority of the IAEA to require States to provide the additional information, access to locations and technology that would enable the IAEA’s to verify the correctness and completeness of States’ declarations under CSAs.", "22. The provisions of Additional Protocols to CSAs allow the IAEA to require information on States’ nuclear programmes including research and development, and activities relating to the manufacture or export of specified equipment and non-nuclear material that could be used to produce or purify nuclear materials. It allows for complementary access to assure the absence of undeclared nuclear material and activities or to resolve questions or inconsistencies pertaining to activities or materials, including managed access to locations in order to prevent the dissemination of proliferation sensitive information, to meet safety or physical protection requirements, or to protect proprietary or commercially sensitive information. Integrating the assurances regarding possible clandestine facilities or undeclared activities in declared facilities provided through the", "Additional Protocol has allowed the IAEA to adapt its verification requirements at declared facilities.", "23. As part of strengthening the safeguards system the IAEA has been applying “integrated safeguards” – which is a more effective approach that combines the verification activities carried out under CSAs with more advanced methods of analysis and the enhanced access under the Additional Protocol. State-level integrated safeguards approaches take State-specific features into account, such as the effectiveness of the SSAC and the features of the State’s nuclear fuel cycle. As of 2005, the IAEA has applied integrated safeguards in multiple States, including Japan and Canada, the two largest programmes under safeguards. The goal is to universalize the Additional Protocol, so that its expanded rights of access apply equally in all States with CSAs.", "24. At each of the four annual meetings of the IAEA Board of Governors, a number of Additional Protocols are put forward for authorization for signing, and the total number of States is changing nonetheless the progress on the conclusion and entry into force of Additional Protocols has been slow. (To date, APs have been signed by 109 States and are in force in 77 States.]", "25. In September 2005, the IAEA Board of Governors has modified its policy on “small quantities protocols” (SQP),[12] to ensure, inter alia, effective verification rights in all countries with CSAs. In addition, the Board also established a Committee on Safeguards and Verification (Committee 25) to consider ways and means to further strengthen the safeguards system.", "IAEA Safeguards in Other States With or Planning Nuclear Activities", "26. IAEA safeguards implementation in India, Israel and Pakistan are applied under Safeguards Agreements[13] that were established prior to the NPT to cover research and power reactors, components thereof, nuclear fuel and heavy water. These agreements stipulate that any fissile", "material created through irradiation in those reactors is also subject to safeguards, and any plant processing or using that nuclear material will be subject to safeguards as long as that safeguarded nuclear material is in the facility. Note that while the safeguards verification requirements at a given type of facility generally follow the requirements established in CSAs, specific differences may arise from the fact that the facility itself or equipment or material may be subject to safeguards, and the safeguards agreement may include provisions that reflect the selective nature of such safeguards agreements — especially provisions for substitution.[14]", "Safeguards Implementation in NWS", "27. The five NWS recognized by NPT, France, the People’s Republic of China, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States of America have entered into voluntary offer safeguards agreements (VOAs) modelled on CSAs. These VOA agreements place no obligation on the State in relation to the nuclear material to be subject to safeguards and they permit the State to withdraw nuclear material and to remove facilities from the list designated by the State which the Agency can select for the purposes of safeguards implementation. Moreover, there is no obligation on the IAEA to carry out safeguards at facilities designated by the State.[15] At present, the most germane application of IAEA safeguards to an FMCT is at enrichment plants in China and the United Kingdom. All nuclear facilities in France and the United Kingdom, except those dedicated to nuclear weapon programmes and naval reactor programmes are subject to EURATOM safeguards under the provisions of the Treaty of Rome. EURATOM is seen as a regional control authority and a partnership arrangement is being implemented where both the IAEA and EURATOM collaborate in the application of safeguards in States of the European Union.", "Additional Protocol", "28. The Model Additional Protocol[16] is designed for all States having a safeguards agreement with the Agency, including NWS parties to the NPT and non-NPT States.[17] All five NWS recognized by the NPT have signed Additional Protocols that include certain measures provided for in INFCIRC/540 and three of the NWS have brought them into force For the most part, the Protocols adopted by the NWS are intended to provide the IAEA with additional information to assist the IAEA in safeguarding nuclear activities in NNWS. The Additional Protocols in the NWS and the non-parties to the NPT may affect or be affected by provisions that might be included in an FMCT relating to exports of equipment or materials that could assist other States in efforts to acquire the capability to produce fissile material.", "Other relevant IAEA Verification Activities", "29. In addition to the normal range of safeguards implementation, three cases where the IAEA carried out additional verification activities might be relevant to an FMCT:", "(i) The IAEA carried out extended verification measures in Iraq under the provisions of United Nations Security Council resolution 687 and related resolutions,[18] including unrestricted access to locations of interest and wide area environmental monitoring to detect clandestine production of nuclear material. The experience gained in this extreme situation may be of benefit in considering the access provisions to be established under an FMCT — the rights granted and the difficulties encountered;", "(ii) The IAEA monitored a freeze on operations at nuclear facilities in the DPRK[19] in relation to an Agreed Framework concluded between the DPRK and the United States, including monitoring a freeze on operations at the reprocessing plant at Nyongbyon, which was maintained at operational stand-by. Again, the experience gained may be of benefit in considering provisions for inspections under an FMCT; and", "(iii) The IAEA participated with the Russian Federation and the United States in a Trilateral Initiative to develop a verification system for excess defence fissile materials in those States, as described below in some detail.", "The Trilateral Initiative", "30. The Trilateral Initiative was launched by Russian Minatom Minister Viktor Mikhailov, IAEA Director General Hans Blix, and US Secretary of Energy Hazel O’Leary at their 17 September 1996 meeting. The aim of the initiative was to fulfill the commitments made by Presidents Clinton and Yeltsin concerning IAEA verification of weapon-origin fissile materials and to complement their commitments regarding the transparency and irreversibility of nuclear arms reductions.", "31. The three parties established a Joint Group to consider the various technical, legal, and financial issues associated with IAEA verification of relevant fissile materials. The group sought to define verification measures that could be applied at Russia’s Mayak Fissile Material Storage Facility upon its commissioning and at one or more United States facilities where identified weapon‑origin fissile material removed from defence programmes would be submitted for", "verification. The task entrusted to the Trilateral Initiative Working Group was declared concluded on 16 September 2002.[20]", "32. The Trilateral Initiative has addressed the scope and purpose of IAEA verification; the locations, types, and amounts of weapon-origin fissile material potentially subject to IAEA verification; technologies that might be capable of performing verification and monitoring objectives without disclosing sensitive information; and options for funding and providing a legal framework for IAEA verification measures.", "Scope and Objectives", "33. The Trilateral Initiative is intended to establish a verification system under which States possessing nuclear weapons might submit excess weapon material. Just what materials are to be declared would be for the States to decide, but the decision to submit the material to IAEA verification, once made, would be irrevocable.", "34. Moreover, in keeping with the need for verification, once the decision is made to submit certain material to IAEA verification, inspections would be obligatory.", "35. Every nuclear weapon uses one or more fission energy elements, and every fission energy element of every nuclear weapon requires certain nuclear material, generally plutonium containing 93% or more of the isotope plutonium‑239, or highly enriched uranium (HEU). Controls on the possession, production and use of such materials are the basis for the international non-proliferation regime. Similarly, as the nuclear-weapon States Parties to the NPT move to meet their obligations under Article VI of the Treaty, a treaty banning the production of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices, together with a framework with provisions for removing existing materials from nuclear weapons, could become a central part of the arrangements to come.", "36. Placing weapon material under international verification can serve different purposes, depending on when it occurs and on the scope of verification.", "(i) If the fissile material has been processed to the point that it no longer has any properties that could reveal weapon secrets, then bringing that material under inspection with an undertaking that it cannot be re-used for any military purpose serves two purposes: a) capping the capabilities of the State (together with a production ban) and b) providing a means to build confidence and thereby encouraging further arms reductions and increasing the amounts of excess material subject to inspection.", "(ii) Including provisions for inspecting fissile materials that still contain weapon secrets could add an additional benefit: namely, allowing the submissions to proceed much faster than otherwise, given the high costs and lengthy periods required for converting weapon materials to unclassified forms. Allowing IAEA verification of weapon materials having classified properties can only be considered if the State is convinced that the verification process will not reveal such properties.", "(iii) Including provisions to confirm that the properties of items submitted are characteristic of nuclear weapon components could allow monitoring of the arms reduction process.", "(iv) If the measures above are implemented, then in principle, it would be possible to begin verification at the point where warheads are de-mated from their delivery systems, allowing for verification of specific arms reduction measures.", "37. Under the Trilateral Initiative, verification encompasses the first two steps.", "38. The steps necessary to verify classified forms of fissile material introduce new requirements on the verification processes and equipment to be used by the IAEA. However, if a verification scheme could be implemented that States possessing nuclear weapons could accept, then this would open the possibility for moving faster and for moving further towards confirming the steps taken towards disarmament.", "39. Under the Trilateral Initiative, most of the technical work carried out this far has been devoted to developing verification methods that would allow the States to submit fissile material with classified characteristics, including intact components from dismantled nuclear warheads.", "Technical Requirements and Methods", "40. Much of the technical work carried out under the Trilateral Initiative over the past years has been devoted to designing a verification technique that could allow nuclear-weapon States to invite IAEA inspectors to make measurements on the components of nuclear weapons without any possibility that the inspectors might gain access to nuclear-weapon design secrets. At the same time, the verification technique must allow the IAEA to gain sufficient assurance that the verification is credible and independent. Every possible measurement method was considered, beginning with those currently used by the IAEA in safeguarding plutonium and HEU in non nuclear-weapon States. The Trilateral Parties concluded that every method identified could reveal weapon secrets if inspectors were allowed access to the raw measurement data. Therefore, direct, quantitative measurements following normal IAEA safeguards practices were ruled out.", "41. It was then agreed that the IAEA verification of weapon-origin fissile material would be based upon measurements that would provide the most robust verification, but the measurement systems would be designed in such a manner that IAEA inspectors would only be presented with", "“pass/fail” information. As the raw measurement data could reveal classified information, special security provisions would be included in the measurement systems to prevent any storage of classified information, and to disable the systems in the event access to the raw measurement data was attempted. The “pass/fail” determinations would be made by comparing the actual measurement data to unclassified reference “attributes”. The method adopted is referred to as “attribute verification with information barriers”. The following attribute tests for IAEA verification of excess plutonium in a container were agreed upon:", "(i) plutonium presence;", "(ii) weapon-grade isotopic composition (i.e., the ratio of 240Pu to 239Pu is less than 0.1); and", "(iii) amount of plutonium is greater than a specified threshold mass.", "42. “Information barriers” combine hardware, software and procedural protective systems in a layered structure designed to provide defence-in-depth protection of classified information. Trilateral Initiative experts have examined all known verification technologies to determine whether any method might be applied that would enable the Agency to derive credible and independent conclusions. They developed a General Technical Requirements and Functional Specifications for measurement system. A prototype of the measurement system was developed and demonstrated. It is referred to as an “Attribute Verification System with Information Barrier for Plutonium with Classified Characteristics utilizing Neutron Multiplicity Counting and High-Resolution Gamma-ray Spectrometry” or “AVNG”. A full-scale system is now under construction at the Russian Federal Nuclear Centre/All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics (RFNC-VNIIEF) at Sarov (formerly known as Arzamas-16) under a contract with Los Alamos National Laboratory. This system will measure storage containers AT-400 holding classified forms of plutonium (a container used for demonstration is kept at the IAEA Trilateral Initiative Office). Experts have made good progress towards the design and development of the inventory monitoring system for Pu storage facility.", "43. The attribute verification technique comprises a neutron multiplicity assay system integrated with a high resolution gamma ray spectrometry system, within a special environment that must prevent classified information from being transmitted or otherwise conveyed beyond its borders, while preventing any external signals from tampering with the operation of the system. A security watchdog system will disable it in the event that any access way is opened, and the computational block and transmission devices to the inspector’s readout provide the agreed outcomes without breaching security restrictions.", "44. All such instruments are manufactured in the country where they are going to be used. The country itself will certify them and its certification will include normal industrial concerns plus certification against espionage in effect to ensure that IAEA inspection does not lead to any release of classified information. Normal IAEA authentication practices cannot be used under these limitations; a new approach is being developed and while some of the elements of this approach are moving towards adoption, authentication remains the most challenging IAEA task.", "45. In addition to the work described on the full attribute verification systems, work also proceeded on inventory monitoring systems for dedicated storage facilities for weapon-origin fissile material, that will track material within the facilities and assure that its identity, integrity and location are verified at all times. These inventory monitoring systems will combine the traditional safeguards containment and surveillance measures. Where applicable, the protection of classified information will be essential, and national certification will be required. Authentication is also a concern. Moreover, inspector activities will be closely regulated.", "46. Consideration has also been given to the steps required for the conversion from classified to unclassified forms of fissile material and to the subsequent disposition activities. In 2000, the Plutonium Management and Disposition Agreement (PMDA)[21] was signed between the Russian Federation and the United States, under which the two countries agreed to the symmetric disposition of 34 tonnes of weapon plutonium on each side. The PMDA called for “early consultations” with the IAEA on a verification role in relation to this plutonium. Most of the plutonium identified in the PMDA is expected to be subject to IAEA verification pursuant to the Trilateral Initiative, so in effect, the arrangements must look to meet the requirements of both activities. The costs for disposition were estimated at about $2 billion in the Russian Federation and $6.6 billion in the United States.", "47. For unclassified forms of fissile material, the verification methods should be similar to those applied under IAEA non-proliferation safeguards in non-nuclear-weapon States. However, even then there will be requirements for departures from IAEA safeguards. Some of the facilities are (or will be) located at sites used for nuclear weapons work, and even for the facilities in which unclassified forms of fissile material are found, site security restrictions could complicate the implementation of normal safeguards practices. There is also the practical matter of the verification effort that should be given to the materials after they have been blended or irradiated, to the point that they would be less well suited for weapon purposes than the comparable materials found in the civil sector.", "48. If classified forms of fissile material are submitted to verification, the State must make declarations. However, neither the Russian Federation nor the United States could declare the properties of classified forms of fissile material without violating Article I of the NPT and their respective national laws.", "49. Under IAEA safeguards, the Agency carries out unrestricted measurements of all nuclear properties and takes representative samples of the nuclear material subject to safeguards in which all properties, including impurities, are measured to the highest standards of precision and accuracy. For classified forms of fissile material, such measurements could clearly not be undertaken.", "50. IAEA comprehensive safeguards agreements are a part of the nuclear non-proliferation system which is intended to prevent non-nuclear-weapon States from acquiring even one nuclear weapon. The two NWS States involved in the Trilateral Initiative, both possess thousands of nuclear", "weapons and are in the process of reducing those to substantially lower levels, hopefully eventually to zero. The verification requirements applied for nuclear disarmament must eventually converge with the non-proliferation verification requirements, but this will take some period of time.", "51. The Trilateral Initiative has addressed the scope and purpose of IAEA verification; the locations, types, and amounts of weapon-origin fissile material potentially subject to IAEA verification; technologies that might be capable of performing verification and monitoring objectives without disclosing sensitive information; and options for funding and providing a legal framework for IAEA verification measures.", "IAEA Safeguards Measures and Technology Related to Reprocessing and Enrichment", "52. As the scope and verification requirements for an FMCT are established, the relevance of IAEA experience and existing requirements in States would enable detailed investigations to proceed for specified types of facilities and for specific facilities as appropriate. Given the negotiating mandate, it would appear that verification of reprocessing and enrichment operations logically would be required, and thus a preliminary review of IAEA experience in applying safeguards at enrichment and reprocessing plants might be useful.", "Declared Reprocessing Plants", "53. The plutonium produced in nuclear reactors is separated from the uranium, fission products and other actinides in reprocessing plants. With very few exceptions, all plutonium reprocessing plants employ the same process technology, the Purex process.[22] .Reprocessing plants require processing of intensely radioactive materials and hence require remote processing within very substantial structures to contain the radioactivity. These characteristics, together with difficulties inherent in measuring accurately the amounts of plutonium (or uranium-233) at the starting point of the processing, make the application of safeguards complex and more expensive than any other safeguards application.", "54. Safeguards at reprocessing plants are designed to detect misuse of the facility (undeclared reprocessing) and diversion from declared flows and inventories of plutonium and uranium. Meeting safeguards verification requirements is most difficult in large operating plants, as the IAEA safeguards quantity component of the inspection goal are fixed in terms of amounts necessary for manufacturing one nuclear weapon, and as those amounts become small in relation to the total amounts of nuclear material processed, the safeguards approach must be expanded in scope and made increasingly intrusive in order to provide the required assurances that the plants are not misused and that the nuclear materials are accurately measured, declared and are not diverted. The", "technical problems are further complicated if the plants operated before safeguards were applied, and if the plant instrumentation is incomplete or unreliable.", "55. The safeguards approach for a reprocessing plant would depend on a range of considerations, chief among which is its operational status – whether it is in operation, stand-by mode, decommissioned or abandoned. The following conditions might apply:", "(i) continued reprocessing operation;", "(ii) operation for non-reprocessing purposes (e.g., removal of americium-241 from plutonium, waste fractionation, etc.);", "(iii) stand-by (here the verification requirements depend very much on the length of time between a notice of intent to resume operations and the actual resumption);", "(iv) decommissioning (here the safeguards approach is progressively simplified as the time and effort required to resume operations increases with the destruction, entombment or removal of key components); and", "(v) decommissioned or abandoned. (The frequency with which periodic checks are required depends on whether the buildings remain and, if so, if they remain in use; the methods may entail periodic visits or satellite imagery analysis, depending on cost considerations.)", "56. The cost and effort required can vary from almost no cost for decommissioned or abandoned facilities up to continuous inspection with tens of millions of dollars of verification equipment.", "57. IAEA safeguards at reprocessing plants begin with the examination of information required of the State on relevant aspects of the design and construction of the facility, on its operation and on the nuclear material accountancy system employed. Design information examinations are made early in the consideration of the safeguards approach for a facility to determine whether the information is sufficient and self-consistent. During construction, commissioning and thereafter during normal operations, maintenance and modifications, and into decommissioning, the design information is verified through inspector observation and appropriate measurements and tests to confirm that the design and operation of the facility conforms to the information provided. In addition to these methods, environmental sampling would be applicable depending on the circumstances, as a means to detect reprocessing of plutonium with different characteristics. This safeguards measure provides the basis for determining the other elements of the safeguards approach for a given facility and the basis for applying all other safeguards measures.", "58. For each reprocessing facility, depending on its operational status, whether it is a small, medium or large-scale plant, and facility-specific features, appropriate combinations of the following", "measures are combined with design information verification activities in the safeguards approach for the facility:", "(i) application of containment and surveillance at key parts of the plant, to maintain continuity of knowledge of verified information and to track operations to determine whether or not observed operations conform to operator declarations;", "(ii) application of measurements, including measurements made by the operator for accountancy, criticality safety or process control and measurements made by the IAEA using Agency equipment or, under suitable arrangements, using operator equipment;", "(iii) solution measurement and monitoring systems, to track the movement of solutions containing nuclear materials within the process area and to provide authenticated volume measurements of nuclear materials in solutions;", "(iv) near real-time accountancy, to detect plutonium losses within the specified monthly timeliness intervals;", "(v) nuclear materials accountancy, involving annual material balances based upon verified physical inventories and physical inventory changes (this includes the analysis of shipper-receiver differences and material unaccounted for over successive material balance periods); and", "(vi) cumulative nuclear materials accountancy, involving total and trend analysis over the full period during which IAEA safeguards are applied at the facility.", "59. Safeguards at reprocessing plants include the taking of samples for analysis at the IAEA Safeguards Analytical Laboratory, located in Seibersdorf (Austria), and at 14 other labs located in eight Member States that form the Agency’s Network of Analytical Laboratories. Sample preparation at the facilities includes spiking with reference materials and dilution to reduce the radioactivity of the samples to facilitate shipment and handling. Shipping such samples is expensive and requires appropriate radiation protection measures.", "60. The verification equipment used at reprocessing plants includes standard seals and surveillance equipment, plus specialized systems, including:", "(i) pneumatic measurement systems for determining the volume and density of solutions in instrumented vessels;", "(ii) secure sample containers to protect samples from tampering;", "(iii) densitometry equipment to permit IAEA verification of the concentration of plutonium in solutions before, during and following its separation and purification (K-edge densitometry for purified solutions and hybrid K-edge densitometry for solutions containing fission products and uranium); and", "(iv) in large-scale plants, on-site analytical laboratories are necessitated in view of the number of samples required and the timing for analysis.", "Clandestine Reprocessing Plants", "61. In a CSA State, any undeclared reprocessing would constitute a clear violation of the provisions of the Agreement and the Additional Protocol. Reprocessing operations normally involve the release of gaseous fission products into the atmosphere and the release of particulates, some of which are deposited at significant distances from the facility. The detection measures for detecting clandestine plants are as follows.", "62. Enhanced Information Analysis: Under the provisions of the Additional Protocols, CSA States are required to be thorough in providing information relating to research and development concerned with reprocessing, manufacturing and, upon request, imports of specialized vessels for reprocessing and the construction, operation and decommissioning of any reprocessing plants, past, present and future. The IAEA analyzes the information provided and compares that information with information obtained from a range of sources, including:", "(i) information obtained through the implementation of safeguards within the States;", "(ii) information reported to the IAEA involving transfers of nuclear materials and specified items of equipment;", "(iii) information obtained through other IAEA activities, including technical cooperation projects;", "(iv) open-source information from scientific journals and the media; and", "(v) other information as States may provide.", "63. Complementary Access: Under the provisions of the Additional Protocol, the IAEA has the right to request access to locations to resolve inconsistencies in information provided. The specific provisions for such access would be required to determine their relationship to FMCT requirements as negotiations proceed.", "64. Environmental Sampling: Environmental samples may be taken under existing provisions of the Additional Protocol at locations where complementary access is carried out. Procedural", "arrangements for wide-area environmental sampling would require to be approved by the Board of Governors before this feature of the Additional Protocol can be implemented.", "Declared Enrichment Plants", "65. IAEA safeguards at a uranium enrichment plant are intended to meet three objectives:", "(i) to detect the undeclared production of HEU, or excess high enrichment production if high enrichment production is declared;", "(ii) to detect excess LEU production (that might subsequently be further enriched at a clandestine plant or within a plant under safeguards, with a higher risk of detection);[23] and", "(iii) to detect diversion from the declared uranium product, feed or tails streams.", "66. Nuclear material accountancy verification applied to detect diversion from the declared feed, product and tails streams in an enrichment plant provide, in combination with other measures, a means to assure that a plant is not being used to produce undeclared HEU, and in those cases where a low enrichment plant has been used earlier to produce HEU, this method assumes increased importance.", "67. While essentially all reprocessing plants use a single process, nine uranium enrichment technologies have been advanced. Some of these technologies are unlikely to be exploited and some would no longer be selected because of very high electrical power requirements. While the safeguards approach for any enrichment plant will include common elements, the differences in the various process characteristics and the plants requires different safeguards methods. While IAEA safeguards have been applied primarily to gaseous centrifuge plants, the IAEA has carried out investigations in relation to aerodynamic nozzle enrichment plants, gaseous diffusion plants, molecular laser enrichment (MLIS) and electromagnetic (calutron) enrichment systems. Limited studies have been carried out to consider safeguards at atomic vapour laser enrichment (AVLIS) plants, but little if any work has proceeded in relation to the remaining technologies that have yet to advance to the point of being incorporated in industrial scale plants: chemical exchange enrichment, ion exchange enrichment and plasma separation enrichment.", "68. As in the case of reprocessing plants, design information examination and design information verification are central to the implementation of IAEA safeguards at enrichment plants. Enrichment technology is considered to be proliferation-sensitive and thus IAEA inspector access to the areas where enrichment equipment is installed is restricted by the technology holders, and inspector", "observation of the inside details of enrichment equipment is limited, as is access to critical plant operating parameters. Nonetheless, effective verification arrangements have been established within these restrictions that allow the IAEA to meet the objectives indicated.", "69. Design information examination and verification provides a reference for understanding the normal steps for introducing feed and removing product and tails, and for assuring thereafter that no temporary or permanent modifications are made that would allow the plant — or any part thereof — to be used for the production of undeclared HEU. (During construction, commissioning, during normal operations, maintenance and modifications, and into decommissioning, the design information is verified through inspector observation and appropriate measurements and tests to confirm that the design and operation of the facility conforms to the information provided.)", "70. Environmental sampling has proven to be an extremely potent method for determining whether or not an enrichment plant produces HEU. Clearly, if the plant is producing HEU for a non-proscribed purpose, or if a low enrichment plant was formerly used for HEU production or is near a high enrichment plant, environmental sampling may be less useful. The safeguards approach in such facilities would require greater emphasis on other aspects of the safeguards, but even in such circumstances, cluster analyses of particulates over time may provide a basis for detecting new production, as may differences in minor isotope ratios.", "71. For a given enrichment technology, in a manner similar to that for declared reprocessing plants, the safeguards approach for an enrichment plant will depend to a great extent on the operational status of the facility. In particular, the following conditions are fundamental to establishing effective and efficient safeguards:", "(i) operating enrichment plants:", "(a) producing HEU for non-proscribed purposes (here the verification must assure that only the declared amounts of HEU are produced, and environmental sampling may be of little if any relevance);", "(b) producing LEU in a plant reconfigured from earlier high enrichment production or in a plant nearby another plant used for HEU production (here the verification activities intended to detect undeclared HEU production will be more complicated due to remaining traces of HEU, so, for example, environmental sampling may be of little relevance);", "(c) producing LEU and never having produced HEU;", "(ii) operational standby (again, as for reprocessing plants, the verification requirements will differ depending on the advance notification interval required);", "(iii) decommissioning (the safeguards activities will be progressively simplified and the plant is dismantled; the destruction or disposition of the enrichment equipment removed should be monitored); and", "(iv) decommissioned or abandoned (here again, as for reprocessing plants, the inspection methods and frequency will depend upon the final State of the structures and periodic assurance that steps are not being taken to return a decommissioned or abandoned plant to operation will differ accordingly).", "72. For each enrichment plant, depending on its technology, operational status, capacity and layout, the following measures are incorporated in the safeguards approach:", "(i) measurements of the amounts of uranium and the enrichments of uranium in feed, product and tails cylinders, by means of weighing the cylinders and the use of non-destructive assay systems to measure the uranium enrichment, and sampling for analysis at the IAEA Safeguards Analytical Laboratory;", "(ii) applications of containment and surveillance on feed, product and tails cylinders, and at key parts of the plant, in particular at the uranium feed point and the product and tails removal points (integrated sealing-surveillance systems are being used at some plants that allow the facility operator to attach and remove seals as an efficient means to obtain assurance that all cylinders attached or detached from the declared feed and take-off points are verified), and at locations where instruments are installed to maintain continuity of knowledge of verified information and to track operations to determine whether or not observed operations conform to operator declarations;", "(iii) collection of environmental samples from material handling areas outside cascade halls to detect indications of undeclared nuclear material or activities;", "(iv) determinations that uranium in the process piping contains less than 20% of the isotope uranium-235, through continuous enrichment monitors or specialized measurement systems used in conjunction with limited-frequency unannounced inspections inside the cascade areas of some centrifuge plants;", "(v) in other centrifuge plants, in-line instruments will be introduced for measuring the actual enrichment of the uranium in uranium hexafluoride gas in the feed, product and tails lines, and mass flow meters on the product flow line;", "(vi) in most facilities, use of limited frequency unannounced access inspections into the cascade hall to detect plant modifications and to collect environmental samples that might signal high enrichment operations;", "(vii) in some facilities, monitoring of the separative work produced between successive inspections and comparison of those amounts with operator declarations and supportive inspection data;", "(viii) nuclear materials accountancy, involving annual material balances based upon verified physical inventories and physical inventory changes (this includes the analysis of shipper-receiver differences and material unaccounted for over successive material balance periods); and", "(ix) cumulative nuclear materials accountancy, involving total and trend analysis over the full period during which IAEA safeguards are applied at the facility.", "Clandestine Enrichment Plants", "73. The methods used to detect undeclared enrichment plants are essentially as for undeclared reprocessing. Enrichment operations normally result in the release of aerosols — especially at locations where connections to the process piping are made, but also through the plant ventilation system. These aerosols may not travel very far, and thus environmental sampling is likely to be effective close by such facilities.", "74. The difficulty in finding emissions from clandestine enrichment plants is further compounded by advances in enrichment technology that greatly reduce the size of plants and reduce the electrical power requirements.", "75. Enhanced Information Analysis: States are required to be thorough in providing information relating to research and development linked to enrichment, manufacturing and importing enrichment equipment and specialized materials (carbon fibre vessels and maraging steel, for example) and the construction, operation and decommissioning of any enrichment plants, past, present and future. As for reprocessing, the IAEA analyzes the information provided and compares that information with information obtained from the sources identified above in relation to reprocessing.", "Complementary Access: As above, for reprocessing.", "76. Environmental Sampling: As for reprocessing, environmental samples may be taken under the provisions of the Additional Protocol at locations where complementary access is provided. Procedural arrangements for wide-area environmental sampling would require to be approved by the Board of Governors before this feature of the Additional Protocol can be implemented. but the detection of enrichment at points distant from plants is less likely.", "Verification Choices", "77. The IAEA has studied possible verification scenarios, their associated costs and the level of assurances that those alternatives may provide with respect to compliance by States party to an FMCT. A brief description follows.", "Verification coverage", "78. From a technical perspective, applying verification arrangements to anything less than a State’s entire nuclear fuel cycle could not give the same level of assurance of non-production of nuclear material for nuclear explosive purposes, as is provided by the IAEA in implementing comprehensive safeguards agreements in NNWS. In order to provide States party to an FMCT with a level of assurance analogous to the assurance provided by the IAEA under comprehensive safeguards agreements, the verification system would have to apply to the entire declared fuel cycle in those States and should be geared to the detection of undeclared production facilities and of nuclear material.", "79. Verification measures of an FMCT would benefit by paralleling the existing strengthened IAEA safeguards system. Such measures are designed to take account of current and future technological developments as they may help increase the level of assurance provided by safeguards practices. In addition, they provide increased assurances with respect to the detection of undeclared facilities and fissile material, as mentioned earlier.", "80. Any fissile material produced after the entry into force of an FMCT, either in fissile material production plants or through the operation of civil nuclear facilities would presumably be subject to safeguards during processing, use and in storage.", "81. To what extent States would be permitted to exempt from verification any existing fissile materials in their inventories, at the time of entry into force, would need to be discussed by States. For the purpose of clarity these stocks can be identified as follows:", "(i) military stockpiles for weapon purposes (including nuclear material released from weapon dismantlement);", "(ii) military stocks of nuclear material for uses in non-proscribed activities; and", "(iii) civil stocks.", "82. If the verification regime were to be strictly limited to the task of verifying the undertaking not to produce fissile material for purposes proscribed by an FMCT, it would not provide the assurance that existing stocks of fissile material to be used for the said purposes are not increased by means other than production (e.g. by declared and/or undeclared (illicit) imports of fissile material for use in nuclear weapons or other explosive devices, or by use of existing civil stocks or military stocks for non-proscribed military purposes) after the entry into force of the treaty.", "83. Notwithstanding the fact that technically a comprehensive system of verification under an FMCT would appear to be the best alternative; States might opt for a less resource intensive alternative, with a trade-off regarding the non-proliferation and disarmament benefits of a comprehensive approach against the reduced costs of more focused (nuclear facility targeted) approaches. States could, for example, constrain the technical objective of verification to the provision of assurance that all production facilities of direct-use material are either shut down or operated subject to verification; and that all stocks of fissile material not specifically excluded from verification once an FMCT enters into force would remain subject to verification.", "84. Thus, some other alternatives with their specific resource requirements have been considered by the Agency. These alternatives are more limited in scope, and therefore less costly, but the level of assurance provided by these less resource intensive alternatives would be significantly lower than the one given by the implementation of safeguards in NNWS pursuant to comprehensive safeguards agreements unless the verification body were given the necessary authority and strong capabilities to look for undeclared activities and material.", "85. One important question is: Will the international verification regime include measures to detect undeclared nuclear facilities and fissile material?", "86. Depending on the answer to this question, the verification system would or would not be able to deter potential violators and provide assurances against undeclared production of fissile material for weapon purposes in civil and/or military production facilities, and against the production of fissile material for weapon purposes in undeclared facilities.", "87. Needless to say, any limitations placed on the verification system with respect to the items subject to verification would seem to reinforce the need for a well defined and efficient mechanism allowing the verification organization to look for potential violations of an FMCT, so that an acceptable or credible assurance can be given to all parties by any limited verification alternative that no violation has been perpetrated by a party.", "88. States would have to decide on a verification mechanism to detect proscribed activities. Two aspects of this issue would need to be addressed:", "(i) what activities related to detecting indications of a possible proscribed activity would be permitted beyond and above the analysis of available information from various sources (for example, installation of a network of air and water monitoring stations to detect particles emitted by operating reprocessing plants or HEU enrichment plants; access to locations anywhere within the State for the purpose of collecting samples, atmospheric monitoring to detect various emissions from production plants and reactors and/or satellite imagery analysis to detect the construction of shielding required for reprocessing plants, satellite analysis of thermal emissions, etc.); and", "(ii) what activities could be undertaken to resolve suspicious indications, once detected (special inspections or challenge inspections limited or not by quota-based arrangements for access to most locations within States such as those in the CWC or CFE Treaties, “managed access” arrangements similar to those adopted under the Model Additional Protocol or the CWC for sensitive locations, etc).", "89. The verification requirements for the detection of undeclared production facilities will depend on the provisions incorporated in an FMCT. If a high degree of assurance is required, the provisions of an FMCT would have to allow for such measures as wide area environmental sampling of radionuclides emitted by reprocessing or enrichment operations, including airborne radiation mapping and environmental samples of soil, water, sediment and biota, together with visual inspection of selected sites and discussions with designated government, scientific and industry personnel. Most of these measures are already employed by the IAEA within the framework of strengthened safeguards.", "90. In addition to the issues of coverage and scope, States would have to consider a number of specific issues relevant to the verification of an FMCT. Although IAEA-type safeguards would need to be applied in many of the facilities which could become subject to verification; virtual turn-key application of IAEA safeguards may not always be possible because of the unique characteristics of monitoring former nuclear weapon facilities (specific security and safety issues, operational constraints stemming from decades of nuclear weapon material production, the “unfriendly character” of such facilities with respect to safeguards, and the need to protect sensitive information against the risks of proliferation).", "91. States may decide not to permanently de-activate some production facilities constructed for the sole purpose of supplying plutonium but instead to adapt such facilities to carry out peaceful activities or continue to operate them in support of non-proscribed nuclear military activities, as might be permitted by an FMCT. The verification requirements (and resources) would differ significantly if specific plants are shut down or continue to operate. If the plants used in the past to produce fissile material for actual or potential use in nuclear weapons are shut down, verification could be based primarily on remote sensing and the use of seals and their periodic inspection; which would be a straightforward, inexpensive and non-intrusive method. However, the provisions for assuring that such facilities remain shut down would also depend on their readiness to resume operations. If steps have been taken to decommission the plant or to dismantle key components, monitoring can be carried out infrequently, after initial on-site verification to confirm that the plant is decommissioned or that key components have been dismantled. However, if a State wants these facilities to continue to operate for non proscribed purposes, their safeguarding would be more costly and more elaborate.", "92. In some States, the military and civilian nuclear fuel cycles are not entirely separated therefore verification arrangements will have to be devised in such a manner as to take account of such States’ legitimate concerns regarding the protection of classified information without", "hampering verification requirements. Measures involving various degrees of intrusiveness could be considered:", "(i) remote sensing (i.e. visual and infrared overflight data collected by satellites and/or aircraft) could be effective in verification of shut-down production facilities, with no risk of compromising sensitive information and little or no impact on the facilities;", "(ii) environmental sampling at a site or in its vicinity, to detect the nuclear and chemical signatures of reprocessing and enrichment activities, would cause very little interference with normal facility operations; and", "(iii) managed access inspections, to balance the needs of inspectors to carry out their duties and the rights of the inspected State to protect sensitive information.", "93. Some States might continue to use HEU for naval propulsion reactors and for fuelling tritium production reactors; verification that no HEU has been diverted to proscribed explosive uses would have to be addressed in such a way as to keep intrusiveness at an acceptable level, while concurrently enabling the verification agency to provide the appropriate level of assurances of compliance with the treaty’s provisions.", "94. With respect to HEU for naval propulsion reactors, a possible approach might be to follow a procedure similar to the one provided in paragraph 14 of INFCIRC/153 – the model agreement for comprehensive safeguards. This provides that nuclear material may be released from IAEA safeguards for non-proscribed military activity (i.e. naval propulsion), but the Agency must be kept informed of the total quantity and composition of the material and safeguards must be applied again once the material is discharged from the reactor and returned to the inventory. This safeguards provision has never been invoked to date and thus its effectiveness has never been put to the test.[24]", "95. Tritium production would impact on verification of an FMCT in two respects: first, HEU used as fuel in tritium production reactors could be diverted to weapons; and second, reactors dedicated to tritium production could also be used to produce plutonium for weapons. Thus, verification approaches would have to be devised to ensure that no proscribed activity is being conducted.", "Verification: Technical Requirements, Costs and Implementation", "Technical requirements", "96. Precise requirements are useful in creating and operating a verification system, as guides for budgeting, negotiation of specific implementation arrangements, staffing, routine inspection planning and evaluation, research and development, etc. The capabilities of a verification system can be specified in terms of measurement goals: amounts of fissile material of interest; time parameters during which the verification system should provide conclusions in relation to the amounts of fissile material; and the level of certainty desired about the conclusions.", "97. These goals generally represent a balance between technical effectiveness and cost. As the specified amounts of fissile material to be measured decrease, as the timeliness increases, and as the confidence associated with conclusions increases, the verification costs commensurately go up and the level of assurance provided by the system increases.", "Quantity goals", "98. The minimum amounts of fissile material to be verified under an FMCT could be based on different rationales, for example:", "(i) a fixed percentage of the amounts of fissile material submitted for verification under an FMCT; this rationale would establish the most direct link between the undertaking of the treaty and the amounts of fissile material needed by each State to obtain a significant increase in its existing fissile material inventory. However, this rationale would create a situation where verification activities are less intensive in States with large fissile material inventories than in States with small inventories; and", "(ii) an amount considered necessary for the production of one nuclear weapon; this is the basis for IAEA safeguards, and adopting the same goal would have the benefit of establishing a verification system which does not create any discrimination.[25]", "Timeliness requirements", "99. The timeliness requirements could be chosen in relation to the time needed by a State to convert fissile materials into nuclear weapons.", "100. First, how fast could a State act if it had made all preliminary arrangements and decided to acquire nuclear weapons in the shortest time possible before its activities were detected. In the IAEA safeguards system, the physical form of the nuclear material will determine the time required for fabrication into nuclear weapons. For pure forms of separated nuclear materials, the timeliness goal", "for successive conclusions is one month; for irradiated nuclear material, three months; goals are also defined for other nuclear materials.[26]", "101. The second timeliness consideration is a function of the minimum rate of diversion that a State could plan for. A large diversion occurring in a short period of time is more likely to be detected than a trickle diversion prolonged over an extended period. IAEA safeguards are designed to detect diversion of nuclear material to nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices (for timeliness purposes this is operationalized through a detection time corresponding estimated conversion time of one month for one significant quantity (SQ) of plutonium (8 kg) or HEU (25 kg of U-235 or 8 kg of U-233),[27] and the timeliness detection goal is used for establishing the frequency of inspections and safeguards activities at a facility (or a location outside a facility) during a calendar year, in order to verify that no abrupt diversion has occurred).", "Detection probability", "102. The third parameter characterizing the technical effectiveness of a verification system is the degree of certainty desired in relation to the findings of the verification system, i.e. the probability that the system will detect a possible diversion. For separated plutonium and HEU, IAEA safeguards are implemented so as to obtain credible assurances that a diversion of one significant quantity would be detected.[28]", "103. From a technical point of view, it would be preferable to adopt the same criteria under an FMCT, as for current IAEA safeguards. Aside from avoiding a disparity between two verification regimes, the adoption of identical sets of requirements would be substantially easier to administer and to implement than criteria with different requirements.", "Estimates of resources", "104. The Agency has extensive data on verification costs for facilities currently subject to safeguards. However, in relation to an FMCT, estimates would be needed for facilities which are not currently subject to IAEA safeguards, those which have been or currently are part of national defence programmes in the NWS and in non-NPT States. It should be noted that the Secretariat does not currently possess all the required information regarding such facilities, and this information would have to be provided by States once the treaty is concluded.", "105. The Secretariat's initial estimates are therefore based on information drawn largely from open literature and on the Agency’s experience in carrying out safeguards implementation. Algorithms can be developed to compute the safeguards effort likely to be required based on relevant facility parameters (e.g. facility type, status, type and amount of nuclear material, location etc.).", "106. It is clear that verification of an FMCT would require substantial financial resources. Should States consider the IAEA as the most appropriate organization to be entrusted with verification of compliance with an FMCT, they would need to agree on the modalities of the verification costs.", "107. The Agency could propose an FMCT verification system based upon existing safeguards, but sustained funding would be required for additional staff and supporting activities. Additional technical staff that would be needed would include inspectors and their immediate support staff, system analysts, computer programmers and data clerks, chemical analysts, statisticians, safeguards analysts, equipment development specialists, equipment management specialists and technicians. A limited increase in non-technical staff would also have to be considered. The equipment requirements for the verification of an FMCT would be substantial, especially during the initial phase of implementation of the treaty.", "108. Cost estimates prepared by the Secretariat in 1995 relied on a data base of 995 nuclear facilities (including decommissioned and shut-down facilities and facilities under construction) in eight States (China, France, India, Israel, Pakistan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States of America). Depending on the parameters, the costs of verifying an FMCT could vary between 50 to 150 million euros.", "Implementation in Stages", "109. Even if an FMCT verification system was not comprehensive, a substantial period of time still would be required to fully implement the verification provisions since between 200 and 1000 nuclear facilities (depending on the scope of the treaty) could become subject to verification. In some States, nuclear material control and accounting systems would have to be brought to internationally accepted standards, and some facilities are not designed to facilitate verification activities.", "110. In addition, it remains unclear whether or not the conclusion of a verification agreement between a verification agency and each State Party would be an additional requirement for the implementation of the verification provisions of such a treaty.", "111. The Agency has already successfully dealt with the issue of verifying the correctness and completeness of the declarations made by some States which have developed large safeguarded nuclear programmes. The Agency has, inter alia, examined historical accounting and operating records of both operating and shut-down facilities. This task has been challenging and the key to the Agency’s ability to fulfil its mandate remains getting the full cooperation of the State in giving the Agency open access to all relevant information and sites.", "112. Following an order of priority based on principles which have guided the Agency’s implementation of comprehensive safeguards agreements (i.e. concentrated verification of the stages of the nuclear fuel cycle involving the production, processing, use or storage of nuclear material", "from which nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices could readily be made), it could be possible to implement verification activities in stages.", "Conclusion", "113. IAEA safeguards began in the 1960s and have continued to evolve, without pause, as new verification responsibilities were assigned, as peaceful nuclear operations increased in size and complexity and as international relations posed new challenges. At present, with a safeguards regular budget of $130 million supplemented by $16.1 million in extrabudgetary contributions, more than 250 IAEA inspectors carry out over 2,100 inspections representing more than 9,000 person-days of inspection[29] work each year, using more than 100 different verification systems. As of 31 December 2005, Agency safeguards were applied to 930 facilities (including inter alia 240 power reactor units, 158 research reactors and critical assemblies, 13 enrichment plants, seven reprocessing plants, 89.9 tons of unirradiated plutonium outside reactor cores and 845 tons of plutonium contained in irradiated fuel, and 29.5 tons of high enriched uranium). The legal, technical and administrative arrangements adopted in different States and in different facilities respond to obligations mandated through Safeguards Agreements. In a wide range of areas, consideration of the existing safeguards arrangements will ensure that an FMCT verification and IAEA safeguards are implemented in ways that provide the maximum value at the minimum cost.", "114. It is the IAEA Secretariat’s assessment that verification of a treaty banning the production of fissile materials would be possible through a verification system quite similar to the one applied for the current IAEA safeguards system. The choice of a system to be developed to verify compliance with a fissile material production cut-off treaty is a matter for States to resolve. In this regard, States will have to address questions related to the different levels of assurance as well as the costs involved. As noted earlier in this paper, the IAEA is well aware of the differing views of States, inter alia, on the scope and verification of an FMCT and does not wish to pre-judge the outcome of the discussion of such issues in the Conference on Disarmament. The Agency, if requested, stands ready to assist in the process of further discussions and negotiations in whatever way is considered appropriate by States.", "[1] INFCIRC/153/(Corrected), paragraph 112 (http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf153.shtml).", "[2] “Fissionable” nuclei will fission when struck by fast neutrons having appreciable kinetic energy, while “fissile” nuclei will fission when struck by fast or slow neutrons with any amount of kinetic energy, including neutrons with essentially no kinetic energy. “Fissile” nuclei are therefore “fissionable”, but only some “fissionable” nuclei are “fissile”. Uranium-233, uranium-235, plutonium-239 and plutonium-241 are “fissile” nuclei; uranium-238, plutonium-238, 240 and 242, neptunium-237, americium-241 and 242(m) are examples of “fissionable” nuclei that are not “fissile”.", "[3] IAEA Statute, http://www.iaea.org/About/statute.html.", "[4] The IAEA Safeguards Glossary (2001 edition) defines “direct use material” as nuclear material that can be used for the manufacture of nuclear explosive devices without transmutation or further enrichment – it includes plutonium containing less than 80% Pu-233, high enriched uranium and U-233 (paragraph 4.25) http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/nvs-3-cd/PDF/NVS3_prn.pdf#search=%22IAEA%20Safeguards%20Glossary%22.", "[5] See, The Safeguards System of the IAEA, http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/safeg_system.pdf.", "[6] See, IAEA & NPT: The Verification Challenge, by Jan Lodding & Tariq Rauf, (http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull462/iaea_npt.pdf).", "[7] A listing is available at: http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sir_table.pdf; as of 24 August 2006, 31 NNWS party to the NPT have yet to bring into force a CSA with the IAEA (of which 10 States have signed CSAs but have not yet brought them into force, CSAs for 2 States have been approved by the IAEA Board of Governors but have not yet been signed, and 19 NNWS have yet to take any action to conclude CSAs pursuant to the NPT).", "[8] INFCIRC/66/Rev.2, which requires the application of safeguards to nuclear material, facilities and other items specified in the relevant safeguards agreement.", "[9] All CSAs are based on INFCIRC/153 (Corr.), “The Structure and Content of Agreements between the Agency and States in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.” INFCIRC/153 (Corrected) is available at the IAEA website: www.iaea.og.", "[10] See Safeguards Statement for 2005, Background to Safeguards Statement and Executive Summary of the Safeguards Implementation Report for 2005, Sections 1.1.1 & 2. (http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.pdf).", "[11] A significant quantity (SQ) is the approximate amount of nuclear material for which the possibility of manufacturing a nuclear explosive device cannot be ruled out. Direct use nuclear material: 8 kg Pu (containing less than 80% Pu-238); 8 kg U-233. IAEA Safeguards Glossary, paragraph 3.14. (http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/nvs-3-cd/Start.pdf#search=%22'Safeguards%20Glossary%22%22.)", "[12] In order to simplify certain procedures under CSAs for States that have little or no nuclear material, and no nuclear material in a facility, the IAEA began making available in 1971, a “Small Quantities Protocol” (SQP), which held in abeyance the implementation of most of the detailed provisions of CSAs until such time as the quantities of nuclear material in a State exceeded certain limits or the State had nuclear material in a facility. As part of the continuing process of strengthening the effectiveness and improve the efficiency of the IAEA’s safeguards system, on 20 September 2005, the Board of Governors took the decision to retain the SQP as part of the IAEA safeguards system, but subject to certain modifications. The revised SQPs standardized text now requires States to submit initial reports on nuclear material, to inform the IAEA once a decision to build a nuclear facility is taken, and to permit inspection activities. The Board also decided that SQPs would not be made available to States with planned or existing nuclear facilities. The Board authorized the Director General to conclude with all States with SQPs exchanges of letters giving effect to the modifications in the standardised text and the change in the SQP eligibility criteria, and called on the States concerned to conclude such exchanges of letters as soon as possible. The Secretariat is currently in the process of concluding exchanges of letters with all States concerned to give effect to these modifications. At the same time, the Board called on the IAEA Secretariat to assist States with SQPs in developing and maintaining their State Systems of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Material.", "[13] INFCIRC/66/Rev.2: The Agency’s Safeguards System (1965) as provisionally extended in 1966 and 1968. (http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf66r2.shtml).", "[14] See Safeguards Statement for 2005, Background to Safeguards Statement and Executive Summary of the Safeguards Implementation Report for 2005, Section 1.3. (http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.pdf).", "[15] Ibid. Section 1.4.", "[16] See Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Security: IAEA Safeguards Agreements and Additional Protocols, http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/nuke.pdf.", "[17] For the latest status see: http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sg_protocol.html.", "[18] For IAEA reports, see: http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/IaeaIraq/index.shtml.", "[19] For IAEA reports, see: http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/IaeaDprk/index.shtml.", "[20] IAEA Press Release 2002/13, IAEA Verification of Weapon-Origin Fissile Material in the Russian Federation and the United States, http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/PressReleases/2002/prn0213.shtml.", "[21] http://www.nnsa.doe.gov/na20/docs/2000_Agreement.pdf#search=%22%22Plutonium%20Management%20and%20Disposition%20Agreement%22%22.", "[22] Uranium-233 is produced in a similar manner by irradiating thorium, and separated through a similar process; however, no uranium-233 reprocessing plants are in operation.", "[23] More than 80% of the separative work required to produce uranium containing concentrations of uranium- 235 of 90% or more is spent in raising the enrichment from natural levels (0.71% uranium-235) to approximately 4% enriched. A much smaller top-end facility would be needed to increase the enrichment from 4% to high enrichment levels than if the facility were to start with natural uranium.", "[24] No State has ever exercised the provision allowed in CSAs to designate nuclear materials for non-proscribed military applications that employ the fission characteristics of nuclear materials – in 1987, Canada contemplated using this exemption for nuclear-powered submarines but eventually cancelled its nuclear submarine acquisition programme. States have exempted safeguards on depleted and natural uranium for use in ceramics, for example, and as a catalyst in petrochemical processes, and on depleted uranium metal for use as ballast material in aircraft and boats.", "[25] See IAEA Safeguards Glossary, op. cit., paragraphs 3.13-3.14 (pp.22-23).", "[26] See Ibid., paragraph 3.20 (pp.24-25).", "[27] Ibid., paragraph 3.13 - 3.15 (pp. 22-24).", "[28] See IAEA Safeguards Glossary, op. cit., paragraph 3.15 – 3.16 (pp.23-24).", "[29] A ‘”person-day of inspection” (PDI is defined as a day during which a single inspector has access to a facility at any time for a total of not more than eight hours. The IAEA Annual Report for 2005 is posted at: http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/Anrep2005/index.html; and the Safeguards Statement for 2005, Background to Safeguards Statement and Executive Summary of the Safeguards Implementation Report for 2005 is available at: http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.html." ]

[ "加 拿 大", "禁止生产用于武器的裂变材料： 考虑因素、要求和原子能机构的能力", "原子能机构于2006年8月24日在日内瓦向 裁军谈判会议作的报告", "导 言", "1. 1993年12月16日，联合国大会通过决议A/RES/48/75/L, 要求国际原子能机构(原子能机构)在必要情况下提供协助，审查可由国际有效核查的禁止生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的非歧视性多边条约(以下称《裂变材料禁产条约》)的核查安排。", "2. 原子能机构表示愿意提供必要的协助，该机构秘书处开展内部研究，分析核查裂变材料禁产问题的可能要求，并就落实这些核查要求所需的资源开展初步评估。向1995年召开的多次裂变材料禁产条约研讨会及时通报了相关研究结果。", "3. 大会决议、香农授权和不扩散条约缔约国设想的裂变材料禁产条约将包括承诺不生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料，同时也不协助其他国家从事此类活动。就用于其他合法用途的裂变材料的生产而言，作出的核查安排需要达到裂变材料禁产条约规定的承诺的各项要求。", "4. 原子能机构秘书处认为，核查是否遵守裂变材料禁产条约的技术目标是确保没有进一步生产用于武器的裂变材料，也没有将裂变材料从民用核燃料循环中挪用于核武器用途。因此，务必要确保拟用于核武器用途的钚和高浓缩铀在裂变材料禁产条约生效时存在的储存此后不再增加。 一个相关问题是如何处理现有的可用于武器的裂变材料储存。", "5. 要澄清缔约国的基本义务以及裂变材料禁产条约核查机制的范围，各国必须解决很多问题。在核查问题上，这些问题可以归纳为两个基本问题：", "(1) 对于不生产用于武器的裂变材料的承诺，如何进行核查？议定的承诺要能够有高度把握地加以核查仅需要以几个核心设施作为核查工作的重点吗？还是应当开展全面的核查行动？", "(2) 核查工作应当如何以及在何种程度上确保已存在的用于核武器的裂变材料储存不会增加，如果不存在这种储存，如何确保今后不会生产？", "6. 各国解决上述问题的方法将确定如下方面：", "(1) 核查结构以及核查系统的行动范围(即，核查措施适用于整个核燃料循环还是仅其中一部分)；", "(2) 核查组织有高度把握地确定某一特定国家或在该国境内没有开展条约所禁止的任何活动的能力，特别是制订规定，使核查机构能够检测可能存在的未申报核设施以及核活动，包括生产裂变材料；以及", "(3) 裂变材料禁产条约缔约国应承担的核查系统总成本。", "7. 原子能机构充分了解各国在裂变材料禁产条约的范围及核查问题上的不同观点，并且无意预先设想上述问题在裁军谈判会议上的讨论情况。本文将概述原子能机构的保障措施以及核查活动，以便让参与裁军谈判会议工作的各国了解相关情况，并指出哪些活动可能与关于未来裂变材料禁产条约核查问题的讨论有关。", "定义：裂变材料与核材料", "8. 联合国大会决议和香农授权均提到“裂变材料”。在这方面，就裂变材料做出明确的定义将有所帮助。例如，可以将裂变材料定义为不需要进一步浓缩或嬗变就能够直接制造核武器或其他核爆炸装置的核材料。这与原子能机构保障措施所使用的“直接使用核材料”一词相吻合。", "9. 执行原子能机构保障协定时不使用“裂变材料”一词，原子能机构保障措施适用于“核材料”， [1] 即《原子能机构规约》第二十条所定义的源材料或特种可裂变材料。[2] 《原子能机构规约》将特种可裂变材料界定如下：“钚239；铀233；同位素235 或233浓缩的铀；含有上述一种或数种材料的任何材料；以及理事会不时确定的其他可裂变材料。” 《原子能机构规约》对源材料界定如下：“含有自然界发生的同位素混合物的铀；同位素235贫化的铀；钍；呈金属、合金、化合物或浓缩物形态的上述任何材料；含有上述一种或数种材料的其他材料，其浓度应由理事会不时确定；以及理事会不时确定的其他材料。”[3]", "10. 在原子能机构保障措施范围内“核材料”进一步细分为：(1) 无需嬗变或进一步浓缩就可用于生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置的非辐照及辐照“直接使用核材料”；[4] 以及(2) 需要经过辐照或浓缩方适合用于生产核武器的“间接使用材料”。从原子能机构保障措施的目的出发，直接使用核材料包括：钚238同位素含量未达到80%的钚、铀235同位素含量达到20%或以上的铀、以及铀233。“分离的直接使用核材料”系从裂变产物中分离出来的直接使用核材料，将其用于核武器所需的加工以及加工时间都大大少于高度放射性裂变产物的混合物。裂变材料禁产条约中关于裂变材料的定义可以接近关于分离的直接使用核材料的上述定义。这些基本定义的差异可能使得各国承担的义务和需要采取的行动、执行原子能机构保障措施以及裂变材料禁产条约的核查工作变得更加复杂。", "原子能机构保障协定的类型", "11. 原子能机构保障措施在不同类型的协定和安排下适用，因此具体范围、目标、措施、技术、评估和报告方式可能有所不同。[5]", "12. 在1968年缔结《不扩散核武器条约》(《不扩散条约》)之后，原子能机构便负责通过执行保障措施，核实各国根据《不扩散条约》或类似协定做出的“和平利用”承诺是否得到履行。[6]", "13. 目前，《不扩散条约》的183个无核武器缔约国做出承诺，不制造、也不通过其他途径获取核武器或其他核爆炸装置。[7] 此外，这些国家还承诺针对用于各项核活动的所有核材料实施原子能机构保障措施，并同原子能机构缔结全面保障协定，履行其根据《不扩散条约》第三条所承担的义务。", "14. 《不扩散条约》的五个核武器缔约国同原子能机构缔结了自愿提交保障协定，协定内容涉及部分或全部民用核材料和/或核设施，原子能机构可以从中选取部分材料或设施，实施保障措施。", "15. 对于尚未加入《不扩散条约》的三个国家――印度、以色列和巴基斯坦，原子能机构保障措施将在特定设施对设施本身或相关保障协定具体指明的核材料及其他项目实施。[8]", "全面保障协定国家的保障措施", "16. 原子能机构保障措施被视为国际核不扩散体制的基石，全面保障协定则是原子能机构保障措施的基石。[9] 全面保障协定要求各国使其全部核材料受制于原子能机构保障措施，并要求原子能机构根据全面保障协定的条款，对该国境内、管辖范围内或控制范围以内任何地点进行的所有和平核活动所用的全部核材料实施保障措施。对于那些承诺不开发、也不通过其他途径获取核武器的国家，原子能机构保障措施的覆盖范围包括“裂变材料”以及其他核材料。全面保障协定的核查活动涉及申报的核材料以及未经申报的核材料及核活动，目的是确认全部核材料都置于保障措施之下，并承诺用于和平用途。[10]", "17. 根据全面保障协定执行原子能机构保障措施的工作以两项核查目标为指导方针：", "(1) 监测一国申报的重要量核材料 [11])是否从和平用途转为生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置；以及", "(2) 核查各国申报的信息是否准确和完整，目的之一是检测申报的设施是否从事未申报的核材料生产或加工活动。", "18. 多年来，原子能机构采用统一标准来指导有关方面在已申报设施中执行保障措施，决定各国提供的信息的覆盖面和准确性，制订信息核查活动，确定为达成保障目标在设施实施的保障方案，并制订关于视察频率、视察活动以及视察结果的具体要求。在无法借助核试验的情况下，考虑到加工过程中的损失以及设计方案应该做到保守，8公斤钚和铀233足以让一个国家生产出第一件核武器。对于高浓缩铀而言，25公斤铀235同位素同样足以生产核武器。", "19. 全面保障协定的结构和内容以及落实保障措施的基础设施，不仅将影响到全面保障协定缔约国境内的裂变材料禁产条约核查，同时也会引起其他国家的关注。在全面保障协定之下，有关方面缔结辅助安排，作为执行保障措施所依据的法律框架的部分内容。辅助安排包括一般规定和针对每个已知设施的设施附件。辅助安排的一般规定和设施附件尽可能实现标准化，而不同类型设施的设施附件以“范本”为基础，往往需要做出重大调整，以适应个别设施的具体特点。设施附件将对个别设施适用的具体义务和视察权利同原子能机构与该国缔结的保障协定中的相关段落联系起来。", "20. 根据全面保障协定，必须建立“国家核材料衡算和控制系统”(简称SSAC)，负责执行有效的衡算安排和进出口控制。国家必须广泛申报在实施保障措施的设施当中开展的核活动，并定期报告其核材料存量清单和流量。在全面保障协定生效之初，首次存量清单申报将接受核查，以确保其内容完整和准确。此后，要求各国就其申报的每个设施提供设计资料，每年开展材料平衡评估，并依据经测量的实物存量和存量变化报告不明材料量。国家申报资料交由原子能机构进行核查，以确保其内容完整和准确，已申报的核材料没有被转用于生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置。", "在全面保障协定缔约国加强保障措施", "21. 伊拉克是《不扩散条约》的无核武器缔约国，并且缔结了全面保障协定，但在该国境内发现了广泛的秘密核武器计划，这表明保障制度的工作重点不能仅限于核查已经申报的核活动。为加强保障制度，原子能机构理事会认识到，要杜绝出现秘密行动的可能性，原子能机构需要通过辅助工具来克服全面保障协定的局限性。在文件INFCIRC/540 (Corr.)的基础上，制订了全面保障协定附加议定书，扩大原子能机构的权限，要求各国提供更多资料，并向原子能机构开放相关地点和技术，以便让后者能够核查该国根据全面保障协定所申报的信息是否准确、完整。", "22. 根据全面保障协定附加议定书的规定，原子能机构有权要求国家就核计划提供资料，其中包括研究和开发，以及与可用于生产或提纯核材料的特定设备和非核材料的制造或出口有关的活动。附加议定书允许补充接触，目的是确保没有未申报的核材料及核活动或解决涉及核材料或核活动的问题或不一致处，其中包括有限接触相关地点，以防止关于核扩散的敏感资料外泄，达到安全或实物保护要求，保护专利或商业敏感信息。附加议定书将针对可能的秘密设施以及在申报设施内开展的未申报活动的核查工作结合起来，使得原子能机构能够根据申报设施的情况适当调整核查要求。", "23. 作为加强保障制度的部分工作，原子能机构正在实施“一体化保障”，这是一种更加有效的方法，将根据全面保障协定开展的核查活动同更加先进的分析方法以及根据附加议定书开展的更多接触结合起来。国家层面上的一体化保障措施考虑到具体国情，例如国家核材料衡算和控制系统(SSAC)的成效以及国家核燃料循环的特点。截止到2005年，原子能机构已经在多个国家实施了一体化保障措施，包括日本和加拿大这两个拥有最大的实施保障措施的核计划国家。目的是使附加议定书普遍化，以便其扩大的接触权能够同样地应用于签订全面保障协定的所有国家。", "24. 原子能机构理事会每年召开四次会议，在每次会议上均提出多项附加议定书，供批准后签署，国家总数有所增加，但缔结并实施附加议定书的进展速度仍然缓慢。(到目前为止，已有109个国家签署了附加议定书，77个国家正在实施附加议定书。)", "25. 2005年9月，原子能机构理事会修订了“小数量议定书”(SQP)政策 [12]，目的是在缔结全面保障协定的所有国家确保有效实施核查权利。此外，理事会还组建了保障与核查委员会(第25委员会)，负责审议进一步加强保障制度的方式方法。", "针对开展或计划开展核活动的其他国家的原子能机构保障措施", "26. 在印度、以色列和巴基斯坦执行原子能机构保障措施，是根据在《不扩散条约》以前订立的《保障协定》[13]，内容涉及研究和动力堆及其部件、核燃料以及重水。这些《保障协定》规定，上述反应堆中辐照产生的所有裂变材料都需要实施保障措施，对于加工或使用此类核材料的工厂，只要受制于保障措施的核材料储存在工厂内，也应执行保障措施。应该指出，针对某一类设施的保障核查要求通常以全面保障协定规定的要求为准，但可能因设施本身、设备或核材料受制于保障措施而出现具体的不同，而且保障协定可能包括反映这些保障协定的选择性的条款，特别是替代条款。[14]", "核武器国家的保障措施执行情况", "27. 法国、中华人民共和国、俄罗斯联邦、联合王国和美国等得到《不扩散条约》承认的五个核武器国家，均已签署了以全面保障协定为范本的自愿提交保障协定。此类协定没有要求这些国家使其核材料受制于保障措施，而是允许它们将核材料以及设施从其指定供原子能机构选择执行保障措施的名单中删除。此外，原子能机构没有义务在这些国家指定的设施当中执行保障措施。[15] 目前原子能机构保障措施与最有关裂变材料禁产条约的适用对象是中国和联合王国的浓缩工厂。除专门用于核武器计划和海军反应堆计划的核设施之外，法国和联合王国的所有核设施均根据《罗马条约》的规定，执行欧洲原子能联营的保障措施。欧洲原子能联营被视为区域管制机制，原子能机构和该机构正在执行一项伙伴关系安排，就在欧盟国家执行保障措施开展合作。", "附加议定书", "28. 《附加议定书范本》[16] 针对已经同原子能机构签署保障协定的所有国家，其中包括《不扩散条约》的核武器缔约国和非缔约国。[17] 得到《不扩散条约》承认的五个核武器国家均已签署《附加议定书》，其中包括文件INFCIRC/540所规定的部分措施，三个核武器国家已经开始执行相关议定书。核武器国家执行议定书的主要目的是为原子能机构提供更多资料，协助原子能机构对无核武器国家的核活动执行保障措施。在核武器国家和《不扩散条约》非缔约国签署的附加议定书与可能列入裂变材料禁产条约的关于可能协助其他国家获取生产裂变材料能力的设备或材料出口问题的条款可能会相互影响。", "原子能机构其他相关核查活动", "29. 在执行保障措施的正常范围之外，原子能机构开展附加核查活动的以下三种情况可能与裂变材料禁产条约有关：", "(1) 原子能机构根据联合国安全理事会第687号决议和相关决议，在伊拉克执行扩大的核查措施，[18] 其中包括无限制进入可疑地点和大范围环境监测，以检测是否存在秘密核材料生产活动。此次极端事件获取的经验在考虑裂变材料禁产条约中将规定的接触条款时或许有帮助――授予的权利和遭遇的困难；", "(2) 根据朝鲜民主主义人民共和国同美国缔结的协议框架，原子能机构负责监测冻结朝鲜核设施的所有作业，[19] 其中包括监测冻结随时备用的后处理厂的活动。取得的经验对于考虑裂变材料禁产条约中规定的视察条款可能有帮助；以及", "(3) 原子能机构同俄罗斯联邦和美国一起提出了三方倡议，目的是建立对这两个国家过多的国防用裂变材料进行核查的体制，下文将具体论述这个问题。", "三方倡议", "30. 1996年9月17日，俄罗斯原子能部长维克托·米哈伊洛夫、原子能机构总干事汉斯·布利克斯和美国能源部长Hazel O’Leary 举行会晤，并在会上提出“三方倡议”。倡议的目的是履行克林顿总统和叶利钦总统关于原子能机构核查源于武器的裂变材料的承诺，并补充双方关于削减核武器的透明度和不可逆性的承诺。", "31. 三方建立了联合工作组，负责审议原子能机构核查相关裂变材料所涉及的各种技术、法律和财政问题。工作组致力于制订可适用于下列设施的核查措施：投入运行后的俄罗斯M裂变材料储存设施；以及一处或多处美国设施，储存在该处的从国防计划中撤出的已知源于武器的裂变材料将接受核查。2002年12月16日，有关方面宣布了三方倡议工作组的任务。[20]", "32. 三方倡议涉及如下内容：原子能机构的核查范围和目的；可能接受原子能机构核查的源于武器的裂变材料的存放地点、类型和数量；能够履行核查及监督目标并且不会泄露敏感信息的技术；以及为原子能机构核查措施提供经费和法律框架的备选方案。", "范围和目标", "33. 三方倡议旨在建立核查体制，要求拥有核武器的国家将过多的武器材料提交核查。各国自行决定申报哪些材料，但将材料交由原子能机构进行核查的决定一经做出，便不可撤消。", "34. 此外，根据核查要求，一旦决定将某些材料交由原子能机构进行核查，视察将强制执行。", "35. 每件核武器使用一种或多种裂变能量元素，每一种裂变能量元素都需要某种核材料，通常是钚239同位素含量达到93%或更高的钚，或是高浓缩铀。对拥有、生产和使用此类材料加以控制，是国际不扩散体制的基础。随着《不扩散条约》的核武器缔约国纷纷采取行动，履行其根据条约第六条所承担的义务，关于禁止生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的条约以及规定将现有核材料从核武器除去的框架，将成为未来安排的核心内容。", "36. 使武器材料接受国际核查能够达到各种不同目的，视其发生时间以及核查范围而定。", "(1) 假如裂变材料经过加工，已经不具备能够揭示武器秘密的任何特性，然后使此类材料接受视察同时承诺它不能够再用于军事用途，能够满足以下两个目的：(a) 限制国家能力(同时禁产)；以及 (b) 提供建立信任的方式，从而鼓励进一步削减军备，将更多的多余材料交由原子能机构进行视察。", "(2) 包括对仍然具有武器秘密的裂变材料进行视察的规定，能够收到额外收益：由于将武器材料转化为非机密形式材料需要很高的成本和漫长的过程，交付视察的程序将大大加快。只有在国家确信核查过程不会泄露相关特性的情况下，才会考虑允许原子能机构对具有机密特性的武器材料开展核查。", "(3) 包括确认提交项目的性质就是核武器部件的特性的规定，能够允许对削减军备的过程进行监测。", "(4) 假如实施了上述各项措施，从理论上讲，能够在弹头脱离发射系统之际就开始进行核查，同时允许对削减军备的具体措施进行核查。", "37. 根据三方倡议，核查将包括前两个步骤。", "38. 核查机密形式的裂变材料所需的步骤对于原子能机构使用的核查过程以及设备提出了新的要求。假如能够执行一项得到核武器国家认可的核查办法，就有可能以更快的速度进一步确认为裁军采取的步骤。", "39. 根据三方倡议，迄今为止开展的大部分技术工作都用在设计可使各国将具有机密特性的裂变材料，其中包括从核弹头拆下的原封未动部件交付核查的方法。", "技术要求和方法", "40. 近年来，根据三方倡议开展的大部分技术工作都是在设计可让核武器国家能够邀请原子能机构视察人员测量核武器部件，但这些视察人员无任何可能性接触到核武器设计秘密的核查方法。另一方面，核查方法必须让原子能机构能够充分保证核查是可信、独立的。各种可能的测量方法都考虑了，首先是原子能机构当前对无核武器国家中的钚和高浓缩铀实施保障措施所使用的方法。三方得出结论认为，假如允许视察人员接触原始测量数据，已知的各种方法都可能泄漏武器秘密。因此，按照原子能机构常规保障措施做法开展的直接定量测量是行不通的。", "41. 三方由此商定，原子能机构对源于武器的裂变材料的核查工作将以能够保障最可靠核查的测量为基础，但测量系统的设计将使原子能机构的视察人员只能得到“合格/不合格”资料。由于原始测量数据可以揭示机密资料，测量系统应包括特别安全规定，防止其中含有任何机密资料，并在有人企图接触原始测量数据时让整个系统陷入瘫痪。将实际测量数据同不机密的参考“属性”进行比较，可以确定是否“合格”。这种方法被称为“有信息屏蔽的属性核查”。各方商定，原子能机构对某一容器中是否有过多的钚的核查工作可以开展以下属性检验：", "(1) 是否存在钚；", "(2) 武器级同位素构成(即，钚240和钚239之比小于0.1)；以及", "(3) 钚的数量是否大于规定界限值。", "42. “信息屏蔽”将硬件、软件以及分层程序保护系统结合起来，目的是对机密资料形成纵深保护。三方倡议专家研究了各种已知的核查技术，确定哪一种方法能够让原子能机构得出可信、独立的结论。专家制订了测量系统的一般技术要求和功能细则，开发并展示了测量系统模型。该模型被称为“利用中子重复计数和高分辨率伽马能谱测定法对具有机密特性的钚开展属性核查的有信息屏蔽系统”(AVNG)。根据同洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室签订的合同，目前正在位于Sarov (旧称A-16)的俄罗斯联邦核中心/全俄实验物理科学研究院建设全方位系统。该系统将测量保存机密形式的钚的AT-400储存容器(该容器的展示样本保存在原子能机构三方倡议办公室)。在钚储存设施存量监测系统的设计和开发问题上，专家已经取得了良好进展。", "43. 属性核查技术包括中子重复计数分析系统和高分辨率伽马能谱测定系统，核查在特定环境下进行，以防止机密资料外泄，同时阻止任何外界信号干扰操作系统。假如有任何通路被打开，安全监控系统将停止整个系统的运行，接到视察人员的读出的计算机区段和传输装置，在不违反安全限制的情况下提供认定的结果。", "44. 上述所有设备都在使用国制造生产。该国负责检验这些设备，其验证将包括常规工业问题，以及反间谍验证，以确保原子能机构的视察不会造成机密资料外泄。原子能机构的常规验证做法不能够在这些限制下采用；目前正在制订新方法，其中部分内容即将投入实施；认证工作仍是原子能机构面临的最大挑战。", "45. 除上述关于全面属性核查系统的工作之外，关于源于武器的裂变材料专用储存设施存量监测系统的工作也在进行。这套系统将跟踪监测设施内的核材料，确保随时核查其特性、完整性和所在地点。存量监测系统将把传统的保障封隔和监视措施结合起来。酌情保护机密资料是必要的，并且需要国家给予验证。真实性验证也是关注的问题。此外，将严格规范视察人员的活动。", "46. 此外还考虑了将裂变材料从机密形式转化为非机密形式所需的步骤以及随后的处置活动。2000年，俄罗斯联邦和美国签署了《钚的管理和处理协定》(PMDA) [21] ，根据该协定，俄美两国同意各自对34吨武器级钚进行系统处理。《钚的处理和处理协定》呼吁就原子能机构核查这种钚的作用问题同原子能机构开展“早期磋商” 。根据三方倡议，该协定确认的大部分钚将接受原子能机构核查，因此，相关安排必须设法满足上述两项活动的要求。估计的处理成本是俄罗斯联邦20亿美元，美国66亿美元。", "47. 对于非机密形式的裂变材料而言，核查方法应类似于原子能机构在无核武器国家执行不扩散保障措施时采用的方法。但尽管如此可能有脱离原子能机构保障措施的需要。对于那些目前(或今后)位于核武器生产地点的设施而言，甚至对于储存非机密形式的裂变材料的设施而言，现地安全限制可能使得常规保障工作的执行更加复杂。此外，核查工作还面临的实际问题是，裂变材料经过混合或辐照之后同民用部门的裂变材料相比更不适合用于武器用途的情况。", "48. 如机密形式的裂变材料要接受核查，国家必须申报。俄罗斯联邦和美国都不能够申报机密形式裂变材料的特性，因为会违反《不扩散条约》第一条和相关国内法律。", "49. 根据原子能机构保障措施，原子能机构对受制于保障措施的核材料的所有核属性进行无限制测量，并提取样本，按精确度和准确度的最高标准，对包括杂质在内的各种属性进行测量。对于机密形式的裂变材料显然不能进行这种测量。", "50. 原子能机构全面保障协定是核不扩散体制的组成部分，目的是防止无核武器国家获取任何核武器。参与三方倡议的两个核武器国家都拥有数千件核武器，目前正在大幅度削减武器数量，希望最终能够减到零。适用于核裁军的核查要求最终必须同不扩散核查要求一致起来，但这还需要一定时间。", "51. 三方倡议涉及如下内容：原子能机构核查的范围和目的；可能接受原子能机构核查的源于武器的裂变材料的所在地点、类型和数量；能够满足核查及监测目标、同时又不会泄露敏感资料的技术；以及为原子能机构核查措施提供经费和提供法律框架的备选方案。", "与后处理和浓缩有关的原子能机构保障措施和技术", "52. 随着裂变材料禁产条约的范围及核查要求确定下来，原子能机构的相关经验和各国的现有要求将有助于对特定类型的设施以及酌情对特定设施开展深入调查。根据谈判授权，理论上将需要对后处理和浓缩活动进行核查，因此对原子能机构在浓缩和后处理厂执行保障措施的经验进行初步审议，可能有所帮助。", "申报的后处理厂", "53. 在后处理厂，把核反应堆产生的钚从铀、裂变产物和其他锕类元素中分离出来。除极个别情况之外，所有钚后处理厂都采用同一种处理技术，即“普雷克斯流程”。[22] 后处理厂需要处理具有高度放射性的物质，因此必须在极端坚固的构造内遥控处理，以封隔放射性。这些特点，再加之精确测量在处理开始时的钚(或铀233)数量所固有的困难，使得保障措施的执行工作十分复杂，而且同其他保障措施的执行相比成本更高。", "54. 在后处理厂执行保障措施的目的是检测设施是否被滥用(未申报的后处理) 以及申报的钚和铀的流量及存量是否被转用。运行的大型工厂在达到保障措施核查要求方面遇到的困难是最大的，由于原子能机构保障措施视察目标当中的量化部分是根据生产一件核武器所需材料数量确定的，由于这些数量同处理的核材料总量相比变得很少，必须扩大保障措施的执行范围，同时提高侵入性，以确保工厂没有被滥用，核材料得到准确测量和申报，并且没有被转用。假如后处理厂在执行保障措施之前已经投入运行，或是工厂测量仪器不完善或不可靠，技术问题会更加复杂。", "55. 后处理厂的保障方案取决于众多因素，其中最重要的是工厂的运行状况：正在运行、处于备用状态、已经退役、还是已经废弃。可能出现以下几种情况：", "(1) 继续从事后处理；", "(2) 用于非后处理目的 (例如，从钚中清除镅241、废物分级等)；", "(3) 备用(在这种情况下，核查要求在很大程度上取决于发布重新运行通告和实际重新启动之间的时间间隔)；", "(4) 逐步退役(在这种情况下，由于重新启动所需的时间和努力随着重要部件的销毁、掩埋或拆除而增加，保障方案逐渐趋于简化)；以及", "(5) 已经退役或废弃(定期检查的频率取决于建筑物是否保留下来，以及如果是，是否仍在使用当中；方法是在考虑成本的基础上开展定期视察或卫星图象分析)。", "56. 必要的成本和工作将有所不同，已经退役或者废弃的设施几乎不要任何成本，而持续视察则需要动用耗资数千万美元的核查设备。", "57. 针对后处理厂的原子能机构保障措施首先要分析相关国家应就以下方面提供的资料：设施的设计和构造、其运行情况以及所使用的核材料衡算系统。在考虑设施保障方案的过程中，应尽早开展设计资料审查，以决定资料是否充分，是否前后一致。在建造、服役、此后的正常运行、保养、调整以及退役过程中，设计资料要经由视察人员观察核实，并进行适当测量和检验，以确认设施的设计和运行情况同所提供的信息相吻合。除上述方法之外，可以根据实际情况开展环境取样，用以检测具有不同特性的钚后处理。可以在此类保障措施的基础上确定某一具体设施保障方案的其他内容，并且可以据此实施其他各种保障措施。", "58. 根据每个后处理设施的运行状况、规模大小以及设施的具体特点，设施保障方案将下列措施的适当组合同设计资料核查活动结合起来：", "(1) 对于后处理厂的主要部门实施封隔和监视，以继续了解业经核实的资料，并跟踪监督运行情况，以确定受到视察的运行是否符合运营方申报的情况；", "(2) 实施测量，其中包括运营方对核材料衡算、临界性安全或流程控制进行的测量，以及原子能机构利用原子能机构的设备进行的、或者根据适当安排使用运营方的设备进行的测量；", "(3) 溶液测量和监测系统，用以跟踪含有核材料的溶液在处理区内的流动情况，并提供经过验证的溶液中的核材料体积测量数据；", "(4) 近实时衡算，以检测规定的每月定期监测间隔期间内钚的损失情况；", "(5) 核材料衡算，涉及根据核实后的实物存量和实物存量变化所作的年度材料结算(这包括发货方――收货方差额分析以及连续材料结算期内未说明的材料)；以及", "(6) 累计核材料衡算，涉及设施执行原子能机构保障措施的整个期间内的总量分析和趋势分析。", "59. 在后处理厂实施的保障措施之一是收集样本，交由位于Seibersdorf (奥地利) 的原子能机构保障分析实验室以及位于八个成员国的另外14家实验室进行分析，所有这些实验室构成了原子能机构的分析实验室网络。在设施进行的样本准备工作之一是将样本同参考材料进行混合稀释，降低其放射性，以便于运输和处理。此类样本的运输成本非常高，需要采取适当的辐射防护措施。", "60. 在后处理厂使用的核查设备包括标准密封和监视设备以及以下专用系统：", "(1) 气动测量系统，用以测量装有仪表的容器中的溶液体积和密度；", "(2) 安全样本容器，用以保护样本免受干扰；", "(3) 密度计设备，原子能机构利用此项设备在其分离和提纯前后以及过程当中对溶液中的钚浓度进行核查(对于提纯后的溶液使用K电子吸收限密度计，对于含有裂变产物和铀的溶液使用混合型 K电子吸收限密度计)；以及", "(4) 鉴于必要的样本数量以及分析时间，应该在大型后处理厂设立现场分析实验室。", "秘密后处理厂", "61. 在全面保障协定缔约国，任何未申报的后处理都显然是违反了协定和附加议定书的规定。后处理作业通常会向大气中排放气态裂变产物，并释放粉尘，其中有些粉尘会沉降在远离设施的地方。针对秘密后处理厂的检测措施如下。", "62. 加强信息分析：根据附加议定书的规定，全面保障协定缔约国必须毫无保留地提供以下方面的信息：关于后处理的研究和开发情况，用于后处理的专门容器的制造和进口情况(应要求提供)，以及过去、目前及今后任何后处理厂的兴建、运行和退役情况。原子能机构分析所提供的信息，并将其同通过各种渠道获取的资料进行比较，这其中包括：", "(1) 在各国执行保障措施获取的信息；", "(2) 向原子能机构通报的涉及核材料和特定设备转让的信息；", "(3) 原子能机构通过其他活动获取的信息，包括技术合作项目；", "(4) 科学期刊和媒体披露的公开信息；以及", "(5) 国家可能提供的其他信息。", "63. 补充接触：根据附加议定书的规定，原子能机构有权要求进入相关地点，以解决所提供的信息中存在前后不一致的问题。随着谈判的深入进行，将需要关于此类接触的具体规定来决定它们同裂变材料禁产条约的关系。", "64. 环境取样：根据现行附加议定书的规定，可以在有补充接触的地点开展环境取样工作。大范围环境取样的程序安排需要得到原子能机构理事会的核准，才能执行附加议定书的此项规定。", "申报的浓缩厂", "65. 在铀浓缩厂执行原子能机构保障措施，旨在满足以下三个目标：", "(1) 检测是否存在未申报的高浓缩铀生产活动，或者，假如高浓缩铀生产经过申报，则检测高浓缩铀产量是否过多；", "(2) 检测低浓缩铀产量是否过多(可以随后在秘密工厂或执行保障措施的工厂内进一步浓缩，监测风险较高)；[23] 以及", "(3) 检测申报的铀产物、供料或尾料是否被转用。", "66. 用于检测浓缩厂内业已申报的供料、产物和尾料是否被转用的核材料衡算核查，同其他措施相结合，可以确保浓缩厂没有被用于生产未经申报的高浓缩铀。对于曾经用于生产高浓缩铀的低浓缩厂，这种方法日益重要。", "67. 所有后处理厂基本上都采用一种工序，但有九种铀浓缩技术均得到改进。其中某些技术被采纳的可能性不大，另有一些技术由于耗电量过大，已经被淘汰。浓缩厂的保障方案将包含共同要素，但不同工序特点和不同工厂之间的差异要求采用不同的保障方法。原子能机构保障措施主要适用于气态离心浓缩厂，但原子能机构针对以下设施开展了调查：空气动力喷射浓缩厂，气态扩散浓缩厂，分子激光浓缩系统(MLIS)和电磁(卡留管)浓缩系统。关于在原子蒸汽激光浓缩(AVLIS)工厂内执行保障措施的问题，进行了一些研究，但关于发展水平尚不足以被工业规模工厂采用的其他技术，几乎未进行任何研究：化学交换浓缩，离子交换浓缩，以及等离子分离浓缩。", "68. 同后处理厂的情况一样，设计资料审查及核实是在浓缩厂执行原子能保障措施的核心内容。浓缩技术涉及扩散敏感问题，因此，原子能机构视察人员进入浓缩设备所在地点，要受到技术所有者的限制，视察人员对于浓缩设备内部细节的观察也受到限制，接触重要的浓缩厂运行参数同样受到限制。但已经制订了在上述限制之内的有效核查安排，让原子能机构能够达到指定的目标。", "69. 设计资料的审查及核实为了解供料和提取产物及尾料的工序，以及为确保此后不会对浓缩厂进行暂时或永久性改造以便将浓缩厂或其任何部分用于生产未经申报的高浓缩铀提供基准。(在建设、投入运行、正常运转、保养、改造以及退役过程中，设计资料要经由视察人员观察核实，并进行适当测量和检验，以证实设施的设计和运行情况与所提供的资料相吻合。)", "70. 已经证实，环境取样能够极为有效地确定浓缩厂是否生产高浓缩铀。假如浓缩厂生产高浓缩铀是用于不受禁止的目的，或是曾经生产高浓缩铀的或是靠近高浓缩厂的低浓缩厂，环境取样的成效自然会有所降低。此类设施的保障方案需要更加关注保障措施的其他方面，但即便如此，对于粉尘开展长期群集分析可以为检测是否存在新的生产活动提供基础，同位素比率的微小变化同样可以做为检测基础。", "71. 对某一种浓缩技术而言，同申报的后处理厂的情况一样，浓缩厂的保障方案在很大程度上将取决于该设施的运行状况。以下状况对于制订有效、高效的保障措施尤其重要：", "(1) 正在运行的浓缩厂：", "(a) 生产高浓缩铀用于不受禁止的目的(在这种情况下，核查工作必须确保仅生产申报的高浓缩铀数量，环境取样的意义不大)；", "(b) 生产低浓缩铀的工厂是曾经生产高浓缩铀经过改造的，或是靠近另一个生产高浓缩铀的工厂(在这种情况下，旨在检测未申报的高浓缩铀生产的核查活动将更加复杂，由于高浓缩铀的残留痕量等因素，环境取样可能意义不大)；", "(c) 生产低浓缩铀，从未生产过高浓缩铀；", "(2) 于备用状态(同后处理厂的情况一样，核查要求将取决于必要的事先通知时间间隔)；", "(3) 退役(保障活动将逐步简化，工厂将拆除；业已拆除的浓缩设备的销毁或处理情况将受到监测)；以及", "(4) 经退役或废弃(在这种情况下，也是同后处理厂的情况类似，视察方法和频率将取决于建筑物的最终状态，确保没有采取措施让已经退役或废弃的浓缩厂恢复生产的定期核查工作也将因此有所不同)。", "72. 根据每一浓缩厂的技术、运行状况、能力和设计，保障方案将包括以下措施：", "(1) 测量供料、产物和尾料容器中的铀及浓缩铀的数量，方法是称容器重量，使用无损分析系统测量铀浓缩物，并取样供原子能机构保障分析实验室分析；", "(2) 对以下目标实施封隔和监视：供料、产物和尾料容器；浓缩厂的核心部门，特别是铀供料点以及产物和尾料提取点(在某些浓缩厂采用一体化封闭—监视系统，允许设施运营方附加或取消封记，以这种有效的方式确保进出业已申报的供料点和卸料点的所有容器都经过核查)；以及安装了仪器的地点，目的是不断了解经过核实的资料，并跟踪运行情况，以确定受到观察的运行情况同运营方的申报资料是否吻合；", "(3) 在连锁反应实验室外的材料处理区收集环境样本，检测是否存在未经申报的核材料或核活动；", "(4) 对浓缩过程开展持续监督，或使用专门测量系统，同时对某些离心浓缩厂的连锁反应区域实施有限次数的不通知的视察，监测流程管线中的铀235同位素含量是否低于20%；", "(5) 在其他离心浓缩厂将使用在线仪器，测量供料、产物和尾料中气态六氟化铀的实际浓缩量以及生产流程当中的流量计；", "(6) 对于大多数设施的连锁反应实验室采用有限次数的不通知的视察，检测设施是否改造，收集可以表明存在高浓缩活动的环境样本；", "(7) 对某些设施，监测在连续视察的间隔期间进行的分离工序，将相关数量同运营方申报的数据以及支持性视察数据进行比较；", "(8) 核材料衡算，其中包括在经过核实的实物存量和实物存量变化的基础上开展年度材料衡算(这包括发货方—收货方差额分析以及连续材料衡算期内出现的不明材料)；以及", "(9) 累计核材料衡算，其中包括设施执行原子能机构保障措施期间的总量分析和趋势分析。", "秘密浓缩厂", "73. 针对未申报的浓缩厂和未申报的后处理厂的检测方法基本上是一样的。浓缩作业通常会排放浮质，特别是在流程管线的连接处，同时也通过浓缩厂的通风系统排放。这些浮质飘移的距离不会很远，因此在此类设施周边开展环境取样将取得成效。", "74. 随着浓缩技术的进步，浓缩厂的规模大幅度缩小，所需电力减少，要发现秘密浓缩厂的排放物因此更加困难。", "75. 加强信息分析：各国必须毫无保留地提供以下方面的信息：与浓缩有关的研究和开发，浓缩设备和专门材料(例如碳纤维容器和马氏体时效钢)的制造和进口情况，以及过去、目前及今后任何浓缩厂的兴建、运行和退役情况。关于后处理厂，原子能机构分析所提供的信息，并将其同通过上述渠道获取的后处理厂相关资料进行比较。", "补充接触：同上文所述的后处理厂情况一样。", "76. 环境取样：同后处理厂的情况一样，可以根据附加议定书的规定，在开展补充接触的地点采集环境样本。大范围环境取样的程序安排需要得到原子能机构理事会的核准，才能执行附加议定书的此项规定。但在远离浓缩厂的地方检测到浓缩迹象的可能性很小。", "核查选择", "77. 原子能机构研究了可能的核查情景、相关成本以及这些备选方案可能就裂变材料禁产条约缔约国的遵约情况提供的保证程度，现概述如下。", "核查范围", "78. 从技术角度出发，如果不能对某国核燃料循环的全部环节适用核查安排，在确保不生产用于核爆炸装置的核材料问题上，其保证水平达不到原子能机构在无核武器国家通过执行全面保障协定所提供的保证。为向裂变材料禁产条约缔约国提供类似于原子能机构根据全面保障协定所提供的保证，核查系统必须适用于这些国家申报的核燃料循环的全部环节，并能够检测是否存在未申报的生产设施及核材料。", "79. 将裂变材料禁产条约核查措施同加强的原子能机构现行保障系统结合起来，将对前者有所助益。核查措施的设计将考虑到当前以及未来的技术发展，因为技术进步将有助于提高保障措施提供的保证水平。此外，正如上文指出，在检测是否存在未申报的设施和裂变材料的问题上，核查措施能够提供更多保障。", "80. 裂变材料禁产条约生效之后生产的任何裂变材料，无论是裂变材料生产厂还是通过民用核设施生产的，在处理、使用和储存过程中都应执行保障措施。", "81. 各国应讨论在何种程度上允许国家存量中在条约生效时已有的裂变材料免于接受核查。为避免混淆，特明确说明这些存量是：", "(1) 用于武器用途的军事储存(其中包括拆除武器所得核材料)；", "(2) 用于不受禁止活动的核材料军事储存；以及", "(3) 民用储存。", "82. 假如核查体制的目标仅限于核实是否履行不生产用于裂变材料禁产条约所禁止目的的裂变材料的承诺，将无法保证将用于上述目的的现有裂变材料存量不会在条约生效之后通过生产之外的其他手段增加(例如，通过申报和/或未申报的用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料(非法)进口，或者使用现有民用存量或用于不受禁止的军事目的的现有军事存量)。", "83. 从技术角度来说，裂变材料禁产条约的全面核查体制显然是最佳选择；但各国可能倾向于资源密集程度较低的选择方案，以综合方法的不扩散及裁军利益换取成本更低、针对性更强(针对核设施)的方法。例如，各国可以将核查的技术目标限定为提供保障，确保直接使用材料的所有生产设施不是关闭就是其运行情况受到核查；未明确规定免于核查的裂变材料所有存量在裂变材料禁产条约生效之后仍然要接受核查。", "84. 因此，原子能机构审议了若干其他选择方案及其具体资源要求。这些方案的规模较小，因此成本较低，但这些资源密集程度较低的选择方案提供的保障水平远远低于原子能机构在无核武器国家根据全面保障协定执行保障措施所提供的保障，除非核查机构拥有必要的授权和强大的实力来调查未申报的活动及材料。", "85. 一个重要问题是：国际核查机制是否将包括检测未申报的核设施及裂变材料的措施？", "86. 这个问题的答案将决定核查系统能否遏制潜在的违约者，能否保证民事和/或军事生产设施不生产未申报的用于武器的裂变材料，以及能否保证未申报的设施不生产用于武器用的裂变材料。", "87. 毋庸赘言，如果在核查对象问题上对核查系统施加任何限制，就更加需要一个明确、有效的机制，使核查机构能够调查可能违反裂变材料禁产条约的情况，从而使有限的核查方案能够向所有缔约方提供可以接受或可信的保证，没有任何缔约方违反条约。", "88. 各国需要确定用于检测被禁止的活动的核查机制。需要解决这个问题的两个方面：", "(1) 在分析从各种渠道获取的信息之外允许进行哪些与检测违禁迹象有关的活动(例如，设置空气和水监测站网络，检测正在运转的后处理厂或高浓缩铀浓缩厂排放的粉尘；进入国内任何地点，以便采集样本，开展大气监测以检测生产厂和反应堆的排放物，以及/或者分析卫星图象，检测是否修建了屏蔽设施以掩盖后处理厂，对热辐射开展卫星分析，等等)；以及", "(2) 为解决检测到的可疑迹象，可以采取哪些行动(无论是否根据接触国内大部分地点的限额安排例如《化学武器公约》或《欧洲常规武装力量条约》所涵盖的地点，根据类似于《附加议定书范本》或《化学武器公约》为敏感地点采取的“受管接触”安排，进行专门视察或质疑视察，等等)。", "89. 检测未经申报的生产设施的核查要求将取决于裂变材料禁产条约的规定。要提供高度保证，裂变材料禁产条约的条款就需要允许对后处理厂或浓缩活动排放的放射性核素采取大范围环境取样等措施，其中包括空中辐射绘图以及收集土、水、沉积物和生物群样本，同时对某些地点开展直观视察，同指定的政府、科学及行业人员进行讨论。原子能机构在加强后的保障措施框架内已经采取了上述大多数措施。", "90. 除覆盖面和范围问题之外，各国还需要考虑与裂变材料禁产条约核查有关的多项具体问题。虽然可能成为核查对象的很多设施将需要执行原子能机构式的保障措施，但由于前核武器设施监测工作的独特特性，未必能够切实全面执行原子能机构保障措施(具体的安全和安保问题，源自数十年核武器材料生产的运行限制，这些设施在保障措施问题上的“不友好特点”，以及必须保护敏感资料以防扩展风险)。", "91. 各国可能决定不永久性地停止某些单为提供钚目的修建的生产设施的生产活动，而是采取调整措施，让此类设施从事和平活动，或继续开展裂变材料禁产条约可能允许的生产活动，以支持不受禁止的核军事活动。工厂是否关闭或继续运行，核查要求(及资源)将有很大区别。假如已经关闭的工厂过去曾经生产实际或可能用于核武器的裂变材料，核查工作可主要以遥感使用封记并定期视察为基础；这属于直接、低成本、非侵入性核查方法。但要保证此类设施始终处于关闭状态，还要看是否准备重新启用。假如已经采取措施让工厂退役或拆除重要部件，在进行首次现场核查证实工厂已经退役或重要部件已经拆除之后，监测可偶尔进行。但假如国家希望这些设施继续运行，用于不受禁止的目的，对它们实施保障措施的成本会更高，也更为复杂。", "92. 某些国家的军事和民用核燃料循环没有完全分开，为此，核查安排需要考虑到这些国家对保护保密资料的合法关切，同时不妨碍核查要求。可以考虑采取不同程度侵入性的措施：", "(1) 遥感(即，利用卫星/和或飞行器收集的高空直观和红外数据)能够有效核查生产设施是否已经关闭，不会有泄露敏感信息的风险，对于设施几乎不会造成任何影响；", "(2) 在一场址或其周边地区进行环境取样，检测后处理和浓缩活动的核及化学迹象，这种方法不会对设施的正常运行造成重大影响；以及", "(3) 受管接触视察，能够兼顾视察人员履行职务的需要和接受视察的国家保护敏感信息的权利。", "93. 某些国家可能继续将高浓缩铀用于军舰推进反应堆以及为氚生产反应堆提供燃料；要核查高浓缩铀不被转用于受到禁止的爆炸用途，必须将侵入程度控制在可以接受的水平，同时让核查机构能够适当保证条约规定得到遵守。", "94. 关于高浓缩铀用于军舰推进反应堆的问题，可以适用类似于全面保障协定范本INFCIRC/153第14段规定的程序。该规定是，用于不受禁止的军事活动(即军舰推进)的核材料可以免除原子能机构保障措施，但必须向原子能机构通报核材料的总数量及成分，一旦这些材料撤出反应堆，重新纳入存量，必须再次执行保障措施。迄今为止，这项保障规定从未援用，其是否有效也从未经过检验。[24]", "95. 氚的生产将从两个方面给裂变材料禁产条约的核查工作造成影响：首先，用作氚生产反应堆燃料的高浓缩铀可以转用于武器；其次，用于氚生产的反应堆也可以用来生产武器用的钚。因此，核查方法必须确保能没有出现任何违禁活动。", "核查：技术要求、成本和执行", "技术要求", "96. 具体要求将有助于建立并执行一套核查系统，用于指导编制预算、就具体工作安排进行谈判、人员配置、例行视察规划和评估、研究和开发等工作。可以根据测量目标就核查系统的能力做出具体规定：相关裂变材料的数量；核查系统就裂变材料数量问题做出结论的时间参数；以及相关结论希望达到的可靠程度。", "97. 上述目标通常体现出技术有效性和成本之间的平衡。随着需要测量的裂变材料数量不断减少，及时性不断提高，各方对于结论的信任不断增强，核查成本和系统保障水平相应提高。", "数量指标", "98. 根据裂变材料禁产条约，接受核查的裂变材料最低数量要求取决于不同理由，例如：", "(1) 根据裂变材料禁产条约接受核查的裂变材料数量的固定百分比；这项理由将承诺履行条约同各国大幅度增加现有裂变材料存量所需的裂变材料数量直接挂钩。但由此会造成这样一种情况：针对裂变材料存量多的国家开展核查活动的力度要弱于裂变材料存量少的国家；", "(2) 生产一件核武器所需的数量；这是原子能机构保障措施的基础，采用同样的指标将有助于建立一视同仁的核查系统。[25]", "及时性要求", "99. 可以根据国家将裂变材料转化为核武器所需的时间来确定及时性要求。", "100. 首先，假如某国已经完成所有前期安排，并决定在行动被察觉之前在最短时间内获取核武器，它能够多快地行事。根据原子能机构保障系统，核材料的物理形式将决定制造核武器所需时间。对于纯分离核材料而言，做出有效结论的及时性指标为一个月；对于辐照的核材料而言，及时性指标为三个月；此外还针对其他核材料制订了及时性指标。[26]", "101. 第二个及时性考虑因素与国家可以规划执行的最低转用率有关。在短时间内开展大规模转用比长期少量转用更有可能被检测到。原子能机构保障措施的目的是检测核材料是否被转用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置(为及时性目标，这是通过将检测时间同钚或高浓缩铀重要量(8公斤钚、25公斤铀235或8公斤铀233)的估计转化时间一个月进行比较来做的，[27] 探知及时性指标是用来确定在一个日历年度内对设施(或设施外地点)进行视察和保障活动的频率，以便核实没有突然出现转用情况)。", "探知概率", "102. 决定核查系统技术成效的第三项参数是希望核查结果达到的可靠程度，即，核查系统探知可能的转用的概率。对于分离的钚和浓缩铀，原子能机构保障措施的目的是令人可信地保证一个重要量的转用会被探知。[28]", "103. 从技术角度来看，裂变材料禁产条约采用的标准最好同原子能机构保障措施的现行标准一样。采用相同的要求不仅能够避免两种核查制度之间的分歧，而且比采用不同要求的标准更加容易管理和执行。", "资源概算", "104. 当前执行保障措施的设施的核查成本，原子能机构收集了广泛数据。但关于裂变材料禁产条约，需要对目前没有执行原子能机构保障措施的设施进行估算，这些设施曾经或目前属于核武器国家和非《不扩散条约》缔约国的国防计划。应该指出的是，秘书处目前还没有得到这些设施的所有必要资料，一旦签署条约，缔约国应提供这些资料。", "105. 在这种情况下，秘书处将以基本上源自公开文献的资料和原子能机构执行保障措施的经验为基础，进行初步估算。可以依据相关设施参数(例如，设施类型、状况、核材料的类型和数量、地点，等等)制订计算方法，用以推算可能需要的保障行动。", "106. 裂变材料禁产条约的核查工作显然需要投入大量财政资源。假如各国认为原子能机构是最适合执行裂变材料禁产条约遵约情况核查工作的机构，就应该商定核查开支方式。", "107. 原子能机构可以建议一个基于现行保障措施的裂变材料禁产条约核查系统，但需要为增加的人员配备和支助活动持续提供经费。需要更多技术人员，其中包括视察人员及其支助人员、系统分析人员、计算机程序员和数据员、化学分析人员、统计人员、保障措施分析人员、设备开发专家、设备管理专家和技术员。此外还可以考虑适当增加非技术工作人员。核查裂变材料禁产条约所需的设备将非常多，特别是在执行条约初期。", "108. 1995年，秘书处以八个国家(中国、法国、印度、以色列、巴基斯坦、俄罗斯、联合王国和美国)的995处核设施(其中包括已经退役和关闭的设施以及正在建设的设施)数据库为基础，进行了成本估算。根据参数计算，裂变材料禁产条约的核查成本在0.5亿到1.5亿欧元之间。", "分阶段执行", "109. 可能有200至1000处核设施(取决于条约的规模)需要核查，因此即使裂变材料禁产条约核查系统不是全面的核查系统，也需要很长时间才能完全执行核查规定。某些国家的核材料管制及衡算系统需要进行调整，以符合国际公认标准，某些设施在设计时没有考虑到核查行动。", "110. 此外，目前尚不清楚核查机构同每个缔约国缔结核查协定是否会作为执行条约核查规定的附加条件。", "111. 对于制订大型核计划并执行保障措施的国家，原子能机构已经顺利解决了核查其申报内容是否准确及完整的问题。对于正在运行和已经关闭的设施，原子能机构审查了衡算及运行历史记录。这项任务极具挑战性，对于原子能机构履行使命的能力至关重要的是，各国给予充分合作，让原子能机构不受限制地获取全部相关信息和进入各处相关地点。", "112. 按照根据原子能机构执行全面保障协定的指导原则制订的轻重缓急优先顺序(即，针对核燃料循环的各个阶段开展重点核查，其中包括可用于生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置的核材料的生产、处理、使用、储存)，可以分阶段开展核查活动。", "结 论", "113. 原子能机构保障措施始于20世纪60年代，并且随着承担新的核查责任、和平核活动的规模和复杂性提高、以及国际关系提出新的挑战，继续不停地发展变化。保障措施目前的经常预算为1.3亿美元，此外还有1,610万美元预算外捐款，原子能机构的250多名视察人员利用百种以上不同核查系统每年开展2,100多次视察任务，相当于每年超过9,000个视察人·日。[29] 截止到2005年12月31日，原子能机构保障措施适用于930处设施(其中包括240处动力堆、158处研究反应堆和重要组件、13处浓缩厂、7处后处理厂、89.9吨在反应堆芯外没有经过辐照的钚、845吨辐照燃料中的钚、以及29.5吨高浓缩铀)。不同国家和不同设施采用的法律、技术及管理安排反映出保障协定所规定的义务。审议很多领域的现有保障安排，将确保裂变材料禁产条约的核查以及原子能机构保障措施的落实工作能够以最低的成本获得最大的效益。", "114. 根据原子能机构秘书处的评估，裂变材料禁产条约的核查可通过与目前原子能机构保障体制所采用的类似的核查系统进行。选择何种系统来核查裂变材料禁产条约的遵约情况，将由各国来决定。在这方面，各国必须解决保证程度问题和开支问题。正如上文指出，原子能机构充分认识到各国对于裂变材料禁产条约的规模及核查问题持有不同意见，并且无意预先判断上述问题在裁军谈判会议上的讨论结果。原子能机构随时愿意应要求以各国认为适当的方式协助开展进一步讨论和谈判。", "[1] ¹ INFCIRC/1539（更正），第112段（http://www.iaea.org/Publications/ Documents/Infcircs/ Others/inf153.shtml）。", "[2] “可裂变”核在受到具有高度动能的高速中子撞击时发生裂变，而“裂变”核在受到高速或慢速中子撞击时都会发生裂变，无论其动能多少，包括基本上没有动能的中子。因此，“裂变”核是“可裂变”的，但仅有某些“可裂变”核是“裂变”的。例如，铀233、铀235、钚239和钚241为“裂变”核；铀238、钚238、钚240、钚242、镎237、镅241和镅242是不“裂变”的“可裂变”核。", "[3] 《原子能机构规约》， http://www.iaea.org/About/statute.html。", "[4] 《原子能机构保障术语》（2001年版）将“直接使用材料”定义为：无需嬗变或进一步浓缩就可用于生产核爆炸装置的核材料，包括钚233含量小于80%的钚、高浓缩铀以及铀233（第4.25段）http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/nvs-3-cd/PDF/ NVS3_prn.pdf#search= % 22IAEA%20Safeguards%20Glossary%22。", "[5] 见“原子能机构保障制度”, http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/ safeg_system. pdf.。", "[6] 见《原子能机构与不扩散条约：核查挑战》，Jan Lodding和Tariq Rauf （http://www.iaea.org/ Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bull462/iaea_npt.pdf）。", "[7] 国家清单见于网页： http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sir_table.pdf;；截止到2006年8月24日，《不扩散条约》的31个无核武器缔约国尚未将同原子能机构缔结的全面保障协定付诸实施（其中10个国家签署了全面保障协定，但文件没有生效；原子能机构理事会已经批准了同另外两个国家签署的全面保障协定，但尚未签字；此外还有19个国家尚未根据《不扩散条约》采取行动，同原子能机构缔结全面保障协定）。", "[8] INFCIRC/66/Rev.2，其中要求针对核材料、核设施以及相关保障协定具体指明的其他项目实施保障措施。", "[9] 各项全面保障协定均基于INFCIRC/153（Corr.），“原子能机构和国家就《不扩散核武器条约》订立的协定的结构和内容”，该文件发布在原子能机构的网站：www.iaea.org。", "[10] 见“2005年保障措施说明、保障措施说明的背景以及2005年保障措施执行报告内容摘要”，第1.1.1节 和第 2节（http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.pdf）。", "[11] 重要量（SQ）是不能排除生产核爆炸装置可能性的核材料近似数量。直接使用核材料：8公斤钚（钚238含量低于80%）；8公斤铀233。《原子能机构保障术语》，第3.14段（http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/ nvs-3-cd/Start.pdf# search= %22'Safeguards% 20Glossary%22%22", "[12] 为简化对那些核材料很少或没有核材料以及在设施中没有任何核材料的国家适用全面保障协定中的某些程序，原子能机构在1971年制订了“小数量议定书”（SQP），规定在一国的核材料数量超过某一限度之前，或在该国的设施拥有核材料之前，暂缓执行全面保障协定的大部分具体条款。在不断提高原子能机构保障制度的成效和效率的过程中，理事会在2005年9月20日决定，继续保留小数量议定书作为原子能机构保障制度的一部分，但要进行某些修改。修订后的小数量议定书的标准化案文，要求各国就核材料情况提供初始报告，在兴建核设施的决定作出后向原子能机构进行通报，并允许开展视察活动。此外。理事会还决定，计划兴建或者已经拥有核设施的国家不得签署小数量议定书。理事会授权总干事同所有国家缔结小数量议定书换文，执行标准化案文中的修订部分以及关于小数量议定书资格标准的修改，并呼吁相关国家尽快缔结换文。目前，秘书处正在同所有相关国家缔结换文，以使上述修订生效。与此同时，理事会呼吁原子能机构秘书处协助已经缔结小数量议定书的国家建立并维护国家核材料衡算和控制系统。", "[13] INFCIRC/66/Rev.2：1966年和1968年临时扩充的原子能机构保障制度（1965年）（http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf66r2.shtml）。", "[14] 见“2005年保障措施说明、保障措施说明的背景以及2005年保障措施执行报告内容摘要”，第1.3节 （http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.pdf）。", "[15] 同上，第 1.4节。", "[16] 见“不扩散核武器与核安全：原子能机构保障协定和附加议定书”，http://www.iaea.org/ Publications/Booklets/nuke.pdf。", "[17] 最新情况见：http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sg_protocol.html。", "[18] 原子能机构的报告，见：http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/IaeaIraq/index.shtml。", "[19] 原子能机构的报告，见：http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/IaeaIraq/index.shtml", "[20] 原子能机构新闻简报第2002/13号，《原子能机构对俄罗斯联邦和美国源于武器的裂变材料的核查工作》，http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/PressReleases/2002/prn0213.shtml。", "[21] http://www.nnsa.doe.gov/na20/docs/2000_Agreement.pdf#search=%22%22Plutonium%20Management %20and%20Disposition%20Agreement%22%22.", "[22] 以类似方式对钍进行辐照，再经过类似的流程分离，可以产生铀233 ；但目前投入运行的铀233后处理厂。", "[23] 要生产出铀235浓度达到90 % 或更高的铀，80 % 以上的分离工作是将浓缩度从自然水平(铀235浓度为0.71 % ) 提高到 4 % 左右。将浓缩度从4 % 进一步提高到更高水平所需的高端设施规模将比从天然铀开始浓缩的设施小得多。", "[24] 尚没有国家执行过全面保障协定允许将核材料指定用于利用其裂变性质、但不受禁止的军事用途的规定。1987年，加拿大曾经考虑将此项免除适用于核动力潜艇，但最终取消了核潜艇购买计划。一些国家曾经对用于陶瓷和在石化工序中用作催化剂的贫化铀和天然铀以及用作航空器和船舶压载材料的贫化铀金属免除保障措施。", "[25] 见《原子能机构保障术语》，同前，第3.13至3.14段(第22至23页)。", "[26] 同上，第3.20段(第24至25页)。", "[27] ²⁷ 同上，第3.13至3.15段(第22至24页)。", "[28] ²⁸ 见《原子能机构保障术语》，同前，第3.15至3.16段(第23至24页)。", "[29] ²⁹ 一个“视察人·日”(PDI)即一名视察人员在任何时候接触设施时间不超过8小时的一天。2005年原子能机构年度报告见于网页：http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/Anrep2005/ index.html；“2005年保障措施说明、保障措施说明的背景以及2005年保障措施内容报告”执行摘要》见于网页：http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.html。" ]

[ "裁军谈判会议", "2006年9月14日,纽约", "贸易和发展理事会", "加拿大", "生产可裂变材料的", "原子能机构的能力", "2006年8月24日原子能机构在日内瓦向裁军谈判会议作介绍", "导言", "1. 联合国 联合国大会于1993年12月16日通过了第A/RES/48/75/L号决议,其中除其他外,请国际原子能机构(原子能机构)应要求提供援助,以审查关于禁止生产核武器或其他核爆炸装置所用裂变材料的非歧视性、多边和可进行有效国际核查的条约(下称《禁产条约》)的核查安排。", "2. 联合国 原子能机构表示愿意根据需要提供援助,其秘书处进行了内部研究,以分析裂变材料生产停产的潜在核查要求,并编写了执行这些要求所需资源的初步估计数。 这些调查结果在1995年的《禁产条约》研讨会上得到了适当传达。", "3个 大会决议、香农授权和《不扩散条约》缔约国设想的禁产条约将包括承诺不生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸的任何裂变材料,也不协助其他国家开展这类活动。 就为其他合法目的生产此类材料而言,因此核查安排必须满足禁产条约承诺的所有要求。", " 4.四. 原子能机构秘书处认为,核查禁产条约遵守情况的技术目标是保证不生产任何新的可用于武器的裂变材料,不将可裂变材料从民用核燃料循环转用于核武器目的。 因此,有必要确保此后不增加用于核武器目的的钚和高浓缩铀的储存,如果这些储存在禁产条约生效之日存在的话。 一个相关的问题是如何处理武器用材料的现有库存。", "5 (韩语). 为了澄清缔约国的基本承诺和禁产条约核查制度的范围,各国必须解决一些问题。 就核查而言,这些问题可以减少到两个基本问题:", "(一) 如何核查不为武器目的生产裂变材料的承诺? 能否以高度的保证来核查所商定的承诺,仅仅侧重于以设施为核心的核查活动,还是核查活动应当全面?", "(二) 核查应如何和在何种程度上确保其后不为核武器目的增加储存(如果有这种储存的话),如果不存在这种储存,则不建立这种储存?", "6. 国家 各国处理这些问题的方式将决定:", "(一) 核查制度下的核查架构和活动范围(即对整个核燃料循环或其中部分核燃料循环适用核查措施);", "(二) 核查组织能够高度保证条约所禁止的活动不在某一国家内或由某一国家进行,特别是通过规定使核查机构能够发现可能未申报的核设施和活动,包括裂变材料的生产;", "禁产条约缔约国核查制度的总费用。", "7. 联合国 原子能机构完全了解各国对禁产条约的范围和核查等问题的不同看法,不想在裁军谈判会议上预先判断对这些问题的讨论。 本文件概述了原子能机构的保障监督和核查活动,供参加裁军谈判会议工作的国家参考,并确定了可能与讨论未来禁产条约核查有关的活动。", "定义:裂变材料与核材料", "8. 联合国大会决议和香农任务规定提到 \" 裂变材料 \" ,在这方面,提供裂变材料的准确定义是有益的。 例如,可将裂变材料定义为可以直接制造核武器或其他核爆炸装置的核材料,而无需进一步浓缩或转化。 这相当于原子能机构保障监督中使用的“直接使用核材料”一词。", "9. 国家 “裂变材料”一词不用于执行原子能机构保障监督协定。 相反,原子能机构的保障措施适用于“核材料”[1]——《原子能机构规约》第二十条所定义的任何来源或特殊可裂变材料[2]。 《原子能机构规约》对特殊裂变材料的定义是:“钚239;铀233;同位素235或233浓缩的铀;含有上述任何一种材料;以及理事会应不时确定的其他可裂变材料。” 《原子能机构规约》对源材料的定义是:“含有自然界同位素混合物的铀;同位素235中贫化的铀;ium;以金属、合金、化学化合物或浓缩物形式的任何上述物质;含有上述一种或多种物质的任何其他材料,其浓度应由理事会不时确定;理事会不时确定的其他材料。 “[3]", "10个 在原子能机构保障措施方面, \" 核材料 \" 进一步分为:(1) \" 直接使用核材料 \" [4] -- -- 未受辐照的(UDU)和被辐照的(IDU) -- -- 可用于制造核武器或其他核爆炸而无需转化或进一步浓缩的;(2) \" 间接使用核材料 \" ,需要进行辐照或浓缩使其适合用于核武器。 为原子能机构保障的目的,直接使用的核材料是:钚,但含同位素钚-238的80%或以上;含同位素铀-235的20%或以上的铀;和铀-233。 “分离的直接使用核材料”是指从裂变产物中分离出来的直接使用核材料,因此用于核武器所需的加工比与高放射性裂变产物相混合所需的时间要短得多。 拟列入禁产条约的裂变材料定义可能接近于分离的这一定义。", "直接使用核材料。 这些基本定义的差异可能使各国的义务和需要采取的行动以及原子能机构保障措施和禁产条约核查的执行情况复杂化。", "原子能机构保障协定的类型", "11个 原子能机构根据不同类型的协定和安排实施保障监督,其范围、目标、措施、技术、评价和报告可能各不相同。 [5]", "12个 在1968年缔结《不扩散核武器条约》(《不扩散条约》)之后,原子能机构已成为核查《不扩散条约》或类似协定规定的“和平利用”承诺通过实施保障监督得到履行的工具。 [6]", "13个 目前,《不扩散条约》的183个无核武器缔约国作出了条约承诺,包括不制造或以其他方式获取核武器或其他核爆炸装置。 [7] 这些国家还承诺将所有核活动中的所有核材料置于原子能机构的保障监督之下,并与原子能机构缔结一项全面保障监督协定,以履行《不扩散条约》第三条规定的义务。", "14个 《不扩散条约》的五个核武器国家缔约国与原子能机构签订了自愿提供保障监督协定,这些协定涵盖原子能机构可从中选择适用保障监督的材料或设施的一些或所有民用核材料和(或)设施。", "15个 在剩余的三个非《不扩散条约》国家 -- -- 印度、以色列和巴基斯坦 -- -- 中,原子能机构的保障监督措施在具体设施中适用于设施本身,或适用于有关保障监督协定所具体规定的核材料和其他物项。 [8]", "全面保障协定国家的保障措施", "16号. 原子能机构的保障监督被视为国际核不扩散制度的基石,而全面保障监督协定是原子能机构保障监督的基石。 [9] 全面保障协定要求各国将所有核材料置于原子能机构的保障监督之下,并责成原子能机构根据全面保障协定的规定,对该国领土内、在其管辖下或在其控制下任何地方开展的所有和平核活动中的所有核材料实施保障监督。 在保证不发展或以其他方式获得核武器的国家,原子能机构的保障监督范围包括被理解为“裂变材料”以及裂变材料以外的核材料。 全面保障协定核查活动涉及申报的核材料和未申报的材料及活动的可能性;这些活动旨在确认所有核材料都置于保障监督之下,并继续致力于和平利用。", "17岁。 指导原子能机构根据全面保障协定实施保障监督的两个核查目标:", "(一) 侦查国家申报的(大量)核材料从和平用途转用于制造核武器或其他核爆炸物;", "(二) 核查各国申报的正确性和完整性,包括在申报的设施中发现未申报的核材料生产或加工情况的目标。", "18岁。 多年来,采用了标准标准,以指导在已申报设施实施保障措施,影响各国所提供信息的范围和质量,设计信息核查活动,在设施中采用保障方法以实现保障目标,以及与视察频率、视察活动以及这些活动结果有关的具体要求。 就钚和铀-233而言,考虑到工艺损失和在设计上必须保守,而且没有核试验的好处,8公斤的数量被认为足以使国家生产出第一种核武器。 对于高浓缩铀(高浓缩铀),同样认为同位素铀-235的25公斤含量也足够了。", " 19. 19. 全面保障协定的结构和内容以及实施保障措施的基础设施不仅可能影响全面保障协定国家的禁产条约核查,而且可能也影响到其他国家。", "在《协定》之下,作为执行保障措施的法律框架的一部分,达成了附属安排。 辅助安排包括一个一般部分和一个设施附件。 附属安排的一般部分尽可能标准化,而不同类型设施的设施附件则以“模型”为起点,但往往需要进行大量改造,以适应个别设施的具体特点。 设施 附件将适用于个别设施的具体义务和检查权与同国家的保障协定的具体条款相挂钩。", "20号. 根据全面保障协定,必须建立一个“国家核材料衡算和控制制度”(称为核材料衡算和控制制度),以便除其他外,负责实施有效的衡算安排并控制进出口。 各国必须就其在受保障设施进行的核活动作出广泛申报,并按规定时间报告其核材料库存和流动情况。 在全面保障协定首次生效时,将核实初始清单申报,以确保申报完整而准确。 随后,对于一国申报的每个设施,该国除其他外,必须提供设计资料,每年进行材料平衡,并报告根据经计量的实物清点和经计量的清点变化而下落不明的材料。 原子能机构对这些国家申报进行核查,以确保申报的核材料完整准确,不转用于制造核武器或其他核爆炸装置。", "加强加空局成员国的保障措施", "21岁 在伊拉克发现了一个广泛的秘密核武器方案 -- -- 一个拥有全面保障协定的《不扩散条约》无核武器国家 -- -- ,这证明一个侧重于核查申报活动的保障制度是不够的。 在加强保障制度方面,原子能机构理事会认识到,为了解决秘密行动的可能性,原子能机构必须配备补充工具,以解决全面保障协定的限制。 以INFCIRC/540(Corr.)为基础制定了《全面保障协定附加议定书》,以扩大原子能机构的权力,要求各国提供补充资料、进入地点和技术,使原子能机构能够核查各国根据全面保障协定所作申报的正确性和完整性。", "22号. 全面保障协定附加议定书的规定允许原子能机构要求提供关于各国核方案的资料,包括研究与发展,以及与制造或出口可用于生产或净化核材料的特定设备和非核材料有关的活动。 它允许补充性准入,以确保不存在未申报的核材料和活动,或解决与活动或材料有关的问题或不一致之处,包括有管理地准入地点,以防止扩散敏感信息的传播,满足安全或实物保护要求,或保护专有或商业敏感信息。 将关于可能的秘密设施或未申报的活动的保证纳入通过下列途径提供的申报设施:", "《附加议定书》使原子能机构能够调整其申报设施的核查要求。", "23. 联合国 作为加强保障监督制度的一部分,原子能机构一直在采用“综合保障监督”——这是一种更有效的办法,把在全面保障协定下开展的核查活动同更先进的分析方法和根据《附加议定书》扩大准入相结合。 国家一级的综合保障监督办法考虑到国家的具体特点,例如国家核安全委员会的有效性和国家核燃料循环的特点。 截至2005年,原子能机构已在包括日本和加拿大在内的多个国家实施综合保障监督,这是两个最大的保障监督方案。 目标是使《附加议定书》普遍化,从而使其扩大的准入权平等地适用于所有具有全面保障协定的国家。", "24 (韩语). 在原子能机构理事会的四次年度会议上,都提出若干附加议定书供批准签署,但国家总数正在改变附加议定书的缔结和生效进展缓慢。 (迄今为止,已有109个国家签署了《附加议定书》并已在77个国家生效。 )", "25岁 2005年9月,原子能机构理事会修订了其关于“小数量议定书”的政策,[12] 以确保除其他外,所有拥有全面保障协定的国家都有有效的核查权。 此外,理事会还设立了一个保障和核查委员会(第25委员会)来审议进一步加强保障制度的方式和方法。", "原子能机构在从事或计划从事核活动的其他国家的保障监督", "26. 联合国 原子能机构在印度、以色列和巴基斯坦的保障监督执行是根据《不扩散条约》之前订立的保障协定[13]执行的,以涵盖研究和动力反应堆及其部件、核燃料和重水。 这些协定规定:", "通过辐照在这些反应堆中产生的材料也受到保障监督,任何工厂加工或使用该核材料都将受到保障监督,只要受保障监督的核材料在设施中。 请注意,虽然某类设施的保障监督核查要求一般遵循全面保障协定所制定的要求,但可能因设施本身或设备或材料可能受保障监督而出现具体差异,而且保障监督协定可能包括反映这类保障监督协定选择性的规定,特别是替代规定。 [14]", "核武器国家的保障措施执行情况", "27个 《不扩散条约》承认的五个核武器国家、法国、中华人民共和国、俄罗斯联邦、联合王国和美利坚合众国已签订了仿照全面保障协定的自愿提供保障协定。 这些VOA协定没有规定国家有义务对核材料实行保障监督,它们允许国家从原子能机构为执行保障监督而可以选择的国家清单中取出核材料并拆除设施。 此外,原子能机构没有义务在国家指定的设施实施保障监督。 [15] 目前,原子能机构对禁产条约的保障监督最密切的适用是中国和联合王国的浓缩厂。 法国和联合王国的所有核设施,除专门用于核武器方案和海军反应堆方案的设施外,都受《罗马条约》规定的欧洲原子能共同体保障监督。 欧洲原子能共同体被视为一个区域管制机构,原子能机构和欧洲原子能共同体正在合作在欧洲联盟各国实施保障监督的情况下实施伙伴关系安排。", "附加议定书", "28岁 《示范附加议定书》[16]是为所有与原子能机构订有保障协定的国家设计的,包括《不扩散条约》的核武器国家和《不扩散条约》非缔约国。 [17] 《不扩散条约》承认的所有五个核武器国家都签署了附加议定书,其中包括INFCIRC/540中规定的某些措施,其中三个核武器国家已使其生效。 核武器国家通过的议定书大多旨在向原子能机构提供补充资料,协助原子能机构保障无核武器国家的核活动。 核武器国家和《不扩散条约》非缔约国的附加议定书可能影响到或受到可能列入禁产条约的关于出口设备或材料的规定的影响,这些条款可协助其他国家努力获得生产裂变材料的能力。", "原子能机构其他相关核查活动", "29. 国家 除了正常的保障监督执行范围外,原子能机构开展额外核查活动的三个情况可能与禁产条约有关:", "(一) 原子能机构根据联合国安全理事会第687号决议和有关决议的规定,在伊拉克实施了扩大核查措施,包括不受限制地进入有关地点和进行大面积环境监测,以发现秘密生产核材料。 在这种极端情况下取得的经验可能有益于审议《禁产条约》规定的准入规定——所赋予的权利和遇到的困难;", "(二) 原子能机构根据朝鲜与美国缔结的框架协议,监测了朝鲜核设施的作业冻结[19],包括监测了在Nyongbyon后处理厂的作业冻结,该厂一直处于待命状态。 同样,在考虑禁产条约下的视察规定方面取得的经验可能是有益的;", "(三) 原子能机构同俄罗斯联邦和美国一道,参加了一项三边倡议,为这些国家的过剩国防裂变材料建立一个核查制度,详情见下文。", "三边倡议", "30岁。 三方倡议由俄罗斯米纳通部长维克多·米哈伊洛夫、原子能机构总干事汉斯·布利克斯和美国能源部长黑兹尔·奥莱里在1996年9月17日的会议上发起。 该倡议的目的是履行克林顿总统和叶利钦总统就原子能机构核查源于武器的裂变材料所作的承诺,并补充他们对裁减核武器的透明度和不可逆转性所作的承诺。", "31岁 三方成立了一个联合小组,审议与原子能机构核查相关裂变材料有关的各种技术、法律和财政问题。 专家组试图确定可在俄罗斯的马亚克裂变材料储存设施投入使用时以及在从防御方案中取出的武器原产裂变材料的一个或多个美国设施中适用的核查措施。", "核查。 2002年9月16日宣布完成了委托给三方倡议工作组的任务。", "32. 联合国 三边倡议涉及原子能机构核查的范围和目的;可能接受原子能机构核查的源于武器的裂变材料的地点、类型和数量;可能在不披露敏感信息的情况下实现核查和监测目标的技术;以及原子能机构核查措施的供资和法律框架的选择。", "范围和目标", "33. (中文(简体) ). 三方倡议旨在建立一个核查制度,使拥有核武器的国家能够提交过剩的武器材料。 由各国决定宣布哪些材料,但一旦作出将材料提交原子能机构核查的决定,是不可撤销的。", "34. 国家 此外,根据核查的需要,一旦决定将某些材料提交原子能机构核查,视察将是强制性的。", "35. 联合国 每件核武器都使用一种或多种裂变能元素,每件核武器的每一种裂变能元素都需要某些核材料,一般含有93%或以上的同位素钚239或高浓缩铀(高浓缩铀)。 对拥有、生产和使用此类材料的管制是国际不扩散制度的基础。 同样,随着《不扩散条约》的核武器缔约国努力履行《条约》第六条规定的义务,一项禁止生产用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的裂变材料的条约,以及一项含有从核武器中取出现有材料的规定的框架,可以成为未来安排的核心部分。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 将武器材料置于国际核查之下可以达到不同的目的,这取决于其发生的时间和核查范围。", "(一) 如果裂变材料已经加工到不再有任何可泄露武器秘密的地步,那么,使该材料受到检查,并作出不能再用于任何军事目的的承诺,就有两个目的:(a) 限制国家的能力(同时禁止生产)和(b) 提供建立信任的手段,从而鼓励进一步削减军备并增加需要检查的多余材料的数量。", "(二) 列入检查仍然含有武器秘密的裂变材料的规定可能增加额外的好处:即考虑到将武器材料转换为非机密形式所需的高成本和很长的时间,允许提交材料的速度大大快于其他方式。 只有在国家确信核查程序不会披露其特性的情况下,才能考虑允许原子能机构核查具有保密特性的武器材料。", "(三) 列入条款,确认所提交的物项的性质是核武器部件的特点,从而可以监测裁减武器进程。", "(四) 如果上述措施得到落实,那么原则上,在弹头脱离其运载系统时即可开始核查,以便能够核查具体的裁减武器措施。", "37. 联合国 根据三方倡议,核查包括前两个步骤。", "38. 国家 核查机密形式的裂变材料所需步骤对原子能机构使用的核查程序和设备提出了新的要求。 然而,如果能够执行拥有核武器的国家能够接受的核查计划,这将有可能加快步伐并朝着确认为裁军所采取步骤的方向更进一步。", "39. 联合国 根据三方倡议,迄今开展的大部分技术工作都用于制定核查方法,使各国能够提交具有机密特征的裂变材料,包括拆除后核弹头的完整部件。", "技术要求和方法", " 40. 40. 在过去几年里,在三边倡议下开展的许多技术工作都致力于设计一种核查技术,使核武器国家能够邀请原子能机构视察员对核武器的部件进行测量,而检查人员不可能获得核武器设计的秘密。 与此同时,核查技术必须使原子能机构能够充分保证核查是可信和独立的。 考虑了每一种可能的测量方法,首先是原子能机构目前用来保护无核武器国家的钚和高浓缩铀的方法。 三方缔约方的结论是,如果允许视察员查阅原始测量数据,所查明的每一种方法都可能暴露出武器秘密。 因此,排除了按照原子能机构正常的保障监督做法进行直接、定量的衡量。", "41. 国家 会议随后商定,原子能机构对源自武器的裂变材料的核查将以能够提供最有力核查的测量为基础,但测量系统的设计方式只能向原子能机构视察员介绍。", "“通过/失效”信息。 由于原始计量数据可以显示机密信息,因此在计量系统中将列入特别安全规定,以防止储存机密信息,并在试图获取原始计量数据时使系统失效。 将通过比较实际测量数据与未分类的参考“属性”来进行“通过/失败”的确定。 所采用的方法称为“带有信息障碍的属性核查”。 商定了原子能机构核查容器中过剩钚的下列属性试验:", "(一) 钚的存在;", "(二) 武器级同位素构成(即240Pu对239Pu的比例低于0.1);和", "(三) 钚的数量大于规定的临界质量。", "42. \" 信息障碍 \" 将硬件、软件和程序保护系统合并成分层结构,旨在为机密信息提供深入的防御保护。 三边倡议专家审查了所有已知的核查技术,以确定是否可以采用任何方法,使原子能机构能够得出可信和独立的结论。 他们制定了计量系统的一般技术要求和功能规格。 开发并演示了测量系统的原型. 它被称为“利用中子多相计数和高分辨率伽马射线光谱法对具有分类特征的钚进行信息屏障的属性核查系统”或“AVNG”。 俄罗斯联邦核中心/全俄罗斯实验物理科学研究所(RFNC-VNIIEF)目前正在根据与洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的合同,在萨罗夫(原名Arzamas-16)建造一个全面的系统. 该系统将测量储存的AT-400容器所持有的钚的分类形式(原子能机构三边倡议办公室保存一个用于演示的容器)。 专家们在设计和开发钚储存设施清单监测系统方面取得了良好进展。", "43. 东帝汶 属性验证技术包括一个中子多分测定系统,与高分辨度伽马射线分光系统结合,在一个特殊的环境中,必须防止机密信息被传送到境外或以其他方式传递,同时防止任何外部信号篡改系统的运作. 如果打开任何通道,安全监督系统将无法运行,向检查员宣读的计算区块和传输装置将在不影响安全限制的情况下提供商定结果。", "44. 国家 所有这些仪器都在将要使用的国家制造。 国家本身将予以认证,其认证将包括正常的工业关切以及有效的防止间谍活动的认证,以确保原子能机构的检查不会导致透露任何机密信息。 在这些限制下,不能使用原子能机构的正常认证做法;正在制定一种新的做法,虽然这种做法的一些要素正在走向采用,但认证仍然是原子能机构最具挑战性的任务。", "45. 国家 除了描述的关于全部属性核查制度的工作外,还就武器原产裂变材料专用储存设施的库存监测系统开展工作,该系统将跟踪设施内的材料,并确保随时核查其特性、完整性和位置。 这些清单监测系统将结合传统的保障措施遏制和监督措施。 在适用的情况下,保护机密信息至关重要,需要国家认证。 认证也是一个令人关切的问题。 此外,将严格管理检查员的活动。", "46. 经常预算: 还审议了将裂变材料从分类形式转为非分类形式所需的步骤以及随后的处置活动。 2000年,俄罗斯联邦和美国签署了《钚管理和处置协定》[21],根据该协定,两国同意对称地处置双方34吨武器钚。 PMDA呼吁与原子能机构就这种钚的核查作用进行“早期磋商”。 根据三方倡议,PMDA查明的大多数钚预计将接受原子能机构的核查,因此实际上,这些安排必须着眼于满足这两项活动的要求。 俄罗斯联邦的处置费用估计为20亿美元,美国估计为66亿美元。", "47. 国家 对于未分类的裂变材料,核查方法应与无核武器国家在原子能机构不扩散保障监督下采用的方法相类似。 然而,即使这样,也要求偏离原子能机构的保障监督。 有些设施位于(或将位于)用于核武器工作的地点,甚至用于发现非保密形式的裂变材料的设施,场地安全限制可能使正常保障监督做法的实施复杂化。 还有一个实际问题,就是在材料被混合或被辐照后,应对其进行核查,使其不比民用部门的可比材料更适合武器用途。", " 48. 48. 如果将机密形式的裂变材料提交核查,国家必须作出声明。 然而,俄罗斯联邦和美国都不能在不违反《不扩散条约》第一条和各自国内法的情况下宣布机密形式的裂变材料的性质。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在原子能机构的保障监督下,原子能机构对所有核特性进行不受限制的测量,并采集受保障监督的核材料的代表性样品,其中包括杂质在内的所有特性都按照最高的精确和准确标准加以测量。 对于机密形式的裂变材料,这种测量显然无法进行。", " 50. 50. 原子能机构的全面保障监督协定是核不扩散制度的一部分,其目的是防止无核武器国家获得甚至一种核武器。 参与三方倡议的两个核武器国家都拥有数千枚核武器。", "正在将这些武器减少到低得多的水平,希望最终会降到零。 适用于核裁军的核查要求最终必须同不扩散核查要求相一致,但这需要一段时间。", "51. 联合国 三边倡议涉及原子能机构核查的范围和目的;可能接受原子能机构核查的源于武器的裂变材料的地点、类型和数量;可能在不披露敏感信息的情况下实现核查和监测目标的技术;以及原子能机构核查措施的供资和法律框架的选择。", "原子能机构与后处理和浓缩有关的保障措施和技术", "52. (中文(简体) ). 随着禁产条约的范围和核查要求的确定,原子能机构经验和各国现有要求的相关性将使得能够对具体类型的设施并酌情对具体设施进行详细调查。 鉴于谈判授权,似乎需要从逻辑上核查后处理和浓缩作业,因此,对原子能机构在浓缩和后处理厂实施保障监督的经验作一初步审查可能是有益的。", "申报后处理厂", "53. 联合国 核反应堆所生产的钚与后处理厂的铀、裂变产物和其他活性剂相分离。 除了极少数例外,所有钚后处理厂都采用同样的工艺技术 -- -- Purex工艺。 [22]. 后处理厂需要加工高放射性材料,因此需要在非常大的结构内进行远程处理,以控制放射性。 这些特点,加上在加工起点精确地测量钚(或铀-233)数量所固有的困难,使得保障措施的实施比任何其他保障措施的实施更为复杂和昂贵。", "54. 联合国 后处理厂的保障措施旨在检测设施(未申报后处理)被滥用以及钚和铀的申报流动和库存被转用的情况。 在大型运行工厂,达到保障监督核查要求是最困难的,因为视察目标的原子能机构保障监督数量部分按制造一种核武器所需的数量确定,而且与处理的核材料总量相比,这些数量变得很小,因此,保障监督办法必须扩大范围并越来越具有侵入性,以便提供必要的保证,保证这些工厂不被滥用,核材料得到准确的测量、申报和不被转用。 这个", "技术问题更为复杂,如果这些工厂在保障措施实施之前就已运作,如果工厂仪器不完备或不可靠。", "55. 国家 后处理厂的保障办法取决于一系列考虑,其中最主要的是其运作状况——无论是在运行、待命模式、退役还是废弃。 可能适用下列条件:", "(一) 继续后处理作业;", "(二) 非再加工目的的操作(例如从钚中去除 a-241,废物分解等);", "(三) 备用(此处核查要求在很大程度上取决于恢复作业的意图通知与实际恢复之间的时间长短);", "(四) 退役(随着关键部件被销毁、埋入或取出,恢复作业所需的时间和努力会增加,保障办法将逐步简化);", "(五) 退役或废弃。 (需要定期检查的频率取决于建筑物是否还在,如果仍在使用,则取决于是否仍在使用;根据成本考虑,这些方法可能需要定期访问或卫星图像分析。 )", "56. (中文(简体) ). 所需的成本和努力可能不尽相同,从退役或废弃设施几乎无成本,到有数千万美元核查设备的持续视察。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 原子能机构在后处理厂的保障措施首先是审查国家需要的关于设施设计和建造的有关方面、其运作和所采用的核材料衡算系统的资料。 设计信息审查是在考虑设施保障办法的早期进行的,以确定信息是否充分且自相矛盾。 在建造、试运行期间和其后的正常运行、维修和改造期间,以及退役期间,通过检查员的观察和适当的测量和测试核实设计资料,以证实设施的设计和运行符合所提供的信息。 除这些方法外,环境取样将视具体情况适用,作为检测具有不同特性的钚后处理的一种手段。 这项保障监督措施为确定某一特定设施的保障监督办法的其他要素和适用所有其他保障监督措施奠定了基础。", "58. 联合国 对于每个后处理设施,根据其运行状况,无论是中小型工厂还是大型工厂,以及设施的具体特点,适当组合如下:", "措施与设施保障方法中的设计信息核查活动相结合:", "(一) 在工厂关键部分实施封隔和监视,以保持对已核实信息的了解的连续性并跟踪操作情况,以确定所观察到的操作是否符合操作者申报;", "(二) 应用测量,包括操作者为会计、临界安全或过程控制进行的测量,以及原子能机构使用原子能机构设备或根据适当安排使用操作者设备进行的测量;", "(三) 溶液测量和监测系统,以跟踪含有核材料的溶液在加工区内的移动情况,并在溶液中提供经认证的核材料体积测量;", "(四) 接近实时衡算,在规定的每月及时间隔内检测钚损失;", "(五) 核材料衡算,包括根据经核实的实物盘存和实物盘存的变化进行年度材料衡算(包括分析托运人与收款方之间的差额和连续材料衡算期间下落不明的材料);", "(六) 核材料累积衡算,包括在该设施实施原子能机构保障监督的整个期间的总量和趋势分析。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 后处理厂的保障措施包括在设在塞伯斯多夫(奥地利)的原子能机构保障监督分析实验室取取样品进行分析,以及在组成原子能机构分析实验室网络的八个成员国的其他14个实验室取取取样品进行分析。 设施中的样品制备包括用参考材料喷出和稀释来减少样品的放射性以方便运输和处理。 运输这种样品费用昂贵,需要采取适当的辐射防护措施。", "60. 联合国 后处理厂使用的核查设备包括标准密封和监视设备以及专门系统,包括:", "(一) 用于确定仪器船上溶液的体积和密度的肺测量系统;", "(二) 安全的样品容器,以保护样品不被篡改;", "(三) 密度测量设备,以便原子能机构在钚分离和净化之前、期间和之后对钚在溶液中的浓度进行核查(纯化溶液的K-edge密度测量和含有裂变产物和铀溶液的K-edge混合密度测量);以及", "(四) 在大型工厂,鉴于需要的样品数量和进行分析的时间,必须建立现场分析实验室。", "秘密后处理厂", "61. 国家 在加空局国家,任何未申报的后处理都明显违反《协定》和《附加议定书》的规定。 后处理作业通常涉及将气体裂变产物放入大气层并释放出颗粒,其中一些颗粒在远离设施的地方沉积. 侦查秘密植物的侦查措施如下:", "62. 联合国 加强信息分析: 根据附加议定书的规定,加空局国家必须彻底提供有关后处理、制造和应要求进口用于后处理的专门船舶以及过去、现在和将来任何后处理工厂的建造、运行和退役方面的研发信息。 原子能机构分析所提供的资料,并将这些资料同从各种来源获得的资料进行比较,包括:", "(一) 通过各国执行保障措施获得的信息;", "(二) 向原子能机构报告的关于核材料和特定设备转让的资料;", "(三) 通过原子能机构其他活动,包括技术合作项目获得的信息;", "(四) 来自科学期刊和媒体的公开来源信息;", "(五) 各国可能提供的其他资料。", "63. 国家 辅助性 获取:根据《附加议定书》的规定,原子能机构有权要求访问所提供信息的不一致之处。 随着谈判的进行,需要关于这种准入的具体规定来确定它们与禁产条约要求的关系。", "64. 环境取样:在进行辅助接触的地点,可以根据《附加议定书》的现有规定进行环境取样。 程序性", "在《附加议定书》的这一特点得以实施之前,需得到理事会的批准。", "申报的浓缩厂", "65. 国家 原子能机构在铀浓缩厂的保障措施旨在实现三个目标:", "(一) 检测未申报的高浓缩铀生产情况,或在申报高浓缩生产的情况下检测超量高浓缩生产情况;", "(二) 检测过量的低浓铀生产(随后可能在秘密工厂或受保障措施保护的工厂内进一步浓缩,并更有可能被检测);[23]和", "(三) 探测申报的铀产品、饲料或尾流的转移。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 用于检测浓缩厂中申报的饲料、产品和尾流的核材料衡算核查,与其他措施相结合,提供了一种手段,确保工厂不被用于生产未申报的高浓缩铀,在低浓缩厂早些时候被用于生产高浓缩铀的情况下,这种方法就变得日益重要了。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 虽然基本上所有后处理厂都采用单一工艺,但已有9个铀浓缩技术先进。 其中一些技术不太可能被利用,有些技术由于电力需求非常高而不再被选中。 虽然任何浓缩厂的保障监督办法都将包括共同要素,但各种工艺特性和工厂的不同需要不同的保障监督方法。 虽然原子能机构的保障措施主要适用于气体离心机厂,但原子能机构对空气动力喷嘴浓缩厂、气体扩散厂、分子激光浓缩和电磁(卡路特龙)浓缩系统进行了调查。 已经进行了有限的研究,以考虑原子蒸汽激光浓缩厂的保障措施,但对于尚未发展到工业规模工厂的剩余技术,即化学交换浓缩、离子交换浓缩和等离子体分离浓缩,几乎没有进行任何工作。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 与后处理厂的情况一样,设计信息审查和设计信息核查对于在浓缩厂执行原子能机构保障措施至关重要。 浓缩技术被认为具有扩散敏感性,因此原子能机构视察员进入安装浓缩设备的地区受到技术持有者的限制,视察员", "对浓缩设备内部细节的观察有限,对关键工厂操作参数的观察也有限。 然而,在这些限制范围内,已经建立了有效的核查安排,使原子能机构能够实现所述目标。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 设计资料审查和核查为了解引进饲料和去除产品和尾料的正常步骤以及确保此后不作任何临时或永久性修改,使工厂或其任何部分能够用于生产未申报的高浓缩铀提供了参考。 (在建造、交付使用、正常运行期间、维修和改造以及退役期间,通过检查员的观察和适当的测量和测试来核实设计资料,以确认设施的设计和运作符合所提供的信息。 )", "70. 联合国 事实证明,环境取样是确定浓缩厂是否生产高浓缩铀的极为有力的方法。 显然,如果该工厂生产高浓缩铀是为了非禁止的目的,或者如果一个低浓缩工厂以前曾用于高浓缩铀生产或靠近高浓缩工厂,环境取样可能用处不大。 这种设施的保障办法要求更加强调保障的其他方面,但即使在这种情形下,对颗粒物随时间推移的集群分析也可为探测新出产提供依据,因为同位素比微小的差异。", "71. 联合国 就特定浓缩技术而言,以类似于已申报后处理厂的方式,浓缩厂的保障办法在很大程度上取决于设施的运行状况。 特别是,以下条件对于建立切实有效的保障措施至关重要:", "(一) 运行中的浓缩厂:", "(a) 为非被禁目的生产高浓缩铀(在此,核查必须确保只生产申报的高浓缩铀数量,环境取样可能不甚相关;", "(b) 在从早先的高浓缩生产中重组的工厂或在附近用于高浓缩生产的另一工厂生产低浓缩铀(由于高浓缩铀残留痕迹,旨在检测未申报高浓缩铀生产的核查活动将更加复杂,因此,例如,环境取样可能没有什么意义);", "(c) 生产低浓缩铀,从未生产高浓缩铀;", "(二) 备用作业(与后处理厂的情况一样,核查要求将视所需预先通知间隔而有所不同);", "(三) 退役(保障监督活动将逐步简化并拆除工厂;销毁或处置拆除的浓缩设备应受到监测);", "(四) 退役或被废弃(关于后处理厂,检查方法和频率取决于结构的最终状态,并定期保证不采取步骤使已退役或被废弃的厂房恢复运行。", "72. 联合国 对于每个浓缩厂,根据其技术、运行状况、能力和布局,在保障监督办法中纳入了以下措施:", "(一) 通过权衡气瓶和采用无损检验系统来测量铀浓缩量,在饲料、产品和尾气瓶中测量铀和铀浓缩量,并在原子能机构保障监督分析实验室取样进行分析;", "(二) 对饲料、产品和尾气瓶以及工厂关键部分,特别是铀饲料点、产品和尾气去除点实行封装和监视(一些工厂正在使用综合封装-监视系统,使设施操作员能够将封口加上并去除,作为有效手段,以确保所有装有或从申报的饲料和起取点分离出来的气瓶都得到核查),以及安装仪器的地点,以保持对已核实信息的了解的连续性并跟踪操作情况,以确定所观察的操作是否符合操作员申报;", "(三) 从级联大厅外的材料处理区收集环境样品,以发现未申报核材料或核活动的迹象;", "(四) 通过连续浓缩监测器或专门测量系统,连同在一些离心机厂的级联区域内进行不事先通知的有限频率检查,确定正在处理的铀管道所含同位素铀-235不到20%;", "(五) 其他离心机厂将采用线上仪器,以测量饲料中六氟化铀气体中铀的实际浓缩度、产品和尾线以及产品流线上的质量流量计;", "(六) 在大多数设施中,使用有限频率的不事先通知进入级联大厅的检查,以发现工厂的改变并收集可能显示高浓缩作业的环境样品;", "(七) 在一些设施中,监测在连续检查和将这些数额同操作员申报和辅助检查数据进行比较之间所产生的分离工作;", "(八) 核材料衡算,包括根据经核实的实物盘存和实物盘存变化进行年度材料衡算(包括分析托运人与收款人之间的差额和连续材料衡算期间下落不明的材料);", "(九) 核材料累积衡算,包括在该设施实施原子能机构保障监督的整个期间的总量和趋势分析。", "秘密浓缩厂", "73 (中文(简体) ). 用于检测未申报浓缩厂的方法基本上与未申报后处理的方法相同。 浓缩作业通常会释放出气溶胶——特别是在与工艺管道连接的地点,但也通过工厂通风系统。 这些气溶胶可能行得不远,因此,这类设施可能有效地接近环境取样。", "74. 国家 浓缩技术的进步大大地缩小了工厂的规模并减少了对电力的需求,从而进一步加重了从秘密浓缩厂中寻找排放物的困难。", "75. 国家 加强信息分析: 各国必须全面提供与浓缩、制造和进口浓缩设备和专门材料(例如碳纤维容器和马氏钢等)有关的研发信息,以及过去、现在和未来任何浓缩厂的建造、运行和退役信息。 关于后处理,原子能机构分析所提供的资料,并将这些资料同从上述来源获得的与后处理有关的资料进行比较。", "辅助准入:如上,用于后处理。", "76. 环境取样: 至于后处理,在提供补充准入的地点,可根据附加议定书的规定取取取环境样品。 在《附加议定书》的这一特点得以实施之前,需由理事会批准大面积环境取样的程序安排。 但是在远离植物的地方检测浓缩的可能性较小。", "核查选择", "77. 国家 原子能机构研究了可能的核查情况、其相关费用以及这些替代方案可能为禁产条约缔约国遵约提供的保证水平。 兹作简要说明。", "核查范围", "78. 国家 从技术角度看,对一个国家的整个核燃料循环以外的任何方面实行核查安排,都不能像原子能机构在无核武器国家执行全面保障监督协定时那样,对不生产用于核爆炸目的的核材料提供同等程度的保证。 为了向《禁产条约》缔约国提供与原子能机构根据全面保障监督协定提供的保证相类似的保证,核查制度必须适用于这些国家申报的整个燃料循环,并应用于检测未申报的生产设施和核材料。", "79. 联合国 禁产条约的核查措施如果能与现有的强化的原子能机构保障制度相平行,将是有益的。 这些措施旨在考虑到当前和未来的技术发展情况,因为它们可能有助于提高保障监督做法提供的保证水平。 此外,如前所述,它们为探测未申报设施和裂变材料提供了更多的保证。", "80个 禁产条约生效后生产出的任何裂变材料,无论是在裂变材料生产厂生产,还是通过民用核设施的运行生产,在加工、使用和储存过程中都可能受到保障。", "81个 各国需要讨论在《条约》生效时允许各国对其库存中的任何现有裂变材料免于核查的程度。 为了明确起见,可以确定这些库存如下:", "(一) 用于武器目的的军事储存(包括拆除武器后释放的核材料);", "(二) 军用核材料储存,用于非被禁活动;以及", "(三) 民用库存。", "82. 如果核查制度要严格限于核查承诺不为禁产条约所禁止的目的生产裂变材料的任务,它将无法保证在条约生效后不会增加用于上述目的的现有裂变材料储存,其方法是生产以外的手段(例如,通过申报和(或)未申报(非法)进口用于核武器或其他爆炸装置的裂变材料,或者通过将现有民用储存或军事储存用于非被禁军事目的)。", "83个 尽管《禁产条约》之下的技术全面核查制度似乎是最好的选择;但各国可能选择资源密集程度较低的替代办法,在综合方法与重点更突出(针对核设施)方法降低成本的不扩散和裁军效益方面作出权衡。 例如,各国可以将核查的技术目标限制在提供保证方面,即直接使用材料的所有生产设施要么关闭,要么进行核查;一旦禁产条约生效,所有未明确排除在核查范围之外的裂变材料储存仍将受到核查。", "第八十四会. 因此,原子能机构考虑了具有具体资源需要的其他一些替代办法。 这些替代方案的范围较为有限,因此成本较低,但这种资源密集程度较低的替代方案所提供的保证水平将大大低于无核武器国家根据全面保障监督协定实施保障监督所提供的保证水平,除非给予核查机构寻找未申报活动和材料的必要授权和能力。", "85. 一个重要问题是:国际核查制度是否包括检测未申报核设施和裂变材料的措施?", "86号. 根据对这一问题的回答,核查制度能够或不能威慑可能的违反者,保证不在民用和/或军事生产设施中为武器目的生产裂变材料,不在未申报的设施中为武器目的生产裂变材料。", "87个 毋庸置疑,对核查项目核查制度施加的任何限制似乎都更加需要有一个明确有效的机制,使核查组织能够寻找可能违反《禁产条约》的情况,以便能够通过任何有限的核查办法,向所有各方提供可接受的或可信的保证,即一方没有违反条约。", "88个 各国必须决定建立核查机制来侦查被禁活动。 这个问题有两个方面需要解决:", "(一) 除了分析各种来源的现有信息(例如,安装空气和水监测站网络以检测运行后处理厂或高浓缩铀浓缩厂所排放的粒子;进入国内任何地方收集样品、进行大气监测以检测生产厂和反应堆的各种排放和(或)进行卫星图像分析以检测后处理厂所需的屏蔽物的建造、热排放卫星分析等)之外,允许开展哪些与检测可能被禁止活动迹象有关的活动;", "(二) 在发现可疑迹象后,可以开展哪些活动来解决可疑迹象(特别检查或质疑检查是否受到诸如《化学武器公约》或《欧洲常规武装力量条约》等关于进入各国境内大多数地点的配额安排的限制,以及类似于根据《示范附加议定书》或《化学武器公约》通过的敏感地点的“管理下准入”安排等)。", "89. 国家 检测未申报生产设施的核查要求将取决于禁产条约中的规定。 如果需要高度的保证,《禁产条约》的规定必须允许采取诸如对再处理或浓缩作业所排放的放射性核素进行广面积环境取样等措施,包括空中辐射绘图和土壤、水、沉积物和生物群的环境样品,同时对选定的地点进行目视检查并同指定的政府、科学和工业人员进行讨论。 原子能机构已在加强保障监督的框架内采用这些措施。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 除了覆盖面和范围问题外,各国还必须审议与禁产条约核查有关的一些具体问题。 虽然原子能机构类型的保障监督需要适用于可接受核查的许多设施;由于监测前核武器设施的独特性(具体的安保和安全问题、几十年核武器材料生产造成的业务限制、这种设施在保障监督方面的“不友好性质”以及保护敏感信息免遭扩散风险的必要性),原子能机构保障监督的虚拟统包适用并非总是可能的。", "91. 联合国 各国可决定不永久停止为供应钚而建造的一些生产设施的活动,而是按照禁产条约的规定,调整这些设施,以便开展和平活动,或继续运营这些设施,以支持不受禁止的核军事活动。 如果某些工厂关闭或继续运作,核查要求(和资源)将有很大差异。 如果过去用于生产核武器实际或潜在用途的裂变材料的工厂被关闭,核查可以主要以遥感、使用密封及其定期检查为基础;这将是一种简单、廉价和非侵入性的方法。 然而,确保这些设施继续关闭的规定也取决于它们是否愿意恢复运作。 如果已采取步骤使工厂退役或拆除关键部件,在进行初步现场核查,确认工厂已退役或关键部件已拆除后,可以不经常地进行监测。 但是,如果一个国家希望这些设施继续为被禁目的运作,则其保护费用会更高、更详细。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 在一些国家,军用和民用核燃料循环并非完全分开,因此,在设计核查安排时,必须考虑到这些国家对保护机密信息的合理关切,而不必考虑这种关切。", "妨碍核查要求。 可考虑采取涉及不同程度侵入性的措施:", "(一) 遥感(即卫星和(或)飞机所收集的视觉和红外飞行数据)可以有效地核查关闭的生产设施,而不会损害敏感信息,对设施的影响很小或没有;", "(二) 在某一场址或其附近进行环境取样,以发现后处理和浓缩活动的核和化学特征,对正常设施的运作不会造成什么干扰;", "(三)有管理的准入检查,平衡检查人员履行职责的需要和被检查国保护敏感信息的权利.", "93. 国家 一些国家可能继续使用高浓缩铀来建造舰艇推进反应堆和为生产钚的反应堆提供燃料;核查没有将高浓缩铀转用于被禁的爆炸用途,必须使侵入性保持在可接受的水平,同时使核查机构能够提供适当程度的遵守条约规定的保证。", "94. 国家 关于用于海军推进反应堆的高浓缩铀,一种可能的办法可能是遵循类似于INFCIRC/153号文件第14段规定的程序,即全面保障监督示范协定。 该条规定,核材料可免于原子能机构对非受禁止军事活动(即海军推进)的保障监督,但必须随时向原子能机构通报材料的总量和组成,一旦材料从反应堆卸出并退回库存,必须再次适用保障监督。 这一保障规定迄今从未被援引过,因此其效力从未受到检验。", "95号. 锂生产将在两个方面对禁产条约的核查产生影响:第一,用作钚生产反应堆燃料的高浓缩铀可转用于武器;第二,专门用于生产钍的反应堆也可用于生产用于武器的钚。 因此,必须制定核查办法,确保不进行任何被禁活动。", "核查:技术要求、费用和执行情况", "技术要求", "96. (中文(简体) ). 精确要求有助于建立和运行核查制度,作为预算编制、具体执行安排的谈判、人员配置、例行检查规划和评价、研究与发展等方面的指南。 核查制度的能力可以具体体现在衡量目标上:有关裂变材料的数量;核查制度应就裂变材料的数量作出结论的时间参数;以及期望结论具有的确定性。", "97. 国家 这些目标一般是技术有效性与成本之间的平衡。 随着所要测量的裂变材料数量减少,及时性提高,以及与结论相关的信任度提高,核查费用相应上升,系统提供的保证水平也相应提高。", "数量目标", "98 (英语). 禁产条约之下核查的裂变材料的最低数量可以基于不同的理由,例如:", "(一) 根据禁产条约提交核查的裂变材料数量的一个固定百分比;这一理由将确立条约承诺与每个国家为大幅度增加其现有裂变材料库存而需要的裂变材料数量之间最直接的联系。 然而,这一理由将造成一种情况,即裂变材料库存量大的国家的核查活动不如库存量小的国家密集;以及", "(二) 被认为是生产一种核武器所必需的数量;这是原子能机构保障措施的基础,采用同样的目标将有利于建立一个不会造成任何歧视的核查制度。 [25] (中文(简体) ).", "及时性要求", "99号. 可根据一国将裂变材料转化为核武器所需的时间来选择及时性要求。", "一百个 首先,如果一国作出所有初步安排,并决定在发现其活动之前尽可能短的时间内获得核武器,那么它可以如何迅速采取行动。 在原子能机构保障制度中,核材料的物理形式将决定制造出核武器所需的时间。 对于纯形式的分离核材料,及时性目标", "连续得出的结论为一个月;辐照核材料为三个月;其他核材料也确定了目标。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 第二个及时性考虑因素是一国可以计划的最低转用率。 短期内发生的大规模转移比长时间的分流更有可能被发现。 原子能机构的保障措施旨在检测核材料被转用于核武器或其他核爆炸装置的情况(为及时性目的,通过一个相应的探测时间来运作,估计1个钚(8千克)或高浓缩铀(25千克铀-235或8千克铀-233)的转换时间为1个月),[27] 并采用及时探测目标来确定一个日历年内在设施(或设施外地点)进行视察和保障活动的频率,以核实是否突然发生转用。", "检测概率", "102. 国家 确定核查制度技术有效性的第三个参数是核查制度调查结果所要求的确定性程度,即该系统发现可能的转用的可能性。 对于分离的钚和高浓缩铀,原子能机构的保障措施得到实施,以便获得可靠保证,发现一大笔钚被转用。 [28]", "第103页。 从技术角度来看,最好是在禁产条约下采用与原子能机构目前的保障措施相同的标准。 除了避免两种核查制度之间出现差异外,采用相同的要求比采用不同要求的标准容易得多。", "资源估计数", "104 (韩语). 原子能机构拥有关于目前受保障监督设施核查费用的大量数据。 然而,就禁产条约而言,目前不受原子能机构保障监督的设施,即那些曾经或目前属于核武器国家和非不扩散条约国家国防方案一部分的设施,将需要估算。 应当指出,秘书处目前没有关于这些设施的所有所需资料,一旦缔结条约,各国就必须提供这些资料。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 因此,秘书处的初步估计数主要取自公开文献和原子能机构执行保障监督的经验。 可以根据相关设施参数(例如设施类型、现状、核材料类型和数量、位置等)制定算法,以计算可能需要的保障努力。", "106. (中文(简体) ). 显然,禁产条约的核查需要大量的财政资源。 如果各国认为原子能机构是负责核查禁产条约遵守情况的最适当组织,它们就需要商定核查费用的方式。", "107 (韩语). 原子能机构可以提议在现有保障措施的基础上建立禁产条约核查制度,但需要持续的资金来增加工作人员和开展支助活动。 需要增加的技术人员将包括视察员及其直接支助人员、系统分析员、计算机程序员和数据办事员、化学分析员、统计员、保障分析员、设备开发专家、设备管理专家和技术人员。 还必须考虑有限地增加非技术人员。 核查禁产条约所需的设备将相当多,特别是在条约执行的初期阶段。", "108. (中文(简体) ). 秘书处于1995年编制的费用概算依赖于8个国家(中国、法国、印度、以色列、巴基斯坦、俄罗斯、联合王国和美利坚合众国)的995个核设施(包括已退役和正在建造的关闭设施和设施)的数据库。 根据参数,核查禁产条约的费用可能在5 000至1.5亿欧元之间。", "阶段执行", "第109页. 即使禁产条约核查制度不全面,充分执行核查规定仍需要相当长的时间,因为200至1000个核设施(取决于条约的范围)可以接受核查。 在一些国家,核材料管制和衡算系统必须达到国际公认的标准,有些设施的设计不是为了便利核查活动。", "110. 国家 此外,仍然不清楚核查机构与各缔约国之间缔结核查协定是否是执行条约核查规定的额外要求。", "111. 原子能机构已经成功地处理了核查一些已发展出大规模有保障核方案的国家所作声明的正确性和完整性的问题。 工程处除其他外,审查了运行和关闭设施的历史会计和业务记录。 这项任务一直具有挑战性,工程处完成任务的能力的关键仍然是得到国家的充分合作,使工程处能够公开查阅所有有关信息和网址。", "112号. 根据指导原子能机构执行全面保障监督协定的原则(即集中核查涉及生产、加工、使用或储存核材料的核燃料循环各阶段),按优先顺序排列", "有可能分阶段开展核查活动。", "结论", "113号. 原子能机构的保障监督始于1960年代,随着新的核查责任被赋予,随着和平核活动的规模和复杂性增加,以及国际关系带来新的挑战,原子能机构的保障监督措施一直在不断演变。 目前,保障监督经常预算为1.3亿美元,辅以预算外捐款1 610万美元,250多名原子能机构视察员每年利用100多套不同的核查制度进行2 100多起视察,相当于9 000多个人日的视察工作。 截至2005年12月31日,原子能机构的保障措施适用于930个设施(除其他外,包括240个动力反应堆装置、158个研究反应堆和关键组件、13个浓缩厂、7个后处理厂、89.9吨未受辐照的反应堆核外钚和845吨受辐照燃料所含钚以及29.5吨高浓缩铀)。 不同国家和不同设施通过的法律、技术和行政安排对保障协定规定的义务作出了回应。 在许多领域,对现有保障监督安排的审议将确保以以最低成本提供最大价值的方式实施禁产条约核查和原子能机构保障监督。", "114 (韩语). 原子能机构秘书处的评估是,通过一个非常类似于原子能机构现行保障制度的核查制度,可以核查禁止生产裂变材料的条约。 选择一个制度来核查裂变材料禁产条约的遵守情况是各国需要解决的问题。 在这方面,各国必须解决与不同程度的保证和所涉费用有关的问题。 如本文件前文所指出,原子能机构完全了解各国对禁产条约的范围和核查等问题的不同看法,不想预先判断裁军谈判会议讨论这些问题的结果。 原子能机构随时准备应请求,以各国认为适当的任何方式协助开展进一步讨论和谈判进程。", "[1] INFCIRC/153/(更正后),第112段(http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf153.shtml)。", "[2] “可裂变”核在被具有可观动能的快中子击中时会裂变,而“可裂变”核在被具有任何数量动能的快中子或慢中子击中时会裂变,包括基本上没有动能的中子。 因此,“可裂变”核是“可裂变的”,但只有一些“可裂变”核是“可裂变的”。 铀-233、铀-235、钚-239和钚-241是 \" 裂变 \" 核;铀-238、钚-238、240和242、钚-237、锑-241和242(m)是 \" 可裂变 \" 核的例子,不属于 \" 裂变 \" 。", "[3] 《原子能机构规约》,http://www.iaea.org/About/statute.html。", "[4] 《原子能机构保障监督词汇》(2001年版)将“直接使用材料”定义为可用于制造核爆炸装置而无需转换或进一步浓缩的核材料——包括钚233含量低于80%的钚、高浓缩铀和铀233(第4.25段) http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/nvs-3-cd/PDF/NVS3_prn.pdf#search_22 原子能机构%20 安全卫士%20 Glossary%22.", "[5] 见, 原子能机构的保障制度,http://www.iaea.org/ourWork/SV/Safeguards/safeg_system.pdf。", "[6] 见原子能机构和不扩散条约:核查挑战,Jan Lodding & Tariq Rauf著,(http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Magazines/Bulletin/Bul462/iaea_npt.pdf)。", "[7] 清单见http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sir_table.pdf;截至2006年8月24日,《不扩散条约》的31个无核武器缔约国尚未同原子能机构使全面保障协定生效(其中10个国家已经签署全面保障协定,但尚未使其生效;2个国家的全面保障协定已经得到原子能机构理事会批准但尚未签署;19个无核武器国家尚未采取任何行动根据《不扩散条约》缔结全面保障协定)。", "[8] INFCIRC/66/Rev.2,其中要求对有关保障监督协定所指明的核材料、设施和其他物项实施保障监督。", "[9] 所有全面保障协定均以INFCIRC/153(Corr.)“原子能机构同同《不扩散核武器条约》有关的国家间协定的结构和内容”为基础。 INFCIRC/153(经更正)见原子能机构网站:www.iaea.og。", "[10] 见2005年保障监督声明、保障监督声明背景和2005年保障监督执行情况报告执行摘要,第1.1.1和2.节(http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.pdf)。", "[11] 大量核材料是不能排除制造核爆炸装置的可能性的大约数量。 直接使用核材料:8千克钚(含有低于80%的钚238);8千克铀233. 原子能机构的保障监督 词汇表,第3.14段。 (http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/nvs-3-cd/Start.pdf#search%22'Safeguards%20Glossary%22%22。 )", "[12] 为了简化对核材料很少或没有核材料和设施内没有核材料的国家实行全面保障协定的某些程序,原子能机构于1971年开始提供一项“小数量议定书”,该议定书规定暂停执行全面保障协定的大部分详细规定,直至一国的核材料数量超过一定限度或该国在设施内有核材料。 作为加强原子能机构保障制度的效力并提高其效率的持续进程的一部分,2005年9月20日,理事会决定保留小数量议定书,作为原子能机构保障制度的一部分,但须作某些修改。 经修订的《小数量议定书》标准化文本现在要求各国提交关于核材料的初次报告,在作出建造核设施的决定后通知原子能机构,并允许视察活动。 委员会还决定,不向有计划或现有核设施的国家提供小数量议定书。 理事会授权总干事与所有对标准化文本进行修改和对《小数量议定书》资格标准进行修改的《小数量议定书》交换函的国家缔结结论,并呼吁有关国家尽快完成这种交换函。 秘书处目前正在同所有有关国家缔结换文,以落实这些修改。 同时,理事会呼吁原子能机构秘书处协助有小数量议定书的国家制定和维持其国家核材料衡算和控制制度。", "[13] INFCIRC/66/Rev.2:: 1966年和1968年暂时延长的原子能机构保障制度(1965年)。 (http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Infcircs/Others/inf66r2.shtml)。", "[14] 见2005年保障监督声明,保障监督声明背景和2005年保障监督执行情况报告执行摘要,第1.3节。 (http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.pdf)。", "[15] 同上。 第1.4节。", "[16] 见《不扩散核武器和核安全:原子能机构保障协定和附加议定书》,http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Booklets/nuke.pdf。", "[17] 最新情况见:http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sg_protocol.html。", "[18] 关于原子能机构的报告,见http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/Iaea Iraq/index.shtml。", "[19] 关于原子能机构的报告,见http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/IaeaDprk/index.shtml。", "[20] 原子能机构新闻稿2002/13,原子能机构核查俄罗斯联邦和美国的武器-奥里金裂变材料,http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/PressReleases/2002/prn0213.shtml。", "[21] http://www.nnsa.doe.gov/na20/docs/2000_Agreement.pdf#search-22%22Plutonium%20管理%20和%20Disposition%20 Agreement%22%22。", "[22] 铀-233以类似的方式通过辐照钍来生产,并通过相类似的工艺分离;然而,没有铀-233后处理厂投入运行.", "[23] 生产铀-235浓度为90%或以上的铀所需的80%以上的分离工作用于将浓缩度从天然水平(0.71%铀-235)提高到大约4%。 要使浓缩水平从4%提高到高浓缩水平,就必须有一个更小得多的顶端设施,而如果该设施要从天然铀开始的话。", "[24] 没有任何国家行使全面保障协定允许的规定,指定核材料用于使用核材料裂变特性的非被禁军事用途——1987年,加拿大考虑对核动力潜艇实行这种豁免,但最终取消了核潜艇购置方案。 各国对用于陶瓷等的贫铀和天然铀以及用作石化工艺的催化剂的贫铀金属和用作飞机和船只压载材料的贫铀金属的保障措施实行豁免。", "[25] 见原子能机构保障监督词汇,同前,第3.13至3.14段(第22至23页)。", "[26] 见同上,第3.20段(第24-25页)。", "[27] 同上,第3.13至3.15段(第22至24页)。", "[28] 见《原子能机构保障监督词汇》,同前,第3.15至3.16段(第23至24页)。", "[29] “视察人日”(PDI的定义是,在视察期间,一名视察员可随时进入某一设施,总时间不超过8小时。 原子能机构2005年年度报告公布于http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Reports/Anrep2005/index.html;2005年保障监督说明、保障监督说明背景和2005年保障监督执行情况报告执行摘要见http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/es2005.html。" ]

[ "Second regular session 2011", "6 to 9 September 2011, New York", "Item 3 of the provisional agenda", "Country programmes and related matters", "Programme planning", "Country programme for South Sudan", "Note by the Administrator", "1. Further to the Republic of South Sudan becoming a United Nations Member State on 14 July 2011, the Administrator wishes to inform the Executive Board that the Government of the Republic of South Sudan formally requested recipient country status on 5 August 2011.", "2. As already indicated in the joint UNDP/UNFPA letter of 8 July 2011 to the Executive Board, prior agreement had been reached with the administration of South Sudan to take steps to continue, on an exceptional basis, the implementation of ongoing critical programmes during an interim period following independence and prior to the approval of the first country programme documents.", "3. In line with the South Sudan Development Plan 2011-2013, United Nations agencies will work towards realigning their programming priorities and preparing new country programme documents (CPDs) by October 2011. While CPDs are not ordinarily reviewed and approved at the first regular session of the Executive Board, the Government of South Sudan has requested that the Executive Board agree, on an exceptional basis, for draft CPDs to be presented and approved at the January 2012 meeting of the Executive Board. The Administrator urges the Board to accept these proposed arrangements for UNDP.", "4. Finally, the Government of South Sudan has confirmed its assent that the UNDP South Sudan country office be placed within the UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa." ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日，纽约", "临时议程项目3", "国家方案和相关事项", "方案规划", "南苏丹国家方案", "署长的说明", "1. 署长谨通知执行局，继南苏丹共和国于2011年7月14日成为联合国会员国之后，南苏丹共和国政府于2011年8月5日正式申请受援国地位。", "2. 开发署和人口基金在2011年7月8日给执行局的联名信中已表示，已与南苏丹政府事先约定采取有关步骤，在独立后过渡期间特事特办，继续实施正在进行的关键项目，直至第一批国家方案文件获得批准。", "3. 联合国各机构将依照南苏丹2011-2013年发展计划，设法重新调整各自的方案优先事项，并在2011年10月底前编制出新的国家方案文件。尽管执行局第一届常会通常不审查和批准国家方案文件，但南苏丹政府请求执行局特事特办，允许在2012年1月的执行局会议上提交国家方案文件草案并予以批准。署长敦促执行局接受上述对开发署有关安排的建议。", "4. 最后，南苏丹政府已确认其同意开发署南苏丹国家办事处设于开发署非洲区域局之内。" ]

[ "2011年第二届常会", "2011年9月6日至9日,纽约", "临时议程项目3", "国家方案和有关事项", "方案规划", "南苏丹国家方案", "署长的说明", "1. 联合国 继南苏丹共和国于2011年7月14日成为联合国会员国后,署长谨告知执行局,南苏丹共和国政府于2011年8月5日正式申请受援国地位。", "2. 联合国 正如开发署/人口基金2011年7月8日给执行局的联名信所指出,已事先同南苏丹行政当局达成协议,采取步骤,作为例外,在独立后的过渡期间以及在核准第一份国家方案文件之前,继续执行正在进行的关键方案。", "3个 根据2011-2013年南苏丹发展计划,联合国各机构将努力在2011年10月前调整其方案拟订优先事项并编写新的国家方案文件。 虽然国家方案文件通常没有在执行局第一届常会上得到审查和核准,但南苏丹政府要求执行局作为例外同意将国家方案文件草案提交执行局2012年1月会议并核准。 署长敦促执行局接受开发计划署的这些拟议安排。", " 4.四. 最后,南苏丹政府确认同意在开发署非洲区域局内设立开发署南苏丹国家办事处。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 51 of the provisional agenda*", "United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East", "* A/66/150.", "Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine", "Note by the Secretary-General", "The sixty-fifth report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, covering the period from 1 September 2010 to 31 August 2011, was transmitted by the Chairperson of the Commission for communication to the States Members of the United Nations in accordance with paragraph 6 of General Assembly resolution 512 (VI) of 26 January 1952 and paragraph 2 of Assembly resolution 65/98 of 10 December 2010. The text of the report of the Commission is contained in the annex to the present note.", "Annex", "Sixty-fifth report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine", "In paragraph 2 of its resolution 65/98 of 10 December 2010, the General Assembly requested the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine to report to the Assembly as appropriate, but no later than 1 September 2011. The Commission notes its report of 5 August 2010 (A/65/225, annex) and observes that it has nothing new to report since that submission." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目51", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会的报告", "秘书长的说明", "^(*) A/66/150。", "联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会主席依照1952年1月26日大会第512(VI)号决议第6段和2010年12月10日第65/98号决议第2段的规定，提交了委员会的第六十五次报告，所涉期间为2010年9月1日至2011年8月31日，供转交联合国会员国。委员会的报告载于本说明附件。", "附件", "联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会第六十五次报告", "在2010年12月10日第65/98号决议第2段中，大会请联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会酌情在2011年9月1日以前向大会提出报告。委员会提及其2010年8月5日的报告(A/65/225，附件)，并表示提交该报告后没有新情况要汇报。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目51", "联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "页:1", "联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会的报告", "秘书长的说明", "联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会主席根据大会1952年1月26日第512(VI)号决议第6段和大会2010年12月10日第65/98号决议第2段向联合国会员国转递了委员会第六十五次报告,所涉期间为2010年9月1日至2011年8月31日。 委员会的报告案文载于本说明附件。", "页:1", "联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会第六十五次报告", "大会2010年12月10日第65/98号决议第2段请联合国巴勒斯坦和解委员会酌情并至迟于2011年9月1日向大会提出报告。 委员会注意到2010年8月5日的报告(A/65/225,附件),并指出,自该划界案提交以来,委员会没有新的报告。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Letter dated 28 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Denmark to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Denmark to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) and has the honour to attach herewith its report on the concrete measures taken by the Government of Denmark pursuant to paragraphs 9, 10, 15, and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011 (see annex).", "Annex to the letter dated 28 June 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Denmark to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report by Denmark submitted pursuant to paragraph 25 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) of 26 February 2011 concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "June 2011", "Implementation by Denmark of Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Denmark and the other member States of the European Union have jointly implemented the restrictive measures against Libya imposed under resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) by taking the following common measures:", "• Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya, as amended by Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP of 23 March 2011, Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP, Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP and Council Implementing Decision 2011/345/CFSP set out the basis for European Union implementation of all the measures contained in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), notably:", "• Embargo on arms and related materiel", "• Embargo on equipment which might be used for internal repression", "• Ban on provision of certain services", "• Prior information requirement on cargoes to and from Libya", "• Restrictions on admission of listed natural persons", "• Freezing of funds and economic resources of listed persons, entities and bodies", "• Prohibitions on granting certain claims to listed persons and entities and any other persons and entities in Libya, including the Government of Libya", "• Ban on flights in the airspace of Libya", "• Ban on flights of Libyan aircraft in the airspace of the European Union", "• Additional exceptions to the freezing of funds and economic resources", "• Vigilance requirement when doing business with Libyan entities;", "Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP, Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP and Council Implementing Decision 2011/345/CFSP establish, for the purpose of the restrictions on admission and the assets freeze, the list of persons and entities in accordance with determinations made by the Sanctions Committee pursuant to paragraph 22 of resolution 1970 (2011) and persons and entities listed according to autonomous European Union decisions.", "• Council Regulation (EU) No. 204/2011 of 2 March 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya as amended by Council Regulation (EU) No. 296/2011 of 25 March 2011;", "• Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 360/2011 of 12 April 2011;", "• Council Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 502/2011 of 23 May 2011;", "• Council Regulation (EU) No. 572/2011 of 16 June 2011.", "Within the European Union member States, restrictions are implemented by Council Regulations. The Council Regulations are directly legally binding with respect to national implementation among European Union member States of the freezing of funds and economic resources of persons, entities and bodies as designated by the Sanctions Committee and of the prohibition of making funds or economic resources available to such persons, entities or bodies, with certain exemptions as provided for in resolution 1970 (2011).", "The Council Regulations also implement, within the European Community, the embargo on equipment which might be used for internal repression, as well as the ban on flights in the airspace of Libya and flights of Libyan aircraft in the airspace of the European Union.", "Denmark has the following national legislation requiring an authorization for the export of arms and related materiel to other countries than Denmark and an authorization for the provision of brokering services, which, together with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, provides the basis for enforcement of the arms embargo against Libya and the ban on related brokering services:", "• Section 6 of the Danish Weapons Act prohibits, without a specific licence from the Minister of Justice or from the person authorized by the Minister to issue such a licence, the export of weapons of any kind, defence-related material and so forth. Section 6 applies to any situation where items are transferred from Denmark to another country, regardless of whether the transfer takes place in relation to export, transit, trans-shipment or re-export. Export licences shall not be issued to countries in violation of resolution 1970 (2011);", "• Section 7 (a) of the Danish Weapons Act prohibits the transport of weapons of any kind, defence-related material and so forth between countries other than Denmark, when the recipient country is listed in the Government Order on Transportation of Weapons. The list includes all countries that are under an arms embargo of the United Nations, the European Union or the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe;", "• Section 7 (b) (1) of the Danish Weapons Act similarly prohibits, without a specific licence from the Minister of Justice or from the person authorized by the Minister to issue such a licence, the negotiation or arrangement of transactions, as a broker, that involve the transfer of weapons and so forth, as defined in section 6, between countries outside the European Union. In addition, section 7 (b) (1), subparagraph (2) prohibits the purchase or sale of weapons and so forth, as defined in section 6, as part of a transfer between countries outside the European Union, or, as the owner of the weapons and so forth, the arrangement of such transfer; section 7 (b) (2) provides that the prohibition shall not apply to acts performed in another European Union member State or to acts performed outside the European Union by persons with permanent residence outside Denmark.", "• Violations of the above-mentioned rules are a criminal offence punishable by fine or imprisonment, as provided for in the Danish Weapons Act, section 10, and under aggravating circumstances, section 192 (a) of the Danish Penal Code.", "Council Regulation (EC) No. 539/2001 and its subsequent amendments require nationals of Libya to be in possession of a visa when entering the European Union.", "As regards restrictions on admission (visa ban), Denmark has the following national legislation, which, together with Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP, Council Decision 2011/178/CFSP, Council Implementing Decision 2011/236/CFSP, Council Implementing Decision 2011/300/CFSP and Council Implementing Decision 2011/345/CFSP, provides the basis for refusal of admission and denial of requests for a visa:", "• The Danish Aliens Act empowers the competent Danish authorities to impose entry and transit restrictions on persons designated by the Sanctions Committee. The necessary instructions will be issued immediately after the designation of such persons.", "Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Denmark June 2011" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的", "第1970(2011)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年6月28日丹麦常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信", "丹麦常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨随函转递关于丹麦政府依照2011年2月26日第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段所采取具体措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月28日丹麦常驻联合国代表给理事会主席的信的附件", "丹麦依照2011年2月26日安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议第25段提交的报告", "2011年6月", "丹麦执行安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议的情况", "丹麦和欧洲联盟其他成员国共同执行第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议规定的对利比亚实施的限制性措施，并采取下述共同措施：", "2011年2月28日理事会关于针对利比亚局势采取的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定(经2011年3月23日理事会第2011/178/CFSP号决定修正)、理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定、理事会第2011/300/CFSP号执行决定和理事会第2011/345/CFSP号执行决定为欧洲联盟执行第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议所载的所有措施提供了依据，其中主要是：", "• 对军火和相关物资实施禁运", "• 对可能用于国内镇压的装备实施禁运", "• 禁止提供某些服务", "• 对进出利比亚的货物要求事先提供信息", "• 限制列入名单的自然人入境", "• 冻结列入名单的个人、实体和机构的资金和经济资源", "• 禁止批准列入名单的个人和实体以及利比亚境内的任何其他个人和实体提出的某些要求", "• 禁止在利比亚领空的飞行", "• 禁止利比亚飞机在欧洲联盟领空飞行", "• 冻结资金和经济资源的其他例外", "• 要求与利比亚实体做生意时保持警惕；", "理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定、理事会第2011/300/CFSP号执行决定和理事会第2011/345/CFSP号执行决定规定，为了禁止入境和冻结资产目的，将依照第1970(2011)号决议第22段所设制裁委员会的裁定，建立人员和实体名单，并将依照以下自治性欧洲联盟决定，建立人员和实体名单：", "2011年3月2日理事会关于针对利比亚局势采取的限制性措施的第(EU)204/2011号条例(经2011年3月25日理事会第(EU)2011/296号条例修正)；", "2011年4月12日理事会第(EU)360/2011号执行条例(iii)；2011年5月23日理事会第(EU)502/2011号执行条例(iv)；2011年6月16日理事会第(EU)572/2011号条例(iii)；", "在欧洲联盟成员国境内，根据理事会条例执行各项限制。理事会条例对欧洲联盟成员国在国内执行对制裁委员会列入名单的个人、实体和机构的资金和经济来源，以及对禁止向这些个人、实体或机构提供资金或经济来源，直接具有法律约束力，但第1970(2011)号决议规定了某些豁免。", "理事会条例还规定，在欧洲共同体范围内执行对可能用于国内镇压的装备的禁运以及关于对在利比亚领空的飞行和利比亚飞机在欧洲联盟领空飞行的禁令。", "丹麦已实施以下国内法，其中规定，向丹麦以外的其他国家出口军火和相关物资以及提供中介服务必须获得授权。这些法律以及理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定为执行对利比亚的军火禁运和与中介服务有关的禁令提供了依据：", "丹麦《武器法》第6款规定，禁止在没有司法部长或该部长授权人士签发的特定许可证的情况下，出口任何类型的武器、与防卫有关的物资等。第6款适用于将物项从丹麦转运到另一国的任何情况，无论是否与出口、过境、转运或再出口有关。不得向违反第1970(2011)号决议的国家签发许可证。", "丹麦《武器法》第7(a)款规定，禁止在接收国被列入政府《武器运输令》的名单的情况下，向丹麦以外的国家运输任何类型的武器、与防卫有关的物资等。该名单包括联合国、欧洲联盟或欧洲安全与合作组织对其实施军火禁运的所有国家。", "丹麦《武器法》第7(b)(1)款规定，同样禁止在没有司法部长或该部长授权人士签发的特定许可证的情况下，以中介人身份为涉及第6款规定的、欧洲联盟以外国家之间的武器转让交易进行谈判或作出安排。此外，第7(b)(1)款第(2)分款规定，禁止购买或出售第6款规定的武器等，作为在欧洲联盟以外国家之间转让的一部分，或作为武器等的所有人，为这种转让作出安排；", "第7(b)(2)款规定，这项禁止不适用于丹麦境外的永久居留者在欧洲联盟另一成员国的行为或在欧洲联盟以外的行为。", "违反上述规定的行为属刑事犯罪，可根据《武器法》第10款的规定，甚至在情节严重时，可依照《丹麦刑法》第192(a)款，处以罚款或监禁。", "理事会第(EC)539/2001号条例及其后的修正案规定，利比亚国民必须持签证入境欧洲联盟。", "关于入境限制(签证禁令)，丹麦正在实施以下国内法。该法以及理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定、理事会第2011/178/CFSP号决定、理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定、理事会第2011/300/CFSP号执行决定和理事会第2011/345/CFSP号执行决定，将为拒绝入境和拒绝签证申请提供依据。", "丹麦《外国人法》授权丹麦主管当局对制裁委员会列入名单的人员实施入境和过境限制。在这些人员被列名之后，将立即发出必要指示。", "丹麦外交部", "2011年6月" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月28日丹麦常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信", "丹麦常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨随函附上丹麦政府根据2011年2月26日第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段所采取具体措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月28日丹麦常驻联合国代表给委员会主席的信的附件", "丹麦根据安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的2011年2月26日第1970(2011)号决议第25段提交的报告", "联合国", "丹麦执行安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议的情况", "丹麦和欧洲联盟其他成员国共同实施了第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议规定的对利比亚的限制措施,采取了以下共同措施:", "二. 支助 理事会2011年2月28日关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第2011/137/CFSP号决定,经理事会2011年3月23日第2011/178/CFSP号决定修正;理事会2011/236/CFSP号执行决定;理事会2011/300/CFSP号执行决定;理事会2011/345/CFSP号执行决定为欧洲联盟执行第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议所载所有措施奠定了基础,特别是:", "二. 支助 武器禁运和有关物资", "二. 支助 禁止可能用于内部镇压的设备", "二. 支助 禁止提供某些服务", "• 关于进出利比亚的货物的事先信息要求", "• 限制列入名单的自然人入境", "二. 支助 冻结清单所列个人、实体和机构的资金和经济资源", "• 禁止准许名单所列个人和实体以及利比亚境内任何其他个人和实体,包括利比亚政府的某些索赔要求", "二. 支助 禁止在利比亚领空飞行", "• 禁止利比亚飞机在欧洲联盟领空飞行", "• 冻结资金和经济资源的其他例外", "二. 支助 与利比亚实体做生意时需要保持警惕;", "理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定、理事会第2011/300/CFSP号执行决定和理事会第2011/345/CFSP号执行决定为限制入境和资产冻结的目的,根据制裁委员会根据第1970(2011)号决议第22段作出的决定,制定了个人和实体名单以及根据欧洲联盟自主决定列入名单的个人和实体名单。", "• 2011年3月2日关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的第204/2011号(欧盟)理事会条例,经2011年3月25日第296/2011号(欧盟)理事会条例修正;", "• 理事会2011年4月12日第360/2011号执行条例(欧盟);", "• 理事会2011年5月23日第502/2011号执行条例(欧盟);", "• 2011年6月16日(欧盟)理事会第572/2011号条例。", "在欧洲联盟成员国内,限制由理事会条例执行。 《理事会条例》直接具有法律约束力,涉及欧洲联盟成员国在国内执行冻结制裁委员会指认的个人、实体和机构的资金和经济资源,并禁止向此类个人、实体或机构提供资金或经济资源,但第1970(2011)号决议规定的某些豁免除外。", "该理事会条例还在欧洲共同体内执行对可能用于内部镇压的设备的禁运,并禁止在利比亚领空飞行和利比亚飞机在欧洲联盟领空飞行。", "丹麦有下列国家立法,规定向丹麦以外的其他国家出口武器和有关物资必须获得授权,提供经纪服务必须获得授权,这些立法同理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定一起,为执行对利比亚的武器禁运和禁止有关经纪服务提供了依据:", "• 《丹麦武器法》第6条禁止在没有司法部长或经部长授权签发这种许可证的人的特别许可证的情况下出口任何种类的武器、国防相关材料等。 第6节适用于从丹麦向另一国转让物项的任何情况,而不论转让是否与出口、过境、转运或再出口有关。 不得违反第1970(2011)号决议向国家发放出口许可证;", "• 《丹麦武器法》第7(a)节禁止在丹麦以外的国家之间运输任何种类的武器、国防相关材料等,如果接受国被列入《政府武器运输令》。 该清单包括所有受到联合国、欧洲联盟或欧洲安全与合作组织武器禁运的国家;", "• 《丹麦武器法》第7(b)(1)节同样禁止在没有司法部长或经部长授权签发许可证的人的特别许可证的情况下,就涉及第6节所定义的武器转让等交易进行谈判或安排。 此外,第7(b)(1)条第(2)分款规定,禁止购买或出售第6节所定义的武器等,作为欧洲联盟以外国家之间转让的一部分,或作为武器拥有者,禁止安排这种转让;第7(b)(2)节规定,禁止不适用于在另一欧洲联盟成员国从事的行为或在丹麦以外拥有永久居留权的人在欧洲联盟以外从事的行为。", "二. 支助 根据《丹麦武器法》第10节的规定,违反上述规则是可被处以罚款或监禁的刑事犯罪,在加重处罚的情况下,根据《丹麦刑法》第192(a)节。", "欧洲理事会第539/2001号条例及其后的修正案要求利比亚国民在进入欧洲联盟时必须持有签证。", "关于入境限制(签证禁令),丹麦有以下国家立法,这些立法与理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定一起,理事会的决定 2011/178/CFSP、理事会第2011/236/CFSP号执行决定、理事会第2011/300/CFSP号和理事会第2011/345/CFSP号执行决定为拒绝入境和拒绝签证申请提供了依据:", "• 《丹麦外国人法》授权丹麦主管当局对制裁委员会指定的人员实行入境和过境限制。 在指定这些人后,将立即发出必要的指示。", "丹麦外交部 2011年6月" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant", "to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan", "Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 1 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011), and with reference to the note by the Chair dated 25 March 2011, has the honour to submit herewith its report on the implementation of the resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 1 July 2011 from the Permanent Mission of San Marino to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of San Marino on the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "The present report provides information on the measures adopted by San Marino to effectively implement the provisions contained in Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (hereinafter referred to as “Libya”).", "The Congress of State (the Government of San Marino), in its Decision No. 14 of 7 March 2011, adopted the following restrictive measures implementing resolution 1970 (2011):", "(a) prohibition of the direct or indirect supply, sale or transfer to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Libya or for use in Libya, from or through San Marino territory, or by using San Marino flag vessels or aircraft, of arms and related materiel of all types, including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment, and spare parts for the aforementioned, as well as any materiel which might be used for repression, whether or not originating in San Marino, and of the export of the aforesaid items from Libya;", "(b) prohibition of the direct or indirect provision of technical assistance, training or other assistance, including the provision of armed mercenary personnel, related to military activities or the provision, maintenance or use of any items referred to above, to any natural or legal person, entity or body in Libya or for use in Libya;", "(c) prohibition of the direct or indirect provision of financing or financial assistance related to military activities or the provision, maintenance or use of the above-mentioned items;", "(d) immediate freezing of all “assets” or “funds”, as defined by Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and subsequent amendments, which are owned or controlled, directly or indirectly, by the individuals and entities listed in annex II to the above-mentioned Security Council resolution or designated by the Committee established pursuant to paragraph 24 of the resolution, or by individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them;", "(e) ban on the entry into and stay in San Marino territory of individuals listed in annex I to the resolution or designated by the aforesaid Committee;", "(f) prohibition on participating, knowingly and intentionally, in activities, the object or effect of which is, directly or indirectly, to circumvent the prohibitions referred to in the points above;", "(g) prohibition on making “assets” or “funds”, as defined by Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and subsequent amendments, available, directly or indirectly, to or for the benefit of the natural or legal persons or entities referred to in the aforesaid annex II or designated by the Committee.", "The exemptions set forth in resolution 1970 (2011) may apply to these restrictive measures, where appropriate and subject to the Committee’s approval.", "In addition thereto, the Congress of State, in its Decision No. 16 of 17 May 2011, adopted the following restrictive measures implementing resolution 1973 (2011):", "(a) The freezing of all “assets” or “funds”, as defined by Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and subsequent amendments, shall also apply to the individuals and entities specified in annex II to resolution 1973 (2011), or to individuals or entities acting on their behalf or at their direction, or by entities owned or controlled by them;", "(b) The prohibition on making any “asset” or “fund”, as defined by Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and subsequent amendments, available shall also apply to the individuals and entities specified in the above-mentioned annex II to resolution 1973 (2011);", "(c) Any “assets” or “funds”, as defined by Law No. 92 of 17 June 2008 and subsequent amendments, which are frozen pursuant to paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraph 20 of resolution 1973 (2011) shall, at a later stage, be made available to and for the benefit of the people of Libya;", "(d) The ban on the entry into and stay in San Marino territory shall also apply to the individuals listed in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011).", "Such restrictive measures are also imposed on the persons and entities included in the lists in Regulation (EU) No. 360/2011 of the Council of the European Union of 12 April 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya.", "No violations of the ban on the entry into and stay in San Marino territory in respect of the persons referred to in annex I to resolution 1970 (2011) and in annex I to resolution 1973 (2011) have resulted from the controls and checks carried out by the Police Forces (the Civil Police, the Gendarmerie and the Fortress Guard).", "The controls carried out by the competent offices of San Marino have showed that no imports or exports to or from natural or legal persons, entities or bodies in Libya, or intended to be used there, of arms and related materiel of all types, including weapons and ammunition, military vehicles and equipment, paramilitary equipment, and spare parts for the aforementioned, as well as materiel that could be used for repression (referred to in paragraph 9 of resolution 1970 (2011)) have been carried out.", "Furthermore, the San Marino Financial Intelligence Agency has carried out research activities in the San Marino banking and financial sectors to establish any relations of any kind or the presence of the persons mentioned in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) in the anti-money-laundering register or in the electronic archives and systems. With a view to enhancing the effectiveness of the preventive action in relation to money-laundering and terrorist financing, such research activity has then been extended to those persons who are not mentioned in the United Nations resolutions, but are included in the measures of the European Union (in particular in annexes III and IV to Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011, concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya and in Council Implementing Decision 2011/175/CFSP of 21 March 2011). These research activities were completed with negative results.", "The Financial Intelligence Agency, in the context of a risk-based approach and with a view to reducing the risk, including reputational, that might be caused to San Marino if it were involved in cases of money-laundering or terrorist financing related to Libya, has formally requested San Marino banking and financial intermediaries to pay special attention to all transactions, regardless of their amount, ordered by Libyan parties (natural or legal persons) and to transfers of funds from or to Libya ordered by anyone. In such circumstances and until a new contrary provision is issued by the Agency, obligated parties shall comply with enhanced customer due diligence, paying particular attention to the origin and/or destination of funds.", "Finally, with a view to ensuring that resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011) are widely known, the Agency has updated the section of its website dealing with restrictive measures, as established in article 5, paragraph 1, of Financial Intelligence Agency Instruction No. 2010-03." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年7月1日圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意并提及2011年3月25日主席说明，谨提交圣马力诺关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议执行情况的报告(见附件)。", "2011年7月1日圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "圣马力诺关于安全理事会关于利比亚的第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "本报告提供资料，说明了圣马力诺为有效执行安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国(下称“利比亚”)的第1970(2011)号和第1973 (2011)号决议所载规定而采取的措施。", "国务会议(圣马力诺政府)在2011年3月7日第14号决定中为执行第1970 (2011)号决议采取了以下限制性措施：", "(a) 禁止从或通过圣马力诺领土或使用悬挂圣马力诺国旗的船只或飞机，向利比亚境内任何自然人或法人、实体或机构、或为了供在利比亚境内使用，直接或间接供应、出售或转让任何类别军火或相关物资，包括武器和弹药、军用车辆和装备、准军事装备及上述物项的备件，以及可用于镇压的任何物资，无论其是否源于圣马力诺，并禁止从利比亚进口上述物项；", "(b) 禁止向利比亚境内任何自然人或法人、实体或机构、或为了供在利比亚境内使用，直接或间接提供与军事活动或上述任何物项的提供、维修或使用有关的技术援助、培训或其他援助，包括提供武装雇佣人员；", "(c) 禁止直接或间接提供与军事活动或上述物项的提供、维修或使用有关的供资或财政援助；", "(d) 根据2008年6月17日第92号法律及后来修正案的规定、立即冻结上述安全理事会决议附件二中列名或该决议第24段所设委员会指认的个人或实体，或代表他们或按他们的指示行事的个人或实体，或他们拥有或控制的实体，直接或间接拥有或控制的所有“资产”或“资金”；", "(e) 禁止决议附件一中列名的或上述委员会指认的个人入境圣马力诺和在境内停留；", "(f) 禁止明知而故意地参加其目的或后果是直接或间接地规避上文所述禁令的活动；", "(g) 禁止向上述附件二所提及的或委员会所指认的自然人或法人或实体，或为使其受益，直接或间接提供2008年6月17日第92号法律及后来修正案所规定的“资产”或“资金”。", "第1970(2011)号决议中规定的豁免可酌情适用于这些限制性措施，但须经委员会核准。", "除此之外，国务会议在2011年5月17日第16号决定中还为执行第1973(2011)号决议采取了以下限制性措施：", "(a) 根据2008年6月17日第92号法律及后来修正案的规定，所有“资产”或“资金”的冻结也应适用于第1973(2011)号决议附件二中所列个人和实体，或代表他们或按他们的指示行事的个人或实体，或他们拥有或控制的实体；", "(b) 2008年6月17日第92号法律及后来修正案对提供任何“资产”或“资金”规定的禁令也应适用于上述第1973(2011)号决议附件二中所列个人和实体；", "(c) 2008年6月17日第92号法律及后来修正案规定，依照第1970(2011)号决议第17段和第1973(2011)号决议第20段冻结的任何“资产”或“资金”，应在今后某个阶段提供给并惠及利比亚人民；", "(d) 关于入境圣马力诺和在境内停留的禁令也应适用于第1973(2011)号决议附件一中所列个人。", "对2011年4月12日欧洲联盟理事会关于就利比亚局势所采取限制性措施的(EU)第360/2011号条例的名单上所列个人和实体也实施了这些限制性措施。", "由于警察部队(民警、宪兵和要塞卫队)的控制和检查，没有发生第1970(2011)号决议附件一和第1973(2011)号决议附件一中所提个人违反禁令，入境圣马力诺和在境内停留的情况。", "圣马力诺共和国各主管机构实施的控制已显示，利比亚境内任何自然人或法人、实体或机构都未出口或进口，或为了在那里使用而出口或进口(第1970(2011)号决议第9段提及的)任何类别军火或相关物资，包括武器和弹药、军用车辆和装备、准军事装备及上述物项的备件，以及可用于镇压的任何物资。", "此外，圣马力诺的金融情报机构在圣马力诺银行和金融部门开展研究活动，以确定第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议中提及的个人是否以任何方式牵涉到或出现在打击洗钱登记册或电子档案和系统中。为了加强与洗钱和资助恐怖主义有关的预防行动的效力，这种研究活动后来扩大到联合国决议中未提及、但却在欧洲联盟措施(特别是2011年2月28日理事会关于就利比亚局势所采取限制性措施的2011/137/CFSP号决定附件三和附件四以及2011年3月21日理事会2011/175/CFSP号执行决定)中列名的那些个人。这些研究活动已经完成，结果没有查到任何问题。", "金融情报机构在基于风险的做法范围内，为减少圣马力诺因卷入与利比亚有关的洗钱或资助恐怖主义案件而可能遭受的风险(包括名誉风险)，已正式要求圣马力诺银行和金融中介机构无论数额大小，特别留意利比亚方面(自然人或法人)指示进行的所有交易，或任何人指示进行的出入利比亚的资金转移。凡遇此种情况，在金融情报机构没有发布新的相反规定之前，承担义务方应遵守规定，加强对客户的尽职调查，同时特别注意资金的来源和(或)去向。", "最后，为确保第1970(2011)号和第1973年(2011)号决议广为人知，金融情报机构已更新其网站上关于《金融情报机构第2010-03号指令》第五条第1款所订限制性措施的部分。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的", "第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "阿拉伯利比亚民众国", "2011年7月1日圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨就主席2011年3月25日的说明,随函提交其关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议执行情况的报告(见附件)。", "2011年7月1日圣马力诺常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "圣马力诺关于安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "本报告提供资料,说明圣马力诺为有效执行安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国(下称“利比亚”)的第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议所载规定而采取的措施。", "国民议会(圣马力诺政府)在2011年3月7日第14号决定中通过了下列执行第1970(2011)号决议的限制性措施:", "(a) 禁止从圣马力诺领土或通过圣马力诺领土,或使用悬挂圣马力诺国旗的船只或飞机,直接或间接向利比亚境内任何自然人或法人、实体或机构提供、出售或转让军火和各种有关物资,包括武器和弹药、军用车辆和装备、准军事装备和上述物资的备件,以及可能用于镇压(不论是否源于圣马力诺)和从利比亚出口上述物项的任何物资;", "(b) 禁止直接或间接向利比亚境内或利比亚境内任何自然人或法人、实体或机构提供与军事活动或提供、维持或使用上述任何物项有关的技术援助、培训或其他援助,包括提供武装雇佣军人员;", "(c) 禁止直接或间接提供与军事活动有关的资助或财政援助,或提供、维修或使用上述物项;", "(d) 立即冻结2008年6月17日第92号法律及其后修正案所界定、由上述决议附件二所列或由该决议第24段所设委员会指认的个人和实体,或由代表他们或按他们指示行事的个人或实体,或由他们拥有或控制的实体直接或间接拥有或控制的所有“资产”或“资金”;", "(e) 禁止该决议附件一所列或上述委员会所指认的个人进入并停留圣马力诺境内;", "(f) 禁止明知故犯地故意参与活动,这些活动的目的或效果是直接或间接地规避上述各点所述的禁令;", "(g) 禁止将2008年6月17日第92号法律及其后修正案所定义的“资产”或“资金”直接或间接提供给或用于上述附件二所述或委员会指定的自然人或法人或实体。", "第1970(2011)号决议规定的豁免可酌情适用于这些限制性措施,但须经委员会批准。", "此外,国务会议2011年5月17日第16号决定还通过了下列执行第1973(2011)号决议的限制性措施:", "(a) 国家 冻结2008年6月17日第92号法及其后修正案所定义的所有“资产”或“资金”,也应适用于第1973(2011)号决议附件二所指明的个人和实体,或代表他们或按其指示行事的个人或实体,或由他们拥有或控制的实体所拥有或控制的个人或实体;", "(b) 国家 禁止提供2008年6月17日第92号法律及其后修正案所定义的任何“资产”或“资金”,也适用于上述第1973(2011)号决议附件二所指明的个人和实体;", "(c) 2008年6月17日第92号法律及其后修正案所界定、并根据第1970(2011)号决议第17段和第1973(2011)号决议第20段被冻结的任何“资产”或“资金”,应在稍后阶段提供给利比亚人民并造福利比亚人民;", "(d) 国家 禁止进入和停留圣马力诺领土的禁令也适用于第1973(2011)号决议附件一所列个人。", "鉴于利比亚的局势,欧洲联盟理事会2011年4月12日关于限制性措施的第360/2011号条例(欧盟)所列个人和实体也受到了这种限制性措施。", "第1970(2011)号决议附件一和第1973(2011)号决议附件一所述人员入境和在圣马力诺境内停留的禁令没有因警察部队(民警、宪兵和要塞警卫)的控制和检查而遭到违反。", "圣马力诺主管部门进行的管制表明,没有向利比亚境内自然人或法人、实体或机构进口或出口或打算从利比亚境内进口或出口军火和各种有关物资,包括武器和弹药、军用车辆和装备、准军事装备、上述物资的备件以及可用于镇压的物资(第1970(2011)号决议第9段提及)。", "此外,圣马力诺金融情报机构在圣马力诺银行和金融部门开展了研究活动,以确定第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议所述人员在反洗钱登记册或电子档案和系统中的任何关系或存在。 为了提高预防洗钱和资助恐怖主义行动的效力,这种研究活动已扩大到联合国决议未提及但已列入欧洲联盟措施(特别是2011年2月28日关于针对利比亚局势的限制性措施的理事会第2011/137/CFSP号决定附件三和附件四以及2011年3月21日第2011/175/CFSP号执行决定)的人员。 这些研究活动以负面结果完成。", "金融情报机构根据基于风险的方针,并为了减少圣马力诺如果参与与利比亚有关的洗钱或资助恐怖主义行为而可能面临的风险,包括声誉风险,已正式要求圣马力诺银行和金融中介机构特别注意利比亚各方(自然人或法人)下令进行的所有交易,不论其数额如何,以及任何人下令从利比亚或向利比亚转移资金。 在这种情况下,在该机构发布新的相反规定之前,承付方应遵守加强的客户尽职调查,并特别注意资金的来源和(或)目的地。", "最后,为了确保第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议广为人知,该机构已更新了其网站上关于第2010-03号金融情报机构指示第5条第1款规定的限制性措施的部分。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant", "to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan", "Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 27 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Algeria to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Algeria to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith the report submitted to that Committee by the Government of Algeria pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011), paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17, and 1973 (2011).", "The Government of Algeria stands ready to provide the Committee with other reports or information as necessary or if requested by the Committee.", "Annex to the note verbale dated 27 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Algeria to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Algiers, 20 June 2011", "Report on the implementation of United Nations Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)", "In connection with the implementation of Security Council resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), and pursuant to paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of resolution 1970 (2011), the Algerian Government has taken the following measures:", "• Establishment of an inter-ministerial committee, chaired by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with responsibility for monitoring the implementation of the measures introduced by the Security Council in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)", "• Notification of the relevant national government bodies, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in order to inform them of Algeria’s obligations under the above-mentioned Security Council measures", "• Designation of the Ministry of Finance as the national authority responsible for implementing the Security Council’s decisions regarding the freeze on the financial assets and economic resources of individuals and entities listed in annex II to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011)", "1. Arms embargo", "Algeria has decided to comply with the measures established by the Security Council with regard to the arms embargo. To that end, the contents of paragraphs 9, 10, 12, 13 and 14 of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraphs 13, 14, 15 and 16 of resolution 1973 (2011) have been brought to the attention of the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of Transport, the National Security Directorate and the Customs Directorate, which are concerned by the implementation of those measures.", "2. Travel ban", "Pursuant to paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (2011), the National Security Directorate has provided the border police with the list of individuals contained in annex I to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), who are subject to the travel ban, instructing them to ensure that it is applied at all border posts.", "As of the date of preparation of this report, no individuals appearing on these lists have been identified at the Algerian border posts.", "3. Asset freeze", "In its capacity as the national authority mandated by the Government to implement the Security Council’s asset-freeze decisions, the Ministry of Finance sent a circular to the Bank of Algeria, the Treasury Directorate, Algérie Poste, and all banks and insurance companies, with regard to the implementation of those decisions pursuant to paragraph 17 of resolution 1970 (2011) and paragraph 19 of resolution 1973 (2011). The content of the circular was also sent, through the Ministry of Justice, to the National Chamber of Notaries. The circular required the said bodies to:", "• Freeze all movements or transfers of funds and any other transactions likely to be carried out by, or on behalf of, the individuals or entities listed in the annex to resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011)", "• Freeze all economic resources and other property transfers likely to be carried out by the same individuals or entities", "With regard to individuals, it is clear from the information reported by banks and the Algerian Trade Registry that there have been no registrations of domicile or entries in the trade registry under their names.", "In the case of entities with interests in Algerian companies, the following shareholdings are subject to the decision to freeze assets and economic resources:", "• Approximately 15 per cent of the capital of Housing Bank for Trade and Finance Algeria, held by Libyan Arab Foreign Investment Company (LAFICO)", "• Sixty-six per cent of the capital of Société algérienne de Développement Hôtelier, held by LAFICO", "• About 50 per cent of the capital of Banque du Maghreb Arabe pour l’Investissement et le Commerce (BAMIC), held by Libyan Foreign Bank", "• Approximately 60 per cent of the capital of LAFIDER, a joint venture under Algerian law, held by LAFICO. The operations of LAFIDER had already been frozen prior to the adoption of the Security Council measures, owing to a disagreement between the Algerian and Libyan officials concerned", "• Interest held by the Libyan Central Bank, through ABC Bahrain, in the capital of Arab Banking Corporation Algeria", "4. Ban on flights", "Pursuant to the provisions of paragraphs 17 and 18 of Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Transport have been instructed to take the necessary steps to implement the measures introduced by the Security Council concerning the ban on flights by aircraft registered in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya or owned by Libyan nationals or companies, unless authorized by the Security Council Committee.", "5. Humanitarian dimension", "Algeria, which had over 8,000 nationals resident in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, has kept its borders open to receive both nationals and aliens leaving that country.", "Algeria has taken the necessary steps to help repatriate its nationals, particularly by scheduling special flights and sending a vessel belonging to the national maritime company to the ports of Benghazi and Tripoli.", "In coordination with the diplomatic representations of the countries in question, accredited in Algeria, the Algerian authorities have taken all necessary steps (accommodation, food, health care and transport) to facilitate the border crossing, transit and repatriation, to their respective countries, of individuals of some 40 nationalities.", "As of the date of preparation of this report, 13,874 people, including 8,410 Algerian citizens, had been recorded as entering Algerian territory.", "With regard to humanitarian assistance, the Directorate of Civil Protection and the Algerian Red Crescent have deployed considerable human and material resources to assist Algerian and foreign nationals at the reception centres set up on the Algerian side of the border, in Debdeb and Ain Amenas.", "In order to provide assistance to people in the border area between Tunisia and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, three Algerian humanitarian convoys have transported over 200 tonnes of goods (blankets, mattresses, water, medicines and three mobile kitchens) to the Tunisian-Libyan border post of Ras Adjir. The Algerian Red Crescent has an emergency response team on the ground, with 26 members (psychologists, doctors, nurses, etc.) and eight medical evacuation vehicles.", "6. Requests from the Libyan Government", "Following a number of requests from the Libyan Government, the Government of Algeria, in compliance with the measures established by the Security Council in resolutions 1970 (2011) and 1973 (2011), has decided to meet a request concerning the supply of basic foodstuffs (pasta, rice, semolina, oil, baby milk, etc.) and pharmaceutical products throughout Libyan territory.", "It has been decided that the corresponding transactions will be conducted by Algerian and Libyan operators. The goods will be transported exclusively via the Algerian-Libyan border post of Debdeb.", "The Algerian Government has decided to invite a representative of the United Nations system in Algeria to assist with these operations and to notify the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya as and when they take place. This decision has been brought to the attention of the said Committee prior to its implementation." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的 第1970(2011)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年6月27日阿尔及利亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "阿尔及利亚常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并谨随函附上阿尔及利亚政府向该委员会提交的关于第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段以及第1973(2011)号决议执行情况的报告。", "阿尔及利亚政府愿意视需要或应委员会要求向委员会提供其他报告或资料。", "2011年6月27日阿尔及利亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "关于联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "2011年6月20日，阿尔及尔", "为执行联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议，依照第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段，阿尔及利亚政府采取了以下措施：", "• 设立由外交部领导的部际委员会，负责监测联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议所定各项措施的执行情况", "• 通过外交部向国家有关当局通报阿尔及利亚根据上述安全理事会措施承担的义务", "• 指定财政部为国家主管机构，负责执行安全理事会关于冻结第1973(2011)号决议附件二所列个人和实体的金融资产和经济资源的决定", "军火禁运", "阿尔及利亚已决定遵行安全理事会规定的军火禁运措施，并已为此提请国防部、内政部、交通部、国家安全总局和海关总署注意第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、12、13和14段以及第1973(2011)号决议第13、14、15和16段中的相关内容。", "旅行禁令", "依照第1970(2011)号决议第15段，国家安全总局向边防警察提供了第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议附件一所列的旅行禁令措施所涉人员名单，指示他们确保在所有边界站点实施旅行禁令。", "在编写本报告时，未在阿尔及利亚边界站点发现任何名单所列人员。", "资产冻结", "财政部作为政府授权执行安全理事会关于冻结资产的各项决定的国家机构，已向阿尔及利亚银行、财政总局、阿尔及利亚邮局以及所有银行和保险公司发出通知，要求它们依照第1970(2011)号决议第17段和第1973(2011)号决议第19段执行这些决定，并已通过司法部将通知内容转发给国家公证人公会。通知要求它们着手：", "• 冻结可能由第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议附件所列个人或实体进行或代表他们进行的所有资金转移或转让及所有其他运作", "• 冻结可能由这些人或实体进行的所有经济资源和其他财产转让", "关于这些人，根据各银行和国家贸易登记中心提供的信息，没有任何商业地址或商业登记使用他们的名字。", "关于参股阿尔及利亚公司的实体，冻结资产和经济资源的决定涉及下列实体持有的股份：", "• 利比亚阿拉伯对外投资公司持有阿尔及利亚贸易和财政住房银行大约15%的资本", "• 利比亚阿拉伯对外投资公司持有阿尔及利亚旅店发展公司66%的资本", "• 利比亚外国人银行持有阿拉伯马格里布投资和贸易银行大约50%的资本", "• 利比亚投资公司持有阿尔及利亚合资公司LAFIDER大约60%的资本，该公司的活动在安全理事会采取措施之前已被冻结，因为阿尔及利亚和利比亚官员之间出现分歧", "• 利比亚中央银行通过阿拉伯银行公司(巴林)在阿拉伯银行公司(阿尔及利亚)中持有的资本", "禁飞令", "依照安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议第17段和第18段，已指示国防部和交通部为执行安全理事会确定的措施作出必要安排，除非经安全理事会所设委员会授权，禁止在利比亚注册的飞机或由任何利比亚国民或公司拥有的飞机飞行。", "人道主义方面", "阿尔及利亚境内有8 000多名利比亚国民，而且一直开放边界接收来自该国的国民和外国人。", "阿尔及利亚已采取必要措施协助该国国民回返，包括安排专机和国家海运公司船只前往班加西港和的黎波里港。", "阿尔及利亚当局还与有关国家派驻阿尔及利亚的外交代表机构协调，采取一切必要措施(住宿、食物、健康和运输)协助大约40个国家的国民过境、中转或回返，前往各自国家。", "在编写本报告时，共有13 874人登记进入阿尔及利亚，其中包括8 410名阿尔及利亚公民。", "在人道主义援助方面，公民保护总局和阿尔及利亚红新月会已提供大量人力物力，协助设在阿尔及利亚边界一侧德布德布和因阿迈纳斯的收容中心内的阿尔及利亚公民和外国人。", "在援助突尼斯和利比亚边界滞留民众方面，已有三辆阿尔及利亚人道主义大篷车向加迪尔角的突尼斯-利比亚边界站运送200多吨物资(毯子、床垫、饮用水、药品和三个流动厨房)。阿尔及利亚红新月会在当地设有一个由26人(心理学家、医生、护士等)和八辆医疗后送车组成的行动队。", "利比亚政府的请求", "应利比亚政府多次请求，依照安全理事会第1970(2011)号和第1973(2011)号决议规定的措施，阿尔及利亚政府决定满足向利比亚全境供应基本食物(面条、大米、面粉、食用油和婴儿奶等)及药品的要求。", "此外，还决定由阿尔及利亚和利比亚经营者进行上述物资交易，且只在阿尔及利亚-利比亚边界的德布德布进行。", "阿尔及利亚政府已决定邀请驻阿尔及利亚的联合国系统派一名代表参加上述行动，并将陆续向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会通报这些行动的落实情况。此决定已事先提请委员会注意。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于反恐怖主义的", "第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "阿拉伯利比亚民众国", "2011年6月27日阿尔及利亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "阿尔及利亚常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨随函转递阿尔及利亚政府根据安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段及第1973(2011)号决议向委员会提交的报告。", "阿尔及利亚政府随时准备根据需要或应委员会的要求向委员会提供其他报告或资料。", "2011年6月27日阿尔及利亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "2011年6月20日,阿尔及尔", "关于联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "为了执行安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议并根据第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、15和17段,阿尔及利亚政府采取了以下措施:", "• 设立一个部际委员会,由外交部担任主席,负责监测安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议所定措施的执行情况", "· 通过外交部通知有关国家政府机构,以便通知它们阿尔及利亚根据上述安全理事会措施所应承担的义务", "• 指定财政部为负责执行安全理事会关于冻结安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议附件二所列个人和实体金融资产和经济资源的决定的国家机构", "1. 联合国 武器禁运", "阿尔及利亚决定遵守安全理事会就武器禁运所制定的措施。 为此,已提请国防部、内政部、运输部、国家安全局和海关局注意安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议第9、10、12、13和14段以及第1973(2011)号决议第13、14、15和16段的内容,它们都关注这些措施的执行情况。", "2. 联合国 旅行禁令", "根据第1970(2011)号决议第15段,国家安全局向边境警察提供了第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议附件一所载受旅行禁令限制的个人名单,并指示他们确保在所有边境哨所实施旅行禁令。", "截至本报告编写之日,在阿尔及利亚边境哨所没有发现这些名单上的人。", "3个 资产冻结", "财政部作为政府授权执行安全理事会资产冻结决定的国家当局,就根据第1970(2011)号决议第17段和第1973(2011)号决议第19段执行这些决定一事,向阿尔及利亚银行、财政部、Algérie Poste以及所有银行和保险公司发出通知。 该通知的内容也通过司法部送交全国公证局. 该通知要求上述机构:", "二. 支助 冻结第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议附件所列个人或实体或以其名义进行的所有资金转移或转移以及可能进行的任何其他交易", "二. 支助 冻结可能由同一个人或实体进行的一切经济资源和其他财产转移", "关于个人,从银行和阿尔及利亚贸易登记处报告的资料中可以清楚地看出,在贸易登记处没有以他们的名字登记住所或条目。", "在阿尔及利亚公司有权益的实体,下列股份须受冻结资产和经济资源决定的约束:", "• 阿拉伯利比亚外国投资公司持有的阿尔及利亚贸易和金融住房银行资本的大约15%", "• LAFICO持有的阿尔及利亚发展协会66%的首都", "• 大约50%的阿拉伯马格里布投资和商业银行资本由利比亚外国银行持有", "二. 支助 根据阿尔及利亚法律,LAFIDER是一家合资企业,大约60%的资本由LAFICO持有。 由于有关阿尔及利亚和利比亚官员之间的分歧,LAFIDER的行动在安全理事会通过措施之前已经被冻结。", "• 利比亚中央银行通过ABC巴林银行持有阿拉伯银行公司阿尔及利亚资本的利息", " 4.四. 禁止飞行", "根据安全理事会第1973(2011)号决议第17和18段的规定,已指示国防部和运输部采取必要步骤,执行安全理事会提出的措施,禁止在阿拉伯利比亚民众国注册或由利比亚国民或公司拥有的飞机飞行,除非得到安全理事会委员会的授权。", "5 (韩语). 二. 人道主义方面", "阿尔及利亚有8 000多名国民居住在阿拉伯利比亚民众国,一直开放边界,接纳国民和外国人离开该国。", "阿尔及利亚已采取必要步骤帮助遣返其国民,特别是安排特别航班,并派一艘属于国家海事公司的船只去班加西和的黎波里港口。", "阿尔及利亚当局与在阿尔及利亚派驻的有关国家的外交代表处协调,采取一切必要措施(住宿、食品、保健和运输),为40个左右国籍的个人过境、过境和遣返本国提供便利。", "截至本报告编写之日,有13 874人,包括8 410名阿尔及利亚公民进入阿尔及利亚领土。", "在人道主义援助方面,民事保护局和阿尔及利亚红新月会在阿尔及利亚边境一侧的Debdeb和Ain Amenas的接待中心为阿尔及利亚人和外国人提供了大量人力和物力资源。", "为了向突尼斯和阿拉伯利比亚民众国边境地区的人提供援助,三个阿尔及利亚人道主义车队向突尼斯和利比亚之间的Ras Adjir边境站运送了200多吨货物(布袋、床垫、水、药品和三个流动厨房)。 阿尔及利亚红新月会在当地设有应急小组,26名成员(心理学家,医生,护士等)和8辆医疗后送车.", "6. 国家 利比亚政府的请求", "应利比亚政府的若干请求,阿尔及利亚政府遵照安全理事会第1970(2011)和1973(2011)号决议规定的措施,决定满足关于利比亚全境基本食品(稻谷、大米、糖浆、石油、婴儿牛奶等)和药品供应的请求。", "已决定由阿尔及利亚和利比亚经营者进行相应的交易。 这些货物将专门从阿尔及利亚-利比亚边境站Debdeb运输。", "阿尔及利亚政府已决定邀请联合国系统在阿尔及利亚的一名代表协助这些行动,并在这些行动发生时通知安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会。 本决定在执行前已提请上述委员会注意。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 25 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and, in reference to the letter dated 25 March 2011, has the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Government of Georgia on measures taken to implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 25 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of Georgia on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "Georgia hereby submits the present report on the range of measures that the Government of Georgia is taking to facilitate the implementation of the sanctions imposed by the Security Council in resolution 1970 (2011).", "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia has duly communicated the text of the resolution and its annexes to the respective governmental authorities of Georgia to ensure that it is used as a guideline to be followed in their work and that the obligations are implemented effectively. Consequently, within their competence, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the Ministry of Defence, the Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development, the Ministry of Finance and the National Bank of Georgia are taking the necessary measures in order to implement effectively the provisions of paragraphs 9, 10, 15 and 17 of the resolution.", "The Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia has not issued an authorization on a trade agreement with the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has not permitted the export, re-export, transit and import of dual-use items. Additionally, restrictions on transit of arms and dual-use items owned by the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya through the territory of Georgia are duly controlled by the Ministry of Defence of Georgia. The Ministry of Defence of Georgia does not cooperate in any form with its counterpart Ministry of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "The implementation of the travel ban for persons listed in annex I to the resolution is addressed through the visa application process. Entry and/or transit permission has not been granted for the 16 designated individuals.", "To date, the individuals listed in annex II to the resolution do not have any funds, financial assets or economic resources in the banks of Georgia.", "The Government of Georgia will continue to remain actively seized of the matter." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚 民众国的第1970(2011)号 决议所设委员会", "2011年6月25日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，谨提及2011年3月25日的来信并随函转递格鲁吉亚政府关于为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月25日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "格鲁吉亚政府关于执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议情况的报告", "格鲁吉亚兹提交本报告，说明格鲁吉亚政府为协助执行安全理事会第1970(2011年)号决议所实施制裁而采取的一系列措施。", "格鲁吉亚外交部已正式向格鲁吉亚各政府部门传达了决议文本及其附件，确保将其作为工作准则予以遵守，并切实履行各项义务。为此，内务部、国防部、经济与可持续发展部、财政部和格鲁吉亚国家银行均在其职权范围内采取必要措施，以切实有效地实施该决议第9、10、15和17条的规定。", "格鲁吉亚经济和可持续发展部没有核准与阿拉伯利比亚民众国的贸易协定，不允许出、转口、过境和进口两用物品。此外，还禁止阿拉伯利比亚民众国拥有的两用物品经格鲁吉亚领土过境，此事由格鲁吉亚国防部严格管制。格鲁吉亚国防部与阿拉伯利比亚民众国国防部没有任何形式的合作。", "对决议附件一所列人员执行旅行禁令事宜在签证申请过程中予以落实。16个指定人员没有获得入境和/或过境许可。", "迄今为止，该决议附件二所列个人在格鲁吉亚银行没有任何资金、金融资产或经济资源。", "格鲁吉亚政府将继续积极处理此事。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月25日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨就2011年3月25日的信,随函转递格鲁吉亚政府关于为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月25日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "格鲁吉亚关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "格鲁吉亚谨提交本报告,说明格鲁吉亚政府为促进执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议规定的制裁而正在采取的一系列措施。", "格鲁吉亚外交部已正式将决议及其附件送交格鲁吉亚有关政府当局,以确保将决议案文用作在工作中应遵循的准则,并切实履行义务。 因此,内政部、国防部、经济和可持续发展部、财政部和格鲁吉亚国家银行正在其职权范围内采取必要措施,以有效执行决议第9、10、15和17段的规定。", "格鲁吉亚经济和可持续发展部尚未就与阿拉伯利比亚民众国的贸易协定签发授权,也未允许两用物品的出口、再出口、过境和进口。 此外,对阿拉伯利比亚民众国拥有的武器和两用物品从格鲁吉亚领土过境的限制由格鲁吉亚国防部适当控制。 格鲁吉亚国防部不与阿拉伯利比亚民众国国防部进行任何形式的合作。", "决议附件一所列人员旅行禁令的执行通过签证申请程序进行。 16名被指认的个人没有获准入境和(或)过境。", "迄今为止,决议附件二所列个人在格鲁吉亚银行没有任何资金、金融资产或经济资源。", "格鲁吉亚政府将继续积极处理此案。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya", "Note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Moldova to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Moldova to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1970 (2011) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and has the honour to transmit herewith a report on measures taken by the Republic of Moldova to implement Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 24 June 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Moldova to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "Report of the Republic of Moldova on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011)", "1. The Ministry of Transport and Roads Infrastructure of the Republic of Moldova has implemented the following measures:", "• The notification regarding the introduction of restrictive measures against the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and against legal and natural persons involved in serious human rights violations in the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was placed on the official website of the Ministry.", "• In the field of air transport: Following the Ministry’s indication, the Civil Aviation Administration issued a circular letter concerning the compliance with the requirement of Security Council resolution 1970 (2011) to prohibit air operators from using their aircraft which are registered in the Air Register of the Republic of Moldova for transportation, direct and indirect supply, sale or transfer to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of arms and related materiel of all types stipulated in paragraph 9 of the resolution, as well as conducting any other activities that would violate the provisions of the resolution.", "• In the field of the road transport: The notification on the arms embargo and travel ban for people listed in the annex to the resolution was placed on the official website of the Public Institution National Agency for Road Transport.", "• In the field of the inland transport waterway: The Public Institution Harbour Master Port of Giurgiulesti informed the owners and operators of vessels that operate under the State Flag of the Republic of Moldova to refrain from carrying out direct or indirect transport of goods stipulated in the resolution to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. Also, the appropriate measures were provided in the Giurgiulesti Port Complex to inform the competent bodies of the Republic of Moldova about the entry of ships carrying goods which are stipulated in the resolution and the vessels under the State Flag of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "2. The Border Guard Service of the Republic of Moldova has informed all national border crossing points about the provisions of the said resolution. The interdiction for travel to the Republic of Moldova of the persons mentioned in annex I to the resolution was also introduced in the Border Guard Service Integrated Information System.", "3. The Customs Service of the Republic of Moldova: According to the procedure of risk management in customs, the Service arranged for the creation of selectivity criteria within the Automated System for Customs Data ASYCUDA World, which stipulates that all deliveries performed with the destination of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya are subject to detailed documentary and physical control. Also, all subdivisions of the Customs Service were informed about the resolution. Import/export/transit operations with the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, prohibited under paragraphs 9 and 10 of the said resolution, have not been registered so far.", "4. The Ministry of Economy of the Republic of Moldova has not registered, so far, any exports of weapons or products with double destination to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. At the same time, according to Law No. 1163 of 26 July 2000 on the control of export, re-export, import and transit of strategic goods, the Republic of Moldova participates in the international activity in the field of control of export, re‑export, import and transit of strategic goods within the United Nations and other international organizations, the field of activity which deals with ensuring and consolidating the non-proliferation regime of weapons of mass destruction, as well as of other strategic goods used in military purposes. Thus, according to the national legislation, the Ministry of Economy observes the United Nations resolutions in the sense of authorization of strategic goods to the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.", "5. The National Bank of Moldova forwarded the said resolution to licentiate banks in order to be implemented. At the moment, the Bank does not have any information regarding identification of goods and other properties possessed or controlled directly or indirectly by persons listed in annex II to the resolution.", "6. The Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Moldova communicated that the Moldovan National Army does not have any cooperation relationship with the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. At the same time, the Ministry of Defence, in the framework of the planned activities, will observe the restrictions approved by the Security Council.", "7. The Security and Information Service of the Republic of Moldova does not have any information on the travel of persons mentioned in the said resolution to/from Moldova, as well as their possession of goods on the territory of our State.", "8. The Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Moldova communicated that, according to the Main State Tax Inspectorate, the persons specified in annex II to the above-mentioned resolution do not possess properties and are not founders of any enterprises registered in the Republic of Moldova." ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的", "第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日摩尔多瓦共和国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "摩尔多瓦共和国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意，谨转递摩尔多瓦共和国关于为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月24日摩尔多瓦共和国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "摩尔多瓦共和国关于执行联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议的报告", "1. 摩尔多瓦共和国运输及公路基础设施部实行了以下措施：", "• 在该部官方网站上发布了关于对阿拉伯利比亚民众国和涉嫌在阿拉伯利比亚民众国严重侵犯人权的法人和自然人采取限制性措施的通知", "• 在航空运输方面——根据该部指示，民航管理局印发了一封通函，要求遵循联合国安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议的规定，禁止空运商使用在摩尔多瓦共和国航空登记册中登记的飞机直接或间接向阿拉伯利比亚民众国供应、出售或转让该决议第9段中所列任何类别军火和相关军用物资，以及开展任何其他违反该决议规定的活动", "• 在公路运输方面——在国家公路交通署这一公共机构官方网站上发布了关于对决议附件所列人员实行武器禁运和旅行禁令的通知", "• 在内陆水路运输方面——Giurgiulesti港口港务主任办公室这一公共机构通知悬挂摩尔多瓦共和国国旗的船主和利用该等船只运营的营运商，不得直接或间接向阿拉伯利比亚民众国运输该决议中所列物资。另外，在Giurgiulesti港采取了适当的措施，要求将载运该决议中所列物资的船只和悬挂阿拉伯利比亚民众国国旗的船只的进入情况通知摩尔多瓦共和国主管机构。", "2. 摩尔多瓦共和国边防警备处将该决议的规定通知国家所有过境点。禁止该决议附件一中提及的人员前往摩尔多瓦共和国的规定也纳入了边防警备处的综合信息系统。", "3. 摩尔多瓦共和国海关：根据风险管理程序，海关创建了海关自动数据系统(ASYCUDA World)中的选择标准，其中规定须对所有目的地为阿拉伯利比亚民众国的货运进行认真的证件检查实物检查。另外，海关的所有的分支部门均得到有关该决议的通知。迄今为止，尚未发现有该决议第9段和第10段中禁止的与阿拉伯利比亚民众国有关的进口/出口/转运活动。", "4. 摩尔多瓦共和国经济部迄今为止没有发现以阿拉伯利比亚民众国为双重目的地之一的武器或产品出口。与此同时，依照2000年7月26日关于控制出口、再出口、进口和转运战略物资的第1163号法律，摩尔多瓦共和国参加了在联合国和其他国际组织内控制出口、再出口、进口和转运战略物资领域的国际活动，该活动领域涉及确保和巩固大规模毁灭性武器和用于军事目的的其他战略物资的不扩散体制。因此，根据国家法律，经济部在批准向阿拉伯利比亚民众国授权出口战略物资方面遵守联合国各项决议的规定。", "5. 摩尔多瓦国家银行将该决议转给领有开业执照的银行，以使该决议得到执行。目前，国家银行没有发现该决议附件二所列的人员直接或间接持有或控制的物资和其他财产。", "6. 摩尔多瓦共和国国防部告知，摩尔多瓦国民军与阿拉伯利比亚民众国没有合作关系。与此同时，国防部将在规划活动框架中遵守联合国安全理事会核准的限制规定。", "7. 摩尔多瓦共和国安全与情报没有关于该决议所列人员前往/离开摩尔多瓦以及其在我国领土持有物资的资料。", "8. 摩尔多瓦共和国财政部告知，据主要国家税务督察称，上述决议附件二所列的人员不持有摩尔多瓦共和国注册企业的任何财产，并且不是摩尔多瓦共和国任何注册企业的创办人。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会", "2011年6月24日摩尔多瓦共和国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "摩尔多瓦共和国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于阿拉伯利比亚民众国的第1970(2011)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨随函转递摩尔多瓦共和国为执行安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议所采取措施的报告(见附件)。", "2011年6月24日摩尔多瓦共和国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "摩尔多瓦共和国关于安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议执行情况的报告", "1. 联合国 摩尔多瓦共和国交通和公路基础设施部实施了下列措施:", "二. 支助 关于对阿拉伯利比亚民众国以及参与严重侵犯阿拉伯利比亚民众国人权的法人和自然人采取限制性措施的通知已登入该部的官方网站。", "二. 支助 在空运领域:根据该部的指示,民航局发出通函,要求遵守安全理事会第1970(2011)号决议的要求,禁止航空运营商使用在摩尔多瓦共和国航空登记册上注册的飞机向阿拉伯利比亚民众国运输、直接和间接供应、出售或转让决议第9段规定的军火和各种有关物资,并进行违反该决议规定的任何其他活动。", "二. 支助 在道路运输领域:关于该决议附件所列人员武器禁运和旅行禁令的通知已登入国家道路运输局公共机构官方网站。", "二. 支助 在内陆运输水道领域:Giurgiulesti港总港公共机构通知在摩尔多瓦共和国国旗下作业的船只的所有人和经营人不要直接或间接地向阿拉伯利比亚民众国运输决议规定的货物。 此外,Giurgiulesti港口综合体规定了适当措施,向摩尔多瓦共和国主管机构通报决议规定的运载货物的船只和阿拉伯利比亚民众国国旗下的船只的入境情况。", "2. 联合国 摩尔多瓦共和国边防局已将上述决议的规定通知所有国家过境点。 边界警卫处综合信息系统也禁止该决议附件一所述人员前往摩尔多瓦共和国。", "3个 摩尔多瓦共和国海关: 根据海关风险管理程序,海关总署安排在海关数据自动化系统ASYCUDA World内制定选择性标准,其中规定,与阿拉伯利比亚民众国目的地进行的所有交货均须接受详细的单据和实际管制。 此外,海关总署的所有部门都获悉该决议。 该决议第9和10段所禁止的与阿拉伯利比亚民众国的进出口/过境业务迄今尚未登记。", " 4.四. 摩尔多瓦共和国经济部迄今没有登记向阿拉伯利比亚民众国出口双重目的地的武器或产品。 同时,根据2000年7月26日关于战略物资出口、再出口、进口和过境管制的第1163号法律,摩尔多瓦共和国参加了联合国和其他国际组织内战略物资出口、再出口、进口和过境管制领域的国际活动,这个活动领域涉及确保和巩固大规模毁灭性武器以及用于军事目的的其他战略物资的不扩散制度。 因此,根据国家立法,经济部在批准向阿拉伯利比亚民众国提供战略物资方面遵守了联合国决议。", "5 (韩语). 摩尔多瓦国家银行将上述决议转交各银行执行。 目前,银行没有任何资料说明决议附件二所列人员直接或间接拥有或控制的货物和其他财产的身份。", "6. 国家 摩尔多瓦共和国国防部通报,摩尔多瓦国民军与阿拉伯利比亚民众国没有任何合作关系。 同时,国防部将在计划的活动框架内遵守安全理事会核准的限制。", "7. 联合国 摩尔多瓦共和国安全和情报处没有任何关于上述决议所述人员往返摩尔多瓦以及在我国领土上拥有货物的资料。", "8. 联合国 摩尔多瓦共和国财政部通报,据国家税务监察总局称,上述决议附件二所列人员不拥有财产,也不是在摩尔多瓦共和国注册的任何企业的创始人。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development", "Oil slick on Lebanese shores", "* A/66/150.", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report, submitted in response to General Assembly resolution 65/147, provides an update on progress made in the implementation of Assembly resolutions 61/194, 62/188, 63/211, 64/195 and 65/147 related to the oil slick on Lebanese shores that resulted from the bombing of oil storage tanks in the vicinity of the Jiyeh power plant, a civilian utility serving the general public in Lebanon, in July 2006. It complements the information presented in previous reports of the Secretary-General on the subject (A/62/343, A/63/225, A/64/259 and A/65/278).", "1. The present report was prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It builds on the work done by the inter-agency team[1] established for the preparation of the previous reports on the oil slick on Lebanese shores. The report is submitted pursuant to paragraph 9 of General Assembly resolution 65/147, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution under the item entitled “Sustainable development”.", "2. The destruction by the Israeli Air Force of oil storage tanks in the vicinity of the Jiyeh power plant in Lebanon on 15 July 2006 resulted in the release of about 15,000 tons of fuel oil into the Mediterranean Sea, leading to the contamination of about 150 km of coastline in Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic. This caused damage to the environment and hindered efforts to achieve sustainable development, as already highlighted in General Assembly resolutions 61/194, 62/188, 63/211 and 64/195.", "3. Several United Nations agencies and other international, regional and national entities, including the International Union for Conservation of Nature, the World Bank and the National Council for Scientific Research of Lebanon were involved in assessing the implications of the oil spill for human health, biodiversity, fisheries and tourism in Lebanon. A summary of their combined findings was presented to the General Assembly in the previous reports of the Secretary-General on the subject. No further studies have been conducted during the past year.", "4. In paragraph 4 of its resolution 65/147, the General Assembly requested the Government of Israel to assume responsibility for prompt and adequate compensation to the Government of Lebanon and other countries directly affected by the oil slick, such as the Syrian Arab Republic, whose shores have been partially polluted, for the costs of repairing the environmental damage caused by the destruction, including the restoration of the marine environment, in particular in the light of the observation by the Secretary-General concerning the lack of any acknowledgement on the part of the Government of Israel of the relevant paragraphs of resolutions 61/194, 62/188, 63/211 or 64/195. This echoed previous Assembly requests. To date, this request of the Assembly has yet to be implemented.", "5. With reference to the identification of a suitable mechanism for compensation, in 2007 UNDP reviewed the many conventions that relate to oil pollution at sea and that many Eastern Mediterranean countries have signed, as well as other possible agreements or compensation schemes. Unfortunately, all conventions are inapplicable during armed hostilities. In addition, the agreements that relate to oil spill compensation[2] pertain only to oil spills from tanker vessels at sea, not land-based incidents. In 2007, UNDP recommended the examination of the United Nations Compensation Commission as the only precedent major oil-spill compensation regime for spills arising from armed hostilities.", "6. The mandate of the United Nations Compensation Commission, as established by the Security Council, is limited to processing claims and paying compensation for losses and damage suffered as a direct result of the unlawful invasion and occupation of Kuwait by Iraq. It does not, therefore, have any potential role in securing compensation from the Government of Israel for the costs of repairing the environmental damage as requested by the General Assembly in paragraph 4 of its resolution 65/147. The experiences of the Compensation Commission in handling claims for compensation for environmental damage resulting from the unlawful invasion and occupation of Kuwait by Iraq may, nevertheless, be of some value in terms of defining environmental damage in a case such as the present one, in measuring and quantifying the damage sustained and in determining the amount of compensation payable in respect of it.", "7. In paragraph 7 of its resolution 65/147, the General Assembly welcomed the agreement of the Lebanon Recovery Fund to host the Eastern Mediterranean Oil Spill Restoration Trust Fund and, in paragraph 8 of the same resolution, invited States, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and the private sector to make voluntary financial contributions to the Trust Fund. In that regard, the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to mobilize international technical and financial assistance, in order to ensure that the Trust Fund had sufficient and adequate resources, since Lebanon was still engaged in the treatment of wastes and the monitoring of recovery. To date no contributions have been made to the Trust Fund.", "Conclusions", "8. The Secretary-General wishes to commend the ongoing efforts of the Government of Lebanon to address the impact of the oil spill. There remains, however, grave concern at the lack of implementation of the relevant provisions of the resolutions of the General Assembly on the subject vis-à-vis reparations and compensation to the Government and people of Lebanon and the Syrian Arab Republic affected by the oil spill.", "9. The Secretary-General would like to once more commend the response of the international donor community to this matter. Nonetheless, given the particularity of the cause and the prevailing circumstances of the Lebanese oil spill case at the time of the incident and beyond, the Secretary-General would urge Member States, international organizations, international and regional financial institutions, non-governmental organizations and the private sector to continue their support for Lebanon in this matter, particularly for rehabilitation activities on the Lebanese coast and in the broader recovery efforts. This international effort should be intensified, since Lebanon is still engaged in the treatment of wastes and the monitoring of recovery; States and the international donor community are encouraged to make contributions to the Eastern Mediterranean Oil Spill Restoration Trust Fund hosted by the Lebanon Recovery Fund.", "[1] The inter-agency team comprised the United Nations Environment Programme, the United Nations Development Programme, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, the World Health Organization and the World Bank. The International Union for Conservation of Nature was a key partner.", "[2] The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 1969, and the 1992 Protocol thereto; the 1992 Protocol to the International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (International Oil Pollution Compensation Fund); and the 2003 Protocol on the Establishment of a Supplementary Fund for Oil Pollution Damage (Supplementary Fund Protocol)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目19", "可持续发展", "黎巴嫩海岸的浮油", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告根据大会第65/147号决议的要求提交，提供了大会第61/194号、第62/188号、第63/211号、第64/195号和第65/147号决议的最新执行进展情况，这些决议都涉及到黎巴嫩境内吉耶发电厂这一为公众服务的民间公用事业公司附近的储油罐在2006年7月被炸所导致的黎巴嫩海岸浮油问题。本报告是对秘书长先前关于这一问题的历次报告(A/62/343、A/63/225、A/64/259和A/65/278)所提供资料的补充。", "^(*) A/66/150。", "1. 本报告由联合国环境规划署和联合国开发计划署(开发署)编写，借鉴了为编写关于黎巴嫩海岸浮油问题的先前历次报告而设立的一个机构间小组[1] 所做的工作。报告根据大会第65/147号决议第9段的要求提交，大会在其中请秘书长在题为“可持续发展”的项目下就该决议执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告。", "2. 2006年7月15日，以色列空军摧毁黎巴嫩境内吉耶发电厂附近的一些储油罐，导致约15 000吨燃油泄入地中海，使黎巴嫩和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国约150公里的海岸线遭到污染。正如大会第61/194号、第62/188号、第63/211号和第64/195号决议已强调指出的那样，这种情况造成了对环境的破坏并阻碍了实现可持续发展的努力。", "3. 联合国数个机构和其他国际、区域和国家实体，包括国际自然保护联盟、世界银行和黎巴嫩国家科学研究理事会都参与评估了漏油事件对黎巴嫩境内人体健康、生物多样性、渔业和旅游业的影响。对它们综合评估结果的摘要已在秘书长关于这一问题的前几次报告中提交给了大会。过去一年没有再作进一步研究。", "4. 大会第65/147号决议第4段请以色列政府承担起责任，对黎巴嫩政府和直接遭受浮油影响的其他国家，如部分海岸被污染的阿拉伯叙利亚共和国，修复这次炸毁行动造成的环境破坏包括恢复海洋环境的费用，迅速作出适当赔偿，尤其是考虑到秘书长关于以色列政府不承认第61/194、62/188、63/211或64/195号决议相关段落的评论。大会以前也提出过相同的要求。迄今为止，大会这一要求尚未得到执行。", "5. 关于确定一个适当赔偿机制的问题，开发署在2007年查阅了许多东地中海国家签署的与海上油污染有关的诸多公约以及其他可能的协定或赔偿办法。遗憾的是，所有公约都不适用于武装敌对行动期间。此外，与漏油污染赔偿有关的各项协定[2] 只涉及到海上油轮漏油，而不是陆地上发生的事件。2007年，开发署建议考虑把联合国赔偿委员会作为唯一有先例的武装敌对行动导致泄漏的重大漏油赔偿机制。", "6. 安全理事会所设联合国赔偿委员会的任务仅限于处理对伊拉克非法入侵和占领科威特所直接导致损失和损害的索赔及支付赔偿。因此，在按照大会第65/147号决议第4段的要求确保以色列政府赔偿用于修复环境损害的费用方面，该委员会没有任何潜在的作用可以发挥。不过，赔偿委员会在处理伊拉克非法入侵和占领科威特所致环境损害索赔方面的经验，可能对于在目前这种案件中就环境损害进行界定还是具有一些价值，有助于对所受损害的计量和量化以及确定应赔付的数额。", "7. 大会第65/147号决议第7段欢迎黎巴嫩恢复基金同意代管东地中海漏油复原信托基金；而该决议第8段则邀请各国、各政府间组织、非政府组织和私营部门向该信托基金自愿捐款。在这方面，因为黎巴嫩仍在处理废料并监测恢复情况，大会请秘书长动员国际技术援助和财政援助，以便确保该信托基金有充足、适当的资源。迄今为止，该信托基金没有获得任何捐款。", "结论", "8. 秘书长赞扬黎巴嫩政府为消除漏油事件造成的影响而持续作出的努力，但对大会关于向黎巴嫩政府和人民以及受漏油影响的阿拉伯叙利亚共和国作出赔偿和补偿的各项决议相关规定未获执行仍然感到严重关切。", "9. 秘书长再次赞扬国际捐助界对此事的反应。但是，考虑到黎巴嫩漏油事件之根源的特殊性和事件发生之时及之后的各种具体情况，秘书长促请会员国、国际组织、国际和区域金融机构、非政府组织和私营部门在这件事情上，特别是在黎巴嫩沿海地区的重建活动乃至更广泛的恢复工作方面，继续支持黎巴嫩。鉴于黎巴嫩仍在处理废物和监测恢复情况，国际社会应加紧努力，鼓励各国和国际捐助界向黎巴嫩恢复基金代管的东地中海漏油复原信托基金提供捐款。", "[1] 机构间小组成员为联合国环境规划署、联合国开发计划署、联合国粮食及农业组织、世界卫生组织和世界银行。国际自然保护联盟是一个重要伙伴。", "[2] 1969年《国际油污损害民事责任公约》及其1992年议定书；《关于设立油污损害赔偿国际基金的国际公约》1992年议定书(国际油污赔偿基金)；2003年《关于设立油污损害赔偿补充基金的议定书》(《补充基金议定书》)。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程* 项目19", "可持续发展", "黎巴嫩海岸的浮油", "页:1", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告根据大会第65/147号决议提交,介绍了2006年7月在为黎巴嫩公众服务的民用设施吉耶发电厂附近炸毁储油罐后黎巴嫩海岸浮出油层的大会第61/194、62/188、63/211、64/195和65/147号决议的最新执行进展情况。 本报告补充了秘书长以往关于这一问题的报告(A/62/343、A/63/225、A/64/259和A/65/278)所提供的资料。", "1. 联合国 本报告由联合国环境规划署和联合国开发计划署(开发署)编写。 报告借鉴了为编写以前关于黎巴嫩海岸浮油的报告而设立的机构间小组[1]所做的工作。 本报告是根据大会第65/147号决议第9段提交的,其中大会请秘书长在题为“可持续发展”的项目下就该决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告。", "2. 联合国 2006年7月15日,以色列空军炸毁了黎巴嫩吉耶发电厂附近的储油罐,导致约15 000吨燃料油被排放到地中海,导致黎巴嫩和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国约150公里的海岸线被污染。 正如大会第61/194号、第62/188号、第63/211号和第64/195号决议所强调,这对环境造成了破坏并阻碍了实现可持续发展的努力。", "3个 一些联合国机构和其他国际、区域和国家实体,包括国际自然保护联盟、世界银行和黎巴嫩国家科学研究理事会,参与了评估石油泄漏对黎巴嫩人类健康、生物多样性、渔业和旅游业的影响。 秘书长以前关于这一问题的报告已向大会提出了综合调查结果摘要。 去年没有进行进一步的研究。", " 4.四. 大会第65/147号决议第4段请以色列政府承担责任,迅速向黎巴嫩政府和直接受浮油影响的其他国家,如部分海岸被污染的阿拉伯叙利亚共和国,提供充分赔偿,以弥补因这次破坏而对环境造成的损害,包括恢复海洋环境的费用,特别是考虑到秘书长关于以色列政府不承认第61/194、62/188、63/211或64/195号决议相关段落的意见。 这与大会以往的要求相呼应。 迄今为止,大会的这一要求尚未得到落实。", "5 (韩语). 关于确定适当的补偿机制,开发署于2007年审查了许多与海上石油污染有关的公约和许多东地中海国家已经签署的公约以及其他可能的协定或补偿计划。 不幸的是,所有公约都不适用于武装敌对行动。 此外,有关石油外溢赔偿的协定[2]只涉及海上油轮所溢出石油,而不涉及陆上事件。 2007年,开发署建议对联合国赔偿委员会进行审查,将其作为武装敌对行动所造成溢出石油赔偿制度的唯一先例。", "6. 国家 安全理事会确定的联合国赔偿委员会的任务仅限于处理索赔并赔偿伊拉克非法入侵和占领科威特直接造成的损失和损害。 因此,在按照大会第65/147号决议第4段的要求,要求以色列政府赔偿环境损害的修复费用方面,以色列没有任何潜在作用。 然而,赔偿委员会在处理因伊拉克非法入侵和占领科威特而造成环境损害的索赔方面的经验,对于界定本案中的环境损害、衡量和量化所造成的损害以及确定应支付的赔偿数额可能具有一定的价值。", "7. 联合国 大会第65/147号决议第7段欢迎黎巴嫩恢复基金同意主办东地中海漏油复原信托基金,并在同一决议第8段中邀请各国、政府间组织、非政府组织和私营部门向信托基金提供自愿捐助。 在这方面,大会请秘书长调动国际技术和财政援助,以确保信托基金有充足和充足的资源,因为黎巴嫩仍在处理废物并监测回收情况。 迄今尚未向信托基金提供捐款。", "结论", "8. 联合国 秘书长想赞扬黎巴嫩政府正在为解决石油外溢所产生影响而作的努力。 然而,仍然令人严重关切的是,大会关于向受石油外溢影响的黎巴嫩和阿拉伯叙利亚共和国政府和人民提供赔偿和补偿问题的各项决议的相关规定没有得到执行。", "9. 国家 秘书长再次赞扬国际捐助界对此事的反应。 然而,鉴于事件发生时及以后黎巴嫩漏油案的起因特殊和当前情况,秘书长将敦促会员国、国际组织、国际和区域金融机构、非政府组织和私营部门继续在这方面支持黎巴嫩,特别是支持黎巴嫩海岸的恢复活动和更广泛的恢复努力。 应加强国际努力,因为黎巴嫩仍在处理废物并监测恢复情况;鼓励各国和国际捐助界向由黎巴嫩恢复基金主办的东地中海漏油复原信托基金提供捐款。", "[1] 机构间小组由联合国环境规划署、联合国开发计划署、联合国粮食及农业组织、世界卫生组织和世界银行组成。 国际自然保护联盟是一个重要的伙伴。", "[2] 1969年《国际油污损害民事责任公约》及其1992年《议定书》;1992年《设立国际油污损害赔偿基金公约议定书》(国际油污赔偿基金);2003年《设立油污损害补充基金议定书》(补充基金议定书)。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "Note verbale dated 5 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Qatar to the United Nations addressed to the Chairman of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the State of Qatar to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chairman of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004) concerning weapons of mass destruction and, in accordance with the provisions of resolution 1810 (2008), has the honour to submit below further information on the implementation by the State of Qatar of resolution 1540 (2004), as provided by the competent authorities of the State of Qatar:", "(a) As part of the measures taken by the State of Qatar to combat terrorism, the National Committee for the Prohibition of Weapons organized, in May 2011, a five-day Training Course for Customs Officers and Inspectors. The training programme focused on the role of customs in implementing the conventions on weapons of mass destruction. Prevention of illicit trafficking of nuclear, radioactive, chemical and biological materials was addressed in the course. Participants were informed that such measures were very important in preventing terrorist groups from obtaining weapons of mass destruction, which is the goal of resolution 1540 (2004);", "(b) As a step towards fulfilling the obligations of Qatar in respect of the Non-Proliferation Treaty, on 19 January 2009, the State of Qatar signed with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) the Safeguards Agreement and the Small Quantities Protocol;", "(c) To implement the Safeguards Agreement, the Qatar National Committee for the Prohibition of Weapons prepared a draft of the National System of Accounting for and Control of Nuclear Materials. The System is in the process of being issued;", "(d) The initial report on the inventory of nuclear materials in Qatar was prepared by the National Committee for the Prohibition of Weapons and submitted to IAEA;", "(e) The National Committee for the Prohibition of Weapons prepared a draft of the Biological Weapons Law. The Law is in the process of being issued." ]

[ "安全理事会第1540(2004)号 决议所设委员会", "2011年8月5日卡塔尔常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "卡塔尔国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于大规模毁灭性武器的第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并依照第1810(2008)号决议规定，谨提交卡塔尔国主管当局提供的关于第1540(2004)号决议执行情况的补充资料如下：", "(a) 卡塔尔国采取各种打击恐怖主义的措施，为此全国禁止武器委员会于2011年5月为海关干事和视察员组织了一次为期五天的培训课程。培训方案的重点是海关在执行《大规模毁灭性武器公约》方面的作用。课程中讨论了防止非法贩运核材料、放射材料、化学和生物材料问题。与会者了解到此类措施对防止恐怖团体获得大规模毁灭性武器十分重要，而这正是第1540(2004)号决议的目标；", "(b) 为履行卡塔尔对《不扩散条约》所承担的义务，卡塔尔国于2009年1月19日与国际原子能机构(原子能机构)签署了《保障监督协定》和《小数量议定书》；", "(c) 为执行《保障监督协定》，卡塔尔全国禁止武器委员会编写了一份全国核材料衡算和控制制度草案。该制度正在颁布过程中；", "(d) 全国禁止武器委员会编写了关于卡塔尔境内核材料存量的初次报告并提交给原子能机构；", "(e) 全国禁止武器委员会编写了《生物武器法》草案。该法律正在颁布过程中。" ]

[ "安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年8月5日卡塔尔常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "卡塔尔国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会关于大规模毁灭性武器的第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨根据第1810(2008)号决议的规定,就卡塔尔国主管当局所提供卡塔尔国执行第1540(2004)号决议的情况提供以下进一步资料:", "(a) 国家 作为卡塔尔国打击恐怖主义措施的一部分,全国禁止武器委员会于2011年5月为海关官员和检查员举办了为期五天的培训班。 培训方案的重点是海关在执行大规模毁灭性武器公约方面的作用。 培训班讨论了防止非法贩运核、放射性、化学和生物材料的问题。 与会者获悉,这些措施对于防止恐怖集团获得大规模毁灭性武器非常重要,这是第1540(2004)号决议的目标;", "(b) 国家 作为卡塔尔履行《不扩散条约》义务的一个步骤,卡塔尔国于2009年1月19日同国际原子能机构(原子能机构)签署了《保障协定》和《小数量议定书》;", "(c) 为执行《保障协定》,卡塔尔国家禁止武器委员会编写了国家核材料衡算和控制制度草案。 该系统正在发布之中;", "(d) 国家 关于卡塔尔核材料清单的初次报告由全国禁止武器委员会编写并提交原子能机构;", "(e) 国家禁止武器委员会编写了《生物武器法》草案。 目前正在颁布该法。" ]

[ "Open-ended Working Group on Ageing", "First working session", "New York, 18-21 April 2011", "Report of the Open-ended Working Group on Ageing", "Rapporteur: Léo Faber (Luxembourg)", "Corrigendum", "Section III. Chair’s summary of the key points of the discussions", "1. General overview, first sentence", "For December 2011, read December 2010", "2. Day three: regional human rights framework, measures and mechanisms, fourth paragraph", "The first sentence should read", "In her presentation, Ms. Bras Gomes of the Ministry of Labour and Social Solidarity of the Government of Portugal outlined some of the most important binding human rights instruments for the 47 member States of the Council of Europe, including the European Convention on Human Rights, the European Social Charter and its Additional Protocol of 1992, offering specific protection for older persons in relation to social security." ]

[ "老龄问题不限成员名额工作组", "第一届工作会议", "2011年4月18-21日，纽约", "老龄问题不限成员名额工作组报告", "报告员：Léo Faber(卢森堡)", "更正", "在第三节. 讨论要点的组长总结，第26段中，概览第1段应改为：", "2010年12月，大会成立了一个不限成员名额工作组，供联合国所有会员国参加，加强保护老年人的人权，具体是审议老年人人权现行框架，找出可能存在的差距，以及如何最好地解决这些问题，包括酌情考虑进一步手段和措施的可行性。", "在第三节，第三天：区域人权框架、措施和机制中，第4段应改为：", "葡萄牙政府劳动和社会团结部Bras Gomes女士在发言中概述了一些对欧洲委员会47个成员国具有约束力的最重要的人权文书，其中包括《欧洲人权公约》、《欧洲社会宪章》及其1992年《附加议定书》，这些文书在社会保障方面为老年人提供了具体保护。她还概括介绍了探讨与一系列事项有关的具体问题的若干政治宣言和其他文书，这些宣言和文书既涉及不歧视，也涉及社会政策框架、退休、享有保健服务和退休金的机会。Bras Gomes女士指出，退休金政策改革正在进行中，并因经济危机而加快。她还指出，老年人中的具体群体，例如，老年移民、残疾老年人、耄耋老人和受抚养的老年人，需要决策者密切关注，在长期护理和特别保护措施领域尤为如此。" ]

[ "老龄问题不限成员名额工作组", "第一届工作会议", "2011年4月18日至21日,纽约", "老龄问题不限成员名额工作组的报告", "报告员:莱奥·法贝尔(卢森堡)", "页:1", "第三节. 主席关于讨论要点的总结", "1. 联合国 概览,第一句", "2011年12月改为2010年12月", "2. 联合国 第三天:区域人权框架、措施和机制,第四段", "第一句应改为:", "葡萄牙政府劳动和社会团结部的布拉斯·戈梅斯女士在发言中概述了欧洲委员会47个成员国的一些最重要的具有约束力的人权文书,包括《欧洲人权公约》、《欧洲社会宪章》及其1992年《附加议定书》,为老年人提供社会保障方面的具体保护。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* The unannotated preliminary list was issued on 14 February 2011 (A/66/50). The provisional agenda was issued on 15 July 2011 (A/66/150).", "** The present addendum was prepared on the basis of the provisional agenda (A/66/150).", "¹ In accordance with General Assembly decision 65/551 (see para. 50).", "Annotated draft agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly*", "Addendum**", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 5II. Annotated 5 draft \nagenda 4.Election 5 of the President of the General \nAssembly 5.Election 6 of the officers of the Main \nCommittees 6.Election 8 of the Vice-Presidents of the General \nAssembly A. Promotion of sustained economic growth and sustainable development in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and recent United Nations \nconferences 9.Report 9 of the Economic and Social \nCouncil X.Implementation 9 of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the Political Declaration on \nHIV/AIDS¹ 13. Integrated 10 and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related \nfields 14. Global 10 Agenda for Dialogue among \nCivilizations 18. Follow-up 11 to and implementation of the outcome of the 2002 International Conference on Financing for Development and the 2008 Review \nConference 27. Social 11 \ndevelopment b.Social 11 development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the \nfamily A.Maintenance of international peace and \nsecurity 33. Prevention 12 of armed \nconflict a. Strengthening 12 the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and \nresolution 33. Protracted 13 conflicts in the GUAM area and their implications for international peace, security and \ndevelopment 38.The 13 situation in the occupied territories of \nAzerbaijan 39.Question 13 of the Comorian island of \nMayotte 53. Comprehensive 14 review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their \naspects B.Development of \nAfrica 63.New 16 Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international \nsupport a.New 16 Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international \nsupport b.Causes 17 of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in \nAfrica C. Promotion of human \nrights 69. Promotion 18 and protection of human \nrights b. Human 18 rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental \nfreedoms D. Effective coordination of humanitarian assistance \nefforts 70. Strengthening 19 of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic \nassistance c.Special 19 economic assistance to individual countries or \nregions E. Promotion of justice and international \n law 76. Oceans 19 and the law of the \n sea a.Oceans 19 and the law of the \n sea I.Organizational, administrative and other \nmatters 114. Elections 20 to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other \nelections: a.Election 20 of twenty members of the Committee for Programme and \nCoordination 114. Admission 20 of new Members to the United \nNations 115. Follow-up 21 to the outcome of the Millennium \nSummit 120. Implementation 22 of the resolutions of the United \nNations 121. Revitalization 22 of the work of the General \nAssembly 122.Question 23 of equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council and related \nmatters 125. Follow-up 23 to the recommendations on administrative management and internal oversight of the Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-for-Food \nProgramme 127. International 24 Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December \n 1994 128. International 24 Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since \n 1991 129. International 25 residual mechanism for criminal \ntribunals 132. Review 25 of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United \nNations 133. Programme 27 budget for the biennium \n2010-2011 134.Proposed 35 programme budget for the biennium \n2012-2013 135. Programme 39 \nplanning 136. Improving 40 the financial situation of the United \nNations 138. Scale 41 of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United \nNations 139. Human 42 resources \nmanagement 141. United 44 Nations common \nsystem 142. Report 45 on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight \nServices 144. Financing 48 of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December \n 1994 145. Financing 50 of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since \n 1991 146. Administrative 52 and budgetary aspects of the financing of the United Nations peacekeeping \noperations 147. Financing 58 of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and \n Chad 148. Financing 59 of the United Nations Operation in Côte \nd’Ivoire 149. Financing 60 of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in \nCyprus 150. Financing 62 of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo 151. Financing 62 of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the \nCongo 152. Financing 63 of the United Nations Mission in East \nTimor 153. Financing 64 of the United Nations Integrated Mission in \nTimor-Leste 154. Financing 65 of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and \nEritrea 155. Financing 66 of the United Nations Observer Mission in \nGeorgia 156. Financing 67 of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in \nHaiti 157. Financing 68 of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in \nKosovo 158. Financing 69 of the United Nations Mission in \nLiberia 159. Financing 70 of the United Nations peacekeeping forces in the Middle \n East a.United 70 Nations Disengagement Observer \nForce b.United 71 Nations Interim Force in \nLebanon 160. Financing 72 of the United Nations Mission in the \nSudan 161. Financing 74 of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western \nSahara 162. Financing 75 of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in \nDarfur 163. Financing 76 of the activities arising from Security Council resolution \n1863 (2009) 165.Observer 77 status for the Cooperation Council of Turkic-speaking States in the General \nAssembly 166.Observer 78 status for the International Emergency Management Organization in the General \nAssembly 167.Observer 78 status for the Union of South American Nations in the General \nAssembly 168.Observer 78 status for the International Renewable Energy Agency in the General \nAssembly", "I. Introduction", "The present document, which is an addendum to the annotated preliminary list of items to be included in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth regular session of the General Assembly (A/66/100), is being issued in accordance with paragraph 17 (c) of annex II to Assembly resolution 2837 (XXVI) of 17 December 1971. The annotated draft agenda has been prepared on the basis of the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session (A/66/150, issued on 15 July 2011) and contains information relating to items 4, 5, 6, 13, 14, 27 (b), 33, 34, 38, 39, 51, 53, 63, 69 (b), 70 (c), 76 (a), 116, 117, 120 to 122, 125, 127 to 129, 132 to 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 144 to 163 and 165 to 168.", "II. Annotated draft agenda", "4. Election of the President of the General Assembly", "Under rule 30 of the rules of procedure, the General Assembly shall elect a President at least three months before the opening of the session over which the President is to preside. The President so elected will assume the functions only at the beginning of that session for which the President is elected and shall hold office until the close of that session.", "On 22 June 2011, the General Assembly elected by acclamation Mr. Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser (Qatar) as its President for the sixty-sixth session (decision 65/416).", "In accordance with rule 92 of the rules of procedure, the election is held by secret ballot and there are no nominations. The President is elected by a simple majority. It should be noted, however, that since the thirty-second session, with the exception of the thirty-sixth, thirty-eighth, forty-third and forty-sixth sessions, the President has been elected by acclamation.", "At its thirty-third session, in 1978, the General Assembly decided (resolution 33/138, annex, para. 1) that, in the election of the President, regard should be had for equitable geographical rotation of the office among the following groups of States:", "(a) African States;", "(b) Asian States;", "(c) Eastern European States;", "(d) Latin American States;", "(e) Western European or other States.", "At its thirty-fourth session, the General Assembly decided that the practice of dispensing with the secret ballot for elections to subsidiary organs when the number of candidates corresponded to the number of seats to be filled should become standard and that the same practice should apply to the election of the President of the Assembly, unless a delegation specifically requested a vote on a given election (decision 34/401, para. 16).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 4)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.103 \n Decision 65/416", "5. Election of the officers of the Main Committees", "The General Assembly has six Main Committees. At its forty-seventh session, in paragraph 1 of its resolution 47/233 of 17 August 1993, the Assembly decided to amend rule 98 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly as follows:", "“1. Decides that the Main Committees of the General Assembly shall be as follows:", "(a) Disarmament and International Security Committee (First Committee);", "(b) Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee);", "(c) Economic and Financial Committee (Second Committee);", "(d) Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee (Third Committee);", "(e) Administrative and Budgetary Committee (Fifth Committee);", "(f) Legal Committee (Sixth Committee).”", "At its fifty-second session, the General Assembly decided to amend the first sentence of rule 103 of the rules of procedure to read: “Each Main Committee shall elect a Chair, three Vice-Chairs and a Rapporteur” (resolution 52/163, para. 1).", "Rule 103 states that the elections shall be held by secret ballot unless the Committee decides otherwise in an election where only one candidate is standing. Since in the great majority of cases only one candidate is nominated, most officers of Main Committees are elected by acclamation.", "In addition, rule 103 provides that the nomination of each candidate shall be limited to one speaker, after which the Committee shall immediately proceed to the election.", "Rule 99 (a) stipulates that all the Main Committees shall, at least three months before the opening of the session, elect a Chair and that elections of the other officers provided for in rule 103 shall be held at the latest by the end of the first week of the session. In accordance with resolution 58/126 of 19 December 2003, the full Bureaux of the Main Committees shall also be elected three months in advance of the next session.", "On 22 June 2011, the Main Committees elected their Chairs and their other officers for the sixty-sixth session (decision 65/417). The elections of the officers of the Main Committees are held in consecutive meetings of the Main Committees, immediately following the election of the President of the General Assembly in plenary meeting. At its forty-eighth session, the General Assembly decided (in resolution 48/264, annex II), that the six Chairs of the Main Committees should be elected according to the following pattern:", "(a) One representative from an African State;", "(b) One representative from an Asian State;", "(c) One representative from an Eastern European State;", "(d) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(e) One representative from a Western European or other State;", "(f) The sixth chairmanship shall rotate over a period of 20 sessions according to the following pattern:", "(i) One representative from an African State;", "(ii) One representative from an Asian State;", "(iii) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(iv) One representative from an African State;", "(v) One representative from an Asian State;", "(vi) One representative from an African State;", "(vii) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(viii) One representative from an Asian State;", "(ix) One representative from an African State;", "(x) One representative from an Asian State;", "(xi) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(xii) One representative from an African State;", "(xiii) One representative from an Asian State;", "(xiv) One representative from an African State;", "(xv) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(xvi) One representative from an Asian State;", "(xvii) One representative from an African State;", "(xviii) One representative from an Asian State;", "(xix) One representative from a Latin American or Caribbean State;", "(xx) One representative from an African State.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 5)", "Verbatim record A/C.1/65/PV.24 \nSummary records\tA/C.4/65/SR.26, A/C.2/65/SR.34,A/C.3/65/SR.53, A/C.5/65/SR.41and A/C.6/65/SR.29\n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.104 \n Decision 65/417", "6. Election of the Vice-Presidents of the General Assembly", "The President of the General Assembly is assisted by 21 Vice-Presidents. The duties involved are performed by heads of delegations of Member States, and not by individuals elected in their personal capacity. The Assembly decided on four occasions to increase the number of Vice-Presidents (resolutions 1104 (XI), 1192 (XII), 1990 (XVIII) and 33/138).", "Under rule 30 of the rules of procedure, the General Assembly shall elect 21 Vice-Presidents at least three months before the opening of the session over which they are to preside. The Vice-Presidents so elected will assume the functions only at the beginning of the session for which they are elected and shall hold office until the close of that session.", "On 22 June and 29 July 2011, the General Assembly elected its Vice-Presidents for the sixty-sixth session (decisions 65/418 A and B).", "In accordance with rule 92 of the rules of procedure, the election is held by secret ballot and there are no nominations. Vice-Presidents are elected by a simple majority. It should be noted, however, that since the thirty-second session, with the exception of the thirty-sixth, thirty-eighth, forty-first and forty-second sessions in the case of one of the regional groups, the Vice-Presidents have been elected by acclamation.", "In accordance with rule 30, the Vice-Presidents shall be elected after the election of the Chairs of the Main Committees (see item 5), in such a way as to ensure the representative character of the General Committee (see item 7).", "At its thirty-third session, in 1978, the General Assembly decided, in its resolution 33/138 (see annex, para. 2) that the 21 Vice-Presidents should be elected according to the following pattern:", "(a) Six representatives from African States;", "(b) Five representatives from Asian States;", "(c) One representative from an Eastern European State;", "(d) Three representatives from Latin American States;", "(e) Two representatives from Western European or other States;", "(f) Five representatives from the permanent members of the Security Council.", "The election of the President of the Assembly has the effect, however, of reducing by one the number of vice-presidencies allocated to the region from which the President is elected (resolution 33/138, annex, para. 3).", "At its thirty-fourth session, the General Assembly decided that the practice of dispensing with the secret ballot for elections to subsidiary organs when the number of candidates corresponded to the number of seats to be filled should become standard and that the same practice should apply to the election of the Vice-Presidents of the Assembly, unless a delegation specifically requested a vote on a given election (decision 34/401, para. 16).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 6)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.104 and 117 \n Decision 65/418 A and B", "A. Promotion of sustained economic growth and sustainable development in accordance with the relevant resolutions of the General Assembly and recent United Nations conferences", "9. Report of the Economic and Social Council", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly amended the General Regulations of the World Food Programme (decision 65/550).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 9)", "Note by the Secretary-General A/65/928 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Decision 65/550", "XX. Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to provide an annual report to the Assembly on progress achieved in realizing the commitments made in the Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Intensifying Our Efforts to Eliminate HIV and AIDS, and, with support from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, report progress to the Assembly in accordance with global reporting on the Millennium Development Goals at the 2013 and subsequent reviews of the Millennium Development Goals (resolution 65/277) (also relates to items 13 and 117).", "Also at its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to include in the draft agenda of the sixty-sixth session, an item entitled “Implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS and the Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS” (decision 65/551).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General (resolution 65/277).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 10)", "Report of the Secretary-General A/65/797 \n Draft decision A/65/L.89 \n Draft resolution A/65/L.77 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.95 and 118 \n Decision 65/551 \n Resolution 65/277", "13. Integrated and coordinated implementation of and follow-up to the outcomes of the major United Nations conferences and summits in the economic, social and related fields", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to maintain the status of the Human Rights Council as a subsidiary body of the General Assembly and to consider again the question of whether to maintain this status at an appropriate moment and at a time no sooner than ten years and no later than fifteen years, and to continue its practice of allocating the agenda item entitled “Report of the Human Rights Council” to the plenary of the Assembly and to the Third Committee, in accordance with its decision 65/503 A (resolution 65/281) (also relates to item 117).", "At the same sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly invited Member States to pursue the elaboration of additional measures that better capture the importance of the pursuit of happiness and well-being in development with a view to guiding their public policies and welcomed the offer of Bhutan to convene a panel discussion on the theme of happiness and well-being during its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/309). No advance documentation is expected.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to further explore, at its sixty-sixth session, the most efficient modalities for the intergovernmental follow-up process of the Conference on the World Financial and Economic Crisis and Its Impact on Development and requested the President of the Assembly to hold open, inclusive, timely and transparent consultations with all Member States (resolution 65/313).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 13)", "Draft resolutions\tA/65/L.42/Rev.1, A/65/L.78 (alsorelates to item 117), andA/65/L.86 and Add.1\n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.90-95, 100, 109 and 118 \nResolutions\t65/281 (also relates to agendaitem 117), 65/309 and 65/313", "14. Global Agenda for Dialogue among Civilizations", "The item entitled “Dialogue among civilizations” was included as an additional item in the agenda of the fifty-third session of the General Assembly, in 1998, at the request of the Islamic Republic of Iran (A/53/233). At that session, the General Assembly proclaimed the year 2001 as the United Nations Year of Dialogue among Civilizations (resolution 53/22).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its fifty-fourth to fifty-sixth sessions (resolutions 54/113, 55/23, 55/254 and 56/6).", "At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to explore enhancing implementation mechanisms for the Global Agenda and for the resolution, and to report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-fifth session (resolution 60/4).", "During the sixty-fifth session, the item was considered jointly with agenda item 15 “Culture of Peace”.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 14)", "Report of the Secretary-General A/65/269 \nPlenary meetings\tA/65/PV.32 and 33 (jointly withagenda item 15)", "18. Follow-up to and implementation of the outcome of the 2002 International Conference on Financing for Development and the 2008 Review Conference", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to hold its fifth High-level Dialogue on Financing for Development on 7 and 8 December 2011 at United Nations Headquarters (resolution 65/314).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 19)", "Draft resolution A/65/L.91 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Resolution 65/314", "27. Social development", "(b) Social development, including questions relating to the world social situation and to youth, ageing, disabled persons and the family", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided that the world youth conference, organized pursuant to its resolution 64/134, would take the form of a high-level meeting of the General Assembly, held at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 25 and 26 July 2011, and have as its overarching theme “Youth: dialogue and mutual understanding” (resolution 65/267).", "At the same session, the General Assembly adopted the outcome document of the High-level Meeting of the Assembly on Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding, reaffirmed the World Programme of Action for Youth, including its fifteen interrelated priority areas, and called upon Member States to continue implementation of the Programme at the local, national, regional and international levels (resolution 65/312).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 27 (b))", "Draft resolutions A/65/L.63 and 87 \nPlenary meetings\tA/65/PV.78, 110-112, 115 and116\n Resolutions 65/267 and 65/312", "B. Maintenance of international peace and security", "33. Prevention of armed conflict", "(a) Strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution", "At its resumed fifty-fifth session, in August 2001, the General Assembly discussed the question of prevention of armed conflict under the item entitled “Report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organization”.", "The General Assembly considered the subject at its fifty-fifth to fifty-seventh sessions under the same item (resolutions 55/281, 56/512 and 57/337).", "At its fifty-seventh session, the General Assembly decided to include in the provisional agenda of its fifty-ninth session a specific item entitled “Prevention of armed conflict” (resolution 57/337). At its fifty-ninth and sixty-second sessions, the Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 59/568 and 62/554). The Assembly had considered the question at its sixtieth and sixty-first sessions (resolutions 60/284 and 61/293).", "At its resumed sixty-third and sixty-fourth sessions, the General Assembly decided to include the item in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 63/563 and 64/563).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report on the implementation of its resolution 65/283, entitled “Strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution” for consideration by Member States at its sixty-sixth session and to include the views of Member States and other relevant actors, as well as guidance for more effective mediation, as an annex to the report, and decided to include in the provisional agenda of its sixty-sixth session, under the item entitled “Prevention of armed conflict”, a sub-item entitled “Strengthening the role of mediation in the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and resolution” (resolution 65/283).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General (resolution 65/283).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 33)", "Draft resolution A/65/L.79 and Add.1 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.102 \n Resolution 65/283", "34. Protracted conflicts in the GUAM area and their implications for international peace, security and development", "This item was included in the agenda of the sixty-first session of the General Assembly, in 2006, at the request of Azerbaijan, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine (A/61/195).", "At its sixty-second to sixty-fourth sessions, the General Assembly continued its consideration of the item (resolutions 62/249, 63/307 and 64/296).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit, at its sixty-sixth session, a comprehensive report on the implementation of the resolution (resolution 65/287).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General (resolution 65/287).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 34)", "Report of the Secretary-General A/65/846 \n Draft resolution A/65/L.74 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.105 \n Resolution 65/287", "38. The situation in the occupied territories of Azerbaijan", "This item was included in the agenda of the fifty-ninth session of the General Assembly, in 2004, at the request of Azerbaijan and Turkey (A/59/236 and Add.1).", "At its fifty-ninth, sixty-first, sixty-third and sixty-fourth sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 59/571, 61/564, 63/569 and 64/562). The Assembly considered the question at its sixtieth and sixty-second sessions (resolutions 60/285 and 62/243).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in September 2011, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its sixty-sixth session (decision 65/552).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 39)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Decision 65/552", "39. Question of the Comorian island of Mayotte", "This item was included in the agenda of the thirty-first session of the General Assembly, in 1976, at the request of Madagascar (A/31/241).", "At its thirty-second to forty-ninth sessions, the General Assembly continued its consideration of this item (resolutions 32/7, 34/69, 35/43, 36/105, 37/65, 38/13, 39/48, 40/62, 41/30, 42/17, 43/14, 44/9, 45/11, 46/9, 47/9, 48/56 and 49/18; and decision 33/435).", "At its fiftieth to fifty-ninth and sixty-second to sixty-third sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the provisional agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 50/493, 51/436, 52/435, 53/490, 54/439, 55/402, 56/454, 57/503 A, 58/503 A, 59/503 A, 62/503, 63/559).", "At its sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth sessions, the General Assembly decided to recommend the inclusion of the item in the agenda of its respective sessions on the understanding that there would be no consideration of the item by the Assembly until further notice (decisions 64/503 A and 65/503).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to include the item in the draft agenda of its sixty-sixth session (decision 65/553).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 40)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.2 and 118 \n Decision 65/503 and 65/553", "53. Comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects", "At its nineteenth session, in February 1965, the General Assembly established the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations, which was to undertake a comprehensive review of the whole question of peacekeeping operations in all their aspects, including ways of overcoming the financial difficulties of the United Nations (resolution 2006 (XIX)).", "For the current composition of the Special Committee, see A/65/19 (annex).", "The General Assembly considered the question at its twentieth to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 2053 (XX), 2220 (XXI), 2308 (XXII), 2451 (XXIII), 2576 (XXIV), 2670 (XXV), 2835 (XXVI), 2965 (XXVII), 3091 (XXVIII), 3239 (XXIX), 3457 (XXX), 31/105, 32/106, 33/114, 34/53, 35/121, 36/37, 37/93, 38/31, 39/97, 40/163, 41/67, 42/161, 43/59 A and B, 44/49, 45/75, 46/48, 47/71, 47/72, 48/42, 48/43, 49/37, 50/30, 51/136, 52/69, 53/58, 54/81, 55/135, 56/225 A and B, 57/129, 57/336, 58/315, 59/281, 59/300, 60/263, 60/289, 61/267 A and B, 61/291, 62/273, 63/280 and 64/266).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in July 2011, the General Assembly endorsed the proposals, recommendations and conclusions of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations, contained in paragraphs 15 to 278 of its report (A/65/19), and requested the Special Committee to submit a report on its work to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/310).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations and its Working Group: Supplement No. 19 (A/66/19);", "(b) Reports of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the recommendations of the Special Committee on Peacekeeping Operations (resolution 65/310).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 53)", "Report of the Special Committee onPeacekeeping Operations: SupplementNo. 19 (A/65/19)\t\n Reports of the Secretary-General: \nSupport to African Union peacekeepingoperations authorized by the UnitedNations (A/65/510-S/2010/514) (alsorelates to item 146)\t\nStrengthening the capacity of theUnited Nations to manage and sustainpeacekeeping operations (A/65/524 andCorr.1) (also relates to item 146)\t\nProgress in the implementation of theglobal field support strategy(A/65/643) (also relates to item 146)\t\nImplementation of the integratedoperational teams (A/65/669)\t\nImplementation of the recommendationsof the Special Committee onPeacekeeping Operations (A/65/680 andAdd.1)\t\nProsecution of crimes against deployedpeacekeepers (A/65/700)\t\nDisarmament, demobilization andreintegration (A/65/741)\t\nLetter dated 19 January 2011 from thePermanent Representatives of Australiaand Uruguay to the United Nationsaddressed to the President of theGeneral Assembly (A/65/698)\t\n Summary records A/C.4/65/SR.14-17 and 27 \nReport of the Special Political andDecolonization Committee (FourthCommittee)\tA/65/424 and Add.1\n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.62 and 109 \n Resolution 65/310", "C. Development of Africa", "63. New Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international support", "(a) New Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international support", "At its fifty-seventh session, in 2002, the General Assembly adopted the United Nations Declaration on the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (resolution 57/2).", "The General Assembly considered this item at its fifty-seventh to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 57/2, 57/7, 58/233, 59/254, 60/222, 61/229, 62/179, 62/242, 63/1, 63/267 and 64/258).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reaffirmed the commitment by all States to establish a monitoring mechanism to follow up on all commitments related to the development of Africa, as contained in the political declaration on Africa’s development needs and requested the President of the Assembly to continue informal consultations, led by Member States with the participation of relevant stakeholders with a view to making the mechanism operational by the end of the sixty-sixth session; reaffirmed its full support for the implementation of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development, and its commitment to the full implementation of the political declaration on Africa’s development needs; and requested the Secretary-General to submit a comprehensive report on the implementation of the resolution to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the basis of inputs from Governments, organizations of the United Nations system and other stakeholders in the New Partnership (resolution 65/284).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General on the New Partnership for Africa’s Development: ninth consolidated progress report on implementation and international support (resolution 65/284), A/66/202.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 62 (a))", "Reports of theSecretary-General:\t\nA monitoring mechanism toreview commitments towardsAfrica’s development needs(A/65/165)\t\nNew Partnership for Africa’sDevelopment: eighthconsolidated progress reporton implementation andinternational support(A/65/167)\t\nDraft resolution\tA/65/L.69/Rev.1 (as orallyrevised) and Add.1\nPlenary meetings\tA/65/PV.30-31 and 102 (jointdebate on items 62 (a) and 12)\n Resolution 65/284", "(b) Causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa", "At its fifty-third session, in 1998, the General Assembly, at the request of Namibia (A/53/231), included the item in its agenda and considered it at that session (resolution 53/92).", "At its fifty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the President of the Assembly to establish an open-ended ad hoc working group of the Assembly to monitor the implementation of the recommendations made by the Secretary-General in his report of 1998 on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa (resolution 54/234).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its fifty-fifth to fifty-seventh sessions (resolutions 55/217, 56/37, 57/2 and 57/7). At its fifty-seventh session, the Assembly decided to include this item as a sub-item, under a single agenda item on the development of Africa, entitled “New Partnership for Africa’s Development: progress in implementation and international support”, beginning at its fifty-eighth session (resolution 57/296).", "The General Assembly considered the sub-item at its fifty-eighth to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 58/234, 58/235, 59/255, 60/223, 61/230, 62/275, 63/304 and 64/252).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to develop, in consultation with relevant partners, policy proposals on issues identified in his review report; and also requested the Secretary-General to continue to monitor and report to the Assembly, on an annual basis, on persistent and emerging challenges to the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa, as well as on the approach and support of the United Nations system (resolution 65/278).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa (resolution 65/278), A/66/214-S/2011/476.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 62 (b))", "Report of theSecretary-General on theimplementation of therecommendations contained inhis report on the causes ofconflict and the promotion ofdurable peace and sustainabledevelopment in Africa(A/65/152-S/2010/526)\t\n Draft resolution A/65/L.62/Rev.1 and Add.1 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.30 and 96 \n Resolution 65/278", "D. Promotion of human rights", "69. Promotion and protection of human rights", "(b) Human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms", "International Year of Human Rights Learning", "At its sixty-second session, in 2007, the General Assembly proclaimed the year commencing on 10 December 2008 the International Year of Human Rights Learning and called upon Member States to promote human rights learning and education at the local, national and international levels, in cooperation with all relevant stakeholders (resolution 62/171). The Assembly further considered the question at its sixty-third session (resolution 63/173).", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly considered the report of the Secretary-General on the International Year (A/64/293) and encouraged action aimed at broad-based and sustained human rights learning at all levels. The Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it, at its sixty-sixth session, a report on the implementation of its resolution (resolution 64/82).", "At the same session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary General to invite Member States and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to present further practical proposals and ideas that would contribute to the strengthening of United Nations action in the field of human rights through the promotion of international cooperation based on the principles of non-selectivity, impartiality and objectivity, and to submit a comprehensive report on the question to the Assembly at its sixty sixth session (resolution 64/158).", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General on the follow-up to the International Year of Human Rights Learning (resolutions 64/82 and 64/158), A/66/225.", "References for the sixty-fourth session (agenda item 69 (b))", "Reports of theSecretary-General:\t\nStrengthening United Nationsaction in the field of humanrights through the promotionof international cooperationand the importance ofnon-selectivity, impartialityand objectivity (A/64/175)\t\nInternational Year of HumanRights Learning (A/64/293)\t\nReports of the ThirdCommittee\tA/64/439/Add.2 (Part I and PartII)\nSummary records\tA/C.3/64/SR.22-33 and 36 and40-47)\nDraft resolutions\tA/C.3/64/L.29 andA/C.3/64/L.33/Rev.1\n Plenary meetings A/64/PV.61 and 65 \n Resolutions 64/82 and 64/158", "E. Effective coordination of humanitarian assistance efforts", "70. Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance", "(c) Special economic assistance to individual countries or regions", "At its forty-eighth session in 1993, the General Assembly decided to consider the item entitled “Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance” and its sub‑items in the plenary (resolution 48/162, annex II).", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General and the United Nations system agencies to mobilize effective, immediate and adequate international support and assistance to Pakistan and to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session on the implementation of the present resolution under the item entitled “Strengthening of the coordination of humanitarian and disaster relief assistance of the United Nations, including special economic assistance” (resolution 64/294).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 69 (d))", "Report of the Secretary-General on strengthening emergency relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction and prevention in the wake of devastating floods in Pakistan (A/65/773)\n Report of the Secretary-General on humanitarian assistance and reconstruction of Liberia (A/65/357)", "F. Promotion of justice and international law", "76. Oceans and the law of the sea", "(a) Oceans and the law of the sea", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly endorsed the recommendations of the first meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on the Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socio-economic Aspects; and requested the Secretary-General to convene the second meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole on 27 and 28 June 2011 (resolution 65/37 B).", "Document: Letter dated 13 July 2011 from the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole addressed to the President of the General Assembly transmitting the report on the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group of the Whole at its second meeting (resolution 65/37 B), A/66/189.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 74 (a))", "Report on the work of the Ad HocWorking Group of the Whole onthe Regular Process for GlobalReporting and Assessment of theState of the Marine Environment,including Socio-economic Aspects(A/65/759)\t\n Draft resolution A/65/L.65 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.84 \n Resolution 65/37 B", "I. Organizational, administrative and other matters", "114. Elections to fill vacancies in subsidiary organs and other elections", "(a) Election of twenty members of the Committee for Programme and Coordination", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly declared France elected a member of the Committee for Programme and Coordination for a term of office beginning on 12 September 2011 and expiring on 31 December 2012 (decision 65/404 B).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 112 (a))", "Note by the Secretary-General A/65/291/Add.1 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Decision 65/404 B", "116. Admission of new Members to the United Nations", "The question of the admission of new Members to the United Nations is governed, inter alia, by Article 4 of the Charter, rules 58 to 60 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and rules 134 to 138 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly. In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 2, of the Charter, the admission of new Members is effected by a decision of the General Assembly upon the recommendation of the Security Council. Under rule 83 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly, a two-thirds majority is required for the admission of new Members.", "On 13 July 2011, the Security Council, having examined the application of the Republic of South Sudan for admission to membership in the United Nations (A/65/900-S/2011/418), recommended to the General Assembly that the Republic of South Sudan be admitted to membership in the United Nations (Council resolution 1999 (2011)).", "At its 108th plenary meeting, on 14 July 2011, the General Assembly admitted the Republic of South Sudan to membership in the United Nations (resolution 65/308).", "A list of the Member States, which now number 193, is available on the United Nations web page: www.un.org, with an indication of the date on which they were admitted to membership in the United Nations.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 114)", "Application of the Republic of SouthSudan for admission\tA/65/900-S/2011/418\nLetter dated 13 July 2011 from thePresident of the Security Counciladdressed to the Secretary-General(A/65/905)\t\n Draft resolution A/65/L.84 and Add.1 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.108 \n Resolution 65/308", "117. Follow-up to the outcome of the Millennium Summit", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to provide an annual report to the Assembly on progress achieved in realizing the commitments made in the Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS: Intensifying Our Efforts to Eliminate HIV and AIDS, and, with support from the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, report progress to the Assembly in accordance with global reporting on the Millennium Development Goals at the 2013 and subsequent Millennium Development Goal reviews (resolution 65/277) (also relates to item 13).", "At the same session, the General Assembly decided to maintain the status of the Human Rights Council as a subsidiary body of the Assembly and to consider again the question of whether to maintain this status at an appropriate moment and at a time no sooner than ten years and no later than fifteen years, and to continue its practice of allocating the agenda item entitled “Report of the Human Rights Council” to the plenary of the Assembly and to the Third Committee, in accordance with its decision 65/503 A (resolution 65/281) (also relates to item 13).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 115)", "Report of theSecretary-General on unitingfor universal access: towardszero new HIV infections, zerodiscrimination and zeroAIDS-related deaths(A/65/797)\t\nDraft resolutions\tA/65/L.77 (also relates to item13), A/65/L.78 (also relates toitem 13)\n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.90-95 and 100 \nResolutions\t65/277 and 65/281 (also relates toitem 13)", "120. Implementation of the resolutions of the United Nations", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to suspend the rights of membership in the Human Rights Council of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and to review the matter, as appropriate (resolution 65/265).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 117)", "Draft resolution A/65/L.60 and Add.1 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.76 \n Resolution 65/265", "121. Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly", "This item, which was included in the agenda of the forty-sixth session of the General Assembly, in 1991, had originally been proposed for inclusion in the draft agenda of that session by the President of the Assembly at its forty-fifth session (see decision 45/461).", "The General Assembly considered the question at its forty-sixth to forty-eighth, fifty-second and fifty-third sessions (resolutions 46/77, 47/233 and 48/264 and decisions 52/479 and 53/491).", "At its fifty-fourth session, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decision 54/491).", "The General Assembly continued its consideration of the item from its fifty-fifth to sixty-fourth sessions (resolutions 55/285, 56/509, 57/301, 58/126, annex, 61/292, 62/276, 63/309 and 64/301).", "At its resumed fifty-eighth session, in July 2004, the General Assembly adopted a number of measures, inter alia, to reorganize the agenda of the Assembly; and decided to review the provisions of the reorganized agenda at its sixty-first session with a view to making further improvements (resolution 58/316).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly adopted the proposed programme of work and timetable of the First Committee for 2011 (decision 65/518), the Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee) (decision 65/522), the draft programmes of work of the Second Committee (decision 65/529) and the Third Committee (decision 65/539) and the provisional programme of work of the Sixth Committee (decision 65/511) for the sixty-sixth session. Also at the sixty-fifth session, the Assembly adopted a decision on improving the working methods of the Second Committee (decision 65/530).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to establish, at its sixty-sixth session, an Ad Hoc Working Group on the revitalization of the Assembly, open to all Member States, to identify further ways to enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the Assembly, inter alia, by building on previous resolutions; and to submit a report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/315).", "Document: Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group (resolution 65/315).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 118)", "Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group onthe revitalization of the GeneralAssembly (A/65/909)\t\nPlenary meetings\tA/65/PV.56, 57, 60, 62,69, 71 and 118\n Report of the First Committee A/65/418 \nReport of the Special Political andDecolonization Committee (FourthCommittee)\tA/65/431\n Report of the Second Committee A/65/444 \n Report of the Third Committee A/65/459 \n Report of the Sixth Committee A/65/476 \n Resolution 65/315 \nDecisions\t65/511, 65/518, 65/522,65/529, 65/530 and 65/539", "122. Question of equitable representation on and increase in the membership of the Security Council and related matters", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, on 12 September 2011, the General Assembly decided to immediately continue intergovernmental negotiations on Security Council reform in informal plenary of the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session (decision 65/554).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 119)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Decision 65/554", "125. Follow-up to the recommendations on administrative management and internal oversight of the Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme", "This item was included in the agenda of the sixtieth session of the General Assembly, in 2005, as an additional item at the request of Costa Rica (A/60/235).", "At its sixty-first to sixty-fifth sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of its subsequent session (decisions 61/503 A, 62/555 and 63/566, 64/569 and 65/555).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 123)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Decision 65/555", "127. International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994", "This agenda item was first considered by the General Assembly during its sixty-third session, at the request of the Secretary-General, in order for the Assembly to consider and act upon communications from the President of the Tribunal. The Assembly continued its consideration of this item at its sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth sessions.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 125)", "Letters from theSecretary-General\tA/65/529-S/2010/513 andA/65/587-S/2010/598\nLetter from the President of theSecurity Council\tA/65/661\n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.74 \n Draft decision A/65/L.57 \n Decision 65/412", "128. International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991", "This agenda item was first considered by the General Assembly during its sixty-third session, at the request of the Secretary-General, in order for the Assembly to consider and act upon communications from the President of the Tribunal. The Assembly continued its consideration of this item at its sixty-fourth and sixty-fifth sessions.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 126)", "Letter from the Secretary-General A/65/588-S/2010/599 \nLetter from the President of theSecurity Council\tA/65/662\n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.74 and 109 \n Draft decisions A/65/L.58 and L.83 \n Decisions 65/413 A and B", "129. International residual mechanism for criminal tribunals (items proposed by the Secretary-General (A/66/143))", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1966 (2010), decided to establish the international residual mechanism for criminal tribunals with two branches that shall commence functioning on 1 July 2012 (branch for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda) and 1 July 2013 (branch for the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia), respectively, and to that end adopted the statute of the mechanism contained in annex 1 to the resolution.", "By paragraph 13 of the resolution, the Security Council requested the Secretary-General to implement the resolution and to make practical arrangements for the effective functioning of the mechanism from the first commencement date (1 July 2012) and to initiate no later than 30 June 2011 the procedures for the selection of the roster of judges of the mechanism, as provided in its statute. Under the statute, the judges of the mechanism are to be elected by the General Assembly from a list of candidates provided by the Security Council.", "In addition, under the statute, the President of the mechanism shall submit an annual report to the Security Council and to the General Assembly.", "It is therefore necessary for the General Assembly, during its sixty-sixth session, to elect the judges for the mechanism so that the mechanism can begin its work on its first commencement date (1 July 2012). In addition, the Assembly will be required to consider the annual report of the mechanism and to adopt appropriate budgetary and financial arrangements for the mechanism’s work.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "132. Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly, at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, on the implementation of its resolution 64/259, entitled “Towards an accountability system in the United Nations Secretariat”.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reaffirmed its resolution 41/213, in which it requested the Secretary-General to submit in off-budget years an outline of the proposed programme budget for the following biennium, and reaffirmed its request to the Secretary-General to propose, in future budget submissions, measures to offset budget increases, wherever possible, without undermining the implementation of mandated programmes and activities (resolution 65/262).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reaffirmed the independence and separate and distinct roles of the internal and external oversight mechanisms; encouraged United Nations internal and external oversight bodies to further enhance the level of their cooperation with one another; encouraged the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) to enhance its analysis, in future annual reports, of general trends and strategic challenges regarding internal oversight in the United Nations; requested the Secretary-General to implement outstanding and recurring accepted recommendations of the Office dealing with issues that are systemic in nature; and requested him to ensure the full implementation of the accepted recommendations of the Office, including those relating to cost avoidance, recovery of overpayments, efficiency gains and other improvements, in a prompt and timely manner and to provide detailed justifications in cases where recommendations of the Office are not accepted (resolution 65/250) (also relates to item 142).", "Documents: (see also documents listed in A/66/100, under item 141, Joint Inspection Unit)", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the status of implementation of resolution 64/259, “Towards an accountability system in the United Nations Secretariat” (resolution 64/259);", "(b) Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee on its activities for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011 (resolution 61/275), A/66/299;", "(c) Reports of the Office of Internal Oversight Services:", "(i) Annual report for the period 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolutions 48/218 B; 54/244; 57/292, sect. II, para. 22; 59/270, para. 3; 59/271, para. 11; 59/272; 60/257, para. 14; and 60/282, para. 13);", "(ii) Annual report on peacekeeping oversight activities for the period 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 (resolutions 48/218 B, 54/244, 59/272 and 60/268, para. 17);", "(d) Report of the Joint Inspection Unit on transparency in the selection and appointment of senior managers in the United Nations Secretariat (JIU/REP/2011/2).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 128)", "Report of the Office ofInternal Oversight Serviceson the audit of procurementmanagement in the Secretariat(A/64/369)\t\nNote by the Secretary-Generaltransmitting his comments andthose of the United NationsSystem Chief Executives Boardfor Coordination on thereport of the JointInspection Unit on Offshoringin United Nations SystemOrganizations (A/65/63/Add.1)(also relates to item 137)\t\nNote by the Secretary-Generaltransmitting his comments andthose of the United NationsSystem Chief Executives Boardfor Coordination on thereport of the JointInspection Unit onEnvironmental Profile of theUnited Nations Systemorganizations(A/65/346/Add.1)\t\nReports of theSecretary-General:\t\nComprehensive report onUnited Nations procurementactivities (resolution62/269), A/64/284 and Add.1and 2\t\nReport of the Office ofInternal Oversight Serviceson the activities of theOffice for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/271 (Part I) and Corr.1and Add.1 and Add.1/Corr.1)\t\nReport of the IndependentAudit Advisory Committee onthe activities of theCommittee for the period from1 August 2009 to 31 July 2010(A/65/329)\t\nRelated report of theAdvisory Committee onAdministrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/64/501)\t\nReport of theSecretary-General on theproposed programme budgetoutline for the biennium2012-2013 (A/65/560 andCorr.1)\t\nReport of theSecretary-General onstrengthening of theDepartment of PoliticalAffairs (A/65/161)\t\nReports of the JointInspection Unit:\t\nOffshoring in the UnitedNations system (A/65/63)\t\nEnvironmental profile of theUnited Nations system oforganizations (A/65/346)\t\n Draft resolutions A/C.5/65/L.24 and A/C.5/65/L.25 \n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.3, 5, 23, 24 and 27 \nReports of the FifthCommittee\tA/65/645 and 649 (also relates toitem 142)\n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.73 \nResolutions\t65/250 (also relates to item 142),65/261 and 65/262", "133. Programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "Questions relating to the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly resolved that the Secretary-General should report to the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions and to the Assembly at its sixty-fifth and sixty-sixth sessions all commitments made under the provisions of the resolution on unforeseen and extraordinary expenses for the biennium 2010-2011, together with the circumstances relating thereto, and should submit supplementary estimates to the Assembly in respect of such commitments (resolution 64/246).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly authorized the Secretary-General to enter into commitments in an amount up to 1,758,800 dollars under section 20 (Economic and social development in Latin America and the Caribbean) of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 and to report, in the context of his second performance report for the biennium 2010-2011, on the actual expenditure incurred (resolution 65/259, sect. III).", "At the same session, the General Assembly welcomed the establishment of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN‑Women) as an important ongoing effort by the Organization to strengthen its system-wide capacity to achieve gender equality and the empowerment of women and to lead, coordinate and promote the accountability of the United Nations system in its work (resolution 65/259, sect. VI).", "Also at the same session, the General Assembly recalled section III of its resolution 60/283 as well as section III of its resolution 64/260 on limited budgetary discretion, and requested the Secretary-General to implement their provisions and to report thereon in the context of his second performance report for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 65/259, sect. XVIII).", "Also at the sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly authorized the Secretary-General, as an exceptional measure, to enter into commitments in an amount not to exceed 9,882,594 dollars to supplement the voluntary financial resources of the Special Court for Sierra Leone, for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2011 and requested the Secretary-General to report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the implementation of the resolution (resolution 65/259, sect. XII).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Second performance report for the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolutions 65/259 and 65/268);", "(ii) Fourth progress report on the adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards by the United Nations (resolution 60/283);", "(iii) Overseas property management and construction projects in progress (resolution 65/259);", "(iv) Proposal for a mechanism to determine retirement pension benefits (resolution 65/258);", "(v) Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session and its resumed substantive session of 2011 (also relates to items 9 and 134);", "(vi) Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth sessions (and any special sessions held in 2011) (resolution 60/251);", "(vii) Implementation of the experiment of using limited budgetary discretion (resolutions 60/283, sect. III and 64/260, sect. III);", "(viii) Implementation of projects financed from the Development Account: seventh progress report (A/66/84);", "(ix) Subvention to the Special Court for Sierra Leone (resolution 65/259);", "(x) United Nations Office for Partnerships, A/66/188;", "(xi) Progress report on the implementation of the recommendations of the report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the efficiency of the implementation of the mandate of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, A/66/74;", "(b) Report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board on the administrative expenses of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (resolution 46/220);", "(c) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions: Supplement No. 7 (A/66/7) and addenda.", "Estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly approved budgets totalling $643,094,800 gross ($631,162,600 net) for the 29 special political missions authorized by the Assembly and/or the Security Council; decided to appropriate, under the procedure provided for in paragraph 11 of annex I to its resolution 41/213 of 19 December 1986, an amount of $200,689,200 under section 3 (Political affairs) of the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011; and requested the Secretary-General to submit resource requirements for 2011 for the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi or its successor, for consideration by the Assembly at the first part of its resumed sixty-fifth session (resolution 65/259).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly approved the budget for the United Nations Office in Burundi in the amount of $23,989,700 gross ($22,145,800 net) for the period 1 January to 31 December 2011 and approved the budget for the United Nations Representative on the International Advisory and Monitoring Board in the amount of $24,600 for the period 1 January to 30 June 2011, and noted that the requirements for the Representative would be accommodated from within the overall appropriation for special political missions and reported to the Assembly in the context of the second performance report on the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011; decided to appropriate, under the provisions of its resolution 41/213 of 19 December 1986, the amount of $7,504,600 under section 3 (Political affairs) for the biennium 2010-2011, taking into consideration the amount of $14,641,200 already approved for the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi (the predecessor mission); and decided to utilize the unencumbered balance for the United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi to offset part of the additional appropriation required for the United Nations Office in Burundi for the period from 1 January to 31 December 2011, and requested the Secretary-General to meet the additional requirements for the United Nations Office in Burundi from the overall appropriation for special political missions, and to report thereon in the context of the second performance report on the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 65/268).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly approved the budget for the Panel of Experts on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya in the amount of $1,693,500 gross ($1,670,400 net) for the period 1 June to 31 December 2011 and approved the budget of the United Nations Representative to the Geneva International Discussions in the amount of $1,590,600 gross ($1,469,000 net) for the period 1 May to 31 December 2011, decided that the resources for the activities of the Panel of Experts on the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya and the United Nations Representative to the Geneva International Discussions would be absorbed within the overall appropriation for special political missions for the biennium 2010-2011 and requested the Secretary-General to report thereon in the context of his second performance report on the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 65/288).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council (resolutions 65/259, 65/268 and 65/288);", "(ii) Review of the current funding and backstopping arrangements for the special political missions with a view to identifying possible alternatives (resolution 65/259);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Capital master plan", "At its fifty-seventh session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report to it on an annual basis on the awarding of contracts for procurement for the capital master plan; and also requested him to submit to the Assembly annual progress reports on the implementation of the capital master plan (resolution 57/292, sect. II).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reiterated its request that the Secretary-General make every effort to avoid budget increases through sound project management practices and to ensure by all means that the capital master plan is completed within the budget as approved in its resolution 61/251, and to report thereon in the context of his ninth annual progress report (resolution 65/269).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Ninth annual progress report on the implementation of the capital master plan (resolutions 57/292, sect. II, 61/251, and 65/269);", "(ii) Proposals for financing the associated costs required for the year 2012 from within the approved budget for the capital master plan (resolution 65/269);", "(b) Report of the Board of Auditors on the capital master plan for the year ended 31 December 2010: Supplement No. 5 (A/66/5 (Vol. V));", "(c) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Information and communications technology", "(also relates to item 134)", "At its fifty-ninth session, in 2004, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixtieth session the results of the technical study on information and communications technology security, business continuity and disaster recovery, with detailed costing and a timetable (resolution 59/276, sect. XI).", "This question was considered by the General Assembly at its sixtieth and sixty-first sessions (resolutions 60/283, sect. II, and 61/234).", "At its sixty-third session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a unified disaster recovery and business continuity plan and to report thereon to the Assembly at the main part of its sixty-fourth session (resolution 63/262, sect. IV).", "At the same session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report at the main part of its sixty-fifth session on information and communications technology strategy, including on adjustments to the governance structure; an update on such management and reporting arrangements; an in-depth assessment of the organizational arrangement; an inventory of information and communications technology capacities across the Secretariat; more precisely identified and quantified efficiency gains or benefits expected from the implementation of the information and communications technology strategy; the methodology and benchmarks used to identify and measure those benefits; and the roles and responsibilities of the Office of the Chief Information Technology Officer and the Department of Field Support of the Secretariat regarding information and communications technology activities (resolution 63/262, sect. I).", "The General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to submit to the Assembly no later than at the main part of its sixty-fifth session a unified disaster recovery and business continuity plan, including a permanent solution for Headquarters (resolution 63/269).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to review the proposals contained in his report on the status of implementation of the information and communications technology strategy for the United Nations Secretariat (A/65/491) and to submit new and/or revised proposals to the Assembly in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013; to report on the progress made in the establishment of a secondary data centre as described in paragraph 71 of the report, including, as appropriate, financial resources proposed for its implementation, in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013; and to submit to the Assembly more than one option for locating any other future facilities related to the information and communications technology strategy (resolution 65/259).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the third progress report on the enterprise resource planning project (resolution 63/262, sect. II);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Financing of the administration of justice", "[See item 143]", "Liabilities and proposed funding for after-service health insurance benefits", "At its sixty-first session, the General Assembly approved the establishment of an independent segregated special account to record after-service health insurance accrued liabilities and account for related transactions and also approved the recommended changes to the after-service health insurance provisions for new staff members recruited on or after 1 July 2007; decided to defer its consideration of the remaining funding proposals made in the report; and requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to it at its sixty-third session that would, inter alia: (a) reflect updated and validated after-service health insurance accrued liabilities; (b) provide additional information on alternative long-term financing strategies; (c) report on measures aimed at reducing the Organization’s costs related to health-care plans; (d) provide comprehensive information and analysis based, inter alia, on the results of the actuarial valuation of the after-service health insurance plan as at 31 December 2007 with respect to differentiated funding options based on funding sources; and (e) provide investment strategies with respect to an after-service health insurance reserve fund (resolution 61/264).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to include, in future performance reports on the budget, information regarding the medical and dental reserve funds, the number of months that premium holidays have been applied during the budgetary period, other surplus fund distribution methods used, and the financial impact on the budgets (resolution 65/259, sect. IV).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the second performance report for the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Conditions of service and compensation for officials other than Secretariat officials: members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", "At its resumed sixty-first session, in April 2007, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit a report to it at its sixty-second session on options for designing pension schemes for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, including defined-benefit and defined contribution schemes, taking into account the possibility of calculating pensions on the basis of the number of years served rather than the term of office (resolution 61/262).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to review at its sixty-sixth session the pension schemes for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and requested the Secretary-General to include in his report a proposal for a mechanism that he may use to determine retirement pension benefits, taking into account acquired pension benefit rights accrued prior to serving in the Court or the Tribunals (resolution 65/258).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the conditions of service and compensation for officials other than Secretariat officials: members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (resolution 65/258);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 129)", "Reports of theSecretary-General:\t\nFirst performance report on theprogramme budget for thebiennium 2010-2011 (A/65/589)\t\nRevised estimates resultingfrom resolutions and decisionsadopted by the Economic andSocial Council at itssubstantive session (A/65/319)\t\nRevised estimates resultingfrom resolutions and decisionsadopted by the Human RightsCouncil at its twelfth,thirteenth and fourteenthsessions (A/65/333 and Corr.1)and at its fifteenth session(A/65/333/Add.1 and Corr.1)\t\nThird progress report on theadoption of InternationalPublic Sector AccountingStandards by the United Nations(A/65/308)\t\nEstimates in respect of specialpolitical missions, goodoffices and other politicalinitiatives authorized by theGeneral Assembly and/or theSecurity Council: UnitedNations Office in Burundi andUnited Nations representativeto the International Advisoryand Monitoring Board(A/65/328/Add.6 and Corr.1)\t\nEstimates in respect of specialpolitical missions, goodoffices and other politicalinitiatives authorized by theGeneral Assembly and/or theSecurity Council: Panel ofExperts on the Libyan ArabJamahiriya and the UnitedNations Representative to theGeneva InternationalDiscussions (A/65/328/Add.7)\t\nConditions of service andcompensation for officials,other than Secretariatofficials, serving the GeneralAssembly: full-time members ofthe International Civil ServiceCommission and the Chair of theAdvisory Committee onAdministrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/676)\t\nUnited Nations Office forPartnerships (A/65/347)\t\nStandards of accommodation forair travel (A/65/348)\t\nReport of the United NationsSystem Chief Executives Boardfor Coordination on thefeasibility of harmonizingstandards of air travel(A/65/386)\t\nContingency fund: consolidatedstatement of programme budgetimplications and revisedestimates (A/C.5/65/14)\t\nImplementation of GeneralAssembly resolution 63/261 onthe strengthening of theDepartment of Political Affairs(A/65/161 and Corr.1)\t\nRevised estimates resultingfrom the increase in the numberof members of the Subcommitteeon Prevention of Torture andOther Cruel, Inhuman orDegrading Treatment orPunishment pursuant to article5 of the Optional Protocol(A/65/500) (also relates toitem 68 (a))\t\nStrengthening the managementcapacity of the United NationsRelief and Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in the NearEast (A/65/705)\t\nRevised security managementframework and revised estimatesrelating to the programmebudget for the biennium2010-2011 under section 5,Peacekeeping operations,related to a strengthened andunified security managementsystem for the United Nations(A/65/320 and Corr.1)\t\nOverseas property managementand construction projects inprogress (A/65/351)\t\nEighth annual progress reporton the implementation of thecapital master plan (A/65/511)\t\nProposals for financingassociated costs for 2011 fromwithin the approved budget forthe capital master plan(A/65/511/Add.1)\t\nImplementation of therecommendations of the Board ofAuditors contained in itsreports on the United Nationsfor the biennium ended 31December 2009 and on thecapital master plan for theyear ended 31 December 2009(A/65/296)\t\nRevised estimates arising inrelation to the expansion ofthe Committee on the Protectionof the Rights of All MigrantWorkers and Members of TheirFamilies (A/65/85)\t\nRevised proposal for the use ofregular budget resources forthe normative support functionsof the United Nations Entityfor Gender Equality and theEmpowerment of Women (UN-Women)(A/65/531)\t\nRevised estimates under section23, Human rights, of theprogramme budget for thebiennium 2010-2011, resultingfrom the increase in themembership of the Committee onthe Rights of Persons withDisabilities (A/65/400)\t\nRevised estimates resultingfrom the entry into force ofthe International Conventionfor the Protection of AllPersons from EnforcedDisappearance (A/65/628)\t\nSecond progress report on theenterprise resource planningproject and revised estimatesunder section 28A, Office ofthe Under-Secretary-General forManagement, of the programmebudget for the biennium2010-2011, and under thesupport account forpeacekeeping operations(A/65/389)\t\n Notes by the Secretary-General: \nTransmitting the report of theJoint Inspection Unit on thereview of travel arrangementswithin the United Nationssystem (A/65/338)\t\nRelated report of the UnitedNations System Chief ExecutivesBoard for Coordination(A/65/338/Add.1)\t\nReports of the Office ofInternal Oversight Services:\t\nAnnual report for the periodfrom 1 July 2009 to 30 June2010 (A/65/271 (Part I) andCorr.1 and Add.1 and Corr.1)\t\nPreliminary report on theimplementation of the pilotproject designated by theGeneral Assembly in resolution63/287 (A/65/765)\t\nThematic evaluation ofcooperation between theDepartment of PeacekeepingOperations/Department of FieldSupport and regionalorganizations (A/65/762)\t\nReport of the Board of Auditorsfor the year ended 31 December2009: Capital master plan,Supplement No. 5 (A/65/5 (Vol.V))\t\nReport of the Committee forProgramme and Coordination onits fiftieth session:Supplement No. 16 (A/65/16)\t\nReports of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrative andBudgetary Questions: (includingA/65/739, A/65/602/Add.1 andAdd.2, A/65/767, A/65/632,A/65/725) Supplement No. 7(A/65/7) and addenda\t\nSummary records\tA/C.5/65/SR.6-8, 12, 13, 17-20,22, 23, 25-31, 39 and 42\n Reports of the Fifth Committee A/65/646 and Add.1, 2 and 3 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73, 84 and 106 \nResolutions\t65/258, 65/259, 65/260, 65/268,65/269 and 65/288\n Decisions 65/542 and 65/543", "134. Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013", "Pursuant to regulation 2.4 of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations, the Secretary-General, in the second year of a financial period, submits to the General Assembly at its regular session his proposed programme budget for the following financial period. At its sixty-fifth session, the Assembly considered this question under the item entitled “Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations” (see also item 132).", "At its fifty-eighth session, in 2003, the General Assembly decided that the programme narratives of the programme budget fascicles should be identical to the biennial programme plan; decided also to keep the current format of the proposed programme budget and to maintain the level of information contained therein; requested the Secretary-General to include in the introduction of the budget fascicles information on the new and/or revised mandates approved by the Assembly subsequent to the adoption of the biennial programme plan; and requested the Secretary-General to ensure that resources were clearly identified in all the sections of the proposed programme budget for the performance of the monitoring and evaluation functions (resolution 58/269).", "At its sixtieth session, the General Assembly endorsed the proposal that the request for a subvention to the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research be submitted for review and approval by the General Assembly on a biennial basis in the context of its consideration of the proposed programme budget for the related biennium (resolution 60/248, sect. IV).", "At the same session, the General Assembly recalled paragraph 11 of its resolution 60/246 of 23 December 2005 and decided to authorize the Secretary-General, on an experimental basis, a limited discretion for budgetary implementation for the bienniums 2006-2007 and 2008-2009, to enter into commitments up to $20 million in each biennium for positions and non-post requirements for the purpose of meeting the evolving needs of the Organization in attaining its mandated programmes and activities; also decided to review the experiment at its sixty-fourth session with a view to taking a final decision on its continuation, and requested the Secretary-General to submit a comprehensive report on the implementation of the experiment for its consideration (resolution 60/283, sect. III).", "At its sixty-third session, the General Assembly took note of the reports of the Secretary-General on improving the effective and efficient delivery of the mandates of development-related activities and revised estimates relating to the programme budget for the biennium 2008-2009 (A/62/708) and the Development Account (A/63/335); endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/62/7/Add.40 and A/63/479), subject to the provisions of the resolution; and requested the Secretary-General to report on the implementation of the resolution within the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 63/260).", "At its resumed sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly took note of the Secretary-General’s report on limited budgetary discretion (A/64/562) and endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the related report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (resolution 64/260, sect. III).", "Also at its resumed sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit proposals in the context of the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, to review the budget allocation to the Office of the President of the Assembly in accordance with existing procedures (resolution 64/301).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly, under the item entitled “Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations”, invited the Secretary-General to prepare his proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 on the basis of a preliminary estimate of $5,396,697,200 at revised 2010-2011 rates and requested the Secretary-General to reflect the priorities outlined in paragraph 13 of the resolution when presenting the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 65/262).", "At the same session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to further elaborate, in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013, the normative intergovernmental processes undertaken by UN-Women to implement its mandate, as referred to in paragraph 75 of its resolution 64/289, in order to specify whether the activities of UN-Women, including administrative, evaluation, coordination, research and analytical policy functions, would support or be considered normative intergovernmental processes; operational intergovernmental processes and operational activities; or a combination thereof (resolution 65/259, sect VI).", "Documents:", "(a) Proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013: Supplement No. 6: A/66/6 (Introduction), (Sects. 1-7), (Sect. 8) and Corr.1, (Sects. 9-12), (Sect. 13) and Add.1, (Sects. 14-15), (Sect. 16) and Corr.1, (Sects. 17-25), (Sect. 26) and Corr.1, (Sect. 27), (Sect. 28) and Corr.1, (Sects. 29-29C), (Sect. 29D) and Corr.1, (Sect. 29E), (Sect. 29F) and Corr.1, (Sects. 29G-37) and (Income sects. 1-3);", "(b) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Consolidated report on the changes to the biennial programme plan as reflected in the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolutions 58/269 and 65/244), A/66/82 (also relates to item 135);", "(ii) Estimates in respect of special political missions, good offices and other political initiatives authorized by the General Assembly and/or the Security Council (resolutions 65/259, sect. XIII and 65/268, sect. II);", "(iii) Implementation of the experiment of using limited budgetary discretion (resolution 60/283, sect. III and 64/260, sect. III);", "(iv) Contingency fund: consolidated statement of programme budget implications and revised estimates (resolutions 42/211, annex);", "(v) Revised estimates: effect of changes in rates of exchange and inflation;", "(vi) Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Human Rights Council at its sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth sessions (and any special sessions held in 2011) (resolution 60/251);", "(vii) Revised estimates resulting from resolutions and decisions adopted by the Economic and Social Council at its substantive session of 2011 and resumed substantive session of 2011 (also relates to items 9 and 133);", "(xiii) Fourth progress report on the adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards by the United Nations (resolution 60/283, sect. II);", "(ix) Administration of justice at the United Nations (resolution 61/261 and 65/259);", "(x) Activities of the Office of the United Nations Ombudsman and Mediation Services (resolutions 65/251 and 65/259);", "(xi) Organizational resilience management system: emergency management framework (resolution 64/260, Part II);", "(xii) Feasibility study for United Nations Headquarters long-term accommodation requirements (resolution 60/282);", "(xiii) Progress report on the strategic heritage plan at the United Nations Office at Geneva (resolution 64/243);", "(xiv) Subvention to the Special Court for Sierra Leone (resolution 65/259);", "(xv) Conditions of service and compensation for officials other than Secretariat officials: members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (resolution 65/258);", "(c) Note by the Secretary-General: request for a subvention to the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research resulting from the recommendations of the Board of Trustees of the Institute on the work programme of the Institute for 2012-2013 (resolution 60/248, sect. IV), A/66/170;", "(d) Annual report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(e) Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee: internal oversight: proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/85);", "(f) Report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on its fifty-first session: Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16);", "(g) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions: Supplement No. 7 (A/66/7) and addenda.", "Development Account", "At its fifty-sixth session, in 2001, the General Assembly decided to continue to keep the implementation of the Development Account under review (resolution 56/237).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of projects financed from the Development Account: seventh progress report (resolution 56/237), A/66/84;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund", "At its forty-sixth session, in 1991, the General Assembly decided to consider the item related to the United Nations pension system in even-numbered years (resolution 46/220), with the arrangement, however, that the review and approval of all matters related to the expenses of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund, including the biennial budgets of the Fund, would be taken up by the Fifth Committee and the General Assembly under the agenda item for the United Nations biennial programme budget (see A/54/206).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board on the administrative expenses of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund (resolution 46/220) (also relates to item 133);", "(b) Report of the Secretary-General on the administrative and financial implications arising from the report of the United Nations Joint Staff Pension Board;", "(c) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions on the programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013: Supplement No. 7 (A/66/7).", "Administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly took note of the statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the Assembly on the administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2010 (A/65/493) and the related report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/532) (resolution 65/259).", "Documents:", "(a) Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly on the administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011;", "(b) Report of the International Civil Service Commission for the year 2011: Supplement No. 30 (A/66/30);", "(c) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "Information and communications technology", "[See entry under item 133]", "Document: Report of the Secretary-General on the enterprise information and communications technology initiatives for the United Nations Secretariat (resolutions 63/262, 63/269, 64/243, 65/259, sect. XVII), A/66/94.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 129)", "[See entries under item 133,References for the sixty-fifthsession]\t\nReport of the Secretary-Generalon the proposed programmebudget outline for the biennium2012-2013 (A/65/560 and Corr.1)\t\nRelated report of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrative andBudgetary Questions (A/65/611)\t\nSummary records\tA/C.5/65/SR.6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17,18, 20, 22, 25, 26, 27 and 28\n Reports of the Fifth Committee A/65/646 and Add.1 and 2 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 and 84 \nResolutions\t65/258, 65/259, 65/260 A-C,65/268 and 65/269\n Decisions 65/542 and 65/543", "135. Programme planning", "At its fifty-eighth session, in 2003, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to prepare, on a trial basis, for submission to the Assembly at its fifty-ninth session, a strategic framework to replace the four-year medium-term plan (resolution 58/269).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly endorsed the conclusions and recommendations of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on the proposed strategic framework for the period 2012-2013, contained in chapter II, section A, of its report on the work of its fiftieth session (A/65/16); and requested the Secretary-General to prepare the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 on the basis of the approved priorities and the strategic framework as adopted in the resolution (resolution 65/244).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Committee for Programme and Coordination on its fifty-first session (6 June to 1 July 2011): Supplement No. 16 (A/66/16);", "(b) Consolidated report of the Secretary-General on the changes to the biennial programme plan as reflected in the programme budget for the biennium 2010-2011 and the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 58/269), A/66/82.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 130)", "Report of the Committee forProgramme and Coordination onits fiftieth session(7 June-2 July 2010):Supplement No. 16 (A/65/16)\t\nProposed strategic frameworkfor the period 2012-2013:part one: plan outline(A/65/6 (Part one)) and parttwo: biennial programme plan(A/65/6 (Progs. 1-11), (Prog.12) and Corr.1, (Progs.13-16), (Prog. 17) andCorr.1, (Progs. 18-27))\t\nReport of theSecretary-General on theprogramme performance reportof the United Nations for thebiennium 2008-2009 (A/65/70)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.4 and 8 \nReports of the FifthCommittee\tA/65/544\n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.73 \n Resolution 65/244", "136. Improving the financial situation of the United Nations", "At its thirtieth session, in 1975, the General Assembly decided to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-first session an item entitled “Financial emergency of the United Nations” (resolution 3538 (XXX)). The Assembly considered this question at its thirty-first to thirty-ninth sessions (resolutions 31/191, 32/104, 33/430, 35/113, 36/116 A and B, 37/13, 38/228 A and B and 39/239 A and B and decision 34/435).", "An item entitled “Current financial crisis of the United Nations” was included in the agenda of the fortieth session at the request of the Secretary-General (A/40/247). The Assembly considered this item at its fortieth and forty-second to forty-fifth sessions (resolutions 42/212, 43/215, 44/195 A and B and 45/236 A and B and decisions 40/471, 40/472 and 42/460).", "At its forty-seventh session, the General Assembly decided to consider in future the items entitled “Current financial crisis of the United Nations” and “Financial emergency of the United Nations” under one item entitled “Improving the financial situation of the United Nations”; and also decided to consider the financial situation of the organization as and when required (resolution 47/215).", "The General Assembly has included the item in the agenda since its forty-eighth session (resolution 48/220 and decisions 49/474, 50/496, 51/462, 52/496, 53/494, 54/495, 55/493, 56/482, 57/598, 58/575, 59/569, 60/566, 61/566).", "Document: Periodic report of the Secretary-General (resolution 47/215).", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 131)", "Report of theSecretary-General\tA/65/519 and Add.1\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.6, 9", "138. Scale of assessments for the apportionment of the expenses of the United Nations", "The regular budget of the United Nations is apportioned among its Member States in accordance with the scale of assessments approved by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Committee on Contributions (see item 115 (b)). The scale of assessments has also been used to apportion the costs of the capital master plan. The scale, as modified by the provisions of resolutions 55/235 and 55/236 and other resolutions concerning the financing of peacekeeping operations, has also been used to apportion the cost of peacekeeping operations among Member States. The assessment rates used for the regular budget and peacekeeping operations are also used for apportioning the costs of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.", "At its fifty-fourth session, in 1999, the General Assembly decided that requests for exemption under Article 19 of the Charter must be submitted by Member States to the President of the Assembly at least two weeks before the session of the Committee on Contributions, so as to ensure a complete review of the requests (resolution 54/237 C).", "At its fifty-seventh session, the General Assembly endorsed the conclusions and recommendations of the Committee on Contributions concerning multi-year payment plans, as contained in paragraphs 17 to 23 of its report (A/57/11). Among those recommendations were that the Secretary-General should be requested to provide information on the submission of multi-year payment plans to the Assembly through the Committee and to submit an annual report to the Assembly through the Committee on the status of Member States’ payment plans as at 31 December each year (resolution 57/4 B).", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly adopted a scale of assessments for the period 2010-2012, based on the recommendations of the Committee on Contributions and using the same methodology applied to the preparation of the scale of assessments for the previous three scale periods. The Assembly recognized that the current methodology could be enhanced bearing in mind the principle of capacity to pay and should be studied in depth and in an effective and expeditious manner, taking into account views expressed by Member States (resolution 64/248).", "At the same session, the General Assembly requested the Committee to review, at its earliest opportunity, all elements of the methodology of the scale of assessments with a view to a decision before the end of its sixty-sixth session to take effect, if agreed, for the 2013-2015 scale period.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly took note of the report of the Committee containing its recommendations, but did not provide further guidance for the work of the Committee at its seventy-first session (resolution 65/246). At its seventy-first session, the Committee decided to further consider all the elements of the scale methodology at its next session in the light of any guidance from the Assembly.", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Committee on Contributions on its seventy-first session (6-24 June 2011): Supplement No. 11 (A/66/11);", "(b) Report of the Secretary-General on multi-year payment plans (resolution 57/4 B), A/66/69.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 133)", "Report of the Committee onContributions: Supplement No.11 (A/65/11)\t\nReport of theSecretary-General onmulti-year payment plans(A/65/65)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.2, 3 and 7 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/492 and Add.1 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.27 and 73 \n Resolutions 65/3 and 65/246", "139. Human resources management", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to the Assembly, for its consideration at the main part of its sixty-sixth session, a comprehensive report on conflict of interest (resolution 65/247).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General (resolutions 63/250, 64/231 and 65/247);", "(i) Amendments to the Staff Regulations (resolution 65/247, paragraph 75), A/65/213;", "(ii) Personal conflict of interest (resolution 65/247), A/66/98;", "(iii) Activities of the Ethics Office (resolutions 60/254, paragraph 16 (i) and 63/250, section XII, paragraph 5);", "(b) Other reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Composition of the Secretariat (resolutions 57/305, sect. IX, 59/266, 60/238, 61/241, 63/271, para. 12);", "(ii) Practice of the Secretary-General in disciplinary matters and possible criminal behaviour, 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolution 59/287, para. 16), A/66/135;", "(iii) Proposal for a mechanism to determine retirement pension benefits (resolution 65/258);", "(iv) Note by the Secretary-General transmitting the report of the Joint Inspection Unit on possible measures to enhance transparency in the selection and appointment process of senior managers (resolution 64/259, para. 19);", "(v) Special measures for protection from sexual exploitation and sexual abuse (resolution 57/306);", "(c) Reports of the Advisory Committee for Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 134)", "Conditions of service of thejudges (A/65/134)\t\nPractice of theSecretary-General indisciplinary matters andpossible criminal behaviour,1 July 2008 to 30 June 2009(A/64/269) and 1 July 2009 to30 June 2010 (A/65/180)\t\nImplementation of continuingappointments (A/64/267)\t\nProvisional Staff Rules(A/64/230 and A/65/202)\t\nAmendment to the StaffRegulations (A/65/213)\t\nOverview of human resourcesmanagement reform (A/65/305)\t\nContractual arrangements andharmonization of conditionsof service (A/65/305/Add.1)\t\nComprehensive assessment ofthe system of geographicaldistribution and assessmentof the issues relating topossible changes in thenumber of posts subject tothe system of geographicaldistribution (A/65/305/Add.2)\t\nTalent management tool,Inspira (A/65/305/Add.3)\t\nYoung professionals programme(A/65/305/Add.4)\t\nActivities of the EthicsOffice (A/64/316 andA/65/343)\t\nComposition of theSecretariat (A/64/352 andA/65/350)\t\nComposition of theSecretariat: gratispersonnel, retirees andconsultants (A/65/350/Add.1)\t\nMeasures taken to addresssystemic human resourcesissues raised by the Officeof the United NationsOmbudsman and MediationServices (A/65/332)\t\nNotes by theSecretary-Generaltransmitting the report ofthe Joint Inspection Unitentitled “Ethics in theUnited Nations system” andtransmitting his comments andthose of the United NationsSystem Chief Executives Boardfor Coordination thereon(A/65/345 and Add.1)\t\nList of staff of the UnitedNations Secretariat\t\nReports of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions(A/64/518 and A/65/537)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.11, 12 and 27 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/647 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 \n Resolution 65/247", "141. United Nations common system", "The General Assembly, by its resolution 3042 (XXVII), decided in principle to establish an international civil service commission for the regulation and coordination of the conditions of service of the United Nations common system. By its resolution 3357 (XXIX), the Assembly approved the statute of the International Civil Service Commission. The United Nations common system comprises 13 organizations that have accepted the Commission’s statute and, together with the United Nations itself, participate in the United Nations common system of salaries and allowances. Other organizations have not formally accepted the statute but fully participate in the Commission’s work and/or apply the common system of salaries, allowances and benefits. Under its statute, the Commission is required to submit an annual report to the Assembly, which is also to be transmitted to the governing organs of the other organizations of the common system, through their executive heads.", "At its sixty-fourth session, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to report at its sixty-sixth session on a comprehensive analysis of the possibility of changing the mandatory age of separation (resolution 64/231). At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly took note of the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2010; requested the Commission to promulgate guidelines for the Organization to follow when a staff member is terminated by mutual agreement; requested the organizations of the United Nations common system to report annually to the Commission on the implementation of contractual arrangements and conditions of service for all their staff; requested the Secretary-General to invite the executive heads of the agencies, funds and programmes participating in the United Nations common system to report to their respective governing bodies on the compliance of the organizations with the decisions of the General Assembly on the harmonization of the conditions of service; also requested the Secretary-General to report, in the context of the relevant performance reports, on the absorption of additional costs related to harmonization of conditions of service and to identify offsets that could be used to implement the harmonized subsistence allowance or lump sum in a cost-neutral manner without impacting on operational costs and without undermining the implementation of mandated programmes and activities; requested the Commission to report to the Assembly, in its annual report, on the implementation of its decisions and recommendations by the organizations in the United Nations common system; also requested the Commission to report on the implementation of its decisions regarding the harmonization of the conditions of service in non-family duty stations during the transition period, in the context of its annual report to the Assembly; and further requested the Commission to keep the issue of the United Nations common system conditions of service in the field under review (resolution 65/248).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011: Supplement No. 30 (A/66/30);", "(b) Report of the Secretary-General on the results of the comprehensive analysis of the possibility of changing the mandatory age of separation, including the implications in the areas of human resources policies and pensions (resolution 64/231);", "(c) Statement submitted by the Secretary-General in accordance with rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly on the administrative and financial implications of the decisions and recommendations contained in the report of the International Civil Service Commission for 2011;", "(d) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 136)", "Report of the InternationalCivil Service Commission for2010: Supplement No. 30(A/65/30)\t\nStatement submitted by theSecretary-General inaccordance with rule 153 ofthe rules of procedure of theGeneral Assembly on theadministrative and financialimplications of the decisionsand recommendations containedin the report of theInternational Civil ServiceCommission for 2010(A/65/493)\t\nReport of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions onthe administrative andfinancial implications of thedecisions and recommendationscontained in the report ofthe International CivilService Commission for 2010(A/65/532)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.10 and 27 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/648 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.73 \n Resolution 65/248", "142. Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "The Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) was established by the General Assembly in its resolution 48/218 B. The Assembly decided to include in the provisional agenda of its fiftieth session an item entitled “Report of the Secretary-General on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services”.", "The General Assembly continued its consideration of the item at its fiftieth and fifty-fourth to fifty-seventh sessions (resolutions 50/239, 54/244, 55/259, 56/246 and 57/287 A-C).", "At its fifty-ninth session, the General Assembly, under the item entitled “Review of the implementation of Assembly resolutions 48/218 B and 54/244”, requested the Secretary-General to ensure that annual and semi-annual reports submitted by OIOS to the Assembly contained the titles and brief summaries of all other reports of the Office issued during the year and that original versions of the reports of the Office not submitted to the Assembly were, upon request, made available to any Member State; and further decided that reports of the Office should be submitted directly to the Assembly as submitted by the Office and that the comments of the Secretary-General might be submitted in a separate report (resolution 59/272).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its sixtieth session (resolutions 60/255, sect. I, and 60/257 and decision 60/551 A).", "Also at its sixtieth session, the General Assembly, under the agenda item entitled “Report of the Secretary-General on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services”, decided to modify the title of the agenda item to read “Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services” in accordance with paragraph 3 of resolution 59/272 (resolution 60/259).", "The General Assembly considered the item at its sixty-first to sixty-fifth sessions (resolutions 61/275, 61/279, 62/87, 62/225, 62/232, 62/236, 62/247, 63/248, 63/265, 64/232 and 65/250).", "At its sixty-fourth session, under the item entitled “Review of the implementation of General Assembly resolutions 48/218 B, 54/244 and 59/272”, the General Assembly endorsed the observations, comments and recommendations on the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of OIOS contained in the annex to the annual report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee (A/64/288), requested the Secretary-General to ensure the full implementation of paragraphs 20 (a) to (c), 20 (e), 27, 29, 33, 35 and 39 of the annex, and further requested him to take no action on paragraphs 19, 20 (d), 21, 22, 24, 42 and 43 of the annex. The Assembly also decided to revert to the issues and recommendations contained in paragraphs 19, 20 (d), 21, 22, 24, 42 and 43 of the annex no later than at the main part of its sixty-sixth session (resolution 64/263).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly reaffirmed the independence and separate and distinct roles of the internal and external oversight mechanisms; encouraged United Nations internal and external oversight bodies to further enhance the level of their cooperation with one another; encouraged the Office of Internal Oversight Services to enhance its analysis in future annual reports of general trends and strategic challenges regarding internal oversight in the United Nations; requested the Secretary-General to implement outstanding and recurring accepted recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services dealing with issues that are systemic in nature; and requested him to ensure the full implementation of the accepted recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services, including those relating to cost avoidance, recovery of overpayments, efficiency gains and other improvements, in a prompt and timely manner and to provide detailed justifications in cases where recommendations of the Office are not accepted (resolution 65/250) (also relates to item 132).", "Documents:", "Reports of the Office of Internal Oversight Services:", "(a) Report on the activities of the Office for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolutions 48/218 B; 54/244; 57/292, sect. II, para. 22; 59/270, para. 3; 59/271, para. 11; 59/272; 60/257, para. 14; 60/282, para. 13; and 63/248, sect. IV, paras. 7 and 8);", "(b) Annual report on peacekeeping oversight activities for the period from 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 (resolutions 48/218 B; 54/244; 59/272; 60/268, para. 17; and 63/248, sect. IV, paras. 7 and 8) (to be issued in the second part of the resumed sixty-sixth session);", "(c) Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the organizational framework of the public information function of the Secretariat (resolution 62/236), A/66/180;", "(d) Report of the Office of Internal Oversight Services on the Audit of capital master plan procurement and contract management, including change orders (resolution 63/270), A/66/179.", "References for the sixty-fourth session (agenda item 141)", "Report of the Independent AuditAdvisory Committee on itsactivities for the period from 1August 2008 to 31 July 2009(A/64/288)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/64/SR.4 and 27 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/64/723 \n Plenary meeting A/64/PV.81 \n Resolution 64/263", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 139)", "Reports of the Office of InternalOversight Services\t\nActivities of the Office for theperiod from 1 July 2009 to 30June 2010\tA/65/271 (Part I) and Corr.1and Add.1 and Add.1/Corr.1\nAnnual report on peacekeepingoversight activities for theperiod from 1 January 2010 to 31December 2010\tA/65/271 (Part II)\nThematic evaluation of gendermainstreaming in the UnitedNations Secretariat\tA/65/266\nProgramme evaluation of theperformance and the achievementof results by the United Nationsin the Sudan\tA/65/752 (also relates to item143)\nThematic evaluation ofcooperation between theDepartment of PeacekeepingOperations/Department of FieldSupport and regionalorganizations\tA/65/762 (also relates to item143)\nReport of the Independent AuditAdvisory Committee on the budgetof the Office of InternalOversight Services under thesupport account for peacekeepingoperations for the period from 1July 2011 to 30 June 2012\tA/65/734\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions on the performancereport on the budget of thesupport account for peacekeepingoperations for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010 andproposed budget for the supportaccount for peacekeepingoperations for the period from 1July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/827)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.5 and 27 \nReport of the Fifth Committee\tA/65/649 (also relates to item132)\n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.73 \nResolution\t65/250 (also relates to item132)", "144. Financing of the International Criminal Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed in the Territory of Neighbouring States between 1 January and 31 December 1994", "This item was included in the agenda of the fiftieth session of the General Assembly, in 1995, pursuant to Assembly resolution 49/251.", "At its fifty-first to sixty-fourth sessions, the General Assembly considered the item (resolutions 51/215, 52/218, 53/213, 54/240 A and B, 55/226, 56/248 A and B, 57/289, 58/252, 58/253, 59/273, 60/240, 60/241, 61/241, 61/262, 61/274, 62/229, 63/254, 63/256, 63/259, 64/239 and 64/261 and decision 62/547).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly recognized the critical importance of retaining highly skilled and experienced staff members with relevant institutional memory in order to successfully complete the trials and meet the targets set out in the completion strategy of the Tribunal; requested the Secretary-General to utilize his existing authority under the existing contractual framework to offer contracts to staff, taking into account the needs of the Tribunal; reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to explore the possibility of employing at the United Nations, should their services be required, staff who remain with the Tribunal until the completion of its mandate or their services are no longer needed; welcomed the efforts of the Secretary-General to facilitate the selection of staff of the Tribunal who are subject to downsizing; reiterated the importance of carrying out an effective outreach programme within the overall mandate of the Tribunal and its completion strategy, and requested the Tribunal, in accordance with its mandate and in consultation with the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat, to continue to develop and implement outreach activities that are proactive, utilizing available resources optimally, and that contribute to the reconciliation process by effectively developing an increased understanding of its work; and encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to explore measures to raise adequate voluntary resources to fund the outreach programme (resolution 65/252).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly considered the conditions of service and compensation for members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and decided to review at its sixty-sixth session the pension schemes for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and requested the Secretary-General to include in his report a proposal for a mechanism that he may use to determine retirement pension benefits, taking into account acquired pension benefit rights accrued prior to serving in the Court or the Tribunals; decided to increase the special allowance of the Presidents and that of the Vice-Presidents, when acting as President of the Court or the Tribunals, to 25,000 United States dollars per year and 156 dollars per day, respectively; decided that the relocation allowance benefit received by the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda should be the same as that received by the members of the International Court of Justice; decided to grant a one-time ex gratia payment upon completion of service for ad litem judges who have served for a continuous period of more than three years, on the basis of the length of time served exceeding those three years, as per the schedule contained in the annex to the resolution; decided that, owing to the unique and exceptional circumstances of the conditions of service of ad litem judges in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, arising from the failure to establish a second pool of ad litem judges, the decision in paragraph 8 should under no circumstances constitute a precedent for eligibility for elements of conditions of service, as such eligibility does not exist under the current regulatory framework; and decided to re-establish a three-year cycle for the review of the conditions of service and compensation for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges and ad litem judges of the two Tribunals (resolution 65/258).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Second performance report of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 55/226);", "(ii) Budget for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 55/226);", "(iii) Budget for the international residual mechanism for criminal tribunals for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(iv) Revised estimates for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: effect of changes in rates of exchange and inflation;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda items 129 and 141)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nRevised estimates relating to thebudget of the InternationalCriminal Tribunal for Rwanda forthe biennium 2010-2011 (A/65/178)\t\nFirst performance report of theInternational Criminal Tribunalfor Rwanda for the biennium2010-2011 (A/65/578)\t\nConditions of service andcompensation for officials otherthan Secretariat officials:members of the InternationalCourt of Justice and judges andad litem judges of theInternational Tribunal for theFormer Yugoslavia and theInternational Criminal Tribunalfor Rwanda (A/65/134 and Corr.1)\t\nReports of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/533 and A/65/616and Corr.1)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.12, 25 and 27 \n Reports of the Fifth Committee A/65/646 and A/65/651 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.73 \n Resolutions 65/252 and 65/258", "145. Financing of the International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991", "This item was included in the agenda of the forty-seventh session of the General Assembly, in 1993, on the proposal of the Secretary-General (A/47/955). At that session, the Assembly adopted resolution 47/235.", "At its forty-eighth to sixty-fourth sessions, the General Assembly considered the item (resolutions 48/251, 49/242 A and B, 50/212 A to C, 51/214 A and B, 52/217, 53/212, 54/239 A and B, 55/225 A and B, 55/249, 55/250, 56/247 A and B, 56/278, 57/288, 58/254, 58/255, 59/274, 60/242, 60/243, 61/242, 61/262, 61/274, 62/230, 63/255, 63/256, 63/259, 64/240 and 64/261 and decisions 48/461, 49/471 A and B, 55/477, 60/560 and 62/547).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly recognized the critical importance of retaining highly skilled and experienced staff members with relevant institutional memory in order to successfully complete the trials and meet the targets set out in the completion strategy of the Tribunal; requested the Secretary-General to utilize his existing authority under the existing contractual framework to offer contracts to staff, taking into account the needs of the Tribunal; reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to explore the possibility of employing at the United Nations, should their services be required, staff who remain with the Tribunal until the completion of its mandate or their services are no longer needed; welcomed the efforts of the Secretary-General to facilitate the selection of staff of the Tribunal who are subject to downsizing; reiterated the importance of carrying out an effective outreach programme within the overall mandate of the Tribunal and its completion strategy, and requested the Tribunal, in accordance with its mandate and in consultation with the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat, to continue to develop and implement outreach activities that are proactive, utilizing available resources optimally, and that contribute to the reconciliation process by effectively developing an increased understanding of its work; and encouraged the Secretary-General to continue to explore measures to raise adequate voluntary resources to fund the outreach programme (resolution 65/253).", "Also at its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly considered the conditions of service and compensation for members of the International Court of Justice and judges and ad litem judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and decided to review at its sixty-sixth session the pension schemes for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, and requested the Secretary-General to include in his report a proposal for a mechanism that he may use to determine retirement pension benefits, taking into account acquired pension benefit rights accrued prior to serving in the Court or the Tribunals; decided to increase the special allowance of the Presidents and that of the Vice-Presidents, when acting as President of the Court or the Tribunals, to 25,000 United States dollars per year and 156 dollars per day, respectively; decided that the relocation allowance benefit received by the judges of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda shall be the same as that received by the members of the International Court of Justice; decided to grant a one-time ex gratia payment upon completion of service for ad litem judges who have served for a continuous period of more than three years, on the basis of the length of time served exceeding those three years, as per the schedule contained in the annex to the resolution; decided that, owing to the unique and exceptional circumstances of the conditions of service of ad litem judges in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, arising from the failure to establish a second pool of ad litem judges, the decision in paragraph 8 of the resolution should under no circumstances constitute a precedent for eligibility for elements of conditions of service, as such eligibility does not exist under the current regulatory framework; and decided to re-establish a three-year cycle for the review of the conditions of service and compensation for the members of the International Court of Justice and the judges and ad litem judges of the two Tribunals (resolution 65/258).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Second performance report on the budget of the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for the biennium 2010-2011 (resolution 55/225 A);", "(ii) Budget for the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia for the biennium 2012-2013 (resolution 55/225 A);", "(iii) Budget for the international residual mechanism for criminal tribunals for the biennium 2012-2013;", "(iv) Revised estimates for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: effect of changes in rates of exchange and inflation;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 142)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nRevised estimates relating to thebudget of the InternationalTribunal for the Prosecution ofPersons Responsible for SeriousViolations of InternationalHumanitarian Law Committed in theTerritory of the FormerYugoslavia since 1991 for thebiennium 2010-2011 (A/65/183)\t\nFirst performance report of theInternational Tribunal for theFormer Yugoslavia for thebiennium 2010-2011 (A/65/581)\t\nConditions of service andcompensation for officials otherthan Secretariat officials:members of the InternationalCourt of Justice and judges andad litem judges of theInternational Tribunal for theFormer Yugoslavia and theInternational Criminal Tribunalfor Rwanda (A/65/134 and Corr.1)\t\nReports of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/533 and A/65/616and Corr.1)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.12, 25 and 27 \n Reports of the Fifth Committee A/65/646 and A/65/652 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.73 \n Resolutions 65/253 and 65/258", "146. Administrative and budgetary aspects of the financing of the United Nations peacekeeping operations", "Cross-cutting issues", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to intensify his efforts to achieve economies of scale within and between field missions without undermining their operational requirements and the implementation of their respective mandates and to report thereon in the context of the overview report; to provide information on initiatives being taken for improved management of ground transportation, inter alia, on issues related to the global management of the vehicle fleet, composition and standardization of the fleet, fuel efficiency and spare parts management, and report in this regard in the context of the next overview report on peacekeeping operations; to provide, in the context of the next report on the overview of the financing of United Nations peacekeeping operations, updates on the implementation in United Nations field missions of human resources management reforms, particularly those contained within its resolution 65/247; reiterated its requests contained in paragraph 34 of section 2 of its resolution 65/247; to provide comprehensive information regarding the use of the temporary duty assignment mechanism and its implications for the regular recruitment process; to provide information on the impact of using temporary vacancy announcements on the regular recruitment process in the field and at Headquarters in the context of his next overview report on peacekeeping operations; to take urgent measures to eliminate the existing backlog of death and disability claims pending for more than three months and to report on the progress made to the Assembly at the second part of its resumed sixty-sixth session; with respect to troop rotations, to ensure a high level of service to troop- and police-contributing countries and cost effectiveness, without affecting their operational requirements, in close coordination with troop- and police-contributing countries, and to include further information in his next overview report on peacekeeping operations. The Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to ensure that all peacekeeping missions are provided with the necessary fuel supplies in an uninterrupted manner for the smooth functioning of the missions, without jeopardizing safety; to ensure that all missions monitor and evaluate the quality management systems of rations contractors to ensure that food quality and hygienic conditions are in accordance with established standards; to submit a comprehensive assessment of the efficiencies and effectiveness, including savings achieved and impact, of turnkey arrangements in his next overview report on peacekeeping operations; to continue to ensure that the utilization of systems contracts is subject to prior full analysis of all costs, in accordance with current practice; and to provide a comprehensive analysis on the administrative and budgetary aspects of the role and implementation of the integrated operational teams at the second resumed part of its sixty-sixth session. The Assembly reiterated its request to the Secretary-General contained in paragraph 25 of its resolution 62/269 to report to the Assembly on clear guidelines for the implementation of the best value for money methodology in United Nations procurement, including all specifics of the weighted evaluation techniques, and to provide a report on the results of the pilot project; the Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to ensure full transparency in developing the request for proposals methodology, and emphasized that the development of requests for proposals shall be driven by the operational demands of the Organization; to continue to ensure compliance with the Standards and Recommended Practices of the International Civil Aviation Organization with the objective of meeting the operational requirements of mandate delivery in the field, and to report, in the context of the next peacekeeping overview report, on the differences between the Standards and Recommended Practices and the United Nations Common Aviation Safety Standards; to provide an update on the status of the memorandum of understanding with the World Food Programme and its financial implications, as well as detailed analysis of the governance of United Nations air operations and overall resource levels, including information on the effective and efficient provision of backstopping functions and information and communications technology support, in the context of his next peacekeeping overview report. The Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to continue his efforts with regard to standardized training and awareness-raising on sexual exploitation and abuse matters and requested an update on progress in implementing the United Nations Comprehensive Strategy on Assistance and Support to Victims of Sexual Exploitation and Abuse by United Nations Staff and Related Personnel in the next overview report; requested the Secretary-General to take appropriate measures with regard to preventing unsubstantiated allegations of misconduct from damaging the credibility of any United Nations peacekeeping mission or troop- or police-contributing country or United Nations peacekeeping personnel, and to continue to ensure that prompt actions are taken to restore the image and credibility of any United Nations peacekeeping mission, troop- or police-contributing country or United Nations peacekeeping personnel when allegations of misconduct are, ultimately, legally unproven. The Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to intensify the efforts of the Secretariat, in particular the Department of Field Support and the Department of Management, to work closely with troop-contributing countries with a view to facilitate data collection and assisting in the completion of the questionnaire, under the provisions of resolution 63/285, in order to maintain the process within the envisaged time frame; decided to provide, on an exceptional basis, a one-time supplemental payment of $85,000,000 to troop-contributing countries for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, without prejudice to the integrity of the process set forth in its resolution 63/285; to establish a senior advisory group, by October 2011, consisting of five eminent persons of relevant experience appointed by the Secretary-General, five representatives from major troop contributors, five representatives from major financial contributors and one member from each regional group, to consider rates of reimbursement to troop-contributing countries and related issues; decided that the senior advisory group should complete its work as soon as practicable; to strengthen internal controls in the management of assets for peacekeeping, including expendable and non‑expendable property and strategic deployment stocks, to ensure adequate safeguards that would prevent waste and financial loss to the Organization; to submit the report requested in paragraph 14 of its resolution 64/269, on measures to address the impact of exchange rate fluctuations in the presentation of peacekeeping budgets and the management of peacekeeping accounts, to the Assembly at the second resumed part of its sixty-sixth session; to closely consult, throughout the process of preparation of the strategy for early peacebuilding, with Member States, the Peacebuilding Commission, United Nations agencies, funds and programmes and all relevant Secretariat entities, and underlines that specific peacebuilding tasks undertaken by peacekeeping missions should be based on priorities of the country concerned and on the specific context, in accordance with the principle of national ownership. The Assembly further requested the Secretary-General to take into account the risks involved in using single-source or multifunctional contracts in developing further proposals related to logistics modules; as well as applicable limitations on the number of United Nations commodities codes per vendor; to include all relevant information regarding the development and implementation of predefined modules and service packages in his next annual progress report; to provide information on various options available for enabling capacities in the effective deployment of service packages in field missions in his next progress report; to inform the Assembly on the implementation of paragraphs 8 and 9 of section VI of its resolution 64/269; to provide information, on an annual basis and in a consolidated manner, on the financial and human resources provided by client missions to the Regional Service Centre in Entebbe, Uganda (resolution 65/289).", "Financing of the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi, Italy", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly approved the cost estimates for the United Nations Logistics Base amounting to $68,512,500 for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 and decided on the financing of the budget estimates for the same period; and decided to consider at its sixty-sixth session the question of the financing of the United Nations Logistics Base (resolution 65/291).", "Reformed procedures for determining reimbursement to Member States for contingent-owned equipment", "At the resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly took note of the report of the 2011 Working Group on Contingent-Owned Equipment (A/C.5/65/16), and endorsed the conclusions and recommendations contained in the report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (A/65/830) (resolution 65/292).", "Closed peacekeeping missions", "At the same session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to return two thirds of the adjusted net credits available in the account of the United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission, to the Government of Kuwait, in the amount of $70,600; requested the Secretary-General to return 78.01 per cent of the $230,745,000 net cash available for credit to Member States as at 30 June 2010, in the amount of $180 million, based on the scale applicable to each mission’s last assessment; decided to consider at the second part of its resumed sixty-sixth session the position of closed peacekeeping missions, including the remaining amounts owed to Member States; and requested the Secretary-General to submit to it, for its consideration and approval, concrete proposals and alternatives on how to address the issue of outstanding dues owed to Member States from closed peacekeeping missions that are in net cash deficit (resolution 65/293).", "Support account for peacekeeping operations", "At its forty-fifth session, in 1991, the General Assembly established the support account for peacekeeping operations, effective 1 January 1990 (resolution 45/258); it became operational on 1 May 1990.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to make further concrete efforts to ensure proper representation of troop-contributing countries in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support, taking into account their contribution to United Nations peacekeeping; reaffirmed the need for effective and efficient administration and financial management of peacekeeping operations, and urged the Secretary-General to continue to identify measures to increase the productivity and efficiency of the support account; noted the overall benefits of the restructuring of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations and the Department of Field Support, and requested the Secretary-General to assess those benefits, and, in that regard, requested the Secretary-General to continue to make every effort to enhance the capacity of the Organization to manage and sustain peacekeeping operations; noted that the strategy for early peacebuilding is still being developed by the Secretariat, and, in this regard, requested the Secretary-General to consult closely with Member States, the Peacebuilding Commission, United Nations agencies, funds and programmes, and all relevant Secretariat entities, and underlined that specific peacebuilding tasks undertaken by peacekeeping missions should be based on priorities of the country concerned and on the specific context reiterated its request to the Secretary-General to review the level of the support account on a regular basis, taking into consideration the number, size and complexity of peacekeeping operations; requested the Secretary-General to fill all vacancies in an expeditious manner; approved the support account requirements in the amount of $344,792,400 for the financial period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of the amount of $47,185,200 for the enterprise resource planning project pursuant to its resolution 64/243, including 1,294 continuing posts and 1 new temporary post, as well as the redeployment, reassignment and reclassification of posts contained in annex I to the resolution, and 151 continuing and 11 new general temporary assistance positions and their related post and non-post requirements; and decided on the financing of the requirements for the support account for the same period (resolution 65/290).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Overview of the financing of the United Nations peacekeeping operations: budget performance for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 and budget for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 59/296);", "(ii) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolution 65/291);", "(iii) Budget for the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/291);", "(iv) Updated financial position of closed peacekeeping missions as at 30 June 2011 (resolution 65/293);", "(v) Performance report on the budget of the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (resolution 65/290);", "(vi) Report on the budget for the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/290);", "(vii) Annual progress report on the implementation of the global field support strategy (resolutions 64/269 and 65/289);", "(b) Notes by the Secretary-General transmitting:", "(i) Approved resources for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (resolution 49/233 A);", "(ii) Six-month update of information on the proposed budgetary levels for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (resolution 49/233 A);", "(iii) Financing of the support account for peacekeeping operations and the United Nations Logistics Base at Brindisi for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 50/221 B);", "(iv) Approved resources for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 49/233 A);", "(c) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda 143)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nUpdated financial position ofclosed peacekeeping missions asat 30 June 2008 (A/63/581)\t\nWelfare and recreation needs ofall categories of personnel anddetailed implications (A/63/675and Corr.1)\t\nProgress of training inpeacekeeping (A/65/644 andCorr.1)\t\nSpecial measures for protectionfrom sexual exploitation andsexual abuse (A/65/742)\t\nFinancial performance of theUnited Nations Logistics Base atBrindisi, Italy, for the periodfrom 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/642)\t\nUpdated financial position ofclosed peacekeeping missions asat 30 June 2009 (A/64/605)\t\nUpdated financial position ofclosed peacekeeping missions asat 30 June 2010 (A/65/556)\t\nFinancial performance of thesupport account for peacekeepingoperations for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/610 and Add.1)\t\nGlobal field support strategy(A/65/643)\t\nStandardized funding model of theglobal field support strategy(A/65/696 and Corr.1)\t\nOverview of the financing of theUnited Nations peacekeepingoperations: budget performancefor the period from 1 July 2009to 30 June 2010 and budget forthe period from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/715)\t\nBudget for the support accountfor peacekeeping operations forthe period from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/761, and Corr.1and 2)\t\nBudget for the United NationsLogistics Base at Brindisi,Italy, for the period from 1 July2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/760)\t\nUnited Nations air operations(A/65/738)\t\nReformed procedures fordetermining reimbursement toMember States forcontingent-owned equipment(A/65/800)\t\nStrengthening the capacity of theUnited Nations to manage andsustain peacekeeping operations(A/65/624 and Corr.1)\t\nNotes by the Secretary-Generaltransmitting:\t\nLetter dated 25 February 2011from the Chair of the 2011Working Group on Contingent-OwnedEquipment to the Chair of theFifth Committee (A/C.5/65/16)\t\nApproved resources forpeacekeeping operations for theperiod from 1 July 2010 to 30June 2011 (A/C.5/65/15)\t\nProposed budgetary levels forpeacekeeping operations for theperiod from1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/C.5/65/17)\t\nFinancing of the support accountfor peacekeeping operations andthe United Nations Logistics Baseat Brindisi, Italy (A/C.5/65/18)\t\nApproved resources forpeacekeeping operations for theperiod from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/C.5/65/19)\t\nPreliminary report of the Officeof Internal Oversight Services onthe implementation of the pilotproject designated by the GeneralAssembly in resolution 63/287(A/65/765)\t\nReport of the Office of InternalOversight Services on thethematic evaluation ofcooperation between theDepartment of PeacekeepingOperations/Department of FieldSupport and regionalorganizations (A/65/762)\t\nReport of the Independent AuditAdvisory Committee on the budgetof the Office of InternalOversight Services under thesupport account for peacekeepingoperations for the period from 1July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/734)\t\nReports of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/63/746 (sect. IV.B),A/63/856, A/64/659 and Corr.1,A/65/743, A/65/743/Add.12,A/65/775, A/65/827 and A/65/830)\t\nSummary records\tA/C.5/65/SR.33, 34, 35, 39 and42\n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/890 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolutions 65/289 to 65/293", "147. Financing of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1778 (2007), approved the establishment in Chad and the Central African Republic, in consultation with the authorities of Chad and the Central African Republic, of a multidimensional presence; and decided that the multidimensional presence should include, for a period of one year, a United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT), in liaison with the United Nations country team. In its resolution 1923 (2010), the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 31 December 2010 and called upon the Secretary-General to complete withdrawal of all uniformed and civilian MINURCAT components, other than those required for the Mission’s liquidation, by 31 December 2010.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad the amount of 239,096,600 dollars for the financial period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, inclusive of 205,748,500 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2010 and 33,348,100 dollars for the administrative liquidation of the Mission for the period from 1 January to 30 April 2011, taking into account the amount of 215 million dollars previously authorized for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2010 under the terms of Assembly resolution 64/286. The Assembly also decided, taking into account the amount of 184,949,000 dollars already apportioned among Member States under the terms of Assembly resolution 64/286, to defer its decision on additional apportionment for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 until its consideration of the final requirements for the Mission, to be submitted in the context of the performance report for the same period (resolution 65/254 A).", "At its second resumed sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly took note of the report of the Secretary-General on the financial performance of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad for the period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010; decided to defer until its sixty-sixth session action on the unencumbered balance of 149,947,800 dollars as well as the other income and adjustments in the amount of 13,466,100 dollars and the increase of 1,527,100 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income; and requested the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session updated information on the cash position of the Mission (resolution 65/254 B).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the financial performance of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(b) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 144)", "Report of theSecretary-General on thefinancial performance of theUnited Nations Mission in theCentral African Republic andChad for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/638)\t\nReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget for the United NationsMission in the CentralAfrican Republic and Chad forthe period from 1 July 2010to 30 June 2011 (A/65/487)\t\nReport of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions(A/65/549 andA/65/743/Add.11)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.13, 27, 34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/653 and Add.1 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 and 106 \n Resolution 65/254 A and B", "148. Financing of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1528 (2004), established the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) for an initial period of 12 months as from 4 April 2004. By the same resolution, the Council requested the Secretary-General to transfer authority from the United Nations Mission in Côte d’Ivoire (MINUCI) and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) forces to UNOCI on that date.", "The Security Council has since extended the mandate of UNOCI in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which were resolution 1981 (2011), by which the Council extended the mandate until 31 July 2011, and resolution 2000 (2011), by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Operation until 31 July 2012.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the Operation the amount of 517,850,700 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 486,726,400 dollars for the maintenance of the Operation, 26,374,200 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 4,750,100 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 43,154,225 dollars for the period from 1 to 31 July 2011; decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 1,121,350 dollars; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 474,696,475 dollars for the period from 1 August 2011 to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of 43,154,225 dollars, subject to a decision of the Council to extend the mandate of the Operation; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 12,334,850 dollars; decided that the increase of 852,800 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 25,042,400 (resolution 65/294).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/294);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 145)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on the budgetof the United Nations Operationin Côte d’Ivoire for the periodfrom 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/615)\t\nBudget for the United NationsOperation in Côte d’Ivoire forthe period from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/736 and Corr.1)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.14)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/881 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/294", "149. Financing of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus", "By its resolution 186 (1964), the Security Council recommended that a United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) be established and that the Force be stationed for three months with a mandate to use its best efforts to prevent a recurrence of fighting and, as necessary, to contribute to the maintenance and restoration of law and order and a return to normal conditions. Since then, the Council has periodically extended the mandate of UNFICYP, usually for periods of six months at a time, the latest extension of which was by resolution 1986 (2011) of 13 June 2011 for a further period ending on 15 December 2011.", "Prior to 16 June 1993, the Secretary-General was not authorized to utilize any funds other than voluntary contributions pledged by Member States for the financing of UNFICYP. Pursuant to Security Council resolution 831 (1993), the General Assembly, in its resolution 47/236, decided that, beginning 16 June 1993, the costs of UNFICYP that were not covered by voluntary contributions should be treated as expenses of the Organization to be borne by Member States in accordance with Article 17, paragraph 2, of the Charter of the United Nations.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNFICYP the amount of 60,121,200 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 56,512,000 dollars for the maintenance of the Force, 3,058,400 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 550,800 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; noted with appreciation that a one-third share of the net appropriation, equivalent to 19,114,267 dollars, would be funded through voluntary contributions from the Government of Cyprus and the amount of 6.5 million dollars from the Government of Greece; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 34,506,933 dollars; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 2,721,000 dollars; decided that the increase in the estimated staff assessment income of 255,600 dollars for the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the amount of 1,361,709 dollars; also decided, taking into account its voluntary contribution for the financial period ended 30 June 2010, that one third of the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 828,604 dollars in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be returned to the Government of Cyprus; further decided, taking into account its voluntary contribution for the financial period ended 30 June 2010, that the prorated share of other income in the amount of 297,987 dollars in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be returned to the Government of Greece; and decided to continue to maintain as separate the account established for UNFICYP for the period prior to 16 June 1993 (resolution 65/295).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/295);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 146)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nFinancial performance of theUnited Nations Peacekeeping Forcein Cyprus for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/625)\t\nBudget for the United NationsPeacekeeping Force in Cyprus forthe period from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/706)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.2)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/882 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/295", "150. Financing of the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "[See Security Council resolution 1925 (2010) and item 151 below]", "151. Financing of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "By its resolution 1279 (1999), the Security Council decided that the personnel authorized under its resolutions 1258 (1999) and 1273 (1999), including a multidisciplinary staff of personnel, should constitute the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) until 1 March 2000. The mandate of the Mission was extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the last of which was resolution 1925 (2010) of 28 May 2010, by which the Council extended the deployment of MONUC until 30 June 2010. By the same resolution, the Council decided that, effective 1 July 2010, the Mission would bear the title of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUSCO) and that MONUSCO would be deployed until 30 June 2011. The mandate of MONUSCO was extended to 30 June 2012 by the Council in its resolution 1991 (2011).", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to apportion among Member States the additional amount of 682,500,000 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, taking into account the amount of 682,500,000 dollars already apportioned for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2010 (resolution 65/255).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for MONUSCO the amount of 1,507,538,900 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 1,416,926,000 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 76,783,900 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 13,829,000 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 1,507,538,900 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of the amount of 39,936,800 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, comprising the estimated staff assessment income of 31,980,500 dollars approved for the Mission, the prorated share of 6,503,300 dollars of the estimated staff assessment income approved for the support account and the prorated share of 1,453,000 dollars of the estimated staff assessment income approved for the United Nations Logistics Base; and decided that the increase of 1,841,600 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 35,075,700 dollars (resolution 65/296).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "Budget for the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/296);", "Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda items 147 and 148)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nFinancing arrangements for theUnited Nations OrganizationStabilization Mission in theDemocratic Republic of the Congofor the period from 1 July 2010to 30 June 2011 (A/65/512)\t\nFinancial performance of theUnited Nations OrganizationMission in the DemocraticRepublic of the Congo for theperiod from 1 July 2009 to 30June 2010 (A/65/682)\t\nBudget for the United NationsOrganization StabilizationMission in the DemocraticRepublic of Congo for the periodfrom 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/744)\t\nReports of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/598 andA/65/743/Add.8)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.21, 27, 34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/654 and Add.1 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 and 106 \n Resolutions 65/255 and 65/296", "152. Financing of the United Nations Mission in East Timor", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1246 (1999) of 11 June 1999, decided to establish the United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET) until 31 August 1999. By its resolution 1257 (1999) of 3 August 1999, the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 30 September 1999 and, by its resolution 1262 (1999) of 27 August 1999, decided to further extend the mandate of UNAMET until 30 November 1999.", "At its fifty-fifth to sixty-fifth sessions, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the item and to include it in the draft agenda of the following session (decisions 55/494, 56/483, 57/599, 58/578, 59/570, 60/567, 61/567, 62/556, 63/567, 64/570 and 65/556).", "No advance documentation is expected.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 149)", "Plenary meeting A/65/PV.118 \n Decision 65/556", "153. Financing of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste", "By its resolution 1704 (2006), the Security Council decided to establish a follow-on mission in Timor-Leste, the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT), for an initial period of six months, with the intention to renew it for further periods. In its latest resolution, resolution 1969 (2011), the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 26 February 2012.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNMIT the amount of 208,603,700 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 inclusive of 196,077,500 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 10,614,500 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 1,911,700 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 137,270,825 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 26 February 2012; further decided that there should be offset against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 6,760,632 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 71,332,875 dollars for the period from 27 February to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of 17,383,641 dollars, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 3,513,168 dollars; and further decided that the increase of 947,800 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 17,795,500 dollars (resolution 65/297).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/297);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 150)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on the budgetof the United Nations IntegratedMission in Timor-Leste for theperiod from 1 July 2009 to 30June 2010 (A/65/687)\t\nBudget for the United NationsIntegrated Mission in Timor-Lestefor the period from 1 July 2011to 30 June 2012 (A/65/746)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.6)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR. 34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/883 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/297", "154. Financing of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1312 (2000), established the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) for an initial period of six months. The Mission’s mandate was extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1798 (2008) of 30 January 2008, whereby the mandate of UNMEE was extended until 31 July 2008.", "By its resolution 1827 (2008) of 30 July 2008, the Security Council decided to terminate the mandate of UNMEE effective on 31 July 2008, emphasized that that termination was without prejudice to Ethiopia and Eritrea’s obligations under the Algiers Agreements and called upon both countries to cooperate fully with the United Nations, including in the process of liquidation of UNMEE.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly took note of the report of the Secretary-General on the financing of UNMEE, which provided details on the final disposition of the assets of the Mission as at 7 December 2010 (resolution 65/298).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General containing the final performance report of the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (resolution 65/298);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 151)", "Report of the Secretary-Generalon the financing of the UnitedNations Mission in Ethiopia andEritrea (A/65/678)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/748)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/878 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/298", "155. Financing of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia", "The Security Council, by its resolution 858 (1993), decided to set up the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG) for a period of six months. The mandate of UNOMIG was extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the last of which was resolution 1866 (2009), by which the Council extended the mandate of the Mission until 15 June 2009. The mandate of the Mission was not extended beyond that date.", "At its sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided that Member States that had fulfilled their financial obligations to the Observer Mission should be credited with their respective share of the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 1,806,800 dollars in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010; also decided that, for Member States that had not fulfilled their financial obligations to the Observer Mission, their respective share of the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 1,806,800 dollars in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be offset against their outstanding obligations; and further decided that the increase of 157,600 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the amount of 1,806,800 dollars referred to in paragraphs 5 and 6 of the resolution (resolution 65/299).", "Documents:", "(a) Report of the Secretary-General on the financing of the United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia (resolution 65/299);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 152)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on the budgetof the United Nations ObserverMission in Georgia for the periodfrom 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/681)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.1)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/879 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/299", "156. Financing of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti", "By its resolution 1542 (2004) of 30 April 2004, the Security Council established the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) for an initial period of six months. The mandate of MINUSTAH was extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1944 (2010) of 4 October 2010, whereby it was extended until 15 October 2011.", "At its sixty-fifth session, the General Assembly decided to apportion the amount of 473,827,400 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, taking into account the amount of 380 million dollars already apportioned for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2010 (resolution 65/256 A).", "At its second resumed sixty-fifth session in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for MINUSTAH the amount of 844,258,700 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 793,517,100 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 42,997,600 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 7,744,000 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 246,242,100 dollars for the period from 1 July to 15 October 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 6,569,900 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 598,016,600 dollars for the period from 16 October 2011 to 30 June 2012 at a monthly rate of 70,354,892 dollars subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 15,955,400 dollars; and decided that the increase of 85,500 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 26,755,500 dollars (resolution 65/256 B).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report for the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/256 B);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 153)", "Report of theSecretary-General on thebudget for the United NationsStabilization Mission inHaiti for the period from 1July 2010 to 30 June 2011(A/65/535)\t\nReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget performance of theUnited Nations StabilizationMission in Haiti for theperiod from 1 July 2009 to 30June 2010 (A/65/703 andCorr.1)\t\nReport of theSecretary-General on thebudget for the United NationsStabilization Mission inHaiti for the period from 1July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/776)\t\nReports of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions(A/65/586 andA/65/743/Add.15)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/ 65/SR.19, 27, 37 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/655 and Add.1 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 and 106 \n Resolution 65/256 A and B", "157. Financing of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1244 (1999) of 10 June 1999, established the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) for an initial period of 12 months, to continue thereafter unless the Security Council decided otherwise.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo the amount of 47,802,200 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 44,914,800 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 2,446,700 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 440,700 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 47,802,200 dollars; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 4,634,800 dollars; and decided that the increase of 1,054,300 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the amount of 8,297,100 dollars referred to in paragraphs 17 and 18 of the resolution (resolution 65/300).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/300);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 154)", "Reports of theSecretary-General:\t\nPerformance report on thebudget of the United NationsInterim AdministrationMission in Kosovo for theperiod from 1 July 2009 to 30June 2010 (A/65/621)\t\nBudget for the United NationsInterim AdministrationMission in Kosovo for theperiod from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/711)\t\nReport of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions(A/65/743/Add.4)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/884 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/300", "158. Financing of the United Nations Mission in Liberia", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1509 (2003), established the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) for a period of 12 months. The mandate of UNMIL has been extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1938 (2010) of 15 September 2010, whereby the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 30 September 2011.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNMIL the amount of 559,147,030 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 513,404,030 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 12,155,900 dollars for electoral support to be provided by the Mission, 28,461,200 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 5,125,900 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 136,747,783 dollars for the period from 1 July to 30 September 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 3,806,125 dollars; decides to apportion among Member States the amount of 12,155,900 dollars for electoral support to be provided by the Mission; also decides that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 40,900 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 410,243,347 dollars for the period from 1 October 2011 to 30 June 2012 at a monthly rate of 45,582,593 dollars subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 11,418,375 dollars; and further decided that the increase of 361,900 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 32,775,600 dollars (resolution 65/301).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Mission in Liberia for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Mission in Liberia for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/301);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 155)", "Reports of theSecretary-General:\t\nPerformance report on thebudget of the United NationsMission in Liberia for theperiod from 1 July 2009 to 30June 2010 (A/65/620)\t\nBudget for the United NationsMission in Liberia for theperiod from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/727)\t\nReport of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions(A/65/743/Add.7)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/885 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/301", "159. Financing of the United Nations peacekeeping forces in the Middle East", "(a) United Nations Disengagement Observer Force", "The Security Council, by its resolution 350 (1974), established the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF). The mandate of UNDOF has been extended periodically by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1994 (2011) of 30 June 2011, in which the Council decided to renew the mandate of UNDOF until 31 December 2011.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNDOF the amount of 53,753,200 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 50,526,100 dollars for the maintenance of the Force, 2,734,600 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 492,500 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 53,753,200 dollars, at a monthly rate of 4,479,434 dollars, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Force; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 1,810,000 dollars; and decided that the increase of 106,400 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 852,500 dollars (resolution 65/302).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/302);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 156 (a))", "Reports of theSecretary-General:\t\nPerformance report on thebudget of the United NationsDisengagement Observer Forcefor the period from 1 July2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/596)\t\nBudget for the United NationsDisengagement Observer Forcefor the period from 1 July2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/710)\t\nReport of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrativeand Budgetary Questions(A/65/743/Add.3)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/886 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/302", "(b) United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon", "The Security Council, by its resolution 425 (1978), established the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) for an initial period of six months. The mandate of UNIFIL has been extended periodically by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1937 (2010) of 30 August 2010, whereby the Council decided to extend the mandate of UNIFIL until 31 August 2011.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly stressed once again that Israel should pay the amount of 1,117,005 dollars resulting from the incident at Qana on 18 April 1996; decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNIFIL the amount of 580,331,600 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 545,470,600 dollars for the maintenance of the Force, 29,540,600 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 5,320,400 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 96,721,900 dollars for the period from 1 July to 31 August 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 2,558,100 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 483,609,700 dollars for the period from 1 September 2011 to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of 48,360,967 dollars, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Force; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 12,790,300 dollars; and further decided that the increase of 1,081,300 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 62,951,500 (resolution 65/303).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/303);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 156 (b))", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nFinancial performance of UNIFILfor the period from 1 July 2009to 30 June 2010 ( A/65/608 andCorr.1)\t\nBudget for UNIFIL for the periodfrom 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/756)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.9)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34, 40 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/880 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/303", "160. Financing of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1590 (2005), established the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) for an initial period of six months. The mandate of UNMIS was extended by the Council in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1978 (2011) of 27 April 2011, by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 9 July 2011. The Council, by its resolution 1997 (2011), following the termination of the Mission’s mandate on 9 July 2011, decided to withdraw UNMIS effective 11 July 2011 and called upon the Secretary-General to complete the withdrawal of all uniformed and civilian UNMIS personnel, other than those required for the Mission’s liquidation, by 31 August 2011.", "At its sixty-fifth session, in December 2010, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the United Nations Mission in the Sudan the amount of 70,026,300 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, in addition to the amount of 938 million dollars already appropriated for the same period under the terms of its resolution 64/283 (resolution 65/257 A).", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNMIS the amount of 513,330,150 dollars for the period from 1 July to 31 December 2011, inclusive of 482,460,550 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 26,158,400 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 4,711,200 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 24,838,556 dollars for the period from 1 July to 9 July 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 794,816 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 488,491,594 dollars for the period from 10 July to 31 December 2011, for the administrative liquidation of the Mission, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), a successor mission to the United Nations Mission in the Sudan as stated in Security Council resolution 1978 (2011) and confirmed by Council resolution 1990 (2011), and any further missions established by the Security Council before 31 December 2011 in support of the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 15,631,384 dollars; and further decided that the increase of 2,702,700 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 52,052,100 dollars (resolution 65/257 B).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the United Nations Mission in the Sudan for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for UNMIS for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (resolution 65/257 B);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 157)", "Note by the Secretary-General onthe financing arrangements forthe United Nations Mission in theSudan for the period from 1 July2010 to 30 June 2011 (A/65/509)\t\n Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on the budgetof the United Nations Mission inthe Sudan for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/630 and Corr.1)\t\nBudget for the United NationsMission in the Sudan for theperiod from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/731)\t\nReports of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/571 andA/65/743/Add.10)\t\nReport of the Office of InternalOversight Services on itsprogramme evaluation of theperformance and the achievementof results by the United NationsMission in the Sudan (A/65/752)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.17, 27, 37 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/656 and Add.1 \n Plenary meetings A/65/PV.73 and 106 \n Resolution 65/257 A and B", "161. Financing of the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara", "The Security Council, by its resolution 690 (1991), established the United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) in accordance with the timetable outlined by the Secretary-General (see S/22464). The Council has since extended the mandate of MINURSO in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 1979 (2011) of 27 April 2011, by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 30 April 2012.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for MINURSO the amount of 65,398,400 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 61,449,400 dollars for the maintenance of the Mission, 3,346,300 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 602,700 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 54,498,667 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 April 2012; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 2,590,083 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 10,899,733 dollars for the period from 1 May to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of 5,449,866 dollars, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Mission; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 518,017 dollars; and further decided that the increase of 138,900 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be added to the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 2,386,700 dollars (resolution 65/304).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of MINURSO for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for MINURSO for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/304);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 158)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on the budgetof MINURSO for the period from 1July 2009 to 30 June 2010(A/65/665)\t\nBudget for MINURSO for the periodfrom 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012(A/65/720 and Corr.1)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.5)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.34 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/887 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/304", "162. Financing of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1769 (2007), decided to authorize and mandate the establishment, for an initial period of 12 months, of an African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID). The Council has since extended the mandate of UNAMID in subsequent resolutions, the latest of which was resolution 2003 (2011) of 29 July 2011, by which the Council decided to extend the mandate of the Mission until 31 July 2012.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for UNAMID the amount of 1,797,327,600 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 1,689,305,500 dollars for the maintenance of the Operation, 91,536,100 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 16,486,000 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 149,777,300 dollars for the period from 1 to 31 July 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 3,137,200 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 1,647,550,300 dollars for the period from 1 August 2011 to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of 149,777,300 dollars, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate of the Operation; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 34,509,200 dollars; and further decided that the increase of 2,223,700 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 shall be added to the credits in the amount of 175,974,100 dollars (resolution 65/305).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the budget of the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Budget for the African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolutions 65/305);", "(b) Report of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 159)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on the budgetof the African Union-UnitedNations Hybrid Operation inDarfur for the period from 1 July2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/631)\t\nBudget for the AfricanUnion-United Nations HybridOperation in Darfur for theperiod from 1 July 2011 to 30June 2012 (A/65/740)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.13)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.37 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/888 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/305", "163. Financing of the activities arising from Security Council resolution 1863 (2009)", "The Security Council, by its resolution 1863 (2009) of 16 January 2009, expressed its intent to establish a United Nations Peacekeeping Operation in Somalia as a follow-on force to the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM); and requested the Secretary-General to provide a United Nations logistical support package to AMISOM, including equipment and services. The Council, by its resolution 1964 (2010), decided to authorize the States members of the African Union to maintain AMISOM until 30 September 2011.", "At its resumed sixty-fifth session, in June 2011, the General Assembly decided to appropriate to the Special Account for the support of AMISOM the amount of 309,690,900 dollars for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, inclusive of 291,092,700 dollars for the maintenance of the entity, 15,759,800 dollars for the support account for peacekeeping operations and 2,838,400 dollars for the United Nations Logistics Base; also decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 77,422,725 dollars for the period from 1 July to 30 September 2011; further decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 1,255,950 dollars; decided to apportion among Member States the amount of 232,268,175 dollars for the period from 1 October 2011 to 30 June 2012, at a monthly rate of 25,807,575 dollars, subject to a decision of the Security Council to extend the mandate; also decided that there should be set off against the apportionment among Member States their respective share in the Tax Equalization Fund of 3,767,850 dollars; and decided that the decrease of 433,400 dollars in the estimated staff assessment income in respect of the financial period ended 30 June 2010 should be set off against the credits from the unencumbered balance and other income in the amount of 54,457,900 dollars (resolution 65/306).", "Documents:", "(a) Reports of the Secretary-General:", "(i) Performance report on the financing of support of the African Union Mission in Somalia for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011;", "(ii) Financing of support of the African Union Mission in Somalia for the period from 1 July 2012 to 30 June 2013 (resolution 65/306);", "(b) Reports of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions.", "References for the sixty-fifth session (agenda item 160)", "Reports of the Secretary-General: \nPerformance report on thefinancing of support of theAfrican Union Mission in Somaliafor the period from 1 July 2009to 30 June 2010 (A/65/619)\t\nFinancing of support of theAfrican Union Mission in Somaliafor the period from 1 July 2011to 30 June 2012 (A/65/809)\t\nReport of the Advisory Committeeon Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions (A/65/743/Add.16)\t\n Summary records A/C.5/65/SR.37 and 42 \n Report of the Fifth Committee A/65/889 \n Plenary meeting A/65/PV.106 \n Resolution 65/306", "165. Observer status for the Cooperation Council of Turkic-speaking States in the General Assembly", "By a letter dated 2 May 2011 (A/66/141), the Permanent Representatives of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey to the United Nations requested the inclusion of the above item in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "166. Observer status for the International Emergency Management Organization in the General Assembly", "By a letter dated 20 May 2011 (A/66/142), the Permanent Representative of the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to the United Nations requested the inclusion of the above item in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "167. Observer status for the Union of South American Nations in the General Assembly", "By a letter dated 24 June 2011 (A/66/144), the Chargé d’affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Guyana to the United Nations requested the inclusion of the above item in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session.", "No advance documentation is expected.", "168. Observer status for the International Renewable Energy Agency in the General Assembly", "By a letter dated 11 July 2011 (A/66/145), the Permanent Representative of the United Arab Emirates to the United Nations requested the inclusion of the above item in the provisional agenda of the sixty-sixth session.", "No advance documentation is expected." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* 未加说明的暂定项目表(A/66/50)于2011年2月14日印发。临时议程(A/66/150)于2011年7月15日印发。", "** 本增编是根据临时议程(A/66/150)编写的。", "¹ 按照大会第65/551号决定(见第50段)。", "大会第六十六届会议附加说明的议程草案^(*)", "增编^(**)", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 5\n2.附加说明的议程草案 5\n4.选举大会主席 5\n5.选举各主要委员会的主席团成员 6\n6.选举大会副主席 8\nA.按照大会和最近各次联合国会议的相关决议促进持续经济增长和可持续发展 9\n9.经济及社会理事会的报告 9XX.《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的承诺宣言》和《关于艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题 9 \n的政治宣言》的执行情况¹ \n13.联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动 1014. 11 \n不同文明对话全球议程 18. 11 2002年发展筹资问题国际会议以及2008年审查会议成果的后续行动和执行 \n 情况 27. 11 \n社会发展 \n(b)社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题 11\nB.维持国际和平与安全 1233. 12 \n预防武装冲突 (a) 12 \n加强调解在和平解决争端、预防和解决冲突方面的作用 34. 13 \n古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响 38. 13 \n被占领阿塞拜疆领土的局势 \n39.科摩罗马约特岛问题 14\n53.整个维持和平行动问题所有方面的全盘审查 14\nC.非洲的发展 16\n63.非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进展情况和国际支持 16\n(a)非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进展情况和国际支持 16\n(b)非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展 17\nD.促进人权 17\n69.促进和保护人权 17\n(b)人权问题，包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径 17\nE.有效协调人道主义援助工作 1870. 18 \n加强联合国人道主义和救灾援助，包括特别经济援助的协调 (c) 18 \n向个别国家或区域提供特别经济援助 \nF.促进司法和国际法 1976. 19 \n海洋和海洋法 (a) 19 \n海洋和海洋法 \nI.组织、行政和其他事项 19\n114.选举各附属机构成员以补空缺,并进行其他选举 19\n(a)选举二十个方案和协调委员会成员 19116. 20 \n接纳新会员加入联合国 \n117.千年首脑会议成果的后续行动 20\n120.执行联合国各项决议 21\n121.大会工作的振兴 21\n122.安全理事会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题及有关事项 22125. 23 联合国石油换粮食方案独立调查委员会就行政管理和内部监督所提建议的 \n后续行动 127.起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族 23 \n灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭 128.起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为 24 \n负责者的国际法庭 129. 24 \n刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制 132. 24 \n审查联合国行政和财政业务效率 133. 26 \n2010-2011两年期方案预算 134. 33 \n2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算 135. 37 \n方案规划 \n136.改善联合国财政情况 38138. 39 \n联合国经费分摊比额表 139. 40 \n人力资源管理 \n141.联合国共同制度 41142. 43 \n关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告 \n144.起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭经费的筹措 45\n145.起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭经费的筹措 47\n146.联合国维持和平行动经费筹措的行政和预算问题 48\n147.联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团经费的筹措 54148. 55 \n联合国科特迪瓦行动经费的筹措 \n149.联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队经费的筹措 56150. 57 \n联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团经费的筹措 151. 57 \n联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团经费的筹措 152. 59 \n联合国东帝汶特派团经费的筹措 153. 59 \n联合国东帝汶综合特派团经费的筹措 154. 60 \n联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团经费的筹措 \n155.联合国格鲁吉亚观察团经费的筹措 61\n156.联合国海地稳定特派团经费的筹措 62157. 63 \n联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团经费的筹措 \n158.联合国利比里亚特派团经费的筹措 64159. 65 \n联合国中东维持和平部队经费的筹措 (a) 65 \n联合国脱离接触观察员部队 \n(b)联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队 66\n160.联合国苏丹特派团经费的筹措 67\n161.联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团经费的筹措 69\n162.非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动经费的筹措 70\n163.安全理事会第1863(2009)号决议引起的活动的经费的筹措 71\n165.给予突厥语国家合作委员会大会观察员地位 72\n166.给予国际紧急状况应对组织大会观察员地位 72167. 72 \n给予南美洲国家联盟大会观察员地位 168. 73 \n给予国际可再生能源机构大会观察员地位", "一． 导言", "本文件作为大会第六十六届常会临时议程所列附加说明的暂定项目表(A/66/100)的增编，是按照大会1971年12月17日第2837(XXVI)号决议附件二第17(c)段的规定印发的。本附加说明的议程草案是根据第六十六届会议临时议程(A/66/150，2011年7月15日印发)编写的，载有与项目4、5、6、13、14、27(b)、33、34、38、39、51、53、63、69(b)、70(c)、76(a)、116、117、120至122、125、127至129、132至136、138、139、141、142、144至163及165至168有关的资料。", "二. 附加说明的议程草案", "4. 选举大会主席", "按照议事规则第30条，大会应选举主席一人，并至少在由其主持的会议开幕三个月前选出。会议的当选主席在该届会议开幕时才履行职务，并任职到该届会议闭幕时为止。", "2011年6月22日，大会鼓掌选出纳西尔·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·纳赛尔先生(卡塔尔)担任其第六十六届会议主席(第65/416号决定)。", "按照议事规则第92条的规定，选举以无记名投票方式进行，不采用提名办法。主席以简单多数票当选。但应予指出，除第三十六届、第三十八届、第四十三届和第四十六届会议外，自第三十二届会议起，主席均以鼓掌方式选出。", "1978年，大会第三十三届会议决定(第33/138号决议，附件，第1段)，在选举主席时应顾及公平地域原则，由下列国家组轮流担任该职务：", "(a) 非洲国家；", "(b) 亚洲国家；", "(c) 东欧国家；", "(d) 拉丁美洲国家；", "(e) 西欧或其他国家。", "大会第三十四届会议决定，在附属机构的选举中，如候选人数与应填补席位相等，即不必进行无记名投票，这个惯例应订为标准办法，并应适用于大会主席的选举，但如有代表团特别要求对某一项选举进行表决，则不在此限(第34/401号决定，第16段)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目4)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.103", "决定 65/416", "5. 选举各主要委员会的主席团成员", "大会共设六个主要委员会。大会第四十七届会议在其1993年8月17日第47/233号决议第1段决定修正大会议事规则第98条如下：", "“1. 决定大会的主要委员会如下：", "(a) 裁军和国际安全委员会(第一委员会)；", "(b) 特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会)；", "(c) 经济和财政委员会(第二委员会)；", "(d) 社会、人道主义和文化委员会(第三委员会)；", "(e) 行政和预算委员会(第五委员会)；", "(f) 法律委员会(第六委员会)。”", "大会第五十二届会议决定修正议事规则第103条第一句如下：“主要委员会应选举主席一人、副主席三人和报告员一人”(第52/163号决议，第1段)。", "第103条规定，选举应以无记名投票方式进行，但如果只有一个候选人而委员会另有决定，则不在此限。由于在多数情形下都只有一个候选人，所以各主要委员会主席团成员大多以鼓掌方式选出。", "此外，第103条还规定，每个候选人的提名，只限一人发言，之后委员会应立即进行选举。", "第99(a)条规定，所有主要委员会应至少在会议开幕三个月前选出主席一人，第103条规定的主席团其他成员的选举至迟应在该届会议的第一周结束前进行。依照2003年12月19日第58/126号决议，各主要委员会的主席团全体成员也应在下届会议开幕之前三个月选出。", "2011年6月22日，各主要委员会选出其主席，并选出第六十六届会议其各自的其他主席团成员(第65/417号决定)。各主要委员会主席团成员的选举在全体会议选举大会主席之后立即依次举行的六个主要委员会的会议中进行。大会第四十八届会议决定(第48/264号决议，附件二)，六个主要委员会的主席应按下列分配办法选出：", "(a) 非洲国家代表一人；", "(b) 亚洲国家代表一人；", "(c) 东欧国家代表一人；", "(d) 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人；", "(e) 西欧或其他国家代表一人；", "(f) 第六名主席应在二十届会议期间按下列分配办法轮流担任：", "㈠ 非洲国家代表一人；", "㈡ 亚洲国家代表一人；", "㈢ 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人；", "㈣ 非洲国家代表一人；", "㈤ 亚洲国家代表一人；", "㈥ 非洲国家代表一人；", "㈦ 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人；", "㈧ 亚洲国家代表一人；", "㈨ 非洲国家代表一人；", "㈩ 亚洲国家代表一人；", "(十一) 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人；", "(十二) 非洲国家代表一人；", "(十三) 亚洲国家代表一人；", "(十四) 非洲国家代表一人；", "(十五) 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人；", "(十六) 亚洲国家代表一人；", "(十七) 非洲国家代表一人；", "(十八) 亚洲国家代表一人；", "(十九) 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人；", "(二十) 非洲国家代表一人。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目5)", "逐字记录 A/C.1/65/PV.24", "简要记录 A/C.4/65/SR.26、A/C.2/65/SR.34、A/C.3/65/SR.53、A/C.5/65/SR.41和A/C.6/65/SR.29", "全体会议 A/65/PV.104", "决定 65/417", "6. 选举大会副主席", "大会主席由21名副主席协助工作。所涉职责由会员国代表团团长履行，而不是由当选的个人以私人身份履行。大会曾经四次决定增加副主席的人数(第1104(XI)号、第1192(XII)号、第1990(XVIII)号和第33/138号决议)。", "按照议事规则第30条，大会应选出副主席21名，并至少在由其主持的会议开幕三个月前选出。会议的当选副主席在该届会议开幕时才履行职务，并任职到该届会议闭幕时为止。", "2011年6月22日和7月29日，大会选出其第六十五届会议的副主席(第65/418 A和B号决定)。", "按照议事规则第92条的规定，选举以无记名投票方式进行，不采用提名办法。副主席以简单多数票当选。但应予指出，除第三十六届、第三十八届、第四十一届和第四十二届会议一个区域集团的选举有例外情形外，自第三十二届会议以来，副主席均以鼓掌方式选出。", "按照第30条的规定，副主席的选举应在各主要委员会的主席选出后(见项目5)才进行，以确保总务委员会具有代表性(见项目7)。", "1978年，大会第三十三届会议第33/138号决议决定(见附件，第2段)，21名副主席应按下列分配办法选出：", "(a) 非洲国家代表六人；", "(b) 亚洲国家代表五人；", "(c) 东欧国家代表一人；", "(d) 拉丁美洲国家代表三人；", "(e) 西欧或其他国家代表二人；", "(f) 安全理事会常任理事国代表五人。", "但大会主席选出后，主席所属区域的副主席名额即减少一个(第33/138号决议，附件，第3段)。", "大会第三十四届会议决定，在附属机构的选举中，如候选人数与应填补席位相等，即不必进行无记名投票，这个惯例应订为标准办法，并应适用于大会副主席的选举，但如有代表团特别要求对某一项选举进行表决，则不在此限(第34/401号决定，第16段)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目6)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.104和117", "决定 65/418 A和B", "A. 按照大会和最近各次联合国会议的相关决议促进持续经济增长和可持续发展", "9. 经济及社会理事会的报告", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会修正了世界粮食计划署总条例，(第65/550号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目9)", "秘书长的说明 A/65/928", "全体会议 A/65/PV.118", "决定 65/550", "XX. 《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的承诺宣言》和《关于艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题的政治宣言》的执行情况", "大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长向大会提供一份年度报告，介绍在履行《关于艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题的政治宣言：加大行动力度，消灭艾滋病毒和艾滋病宣言》所作承诺方面取得的进展，并在联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署支持下，根据千年发展目标全球报告安排，在发展目标2013年审查及其后的审查中向大会报告进展情况(第65/277号决议)(亦涉及项目13和117)。", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会决定将题为“《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的承诺宣言》和《关于艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题的政治宣言》的执行情况”的项目列入第六十六届会议议程草案(第65/551号决定)。", "文件：秘书长的报告(第65/277号决议)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目10)", "秘书长的报告 A/65/797", "决定草案 A/65/L.89", "决议草案 A/65/L.77", "全体会议 A/65/PV.95和118", "决定 65/551", "决议 65/277", "13. 联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议成果的统筹协调执行及后续行动", "大会第六十五届会议续会决定保持人权理事会作为大会的一个附属机构的地位，并在适当时候而且在最早十年最晚十五年的时间内再次审议是否保持这一地位的问题，并按照其第65/503 A号决定，继续将题为“人权理事会的报告”的议程项目分配给大会全体会议和第三委员会(第65/281号决议)(亦涉及项目117)。", "同样在第六十五届会议上，大会请各会员国进一步制定能更好地体现追求幸福和福祉在发展中的重要性的措施，以指导其公共政策，并欢迎不丹表示愿意在大会第六十六届会议期间召开一次主题为幸福和福祉的小组讨论(第65/309号决议)。", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会决定在第六十六届会议上进一步探讨世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响会议的政府间后续进程的最有效模式，并请大会主席与所有会员国举行公开、包容一切、及时和透明的协商(第65/313号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目13)", "决议草案 A/65/L.42/Rev.1、A/65/L.78(亦涉及项目117)和A/65/L.86和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.90-95、100、109和118", "决议 65/281(亦涉及项目117)、65/309和65/313", "14. 不同文明对话全球议程", "题为“不同文明之间的对话”的项目应伊朗伊斯兰共和国的请求(A/53/233)，作为增列项目列入1998年大会第五十三届会议议程。大会在该届会议上宣布2001年为联合国不同文明对话年(第53/22号决议)。", "大会第五十四至第五十六届会议审议了这个项目(第54/113、55/23、55/254和56/6号决议)。", "大会第六十届会议请秘书长探讨加强《全球议程》及该决议的实施机制，并就此向大会第六十五届会议提出报告(第60/4号决议)。", "在第六十五届会议上，该项目与议程项目15“和平文化”合并审议。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目14)", "秘书长的报告 A/65/269", "全体会议 A/65/PV.32和33(与项目15合并审议)", "18. 2002年发展筹资问题国际会议以及2008年审查会议成果的后续行动和执行情况", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会决定于2011年12月7日和8日在联合国总部举行第五次发展筹资高级别对话(第65/314号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目19)", "决议草案 A/65/L.91", "全体会议 A/65/PV.118", "决议 65/314", "27. 社会发展", "(b) 社会发展，包括与世界社会状况以及与青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭有关的问题", "大会第六十五届会议续会决定，大会第64/134号决议决定举行的世界青年会议将采用大会高级别会议的形式，于2011年7月25日和26日在纽约联合国总部举行，其总主题为“青年：对话和相互了解”(第65/267号决议)。", "在同届会议上，大会通过了关于“青年：对话和相互了解”的大会高级别会议的成果文件，重申了《世界青年行动纲领》，包括其十五个相互关联的优先领域，并呼吁会员国继续在地方、国家、区域和国际各级执行该行动纲领(第65/312号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目27(b))", "决议草案 A/65/L.63和87", "全体会议 A/65/PV.78、110-112、115和116", "决议 65/267和65/312", "B. 维持国际和平与安全", "33. 预防武装冲突", "(a) 加强调解在和平解决争端、预防和解决冲突方面的作用", "2001年8月，大会第五十五届会议续会在题为“秘书长关于联合国工作的报告”的议程项目下讨论了预防武装冲突问题。", "大会第五十五至五十七届会议在同一议程项目下审议了这个议题(第55/281、56/512和57/337号决议)。", "大会第五十七届会议决定将题为“预防武装冲突”的具体项目列入大会第五十九届会议临时议程(第57/337号决议)。大会第五十九届和第六十二届会议决定推迟审议该项目并将其列入后一届会议的议程草案(第59/568和62/554号决定)。大会在其第六十届和第六十一届会议上审议了这个问题(第60/284号和第61/293号决议)。", "大会第六十三和六十四届会议续会决定将此项目列入以后会议议程草案(第63/563和64/563号决定)。", "大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于题为“加强调解在和平解决争端、预防和解决冲突方面的作用”的第65/283号决议执行情况报告供会员国审议，并将会员国和其他有关行为者的意见及关于提高调解成效的指导方针列入该报告附件，并决定在其第六十六届会议临时议程题为“预防武装冲突”的项目下列入题为“加强调解在和平解决争端、预防和解决冲突中的作用”的分项目(第65/283号决议)。", "文件：秘书长的报告(第65/283号决议)", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目33)", "决议草案 A/65/L.79和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.102", "决议 65/283", "34. 古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "2006年，应阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、摩尔多瓦共和国和乌克兰的请求(A/61/195)，这个项目列入大会第六十一届会议议程。", "大会第六十二至六十四届会议继续审议这个项目(第62/249、63/307和64/296号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于该决议执行情况的综合报告(第65/287号决议)。", "文件：秘书长的报告(第65/287号决议)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目34)", "秘书长的报告 A/65/846", "决议草案 A/65/L.74", "全体会议 A/65/PV.105", "决议 65/287", "38. 被占领阿塞拜疆领土的局势", "2004年，应阿塞拜疆和土耳其的请求(A/59/236和Add.1)，本项目列入大会第五十九届会议议程。", "大会第五十九、六十一、六十三和六十四届会议决定推迟审议该项目并将其列入后一届会议的议程草案(第59/571、61/564、63/569和64/562号决定)。大会第六十届和六十二届会议审议了这个问题(第60/285号和第62/243号决议)。", "2011年9月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定推迟审议该项目，并将其列入大会第六十六届会议的议程草案(第65/552号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目18)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.116", "决定 65/552", "39. 科摩罗马约特岛问题", "1976年，应马达加斯加的请求(A/31/241)，本项目列入大会第三十一届会议议程。", "大会第三十二至第四十九届会议继续审议这个项目(第32/7、34/69、35/43、36/105、37/65、38/13、39/48、40/62、41/30、42/17、43/14、44/9、45/11、46/9、47/9、48/56和49/18号决议以及第33/435号决定)。", "大会第五十届至第五十九届会议和第六十二届至第六十三届会议均决定推迟审议这个项目，并将其列入后一届会议临时议程(第50/493、51/436、52/435、53/490、54/439、55/402、56/454、57/503 A、58/503 A、59/503 A、62/503和63/559号决定)。", "大会第六十四届和六十五届会议决定建议在各自会议的议程中列入这一项目，但有一项谅解，即大会将在得到进一步通知后才审议该项目(第64/503 A和65/503号决定)。", "大会第六十五届会议也决定将这一项目列入其第六十六届会议的议程草案(第65/553号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目40)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.2和118", "决定 65/503和65/553", "53. 整个维持和平行动问题所有方面的全盘审查", "1965年2月大会第十九届会议设立了维持和平行动特别委员会，负责全盘审查维持和平行动整个问题的所有方面，包括克服联合国财政困难的方法(第2006(XIX)号决议)。", "特别委员会目前的组成情况见A/65/19号文件(附件)。", "大会第二十至六十四届会议审议了这个问题(第2053(XX)、2220(XXI)、2308(XXII)、2451(XXIII)、2576(XXIV)、2670(XXV)、2835(XXVI)、2965(XXVII)、3091(XXVIII)、3239(XXIX)、3457(XXX)、31/105、32/106、33/114、34/53、35/121、36/37、37/93、38/31、39/97、40/163、41/67、42/161、43/59 A和B、44/49、45/75、46/48、47/71、47/72、48/42、48/43、49/37、50/30、51/136、52/69、53/58、54/81、55/135、56/225 A和B、57/129、57/336、58/315、59/281、59/300、60/263、60/289、61/267 A和B、61/291、62/273、63/280和64/266号决议)。", "2011年7月，大会第六十五届会议续会认可维持和平行动特别委员会的报告(A/65/19)第15至278段所载提案、建议和结论，并请特别委员会向大会第六十六届会议提交工作报告(第65/310号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 维持和平行动特别委员会及其工作组的报告：补编第19号(A/66/19)；", "(b) 秘书长关于维持和平行动特别委员会建议执行情况的报告(第65/310号决议)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目53)", "维持和平行动特别委员会的报告：补编第19号(A/65/19)", "秘书长的报告：", "支助经联合国授权的非洲联盟维和行动(A/65/510-S/2010/514)(亦涉及项目146)", "提高联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力(A/65/524和Corr.1)(亦涉及项目146)", "全球外勤支助战略执行进展情况(A/65/643)(亦涉及项目146)", "统筹行动小组的组建(A/65/669)", "维持和平行动特别委员会各项建议的执行情况(A/65/680和Add.1)", "起诉针对已部署维和人员实施的罪行(A/65/700)", "解除武装、复员和重返社会(A/65/741)", "2011年1月19日澳大利亚和乌拉圭常驻联合国代表给大会主席的信(A/65/698)", "简要记录 A/C.4/65/SR.14-17和27", "特别政治和非殖民化委员会 A/65/42和Add.1 (第四委员会)的报告", "全体会议 A/65/PV.62和109", "决议 65/310", "C. 非洲的发展", "63. 非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进展情况和国际支持", "(a) 非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进展情况和国际支持", "2002年，大会第五十七届会议通过了《联合国非洲发展新伙伴关系宣言》(第57/2号决议)。", "大会第五十七届至第六十四届会议审议了这个项目(第57/2、57/7、58/233、59/254、60/222、61/229、62/179、62/242、63/1、63/267和64/258号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议续会重申各国承诺建立监测机制，对《关于非洲发展需求的政治宣言》所载各项与非洲发展有关的承诺采取后续行动；并请大会主席继续进行由会员国牵头，有相关利益攸关方参加的非正式协商，以期在第六十六届会议结束时使该机制作用；重申对落实非洲发展新伙伴关系的充分支持，以及对充分执行关于非洲发展需求的政治宣言的承诺，并请秘书长根据各国政府、联合国系统各组织以及新伙伴关系的其他利益攸关方提供的资料，就本决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交一份全面报告(第65/284号决议)。", "文件：秘书长关于非洲发展新伙伴关系：关于执行进展情况和国际支持的第九次综合进展报告的报告(第65/284号决议)，A/66/202。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目62(a))", "秘书长的报告：", "一个负责审查对非洲发展需要所作各项承诺的监测机制(A/65/165)", "非洲发展新伙伴关系：关于执行进展情况和国际支持的第八次综合进展报告(A/65/167)", "决议草案 A/65/L.69/Rev.1(经口头订正)和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.30-31和102(关于项目62(a)和12的联合辩论)", "决议 65/284", "(b) 非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展", "1998年，应纳米比亚的请求(A/53/231)，大会第五十三届会议将这个项目列入其议程并予以审议(第53/92号决议)。", "大会第五十四届会议请大会主席设立大会不限成员名额特设工作组，以监测秘书长在1998年关于非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告所载建议的执行情况(第54/234号决议)。", "大会第五十五届至五十七届会议审议了这个项目(第55/217、56/37、57/2和57/7号决议)。大会第五十七届会议决定从大会第五十八届会议起，在题为“非洲发展新伙伴关系：执行进度和国际支助”的单一议程项目下列入这个项目，作为关于非洲发展的议程项目下的一个分项目(第57/296号决议)。", "大会第五十八届至第六十四届会议审议了这个分项目(第58/234、58/235、59/255、60/223、61/230、62/275、63/304和64/252号决议)。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长同相关伙伴协商，就其审查报告中提出的问题拟订政策提案，并请秘书长继续监测并每年向大会报告促进非洲持久和平和可持续发展方面持续存在和新出现的挑战以及联合国系统采取的做法和提供的支持(第65/278号决议)。", "文件：秘书长关于非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告所载建议执行情况的报告(第65/278号决议)(A/66/214-S/2011/476)", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目62(b))", "秘书长关于其关于非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告所载建议执行情况的报告(A/65/152-S/2010/526)", "决议草案 A/65/L.62/Rev.1和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.30和96", "决议 65/278", "D. 促进人权", "69. 促进和保护人权", "(b) 人权问题，包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "国际人权学习年", "2007年，大会第六十二届会议宣布2008年12月10日起算的一年为国际人权学习年，并呼吁会员国与所有相关利益攸关方合作，促进地方、国家和国际各级的人权学习和教育(第62/171号决议)。大会第六十三届会议进一步审议了这个问题(第63/173号决议)。", "大会第六十四届会议审议了秘书长关于国际年的报告(A/64/293)，并鼓励在各级开展基础广泛的持久人权学习。大会还请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于其决议执行情况的报告(第64/82号决议)。", "大会同届会议请秘书长向会员国、政府间组织和非政府组织进一步征求切实可行的建议和意见，此种建议和意见应有助于在非选择性、公正性和客观性原则的基础上促进国际合作，以加强联合国在人权领域的行动，并请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于这个问题的全面报告(第64/158号决议)。", "文件：秘书长关于国际人权学习年后续行动的报告(第64/82和64/158号决议)，A/66/225。", "第六十四届会议的参考文件(议程项目69(b))", "秘书长的报告:", "促进国际合作并重视非选择性、公正性和客观性以加强联合国在人权领域的行动(A/64/175)", "国际人权学习年(A/64/293)", "第三委员会的报告 A/64/439/Add.2(Part I和Part II)", "简要记录 A/C.3/64/SR.22-33和36和40-47", "决议草案 A/C.3/64/L.29和A/C.3/64/L.33/Rev.1", "全体会议 A/64/PV.61和65", "决议 64/82和64/158", "E. 有效协调人道主义援助工作", "70. 加强联合国人道主义和救灾援助，包括特别经济援助的协调", "(c) 向个别国家或区域提供特别经济援助", "1993年，大会第四十八届会议决定在全体会议上审议题为“加强联合国人道主义和救灾援助，包括特别经济援助的协调”的项目及其各个分项目(第48/162号决议，附件二)。", "大会第六十四届会议请秘书长和联合国系统各机构立即为巴基斯坦提供有效和足够的国际支持和援助，并在题为“加强联合国人道主义和救济援助，包括特别经济援助的协调”的项目下，向大会第六十五届会议报告本决议的执行情况(第64/294号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目69(d))", "秘书长关于在巴基斯坦发生严重洪灾后加强紧急救济、恢复、重建和预防工作的报告(A/65/773)", "秘书长关于为利比里亚开展的人道主义援助和重建工作的报告(A/65/357)", "F. 促进司法和国际法", "76. 海洋和海洋法", "(a) 海洋和海洋法", "大会第六十五届会议续会赞同关于就海洋环境包括社会经济方面的状况作出全球报告和评估的经常程序的特设全体工作组第一次会议的建议；并请秘书长于2011年6月27日和28日召开特设全体工作组第二次会议(第65/37 B号决议)。", "文件：2011年7月3日特设全体工作组共同主席给大会主席的信，转递特设全体工作组第二次会议的工作报告(第65/37 B号决议)，A/66/189.", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目74(a))", "关于就海洋环境包括社会经济方面的状况作出全球报告和评估的经常程序的特设全体工作组的工作报告(A/65/759)", "决议草案 A/65/L.65", "全体会议 A/65/PV.84", "决议 65/37 B", "I. 组织、行政和其他事项", "114. 选举各附属机构成员以补空缺,并进行其他选举", "(a) 选举二十个方案和协调委员会成员", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会宣布法国当选为方案和协调委员会成员，任期从2011年9月12日起至2012年12月31日(第65/404 B号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目112(a))", "秘书长的说明 A/65/291/Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.118", "决定 65/404 B", "116. 接纳新会员加入联合国", "接纳新会员加入联合国的问题必须按照《宪章》第四条、安全理事会暂行议事规则第58至60条和大会议事规则第134至138条的规定和其他规定处理。按照《宪章》第四条第二项的规定、接纳新会员须由大会根据安全理事会的推荐作出决定。根据大会议事规则第83条的规定、接纳新会员须经三分之二多数票通过。", "2011年7月13日，安全理事会在审查了南苏丹共和国加入联合国的申请书(A/65/900-S/2011/418)之后，建议大会接纳南苏丹共和国为联合国会员国(安理会第1999(2011)号决议)。", "2011年7月14日，大会第108次全体会议接纳南苏丹共和国为联合国会员国(第65/308号决议)。", "可在联合国网页www.un.org上查阅会员国名单，其中注明会员国被接纳加入联合国的日期，该名单上现有会员国193个。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目114)", "南苏丹共和国加入申请书 A/65/900-S/2011/418", "2011年7月13日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信(A/65/905)", "决议草案 A/65/L.84和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.108", "决议 65/308", "117. 千年首脑会议成果的后续行动", "大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长向大会提供一份年度报告，介绍在履行《关于艾滋病毒和艾滋病问题的政治宣言：加大行动力度，消灭艾滋病毒和艾滋病宣言》所作承诺方面取得的进展，并在联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署支持下，根据千年发展目标全球报告安排，在发展目标2013年审查及其后的审查中向大会报告进展情况(第65/277号决议)(亦涉及项目13)。", "在同届会议上，大会决定保持人权理事会作为大会的一个附属机构的地位，并在适当时候而且在最早十年最晚十五年的时间内再次审议是否保持这一地位的问题，并继续将题为“人权理事会的报告”的议程项目分配给大会全体会议和第三委员会(第65/281号决议)(亦涉及项目13)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目115)", "秘书长关于团结起来普及服务：实现无新的艾滋病毒感染、无歧视、无艾滋病导致的死亡的报告(A/65/797)", "决议草案 A/65/L.77(亦涉及项目13)，A/65/L.78(亦涉及项目13)\n 全体会议 A/65/PV.90-95和100", "决议 65/277和65/281(亦涉及项目13)", "120. 执行联合国各项决议", "大会第六十五届会议续会决定暂时取消阿拉伯利比亚民众国在人权理事会的成员资格并酌情审查此事(第65/265号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目117)", "决议草案 A/65/L.60和Add.1\n 全体会议 A/65/PV.76", "决议 65/265", "121. 大会工作的振兴", "1991年，这个项目列入大会第四十六届会议议程，该项目最初是由大会第四十五届会议主席提议列入大会第四十六届会议议程草案的(见第45/461号决定)。", "大会第四十六届至第四十八届、第五十二届和第五十三届会议审议了这个问题(第46/77、47/233和48/264号决议及第52/479和53/491号决定)。", "大会第五十四届会议决定推迟审议这个项目，并将其列入下一届会议议程草案(第54/491号决定)。", "大会第五十五至六十四届会议继续审议这个项目(第55/285、56/509、57/301、58/126(附件)、61/292、62/276、63/309和64/301号决议)。", "2004年7月，大会第五十八届会议续会通过了一些措施，包括改编大会议程，并决定大会第六十一届会议审查改编议程的规定，以期作出进一步改进(第58/316号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议通过了第一委员会2011年的拟议工作方案和时间表(第65/518号决定)、特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会)的拟议工作方案和时间表(第65/522号决定)、第二委员会的工作方案草案(第65/529号决定)、第三委员会的工作方案草案(第65/539号决定)和第六委员会的第六十六届会议暂定工作方案(第65/511号决定)。还是在第六十五届会议上，大会通过了改进第二委员会工作方法的决定(第65/530号决定)。", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会决定在第六十六届会议上设立一个向所有会员国开放的振兴大会特设工作组，以便进一步确定如何才能加强大会的作用、权威、效力和效率，包括参照以往的各项决议，并决定就此向大会第六十六届会议提出报告(第65/315号决议)。", "文件：特设工作组报告(第65/315号决议)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目118)", "振兴大会特设工作组的报告(A/65/909)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.56、57、60、62、69、71和118\n 第一委员会的报告 A/65/418", "特别政治和非殖民化委员会 A/65/431 (第四委员会)的报告", "第二委员会的报告 A/65/444", "第三委员会的报告 A/65/459", "第六委员会的报告 A/65/476", "决议 65/315", "决定 65/511、65/518、65/522，65/529、65/530和65/539", "122. 安全理事会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题及有关事项", "2011年9月12日，大会第六十五届会议续会决定在大会第六十六届会议非正式全体会议上立即继续进行关于安全理事会改革的政府间谈判(第65/554号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目119)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.118", "决定 65/554", "125. 联合国石油换粮食方案独立调查委员会就行政管理和内部监督所提建议的后续行动", "2005年，应哥斯达黎加的请求(A/60/235)，这个项目作为一个增列项目列入大会第六十届会议议程。", "大会第六十一至六十五届会议决定推迟审议该项目并将其列入后一届会议的议程草案(第61/503 A、62/555、63/566、64/569和65/555号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目123)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.118", "决定 65/555", "127. 起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭", "应秘书长请求，大会第六十三届会议期间第一次审议本项目，以便大会审议法庭庭长的来文并就其采取行动。大会第六十四届和六十五届会议继续审议了这个项目。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目125)", "秘书长的信 A/65/529-S/2010/513和/65/587-S/2010/598", "安全理事会主席的信 A/65/661", "全体会议 A/65/PV.74", "决定草案 A/65/L.57", "决定 65/412", "128. 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭", "应秘书长请求，大会第六十三届会议期间第一次审议本项目，以便大会审议法庭庭长的来文并就其采取行动。大会第六十四届和六十五届会议继续审议了这个项目。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目126)", "秘书长的信 A/65/588-S/2010/599", "安全理事会主席的信 A/65/662", "全体会议 A/65/PV.74和109", "决定草案 A/65/L.58和L.83", "决定 65/413 A和B", "129. 刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制(秘书长提议的项目)(A/66/143)", "安全理事会第1966(2010)号决议决定设立刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制，下设两个分支机构，分别在2012年7月1日(卢旺达问题国际法庭分支)和2013年7月1日(前南问题国际法庭分支)开始运作，并为此目的通过了该决议附件一中的余留机制规约。", "安全理事会在该决议第13段中请秘书长执行该决议，并为余留机制自首个开始日(2012年7月1日)起有效开展工作做出实际可行的安排，并至迟于2011年6月30日按规约的规定，启动挑选余留机制法官名册的程序。根据规约，该机制的法官由大会从安全理事会提出的候选人名单中选举。", "此外，根据规约，余留机制主席每年向安全理事会和大会提交一份年度报告。", "因此大会必须在第六十六届会议期间选举出该机制的法官，以便该机制能够在首个开始日(2012年7月1日)开始工作。此外，将要求大会审议该机制的年度报告，并为该机制的工作通过适当的预算和财政安排。", "没有要预发的文件。", "132. 审查联合国行政和财政业务效率", "大会第六十四届会议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议主要会期报告题为“在联合国秘书处实行问责制度”的大会第64/259号决议的执行情况。", "大会第六十五届会议重申其第41/213号决议，其中大会请秘书长在非预算年提出下一个两年期的拟议方案预算大纲，并再次请秘书长在今后提交的预算中尽可能提出各种措施来冲减预算增长，而不妨碍已获授权方案和活动的实施(第65/262号决议)。", "还是在第六十五届会议上，大会重申内部和外部监督机制的独立性及各自的独特作用；鼓励联合国的内部和外部监督机构进一步提高相互合作水平；鼓励内部监督事务厅(监督厅)在未来的年度报告中，加强对联合国内部监督方面大趋势和战略挑战的分析；请秘书长落实该厅就系统性问题一再提出并得到接受但仍未落实的建议；并请他确保迅速及时地全面执行内部监督事务厅获接受的各项建议，包括关于避免费用、追回多付款项、提高效率和作出其他改进的建议；如果监督厅的建议未获接受，则详细说明理由(第65/250号决议)(亦涉及项目142)。", "文件：(另见A/66/100中在项目141“联合检查组”下列出的文件)", "(a) 秘书长关于题为“在联合国秘书处实行问责制度”的大会第64/259号决议执行情况的报告(第64/259号决议)；", "(b) 独立审计咨询委员会关于2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间其活动的报告(第61/275号决议)，A/66/299；", "(c) 内部监督事务厅的报告；", "㈠ 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间年度报告(第48/218 B号决议、第54/244号决议、第57/292号决议第二节第22段、第59/270号决议第3段、第59/271号决议第11段、第59/272号决议、第60/257号决议第14段和第60/282号决议第13段)；", "㈡ 2011年1月1日至2011年12月31日期间维持和平监督活动年度报告(第48/218 B号决议、第54/244号决议、第59/272号决议及第60/268号决议第17段)；", "(d) 联合检查组关于联合国秘书处高级管理人员甄选和任命的透明度问题的报告(JIU/REP/2011/2)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目128)", "内部监督事务厅关于对秘书处采购管理的审计的报告(A/64/369)", "秘书长的说明，转递他本人和联合国系统行政首长协调理事会就联合检查组关于联合国系统各组织的离岸外包的报告发表的评论意见(A/65/63/Add.1)(亦涉及项目137)", "秘书长的说明，转递他本人和联合国系统行政首长协调理事会就联合检查组关于联合国系统各组织的环境形象的报告发表的评论意见(A/65/346/Add.1)", "秘书长的报告：", "关于联合国采购活动的综合报告(第62/269号决议)，A/64/284和Add.1和2", "内部监督事务厅关于该厅2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间活动的报告(A/65/271(Part I)和Corr.1和Add.1和Add.1/Corr.1)", "独立审计咨询委员会关于该委员会2009年8月1日至2010年7月31日期间活动的报(A/65/329)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的相关报告(A/64/501)", "秘书长关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算大纲的报告(A/65/560和Corr.1)", "秘书长关于加强政治事务部的报告(A/65/161)", "联合检查组的报告：", "联合国系统的离岸外包(A/65/63)", "联合国系统各组织的环境形象(A/65/346)", "决议草案 A/C.5/65/L.24和A/C.5/65/L.25", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.3、5、23、24和27", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/645和649(亦涉及项目142)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73", "决议 65/250(亦涉及项目142)、65/261和65/262", "133. 2010-2011两年期方案预算", "与2010-2011两年期方案预算有关的问题", "大会第六十四届会议决议秘书长应向行政和预算问题咨询委员会及大会第六十五届和第六十六届会议报告依据本决议规定就2010-2011两年期意外及非常费用所承付的一切款项及其事由，并就此等承付款项向大会提出追加概算(第64/246号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议授权秘书长在2010-2011两年期方案预算第20款(拉丁美洲和加勒比经济社会发展)下承付至多1 758 800美元，并在他的2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告中列报实际支出(第65/259号决议，第三节)。", "在同届会议上，大会欢迎成立联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)，这是本组织当前开展的重要工作，旨在加强实现两性平等和增强妇女权能以及领导、协调和促进联合国系统工作问责制的全系统能力(第65/259号决议，第六节)。", "还是在同届会议上，大会回顾其关于有限预算酌处权的第60/283号决议第三节和第64/260号决议第三节，请秘书长执行这两个决议的规定，并在2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告中报告有关情况(第65/259号决议，第十八节)。", "还是在第六十五届会议上，大会授权秘书长在2011年1月1日至12月31日期间作为特别措施承付至多9 882 594美元，作为塞拉利昂问题特别法庭自愿捐助资金的补充，并请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告决议执行情况(第65/259号决议，第十二节)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告(第65/259和65/268号决议)；", "㈡ 联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则情况的第四次进度报告(第60/283号决议)；", "㈢ 海外房地产管理和在建项目(第65/259号决议)；", "㈣ 关于建立一个确定退休养恤金福利的机制的建议(第65/258号决议)；", "㈤ 经济及社会理事会2011年实质性会议和实质性会议续会通过的决议和决定所引起的订正估计数(亦涉及项目9和134)；", "㈥ 人权理事会第十六届、十七届和十八届会议(以及2011年举行的任何特别会议)通过的决议和决定所引起的订正估计数(第60/251号决议)；", "㈦ 有限预算酌处权试验的执行情况(第60/283号决议第三节和第64/260号决议第三节)；", "㈧ 发展账户出资的项目的执行情况：第七次进度报告(A/66/84)；", "㈨ 为塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供补助金(第65/259号决议)；", "㈩ 联合国伙伴关系办公室，A/66/188；", "(十一) 内部监督事务厅关于联合国人权事务高级专员办事处执行任务效率的报告中所载建议的执行情况进度报告，A/66/74；", "(b) 联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会关于联合国合办工作人员养恤基金管理费用的报告(第46/220号决议)；", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告：补编第7号(A/66/7)和增编。", "大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治行动的估计费用", "大会第六十五届会议核可为大会和(或)安全理事会授权的29项特别政治任务编列预算共计毛额643 094 800美元(净额631 162 600美元)；决定根据大会1986年12月19日第41/213号决议附件一第11段规定的程序，在2010-2011两年期方案预算第3款(政治事务)下批款200 689 200美元；并请秘书长提出联合国布隆迪综合办事处或其后续机构2011年所需资源，供大会第六十五届会议续会第一期会议审议(第65/259号决议)。", "在第六十五届会议续会上，大会核准联合国布隆迪办事处2011年1月1日至12月31日期间预算毛额23 989 700美元(净额22 145 800美元)，并核准联合国派驻国际咨询和监察委员会的代表2011年1月1日至6月30日期间预算毛额24 600美元(净额24 600美元)，并注意到代表所需资源将在特别政治任务批款总额内匀支，并在2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告中向大会报告；决定根据其1986年12月19日第41/213号决议的规定，并考虑到已为联合国布隆迪综合办事处(特派团前身)核准14 641 200美元，在2010-2011两年期方案预算第3款(政治事务)下批款7 504 600美元；并决定利用联合国布隆迪综合办事处的未支配余额抵销联合国布隆迪办事处2011年1月1日至12月31日期间的部分所需追加批款，请秘书长在特别政治任务批款总额内匀支联合国布隆迪办事处的所需追加资源，并在2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告中报告有关情况(第65/268号决议)。", "在第六十五届会议续会上，大会核准阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组2011年6月1日至12月31日期间的预算，数额为毛额1 693 500美元(净额1 670 400美元)，核准参加日内瓦国际讨论的联合国代表2011年5月1日至12月31日期间的预算，数额为毛额1 590 600美元(净额1 469 000美元)；决定阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组和参加日内瓦国际讨论的联合国代表的活动所需资源将在2010-2011两年期特别政治任务核定批款总额内匀支，并请秘书长在2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告中报告有关情况(第65/288号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措的估计费用(第65/259、65/268和65/288号决议)；", "㈡ 审查特别政治任务的现行供资和支助安排，以确定可供采用的替代办法(第65/259号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "基本建设总计划", "大会第五十七届会议请秘书长每年向大会报告基本建设总计划采购合同的发放情况；此外又请秘书长向大会提交关于基本建设总计划执行情况的年度进展报告(第57/292号决议，第二节)。", "大会第六十五届会议再次请秘书长尽一切努力，通过健全的项目管理做法避免增加预算，尽力确保基本建设总计划在大会第61/251号决议核定的预算内完成，并在其第九次年度进展报告中报告这方面的情况(第65/269号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 关于基本建设总计划执行情况的第九次年度进展报告(第57/292号决议第二节、第61/251和65/269号决议)；", "㈡ 关于由基本建设总计划核定预算供资支付2012年所需连带费用的提议(第65/269号决议)；", "(b) 审计委员会关于2010年12月31日终了年度基本建设总计划的报告：补编第5号(A/66/5(Vol.V))；", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "信息和通信技术", "(亦涉及项目134)", "2004年，大会第五十九届会议请秘书长向第六十届会议提交关于信息和通信技术安全、业务连续性和灾后恢复问题的技术研究结果，并提供详细的费用计算和时间表(第59/276号决议，第十一节)。", "大会第六十届和第六十一届会议审议了这个问题(第60/283号决议第二节和第61/234号决议)。", "大会第六十三届会议请秘书长向大会提交一份统一的灾后恢复和业务连续性计划，并就此向大会第六十四届会议主要会期提出报告(第63/262号决议，第四节)。", "在同届会议上，大会请秘书长就信息和通信技术战略向大会第六十五届会议主要会期会议提交报告，内容包括：对治理结构作出调整；介绍这些管理和报告安排的最新情况；深入评估组织安排；全面清点整个秘书处的信息和通信技术能力；更准确地查明和量化信息和通信技术战略的实施预计产生的效率收益或效益；用来确定和衡量这些效益的方法和基准；秘书处首席信息技术干事办公室和外勤支助部在信息和通信技术活动方面的作用和职责(第63/262号决议，第一节)。", "大会还请秘书长至迟于大会第六十五届会议主要会期向大会提交一份统一的灾后恢复和业务连续性计划，包括为总部提出的永久解决办法(第63/269号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议请秘书长审查其关于联合国秘书处信息和通信技术战略实施情况的报告(A/65/491)所载提案，并在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中向大会提出新的提案和(或)订正提案；就其报告第71段所述建立次级数据中心的进展情况提出报告，其中适当列报2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算拟为实施这项工作编列的财政资源；并就今后其他信息和通信技术战略设施置于何处向大会提出一个以上的备选方案(第65/259号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：企业资源规划项目第三次进度报告(第63/262号决议，第二节)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "司法行政的经费筹措", "[参见项目143]", "与离职后健康保险福利有关的负债和拟议供资办法", "大会第六十一届会议核准了单设独立的特别账户，记录离职后健康保险应计负债并记载相关会计事项；核准了对2007年7月1日或以后征聘的新工作人员的离职后健康保险规定的修改；决定推迟审议报告中提出的其余筹资建议；请秘书长向大会第六十三届会议提交一份报告，除其他外(a) 说明离职后健康保险福利应计负债的验证结果和现状；(b) 提出关于备选的供资长期战略的进一步资料；(c) 报告为降低本组织在保健计划方面的费用而采取的措施；(d) 除其他外以截至2007年12月31日的离职后健康保险计划精算估值结果为基础，提供与根据筹资来源有区别筹资备选办法有关的更全面的信息和分析；(e) 提出与离职后健康保险准备基金有关的投资战略(第61/264号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议请秘书长在今后预算执行情况报告中列入有关医药和牙医储备金、预算期间采用的保费特免期月数、所用其他盈余资金分摊办法和对预算的财政影响等资料(第65/259号决议，第四节)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "秘书处官员以外其他官员(国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官)的服务条件和报酬", "2007年4月，大会第六十一届会议续会请秘书长向大会第六十二届会议提交一份报告，说明拟订国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官的养恤金办法的备选方案，包括给付确定型办法和缴款确定型办法，并考虑到按任职年数而不是按任期计算养恤金的可能性(第61/262号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议决定在大会第六十六届会议上审查国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官的养恤金办法，并请秘书长在其报告中建议设立一个他可用来确定退休养恤金福利的机制，同时考虑到在国际法院或两法庭服务之前已积获的养恤金权利(第65/258号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长关于秘书处官员以外其他官员的服务条件和报酬：国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官的报告(第65/258号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目129)", "秘书长的报告：", "2010-2011两年期方案预算第一次执行情况报告(A/65/589)", "经济及社会理事会实质性会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(A/65/319)", "人权理事会第十二届、第十三届和第十四届会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(A/65/333和Corr.1)及其第十五届会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(A/65/333/Add.1和Corr.1)", "关于联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则情况的第三次进展报告(A/65/308)", "大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措的费用估计数：联合国布隆迪综合办事处和联合国派驻国际咨询和监察委员会的代表(A/65/328/Add.6和Corr.1)", "大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数：阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组和参加日内瓦国际讨论的联合国代表(A/65/328/Add.7)", "秘书处官员以外其他为大会服务的官员的服务条件和报酬：国际公务员制度委员会专任成员及行政和预算问题咨询委员会主席(A/65/676)", "联合国伙伴关系办公室(A/65/347)", "飞行舱位标准(A/65/348)", "联合国系统行政首长协调理事会关于统一飞行舱位标准的可行性的报告(A/65/386)", "应急基金：所涉方案预算的综合说明和订正估计数(A/C.5/65/14)", "关于加强政治事务部的大会第63/261号决议执行情况(A/65/161和Corr.1)", "根据任择议定书第5条增加防范酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格待遇或处罚小组委员会成员引起的订正估计数(A/65/500)(亦涉及项目68(a))", "加强联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处管理能力(A/65/705)", "经修订的安保管理框架以及与加强和统一联合国安保管理系统有关的2010-2011两年期方案预算第5款(维持和平行动)的订正估计数(A/65/320和Corr.1)", "海外房地产管理和在建项目(A/65/351)", "基本建设总计划执行情况第八次年度进展报告(A/65/511)", "关于由基本建设总计划核定预算供资支付2011年连带费用的提议(A/65/ 511/Add.1)", "审计委员会关于联合国2009年12月31日终了两年期的报告和关于基本建设总计划2009年12月31日终了年度的报告所载各项建议的执行情况(A/65/296)", "因保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会成员扩充所引起的订正估计数(A/65/85)", "关于经常预算资源用于联合国促进两性平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)规范性支助职能的订正提案(A/65/531)", "因残疾人权利委员会成员扩充所引起的2010-2011两年期方案预算第23款(人权)下的订正估计数(A/65/400)", "因保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约生效而产生的订正估计数(A/65/628)", "关于企业资源规划项目的第二次进度报告以及2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算第28 A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)下订正估计数和维持和平支助账户下订正估计数(A/65/389)", "秘书长的说明：", "转递联合检查组关于审查联合国系统内部旅行安排的报告(A/65/338)", "联合国系统行政首长协调理事会的相关报告(A/65/338/Add.1)", "内部监督事务厅的报告：", "2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间年度报告(A/65/271(Part I)和Corr.1和Add.1和Corr.1)", "关于执行大会在第63/287号决议中指定的试点项目的初步报告(A/65/765)", "维持和平行动部/外勤支助部与区域组织之间合作情况的专题评价(A/65/762)", "审计委员会关于2009年12月31日终了年度的报告：基本建设总计划，补编第5号(A/65/5(Vol.V))", "方案和协调委员会第五十届会议的报告：补编第16号(A/65/16)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告：(包括A/65/739、A/65/602/Add.1和Add.2、A/65/767、A/65/632、A/65/725)补编第7号(A/65/7)和增编", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.6-8、12、13、17-20、22、23、25-31、39和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/646和Add.1，2和3", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73，84和106", "决议 65/258、65/259、65/260、65/268、65/269和65/288", "决定 65/542和65/543", "134. 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算", "依照《联合国财务条例和细则》条例2.4，秘书长于每一财政期间的第二年向大会常会提出下一财政期间的拟议方案预算。大会第六十五届会议在题为“审查联合国的行政和财政业务效率”的项目下审议了这个问题(另见项目132)。", "2003年，大会第五十八届会议决定，方案预算各分册的方案说明应与两年期方案计划完全相同；又决定维持拟议方案预算的现有格式及其中所载的信息量；请秘书长在预算分册的导言中列述大会在两年期方案计划通过后批准的新的和(或)订正的任务规定；并请秘书长确保在拟议方案预算各款中明确列出用于履行监测和评估职能的资源(第58/269号决议)。", "大会第六十届会议认可关于每两年一次将联合国裁军研究所补助金请求在大会审议相关的两年期拟议方案预算时提交大会审查与核准的提议(第60/248号决议，第四节)。", "在同届会议上，大会回顾其2005年12月23日第60/246号决议第11段，决定试验性地授与秘书长执行2006-2007和2008-2009两年期预算的有限酌处权，为满足本组织在完成已获授权的方案和活动方面不断变化的需要，在每个两年期承付职位和非员额经费最多2 000万美元；又决定在大会第六十四届会议上审查该项试验，以便最终决定该项试验是否延续，并请秘书长提交一份关于试验执行情况的全面报告，供大会审议(第60/283号决议，第三节)。", "大会第六十三届会议表示注意到秘书长关于更加有成效、有效率地执行与发展有关活动的任务以及有关2008-2009两年期方案预算的订正估计数的报告(A/62/708)和关于发展账户的报告(A/63/335)；认可行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/62/7/Add.40和A/63/479)所载的结论和建议，但以符合决议的规定为前提；请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中报告决议执行情况(第63/260号决议)。", "大会第六十四届会议续会注意到秘书长关于有限预算酌处权的报告(A/64/ 562)，并认可行政和预算问题咨询委员会报告所载的结论和建议(第64/260号决议，第三节)。", "还是在第六十四届会议续会上，大会请秘书长结合2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算提出建议，以审查根据现有程序对大会主席办公室的预算分配(第64/301号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议在题为“审查联合国行政和财政业务效率”的项目下，邀请秘书长在按照2010-2011年订正费率计算的初步估计数5 396 697 200美元的基础上编制2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算，并请秘书长在提出2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时，反映该决议第13段所列的优先事项(第65/262号决议)。", "在同届会议上，大会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中进一步说明妇女署为执行第64/289号决议第75段所述任务所开展的规范性政府间进程，以便具体说明妇女署的活动，包括行政、评价、协调、研究和分析政策等职能是否支持或可否视为规范性政府间进程；业务性政府间进程和业务活动；或兼而有之(第65/259号决议，第六节)。", "文件：", "(a) 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算：补编第6号：A/66/6(Introduction)、(Sects.1-7)、(Sect.8)和Corr.1、(Sects.9-12)、(Sect.13)和Add.1、(Sects.14-15)、(Sect.16)和Corr.1、(Sects.17-25)、(Sect.26)和Corr.1、(Sect.27)、(Sect.28)和Corr.1、(Sects.29-29C)、(Sect.29D)和Corr.1、(Sect.29E)、(Sect.29F)和Corr.1、(Sects.29G-37)和(Income sects.1-3)；", "(b) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 关于2010-2011两年期方案预算和2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中反映的两年期方案计划变化的合并报告(第58/269和65/244号决议)，A/66/82(亦涉及项目135)；", "㈡ 大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治行动费用估计数(第65/259号决议第十三节和第65/268号决议第二节)；", "㈢ 有限预算酌处权试验的执行情况(第60/283号决议第三节和第64/260号决议第三节)；", "㈣ 应急基金：所涉方案预算的综合说明和订正估计数(第42/211号决议附件)；", "㈤ 订正估计数：汇率和通货膨胀率变动的影响；", "㈥ 人权理事会第十六届、十七届和十八届会议(和2011年举行的任何特别会议)通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(第60/251号决议)；", "㈦ 经济及社会理事会2011年实质性会议和2011年实质性会议续会通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(也涉及项目9和133)；", "㈧ 联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则的第四次进展报告(第60/283号决议，第二节)；", "㈨ 联合国内部司法(第61/261和65/259号决议)；", "㈩ 联合国监察员和调解事务办公室的活动(第65/251和65/259号决议)；", "(十一) 机构复原力管理系统：紧急情况管理框架(第64/260号决议，第二部分)；", "(十二) 关于联合国总部长期房舍需求的可行性研究(第60/282号决议)；", "(十三) 关于联合国日内瓦办事处战略遗产计划的进展报告(第64/243号决议)；", "(十四) 为塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供补助金(第65/259号决议)；", "(十五) 秘书处官员以外其他官员(国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官)的服务条件和报酬(第65/258号决议)；", "(c) 秘书长的说明：要求按照联合国裁军研究所董事会对该所2012-2013两年期工作方案的建议向研究所提供补助金(第60/248号决议，第四节)，A/66/170；", "(d) 内部监督事务厅关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的年度报告；", "(e) 独立审计咨询委员会的报告：内部监督：2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算(A/66/85)；", "(f) 方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议报告：补编第16号(A/66/16)；", "(g) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告：补编第7号(A/66/7)和增编。", "发展账户", "2001年，大会第五十六届会议决定继续不断审查发展账户的执行情况(第56/237号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长关于发展账户出资的项目的执行情况：第七次进度报告(第56/237号决议)，A/66/84；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "联合国合办工作人员养恤基金", "1991年，大会第四十六届会议决定联合国养恤金制度有关项目在偶数年审议(第46/220号决议)，但安排由第五委员会和大会负责在联合国两年期方案预算议程项目下审查和批准同联合国合办工作人员养恤基金开支有关的一切事项，包括养恤基金两年期预算(见A/54/206)。", "文件：", "(a) 联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会关于联合国合办工作人员养恤基金管理费用的报告(第46/220号决议)(亦涉及项目133)。", "(b) 秘书长关于联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会的报告所涉行政和经费问题的报告；", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期方案预算的报告：补编第7号(A/66/7)。", "国际公务员制度委员会2011年报告所载决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题", "大会第六十五届会议表示注意到秘书长按照大会议事规则第153条提出的关于国际公务员制度委员会2010年报告内的决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题的说明(A/65/493)以及行政和预算问题咨询委员会的有关报告(A/65/532)(第65/259号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长按照大会议事规则第153条提出的关于国际公务员制度委员会2011年度报告内各项决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题的说明；", "(b) 国际公务员制度委员会2011年报告：补编第30号(A/66/30)；", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "信息和通信技术", "[见项目133下的内容]", "文件：秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术倡议的报告(第63/262、63/269、64/243、65/259号决议第十七节)，A/66/94。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目129)", "[见第六十五届会议参考文件项目133下的内容]", "秘书长关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算大纲的报告(A/65/560和Corr.1)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的相关报告(A/65/611)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.6、7、8、12、13、17、18、20、22、25、26、27和28", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/646和Add.1和2", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73和84", "决议 65/258、65/259、65/260 A-C、65/268和65/269", "决定 65/542和65/543", "135. 方案规划", "2003年，大会第五十八届会议请秘书长编写一份用以取代现行四年期中期计划的试验性战略框架文件，提交大会第五十九届会议(第58/269号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议认可方案和协调委员会第五十届会议工作报告(A/65/16)第二章A节所载2012-2013年期间拟议战略框架，并请秘书长按照核准的优先事项和该决议通过的战略框架，编制2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算(第65/244号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议(2011年6月6日至7月1日)的报告：补编第16号(A/66/16)；", "(b) 秘书长关于2010-2011两年期方案预算和2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中反映的两年期方案计划变化的合并报告(第58/269号决议)，A/66/82。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目130)", "方案和协调委员会第五十届会议(2010年6月7日至7月2日)的报告：补编第16号(A/65/16)", "2012-2013年拟议战略框架：第一部分：计划大纲(A/65/6(Part one)和第二部分：两年期方案计划(A/65/6(Prog.1-11)、(Prog.12)和Corr.1、(Progs.13-16)、(Prog.17)和Corr.1、(Progs.18-27))", "秘书长关于联合国2008-2009两年期方案执行情况报告的报告(A/65/70)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.4和8", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/544", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73", "决议 65/244", "136. 改善联合国财政情况", "1975年，大会第三十届会议决定将题为“联合国财政紧急情况”的项目列入其第三十一届会议临时议程(第3538(XXX)号决议)。大会第三十一届至第三十九届会议审议了这个问题(第31/191、32/104、33/430、35/113、36/116 A和B、37/13、38/228 A和B、39/239 A和B号决议以及第34/435号决定)。", "大会第四十届会议应秘书长的请求(A/40/247)，将题为“联合国当前的财政危机”的项目列入议程。大会第四十届和第四十二届至第四十五届会议审议了这个项目(第42/212、43/215、44/195 A和B及45/236 A和B号决议以及第40/471、40/472和42/460号决定)。", "大会第四十七届会议决定以后把题为“联合国当前的财政危机”和“联合国财政紧急情况”的两个项目合并为一个题为“改善联合国的财政情况”的议程项目来审议；又决定视需要随时审议联合国的财政情况(第47/215号决议)。", "大会第四十八届会议以来的各届会议议程都列入了这个项目(第48/220号决议以及第49/474、50/496、51/462、52/496、53/494、54/495、55/493、56/482、57/598、58/575、59/569、60/566和61/566号决定)。", "文件：秘书长的定期报告(第47/215号决议)。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目131)", "秘书长的报告 A/65/519和Add.1", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.6、9", "138. 联合国经费分摊比额表", "联合国经常预算由会员国按照大会根据会费委员会的建议通过的经费分摊比额表缴纳(见项目115(b))。分摊比额表也用于摊派基本建设总计划的费用。维持和平行动的经费也由会员国按照经第55/235和55/236号决议和关于维持和平行动经费筹措的其他决议修订的这个比额表分摊。经常预算和维持和平行动采用的分摊比率也用于摊派卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭的费用。", "1999年，大会第五十四届会议决定，会员国必须至少在会费委员会会议举行之前两周向大会主席提出《宪章》第十九条所述豁免的请求，以确保能对这些请求进行全面审查(第54/237 C号决议)。", "大会第五十七届会议认可会费委员会报告(A/57/11)第17至23段所载的委员会关于多年付款计划的结论和建议。这些建议中包括：请秘书长通过会费委员会向大会提出关于多年付款计划提交情况的资料，以及通过会费委员会向大会提出关于截至每年12月31日的各会员国缴款计划状况的年度报告(第57/4 B号决议)。", "大会第六十四届会议根据会费委员会的建议通过了2010-2012年期间的分摊比额表，并采用同一方法编制过去三个分摊比额表期间的分摊比额表。大会确认现行方法可以改进，但要铭记支付能力原则；又确认需要以有效方式从速深入研究这一方法，同时考虑到会员国表达的观点(第64/248号决议)。", "在同一届会议上，大会请会费委员会尽早审查分摊比额表编制方法的所有要素，以期能在达成一致的情况下，于第六十六届会议结束之前作出决定，以便在2013-2015年比额表期间生效。", "大会第六十五届会议表示注意到会费委员会报告所载建议，但没有为委员会第七十一届会议的工作提供进一步的指导(第65/246号决议)。委员会第七十一届会议决定在下一届会议上根据大会的任何指导进一步审议分摊比额表编制方法的所有要素。", "文件：", "(a) 会费委员会第七十一届会议(2011年6月6日至24日)报告：补编第11号(A/66/11)；", "(b) 秘书长关于多年付款计划的报告(第57/4 B号决议)，A/66/69。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目133)", "会费委员会的报告：补编第11号(A/65/11)", "秘书长关于多年付款计划的报告(A/65/65)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.2、3和7", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/492和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.27和73", "决议 65/3和65/246", "139. 人力资源管理", "大会第六十五届会议请秘书长就利益冲突问题向大会提出一份全面报告，供第六十六届会议主要会期审议(第65/247号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告(第63/250、64/231和65/247号决议)：", "㈠ 《工作人员条例》修正案(第65/247号决议第75段)，A/65/213；", "㈡ 个人利益冲突问题(第65/247号决议)，A/66/98；", "㈢ 道德操守办公室的活动(第60/254号决议第16段㈠和第63/250号决议第十二节第5段)；", "(b) 秘书长的其他报告：", "㈠ 秘书处的组成(第57/305号决议第九节、第59/266、60/238、61/241号决议、第63/271号决议第12段)；", "㈡ 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间秘书长处理纪律问题和可能犯罪行为的做法(第59/287号决议第16段)，A/66/135；", "㈢ 关于建立一个确定退休养恤金福利的机制的建议(第65/258号决议)；", "㈣ 秘书长的说明，转递联合检查组关于采取可能的措施以提高高级管理人员甄选和任命的透明度的报告(第64/259号决议，第19段)；", "㈤ 防止性剥削和性虐待的特别保护措施(第57/306号决议)；", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目134)", "法官的服务条件(A/65/134)", "2008年7月1日至2009年6月30日期间(A/64/269)和2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间秘书长处理纪律问题和可能犯罪行为的做法(A/65/180)", "实行连续任用(A/64/267)", "《暂行工作人员细则》(A/64/230和A/65/202)", "《工作人员条例》修正案(A/65/213)", "人力资源管理改革概览(A/65/305)", "合同安排和统一服务条件(A/65/305/Add.1)", "对地域分配制度的全面评估和对须受地域分配制度限制的员额人数可能变更产生的相关问题的评估(A/65/305/Add.2)", "人才管理工具Inspira(A/65/305/Add.3)", "青年专业人员方案(A/65/305/Add.4)", "道德操守办公室的活动(A/64/316和A/65/343)", "秘书处的组成(A/64/352和A/65/350)", "秘书处的组成：免费提供的人员、退休人员和咨询人(A/65/350/Add.1)", "为解决联合国监察员和调解事务办公室提出的系统性人力资源问题而采取的措施(A/65/332)", "秘书长的说明，转递联合检查组题为“联合国系统的道德操守”的报告，并转递他本人和联合国系统行政首长协调理事会对该报告的评论意见(A/65/345和Add.1)", "联合国秘书处工作人员名单", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/64/518和A/65/537)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.11、12和27", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/647", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73", "决议 65/247", "141. 联合国共同制度", "大会第3042(XXVII)号决议决定原则上设立一个国际公务员制度委员会以管制和协调联合国共同制度的服务条件。大会第3357(XXIX)号决议核可了《国际公务员制度委员会规约》。联合国共同制度包括13个接受委员会规约和参与联合国共同薪金和津贴制度的组织。其他组织未正式接受规约，但完全参与委员会的工作和(或)适用共同薪金、津贴和福利制度。按照规约，委员会需向大会提送年度报告，经由共同制度其他组织的行政首长转送各组织的理事机构。", "大会第六十四届会议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告对改变规定的离职年龄这一可能性进行综合性分析的结果(第64/231号决议)。大会第六十五届会表示注意到国际公务员委员会2010年报告；请该委员会颁布本组织在根据双方协议解雇工作人员时应遵循的准则；请联合国共同制度各组织每年向委员会报告所有工作人员合同安排和服务条件的执行情况；请秘书长邀请参与联合国共同制度的机构、基金和方案的行政首长向各自理事机构报告其组织遵守大会关于统一服务条件的决定的情况；还请秘书长在各有关执行情况报告中报告因统一服务条件安排而增加的费用由本组织在现有资源内匀支的情况，并查明哪些资金可以抵冲，从而以不增加费用的方式，在不影响业务费用和不影响开展法定方案和活动开展的前提下，执行统一生活津贴或一次整付津贴的提议；请委员会在年度报告中向大会报告联合国共同制度各组织执行其决定和建议的情况；又请委员会在提交大会的年度报告中报告委员会关于统一不带家属工作地点服务条件的决定在过渡时期的执行情况；还请委员会继续审查联合国共同制度外地服务条件问题(第65/248号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 国际公务员制度委员会2011年度报告：补编第30号(A/66/30)；", "(b) 秘书长关于对改变规定的离职年龄这一可能性进行的综合性分析的结果，包括在人力资源政策和养恤金方面涉及的问题的报告(第64/231号决议)；", "(c) 秘书长按照大会议事规则第153条提出的关于国际公务员制度委员会2011年度报告内各项决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题的说明；", "(d) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目136)", "国际公务员制度委员会2010年度报告：补编第30号(A/65/30)", "秘书长按照大会议事规则第153条提出的关于国际公务员制度委员会2010年度报告内各项决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题的说明(A/65/493)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告：国际公务员制度委员会2010年报告内的决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题(A/65/532)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.10和27", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/648", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73", "决议 65/248", "142. 关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "内部监督事务厅(监督厅)是大会第48/218 B号决议设立的。大会决定在其第五十届会议临时议程内列入一个题为“秘书长关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告”的项目。", "大会继续在第五十届会议及第五十四至第五十七届会议上审议该项目(第50/239、54/244、55/259、56/246和57/287 A-C号决议)。", "大会第五十九届会议在题为“审查大会第48/218 B号和第54/244号决议的执行情况”的项目下，请秘书长确保内部监督事务厅提交大会的年度报告和半年期报告中列出监督厅该年度印发的所有其他报告的标题和摘要，而且没有提交大会的内部监督事务厅报告的原本，在任一会员国索取时，应予以提供；此外还决定，监督厅的报告应原本原样地直接提交大会，而且秘书长的意见可在另一份报告中提出(第59/272号决议)。", "大会第六十届会议审议了这个项目(第60/255号决议第一节、第60/257号决议和第60/551 A号决定)。", "还是在第六十届会议上，大会决定根据第59/272号决议第3段，将题为“秘书长关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告”的议程项目的标题改为“关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告”(第60/259号决议)。", "大会第六十一届至六十五届会议审议了这个项目(第61/275、61/279、62/87、62/225、62/232、62/236、62/247、63/248、63/265、64/232和65/250号决议)。", "大会第六十四届会议在题为“审查大会第48/218 B号、第54/244号和第59/272号决议的执行情况”的项目下，认可独立审计咨询委员会年度报告(A/64/288)附件中所载的关于监督厅实效、效率和影响的意见、评论和建议，并请秘书长确保充分执行该附件第20(a)至(c)段、20(e)、27、29、33、35和39段，还请他就该附件第19、20(d)、21、22、24、42和43段采取行动(第64/263号决议)。大会还决定至迟于其第六十六届会议主要会期期间重新审议独立审计咨询委员会年度报告附件第19、20(d)、21、22、24、42和43段中所载的问题和建议(第64/263号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议重申内部和外部监督机制的独立性及各自的独特作用；鼓励联合国的内部和外部监督机构进一步提高相互合作水平；鼓励内部监督事务厅在未来的年度报告中，加强对联合国内部监督方面大趋势和战略挑战的分析；请秘书长落实内部监督事务厅就系统性问题一再提出并得到接受但仍未落实的建议；并请秘书长确保迅速及时地全面执行内部监督事务厅获接受的各项建议，包括关于避免费用、追回多付款项、提高效率和作出其他改进的建议；如果监督厅的建议未获接受，则详细说明理由(第65/250号决议)(亦涉及项目132)。", "文件：", "内部监督事务厅的报告：", "(a) 关于监督厅2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间活动的报告(第48/218 B号决议、第54/244号决议、第57/292号决议第二节第22段、第59/270号决议第3段、第59/271号决议第11段、第59/272号决议、第60/257号决议第14段、第60/282号决议第13段及第63/248号决议第四节第7和8段)；", "(b) 关于2011年1月1日至2011年12月31日期间维持和平监督活动的年度报告(第48/218 B、54/244和59/272号决议，60/268号决议第17段和第63/248号决议第四节第7和8段)(将在第六十六届会议续会第二会期印发)；", "(c) 内部监督事务厅关于对秘书处新闻职能组织框架的审查的报告(第62/236号决议)，A/66/180；", "(d) 内部监督事务厅关于对基本建设总计划的采购和包括更改单在内的合同管理的审计的报告(第63/270号决议)，A/66/179。", "第六十四届会议的参考文件(议程项目141)", "独立审计咨询委员会关于其2008年8月1日至2009年7月31日期间活动的报告(A/64/288)", "简要记录 A/C.5/64/SR.4和27 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/64/723 \n 全体会议 A/64/PV.81 \n 决议 64/263", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目139)", "内部监督事务厅的报告", "监督厅2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间的活动\tA/65/271(PartI)和Corr.1和Add.1和Add.1/Corr.1\n关于2010年1月1日至12月31日期间维持和平监督活动的年度报告\tA/65/271(Part II)\n对联合国秘书处两性平等主流化的专题评价\tA/65/266\n 对联合国苏丹特派团业绩成果的方案评价 A/65/752(亦涉及项目143) \n维持和平行动部/外勤支助部与区域组织之间合作情况的专题评价\tA/65/762(亦涉及项目143)\n独立审计咨询委员会关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下内部监督事务厅预算的报告\tA/65/734", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会关于维持和平行动支助账户2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告和维持和平行动支助账户2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间拟议预算的报告(A/65/827)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.5和27 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/649(亦涉及项目132) \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.73 \n 决议 65/250(亦涉及项目132)", "144. 起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭经费的筹措", "本项目于1995年依照大会第49/251号决议列入大会第五十届会议的议程。", "大会第五十一届至第六十四届会议审议了这个项目(第51/215、52/218、53/213、54/240 A和B、55/226、56/248 A和B、57/289、58/252、58/253、59/273、60/240、60/241、61/241、61/262、61/274、62/229、63/254、63/256、63/259、64/239和64/261号决议及第62/547号决定)。", "大会第六十五届会议认识到留住技业高超经验丰富的工作人员对形成相关机构记忆以顺利完成审判和实现法庭《完成工作战略》规定的目标至关重要；请秘书长利用现行合同框架赋予的现有权力，考虑到法庭的需要，与工作人员签订合同；再次请秘书长探讨如有工作需要，能否将法庭任务终了或其服务不再需要之前一直在职的工作人员招聘进联合国；欣见秘书长着力推动选用面临裁撤的法庭人员；重申在法庭总体任务授权和完成工作战略范围内实施有效外联方案至关重要，并请法庭根据其任务授权并与秘书处新闻部协商，继续制定并执行主动积极的外联活动，最佳利用现有资源，通过有效推进对其工作的了解，促进和解进程；并鼓励秘书长继续探寻各种措施，筹集充足的自愿资源，为外联方案供资(第65/252号决议)。", "还是在第六十五届会议上，大会审议了国际法院法官和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官的服务条件和报酬，决定在大会第六十六届会议上审查国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官的养恤金办法，并请秘书长在其报告中建议设立一个他可用来确定退休养恤金福利的机制，同时考虑到在国际法院或两法庭服务之前已积获的养恤金权利；决定国际法院院长或两法庭庭长以及国际法院副院长或两法庭副庭长在代理院长/庭长职务期间的特别津贴分别提高到每年25 000美元和每天156美元；决定前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官享有与国际法院法官等同的搬迁津贴福利；决定对连续服务3年以上的审案法官，在他们完成服务时，根据头3年后服务时间的长短，按照该决议附件一所载附表一次性发放一笔惠给金；决定由于卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭未能设立第二个审案法官组而使审案法官的服务条件出现独特和特殊情况，第8段中的决定在任何情况下均不构成有资格享用各项服务条件要素的先例，因为在现行条例框架下并不存在这项资格；并决定对国际法院法官以及两法庭法官和审案法官的服务条件和报酬审查周期重新定为3年(第65/258号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告(第55/226号决议)；", "㈡ 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2012-2013两年期预算(第55/226号决议)；", "㈢ 刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制2012-2013两年期预算；", "㈣ 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭订正估计数：汇率和通货膨胀率变动的影响；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目129和141)", "秘书长的报告：", "卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010-2011两年期预算的订正估计数(A/65/178)", "卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010-2011两年期第一次执行情况报告(A/65/578)", "秘书处官员以外其他官员(国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官)的服务条件和报酬(A/65/134和Corr.1)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/533和A/65/616和Corr.1)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.12、25和27", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/646和A/65/651", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73", "决议 65/252和65/258", "145. 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭经费的筹措", "本项目于1993年根据秘书长的提议(A/47/955)列入大会第四十七届会议议程。大会该届会议通过了第47/235号决议。", "大会第四十八届至第六十四届会议审议了该项目(第48/251、49/242 A和B、50/212 A至C、51/214 A和B、52/217、53/212、54/239 A和B、55/225 A和B、55/249、55/250、56/247 A和B、56/278、57/288、58/254、58/255、59/274、60/242、60/243、61/242、61/262、61/274、62/230、63/255、63/256、63/259、64/240和64/261号决议以及第48/461号、49/471 A和B、55/477、60/560和62/547号决定)。", "大会第六十五届会议认识到留住技业高超经验丰富的工作人员对形成相关机构记忆以顺利完成审判和实现法庭《完成工作战略》规定的目标至关重要；请秘书长利用现行合同框架赋予的现有权力，考虑到法庭的需要，与工作人员签订合同；再次请秘书长探讨如有工作需要，能否将法庭任务终了或其服务不再需要之前一直在职的工作人员招聘进联合国；欣见秘书长着力推动选用面临裁撤的法庭人员；重申在法庭总体任务授权和完成工作战略范围内实施有效外联联方案至关重要，并请法庭根据其任务授权并与秘书处新闻部协商，继续制定并执行主动积极的外联活动，最佳利用现有资源，通过有效推进对其工作的了解，促进和解进程；并鼓励秘书长继续探寻各种措施，筹集充足的自愿资源，为外联方案供资(第65/253号决议)。", "还是在第六十五届会议上，大会审议了国际法院法官和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官的服务条件和报酬，决定在大会第六十六届会议上审查国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官的养恤金办法，并请秘书长在其报告中建议设立一个他可用来确定退休养恤金福利的机制，同时考虑到在国际法院或两法庭服务之前已积获的养恤金权利；决定国际法院院长或两法庭庭长以及国际法院副院长或两法庭副庭长在代理院长/庭长职务期间的特别津贴分别提高到每年25 000美元和每天156美元；决定前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官享有与国际法院法官等同的搬迁津贴福利；决定对连续服务3年以上的审案法官，在他们完成服务时，根据头3年后服务时间的长短，按照该决议附件一所载附表一次性发放一笔惠给金；决定由于卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭未能设立第二个审案法官组而使审案法官的服务条件出现独特和特殊情况，第8段中的决定在任何情况下均不构成有资格享用各项服务条件要素的先例，因为在现行条例框架下并不存在这项资格；并决定对国际法院法官以及两法庭法官和审案法官的服务条件和报酬审查周期重新定为3年(第65/258号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告(第55/225 A号决议)；", "㈡ 前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭2012-2013两年期预算(第55/225 A号决议)；", "㈢ 刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制2012-2013两年期预算；", "㈣ 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭订正估计数：汇率和通货膨胀率变动的影响；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目142)", "秘书长的报告：", "起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭2010-2011两年期预算的订正估计数(A/65/183)", "前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭2010-2011两年期第一次执行情况报告(A/65/581)", "秘书处官员以外其他官员(国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官)的服务条件和报酬(A/65/134和Corr.1)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/533和A/65/616和Corr.1)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.12、25和27", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/646和A/65/652", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73", "决议 65/253和65/258", "146. 联合国维持和平行动经费筹措的行政和预算问题", "共有问题", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长加紧努力，在外地特派团内部及其相互间实现规模效益，但不得损害其业务需求及其各自任务的执行，并在概览报告中报告有关情况；提供信息，说明为改进陆运的管理正在采取哪些举措，除其他外，说明与车队全面管理、车队的组成和标准化、燃料效率和零部件管理有关的问题，并就此在下一份关于维持和平行动的概览报告中报告有关情况；在下一份关于联合国维持和平行动经费筹措问题的概览报告中提供在联合国外地特派团落实人力资源管理改革措施的最新情况，尤其是第65/247号决议所载改革措施的落实情况；重申其第65/247号决议第二节第34段所载要求；提供全面信息，说明临时派任机制的使用情况及其对正规征聘过程的影响；在下一次关于维和行动的概览报告中提供信息，说明利用临时空缺通知对外地和总部正规征聘工作造成的影响；采取紧急措施，了结目前已积压三个月以上的死亡和伤残索赔案，并向大会第六十六届会议续会第二期会议报告取得的进展；关于部队轮调，与部队派遣国和警察派遣国密切协调确保向部队派遣国和警察派遣国提供高水平的合作和成本效益，但不损及它们的业务需要，并在下一次关于维和行动的概览报告中列入更多信息。大会还请秘书长确保在不危及安全的情况下，不间断地为所有维持和平特派团提供必要燃料，以确保特派团的顺利运转；确保所有特派团都对口粮承包商的质量管理系统进行监测和评价，以确保食品质量和卫生条件符合规定的标准；在下一次关于维和行动的概览报告中提出关于统包安排的效率和成效的全面评估，包括评估节约的资金和产生的影响；继续确保按现行做法，在使用系统合同前全面分析各项费用；向大会第六十六届会议续会第二期会议提交一项综合分析，从行政和预算方面分析统筹行动小组的作用和落实情况。大会重申其第62/269号决议第25段对秘书长的要求，请秘书长向大会报告联合国采购工作中执行最高性价比方法的明确指导方针，包括加权估标技术的所有细节，并提交关于试点项目结果的报告；大会还请秘书长在制定招标书方法时确保充分的透明度，并强调应根据本组织的业务要求拟定招标书；继续确保遵守国际民用航空组织的标准和建议措施，以便满足在外地完成任务的业务需要，并在下一次关于维和行动的概览报告中说明国际民用航空组织的标准和建议措施与联合国航空安全通用标准之间的不同之处；在下一次维和行动概览报告中说明与世界粮食计划署之间的谅解备忘录及其所涉经费问题的最新情况，并详细分析联合国空中业务的治理情况和整体资源水平，包括说明切实高效地发挥支持职能以及提供信息和通信技术支持的情况。大会还请秘书长继续努力，就性剥削和性虐待问题开展标准化的培训和提高认识工作，并要求在下一次概览报告中提供联合国关于援助和支持受联合国工作人员和有关人员性剥削和性虐待受害人的全面战略的最新执行进展情况；请秘书长就防止由于无事实根据的不当行为指控而使任何联合国维持和平特派团或部队/警察派遣国或联合国维和人员信誉受损采取适当措施，并继续确保迅速采取行动，在不当行为指控最终未能依法证实的情况下，恢复任何联合国维持和平特派团、部队或警察派遣国或联合国维和人员的形象和信誉。大会还请秘书长促使秘书处、特别是外勤支助部和管理事务部加紧努力，与部队派遣国进行密切合作，为按照第63/285号决议的规定收集数据提供便利，协助填写调查问卷，以便在预定期限内完成这项工作；决定作为例外，在2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间向部队派遣国一次性补充支付85 000 000美元，但不损害第63/285号决议所定程序的完整性；在2011年10月之前设立一个高级咨询小组，由秘书长任命的具有相关经验的5位知名人士、主要部队派遣国的5位代表、主要财政捐助国的5位代表和每个区域集团的1位成员组成，负责审议向部队派遣国偿还费用比率和相关问题；决定高级咨询小组应尽快完成工作；为管理维持和平资产，包括消耗性和非消耗性财产以及战略部署物资储存加强内部控制，以确保有适当的保障措施，防止给本组织造成浪费和财务损失；向大会第六十六届会议续会第二期会议提交第64/269号决议第一节第14段要求的报告，说明为消除汇率波动的影响而采取的措施和维持和平账户的管理问题；在拟定早期建设和平战略的整个过程中与会员国、建设和平委员会、联合国各机构、基金和方案以及秘书处所有相关实体密切磋商，着重指出维持和平特派团执行的具体的建设和平任务应按照国家自主权原则，基于相关国家的优先事项和具体情况。大会还请秘书长在拟订与后勤模块有关的进一步提议时考虑到使用单一来源或多功能合同所涉风险，并考虑到对每个供应商的联合国商品编码数目的适用限制；在其下一份年度进展报告中纳入所有相关信息，说明预定模块和成套服务的拟定和落实情况；在其下一份进展报告中提供信息，说明在向外地特派团有效提供成套服务方面的使能能力的各项备选办法；向大会通报第64/269号决议第六节第8和9段的执行情况；每年以综合方式向大会通报客户特派团向乌干达恩德培区域服务中心提供的财政和人力资源(第65/289号决议)。", "意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地经费的筹措", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会核准联合国后勤基地2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间费用估计数68 512 500美元，并就同一期间预算估计数的筹措做出决定；决定在其第六十六届会议期间审议联合国后勤基地经费的筹措问题(第65/291号决议)。", "确定偿还会员国特遣队所属装备费用的改良程序", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会表示注意到2011年特遣队所属装备问题工作组的报告(A/C.5/65/16)，并认可行政和预算问题咨询委员会报告所载结论和建议(A/65/830)(第65/292号决议)。", "已结束的维持和平特派团", "2011年6月，大会同届会议决定将联合国伊拉克-科威特观察团账户现有的调整后贷记账款净额的三分之二，即70 600美元退还科威特政府；请秘书长根据各特派团最后一次经费分摊适用的比额表，归还截至2010年6月30日可计作各会员国贷项的现金净额230 745 000美元的78.01％，即1.80亿美元；决定在其第六十六届会议续会第二期会议上审议已结束的维持和平特派团的财务状况，包括仍欠会员国的数额；请秘书长向大会提出处理已结束但有现金净额赤字的维持和平特派团所欠各会员国的款项问题的具体提议和备选办法，供大会审议和核准(第65/293号决议)。", "维持和平行动支助账户", "1991年，大会第四十五届会议决定自1990年1月1日起设立维持和平行动支助账户(第45/258号决议)。支助账户于1990年5月1日开始运作。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长考虑到部队派遣国对联合国维持和平工作的贡献，做出进一步具体努力，确保这些国家有适当数目的人员在维持和平行动部和外勤支助部任职；重申维持和平行动需要高成效、高效率的行政和财政管理，敦促秘书长继续确定可提高支助账户成效和效率的措施；注意到改组维持和平行动部和外勤支助部的总体益处，请秘书长评估这些益处并继续尽一切努力，提高联合国管理和持续开展维和行动的能力；注意到秘书处仍在制定早期建设和平战略，在这方面请秘书长与会员国、建设和平委员会、联合国各机构、基金和方案以及秘书处所有有关实体密切协商，并着重指出维持和平特派团执行的具体建设和平任务应建立在有关国家的优先事项和具体情况的基础上；再次请秘书长考虑到维持和平行动的数目、规模和复杂性，定期审查支助账户的经费数额；请秘书长迅速填补所有空缺；核准支助账户2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日财政期间所需资源344 792 400美元，其中包括根据大会第64/243号决议为企业资源规划项目提供的47 185 200美元，这些资源用于1 294个续设员额、1个新设临时员额以及该决议附件一所列员额调动、职能改变和改叙、附件二所列151个续设和11个新设一般临时人员职位及其有关的所需员额和非员额经费；并决定就同一期间支助账户经费的筹措做出决定(第65/290号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国维持和平行动的经费筹措概览：2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况以及2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第59/296号决议)；", "㈡ 布林迪西联合国后勤基地2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(第65/291号决议)；", "㈢ 布林迪西联合国后勤基地2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/291号决议)；", "㈣ 已结束的维持和平特派团截至2011年6月30日的最新财务状况(第65/293号决议)；", "㈤ 维持和平行动支助账户2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(第65/290号决议)；", "㈥ 关于维持和平行动支助账户2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算的报告(第65/290号决议)；", "㈦ 全球外勤支助战略执行工作的年度进展报告(第64/269和65/289号决议)；", "(b) 秘书长的说明，转递：", "㈠ 维持和平行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间核定资源(第49/233 A号决议)；", "㈡ 2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间各项维持和平行动拟议预算额的六个月最新情况(第49/233 A号决议)；", "㈢ 2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户经费和布林迪西联合国后勤基地经费的筹措(第50/221 B号决议)；", "㈣ 维持和平行动2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间核定资源(第49/233 A号决议)；", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目143)", "秘书长的报告：", "已结束的维持和平特派团截至2008年6月30日的最新财务状况(A/63/581)", "所有各类人员的福利和娱乐需求问题及具体影响(A/63/675和Corr.1)", "维持和平培训工作进展情况(A/65/644和Corr.1)", "防止性剥削和性虐待特别保护措施(A/65/742)", "意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/642)", "已结束的维持和平特派团截至2009年6月30日最新财务状况(A/64/605)", "已结束的维持和平特派团截至2010年6月30日最新财务状况(A/65/556)", "维持和平行动支助账户2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/610和Add.1)", "全球外勤支助战略(A/65/643)", "全球外勤支助战略的标准化筹资模式(A/65/696和Corr.1)", "联合国维持和平行动经费筹措概览：2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间的预算执行情况和2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的预算(A/65/715)", "维持和平行动支助账户2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/761和Corr.1和2)", "意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/760)", "联合国空中行动(A/65/738)", "确定偿还会员国特遣队所属装备费用的改良程序(A/65/800)", "提高联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力(A/65/624和Corr.1)", "秘书长的说明，转递：", "2011年2月25日2011年特遣队所属装备工作组主席给第五委员会主席的信(A/C.5/65/16)", "维持和平行动2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间核定资源(A/C.5/ 65/15)", "维持和平行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间拟议预算额(A/C.5/65/17)", "维持和平行动支助账户和意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地经费的筹措(A/C.5/65/18)", "维持和平行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间核定资源(A/C.5/65/19)", "内部监督事务厅关于执行大会在第63/287号决议中指定的试点项目的初步报告(A/65/765)", "内部监督事务厅关于维持和平行动部/外勤支助部与区域组织之间合作情况专题评价的报告(A/65/762)", "独立审计咨询委员会关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下的内部监督事务厅预算的报告(A/65/734)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/63/746(sect.IV.B)、A/63/856、A/64/659和Corr.1、A/65/743、A/65/743/Add.12、A/65/775、A/65/827和A/65/830)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.33、34、35、39和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/890", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/289至65/293", "147. 联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1778(2007)号决议核准与乍得当局和中非共和国当局协商，在乍得和中非共和国境内建立一个多层面存在；并决定该多层面存在中应包含联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团(中乍特派团)，为期一年，负责同联合国国家工作队联络。安理会第1923(2010)号决议决定将中乍特派团任期延至2010年12月31日，并呼吁秘书长至迟于2010年12月31日完成撤出中乍特派团的所有军警和文职人员，但特派团清理结束工作所需人员除外。", "大会第六十五届会议决定批款239 096 600美元给联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团特别账户，充作该特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日财政期间的费用，其中包括205 748 500美元用于2010年7月1日至12月31日期间的特派团维持费用，以及33 348 100美元用于2011年1月1日至4月30日期间特派团的行政清理结束工作费用，同时考虑到先前根据大会第64/286号决议的规定核准2.15亿美元，用作2010年7月1日至12月31日的特派团维持费用。大会又决定，考虑到已按照大会第64/286号决议规定由会员国分摊184 949 000美元，在审议关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间执行情况报告中将提出的特派团最终所需经费之前，推迟决定这一期间的追加摊款(第65/254 A号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议第二期续会注意到秘书长关于2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团财政执行情况的报告；决定推迟到第六十六届会议再采取行动处理未支配余额149 947 800美元以及其他收入和调整数13 466 100美元及估计工作人员薪金税收入增加1 527 100美元，并请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告特派团现金状况的最新资料(第65/254 B号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长关于联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间财政执行情况的报告；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目144)", "秘书长关于联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况的报告(A/65/638)", "秘书长关于联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算的报告(A/65/487)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/549和A/65/743/Add.11)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.13、27、34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/653和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73和106", "决议 65/254 A和B", "148. 联合国科特迪瓦行动经费的筹措", "安全理事会根据其第1528(2004)号决议设立了联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动)，最初任务期限为12个月，自2004年4月4日开始。在同一项决议中，安理会请秘书长在该日将联合国科特迪瓦特派团(联科特派团)和西部非洲国家经济共同体(西非经共体)部队的权力移交给联科行动。", "安全理事会后来的决议多次延长联科行动的任务期限，最近的两次是第1981(2011)号决议和2000(2011)号决议，安理会在前一项决议中将联科行动的任期延长至2011年7月31日，在后一项决议中决定将联科行动的任期延长至2012年7月31日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款517 850 700美元给联合国科特迪瓦行动特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该行动的维持费486 726 400美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的26 374 200美元以及给联合国后勤基地的4 750 100美元；决定由会员国分摊43 154 225美元，充作2011年7月1日至31日期间的经费；决定减除会员国在衡平征税基金内1 121 350美元中各自应分的数额；还决定由会员国分摊474 696 475美元，每月43 154 225美元，充作2011年8月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该行动的任务为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内12 334 850美元中各自应分的数额；决定25 042 400美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额852 800美元(第65/294号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国科特迪瓦行动2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国科特迪瓦行动2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/294号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目145)", "秘书长的报告：", "联合国科特迪瓦行动2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/615)", "联合国科特迪瓦行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/736和Corr.1)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.14)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/881", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/294", "149. 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队经费的筹措", "安全理事会第186(1964)号决议建议设立联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队(联塞部队)，并建议该部队派驻三个月，任务是尽其最大努力防止战争再度发生，并于必要时协助维持和恢复法律和秩序，恢复正常状态。其后安理会定期延长联塞部队部队的任务期限，通常每次延长六个月。最近的一次是2011年6月13日第1986(2011)号决议将其任务期限再延长至2011年12月15日。", "1993年6月16日以前，未授权秘书长使用除会员国认捐的自愿捐款以外的任何资金为联塞部队筹供经费。依照安全理事会第831(1993)号决议，大会第47/236号决议决定，自1993年6月16日起，联塞部队费用中自愿捐款不足以支付的部分应视为本组织的开支，由会员国根据《联合国宪章》第十七条第二项的规定承担。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款60 121 200美元给联塞部队特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该部队的维持费56 512 000美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的3 058 400美元以及给联合国后勤基地的550 800美元；赞赏地注意到此项批款净额的三分之一，即19 114 267美元，将由塞浦路斯政府的自愿捐款提供，650万美元由希腊政府提供；决定由会员国分摊34 506 933美元；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内2 721 000美元中各自应分的数额；决定1 361 709美元的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额255 600美元；还决定考虑到2010年6月30日终了财政期间的自愿捐款，2010年6月30日终了财政期间未支配余额和其他收入的三分之一，即828 604美元，应退还塞浦路斯政府；又决定考虑到2010年6月30日终了财政期间的自愿捐款，2010年6月30日终了财政期间其他收入按比例应分的数额，即297 987美元，应退还希腊政府；并决定为联塞部队1993年6月16日以前期间设立的账户应继续单独开设(第65/295号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/295号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目146)", "秘书长的报告：", "联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/625)", "联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/706)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.2)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/882", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/295", "150. 联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团经费的筹措", "[见安全理事会第1925(2010)号决议和下文的项目151]", "151. 联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1279(1999)号决议中决定，联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团(联刚特派团)应由安理会第1258(1999)号和第1273(1999)号决议核定人员包括多学科工作人员组成，到2000年3月1日为止。安理会后来的决议多次延长该特派团的任务期限，最近一次是2010年5月28日第1925(2010)号决议，安理会决定将联刚特派团的部署期限延长至2010年6月30日。安理会同一决议决定，自2010年7月1日起，该特派团应称为联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团)，联刚稳定团应部署至2011年6月30日。安理会第1991(2011)号决议将联刚稳定团的任期延长至2012年6月30日。", "大会第六十五届会议决定，考虑到已经分摊682 500 000美元，冲作2010年7月1日至12月31日期间的经费，由会员国再分摊682 500 000美元，充作该特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的维持费用(第65/255号决议)。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款1 507 538 900美元给联刚稳定团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费1 416 926 000美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的76 783 900美元，以及给联合国后勤基地的13 829 000美元；又决定由会员国分摊1 507 538 900美元，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月31日期间的经费；还决定从会员国的摊款中减除2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日会员国在衡平征税基金内39 936 800美元中各自应分的数额，基金内的这笔款项包括该特派团核定工作人员薪金税收入估计数31 980 500美元、支助账户的核定工作人员薪金税收入估计数中按比例应分的数额6 503 300美元以及联合国后勤基地的核定工作人员薪金税收入估计数中按比例应分的数额1 453 000美元；并决定35 075 700美元的未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额1 841 600美元(第65/296号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/296号决议)；", "联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目147和148)", "秘书长的报告：", "联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的经费筹措安排(A/65/512)", "联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/682)", "联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/744)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/598和A/65/743/Add.8)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.21、27、34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/654和Add.1", "全体会议 A/65/PV.73和106", "决议 65/255和65/296", "152. 联合国东帝汶特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会1999年6月11日第1246(1999)号决议决定设立联合国东帝汶特派团(东帝汶特派团)，任期至1999年8月31日。安理会1999年8月27日第1262(1999)号决议将东帝汶特派团的任期进一步延至1999年11月30日。", "大会第五十五届至第六十五届会议都决定推迟审议这个项目，并将其列入下届会议的议程草案(第55/494、56/483、57/599、58/578、59/570、60/567、61/567、62/556、63/567、64/570和65/556号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目149)", "全体会议 A/65/PV.118", "决定 65/556", "153. 联合国东帝汶综合特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1704(2006)号决议决定设立东帝汶后续特派团，即联合国东帝汶综合特派团(联东综合团)，最初为期6个月，并打算继续延长。最近的一次是安理会第1969(2011)号决议，决定将联东综合团的任务期限延长至2012年2月26日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议决定批款208 603 700美元给联东综合团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费196 077 500美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的10 614 500美元和给联合国后勤基地的1 911 700美元；还决定由会员国分摊137 270 825美元，充作2011年7月1日至2012年2月26日期间的经费；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内6 760 632美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊71 332 875美元，每月17 383 641美元，充作2012年2月27日至6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该特派团的任务为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内3 513 168美元中各自应分的数额；又决定17 795 500美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额947 800美元(第65/297号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国东帝汶综合特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国东帝汶综合特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/297号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目150)", "秘书长的报告：", "联合国东帝汶综合特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/687)", "联合国东帝汶综合特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/746)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.6)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/883", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/297", "154. 联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1312(2000)号决议设立了联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团(埃厄特派团)，最初为期为六个月。安理会其后相关决议延长了该特派团的任务期限，最近的一项决议是2008年1月30日第1798(2008)号决议，其中把埃厄特派团的任务期限延至2008年7月31日。", "安全理事会2008年7月30日第1827(2008)号决议决定自2008年7月31日起终止埃厄特派团的任务，强调终止这一任务并不妨碍埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚根据《阿尔及尔协议》所承担的义务，并呼吁两国与联合国通力合作，包括全面配合埃厄特派团的清理结束工作。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会注意到秘书长关于埃厄特派团经费筹措的报告，其中介绍了截至2010年12月7日的特派团资产最后处置的详细情况(第65/298号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告，载有联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团最后执行情况报告(第65/298号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目151)", "秘书长关于联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团经费筹措的报告(A/65/678)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/748)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/878 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.106 \n 决议 65/298", "155. 联合国格鲁吉亚观察团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第858(1993)号决议决定设立联合国格鲁吉亚观察团(联格观察团)，为期六个月。安理会其后相关决议延长了联格观察团的任务期限，最近的一项是第1866(2009)号决议，其中将联格观察团的任务期限延长至2009年6月15日。该特派团的任务期限在此日后未予续延。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定，对于已对该观察团履行财政义务的会员国，应将2010年6月30日终了财政期间未支配余额和其他收入1 806 800美元中其各自应分的数额贷记其账下；还决定，对于尚未对该观察团履行财政义务的会员国，应将2010年6月30日终了财政期间未支配余额和其他收入1 806 800美元中其各自应分的数额用来抵充未缴款项；又决定该决议第5和第6段提及的1 806 800美元所产生的贷项，应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额157 600美元(第65/299号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长关于联合国格鲁吉亚观察团经费筹措情况的报告(第65/299号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目152)", "秘书长的报告： \n联合国格鲁吉亚观察团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/681)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.1)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/879 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.106 \n 决议 65/299", "156. 联合国海地稳定特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会2004年4月30日第1542(2004)号决议设立了联合国海地稳定特派团(联海稳定团)，最初为期6个月。安理会其后相关决议延长了联海稳定团的任务期限，最近的一项是2010年10月4日第1944(2010)号决议，其中将其任务期限延长至2011年10月15日。", "大会第六十五届会议决定，考虑到已为2010年7月1日至12月31日期间分摊3.8亿美元，再分摊473 827 400美元，充作2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间该特派团维持费(第65/256 A号决议)。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会第二期会议决定批款844 258 700美元给联海稳定团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费793 517 100美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的42 997 600美元以及给联合国后勤基地的7 744 000美元；又决定由会员国分摊246 242 100美元，充作2011年7月1日至10月15日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内6 569 900美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊598 016 600美元，每月70 354 892美元，充作2011年10月16日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该特派团的任务为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内15 955 400美元中各自应分的数额；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内15 955 400美元中各自应分的数额；并决定26 755 500美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项，应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数的增加额85 500美元(第65/256 B号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国海地稳定特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国海地稳定特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/256 B号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目153)", "秘书长关于联合国海地稳定特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算的报告(A/65/535)\t\n秘书长关于2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间联合国海地稳定特派团预算执行情况的报告(A/65/703和Corr.1)\t\n秘书长关于联合国海地稳定特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算的报告(A/65/776)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/586和A/65/743/Add.15)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.19、27、37和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/655和Add.1 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.73和106 \n 决议 65/256 A和B", "157. 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会1999年6月10日第1244(1999)号决议设立了联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团(科索沃特派团)，最初为期12个月，除非安全理事会另有决定，否则以后将予延续。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款47 802 200美元给联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费44 914 800美元，给维持和平行动支助账户的2 446 700美元以及给联合国后勤基地的440 700美元；又决定由会员国分摊47 802 200美元；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内4 634 800美元中各自应分的数额；还决定在该决议第17和18段所述8 297 100美元产生的贷项中加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增额1 054 300美元(第65/300号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/300号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目154)", "秘书长的报告： \n联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/621)\t\n联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/711)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.4)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/884 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.106 \n 决议 65/300", "158. 联合国利比里亚特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1509(2003)号决议设立了联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团)，为期12个月。安理会其后相关决议延长了联利特派团的任务期限，最近的一项是2010年9月15日第1938(2010)号决议，其中安理会决定将联利特派团的任务期限延长至2011年9月30日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款559 147 030美元给联利特派团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费513 404 030美元、用于特派团提供选举支助的12 155 900美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的28 461 200美元和给联合国后勤基地的5 125 900美元；又决定由会员国分摊136 747 783美元，充作2011年7月1日至9月30日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内3 806 125美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊12 155 900美元，充作该特派团提供选举支助的经费；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内40 900美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊410 243 347美元，每月45 582 593美元，充作2011年10月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该特派团的任务为前提；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内11 418 375美元中各自应分的数额；还决定32 775 600美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额361 900美元(第65/301号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国利比里亚特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国利比里亚特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/301号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目155)", "秘书长的报告：", "联合国利比里亚特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/620)", "联合国利比里亚特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/727)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.7)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/885", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/301", "159. 联合国中东维持和平部队经费的筹措", "(a) 联合国脱离接触观察员部队", "安全理事会第350(1974)号决议设立了联合国脱离接触观察员部队(观察员部队)。安理会其后相关决议定期延长了观察员部队的任务期限，最近的一项是2011年6月30日第1994(2011)号决议，其中安理会决定将观察员部队的任务限期延至2011年12月31日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款53 753 200美元给观察员部队特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该部队的维持费50 526 100美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的2 734 600美元以及给联合国后勤基地的492 500美元；又决定由会员国分摊53 753 200美元，每月4 479 434美元，但以安全理事会决定延长该部队的任务为前提；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内1 810 000美元中各自应分的数额；决定852 500美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额106 400美元(第65/302号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国脱离接触观察员部队2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国脱离接触观察员部队2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/302号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目156(a))", "秘书长的报告： \n联合国脱离接触观察员部队2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/596)\t\n联合国脱离接触观察员部队2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/710)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.3)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/886 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.106 \n 决议 65/302", "(b) 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队", "安全理事会第425(1978)号决议设立了联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队)，最初为期六个月。安理会其后相关决议定期延长了联黎部队任务期限，最近的一项是2010年8月30日第1937(2010)号决议，其中安理会决定将联黎部队的任务期限延长至2011年8月31日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会再次着重指出以色列应支付因1996年4月18日卡纳事件而引起的1 117 005美元；决定批款580 331 600美元给联黎部队特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该部队的维持费545 470 600美元，给维持和平行动支助账户的29 540 600美元以及给联合国后勤基地的5 320 400美元；又决定由会员国分摊96 721 900美元，充作2011年7月1日至8月31日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内2 558 100美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊483 609 700美元，每月48 360 967美元，充作2011年9月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该部队的任务为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内12 790 300美元中各自应分的数额；又决定62 951 500美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项，应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额1 081 300美元(第65/303号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/303号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目156(b))", "秘书长的报告： \n联黎部队2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/608和Corr.1)\t\n联黎部队2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日预算(A/65/756)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.9)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34、40和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/880 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.106 \n 决议 65/303", "160. 联合国苏丹特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1590(2005)号决议设立了联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团)，最初为期六个月。安理会其后相关决议延长了联苏特派团的任务期限，最近的一项是2011年4月27日第1978(2011)号决议，其中安理会决定将该特派团的任务期限延至2011年7月9日。在该特派团的任务于2011年7月9日终止后，安理会第1997(2011)号决议决定自2011年7月11日起撤出联苏特派团，并吁请秘书长至迟于2011年8月31日完成撤出联苏特派团的所有军警人员和文职人员，但特派团清理结束所需人员除外。", "2010年12月，大会第六十五届会议决定除已经按大会第64/283号决议的规定核批的用作2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间维持费的9.38亿美元之外，再批款70 026 300美元给联合国苏丹特派团特别账户，充作同期维持费(第65/257 A号决议)。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款513 330 150美元给联苏特派团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至12月31日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费482 460 550美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的26 158 400美元以及给联合国后勤基地的4 711 200美元；又决定由会员国分摊24 838 556美元，充作2011年7月1日至7月9日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内794 816美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊488 491 594美元，充作2011年7月10日至12月31日期间的经费，用于该特派团的行政清理结束工作、联合国阿卜耶伊临时安全部队、安全理事会第1978(2011)号决议所述、安全理事会第1990(2011)号决议所确认的联合国苏丹特派团的后续特派团，及安全理事会在2011年12月31日前为支持落实《全面和平协定》设立的任何其他特派团；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内15 631 384美元中各自应分的数额；还决定52 052 100美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额2 702 700美元(第65/257 B号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 联合国苏丹特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 联苏特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(第65/257 B号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目157)", "秘书长关于联合国苏丹特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间经费筹措安排的说明(A/65/509)\t\n 秘书长的报告： \n联合国苏丹特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/630和Corr.1)\t\n联合国苏丹特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/731)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/571和A/65/743/Add.10)\t\n内部监督事务厅关于其对联合国苏丹特派团业绩成果的方案评价的报告(A/65/752)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.17、27、37和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/656和Add.1 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.73和106 \n 决议 65/257 A和B", "161. 联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第690(1991)号决议根据秘书长所述的时间表(见S/22464)，设立了联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)。安理会其后相关决议延长了西撒特派团的任务期限，最近的一项是2011年4月27日第1979(2011)号决议，其中安理会决定将该特派团的任务期限延至2012年4月30日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款65 398 400美元给西撒特派团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该特派团的维持费61 449 400美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的3 346 300美元和给联合国后勤基地的602 700美元；又决定由会员国分摊54 498 667美元，充作2011年7月1日至2012年4月30日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内2 590 083美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊10 899 733美元，每月5 449 866美元，充作2012年5月1日至6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该特派团的任务为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内518 017美元中各自应分的数额；还决定2 386 700美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额138 900美元(第65/304号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 西撒特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 西撒特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/304号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目158)", "秘书长的报告：", "西撒特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/665)", "西撒特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/720和Corr.1)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.5)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/887", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/304", "162. 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1769(2007)号决议决定核准和授权设立非洲联盟/联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动)，最初为期12个月。安理会其后相关决议延长了达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限，最近的一项是2011年7月29日第2003(2011)号决议，其中安理会决定将该特派团的任务期限延长至2012年7月31日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定为达尔富尔混合行动特别账户批款1 797 327 600美元，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该行动的维持费1 689 305 500美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的91 536 100美元以及给联合国后勤基地的16 486 000美元；又决定由会员国分摊149 777 300美元，充作2011年7月1日至31日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内3 137 200美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊1 647 550 300美元，每月149 777 300美元，充作2011年8月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长该行动的任务期限为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内34 509 200美元中各自应分的数额；还决定175 974 100美元的贷项应加上2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额2 223 700美元(第65/305号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告；", "㈡ 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/305号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目159)", "秘书长的报告：", "非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/631)", "非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/740)", "行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.13)", "简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.37和42", "第五委员会的报告 A/65/888", "全体会议 A/65/PV.106", "决议 65/305", "163. 安全理事会第1863(2009)号决议引起的活动的经费的筹措", "安全理事会2009年1月16日第1863(2009)号决议表示打算在索马里设立一个联合国维持和平行动，作为非洲联盟驻索马里特派团(非索特派团)的接替部队；并请秘书长向非索特派团提供一揽子联合国后勤支助，包括设备与服务。安理会第1964(2010)号决议决定授权非洲联盟成员国维持非索特派团，直至2011年9月30日。", "2011年6月，大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款309 971 000美元给支助非索特派团特别账户，充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，其中包括该实体的维持费291 092 700美元，给维护和平行动支助账户的16 039 900美元以及给联合国后勤基地的2 838 400美元；又决定由会员国分摊77 422 725美元，充作2011年7月1日至9月30日期间的经费；还决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内1 255 950美元中各自应分的数额；决定由会员国分摊232 268 175美元，每月25 807 575美元，充作2011年10月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费，但以安全理事会决定延长任务期限为前提；又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内3 767 850美元中各自应分的数额；并决定54 457 900美元未支配余额和其他收入所产生的贷项应减除2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数减少额433 400美元(第65/306号决议)。", "文件：", "(a) 秘书长的报告：", "㈠ 关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间支助非洲联盟驻索马里特派团经费筹措的执行情况报告；", "㈡ 2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间支助非洲联盟驻索马里特派团经费的筹措(第65/306号决议)；", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议的参考文件(议程项目160)", "秘书长的报告： \n关于2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间支助非洲联盟驻索马里特派团经费筹措的执行情况报告(A/65/619)\t\n2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间支助非洲联盟驻索马里特派团经费的筹措(A/65/809)\t\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.16)\t\n 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.37和42 \n 第五委员会的报告 A/65/889 \n 全体会议 A/65/PV.106 \n 决议 65/306", "165. 给予突厥语国家合作委员会大会观察员地位", "2011年5月2日阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和土耳其常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信(A/66/141)请求将上述项目列入大会第六十六届会议临时议程。", "没有要预发的文件。", "166. 给予国际紧急状况应对组织大会观察员地位", "2011年5月20日前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信(A/66/142)请求将上述项目列入大会第六十六届会议临时议程。", "没有要预发的文件。", "167. 给予南美洲国家联盟大会观察员地位", "2011年6月24日圭亚那常驻联合国代表团临时代办给秘书长的信(A/66/144)请求将上述项目列入在大会第六十六届会议临时议程。", "没有要预发的文件。", "168. 给予国际可再生能源机构大会观察员地位", "2011年7月11日阿拉伯联合酋长国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信(A/66/145)请求将上述项目列入在大会第六十六届会议临时议程。", "没有要预发的文件。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* 联合国 未加说明的暂定项目表于2011年2月14日印发(A/66/50)。 临时议程于2011年7月15日印发(A/66/150)。", "页:1 本增编以临时议程(A/66/150)为基础编写。", "1个 根据大会第65/551号决定(见第50段)。", "大会第六十六届会议附加说明的议程草案*", "增编**", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言. 5 附加说明的5个草案\n议程 4. 选举5名大会主席\n5. 选举6名主要主席团成员\n6. 选举8名大会副主席。\nA. 按照大会和最近联合国的有关决议促进持续经济增长和可持续发展\n会议 9. 经济及社会理事会的报告9\n十. 《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的承诺宣言》的执行情况\n艾滋病毒/艾滋病1 13. 联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议结果的统筹协调执行及后续行动\n字段 14. 政府间对话全球议程10\n文明 18. 2002年发展筹资问题国际会议成果的后续行动和执行情况以及2008年审查\n第27次会议 社会 11\nb. 社会发展,包括有关世界社会状况和有关青年、老龄、残疾人和\nA. 维持国际和平与安全\n警卫 33. 防止武装12\n冲突a。 加强调解在和平解决争端、预防冲突和\n33. 古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的13起冲突及其对国际和平与安全的影响\n38. 被占领土上的13个局势\n39. 科摩罗岛问题13\n53. 整个维持和平行动问题所有方面的全盘审查。\nB. 能力建设\n63. 非洲发展新伙伴关系:执行进展情况和国际\na. 非洲发展新伙伴关系:执行进展情况和\nb. 冲突原因17和\nC. 促进人权\n权利 69. 促进和保护人权18\n人权问题,包括增进人权和\nD. 有效协调人道主义援助\n70. 加强联合国人道主义和救灾援助,包括特别经济援助的协调:\nc. 向个别国家或\nE. 促进司法和国际\n第76号法律。 海洋和海洋法问题\n#^LG39#.\nI. 组织、行政和其他事项\n114. 选举各附属机构成员以补空缺,并进行其他\na. 选举方案和协调委员会二十个成员中的20名\n114. 接纳20个新会员加入联合国\n115. 千年首脑会议成果的后续行动 21\n120. 执行联合国各项决议22\n121. 振兴大会工作 22\n安全理事会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题23\n事项 125. 联合国石油换粮食独立调查委员会就行政管理和内部监督所提建议的后续行动23\n方案127. 起诉应对1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭\n128. 起诉应对1994年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭\n1991 129. (英语). 国际刑事留守机制25\n132. 审查联合国行政和财政业务效率25\n133. 2000-2001两年期预算27\n134. 2010-2011两年期拟议方案预算35\n135. 方案39\n136. 改善联合国财政情况40\n138. 联合国经费分摊比额表41\n139. 人力资源 42\n141. 联合国共同\n142. 关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告45\n144. 起诉应对1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭经费的筹措48\n1994 145. (中文(简体) ). 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭经费的筹措50\n1991 146. (中文(简体) ). 联合国维持和平行动经费筹措的行政和预算问题\n业务 147. 联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团经费的筹措58\n乍得 148. 联合国科特迪瓦行动经费的筹措59\n科特迪瓦 149. 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队经费的筹措60\n150. 联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团经费的筹措62\n151. 联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团经费的筹措62\n152. 联合国东部特派团经费的筹措63\n153. 联合国东帝汶综合特派团经费的筹措64\n154. 联合国埃塞俄比亚特派团经费的筹措\n155. 联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团经费的筹措66\n156. 联合国海地稳定特派团经费的筹措67\n157. 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团经费的筹措68\n158. 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团经费的筹措69\n159. 联合国中东维持和平部队经费的筹措\n东 A. 70 联合国脱离接触观察员部队\n部队b. 71\n160. 联合国中东特派团经费的筹措\n苏丹 161. 联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团经费的筹措74\n162. 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动经费的筹措75\n163. 安全理事会第76号决议引起的活动经费的筹措\n1863(2009) 165. 给予突厥语国家合作委员会一般观察员地位\n大会166。 给予国际紧急状况管理组织大会观察员地位\n大会167。 给予南美洲国家联盟大会观察员地位\n大会168。 给予国际可再生能源机构大会观察员地位\n大会", "一. 导言", "本文件是大会第六十六届常会临时议程附加说明的暂定项目表(A/66/100)的增编,现按照大会1971年12月17日第2837(XXVI)号决议附件二第17(c)段印发。 附加说明的议程草案是根据第六十六届会议临时议程(A/66/150,2011年7月15日印发)编写的,其中载有与项目4、5、6、13、14、27(b)、33、34、38、39、51、53、63、69(b)、70(c)、76(a)、116、117、120至122、125、127至129、132至136、138、139、141、142、144至163和165至168有关的资料。", "二. 附加说明的议程草案", " 4.四. 选举大会主席", "根据议事规则第30条,大会应选举主席一人,并至少在由其主持的会议开幕三个月前选出。 当选主席仅在该届会议开始时履行职务,并任职至该届会议闭幕时为止。", "2011年6月22日,大会以鼓掌方式选举纳西尔·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·纳赛尔先生(卡塔尔)为第六十六届会议主席(第65/416号决定)。", "按照议事规则第92条的规定,选举以无记名投票方式进行,不采用提名办法。 主席以简单多数票当选。 但应指出,自第三十二届会议起,除第三十六届、第三十八届、第四十三届和第四十六届会议外,主席均以鼓掌方式选出。", "1978年,大会第三十三届会议决定(第33/138号决议,附件,第3段)。 1) 在选举主席时,应考虑到公平地域原则,由下列国家集团轮流担任主席:", "(a) 非洲国家;", "(b) 亚洲国家;", "(c) 东欧国家;", "(d) 拉丁美洲国家;", "(e) 西欧和其他国家。", "大会第三十四届会议决定,在附属机构的选举中,如候选人数与应填补席位相等,即不必进行无记名投票,这个惯例应订为标准办法,并应适用于大会主席的选举,但如有代表团特别要求对某一项选举进行表决时,则不在此限(第34/401号决定,第16段)。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目4)的参考文件", "全体会议 全体会议 A/65/PV.103\n第65/416号决定", "5 (韩语). 选举各主要委员会的主席团成员", "大会有六个主要委员会。 大会第四十七届会议1993年8月17日第47/233号决议第1段决定对大会议事规则第98条作如下修正:", "\" 1. 国家 决定大会各主要委员会如下:", "(a) 裁军和国际安全委员会(第一委员会);", "(b) 特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会);", "(c) 经济和财政委员会(第二委员会);", "(d) 社会、人道主义和文化委员会(第三委员会);", "(e) 行政和预算委员会(第五委员会);", "(f) 法律委员会(第六委员会)。 “", "大会第五十二届会议决定修正议事规则第103条第一句如下:“每个主要委员会应选举主席一人、副主席三人和报告员一人”(第52/163号决议,第2段)。 1).一.", "第103条规定,选举应以无记名投票方式进行,除非委员会在只有一个候选人的选举中另有决定。 由于在绝大多数情况下只有一名候选人被提名,各主要委员会的主席团成员大多数以鼓掌方式选出。", "此外,第103条规定,每一候选人的提名应限于一名发言者,然后委员会应立即进行选举。", "第99(a)条规定,所有主要委员会应至少在会议开幕前三个月选出主席一人,第103条规定的主席团其他成员的选举至迟应在该届会议第一周结束前进行。 根据2003年12月19日第58/126号决议,各主要委员会主席团全体成员也应在下届会议前三个月选出。", "2011年6月22日,各主要委员会选出第六十六届会议的主席和主席团其他成员(第65/417号决定)。 各主要委员会主席团成员的选举在全体会议选举大会主席后立即由各主要委员会连续举行会议进行。 大会第四十八届会议(第48/264号决议,附件二)决定,六个主要委员会的主席应按下列分配办法选出:", "(a) 国家 非洲国家代表一人;", "(b) 国家 亚洲国家代表一人;", "(c) 东欧国家代表一人;", "(d) 国家 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人;", "(e) 协助 西欧或其他国家代表一人;", "(f) 与《公约》有关的问题 第六名主席应按以下方式轮流担任:", "(一) 非洲国家代表一人;", "(二) 亚洲国家代表一人;", "(三) 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人;", "(四) 非洲国家代表一人;", "(五) 亚洲国家代表一人;", "(六) 非洲国家代表一人;", "(七) 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人;", "(八) 亚洲国家代表一人;", "(九) 非洲国家代表一人;", "(十) 国家 亚洲国家代表一人;", "(十一) 组织事项. 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人;", "(十二) 非洲国家代表一人;", "(十三) 亚洲国家代表一人;", "(十四) 非洲国家代表一人;", "(十五) 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人;", "(十六) 亚洲国家代表一人;", "(十七) 非洲国家代表一人;", "(十八) 亚洲国家代表一人;", "(十九) 拉丁美洲或加勒比国家代表一人;", "(二十) 非洲国家代表一人。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目5)的参考文件", "逐字记录 简要记录 A/C.1/65/PV.24\n简要记录 各项更正将在本届会议结束后按委员会分别汇编成单册。 简要记录 A/C.6/65/SR.29\n全体会议 A/65/PV.104\n第65/417号决定", "6. 国家 选举大会副主席", "大会主席由21名副主席协助工作。 所涉职责由会员国代表团团长履行,而不是由以个人身份当选的个人履行。 大会曾四次决定增加副主席人数(第1104(XI)号、第1192(XII)号、第1990(XVIII)号和第33/138号决议)。", "根据议事规则第30条,大会应选举副主席21人,并至少在由其主持的会议开幕三个月前选出。 当选的副主席在该届会议开幕时才履行职务并任职至该届会议闭幕时为止。", "2011年6月22日和7月29日,大会选出了第六十六届会议副主席(第65/418 A和B号决定)。", "按照议事规则第92条的规定,选举以无记名投票方式进行,不采用提名办法。 副主席以简单多数票当选。 但应当指出,自第三十二届会议起,除第三十六届、第三十八届、第四十一届和第四十二届会议的一个区域集团外,副主席均以鼓掌方式选出。", "根据第30条,副主席的选举应在各主要委员会主席的选举后进行(见项目5),以确保总务委员会具有代表性(见项目7)。", "1978年,大会第三十三届会议在其第33/138号决议中决定(见附件,第5段)。 (2) 21名副主席应按以下方式选出:", "(a) 非洲国家代表六人;", "(b) 亚洲国家代表五人;", "(c) 东欧国家代表一人;", "(d) 拉丁美洲国家代表三人;", "(e) 西欧和其他国家代表二人;", "(f) 安全理事会常任理事国代表五人。", "然而,大会主席的选举所产生的效果是将分配给主席所选区域的副主席人数减少一名(第33/138号决议,附件,第5段)。 第3条:", "大会第三十四届会议决定,在附属机构的选举中,如候选人数与应填补席位相等,即不必进行无记名投票,这个惯例应订为标准办法,并应适用于大会副主席的选举,但如有代表团特别要求对某一项选举进行表决时,则不在此限(第34/401号决定,第16段)。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目6)的参考文件", "全体会议 全体会议 A/65/PV.104和117\n第65/418号决定 A和B组", "A. 按照大会和联合国最近各次会议的有关决议促进持续经济增长和可持续发展", "9. 国家 经济及社会理事会的报告", "2011年9月12日,大会第六十五届会议续会修正了《世界粮食计划署总条例》(第65/550号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目9)的参考文件", "秘书长的说明A/65/928\n全体会议 A/65/PV.118\n第65/550号决定", "第二十会. 《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的承诺宣言》和《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言》的执行情况", "大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长向大会提交年度报告,说明在实现《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言:加大行动力度,消灭艾滋病毒和艾滋病》中所作承诺方面取得的进展,并在联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署的支持下,按照千年发展目标全球报告制度,在2013年和其后对千年发展目标的审查中向大会报告进展情况(第65/277号决议)(也涉及项目13和117)。", "2011年9月12日,大会第六十五届会议续会又决定将题为“《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的承诺宣言》和《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言》的执行情况”的项目列入大会第六十六届会议议程草案(第65/551号决定)。", "文件:秘书长的报告(第65/277号决议)。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目10)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告A/65/797\n决定草案A/65/L.89\n决议草案A/65/L.77\n全体会议 A/65/PV.95和118\n第65/551号决定\n第65/277号决议", "13个 联合国经济、社会及有关领域各次主要会议和首脑会议结果的统筹协调执行及后续行动", "大会第六十五届会议续会决定保持人权理事会作为大会附属机构的地位,并根据第65/503 A号决定(第65/281号决议)(也涉及项目117),再次审议是否在适当时机并至迟于十年并至迟于十五年维持这一地位的问题,并沿用将题为“人权理事会的报告”的议程项目分配给大会全体会议和第三委员会的做法。", "大会第六十五届会议邀请会员国拟订更多措施,更好地体现追求幸福和福祉在发展中的重要性,以指导其公共政策,并欢迎不丹主动提出在大会第六十六届会议期间就幸福和福祉这一主题召开一次小组讨论(第65/309号决议)。 没有要预发的文件。", "2011年9月12日,大会第六十五届会议续会决定在第六十六届会议上进一步探讨世界金融和经济危机及其对发展的影响问题会议政府间后续进程的最有效方式,并请大会主席同所有会员国进行公开、包容、及时和透明的协商(第65/313号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目13)的参考文件", "决议草案 A/65/L.42/Rev.1、A/65/L.78(也与项目117有关)和A/65/L.86和Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.90-95、100、109和118\n第65/281号决议(也涉及议程项目117)、第65/309号和第65/313号决议", "14. 不同文明对话全球议程", "1998年,应伊朗伊斯兰共和国的请求(A/53/233),题为 \" 不同文明之间的对话 \" 的项目作为增列项目列入大会第五十三届会议议程。 大会该届会议宣布2001年为联合国不同文明之间对话年(第53/22号决议)。", "大会第五十四至第五十六届会议审议了这个项目(第54/113、55/23、55/254和56/6号决议)。", "大会第六十届会议请秘书长探讨如何加强全球议程和决议的执行机制,并就此向大会第六十五届会议提出报告(第60/4号决议)。", "第六十五届会议期间,该项目同议程项目15“和平文化”一并审议。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目14)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告 A/65/269\n全体会议A/65/PV.32和33(与议程项目15合并)", "18. 2002年发展筹资问题国际会议以及2008年审查会议成果的后续行动和执行情况", "2011年9月12日,大会第六十五届会议续会决定于2011年12月7日和8日在联合国总部举行第五次发展筹资问题高级别对话(第65/314号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目19)的参考文件", "决议草案 决议草案 A/65/L.91\n全体会议 A/65/PV.118\n第65/314号决议", "27个 社会发展", "(b) 社会发展,包括有关世界社会状况和有关青年、老龄、残疾人和家庭的问题", "大会第六十五届会议续会决定,根据大会第64/134号决议举行的世界青年会议将采取2011年7月25日和26日在纽约联合国总部举行的大会高级别会议的形式,其总主题是“青年:对话和相互了解”(第65/267号决议)。", "大会同届会议通过了 \" 青年:对话和相互了解 \" 问题大会高级别会议的成果文件,重申《世界青年行动纲领》,包括其十五个相互关联的优先领域,并吁请会员国继续在地方、国家、区域和国际各级执行《纲领》(第65/312号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目27(b))的参考文件", "决议草案 决议草案 A/65/L.63和87\n全体会议 A/65/PV.78、110-112、115和116\n第65/267和65/312号决议", "B. 维持国际和平与安全", "33. (中文(简体) ). 预防武装冲突", "(a) 加强调解在和平解决争端、预防和解决冲突方面的作用", "2001年8月,大会第五十五届会议续会在题为“秘书长关于联合国工作的报告”的项目下讨论了预防武装冲突问题。", "大会第五十五至五十七届会议在同一项目下审议了这个问题(第55/281、56/512和57/337号决议)。", "大会第五十七届会议决定将题为“预防武装冲突”的具体项目列入大会第五十九届会议临时议程(第57/337号决议)。 大会第五十九和第六十二届会议决定推迟审议这个项目并将其列入后一届会议议程草案(第59/568和62/554号决定)。 大会第六十和六十一届会议审议了这个问题(第60/284和61/293号决议)。", "大会第六十三届和第六十四届会议续会决定将该项目列入下届会议议程草案(第63/563和64/563号决定)。", "大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长提交一份关于大会题为“加强调解在和平解决争端、预防和解决冲突方面的作用”的第65/283号决议执行情况的报告,供会员国第六十六届会议审议,并将其作为报告附件列入会员国和其他相关行为体的意见以及关于更有效的调解的指导,并决定将题为“加强调解在和平解决争端、预防和解决冲突方面的作用”的分项目列入大会第六十六届会议临时议程题为“预防武装冲突”的项目下(第65/283号决议)。", "文件:秘书长的报告(第65/283号决议)。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目33)的参考文件", "决议草案 决议草案 A/65/L.79和Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.102\n第65/283号决议", "34. 国家 古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其 对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "2006年,应阿塞拜疆、格鲁吉亚、摩尔多瓦共和国和乌克兰的请求(A/61/195),这个项目列入大会第六十一届会议议程。", "大会第六十二至六十四届会议继续审议这个项目(第62/249、63/307和64/296号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交关于决议执行情况的全面报告(第65/287号决议)。", "文件:秘书长的报告(第65/287号决议)。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目34)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告 A/65/846\n决议草案A/65/L.74\n全体会议 A/65/PV.105\n第65/287号决议", "38. 国家 阿塞拜疆被占领土的局势", "2004年,应阿塞拜疆和土耳其的请求(A/59/236和Add.1),这个项目列入大会第五十九届会议议程。", "大会第五十九、六十一、六十三和六十四届会议决定推迟审议这个项目并将其列入后一届会议议程草案(第59/571、61/564、63/569和64/562号决定)。 大会第六十和六十二届会议审议了这个问题(第60/285和62/243号决议)。", "2011年9月,大会第六十五届会议续会决定推迟审议这个项目并将其列入第六十六届会议议程草案(第65/552号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目39)的参考文件", "全体会议 全体会议 A/65/PV.118\n第65/552号决定", "39. 联合国 科摩罗马约特岛问题", "本项目应马达加斯加的请求(A/31/241)于1976年列入大会第三十一届会议议程。", "大会第三十二至第四十九届会议继续审议这个项目(第32/7、34/69、35/43、36/105、37/65、38/13、39/48、40/62、41/30、42/17、43/14、44/9、45/11、46/9、47/9、48/56和49/18号决议;第33/435号决定)。", "大会第五十至五十九届和第六十二至六十三届会议决定推迟审议这个项目并将其列入后一届会议临时议程(第50/493、51/436、52/435、53/490、54/439、55/402、56/454、57/503 A、58/503 A、59/503 A、62/503和63/559号决定)。", "大会第六十四届和第六十五届会议决定建议把该项目列入各自会议的议程,但有一项谅解,即大会将在另行通知之前不审议该项目(第64/503 A和65/503号决定)。", "大会第六十五届会议又决定将该项目列入第六十六届会议议程草案(第65/553号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目40)的参考文件", "全体会议 全体会议 A/65/PV.2和118\n第65/503和65/553号决定", "53. 联合国 整个维持和平行动问题所有方面的全盘审查", "1965年2月,大会第十九届会议设立了维持和平行动特别委员会,负责全盘审查整个维持和平行动问题的所有方面,包括克服联合国财政困难的办法(第2006(XIX)号决议)。", "特别委员会目前的组成情况见A/65/19(附件)。", "大会第二十至第六十四届会议审议了这个问题(第2053(XX)、2220(XXI)、2308(XXII)、2451(XXIII)、2576(XXIV)、2670(XXV)、2835(XXVI)、2965(XXVII)、3091(XXVIII)、3239(XXIX)、3457(XXX)、31/105、32/106、33/114、34/53、35/121、36/37、37/93、38/31、39/97、40/163、41/67、42/161、43/59 A和B、44/49、45/75、46/48、47/71、47/72、48/42、48/43、49/37、50/30、51/136、52/69、53/58、54/81、55/135、56/225 A和B、57/129、57/336、58/315、59/281、59/300、60/263、60/289、61/267 A和B、61/291、62/273、63/280和64/266号决议)。", "2011年7月,大会第六十五届会议续会认可维持和平行动特别委员会报告(A/65/19) 第15至278段所载的提议、建议和结论,并请特别委员会向大会第六十六届会议提交工作报告(第65/310号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 维持和平行动特别委员会及其工作组的报告:补编第19号(A/66/19);", "(b) 秘书长关于维持和平行动特别委员会各项建议执行情况的报告(第65/310号决议)。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目53)的参考文件", "维持和平行动特别委员会的报告 业务:补编第19号(A/65/19)\n秘书长的报告:\n支助经联合国授权的非洲联盟维持和平行动(A/65/510-S/2010/514)(也与项目146有关)\n加强联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力(A/65/524和Corr.1)(也涉及项目146)\n全球外勤支助战略的执行进展情况(A/65/643)(也涉及项目146)\n统筹行动小组的执行情况(A/65/669)\n维持和平行动特别委员会各项建议的执行情况(A/65/680和Add.1)\n起诉对已部署维和人员的犯罪(A/65/700)\n解除武装、复员和重返社会(A/65/741)\n2011年1月19日澳大利亚和乌拉圭常驻联合国代表给大会主席的信(A/65/698)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.4/65/SR.14-17和27\n特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会)的报告A/65/424和Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.62和109\n第65/310号决议", "C. 非洲的发展", "63. 国家 非洲发展新伙伴关系:执行进展情况和国际支持", "(a) 非洲发展新伙伴关系:执行进展情况和国际支持", "2002年,大会第五十七届会议通过了《联合国非洲发展新伙伴关系宣言》(第57/2号决议)。", "大会第五十七至六十四届会议审议了这个项目(第57/2、57/7、58/233、59/254、60/222、61/229、62/179、62/242、63/1、63/267和64/258号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议续会重申所有国家承诺建立一个监测机制,以落实关于非洲发展需要的政治宣言所载的与非洲发展有关的所有承诺,并请大会主席继续由会员国牵头并有相关利益攸关方参与的非正式协商,以期在第六十六届会议结束前使该机制开始运作;重申全力支持执行非洲发展新伙伴关系并致力于全面执行关于非洲发展需要的政治宣言;请秘书长根据各国政府、联合国系统各组织和新伙伴关系其他利益攸关方提供的投入,就决议执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提交一份全面报告(第65/284号决议)。", "文件:秘书长关于非洲发展新伙伴关系:关于执行情况和国际支持的第九次综合进度报告(第65/284号决议),A/66/202。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目62(a))的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n一种监测机制,用以审查对《公约》的承诺。 非洲发展需要(A/65/165)\n非洲发展新伙伴关系:关于执行情况和国际支持的第八次综合进度报告(A/65/167)\n决议草案A/65/L.69/Rev.1(经口头订正)和Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.30-31和102(同项目62(a)和12合并辩论)\n第65/284号决议", "(b) 非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展", "1998年,应纳米比亚的请求(A/53/231),大会第五十三届会议将该项目列入议程并在该届会议上审议(第53/92号决议)。", "大会第五十四届会议请大会主席设立一个大会不限成员名额特设工作组,以监测秘书长1998年关于非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告所载建议的执行情况(第54/234号决议)。", "大会第五十五至五十七届会议审议了这个项目(第55/217、56/37、57/2和57/7号决议)。 大会第五十七届会议决定从大会第五十八届会议起,将这个项目作为一个分项目列入题为 \" 非洲发展新伙伴关系:执行进展情况和国际支持 \" 的单一议程项目下(第57/296号决议)。", "大会第五十八至六十四届会议审议了这个分项(第58/234、58/235、59/255、60/223、61/230、62/275、63/304和64/252号决议)。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长同相关伙伴协商,就他审查报告中提出的问题拟订政策建议;又请秘书长继续每年监测并向大会报告在促进非洲持久和平与可持续发展方面持续存在和新出现的挑战,以及联合国系统的做法和支持(第65/278号决议)。", "文件:秘书长关于非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告所载建议执行情况的报告(第65/278号决议), A/66/214-S/2011/476。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目62(b))的参考文件", "秘书长关于执行秘书长关于非洲境内冲突起因和促进持久和平与可持续发展的报告所载建议的报告(A/65/152-S/2010/526)\n决议草案 决议草案 A/65/L.62/Rev.1和Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.30和96\n第65/278号决议", "D. 促进人权", "69. 促进和保护人权", "(b) 人权问题,包括增进人权和基本自由切实享受的各种途径", "国际人权学习年", "2007年,大会第六十二届会议宣布从2008年12月10日开始的一年为国际人权学习年,并吁请会员国同所有相关利益攸关方合作,在地方、国家和国际各级促进人权学习和教育(第62/171号决议)。 大会第六十三届会议还审议了这个问题(第63/173号决议)。", "大会第六十四届会议审议了秘书长关于国际年的报告(A/64/293),并鼓励采取行动,在各级开展基础广泛的持续人权学习。 大会请秘书长就其决议的执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告(第64/82号决议)。", "大会同届会议请秘书长邀请会员国、政府间组织和非政府组织进一步提出切实可行的建议和想法,以在非选择性、公正性和客观性原则基础上促进国际合作来加强联合国在人权领域的行动,并就此问题向大会第六十六届会议提交一份全面报告(第64/158号决议)。", "文件:秘书长关于国际人权学习年后续行动的报告(第64/82和64/158号决议),A/66/225。", "第六十四届会议(议程项目69(b))的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n促进国际合作并重视非选择性、公正性和客观性以加强联合国在人权领域的行动(A/64/175)\n国际人权学习年(A/64/293)\n第三委员会的报告 决议草案 A/64/439/Add.2 (第一和二编)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.3/64/SR.22-33和36及40-47\n决议草案 各项更正将在本届会议结束后按委员会分别汇编成单册。\n全体会议 A/64/PV.61和65\n第64/82和64/158号决议", "E. 有效协调人道主义援助工作", "70. 联合国 加强联合国人道主义和救灾援助,包括特别经济援助的协调", "(c) 向个别国家或区域提供特别经济援助", "1993年,大会第四十八届会议决定在全体会议上审议题为“加强联合国人道主义和救灾援助,包括特别经济援助的协调”的项目及其分项(第48/162号决议,附件二)。", "大会第六十四届会议请秘书长和联合国系统各机构向巴基斯坦动员有效、立即和充分的国际支持和援助,并在题为“加强联合国人道主义和救灾援助,包括特别经济援助的协调”的项目下向大会第六十五届会议报告本决议的执行情况(第64/294号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目69(d))的参考文件", "秘书长关于在巴基斯坦发生破坏性洪灾后加强紧急救援、恢复、重建和预防工作的报告(A/65/773)\n秘书长关于利比里亚的人道主义援助和重建的报告(A/65/357)", "F. 促进司法和国际法", "76. 联合国 海洋和海洋法", "(a) 海洋和海洋法", "大会第六十五届会议续会核可了海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组第一次会议的建议;并请秘书长于2011年6月27日和28日召开特设全体工作组第二次会议(第65/37 B号决议)。", "文件:2011年7月13日特设全体工作组共同主席给大会主席的信,转递特设全体工作组第二次会议工作报告(第65/37 B号决议),A/66/189。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目74(a))的参考文件", "海洋环境包括社会经济方面状况全球报告和评估经常程序特设全体工作组的工作报告(A/65/759)\n决议草案A/65/L.65\n全体会议 A/65/PV.84\n第65/37 B号决议", "I. 组织、行政和其他事项", "114 (韩语). 选举各附属机构成员以补空缺,并进行其他选举", "(a) 选举方案和协调委员会二十个成员", "2011年9月12日,大会第六十五届会议续会宣布法国当选为方案和协调委员会成员,任期自2011年9月12日起,至2012年12月31日止(第65/404 B号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目112(a))的参考文件", "秘书长的说明 第五委员会的报告 A/65/291/Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.118\n第65/404 B号决定", "116 (英语). 接纳新会员加入联合国", "接纳新会员加入联合国的问题由《宪章》第四条、安全理事会暂行议事规则第58至60条和大会议事规则第134至138条等规定。 根据《宪章》第四条第二项的规定,接纳新会员国须由大会根据安全理事会的建议作出决定。 根据大会议事规则第83条,接纳新会员须有三分之二多数票。", "2011年7月13日,安全理事会审查了南苏丹共和国申请加入为联合国会员国(A/65/900-S/2011/418)后,建议大会接纳南苏丹共和国为联合国会员国(安理会第1999(2011)号决议)。", "2011年7月14日大会第108次全体会议接纳南苏丹共和国为联合国会员国(第65/308号决议)。", "联合国网页(www.un.org)上有会员国名单,现为193个,其中注明了它们被接纳为联合国会员国的日期。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目114)的参考文件", "南苏丹共和国的接纳申请 第五委员会的报告 A/65/900-S/2011/418\n2011年7月13日安全理事会主席给秘书长的信(A/65/905)\n决议草案A/65/L.84和Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.108\n第65/308号决议", "117. 千年首脑会议成果的后续行动", "大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长向大会提交年度报告,说明在履行《关于艾滋病毒/艾滋病问题的政治宣言:加大行动力度,消灭艾滋病毒和艾滋病》中所作承诺方面取得的进展,并在联合国艾滋病毒/艾滋病联合规划署的支持下,根据千年发展目标全球报告的情况,在2013年和其后的千年发展目标审查中向大会报告进展情况(第65/277号决议)(也涉及项目13)。", "大会同届会议决定保持人权理事会作为大会附属机构的地位,并根据第65/503 A号决定(第65/281号决议),再次审议是否在适当时机、最晚不超过十年、最晚不超过十五年维持这一地位的问题,并按照大会惯例,将题为“人权理事会的报告”的议程项目分配给大会全体会议和第三委员会(也涉及项目13)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目115)的参考文件", "秘书长关于 \" 团结起来促进普遍获得服务:实现零新艾滋病毒感染、零歧视和零因艾滋病而死亡 \" 的报告(A/65/797)\n决议草案A/65/L.77(也涉及项目13),A/65/L.78(也涉及项目13)\n全体会议 全体会议 A/65/PV.90-95和100\n第65/277和65/281号决议(也涉及项目13)", "120号. 执行联合国各项决议", "大会第六十五届会议续会决定暂停阿拉伯利比亚民众国人权理事会成员资格,并酌情审查这一事项(第65/265号决议)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目117)的参考文件", "决议草案 决议草案 A/65/L.60和Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.76\n第65/265号决议", "121. (中文(简体) ). 大会工作的振兴", "此项目于1991年列入大会第四十六届会议议程,最初由大会第五十五届会议主席提议列入该届会议议程草案(见第45/461号决定)。", "大会第四十六至四十八、五十二和五十三届会议审议了这个问题(第46/77、47/233和48/264号决议以及第52/479和53/491号决定)。", "大会第五十四届会议决定推迟审议这个项目并将其列入后一届会议议程草案(第54/491号决定)。", "大会第五十五至六十四届会议继续审议了这个项目(第55/285、56/509、57/301、58/126号决议附件、61/292、62/276、63/309和64/301号决议)。", "2004年7月,大会第五十八届会议续会除其他外,通过了若干措施来改组大会议程;决定在第六十一届会议上审查改组后议程的各项规定,以作进一步改进(第58/316号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议通过了大会第六十六届会议第一委员会2011年拟议工作方案和时间表(第65/518号决定)、特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会)拟议工作方案和时间表(第65/522号决定)、第二委员会工作方案草案(第65/529号决定)和第三委员会工作方案草案(第65/539号决定)和第六委员会暂定工作方案(第65/511号决定)。 大会第六十五届会议还通过了关于改进第二委员会工作方法的决定(第65/530号决定)。", "2011年9月12日,大会第六十五届会议续会决定在其第六十六届会议上设立一个向所有会员国开放的振兴大会特设工作组,以进一步确定如何加强大会的作用、权威、效力和效率,特别是借鉴以往各项决议;并就此向大会第六十六届会议提出报告(第65/315号决议)。", "文件:特设工作组的报告(第65/315号决议)。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目118)的参考文件", "振兴大会特设工作组的报告(A/65/909)\n全体会议 A/65/PV.56、57、60、62、69、71和118\n第一委员会的报告 A/65/418\n特别政治和非殖民化委员会(第四委员会)的报告 第五委员会的报告 A/65/431\n第二委员会的报告 A/65/444\n第三委员会的报告 A/65/459\n第六委员会的报告 A/65/476\n第65/315号决议\n第65/511、65/518、65/522、65/529、65/530和65/539号决定", "122. (中文(简体) ). 安全理事会席位公平分配和成员数目增加问题及有关事项", "2011年9月12日,大会第六十五届会议续会决定立即在大会第六十六届会议非正式全体会议上继续进行关于安全理事会改革的政府间谈判(第65/554号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目119)的参考文件", "全体会议 全体会议 A/65/PV.118\n第65/554号决定", "125. (中文(简体) ). 联合国石油换粮食方案独立调查委员会就行政管理和内部监督所提建议的后续行动", "2005年,应哥斯达黎加的请求(A/60/235),这个项目作为增列项目列入大会第六十届会议议程。", "大会第六十一至六十五届会议决定推迟审议这个项目并将其列入后一届会议议程草案(第61/503 A、62/555和63/566、64/569和65/555号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目123)的参考文件", "全体会议 全体会议 A/65/PV.118\n第65/555号决定", "127. 起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭", "应秘书长的请求,大会第六十三届会议首次审议了这个议程项目,以便大会审议法庭庭长的来文并采取行动。 大会第六十四届和第六十五届会议继续审议这个项目。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目125)的参考文件", "秘书长的信 A/65/529-S/2010/513和A/65/587-S/2010/598\n安全理事会主席的信 A/65/661\n全体会议 A/65/PV.74\n决定草案A/65/L.57\n第65/412号决定", "128. 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭", "应秘书长的请求,大会第六十三届会议首次审议了这个议程项目,以便大会审议法庭庭长的来文并采取行动。 大会第六十四届和第六十五届会议继续审议这个项目。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目126)的参考文件", "秘书长的信 A/65/588-S/2010/599\n安全理事会主席的信 A/65/662\n全体会议 A/65/PV.74和109\n决定草案A/65/L.58和L.83\n第65/413号决定 A和B组", "129. 国家 刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制(秘书长提议的项目(A/66/143))", "安全理事会第1966(2010)号决议决定设立刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制,下设两个分支机构,分别于2012年7月1日(卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭分支机构)和2013年7月1日(前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭分支机构)开始运作,并为此目的通过了该决议附件一所载机制规约。", "安全理事会在该决议第13段中请秘书长执行该决议,并作出实际安排,使余留机制从第一个开始之日(2012年7月1日)起有效运作,并至迟于2011年6月30日启动《余留机制规约》规定的甄选法官名册的程序。 根据《规约》,该机制的法官由大会从安全理事会提供的候选人名单中选出。", "此外,根据《规约》,该机制主席应向安全理事会和大会提交年度报告。", "因此,大会第六十六届会议需要选举该机制的法官,以便该机制能从第一个开始日(2012年7月1日)开始工作。 此外,大会需要审议该机制的年度报告,为该机制的工作作出适当的预算和财务安排。", "没有要预发的文件。", "132. (中文(简体) ). 审查联合国行政和财政业务效率", "大会第六十四届会议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议报告大会题为“在联合国秘书处建立问责制”的第64/259号决议的执行情况。", "大会第六十五届会议重申其第41/213号决议,其中请秘书长在非预算年度提交下一个两年期拟议方案预算大纲,并再次请秘书长在今后的预算文件中提出尽可能抵消预算增加额的措施,但不得妨碍已获授权方案和活动的执行(第65/262号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议还重申内部和外部监督机制的独立性和各自的独特作用;鼓励联合国内部和外部监督机构进一步提高相互合作的水平;鼓励内部监督事务厅(监督厅)在今后的年度报告中加强对联合国内部监督方面一般趋势和战略挑战的分析;请秘书长落实监督厅就系统性问题一再提出的尚未落实和被接受的建议;并请秘书长确保迅速及时地全面执行监督厅已接受的建议,包括有关避免费用、追回多付款项、提高效率和其他改进的建议;并在今后不接受监督厅建议的情况下提供详细理由(第65/250号决议)(也涉及项目142)。", "文件:(又见A/66/100号文件,项目141(联合检查组)下)", "(a) 秘书长关于第64/259号决议“在联合国秘书处建立问责制”执行情况的报告(第64/259号决议);", "(b) 独立审计咨询委员会关于其2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间活动的报告(第61/275号决议),A/66/299;", "(c) 内部监督事务厅的报告:", "(一) 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的年度报告(第48/218 B;54/244;57/292号决议,第二节)。 (二) 第22段;第59/270号决议,第3段;第59/271号决议,第11段;第59/272号决议;第60/257号决议,第14段;第60/282号决议,第13段);", "(二) 2011年1月1日至2011年12月31日期间维持和平监督活动年度报告(第48/218 B号、第54/244号、第59/272号和第60/268号决议第17段);", "(d) 联合检查组关于联合国秘书处高级管理人员甄选和任命的透明度的报告(JIU/REP/2011/2)。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目128)的参考文件", "内部监督事务厅对秘书处采购管理的审计的报告(A/64/369)\n秘书长的说明(A/65/63/Add.1)(还涉及项目137)\n秘书长的说明:转递他本人和联合国系统行政首长协调理事会对联合国系统各组织环境概况联合检查股的报告的评论和评论(A/65/346/Add.1)\n秘书长的报告:\n关于联合国采购活动的综合报告(第62/269号决议),A/64/284和Add.1和2\n内部监督事务厅2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间活动的报告(A/65/271(Part I)和Corr.1和Add.1和Add.1/Corr.1)\n独立审计咨询委员会关于委员会2009年8月1日至2010年7月31日期间活动的报告(A/65/329)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的有关报告(A/64/501)\n秘书长关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算项目的报告(A/65/560和Corr.1)\n秘书长关于加强政治事务部的报告(A/65/161)\n联合检查股的报告:\n联合国口粮系统的离岸外包(A/65/63)\n联合国系统各组织的环境概况(A/65/346)\n决议草案 A/C.5/65/L.24和A/C.5/65/L.25\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.3、5、23、24和27\n第五委员会的报告A/65/645和649(也涉及项目142)\n全体会议 A/65/PV.73\n第65/250号决议(也涉及项目142)、65/261和65/262号决议", "133. (中文(简体) ). 2010-2011两年期方案预算", "与2010-2011两年期方案预算有关的问题", "大会第六十四届会议决定,秘书长应向行政和预算问题咨询委员会及大会第六十五届和第六十六届会议报告根据关于2010-2011两年期意外及非常费用的决议的规定所承付的一切款项及其有关情况,并向大会提交有关此种款项的追加概算(第64/246号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议授权秘书长在2010-2011两年期方案预算第20款(拉丁美洲和加勒比经济和社会发展)下承付至多1 758 800美元,并在其关于2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告中报告实际支出情况(第65/259号决议,第三节)。", "大会同届会议欢迎设立联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署),这是本组织为加强全系统实现性别平等和增强妇女权能的能力并领导、协调和促进联合国系统工作问责制而持续进行的一项重要努力(第65/259号决议,第三节)。 (六级)", "大会同届会议还回顾其第60/283号决议第三节和关于有限预算酌处权的第64/260号决议第三节,请秘书长执行这些规定并在其关于2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告中报告有关情况(第65/259号决议,第三节)。 页:1", "大会第六十五届会议还授权秘书长,作为例外措施,承付不超过9 882 594美元的款项,以补充塞拉利昂问题特别法庭2011年1月1日至12月31日期间的自愿财政资源,并请秘书长就决议执行情况向大会第六十六届会议提出报告(第65/259号决议,第十二节)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告(第65/259和65/268号决议);", "(二) 关于联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则情况的第四次进度报告(第60/283号决议);", "(三) 海外财产管理和在建项目(第65/259号决议);", "(四) 关于确定退休金福利的机制的提议(第65/258号决议);", "(五) 经济及社会理事会2011年实质性会议和实质性会议续会通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(也涉及项目9和134);", "(六) 人权理事会第十六届、第十七届和第十八届会议(以及2011年举行的任何特别会议)通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(第60/251号决议);", "(七) 使用有限预算酌处权的试验的执行情况(第60/283号决议,第三节)。 页:1 (三))", "(八) 发展账户供资项目的执行情况:第七次进度报告(A/66/84);", "(九) 向塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供补助金(第65/259号决议);", "(十) 联合国伙伴关系办公室,A/66/188;", "(十一) 内部监督事务厅关于联合国人权事务高级专员办事处任务执行效率的报告所载建议的执行进度报告,A/66/74;", "(b) 联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会关于联合国合办工作人员养恤基金行政费用的报告(第46/220号决议);", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告:补编第7号(A/66/7)和增编。", "大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数", "大会第六十五届会议为大会和(或)安全理事会授权的29个特别政治任务核准了共计毛额643 094 800美元(净额631 162 600美元);决定按照大会1986年12月19日第41/213号决议附件一第11段规定的程序,在2010-2011两年期方案预算第3款(政治事务)下批款200 689 200美元;并请秘书长提出联合国布隆迪综合办事处或其后续机构的2011年所需资源,供大会第六十五届会议续会第一期会议审议(第65/259号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议续会核准联合国布隆迪办事处2011年1月1日至12月31日期间的预算毛额23 989 700美元(净额22 145 800美元),并核准联合国派驻国际咨询和监察委员会代表2011年1月1日至6月30日期间的预算24 600美元;注意到该代表的所需经费将在特别政治任务批款总额中匀支,并在2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告中向大会报告;决定根据其1986年12月19日第41/213号决议的规定,为2010-2011两年期第3款(政治事务)下批款7 504 600美元,同时考虑到已经为联合国布隆迪综合办事处(前身特派团)核准的14 641 200美元;决定利用联合国布隆迪综合办事处的未支配余额来抵消联合国布隆迪办事处2011年1月1日至12月31日期间所需追加批款的一部分;并请秘书长从2010-2011两年期特别政治任务批款总额中支付联合国布隆迪办事处所需追加的所需经费(关于特别政治任务的第65/268号决议;关于2010-2011两年期方案预算的第二次报告)。", "大会第六十五届会议续会核准阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组2011年6月1日至12月31日期间的预算毛额1 693 500美元(净额1 670 400美元)并核准出席日内瓦国际讨论的联合国代表2011年5月1日至12月31日期间的预算毛额1 590 600美元(净额1 469 000美元),决定阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组和参加日内瓦国际讨论的联合国代表的活动资源由2010-2011两年期特别政治任务批款总额匀支,并请秘书长在其关于2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告中报告有关情况(第65/288号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数(第65/259、65/268和65/288号决议);", "(二) 审查特别政治任务目前的供资和支助安排,以找出可能的替代办法(第65/259号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "基本建设总计划", "大会第五十七届会议请秘书长每年向大会报告基本建设总计划采购合同的授予情况;又请秘书长就基本建设总计划的执行情况向大会提交年度进度报告(第57/292号决议,第二节)。", "大会第六十五届会议再请秘书长尽一切努力,通过健全的项目管理做法来避免预算增加,并尽一切努力确保基本建设总计划在大会第61/251号决议所核定的预算内完成,并在其关于其第九次年度进展报告中报告有关情况(第65/269号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 关于基本建设总计划执行情况的第九次年度进展报告(第57/292号决议,第三节)。 (b) 决议二、61/251和65/269;", "(二) 关于由基本建设总计划核定预算供资支付2012年所需连带费用的提议(第65/269号决议);", "(b) 审计委员会关于基本建设总计划2010年12月31日终了年度的报告:补编第5号(A/66/5(Vol.V));", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "信息和通信技术", "(也涉及项目134)", "2004年,大会第五十九届会议请秘书长向大会第六十届会议提交关于信息和通信技术安全、业务连续性和灾后恢复的技术研究结果,并附上详细的费用计算和时间表(第59/276号决议,第十一节)。", "大会第六十和六十一届会议审议了这个问题(第60/283号决议,第二节;第61/234号决议)。", "大会第六十三届会议请秘书长提交一份统一的灾后恢复和业务连续性计划,并就此向大会第六十四届会议主要会期会议提出报告(第63/262号决议,第三节)。 (四) 报告", "大会同届会议请秘书长向大会第六十五届会议主要会期会议提出报告,说明信息和通信技术战略,包括调整治理结构的情况;这种管理和报告安排的最新情况;对组织安排的深入评估;整个秘书处的信息和通信技术能力清单;更准确地查明和量化执行信息和通信技术战略预期产生的增效或效益;确定和衡量这些效益的方法和基准;秘书处首席信息技术干事办公室和外勤支助部在信息和通信技术活动方面的作用和责任(第63/262号决议,第三节)。 (单位:千美元)", "大会还请秘书长至迟于大会第六十五届会议主要会期向大会提交一份统一的灾后恢复和业务连续性计划,包括总部永久解决办法(第63/269号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议请秘书长审查秘书长关于联合国秘书处信息和通信技术战略执行情况的报告(A/65/491)中的提议,并结合2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算向大会提交新的和(或)订正的提议;在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中报告报告第71段所述在设立二级数据中心方面取得的进展,酌情包括为执行该中心而提出的财政资源;并向大会提交不止一个选择,以找到与信息和通信技术战略有关的其他未来设施(第65/259号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长关于企业资源规划项目第三次进度报告的报告(第63/262号决议,第三节)。 (二)", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "内部司法经费的筹措", "[见项目143]", "与离职后健康保险福利有关的负债和拟议供资办法", "大会第六十一届会议核准设立一个独立的单独特别账户,以记录离职后健康保险应计负债并核算相关会计事项,还核准对2007年7月1日或之后征聘的新工作人员的离职后健康保险规定建议作的修改;决定推迟审议报告中提出的其余供资提议;请秘书长向大会第六十三届会议提交一份报告,其中除其他外将:(a) 反映经更新和核实的离职后健康保险应计负债;(b) 就其他长期筹资战略提供补充资料;(c) 就旨在减少本组织与保健计划有关的费用的措施提出报告;(d) 就截至2007年12月31日的离职后健康保险计划精算估值结果等,就基于供资来源的有区别的供资选择提供全面信息和分析;(e) 就离职后健康保险准备金基金提供投资战略(第61/264号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议请秘书长在今后的预算执行情况报告中说明医疗和牙科准备金、预算期间适用保费休假月数、使用的其他盈余资金分配方法以及对预算的财务影响(第65/259号决议,第三节)。 (四) 报告", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长关于2010-2011两年期方案预算第二次执行情况报告;", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "秘书处官员以外其他官员(国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官)的服务条件和报酬", "2007年4月,大会第六十一届会议续会请秘书长向大会第六十二届会议提交一份报告,说明设计国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官养恤金办法的备选方案,包括福利确定型和缴款确定型办法,同时考虑到根据任职年数而不是根据任期计算养恤金的可能性(第61/262号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议决定在其第六十六届会议上审查国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官的养恤金办法,并请秘书长在其报告中提议设立一个他可用来确定退休养恤金福利的机制,同时考虑到在法院或两法庭任职之前累积的已获得养恤金福利权利(第65/258号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长关于秘书处官员以外其他官员(国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官)的服务条件和报酬的报告(第65/258号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目129)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n2010-2011两年期方案预算第一次执行情况报告(A/65/589)\n经济和社会理事会实质性会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(A/65/319)\n人权理事会第十二届、第十三届和第十四届会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(A/65/333和Corr.1)和第十五届会议通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(A/65/333/Add.1和Corr.1)\n关于联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则情况的第三次进度报告(A/65/308)\n大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数:联合国驻布隆迪办事处和联合国派驻国际咨询和监察委员会的代表(A/65/328/Add.6和Corr.1)\n大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数:阿拉伯利比亚民众国问题专家小组和日内瓦国际讨论联合国代表(A/65/328/Add.7)\n秘书处官员以外为大会服务的其他官员的服务条件和报酬:国际公务员制度委员会专职成员及行政和预算咨询委员会主席(A/65/676)\n联合国伙伴关系办公室(A/65/347)\n飞机舱位标准(A/65/348)\n联合国系统行政首长协调理事会关于统一航空旅行标准的可行性的报告(A/65/386)\n应急基金:所涉方案预算问题和订正估计数综合说明(A/C.5/65/14)\n大会关于加强政治事务部的第63/261号决议的执行情况(A/65/161和Corr.1)\n根据《任择议定书》第5条防止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道或有辱人格的待遇或处罚小组委员会成员数目增加引起的订正估计数(A/65/500)(也涉及项目68(a))\n加强联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处的管理能力(A/65/705)\n第5款(维持和平行动)下与加强和统一联合国安保管理系统有关的2010-2011两年期方案预算订正安保管理框架和订正估计数(A/65/320和Corr.1)\n海外财产管理和在建项目(A/65/351)\n基本建设总计划执行情况第八次年度进展报告(A/65/511)\n关于由基本建设总计划核定预算供资支付2011年连带费用的提议(A/65/511/Add.1)\n审计委员会关于联合国2009年12月31日终了两年期的报告和关于2009年12月31日终了年度基本建设总计划的报告(A/65/296)所载建议的执行情况\n与保护所有移徙工人及其家庭成员权利委员会扩大有关的订正估计数(A/65/85)\n关于将经常预算资源用于联合国促进性别平等和增强妇女权能署(妇女署)规范性支助职能的订正提议(A/65/531)\n2010-2011两年期方案预算第23款(人权)下因残疾人权利委员会成员数目增加而订正估计数(A/65/400)\n《保护所有人免遭强迫失踪国际公约》生效引起的订正估计数(A/65/628)\n2010-2011两年期方案预算第28A款(主管管理事务副秘书长办公室)和维持和平行动支助帐户下企业资源规划项目和订正估计数第二次进度报告(A/65/389)\n秘书长的说明:\n转递联合检查组关于审查联合国系统内部旅行安排的报告(A/65/338)\n联合国系统行政首长协调理事会的相关报告(A/65/338/Add.1)\n内部监督事务厅的报告:\n2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间的年度报告(A/65/271(Part I)和Corr.1及Add.1和Corr.1)\n关于大会第63/287号决议所指定试点项目执行情况的初步报告(A/65/765)\n对维持和平行动部/外勤支助部与区域组织之间合作的专题评价(A/65/762)\n审计委员会关于2009年12月31日终了年度的报告:基本建设总计划,补编第5号(A/65/5(Vol.V))\n方案和协调委员会第五十届会议的报告:补编第16号(A/65/16)\n行政和预算咨询委员会的报告 问题:(包括A/65/739、A/65/602/Add.1和Add.2、A/65/767、A/65/632、A/65/725)补编第7号(A/65/7)和增编\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.6-8、12、13、17-20、22、23、25-31、39和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/646和Add.1、2和3\n全体会议 A/65/PV.73、84和106\n第65/258、65/259、65/260、65/268、65/269和65/288号决议\n第65/542和65/543号决定", "134. 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算", "根据《联合国财务条例和细则》条例2.4,秘书长在财政期间的第二年向大会常会提出下一财政期间的拟议方案预算。 大会第六十五届会议在题为“审查联合国行政和财政业务效率”的项目下审议了这个问题(另见项目132)。", "2003年,大会第五十八届会议决定,方案预算各分册的方案说明应与两年期方案计划相同;又决定维持拟议方案预算的现有格式并保持其中所载的资料水平;请秘书长在预算分册的导言中列入关于大会在两年期方案计划通过后核准的新任务和(或)订正任务的资料;并请秘书长确保在拟议方案预算各款中明确列出用于履行监测和评价职能的资源(第58/269号决议)。", "大会第六十届会议认可关于每两年一次将联合国裁军研究所补助金的请求提交大会在审议相关两年期拟议方案预算时审查和核准的提议(第60/248号决议,第四节)。", "大会同届会议回顾其2005年12月23日第60/246号决议第11段,决定试验性地授权秘书长在2006-2007和2008-2009两年期预算执行方面拥有有限酌处权,在每个两年期承付最多2 000万美元的职位和非员额经费,以满足本组织在完成已获授权的方案和活动方面不断变化的需要;又决定在大会第六十四届会议上审查这项试验,以期就这项试验的继续作出最后决定;并请秘书长就试验的执行情况提出一份全面报告,供大会审议(第60/283号决议,第三节)。", "大会第六十三届会议注意到秘书长关于提高交付与发展有关活动的成效和效率的报告(A/62/708)和与2008-2009两年期方案预算和发展账户有关的订正估计数(A/63/335);认可行政和预算问题咨询委员会报告(A/62/7/Add.40和A/63/479)所载的结论和建议,但以符合该决议的规定为前提;请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中报告该决议的执行情况(第63/260号决议)。", "大会第六十四届会议续会注意到秘书长关于有限预算酌处权的报告(A/64/562)并认可行政和预算问题咨询委员会相关报告所载的结论和建议(第64/260号决议,第三节)。", "此外,大会第六十四届会议续会请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中提出建议,以按照现行程序审查分配给大会主席办公室的预算(第64/301号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议在题为“审查联合国行政和财政业务效率”的项目下请秘书长以按2010-2011年订正费率计算的初步估计数5 396 697 200美元为基础编制2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算,并请秘书长在提出2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算时反映该决议第13段所列的优先事项(第65/262号决议)。", "大会同届会议请秘书长在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中进一步阐述妇女署为执行其第64/289号决议第75段所述任务而展开的政府间规范进程,以具体说明妇女署的活动,包括行政、评价、协调、研究和分析政策职能,是否支持或被视为政府间规范进程;政府间业务进程和业务活动;或两者相结合(第65/259号决议,第六节)。", "联合国", "(a) 2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算: 补编第6号:A/66/6(导言)、(Sect. 1-7)、(Sect. 8)和Corr.1、(Sect. 9-12)、(Sect. 13)和Add.1、(Sect. 14-15)、(Sect. 16)和Corr.1、(Sect. 17-25)、(Sect. 26)和Corr.1、(Sect. 27)、(Sect. 28)和Corr.1、(Sect.29-29C)、(Sect. 29D)和Corr.1、(Sect.29E)、(Sect. 29F)和Corr.1、(Sect.29G-37)和(收入款)。 (一至三)", "(b) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 关于2010-2011两年期方案预算和2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中反映的两年期方案计划变化的合并报告(第58/269和65/244号决议),A/66/82(也涉及项目135);", "(二) 大会和(或)安全理事会授权的特别政治任务、斡旋和其他政治举措费用估计数(第65/259号决议,第三节)。 页:1 (二)", "(三) 试验使用有限预算酌处权(第60/283号决议,第三节)。 页:1 (三))", "(四) 应急基金:所涉方案预算问题和订正估计数综合说明(第42/211号决议,附件);", "(五) 订正估计数:汇率和通货膨胀率变动的影响;", "(六) 人权理事会第十六届、第十七届和第十八届会议(以及2011年举行的任何特别会议)通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(第60/251号决议);", "(七) 经济及社会理事会2011年实质性会议和2011年实质性会议续会通过的决议和决定引起的订正估计数(也涉及项目9和133);", "(十三) 关于联合国采用国际公共部门会计准则情况的第四次进度报告(第60/283号决议,第三节)。 (二)", "(九) 联合国内部司法(第61/261和65/259号决议);", "(十) 联合国监察员和调解事务办公室的活动(第65/251和65/259号决议);", "(十一) 机构复原力管理系统:应急管理框架(第64/260号决议,第二部分);", "(十二) 联合国总部长期办公房地需求的可行性研究(第60/282号决议);", "(十三) 关于联合国日内瓦办事处战略遗产计划的进度报告(第64/243号决议);", "(十四) 向塞拉利昂问题特别法庭提供补助金(第65/259号决议);", "(十五) 秘书处官员以外其他官员的服务条件和报酬:国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官(第65/258号决议);", "(c) 秘书长的说明:要求按照联合国裁军研究所董事会对该所2012-2013年工作方案的建议向研究所提供补助金(第60/248号决议,第三节)。 页:1", "(d) 内部监督事务厅关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的年度报告;", "(e) 独立审计咨询委员会的报告:内部监督:2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算(A/66/85);", "(f) 方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议的报告:补编第16号(A/66/16);", "(g) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告:补编第7号(A/66/7)和增编。", "发展账户", "2001年,大会第五十六届会议决定继续审查发展账户的执行情况(第56/237号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长关于发展账户供资项目执行情况的报告:第七次进度报告(第56/237号决议),A/66/84;", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "联合国合办工作人员养恤基金", "1991年,大会第四十六届会议决定在偶数年内审议与联合国养恤金制度有关的项目(第46/220号决议),但安排由第五委员会和大会在联合国两年期方案预算议程项目下审查并核准与联合国合办工作人员养恤基金费用有关的所有事项,包括养恤基金的两年期预算(见A/54/206)。", "联合国", "(a) 联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会关于联合国合办工作人员养恤基金管理费用的报告(第46/220号决议)(也涉及项目133);", "(b) 秘书长关于联合国工作人员养恤金联合委员会报告所涉行政和经费问题的报告;", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会关于2012-2013两年期方案预算的报告:补编第7号(A/66/7)。", "国际公务员制度委员会2011年报告所载决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题", "大会第六十五届会议注意到秘书长根据大会议事规则第153条就国际公务员制度委员会2010年报告(A/65/493)所载决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题提出的说明以及行政和预算问题咨询委员会的有关报告(A/65/532)(第65/259号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长根据大会议事规则第153条就国际公务员制度委员会2011年报告所载决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题提出的说明;", "(b) 国际公务员制度委员会2011年报告:补编第30号(A/66/30);", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "信息和通信技术", "[见项目133下条目]", "文件:秘书长关于联合国秘书处企业信息和通信技术举措的报告(第63/262、63/269、64/243、65/259号决议,第十七节),A/66/94。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目129)的参考文件", "[见项目133下条目,第六十五届会议参考]\n秘书长关于2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算大纲的报告(A/65/560和Corr.1)\n咨询委员会的相关报告 行政和预算问题委员会(A/65/611)\n简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.6、7、8、12、13、17、18、20、22、25、26、27和28\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/646和Add.1和2\n全体会议 A/65/PV.73和84\n第65/258、65/259、65/260 A-C、65/268和65/269号决议\n第65/542和65/543号决定", "135. (中文(简体) ). 方案规划", "2003年,大会第五十八届会议请秘书长编写一份取代四年期中期计划的试验性战略框架,提交大会第五十九届会议(第58/269号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议认可方案和协调委员会第五十届会议工作报告(A/65/16)第二章A节所载关于2012-2013年期间拟议战略框架的结论和建议;并请秘书长以该决议所通过核定优先事项和战略框架为基础编制2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算(第65/244号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 方案和协调委员会第五十一届会议(2011年6月6日至7月1日)的报告:补编第16号(A/66/16);", "(b) 秘书长关于2010-2011两年期方案预算和2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算中反映的两年期方案计划变化的合并报告(第58/269号决议),A/66/82。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目130)的参考文件", "方案和协调委员会第五十届会议(2010年6月7日至7月2日)的报告:补编第16号(A/65/16)\n2012-2013年期间拟议战略框架:第一部分:计划大纲(A/65/6(Part I))和第二部分:两年期方案计划(A/65/6(Prog.1-11)、(Prog.12)和Corr.1、(Prog.13-16)、(Prog.17)和Corr.1、(Prog.18-27))\n秘书长关于联合国2008-2009两年期方案执行情况的报告(A/65/70)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.4和8\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/544\n全体会议 A/65/PV.73\n第65/244号决议", "136. (中文(简体) ). 改善联合国财政情况", "1975年,大会第三十届会议决定将题为“联合国财政紧急情况”的项目列入大会第三十一届会议临时议程(第3538(XXX)号决议)。 大会第三十一至三十九届会议审议了这个问题(第31/191、32/104、33/430、35/113、36/116 A和B、37/13、38/228 A和B和39/239 A和B号决议以及第34/435号决定)。", "应秘书长的请求(A/40/247),题为“联合国当前的财政危机”的项目列入大会第四十届会议议程。 大会第四十届和第四十二届至第四十五届会议审议了这个项目(第42/212、43/215、44/195号决议)。 A和B及45/236 A和B以及第40/471、40/472和42/460号决定。", "大会第四十七届会议决定今后在题为“改善联合国财政情况”的一个项目下审议题为“联合国当前的财政危机”和“联合国财政紧急情况”的项目;又决定视需要审议该组织的财务状况(第47/215号决议)。", "大会自第四十八届会议起将这个项目列入议程(第48/220号决议和第49/474、50/496、51/462、52/496、53/494、54/495、55/493、56/482、57/598、58/575、59/569、60/566和61/566号决定)。", "文件:秘书长的定期报告(第47/215号决议)。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目131)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告 A/65/519和Add.1\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.6、9", "138. 联合国经费分摊比额表", "联合国经常预算由各会员国按照大会根据会费委员会的建议所核准的分摊比额表分摊(见项目115(b))。 分摊比额表也用于分摊基本建设总计划的费用。 经第55/235号和第55/236号决议及其他关于维持和平行动经费筹措的决议修订的比额表也用于由会员国分摊维持和平行动费用。 经常预算和维持和平行动所用的分摊率也用于分摊卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭的费用。", "1999年,大会第五十四届会议决定会员国必须至少在会费委员会会议召开前两周向大会主席提出根据《宪章》第十九条提出的豁免请求,以确保对这些请求进行全面审查(第54/237 C号决议)。", "大会第五十七届会议认可会费委员会报告(A/57/11)第17至23段所载关于多年付款计划的结论和建议。 这些建议包括请秘书长通过委员会向大会提供资料,说明多年付款计划的提交情况,并通过委员会向大会提交年度报告,说明截至每年12月31日会员国付款计划的状况(第57/4 B号决议)。", "大会第六十四届会议根据会费委员会的建议并采用编制前三个比额表期间分摊比额表时采用的相同方法,通过了2010-2012年期间分摊比额表。 大会认识到,考虑到支付能力原则,现行方法可以改进,应进行深入、有效和迅速的研究,同时考虑到会员国所发表的意见(第64/248号决议)。", "大会同届会议请委员会尽早审查分摊比额表方法的所有要素,以期在第六十六届会议结束前作出决定,经商定后对2013-2015年比额表期间生效。", "大会第六十五届会议注意到委员会载有建议的报告,但没有为委员会第七十一届会议的工作提供进一步指导(第65/246号决议)。 委员会第七十一届会议决定在下届会议上根据大会的任何指示进一步审议比额表编制方法的所有要素。", "联合国", "(a) 会费委员会第七十一届会议(2011年6月6日至24日)的报告:补编第11号(A/66/11);", "(b) 秘书长关于多年付款计划的报告(第57/4 B号决议),A/66/69。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目133)的参考文件", "缴款委员会的报告:补编第11号(A/65/11)\n秘书长关于多年付款计划的报告(A/65/65)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.2、3和7\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/492和Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.27和73\n第65/3和65/246号决议", "139. (中文(简体) ). 人力资源管理", "大会第六十五届会议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议提交一份关于利益冲突的综合报告,供其审议(第65/247号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告(第63/250号、第64/231号和第65/247号决议);", "(一) 《工作人员条例》修正案(第65/247号决议第75段),A/65/213;", "(二) 个人利益冲突(第65/247号决议),A/66/98;", "(三) 道德操守办公室的活动(第60/254号决议第16(一)段和第63/250号决议第十二节第5段);", "(b) 国家 秘书长的其他报告:", "(一) 秘书处的组成(第57/305号决议第九节、第59/266号、第60/238号、第61/241号、第63/271号决议,第12段);", "(二) 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日秘书长处理纪律事项和可能犯罪行为的做法(第59/287号决议,第16段),A/66/135;", "(三) 关于确定退休金福利的机制的提议(第65/258号决议);", "(四) 秘书长的说明,转递联合检查组关于在甄选和任命高级管理人员过程中提高透明度可采取的措施的报告(第64/259号决议,第19段);", "(五) 防止性剥削和性虐待的特别措施(第57/306号决议);", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目134)的参考文件", "法官的服务条件(A/65/134)\n2008年7月1日至2009年6月30日(A/64/269)和2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日(A/65/180)秘书长处理纪律事项和可能犯罪行为的做法\n继续任用的执行情况(A/64/267)\n暂行工作人员细则(A/64/230和A/65/202)\n工作人员条例修正案(A/65/213)\n人力资源管理改革概览(A/65/305)\n合同安排和统一服务条件(A/65/305/Add.1)\n全面评估地域分配制度并评估与受地域分配制度限制的员额数目可能变动有关的问题(A/65/305/Add.2)\n人才管理工具,Inspira(A/65/305/Add.3)\n青年专业人员方案(A/65/305/Add.4)\n道德操守办公室的活动(A/64/316和A/65/343)\n秘书处的组成(A/64/352和A/65/350)\n秘书处的组成:免费提供的人员、退休人员和顾问(A/65/350/Add.1)\n为解决联合国监察员和调解事务办公室提出的系统性人力资源问题而采取的措施(A/65/332)\n秘书长的说明:转递联合检查组题为“联合国系统的道德操守”的报告并转递他本人和联合国系统行政首长协调理事会对该报告的评论和评论(A/65/345和Add.1)\n联合国秘书处工作人员名单\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/64/518和A/65/537)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.11、12和27\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/647\n全体会议 全体会议 A/65/PV.73\n第65/247号决议", "141 (英语). 联合国共同制度", "大会第3042(XXVII)号决议原则上决定设立一个国际公务员制度委员会来规范和协调联合国共同制度的服务条件。 大会第3357(XXIX)号决议核准了国际公务员制度委员会章程。 联合国共同制度由13个接受委员会章程并与联合国本身一起参加联合国薪金和津贴共同制度的组织组成。 其他组织尚未正式接受章程,但充分参与委员会的工作并(或)适用薪金、津贴和福利共同制度。 根据其章程,委员会需要向大会提交年度报告,并经由共同制度其他组织的行政首长将其转交各组织的理事机构。", "大会第六十四届会议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告全面分析改变强制性离职年龄的可能性(第64/231号决议)。 大会第六十五届会议注意到国际公务员制度委员会2010年的报告;请委员会就各组织遵守大会关于统一服务条件的决定的情况向各自的理事机构提出报告;又请秘书长在有关执行情况报告中报告与统一服务条件有关的额外费用的匀支情况,并查明可以用来以不增加费用的方式执行统一生活津贴或一笔总付的津贴而不影响业务费用并不妨碍执行已获授权的方案和活动的抵销情况;请委员会在其年度报告中向大会报告各组织在联合国共同制度中所作决定和建议的执行情况;又请秘书长在相关执行情况报告中就与统一服务条件有关的额外费用提出报告;又请委员会在其关于统一服务条件的年度报告中就外地服务条件问题提出报告(请委员会在其年度报告中继续就大会关于统一服务条件问题的决定和关于外地服务条件的年度报告中继续报告;请委员会在其关于统一服务条件的年度报告中继续报告。", "联合国", "(a) 国际公务员制度委员会2011年报告:补编第30号(A/66/30);", "(b) 秘书长关于对改变强制性离职年龄的可能性,包括对人力资源政策和养恤金的影响的全面分析结果的报告(第64/231号决议);", "(c) 秘书长根据大会议事规则第153条提出的关于国际公务员制度委员会2011年报告所载决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题的说明;", "(d) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目136)的参考文件", "国际公务员制度委员会2010年报告:补编第30号(A/65/30)\n秘书长关于国际公务员制度委员会2010年报告所载各项决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题的说明(A/65/493)\n咨询委员会的报告 行政委员会 行政和预算问题咨询委员会关于国际公务员制度委员会2010年报告所载决定和建议所涉行政和经费问题的报告(A/65/532)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.10和27\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/648\n全体会议 A/65/PV.73\n第65/248号决议", "142. (中文(简体) ). 关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "1. 内部监督事务厅(监督厅)是大会第48/218 B号决议设立的。 大会决定将题为“秘书长关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告”的项目列入大会第五十届会议临时议程。", "大会第五十和五十四至五十七届会议继续审议这个项目(第50/239、54/244、55/259、56/246和57/287 A-C号决议)。", "大会第五十九届会议在题为“审查大会第48/218 B号和第54/244号决议的执行情况”的项目下,请秘书长确保监督厅向大会提交的年度报告和半年期报告载有监督厅当年印发的所有其他报告的标题和简要摘要,并确保未提交大会的监督厅报告的正本应请求提供给任何会员国;还决定监督厅的报告应按监督厅的要求直接提交大会,并可在另一份报告中提出秘书长的意见(第59/272号决议)。", "大会第六十届会议审议了这个项目(第60/255号决议,第三节)。 页:1", "大会第六十届会议还在题为“秘书长关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告”的议程项目下,决定根据第59/272号决议第3段将该议程项目的标题改为“关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告”(第60/259号决议)。", "大会第六十一至六十五届会议审议了这个项目(第61/275、61/279、62/87、62/225、62/232、62/236、62/247、63/248、63/265、64/232和65/250号决议)。", "大会第六十四届会议在题为“审查大会第48/218 B号、第54/244号和第59/272号决议的执行情况”的项目下,核可了独立审计咨询委员会年度报告(A/64/288)附件所载关于监督厅的效力、效率和影响的意见和建议,请秘书长确保充分执行附件第20(a)至(c)、20(e)、27、29、33、35和39段,还请秘书长就附件第19、20(d)、21、22、24、42和43段采取行动。 大会还决定至迟于大会第六十六届会议主要会期会议再审议附件第19、20(d)、21、22、24、42和43段所载的问题和建议(第64/263号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议重申内部和外部监督机制的独立性和各自的独特作用;鼓励联合国内部和外部监督机构进一步提高相互合作的水平;鼓励内部监督事务厅在今后的年度报告中加强对联合国内部监督方面一般趋势和战略挑战的分析;请秘书长落实内部监督事务厅就系统性问题一再接受的尚未落实的建议;并请秘书长确保迅速及时地全面执行已接受的内部监督事务厅建议,包括关于避免费用、追回多付款项、提高效率和作出其他改进等建议;就不接受监督厅建议的情况提供详细理由(第65/250号决议)(也涉及项目132)。", "联合国", "内部监督事务厅的报告:", "(a) 关于监督厅2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间活动的报告(第48/218 B;54/244;57/292号决议,第三节)。 见《大会正式记录,第五十七届会议,补编第6号》(A/C.4/59/7),第二章,第22段;第59/270号决议,第3段;第59/271号决议,第11段;第59/272号决议;第60/257号决议,第14段;第60/282号决议,第13段;第63/248号决议,第三节。 (四) 第7和8段;", "(b) 2011年1月1日至2011年12月31日期间维持和平监督活动年度报告(第48/218 B号、第54/244号、第59/272号、第60/268号决议第17段;第63/248号决议,第二节)。 (将在第六十六届会议续会第二期会议上印发);", "(c) 内部监督事务厅关于秘书处新闻职能组织框架的报告(第62/236号决议),A/66/180;", "(d) 内部监督事务厅关于基本建设总计划采购和合同管理,包括变更单的审计报告(第63/270号决议),A/66/179。", "第六十四届会议(议程项目141)的参考文件", "独立审计咨询委员会关于其2008年8月1日至2009年7月31日期间活动的报告(A/64/288)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/64/SR.4和27\n第五委员会的报告 A/64/723\n全体会议 A/64/PV.81\n第64/263号决议", "第六十五届会议(议程项目139)的参考文件", "内部监督事务办公室的报告\n该办公室2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间的活动\n2010年1月1日至2010年12月31日期间维持和平监督活动年度报告 A/65/271(Part II)\n对联合国秘书处性别平等主流化的专题评价 A/65/266\n联合国在苏丹的业绩和成果的方案评价 A/65/752(也涉及项目143)\n对维持和平行动部/外勤支助部与区域组织之间的合作进行专题评价(也涉及项目143)\n独立审计咨询委员会关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下内部监督事务办公室预算的报告 A/65/734\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会关于维持和平行动支助账户2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告和2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户拟议预算的报告(A/65/827)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.5和27\n第五委员会的报告A/65/649(也涉及项目132)\n全体会议 A/65/PV.73\n第65/250号决议(也涉及项目132)", "144. (中文(简体) ). 起诉应对1994年1月1日至12月31日期间在卢旺达境内的种族灭绝和其他严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者和应对这一期间邻国境内种族灭绝和其他这类违法行为负责的卢旺达公民的国际刑事法庭经费的筹措", "本项目是1995年根据大会第49/251号决议列入大会第五十届会议议程的。", "大会第五十一届至第六十四届会议审议了这个项目(第51/215、52/218、53/213、54/240 A和B、55/226、56/248 A和B、57/289、58/252、58/253、59/273、60/240、60/241、61/241、61/262、61/274、62/229、63/254、63/256、63/259、64/239和64/261号决议以及第62/547号决定)。", "大会第六十五届会议认识到,为了顺利完成审判并实现法庭《完成工作战略》规定的目标,必须留住有高度技能和经验的工作人员,让他们具备相关的机构记忆;请秘书长利用现有合同框架内的现有权力,向工作人员提供合同,同时考虑到法庭的需要;再请秘书长探索是否有可能在联合国雇用在法庭完成任务或服务之前留在法庭的工作人员,如果需要他们的服务的话;欢迎秘书长为甄选法庭缩编的工作人员而作的努力;重申必须在法庭总体任务及其《完成工作战略》范围内开展有效的外联方案;请秘书长根据其任务规定并与秘书处新闻部协商,继续制定和执行积极主动的外联活动,最优化地利用现有资源;通过有效增进对其工作的了解来推动和解进程;鼓励秘书长继续探讨为外联方案筹集充足自愿资源的措施(第65/252号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议还审议了国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官的服务条件和报酬,决定在第六十六届会议上分别审查国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官的养恤金办法,并请秘书长在报告中提议他可采用何种机制来确定退休金福利,同时考虑到在法院或两法庭任职前累积的既得养恤金福利权利;决定在担任法院院长或两法庭庭长时,将庭长和副庭长的特别津贴分别增加到每年25 000美元和每天156美元;决定前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官领取的搬迁津贴应与国际法院法官领取的相同;决定,根据《规约》第8条,审案法官任期届满后给予一次性惠给金,以支付在《规约》规定的3个任期和《规约》规定的《规约》规定的审案法官连续任职3个任期和《规约》所定的《规约》规定,不得在《规约》的《规约》规定中以超过《规约》所定任期的《规约》所定的《规约》规定,审案法官在《规约》和《规约》所定的《规约》中任职3个任期和《规约》规定》的《规约》规定的审案法官连续3个任期未满3个任期期间,", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010-2011两年期第二次执行情况报告(第55/226号决议);", "(二) 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2012-2013两年期预算(第55/226号决议);", "(三) 刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制2012-2013两年期预算;", "(四) 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭订正概算:汇率和通货膨胀率变动的影响;", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目129和141)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n与卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010-2011两年期预算有关的订正估计数(A/65/178)\n卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭2010-2011两年期第一次执行情况报告(A/65/578)\n秘书处官员以外其他官员的服务条件和报酬:国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官(A/65/134和Corr.1)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/533和A/65/616和Corr.1)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.12、25和27\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/646和A/65/651\n全体会议 A/65/PV.73\n第65/252和65/258号决议", "145 (英语). 起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭经费的筹措", "1993年,根据秘书长的提议(A/47/955),这个项目列入大会第四十七届会议议程。 大会该届会议通过了第47/235号决议。", "大会第四十八至第六十四届会议审议了这个项目(第48/251、49/242 A和B、50/212 A至C、51/214 A和B、52/217、53/212、54/239 A和B、55/225 A和B、55/249、55/250、56/247 A和B、56/278、57/288、58/254、58/255、59/274、60/242、60/243、61/242、61/262、61/274、62/230、63/255、63/256、63/259、64/240和64/261号决议以及第48/461、49/471 A和B、55/477、60/560和62/547号决定)。", "大会第六十五届会议认识到,为了顺利完成审判并实现法庭《完成工作战略》规定的目标,留住有高度技能和经验丰富的工作人员至关重要;请秘书长利用现有合同框架的现有权力,向工作人员提供合同,同时考虑到法庭的需要;再请秘书长探讨是否有可能在联合国雇用工作人员,如有需要,聘用他们留在法庭任职,直至法庭完成任务或服务不再需要;欢迎秘书长为甄选法庭缩编的工作人员而作的努力;重申必须在法庭总体任务和《完成工作战略》范围内开展有效的外联方案;请秘书长根据其任务规定并与秘书处新闻部协商,继续制定和执行积极主动的外联活动,最优化地利用现有资源;通过有效增进对法庭工作的了解来协助和解进程;鼓励秘书长继续探讨为外联方案筹措充足自愿资源的措施(第65/253号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议还审议了国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官的服务条件和报酬,决定在第六十六届会议上分别审查国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官的养恤金办法,并请秘书长在报告中提议他可使用何种机制来确定退休金福利,同时考虑到在法院或两法庭任职前累积的既得养恤金福利权利;决定在担任法院院长或两法庭庭长时,将庭长和副庭长的特别津贴分别增至每年25 000美元和每天156美元;决定前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官领取的搬迁津贴应与国际法院法官领取的调动津贴相同(决定,根据《规约》第8条关于审案法官在3个任期和《规约》未按《规约》规定的条件连续任职期间,根据《规约》第8条关于审案法官在3个任期和《规约》规定任期超过3个任期期间的《规约》的《规约》和《规约》第8条关于审案法官在《规约》规定的《规约》所定任期超过3个任期和《规约》所定任期未满3个任期的《规约》的《规约》和《规约》第8条关于审案法官在《规约》所定任期超过3个任期和《规约》所定任期未满3个任期未满3个任期的《规约》法官在《规约》的规定》生效期间任职前,", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭2010-2011两年期预算第二次执行情况报告(第55/225 A号决议);", "(二) 前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭2012-2013两年期预算(第55/225 A号决议);", "(三) 刑事法庭余留事项国际处理机制2012-2013两年期预算;", "(四) 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭和前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭订正概算:汇率和通货膨胀率变动的影响;", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目142)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n起诉应对1991年以来前南斯拉夫境内所犯严重违反国际人道主义法行为负责者的国际法庭2010-2011两年期预算订正估计数(A/65/183)\n前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭2010-2011两年期第一次执行情况报告(A/65/581)\n秘书处官员以外其他官员的服务条件和报酬:国际法院法官以及前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭和卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭法官和审案法官(A/65/134和Corr.1)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/533和A/65/616和Corr.1)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.12、25和27\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/646和A/65/652\n全体会议 A/65/PV.73\n第65/253和65/258号决议", "146. 国家 联合国维持和平行动经费筹措的行政和预算问题", "共有问题", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长加紧努力,在不损及外地特派团的业务需要和各自任务执行情况的情况下,在外地特派团内部和之间实现规模经济,并在概览报告中报告这方面的情况;提供资料,说明为改善陆运管理而正在采取的举措,除其他外,说明车队全球管理、车队组成和车队标准化、燃料效率和备件管理等相关问题;在下一次维持和平行动概览报告中提供这方面的资料;在关于联合国维持和平行动经费筹措的下一份报告中提供联合国外地特派团人力资源管理改革执行情况的最新资料,特别是第65/247号决议所载改革的最新情况;重申其第65/247号决议第34段所载要求;提供综合资料,说明临时派任机制的使用情况及其对经常征聘进程的影响;在下次维持和平行动概览报告中提供关于外地和总部经常征聘程序的临时空缺通知的影响;在下次关于维持和平行动概览报告中,提供关于维持和平行动经费筹措情况的临时空缺通知;在不发生积压问题的情况下,在大会第六十六届会议上采取紧急措施,消除现有3个警察索偿要求,并在不造成部队死亡问题的情况下,进一步向部队派遣国提供安保服务;在不发生其他问题的情况下,就维持和平行动提出更多关于行动需要的安保要求,在不发生延误的情况下,在维持和平行动中进一步提出进度报告;在维持和平行动问题上,就维持和平行动提出为期六个月的安保要求,包括就 大会还请秘书长确保以不间断的方式向所有维持和平特派团提供必要的燃料供应,使特派团顺利运作,而不损害安全;确保所有特派团都监测和评价口粮承包商的质量管理系统,以确保口粮质量和卫生条件符合既定标准;在其关于维持和平行动的下一次概览报告中就统包安排的效率和效益,包括实现的节约和影响提出全面评估;继续确保按照现行做法,在使用系统合同之前全面分析所有费用;并在大会第六十六届会议续会第二期会议上就统筹行动小组的作用和执行情况所涉行政和预算问题提供综合分析。 大会再次请秘书长在第62/269号决议第25段中向大会报告在联合国采购中采用最高性价比方法的明确准则,包括加权评价技术的所有细节,并报告试点项目的成果;大会还请秘书长确保在拟订征求建议书方法时充分透明,并强调指出,征求建议书应以联合国的业务需要为驱动;继续确保遵守国际民用航空组织的《标准和建议做法》,以满足在外地执行任务的业务需要;在下一次维持和平概览报告中就《标准和建议做法》与联合国共同航空安全标准之间的差异提出报告;在其下一次维持和平概览报告中提供最新资料,说明与世界粮食计划署的谅解备忘录的现状及其所涉经费问题,并详细分析联合国空中业务治理和总体资源水平的情况,包括关于切实有效地提供支助职能及信息和通信技术支助的信息。 大会还请秘书长继续就性剥削和性虐待问题开展标准化培训和提高认识工作,并请秘书长在下一份概览报告中提供最新资料,说明执行《联合国关于援助和支持受联合国工作人员和有关人员性剥削和性虐待受害人的全面战略》的进展情况;请秘书长采取适当措施,防止未经证实的不当行为指控破坏任何联合国维持和平特派团或部队或警察派遣国或联合国维和人员的信誉;继续确保迅速采取行动,在不当行为指控最终得不到法律证实时,恢复任何联合国维持和平特派团、部队或警察派遣国或联合国维和人员的形象和信誉。 大会还请秘书长加强秘书处,特别是外勤支助部和管理事务部的努力,根据第63/285号决议的规定,与出兵国密切合作,以便利数据收集并协助填写问卷,以便维持这一进程在所设想的时限内;决定作为特例,在2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间向出兵国一次性提供85 000 000美元的补充付款,但不影响第63/285号决议规定的程序的完整性;在2011年10月之前设立一个高级咨询小组,由秘书长任命的5名具有相关经验的知名人士、5名主要出兵国代表、5名主要出兵国代表和每个出兵区域集团的1名成员组成,以审议部队派遣国的偿还率和相关问题;决定高级咨询小组应尽快完成其工作;加强对维持和平资产,包括消耗性和非消耗性财产及战略部署储备的内部控制,以确保在适当的情况下,防止给本组织造成浪费和经济损失;在建设和平委员会第六届会议期间,就维持和平问题向所有实体提交有关预算的汇率波动情况,并根据大会关于维持和平工作的第64/269号决议第14段和关于维持和平工作的第6段的续会和关于维持和平工作的第6段 大会还请秘书长考虑到使用单一来源或多功能合同拟订与后勤单元有关的进一步提案所涉及的风险;以及每个供应商联合国商品编码数目的适用限制;在其下一份年度进展报告中提供所有与开发和实施预先界定的模块和成套服务有关的信息;在其下一份进度报告中提供各种备选方案,使外地特派团有能力有效部署成套服务;向大会通报大会第64/269号决议第六节第8和9段的执行情况;每年以综合方式提供客户特派团向乌干达恩德培区域服务中心提供财政和人力资源的信息(第65/289号决议)。", "意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地经费的筹措", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会核准了联合国后勤基地2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间费用估计数68 512 500美元,并决定为同期预算估计数筹措经费;决定在第六十六届会议上审议联合国后勤基地经费的筹措问题(第65/291号决议)。", "确定向会员国偿还特遣队所属装备费用的改良程序", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会注意到2011年特遣队所属装备问题工作组的报告(A/C.5/65/16)并认可了行政和预算问题咨询委员会报告(A/65/830)所载的结论和建议(第65/292号决议)。", "已结束的维持和平特派团", "2011年6月,大会同届会议决定,将联合国伊拉克-科威特观察团账户中可动用的调整后净贷项的三分之二,即70 600美元,退还科威特政府;请秘书长根据每个特派团上次摊款所适用的比额表,退还截至2010年6月30日可贷记会员国账下的现金净额230 745 000美元中的78.01%;决定在第六十六届会议续会第二期会议上审议已结束的维持和平特派团的状况,包括欠会员国的剩余数额;并请秘书长就如何解决存在净现金赤字的已结束的维持和平特派团拖欠会员国款项问题,向大会提出具体建议和备选方案,供其审议和核准(第65/293号决议)。", "维持和平行动支助账户", "1991年,大会第四十五届会议设立了维持和平行动支助帐户,自1990年1月1日起生效(第45/258号决议);该帐户于1990年5月1日开始运作。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会请秘书长考虑到部队派遣国对联合国维持和平的贡献,进一步作出具体努力,确保这些国家在维持和平行动部和外勤支助部有适当的任职人数;重申维持和平行动需要有成效和高效率地进行行政和财务管理;敦促秘书长继续确定提高支助账户生产率和效率的措施;注意到改组维持和平行动部和外勤支助部的总体惠益;请秘书长评估这些惠益;在这方面,请秘书长继续尽一切努力提高本组织管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力;注意到秘书处仍在制定早期建设和平战略;在这方面,请秘书长与会员国、建设和平委员会、联合国机构、基金和方案以及秘书处所有相关实体密切协商;着重指出,维和特派团开展的建设和平具体任务应以相关国家的优先事项和具体情况为依据;再次请秘书长根据2011年7月1日的批款数额,从决议期间的4 4 6月1 和4 6月1 的批款数额,为维持和平行动支助账户和4 6月1 的4 4 049个相关员额编列了经费;请秘书长根据2011年6月1 和4 4 4 的批款数额,以审议所有核定支助账户的4 4 4 和4 4 6 6 6 6 个", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 联合国维持和平行动经费筹措概览:2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况和2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第59/296号决议);", "(二) 布林迪西联合国后勤基地2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(第65/291号决议);", "(三) 布林迪西联合国后勤基地2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/291号决议);", "(四) 已结束的维持和平特派团截至2011年6月30日的最新财务状况(第65/293号决议);", "(五) 维持和平行动支助账户2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(第65/290号决议);", "(六) 关于维持和平行动支助账户2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算的报告(第65/290号决议);", "(七) 全球外勤支助战略执行情况年度进展报告(第64/269和65/289号决议);", "(b) 秘书长的说明,转递:", "(一) 维持和平行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间核定资源(第49/233 A号决议);", "(二) 2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动拟议预算额的六个月最新资料(第49/233 A号决议);", "(三) 2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户和布林迪西联合国后勤基地经费的筹措(第50/221 B号决议);", "(四) 维持和平行动2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间核定资源(第49/233 A号决议);", "(c) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目143)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n截至2008年6月30日已结束维持和平特派团的最新财务状况(A/63/581)\n所有职类人员的福利和娱乐需要及详细影响(A/63/675和Corr.1)\n维和培训进展情况(A/65/644和Corr.1)\n防止性剥削和性虐待的特别措施(A/65/742)\n意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/642)\n截至2009年6月30日已结束的维持和平特派团最新财务状况(A/64/605)\n截至2010年6月30日已结束的维持和平特派团的最新财务状况(A/65/556)\n维持和平行动支助账户2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/610和Add.1)\n全球外勤支助战略(A/65/643)\n全球外勤支助战略标准化筹资模式(A/65/696和Corr.1)\n联合国维持和平行动经费筹措概览:2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况和2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/715)\n维持和平行动支助账户2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/761和Corr.1和2)\n联合国意大利布林迪西后勤基地2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/760)\n联合国空中业务(A/65/738)\n确定偿还会员国特遣队所属装备费用的改良程序(A/65/800)\n加强联合国管理和持续开展维持和平行动的能力(A/65/624和Corr.1)\n秘书长的说明:\n2011年2月25日2011年特遣队所属装备工作组主席给第五委员会主席的信(A/C.5/65/16)\n2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间维持和平行动核定资源(A/C.5/65/15)\n2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动拟议预算额(A/C.5/65/17)\n维持和平行动支助账户和意大利布林迪西联合国后勤基地经费的筹措(A/C.5/65/18)\n2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动核定资源(A/C.5/65/19)\n内部监督事务厅关于大会第63/287号决议所指定试点项目执行情况的初步报告(A/65/765)\n内部监督事务处关于维持和平行动部/外勤支助部与区域组织之间合作的专题评价的报告(A/65/762)\n独立审计咨询委员会关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下内部监督事务处预算的报告(A/65/734)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/63/746(第四节B)、A/63/856、A/64/659和Corr.1、A/65/743、A/65/743/Add.12、A/65/775、A/65/827和A/65/830)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.33、34、35、39和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/890\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/289至65/293号决议", "147页. 联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1778(2007)号决议核准同乍得和中非共和国当局协商,在乍得和中非共和国建立多层面存在;并决定多层面存在应与联合国国家工作队联络,包括一个联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团(中乍特派团),为期一年。 安理会在第1923(2010)号决议中决定将特派团的任务期限延长至2010年12月31日,并呼吁秘书长至迟于2010年12月31日完成中乍特派团所有军警人员和文职人员部分的撤出,但特派团清理结束所需部分除外。", "大会第六十五届会议决定批款239 096 600美元给联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团特别账户,充作2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日财政期间的维持费,其中包括该特派团2010年7月1日至12月31日期间的维持费205 748 500美元和该特派团2011年1月1日至4月30日期间行政清理结束费33 348 100美元,同时考虑到先前根据大会第64/286号决议的规定为该特派团2010年7月1日至12月31日期间维持费核准的2.15亿美元。 大会还决定,考虑到已按照大会第64/286号决议的规定由会员国分摊184 949 000美元,将关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间额外摊款的决定推迟到审议将在同期间执行情况报告中提交的该特派团最后所需资源时再作决定(第65/254 A号决议)。", "大会第六十五届会议续会第二期会议注意到秘书长关于联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况的报告; 决定推迟到第六十六届会议再就未支配余额149 947 800美元以及其他收入和调整数13 466 100美元和工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额1 527 100美元采取行动;请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告该特派团现金状况的最新资料(第65/254 B号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长关于联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间财政执行情况的报告;", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目144)的参考文件", "秘书长关于联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况的报告(A/65/638)\n秘书长关于联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算的报告(A/65/487)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/549和Add.1) 页:1\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.13、27、34和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/653和Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.73和106\n第65/254号决议 A和B组", " 148. 148. 联合国科特迪瓦行动经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1528(2004)号决议设立了联合国科特迪瓦行动(联科行动),自2004年4月4日起,最初为期12个月。 安理会同一项决议请秘书长从联合国科特迪瓦特派团(联科特派团)和西非国家经济共同体(西非经共体)部队向联科行动移交权力。", "安全理事会其后各项决议延长了联科行动的任务期限,最近一项决议是第1981(2011)号决议,其中安理会将联科行动的任务期限延长至2011年7月31日;第2000(2011)号决议,其中安理会决定将联科行动的任务期限延长至2012年7月31日。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款517 850 700美元给该行动特别账户,充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,其中包括该行动的维持费486 726 400美元,给维持和平行动支助账户的26 374 200美元和给联合国后勤基地的4 750 100美元;决定由会员国分摊43 154 225美元,充作2011年7月1日至31日期间的经费;决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内1 121 350美元中各自应分的数额;又决定由会员国分摊474 696 475美元,每月43 154 225美元,充作2011年8月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,但以安理会决定延长该行动的任务为前提;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内12 334 850美元中各自应分的数额;决定从2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数中增加852 800美元,从2010年6月30日终了财政期间的其他收入中增加2 400美元(第65/24号决议的其他收入中应抵减为2 400美元)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 联合国科特迪瓦行动2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告;", "(二) 联合国科特迪瓦行动2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/294号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目145)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n联合国科特迪瓦行动2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/615)\n联合国科特迪瓦行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/736和Corr.1)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.14)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/881\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/294号决议", "149 (英语). 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队经费的筹措", "安全理事会第186(1964)号决议建议设立联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队(联塞部队)并驻扎三个月,其任务是尽最大努力防止战斗再起,并视需要协助维持和恢复法律和秩序并恢复正常状态。 此后,安理会定期延长联塞部队的任务期限,通常每次延长六个月,最近一次是2011年6月13日第1986(2011)号决议将联塞部队的任务期限再延长至2011年12月15日。", "1993年6月16日以前,除会员国所认捐的自愿捐款外,秘书长无权使用任何其他资金为联塞部队筹措经费。 根据安全理事会第831(1993)号决议,大会第47/236号决议决定,自1993年6月16日起,联塞部队未由自愿捐款支付的费用应视为本组织的开支,由会员国根据《联合国宪章》第十七条第二项负担。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款60 121 200美元给联塞部队特别账户,充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,其中包括该部队的维持费56 512 000美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的3 058 400美元和给联合国后勤基地的550 800美元;赞赏地注意到批款净额的三分之一,即19 114 267美元,将来自塞浦路斯政府的自愿捐款提供,650万美元由希腊政府提供;决定由会员国分摊34 506 933美元;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内2 721 000美元中各自应分的数额;决定将2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数增加额255 600美元加上1 361 709美元所产生的贷项;又决定,考虑到2010年6月30日终了财政期间的自愿捐款,将2010年6月30日终了财政期间未支配余额和其他收入的三分之一,再退还给2010年6月30日终了财政期间政府;又决定将6月30日终了期间的6月30日终了财政期间未支配余额和其他收入的三分之一,以及6月30日终了期间的3 69990美元,仍应退还给2010年6月30日终了财政期间政府;又决定,将2010年6月30日终了期间的其他收入的三分之一,919990美元,即166月30日终了财政期间的其他收入,990美元,7美元", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告;", "(二) 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/295号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目146)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/625)\n联合国预算 2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队(A/65/706)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.2)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/882\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/295号决议", "150 (英语). 联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团经费的筹措", "[见安全理事会第1925(2010)号决议和下文项目151]", "151 (英语). 联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团经费的筹措", "1. 安全理事会第1279(1999)号决议决定,联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团(联刚特派团)由安理会第1258(1999)号和第1273(1999)号决议所授权的人员组成,由多学科人员组成,至2000年3月1日为止。 后来的安理会决议延长了联刚特派团的任务期限,最近一项是2010年5月28日第1925(2010)号决议,其中安理会将联刚特派团的部署延长至2010年6月30日。 安理会在同一决议中决定,自2010年7月1日起,联刚稳定团将改称为联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团(联刚稳定团),并部署联刚稳定团至2011年6月30日。 安理会第1991(2011)号决议将联刚稳定团的任务期限延长至2012年6月30日。", "大会第六十五届会议决定由会员国再分摊682 500 000美元,充作该特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的维持费,同时考虑到已为2010年7月1日至12月31日期间分摊的682 500 000美元(第65/255号决议)。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款1 507 538 900美元给联刚稳定团特别账户,充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,其中包括该特派团的维持费1 416 926 000美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的76 783 900美元和给联合国后勤基地的13 829 000美元;又决定由会员国分摊1 507 538 900美元,充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间各自应分的数额39 936 800美元,其中包括该特派团的核定工作人员薪金税收入估计数31 980 500美元、支助账户的核定工作人员薪金税收入估计数中按比例应分的数额6 503 300美元和联合国后勤基地的核定工作人员薪金税收入估计数中按比例应分的数额1 453 000美元;又决定从2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数中增加1 841 600美元和从2010年6月30日终了财政期间其他收入中增加7 500美元(第65/295号决议的其他收入中应增加3 700美元)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/296号决议);", "联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告;", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目147和148)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的经费筹措安排(A/65/512)\n联合国组织的财务执行情况 2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间刚果民主共和国特派团(A/65/682)\n联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/744)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/598和A/65/743/Add.8)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.21、27、34和42\n第五委员会的报告A/65/654和Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.73和106\n第65/255和65/296号决议", "152. (中文(简体) ). 联合国东帝汶特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会1999年6月11日第1246(1999)号决议决定设立联合国东帝汶特派团(东帝汶特派团),至1999年8月31日为止。 安理会1999年8月3日第1257(1999)号决议将该特派团的任务期限延长到1999年9月30日,并1999年8月27日第1262(1999)号决议决定将东帝汶特派团的任务期限再延至1999年11月30日。", "大会第五十五至六十五届会议决定推迟审议这个项目并将其列入下届会议议程草案(第55/494、56/483、57/599、58/578、59/570、60/567、61/567、62/556、63/567、64/570和65/556号决定)。", "没有要预发的文件。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目149)的参考文件", "全体会议 全体会议 A/65/PV.118\n第65/556号决定", "153 (英语). 联合国东帝汶综合特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1704(2006)号决议决定设立东帝汶后续特派团 -- -- 联合国东帝汶综合特派团(联东综合团),最初为期六个月,并打算继续延长。 安理会最近的第1969(2011)号决议决定将该特派团的任务期限延长至2012年2月26日。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款208 603 700美元给联东综合团特别账户,充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,其中包括该特派团的维持费196 077 500美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的10 614 500美元和给联合国后勤基地的1 911 700美元;又决定由会员国分摊137 270 825美元,充作2011年7月1日至2012年2月26日期间的经费;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内6 760 632美元中各自应分的数额;决定由会员国分摊71 332 875美元,充作2012年2月27日至6月30日期间的经费,每月17 383 641美元,但以安全理事会决定延长该特派团的任务为前提;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内3 513 168美元中各自应分的数额;又决定从2010年6月30日终了期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数中增加947 800美元(工作人员薪金税收入175 500美元)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 联合国东帝汶综合特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告;", "(二) 联合国东帝汶综合特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/297号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目150)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n联合国东帝汶综合特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/687)\n联合国东帝汶综合特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/746)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.6)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/883\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/297号决议", "154 (英语). 联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1312(2000)号决议设立了联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团(埃厄特派团),最初为期六个月。 后来的安理会决议延长了特派团的任务期限,最近一项是2008年1月30日第1798(2008)号决议,其中将埃厄特派团的任务期限延长至2008年7月31日。", "安全理事会2008年7月30日第1827(2008)号决议决定自2008年7月31日起终止埃厄特派团的任务,强调终止任务不影响埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚根据《阿尔及尔协定》所应承担的义务,并呼吁两国与联合国充分合作,包括在埃厄特派团清理结束过程中进行合作。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会注意到秘书长关于埃厄特派团经费筹措的报告,其中详细说明了截至2010年12月7日该特派团资产的最后处置情况(第65/298号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告,其中载有联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团最后执行情况报告(第65/298号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目151)的参考文件", "秘书长关于联合国埃塞俄比亚和厄立特里亚特派团经费筹措的报告(A/65/678)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/748)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/878\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/298号决议", "155 (英语). 联合国格鲁吉亚观察团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第858(1993)号决议决定设立联合国格鲁吉亚观察团(联格观察团),为期六个月。 安理会其后各项决议延长了联格观察团的任务期限,最后一项是第1866(2009)号决议,其中安理会将观察团的任务期限延长至2009年6月15日。 观察团的任务期限没有延长到该日期之后。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议决定,对于已经履行对该观察团财政义务的会员国,应将2010年6月30日终了财政期间未支配余额和其他收入1 806 800美元中各自应分的数额贷记其名下;又决定,对于尚未履行对该观察团财政义务的会员国,2010年6月30日终了财政期间未支配余额和其他收入1 806 800美元中各自应分的数额应抵减其所欠款项;又决定将2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数所增加的款额157 600美元加上该决议第5和第6段提及的1 806 800美元所产生的贷项(第65/299号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长关于联合国格鲁吉亚观察团经费筹措的报告(第65/299号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目152)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n联合国格鲁吉亚观察团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/681)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.1)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/879\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/299号决议", "156 (英语). 联合国海地稳定特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会2004年4月30日第1542(2004)号决议设立了联合国海地稳定特派团(联海稳定团),最初为期六个月。 安理会其后各项决议延长了联海稳定团的任务期限,最近一项是2010年10月4日第1944(2010)号决议,其中将联海稳定团的任务期限延长至2011年10月15日。", "大会第六十五届会议决定,考虑到已为2010年7月1日至12月31日期间分摊3.8亿美元,分摊473 827 400美元,充作该特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的维持费(第65/256 A号决议)。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会第二期会议决定批款844 258 700美元给联海稳定团特别账户,充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,其中包括该特派团的维持费793 517 100美元,给维持和平行动支助账户的42 997 600美元和给联合国后勤基地的7 744 000美元;又决定由会员国分摊246 242 100美元,充作2011年7月1日至10月15日期间的经费;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内6 569 900美元中各自应分的数额;决定由会员国分摊598 016 600美元,充作2011年10月16日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,每月70 354 892美元,但以安全理事会决定延长该特派团的任务为前提;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内15 955 400美元中各自应分的数额;并决定从2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数中增加85 500美元;从2010年6月30日终了财政期间其他收入中增加26 5 500美元(第655 B号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 联合国海地稳定特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间执行情况报告;", "(二) 联合国海地稳定特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/256 B号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目153)的参考文件", "秘书长关于联合国海地稳定特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算的报告(A/65/535)\n秘书长关于联合国海地稳定特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况的报告(A/65/703和Corr.1)\n秘书长关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间联合国海地稳定特派团预算的报告(A/65/776)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/586和A/65/586) A/65/743/Add.15)\n简要记录A/C.5/65/SR.19、27、37和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/655和Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.73和106\n第65/256号决议 A和B组", "157. (中文(简体) ). 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会1999年6月10日第1244(1999)号决议设立了联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团(科索沃特派团),最初为期12个月,其后将予延续,除非安全理事会另有决定。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款47 802 200美元给联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团特别账户,充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,其中包括该特派团的维持费44 914 800美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的2 446 700美元和给联合国后勤基地的440 700美元;又决定由会员国分摊47 802 200美元;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内4 634 800美元中各自应分的数额;决定将2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数所增加的1 054 300美元加上该决议第17和18段提及的8 297 100美元所产生的贷项(第65/300号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告;", "(二) 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/300号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目154)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/621)\n联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/711)\n咨询委员会的报告 行政和预算问题咨询委员会(A/65/743/Add.4)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/884\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/300号决议", "158 (英语). 联合国利比里亚特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1509(2003)号决议设立了联合国利比里亚特派团(联利特派团),为期12个月。 安理会其后各项决议延长了联利特派团的任务期限,最近一项是2010年9月15日第1938(2010)号决议,其中安理会决定将联利特派团的任务期限延长至2011年9月30日。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会决定由会员国分摊136 747 783美元,充作联利特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内3 806 125美元中各自应分的数额,其中包括该特派团的维持费513 404 030美元、该特派团提供的选举支助费12 155 900美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的28 461 200美元和给联合国后勤基地的5 125 900美元;又决定由会员国分摊136 747 783美元,充作2011年7月1日至9月30日期间的经费;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在2011年10月1日至2012年6月30日期间各自应得的份额3 806 125美元;由会员国分摊12 155 900美元,充作该特派团提供的选举支助;又决定从会员国摊款中减除2011年10月1日至2012年6月30日期间未支配余额410 4 23 347美元外,再减除安全理事会2011年6月30日期间未支配余额6 415 593 560美元;又从6月30日的其他收入中减除去363 6 6 570美元;", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 联合国利比里亚特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告;", "(二) 联合国利比里亚特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/301号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目155)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n联合国利比里亚特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/620)\n联合国利比里亚特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/727)\n咨询委员会的报告 行政和预算问题咨询委员会(A/65/743/Add.7)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/885\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/301号决议", "159 (英语). 联合国中东维持和平部队经费的筹措", "(a) 联合国脱离接触观察员部队", "安全理事会第350(1974)号决议设立了联合国脱离接触观察员部队(观察员部队)。 安理会其后各项决议定期延长了观察员部队的任务期限,最近一项是2011年6月30日第1994(2011)号决议,其中安理会决定将观察员部队的任务期限延长至2011年12月31日。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款53 753 200美元给观察员部队特别账户,充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,其中包括该部队的维持费50 526 100美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的2 734 600美元和给联合国后勤基地的492 500美元;又决定由会员国分摊53 753 200美元,每月分摊额为4 479 434美元,但以安全理事会决定延长该部队的任务为前提;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内1 810 000美元中各自应分的数额;又决定将2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数的增加额106 400美元与未支配余额和其他收入852 500美元相抵(第65/302号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 联合国脱离接触观察员部队2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告;", "(二) 联合国脱离接触观察员部队2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/302号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目156(a))的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n联合国预算执行情况报告 2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间联合国脱离接触观察员部队(A/65/596)\n联合国脱离接触观察员部队2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/710)\n咨询委员会的报告 行政和预算问题咨询委员会(A/65/743/Add.3)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/886\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/302号决议", "(b) 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队", "安全理事会第425(1978)号决议设立了联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队(联黎部队),最初为期六个月。 安理会其后各项决议定期延长了联黎部队的任务期限,最近一项是2010年8月30日第1937(2010)号决议,其中安理会决定将联黎部队的任务期限延长至2011年8月31日。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会再次强调以色列应支付因1996年4月18日加纳事件而导致的1 117 005美元;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内2 558 100美元中各自应分的数额;决定由会员国分摊2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间经费483 609 700美元,其中包括该部队的维持费545 470 600美元,给维持和平行动支助账户的29 540 600美元和给联合国后勤基地的5 320 400美元;又决定由会员国分摊96 721 900美元,充作2011年7月1日至8月31日期间的经费;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间应分的数额2 558 100美元;决定由会员国分摊483 609 700美元,每月48 360 967美元,充作2011年9月1日至2012年6月30日期间的费用,但安全理事会须决定延长该部队的任务;又决定从2010年6月30日终了财政期间摊款中减除会员国在工作人员薪金税收入估计数1 300美元中应分的数额;又决定从6 6 3 300美元中减除会员国在6月30日工作人员薪金税收入中应分的数额;", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告;", "(二) 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/303号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目156(b))的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n联黎部队2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间财政执行情况(A/65/608和Corr.1)\n联黎部队2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/756)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.9)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34、40和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/880\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/303号决议", "160 (英语). 联合国苏丹特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1590(2005)号决议设立了联合国苏丹特派团(联苏特派团),最初为期六个月。 安理会其后各项决议延长了联苏特派团的任务期限,最近的一项是2011年4月27日第1978(2011)号决议,其中安理会决定将该特派团的任务期限延长至2011年7月9日。 安理会第1997(2011)号决议决定自2011年7月9日特派团任务结束后自2011年7月11日起撤出联苏特派团,并呼吁秘书长于2011年8月31日前完成联苏特派团所有军警人员和文职人员的撤出,但特派团清理结束所需人员除外。", "2010年12月,大会第六十五届会议决定批款70 026 300美元给联合国苏丹特派团特别账户,充作该特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的维持费,此外已根据其第64/283号决议的规定为同一期间批款9.38亿美元(第65/257 A号决议)。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款513 330 150美元给联苏特派团特别账户,充作2011年7月1日至12月31日期间的经费,其中包括该特派团的维持费482 460 550美元,给维持和平行动支助账户的26 158 400美元和给联合国后勤基地的4 711 200美元;又决定由会员国分摊24 838 556美元,充作2011年7月1日至7月9日期间的经费;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内794 816美元中各自应分的数额;决定由会员国分摊488 491 594美元,充作2011年7月10日至12月31日期间该特派团的行政清理结束费用;决定由安全理事会第1978(2011)号决议规定并经安理会第1990(2011)号决议确认的联合国苏丹特派团的后续特派团,再分摊24 838 556美元;由安全理事会2011年12月31日之前设立的支持执行《全面和平协议》的任何其他特派团,在2011年6月2 6月30日的其他收入中,应增加摊款1 53057美元;又决定由会员国各自在2011年6月1 3 100美元中按比例分摊;", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 联合国苏丹特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告;", "(二) 联苏特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(第65/257 B号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目157)的参考文件", "秘书长关于联合国苏丹特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间经费筹措安排的说明(A/65/509)\n秘书长的报告:\n联合国苏丹特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/630和Corr.1)\n联合国苏丹特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/731)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/571和A/65/743/Add.10)\n内部监督事务办公室关于对联合国苏丹特派团的业绩和成果的方案评价的报告(A/65/752)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.17、27、37和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/656和Add.1\n全体会议 A/65/PV.73和106\n第65/257号决议 A和B组", "161 (英语). 联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团经费的筹措", "安全理事会第690(1991)号决议根据秘书长概述的时间表(见S/22464)设立了联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团(西撒特派团)。 此后,安理会在其后各项决议中延长了西撒特派团的任务期限,最近的是2011年4月27日第1979(2011)号决议,其中安理会决定将该特派团的任务期限延长至2012年4月30日。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款65 398 400美元给西撒特派团特别账户,充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,其中包括该特派团的维持费61 449 400美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的3 346 300美元和给联合国后勤基地的602 700美元;又决定由会员国分摊54 498 667美元,充作2011年7月1日至2012年4月30日期间的经费;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内2 590 083美元中各自应分的数额;决定由会员国分摊10 899 733美元,每月5 449 866美元,充作2012年5月1日至6月30日期间的经费,但以安全理事会决定延长该特派团的任务为前提;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内518 017美元中各自应分的数额;还决定从2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数中增加138 900美元(第306号),并从2010年6月30日终了财政期间其他收入中增加138 600美元(第306号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 西撒特派团2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告;", "(二) 西撒特派团2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/304号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目158)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n西撒特派团2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/665)\n西撒特派团2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/720和Corr.1)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.5)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.34和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/887\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/304号决议", "162 (英语). 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动经费的筹措", "安全理事会第1769(2007)号决议决定授权并授权设立非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动(达尔富尔混合行动),最初为期12个月。 此后,安理会在其后各项决议中延长了达尔富尔混合行动的任务期限,最近一项是2011年7月29日第2003(2011)号决议,其中安理会决定将该特派团的任务期限延长至2012年7月31日。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款1 797 327 600美元给达尔富尔混合行动特别账户,充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,其中包括该行动的维持费1 689 305 500美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的91 536 100美元和给联合国后勤基地的16 486 000美元;又决定由会员国分摊149 777 300美元,充作2011年7月1日至31日期间的经费;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内3 137 200美元中各自应分的数额;决定由会员国分摊1 647 550 300美元,充作2011年8月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,每月为149 777 300美元,但以安全理事会决定延长该行动的任务为前提;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内34 509 200美元中各自应分的数额;还决定在2010年6月30日终了财政期间工作人员薪金税收入估计数中增加2 223 700美元(第175/30号决议)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告;", "(二) 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间预算(第65/305号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目159)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间预算执行情况报告(A/65/631)\n非洲-联合国达尔富尔混合行动2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间预算(A/65/740)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.13)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.37和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/888\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/305号决议", "163 (英语). 安全理事会第1863(2009)号决议引起的活动的经费筹措", "安全理事会2009年1月16日第1863(2009)号决议表示打算在索马里设立一个联合国维持和平行动,作为非洲联盟驻索马里特派团(非索特派团)的后继部队;并请秘书长向非索特派团提供一揽子联合国后勤支助,包括设备和服务。 安理会第1964(2010)号决议决定授权非洲联盟成员国维持非索特派团至2011年9月30日。", "2011年6月,大会第六十五届会议续会决定批款309 690 900美元给支助非索特派团特别账户,充作2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,其中包括该实体的维持费291 092 700美元、给维持和平行动支助账户的15 759 800美元和给联合国后勤基地的2 838 400美元;又决定由会员国分摊77 422 725美元,充作2011年7月1日至9月30日期间的经费;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内1 255 950美元中各自应分的数额;决定由会员国分摊232 268 175美元,充作2011年10月1日至2012年6月30日期间的经费,每月25 807 575美元,但以安全理事会决定延长该特派团的任务为前提;又决定从会员国摊款中减除会员国在衡平征税基金内3 7 850美元中各自应分的数额;又决定从2010年6月30日终了财政期间未支配余额5 7 900美元中减少433 400美元(从2010年6月30日终了财政期间未支配余额中减除净额5 490 600美元(从2010年6月30日终了期间的其他收入中减除去490 6 590美元)。", "联合国", "(a) 秘书长的报告:", "(一) 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间支助非洲联盟驻索马里特派团经费筹措执行情况报告;", "(二) 2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间支助非洲联盟驻索马里特派团的经费筹措(第65/306号决议);", "(b) 行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告。", "第六十五届会议(议程项目160)的参考文件", "秘书长的报告:\n2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日期间支助非洲联盟驻索马里特派团的经费筹措执行情况报告(A/65/619)\n2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间支助非洲联盟驻索马里特派团的经费筹措(A/65/809)\n行政和预算问题咨询委员会的报告(A/65/743/Add.16)\n简要记录 简要记录 A/C.5/65/SR.37和42\n第五委员会的报告 A/65/889\n全体会议 A/65/PV.106\n第65/306号决议", "165 (英语). 给予突厥语国家合作委员会大会观察员地位", "阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和土耳其常驻联合国代表2011年5月2日的信(A/66/141)请求将上述项目列入第六十六届会议临时议程。", "没有要预发的文件。", "166 (英语). 给予国际紧急状况管理组织大会观察员地位", "前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国常驻联合国代表2011年5月20日的信(A/66/142)请求将上述项目列入第六十六届会议临时议程。", "没有要预发的文件。", "167. (中文(简体) ). 给予南美洲国家联盟大会观察员地位", "圭亚那常驻联合国代表团临时代办在2011年6月24日的信(A/66/144)中请求将上述项目列入第六十六届会议临时议程。", "没有要预发的文件。", "168 (英语). 国际可再生能源机构在大会的观察员地位", "阿拉伯联合酋长国常驻联合国代表2011年7月11日的信(A/66/145)请求将上述项目列入第六十六届会议临时议程。", "没有要预发的文件。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "Note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Croatia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair", "The Permanent Mission of the Republic of Croatia to the United Nations presents its compliments to the secretariat of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004) and has the honour to transmit herewith the report of Croatia on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Croatia to the United Nations addressed to the Chair", "Response of the Republic of Croatia to the request for additional information issued by the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1540 (2004)", "The suppression of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their delivery systems is a response to global security threats. Croatia considers that compliance with multilateral, non-proliferation agreements and participation in informal non-proliferation regimes is of crucial importance for successful non‑proliferation, which can be achieved only through the continuous improvement of the national system and wide-ranging international cooperation.", "Croatia is a party to all relevant international treaties and conventions, such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty, the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention, the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, the Ottawa Convention and the Convention on Cluster Munitions. Croatia participates in all export control regimes (the Wassenaar Arrangement, the Nuclear Suppliers Group, the Australia Group and the Zangger Committee). It has applied for membership in the Missile Technology Control Regime. Croatia has adhered to the Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation. It has joined international initiatives, such as the Proliferation Security Initiative and the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism.", "The Law on Trade of the Republic of Croatia stipulates that import/export licensing for certain goods shall be applied for the following reasons: for national security purposes; in the implementation of international treaties or conventions; for purposes of protecting life, the health of human beings, animals, plants and the environment; in the protection of public morality; and for controlling the export of works of art and certain precious metals. On the recommendation of the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, the Croatian Government adopted a decree on goods subject to import and export licensing. For the purpose of better control of trade in arms and military equipment, in 2009, the Republic of Croatia introduced the Tracker Programme. In the preceding period, all State bodies participating in the process of issuing licences for the above-mentioned goods were networked with the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, which houses the main database. Also, in July 2004, the Law on Export of Dual-Use Items was adopted.", "On 2 July 2008, Croatian Parliament adopted the Act on the Amendments to the Law on Export of Dual-Use Items. The Act has been in force since 26 July 2008. The Amendments to the Law on Export of Dual-Use Items refer to the regulation of the transit of dual-use items, the provision of brokering services and technical assistance associated with dual-use items and the prescription of penalties for offenders of the Act when national or foreign political interests of the Republic of Croatia are at risk. With the Amendments to the Law, the commitments related to Security Council resolution 1540 (2004) on the non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are fulfilled. Actually, the Council member countries have to adopt the regulations that will enable the prevention of the proliferation of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and items that may be used for the transport of such weapons.", "On 1 July 2011, Croatian Parliament voted for the Act on the Trade Control of Dual-Use Items during its 23rd session. This Act allows the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No. 428/2009, setting up a Community regime for the control of exports, transfer, brokering and transit of dual-use items. Implementation of the Regulation is binding and directly applicable to member States of the European Union. The Act will come into force upon Croatia’s accession to the European Union.", "Croatia has established a complete legislative and institutional framework for the prevention of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, dual-use goods and the systems for their delivery.", "Croatia participates in thematic training, workshops and meetings, thus contributing to the improvement of the national system and creating a network of partner countries through increasing international cooperation and capacity-building. The international exercise Adriatic Shield 08, organized by Croatia in Rijeka and Opatija in May 2008 under the Proliferation Security Initiative was also devoted to preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. With the support of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the Republic of Croatia organized in 2009 in Split a workshop on developing the National Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction.", "In order to increase the efficiency of supervision, Croatia pays special attention to the upgrading of regional capacities, particularly in the light of the implementation of Security Council resolution 1540 (2004). The implementation of this resolution is a continuous task for all State institutions which significantly contribute to security in the region. Together with Romania and the NATO Euro‑Atlantic Partnership Council, in June 2008, Croatia organized a workshop for the countries in the region on the topic of implementing resolution 1540 (2004), in the Regional Arms Control Verification and Implementation Assistance Centre. From 14 to 17 June 2010, in Split, the United Nations organized a workshop on the implementation of the resolution. The countries of the South-East European Cooperation Process participated in this workshop, whose aim was the exchange of experience with a view to improving national capacity for supervision over export processes for the purpose of further implementation of Security Council resolution 1540 (2004). The workshop was intended for civil servants in charge of border control, customs and preparation of relevant legislation.", "In accordance with Security Council resolution 1540 (2004), Croatia has been continuously working on raising awareness of the importance of the control of dual-use goods. Croatia will continue to undertake and fulfil obligations regarding the resolution.", "Regarding the prevention of nuclear terrorism, the Republic of Croatia participates in the global nuclear detection architecture project of the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism. The Republic of Croatia cooperates with other countries, exchanges relevant information and coordinates activities to enhance capacity to combat nuclear terrorism.", "For the purpose of further improving the system for the control of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, Croatia has decided to start a project for the preparation of the National Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. At the Government session of 26 June 2009, a decision on the establishment of an inter-ministerial working group for the preparation of the National Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction and of the Action Plan for the implementation of this Strategy was adopted. The Inter-Ministerial Working Group includes representatives from the Office of the President, the Government, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration, the Ministry of Defence, the Croatian Navy, the Ministry of the Interior, the Ministry of the Sea, Transport and Infrastructure, the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Finance, the Customs Administration, the Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Rural Development, the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, the State Office for Nuclear Security, the Croatian Institute for Protection against Radiation, the National Protection and Rescue Directorate, the State Attorney’s Office, the Military Intelligence Agency and the Security Intelligence Agency. The ultimate goal is to prepare and adopt the Croatian National Strategy against Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction by the end of 2011 and to make this Strategy a model according to which other countries in similar geopolitical environments might prepare their own national strategies.", "During 2010 and 2011 (Zagreb, 14-16 December 2010; Split, 13-15 June 2011), two national exercises aimed at evaluating the draft text of the National Strategy were held. Also, on 9 and 10 April 2011 in Cavtat, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and European Integration in cooperation with the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons organized a workshop on the Chemical Weapons Convention, protection against chemical weapons and prevention of terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction-related materials.", "Regarding effective implementation of the National Strategy, Croatia will take steps in order to better coordinate activities between bodies involved in combating the spread of weapons of mass destruction. To that effect, Croatia is planning to establish (until the end of 2011) a coordination mechanism that will monitor the implementation of the Strategy and its Action Plan." ]

[ "安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年8月10日克罗地亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "克罗地亚常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会秘书处致意，谨随函转递克罗地亚关于安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议执行情况的报告(见附件)。", "2011年8月10日克罗地亚常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "克罗地亚共和国对安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会主席提出的提供补充资料要求的答复", "遏制大规模毁灭性武器及其运载系统的扩散是为了应对全球安全威胁。克罗地亚认为遵守多边不扩散协定并参与非正式的不扩散机制对于成功地防扩散至关重要，要取得这一成功，只能通过不断改进国内系统和加强广泛的国际合作。", "克罗地亚加入了所有相关国际条约和公约，例如《不扩散核武器条约》、《核材料实物保护公约》、《全面禁止核试验条约》、《生物武器公约》、《化学武器公约》、《特定常规武器公约》、《渥太华公约》和《集束弹药公约》。克罗地亚参加了所有的出口控制机制，(瓦森纳安排、核供应国集团、澳大利亚集团和桑戈委员会)，并且申请成为导弹技术控制制度成员。克罗地亚遵守《防止弹道导弹扩散海牙行为准则》，并且参加了防扩散安全倡议和打击核恐怖主义全球倡议等国际倡议。", "《克罗地亚共和国贸易法》规定，如存在下列事由，则应适用特定货物进出口许可证制度：为国家安全目的；为执行国际条约或公约；为保护人的生命和健康、动物、植物和环境之目的；为保护公共道德；为控制艺术品和特定贵金属的出口。根据经济、劳动和企业部的建议，克罗地亚政府通过了《关于适用进出口许可证的货物的法令》。为更好地控制武器和军事装备贸易，克罗地亚共和国于2009年推出追踪方案。在上一期间，所有参与为上述货物颁发许可证程序的国家机关都已经与掌管主要数据库的经济、劳动和企业部联网。并且在2004年7月通过了《两用物项出口法》。", "2008年7月2日，克罗地亚议会通过了《两用物项出口法修订案》。该法案于2008年7月26日生效。《两用物项出口法修订案》的内容涉及两用物项的转运、提供有关两用物项的中介服务和技术支持方面的规定，并且对违反法案危及克罗地亚共和国的国家或外交政治利益的行为人规定了处罚。通过上述法律修订案，克罗地亚履行了对安全理事会关于不扩散大规模毁灭性武器的第1540(2004)号决议作出的承诺。实际上，安理会成员国必须通过相关法规，以便能够防止扩散核武器、化学或生物武器以及用于运输此类武器的物品。", "2011年7月1日，克罗地亚议会在其第23届会议期间就《两用物项贸易管制法》进行投票。该法使克罗地亚能够实施理事会第(EC)428/2009号条例，建立共同体两用物项出口、转让、中介和过境管制制度。由于执行该条例是一项直接适用于欧洲联盟成员国的有约束力的义务，《两用物项贸易管制法》将于克罗地亚加入欧洲联盟之时生效。", "克罗地亚已经建立了完整的防止大规模毁灭性武器、两用货物及其运载系统扩散的立法和制度框架。", "克罗地亚参加了各种主题培训、讲习班和会议，从而有助于通过增加国际合作和能力建设改进国内系统并建立伙伴国家网络。克罗地亚根据防扩散安全倡议，于2008年5月在里耶卡港和奥帕蒂亚组织的国际演习“亚德里亚之盾08”也是专门为防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散而举行的。在北大西洋公约组织(北约)的支持下，克罗地亚共和国于2009年在斯普利特组织了关于制订国家战略防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散的讲习班。", "为提高监督工作的效率，尤其是为了执行安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议，克罗地亚特别重视提升区域能力。执行该决议是所有国家机构的持续性任务，极其有助于区域安全。2008年6月，克罗地亚与罗马尼亚和北约的欧洲-大西洋合作理事会一同在区域军备控制核查和实施协助中心为区域各国组织了一次执行第1540(2004)号决议的讲习班。2010年6月14日至17日，联合国在斯普利特组织了关于执行第1540(2004)号决议的讲习班。东南欧合作进程各国参加了这次讲习班，其目的是交流经验，以期为进一步执行第1540(2004)号决议而增强国家对出口程序的监管能力。该讲习班是为负责边境管制、海关和起草相关法律的公务员举办的。", "根据安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议的规定，克罗地亚不断开展管制两用货物重要性的宣传工作。克罗地亚将继续承担并履行与该决议有关的义务。", "在防止核恐怖主义方面，克罗地亚共和国参与了打击核恐怖主义全球倡议的全球核探测架构项目。克罗地亚共和国与其他国家合作，交流相关信息并协调活动，以提高能力打击核恐怖主义。", "为进一步改进控制大规模毁灭性武器扩散的系统，克罗地亚决定开展一个项目，以制定防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散的国家战略。2009年6月26日的政府会议通过一项决定，设立一个部际工作组，制定防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散的国家战略以及执行该战略的行动计划。部际工作组的成员包括来自总统办公室、政府、外交和欧洲一体化部、国防部、克罗地亚海军、内务部、海洋、交通和基础设施部、司法部、财政部、海关管理局、经济、劳动和企业部、农业、渔业和农村发展部、卫生和社会福利部、国家核安全局、克罗地亚辐射防护研究所、全国防护和救援总局、国家检察官办公室、军事情报局和安全情报局的代表。最终目标是在2011年底之前制定并通过克罗地亚防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散的国家战略，并使其成为一个典范，可供政治地理环境相似的其他国家参照拟定其本国的战略。", "2010年和2011年期间，克罗地亚分别于2010年12月14至16日在萨格勒布和2011年6月13日至15日在斯普利特举行了两次旨在评价国家战略草案的全国活动。另外2011年4月9日和10日，外交和欧洲一体化部与禁止化学武器组织合作，在察夫塔组织了关于《化学武器公约》、防范化学武器和防止恐怖分子利用大规模毁灭性武器有关材料的讲习班。", "在有效执行国家战略方面，克罗地亚将采取步骤，以更好地协调参与打击大规模毁灭性武器扩散工作的各机构的活动。为此，克罗地亚计划于2011年底建立一个协调机制，监测国家战略及其行动计划的执行工作。" ]

[ "安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年8月10日克罗地亚常驻联合国代表团给主席的普通照会", "克罗地亚共和国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会秘书处致意并谨随函转递克罗地亚关于安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议执行情况的报告(见附件)。", "2011年8月10日克罗地亚常驻联合国代表团给主席的普通照会的附件", "克罗地亚共和国对安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会主席要求提供补充资料的答复", "制止大规模毁灭性武器及其运载系统的扩散是对全球安全威胁的回应。 克罗地亚认为,遵守多边不扩散协定并参加非正式不扩散制度对于成功的不扩散至关重要,而只有通过不断改进国家制度和进行广泛的国际合作才能做到这一点。", "克罗地亚是所有相关国际条约和公约的缔约国,例如《不扩散核武器条约》、《核材料实物保护公约》、《全面禁止核试验条约》、《生物武器公约》、《化学武器公约》、《某些常规武器公约》、《渥太华公约》和《集束弹药公约》。 克罗地亚参加了所有出口管制制度(瓦塞纳尔安排、核供应国集团、澳大利亚集团和桑戈委员会)。 它已申请加入导弹技术管制制度。 克罗地亚遵守了《防止弹道导弹扩散海牙行为守则》。 它加入了防扩散安全倡议和打击核恐怖主义全球倡议等国际倡议。", "《克罗地亚共和国贸易法》规定,某些物品的进出口许可证应基于以下理由:国家安全;执行国际条约或公约;保护生命、人、动物、植物和环境;保护公共道德;以及管制艺术品和某些贵金属的出口。 根据经济、劳工和创业部的建议,克罗地亚政府通过了一项关于进出口许可证货物的法令。 为了更好地控制武器和军事装备贸易,克罗地亚共和国于2009年推出了追踪器方案。 在前一个时期,参与发放上述商品许可证进程的所有国家机构都与主要数据库所在的经济、劳动和创业部建立了网络。 此外,2004年7月还通过了《两用物品出口法》。", "2008年7月2日,克罗地亚议会通过了《两用物品出口法修正法》。 该法自2008年7月26日起生效。 《两用物品出口法修正案》提到管制两用物品的过境、提供与两用物品有关的中介服务和技术援助,以及在克罗地亚共和国的本国或外国政治利益面临危险时对违反该法者规定惩罚。 随着该法的修正,与安全理事会关于不扩散大规模毁灭性武器的第1540(2004)号决议有关的承诺得到履行。 实际上,安理会成员国必须通过能够防止核武器、化学武器或生物武器以及可用于运输此类武器的物品扩散的条例。", "2011年7月1日,克罗地亚议会在第二十三届会议上投票通过了《两用物品贸易管制法》。 该法允许执行理事会第428/2009号条例,建立共同体管制两用物品出口、转让、中介和过境的制度。 条例的执行具有约束力并直接适用于欧洲联盟成员国。 该法将在克罗地亚加入欧洲联盟后生效。", "克罗地亚为防止大规模毁灭性武器、两用货物及其运载系统的扩散建立了一个完整的立法和体制框架。", "克罗地亚参加了专题培训、讲习班和会议,从而通过加强国际合作和能力建设,为改进国家体系和建立伙伴国家网络作出了贡献。 2008年5月由克罗地亚根据 \" 防扩散安全倡议 \" 在里耶卡和奥帕蒂贾举办的 \" 亚得里亚盾08 \" 国际演习也致力于防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散。 在北大西洋公约组织(北约)的支持下,克罗地亚共和国于2009年在斯普利特举办了一次关于制定防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散国家战略的讲习班。", "为了提高监督效率,克罗地亚特别重视提高区域能力,特别是考虑到安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议的执行情况。 该决议的执行是所有对该区域安全作出重大贡献的国家机构的一项持续任务。 2008年6月,克罗地亚同罗马尼亚和北约欧洲-大西洋合作理事会一道,在区域军备控制核查和执行援助中心为该区域各国举办了一次关于执行第1540(2004)号决议专题的讲习班。 2010年6月14日至17日,联合国在斯普利特组织了一次关于执行该决议的讲习班。 东南欧合作进程国家参加了这次讲习班,目的是交流经验,以期提高国家对出口过程的监督能力,以进一步执行安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议。 该讲习班的对象是负责边境管制、海关和制定相关立法的公务员。", "根据安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议,克罗地亚一直在努力提高对两用货物管制重要性的认识。 克罗地亚将继续承担并履行有关该决议的义务。", "关于防止核恐怖主义,克罗地亚共和国参加了打击核恐怖主义全球倡议的全球核探测结构项目。 克罗地亚共和国与其他国家合作,交流相关信息并协调各项活动,以加强打击核恐怖主义的能力。", "为了进一步改善控制大规模毁灭性武器扩散的制度,克罗地亚决定启动一个项目来制定防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散的国家战略。 在2009年6月26日的政府会议上,通过了关于设立一个部际工作组以制定《防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散国家战略》和执行该战略的行动计划的决定。 部际工作组由总统办公室、政府、外交和欧洲一体化部、国防部、克罗地亚海军、内政部、海洋、运输和基础设施部、司法部、财政部、海关管理局、经济、劳工和创业部、农业、渔业和农村发展部、卫生和社会福利部、国家核安全办公室、克罗地亚辐射防护研究所、国家保护和救援局、国家检察官办公室、军事情报局和安全情报局的代表组成。 最终目标是到2011年底制定和通过克罗地亚防止大规模毁灭性武器扩散国家战略,使该战略成为具有类似地缘政治环境的其他国家制定本国战略的模式。", "在2010年和2011年期间(2010年12月14日至16日,萨格勒布;2011年6月13日至15日,斯普利特),举行了两次旨在评估国家战略草案文本的国家活动。 此外,2011年4月9日和10日,外交和欧洲一体化部与禁止化学武器组织合作,在卡夫塔特举办了一次关于《化学武器公约》、防止化学武器和防止恐怖分子使用大规模毁灭性武器相关材料的讲习班。", "关于有效执行国家战略,克罗地亚将采取步骤,以更好地协调参与打击大规模毁灭性武器扩散的机构之间的活动。 为此,克罗地亚正计划(到2011年底)建立一个协调机制,以监测《战略》及其《行动计划》的执行情况。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 19 of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development", "Protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Often referred to as the “rainforests of the sea”, tropical coral reefs, which rank among the most biologically rich and productive global ecosystems, provide social, economic and environmental benefits for millions of people. Yet, despite their importance, coral reefs are facing numerous local and global threats caused by human activity and climate change. Unsustainable fishing practices, coastal development, pollution, ocean warming and ocean acidification have already damaged one fifth of the coral reefs beyond repair and predictions of what could arise should no change occur are alarming. Concerted global, national, regional and local efforts are therefore urgently required.", "Protection, resilience-building, recovery, conservation and adaptation measures need to be implemented in an integrated and coherent manner and tailored to regional, national and local community needs, while involving all stakeholders. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development will offer the opportunity to review progress made to date as well as the remaining gaps in the implementation of the principles of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, the marine-related goals and targets set out in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, and other ocean-related international agreements. In addition, the Conference could serve to secure renewed political commitment by formulating concrete ocean and coral reef-related measures and actions.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Coral 3 reefs and sustainable \ndevelopment A.The 3 United \nNations B. International 6 and regional networks and non-governmental \norganizations C. Opportunities 7 for further \ncooperation III.The 8 importance of protecting coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development (including current status and adverse \nimpacts) IV. Economic, 14 social and environmental benefits of protecting coral reefs, in the context of the themes and objectives of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in \n 2012 V.The 19 role of national legislation in protecting coral reefs (including the importance of involving indigenous and local \ncommunities) A.Protection 20 of Australia’s Great Barrier \n Reef B.Marine 21 protected areas in \nPalau VI.The 21 way forward: potential actions (consistent with international law) needed to protect coral reefs and related ecosystems, including proposals for coordinated and coherent action across the United Nations \nsystem", "I. Introduction", "1. The General Assembly adopted resolution 65/150, entitled “Protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development”, at its sixty-fifth session in which it, inter alia, urged States to take all practical steps at all levels to protect coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development, including immediate and concerted global, regional and local action to respond to the challenges and to address the adverse impact of climate change, as well as of ocean acidification, on coral reefs and related ecosystems; and also urged them to formulate, adopt and implement integrated and comprehensive approaches for the management of coral reefs and related ecosystems.", "2. In paragraph 3 of the same resolution, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to prepare a comprehensive report on the protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development by the Assembly, for consideration at its sixty-sixth session. Pursuant to that request, the present report highlights the importance of protecting coral reefs and conducts an analysis of the economic, social and development benefits of coral-reef protection in the context of the themes and objectives of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in 2012. The report also identifies needed actions with the potential to protect coral reefs and related ecosystems.", "3. The report draws on substantive inputs and information provided by Governments and United Nations programmes and organizations, in particular the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).[1] The International Maritime Organization (IMO), and the International Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature; the World Resources Institute; the International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI); the Western Indian Ocean Coastal Challenge; and Conservation International also contributed inputs.[2]", "II. Coral reefs and sustainable development", "4. In the context of the well-established importance of oceans and coral reefs in achieving sustainable development goals,[3] this report enumerates a number of international, national, regional and local efforts that have been designed to protect and manage coral reefs as part of an overall effort to enhance the sustainable development of marine and coastal areas.", "A. The United Nations", "5. Member States meeting at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, adopted the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development[4] and Agenda 21.[5] Chapter 17 of Agenda 21 specifically addresses the protection and sustainable development of the marine and coastal environment within the context of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,[6] which has established the basis for ocean governance and provided the overall legal framework for dealing with ocean matters, including economic activities in maritime areas, protection and preservation of the marine environment, and marine science and technology.", "6. The Convention on Biological Diversity[7] entered into force in 1993. At their second meeting, held in Jakarta in November 1995, the Conference of the Parties to the Convention adopted the Jakarta Mandate on Marine and Coastal Biological Diversity.[8] Since 1998, the Convention has addressed issues such as integrated marine and coastal area management, marine protected areas, coral bleaching, and physical degradation and destruction of coral reefs.", "7. The tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, held in Nagoya, Japan, in October 2010, resulted in the adoption by the Conference of the Parties of decision X/2 regarding the establishment of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 which aims, inter alia, to minimize the multiple threats to coral reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems by 2015 (target 10).[9] In the same context, decision X/29[10] emphasized the need for data collection and analysis, environmental (impact) assessments and the establishment of measures to ensure conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal living resources. In addition, it suggested the drafting of a report on the progress made in the implementation of the specific workplan on coral bleaching.", "8. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,[11] which came into force in 1994, provides the framework for establishing protocols to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and for undertaking intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenges posed by climate change.", "9. Other conventions that are relevant for the protection of coral reefs include the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, the Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other Matter (London Convention)[12] and the Protocol thereto (London Protocol), the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,[13] the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention),[14] the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals,[15] and the Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region.[16]", "10. In 1994, the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States adopted the Barbados Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States,[17] which explicitly identified coastal and marine resources as an area requiring urgent action. Its implementation was reviewed at the fourth session (1996) and the sixth session (1998) of the Commission on Sustainable Development and it was reaffirmed by the Mauritius Declaration[18] and the Mauritius Strategy for the Further Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States[19] in 2005.", "11. At the seventh session of the Commission on Sustainable Development in 1999, a call for action was launched to eliminate overfishing and wasteful fishing practices. Commission decision 7/1[20] emphasized that “oceans and seas constitute the major part of the planet that supports life, drive the climate and hydrological cycle, and provide the vital resources to be used to ensure well-being for present and future generations and economic prosperity, to eradicate poverty, to ensure food security and to conserve marine biological diversity and its intrinsic value for maintaining the conditions that support life on earth” (para. 1).", "12. Other General Assembly resolutions relating to coral reefs include resolution 61/105 (8 December 2006) on sustainable fisheries, resolution 63/214 on the sustainable development of the Caribbean Sea for present and future generations (19 December 2008) and resolution 64/73 (7 December 2009) on the protection of global climate for present and future generations of humankind.", "13. In 2000, the United Nations Millennium Declaration[21] re-emphasized the need to protect the environment and to manage all living species and natural resources in a sustainable manner, while reaffirming support for the principles of sustainable development, including those set out in Agenda 21.", "14. Paragraphs 30 to 36 of the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (“Johannesburg Plan of Implementation”),[22] adopted at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, focus on oceans, seas, islands and coastal areas. The Johannesburg Plan of Implementation promotes the establishment of inter-agency coordination mechanisms within the United Nations system and encourages regional cooperation among relevant regional organizations and programmes.", "15. The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO facilitates and coordinates sustained observations, modelling and analysis of marine and ocean variables and processes to support decision-making process worldwide. In this context, the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) has been developed to provide accurate descriptions of the present state of the ocean, including living resources, continuous forecasts of the future conditions of the sea, and the basis for forecasts of climate change, including those needed to monitor and protect coral reefs.", "16. In 2003, UN-Oceans[23] was created as an inter-agency coordination mechanism on ocean and coastal issues, including coral reefs, building on the work of the former Subcommittee on Oceans and Coastal Areas of the Administrative Committee on Coordination. Its role is to promote the coherence of United Nations system activities on oceans and coastal areas with the mandates of the General Assembly, the priorities contained in the Millennium Development Goals and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and the mandates of governing bodies of all members of UN-Oceans, and to support the integrated management of oceans at the international level.", "B. International and regional networks and non-governmental organizations", "17. The International Coral Reef Initiative, a partnership among Governments, international organizations and non-governmental organizations, was launched in 1994 as the only global entity devoted solely to coral reef conservation. Its aim is to preserve coral reefs and related ecosystems by implementing chapter 17 of Agenda 21, and other relevant international conventions and agreements. At the same time, the Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network (GCRMN) was established as an operating unit of the Initiative, to assist in the development of coral reef monitoring and data management, with equal emphasis on ecological and socio-economic information, and to compile reports on the global status of coral reefs.", "18. In 1995, the International Coral Reef Initiative called on member States to commit themselves to engaging in more research on and monitoring of coral reefs so as to provide data for effective management (under its Call to Action and Framework for Action).", "19. In 2007, the Government of Seychelles initiated the Western Indian Ocean Coastal Challenge (WIO-CC), which invited countries of the region to collaborate on reducing the adverse impacts of climate change, while promoting resilient ecosystems, sustainable livelihoods and human security.", "20. In 2009, the World Ocean Conference, a global forum on oceans, assembled ministers and heads of delegations, experts, scientists, and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations to discuss threats to the ocean, effects of climate change on the ocean, and the role of ocean in climate change. The result was the adoption of the Manado Ocean Declaration, which stressed the need for national strategies for the sustainable management of coastal and marine ecosystems.", "21. In 2010, the Pacific Oceanscape framework was adopted by the Pacific Leaders Forum as a call for united action against ocean threats across the Pacific. This framework was part of a broader movement entitled the “Pacific Ocean 2020 Challenge”, an intergovernmental initiative encouraging leaders to cooperate in responding to the major threats to the Pacific.", "22. Other important regional initiatives relevant to coral reefs include the Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries and Food Security, the Micronesia Challenge, the Caribbean Challenge, the Eastern Tropical Pacific Seascape project, the West Indian Ocean Partnership, the West African Conservation Challenge, and the Regional Initiative for the Conservation and Wise Use of Mangroves and Coral Reefs in the Americas.", "23. Finally, numerous non-governmental organizations and foundations are implementing programmes and initiatives whose aim is to protect and conserve coral reefs.", "C. Opportunities for further cooperation", "24. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20), which will be held in Rio de Janeiro, from 4 to 6 June 2012, offers a unique opportunity to bring together government representatives, civil society, academia, the scientific community and the private sector to discuss sustainable development issues, including the sustainable management and protection of coral reefs.", "25. The Conference will provide the opportunity to review progress made to date as well as the remaining gaps in the implementation of the principles contained in the Rio Declaration, of Agenda 21, of the marine-related goals and targets set out in the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, and of other ocean-related international agreements.", "26. In addition, the Conference could serve as an opportunity to secure renewed political commitment through the formulation of concrete ocean and coral reef‑related measures and actions. New and emerging challenges, such as the recent severe impacts of climate change and the opportunities (and possible drawbacks) associated with new technologies (for example, geo-engineering), could also be addressed.", "27. The Commission on Sustainable Development is scheduled to undertake a two-year review of oceans, marine life and small island developing States in 2015-2016.", "III. The importance of protecting coral reefs and related ecosystems for sustainable livelihoods and development (including current status and adverse impacts)", "28. Large reef-building areas can be found in the Atlantic, the Indian Ocean, the Middle East, the Pacific, South-East Asia and Australia, with its Great Barrier Reef, which represents the world’s largest coral reef system. Grounded by the seabed, coral reefs are built up over very long periods of time (centuries or more) through the accumulation of calcium carbonate skeletons, which have been discarded by reef-building corals (mainly stony corals).", "29. Most coral reefs exist in tropical waters. The corals that build tropical coral reefs are small marine organisms called polyps which live in compact colonies and depend upon a symbiotic relationship with the algae that live within their tissue and give them their colouration.", "30. Rivalling the tropical coral reefs in species diversity, cold-water coral communities are now known to exist around the world, generally in waters deeper than 40 metres (m) and also at depths that can be well over 1,000 m. While only a few species form actual reefs, cold-water coral mounds and banks provide a habitat and reproductive grounds for a range of species, including commercially important fish and shellfish. Discovered in 2002, the Røst Reef in northern Norway is regarded as the largest cold-water reef. To date, knowledge of cold-water coral ecology, of the extent and status of communities, and of their socio-economic value remains limited.", "31. Often referred to as “rainforests of the sea”, tropical coral reefs are among the most biodiverse systems on the planet. They are also highly productive, and sustain human society through a range of provisioning and supporting services. Tropical coral reefs cover about 250,000 square kilometres (km²) of ocean and while constituting only less than one tenth of 1 per cent of the marine environment, they offer habitat to 25 per cent of all known marine species.", "32. One of the main functions of global coral reefs is to protect about 150,000 km of shoreline in more than 100 countries and territories as they dissolve wave energy and reduce damages from erosion, floods and storms, thereby protecting human settlements, infrastructure and coastal ecosystems.", "33. Apart from environmental benefits, coral reefs also offer important social and economic ones. Of all natural ecosystems on the planet, coral reefs, along with mangroves and seagrass beds, have been estimated to deliver the highest annual value in terms of ecosystem services. Approximately 850 million people (one eighth of the global population) live within 100 km of reefs and derive some benefits from coral reefs, while over 275 million, mostly in developing countries and island nations, depend directly on reefs for livelihoods and sustenance.", "34. Coral-reef fish species represent an important source of protein and contribute about one quarter of the total fish catch on average in developing countries, while at the same time creating job opportunities. A healthy and effectively managed coral reef can produce 5 to 15 tons of fish and seafood per km per year.", "35. Coral reefs support the tourism industry of more than 100 countries, as they attract divers, snorkellers and recreational fishers and provide sand for beaches. In addition, some reef-related marine species have even been analysed and tested for pharmaceutical use, mainly in the area of cancer, HIV and malaria treatment. Further information on economic, social and environmental benefits can be found in section IV below.", "36. Despite their importance, coral reefs are facing numerous local and global threats, which generally occur in combination.", "37. The main local threats are unsustainable fishing practices, coastal development and watershed- and marine-based pollution. These threats reduce the ability of coral reefs, associated ecosystems and human populations to withstand and adapt to increasing climate change (see table 1).", "38. From a regional perspective, South-East Asia has been the most affected by local threats, resulting in endangerment of almost 95 per cent of its coral reefs. The coral reefs in Australia are the least threatened, with only about 14 per cent at risk.[24]", "Table 1 Overview of local threats and their impacts", "Localthreat\tDetails\tPercentageof\tImpacts\tTrends \n affectedcoralreefs \nOverfishinganddestructivefishing\t• Unsustainableharvesting offish orinvertebrates• Damagingfishingpractices (useof explosives orpoisons)• Illegal,unreported andunregulatedfishing• Destructivefish gear (forexample, gillnets,discarded/lostnets)• “Fishing downthe food chain”\tMorethan55 percent(ofwhich30 percentface ahighthreat)\t•Reducedareasoflivingcorals•Reducedspeciesdiversity\tWillcontinue toincreaseowing to:•Populationgrowth• Excessfishingcapacity• Poorfisheriesgovernanceandmanagementpractices•Internationaldemand forfish \n • Lack ofalternativeincome\n •Lowerfishabundance\tCoastaldevelopment(forexample,humansettlements,industry,aquaculture,infrastructure)\t• Coastalengineering• Run-off fromlandconstruction andclearing(sediment)• Dredging orland filling• Pollution:sewage dischargeand toxicchemicals\tApproximately25 percent(ofwhich10 percentface ahighthreat)\t•Increasedalgalcover/overgrowth•Reducedcoralgrowth\tWillcontinue toincrease:• Aspopulationgrowth incoastalareascontinuesto outpaceoverallpopulationgrowth • Directconstruction onreef expanses(airports, etc.) \n\t• Unsustainabletourism \nWatershed-basedpollution(forexample,cropcultivation,intensivelivestockfarming,deforestation,mining)\t• Erosion(sediment)• Nutrientfertilizer• Pesticides• ChemicaltoxinsRun-offdelivered byrivers tocoastal waters\tMorethan25 percent(ofwhich10 percentface ahighthreat)\t•Coralsmoresusceptibletostorms,diseases,infestations•Coralbleaching\tWillcontinue toincreaseowing to:•Deforestation• Climatechange-inducedincrease inprecipitation• Increasedfertilizeruse(especiallyin Africaand SouthAsia) duetoincreasedfood demandofincreasingglobalpopulation •“Dead zones”/ecosystem collapse •Collapsesand \n closuresoffisheries\tMarine-basedpollutionanddamagefromships(forexample,commercial,recreationalandpassengervessels) •Solidwaste(includingplastics),nutrientsandtoxinsfromoilandgasinstallationsandshipping(for\tApproximately10 percent(ofwhich1 percentface ahighthreat)\tWillcontinue toincreaseowing to:• Increasein globaloil demand• Increasein maritimeshippingand cruisetourism• Increasedthreat byinvasivespecies example,contaminatedbilgewater,fuelleakages) •Accidentaltransportof invasive speciesinships’ ballastwater • Physicaldamagefromshipgroundings, \n anchorsandoilspills", "Source: L. Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited (Washington, D.C., World Resources Institute, 2011).", "39. Apart from these local threats, serious global threats induced by climate change are endangering coral reefs (see table 2).", "Table 2 Overview of main global threats and their impacts", "Globalthreat\tDetails\tPercentageof affectedcoral reefs\tImpacts\tTrends/projections2030-2050 \nOceanacidification\t•Increasedcarbondioxide(CO₂)emissionscausechange inchemistryof oceansurfacewaters:build-upofcarbonicacid\tMore than75 per cent(incombinationwith localthreats)\t•Reductionof coralgrowthrates\tBy 2030:less than50 per centof globalcoral reefsexpected tobe in areasfavourablefor coralgrowth\n •Weakeningof coralskeletons\tBy 2050:onlyapproximately15 per centexpected tobe in areasfavourablefor coralgrowth\n • Supportof coralbleaching\t\n • Halt ofcoralgrowth • Slow \n dissolutionof coralreefs\t\nOceanwarming\t• Risingseatemperatures\tMore than75 per cent(incombinationwith localthreats)\t• (Mass)coralbleaching\tBy 2030: 50per cent ofglobalcoral reefsexpected toexperiencethermalstress andcoralbleaching\n • Coraldeath\tBy 2050:more than95 per centexpected toexperiencethermalstress andcoralbleaching", "Source: L. Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited (Washington, D.C., World Resources Institute, 2011).", "40. One severe global threat is ocean warming, which leads to “coral bleaching”, a phenomenon whereby corals lose their symbiotic algae and, as a result, their colouration. If continued algae loss occurs, the corals eventually die. The most severe coral bleaching to date, which occurred in 1998, was caused by extreme El Niño-related weather events and resulted in the killing of about 16 per cent of global corals.[25] Since then, repeated coral bleaching has been recorded in most regions. In 2010, a mass coral bleaching event affected the Greater Coral Triangle region. Recent studies predict the dominance of algae on the Great Barrier Reef and Caribbean reefs by 2030-2050, as they often colonize dead corals after coral bleaching events, thereby preventing the settlement of new corals.[26]", "41. The other important global threat is ocean acidification caused by increasing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. About 30 per cent of global CO₂ emissions are absorbed by oceans and form carbonic acid in reaction with water, which leads to reduced coral growth and calcification, weakened coral skeletons and even the slow dissolution of existing coral reefs.[27]", "42. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution, oceans have become 30 per cent more acidic and predictions show that by 2050, ocean acidity could even increase by 150 per cent. This would give marine ecosystems a very small period of time for adaptation, as it would represent a rate of increase that is 100 times faster than that of any ocean acidity change experienced over the last 20 million years.[28]", "43. The reduction of global CO₂ emissions is crucial and first steps have already been taken, inter alia, through the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.[29] In July 2011, mandatory measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases from international shipping were adopted at the sixty-second session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization. The regulations apply to all ships of 400 gross tonnage and above and are expected to enter into force on 1 January 2013.", "44. Other potential threats are: (a) sea-level rise (mostly affecting Pacific small island developing States and atolls), which increases erosion, inundation and pollution of freshwater below islands; (b) increased frequency of high-intensity tropical storms (for example, hurricanes); (c) diseases (mainly in the Caribbean); and (d) plagues and infestations of crown-of-thorns starfish (natural predators of corals).", "45. Slow-growing and fragile, cold-water coral reefs are also extremely vulnerable to physical damage caused by human activity. Bottom-fishing and deep-sea trolling have already caused and continue to cause severe impacts; and prospecting constitutes another potentially significant direct threat. In addition, the placement of underwater pipelines and cables endangers cold-water coral reefs.", "46. Globally, 27 countries and territories are highly vulnerable to coral reef loss, of which 19 are small island developing States. Nine countries showed the lowest adaptive capacity, that is, the lowest ability to cope with the effects of coral reef degradation, and will need particular attention (see also figure).", "Vulnerability drivers in 27 very highly vulnerable nations and areas", "Source: Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited.", "47. Despite these threats, only about 27 per cent of global coral reefs are located inside marine protected areas, more than half of which are in Australia. In addition, according to a recent study of the World Resources Institute, only 6 per cent of global coral reefs are located in effectively managed marine protected areas.[30]", "48. As a result, the negative impacts on coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds have been considerable. Global coverage of seagrass beds has declined by almost one third in 100 years and at least one quarter of the historical mangrove cover has been lost.", "49. According to ICRI, about one fifth of the global coral reefs have already been damaged beyond repair and it is predicted that 35 per cent will be lost within the next 20 to 40 years if no change occurs. The recent World Resources Institute report entitled Reefs at Risk Revisited notes that some 341 coral-reef species, including 200 reef-building corals, are currently threatened and predicts that, through the combined impacts of local and global threats, 90 per cent of coral reefs will be threatened by 2030 and all coral reefs will be threatened by 2050, if no protective measures are taken.", "50. The protection of coral reefs, mangroves and seagrass beds is therefore crucial[31] and should be understood as requiring a broad range of actions directed towards sustainable management that directly and tangibly protect coral reefs as well as the rights and interests of reef-dependent populations and sectors.", "IV. Economic, social and environmental benefits of protecting coral reefs, in the context of the themes and objectives of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in 2012", "51. At the second session of the Preparatory Committee for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, held on 7 and 8 March 2011, many small island developing States called specifically for the Conference to provide support for sustainable ocean management and the protection of marine resources. Therefore, the topic of oceans, including coral reefs, is expected to figure prominently at the Conference. Furthermore, numerous preparatory meetings are expected to cover the topic of ocean management and protection.[32]", "52. The Conference will focus on two themes: (a) a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication; and (b) the institutional framework for sustainable development.", "53. Although a precise definition has yet to be formulated, the concept of a green economy can be perceived as a lens focused primarily on the intersection between environment and economy and on seizing opportunities to advance economic and environmental goals simultaneously. The development of this green economy will rely heavily on the sustainable management of oceans and the conservation of marine resources, including coral reefs.", "54. Many member States are now replacing the concept of a green economy with that of a “blue economy”, which implies that development of a green economy needs to include a focus on benefits for coastal communities, especially in small island developing States and developing countries, which depend on the ocean and its marine resources for their existence.[33] This also highlights the importance of healthy oceans in the context of the three pillars of sustainable development, as they can generate significant economic, social, environmental benefits. The identification of coral reef-related benefits is therefore crucial.", "55. Coral reefs offer employment opportunities in fisheries and are an important nutrition source. No less than 30 million people in global coastal communities are entirely dependent on coral reefs as their primary sources of food production, income and livelihood.[34]", "56. On average, people in coral-reef countries consume 29 kilograms (kg) of fish and seafood per year, with the consumption in Maldives being the highest. Main fish consumer countries are the Pacific small island developing States, with average fish consumption twice or four times higher than the global average. Nevertheless, a potential shortage of fish resources has been predicted for 2030 in the Pacific area.", "57. In 2010, coral-reef fisheries generated global annual net benefits of US$ 6.8 billion. Effectively managed and environmentally sound fisheries can play an important role in supporting sustainable development and poverty eradication by providing food and employment opportunities. Fisheries are, in general, small-scale and artisanal enterprises and, as such, represent an attractive business option owing to low entry costs. The greatest number of coral-reef fisheries can be found in Asian countries (for example, Indonesia, Viet Nam and China), each of which has between 100,000 and more than 1 million coral-reef fishers.", "58. According to the World Resources Institute, global annual net benefits from all coral reef-related goods and services totalled approximately US$ 29 billion in 2010, but the economic revenues derived from coral reefs vary considerably by site, depending, inter alia, on: (a) size of tourism markets, (b) importance and productivity of fisheries, (c) level of coastal development and (d) distance to major urban centres. In general, economic revenues originate mainly from coral-reef exports and tourism.", "59. The export of coral-reef species and products represents an important source of income for many countries and includes, inter alia, live reef food fish, aquarium fish and tourist souvenirs. The greatest relative value of coral reef exports (mainly black pearls) can be found in French Polynesia,[35] where they constitute 62 per cent of the gross domestic product (GDP).", "60. Coral-reef tourism provides considerable income for both developing and developed countries and generated global annual net benefits of US$ 11.5 billion in 2010. More than 96 coral-reef countries benefit from coral-reef tourism, which in 23 accounts for 15 per cent of their GDP. Revenue associated with coral-reef tourism comes from divers, snorkellers, recreational fishers and beach visitors, who pay for diving and fishing activities, hotels, restaurants and transportation and, in some cases, have to pay a “visitor fee” as well.", "61. In addition, coral reefs offer shoreline protection, provide habitation for marine species and contribute to the formation of (tourist) beaches. In some small island developing States, coral reefs protect more than 80 per cent of the coastline. The global annual net benefits of shoreline protection amounted to US$ 10.7 billion in 2010. Apart from providing shoreline protection, coral reefs offer a habitat for 25 per cent of all marine species and create favourable conditions for other ecosystems (for example, mangroves and seagrass beds).[36]", "62. Finally, coral reefs possess a significant cultural and spiritual value for many indigenous and other coastal communities.", "63. While the dependence on coral reefs is high in many countries, with one half billion people greatly depending on coral reefs for food, livelihood and tourism,[37] small island developing States and coastal communities in developing countries are the most reef-dependent and their particular needs and concerns need to be given particular attention.", "64. According to the World Resources Institute, coral-reef degradation caused by human activity and climate change could lead to significant economic losses in the Caribbean by 2015, namely US$ 95 million-US$ 140 million in diminished net revenues from fisheries and US$ 100 million-US$ 300 million in reduced income from tourism. In addition, annual losses of US$ 140 million-US$ 420 million from reduced coastal protection are predicted in the region within the next 50 years.", "65. According to other studies, the climate change-induced deterioration of the Great Barrier Reef could cost Australia US$ 2.2 billion-US$ 5.3 billion over the next 19 years, while Indonesia could experience losses in the amount of US$ 1.9 billion over 20 years owing to the practice of overfishing.[38]", "66. The second objective of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development is to strengthen the institutional framework for sustainable development. There are numerous local, regional, national and international targets, initiatives and processes relevant to coral reefs and dependent communities and sectors, many of which have firm anchoring in international agreements.", "67. There is a need to reinforce political commitment with regard to existing international agreements and conventions such as the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which should include necessary actions for the protection and preservation of rare and fragile ecosystems, as well as the habitat of depleted, threatened or endangered species and other forms of marine life, including coral reefs.", "68. The establishment, monitoring and enforcement of sustainable national marine managed and marine protected areas, and the building of (regional) networks, are important actions.[39]", "69. Increasingly, countries are creating marine protected areas, even if coral reefs and their resources are associated with only a minor segment of their national economy, owing to their fundamental importance for those countries’ coastal communities. One example is the Sudan, which participates in the activities of the Regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA) geared towards the conservation of all aquatic resources, including coral reefs.", "70. Effectively managed areas — for example, the Bonaire National Marine Park (box I) and the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve (box II) — attest to the fact that adequate measures can significantly reduce threats and generate important economic, social and environmental benefits.", "Box IBenefits of the Bonaire Natural Marine Park Background \nBonaire is located approximately 100 kilometres (km) north of theBolivarian Republic of Venezuela in the Caribbean. The goal of the2,700 hectare Bonaire National Marine Park, created in 1979, is “toprotect and manage the island’s natural, cultural and historicalresources, while allowing ecologically sustainable use, for thebenefit of future generations”. Since 1991, the non-governmentalorganization Stichting Nationale Parken Bonaire (STINAPA Bonaire)has been managing the Park and is responsible for covering all itsdirect costs (including law enforcement, maintenance, education,research and monitoring).\nTourism, especially diving, provides the primary economic revenueto Bonaire. In 1994, 25,000 divers visited Bonaire, generatinggross revenues of US$ 34 million. Currently, more than 28,000divers visit Bonaire annually.\n Measures: introduction of an admission fee (“nature fee”) \nIn collaboration with all relevant stakeholders, a successful feesystem was introduced, which entails the payment of an admissionfee (“nature fee”) for visitor entry into the Bonaire NationalMarine Park. In 1992, the imposed visitor fees yielded a total ofover US$ 170,000, which was used to cover management costs, andcoral reef protection and conservation measures.\nToday, the Bonaire National Marine Park charged a one calendar yearfee of $25 for scuba divers and $10 for non-scuba divers. Passesare also available at a cost of $10 for one day of scuba diving.Residents of Bonaire pay a reduced fee. Further revenues aregenerated from the renting of moorings, and the sale of touristsouvenirs, as well as from grants and donations.\n Results \n The Bonaire National Marine Park is financially self-sufficient. \nSources: STINAPA Bonaire, Bonaire National Marine Park ManagementPlan 2006; and http://www.stinapa.org.", "71. According to Conservation International, incomes within marine protected areas are twice as high as those outside of marine protected areas; and marine protected areas can significantly improve livelihood opportunities, food security and environmental awareness.", "72. Another successful approach in the area of coral reef protection and conservation entails the designation of particularly sensitive sea areas (PSSAs) by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). In order for an area to be designated a particularly sensitive sea area, it must demonstrate vulnerability to damage by international shipping activities, while possessing certain attributes from an ecological, socio-economic and scientific perspective. Since 1990, IMO has designated 13 such areas, of which 8 are designed to protect coral reefs from the impacts of international shipping.[40]", "Box IIBenefits of the Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve project \n Background \nThe Gulf of Mannar lies between the southern tip of India, thesouth-east coast of Tamil Nadu State and the north-west coast ofSri Lanka. In 1986, 21 inshore coral sand islands and theirsurrounding coral reefs, seagrass beds and mangrove habitats weredesignated as constituting the Gulf of Mannar National Park. In1989, the entire Gulf of Mannar was designated a biosphere reserve,thereby representing the first marine conservation area of thiskind in India and the South Asia region.\nThe Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve project was first implementedin 2002 as a partnership between the Governments of India and TamilNadu, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and theGlobal Environment Facility (GEF). It aims to demonstrate themodalities for integrating biodiversity conservation, sustainablecoastal zone management and the livelihoods of local communities,including indigenous and tribal populations. Its overall objectiveis to use a multisectoral and integrated systems approach toconserving the coastal biodiversity of the Gulf of Mannar.\n Measures \nMeasures encompassed empowering local communities to manage thecoastal ecosystems in a sustainable manner through strengthening ofconservation efforts, support for alternative livelihood andimplementation of awareness programmes.\n Results \nThe Biosphere Reserve project has helped to transform thebehaviours of local communities and fishermen. In turn, threats tomarine resources have been significantly reduced, as evidenced by a7.5 per cent increase in coral cover in the project area in theperiod from 2006 to 2010.\n Sources: UNDP-GEF; and http://www.gombrt.org.", "73. A wide range of actors from governmental and non-governmental organizations, initiatives, civil society and the private sector are involved in coral-reef protection and conservation. It is therefore crucial to ensure among their activities so as to avert duplication and optimize protection, recovery, conservation and adaptation measures.", "74. To engage all stakeholders, including the private sector, in the effective management and protection of coral reefs, economic incentives (for example, buyouts, conservation agreements and alternative livelihoods incentives) can be utilized as an attractive complement to more traditional measures, such as imposition of fines and penalties.[41]", "75. Owing to the fact that cold-water corals exist beyond national jurisdiction and that coral reefs in general face not only local but also global threats, coral-reef protection has to be conducted not only at the local, regional and national levels but also at the international level, while still allowing local communities to exercise a strong ownership role in the management of coral reefs and their resources.", "76. Regional fisheries management organizations have a key role to play in the conservation of marine species beyond national jurisdictions, as they are responsible for managing high-seas fish stocks and highly migratory species and can help to set catch and fishing effort limits, implement technical measures and oversee control obligations.", "V. The role of national legislation in protecting coral reefs (including the importance of involving indigenous and local communities)", "77. The role of national Governments and legislation in providing an enabling environment within which all stakeholders can meaningfully contribute to coral-reef protection is a pivotal one.[42]", "78. In Brazil for example, nine coral-reef conservation units have been created, including municipal, State and federal units. The Government initiated the National System of Conservation Units, which brought together all existing instruments and regulations on the issue, to establish a framework for the creation, implementation, consolidation and management of these units. Through the integration of the various units, the federal Government is able to join State and local governments in providing better protection of the environment in Brazil.", "79. Apart from focusing on coral-reef protection, national legislation should also include climate change adaptation measures, which could reduce the vulnerability of reef-dependent populations. Effective government institutions, regulations and enforcement mechanisms also play an important role in the establishment, monitoring and enforcement of sustainable marine managed areas and marine protected areas.", "80. The application of payments for ecosystem services (PES) and other incentive-based mechanisms can support the implementation of protection and conservation measures.[43] Of particular importance for marine and coastal payments for ecosystem services, owing to the public-good nature of these resources, is the ability to identify “sellers” and “buyers” of the ecosystem service of interest. New institutional arrangements, such as community-based management, management concessions, and co-management schemes, can substitute use and access rights for ownership.", "81. A notable example of payments for ecosystem services within the context of coral-reefs habitat is provided by the private and non-profit Chumbe Island Coral Park in the United Republic of Tanzania. The Government of Zanzibar established a protected area around the island and its fringing coral reef in 1994 and gave the management rights to the Park, which is responsible for implementing the Chumbe Island Coral Park management plans 1995-2016.", "82. The success of national legislation often depends on the integration of all stakeholders in the decision-making process. The inclusion of indigenous and other local communities is therefore of the utmost importance, as those communities are often the ones most dependent on coral reefs for food and livelihood.", "83. In this regard, the Government of Germany provides support to international initiatives and projects devoted to coral reefs in the context of integrated coastal area planning and management, that include indigenous and local communities, as well as partners at local, national, regional and international levels.", "84. Through their national legislation, Australia and Palau, which could offer valuable lessons learned, have implemented successful measures designed to protect coral reefs while involving their indigenous and other local communities.", "A. Protection of Australia’s Great Barrier Reef", "85. The Government of Australia had begun taking steps to protect its Great Barrier Reef when it created, in 1975, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Various protection and conservation measures have been put in place, including the establishment in 2004 of a new zoning plan which increased the proportion of the Marine Park that was highly protected by “no take zones” from less than 5 per cent to more than 33 per cent.[44]", "86. The Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority is working in partnership with indigenous groups (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) to develop formal legally recognized agreements, known as Traditional Use of Marine Resource Agreements, regarding the management of the Marine Park. The Agreements provide a practical and more flexible pathway towards expression by traditional owner groups of their rights and interests. The framework also provides collaborative opportunities for protecting cultural values and managing culturally important species in accordance with traditional lore, and for addressing other activities that impact Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, such as illegal fishing and resource poaching.", "87. Other important initiatives include the Reef Water Quality Protection Plan (Reef Plan) and Reef Rescue, a five-year programme (2008-2013) that aims to reduce the discharge of dissolved nutrients and chemicals from agricultural lands into the Great Barrier Reef lagoon by 25 per cent and the discharge of sediment and nutrients by 10 per cent.", "88. Australia’s marine bioregional planning is designed to provide long-term protection of coral reefs and related ecosystems by improving the conservation, sustainable use, and management of marine resources and ecosystems (through marine managed areas and marine protected areas), including coral-reef habitats.", "89. Implementation of General Assembly resolution 65/150 was initiated by the Government of Australia in close partnership with Pacific and other countries that may be directly affected by the degradation or loss of coral reefs and related ecosystems (for example, Nauru).", "B. Marine protected areas in Palau", "90. Palau is located approximately 800 km east of the Philippines. In 2003, the Government introduced the Protected Areas Network Act (PAN Act), which consisted in the establishment of a nationwide network of marine protected areas for the purpose of protecting biodiversity and natural resources. Of the 28 marine protected areas designated, 24 contain coral reefs.", "91. The PAN Act has been supported by indigenous communities and at the highest level of national government, as it allows stakeholder involvement and flexibility in the planning process. It encompassed the establishment of the Protected Areas Network Fund (PANF), a non-governmental corporation, and the implementation of the imposition of an admission fee of US$ 15, collected from visitors upon their departure from the airport (Green fee). The Act inspired several Governments of the Federated States of Micronesia to establish the Micronesia Challenge, launched in 2006.", "VI. The way forward: potential actions (consistent with international law) needed to protect coral reefs and related ecosystems, including proposals for coordinated and coherent action across the United Nations system", "92. The protection of oceans and related ecosystems, including coral reefs, remains a main objective, as already envisaged in chapter 17 of Agenda 21, the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation and other international agreements.", "93. Recent studies have shown that coral reefs have the capacity to recover even from very extreme damage if adequate protection, resilience-building, recovery and conservation measures, such as the Coral Reef Conservation Act (United States of America), are in place. In this context, the establishment of marine national parks and artificial coral reefs[45] has been successful in certain areas. Other positive trends are increased public awareness and a more active local engagement. Although strong recovery has been seen in parts of the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific, especially where direct stress is low, recovery has been stalled or weak in areas where there are substantial human pressures.", "94. Further major efforts are therefore needed to diminish threats to coral reefs, particularly since appropriate actions can generate significant social, economic and environmental benefits.", "95. As coordination mechanism on ocean and coastal issues UN-Oceans could play an expanded role in ensuring coordinated and coherent action across the United Nations system with respect to coral-reef protection. The creation of a specialized coral-reefs task force under its umbrella, comprising experts from its respective member organizations and including collaboration with national coral-reef task forces, could be considered.", "96. Others recommendations for the protection of coral reefs for sustainable livelihoods and development at the global and local levels include:", "(a) Minimize global CO₂ emissions, as they lead to ocean acidification and ocean warming, thus destroying coral reefs. Urgent progress towards multilateral agreements and action to reduce CO₂ and other greenhouse gases responsible for climate change is essential for both short- and longer-term efforts to reduce the impacts of climate change on coral-reef biodiversity and ecosystem services;", "(b) Reduce unsustainable fishing practices such as overfishing and destructive fishing by (i) addressing their primary drivers (for example, food insecurity and poverty) through appropriate measures (for example, promotion of alternative livelihoods); (ii) establishing sustainable management policies, practices and guidelines[46] for fisheries; (iii) reducing excess fishing capacity; (iv) combating illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing, inter alia, through enhanced port State control and port State measures; (v) eliminating unsound fishing subsidies; (vi) prohibiting destructive fishing; and (vii) enforcing fishing regulations;", "(c) Decrease watershed-based sedimentation and pollution through (i) improved agriculture, livestock and mining practices; (ii) the minimization and control of industrial, urban and mining run-off; and (iii) the protection and restoration of vegetation (especially mangroves and seagrass beds). These measures can be supported by applying payments for ecosystem services and other incentive-based mechanisms;", "(d) Reduce marine-based pollution and damage by (i) controlling and regulating ballast discharge from ships through protocols and conventions; (ii) improving waste management at ports and marinas; (iii) designating safe shipping lanes and boating areas, and particularly sensitive sea areas; and (iv) efficiently managing offshore oil and gas activities (including through risk assessment and emergency plans);", "(e) Improve coastal development through (i) ecosystem-based management; (ii) integrated coastal management; (iii) ocean zoning; (iv) linkage of terrestrial and marine protected areas; (v) prevention of unsound land development; (vi) restriction or limitation of coastal development within a specified distance from the coast (coastal development setbacks); (vii) adequate watershed management; and (viii) protection and recovery of critical coastal habitats and vegetation (including reforestation measures). Adequate coastal development is especially important in light of predicted population growth in coastal areas, which will continue to outpace overall population growth;", "(f) Increase the coverage and effectiveness of marine managed and marine protected areas, including through the building of networks. The provision of sufficient financial resources, adequate equipment and trained staff through resource mobilization and capacity-building measures is crucial for guaranteeing their effective functioning;", "(g) Reinforce regional and international collaboration in protection, resilience-building, recovery, adaptation and conservation measures through: (i) implementation of international agreements (for example, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships); (ii) establishment of transboundary collaboration and regional agreements; (iii) improved international regulations regarding trade of coral-reef products (particularly live coral-reef organisms); and (iv) enhanced regional and international climate change efforts;", "(h) Promote sharing of successful approaches related to coral-reef protection, recovery, resilience-building, adaptation and conservation (best practices), and the transfer of (new) technologies;", "(i) Implement sustainable tourism and promote ecotourism, as tourism is projected to continue to increase worldwide. The establishment of partnerships with the tourism industry and the use of incentives for coral-reef protection (for example, certification schemes, awards for eco-friendly hotels, and engagement of diving or tour operators) can play an important role in this regard;", "(j) Encourage data collection and scientific research directed towards further exploration of the economic, social and environmental benefits of coral reefs in support of the development by decision makers of measures designed to protect coral reefs, reinforce their resilience and enhance the ability of coastal communities to adapt to environmental changes and coral-reef degradation. There is a particular need to carry out assessments on the status and trends in respect of cold-water coral-reef ecosystems. In addition, the extension and/or establishment of coral-reef monitoring systems (including socio-economic factors) should be supported;", "(k) Promote education and communication on the subject of coral reefs so as to inform citizens, the private sector, government representatives and potential donors on current threats affecting coral reefs and the urgent need to protect them. Governments should encourage sustainable individual action of citizens by raising awareness of local laws and regulations and by promoting sustainable fishing practices, the purchase of sustainably caught seafood and the reduction of household waste and pollution;", "(l) Ensure the involvement of all stakeholders, especially local and indigenous communities, in the development and implementation of national legislation, inter alia, through partnership programmes.", "A more sustainable future for coral reefs is achievable. International cooperation on mapping out a vision and action plan designed to spur action on implementing policies needed to ensure the protection of coral reefs could be considered.", "[1] See UNEP Coral Reefs website (http://coral.unep.ch/).", "[2] See http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/.", "[3] Some coral reefs are even declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites (for example, the Belize Barrier Reef, in 1996).", "[4] Report of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 3‑14 June 1992, vol. I, Resolutions Adopted by the Conference (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.93.I.8 and corrigendum), resolution 1, annex I.", "[5] Ibid., annex II.", "[6] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1833, No. 31363.", "[7] Ibid., vol. 1760, No. 30619.", "[8] UNEP/CBD/COP/2/19, annex, decision II/10.", "[9] See UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27, annex.", "[10] Ibid.", "[11] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1771, No. 30822.", "[12] Ibid., vol. 1046, No. 15749.", "[13] Ibid., vol. 993, No. 14537.", "[14] Ibid., vol. 996, No. 14583.", "[15] Ibid., vol. 1651, No. 28395.", "[16] Available from www.unep.org.", "[17] Report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Bridgetown, Barbados, 25 April-6 May 1994 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.94.I.18 and corrigenda), chap. I, resolution 1, annex II.", "[18] Report of the International Meeting to Review the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, Port Louis, Mauritius, 10‑14 January 2005 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.05.II.A.4 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 1, annex I.", "[19] Ibid., annex II.", "[20] See E/1999/29, chap. I.C.", "[21] See General Assembly resolution 55/2.", "[22] Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.A.1 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 2, annex.", "[23] Current members include: the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the International Labour Organization (ILO), IOC-UNESCO, IMO, the International Seabed Authority, the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, the Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea of the Office of Legal Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, UNDP, UNEP, the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the World Bank and the World Tourism Organization.", "[24] L. Burke, and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited (Washington, D.C., World Resources Institute, 2011), pp. 1-14.", "[25] Ibid., pp. 21-37.", "[26] S. Wooldridge and others, “Precursors for resilience in coral communities in a warming climate: a belief network approach” in Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 295 (2005), pp. 157-169.", "[27] Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited, pp. 21-37.", "[28] Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Scientific Synthesis of the Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Marine Biodiversity, Technical Series, No. 46 (Montreal, 2009), p. 9.", "[29] United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2303, No. 30822.", "[30] Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited, pp. 79-84.", "[31] See also the Action Plan to Conserve the Coral Reef Ecosystem, established in 2010 in Japan.", "[32] See http://www.uncsd2012.org; and A/CONF.216/PC/9.", "[33] Australia/Pew Environment Group, “Keeping the green economy blue”, concept paper (2011).", "[34] C. Wilkinson, ed., “Status of coral reefs of the world: 2008” (Townsville, Australia, Global Coral Reef Monitoring Network and Reef and Rainforest Research Centre, 2008), pp. 5-19.", "[35] See also, French Initiative for Coral Reefs (L’IFRECOR) website (http://www.ifrecor.fr/).", "[36] Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited, pp. 66-78.", "[37] Wilkinson, “Status of coral reefs of the world: 2008”, pp. 5-19.", "[38] Burke and others, Reefs at Risk Revisited, pp. 66-78.", "[39] See, also, the ICRI East Asia Initiative on MPAs Networks (including Thailand).", "[40] See, also, http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/PSSAs.", "[41] See, also, E. Niesten and H. Gjertsen, “Economic incentives for marine conservation” (Arlington, Virginia, Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International, 2010).", "[42] See also the National Environmental Policy for Sustainable Development of Oceans and Coastal Areas and Islands of Colombia.", "[43] See, also, http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/economics/.", "[44] See, also, in this regard, Mexico’s “National Law of the Waters” (approved in 2008), which specifically addresses the issue of the establishment of regulated zones, zones closed to fishing, and water reserves.", "[45] See, also, London Convention and Protocol/UNEP, Guidelines for the Placement of Artificial Reefs (London, IMO, 2009); and “Aquarius coral restoration and resilience experiments”, in “Report on NOAA Coral Reef Conservation Program activities from 2007-2009: implementation of the National Coral Reef Action Strategy — report to Congress” (Washington, D.C., U.S. Department of Commerce, 2010), p. 84.", "[46] See, also, FAO “Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries”." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目19", "可持续发展", "为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "常常被称为“海洋雨林”的热带珊瑚礁，是全球生物物种最丰富和生产力最旺盛的生态系统之一，为千百万人民带来社会、经济和环境效益。然而，珊瑚礁虽然重要，却因为人类活动和气候变化而面临许多地方性和全球性威胁。不可持续的捕捞做法、沿海开发、污染、海洋暖化和海洋酸化，已经造成五分之一珊瑚礁受损无法修复，如果不作出改变，前景将令人震惊。因此，全球、国家、区域和地方各级迫切需要步调一致采取行动。要按照区域、国家和地方社区的需求，量身定制让所有利益攸关方参与的保护、复原力建设、恢复、养护和适应措施，并以统筹和连贯一致的方式加以执行。联合国可持续发展会议将提供机会审查迄今为止在执行《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》各项原则、《21世纪议程》、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》中与海洋有关的目标和具体目标以及其他涉及海洋的国际协定方面取得的进展和仍然存在的差距。此外，此次会议还可以通过制订与海洋和珊瑚礁有关的具体措施和行动，确保政治承诺焕然一新。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.珊瑚礁和可持续发展 3\nA.联合国 3\nB.国际及区域网络和非政府组织 6\nC.未来合作机会 6\n3.为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统的重要性(包括现状和不利影响) 74.结合将于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展会议的主题和目标，分析保护 13 \n珊瑚礁的经济、社会和环境效益 \n5.国家立法在保护珊瑚礁方面的作用(包括将土著和地方社区包含在内的重要性) 17\nA.澳大利亚大堡礁的保护 18\nB.帕劳的海洋保护区 196.前进方向：保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统可能需要的与国际法相符的行动， 19 \n包括在整个联合国系统开展协调一致行动的提议", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第六十五届会议通过了题为“为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁”的第65/150号决议，其中敦促各国在所有级别采取一切实际步骤，为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统，包括立即在全球、区域和地方各级采取协商一致的行动，回应挑战并设法消除气候变化和海洋酸化对珊瑚礁和相关生态系统的不利影响；还敦促各国制订、通过并实施统筹和综合管理珊瑚礁和相关生态系统的办法。", "2. 在同一决议第3段中，大会请秘书长编写一份关于为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁的综合报告，供大会第六十六届会议审议。根据这一要求，本报告将着重阐述保护珊瑚礁的重要性，并结合将于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展会议的主题和目标，对保护珊瑚礁的经济、社会和发展效益进行分析。报告还将确定保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统可能需要的行动。", "3. 报告利用了各国政府以及联合国各方案和组织，特别是联合国开发计划署(开发署)和联合国环境规划署(环境署)[2] 提供的投入和资料。国际海事组织、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)国际海洋学委员会、政府间气候变化专门委员会、国际自然保护联盟、世界资源研究所、国际珊瑚礁倡议、西印度洋沿海挑战倡议和保护国际基金会也提供了投入。[3]", "二. 珊瑚礁和可持续发展", "4. 海洋和珊瑚礁在实现可持续发展目标方面的重要性已经妥为确立，[4] 本报告将结合这一点，列举国际、国家、区域和地方各级为保护和管理珊瑚礁所作的努力，作为增进海洋和沿海地区可持续发展的总体努力的组成部分。", "A. 联合国", "5. 参加1992年在里约热内卢举行的联合国环境与发展会议的会员国通过了《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》[5] 和《21世纪议程》。[6] 《21世纪议程》第17章专门述及在《联合国海洋法公约》[7] 框架内对海洋和沿海环境的保护和可持续发展。该公约确立了海洋治理的依据，并提供了处理海域经济活动、海洋环境保护和保全、以及海洋科学和技术等海洋事务的全面法律框架。", "6. 《生物多样性公约》[8] 于1993年生效，1995年11月在雅加达举行的该公约缔约方大会第二次会议则通过了《关于养护和可持续利用海洋和沿海生物多样性的雅加达任务规定》。[9] 自1998年以来，该公约已经处理了海洋和沿海地区综合管理、海洋保护区、珊瑚白化、以及珊瑚礁物理退化和毁坏等问题。", "7. 2010年10月在日本名古屋举行的该公约缔约方大会第十次会议最终由缔约方大会通过了关于制订2011-2020年促进生物多样性战略计划的第X/2号决定，其中目标之一是到2015年尽可能地减少珊瑚礁和其他脆弱生态系统面临的种种威胁(目标10)。[10] 在同一背景下，第X/29号决定[11] 强调要进行数据收集和分析以及环境(影响)评估，并采取措施确保对海洋和沿海生物资源的养护和可持续利用。此外还建议起草一份报告，说明在执行有关珊瑚白化的具体工作计划方面取得的进展。", "8. 1994年生效的《联合国气候变化框架公约》，[12] 为制订协议稳定大气中的温室气体浓度和采取政府间努力应对气候变化带来的挑战提供了框架。", "9. 其他涉及保护珊瑚礁的公约包括《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》、《防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋公约》(伦敦公约)[13] 及其附加议定书(伦敦议定书)、《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》、[14] 《关于特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地的公约》(拉姆萨尔公约)、[15] 《养护野生动物移栖物种公约》[16] 和《保护、管理和开发东非区域海洋和沿海环境公约》。[17]", "10. 1994年小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展全球会议通过了《关于小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的巴巴多斯行动纲领》，[18] 其中明文确定沿海和海洋资源是一个需要立即行动的领域。可持续发展委员会在1996年第四届和1998年第六届会议上审查了该行动纲领的执行情况。2005年的《毛里求斯宣言》[19] 和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》[20] 再次对此作了确认。", "11. 1999年可持续发展委员会第七届会议呼吁采取行动，根除过度捕捞和浪费性捕捞的做法。委员会第7/1号决定[21] 强调，“支撑生命的地球绝大部分由海洋构成，海洋驱动气候和水文循环并提供极其重要的资源，用于确保今世后代的福祉和经济繁荣、消灭贫穷、保障粮食安全、以及保护海洋生物多样性及其对维持地球上生命支撑环境的固有价值”(第1段)。", "12. 其他涉及珊瑚礁的大会决议包括2006年12月8日关于可持续渔业的第61/105号决议、2008年12月19日关于为今世后代实现加勒比海可持续发展的第63/214号决议和2009年12月7日关于为人类今世后代保护全球气候的第64/73号决议。", "13. 2000年的《联合国千年宣言》[22] 再次强调要保护环境并以可持续方式管理所有生物物种和自然资源，同时重申支持可持续发展的各项原则，包括在《21世纪议程》中阐述的原则。", "14. 2002年可持续发展问题世界首脑会议通过的《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》(“约翰内斯堡执行计划”)[23] 第30至36段着重于海洋、岛屿和沿海地区。该执行计划推动在联合国系统内建立机构间协调机制，并鼓励相关区域组织和方案开展区域合作。", "15. 教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会通过便利和协调对海洋变量和流程的持续观测、制模和分析，支持世界范围的决策进程，并已为此开发出全球海洋观测系统，提供对包括生物资源在内海洋现状的准确描述，对未来海洋环境的连续预报，以及对气候变化的预报依据，包括监测和保护珊瑚礁所需的预报依据。", "16. 2003年创建的联合国海洋网络[24] 是一个有关海洋和沿海包括珊瑚礁问题的机构间协调机制，以行政协调委员会前海洋和沿海地区小组委员会的工作为行动基础，其作用是根据大会的任务授权、千年发展目标和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》中载列的优先事项、以及联合国海洋网络所有成员理事机构的任务授权，促进联合国系统有关海洋和沿海地区的各项活动保持连贯一致，并支持在国际一级对海洋进行统筹管理。", "B. 国际及区域网络和非政府组织", "17. 1994年推出的国际珊瑚礁倡议作为政府、国际组织和非政府组织之间的伙伴关系，是全球唯一专门致力于珊瑚礁养护的实体，其目的是通过执行《21世纪议程》第17章以及其他相关国际公约和协定，对珊瑚礁和相关生态系统进行养护。与此同时，全球珊瑚礁监测网络则作为该倡议的具体行动单位应运而生，参与开展珊瑚礁监测和生态及社会经济信息并重的数据管理，并汇编关于全球珊瑚礁状况的报告。", "18. 1995年，国际珊瑚礁倡议吁请成员国承诺对珊瑚礁开展更多研究和监测，以便为其行动呼吁和行动框架所述的有效管理提供数据。", "19. 2007年，塞舌尔政府提出西印度洋沿海挑战倡议，邀请区域各国协作减少气候变化的不利影响，同时促进生态系统复原力、生计可持续性和人类安全。", "20. 2009年，作为全球海洋论坛的世界海洋大会汇聚政府部长和代表团团长、行业专家、科学工作者和政府间及非政府组织，讨论海洋面临的威胁、气候变化对海洋的影响、以及海洋在气候变化中的作用。会后通过的《瓦鸦老海洋宣言》，强调要制订关于可持续管理沿海和海洋生态系统的国家战略。", "21. 2010年，太平洋领袖论坛通过太平洋海景框架，呼吁采取联合行动抵抗整个太平洋遇到的威胁。该框架是称为“太平洋2020挑战倡议”的更广泛运动的组成部分，这一政府间倡议旨在鼓励领导人合作应对太平洋面临的主要威胁。", "22. 与珊瑚礁有关的其他重要区域倡议包括珊瑚礁、渔业和粮食安全问题珊瑚三角区倡议，密克罗尼西亚挑战倡议，加勒比挑战倡议，东热带太平洋海景项目，西印度洋伙伴关系，西非养护挑战倡议，以及美洲养护和明智利用红树林和珊瑚礁区域倡议等。", "23. 此外，还有许多非政府组织和基金会在执行以保护和养护珊瑚礁为目标的方案和倡议。", "C. 未来合作机会", "24. 2012年6月4日至6日在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展会议(里约＋20)将为汇聚政府代表、民间社会、学术界、科学界和私营部门讨论包括可持续管理和保护珊瑚礁在内的可持续发展问题提供独一无二的机会。", "25. 此次会议将提供机会审查迄今为止在执行《里约宣言》各项原则、《21世纪议程》、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》中与海洋有关的目标和具体目标以及其他涉及海洋的国际协定方面取得的进展和仍然存在的差距。", "26. 此外，此次会议还可以通过制订与海洋和珊瑚礁有关的具体措施和行动，确保政治承诺焕然一新。新出现的挑战，例如近期气候变化的严重影响以及新技术(例如地球工程)带来的机遇和可能弊端，也可在会议上设法应对。", "27. 可持续发展委员会预定在2015至2016年对海洋、海洋生物和小岛屿发展中国家进行一次两年期审查。", "三. 为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统的重要性(包括现状和不利影响)", "28. 在大西洋、印度洋、中东、太平洋、东南亚和澳大利亚可以看到大面积的造礁区，澳大利亚的大堡礁是世界上最大的珊瑚礁系统。珊瑚礁立足于海底，由造礁珊瑚(主要为石珊瑚)所遗弃的碳酸钙骨骼经过很长时间(数百年或更长)堆积而成。", "29. 大多数珊瑚礁存在于热带水域。形成热带珊瑚礁的珊瑚是一种叫作珊瑚虫的海洋小生物，它们生长在小型群落中，依靠与一种藻类的共生关系，这种藻类在珊瑚虫的组织内部生存并形成珊瑚虫的颜色。", "30. 冷水珊瑚群在物种多样性方面同热带珊瑚礁不相上下，据目前所知，冷水珊瑚存在于世界各地，一般是在水深超过40米的水域中，远远超过1 000米深的水下也可以是它们的栖息之地。虽然只有少数几个物种形成真正的礁，但冷水珊瑚丘垄为各类物种提供栖息和繁殖地，包括具有重要商业价值的鱼类和贝类。2002年底在挪威北部发现的罗斯特礁被认为是最大的冷水珊瑚礁。迄今为止，对于冷水珊瑚的生态，对于这些群落的范围和状况及其社会经济价值，人们的了解还很有限。", "31. 热带珊瑚礁常被称为“海洋雨林”，是地球上最具生物多样性的系统之一。热带珊瑚礁具有很强的生产力，它们通过各种供给和支持服务维系着人类社会。热带珊瑚礁所占海域面积约为25万平方公里，不到海洋环境的0.1%，却为25%的已知海洋物种提供了生境。", "32. 全球珊瑚礁的主要功能之一是保护100多个国家和地区约15万公里的海岸线，因为珊瑚礁可以化解波能，减少因侵蚀、洪水和风暴而造成的损害，从而保护人类住区、基础设施和沿海生态系统。", "33. 除了环境效益，珊瑚礁还提供重要的社会和经济效益。据估计，在地球上所有的自然生态系统中，珊瑚礁同红树林和海草床提供的生态系统服务所产生的年价值最高。约有8.5亿人(全球人口的八分之一)生活在离珊瑚礁100公里以内并从珊瑚礁获得某些惠益；超过2.75亿人直接依靠珊瑚礁维持生计，这些人口主要是在发展中国家和岛屿国家。", "34. 珊瑚礁鱼种是重要的蛋白质来源，约占发展中国家平均总捕鱼量的四分之一，同时还提供了就业机会。健全并得到有效管理的珊瑚礁每年每平方公里可出产5至15吨鱼类和海产品。", "35. 珊瑚礁维系着100多个国家的旅游业，因为它们吸引了潜水者、浮潜者和钓鱼爱好者，并提供海滩的沙子。此外，一些与珊瑚礁有关的海洋物种甚至经过了药用分析和试验，主要用在癌症、艾滋病毒和疟疾治疗领域。有关经济、社会和环境效益的进一步信息见下文第四节。", "36. 尽管有这些重要性，珊瑚礁却面临着多种地方性和全球性威胁，两者往往还相伴而生。", "37. 地方性威胁主要包括不可持续的捕捞做法、沿海开发以及集水区和海洋污染。这些威胁减损了珊瑚礁、相关生态系统和人类居民承受和适应日益加剧的气候变化的能力(见表1)。", "38. 从区域角度来看，东南亚最受地方性威胁影响，近95%的珊瑚礁濒危。澳大利亚的珊瑚礁受威胁最小，只有约14%的珊瑚礁面临风险。[25]", "表1 地方性威胁及其影响概览", "威胁\t详情\t受影响珊瑚礁所占\t影响\t趋势 \n 百分比 \n过度捕捞和破坏性捕捞\t•不可持续地捕捞鱼类和无脊椎动物•损害性的捕捞做法(使用炸药或毒药)•非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞•破坏性的渔具(例如刺网、废弃/丢失的渔网)\t超过55%(其中30%面临高度威胁)\t•活珊瑚面积减少•物种多样性减少\t将因下列原因持续增加：• 人口增长•过度的捕捞能力•渔业治理不力，管理办法不当•对鱼类的国际需求 \n\t•“沿食物链向下捕捞” •缺少其他收入\n •鱼量减少\t沿海开发(例如人类住区、工业、水产养殖、基础设施)\t• 沿海工程•陆地建筑和清理流出物(沉积物)• 疏浚或垃圾填埋•污染：污水排放和有毒化学品\t约25%(其中10%面临高度威胁)\t•藻类覆盖面增加/生长过度•珊瑚生长放慢\t将随下列因素继续增加：•沿海地区的人口增长速度继续超过总体人口增长 •直接建在大片礁石上的建筑(机场等) \n • 不可持续的旅游业 \n集水区污染(例如作物耕种、密集的禽畜饲养、毁林、采矿)\t• 侵蚀(沉积物)• 追肥• 农药• 化学毒素由河流带入沿海水域的农业流出物\t超过25%(其中10%面临高度威胁)\t•珊瑚更易受到风暴、疾病、侵染之害•珊瑚白化\t将因下列原因继续增加：• 毁林•气候变化导致降雨量增加•因全球人口增长，食物需求增加，因此更多地使用化肥(尤其是在非洲和南亚) •“死水区”/生态系统崩溃 \n •渔业崩溃和关闭\t船只造成的海洋污染和损害(例如商业、娱乐和客运船只) •固体废物（包括塑料)、营养物以及油气安装和运输所产生的有毒物(例如被污染的舱水、燃料泄漏等)\t约10%(其中1%面临高度威胁)\t将因下列原因继续增加：•全球石油需求增加•海洋运输和游船旅游增加•入侵物种的威胁增加 • 船只的压载水中意外载运入侵物种 \n •船只搁浅、抛锚和漏油造成的实体损害", "资料来源：L.Burke等，Reefs at Risk Revisited(华盛顿特区，世界资源研究所，2011年)。", "39. 除了这些地方性威胁之外，气候变化造成的全球性威胁也使珊瑚礁面临危险(见表2)。", "表2 主要全球性威胁及其影响概览", "威胁\t详情\t受影响珊瑚礁所占\t影响\t趋势/2030-2050年预测 \n 百分比 \n海洋酸化\t•二氧化碳排放增加，导致碳酸蓄积，使海洋表层水的化学性质发生变化\t超过75%(与当地威胁相加)\t•珊瑚生长放慢\t到2030年：预计全球不到50%的珊瑚礁生存在利于珊瑚生长的区域\n •珊瑚骨骼弱化\t到2050年：预计全球只有约15%的珊瑚礁生存在利于珊瑚生长的区域 • \n 促使珊瑚白化 • \n 珊瑚停止生长\t\n •珊瑚礁缓慢解体\t\n海洋变暖\t• 海水温度升高\t超过75%\t•(大规模)珊瑚白化\t到2030年：预计全球50%的珊瑚礁将经历热应力和珊瑚白化\n (与当地威胁相加)\t•珊瑚死亡\t到2050年：95%以上的珊瑚礁将经历热应力和珊瑚白化", "资料来源：Burke等，Reefs at Risk Revisited(华盛顿特区,世界资源研究所，2011年)。", "40. 严重的全球性威胁之一是海洋变暖，导致“珊瑚白化”，即珊瑚失去与其共生的藻类并因此失去颜色。珊瑚如果持续失去藻类，最终就会死亡。最严重的珊瑚白化发生在1998年，由厄尔尼诺相关极端天气引起，导致全球约16%的珊瑚死亡。[26] 自那以后，大多数区域都不断发生珊瑚白化。2010年，一场大规模珊瑚白化影响了大珊瑚三角区。最近的研究预测，到2030至2050年，大堡礁和加勒比的珊瑚礁将为藻类所占据，因为在发生珊瑚白化后，藻类常常在死珊瑚中繁衍，妨碍新珊瑚立足。[27]", "41. 另一种严重的全球性威胁是日益增加的二氧化碳排放引起的海洋酸化。全球二氧化碳排放约有30%被海洋吸收，与水反应后形成碳酸，继而导致珊瑚的生长和钙化放慢，珊瑚骨骼弱化，甚至造成现存珊瑚礁缓慢解体。[28]", "42. 自工业革命开始至今，海洋的酸度已经提高30%，根据预测，到2050年，海洋酸度可能会提高150%，海洋生态系统只有很短的时间适应这种变化，因为这一上升速度比过去2 000万年以来任何海洋酸度变化的速度都快100倍。[29]", "43. 减少二氧化碳排放至关重要，为此已经采取初步措施，特别是通过《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《联合国气候变化框架公约京都议定书》。[30] 2011年7月，国际海事组织海洋环境保护委员会第六十二届会议通过了减少国际海运中温室气体排放的强制性措施。这些措施适用于总吨数超过400吨的所有船只，预期将于2013年1月1日生效。", "44. 其他可能的威胁包括：(a) 海平面上升(主要影响太平洋小岛屿发展中国家及环礁)，导致更多的侵蚀、洪水以及岛下淡水污染；(b) 更频繁的高强度热带风暴(例如飓风)；(c) 疾病(主要是在加勒比)；(d) 天灾和棘冠海星(珊瑚天敌)的侵扰。", "45. 冷水珊瑚生长缓慢，生性脆弱，也极易因为人类活动而遭受物理损伤。海底捕捞和深海拖钓已经而且仍在造成严重影响，探矿则构成另一种可能很严重的直接威胁。此外，铺设海底管道和电缆也对冷水珊瑚礁造成危害。", "46. 全球有27个国家和地区的珊瑚礁极易受损，其中19个是小岛屿发展中国家国家。有九个国家的适应能力，即应对珊瑚礁退化所致影响的能力最弱，需要给予特别关注(另见图示)。", "27个高度脆弱国家和地区的致弱因素", "资料来源：Burke等，Reefs at Risk Revisited。", "47. 虽然面临这些威胁，全球珊瑚礁却只有约27%位于海洋保护区内，其中一半以上在澳大利亚。此外，根据世界资源研究所最近的一项研究，全球珊瑚礁只有6%位于得到有效管理的海洋保护区内。[31]", "48. 因此，珊瑚礁、红树林和海草床受到的负面影响相当严重。全球海草床覆盖面100年里减少了近三分之一，而历史上的红树林已经消失至少四分之一。", "49. 国际珊瑚礁倡议指出，全球约五分之一的珊瑚礁已经受损无法修复，如果不作出任何改变，预计35%的珊瑚礁会在未来20至40年内消失。世界资源研究所最近一项题为“珊瑚危机再探”的研究指出，目前约有341个珊瑚礁物种受到威胁，其中包括200种造礁珊瑚；这项研究还预测，在地方性和全球性威胁的双重影响下，如果不采取保护措施，到2030年，全球90%的珊瑚礁将受到威胁，到2050年则全部珊瑚礁都会受到威胁。", "50. 因此，保护珊瑚礁、红树林和海草床至关重要，[32] 应理解为必须采取一系列广泛行动，实行可持续管理，直接、切实地保护珊瑚礁，保护依赖珊瑚礁生存的居民和行业的权益。", "四. 结合将于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展会议的主题和目标，分析保护珊瑚礁的经济、社会和环境效益", "51. 在2011年3月7日和8日举行的联合国可持续发展会议(持发会议)筹备委员会第二次会议上，许多小岛屿发展中国家特别呼吁持发会议支持可持续海洋管理和海洋资源保护。因此，预计持发会议将突出讨论包括珊瑚礁在内的海洋议题。 此外，许多筹备会议预计也会涉及海洋管理和保护议题。[33]", "52. 持发会议将重点关注两个主题：(a) 可持续发展和减贫背景下的绿色经济；(b) 促进可持续发展的体制框架。", "53. 尽管尚须作准确定义，但绿色经济这一概念可以被认为主要涉及环境与经济之间的交叉部分，注重抓住机会同时推动经济和环境目标。绿色经济的发展将严重依赖可持续海洋管理和包括珊瑚礁在内的海洋资源养护。", "54. 许多会员国正在用“蓝色经济”取代绿色经济概念，这意味着发展绿色经济要包括关注沿海社区的利益，在小岛屿发展中国家和依赖海洋及海洋资源维持生存的发展中国家尤其如此。[34] 这一概念还强调健康海洋对可持续发展三大支柱的重要性，因为健康的海洋可以产生重要的经济、社会和环境效益。因此，明确与珊瑚礁有关的效益十分重要。", "55. 珊瑚礁提供渔业领域的就业机会，是重要的营养来源。全球沿海社区中至少有3 000万人完全依赖珊瑚礁作为其食物生产、收入和生计的主要来源。[35]", "56. 珊瑚礁国家的居民年均消费29公斤鱼类和海产品，其中马尔代夫的消费量最高。主要的鱼类消费国是太平洋小岛屿发展中国家，其平均鱼消费量比全球平均数高两倍或四倍。然而，已经预测到太平洋区域在2030年可能会发生鱼类资源短缺。", "57. 2010年，珊瑚礁渔业在全球创造了68亿美元的年度净收益。管理有效且无害环境的渔业能通过提供食物和就业机会，在支持可持续发展和减贫方面发挥重要作用。从事渔业的通常是小规模个体企业，由于门槛费用低，渔业成为具有吸引力的商业选择方向。亚洲国家从事珊瑚礁渔业的人数最多，例如，在印度尼西亚、越南和中国，每个国家都有10万至100万以上的珊瑚礁渔民。", "58. 世界资源研究所称，2010年，所有与珊瑚礁有关的货物和服务产生的全球年度净效益共计约290亿美元，但来源于珊瑚礁的经济收入在不同地区大不相同，决定因素包括但不限于：(a) 旅游市场规模，(b) 渔业的生产力和重要性，(c) 沿海岸发展水平，(d) 与主要中心城市的距离。一般来说，经济收入主要来自珊瑚礁出口和旅游业。", "59. 珊瑚礁物种和产品出口是许多国家重要的收入来源，其中包括但不限于活的珊瑚礁食用鱼、观赏鱼和旅游纪念品。法属波利尼西亚[36] 的珊瑚礁出口产品(主要是黑珍珠)相对价值最高，占其国内生产总值的62%。", "60. 珊瑚礁旅游为发展中和发达国家带来可观收入，2010年产生的全球年度净效益达115亿美元。超过96个珊瑚礁国家受益于珊瑚礁旅游，在其中23个国家，此类收益占国内生产总值的15%。珊瑚礁旅游收入来自潜水者、浮潜者、钓鱼爱好者和海滩游客，他们为潜水和钓鱼活动、酒店、餐馆及交通付费，有时还需要支付“游客费”。", "61. 此外，珊瑚礁还提供海岸线保护，为海洋物种提供生境，有助于形成(适合旅游的)海滩。在一些小岛屿发展中国家，珊瑚礁为80%的海岸线提供保护。2010年，全球海岸线保护的年度净收益达107亿美元。除了海岸线保护之外，珊瑚礁还为所有海洋物种中的25%提供栖息地，并为红树林、海草床等其他生态系统创造有利条件。[37]", "62. 最后，对于许多土著和其他沿海社区，珊瑚礁还具有重要的文化和精神价值。", "63. 尽管许多国家都高度依赖珊瑚礁，全球有15亿人严重依赖珊瑚礁获取食物、生计和旅游，[38] 但小岛屿发展中国家和发展中国家沿海社区对珊瑚礁的依赖度最高，必须对他们的特殊需要和关切给予特别关注。", "64. 世界资源研究所指出，由于人类活动和气候变化，到2015年,珊瑚礁退化可能会导致加勒比遭受重大经济损失，使渔业净收入减少0.95亿至1.4亿美元，旅游业收入减少1亿至3亿美元。此外，预计该区域在下一个50年内因海岸保护被削弱所导致的损失每年将达1.4亿至4.2亿美元。", "65. 其他研究显示，气候变化引起的大堡礁退化可能在未来19年中让澳大利亚付出22亿至53亿美元的代价，而印度尼西亚可能会因为过度捕捞做法而在20年时间里遭受19亿美元的损失。[39]", "66. 联合国可持续发展会议的第二个目标是加强可持续发展的制度框架。与珊瑚礁以及依赖珊瑚礁生存的社区和部门有关的地方、区域、国家和国际目标、倡议和进程不计其数，其中许多都以国际协定为坚实基础。", "67. 必须加强与《联合国海洋法公约》等现有国际协定和公约有关的政治承诺，其中应包含采取必要行动以促进保护和保存稀有和脆弱生态系统以及枯竭、受威胁或濒危物种和其他形式海洋生物的栖息地，包括珊瑚礁。", "68. 建立、监测和执行可持续的国家海洋管理区和海洋保护区以及建设区域网络是十分重要的行动。[40]", "69. 由于珊瑚礁对沿海社区极其重要，各国正在创建越来越多的海洋保护区，即使珊瑚礁及其资源仅涉及国民经济的一小部分。苏丹即是一例。该国参与了保护红海和亚丁湾环境区域组织旨在养护包括珊瑚礁在内的所有海产资源的各项活动。", "70. 有效管理区，例如博奈尔国家海洋公园(方框一)和马纳尔湾生物圈保护区(方框二)，证明采取适当措施可以极大地减少威胁并产生重要的经济、社会和环境效益。", "方框一博奈尔国家海洋公园的效益 背景 博奈尔位于加勒比海委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国以北约100公里处。面积为2700公顷的博奈尔国家海洋公园于1979年建立，目标是“保护和管理该岛屿的自然、文化和历史资源，同时允许在生态上可持续地使用上述资源，以造福子孙后代。”自1991年以来，非政府组织博奈尔国家公园基金会(STINAPABonaire)一直负责管理该公园并承担其所有直接费用，包括执法、维护、教育、研究和监测费用。 旅游，尤其是潜水，是博奈尔的首要经济收入来源。1994年有2.5万名潜水者来到博奈尔，带来3400万美元的毛收入。目前每年来到博奈尔的潜水者超过2.8万人。 措施：推出入园费(“自然费”) 在所有相关利益攸关方的协作下成功推出收费制度，要求游客为进入博奈尔国家海洋公园支付入园费(“自然费”)。1992年，收取的游客费总额超过17万美元，用于支付管理费以及珊瑚礁保护和养护措施的费用。 目前，博奈尔国家海洋公园向戴水肺潜水者收取25美元年费，向不戴水肺潜水者收取10美元年费。博奈尔居民支付的费用稍低。其他收入来自于出租系泊设备和销售旅游纪念品以及赠款和捐助。 结果 博奈尔国家海洋公园在经济上自给自足。 \n来源：博奈尔国家公园基金会，博奈尔国家海洋公园2006年管理计划；以及http://www.stinapa.org。", "71. 保护国际基金会指出，海洋保护区内的收入是其之外收入的两倍，海洋保护区可以大大改善生计机会、粮食安全和环境意识。", "72. 珊瑚礁保护和养护领域的另一个成功办法是由国际海事组织指定“特别敏感海区”。被指定为特别敏感海区的区域必须表现出易受国际航运活动影响的特点，同时，从生态、社会经济和科学角度看，必须具有一定特性。自1990年以来，国际海事组织已经指定13个此类海区，其中8个海区的目的是保护珊瑚礁不受国际航运的影响。[41]", "方框二马纳尔湾生态圈保护区项目的效益 背景 马纳尔湾位于印度最南端泰米尔纳德邦的东南海岸与斯里兰卡的西北海岸之间。1986年，21个近岸珊瑚沙岛及其周边的珊瑚礁、海草床和红树林栖息地被指定组成马纳尔湾国家公园。1989年，整个马纳尔湾被指定为生物圈保护区，是印度和南亚区域的第一个此类海洋保护区。 马纳尔湾生物圈保护区项目最初于2002年实施，是印度和泰米尔纳德邦政府、联合国开发计划署与全球环境基金之间的伙伴关系项目。其目的是展示促进生物多样性养护、可持续沿海区管理与包括土著和部落居民在内的当地社区生计相互融合的模式。项目的总体目标是使用多部门和综合体系办法，养护马纳尔湾的沿海生物多样性。 措施 通过加强养护努力、支持替代生计和开展宣传活动，增强当地社区以可持续方式管理沿海生态系统的能力。 结果 生物圈保护区项目有助于当地社区和渔民的行为转变。反过来，对海洋资源的威胁大大减少，2006年至2010年期间项目区内的珊瑚覆盖率增加7.5%就证明了这一点。 \n 来源：联合国开发署-全球环境基金；以及http://www.gombrt.org。", "73. 来自政府和非政府组织、各项倡议、民间社会和私营部门的广大行为体都参与珊瑚礁的保护和养护。因此，他们之间的活动协调一致至关重要，这样才能避免重复，优化保护、恢复、养护和适应措施。", "74. 为吸引包括私营部门在内的所有利益攸关方参与有效管理和保护珊瑚礁，可采取经济激励措施，例如奖励买断安排、养护协议和替代生计，作为对罚款和刑罚等传统措施的有吸引力的补充。[42]", "75. 由于冷水珊瑚存在于各国的管辖范围之外，而且珊瑚礁通常既面临地方性威胁也面临全球性威胁，不能仅在地方、区域和国家一级，还必须在国际一级开展珊瑚礁保护，同时仍应让地方社区保持对珊瑚礁及其资源管理的强大主导权。", "76. 区域渔业管理组织在保护国家管辖范围之外的海洋物种方面能发挥重要作用，因为此类组织负责管理公海鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群，可帮助制订捕捞和打渔作业限额、执行技术标准并监督履行控制义务。", "五. 国家立法在保护珊瑚礁方面的作用(包括将土著和地方社区包含在内的重要性)", "77. 国家政府和立法在提供一个有利环境，让所有利益攸关方都能切实为保护珊瑚礁作出贡献方面的作用至关重要。[43]", "78. 例如，巴西创建了九个珊瑚礁养护单位，包括市级、州级和联邦一级的单位。该国政府启动了国家养护单位系统，汇集所有相关的现有文书和法规，作为创建、执行、合并和管理这些单位的框架。通过整合不同单位，联邦政府得以与州政府和当地政府联手，为巴西的环境提供更好的保护。", "79. 除了侧重于珊瑚礁保护，国家立法还应包含气候变化适应措施，这样才能降低依赖珊瑚礁为生者的脆弱性。有效的政府体制、法规和实施机制还在设立、监测和执行可持续海洋管理区和海洋保护区方面发挥重要作用。", "80. 实行“生态系统服务付费”和其他激励机制，有助于执行保护和养护措施。[44] 由于这些资源的公益性质，有能力查明相关生态系统服务的“卖方”和“买方”对于海洋和沿海“生态系统服务付费”机制格外重要。新的体制安排，例如基于社区的管理、管理特许权和联合管理计划，能够用使用权和出入权代替所有权。", "81. 珊瑚礁生境中生态系统服务付费机制的一个著名例子来自坦桑尼亚联合共和国私人非营利性的琼碧岛珊瑚公园。桑给巴尔政府于1994年在该岛及其裙礁周围设立保护区，并将管理权交给珊瑚公园，由其负责执行1995-2016年珊瑚公园管理计划。", "82. 国家立法的成功往往取决于是否将所有利益攸关方纳入决策进程。将土著和其他地方社区纳入该进程至关重要，因为他们常常是最依赖珊瑚礁获取食物和生计的群体。", "83. 在这方面，德国政府向沿海地区综合规划和管理框架内专门针对珊瑚礁的国际倡议和项目提供支持，这些倡议和项目都包含土著和地方社区以及地方、国家、区域和国际各级合作伙伴。", "84. 澳大利亚和帕劳通过国家立法，在推动土著和其他地方社区参与的情况下成功执行了珊瑚礁保护措施，可以提供宝贵的经验教训。", "A. 澳大利亚大堡礁的保护", "85. 澳大利亚政府于1975年设立大堡礁海洋公园管理局，开始采取步骤保护大堡礁。各类保护和养护措施已经到位，包括在2004年制定一个新的分区计划，将受到“禁渔区”高度保护的海洋公园面积比例从不足5%提高到33%以上。[45]", "86. 大堡礁海洋公园管理局与土著群体(土著和托雷斯海峡岛民)合作，制订了管理该海洋公园的经法律承认的正式协定，即海洋资源传统使用协定。该协定为传统所有者群体表达权利和利益提供了一个切实可行和更为灵活的途径，还为根据传统知识保护文化价值和管理具有重要文化意义的物种以及处理影响土著和托雷斯海峡岛民的其他活动，例如非法捕鱼和偷取资源，提供了协作机会。", "87. 其他重要举措包括珊瑚礁水质保护计划(珊瑚礁计划)和2008-2013年拯救珊瑚礁五年方案，后者旨在将农业用地排向大堡礁泻湖的溶解营养盐和化学品减少25%，将沉积物和营养物的排放减少10%。", "88. 澳大利亚进行海洋生物区域规划的目的是通过改善海洋资源和生态系统(包括珊瑚礁生境)的养护、可持续使用和管理(借助海洋管理区和海洋保护区)，为珊瑚礁和相关生态系统提供长期保护。", "89. 大会第65/150号决议是由澳大利亚政府在与可能会因珊瑚礁和相关生态系统退化或丧失而受到直接影响的太平洋和其他国家(例如瑙鲁)的密切合作下提出。", "B. 帕劳的海洋保护区", "90. 帕劳位于菲律宾以东约800公里处。2003年，该国政府提出《保护区网络法》，规定设立全国海洋保护区网络以保护生物多样性和自然资源。在指定的28个海洋保护区中，24个含有珊瑚礁。", "91. 《保护区网络法》让利益攸关方能够灵活参与规划进程，得到了土著社区和国家最高一级政府的支持。该法规定设立一个非政府实体保护区网络基金，并在来访者离开机场时收取15美元的入场费(绿色费)。该法促使密克罗尼西亚联邦的多个政府于2006年推出密克罗尼西亚挑战倡议。", "六. 前进方向：保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统可能需要的与国际法相符的行动，包括在整个联合国系统开展协调一致行动的提议", "92. 保护海洋和相关生态系统包括珊瑚礁，仍然是一个主要目标，这一点在《21世纪议程》第17章、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》和其他国际协定中都已有所述及。", "93. 最近研究显示，如果有如同美利坚合众国《珊瑚礁养护法》这样充分的保护、复原力建设、恢复和养护措施，珊瑚礁就有能力从极为严重的损害中恢复。在此方面，一些地区已经成功建立国家海洋公园和人造珊瑚礁[46] 其他积极趋势包括公共意识的提高和更为积极的地方参与。虽然在印度洋和西太平洋的部分地区，特别是直接应力低的地区出现了强有力的恢复，但在人为压力大的地区，恢复已经停滞或减弱。", "94. 因此，需要进一步加大力度，消除珊瑚礁面临的威胁，特别是因为采取适当行动能够产生显著的社会、经济和环境效益。", "95. 作为海洋和沿海问题的协调机制，联合国海洋网络可以发挥更广泛的作用，确保整个联合国系统在珊瑚礁保护方面采取协调一致的行动。可考虑在其之下设立一个专门的珊瑚礁工作队，由各自成员组织的专家组成，包括与国家珊瑚礁工作队开展协作。", "96. 在全球一级和地方一级为促进可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁的其他建议包括：", "(a) 尽量减少全球二氧化碳排放，因为这一排放会导致海洋酸化和海洋变暖，进而破坏珊瑚礁。立即推动达成关于减少造成气候变化的二氧化碳和其他温室气体的多边协定并采取相关行动，对于减少气候变化对珊瑚礁生物多样性和生态系统服务影响的短期和长期努力都是必不可少的；", "(b) 通过以下途径减少过度捕捞和破坏性捕捞等不可持续的捕捞做法：㈠ 通过适当措施(例如促进替代性生计)消除主要驱动因素(例如粮食无保障和贫穷)；㈡ 制定可持续渔业管理政策、做法和准则；[47] ㈢ 减少过剩的捕捞能力；㈣ 通过加强港口国控制和港口国措施打击非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞等做法；㈤ 消除不当的渔业补贴；㈥ 禁止破坏性捕捞；以及㈦ 强制执行渔业条例；", "(c) 通过以下途径减少集水区沉积和污染：㈠ 改善农业、牲畜饲养和采矿做法；㈡ 尽量减少和控制工业、城市和采矿废物流入海中；以及㈢ 保护和恢复植被(尤其是红树林和海草床)。可通过实行“生态系统服务付费”机制和其他激励机制支持这些措施；", "(d) 通过以下措施减少海上污染和破坏：㈠ 通过议定书和公约控制和监管船只排放压载物：㈡ 改善港口和游艇码头的废物管理；㈢ 指定安全航道和划船区域以及“特别敏感海区”；以及㈣ 有效管理近海石油和天然气开采活动(包括通过风险评估和应急计划)；", "(e) 通过以下措施改善沿海发展：㈠ 基于生态系统的管理；㈡ 沿海综合管理；㈢ 海洋区划；㈣ 建立陆地和海洋保护区之间的联系；㈤ 防止不当的土地开发；㈥ 制约或限制离岸一定宽度的沿海发展(沿海发展后置)；㈦ 适当的集水区管理；以及㈧ 重要沿海生境和植被的保护和恢复(包括重新造林措施)。鉴于沿海地区预计人口增长速度将继续高于总人口增长速度，适当的沿海发展尤其重要；", "(f) 增加海洋管理区和海洋保护区的覆盖面和有效性，包括通过网络构建。通过资源调动和能力建设措施提供充足的财政资源、适当的设备和训练有素的工作人员，对于保证这些管理区和保护区的有效运作至关重要；", "(g) 通过以下途径加强在保护、复原力建设、恢复、适应和养护措施方面的区域和国际合作：㈠ 执行国际协定(例如联合国《海洋法公约》和《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》)；㈡ 制订跨界合作和区域协定；㈢ 改善有关珊瑚礁产品(特别是活珊瑚礁生物)贸易的国际法规以及㈣ 加强区域和国际应对气候变化的努力；", "(h) 促进分享与珊瑚礁保护、恢复、复原力建设、适应和养护有关的成功方法(最佳做法)并推动(新)技术转让；", "(i) 实施可持续旅游和促进生态旅游，因为预计旅游将在世界各地继续增加。与旅游产业建立伙伴关系和使用激励措施促进珊瑚礁保护(例如认证制度、为生态友好型酒店设奖、让潜水或旅游经营者作出保证)可在这方面发挥重要作用；", "(j) 鼓励进行数据收集和科学研究，以进一步探讨珊瑚礁的经济、社会和环境效益，支持决策者制订保护珊瑚礁、加强珊瑚礁复原力和增强沿海社区适应环境变化和珊瑚礁退化的能力的措施。特别需要对冷水珊瑚礁生态系统的状况和趋势进行评估。此外，还应支持扩展和(或)建立珊瑚礁监测系统(包括社会经济因素)；", "(k) 促进有关珊瑚礁问题的教育和沟通，使公民、私营部门、政府代表和潜在捐助方了解珊瑚礁当前面临的威胁和保护珊瑚礁的迫切需要。各国政府应通过提高对地方法律法规的认识和促进可持续捕捞做法，鼓励公民采取可持续的个人行动购买以可持续方法捕捞的海产品并减少家庭废物和污染；", "(l) 确保所有利益攸关方、特别是地方和土著社区通过伙伴关系方案参与国家立法的制订和执行等工作。", "珊瑚礁拥有更加可持续的未来是可以实现的。可考虑在绘制愿景和行动计划方面开展国际合作，以激励采取行动，执行确保对珊瑚礁进行保护所需的行动。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 见环境署的珊瑚礁网站：http://coral.unep.ch/。", "[3] 见http:www.un.org/esa/dsd/。", "[4] 一些珊瑚礁还被宣布为教科文组织世界遗产地(例如1996年的伯利兹堡礁)。", "[5] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告，1992年6月3日至14日，里约热内卢》，第一卷，《会议通过的决议》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.93.I.8和更正)，决议1，附件一。", "[6] 出处同上，附件二。", "[7] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1833卷，第31363号。", "[8] 出处同上，第1760卷，第30619号。", "[9] 见UNEP/CBD/COP/2/19，附件，第II/10号决定。", "[10] 见UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27，附件。", "[11] 出处同上。", "[12] 联合国，《条约汇编》，第1771卷，第30822号。", "[13] 出处同上，第1046卷，第15749号。", "[14] 出处同上，第993卷，第14537号。", "[15] 出处同上，第996卷，第14583号。", "[16] 出处同上，第1651卷，第28395号。", "[17] 可查阅www.unep.org。", "[18] 《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展全球会议的报告，1994年4月25日至5月6日，巴巴多斯布里奇敦》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.94.I.18和更正)，第一章，决议1，附件二。", "[19] 《审查小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领执行情况国际会议的报告，2005年1月10日至14日，毛里求斯路易港》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.05.II.A.4和更正)，第一章，决议1，附件一。", "[20] 出处同上，附件二。", "[21] 见E/1999/29，第一章C。", "[22] 见大会第55/2号决议。", "[23] 《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的报告，2002年8月26日至9月4日，南非约翰内斯堡》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：C.03.II.A.1和更正)，第一章，决议2，附件。", "[24] 现成员包括生物多样性公约秘书处、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、国际原子能机构、国际劳工组织、教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会、国际海事组织、国际海底管理局、联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部、联合国秘书处法律事务厅海洋和海洋法司、开发署、环境署、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)、世界气象组织、世界银行和联合国世界旅游组织。", "[25] Burke等，Reefs at Risk Revisited(华盛顿特区，世界资源研究所，2011年)，pp.1-14。", "[26] 同上，pp.21-37。", "[27] S. Wooldridge等“recursors for resilience in coral communities in a warming climate: a belief network approach”，载于Marine Ecology Progress Series, Vol. 295 (2005), pp. 157-169。", "[28] Burke等，Reefs at Risk Revisited，pp. 21-37。", "[29] 生物多样性公约秘书处，《关于海洋酸化对生物多样性影响的科学综论》，《技术丛刊》第46期 (2009年，蒙特利尔),第9页。", "[30] 联合国条约，《条约汇编》，第2303卷，第30822号。", "[31] Burke等，Reefs at Risk Revisited，pp.79-84。", "[32] 另见2010年于日本制订的《保护珊瑚礁生态系统行动计划》。", "[33] 见：http://www.uncsd2012.org和A/CONF.216/PC/9。", "[34] 澳大利亚/Pew环境集团，“让绿色经济保持蓝色”概念文件(2011年)。", "[35] Wilkinson，主编，“Status of coral reefs of the world：2008”(澳大利亚汤斯维尔，全球珊瑚礁监测网络及珊瑚礁和雨林研究中心，2008年)，pp.5-19。", "[36] 另见，法国保护珊瑚礁倡议(L’IFRECOR)网站(http://www.ifrecor.fr/)。", "[37] Burke等，“Reefs at Risk Revisited”,pp.66-78。", "[38] Wilkinson，C.，“Status of coral reefs of the world：2008”，pp.5-19。", "[39] Burke等，“Reefs at Risk Revisited”，pp.66-78。", "[40] 另见，国际珊瑚礁倡议的东亚海洋保护区网络(包括泰国)倡议。", "[41] 另见http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/PollutionPrevention/PSSAs。", "[42] 另见，Niesten and H.Gjertsen，“Economic incentives for marine conservation” (Arlington，Virginia，Science and Knowledge Division，Conservation International， 2010)。", "[43] 另见哥伦比亚的促进海洋及沿海地区和岛屿的可持续发展国家环境政策。", "[44] 另见http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/economics/。", "[45] 见墨西哥的《国家水法》(2008年核准)，其中特别提到设立监管区、禁渔区和蓄水区的问题。", "[46] 另见伦敦公约和议定书/联合国环境署《人工礁石安放准则》(伦敦，国际海事组织，2009年)和“美国国家海洋和大气管理局2007-2009年珊瑚礁养护方案活动报告：国家珊瑚礁行动战略执行情况——给国会的报告”(华盛顿特区，美国商务部，2010年)第84页所载的“Aquarius Coral Restoration and Resilience Experiments”。", "[47] 另见粮农组织《负责任渔业技术准则》。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目19", "可持续发展", "为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "热带珊瑚礁通常被称为“海洋雨林”,属于生物最丰富、最富饶的全球生态系统,为数百万人提供了社会、经济和环境惠益。 然而,珊瑚礁尽管重要,却面临着人类活动和气候变化造成的许多地方和全球威胁。 不可持续的捕鱼做法、沿海开发、污染、海洋变暖和海洋酸化已使五分之一的珊瑚礁受到破坏,无法修复,而且如果不发生任何变化,预测会发生什么是令人震惊的。 因此,迫切需要全球、国家、区域和地方作出协调一致的努力。", "保护、复原力建设、恢复、养护和适应措施需要以综合和一致的方式得到实施,并适合区域、国家和地方社区需要,同时让所有利益攸关方参与。 联合国可持续发展大会将提供机会,审查迄今在执行《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》、《21世纪议程》的原则、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》所设定的与海洋有关的目标和指标以及其他与海洋有关的国际协定方面取得的进展和尚存的差距。 此外,会议可通过制定具体的与海洋和珊瑚礁有关的措施和行动来重新作出政治承诺。", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 3 珊瑚礁与可持续\nA. 联合国\nB. 国际6和区域网络及非政府\nC. 进一步的机会 7\n合作 为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统的8个重要性(包括现状和不利条件)\n影响) 根据将于2000年举行的联合国可持续发展大会的主题和目标,保护珊瑚礁的经济、社会及环境效益为14个\n2012年 五. 国家立法在保护珊瑚礁方面的19个作用(包括让土著和地方参与的重要性)\nA. 保护20个澳大利亚的大障碍\nB. Marine 21号礁保护区\n帕劳 21个前进方向:保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统所需的潜在行动(符合国际法),包括在整个联合国采取协调一致行动的建议\n系统", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第六十五届会议通过了题为“为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁”的第65/150号决议,其中大会除其他外敦促各国在各级采取一切实际步骤,为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统,包括立即采取协调一致的全球、区域和地方行动,以应对这些挑战并应对气候变化以及海洋酸化对珊瑚礁和相关生态系统的不利影响;还敦促各国制定、通过和执行综合而全面的珊瑚礁和相关生态系统管理办法。", "2. 联合国 在同一决议第3段中,大会请秘书长编写一份关于为可持续生计和发展保护珊瑚礁的全面报告,供大会第六十六届会议审议。 根据这项要求,本报告强调保护珊瑚礁的重要性,并结合定于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展大会的主题和目标,分析珊瑚礁保护的经济、社会和发展惠益。 报告还确定了具有保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统潜力的必要行动。", "3个 报告利用了各国政府和联合国各方案和组织,特别是联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)和联合国环境规划署(环境规划署)提供的实质性投入和资料。 [1] 国际海事组织(海事组织)和联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)国际海洋学委员会(海洋学委员会);政府间气候变化专门委员会(气专委);自然保护联盟、国际自然保护联盟;世界资源研究所;国际珊瑚礁倡议;西印度洋沿海挑战;国际养护组织也提供了投入。 [2]", "二. 珊瑚礁与可持续发展", " 4.四. 鉴于海洋和珊瑚礁对于实现可持续发展目标具有既定的重要性,[3] 本报告列举了一些旨在保护和管理珊瑚礁的国际、国家、区域和地方努力,作为促进海洋和沿海地区可持续发展的总体努力的一部分。", "A类. 联合国", "5 (韩语). 出席1992年在里约热内卢举行的联合国环境与发展会议的会员国通过了《关于环境与发展的里约宣言》[4]和《21世纪议程》。 [5] 《21世纪议程》第17章具体讨论了在《联合国海洋法公约》范围内保护并可持续地发展海洋和沿海环境的问题,[6] 该公约为海洋治理奠定了基础,并提供了处理海洋事项的总体法律框架,包括海洋领域的经济活动、海洋环境的保护和保全以及海洋科学和技术。", "6. 国家 《生物多样性公约》[7]于1993年生效。 在1995年11月于雅加达举行的第二次会议上,公约缔约方会议通过了《关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的雅加达任务规定》。 [8] 自1998年以来,《公约》处理了海洋和沿海地区综合管理、海洋保护区、珊瑚漂白和珊瑚礁的物理退化和破坏等问题。", "7. 联合国 2010年10月在日本名古屋举行的公约缔约方大会第十次会议导致缔约方大会通过了关于制定《2011-2020年生物多样性战略计划》的第X/2号决定,除其他外,该计划旨在到2015年将珊瑚礁和其他脆弱生态系统面临的多重威胁减至最低(目标10)。 [9] 在同一背景下,第X/29[10]号决定强调必须收集和分析数据,进行环境(影响)评估并制订措施,以确保养护和可持续利用海洋和沿海生物资源。 此外,它建议起草一份关于珊瑚漂白问题具体工作计划执行进展情况的报告。", "8. 国家 1994年生效的《联合国气候变化框架公约》[11]为建立议定书以稳定大气中温室气体浓度和开展政府间努力以应对气候变化所带来的挑战提供了框架。", "9. 国家 与保护珊瑚礁有关的其他公约有:《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》、《防止倾倒废物及其他物质污染海洋的公约》(伦敦公约)[12] 及其议定书(伦敦议定书)、《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》[13]、《特别是作为水禽栖息地的国际重要湿地公约》(拉姆萨尔公约)[14]、《养护野生动物移栖物种公约》[15]和《保护、管理和开发东非区域海洋和沿海环境公约》。 [16]", "10. 1994年,小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展全球会议通过了《关于小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展的巴巴多斯行动纲领》, 明确确定沿海和海洋资源为需要采取紧急行动的领域。 可持续发展委员会第四届会议(1996年)和第六届会议(1998年)审查了《行动纲领》的执行情况,2005年的《毛里求斯宣言》[18]和《关于进一步执行小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领的毛里求斯战略》[19]重申了这一点。", "11个 1999年可持续发展委员会第七届会议呼吁采取行动,消除过度捕捞和浪费的捕鱼做法。 委员会第7/1 [20]号决定强调,“海洋是地球上支持生命、推动气候和水文循环的主要部分,并提供重要资源,用于确保今世后代的福祉和经济繁荣,消除贫穷,确保粮食安全并养护海洋生物多样性及其对维持地球上生命维持条件的内在价值。” 1).一.", "12个 与珊瑚礁有关的其他大会决议包括:关于可持续渔业的第61/105号决议(2006年12月8日)、关于为今世后代实现加勒比海可持续发展的第63/214号决议(2008年12月19日)和关于为人类今世后代保护全球气候的第64/73号决议(2009年12月7日)。", "13个 2000年,《联合国千年宣言》[21]再次强调需要保护环境并可持续地管理所有活物种和自然资源,同时重申支持可持续发展原则,包括《21世纪议程》所阐明的原则。", "14个 2002年可持续发展问题世界首脑会议通过的《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》(《约翰内斯堡执行计划》)第30至36段[22]以海洋、岛屿和沿海地区为重点。 《约翰内斯堡执行计划》促进在联合国系统内建立机构间协调机制,并鼓励有关区域组织和方案之间的区域合作。", "15个 教科文组织政府间海洋学委员会促进和协调对海洋和海洋变量和进程的持续观测、建模和分析,以支持全世界的决策进程。 在这方面,开发了全球海洋观测系统(海观系统),以准确描述海洋的现状,包括生物资源、对未来海洋状况的连续预测,以及气候变化预测的基础,包括监测和保护珊瑚礁所需的预测。", "16. 2003年,在行政协调委员会前海洋和沿海区小组委员会工作的基础上,成立了联合国海洋网络[23],作为海洋和沿海问题(包括珊瑚礁)的机构间协调机制。 其作用是促进联合国系统在海洋和沿海地区的活动同大会的任务、千年发展目标和《约翰内斯堡执行计划》所载的优先事项以及联合国海洋网络所有成员的理事机构的任务协调一致,并在国际一级支持海洋的综合管理。", "B. 国际和区域网络及非政府组织", "17岁。 国际珊瑚礁倡议是各国政府、国际组织和非政府组织之间的伙伴关系,于1994年发起,是专门致力于珊瑚礁养护的唯一全球实体。 其目的是通过执行《21世纪议程》第17章和其他有关国际公约和协定来保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统。 同时,还建立了全球珊瑚礁监测网(珊瑚礁监测网),作为珊瑚礁倡议的一个业务单位,协助发展珊瑚礁监测和数据管理,同时同等地重视生态和社会经济信息,并编写关于珊瑚礁全球状况的报告。", "18岁。 1995年,国际珊瑚礁倡议呼吁成员国承诺对珊瑚礁进行更多的研究和监测,以便为有效管理提供数据(根据其行动呼吁和行动框架)。", " 19. 19. 2007年,塞舌尔政府发起了 \" 西印度洋沿海挑战 \" (WIO-CC),邀请该区域各国合作减少气候变化的不利影响,同时促进具有复原力的生态系统、可持续生计和人的安全。", "20号. 2009年,全球海洋论坛世界海洋会议召集各国部长和代表团团长、专家、科学家、政府间组织和非政府组织,讨论海洋面临的威胁、气候变化对海洋的影响和海洋在气候变化中的作用。 其结果是通过了《万鸦老海洋宣言》,其中强调必须制定可持续管理沿海和海洋生态系统的国家战略。", "21岁 2010年,太平洋领导人论坛通过了太平洋洋景框架,呼吁采取联合行动来应对整个太平洋的海洋威胁。 这一框架是题为“太平洋2020年挑战”的更广泛运动的一部分,这是一项政府间倡议,鼓励领导人合作应对太平洋面临的主要威胁。", "22号. 与珊瑚礁有关的其他重要区域倡议包括珊瑚三角珊瑚礁、渔业和粮食安全倡议、密克罗尼西亚挑战、加勒比挑战、东热带太平洋海景项目、西印度洋伙伴关系、西非养护挑战、美洲红树林和珊瑚礁养护和明智利用区域倡议。", "23. 联合国 最后,许多非政府组织和基金会正在执行旨在保护和养护珊瑚礁的方案和倡议。", " C C. 进一步合作的机会", "24 (韩语). 将于2012年6月4日至6日在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会(里约+20)为各国政府代表、民间社会、学术界、科学界和私营部门共同讨论可持续发展问题,包括珊瑚礁的可持续管理和保护提供了一个独特的机会。", "25岁 会议将提供机会,审查迄今在执行《里约宣言》所载原则、《21世纪议程》、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》所设定的与海洋有关的目标和指标以及其他与海洋有关的国际协定等方面取得的进展和尚存的差距。", "26. 联合国 此外,会议还可以提供一个机会,通过制定具体的与海洋和珊瑚礁有关的措施和行动,确保作出新的政治承诺。 新的和正在出现的挑战,例如最近的气候变化的严重影响,以及与新技术(例如地球工程)有关的机会(和可能的缺点),也可以得到解决。", "27个 可持续发展委员会定于2015-2016年对海洋、海洋生物和小岛屿发展中国家进行一次两年期审查。", "三. 保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统对可持续生计和发展的重要性(包括现状和不利影响)", "28岁 在大西洋、印度洋、中东、太平洋、东南亚和澳大利亚都有大型的珊瑚礁建造区,其大堡礁是世界上最大的珊瑚礁系统。 在海底地基上,珊瑚礁通过碳酸钙骨架的积累在很长一段时间(百分数或更长时间)内被造礁珊瑚(主要是石珊瑚)所抛弃.", "29. 国家 大多数珊瑚礁存在于热带水域. 建立热带珊瑚礁的珊瑚是小型海洋生物,称为多肽类,它们生活在紧凑的聚居地中并依赖于与生活在其组织内的藻类的共生关系,并给予它们颜色.", "30 (英语). 寒水珊瑚群落与热带珊瑚礁具有物种多样性,目前已知世界各地都存在寒水珊瑚群落,一般分布在水深为40米(米)以内的水域和水深可达1000米以上的水域. 虽然只有少数物种构成实际的珊瑚礁,但冷水珊瑚丘和库为各种物种,包括具有商业重要性的鱼类和贝类提供了栖息地和繁殖地。 2002年被发现,挪威北部的罗斯特礁被视作最大的冷水礁. 迄今为止,对冷水珊瑚生态、社区的范围和地位及其社会经济价值的了解仍然有限。", "31岁 热带珊瑚礁通常被称为“海洋雨林”,是地球上生物多样性最丰富的系统之一。 它们还具有很高的生产力,通过一系列的供给和支助服务来维持人类社会。 热带珊瑚礁覆盖了约25万平方千米的海洋,虽然只占海洋环境的1%,但为25%的已知海洋物种提供了栖息地。", "32. 国家 全球珊瑚礁的主要功能之一是在100多个国家和领土溶解波能并减少受侵蚀、洪水和风暴所造成的损害时保护约15万公里的海岸线,从而保护人类住区、基础设施和沿海生态系统。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 除了环境惠益外,珊瑚礁还提供了重要的社会和经济惠益。 据估计,在地球上所有自然生态系统中,珊瑚礁以及红树林和海草床每年在生态系统服务方面的价值最高。 约8.5亿人(占全球人口的八分之一)生活在100公里珊瑚礁以内,并从珊瑚礁中获得一些好处,而2.75亿以上的人(主要在发展中国家和岛屿国家)则直接依靠珊瑚礁维持生计和生计。", "34. 国家 珊瑚礁鱼类是蛋白质的重要来源,约占发展中国家平均渔获总量的四分之一,同时创造就业机会。 健康和有效管理的珊瑚礁每年可生产5至15吨鱼类和海产食品。", "35. 联合国 珊瑚礁支持了100多个国家的旅游业,因为它们吸引了潜水员、潜水员和休闲渔民,并为海滩提供沙子。 此外,一些与珊瑚礁有关的海洋物种甚至分析和测试了药物用途,主要是癌症、艾滋病毒和疟疾治疗领域。 关于经济、社会和环境惠益的更多信息见下文第四节。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 尽管珊瑚礁很重要,但它们仍然面临着许多地方和全球威胁,这些威胁一般是结合在一起发生的。", "37. 联合国 当地的主要威胁是不可持续的捕捞做法、沿海开发以及分水岭和海洋污染。 这些威胁削弱了珊瑚礁、相关生态系统和人类承受和适应气候变化的能力(见表1)。", "38. 国家 从区域角度看,东南亚受到当地威胁的影响最大,几乎95%的珊瑚礁受到威胁。 澳大利亚的珊瑚礁受到的威胁最小,只有约14%处于危险之中。", "表1 地方威胁及其影响概览", "影响趋势的百分比\n影响环境\n• 不可持续的鱼或无脊椎动物捕捞; • 非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞 减鱼具(例取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取出取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取去去去去去去去去取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取取 (其中30%面临严重威胁) • 减少物种多样性 • 人口增长; • 国际对鱼的需求\n• 缺乏替代收入\n• 沿海开发(例如:人类住区、工业、水产养殖、基础设施) • 污染:污水排放和有毒化学品约占25%(其中10%面临严重威胁) • 将继续增加: · 直接建造海拔(机场等)\n• 不可持续的旅游业\n• 营养肥料 • 化学毒素 -- -- 流出河流沿岸水域 -- -- 25%以上(其中10%面临高威胁) • 气候变化引起的增加降水 增加肥料使用(特别是在非洲和南亚),因为全球人口增长的粮食需求增加 —— “死亡区”/生态系统崩溃 —— 缩水\n关闭 由船只引起的海洋污染和损害(例如,商业、休闲地旅客) • 溶胶废物(包括塑料)、来自油气安装和装运的营养剂和毒素(约10%(其中1%面临高度威胁)) 将继续增加到: • 全球石油需求增加; • 海运和游船旅游增加; 增加入侵物种的威胁; 污染舱水、燃料泄漏; • 入侵物种压载水的事故运输;\n抛锚和抛锚", "资料来源:L. Burke等, \" 面临风险的珊瑚礁 \" 重新审视(华盛顿特区,世界资源研究所,2011年)。", "39. 联合国 除了这些地方威胁外,由气候变化引起的严重全球威胁正在危及珊瑚礁(见表2)。", "表2 主要全球威胁及其影响概览", "全球威胁详情 受影响珊瑚礁的百分比 趋势/预测\n• 增加二氧化碳(CO2)排放量,因为化学变化 地表水:建设碳酸盐 • 减少珊瑚生长率 到2030年:预计不到50%的全球珊瑚礁将生长在有利于珊瑚生长的地区\n· 珊瑚斯克勒通 到2050年:预计只有约15%的地区有利于珊瑚生长\n• 支持珊瑚碎裂\n• 停止生态增长\n珊瑚的溶解\n• 海温上升 75%以上(与当地威胁相结合) • (粗口口语) 到2030年:50%的全球珊瑚礁预计能体验到发热和发作\n• 珊瑚死亡 到2050年:95%以上预计能体验到热病和口腔损伤", "资料来源:L. Burke等, \" 面临风险的珊瑚礁 \" 重新审视(华盛顿特区,世界资源研究所,2011年)。", " 40. 40. 一个严重的全球威胁是海洋变暖,这导致“珊瑚白化”,这是珊瑚失去共生藻类并因此失去颜色的现象。 如果持续的藻类流失,珊瑚最终会死亡. 迄今最严重的珊瑚漂白现象发生在1998年,由与厄尔尼诺有关的极端天气事件所造成,导致全球约16%的珊瑚被杀死。 [25] 此后,大多数地区多次有珊瑚漂白的记录. 2010年,一场大规模珊瑚漂白事件影响了大珊瑚三角地区. 最近的研究预测到2030-2050年大堡礁和加勒比珊瑚礁上藻类的主导地位,因为它们常常在珊瑚漂白后对已死的珊瑚进行殖民,从而阻止了新珊瑚的定居. [26]", "41. 国家 另一个重要的全球威胁是二氧化碳(CO2)排放量增加引起的海洋酸化。 全球约30%的二氧化碳排放被海洋所吸收并形成与水反应的碳酸,这导致珊瑚生长和钙化减少,珊瑚骨架被削弱,甚至现有珊瑚礁被缓慢溶解. [27]", "42. 国家 自工业革命开始以来,海洋酸性增加了30%,预测表明到2050年,海洋酸性甚至可能增加150%. 这将给海洋生态系统一个很小的适应期,因为它的增长率将比过去2 000万年来任何海洋酸性变化的增长率快100倍。", "43. 东帝汶 减少全球二氧化碳排放量至关重要,已经采取了初步步骤,特别是通过《联合国气候变化框架公约》和《联合国气候变化框架公约京都议定书》。 [29] 2011年7月,国际海事组织海洋环境保护委员会第六十二届会议通过了减少国际航运温室气体排放的强制性措施。 该条例适用于所有总吨位在400吨以上的船只,预计将于2013年1月1日生效。", "44. 国家 其他潜在威胁有:(a) 海平面上升(主要影响太平洋小岛屿发展中国家和环礁),这增加了岛屿下淡水的侵蚀、淹没和污染;(b) 高强度热带风暴(如飓风)的频率增加;(c) 疾病(主要在加勒比);(d) 太阳冠海星(珊瑚的自然掠食者)的瘟疫和虫害。", "45. 国家 生长缓慢和脆弱的冷水珊瑚礁也极易受到人类活动造成的物质损害。 底鱼捕捞和深海巨石捕捞已经造成并继续造成严重影响;探矿构成又一潜在的重大直接威胁。 此外,放置水下管道和电缆会危及冷水珊瑚礁.", "46. 经常预算: 全球有27个国家和地区极易受到珊瑚礁丧失的影响,其中19个是小岛屿发展中国家。 9个国家适应能力最低,即应付珊瑚礁退化影响的能力最低,需要特别注意(见图)。", "27个非常脆弱的国家和地区的脆弱性驱动因素", "资料来源:Burke等,《危地礁》重审。", "47. 国家 尽管有这些威胁,全球珊瑚礁只有约27%位于海洋保护区内,其中一半以上位于澳大利亚。 此外,根据世界资源研究所最近的一项研究,全球珊瑚礁中只有6%位于有效管理的海洋保护区。", " 48. 48. 因此,对珊瑚礁、红树林和海草床的不利影响很大。 海草床的全球覆盖率在100年中下降了近三分之一,至少丧失了历史红树林覆盖率的四分之一。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 根据珊瑚礁倡议,全球珊瑚礁已有约五分之一已无法修复,预计在未来20至40年内,如无变化,将损失35%。 世界资源研究所最近题为 \" 面临危险的珊瑚礁 \" 的报告指出,目前约有341个珊瑚礁物种,包括200个建立珊瑚礁的珊瑚受到威胁,并预测,由于地方和全球威胁的综合影响,到2030年,90%的珊瑚礁将受到威胁,如果不采取保护措施,到2050年,所有珊瑚礁都将受到威胁。", " 50. 50. 因此,保护珊瑚礁、红树林和海草床至关重要[31],应被理解为需要采取广泛的行动来进行可持续管理,直接和切实地保护珊瑚礁以及依赖珊瑚礁的人口和部门的权利和利益。", "四、结 论 在定于2012年举行的联合国可持续发展大会的主题和目标范围内保护珊瑚礁的经济、社会和环境惠益", "51. 联合国 在2011年3月7日和8日举行的联合国可持续发展大会筹备委员会第二届会议上,许多小岛屿发展中国家特别呼吁会议为可持续海洋管理和海洋资源保护提供支持。 因此,包括珊瑚礁在内的海洋专题预计将在会议上占据突出位置。 此外,预计许多筹备会议将讨论海洋管理和保护问题。 [32] (中文(简体) ).", "52. (中文(简体) ). 会议将侧重于两个主题:(a) 可持续发展和消除贫穷背景下的绿色经济;(b) 可持续发展的体制框架。", "53. 联合国 虽然尚未制定确切的定义,但绿色经济的概念可被视为一个视角,主要侧重于环境与经济之间的交叉,并侧重于抓住机遇同时推进经济和环境目标。 这种绿色经济的发展将严重依赖海洋的可持续管理和海洋资源的养护,包括珊瑚礁。", "54. 联合国 许多成员国现在正在用“蓝色经济”的概念来取而代之,这意味着绿色经济的发展需要包括关注沿海社区的利益,特别是在依赖海洋及其海洋资源生存的小岛屿发展中国家和发展中国家。 [33] 这也突出了健康的海洋在可持续发展的三大支柱中的重要性,因为它们能够产生重大的经济、社会、环境效益。 因此,确定与珊瑚礁有关的惠益至关重要。", "55. 国家 珊瑚礁为渔业提供了就业机会,并且是重要的营养来源。 全球沿海社区不少于3 000万人完全依赖珊瑚礁作为粮食生产、收入和生计的主要来源。 [34]", "56. (中文(简体) ). 平均而言,珊瑚礁国家每年消费29公斤鱼和海产品,马尔代夫的消费量最高。 主要鱼类消费国是太平洋小岛屿发展中国家,平均鱼类消费量是全球平均水平的两倍或四倍。 不过,预计2030年太平洋区域可能缺乏鱼类资源。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 2010年,珊瑚礁渔业产生的全球年度净收益为68亿美元。 有效管理和无害环境的渔业可通过提供粮食和就业机会,在支持可持续发展和消除贫穷方面发挥重要作用。 一般来说,渔业是小型和个体企业,由于入门成本低,因此是一种有吸引力的商业选择。 亚洲国家(如印度尼西亚、越南和中国)的珊瑚礁渔业数量最多,每个国家有10万至100多万珊瑚礁渔民。", "58. 联合国 根据世界资源研究所的资料,2010年全球每年从所有与珊瑚礁有关的货物和服务的净收益总额约为290亿美元,但珊瑚礁的经济收入因地点而异,主要取决于:(a) 旅游市场的规模;(b) 渔业的重要性和生产力;(c) 沿海发展水平和(d) 与主要城市中心的距离。 总的来说,经济收入主要来自珊瑚礁出口和旅游业。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 珊瑚礁物种和产品的出口是许多国家的重要收入来源,主要包括活礁鱼、水族鱼和旅游纪念品。 在法属波利尼西亚,珊瑚礁出口(主要是黑珍珠)的相对价值最高,[35] 占国内生产总值的62%。", "60. (中文(简体) ). 珊瑚礁旅游业为发展中国家和发达国家提供了可观的收入,2010年全球年净收益为115亿美元。 超过96个珊瑚礁国家受益于珊瑚礁旅游业,在23个国家,珊瑚礁旅游业占其国内生产总值的15%。 与珊瑚礁旅游有关的收入来自潜水员、潜水员、休闲渔民和海滩游客,他们支付潜水和捕鱼活动、旅馆、餐馆和运输费用,有时还须支付“游客费”。", "61. 国家 此外,珊瑚礁还提供海岸线保护,为海洋物种提供住所并促成(旅游)海滩的形成。 在一些小岛屿发展中国家,珊瑚礁保护了80%以上的海岸线。 2010年,全球海岸保护净收益为107亿美元。 除了提供海岸线保护外,珊瑚礁为25%的海洋物种提供了栖息地,并为其他生态系统(例如红树林和海草床)创造有利条件。", "62. 联合国 最后,珊瑚礁对许多土著和其他沿海社区具有重要的文化和精神价值。", "63. 国家 虽然许多国家对珊瑚礁的依赖程度很高,但有15亿人在食物、生计和旅游业方面严重依赖珊瑚礁,[37] 小岛屿发展中国家和发展中国家的沿海社区最依赖珊瑚礁,他们的特殊需要和所关切的问题需要特别注意。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 世界资源研究所指出,人类活动和气候变化造成的珊瑚礁退化,到2015年可能导致加勒比的重大经济损失,即渔业净收入减少9 500万美元至1.4亿美元;旅游业收入减少1亿美元至3亿美元。 此外,预计该区域今后50年内将每年因海岸保护减少而损失1.4亿美元至4.2亿美元。", "65. 国家 根据其他研究,由气候变化引起的大堡礁恶化在今后19年可能使澳大利亚损失22亿至53亿美元,而印度尼西亚由于过度捕捞的做法可能在20年中损失19亿美元。 [38]", "66. (中文(简体) ). 联合国可持续发展大会的第二个目标是加强可持续发展的体制框架。 有许多地方、区域、国家和国际目标、举措和进程与珊瑚礁和依赖性社区和部门有关,其中许多在国际协定中有牢固的基础。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 需要加强对现有国际协定和公约的政治承诺,如《联合国海洋法公约》,其中应包括采取必要行动,保护和保全稀有和脆弱的生态系统以及已枯竭、受威胁或濒危物种和包括珊瑚礁在内的其他形式海洋生物的栖息地。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 建立、监测和执行可持续的国家海洋管理和海洋保护区以及建立(区域)网络是重要的行动。 [39]", "69. 联合国 各国越来越多地建立海洋保护区,即使珊瑚礁及其资源与其国民经济的一小部分有关,因为它们对这些国家的沿海社区至关重要。 例如,苏丹参加了保护红海和亚丁湾环境区域组织(保护亚丁湾环境组织)旨在保护所有水生资源,包括珊瑚礁的活动。", "70. 联合国 有效管理的地区——例如博内尔国家海洋公园(方框一)和曼纳尔湾生物圈保护区(方框二)——证明一个事实,即适当的措施能够大大减少威胁并产生重要的经济、社会和环境利益。", "博奈尔自然海洋公园的效益\n博内尔位于加勒比委内瑞拉玻利瓦尔共和国以北约100公里. 1979年建立的2 700公顷博奈尔国家海洋公园的目标是 \" 保护和管理该岛的自然、文化和历史资源,同时允许生态上可持续的利用,以造福子孙后代 \" 。 自1991年以来,非政府组织Stichting Nationale Parken Bonaire(STINAPA Bonaire)一直在管理该公园,并负责支付其所有直接费用(包括执法、维护、教育、研究和监测)。\n旅游业,特别是潜水,为博内尔提供了主要的经济收入. 1994年,25 000名潜水员访问了博内尔,创造了3 400万美元的总收入。 目前,每年有28 000多名潜水员访问博内尔。\n措施:实行录取费(“自然费”)\n与所有相关利益攸关方合作,建立了一个成功的收费系统,为进入博内尔国家海洋公园的游客支付入场费(“自然费”)。 1992年,征收的游客费总额超过170 000美元,用于支付管理费用、珊瑚礁保护和养护措施。\n今天,博内尔国家海洋公园每年向潜水员收取25美元,向非潜水员收取10美元。 Passesare还提供为期一天的潜水费10美元。 博内尔的居民支付较低的费用. 更多的收入来自租用停泊地、出售游客ouvenirs以及赠款和捐款。\n结果\n博内尔国家海洋公园在财政上自给自足.\n资料来源: STINAPA Bonaire,《2006年博奈尔国家海洋公园管理计划》;http://www.stinapa.org。", "71. 联合国 国际养护组织指出,海洋保护区内的收入是海洋保护区外的收入的两倍;而海洋保护区可大大提高生计机会、粮食安全和环境意识。", "72. 联合国 在珊瑚礁保护和养护领域,另一种成功的办法是国际海事组织(海事组织)指定了特别敏感的海区。 为了指定一个特别敏感的海区,它必须表明易受国际航运活动所造成的损害,同时从生态、社会经济和科学角度具有某些属性。 自1990年以来,海事组织指定了13个此类区域,其中8个旨在保护珊瑚礁免受国际航运的影响。", "方框二 马纳尔湾生物圈保护区项目\n背景情况\n马纳尔湾地处印度南端,泰米尔纳德邦东南海岸和斯里兰卡西北海岸之间. 1986年,21个近海珊瑚沙岛及其周围的珊瑚礁、海草床和红树林生境被指定为马纳尔湾国家公园。 1989年,整个马纳尔湾被指定为生物圈保护区,因此是印度和南亚地区第一个此类海洋保护区。\n曼纳尔湾生物圈保护区项目于2002年首次得到实施,作为印度政府与泰米尔纳德邦政府、联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)和全球环境基金(环境基金)之间的伙伴关系。 其目的是展示将生物多样性保护、可持续沿海区管理与当地社区,包括土著和部落居民的生计结合起来的模式。 其总体目标是采用多部门和综合的系统方法保护马纳尔湾沿海生物多样性。\n措施\n措施包括通过加强养护工作、支持替代生计和执行提高认识方案,增强地方社区以可持续方式管理沿海生态系统的能力。\n结果\n生物圈保护区项目帮助改变了当地社区和渔民的行为。 反过来,对海洋资源的威胁已大大减少,2006至2010年期间项目地区的珊瑚覆盖面积增加了7.5%。\n资料来源:开发计划署-全球环境基金;和http://www.gombrt.org。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 政府和非政府组织、倡议、民间社会和私营部门的广泛行动者参与珊瑚礁保护和养护。 因此,必须确保在它们的活动中避免重复,并优化保护、恢复、养护和适应措施。", "74. 国家 使包括私营部门在内的所有利益攸关方都参与有效管理和保护珊瑚礁,可以利用经济奖励(例如,买断、养护协定和替代生计奖励)作为较传统措施的有吸引力的补充,例如罚款和处罚。 [41]", "75. 国家 由于冷水珊瑚在国家管辖范围之外存在,珊瑚礁一般不仅面临地方威胁,而且也面临全球威胁,珊瑚礁保护不仅必须在地方、区域和国家各级进行,而且在国际一级进行,同时仍然允许地方社区在珊瑚礁及其资源管理方面发挥强有力的所有权作用。", "76. 联合国 区域渔业管理组织在养护国家管辖范围以外的海洋物种方面可起关键作用,因为它们负责管理公海鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼种,并有助于确定渔获量和捕捞努力量的限度,执行技术措施并监督控制义务。", " V. 国家立法在保护珊瑚礁方面的作用(包括让土著和地方社区参与的重要性)", "77. 国家 各国政府和立法在提供有利环境,使所有利益攸关方能对珊瑚礁保护作出有意义的贡献方面的作用至关重要。", "78. 国家 例如,巴西建立了9个珊瑚礁保护单位,包括市、州和联邦单位。 政府启动了国家保护单位系统,该系统汇集了关于这一问题的所有现有文书和条例,为建立、实施、巩固和管理这些单位建立一个框架。 通过整合各个单位,联邦政府能够与州和地方政府一起为巴西的环境提供更好的保护.", "79. 联合国 除了注重珊瑚礁保护之外,国家立法还应包括适应气候变化的措施,这些措施可以减少依赖珊瑚礁的人口的脆弱性。 有效的政府机构、规章和执法机制在建立、监测和执行可持续海洋管理区和海洋保护区方面也发挥重要作用。", "80个 生态系统服务付费和其他奖励机制的应用可以支持保护和养护措施的实施。 [43] 由于这些资源的公益性质,海洋和沿海地区支付生态系统服务费用特别重要,因为能够确定有关生态系统服务的“销售者”和“购买者”。 新的体制安排,如社区管理、管理特许权和共同管理计划,可以取代所有权的使用和使用权。", "81个 坦桑尼亚联合共和国的私人和非营利Chumbe岛珊瑚公园提供了在珊瑚礁生境范围内为生态系统服务付费的显著例子。 桑给巴尔政府在1994年在该岛周围建立了保护区并授予了它悬挂的珊瑚礁并授予公园管理权,公园负责执行1995-2016年Chumbe岛珊瑚公园管理计划.", "82. 国家立法的成功往往取决于所有利益攸关方是否参与决策进程。 因此,将土著社区和其他地方社区纳入其中至关重要,因为这些社区往往最依赖珊瑚礁为生。", "83个 在这方面,德国政府支持在沿海地区综合规划和管理范围内专门针对珊瑚礁的国际倡议和项目,其中包括土著和地方社区以及地方、国家、区域和国际各级的伙伴。", "第八十四会. 澳大利亚和帕劳可以提供宝贵的经验教训,它们通过国家立法,成功地实施了旨在保护珊瑚礁的措施,同时让土著和其他地方社区参与其中。", "A. 保护澳大利亚的大堡礁", "85. 澳大利亚政府在1975年设立大堡礁海洋公园管理局时,已开始采取措施保护其大堡礁。 已采取各种保护和养护措施,包括2004年制定新的分区计划,将受到“禁取区”高度保护的海洋公园的比例从5%以下增加到33%以上。 [44]", "86号. 大堡礁海洋 公园管理局正在与土著团体(土著和托雷斯海峡岛民)合作,就海洋公园的管理制定正式的、法律承认的协定,称为《海洋资源的传统利用协定》。 这些协定为传统所有者群体表达其权利和利益提供了实用和更加灵活的途径。 该框架还提供协作机会,以便根据传统法理保护文化价值和管理文化上重要的物种,并处理影响土著居民和托雷斯海峡岛民的其他活动,例如非法捕鱼和资源偷猎。", "87个 其他重要举措包括 \" 珊瑚礁水质保护计划 \" (Reef Plan)和 \" 珊瑚礁救援 \" ,这是一项为期五年(2008-2013年)的方案,旨在将农田中溶解的养分和化学品排放到大堡礁泻湖中的比例减少25%并减少沉积物和养分排放10%。", "88个 澳大利亚的海洋生物区域规划旨在通过改善海洋资源和生态系统的养护、可持续利用和管理(通过海洋管理区和海洋保护区),包括珊瑚礁生境,为珊瑚礁和相关生态系统提供长期保护。", "89. 澳大利亚政府与太平洋和可能受珊瑚礁和相关生态系统退化或丧失直接影响的其他国家(如瑙鲁)密切合作,开始实施大会第65/150号决议。", "B. 帕劳的海洋保护区", "90. (中文(简体) ). 帕劳地处菲律宾以东约800公里. 2003年,政府颁布了《保护区网络法》,其中包括建立旨在保护生物多样性和自然资源的全国海洋保护区网络。 在指定的28个海洋保护区中,24个有珊瑚礁。", "91. 联合国 《国家行动计划法》得到了土著社区和国家政府最高层的支持,因为它允许利益攸关方参与规划进程并具有灵活性。 其中包括设立保护区网络基金(PANF),这是一家非政府公司,以及实施收取游客离开机场时收取的15美元入境费(绿色费)。 该法激励了密克罗尼西亚联邦若干政府制定了2006年发起的密克罗尼西亚挑战。", "六、结 论 前进道路:保护珊瑚礁和相关生态系统所需的可能行动(符合国际法),包括整个联合国系统协调一致行动的建议", "92. 国家 正如《21世纪议程》、《约翰内斯堡执行计划》和其他国际协定第17章所设想,保护海洋和相关生态系统,包括珊瑚礁,仍然是一个主要目标。", "93. (中文(简体) ). 最近的研究表明,如果有适当的保护、复原力建设、恢复和养护措施,如《珊瑚礁养护法》(美利坚合众国),珊瑚礁甚至能够从极其极端的损害中恢复过来。 在这方面,在某些地区建立了海洋国家公园和人工珊瑚礁[45]。 其他积极趋势是提高公众认识和更加积极地参与地方活动。 虽然印度洋和西太平洋部分地区出现强劲复苏,特别是在直接压力较低的地方,但在人类承受巨大压力的地区,复苏停滞不前或薄弱。", "94 (中文(简体) ). 因此,需要进一步作出重大努力来减少对珊瑚礁的威胁,特别是因为适当的行动能够产生重大的社会、经济和环境效益。", "95号. 作为海洋和沿海问题的协调机制,联合国海洋网络可在确保整个联合国系统在珊瑚礁保护方面采取协调一致的行动方面发挥更大的作用。 可以考虑在其保护伞下设立一个专门的珊瑚礁工作队,由各自成员组织的专家组成,并包括同国家珊瑚礁工作队合作。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 关于在全球和地方各级保护珊瑚礁以实现可持续的生计和发展的其他建议包括:", "(a) 尽量减少全球二氧化碳排放,因为这些排放导致海洋酸化和海洋变暖,从而破坏珊瑚礁。 在达成多边协定和采取行动减少造成气候变化的二氧化碳和其他温室气体方面取得紧急进展,对于为减少气候变化对珊瑚礁生物多样性和生态系统服务的影响而作的短期和长期努力至关重要;", "(b) 减少过度捕捞和破坏性捕捞等不可持续的捕捞做法,办法是:(一) 采取适当措施(例如,促进替代生计),消除其主要驱动因素(例如,粮食不安全和贫穷);(二) 为渔业制定可持续管理政策、做法和准则[46];(三) 减少过度捕捞能力;(四) 打击非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞活动,特别是加强港口国的管制和港口国措施;(五) 消除不健全的渔业补贴;(六) 禁止破坏性捕捞;(七) 执行渔业条例;", "(c) 通过:(一) 改善农业、牲畜和采矿做法;(二) 尽量减少和控制工业、城市和采矿径流;(三) 保护和恢复植被(特别是红树林和海草床)来减少以流域为基础的沉积和污染。 这些措施可通过对生态系统服务付费和其他基于奖励的机制得到支持;", "(d) 减少由海洋引起的污染和损害,办法是(一) 通过议定书和公约来控制和管制船舶所排放的压载物;(二) 改进港口和码头的废物管理;(三) 指定安全的航道和划船区,特别是敏感的海域;(四) 有效管理近海石油和天然气活动(包括通过风险评估和应急计划);", "(e) 通过(一) 基于生态系统的管理;(二) 综合沿海管理;(三) 海洋分区;(四) 陆地和海洋保护区的联系;(五) 防止不健全的土地开发;(六) 限制或限制沿海在离海岸特定距离内的开发(海岸开发挫折);(七) 适当的流域管理;(八) 保护和恢复重要的沿海生境和植被(包括再造林措施)。 鉴于沿海地区预测的人口增长将继续快于总体人口增长,适当的沿海发展尤其重要;", "(f) 扩大海洋保护区和海洋保护区的覆盖范围并提高其效力,包括通过建立网络。 通过资源调集和能力建设措施提供充足的财政资源、充足的设备和训练有素的工作人员,对于保障其有效运作至关重要;", "(g) 加强保护、复原力建设、恢复、适应和养护措施方面的区域和国际合作,途径是:(一) 执行国际协定(例如《联合国海洋法公约》和《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》);(二) 建立跨界合作和区域协定;(三) 改进关于珊瑚礁产品(特别是活珊瑚生物)贸易的国际条例;(四) 加强区域和国际气候变化努力;", "(h) 促进分享与珊瑚礁保护、恢复、复原力建设、适应和养护(最佳做法)以及(新)技术转让有关的成功办法;", "(一) 实施可持续旅游业并推广生态旅游,因为预计全世界旅游业将继续增长。 与旅游业建立伙伴关系和利用奖励办法保护珊瑚礁(例如认证计划、对生态友好型旅馆的奖励以及潜水或旅游经营者的参与)可在这方面发挥重要作用;", "(j) 鼓励数据收集和科学研究,以进一步探索珊瑚礁的经济、社会和环境惠益,支持决策者制定旨在保护珊瑚礁、加强珊瑚礁复原力并增强沿海社区适应环境变化和珊瑚礁退化的能力的措施。 特别需要评估冷水珊瑚礁生态系统的现状和趋势。 此外,应支持扩大和(或)建立珊瑚礁监测系统(包括社会经济因素);", "(k) 促进关于珊瑚礁的教育和宣传,使公民、私营部门、政府代表和潜在捐助者了解目前影响珊瑚礁的威胁以及保护珊瑚礁的迫切需要。 各国政府应鼓励公民采取可持续的个人行动,提高对地方法律和规章的认识,并促进可持续的捕鱼做法,购买可持久捕获的海产食品并减少家庭废物和污染;", "(l) 国家 确保所有利益攸关方,特别是地方和土著社区,通过伙伴关系方案等途径,参与制定和执行国家立法。", "珊瑚礁可以有一个更可持续的未来。 可以考虑开展国际合作,制定远景和行动计划,以激励采取行动执行确保珊瑚礁保护所需的政策。", "[1] 见环境署珊瑚礁网站(http://cooral.unep.ch/)。", "[2] 见http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/.", "[3] 一些珊瑚礁甚至被宣布为教科文组织世界遗产(例如,伯利兹堡礁,1996年)。", "[4] 《联合国环境与发展会议的报告,1992年6月3日至14日,里约热内卢》,第一卷。 《会议通过的决议》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.93.I.8和更正),决议1,附件一。", "[5] 同上,附件二。", "[6] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1833卷,第31363号。", "[7] 同上,第1760卷,第30619号。", "[8] UNEP/CBD/COP/2/19,附件,第II/10号决定。", "[9] 见UNEP/CBD/COP/10/27,附件。", "[10] 同上。", "[11] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第1771卷,第30822号。", "[12] 同上,第1046卷,第15749号。", "[13] 同上,第993卷,第14537号。", "[14] 同上,第996卷,第14583号。", "[15] 同上,第1651卷,第28395号。", "[16] 可查阅www.unep.org。", "[17] 《小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展全球会议的报告,1994年4月25日至5月6日,巴巴多斯布里奇敦》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.94.I.18和更正),第一章,A节。 页:1", "[18] 《审查小岛屿发展中国家可持续发展行动纲领执行情况国际会议的报告,毛里求斯路易港,2005年1月10日至14日》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.05.II.A.4和更正),第一章,A节。 页:1", "[19] 同上,附件二。", "[20] 见E/1999/29,第一章,C节。", "[21] 见大会第55/2号决议。", "[22] 《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的报告,2002年8月26日至9月4日,南非约翰内斯堡》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.03.II.A.1和更正),第一章。 页:1", "[23] 现任成员包括:生物多样性公约、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、国际原子能机构(原子能机构)、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)、海洋学委员会-教科文组织、海事组织、国际海底管理局、联合国秘书处经济和社会事务部、联合国秘书处法律事务厅海洋事务和海洋法司、开发署、环境署、联合国工业发展组织(工发组织)、世界气象组织(气象组织)、世界银行和世界旅游组织。", "[24] L. Burke等,《重新审视面临危险的珊瑚礁》(华盛顿特区,世界资源研究所,2011年),第1-14页。", "[25] 同上,第21-37页。", "[26] S. Wooldridge等,“在气候变暖情况下珊瑚社区复原力的前体:一种信仰网络方法”,载于《海洋生态进步丛书》,第295卷(2005年),第157-169页。", "[27] Burke等,《危难中的珊瑚礁》,第21-37页。", "[28] 生物多样性公约秘书处,《海洋酸化对海洋生物多样性所产生影响的科学综合》,技术丛书,第46号(蒙特利尔,2009年),第9页。", "[29] 联合国,《条约汇编》,第2303卷,第30822号。", "[30] Burke等,《危难中的珊瑚礁》,第79-84页。", "[31] 另见2010年在日本制定的《养护珊瑚礁生态系统行动计划》。", "[32] 见http://www.uncsd2012.org;和A/CONF.216/PC/9。", "[33] 澳大利亚/皮尤环境集团,“保持绿色经济的蓝色”,概念文件(2011年)。", "[34] C. Wilkinson, 编. “世界珊瑚礁的状况:2008年”(澳大利亚汤斯维尔,全球珊瑚礁监测网和珊瑚礁与雨林研究中心,2008年),第5-19页。", "[35] 另见法国珊瑚礁倡议网站(http://www.ifrecor.fr/)。", "[36] Burke等,《危难中的珊瑚礁》,第66-78页。", "[37] 威尔金森, “世界珊瑚礁状况:2008年”,第5-19页。", "[38] Burke等,《危难中的珊瑚礁》,第66-78页。", "[39] 另见《珊瑚礁倡议东亚海洋保护区网络倡议》(包括泰国)。", "[40] 另见http://www.imo.org/OurWork/Environment/Polution prevention/PSSAs。", "[41] 另见E. Niesten和H. Gjertsen,“海洋养护的经济奖励”(弗吉尼亚州Arlington,科学和知识司,国际养护组织,2010年)。", "[42] (中文(简体) ). 另见哥伦比亚海洋和沿海地区和岛屿可持续发展国家环境政策。", "[43] 另见http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/biodiversity/economics/。", "[44] 在这方面,还见墨西哥的 \" 国家水域法 \" (2008年批准),该法专门涉及建立管制区、禁止捕鱼区和水源保护区的问题。", "[45] 另见《伦敦公约》和《议定书》/《环境规划署》,《人工珊瑚礁安置准则》(伦敦,海事组织,2009年);以及“关于2007-2009年诺阿珊瑚礁养护方案活动的报告:国家珊瑚礁行动战略的执行情况——提交国会的报告”(华盛顿特区,美国商务部,2010年),第84页。", "[46] 另见粮农组织“负责任渔业技术准则”。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Tenth emergency special session Sixty-sixth year Agenda item 5 \nIllegal Israeli actions in OccupiedEast Jerusalem and the rest of theOccupied Palestinian Territory", "Identical letters dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I am compelled to write to you once again on the deteriorating situation in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. On 8 August 2011, I sent a letter (A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500) regarding the illegal, reckless and provocative declaration that came on Thursday, 4 August 2011, in which Israel, the occupying Power, announced the approval given to build 900 more settlement units in the so‑called settlement of “Har Homa” located in Jabal Abu Ghneim in Occupied East Jerusalem. Only one week later, with total arrogance and total disregard for international law and the calls made by the international community on Israel to end its illegal settlement campaign, the occupying Power shamefully announced today the approval of 1,600 more settlement units in the so-called settlement of “Ramat Shlomo” in Occupied East Jerusalem.", "The illegal unilateral actions of the occupying Power make it extremely clear to the international community that Israel is not interested in peace; rather it is interested in entrenching its colonization and 44-year long occupation of the Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem. The international community must compel Israel to abide by its obligations under international law and end its illegal occupation including its colonization campaign, and must seriously begin to take further effective measures to end the Israeli occupation which began in 1967 to salvage the possibility of the two-State solution.", "The present letter is in follow-up to our previous 398 letters regarding the ongoing crisis in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, since 28 September 2000. These letters, dated from 29 September 2000 (A/55/432-S/2000/921) to 8 August 2011 (A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500), constitute a basic record of the crimes being committed by Israel, the occupying Power, against the Palestinian people since September 2000. For all of these war crimes, acts of State terrorism and systematic human rights violations committed against the Palestinian people, Israel, the occupying Power, must be held accountable and the perpetrators must be brought to justice.", "I should be grateful if you would arrange to have the text of the present letter distributed as a document of the tenth emergency special session of the General Assembly, under agenda item 5, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Riyad Mansour Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第十届紧急特别会议 第六十六年", "议程项目5", "以色列在被占领东耶路撒冷和其余 巴勒斯坦被占领土的非法行动", "2011年8月11日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "我不得不再次写信给你，通报包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土不断恶化的局势。2011年8月4日(星期四)，占领国以色列宣布在被占领的东耶路撒冷位于阿布古奈姆山所谓的“霍马山”定居点批准新建900个定居单位。我于2011年8月8日就以色列这种非法、草率和挑衅性的公告写信(A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500) 给你。但就在一周以后，完全妄自尊大的占领国，全然无视国际法和国际社会对以色列发出的停止非法定居活动的呼吁，今天厚颜无耻地宣布在被占领的东耶路撒冷所谓“拉马特什洛莫”定居点批准新建1 600个定居单位。", "占领国单方面的非法行动非常清楚地向国际社会表明，以色列对和平没有兴趣；相反，它意欲强化其殖民统治和对包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土长达44年的占领。国际社会必须迫使以色列：遵守根据国际法承担的义务，结束其非法占领，包括停止其殖民化运动，必须认真地开始采取进一步的有效措施，结束从1967年开始的以色列占领，以挽救可能实施的两国解决方案。", "自2000年9月28日以来，我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内被占巴勒斯坦领土的持续危机向你发出了398封信，本信是上述信件的后续。从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)至2011年8月8日(A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500)的这些信件，基本记录了占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民实施的犯罪行为。占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有这些战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和有系统地侵犯人权的行为负责，犯罪者必须被绳之以法。", "请将此信作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员", "大使", "里亚德·曼苏尔(签名)" ]

[ "安全理事会 第十届紧急特别会议\n以色列在被占领的东耶路撒冷和其余", "2011年8月11日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "我不得不再次就包括东耶路撒冷在内的被占领巴勒斯坦领土上不断恶化的局势写信给你。 2011年8月8日,我致函(A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500),事关2011年8月4日星期四发表的非法、鲁莽和挑衅性声明,其中占领国以色列宣布批准在位于被占领的东耶路撒冷阿布古奈姆山的所谓“Har Homa”定居点再建造900个定居单位。 仅仅一个星期后,占领国完全傲慢,完全无视国际法和国际社会呼吁以色列停止其非法定居运动,今天无耻地宣布批准在被占领的东耶路撒冷“Ramat Shlomo”的所谓定居点再设立1 600个定居单位。", "占领国的非法单方面行动使国际社会非常清楚地看到,以色列不关心和平;相反,它有兴趣巩固对包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦领土的殖民化和长达44年的占领。 国际社会必须迫使以色列遵守国际法规定的义务并结束其非法占领,包括殖民化运动,并必须认真开始进一步采取有效措施来结束从1967年开始的以色列占领,以挽救两国解决方案的可能性。", "自2000年9月28日以来,我们已就包括东耶路撒冷在内的巴勒斯坦被占领土上的持续危机发出398封信,本函是此后的又一封信。 从2000年9月29日(A/55/432-S/2000/921)起至2011年8月8日(A/ES-10/526-S/2011/500)为止的这些信件是占领国以色列自2000年9月以来对巴勒斯坦人民所犯罪行的基本记录。 占领国以色列必须为其对巴勒斯坦人民犯下的所有这些战争罪行、国家恐怖主义行为和系统侵犯人权行为负责,必须将肇事者绳之以法。", "请将本函作为大会第十届紧急特别会议议程项目5和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员" ]

[ "Summary statement by the Secretary-General of matters of which the Security Council is seized and of the stage reached in their consideration", "Addendum", "Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and in accordance with the note by the President dated 26 July 2010 (S/2010/507), the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement.", "The complete list of items of which the Council was seized as at 30 April 2011 is contained in document S/2011/10/Add.17.", "The present addendum lists the items on which the Security Council took action during the week ending 7 May 2011. The dates given for each item indicate when the item was first taken up by the Council at a formal meeting, and the most recent formal meeting of the Council held on that item.", "Threats to international peace and security caused by terrorist acts (12 September 2001; 2 May 2011)", "6526th meeting, held on 2 May 2011.", "The situation in Libya (22 February 2011; 4 May 2011)", "6527th meeting, held on 3 May 2011; and 6528th meeting, held on 4 May 2011." ]

[ "秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议达到的阶段的简要说明", "增编", "秘书长谨依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第11条，并根据主席2010年7月26日说明(S/2010/507)，提出下列简要说明。", "截至2011年4月30日安理会处理中项目的完整清单载于S/2011/10/Add.17号文件。", "本增编开列了安全理事会在2011年5月7日终了的一周内采取行动的项目。每个项目的注明日期指的是安理会首次在正式会议上讨论该项目的日期以及安理会最近一次就该项目举行正式会议的日期。", "恐怖行为对国际和平与安全造成的威胁(2001年9月12日；2011年5月2日)", "第6526次会议，2011年5月2日举行。", "利比亚局势(2011年2月22日；2011年5月4日)", "第6527次会议，2011年5月3日举行；以及第6528次会议，2011年5月4日举行。" ]

[ "秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议所达阶段的简要说明", "增编", "秘书长谨依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第11条,并根据主席2010年7月26日说明(S/2010/507),提出下列简要说明。", "截至2011年4月30日安理会处理中项目的完整清单载于文件 S/2011/10/Add.17号文件。", "本增编开列了安全理事会在2011年5月7日终了的一周内采取行动的项目。 每个项目的注明日期指的是安理会首次在正式会议上讨论该项目的日期以及安理会最近一次就该项目举行正式会议的日期。", "恐怖行为对国际和平与安全造成的威胁(2001年9月12日;2011年5月2日)", "第6526次会议,2011年5月2日举行。", "利比亚局势(2011年2月22日;2011年5月4日)", "第6527次会议,2011年5月3日举行;第6528次会议,2011年5月4日举行。" ]

[ "Summary statement by the Secretary-General of matters of which the Security Council is seized and of the stage reached in their consideration", "Addendum", "Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and in accordance with the note by the President dated 26 July 2010 (S/2010/507), the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement.", "The complete list of items of which the Council was seized as at 30 April 2011 is contained in document S/2011/10/Add.17.", "The present addendum lists the items on which the Security Council took action during the week ending 14 May 2011. The dates given for each item indicate when the item was first taken up by the Council at a formal meeting, and the most recent formal meeting of the Council held on that item.", "The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina (9 September 1992; 9 May 2011)", "6529th meeting, held on 9 May 2011.", "The situation in Libya (22 February 2011; 9 May 2011)", "6530th meeting, held on 9 May 2011.", "Protection of civilians in armed conflict (12 February 1999; 10 May 2011)", "6531st meeting, held on 10 May 2011.", "The situation in Somalia (17 March 1992; 11 May 2011)", "6532nd meeting, held on 11 May 2011.", "Post-conflict peacebuilding (26 May 2005; 12 May 2011)", "6533rd meeting, held on 12 May 2011.", "Security Council resolutions 1160 (1998), 1199 (1998), 1203 (1998), 1239 (1999) and 1244 (1999) (31 March 1998; 12 May 2011)", "6534th meeting, held on 12 May 2011.", "The situation in Côte d’Ivoire (20 December 2002; 13 May 2011)", "6535th meeting, held on 13 May 2011." ]

[ "秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议达到的阶段的简要说明", "增编", "秘书长谨依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第11条，并根据主席2010年7月26日说明(S/2010/507)，提出下列简要说明。", "截至2011年4月30日安理会处理中的项目完整清单载于S/2011/10/Add.17号文件。", "本增编开列了安全理事会在2011年5月14日终了的一周内采取行动的项目。每个项目的注明日期指的是安理会首次在正式会议上讨论该项目的日期以及安理会最近一次就该项目举行正式会议的日期。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那局势(1992年9月9日；2011年5月9日)", "第6529次会议，2011年5月9日举行。", "利比亚局势(2011年2月22日；2011年5月9日)", "第6530次会议，2011年5月9日举行。", "武装冲突中保护平民(1999年2月12日；2011年5月10日)", "第6531次会议，2011年5月10日举行。", "索马里局势(1992年3月17日；2011年5月11日)", "第6532次会议，2011年5月11日举行。", "冲突后建设和平(2005年5月26日；2011年5月12日)", "第6533次会议，2011年5月12日举行。", "安全理事会第1160(1998)、1199(1998)、1203(1998)、1239(1999)和1244(1999)号决议(1998年3月31日；2011年5月12日)", "第6534次会议，2011年5月12日举行。", "科特迪瓦局势(2002年12月20日；2011年5月13日)", "第6535次会议，2011年5月13日举行。" ]

[ "秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议所达阶段的简要说明", "增编", "秘书长谨依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第11条,并根据主席2010年7月26日说明(S/2010/507),提出下列简要说明。", "截至2011年4月30日安理会处理中项目的完整清单载于文件 S/2011/10/Add.17号文件。", "本增编罗列了安全理事会在2011年5月14日终了的一周内采取行动的项目。 每个项目的注明日期指的是安理会首次在正式会议上讨论该项目的日期以及安理会最近一次就该项目举行正式会议的日期。", "波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那局势(1992年9月9日;2011年5月9日)", "第6529次会议,2011年5月9日举行。", "利比亚局势(2011年2月22日;2011年5月9日)", "第6530次会议,2011年5月9日举行。", "武装冲突中保护平民(1999年2月12日;2011年5月10日)", "第6531次会议,2011年5月10日举行。", "索马里局势(1992年3月17日;2011年5月11日)", "第6532次会议,2011年5月11日举行。", "冲突后建设和平(2005年5月26日;2011年5月12日)", "第6533次会议,2011年5月12日举行。", "安全理事会第1160(1998)号、第1199(1998)号、第1203(1998)号、第1239(1999)号和第1244(1999)号决议(1998年3月31日;2011年5月12日)", "第6534次会议,2011年5月12日举行。", "科特迪瓦局势(2002年12月20日;2011年5月13日)", "第6535次会议,2011年5月13日举行。" ]

[ "Summary statement by the Secretary-General of matters of which the Security Council is seized and of the stage reached in their consideration", "Addendum", "Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and in accordance with the note by the President dated 26 July 2010 (S/2010/507), the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement.", "The complete list of items of which the Council was seized as at 30 April 2011 is contained in document S/2011/10/Add.17.", "The present addendum lists the items on which the Security Council took action during the week ending 21 May 2011. The dates given for each item indicate when the item was first taken up by the Council at a formal meeting, and the most recent formal meeting of the Council held on that item.", "Briefings by Chairmen of subsidiary bodies of the Security Council (18 December 2002; 16 May 2011)", "6536th meeting, held on 16 May 2011.", "Reports of the Secretary-General on the Sudan (11 June 2004; 17 May 2011)", "6537th meeting, held on 17 May 2011.", "The situation in Burundi (25 October 1993; 17 May 2011)", "6538th meeting, held on 17 May 2011.", "The situation concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo (29 May 1997; 18 May 2011)", "6539th meeting, held on 18 May 2011.", "The situation in the Middle East, including the Palestinian question (3 October 2000; 19 May 2011)", "6540th meeting, held on 19 May 2011." ]

[ "秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议达到的阶段的简要说明", "增编", "秘书长谨依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第11条，并根据主席2010年7月26日说明(S/2010/507)，提出下列简要说明。", "截至2011年4月30日安理会处理中的项目完整清单载于S/2011/10/Add.17号文件。", "本增编开列了安全理事会在2011年5月21日终了的一周内采取行动的项目。每个项目的注明日期指的是安理会首次在正式会议上讨论该项目的日期以及安理会最近一次就该项目举行正式会议的日期。", "安全理事会附属机构主席通报情况(2002年12月18日；2011年5月16日)", "第6536次会议，2011年5月16日举行。", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告(2004年6月11日；2011年5月17日)", "第6537次会议，2011年5月17日举行。", "布隆迪局势(1993年10月25日；2011年5月17日)", "第6538次会议，2011年5月17日举行。", "有关刚果民主共和国的局势(1997年5月29日；2011年5月18日)", "第6539次会议，2011年5月18日举行。", "中东局势，包括巴勒斯坦问题(2000年10月3日；2011年5月19日)", "第6540次会议，2011年5月19日举行。" ]

[ "秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议所达阶段的简要说明", "增编", "秘书长谨依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第11条,并根据主席2010年7月26日说明(S/2010/507),提出下列简要说明。", "截至2011年4月30日安理会处理中项目的完整清单载于文件 S/2011/10/Add.17号文件。", "本增编开列了安全理事会在2011年5月21日终了的一周内采取行动的项目。 每个项目的注明日期指的是安理会首次在正式会议上讨论该项目的日期以及安理会最近一次就该项目举行正式会议的日期。", "安全理事会附属机构主席通报情况(2002年12月18日;2011年5月16日)", "第6536次会议,2011年5月16日举行。", "秘书长关于苏丹的报告(2004年6月11日;2011年5月17日)", "第6537次会议,2011年5月17日举行。", "布隆迪局势(1993年10月25日;2011年5月17日)", "第6538次会议,2011年5月17日举行。", "有关刚果民主共和国的局势(1997年5月29日;2011年5月18日)", "第6539次会议,2011年5月18日举行。", "中东局势,包括巴勒斯坦问题(2000年10月3日;2011年5月19日)", "第6540次会议,2011年5月19日举行。" ]

[ "Summary statement by the Secretary-General of matters of which the Security Council is seized and of the stage reached in their consideration", "Addendum", "Pursuant to rule 11 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council and in accordance with the note by the President dated 26 July 2010 (S/2010/507), the Secretary-General is submitting the following summary statement.", "The complete list of items of which the Council was seized as at 30 April 2011 is contained in document S/2011/10/Add.17.", "During the week ending 28 May 2011, the Security Council took no action on any of the items of which it is seized." ]

[ "秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议达到的阶段的简要说明", "增编", "秘书长谨依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第11条，并根据主席2010年7月26日说明(S/2010/507)，提出下列简要说明。", "截至2011年4月30日安理会处理中的项目完整清单载于S/2011/10/Add.17号文件。", "在2011年5月28日终了的一周内，安全理事会没有对它当前任何处理中项目采取行动。" ]

[ "秘书长关于安全理事会处理中的事项及其审议所达阶段的简要说明", "增编", "秘书长谨依照安全理事会暂行议事规则第11条,并根据主席2010年7月26日说明(S/2010/507),提出下列简要说明。", "截至2011年4月30日安理会处理中项目的完整清单载于文件 S/2011/10/Add.17号文件。", "在2011年5月28日终了的一周内,安全理事会未对其处理中的任何项目采取行动。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 132 of the provisional agenda*", "Review of the efficiency of the administrative and financial functioning of the United Nations", "Activities of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee for the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011", "Report of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee", "Summary", "The present report covers the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011. During the period, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee (the Committee) held four sessions, all of which were presided over by David M. Walker (United States of America). Mr. Walker was re-elected to continue as Chair for the 2011 calendar year. Vijayendra Kaul (India) served as Vice-Chair until the end of his term in December 2010, after which, John Muwanga (Uganda) succeeded him as Vice-Chair. All the members of the Committee, including, where applicable, Mr. Kaul, who did not seek re-election, and Vinod Rai (India), who succeeded him as the representative from the Asia Group, attended each of the four sessions during the reporting period.", "Section II of the report contains an overview of the activities of the Committee, the status of its recommendations and its plans for 2011. Section III sets out the detailed comments of the Committee.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II. Activities 3 of the Independent Audit Advisory \nCommittee A.Overview 3 of the sessions of the \nCommittee B.Status 4 of the recommendations of the \nCommittee C.Overview 5 of the plans of the Committee for \n 2012 III.Detailed 6 comments of the \nCommittee A.Status 6 of the recommendations of United Nations oversight \nbodies B.Risk 10 management and internal control \nframework C.Effectiveness, 11 efficiency and impact of the audit activities and other functions of the Office of Internal Oversight \nServices D. Financial 15 \nreporting E.Coordination 16 among United Nations oversight \nbodies F.Cooperation 18 and \naccess \nIV. Conclusion 18", "I. Introduction", "1. The General Assembly, by its resolution 60/248, established the Independent Audit Advisory Committee as a subsidiary body to serve in an expert advisory capacity and to assist it in fulfilling its oversight responsibilities. In accordance with its terms of reference (see General Assembly resolution 61/275, annex), the Committee is authorized to hold up to four sessions per year. The Committee has held 15 sessions since its inception in January 2008.", "2. In accordance with its terms of reference, the Committee submits an annual report to the General Assembly, containing a summary of its activities and related advice. The present, fourth annual report covers the period from 1 August 2010 to 31 July 2011.", "3. The observations, comments and recommendations of the Committee on the effectiveness, efficiency and impact of the oversight activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), which were previously included as an annex to the Committee’s report, have been incorporated in the body of the present report under section III.C. In its resolution 65/250, the General Assembly decided to defer consideration of the issues contained in annex III of the Committee’s report (A/65/329) to its sixty-sixth session and invited the Committee to provide any further advice it deemed necessary. While reiterating its previous recommendation, the Committee has decided to include that information in section III.B of the present report.", "II. Activities of the Independent Audit Advisory Committee", "A. Overview of the sessions of the Committee", "4. During the reporting period, the Committee held four sessions: on 15 and 16 December 2010 (twelfth session); from 15 to 17 February 2011 (thirteenth session); on 12 and 13 April 2011 (fourteenth session); and from 11 to 13 July 2011 (fifteenth session). All of the sessions were held at United Nations Headquarters.", "5. The Committee functions under its adopted rules of procedure, as contained in the annex to its first annual report (A/63/328). To date, all members of the Committee have a 100 per cent attendance rate at its sessions. All of the decisions of the Committee have been unanimous; however, its rules of procedure make provision for members to record their dissent with decisions taken by the majority.", "6. At its twelfth session, held in December 2010, the members re-elected David M. Walker (United States of America) as Chair and elected John Muwanga (Uganda) as Vice-Chair, for 2011. Additional information about the Committee can be found on its website in all the official languages of the United Nations (see http://www.un.org/ga/iaac/index.shtml).", "7. Since its establishment, the Committee has submitted 11 reports to the General Assembly, 3 of which were submitted during the current reporting period. These include two reports to the General Assembly, through the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions, on the proposed programme budget of OIOS for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/85) and on the budget of OIOS under the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/734). The Committee also issued its annual report to the General Assembly for the period 1 August 2009 to 31 July 2010 (A/65/329).", "B. Status of the recommendations of the Committee", "8. As at 30 June 2011, the Committee had made a total of 82 recommendations in its reports. Ten of the recommendations contained in the Committee’s previous reports (A/65/734 and A/66/85) are before the General Assembly. The remaining 72 recommendations include 15 recommendations that the General Assembly has deferred to subsequent sessions, 43 recommendations that have been implemented and 14 recommendations that are in the process of being implemented.", "9. Most of the deferred recommendations are to be considered by the General Assembly no later than the main part of its sixty-sixth session (see resolutions 64/263, para. 6, and 65/250, para. 9). The first set of the recommendations pertains to internal oversight and covers the following issues: definition of the operational independence of OIOS; definition of impairment to OIOS independence; annual assurance on OIOS independence; development of an internal oversight document that contains the definitions and terms; protocol for the distribution of OIOS reports; and selection of staff for appointment and promotion. The second set pertains to resolution 65/250 on accountability, and is addressed in detail in section III.B of the present report. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee reiterates these recommendations and believes that it is important for the General Assembly to consider the recommendations at its sixty-sixth session.", "10. Although it meets only four times per year for two to three days at each session, the Committee has made significant achievements to date, particularly in relation to the operations of OIOS. The Committee follows up on the implementation of its recommendations as a standard agenda item at each session and looks forward to seeing the full effect of the actions taken by OIOS and by management. Some of the significant recommendations made by the Committee during the reporting period relate to:", "(a) The need for OIOS and management to coordinate the risk categorization process so as to align the OIOS risk-based audit planning process with the enterprise risk management framework that the administration has embarked on in order to avoid confusion among key stakeholders;", "(b) The proposal of the Secretary-General to provide support to the Under-Secretary-General in the overall departmental strategy, in intradepartmental cooperation initiatives, in the monitoring of divisional activities, and in the operational and administrative responsibilities of the Office;", "(c) The reiterated recommendation calling for urgent action to fill vacant posts in OIOS, especially at the level of division heads, in order to ensure that the effectiveness and efficiency of OIOS in the performance of its mandated functions is not compromised;", "(d) While the Committee acknowledged that the audit of key controls embarked upon by OIOS was a step in the right direction, the reiterated recommendation for OIOS to establish a systematic assessment of residual risk in order to better assess the overall level of resources allocated to OIOS and to enhance the determination of the audit assignments within the available level of resources;", "(e) The reiterated recommendation that all OIOS divisions, including the Internal Audit Division, show the value of the services delivered to the Organization by reporting on the achievement of results;", "(f) The need to revisit the issue of a funding arrangement for OIOS, especially in connection with operations and entities funded by extrabudgetary sources;", "(g) Recommendation that the Committee would not object to a reasonable level of budget cuts involving OIOS should Member States decide to take such a position, while reiterating the Committee’s position that the Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services should have the flexibility to decide how any overall cuts would be achieved.", "C. Overview of the plans of the Committee for 2012", "11. The Committee undertook its responsibilities, as set out in its terms of reference, in accordance with the scheduling of the sessions of the General Assembly and of the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions. The Committee will continue to schedule its sessions and activities to ensure coordinated interaction with intergovernmental bodies and timely availability of its reports. In a preliminary review of its workplan, the Committee identified several key areas that will be the focus for each of its four sessions in fiscal year 2012 (see table).", "Table Workplan of the Committee for 2012", "Sessions\tKey focus area\tIntergovernmentalconsideration ofthe report of theCommittee \nSeventeenth\tProposed budget for OIOS underthe support account forpeacekeeping operations for theperiod from 1 July 2012 to 30June 2013\tAdvisory Committeeon Administrativeand BudgetaryQuestions, firstquarter 2012\n\tCoordination and cooperationamong oversight bodies\t\nEighteenth\tStatus of implementation ofoversight bodiesrecommendations\tGeneral Assembly\n\tRisk management and internalcontrols\t\n\tCoordination and cooperationamong oversight bodies\t\nNineteenth\tOperational implications ofissues and trends in thefinancial statements andreports of the Board ofAuditors\tGeneral Assembly,main part of thesixty-sixth session\n\tCooperation among UnitedNations oversight bodies\t\n\tPreparation of the annualreport of the Committee\tTwentieth\tResults of OIOS riskassessments \n Workplans of OIOS for 2013 \n\tReview of OIOS budget for thesupport account forpeacekeeping operationsReview of the enterprise riskmanagement and internal controlframework in the Organization\tAdvisory Committeeon Administrativeand BudgetaryQuestions, firstquarter 2013\n\tElection of the Chair andVice-Chair for 2013", "12. In the discussion on planning for 2012, the Committee identified the following relevant events:", "(a) Consideration by the General Assembly of recommendations concerning OIOS made by the Committee in its annual report (A/64/288, annex) and deferred by the Assembly to no later than the main part of its sixty-sixth session (resolution 64/263, para. 6);", "(b) Consideration by the General Assembly of recommendations concerning accountability made by the Committee in its annual report (A/65/329, annex III) and deferred by the Assembly to no later than its sixty-sixth session (resolution 65/250, Part II, para. 9);", "(c) Since the terms of office of two members will expire on 31 December 2011, it will be necessary for the General Assembly, at its sixty-sixth session, to appoint two persons to fill the resulting vacancies. The persons so appointed will serve for a period of three years, beginning on 1 January 2012.", "III. Detailed comments of the Committee", "A. Status of the recommendations of United Nations oversight bodies", "13. During the reporting period, the Committee reviewed the status of implementation by management of the recommendations of United Nations oversight bodies, as a standard practice. According to the report of the Board of Auditors on United Nations peacekeeping operations for the 12-month period from 1 July 2009 to 30 June 2010 (A/65/5 (Vol. II), chap. II), the rate of implementation of the recommendations made for the financial period ended 30 June 2009, in respect of peacekeeping operations, was 44 per cent. The Board noted that there was an improvement in the rate of implementation of recommendations when compared with the previous years, as shown in figure I below.", "Figure I Rate of implementation of peacekeeping operations", "[]", "14. While acknowledging the improvement in the implementation rate, and noting that most of the recommendations of the Board of Auditors on peacekeeping operations are fully implemented after three years, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee still believes that there is room for improvement and that the timely implementation of recommendations is essential to increase the level of accountability.", "15. The Committee was also provided with a trend analysis of the thrust areas addressed by the various recommendations contained in the Board of Auditors reports on peacekeeping operations. As figure II indicates, over the past five years, logistics support has had the highest number of recommendations. High numbers of recommendations in one thrust area could be an indicator of systemic issues that need to be addressed or of areas of high activity.", "Figure II Thrust areas addressed in Board of Auditors recommendations", "[]", "16. Within the context of cooperation and coordination among the oversight bodies, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee noted in paragraph 8 of annex I of its report (A/65/329), that OIOS could add value to its oversight work by conducting more audits of cross-cutting and systemic issues. Consequently, the Committee recommended that OIOS place greater emphasis on audits of cross-cutting issues (horizontal audits) in order to identify prevalent systemic issues that needed to be addressed by management as a priority.", "17. The Committee has since been informed that as far as peacekeeping operations is concerned, OIOS plans to conduct audits of such cross-cutting/systemic issues in 2011, including regarding information and communications technology governance; Internet publishing; security management; implementation of the human resources management reform in peacekeeping operations; and a civil affairs programme. Most of the areas under consideration fall under logistics support. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee will continue to follow up with OIOS and looks forward to timely completion of such audits.", "18. With respect to the recommendations made by OIOS, the Committee received a briefing from management on the trends associated with the implementation of the recommendations. The Committee was informed by management that after a period of three years most of the outstanding recommendations of OIOS had been fully implemented, and the critical or high-risk recommendations that remained unimplemented continued to be brought to the attention of the Management Committee. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee wishes to take this opportunity to recognize the important role that the Management Committee is playing in strengthening accountability in the Secretariat and reiterates that the Management Committee should continue to meet with the oversight bodies including the Independent Audit Advisory Committee, at least once a year.", "19. With respect to the number of recommendations issued annually by OIOS, the Committee was informed by management that the number had almost remained constant, declining slightly from 2,270 in 2006 to 2,015 in 2010 (see figure III below). In paragraph 35 of its annual report (A/64/288), the Committee, without making judgement on the number of recommendations, encouraged OIOS to concentrate on quality and value added, rather than on quantity. Consequently, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee has been informed that OIOS has outlined a new plan for monitoring and reporting on outstanding recommendations that will help to allay the concerns expressed thus far. The Committee will continue to monitor this issue to ensure its successful implementation.", "Figure III", "Total number of Office of Internal Oversight Services recommendations per year", "[]", "20. The Committee also received an update on the status of implementation of the recommendations made by the Joint Inspection Unit. According to the annual report of the Unit, the aggregate acceptance rate of its recommendations by the Secretariat was 54.4 per cent for the 2004-2009 period, compared with 41.3 per cent for the 2004-2008 period. The aggregate implementation rate was 35.3 per cent for the 2004-2009 period, compared with 44 per cent for the 2004-2008 period. The Committee was informed of the challenges the Secretariat faces in implementing the Joint Inspection Unit recommendations, including the fact that some of the recommendations are addressed to the General Assembly and that management has no control over them. Figure IV shows the aggregate implementation/acceptance rates by the Secretariat as reported by the Joint Inspection Unit in its annual reports. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee notes the improvement in the acceptance rates and, while acknowledging the challenges faced by management, encourages the Secretariat to enhance its implementation rates of the Joint Inspection Unit recommendations addressed to the Secretariat.", "Figure IV Status of implementation/acceptance of Joint Inspection Unit recommendations", "[]", "B. Risk management and internal control framework", "21. Subparagraphs 2 (f) and (g) of the terms of reference of the Committee (see General Assembly resolution 61/275, annex) mandate the Committee with the responsibility to advise the General Assembly on the quality and overall effectiveness of risk management procedures and on deficiencies in the internal control framework of the United Nations.", "22. In annex III of its report (A/65/329), the Committee included comments on the implementation of General Assembly resolution 64/259 entitled “Towards an accountability system in the United Nations Secretariat”. By its resolution 65/250, on the report on the Office of Internal Oversight Services on its activities, the Assembly decided to defer consideration of those recommendations to the main part of its sixty-sixth session. At the same time, the Assembly invited the Committee to provide further advice on relevant issues under its terms of reference, as it deemed necessary.", "23. With respect to the accountability system, the Committee was briefed on the progress management had so far achieved in implementing resolution 64/259. While noting these achievements, including the finalization of the accountability website, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee decided to reiterate all the recommendations contained in annex III of its report (A/65/329), namely, that:", "• The Secretary-General integrate enterprise risk management in the programme planning process (para. 7).", "• The Secretary-General be responsible to design, monitor and evaluate the system of accountability (para. 8).", "• The General Assembly consider expanding the definition of accountability to include adding value and managing risks, and that risk should be defined to include financial, operational, reputation and human resources risks (para. 9).", "• The definition of accountability include a reference to the obligation of contractors and consultants (para. 10).", "• The Secretariat develop a clearly defined and well-documented implementation plan (para. 12).", "24. In its first annual report (A/63/328), the Committee made several recommendations in respect of the first accountability report, including (a) the phased implementation of enterprise risk management in a few selected organizational units; (b) the need for an executive-level document that describes in clear terms for senior management what the benefits are to adopting enterprise risk management and an internal control framework, and for the Organization’s implementation plan to include a structured training programme and a communication strategy targeting all staff; (c) the assignment of project oversight to a high-level committee, such as the existing Management Committee, in order to demonstrate senior management’s commitment to its implementation; and (d) the establishment of a Chief Risk Officer.", "25. Following discussions with management, the Committee was informed that enterprise risk management remained a significant challenge for the Secretariat. The Committee was also informed that the Secretariat had established a focal point in the Office of the Under-Secretary-General for Management, to lay the foundation for future implementation of an enterprise risk management framework. Management further informed the Committee that a policy framework for enterprise risk management had been endorsed by the Management Committee and would be presented to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session. The Committee was also informed that the Management Committee would also serve as the Committee for issues related to enterprise risk management.", "26. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee commends the steps that management is taking to implement enterprise risk management, and believes that, given the size and complexity of the Organization, enterprise risk management should be considered one of the highest priorities of the Organization and should continue to enlist the support of senior leadership to ensure successful implementation.", "27. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee also noted that one of the four recommendations enumerated in paragraph 24 above (for a Chief Risk Officer) had yet to be implemented. The Committee wishes to reiterate the importance of such a post to the successful implementation of enterprise risk management Secretariat-wide. The Chief Risk Officer should have appropriate authority and adequate resources to achieve his/her related responsibilities.", "C. Effectiveness, efficiency and impact of the audit activities and other functions of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "28. The terms of reference provide for the Independent Audit Advisory Committee to advise the General Assembly on aspects of internal oversight (see resolution 61/275, annex, paras. 2 (c)-(e)). In undertaking its mandate, the Committee has maintained its standard practice of meeting with the Under-Secretary-General for Internal Oversight Services and other senior OIOS officials during its sessions. The discussions have focused on OIOS workplan execution, significant findings reported by OIOS, operational constraints (if any), post incumbency and the status of implementation by management of OIOS recommendations, including the top 10 to 20 recommendations that had not been implemented by management, strengthening investigations and funding arrangements.", "Workplan and budget of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for 2011-2012", "29. The responsibilities of the Committee with respect to OIOS are set out in the terms of reference and include the examination by the Committee of the workplans of OIOS, taking into account the workplans of the other oversight bodies and advising the General Assembly thereon.", "30. The Committee reported its observations and recommendations with regard to OIOS workplans in its report on the budget of OIOS under the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 (A/65/734) and in its report on the proposed programme budget for OIOS for the biennium 2012-2013 (A/66/85). In paragraph 25 of its report on the OIOS budget under the support account for peacekeeping operations for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 (A/64/652), the Committee recommended, inter alia, that OIOS undertake a review of its planning assumptions and estimates, in particular as they related to the available audit days (see also paras. 19-24). In its report (A/65/734, para. 14), the Committee, was pleased to note that OIOS had put the recommendation into effect, contributing to a reduction in the resource requirement for the Internal Audit Division.", "31. The Committee also reiterated its previous recommendation regarding residual risk and was encouraged to note that OIOS had included in its workplan for the regular budget, the audit of key controls that management has put in place to mitigate the inherent risks. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee looks forward to the implementation of the reiterated recommendations in this regard, especially those related to the systematic assessment of the residual risk as the basis for determining the overall level of resources allocated to OIOS.", "32. The Committee continued to monitor implementation of the workplans of the divisions in OIOS and the timelines of reports. In addressing OIOS delays in the issuance of its reports, the Committee stressed the importance of finalizing reports in a timely manner since the value of oversight work diminished when reports took too long to be completed.", "33. With respect to the regular budget of OIOS, the Committee, in its report (A/66/85), noted its support for the Deputy position requested by the Secretary-General. In the Committee’s view, the level of the position is important, given the proposed role and the operational protocols within the United Nations. The Committee therefore believes that the level of the position should reflect its duties and responsibilities and the level of similar positions in other United Nations organizational units.", "Vacant posts in the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "34. In its previous reports to the General Assembly, the Committee reported on the high number of vacancies in OIOS. Similarly, in its reports on United Nations peacekeeping operations and accounts (A/64/5 (Vol. II) and A/65/5 (Vol. II)), the Board of Auditors commented on the vacancy rate of resident auditors and investigators in peacekeeping missions and investigation hubs.", "35. OIOS informed the Committee that as at 31 May 2011, the overall vacancy rate in OIOS was 21.5 per cent, which is an improvement over the 23.2 per cent rate reported by the Committee in its previous annual report (A/65/329). The highest vacancy rates continue to be in the Investigations Division (25.5 per cent) and in the Internal Audit Division (22.4 per cent). In those two divisions, the vacancies related mainly to posts funded from the peacekeeping support account and extrabudgetary funds. For example, in the Investigations Division, as at 31 May 2011, 32.7 per cent of posts funded from the peacekeeping budget and 25.0 per cent of posts funded from the extrabudgetary account were vacant. Similarly, the vacancy rate for posts in the Internal Audit Division was 21.1 per cent (peacekeeping budget) and 30.6 per cent (extrabudgetary account), respectively.", "36. In its report (A/65/329), the Committee noted with concern that two posts at the Director level, namely, the Director of the Investigations Division and the Director of the Inspections and Evaluation Division, had not been filled. The Committee has since been informed that the two Directors have been hired and will be on board in August 2011. This will mean that all division head positions will be filled for the first time in many years.", "37. In its resolutions 64/263 and 65/250, the General Assembly endorsed the comments made previously by the Committee on the filling of vacancies in OIOS and requested the Secretary-General to ensure the full implementation of the relevant comments of the Committee. OIOS advised the Committee that it was taking steps to recruit staff and to lower the vacancy rates. Accordingly, the Committee was informed that the vacancy rate after August 2011 would be even lower after the several recruitment actions had been finalized. This effort notwithstanding, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee is concerned that the high vacancy rate in the Investigations Division, especially in the hubs, could affect the result of the pilot project on investigations, and requests that OIOS takes into account such effects when assessing the relative utility of endorsing one of the options. The Committee will continue to monitor steps taken by OIOS to expedite the filling of vacant posts, especially the resident auditor and investigation positions.", "Quality assessments of the Internal Audit Division of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "38. In 2011, the Internal Audit Division of the Office of Internal Oversight Services initiated a client satisfaction survey covering various aspects of its oversight function and shared the results of the surveys with the Committee. The client survey questionnaire, which related to year 2010, was conducted between February and March 2011 and covered overall feedback on the work of the Division; ratings of the internal audit staff; rating of the scope of the audit; and rating on the audit process and report.", "39. The Committee was informed that the survey result showed that 62.5 per cent of the clients agreed that audits contributed to the identification and management of key risks; the cost effectiveness of internal controls; the achievement of operational objectives; and an effective governance process. Based on the feedback from the client survey, the Committee was informed that OIOS planned to meet with the various clients to discuss concerns raised in such areas as knowledge of a client’s mandates, programmes and processes; timeliness of reporting; and accuracy of findings.", "40. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee continues to believe that the surveys initiated by OIOS are steps in the right direction since they provide an independent basis for OIOS to be able to assess the quality and value of its work, to identify the positive feedback from the respondents and to address areas in which corrective action was required. The Committee also believes that OIOS should strive to achieve a higher rate of satisfaction than the 62.5 per cent reported in 2011. The Committee also reaffirms its prior recommendation that OIOS supplement the client survey with specific outcome-based measurements that demonstrate the value that OIOS adds to the United Nations.", "41. According to the Institute of Internal Auditors Standard 1312, on external assessment, internal audit activities are to undergo an external assessment at least once every five years, starting 1 January 2002. During the reporting period, the Committee was informed that OIOS had engaged the Institute of Internal Auditors to undertake an external quality assessment. The objectives of the review are to assess the conformity of Internal Audit Division practices and processes with its audit manual and with the standards of the Institute of Internal Auditors, to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the Division in meeting the needs of stakeholders and to make recommendations to improve and streamline the internal audit process.", "42. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee looks forward to receiving the result of that assessment and encourages OIOS to extend such reviews to investigation and inspection and evaluation divisions.", "Strengthening investigations", "43. In its report (A/65/329), the Committee recalled that, in paragraph 18 of General Assembly resolution 62/247, on strengthening investigations, the Assembly had requested the Secretary-General to prepare for its consideration and approval, in close cooperation with the Office of Internal Oversight Services, a report providing detailed information on terms of reference with regard to the proposed comprehensive review of investigations in the United Nations.", "44. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee understood that, in response to the request of the General Assembly, a task force, chaired by the Deputy Secretary-General, had been established. The objective of the task force was to review the types of investigations being conducted in the Secretariat; make suggestions on the need to improve systems; examine steps that would be required to implement change; and prepare the terms of reference that had been requested by the Assembly in its resolution 62/247. The task force was supported by a working group that was tasked to conduct the review and report back to the task force. As a result of the review, the Committee has been informed that OIOS has been conducting an assessment of the workload that would result if OIOS were to assume the responsibility to conduct all investigations in the United Nations and an assessment of the amount of resources that would be entailed, before taking a final position in that respect. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee will continue to monitor developments in this area and looks forward to receiving an update on the key steps being taken to address the request of the Assembly. The Committee believes that there is a need for a more coordinated and integrated approach to investigation activities within the United Nations.", "Inspection and evaluation function", "45. In its report (A/66/85), the Committee reported that a decision to reduce the evaluation cycle from a period of 11 to 13 years to a period of 8 years had been approved by the Committee for Programme and Coordination in the strategic framework for the period 2012-2013 and by the General Assembly in its resolution 65/244. It was also noted that in the view of OIOS, an eight-year cycle of programme evaluation covering all 27 programmes was necessary in order to provide the Secretary-General and the Assembly with comprehensive programme-level evaluations on each of the programmes within a reasonable time frame.", "46. Included among the 27 programmes are those funded predominantly from extrabudgetary sources. According to the workplan that was presented to the Committee for the biennium 2012/2013, all but one of the five programmes under consideration for evaluation were funded 95 per cent or more from extrabudgetary sources. The Committee was further informed that all the inspection and evaluation activities are currently being funded from either the regular budget or the support account. This led the Independent Audit Advisory Committee to recommend in its report (A/66/85) that the issue of funding arrangements for OIOS be revisited in the light of the report that had been requested of the Secretary-General pursuant to paragraph 3, part III, of General Assembly resolution 61/275. The Committee would like to reiterate this recommendation.", "D. Financial reporting", "47. Under subparagraphs 2 (h) and (i) of the terms of reference, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee has the responsibility to advise the General Assembly on the operational implications of the issues and trends apparent in the financial statements of the Organization and the reports of the Board of Auditors, and on the appropriateness of accounting policies and disclosure practices; and to assess changes and risks in those policies.", "48. During the reporting period, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee engaged in discussions with the Board of Auditors and officials of the Office of Programme Planning, Budget and Accounts on a number of issues relating to financial reporting. The issues discussed included:", "(a) The status of implementation of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS) in the United Nations, including recent progress, challenges faced, the revised timeline for the implementation of IPSAS and the synchronization of the IPSAS timeline and strategy with that of the enterprise resource planning system project timeline;", "(b) Consideration of the growth in assessed and voluntary contributions and other trends in the financial statements.", "49. With respect to the growth in assessed and voluntary contributions, the Committee looked at the trends based on the reports of the Board of Auditors on the United Nations from 2002 to 2009 (see figure V). The Committee noted that the assessed contributions grew at a rate of 27 per cent in 2004-2005, 28 per cent in 2006-2007 and 17 per cent in 2008-2009. On the other hand, voluntary contributions grew by 48 per cent, 67 per cent, and 22 per cent during the same periods. The Committee also noted that as a percentage of total income, voluntary contributions had grown from 18 per cent in 2002-2003 to 26 per cent in 2008-2009. The Committee was informed that the Panel of External Auditors of the United Nations had also previously raised its concern on the matter in a letter to the Secretary-General.", "Figure V Trends in assessed and voluntary contributions^(a) (Thousands of United States dollars)", "[]", "^(a) As set out in the reports of the Board of Auditors on the United Nations (A/59/5 (Vol. I), chap. II; A/61/5 (Vol. I), chap. II; A/63/5 (Vol. I), chap. II; and A/65/5 (Vol. I), chap. II).", "50. As far as the reports of the Board of Auditors on the United Nations are concerned, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee believes that relying on voluntary contributions for one quarter of its financing exposes the Organization in general and the respective programmes in particular to risks which the Committee believes the Administration should articulate and mitigate. Furthermore, the Committee expresses concern regarding the sustainability of such significant overall contribution increases given the fiscal challenges facing many Member States.", "E. Coordination among United Nations oversight bodies", "General consideration", "51. During the reporting period, in addition to its regularly scheduled meetings with OIOS, the Committee also met with other oversight bodies, including the Joint Inspection Unit, the Audit Advisory Committee of the United Nations Development Programme and the Board of Auditors of the United Nations. Both the Independent Audit Advisory Committee and the Audit Advisory Committee of the United Nations Development Programme welcomed the opportunity to discuss issues of common interest. In separate meetings with the Board of Auditors, the Joint Inspection Unit and OIOS, the Committee took note of the positive relationship fostered through the tripartite coordination meetings of the oversight bodies and the sharing of workplans to avoid duplication.", "52. During the its fifteenth session, the Committee and the Board of Auditors continued to exchange experiences and discussed ways to enhance cooperation and effectiveness without prejudice to their respective mandates. The Committee and the Board also engaged in extensive discussions on the Board’s findings on the operational implications of the trends in the financial statements.", "53. The dialogue between the Board and the Committee allowed for the sharing of perspectives on matters of mutual concern and provided a useful opportunity for cooperation among United Nations oversight bodies.", "Other matters", "54. As part of its regular sessions with OIOS, the Committee was apprised of the developments pertaining to the proposal requested pursuant to paragraphs 19 and 20 of the General Assembly resolution 65/243 B regarding the willingness of the Board of Auditors to conduct performance audits. The matter was further discussed with the Board in an exchange of views.", "55. The Committee noted that the main purpose of the external audits was to express an opinion on the financial statements of the Organization. In so doing, the Committee recognized that the external auditors might become aware of issues of efficiency, economy and effectiveness, which could, in their professional judgement, serve as a basis for additional performance audit work that should be performed by them, OIOS or another appropriate audit entity. The Committee was informed that the Board of Auditors had been carrying out performance audits in the context of efficiency alone, as provided for in regulation 7.5 of the Financial Regulations and Rules of the United Nations.", "56. The Committee was cognizant of the fact that according to International Standards of Supreme Audit Institutions (ISSAI) Standard 5000, external auditors of publicly funded international institutions perform both regularity (the traditional financial statement audit) and performance audits. The Board of Auditors is seeking a strengthened mandate to cover the “three Es” (economy, efficiency and effectiveness), as well as the ability to issue stand-alone reports on the results. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee is of the view that should the General Assembly authorize the Board of Auditors to carry out additional performance audits, measures should be put in place to make sure that such audits are not unnecessarily or inappropriately duplicative or overlapping with those performed by OIOS. Ensuring the absence of overlap or duplication will require concerted effort between OIOS and the Board of Auditors and would necessitate the Board to place more emphasis on the work done by OIOS.", "57. The Committee was also informed that any performance audits initiated by the Board of Auditors, based on its financial audit work, would not result in additional costs to the Organization because there would be a realignment of the resources under the existing financial audit arrangement. However, additional costs would be incurred in the future, should the General Assembly request additional performance audits.", "F. Cooperation and access", "58. The Independent Audit Advisory Committee is pleased to report that it has received the full cooperation of the Joint Inspection Unit, the Board of Auditors, the Office of Internal Oversight Services and senior management in the Secretariat, including the Department of Management, in discharging its responsibilities. The Committee was also given appropriate access to the staff, documents and information it needed to undertake its work. The Committee looks forward to continued cooperation with the entities with whom the Committee interacts in order for it to discharge its responsibilities, as set out in the terms of reference, in a timely manner.", "IV. Conclusion", "59. Within the context of its terms of reference, the Independent Audit Advisory Committee provides the observations, comments and recommendations, as contained in paragraphs 9, 14, 17 to 20, 23, 26, 27, 31, 37, 40, 42, 44, 46, 50 and 56 above, for the consideration of the General Assembly." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目132", "审查联合国行政和财政业务效率", "独立审计咨询委员会2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的活动", "^(*) A/66/150。", "独立审计咨询委员会的报告", "摘要", "本报告述及2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的活动。独立审计咨询委员会(审咨委)在这段期间举行了4届会议，均由戴维·沃克(美利坚合众国)主持。沃克先生当选连任2011日历年度的主席。维贾延德拉·考尔(印度)担任副主席至2010年12月任期届满，其后由约翰·穆万加(乌干达)接替他担任副主席。审咨委所有成员——其中也酌情包括未寻求连任的考尔先生以及后来作为亚洲集团代表接替他担任副主席的维诺德·拉伊(印度)，都出席了本报告期间4届会议中的每一届会议。", "报告第二节概述了审咨委的活动、其各项建议的现况以及其2012年的计划。第三节载有审咨委的详细评论。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.独立审计咨询委员会的活动 3\nA.审咨委历届会议概览 3\nB.审咨委各项建议的现况 4\nC.审咨委2012年计划概述 5\n3.审咨委的详细评论意见 6\nA.联合国监督机构各项建议的现况 6\nB.风险管理和内部控制框架 9\nC.内部监督事务厅审计活动和其他职能的实效、效率和影响 10\nD.财务报告 13\nE.联合国监督机构之间的协调 15\nF.合作及准许接触 16\n4.结论 16", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第60/248号决议设立了独立审计咨询委员会，作为附属机构，担任专家咨询的工作，协助大会履行其监督责任。审咨委的职权范围(见大会第61/275号决议，附件)授权其每年举行4届会议。审咨委自2008年1月成立以来已举行15届会议。", "2. 审咨委按照其职权范围，每年向大会提交报告，其中摘要叙述它的活动和相关意见。本报告为第四次年度报告，涵盖期间为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日。", "3. 以前作为附件载于审咨委报告内的审咨委关于内部监督事务厅(监督厅)监督活动实效、效率和影响的意见、评论和建议，现已融入本报告主体第三节C中。大会第65/250号决议决定将审咨委报告(A/65/329)附件三所载事项的审议推迟至其第六十六届会议，并邀请审咨委视需要进一步提出咨询意见。审咨委重申其此前的建议，同时决定在本报告第三节B中提供此一信息。", "二. 独立审计咨询委员会的活动", "A. 审咨委历届会议概览", "4. 在本报告所述期间，独立审计咨询委员会举行了4届会议：2010年12月15日和16日(第十二届会议)、2011年2月15日至17日(第十三届会议)、2011年4月12日和13日(第十四届会议)和2011年7月11日至13日(第十五届会议)。所有各届会议均在联合国总部举行。", "5. 审咨委依照其已通过的议事规则进行运作，这些议事规则载于其第一次年度报告(A/63/328)的附件。迄今为止，审咨委所有成员的会议出席率为100%。审咨委的所有决定均一致通过；不过，其议事规则规定，成员可在记录中对经多数票通过的决定表示异议。", "6. 审咨委成员在2010年12月举行的第十二届会议上，选举戴维·沃克(美利坚合众国)连任2011年主席，选举约翰·穆万加(乌干达)为2011年副主席。关于审咨委的更多信息，请见联合国所有正式语文版本的审咨委网站(http://www.un.org/　ga/iaac/index.shtml)。", "7. 审咨委自成立以来向大会提交了11份报告，其中3份是在本报告所述期间提交的。这包括通过行政和预算问题咨询委员会提交大会的关于2012年至2013年期间监督厅拟议方案预算的报告(A/66/85)以及关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下的监督厅预算的报告(A/65/734)。审咨委还向大会提出了其2009年8月1日至2010年7月31日期间年度报告(A/65/329)。", "B. 审咨委各项建议的现况", "8. 截至2011年6月30日，审咨委在其各次报告中共计提出了82项建议。审咨委前几次年度报告(A/65/734和A/66/85)中提出的其中10项建议现正由大会审议。在其余72项建议中，大会已推迟至以后届会审议的有15项，已落实的有43项，正在落实的有14项。", "9. 在推迟审议的建议中，多数将至迟在大会第六十六届会议主要会期由大会审议(见第64/263号决议第6段和第65/250号决议第9段)。这些建议中的头一部分涉及内部监督，内容涵盖下列问题：监督厅业务独立性的定义、监督厅独立性受损的定义、对于监督厅独立性的年度保证、载列定义和术语的内部监督文件的编写、分发监督厅报告的规程以及拟任命和晋升工作人员的挑选。第二部分涉及关于问责的第65/250号决议，本报告第三节B作了详述。独立审计咨询委员会重申这些建议，并认为大会应当在其第六十六届会议上审议这些建议。", "10. 审咨委尽管每年只举行4届会议，每届会议为期两、三天，但迄今为止已取得相当大的成就，尤其是在监督厅业务方面。作为每届会议的一个常设议程项目，审咨委一直跟踪其各项建议的落实情况，并期待看到监督厅和管理部门采取的行动产生充分效果。审咨委在本报告所述期间提出的部分重大建议所涉及的是：", "(a) 监督厅和管理部门需要协调风险分类工作，以使监督厅基于风险的审计规划与行政部门已着手采用的企业风险管理框架相一致，从而避免主要利益攸关方之间出现混乱；", "(b) 秘书长建议在整体部门战略、部门内合作举措、司级活动监测以及该厅日常业务和行政职责方面为副秘书长提供支持；", "(c) 经重申的一项建议要求紧急采取行动，填补监督厅的空缺员额，特别是司长级别的员额，以确保监督厅履行其法定职能的效力和效率不受削弱；", "(d) 审咨委确认，监督厅已着手对主要控制措施进行的审计是朝着正确方向迈出的一步，同时重申建议监督厅对残余风险作一次系统的评估，以更好地估定分配给监督厅的资源总数，并在现有资源数额范围内更好地确定审计任务；", "(e) 审咨委重申其建议，即：包括内部审计司在内的监督厅各司均应报告所取得的成果，从而说明向本组织提供的服务的价值；", "(f) 有必要重新讨论监督厅的供资安排问题，尤其是涉及由预算外资源供资的行动和实体时的供资安排；", "(g) 建议审咨委不反对合理地裁减涉及监督厅的预算，条件是会员国决定采取这一立场，与此同时重申审咨委的立场，即：主管内部监督事务副秘书长应当能够灵活决定如何进行任何整体裁减。", "C. 审咨委2012年计划概述", "11. 审咨委按照大会及行政和预算问题咨询委员会的会议日程安排，根据其任务授权履行职责。审咨委将继续安排自身会议和活动，以确保与政府间机构协调互动并及时提出其报告。审咨委在对其工作计划进行初步审查时，确定了将成为其2012年会计年度所有4届会议工作焦点的若干主要领域(见下表)。", "表", "审咨委2012年工作计划", "会议届次 主要焦点领域 政府间机构对审咨委报告的审议", "第十七届 2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下的监督厅拟议预算 行政和预算问题咨询委员会，2012年第一季度", "监督机构之间的协调与合作", "第十八届 监督机构各项建议的落实状况 大会", "风险管理和内部控制", "监督机构之间的协调与合作", "第十九届 审计委员会财务报表和报告中所述问题和趋势对业务活动的影响 大会第六十六届会议主要会期", "联合国监督机构之间的合作", "审咨委年度报告的编写", "第二十届 监督厅风险评估结果", "监督厅2013年工作计划", "审查监督厅涉及维持和平行动支助账户的预算 行政和预算问题咨询委员会，2013年第一季度", "本组织企业风险管理和内部控制框架的审查", "选举2013年主席和副主席", "12. 审咨委在讨论2012年工作规划时，确定了下列相关活动：", "(a) 由大会审议审咨委在其年度报告中提出的(A/64/288，附件)、但大会决定推迟到至迟于大会第六十六届会议主要会期审议(第64/263号决议，第6段)的关于监督厅的建议；", "(b) 由大会审议审咨委在其年度报告中提出的(A/65/329,附件三)、但大会决定推迟到至迟于大会第六十六届会议主要会期审议(第65/250号决议，第二部分，第9段)的关于问责制的建议；", "(c) 鉴于两名成员的任期将于2011年12月31日届满，大会将需在其第六十六届会议上任命两人填补由此产生的空缺。获任者任期将为三年，从2012年1月1日开始。", "三. 审咨委的详细评论意见", "A. 联合国监督机构各项建议的现况", "13. 在本报告所述期间，审咨委根据常规做法审查了管理部门对联合国监督机构各项建议的落实状况。据审计委员会在其关于2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日12个月期间联合国维持和平行动的报告(A/65/5(Vol.II))中指出，所提出的涉及2009年6月30日终了财政期间维持和平行动相关建议的落实率为44%。审计委员会注意到，与往年相比，所提建议的落实率有所提高，见下图一。", "图一", "维持和平行动所涉建议的落实率", "14. 审咨会确认落实率有所提高，并注意到审计委员会有关维持和平行动的大多数建议在三年后都获得充分落实，但是审咨委仍然认为，存在着改进的余地，及时落实这些建议对于提高问责度至关重要。", "15. 审咨会还获得了对审计委员会报告内各项与维持和平行动有关建议所涉重点领域的趋势分析结果。如图二所示，在过去五年里，涉及后勤支持的建议数目最多。针对一个重点领域提出如此众多的建议，也许表明存在着一些有待解决的系统性问题，或存在着一些活动频繁的领域。", "图二", "审计委员会所提建议中涉及的重点领域", "16. 在监督机构之间的合作与协调方面，独立审计咨询委员会在其报告(A/65/329)附件一第8段中指出，监督厅可以对系统性共有问题进行更多的审计，以此增加其监督工作的价值。因此，审咨委建议监督厅更注重强调对共有问题的审计(横向审计)，以查明需要管理部门优先处理的普遍系统性问题。", "17. 审咨委后来获悉，就维持和平行动而言，监督厅计划在2011年对此类共有/系统性问题进行审计，审计内容涉及信息和通信技术管理、因特网出版、安全管理、维持和平行动中人力资源管理改革的实施以及一个民事方案。所审议的领域大多数属于后勤支持范围。独立审计咨询委员会将继续跟进监督厅的审计，并期待这些审计的及时完成。", "18. 关于监督厅提出的建议，审咨委听取了管理部门就与这些建议落实情况有关的趋势所作的通报。管理部门告诉审咨委：在三年之后，监督厅的大多数建议都已得到充分落实；相关单位继续提请管理委员会注意仍未落实的关键或高风险建议。独立审计咨询委员会谨借此机会肯定管理委员会在加强秘书处内部问责方面起着重要作用，并重申管理委员会应当继续同包括独立审计咨询委员会在内的监督机构举行会议，每年至少一次。", "19. 关于监督厅每年提出的建议总数，管理部门告知审咨委，建议总数没有多大变化，略微从2006年的2 270项减少到2010年的2 015项(见下图三)。在其年度报告(A/64/288)第35段中，审咨委没有对建议总数作评判，而是鼓励监督厅把注意力集中于建议的质量和所增价值而不是建议的数量。后来，独立审计咨询委员会获悉，监督厅已概要订立了一项就尚待落实的建议进行监测和汇报的新计划，该计划将帮助消除迄今已表达的各种关切。审咨委将继续监测这个问题，以确保它得到成功落实。", "图三", "内部监督事务厅每年所提建议总数", "20. 审咨委还接到了关于联合检查组所提建议落实情况的最新信息。根据联检组的年度报告，秘书处2004年至2009年期间对联合检查组所提建议的总体接受率为54.4%，而2004年至2008年期间则为41.3%。2004年至2009年期间的总体落实率为35.3%，而2004年至2008年期间则为33.3%。审咨委获悉，秘书处在落实联合检查组建议方面面临种种挑战，例如其中有些建议是针对大会提出的，管理部门无法控制。图四显示联合检查组在其年度报告中报告的秘书处的总体落实率/接受率。独立审计咨询委员会注意到，接受率有所提高；它在确认管理部门所面临挑战的同时，鼓励秘书处提高其对联合检查组所提涉及秘书处的建议的落实率。", "图四", "联合检查组所提建议的落实/接受情况", "B. 风险管理和内部控制框架", "21. 独立审计咨询委员会的职权范围(见大会第61/275号决议，附件)第2段(f)和(g)分段具体责成审咨委就风险管理程序的质量和总体实效以及就联合国内部控制框架中存在的不足之处向大会提供咨询。", "22. 审咨委在其报告(A/65/329)附件三中载述了对题为“在联合国秘书处实行问责制度”的大会第64/259号决议执行情况的评论意见。大会在其关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告的第65/250号决议中，决定把对这些建议的审议推迟到第六十六届会议主要会期。与此同时，大会邀请审咨委视需要就其职权范围内的相关问题进一步提出咨询意见。", "23. 关于问责制度，审咨委听取了关于管理部门迄今在执行第64/259号决议方面所取得进展的通报。独立审计咨询委员会肯定这些成就，包括完成了问责制网站的最终建立，同时决定重申其报告(A/65/329)附件三内载述的所有建议，即：", "• 秘书长应把企业风险管理纳入方案规划进程(第7段)。", "• 由秘书长负责设计、监测和评价问责制度(第8段)。", "• 大会应考虑扩大问责制的定义，使其包含增加价值和管理风险；此外，风险应界定为包含财务、业务、声誉和人力资源方面的风险(第9段)。", "• 问责制定义中应包括提到承包人和咨询人的义务(第10段)。", "• 秘书处应制定一个经明确界定和妥善编拟的实施计划(第12段)。", "24. 审咨委在其第一次年度报告(A/63/328)中就第一次问责制报告提出了若干项建议，其中包括：(a) 在一些选定的组织单位分阶段实施企业风险管理(b) 有必要拟订一份针对管理人员的文件，向高级管理层明确说明采用企业风险管理和内部控制框架有哪些好处，此外也有必要在本组织实施计划中包括一项结构化培训方案和一项面向全体工作人员的传播战略；(c) 项目的监督工作应指定一个高级别委员会——例如现有的管理委员会——承担，以便展示高级管理层对实施工作的承诺；(d) 设立一个首席风险官职位。", "25. 在与管理部门进行讨论之后，审咨委获悉，企业风险管理仍然是秘书处所面临的一个重大挑战。审咨委还获悉，秘书处已在主管管理事务副秘书长办公室内设立一个协调中心，以便为企业风险管理框架的未来执行奠定基础。管理部门还告诉审咨委，企业风险管理政策框架已得到管理委员会的认可，并将提交大会第六十六届会议审议。审咨委还获悉，管理委员会也将充当负责处理与企业风险管理有关问题的委员会。", "26. 独立审计咨询委员会赞扬管理部门为执行企业风险管理而正在采取的步骤，并认为，鉴于本组织的规模和复杂性，应当把企业风险管理视为本组织的最高优先事项之一，而且应当继续争取高级领导层的支持，以确保成功执行这项工作。", "27. 独立审计咨询委员会还指出，上文第24段所述四项建议中关于设置首席风险官的建议尚未得到落实。审咨委愿重申，设立此员额对于在全秘书处实施企业风险管理而言很主要。首席风险官应当拥有适当的授权和足够供他/她履行相关职责的资源。", "C. 内部监督事务厅审计活动和其他职能的实效、效率和影响", "28. 独立审计咨询委员会的职权范围规定审咨委就内部监督的各个方面向大会提供咨询(见第61/275号决议，附件，第2段(c)至(e))。在履行任务过程中，审咨委保持了它的常规做法，在审咨委届会期间会见主管内部监督事务副秘书长和监督厅其他高级官员。讨论的重点是监督厅工作计划的执行、监督厅报告的重大调查结果、业务工作上的任何制约因素、员额占用情况以及管理部门落实监督厅建议的现况，包括管理部门尚未落实的10至20个最重要建议、调查力度的加大以及供资上的安排。", "内部监督事务厅2011-2012年工作计划和预算", "29. 审咨委职权范围中规定了其涉及监督厅的职责，其中包括审查监督厅的工作计划，同时考虑到其他监督机构的工作计划，并就此向大会提供咨询。", "30. 审咨委在其关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下的监督厅预算的报告(A/65/734)以及关于监督厅2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的报告(A/66/85)中，提出了其对于监督厅工作计划的意见和建议。在其关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下的监督厅预算的报告(A/64/652)第25段中，审咨委除其他外建议监督厅审查它的规划假设和估计数，尤其是鉴于它们涉及可用审计天数(另见第19至24段)。审咨委在其报告中(A/65/734，第14段)高兴地注意到监督厅已将这项建议付诸实施，从而有助于减少内部审计司的资源需求量。", "31. 审咨委还重申它以前就残余风险问题提出的建议，并深感鼓舞地注意到，监督厅已在其涉及经常预算的工作计划中纳入对管理部门为减轻内在风险而实行的重要控制措施的审计。独立审计咨询委员会期待所重申的此方面建议得到落实，尤其是那些关于系统性评估残余风险，作为确定分配给监督厅的资源总数的依据的建议。", "32. 审咨委继续监测监督厅各司工作计划的执行情况以及各报告的提交时间表。关于监督厅延迟提出报告的问题，审咨委强调及时最终完成报告的重要性，因为如果完成报告的时间过长，就会减损监督工作的价值。", "33. 关于监督厅的经常预算，审咨委在其报告(A/66/85)中表示支持秘书长提出的关于设置副手的要求。审咨委认为，鉴于该职位的拟议作用以及联合国内的业务规程，其职等很重要。因此，审咨委认为，这一职位的职等应当反映其所承担的任务和职责以及联合国其他组织单位类似职位的职等。", "监督厅内的空缺员额", "34. 审咨委曾在以往提交大会的报告中报告说，监督厅内空缺数目偏高。同样，审计委员会在其关于联合国维持和平行动和账户的报告(A/64/5(Vol.II)和A/65/5 (Vol.II))中也就各维持和平特派团和各调查中心的驻地审计员和调查员空缺率作了评论。", "35. 监督厅告知审咨委，截至2011年5月31日，监督厅整体空缺率为21.5%，低于审咨委上次年度报告(见A/65/329)中报告的23.2%空缺率。空缺率最高的仍然是调查司(25.5%)和内部审计司(22.4%)。这两个司出缺的主要是经常预算和维持和平支助账户供资员额。例如，在调查司，截至2011年5月31日，32.7%由经常预算供资的员额和25.0%由维持和平支助账户供资的员额出缺。同样，内部审计司员额空缺率分别为21.1%(维持和平预算)和30.6%(预算外账户)。", "36. 审咨委在其报告(A/65/329)中关切地注意到，两个司长级员额——即调查司司长及检查和评价司司长——尚未填补。审咨委后来获悉，这两个司长均已聘请，将于2011年8月上任。这意味着所有司长级员额在多年来将首次填满。", "37. 大会在其第64/263号和第65/250号决议中认可审咨委以前就监督厅空缺填补问题所作的评论，并请秘书长确保充分落实审咨委的相关评论。监督厅告知审咨委，它正采取步骤征聘工作人员并降低空缺率。其后，审咨委获悉，在若干招聘行动最终完成后，2011年8月以后的空缺率将会更低。尽管作出了这一努力，但独立审计咨询委员会感到关切的是，调查司——特别是各调查中心——的空缺率很高，可能影响与调查有关的试点项目的结果，因而请监督厅在评估核可某项备选方案的相对益处时，把此类影响考虑进去。审咨委将继续监测监督厅为加快填补空缺员额尤其是驻地审计员和调查员职位而采取的步骤。", "内部监督事务厅内部审计司的质量评估", "38. 2011年，内部监督事务厅内部审计司就客户满意度展开了一项调查，涵盖其监督职能的各个方面。该司向审咨委通报了调查结果。客户调查表涉及2010年，于2011年2月至3月进行，内容包括对该司工作的总体反馈、对内部审计人员的评分、对审计范围的评分以及对审计程序和报告的评分。", "39. 审咨委获悉，调查结果显示，有62.5%的客户同意认为审计工作有助于确定并管理重大风险；提高内部控制的成本效益；实现业务目标；使管理过程具备效力。根据从客户调查中获得的反馈意见，审咨委获悉，监督厅计划与各方面客户进行会晤，以讨论客户在一些方面提出的关切，例如对客户任务、方案和流程的了解；报告的提交时间表；调查结果的准确性。", "40. 独立审计咨询委员会仍然认为，监督厅开展这些调查是朝正确方向迈出的步伐，因为这些调查可为监督厅提供独立依据，供该厅评估其工作的质量和价值，了解答卷人的积极反馈，并处理需要采取纠正行动的方面。审咨委还认为，监督厅应努力使满意率在2011年报告的62.5%的基础上有所提高。审咨委还重申其以前的建议，即：监督厅应采用基于成果的具体衡量措施，反映该厅给联合国带来的增值，以此补充所进行的客户调查。", "41. 根据内部审计师协会关于外部评估的标准1312，从2002年1月1日开始，内部审计活动至少应每5年作一次外部评估。在本报告所述期间，审咨委获悉，监督厅请内部审计师协会进行了一次外部质量评估。审查的目的是评估内部审计司的做法和流程是否符合其审计手册及内部审计师协会所订标准，评估该司满足各利益攸关方需求的效率和效力，以及就改进和简化内部审计流程提出建议。", "42. 独立审计咨询委员会期待收到此次评估的结果，同时鼓励监督厅将此类审查扩展到调查司以及检查和评价司。", "加强调查", "43. 审咨委在其报告(A/65/329)中回顾，大会关于加强调查的第62/247号决议第18段请秘书长与内部监督事务厅密切合作，编写一份报告，供大会审议和批准，其中应详细说明拟议对联合国内部调查工作进行的全面审查的职权范围。", "44. 独立审计咨询委员会了解到，应大会要求，一个由常务副秘书长担任主席的工作队业已设立。该工作队的宗旨是审查在秘书处进行的各种类型调查，就改进系统的需要提出建议，研究进行变革所需的步骤，以及拟订大会第62/247号决议要求的职权范围。该工作队由一个工作组提供辅助，工作组的任务是进行审查并向工作队提出汇报。经过此一审查，审咨委获悉，监督厅一直在评估如果监督厅承担联合国内部的所有调查责任即会产生的工作量，而且也在评估届时将需要的资源数量，其后会就此作出最后决定。独立审计咨询委员会将继续监测这方面的情况发展，并期待获悉关于为满足大会要求而采取的关键步骤的最新情况。审咨委认为，有必要以更加统筹协调的方式对待联合国内部的调查活动。", "检查和评价职能", "45. 审咨委在其报告(A/66/85)中报告说，方案和协调委员会在2012-2013年期间战略框架中核准了关于将评价周期从11至13年缩短到8年的决定，大会第65/244号决议也核准了这项决定。报告中还说，监督厅认为有必要对所有27个方案进行八年一周期的方案评价，以便在合理的时间框架内向秘书长和大会提供对每一方案的方案一级全面评价。", "46. 27项方案中包括主要由预算外资金供资的项目。根据提交审咨委的2012-2013两年期工作计划，在拟评价的五个方案中，除一个方案之外，95%或以上的供资都来自预算外来源。审咨委还获悉，所有检查和评价活动目前都由经常预算或支助账户供资。独立审计咨询委员会因此在其报告(A/66/85)中建议根据大会第61/275号决议第三部分第3段要求秘书长提交的报告来重新考虑监督厅的供资安排问题。", "D. 财务报告", "47. 审咨委职权范围第2段(h)和(i)分段中规定，独立审计咨询委员会有责任就本组织财务报表和审计委员会报告中反映的问题和趋势对业务工作产生的影响，并就会计政策和披露做法的适当性，向大会提供咨询；此外也有责任对这些政策的变化和风险作出评估。", "48. 在本报告所述期间，独立审计咨询委员会同审计委员会以及方案规划、预算和账户厅官员讨论了涉及财务报告的若干问题。所讨论的问题包括：", "(a) 联合国实施国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的现况，包括最近的进展、面临的挑战、订正的公共部门会计准则实施时间表、公共部门会计准则实施时间表和战略同企业资源规划系统项目时间表的同步一致；", "(b) 对摊款和自愿捐款的增长情况以及财务报表中反映的其它趋势的审议。", "49. 关于摊款和自愿捐款的增长情况，审咨委根据审计委员会2002年至2009年关于联合国的报告，讨论了有关趋势(见图五)。审咨委注意到，摊款在2004-2005年期间的增长率为27%，2006-2007年期间的增长率为28%，2008-2009年的增长率为17%。另一方面，自愿捐款在相同期间的增长率分别为48%、67%和22%。审咨委还注意到，自愿捐款在总收入中所占百分比从2002-2003年的18%增至2008-2009年的26%。审咨委获悉，联合国外聘审计团以前也曾在给秘书长的信中提出了它对此事的关切。", "图五", "摊款和自愿捐款的趋势^(a)", "(千美元)", "^(a)　根据审计委员会关于联合国的报告中所列数字(A/59/5(Vol.I)，第二章；A/61/5 (Vol.I)，第二章；A/63/5(Vol.I)，第二章；A/65/5(Vol.I)，第二章)。", "50. 就审计委员会关于联合国的报告而言，独立审计咨询委员会认为，其四分之一的资金依靠自愿捐款，这使整个联合国，特别是各个方案面临种种风险。审咨委认为，行政部门应当明确阐述并且减轻这些风险。此外，鉴于许多会员国面临财政困难，审咨委对总体捐款方面的此种大幅增加是否能够持久表示担忧。", "E. 联合国监督机构之间的协调", "一般性考虑", "51. 在本报告所述期间，除了安排同监督厅举行定期会议之外，独立审计咨询委员会还与其他监督机构举行了会议，其中包括联合检查组、联合国开发计划署审计咨询委员会和联合国审计委员会。审咨委和联合国开发计划署审计咨询委员会都欢迎有机会讨论共同关心的问题。审咨委在单独与审计委员会、联合检查组和监督厅举行会议时注意到，通过监督机构的三方协调会议以及彼此交流工作计划以免重复，有关各方形成了积极的相互关系。", "52. 审咨委在其第十五届会议上，继续同审计委员会交流经验，讨论了在不妨碍各自授权任务情况下加强合作与实效的方法。审咨委和审计委员会还深入讨论了审计委员会关于财务报表所反映趋势对业务工作的影响的调查结果。", "53. 审计委员会和审咨委之间的对话使双方能够交流共同关心事项的看法，并为联合国各监督机构之间的合作提供一个有益的机会。", "其他事项", "54. 作为其与监督厅定期举行会议的一部分，审咨委获得了关于相关情况发展的通报，涉及大会第65/243 B号决议中关于审计委员会愿意进行业绩审计的第19和第20段要求提出的建议。在意见交流期间与审计委员会进一步讨论了这个问题。", "55. 审咨委指出，外部审计的主要目的是就本组织的财务报表发表意见。审咨委确认，在此过程中，外部审计员也许会发觉存在效率、经济核算和效力方面的问题；对于这些问题，他们可根据其专业判断，将其作为应当由他们、监督厅或另一个适当审计实体进行进一步业绩审计的依据。审咨委获悉，审计委员会一直在按照《联合国财务条例和细则》第7.5条的规定，仅从效率角度进行业绩审计。", "56. 审咨委意识到这样一个事实：根据《最高审计机关国际准则》的准则5000，由公共资金供资的国际机构的外部审计员既进行常规审计(传统的财务报表审计)也进行业绩审计。审计委员会正在争取一项强化授权，以便涵盖三个方面(“三个E”)，即经济合算、效率和效力，同时也力求获得就审计结果提出相关独立报告的能力。审咨委认为，如果大会授权审计委员会进行额外的业绩审计，就应当实行措施，确保此类审计不会与监督厅所从事的审计发生无谓或不当的重复或重叠。为确保不出现重复或重叠，监督厅和审计委员会之间必须协同努力，而且审计委员会必须更加重视监督厅所做的工作。", "57. 审咨委还获悉，审计委员会在其财务审计工作基础上启动的任何业绩审计都不会给本组织带来额外费用，因为其间将会对现有财务审计安排下的资源进行调整。然而，如果大会要求进行更多的业绩审计，则未来将会产生额外费用。", "F. 合作及准许接触", "58. 独立审计咨询委员会要高兴地报告，它在履行职责过程中得到了联合检查组、审计委员会、内部监督事务厅和包括管理事务部在内的秘书处各高级管理部门的通力合作。审咨委也获许适当接触它为履行职责而需接触的工作人员、文件和资料。审咨委期待同那些与审咨委有互动关系的实体继续合作，以便适时履行其职权范围中规定的职责。", "四. 结论", "59. 独立审计委员会根据其职权范围内的规定，提出上文第9、14、17至20、23、26、27、31、37、40、42、44、46、50和56段中载述的意见、评论和建议，供大会审议。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目132", "审查联合国行政和财政业务效率", "独立审计咨询委员会2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间的活动", "独立审计咨询委员会的报告", "内容提要", "本报告所述期间为2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日。 在此期间,独立审计咨询委员会(审咨委)举行了四届会议,均由David M. Walker(美利坚合众国)主持。 沃克先生被再次选为2011日历年主席。 维贾延德拉 考尔(印度)担任副主席至2010年12月任期届满,之后约翰·穆万加(乌干达)接任副主席. 在本报告所述期间,委员会所有成员,包括不寻求连任的考尔先生和接替他担任亚洲集团代表的维诺德·拉伊(印度),都出席了这四届会议。", "报告第二节概述了委员会的活动、其建议的现状及其2011年计划。 第三节载有委员会的详细评论。", "目录", "页次\n一、导 言. 3 独立审计咨询委员会的活动3\nA. 委员会届会概览 3\nB. 委员会的建议的现况 4\n委员会\n2012. 三 (中文(简体) ). 联合国\nA. 联合国监督建议的现状\nB. 风险管理和内部控制\nC. 内部监督事务厅审计活动和其他职能的效力、效率和影响\nD. 财务. 15\nE. 联合国监督机关的协调 16\nF. 合作 18 - 18 3\n访问\n四、结 论 结论 18", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第60/248号决议设立了独立审计咨询委员会,作为一个附属机构,以专家咨询身份提供服务并协助其履行监督职责。 根据其职权范围(见大会第61/275号决议,附件),委员会被授权每年举行最多四届会议。 委员会自2008年1月成立以来已举行了15届会议。", "2. 联合国 根据其职权范围,委员会向大会提交年度报告,概述其活动和相关咨询意见。 本第四次年度报告涵盖2010年8月1日至2011年7月31日期间。", "3个 委员会关于内部监督事务厅(监督厅)监督活动的效力、效率和影响的意见、评论和建议,以前已作为委员会报告的附件列入本报告正文第三.C节。 大会第65/250号决议决定把对委员会报告(A/65/329)附件三所载问题的审议推迟到第六十六届会议进行,并请委员会提供它认为必要的任何进一步意见。 委员会重申其先前的建议,决定将这一资料列入第三节。 本报告B节。", "二. 独立审计咨询委员会的活动", "A类. 二. 委员会届会概览", " 4.四. 在本报告所述期间,委员会举行了四届会议:2010年12月15日和16日(第十二届会议);2011年2月15日至17日(第十三届会议);2011年4月12日和13日(第十四届会议);2011年7月11日至13日(第十五届会议)。 所有会议均在联合国总部举行。", "5 (韩语). 委员会按照其第一次年度报告(A/63/328)附件所载已通过的议事规则开展工作。 迄今为止,委员会所有成员的出席率都达到100%。 委员会的所有决定都是一致的;然而,委员会的议事规则规定,委员会成员可记录他们对多数人所作决定的异议。", "6. 国家 在2010年12月举行的第十二届会议上,委员会成员再次选举David M. Walker(美利坚合众国)为主席并选举John Muwanga(乌干达)为2011年副主席。 关于该委员会的更多资料可在其网站上以联合国所有正式语文查阅(见http://www.un.org/ga/iaac/index.shtml)。", "7. 联合国 委员会自成立以来已向大会提交了11份报告,其中3份报告是在本报告所述期间提交的。 其中包括通过行政和预算问题咨询委员会向大会提交的两份关于监督厅2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的报告(A/66/85)和关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下监督厅预算的报告(A/65/734)。 委员会还印发了提交大会的2009年8月1日至2010年7月31日期间年度报告(A/65/329)。", "B. 委员会的建议的现况", "8. 国家 截至2011年6月30日,委员会共在其报告中提出了82项建议。 委员会以往报告(A/65/734和A/66/85)所载的10项建议已提交大会。 其余72项建议包括大会已推迟到以后各届会议提出的15项建议、已执行的43项建议和正在执行的14项建议。", "9. 国家 大多数被推迟的建议将至迟于大会第六十六届会议主要会期审议(见第64/263号决议第6段和第65/250号决议第5段)。 9. 第一套建议涉及内部监督并涉及下列问题:监督厅业务独立性的定义;对监督厅独立性的减损的定义;监督厅独立性的年度保证;制定载有定义和术语的内部监督文件;分发监督厅报告的程序;以及任用和晋升工作人员的甄选。 第二套涉及关于问责制的第65/250号决议,第三节对此作了详细论述。 本报告B节。 独立审计咨询委员会重申这些建议,并认为大会第六十六届会议必须审议这些建议。", "10个 虽然委员会每届会议每年只举行4次会议,为期2至3天,但委员会迄今取得了重大成就,特别是在监督厅的业务方面。 委员会作为每届会议的标准议程项目跟踪其建议的执行情况并期待着看到监督厅和管理层所采取行动的全面效果。 委员会在本报告所述期间提出的一些重要建议涉及:", "(a) 国家 监督厅和管理层需要协调风险分类程序,使监督厅基于风险的审计规划进程与行政当局已开始的企业风险管理框架保持一致,以避免主要利益攸关方之间的混淆;", "(b) 国家 秘书长建议在部门总体战略、部门内合作倡议、监测各司活动以及办公室的业务和行政责任方面向副秘书长提供支助;", "(c)) 再次呼吁采取紧急行动来填补监督厅的空缺员额,特别是司长一级的空缺员额,以确保监督厅履行其法定职能的效力和效率不受影响;", "(d) 国家 虽然审咨委承认监督厅对关键控制措施的审计是朝着正确方向迈出的一步,但再次建议监督厅对剩余风险进行系统评估,以更好地评估分配给监督厅的资源总额并在现有资源范围内更好地确定审计任务;", "(e) 协助 再次建议监督厅各司,包括内部审计司,通过报告成果的实现情况,显示向本组织提供服务的价值;", "(f) 需要重新审视监督厅的供资安排问题,特别是涉及由预算外资源供资的业务和实体;", "(g) 建议委员会在会员国决定采取这种立场时,不反对合理削减涉及监督厅的预算数额,同时重申委员会的立场,即主管内部监督事务副秘书长应具有决定如何实现全面削减的灵活性。", " C C. 委员会2012年计划概览", "11个 委员会按照大会及行政和预算问题咨询委员会届会的时间安排,承担了职权范围规定的职责。 委员会将继续安排其届会和活动,以确保与政府间机构的协调互动并及时提供其报告。 委员会在对其工作计划的初步审查中确定了若干关键领域,这些领域将成为2012财政年度四届会议的工作重点(见表)。", "委员会2012年工作计划", "主要重点领域 政府间审议委员会的报告\n2012年7月1日至2013年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下监督厅第十七个拟议预算\n协调和合作监督机构\n第十八次监督机构建议的执行情况\n风险管理和内部控制\n协调和合作监督机构\n大会第六十六届会议主要会期审计委员会财务报表和报告的问题和趋势所涉业务问题\n联合国各监督机构之间的合作\n编写委员会年度报告\n监督厅2013年工作计划\n审查监督厅维持和平行动支助帐户的预算 2013年第一季度对本组织企业风险管理和内部控制框架的审查\n选举2013年主席和副主席", "12个 在关于2012年规划的讨论中,委员会确定了以下相关活动:", "(a) 大会审议审咨委在其年度报告(A/64/288,附件)中就监督厅提出的建议,并至迟于大会第六十六届会议主要会期审议这些建议(第64/263号决议,第3段)。 (a) 与《公约》第6条有关的问题;", "(b) 大会审议委员会在其年度报告(A/65/329,附件三)中就问责制所提出的建议,并至迟于大会第六十六届会议审议这些建议(第65/250号决议,第二部分,第2段)。 (c) 与《公约》有关的其他事项", "(c)) 由于两名成员的任期将于2011年12月31日届满,大会第六十六届会议需要任命二人以补空缺。 获任命者任期三年,自2012年1月1日起。", "三. 委员会的详细评论", "A类. 联合国监督机构建议的现况", "13个 在本报告所述期间,委员会作为一项标准做法,审查了管理层执行联合国监督机构建议的情况。 根据审计委员会关于2009年7月1日至2010年6月30日12个月期间联合国维持和平行动的报告(A/65/5(Vol.II),第二章),2009年6月30日终了财政期间就维持和平行动所提建议的执行率为44%。 审计委员会注意到,如下图一所示,与往年相比,建议执行率有所提高。", "图一 维持和平行动执行率", "[]", "14个 独立审计咨询委员会虽然承认执行率有所提高,并注意到审计委员会关于维持和平行动的大部分建议在三年后得到全面执行,但仍认为仍有改进的余地,而及时执行建议对于加强问责制至关重要。", "15个 咨询委员会还收到了对审计委员会关于维持和平行动的各项报告所载各项建议所涉主要领域的趋势分析。 如图二所示,过去五年来,后勤支助的建议数量最多。 在一个主要领域提出大量建议可以表明需要解决的系统性问题或高活动领域。", "图二 审计委员会建议所涉领域", "[]", "16号. 在监督机构之间合作与协调的背景下,独立审计咨询委员会在其报告(A/65/329)附件一第8段中指出,监督厅可以通过对共有和系统性问题进行更多审计来增加其监督工作的价值。 因此,委员会建议监督厅更加重视对共有问题的审计(横向审计),以便确定需要管理层优先处理的普遍的系统性问题。", "17岁。 此后,行预咨委会获悉,就维持和平行动而言,监督厅计划在2011年对此类交叉/系统问题进行审计,包括信息和通信技术治理、因特网出版、安全管理、维持和平行动人力资源管理改革的执行情况以及民政方案。 审议中的大部分领域属于后勤支助范围。 独立审计咨询委员会将继续与监督厅一起采取后续行动并期待着及时完成这些审计。", "18岁。 关于监督厅所提出的建议,委员会听取了管理层关于与执行建议有关的趋势的简报。 委员会从管理层获悉,监督厅的大部分未执行建议在三年后已得到充分执行,仍未执行的关键或高风险建议继续被提请管理委员会注意。 独立审计咨询委员会想借此机会确认管理委员会在加强秘书处问责制方面发挥的重要作用,并再次申明管理委员会应继续与包括独立审计咨询委员会在内的监督机构举行会议,至少每年举行一次会议。", " 19. 19. 关于监督厅每年提出的建议数量,审咨委从管理层获悉,建议数量几乎保持不变,从2006年的2 270项略降至2010年的2 015项(见下文图三)。 委员会在其年度报告(A/64/288)第35段中,没有就建议的数量作出判断,而是鼓励监督厅集中关注质量和附加值,而不是数量。 因此,独立审计咨询委员会获悉,监督厅概述了监测和报告尚未执行的建议的新计划,这将有助于减轻迄今所关切的问题。 委员会将继续监测这一问题,以确保成功执行。", "图三", "每年内部监督事务厅建议总数", "[]", "20号. 委员会还收到了联合检查组所提出建议的最新执行情况。 根据联检组的年度报告,2004-2009年期间,秘书处对其建议的接受率为54.4%,而2004-2008年期间为41.3%。 2004-2009年期间的总执行率为35.3%,而2004-2008年期间则为44%。 委员会获悉,秘书处在执行联合检查组的建议方面面临挑战,包括有些建议是向大会提出的,管理部门无法控制这些建议。 图四显示联合检查组年度报告中报告的秘书处总体执行率/接受率。 独立审计咨询委员会注意到接受率的提高,并承认管理层面临的挑战,同时鼓励秘书处提高联检组向秘书处所提建议的执行率。", "图四 联合检查组建议的执行情况/接受情况", "[]", "B. 风险管理和内部控制框架", "21. 委员会职权范围第2(f)和(g)分段(见大会第61/275号决议,附件)授权委员会负责就风险管理程序的质量和总体效力以及联合国内部控制框架的缺陷向大会提供意见。", "22号. 行预咨委会在其报告(A/65/329)附件三中就题为“在联合国秘书处建立问责制”的大会第64/259号决议的执行情况提出了评论意见。 大会在关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告的第65/250号决议中决定将这些建议的审议推迟到第六十六届会议主要会期进行。 同时,大会还邀请委员会在其认为必要时,就委员会职权范围内的相关问题提供进一步咨询意见。", "23. 联合国 关于问责制,委员会听取了关于迄今在执行第64/259号决议方面取得的进展的简报。 独立审计咨询委员会注意到这些成就,包括问责制网站的定稿,决定重申其报告(A/65/329)附件三中的所有建议,即:", "二. 支助 秘书长将企业风险管理纳入方案规划过程(第7段)。", "二. 支助 秘书长负责设计、监测和评价问责制(第8段)。", "二. 支助 大会考虑扩大问责制的定义,以包括增加价值和管理风险,并界定风险,以包括财务、业务、声誉和人力资源风险。 第9条。", "二. 支助 问责制的定义包括提及承包商和咨询人的义务(第10段)。", "二. 支助 秘书处制定一份明确界定和有详细记录的执行计划(第12段)。", "24 (韩语). 委员会在其第一次年度报告(A/63/328)中就第一份问责制报告提出了若干建议,其中包括:(a) 在若干选定的组织单位分阶段实施企业风险管理;(b) 需要一份执行级文件,清楚说明高级管理层采用企业风险管理和内部控制框架的好处,以及本组织的执行计划应包括一个针对所有工作人员的结构化培训方案和沟通战略;(c) 将项目监督分派给一个高级别委员会,如现有的管理委员会,以表明高级管理层对执行它的承诺;(d) 设立首席风险干事。", "25岁 经与管理层讨论后,行预咨委会获悉,企业风险管理仍然是秘书处面临的重大挑战。 行预咨委会还获悉,秘书处在主管管理事务副秘书长办公室设立了一个协调中心,为今后实施企业风险管理框架奠定基础。 管理层还告知行预咨委会,企业风险管理政策框架已经得到管理委员会的认可,并将提交大会第六十六届会议。 行预咨委会还获悉,管理委员会还将担任与企业风险管理有关的问题的咨询委员会。", "26. 联合国 独立审计咨询委员会赞扬管理层为实施企业风险管理正在采取的步骤,认为鉴于本组织的规模和复杂性,企业风险管理应被视为本组织最优先的事项之一,并应继续争取高级领导层的支持,以确保成功实施。", "27个 独立审计咨询委员会也注意到,上文第24段所列四项建议(关于首席风险干事)中的一项尚未执行。 行预咨委会想重申这一员额对于整个秘书处成功实施企业风险管理的重要性。 首席风险干事应有适当的权力和充足的资源来履行其相关职责。", "C. 内部监督事务厅审计活动和其他职能的效力、效率和影响", "28岁 职权范围规定独立审计咨询委员会就内部监督的各个方面向大会提供建议(见第61/275号决议,附件,第2(c)-(e)段)。 委员会在执行任务时,坚持在届会期间同主管内部监督事务副秘书长和监督厅其他高级官员会晤的标准做法。 讨论的重点是监督厅工作计划的执行情况、监督厅报告的重要调查结果、业务制约因素(如果有的话)、员额占用和管理层执行监督厅建议的情况,包括管理层尚未执行的前10至20项建议,加强调查和供资安排。", "2011-2012年内部监督事务厅工作计划和预算", "29. 国家 审咨委对监督厅的责任载于职权范围,包括由审咨委审查监督厅的工作计划,同时考虑到其他监督机构的工作计划并就此向大会提供意见。", "30 (英语). 行预咨委会在其关于2011年7月1日至2012年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下监督厅预算的报告(A/65/734)和关于监督厅2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算的报告(A/66/85)中报告了其对监督厅工作计划的意见和建议。 在关于2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间维持和平行动支助账户下监督厅预算的报告(A/64/652)第25段中,审咨委除其他外,建议监督厅审查其规划假设和估计数,特别是与现有审计日有关的假设和估计数(又见第19至24段)。 行预咨委会在其报告(A/65/734,第14段)中高兴地注意到,监督厅已落实了这项建议,有助于减少内部审计司所需资源。", "31岁 委员会还重申其先前关于剩余风险的建议,并欣慰地注意到,监督厅已在其经常预算工作计划中列入了对管理层为减少固有风险而实施的关键控制措施的审计。 独立审计咨询委员会期待执行在这方面重申的建议,特别是与系统评估残余风险有关的建议,以此作为确定分配给监督厅的资源总额的基础。", "32. 国家 委员会继续监测监督厅各司工作计划和报告时间表的执行情况。 在处理监督厅拖延印发报告的问题时,委员会强调必须及时完成报告,因为如果报告完成时间太长,监督工作的价值就会减少。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 关于监督厅的经常预算,审咨委在其报告(A/66/85)中指出,行预咨委会支持秘书长请设的副职。 委员会认为,鉴于联合国内的拟议作用和业务议定书,该职位的级别很重要。 因此,委员会认为,该职位的职等应反映其职责和职责以及联合国其他机构单位类似职位的职等。", "内部监督事务厅空缺员额", "34. 国家 审咨委在以前提交大会的报告中报告了监督厅空缺人数多的情况。 同样,审计委员会在其关于联合国维持和平行动和账户的报告(A/64/5(Vol.II)和A/65/5(Vol.II))中就维持和平特派团和调查中心驻地审计员和调查员的空缺率发表了意见。", "35. 联合国 监督厅告知审咨委,截至2011年5月31日,监督厅的总空缺率为21.5%,与审咨委上一份年度报告(A/65/329)所报的23.2%相比有所改进。 调查司(25.5%)和内部审计司(22.4%)的空缺率仍然最高。 在这两个司,空缺主要涉及由维持和平支助账户和预算外资金供资的员额。 例如,在调查司,截至2011年5月31日,32.7%由维持和平预算供资的员额和25.0%由预算外账户供资的员额空缺。 同样,内部审计司员额空缺率分别为21.1%(维持和平预算)和30.6%(预算外帐户)。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 行预咨委会在其报告(A/65/329)中关切地注意到,两个司长级员额,即调查司司长和检查和评价司司长尚未填补。 此后,委员会获悉,已聘用了两名主任,将于2011年8月上任。 这将意味着所有司长职位都将在很多年中首次得到填补。", "37. 联合国 大会第64/263和65/250号决议认可委员会先前就填补监督厅空缺所发表的评论意见,并请秘书长确保充分执行委员会的相关评论意见。 监督厅告知委员会,它正在采取步骤征聘工作人员并降低空缺率。 因此,行预咨委会获悉,在完成几项征聘行动后,2011年8月后的空缺率将更低。 尽管做出了这一努力,但独立审计咨询委员会感到关切的是,调查司、特别是各中心空缺率高,可能影响关于调查的试点项目的结果,并请监督厅在评估认可其中一个备选方案的相对效用时考虑这些影响。 委员会将继续监测监督厅为加快填补空缺员额,特别是驻地审计员和调查职位而采取的步骤。", "内部监督事务厅内部审计司的质量评估", "38. 国家 2011年,内部监督事务厅内部审计司启动了客户满意度调查,调查内容涵盖其监督职能的各个方面,并与审咨委分享了调查结果。 客户调查问卷涉及2010年,于2011年2月至3月进行,涵盖该司工作的总体反馈;内部审计工作人员的评级;审计范围的评级;审计过程和报告评级。", "39. 联合国 委员会获悉,调查结果显示,62.5%的客户同意,审计有助于查明和管理主要风险;提高内部控制的成本效益;实现业务目标;以及有效的治理进程。 根据客户调查的反馈,委员会获悉,监督厅计划同各客户会晤,讨论在诸如了解客户的任务、方案和过程、及时提出报告以及调查结果的准确性等领域提出的关切问题。", " 40. 40. 独立审计咨询委员会仍然认为,监督厅发起的调查是朝着正确方向迈出的步骤,因为这些调查为监督厅评估其工作的质量和价值、确定答卷人的积极反馈并处理需要采取纠正行动的领域提供了独立的基础。 委员会还认为,监督厅应努力实现高于2011年报告的62.5%的满意率。 咨询委员会还重申其先前的建议,即监督厅应以具体的基于成果的衡量标准来补充客户调查,表明监督厅为联合国增加的价值。", "41. 国家 根据内部审计师协会关于外部评估的第1312号标准,从2002年1月1日起,内部审计活动至少每五年进行一次外部评估。 在本报告所述期间,审咨委获悉,监督厅已请内部审计员协会进行外部质量评估。 审查的目的是评估内部审计司的做法和程序是否符合其审计手册和内部审计师协会的标准,评估该司在满足利益攸关方需要方面的效率和效力,并就如何改进和精简内部审计程序提出建议。", "42. 国家 独立审计咨询委员会期待收到评估结果,并鼓励监督厅将这种审查扩大到调查、检查和评价司。", "加强调查", "43. 东帝汶 行预咨委会在其报告(A/65/329)中回顾,大会关于加强调查的第62/247号决议第18段请秘书长与内部监督事务厅密切合作,编写一份报告供其审议和核准,其中提供详细资料,说明拟议全面审查联合国调查的职权范围。", "44. 国家 独立审计咨询委员会的理解是,应大会的要求,已成立了一个由常务副秘书长担任主席的工作队。 工作队的目标是审查秘书处正在进行的调查的类型;就改进制度的必要性提出建议;审查实施改革所需的步骤;并编制大会第62/247号决议所要求的职权范围。 工作队得到一个工作组的支持,该工作组的任务是进行审查并向工作队报告。 经审查后,审咨委获悉,监督厅一直在评估如果监督厅承担在联合国开展所有调查的责任将产生的工作量,并评估所涉资源数额,然后再就此采取最后立场。 独立审计咨询委员会将继续监测这一领域的事态发展并期待着收到关于为满足大会要求而正在采取的关键步骤的最新情况。 委员会认为,有必要对联合国内部的调查活动采取更协调和更综合的办法。", "检查和评价职能", "45. 国家 行预咨委会在其报告(A/66/85)中报告说,方案和协调委员会在2012-2013年期间战略框架和大会第65/244号决议中已核准将评价周期从11年减至13年并缩短为8年的决定。 监督厅还指出,有必要对所有27个方案进行为期8年的方案评价,以便在合理的时限内向秘书长和大会提供对每个方案的全面方案一级评价。", "46. 经常预算: 27个方案包括主要由预算外资源供资的方案。 根据提交给委员会的2012/2013两年期工作计划,审议中的五个评价方案除一个外,都由预算外资源供资95%或更多。 行预咨委会还获悉,所有检查和评价活动目前都由经常预算或支助账户供资。 因此,独立审计咨询委员会在其报告(A/66/85)中建议,根据大会第61/275号决议第三部分第3段请秘书长提交的报告,重新审议监督厅的供资安排问题。 委员会愿重申这项建议。", "D. 财务报告", "47. 国家 根据职权范围第2(h)和(一)分段,独立审计咨询委员会有责任就本组织财务报表和审计委员会报告所显示的问题和趋势所涉业务问题以及会计政策和披露做法的适当性向大会提供意见;并评估这些政策的变化和风险。", " 48. 48. 在本报告所述期间,独立审计咨询委员会同审计委员会和方案规划、预算和账务厅官员讨论了与财务报告有关的一些问题。 讨论的问题包括:", "(a) 国家 联合国实施国际公共部门会计准则(公共部门会计准则)的情况,包括最近的进展、面临的挑战、实施公共部门会计准则的订正时间表以及公共部门会计准则时间表和战略与企业资源规划系统项目时间表的同步;", "(b) 审议摊款和自愿捐款的增长情况以及财务报表的其他趋势。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 关于摊款和自愿捐款的增长,委员会根据审计委员会关于2002至2009年联合国的报告(见图五)审查了趋势。 委员会注意到,2004-2005年分摊会费增长率为27%,2006-2007年为28%,2008-2009年为17%。 另一方面,同期自愿捐款增长了48%、67%和22%。 委员会还注意到,自愿捐款占总收入的百分比从2002-2003年的18%增至2008-2009年的26%。 委员会获悉,联合国外聘审计团以前也在给秘书长的信中对此事表示关切。", "图五 摊款和自愿捐款的趋势", "[]", "^(a) 如审计委员会关于联合国的报告(A/59/5(Vol.I),第二章)所指出, 见A/61/5(Vol.I),第二章。 见A/65/5(Vol.I),第二章。 页:1", " 50. 50. 就审计委员会关于联合国的报告而言,独立审计咨询委员会认为,依靠自愿捐款为其供资占四分之一,使本组织、特别是各方案普遍面临风险,委员会认为行政当局应阐明并减轻风险。 此外,鉴于许多会员国面临的财政挑战,委员会对如此大幅度的总体捐款增加的可持续性表示关切。", "E. 联合国监督机构之间的协调", "一般审议", "51. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,除了与监督厅定期举行的会议外,审咨委还会晤了其他监督机构,包括联合检查组、联合国开发计划署审计咨询委员会和联合国审计委员会。 独立审计咨询委员会和联合国开发计划署审计咨询委员会都欢迎有机会讨论共同关心的问题。 在与审计委员会、联合检查组和监督厅分别举行的会议中,委员会注意到通过监督机构三方协调会议以及分享工作计划来避免工作重叠所促进的积极关系。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 在第十五届会议期间,审咨委和审计委员会继续交流经验并讨论了在不妨碍各自任务的情况下加强合作和效力的方法。 咨询委员会和审计委员会还广泛讨论了审计委员会对财务报表趋势所涉业务问题的调查结果。", "53. 联合国 审计委员会和审咨委之间的对话有助于就共同关心的问题交流看法,并为联合国各监督机构之间的合作提供了有益的机会。", "其他事项", "54. 联合国 在与监督厅的常会上,审咨委获悉了根据大会第65/243 B号决议第19和20段的要求提出的关于审计委员会是否愿意进行业绩审计的提议的进展情况。 在交换意见时,与联委会进一步讨论了这一事项。", "55. 国家 委员会注意到,外部审计的主要目的是就本组织的财务报表发表意见。 委员会在这样做时认识到,外聘审计员可能意识到效率、节约和效益问题,根据专业判断,这些问题可作为他们、监督厅或其他适当审计实体开展额外业绩审计工作的基础。 委员会获悉,审计委员会仅根据《联合国财务条例和细则》条例7.5的规定,在效率方面进行业绩审计。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 委员会认识到,根据《最高审计机关国际标准》第5000号标准,公共资助的国际机构的外聘审计师既进行定期审计(传统的财务报表审计),也进行业绩审计。 审计委员会正在寻求加强授权,以涵盖“三个E”(经济、效率和效益)以及就结果发表独立报告的能力。 独立审计咨询委员会认为,如果大会授权审计委员会进行更多的业绩审计,就应采取措施,确保这种审计不与监督厅的审计不无必要或不适当地重复或重叠。 确保不出现重叠或重复将需要监督厅同审计委员会协同努力,并需要审计委员会更加重视监督厅所做的工作。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 行预咨委会还获悉,审计委员会根据其财务审计工作开展的任何业绩审计不会给本组织带来额外费用,因为在现有财务审计安排下将调整资源。 但是,如果大会要求进行更多的业绩审计,今后将增加费用。", "F. 合作和准入", "58. 联合国 独立审计咨询委员会高兴地报告,它在履行职责方面得到了联合检查组、审计委员会、内部监督事务厅和秘书处高级管理层,包括管理事务部的充分合作。 委员会还可适当接触委员会开展工作所需的工作人员、文件和资料。 委员会期待与委员会互动的实体继续合作,以及时履行职权范围规定的职责。", "四、结 论 结论", "59. (中文(简体) ). 独立审计咨询委员会在其职权范围内提供上文第9、14、17至20、23、26、27、31、37、40、42、44、46、50和56段所载的意见和建议,供大会审议。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Agenda item 19 (c) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Sustainable development: International Strategy for Disaster Reduction", "Implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report provides an overview of progress on the implementation of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction in response to General Assembly resolution 65/157. Disaster risk is accumulating faster than economic growth, thus hampering development and the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters revealed that its principles have guided progress towards resilience. However, risk management systems and decision-making at national, subnational and international levels require further critical development, including disaster loss accounting and integrated risk modelling, to support sound development and investment planning.", "The third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, held in May 2011, convened the broadest-ever cross-section of leaders and experts committed to building resilience. Its deliberations provided guidance for the further implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action. A strong sense of urgency for increased investments in disaster risk reduction was expressed. The Government of Japan offered to host the Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in 2015.", "Contents", "PageI.Trends 3 in disasters and disaster \nrisks II. Challenges 4 and opportunities associated with the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for \nAction III.Coordination 6 and guidance through the Strategy \nsystem A. Strengthening 7 global, regional and national level \ncoordination B.Advocating 10 for safer cities, schools and \nhospitals C.Increasing 11 investment in disaster risk \nreduction IV.Conclusions 12 and \nrecommendations \nAnnex Specific 15 informationon progress madein implementing theHyogoFramework \nforAction", "I. Trends in disasters and disaster risks", "1. Large and small disasters, ranging from the Pakistan floods in July 2010 to floods in countries such as Benin or Brazil, are a further demonstration of the intimate relationship between disasters and poverty, as highlighted by the 2011 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction: Revealing Risk, Redefining Development.[2] Meanwhile, the floods in Australia, the earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand, and the earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disasters wreaking havoc in north-eastern Japan are stark reminders that developed countries and their economies are also exposed and cities are at risk. Hundreds of smaller disasters associated with climate variability have caused enormous damage in many countries, revealing how risk is linked to unsound development practices and growth in economic and population exposure.", "2. The increasing financial, social and political cost of disasters is evident. Mortality risk associated with weather-related hazards is declining at the global level, while economic losses continue to increase across all regions. According to the 2011 Global Assessment Report, mortality risk related to tropical cyclones has decreased by 50 per cent in East Asia and the Pacific since 1990. Concerning earthquake and tsunami risk, both mortality and economic loss risk are rising globally. During the reporting period, a total of 347 disasters triggered by natural hazards affected more than 255 million people, claiming more than 106,000 lives and causing economic losses of over US$ 304 billion.[3]", "3. Economic loss risk is growing faster in higher-income countries. Since 1980, economic loss related to tropical cyclones increased by 262 per cent in high-income countries, compared to 155 per cent in low-income countries. In 2010, the economic loss risk related to floods in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries was about 170 per cent more than in 1990, rising faster than gross domestic product (GDP). Economic risk related to floods and tropical cyclones is indeed increasing faster than GDP per capita in many countries, meaning that the risk of losing wealth in a disaster is increasing faster than wealth is being created. Low-income countries have less capacity to absorb and recover from economic losses owing to disasters. In general, larger economies are more able to absorb losses than smaller ones — such as small island developing States — because they tend to be more geographically and economically diverse.", "4. Drought is the “disaster” that is most associated with inappropriate social and economic policy choices, and often with the instability caused by conflict. It remains a hidden risk, poorly understood despite its impacts on human health, livelihoods and multiple economic sectors. Drought leads to stress and insecurity for rural and pastoralist populations. Disaster data reported nationally and internationally fail to capture the extent of drought impacts. For example, only four drought-related deaths were reported globally between July 2010 and June 2011, while 32,482,102 people were reported affected by droughts — more than by any other hazard.² Strengthened integrated risk management systems at local and national levels, with systematic recording of drought impacts, is a key step required to reduce drought risks, improve early warning and prevent drought impacts from cascading into food security crises.", "5. In the period 1970-2010, the world population increased by 87 per cent. During the same period, the population growth in flood-prone river basins increased by 114 per cent, and in cyclone-prone coastlines by 195 per cent. Hence, economic and productive assets are accumulating in the most hazard-exposed areas, particularly in low- and lower-middle-income countries. To reverse these trends, development plans and investment choices must be informed by risk information and addressed through an applied disaster risk reduction framework.", "6. Natural hazards, as illustrated by the Great East Japan Earthquake and tsunami, can have devastating sequential and collateral impact — not only for nuclear facilities, but also for infrastructural complexes such as hydropower dams, industry, bridges and highways. These considerations must motivate new efforts for integrated, over-the-horizon thinking and planning for design standards, preparedness, early warning and response.", "II. Challenges and opportunities associated with the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action", "7. The midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters,[4] the HFA Monitor,[5] the 2011 Global Assessment Report, the global and regional platforms and associated consultative processes have identified critical challenges, opportunities and priorities to reduce risk exposure and vulnerability. There is a solidly growing political will to manage disaster risk at global, national and local levels as well as across the public and private sectors. It is now critical to channel this determination through clearer guidance on “how-to-do-it” through evidence-based decisions, informed public opinion and increased cooperation across business areas and global, national and local levels.", "8. In line with General Assembly resolution 64/200, the Strategy secretariat facilitated the midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action through a participatory approach involving stakeholders at international, regional and national levels.", "9. The midterm review highlighted that the Hyogo Framework for Action over the past five years had significantly contributed to generate international and national political momentum and action to reduce disaster risk. Its principles have been widely adopted as guidance. The review indicated critical areas for further work and cooperation.", "10. The review confirmed that reduction of disaster risk, exposure and vulnerability primarily depend on sound development policies and investments. Whereas there are some good examples of how this can be done, a full integration of risk management in development planning is still lacking and this is attributable to, among other causes, the limited engagement of communities and local governments as well as the lack of a whole-of-government approach in the determination of national priorities.", "11. Managing disaster risk and its consequences requires strong cooperation across sectors and among nations, including local constituencies. While there is progress in certain sectors, this cannot yet yield the expected results given the lack of integration of systems. Significant knowledge has been generated but is not fully used. The public and the private sectors have developed important practices and have important lessons to share. It is therefore critical to review existing disaster risk management systems and their interfaces both at national and international levels. In this context, national-level, multi-stakeholder “national platforms for disaster risk reduction” have represented an important model and potential source for guidance for informed decision-making and public awareness. However, their potential has not been fully utilized and there is a need to further review how can they best support domestic decision-making and international cooperation.", "12. Accountability for effective disaster management requires further strengthening. The adoption of relevant legislation by numerous countries is a significant step. At the same time, it cannot yet be effectively implemented owing to the lack of appropriate recording of disaster losses, as well as the lack of clear standards, baselines and target indicators to guide and measure progress. In this context, the development of guidance tools based on cross-sectoral knowledge and experience is critical. Common analytical tools to trace and understand the causes of disasters would support development investment and planning, as well as prepare for future hazards. Whereas risk is local in nature, its reduction requires national and global cooperation.", "13. Evidence has emerged that effective disaster risk management is dependent on the existence of a senior, over-arching authority at a high governmental level where both responsibility and accountability rest for setting policies, leading whole-of-government processes, and ensuring budget allocations for all the different aspects of disaster risk reduction. The 2011 Global Assessment Report concluded that at the central government level, responsibility for disaster risk management needs to be located in a ministry or department with planning oversight and fiscal responsibility that can provide political authority and policy coherence across sectors. The incremental decentralization of responsibilities to local governments needs to be accompanied by a decentralization of capacities and resources. Disaster risk management will be effective only when it is carried out in partnership with disaster-prone households and communities, and their organizations. This is key to cost-effectiveness, sustainability, citizenship and social cohesion. There are a growing number of examples of such partnerships, but in many countries this implies a change in the culture of public administration. The challenge is not community participation — it is government participation in the planning and implementation of community and local disaster risk management.", "14. While a number of mechanisms for generating and sharing information are in place, standards for disaster risk reduction remain varied, unintegrated or do not address management of multiple hazards that occur simultaneously or sequentially. A multi-hazard approach for preparedness that factors in technological disasters as secondary effects of natural disasters is necessary.", "15. The midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action noted that financing of disaster risk reduction is still underdeveloped and more work is needed to track investments, positively condition development investments and support local level action. In this context, the Strategy secretariat has engaged a number of countries and organizations for the development of models and guidance.", "16. According to the 2011 Global Assessment Report, most countries are not systematically accounting for losses in public assets owing to disasters. Unaccounted losses are often absorbed by low-income groups, increasing poverty and eroding progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. At the same time, when these losses in public assets are monetized they often represent a significant proportion of GDP or national budgets. Most countries are unable to quantify their investments in disaster risk reduction but when they do, those investments are rarely commensurate with the scale of the losses. Unless the costs of those losses are calculated, it is unlikely that a country would be able to justify increased investments in disaster risk management in the national budget. The 2011 Global Assessment Report further concludes that land-use planning and building improvement to avoid creating risk has benefit-cost ratios of 4 or more, whereas correcting risk through relocation or retrofitting is only just cost-effective. Given that public investment typically represents 3 to 15 per cent of GDP, incorporating disaster risk reduction into public investment planning is a strategic decision which could lead to a significant reduction in risk in the medium term. Countries such as Costa Rica and Peru have included disaster risk in their criteria for the evaluation of public investment. The most cost-effective risk reduction investments are those concentrated in the most vulnerable part of a country’s portfolio of public buildings and critical facilities. Existing social protection instruments can be adapted to reach out to millions at relatively low additional cost. For example, Chile extended payments from its social assistance programmes to households affected by the February 2010 earthquake and tsunami.", "17. Disaster risk information plays a critical role in guiding investment decisions and supporting public opinion. Access to information about natural hazards and the available risk reduction measures provides opportunities to reduce vulnerabilities. Risk information in the immediate aftermath of disasters is vital to an effective response and can guide the immediate actions of relief and response teams, national and local government and the general public. A complex question that requires careful and collective consideration is the criteria for the determination of the level of risk and the cost of the mitigating measures that governments, organizations and communities are ready to take when considering the impact of extreme events.", "18. In December 2010, at the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Cancún, Parties asserted the importance of enhancing climate change-related disaster risk reduction strategies, taking into consideration the Hyogo Framework for Action where appropriate. The attention to disaster risk reduction in the Cancún Adaptation Framework signals strong national ownership of disaster risk reduction, and the established processes for formulating and implementing national adaptation plans present an influential means of scaling up disaster risk reduction through multisectoral, multi-stakeholder processes.", "III. Coordination and guidance through the Strategy system", "19. Effective disaster risk reduction requires innovative and cross-sector partnerships, including at the local level and between public and private entities. The existing mechanisms at global, regional and national levels have proved to be critical for creating political momentum and space for disaster risk reduction. There is a need to further strengthen those mechanisms and to ensure their interconnectedness and the inclusiveness of various stakeholders to address the emerging challenges related to climate and disaster risk reduction.", "A. Strengthening global, regional and national level coordination", "Global", "20. The third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction was held in Geneva from 8 to 13 May 2011. It brought together over 2,600 delegates representing 168 Governments, 25 intergovernmental organizations, 65 non-governmental organizations, the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, local governments, parliamentarians, the private sector, academic institutions, civil society and international organizations. The third session was chaired by my Deputy Secretary-General in consideration of the fact that disaster risk reduction is at the centre of the development, environmental and humanitarian work of the United Nations and its partners.", "21. At the third session, the Global Platform and its preparatory, participatory process were confirmed to be the main forum at the global level for policy guidance, coordination and partnership development, and cross-sector fertilization for the sharing of good practice on disaster risk reduction. The Geneva-based International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Support Group, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, the Global Network of Civil Society Organizations, partners and local governments in the “Making Cities Resilient” campaign, the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Private Sector Advisory Group, and regional organizations as well as the United Nations agencies and the World Bank, provided critical inputs for the preparation of the third session.", "22. In addition to statements of commitments by Member States, mayors advanced their commitment to the Ten Essentials for Making Cities Resilient; private sector participants agreed on Five Essentials for Business; a group of young people came together to advance a five-point charter on children and disaster reduction; and a joint statement from international organizations focusing on health called for scaling up the community-based health workforce as vital for disaster risk reduction, and called for Governments and partners to invest for strengthening their capacity. Regional organizations reaffirmed their commitment to implementing regional strategies agreed to in ministerial meetings worldwide.", "23. The Hyogo Framework for Action has a lifespan from 2005 to 2015. Discussions at the third session stressed the importance of ensuring the further implementation of the Framework, while discussions concerning the post-2015 disaster risk reduction framework unfold, facilitated by the Strategy secretariat as the focal point in the United Nations system for disaster risk reduction. In this context, during the third session, the Government of Japan made an offer to host the Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction in 2015 to coincide with the expiration of the Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015.", "24. An integral component of the third session of the Global Platform, the first World Reconstruction Conference, organized by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery, the World Bank and the Strategy secretariat, recognized challenges in the coordination and financing of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction. Discussions focused on how to develop an effective recovery framework, more reliable financing and knowledge practice, stressing the integration of risk reduction into all post-disaster actions.", "25. Member States demonstrated a growing commitment to disaster risk reduction and widening the necessary political space for discussions and actions. On 9 February 2011, the President of the United Nations General Assembly convened an informal thematic debate on disaster risk reduction with the aim of strengthening the understanding of how to reduce risk and exposure to disasters through effective investment policies and practices and sustainable urban management.", "26. The HFA Monitor is a valuable source of information for monitoring progress on the Hyogo Framework principles, sharing of practices and identifying emerging strategic issues to address nationally and internationally. A total of 133 countries contributed to the third reporting cycle 2009-2011. A further refinement of this tool is under way, including a module for self-assessment at the local level.", "Regional", "27. Regional activities were significant over the reporting period.[6] The Strategy secretariat’s substantive advice and support provided to governments and regional organizations in the preparation of regional Ministerial conferences, regional platforms and other meetings, with resulting action plans and follow-up activities, are valued by stakeholders.", "28. Regional meetings identified the need to decentralize and implement local and community-based disaster risk reduction strategies and programmes, through adequate, realistic and predictable funding mechanisms and with an enhanced role for local governments and local non-governmental organizations, including volunteer networks. Moreover, discussions and communiqués reiterated commitment to the provisions of the Hyogo Framework as guiding principles for disaster risk reduction.", "National", "29. At the national level, national platforms for disaster risk reduction or similar national coordination mechanisms have the potential to support decision-making concerning national development plans and investments. During the third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, a meeting of national platforms discussed options and best practices to improve their action. The Strategy secretariat will further support reviews of the current practices and promote enhanced multi‑stakeholder disaster risk reduction capacities.", "30. United Nations Resident Coordinators are increasingly engaged in disaster risk reduction in high-risk countries as the needs and demands become more explicit. The Strategy secretariat, together with partners, has contributed towards the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation objectives in 30 United Nations Development Assistance Frameworks.", "31. Mobilizing specific stakeholder groups and “agents of change” has led to a considerable increase in the political profile of disaster risk reduction. Mayors, governors and parliamentarians advocated with the Strategy secretariat among their peers for increased commitments and actions to build resilience. The United Nations Sasakawa Award for Disaster Reduction 2011 targeted resilient cities and local action, with North Vancouver (Canada), Santa Fe (Argentina) and San Francisco (Philippines) sharing the award, while Bhubaneswar (India), the Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de los Desastres Naturales en América Central (CEPREDENAC) (Central America) and the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (Pakistan) received certificates of distinction.", "32. Most recently, the Strategy secretariat established the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Private Sector Advisory Group. It acts as a catalyst, bringing together a wide range of private sector entities into a global partnership in order to build resilience through specific actions, such as supporting national and local risk assessments, promoting social and environmental sustainability in risk financing, fostering dissemination of data, and leveraging sectoral private sector expertise and strengths, for instance, in construction of resilient infrastructure and sustainable land use and development in high-risk areas, such as cities and coastal zones.", "33. The work with parliamentarians, the Inter-Parliamentary Union and national assemblies has led to increased political commitment to invest in disaster risk reduction and climate risk adaptation at global, regional and national levels. In addition, the Strategy secretariat advocated gender-sensitive disaster reduction by promoting the shared ownership and leadership of individual and institutional partners.", "34. Under the leadership of my Special Representative for Disaster Risk Reduction, the Strategy secretariat continued to play a leading role in providing coordination and ensuring synergy through the above-mentioned global, regional and national mechanisms, in leveraging International Strategy for Disaster Reduction stakeholders’ vision, and knowledge generation and knowledge-sharing, fostering new partnerships and advocating for more resilient communities. The uniqueness of its cross-cutting mandate has allowed the Strategy secretariat to bring together partners from the development, environmental and relief communities to charter the next steps for the further implementation of the Hyogo Framework.", "35. The midterm review of the Hyogo Framework for Action and the 2011 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction have brought to the fore the need to strengthen governance mechanisms at all levels in order to ensure effective disaster risk reduction, including within the United Nations system. In particular, it has highlighted the need for the United Nations system to strengthen its policy and operational coherence to better support countries through the United Nations Resident Coordinators and the United Nations country teams. I asked my Special Representative to brief the United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination on the findings of the review and to propose a future course of action. The High-level Committee on Programmes will discuss the matter further in order to determine the appropriate course of action across the United Nations system. The Strategy secretariat will continue to focus on enhancing coordination within the United Nations system.", "36. On multiple occasions, partners and governments have reiterated the Strategy secretariat’s critical role in the strengthening of the United Nations system’s work for disaster risk reduction. Based on the appreciation expressed by the review, the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS) in its audit report of 28 July 2010 on the governance of the Strategy secretariat, as well as General Assembly resolution 65/157, the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions concurred with my proposal to extend the post of the Special Representative for Disaster Risk Reduction for another four years until the end of 2015 to ensure the follow-up to the midterm review, further implementation of the Hyogo Framework, and to facilitate the development of a post-2015 framework for disaster risk reduction. I will also look into other measures to ensure that the Strategy secretariat can discharge its mandate with efficiency and effectiveness.", "B. Advocating for safer cities, schools and hospitals", "37. Half of humanity is now living in cities. By 2050, urbanization will rise to 70 per cent and urban risk will continue to increase. The Strategy secretariat worked to raise the profile of local governments’ work in reducing disaster risk and building resilience by targeting mayors and city councils, through the world disaster risk reduction campaign “Making Cities Resilient: My city is getting ready”, launched in 2010, which is boosting efforts to develop and implement local resilience strategies. In less than a year, at the end of June 2011, more than 750 cities and local governments had signed up in the campaign, which has accrued a host of enthusiastic supporters from across the global and national city networks, the United Nations system, civil society and the private sector. A growing number of city-to-city collaboration efforts and similar initiatives on disaster risk reduction are emerging as a result of the campaign.", "38. Several international declarations, such as the Bonn Declaration of the World Mayors Council on Climate Change and recommendations from the third World Congress of United Cities and Local Governments in Mexico City, called on their member cities and partners to join the campaign and to actively support and monitor its implementation.", "39. The Strategy secretariat launched the One Million Safe Schools and Hospitals pledging initiative[7] with partners from the Asian region and global International Strategy for Disaster Reduction partners. By the end of June, regional launches of the initiative took place in all regions and more than 138,000 schools and hospitals were pledged for safety. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported progress on the implementation of safer hospitals initiatives in more than 42 countries across the world. More than 630 health facilities have been assessed for their safety and ability to function in emergencies, and the measures have been implemented to reduce vulnerability and increase preparedness, in countries such as Indonesia, Mexico, Nepal, Oman, the Philippines and the Republic of Moldova.", "40. The Strategy secretariat’s Thematic Platform on Knowledge and Education, through a core group of partners,[8] developed a global baseline study on school safety, which was discussed at a featured event during the Global Platform. The event brought together Ministries of Education and national disaster management agencies and resulted in recommendations to make disaster risk reduction a priority in school curricula and a right for all children to achieve the global education objectives. Representatives called for more systematic and continued investment by donors in school safety. As a result, a series of school safety assessments were announced in vulnerable pilot countries.", "C. Increasing investment in disaster risk reduction", "41. Most countries reported, according to the HFA Monitor, relatively little progress towards measurable increases in resources for risk governance capacities and disaster risk management in individual sectors or for local governments. However, that is in part attributable to the complexity of recording risk reduction expenditure, as financial reporting systems do not allow easy quantification — investments are provided through diverse instruments, including sector budgeting, environmental protection funds, social solidarity and development funds, compensation funds, civil society and, in some countries, the private sector.", "42. At its second session, the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (2009) suggested targets for risk-reducing investments, namely, 1 per cent of national development budgets, 10 per cent of humanitarian aid financing,[9] and 10 per cent of reconstruction and recovery funds. Measurable progress has been observed in the increasing proportion of humanitarian aid investment dedicated to disaster prevention and preparedness, as recorded in official statistics of OECD (4.2 per cent in 2009). This is an indicative figure, as with rising spending on official development assistance (ODA) — to over $132 billion in 2009[10] — and the growing emphasis on resilience within the development community, the actual figure is assumed to be much higher. But in the absence of more widespread explicit budgeting for risk reduction, a significantly greater investment is required to develop a more accurate picture.", "43. Countries and communities, rich or poor, cannot afford to keep resorting to expensive post-disaster measures in the case of mostly preventable disasters. Therefore, the appreciation of the wider development community of the need to focus on resilience has grown significantly. Risk reduction and strategies for resilience feature with increasing frequency in aid effectiveness dialogue. Countries and the international community are increasingly looking to the future, and the risks that communities and countries face, when designing and implementing development programmes. Significant policy developments have been made in actively promoting risk reduction in sustainable development programming; good examples include Australia’s “Integration in practice — Integrating disaster risk reduction, climate change and environmental considerations in AusAID programmes”, the European Commission’s Implementation Plan of the European Union (EU) Strategy for supporting disaster risk reduction in developing countries, 2011-2014 and the commitment of the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to build resilience in all country programmes of the United Kingdom Department for International Development.", "44. The fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness in Busan, Republic of Korea, in November 2011, will provide an opportunity for Development Ministers, as well as heads of multilateral and bilateral development institutions, to make a public and measurable commitment to promote the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of poverty eradication and promote lasting peace and security, by placing resilience and risk reduction at the heart of domestic and international investment strategies.", "45. The United Nations-World Bank partnership continues to mainstream disaster risk reduction as an integrated development priority through the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. During 2007-2011, donors to the Facility have cumulatively pledged over $304 million for disaster risk reduction activities.", "Funding of the Strategy secretariat", "46. In line with General Assembly deliberations calling for more predictability and stability in funding for the Strategy secretariat, currently funded only through extrabudgetary resources, and taking into account the OIOS audit report on the Strategy secretariat, I have requested in the proposed programme budget for the biennium 2012-2013 (see A/66/6 (Sect. 27)) the creation of a D-1 post of Chief of Branch, Regional Programme and Policy Development. This post will lead the Strategy secretariat’s regional work, critical for the execution of the mandate given by the General Assembly to the Strategy secretariat, namely, to serve as the focal point in the United Nations system for the coordination of disaster reduction and to ensure synergies among the disaster reduction activities of the United Nations system and regional organizations and activities in socio-economic and humanitarian fields.", "IV. Conclusions and recommendations", "47. Consultations with governments and partners through national, regional and global processes culminated with the third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, which identified[11] critical areas and opportunities for joint work to manage disaster risk and strengthen the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action over the next five years.", "48. Disaster risk reduction contributes to social protection measures in support of the most vulnerable people, to economic growth and to ecosystem management. Hence, there is the need for further integrating disaster risk reduction in sustainable development and climate risk management. Disaster risk reduction and sustainable development are intrinsically linked. Ahead of the “Rio+20” World Summit on Sustainable Development, political and financial commitment to reducing disaster risk has to become a core component of our vision for sustainable development.", "49. There is a clear political commitment to manage disaster risk. It is now critical to channel it through practical action. At the national level, sound decisions on development investments and planning can be supported by the establishment of key mechanisms for integrated risk mapping, disaster loss recording, integration of sectoral knowledge to better identify the causes of disasters and future mitigating measures, as well as the determination of targets for reduction.", "50. National multi-stakeholder mechanisms can play a critical role in supporting informed decision-making, the development of integrated communication strategies to inform the public and thus support individuals’ choices. Different models of national platforms have developed over the past 10 years with mixed results. The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction will launch a process jointly with national mechanisms to capture national experiences and ensure that a viable model for disaster risk reduction promotion can be established to contribute to optimal risk management.", "51. Further work is required in clarifying the close link between actions for disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Strengthening the synergies between disaster prevention and climate risk reduction initiatives is an indispensable step towards reducing vulnerability. Particular attention needs to be paid to focused, applied actions targeting disaster risk reduction through climate risk management strategies.", "52. From the disasters that occurred during the reporting period a number of lessons can be drawn, including:", "• Public awareness, education and drills work to build resilience. Yet, little is done to increase public awareness and access to risk-management-related information. In addition, people’s perception of risk changes over a period of time and thus it must be constantly reassessed to ensure a high degree of receptivity for early warning and risk information and to enable decision makers to make the right choices. Public education and access to information are instrumental to generate trust in risk management mechanisms, critical at times of crisis.", "• National risk management systems must be “all-of-government” and integrated within the country and with the international systems. Indeed, gaps in institutional coordination and knowledge pose major challenges to risk management, as the crisis-managers and leaders are not properly informed about the nature and implications of the crisis they are called upon to manage.", "• Safety and security information needs to be cross-referenced and combined, as well as coupled with integrated multi-hazard early warning mechanisms across systems and stakeholder groups.", "• Local governments and city managers are the first institutional responders. They are also responsible for services and urban development that impact on resilience and risk. Decentralized responsibilities with accompanying capacities, resources and multi-stakeholder outreach are essential for local governments to have the means to act.", "53. In the light of the findings of the midterm review, the 2011 Global Assessment Report, the HFA Monitor reports, and the deliberations at the third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, I recommend the following:", "(a) Any future framework for sustainable development needs to include a clear prescription for incorporation of disaster and climate risk management. Equally, poverty and vulnerability reduction are integral to effective disaster risk management.", "(b) National disaster loss registers, disaster risk mapping and financial tracking systems need to be established and further developed to effectively support future development planning and investment choices.", "(c) Effective risk reduction takes place only with the full engagement of local governments and their communities. They need the appropriate authority, and the human and financial capacity, and to be engaged in the definition of national risk management policies.", "(d) The practice and operational models of national mechanisms for disaster risk reduction, such as multi-stakeholder national platforms, can be much better used for advocacy, knowledge and cooperation, and I encourage their further strengthening and establishment where still lacking.", "(e) Member States and organizations need to scale up their financial, human and technology investments for disaster risk reduction, including the development of private and public sector partnerships.", "(f) I encourage a commitment from donors and developing countries to focus more clearly on supporting local and community resilience in their programming, using creative solutions and innovations and through stronger collaboration, as part of their aid-effectiveness commitments.", "Annex", "Specific information on progress made in implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action", "1. The following section provides an overview of achievements as reported to the Strategy secretariat by national Governments,[12] United Nations agencies, the World Bank and other partners in relation to the five priority areas of the Hyogo Framework for Action.", "A. Action at the national level", "Priority 1", "Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority", "2. Progress in this area has been consistent across the world. More than 42 countries reported substantial achievement in this priority area. Specifically, 48 countries reported substantial achievement developing national policy and legal frameworks. However, several countries also highlighted that this progress does not necessarily translate into effective disaster risk management, especially at the local level.", "3. National platforms increased from 61 to 81. Among countries that established national platforms during the reporting period were: Algeria, Armenia, Canada, the Gambia, Kyrgyzstan, Panama, Paraguay, Sierra Leone and Turkey.[13] The Netherlands, Norway and Serbia are set to launch their national platforms in the coming months. The institutional arrangements for disaster risk reduction in many countries have evolved from traditional single-agency “civil protection” structures to multisector systems and platforms. However, finding appropriate institutional arrangements to ease the incorporation of disaster risk reduction into development planning and public investment remains a challenge.", "4. Several countries strengthened their institutional and legislative arrangements: Myanmar, Nepal and Botswana made disaster risk management apex bodies of presidents’ and vice-presidents’ offices while the United Republic of Tanzania transferred that responsibility to its economic and financial planning ministries. The Governments of Chile, the Dominican Republic and Uruguay carried out reviews by impartial inter-agency experts, coordinated by the Strategy secretariat, of national institutional capacities and the status of all the priority areas in the Hyogo Framework for Action, which resulted in new legislative frameworks in Chile and Uruguay.", "Priority 2", "Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning", "5. Progress on comprehensive risk assessments remains elusive, particularly at the local level. More than 20 countries undertook national multi-hazard risk assessments that could inform planning and development decisions. However, many countries faced major challenges linking them to development processes at the national and local levels. Unfortunately, countries that reported substantial progress in this area also highlighted an absence of national standards for assessing both disaster losses and risks. Only a few countries carried out risk assessments of schools and health facilities.", "6. The European Commission adopted guidelines for mapping and assessing risks, based on a multi-hazard and multi-risk approach. Canada is developing a national all-hazards risk assessment framework. Barbados committed significant resources to conduct a comprehensive coastal risk assessment for the major coastal hazards. Several other countries made efforts to integrate risk assessments into a range of sectors, including health, education, agriculture, transportation and water management.", "7. Countries reporting some progress in increasing early warning capacity include Bahrain, Burkina Faso, Lesotho, Nepal, the Republic of Moldova, Sierra Leone, Togo and Yemen. The Government of Pakistan prepared a plan for the improvement of the integrated flood forecasting abilities and hazard mapping capacity. Haiti’s warning services for coastal hazards were strengthened through technical assistance, capacity-building and training, supported by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Australia and Madagascar use mobile telephones to communicate warnings. Finland is developing digital radio networks reaching 80 per cent of its population with outdoor sirens.", "Priority 3", "Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels", "8. This priority area continues to show limited progress. Identifying and further developing methods and tools for multi-risk assessments and cost-benefit analyses remains a particularly weak area. Only 19 countries rated as substantial their efforts to integrate risk reduction into school curricula and relevant formal training. The majority of countries reported significant gaps in developing public awareness strategies for vulnerable urban and rural communities. China was a notable exception, reporting comprehensive progress on the availability of risk information, on developing a countrywide public awareness strategy and integrating disaster risk reduction into school curricula.", "9. Some countries in Africa, such as Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania are in the process of developing a central database for disaster risk management information. The Government of Pakistan carried out an assessment of damages and the training of teachers and provided learning opportunities for children and illiterate women affected by floods. In Haiti, over 3,000 secondary schoolteachers were trained on learner-centred psychosocial support and disaster risk reduction. Namibia made progress in introducing standards and tools for disaster risk reduction. The Ministry of Education in Myanmar initiated an effort to reduce vulnerability to disaster through an education recovery programme, targeted at female teachers.", "Priority 4", "Reduce the underlying risk factors", "10. Progress in this area is even lower. Although countries reported a greater awareness of the need to factor disaster risk reduction into planning and investment, only 22 rated their progress towards addressing the underlying risk drivers as substantial. Countries reported difficulties in addressing the risks internalized in different development sectors. That explains why economic loss and damage continue to increase. Only 32 countries invested in retrofitting critical public infrastructure such as schools and hospitals. Croatia reported pressure from the construction industry to lower standards and codes to reduce overall costs, even in hazard-prone areas.", "11. Several countries in Africa are establishing mechanisms to protect the environment and ensure sustainable development, and many made significant efforts to incorporate disaster risk reduction in their national plans for climate change adaptation. In Uganda, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP) supported an initiative to provide a productive safety net for food-insecure pastoral and agropastoral households affected by recurrent droughts.", "12. Ecuador implemented a wide range of social policy instruments as part of its disaster risk reduction strategy. Malawi’s new social development policies are designed and implemented so as to reduce vulnerability of at-risk communities. In Bangladesh, WFP supported the Government and non-governmental partners to assist 30,000 food-insecure households to raise their homes above flood levels.", "Priority 5", "Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels", "13. This area has been the dominant focus of national Governments for decades. It encompasses disaster preparedness and contingency plans at all administrative levels, financial reserves and contingency mechanisms, and well-established procedures for information exchange during emergencies. Forty-six countries reported substantial achievement in developing policy, technical and institutional capacities. It is clear that effective disaster management has contributed to the global decline in weather-related disaster mortality.", "14. Various activities to reinforce national preparedness capacities were carried out by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat in a number of countries, including Albania, Colombia, Croatia, the Dominican Republic, Ghana, Haiti, Kyrgyzstan, Maldives, Montenegro, Namibia, Oman and Turkey.", "15. The Government of Ethiopia’s weather risk management framework, supported by the World Bank and WFP, put in place an integrated risk management system to support the national productive safety net programme, which triggers a $160 million contingent finance pool to assist 8 million food-insecure households every year.", "16. In Haiti, WFP supported the Government to prepare for disasters through standby agreements with partners and pre-positioning lifesaving supplies to be used in case of a disaster. Those efforts enabled the Government, the Programme and its partners to quickly respond to Hurricane Tomas and the cholera epidemic.", "17. In West Africa, humanitarian agencies formed the Strategic Partnership for Preparedness. Capacity development activities are undertaken in-country, supported by regional and global partners. In Ghana, the emergency preparedness and response capacity assessment led to an action plan for 2011-2012.", "B. Action at the regional level", "18. Regional and subregional multi-stakeholder platforms for disaster risk reduction are gradually being institutionalized and represent unique regional opportunities for stakeholders to share experiences, monitor progress and take collective action to enhance the implementation of the Hyogo Framework. The Strategy secretariat regional offices support those platforms, in partnership with United Nations agencies, the World Bank and other partners.", "Africa", "19. States members of the African Union demonstrate continued commitment to disaster risk reduction through the adoption by the Executive Council of the African Union, at the January 2011 Summit, of a decision on the report of the Second African Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction. The Executive Council endorsed the recommendations contained in the report, including strategic areas of action, key activities, expected results and indicators of the Extended Programme of Action for the implementation of the Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction (2006-2015) at continental, subregional and national levels.", "20. Regional economic communities were empowered to provide effective coordination and strategic guidance to their member States to align their subregional strategies and programmes to the Africa Regional Strategy and Programme of Action and facilitate their implementation in their subregions. The work programme of the Economic Community of West African States, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Inter-Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the Southern African Development Community now integrate disaster risk reduction as a priority in support of the Africa Regional Strategy and Programme of Action for Disaster Risk Reduction implementation.", "21. The Inter-Governmental Authority on Development and the partner countries are working to build capacity and strengthen disaster risk reduction institutions; strengthen disaster risk management capacities of national and subregional bodies; build technical competencies and institutional capacities for disaster risk reduction and climate monitoring and prediction with financial and technical support by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery.", "Arab States region", "22. Arab nations recognize the impacts of ongoing environmental degradation, climate change, rapid unplanned urbanization, acute water scarcity, a changing demography and migration trends on achieving sustainable development goals for the region. Secondary risks associated with population displacements, disease outbreaks, pandemic influenza, food insecurity, conflict and civil unrest pose multifold challenges to the region, on a larger scale than ever before.", "23. In recognition of the necessity to reduce risks associated with disaster trends in the region, the Council of Arab Ministers Responsible for the Environment adopted in December 2010 the Arab Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction 2020, subsequently endorsed by Heads of State at the second Arab Summit on Socio-Economic Development in January 2011.", "24. At the national level, countries began enhancing and systematizing information systems for disasters by establishing disaster losses databases that provide needed national and local risk and vulnerability information for decision makers. Jordan, the Syrian Arab Republic and Yemen completed their national disaster databases, while Djibouti, Egypt, Lebanon and Morocco are currently finalizing their own.", "Asia and the Pacific", "25. The Incheon Declaration of 2010 and the Incheon Regional Road Map, adopted at the fourth Asian Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, identified the integration of disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation as the key priority focus area in the region until 2015. An action plan was adopted that provides comprehensive guidance to convert the Ministerial decisions and the Road Map into concrete actions at the national and local levels. Several civil society organizations and the Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies have expressed commitment to contribute to the implementation of those activities, in support of their respective Governments.", "26. The 2010 Pacific Platform for Disaster Risk Management convened under the overarching theme “Enhancing the implementation of the Pacific Disaster Risk Reduction and Disaster Management Framework for Action through a multi‑stakeholder approach”. The Platform committed to enhance disaster risk management and climate change adaptation linkages at the national and regional level through better coordination and the development of integrated funding modalities; increase investments into disaster risk management in Pacific island countries and align investments with existing national priorities; foster mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction into national policies, budgets and all national sector plans where feasible; and share disaster risk management information and expertise through multi-stakeholder involvement, and especially the participation of communities, women and youth, politicians and parliamentarians, as well as civil society and sector experts.", "The Americas", "27. The second session of the Regional Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction in the Americas took place in Nuevo Vallarta, Nayarit, Mexico, from 15 to 17 March 2011, and resulted in the Communiqué of Nayarit, a statement on concerns and proposals for a regional development agenda that explicitly and effectively includes disaster risk reduction along with considerations of adaptation to climate change.", "28. The role of the subregional mechanisms, such as the Centro de Coordinación para la Prevención de los Desastres Naturales en América Central (CEPREDENAC), the Comité Andino para la Prevención y Atención de Desastres (CAPRADE), the Reunión Especializada de Reducción de Riesgos de Desastres Socionaturales, la Defensa Civil y la Asistencia Humanitaria del Mercosur (REHU) and the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency, has been catalytic in fostering the inclusion of disaster risk reduction into national policies. A remarkable example was the approval of the Central American Policy for Integral Risk Management fostered by CEPREDENAC, which introduces disaster risk reduction as a binding policy instrument for the member countries. The experience of CEPREDENAC was awarded with a mention in the Sasakawa Award 2011.", "Europe", "29. Several high-level events contributed to increasing the political commitment for disaster risk reduction at the regional and subregional levels and to the integration of disaster risk reduction as a core priority of the mandate of key European institutions such as the Council of Europe, the European Commission and the Regional Cooperation Council for South East Europe. These political processes were complemented and supported by technical exchange of information, knowledge and experience among the Hyogo Framework focal points, national platforms, and partners in the context of the European Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction.", "30. A medium-term plan for 2011-2015 was adopted in September 2010 at the twelfth Ministerial session of the Council of Europe European and Mediterranean Major Hazards Agreement (EUR-OPA) in St. Petersburg, to “improve prevention and preparedness and promote good risk governance, use knowledge to reduce vulnerability, improve preparedness for emergencies”. At the session, the Council discussed the consequences of climate change on the frequency and intensity of disasters and the measures to strengthen societies’ adaptation and resilience.", "31. The European Parliament adopted a resolution on the Commission Communication: “A Community approach on the prevention of natural and man-made disasters” in 2009 that welcomes the Commission’s commitment to ensuring that issues related to disaster prevention are taken into account more coherently in European Union policies and programmes. The European Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction will convene its second annual meeting in Skopje in October 2011.", "C. Action at the international level", "Priority 1", "Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority", "32. In partnership with parliaments at national, regional and global levels, disaster risk reduction was included in the agenda of several global and regional parliamentary assemblies. The Advocacy Kit “Disaster Risk Reduction: An Instrument for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals”, developed by the Inter-Parliamentary Union and the Strategy secretariat, benefited parliamentarians from 124 countries.", "33. The period 2010-2011 demonstrated that the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery has been able to significantly contribute towards this priority area in 13 of its 31 priority countries. To support institutional capacity and consensus-building for disaster risk reduction, the Global Facility supported 123 active projects worth over $54 million and spanning more than 50 countries as well as regional and global engagements. The joint World Bank-United Nations publication entitled Natural Hazards, UnNatural Disasters: The Economics of Effective Prevention provides the economic rationale for investments in disaster prevention to underwrite political advocacy. The importance of sharing risk data to enable informed decision-making is highlighted in the report.", "Priority 2", "Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning", "34. The Global Risk Identification Programme assists over 30 countries to build better risk information foundations for sound decision-making through various activities, such as setting up base lines for disaster risk and incorporating risk information in decision-making processes and development programmes.", "35. The UNESCO international platform on earthquake risk reduction promoted the exchange of information-based seismology and earthquake engineering. In this context, the global task force on building codes has furthered its action plan. The International Consortium on Landslides will convene the second World Landslide Forum from 3 to 9 October 2011 in Rome, under the aegis of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction.", "36. The World Health Organization (WHO) supported Member States, including Afghanistan, Colombia and Mauritius, in aspects of risk assessment, such as the assessment of capacities, as a foundation for developing health emergency risk management programmes. South-east Asian countries applied a benchmarking process to assess current capacities and identify priorities for capacity development.", "37. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies published the World Disasters Report 2010: Focus on urban risk, which provides an in-depth look at the dramatic surge in the number of persons living in cities and towns.", "38. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) supported the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction system in undertaking global risk assessments for the 2011 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction, through the development and maintenance of a web-based technical platform and source data for global risk evaluation of floods, cyclones, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, fires, storm surges and droughts. UNEP also developed an innovative risk assessment tool known as RiVAMP enabling policymakers to make informed decisions in support of sustainable development growth.", "39. Improving disaster risk assessment and monitoring was the priority of 54 projects supported by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery with almost $22 million invested. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO), through regional climate centres and climate outlook forums, facilitated the development of climate services that include analysis of the changing patterns of hazards and provision of seasonal to longer-time-scale forecasts and outlooks to support national disaster risk reduction and climate adaptation planning. In cooperation with United Nations-International Strategy for Disaster Reduction system partners, WMO is facilitating regional and national capacity development projects for strengthening hydrometeorological risk assessment and multi-hazard early warning systems in the Caribbean, Central America, South-east Europe and South-east Asia. In addition, WMO published a book entitled Institutional Partnerships in Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems, based on documentation and synthesis of seven national good practices.", "40. The United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and its partners collaborated to strengthen the evidence base on disaster risk and children. Carried out in seven countries, the studies conclude that to ensure that the specific climate risks and vulnerabilities faced by children are addressed, a “child centred approach” to disaster risk reduction and adaptation is needed.", "Priority 3", "Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels", "41. Support for disaster risk reduction capacity development continues to be an area of growing demand. The Capacity for Disaster Reduction Initiative (CADRI) — a partnership between the United Nations Development Programme, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat and the Strategy secretariat — supported high-risk countries with capacity assessments and training.", "42. While strides have been made, it is increasingly evident that needs remain, especially in strengthening the capacity of Ministries and relevant sectors to mainstream gender, including those institutions and government departments responsible for statistical collection and analysis, to collect and utilize sex-disaggregated data. The publication entitled Making Disaster Risk Reduction Gender-Sensitive: Policy and Practical Guidelines (2009) has been used as a reference for climate change adaptation training, benefiting more than 1,000 trainees from 107 countries.", "43. The UNEP Finance Initiative works with major private insurance companies on a global initiative to integrate sustainability principles based on sound environmental management and disaster reduction criteria. UNESCO promoted disaster risk reduction as an intrinsic element of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development, especially through the integration of disaster risk reduction into national education strategies and plans.", "44. In over 25 countries, WFP supported Governments to implement food security monitoring systems tracking food security, nutrition, and market indicators alongside natural hazards to provide effective analysis to support disaster preparedness, prevention and response.", "45. There are measurable increases in the use and popularity of Preventionweb.net, with a 130 per cent increase in content submissions from partners and a 75 per cent increase in the number of users.", "Priority 4", "Reduce the underlying risk factors", "46. The Partnership for Environment and Disaster Risk Reduction developed a training course to build capacities of national and local governments in promoting and implementing environmental management and ecosystem-based initiatives for disaster risk reduction.", "47. Together with partners, UNEP provides technical assistance that enables Governments to use environmental management tools for disaster-resilient, sustainable development planning, especially in the major ecozones vulnerable to disasters — coastal areas, mountains, river basins and drylands. Countries such as Haiti, Nepal, Peru, Sri Lanka and Uganda have benefited from such programmes. UN-Habitat supported Haiti, Chile, Colombia, Cuba and Ecuador in reducing urban risk through specific city programmes.", "48. The UNDP Climate Risk Management initiative completed climate risk assessments in several countries across the world through ongoing global and regional programmes. Trainings and workshops contributed to national and local capacity-building in climate risk, impact and capacity assessment.", "49. On 22 January 2011, the sixty-fourth World Health Assembly adopted a resolution (WHA64.10) in which it urged Member States, inter alia, to strengthen all-hazards health emergency and disaster risk-management programmes and develop programmes on safe hospitals. Similar resolutions were adopted in the Eastern Mediterranean and Pan American regions.", "50. Disaster risk reduction and financing for sustainable development was supported by the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery in 33 projects with a total approved cost of $14.1 million. For example, a study was launched under the policy guidance of the African Union Commission to explore the feasibility of establishing new ways of funding drought-related emergency relief in Africa, with a focus on country-led, sustainable risk management strategies for the continent.", "Priority 5", "Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels", "51. The Principals of the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) have recognized preparedness for emergency response as fundamental for rapid and effective post-disaster relief and recovery. The IASC Sub-Working Group on Preparedness is focusing efforts in support of strengthening national capacity for preparedness for emergency response in five pilot countries. The Capacity for Disaster Reduction Initiative is supporting these initiatives to help high-risk countries develop capacity specifically in the area of disaster preparedness with combined support from the international system. In collaboration with partners, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs undertook several initiatives, including development and revision of preparedness tools, joint planning as well as leading a task team to strengthen response preparedness at the regional level.", "52. By capturing the synergies of the partners, the International Recovery Platform developed tools for recovery and provides capacity development on post-disaster recovery for national and local governments, through the guidance notes on infrastructure, shelter, health, psychosocial, climate change and adaptation, environment, gender, governance and livelihoods, as well as the post-disaster needs assessment.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] The 2011 Global Assessment Report is a collaborative effort of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction system partners. See www.preventionweb.net/gar.", "[3] EM-DAT: the OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database.", "[4] A/CONF.206/6 and Corr.1, chap. I, resolution 2. See www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-mtr/.", "[5] www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-monitoring/.", "[6] Strategy secretariat, Aligning Regional and Global Disaster Risk Reduction Agendas: Summary of key regional political commitments and disaster risk reduction priorities (May, 2011).", "[7] www.safe-schools-hospitals.net.", "[8] UNESCO, UNICEF, the World Bank, Plan International, Save the Children, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, World Vision, the Coalition for Global School Safety (COGSS), Prevention 2000, the Strategy secretariat and others.", "[9] A target that some donors, including Australia, the European Commission Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department (ECHO), Germany, and the United States of America, claim to have reached or surpassed.", "[10] Based on OECD/Development Assistance Committee, 2010.", "[11] See the Chair’s Summary of the third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (Geneva, 8-13 May 2011).", "[12] Through the HFA Monitor and the 2011 Global Assessment Report.", "[13] See the following link for the complete list of national platforms: http://preventionweb.net/ english/hyogo/national/list/." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(c)", "可持续发展国际减少灾害战略", "《国际减少灾害战略》执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "摘要 本报告依照大会第65/157号决议的要求概括介绍了《国际减少灾害战略》的进展情况。灾害风险增加的速度超过经济增长速度，从而影响了千年发展目标的进展和实现。对《2005-2015年兵库行动框架：建立国家和社区的抗灾能力》的中期审查表明，该框架各项原则指导抗灾能力建设取得进展。但是，国家、国家以下和国际各级风险管理系统和决策进程还需要取得重大进展，包括风险损失核算和综合风险建模，以便为合理规划发展和投资提供支助。 \n2011年5月举行了第三次全球减少灾害风险平台会议，来自各个部门的抗灾能力建设方面的领导人和专家参加了会议，所涉部门范围之广前所未有。会议讨论为进一步实施《兵库行动框架》提供了指导。与会者认为务必紧急增加对减少灾害风险的投资。日本政府提出担任2015年第三次世界减灾会议的东道国。", "目录", "页次\n1.灾害及灾害风险趋势 3\n2.与实施《兵库行动框架》有关的挑战和机遇 4\n3.通过战略系统进行协调和指导 6\nA.加强全球、区域和国家各级协调 6\nB.力主更为安全的城市、学校和医院 9\nC.增加对减少灾害风险的投资 10\n4.结论和建议 11 \n 附件 \n关于《兵库行动框架》执行进展情况的具体资料 13", "一. 灾害及灾害风险趋势", "1. 大大小小各种灾害，从2010年7月巴基斯坦洪灾到贝宁或巴西等国家的洪灾，进一步表明了灾害与贫困之间的密切联系，正如《2011年全球减少灾害风险评估报告：揭示风险、重新界定发展》所强调的那样。[1] 与此同时，澳大利亚洪灾，新西兰克里斯特彻奇地震，给日本东北部造成巨大破坏的地震、海啸及核灾难无疑再次提醒我们，发达国家及其经济和城市同样面临灾害风险。与气候变化有关的数百起较小规模灾害也给许多国家造成了巨大的损害，显示了风险与发展做法欠佳、经济增长和人口爆炸之间的密切关系。", "2. 显然，灾害造成的金融、社会和政治代价越来越大。在全球一级，与天气有关的灾害导致死亡的风险不断下降，而经济损失在所有区域均呈上升趋势。据《2011年全球评估报告》，自1990年以来，东亚和太平洋遭受热带气旋的风险减少了50%。而就地震和海啸风险而言，在全球一级，无论是生命损失还是经济损失的风险都越来越大。在报告所述期间，发生共计347次自然灾害，受影响人数超过2.55亿，造成106 000人丧生，经济损失超过3 040亿美元。[2]", "3. 高收入国家经济损失风险的增加速度更快。自从1980年以来，高收入国家因热带气旋造成经济损失的风险增加了262%，而低收入国家为155%。2010年，经济合作与发展组织国家因洪灾造成经济损失风险与1990年相比增加了170%，超过国内总产值增长速度。在许多国家，洪灾和热带气旋造成经济损失的风险都超过了国内总产值增长速度，这意味着灾害造成财富损失风险的增长速度超过创造财富的速度。低收入国家承受灾害造成的经济损失能力以及复原能力较低。总的来说，与小岛屿发展中国家等小经济体相比，较大的经济体承受灾害损失的能力更强，因为这些经济体在地理和经济上更为多样化。", "4. 旱灾是与社会和经济政策选择不当关系最密切的灾害，而且经常与冲突造成的不稳定有关。旱灾依然是隐蔽的风险，尽管旱灾对人类健康、生计和许多经济部门的影响如此之大，而人们对旱灾的了解却十分有限。旱灾给农村人口和牧民带来压力和不安全感。各国以及国际一级报告的灾害数据均未如实反映出旱灾的影响。例如，2010年7月至2011年6月期间，据报告，全球只有4人死于旱灾，而受到旱灾影响的人数为32 482 102人，超过任何其他灾害的受影响人数。² 必须采取的一个关键步骤是，加强地方和国家一级的综合风险管理系统并系统地记录旱灾造成的影响，以便减少旱灾风险，改进早期预警，防止旱灾影响升级为粮食安全危机。", "5. 1970-2010年期间，世界人口增长了87%。同期，洪灾易发区河流流域的人口增加了114%，气旋易发区沿海人口增加了195%。因此，经济和生产性资产在最易受灾地区，特别是在低收入和中下收入国家，不断积累。为了扭转上述趋势，发展计划和投资选择都必须考虑到风险信息，并通过减少灾害风险框架处理。", "6. 正如日本东部大地震和海啸所表明的那样，自然灾害可能造成一系列灾难性后果，不仅核设施而且水电站大坝、工业、桥梁和公路之类基础设施也会遭到破坏。各项新的努力应将上述因素考虑在内，采取有远见的思维和规划方式来制定有关标准、备灾措施、早期预警机制和应对措施。", "二. 与实施《兵库行动框架》有关的挑战和机遇", "7. 《2005-2015年兵库行动框架：建立国家和社区的抗灾能力》中期审查、[3] “兵库行动框架监测系统”、[4]《2011年全球评估报告》、全球及各区域平台以及相关协商进程查明了减少风险和脆弱性方面的主要挑战、机遇和优先事项。在全球、国家、地方各级以及公共和私营部门，进行灾害管理的政治意愿日益加强。现在重要的是将这种决心落实到行动上，就“如何操作”提供更明确的指导，促进循证决策、知情的舆论、不同行业间以及全球、国家和地方各级加强合作。", "8. 减灾战略秘书处根据大会第64/200号决议促进国际、区域以及国家各级利益攸关者共同参与，以推动《兵库行动框架》中期审查。", "9. 中期审查强调指出在过去五年中《兵库行动框架》大大推动了减少灾害风险方面的国际及国内政治势头和行动。该框架的各项原则被普遍作为指导。审查指出了尚需进一步努力和合作的重要领域。", "10. 中期审查确认减少灾害风险、灾害影响和脆弱性主要取决于得当的发展政策和投资。尽管有一些这方面的好例子，但是风险管理尚未被充分纳入发展规划，原因包括社区和地方政府参与确定国家优先事项的程度有限，且采取整体政府方式的程度也有限。", "11. 管理灾害风险及其灾害后果需要跨部门、地方以及国家之间密切合作。尽管在一些部门取得进展，但是由于没有实现系统一体化，尚未取得预期效果。尽管生成了很多这方面的知识，但是没有得到充分利用。公共和私人部门拟订了重要的做法，积累了重要的经验教训可供分享。因此，必须审查现有灾害风险管理系统及其在国家和国际一级的相互联系。在这方面，国家一级多方利益攸关方“国家减少灾害风险平台”是一个重要的模式，有可能为作出知情决策和提高公众认识提供指导。但是，这种模式的潜力没有得到充分利用，有必要进一步审查如何使这种模式最有效地支助国内决策和国际合作。", "12. 有效管理灾害方面的问责制需要进一步加强。许多国家通过了相关立法，迈出了重要的一步。与此同时，由于缺少如实记录灾害损失的机制，缺少明确的标准、基线和目标指标，无法指导和衡量进展情况。因此，利用跨部门知识和经验开发各种指南工具至关重要。用于跟踪和了解灾害原因的通用分析工具可支助发展投资和规划以及备灾工作。尽管风险属于地区性，但是减少风险需要国家及国际各级合作。", "13. 有证据表明，能否进行有效的风险管理取决于是否建立了高级别政府一级的高级综合权威机构，负责决策、领导政府统筹进程以及确保为减少灾害风险的所有不同方面分配预算，并承担这方面的问责责任。《2011年全球评估报告》的结论认为，在中央政府一级，灾害风险管理应由一个具有政治权威并负责所有部门政策一致的负有规划监督和财政责任的部委负责。在将责任逐步下放给地方政府的同时，能力和资源也需要下放。只有与易受灾害影响家庭和社区以及他们的组织共同合作，才能有效地进行灾害风险管理。这是实现成本效益、可持续性、公民及社会凝聚力的关键。开展这类伙伴合作的实例越来越多，但是在许多国家这意味着公共行政管理文化的变化。所面临的挑战不是如何促进社区参与的问题，而是促进政府参与社区和地方灾害风险管理的规划和实施。", "14. 已经建立了若干生成和分享信息的机制，但是减少灾害风险方面的标准依然不统一，未综合在一起，或者没有涉及如何管理同时或先后发生的多个灾害的问题。备灾工作有必要采取预防多种灾害的方式，将作为自然灾害附带后果的技术灾害考虑在内。", "15. 《兵库行动框架》中期审查指出对减少灾害风险的资助依然不足，还需要做更多努力跟踪投资情况，为发展投资创造有利环境并支助地方一级行动。为此，减灾战略秘书处与一些国家和组织共同拟订模式和指南。", "16. 据2011年全球评估报告，多数国家没有系统地核算灾害给公共资产造成的损失。未核算的损失多由低收入群体承受，从而加重了贫困，影响了实现千年发展目标方面的进展。与此同时，转化为货币的公共资产损失往往在国内总产值或国家预算中占相当大的比例。多数国家未能量化减少灾害风险方面的投资，即使有量化的投资数据，投资规模也很少与损失程度匹配。除非计算出灾害损失的成本，否则很难解释为何在国家预算中增加对灾害风险管理的投资。《2011年全球评估报告》还得出结论认为，旨在避免造成风险的土地使用规划和加固建筑物措施的成本-效益比率为4或更多，而通过迁移或翻修避免风险只是刚刚达到成本效益而已。鉴于公共投资通常占国内总产值的3%至15%，将减少灾害风险纳入公共投资规划是一项具有战略意义的决定，可有助大大减少中期风险。哥斯达黎加和秘鲁等国将灾害风险列入公共投资评估标准。最具成本效益的减少风险投资是那些集中在一个国家的公共建筑和重要设施投资组合中最脆弱的一部分的投资。可通过调整现有社会保障手段，以相对较低的额外成本为数百万人提供保障。例如，智利扩大了社会援助方案的支付范围，为受到2010年2月地震和海啸影响的家庭提供援助。", "17. 灾害风险信息在指导投资决定和支助舆论方面发挥重要作用。获得有关自然灾害和现有减少风险措施的信息将为减少脆弱性提供机会。在灾害发生之后立即获得风险信息，对作出有效的回应来说是至关重要的，可指导救灾和抗灾班子、国家及地方各级政府以及一般公众的紧急行动。一个需要认真的集体思考的复杂问题是，政府、组织和社区在审议极端事件影响的时候，采用什么标准来确定风险的程度和减轻灾害措施的成本。", "18. 2010年12月，在坎昆举行了联合国气候变化框架公约缔约国会议。缔约国在会上强调指出务必加强旨在减少与气候变化有关的灾害风险战略，同时酌情考虑到《兵库行动框架》。《坎昆适应框架》对减少灾害风险的关注表明国家在减少灾害风险方面的强有力的自主权，制定和实施国家适应计划方面的现有程序是有影响力的手段，可通过多部门、多个利益攸关方进程扩大减少灾害风险努力的规模。", "三. 通过战略系统进行协调和指导", "19. 要有效地减少灾害风险，就必须建立新型跨部门伙伴关系，包括在地方一级以及公共与私营部门之间。实践证明，全球、区域以及国家各级现有机制在形成减少灾害风险政治势头和空间方面发挥了至关重要的作用。有必要进一步加强这些机制，确保这些机制之间相互关联，并包容不同的利益攸关方，应对新出现的与气候和减少灾害风险有关的各种挑战。", "A. 加强全球、区域和国家各级协调", "全球", "20. 2011年5月8日至13日在日内瓦举行了第三次全球减少灾害风险平台会议。来自168个国家政府、25个政府间组织、65个非政府组织、国际红十字和红新月协会、地方政府、议会、私人部门、学术机构、民间社会和国际组织的2 600名代表与会。考虑到减少灾害风险是联合国及其合作伙伴的发展、环境及人道主义工作的中心，我的副秘书长主持了第三次会议。", "21. 在第三次会议上，确认全球平台及其筹备和参与进程是一个全球一级主要论坛，通过这个论坛提供政治指导、促进协调和伙伴关系发展以及跨部门交流减少灾害风险方面的好做法。设在日内瓦的《国际减少灾害战略》支助小组、国际红十字和红新月运动、全球民间社会组织网络、参加“加强城市复原力”活动的合作伙伴和地方政府、《国际减少灾害战略》私营部门咨询小组、区域组织以及联合国机构和世界银行为筹备第三次会议提供了重要投入。", "22. 除了会员国作出承诺声明外，市长们还承诺落实《确保城市复原力的十大要点》；私营部门参与者商定了《企业五大要点》；一组年轻人组织共同推动关于儿童与减少灾害问题的五点章程；关注健康的若干国际组织联合发表声明，呼吁扩大对减少灾害风险来说至关重要的社区保健队伍，还呼吁各国政府和合作伙伴进行投资，加强自身能力。区域组织再次承诺实施在世界部长级会议上商定的区域战略。", "23. 《兵库行动框架》有效期为2005年至2015年。第三次会议上的讨论强调确保进一步实施该框架的重要性，同时在该战略的秘书处作为联合国系统减少灾害风险的联络中心推动下，开展了关于2015年以后减少灾害风险框架的讨论。在这方面，日本政府在第三次会议期间主动提出担任第三次世界减少灾害风险会议的东道国，第三次会议将于2005-2015年《兵库行动框架》到期之年2015年举行。", "24. 全球减灾和灾后恢复基金、世界银行和减灾战略秘书处组织了第一次世界重建会议，作为第三次世界减少灾害风险会议的一个组成部分，重建会议确认灾后恢复和重建的协调和筹资方面的挑战。讨论侧重如何拟订一个有效的恢复框架，更可靠的筹资和加深了解的做法，强调将减少风险纳入所有灾后行动。", "25. 会员国对减少灾害风险的承诺日益增强，拓宽了促进讨论和行动所需政治空间。2011年2月9日，联合国大会主席召集了一次关于减少灾害风险的非正式专题辩论，旨在进一步了解如何通过有效的投资政策和做法以及可持续的城市管理来减少风险和受灾害影响的程度。", "26. 兵库行动框架监测系统是很有价值的信息来源，可通过该系统了解实施《兵库行动框架》各项原则的进展情况，交流做法并查明正在出现的战略问题，以便在国家和国际各级加以解决。共计133个国家为2009-2011年第三个报告周期提供了资料。正在进一步完善上述工具，包括增加了一个地方一级自我评估单元。", "区域", "27. 在报告所述期间，展开了许多区域活动。[5] 减灾战略秘书处为各国政府和区域组织筹备区域部长级会议、区域平台会议和其他会议以及制定行动计划和后续活动提供了实质性咨询意见和支助，对此，利益攸关者表示赞赏。", "28. 区域会议确认有必要以权力下放的方式实施地方和社区减少灾害风险战略和方案，为此建立适当的、切合实际的、可预测的筹资机制，加强地方政府和包括志愿者网络在内的各种地方非政府组织的作用。另外，会议讨论和公报都重申《兵库行动框架》的各项规定为减少灾害风险提供了指导原则。", "国家", "29. 在国家一级，国家减少灾害风险平台或者类似的国家协调机制有可能支助国家发展计划和投资方面决策。在第三次全球减少灾害风险平台会议期间，举行了一次国家平台会议，讨论了旨在增强各国行动的各种选择和最佳做法。减灾战略秘书处将为审查目前做法和促进加强多方利益攸关方减少灾害风险能力提供进一步支助。", "30. 随着需要和要求越来越明确，联合国驻地协调员越来越多地参与高危国家的减少灾害风险行动。减灾战略秘书处与合作伙伴一道推动将减少灾害风险和适应气候变化目标纳入30个联合国发展援助框架。", "31. 通过动员利益攸关者团体和“推动变革者”参与，大大拓宽了减少灾害风险的政治组合范围。一些市长、州长和议员与减灾战略秘书处一道呼吁其他市长、州长和议员增强对建立复原能力的承诺和行动。2011年联合国减少风险笹川奖被授予最佳复原力城市和地方行动，由北温哥华(加拿大)、圣菲(阿根廷)和圣佛朗西斯克(菲律宾)分享该奖，布巴内斯瓦尔(印度)、中美洲预防自然灾害协调中心(中美洲)及地震重建和复原管理局(巴基斯坦)获得绩优证书。", "32. 最近，减灾战略秘书处建立了减少灾害风险私营部门咨询小组。该小组起到催化剂的作用，促进包括范围很广的私营部门实体结成全球伙伴关系，通过各种具体行动建立复原能力，例如为国家和地方风险评估提供支助、促进风险筹资方面的社会和环境可持续性、促进数据传播以及充分利用按部门分类的私营部门专门知识和优势，例如，私营部门在城市和沿海之类高风险地区建造复原力强的基础设施和促进可持续的土地使用和发展方面的专门知识和优势。", "33. 通过与议员、各国议会联盟和国家议会合作，增强了全球和国家各级对投资于减少灾害风险和适应气候风险措施的政治承诺。另外，减灾战略秘书处还提倡采取考虑到性别平等的减少灾害措施，促进个人和机构合作伙伴的自主权和领导能力。", "34. 在我的减少灾害风险问题特别代表的领导下，减灾战略秘书处继续在以下方面发挥主导作用：提供协调和确保上述机制间协同增效作用、影响减灾战略利益攸关方的愿景、知识的生成及分享、促进新的伙伴关系以及倡导建立复原力更强的社区。由于减灾战略秘书处的任务具有跨部门的特点，使其能够与来自发展、环保和救济各个领域的伙伴合作，拟订促进实施《兵库行动框架》的下一步措施。", "35. 《兵库行动框架》中期审查和《2011年全球减少灾害风险评估报告》突显了加强包括联合国系统在内的各级治理机制以确保有效地减少风险的必要性，尤其突显了联合国系统加强政策和业务一致性的必要性，以便通过联合国驻地协调员和联合国国家工作队更有效地为各国提供支助。我要求我的特别代表向行政首长理事会简要介绍中期审查的结论并就未来行动方案提出建议。方案问题高级别委员会将进一步讨论该事项，以确定整个联合国系统的适宜的行动方案。减灾战略秘书处将继续侧重加强联合国系统内部的协调。", "36. 合作伙伴和各国政府在不同场合多次重申减灾战略秘书处在加强联合国系统减少灾害风险方面的重要作用。鉴于中期审查以及大会第65/157号决议均对内部监督事务厅关于减灾战略秘书处的治理审计表示赞赏，行政和预算问题咨询委员会同意我关于将减少灾害风险事务特别代表职位的任期延长四年的建议，延至2015年年底，以确保中期审查的后续行动，推动实施《兵库行动框架》，协助拟订2015年后减少灾害风险框架。另外，我还将考虑采取其他措施以确保减灾战略秘书处高效率、有效地完成任务。", "B. 力主更为安全的城市、学校和医院", "37. 如今有一半人口住在城市。到2050年，城市化将增至70%，城市风险将继续增加。2010年，减灾战略秘书处发起“让城市具有防灾能力：我的城市正作好准备”的世界减灾运动，力求从市长和市委员会着手，加强地方政府在减少灾害风险和建设抗灾能力方面的作用。该运动正在推动制定和实施地方的抗灾战略。截至2011年6月底，已有750多个城市和地方政府在不到一年的时间里参加运动。该运动还会聚了来自世界各地和国内各城市、联合国系统、民间社会和私营部门的许多热情高涨的支持者。这次运动激发了城市与城市之间越来越多的减少灾害风险方面的合作努力和类似举措。", "38. 《气候变化问题全球市长理事会波恩宣言》等一些国际宣言和在墨西哥城召开的第三次城市和地方政府联合世界大会提出的建议均呼吁其城市成员和伙伴参加运动，并积极支持和监测其落实情况。", "39. 减灾战略秘书处与亚洲地区和全球减灾战略的伙伴一起，发起了百万安全学校和医院的宣誓运动。[6] 到6月底，各区域都已发起这一主动行动，有138 000所学校和医院承诺保证安全。世界卫生组织(世卫组织)报告了世界各地42个以上的国家建设更为安全的医院的进展情况。现已对630多个保健设施的安全及其对付紧急的能力进行了评估，并已在印度尼西亚、墨西哥、尼泊尔、阿曼、菲律宾和摩尔多瓦共和国采取了减少薄弱环节和加强备灾能力的措施。", "40. 减灾战略秘书处的知识和教育专题平台通过一批核心伙伴，[7] 设计了一个关于学校安全的全球基线研究。全球平台会议在一次专门活动中，讨论了这一研究。参加那次活动的有教育部和国家灾害管理机构。会议建议将减少灾害风险作为学校课程的一个优先事项，并使每个儿童都有权利实现全球教育的目标。代表们呼吁捐助方进一步有步骤地继续为学校安全进行投资。这次会议使一系列试点弱势国家宣布对学校安全进行评估。", "C. 增加对减少灾害风险的投资", "41. 大多数国家报告，根据兵库行动框架监测系统的监测结果，各部门或地方政府用于管理风险能力和灾害风险管理的资源增加得不多。但其中的一部分原因在于记录减少风险的开支这项工作比较复杂，因为财务报告制度不便于量化这类支出(投资是通过各种手段提供的，包括部门预算、环境保护资金、社会巩固和发展资金、补偿资金、民间社会等，在某些国家还通过私营部门提供)。", "42. 在第二次全球减少灾害风险平台会议上(2009年)，与会者提出了减少风险方面的投资目标，即国家发展预算的1%，人道主义援助资金的10%，[8] 重建和恢复资金的10%。根据经合组织的官方统计，人道主义援助投资中专门用于防灾备灾的那部分资金已有一定增加(2009年为4.2%)。这是一个指示性数字，因为随着官方发展援助支出的增加(2009年达到1 320亿美元以上)，[9] 加上发展界越来越强调抗灾能力，实际数字想必大得多。但是，由于没有一个较为普遍而且明示的减灾预算，因此要形成更准确的概念，需要加大投资力度才行。", "43. 国家和社区不论穷富，都无法承受往往在大多可以预防的灾害之后采取昂贵措施的负担。因此，发展界越来越认识到，需要将重点放在抗灾能力上。援助效力对话中越来越经常地讨论的是减少风险和抗灾战略问题。国家和国际社会在设计和实施发展方案时，也越来越面向未来以及社区和国家面对的风险，并且制定大量政策，积极推动在拟定可持续发展方案时减少风险。这方面的范例包括澳大利亚的“实际的综合工作——澳大利亚在援助方案中综合减少灾害风险、气候变化和环境因素三方面的考虑”；欧洲联盟委员会2011-2014年欧洲联盟(欧盟)支持发展中国家减少灾害风险的实施计划；大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府承诺在联合王国国际发展部的所有国家方案中，都致力于建设抗灾能力。", "44. 定于2011年11月在大韩民国釜山举行的援助实效问题第四次高级别论坛将使发展部长、多边和双边发展机构领导人有机会作出公开和可以衡量的承诺，将抗灾和减少风险作为国内和国际投资战略的核心，使消除贫穷工作具有可持续性和成本效益，并促进持久和平与安全。", "45. 联合国-世界银行伙伴关系继续通过全球减灾和灾后恢复基金，将减少灾害风险作为综合发展的优先事项。2007-2011年期间，恢复基金的捐助方共认捐3.04亿美元以上，用于减少灾害风险的活动。", "为国际减少灾害战略秘书处供资", "46. 大会在审议时要求以更可预测和稳定的方式，为目前由预算外资源供资的减少灾害战略秘书处供资。根据这一要求，并考虑到监督厅关于该秘书处的审计报告，我在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算(见A/66/6(Sect.27))中，请设1个D-1职等的区域方案和政策制订处处长员额。该员额将领导减少灾害战略秘书处的区域工作，为执行大会交给秘书处的任务(即在协调减灾方面充当联合国系统协调中心，并确保联合国系统和各区域组织减灾活动与社会经济和人道主义领域各种活动之间的协同增效)方面发挥重要作用。", "四. 结论和建议", "47. 经与国家、区域和全球各级与各国政府磋商，举行了第三次全球减少灾害风险平台会议。会议确认了[10] 在今后五年中携手工作的重要领域和机会，以管理灾害风险，加强《兵库行动框架》的执行工作。", "48. 减少灾害风险有助于支持最弱势民众的社会保护政策，并有助于经济增长和生态系统的管理。因此，需将风险管理进一步纳入可持续发展和气候风险管理工作。减少灾害风险与可持续发展两者具有内在联系。在迎接里约＋20可持续发展世界首脑会议之际，对减少灾害风险作出政治和财政承诺必须成为我们憧憬可持续发展的一个核心内容。", "49. 在管理灾害风险方面，我们已作出明确的政治承诺。如今必须将这一政治承诺变成实际行动。在国家一级，可以建立风险摸底、登记灾害损失、综合部门知识等重要机制，以更好地寻找灾害原因和制定今后的减灾措施，并确定减灾目标，从而有助于作出发展投资和规划方面的明智决定。", "50. 国家的多方利益攸关机制可以在支持明智决策和制定综合宣传战略教育公众从而支持个人选择方面发挥重要作用。过去十年里制定了各种国家平台范本，结果有好有坏。联合国国际减少灾害战略将与国家机制联合开展一项工作，目的是总结国家经验，确保建立一个促进减少灾害风险的可行模式，以有助于优化风险管理。", "51. 还需要进一步努力，理清减少灾害风险与适应气候变化之间的密切联系。加强防灾和减少气候风险举措之间的协同作用是减少受灾风险的必要步骤。需要特别注意通过管理气候风险的战略，有重点地采取行动，减少自然灾害。", "52. 我们可以从报告所述期间发生的灾害中，汲取以下一些教训：", "• 通过宣传、教育和演练，培养抗灾能力。但是，在提高公众认识和提供风险管理资料方面做得很不够。此外，人们对风险的认识会随着时间流逝而变化，因此必须经常重新评估，以确保人们愿意听取预警和接受风险信息，并使决策者能够作出正确的选择。向公众进行教育和提供资料是使他们信任风险管理机制的重要途径。在发生危机时，信任是至关重要的。", "• 国家的风险管理系统必须“由政府统管”，全国一盘棋，并且与国际系统接轨。机构协调和知识方面的缺陷会对风险管理构成重大挑战，因为危机管理人和领导人无法正确得知他们必须管理的危机具有的性质和影响。", "• 安全方面的信息应该相互参照并集中起来，而且还应配备跨系统和跨利益攸关团体的多风险综合预警机制。", "• 地方政府和城市管理人员是第一线的机构应急人员。他们还负责对抗灾和风险有影响的服务和城市发展。下放责任，同时配备能力、资源和联系多方利益攸关者对地方政府有办法采取行动至关重要。", "53. 鉴于中期审查的结果、《2011年全球评估报告》、兵库行动框架监测系统报告、第三次全球减少灾害风险平台会议的审议情况，我提出以下建议：", "(a) 今后所有的可持续发展框架都应该明确说明其中包括的灾害和气候风险管理内容。同样，减少贫穷和薄弱环节是有效管理灾害风险的组成部分。", "(b) 应该建立并进一步完善国家的灾害损失登记册、灾害风险摸底和财务跟踪系统，以有效支助今后的发展规划和投资选择。", "(c) 只有在地方政府和社区充分参与的情况下，才能有效地减少风险。地方政府和社区需要适当的权力和财政能力，并需要参与国家风险管理政策的制定工作。", "(d) 可以更好地利用诸如多方利益攸关者国家平台等减少灾害风险国家机制方面的实践和业务模式，以进行宣传、积累知识和开展合作。我鼓励进一步加强这些机制，并在没有的地方将它们建立起来。", "(e) 会员国和各组织需要加大对减少灾害风险的财政、能力和技术投资，包括发展私营和公共部门的伙伴关系。", "(f) 我鼓励捐助方和发展中国家作出承诺，在其方案中更明确地注重支持地方和社区的抗灾能力，创造性地解决问题，并大胆革新，加强合作，将抗灾作为承诺提高援助效率的一部分。", "附件", "关于《兵库行动框架》执行进展情况的具体资料", "1. 以下概述各国政府、[11] 联合国机构、世界银行和其他伙伴向减灾战略秘书处报告的与《兵库行动框架》优先领域有关的成就。", "A. 国家一级的行动", "优先事项1 确保减少灾害风险成为国家和地方的优先事项", "2. 世界各地都在这方面取得了进展。有42个以上的国家报告在这一优先领域取得显著成效。特别是，48个国家报告在制定国家政策和法律框架方面进展显著。但是，一些国家也强调指出，这一进展并不一定意味着灾害风险的有效管理，尤其是在地方一级。", "3. 国家平台从61个增加到81个。在报告所述期间建立国家平台的国家有：阿尔及利亚、亚美尼亚、加拿大、冈比亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、塞拉利昂和土耳其。[12] 荷兰、挪威和塞尔维亚计划在今后几个月内推出其国家平台。在许多国家，减少灾害风险的机构安排已经从传统和单一机构的“民间保护”结构发展到多部门系统和平台。但是，寻找适当的机构安排，从而将减少灾害风险顺利地纳入发展规划和公共投资工作，依然是一个挑战。", "4. 一些国家加强了它们的机构和立法安排：缅甸、尼泊尔和博茨瓦纳将风险管理作为总统和副总统办公厅的最重要机构，而坦桑尼亚联合共和国则将这一责任转交给经济规划部和财政规划部。智利、多米尼加共和国和乌拉圭三国政府在减灾战略秘书处的协调下，由公正的机构间专家对国家机构能力和兵库行动框架的所有优先领域的现状进行了一次审查。智利和乌拉圭根据审查结果制定了新的立法框架。", "优先事项2 查明、评估和监测灾害风险和加强早期预警", "5. 全面风险评估方面的进展依然艰难，特别是在地方一级。20多个国家在全国进行了多危害风险评估，以便指导规划和发展决策。但是，在将评估与国家和地方的发展进程相联系方面，许多国家面临重大挑战。遗憾的是，报告在这方面取得重大进展的国家还同时强调国家缺乏评估灾害损失和风险的标准。只有少数国家对学校和保健设施进行了风险评估。", "6. 欧洲联盟委员会根据多危害和多风险的做法，制定了指导对风险进行摸底和评估的方针。加拿大正在制定一项评估所有危害风险的国家框架。巴巴多斯动用大量资源，对主要的沿海风险进行了一次全面的沿海风险评估。其他一些国家努力将风险评估纳入保健、教育、农业、交通和水管理等各种部门。", "7. 在增强预警能力方面，巴林、布基纳法索、莱索托、摩尔多瓦共和国、尼泊尔、塞拉利昂、多哥和也门等一些国家报告取得了某些进展。巴基斯坦政府制定了改善洪水预报能力和风险摸底能力的计划。海地在世界气象组织(气象组织)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)和联合国开发计划署(开发署)的支持下，通过技术援助、能力建设和培训，加强了沿海风险的预警服务。澳大利亚和马达加斯加利用移动电话传播预警消息。芬兰正在发展数字无线电网络系统，用户外警报通知其80%的居民。", "优先事项3 利用知识、创新和教育在各级创建安全和抗灾", "8. 这一优先领域的进展依然有限。确认和进一步发展评估多种风险和分析成本效益的方法与工具依然是一个特别薄弱的领域。只有19个国家评定它们在将减少风险纳入学校课程和有关正规培训方面，作出了大量的努力。大多数国家报告，在为城乡脆弱社区制定宣传战略方面存在显著差距。中国是一个值得注意的例外。中国报告在提供风险信息、制定全国的宣传战略和将减少灾害风险纳入学校课程方面取得了全面进展。", "9. 非洲一些国家，例如埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和乌干达，正在开发管理灾害风险资料的中央数据库。巴基斯坦政府进行了一次损害评估，对教师进行了培训，并且为受到洪灾影响的儿童和不识字的妇女提供学习机会。在海地，3 000多名中学教师接受了以学员为中心的心理社会支助和减少灾害风险培训。缅甸教育部发起努力，通过以女教师为对象的恢复教育方案，减少受灾风险。", "优先事项4 减少潜在风险因素", "10. 这方面的进展更慢。尽管各国报告已经进一步认识到需要在规划和投资工作中考虑减少灾害风险，但只有22个国家认为其减少潜在风险因素的进展可谓显著。各国报告了在对付不同发展部门的内在风险方面存在的困难，说明了为什么经济损失和损害继续增加的原因。只有32个国家对改造学校和医院等公共基础设施进行了投资。克罗地亚报告，政府受到建筑业的压力，后者甚至要求在灾害易发区降低标准和规范，以减少总体成本。", "11. 非洲的一些国家正在建立机制保护环境，并确保可持续发展，许多国家作出重大努力，将减少灾害风险纳入其适应气候变化的国家计划。在乌干达，联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)和世界粮食计划署(粮食署)支持政府为再三遭到干旱影响没有粮食保障的牧民和农牧民提供生产安全网的主动行动。", "12. 厄瓜多尔实施广泛的社会政策，作为其减少灾害风险战略的一部分。马拉维制定并实施了新的社会发展政策，以减少高风险社区的弱势。在孟加拉国，粮食署支持政府和非政府伙伴帮助30 000户没有粮食保障的家庭垫高住宅，超过洪水线。", "优先事项5 在各级为有效救灾加强备灾工作", "13. 这是各国政府几十年来重点关注的领域。该领域包括各级行政机构的备灾和应急计划、准备金和应急机制，以及在出现紧急情况时交流信息的既定程序。有46个国家报告在发展政策、技术和机构能力方面取得显著成就。显然，有效管理灾害帮助在全球减少了因天气造成的灾害死亡率。", "14. 秘书处人道主义事务协调厅在阿尔巴尼亚、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、多米尼加共和国、加纳、海地、吉尔吉斯斯坦、马尔代夫、黑山、纳米比亚、阿曼和土耳其等一些国家开展各种活动，加强国家的备灾能力。", "15. 埃塞俄比亚政府的天气风险管理框架在世界银行和粮食署的支持下，建立了一个综合性的风险管理系统，支持国家的生产安全网方案。该框架每年筹集1.60亿美元的应急资金，援助800万粮食没有保障的家庭。", "16. 在海地，粮食署支持政府与伙伴缔结备用协定，并将救生物资预先放在灾害发生时可以使用的地方，从而使政府做好防灾准备。这些努力使海地政府、粮食署和各伙伴得以迅速应对飓风托马斯和霍乱的流行。", "17. 在西非，人道主义机构结成备灾战略伙伴关系。区域和全球伙伴支持各国在国内开展能力建设活动。在加纳，防备紧急情况和评估应对能力的工作为2011-2012年的行动计划奠定了基础。", "B. 区域一级的行动", "18. 区域和次区域减少灾害风险的多方利益攸关者平台正在逐步体制化，为利益攸关者交流经验、监测进展和采取集体行动以加强兵库行动框架的落实工作提供了区域一级的独特机会。减灾战略秘书处区域办事处与联合国各机构、世界银行和其他伙伴一起，为这些平台提供支持。", "非洲", "19. 非洲联盟执行理事会在2011年1月的首脑会议上，通过了关于第二次非洲减少灾害风险部长会议报告的决定，显示出非洲联盟成员国决心继续致力于减少灾害风险。执行理事会赞同报告中的建议，包括整个大陆、次区域和国家执行《减少灾害风险非洲区域战略扩大行动纲领》(2006-2015)的战略行动领域、主要活动、预期成果和指标。", "20. 区域经济共同体得以为成员国提供有效的协调和战略指导，使次区域战略和方案符合《非洲区域战略》和《行动纲领》，并推动其在次区域的落实。如今，西非国家经济共同体、中非国家经济共同体、政府间发展管理局(伊加特)和南部非洲发展共同体已将减少灾害风险作为优先事项纳入工作方案，支持《非洲区域战略》和《减少灾害风险行动纲领》的执行工作。", "21. 伊加特和伙伴国家正在全球减灾和灾后恢复基金的财政和技术支持下，建设能力和加强减少灾害风险的机构；加强国家和次区域机构的灾害风险管理能力；建设减少灾害风险以及监测和预测气候的技术能力和机构能力。", "阿拉伯国家区域", "22. 阿拉伯国家认识到目前环境退化、气候变化、迅速而无计划的城市化、严重缺水、人口结构变化和移民趋势对该区域实现可持续发展目标带来的影响。民众流离失所、疾病爆发、流感、粮食无保障、冲突和内乱造成的次级风险对整个区域构成多重挑战，其规模前所未有。", "23. 由于认识到必须减少造成区域灾害趋势的有关风险，阿拉伯国家环境部长理事会于2010年12月通过《2020年阿拉伯减少灾害风险战略》。其后，第二次阿拉伯社会-经济发展首脑会议于2011年1月核可了这一战略。", "24. 在国家一级，各国开始建立灾害损失数据库，为决策者提供关于国家和地方风险和薄弱环节的必要信息，强化信息系统并使之系统化。约旦、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和也门的国家灾害数据库已经完成，吉布提、埃及、黎巴嫩和摩洛哥的数据库正在完成。", "亚洲及太平洋", "25. 第四次亚洲减少灾害风险部长级会议通过的2010年《仁川宣言》和《仁川区域路线图》确认，该地区在2015年之前的主要优先领域是将减少灾害风险和适应气候变化结合起来。会议通过的行动计划为使部长会议决定和路线图变成国家和地方各级的具体行动提供了全面指导。一些民间社会组织和红十字与红新月国际联合会承诺协助配合其各自的政府实施这些活动。", "26. 太平洋灾害风险管理平台于2010年建立，其主题是“通过多方利益攸关者加强太平洋灾害风险和灾害管理行动框架的执行工作”。该平台致力于在国家和区域各级促使更好地将灾害风险管理和适应气候变化结合起来，其采取的办法是：更好地协调和发展一体化的筹资方式；加强对太平洋岛国灾害风险管理的投资，并使投资符合国家现有的优先事项；推动将减少灾害风险的工作纳入国家的政策、预算和可以纳入的国家所有部门计划；通过多方利益攸关者，特别是社区、妇女和青年、政治家和议员以及民间社会和部门专家的参与，交流管理灾害风险的信息和经验。", "美洲", "27. 美洲减少灾害风险区域平台第二届会议于2011年3月15日至17日在墨西哥纳亚里特州新瓦雅塔举行。会上发表的《纳亚里特公报》表达了与会者的关切，并明确提议在区域发展议程中包括减少灾害风险和适应气候变化的考虑。", "28. 中美洲预防自然灾害协调中心(防灾中心)、安第斯防灾救灾委员会、关于减少社会自然灾害风险、民间防御、民间保护和人道主义援助特别会议、加勒比灾害紧急情况管理机构等次区域机制在促进将减少灾害风险纳入国家政策方面发挥了推动作用。其中的一个突出事例是批准了防灾中心推动的中美洲统筹管理风险政策。该政策将减少灾害风险作为对会员国有约束力的一项政策内容。2011年，防灾中心荣获笹川奖的表扬。", "欧洲", "29. 一些高级别活动帮助增强了区域和次区域对减少灾害风险的政治承诺，并促使减少灾害风险成为欧洲委员会、欧洲联盟委员会和东南欧区域合作理事会等欧洲机构的核心优先任务。同时，兵库框架的协调中心、国家平台和伙伴还在减少灾害风险欧洲论坛上交流信息、知识和经验，在技术上补充并支持政治进程。", "30. 2010年9月，欧洲委员会欧洲和欧洲地中海主要灾害协定第十二次部长会议在圣彼得堡召开。会上通过了2011-2015年中期计划，“以改善防灾和备灾工作，促进良好的风险管理，利用知识减少薄弱环节，更好地防备紧急情况”。会上，委员会讨论了气候变化对灾害的频率和程度产生的影响，并讨论了加强社会的适应性和抗灾能力的措施。", "31. 2009年，欧洲议会就欧洲联盟委员会的通讯“预防自然和人为灾害社区做法”通过一项决议，欢迎委员会致力于确保欧洲联盟的政策和方案更好地统筹预防灾害的有关问题。欧洲减少灾害风险论坛将于2011年10月在斯科普里举行第二次年会。", "C. 国际一级的行动", "优先事项1 确保减少灾害风险成为国家和地方的优先事项", "32. 在国家、区域和全球一级的议会合作下，减少灾害风险已列入一些全球和区域议会的议程。来自124个国家的议员从各国议会联盟和减灾战略秘书处制定的宣传材料“减少灾害风险：实现千年发展目标的手段”中受益。", "33. 2010-2011年期间，全球减灾和灾后恢复基金在这一优先领域为31个优先国家中的13个国家提供大量帮助。为了支持减少灾害风险方面的机构能力并建立共识，全球基金支助了123个现行项目，资金达5 400万美元以上，受益的国家有50多个，并且还在区域和全球一级提供支助。世界银行-联合国联合出版的题为“自然风险、非自然灾害：有效预防经济学”从经济角度说明投资预防灾害的理由，从而为政治宣传奠定基础。报告强调了交流风险数据以有助于决策的重要性。", "优先事项2 查明、评估和监测灾害风险并加强预警", "34. 查明全球风险方案通过开展各种活动，例如确定灾害风险基线以及在决策过程和发展方案中考虑风险信息等，帮助30多个国家改善风险信息方面的基础，以利决策。", "35. 教科文组织减少地震风险国际平台促进交流信息地震学和地震工程。在这方面，建筑规范全球工作队推进了其行动计划。世界滑坡论坛将于2011年10月3日至9日在国际减少灾害战略的主持下，在罗马举行第二次会议。", "36. 世界卫生组织(卫生组织)支持阿富汗、哥伦比亚和毛里求斯等会员国评估风险，例如评估能力，为拟订紧急健康风险管理方案奠定基础。东南亚国家开展制定基准的活动，对现有能力进行评估，同时确认能力发展方面的优先事项。", "37. 红十字与红新月国际联合会出版了《2010年世界灾害报告：注重城市风险》。该报告深入探讨了城镇居民人数剧增的情况。", "38. 联合国环境规划署(环境署)开发并维持网上技术平台以及洪水、气旋、滑坡、地震、海啸、火灾、风暴潮和干旱等全球风险评估原始数据，以便支持国际减少灾害战略系统为撰写2011年《全球减轻灾害风险评估报告》进行的全球风险评估。环境署还创造性地开发了一个名为RiVAMP的风险评估工具，使决策者能够作出有助于可持续发展的明智决定。", "39. 改善灾害风险的评估和监测是全球减灾和灾后恢复基金支持的54个项目的优先事项，投资总额近2 200万美元。世界气象组织(气象组织)通过区域气候中心和气候展望论坛，促进发展气候服务，其中包括分析不断变化的危害形态，提供当季及至更为长期的气象预报和展望，以帮助国家减少灾害风险，作出适应气候的计划。气象组织与联合国-国际减少灾害战略伙伴合作，在加勒比、中美洲、东南欧和东南亚帮助区域和国家的能力建设项目，以加强水文气象风险评估和多危害预警系统。此外，气象组织根据记录和综合的7个国家的良好做法，出版了题为“多危害预警系统方面的机构伙伴关系”一书。", "40. 联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)与伙伴合作，充实关于灾害风险与儿童的实证库。儿基会与伙伴在7个国家进行的研究表明，为了确保应对具体的气候风险和儿童面临的受害危险，需要以“儿童为中心”，制定减少灾害风险和适应气候变化的举措。", "优先事项3 利用知识、创新和教育在各级培养安全和抗灾意识", "41. 要求支持发展减少灾害风险的能力这方面的需求依然不断增加。由联合国开发计划署、秘书处人道主义事务协调厅和减灾战略秘书处共同发起的减灾能力倡议支持高风险国家建设评估和培训能力。", "42. 虽然取得了重大进展，但越来越明显的是，需要依然存在，尤其是要加强有关部门和部委的能力，将性别问题纳入主流，包括加强负责收集和分析统计数据的机构和政府部门的能力，收集和使用按性别分类的数据。题为“在减少灾害风险方面敏感考虑性别问题：政策和实践导则(2009)”出版后，即成为适应气候变化培训班的参考书。迄今已有来自107个国家的1 000多名受训人员从中获益。", "43. 环境署筹资倡议与私人保险公司合作，力求在全球范围将以健全的环境管理为基础的可持续性原则与减少灾害标准相结合。教科文组织尤其通过将减少灾害风险纳入国家的教育战略和规划的方式，促使减少灾害风险成为联合国教育促进可持续发展十年的一个要素。", "44. 世界粮食计划署在25个以上国家支持政府实施粮食安全监测制度，跟踪粮食安全、营养和市场指标，同时监测自然危害，以提供有助于备灾、预防和应对的有效分析。", "45. 据统计，使用Preventionweb.net的人数增加，而且该网站备受欢迎。伙伴提交的内容增加了130%，使用人数增加了75%。", "优先事项4 减少潜在的风险因素", "46. 环境和减少灾害风险伙伴关系设计了一个培训课程，以培养国家和地方政府推动和实施环境管理和生态举措的能力，减少灾害风险。", "47. 环境署与伙伴一起提供技术援助，使政府能够使用环境管理工具抗灾和规划可持续发展，尤其是在容易遭灾的主要生态区——沿海地区、山区、河流流域和干旱地区。海地、尼泊尔、秘鲁、斯里兰卡和乌干达已经从方案中受益。人居署通过具体的城市方案，支持海地、智利、哥伦比亚、古巴和厄瓜多尔减少城市风险。", "48. 开发署通过现行的全球和区域方案，完成了在一些国家进行的气候风险评估。开发署的培训和讲习班推动了国家和地方的能力建设，使其能够评估气候风险、影响和这方面的能力。", "49. 2011年1月22日，第六十四届世界卫生大会通过一项决议(WHA64.10)，其中除其它外，敦促会员国加强各种健康危害紧急情况和灾害风险管理方案，并制定关于安全医院的方案。东地中海区域和泛美区域也通过了类似的决议。", "50. 全球减灾和灾后恢复基金为33个减少灾害风险和资助可持续发展项目提供支助，总共核定1 410万美元的费用。例如，恢复基金在非洲联盟委员会的政策指导下，开展了一项研究，探讨以新的方式在非洲资助干旱造成的紧急情况的可行性，着重为整个大陆制定由国家主导的可持续风险管理战略。", "优先事项5 加强所有各级备灾有效应对措施", "51. 机构间常设委员会(机构间常委会)负责人认识到，做好应对紧急情况的准备是快速有效地进行灾后救济和恢复的根本。机构间常委会备灾工作分组在5个试点国家，着重帮助加强国家做好应对紧急情况准备的能力。加强减灾能力倡议正在支持这些举措，帮助高风险国家在国际系统的共同支持下，特别发展备灾方面的能力。人道协调厅与伙伴合作，采取开发和修改备灾手段、联合规划和领导工作队等若干主动行动，加强区域一级的应急准备工作。", "52. 《国际灾后恢复纲要》提供关于基础设施、住所、保健、心理社会、气候变化和适应、环境、性别、治理和生计以及评估灾后需要等方面的说明指导，发挥伙伴们的协同作用，开发灾后恢复工具，并为国家和地方政府提供灾后恢复方面的能力发展服务。", "[1] 2011年全球评估报告由国际减灾战略系统合作伙伴共同编写。见www.preventionweb.net/gar。", "[2] EM-DAT：国外救灾处/灾害流行病学研究中心国际灾害数据库。", "[3] A/CONF.206/6和Corr.1，第一章，决议2，见www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-mtr/。", "[4] www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-monitoring/。", "[5] 减灾战略秘书处，《统一区域和全球减少灾害风险议程：主要区域政治承诺和减少灾害风险优先事项概述》(2011年5月)。", "[6] www.safe-schools-hospitals.net。", "[7] 教科文组织、儿童基金会、世界银行、国际计划、拯救儿童联盟、红十字会与红新月会国际联合会、世界展望组织、全球安全学校联盟、防灾2000、减灾战略秘书处等。", "[8] 包括澳大利亚、欧洲联盟委员会人道主义援助办事处(欧盟人道处)、德国和美利坚合众国等一些捐助方声称已经或超额实现这一目标。", "[9] 根据欧安组织/发展援助委员会的统计，2010年。", "[10] 见第三次全球减少灾害风险平台会议主席的总结(2011年5月8日至13日，日内瓦)。", "[11] 通过兵库行动框架监测系统和2011年全球监测报告。", "[12] 国家平台的完整清单见以下链接：http://preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/national/list/。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程项目19(c) [1]", "可持续发展: 国际减少灾害战略", "国际减少灾害战略的执行情况", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告概述了根据大会第65/157号决议执行国际减少灾害战略的进展情况。 灾害风险的累积速度快于经济增长,从而阻碍了发展和千年发展目标的实现。 《2005-2015年兵库行动框架》中期审查: 建立国家和社区的抗灾能力表明,其原则指导了在恢复能力方面取得进展。 然而,国家、国家以下一级和国际一级的风险管理系统和决策需要进一步的关键发展,包括灾害损失核算和综合风险建模,以支持健全的发展和投资规划。", "2011年5月举行的减少灾害风险全球平台第三届会议召集了致力于建设抗灾能力的最广泛的领导人和专家。 其审议为进一步执行《兵库行动框架》提供了指导。 有人表示强烈的紧迫感,要求增加对减少灾害风险的投资。 日本政府表示愿意于2015年主办第三次世界减少灾害风险大会。", "目录", "灾害和灾难趋势3\n风险 挑战4和与执行《兵库行动框架》有关的机会\n行动三. 协调6和通过《战略》提供指导\nA系统。 加强7个全球、区域和国家各级\nB. 为更安全的城市、学校和\nC. 增加11个灾害风险投资\n四、结 论. 12 和\n建议\n附件 关于执行《氢氧化物框架》所取得进展的具体15项信息\n联合国", "说吧 灾害和灾害风险的趋势", "1. 联合国 从2010年7月巴基斯坦水灾到贝宁或巴西等国家的水灾,大小灾害进一步表明了灾害同贫穷之间的密切关系,2011年《全球减少灾害风险评估报告》强调了这一点: 揭露风险,再定义发展. [2] 与此同时,澳大利亚水灾、新西兰克赖斯特彻奇地震、地震、海啸和核灾难给日本东北部带来严重破坏,这些都清楚地提醒我们,发达国家及其经济也面临风险,城市面临风险。 与气候多变性有关的上百起较小的灾害在许多国家造成了巨大破坏,揭示出风险与不健全的发展做法以及经济和人口风险的增长是如何相联的。", "2. 联合国 灾害的财政、社会和政治代价日益高涨是显而易见的。 与天气有关的灾害造成的死亡率风险在全球一级正在下降,而所有区域的经济损失继续增加。 根据2011年全球评估报告,自1990年以来,东亚和太平洋与热带气旋有关的死亡率风险已下降了50%。 关于地震和海啸风险,全球死亡率和经济损失风险都在上升。 在本报告所述期间,由自然灾害所引发的347起灾害使2.55亿人受灾,造成106 000多人死亡,经济损失超过340亿美元。 [3]", "3个 在高收入国家,经济损失风险增长得更快。 自1980年以来,与热带气旋有关的经济损失在高收入国家增加了262%,而低收入国家则增加了155%。 2010年,经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)国家与水灾有关的经济损失风险比1990年增加约170%,增长速度快于国内生产总值。 在许多国家,与水灾和热带气旋有关的经济风险确实比人均国内总产值增长快,这意味着灾害中失去财富的风险比创造财富的风险增长快。 低收入国家吸收灾害造成的经济损失并从中恢复的能力较低。 一般而言,较大的经济体比较小的经济体——如小岛屿发展中国家——更能够吸收损失,因为它们往往在地理和经济上更加多样化。", " 4.四. 干旱是“灾害”,最与不适当的社会和经济政策选择有关,而且往往与冲突造成的不稳定有关。 尽管它对人类健康、生计和多个经济部门产生了影响,但它仍然是一个隐蔽的风险,人们对此了解甚少。 干旱导致农村和牧民的压力和不安全。 国家和国际报告的灾害数据未能反映干旱影响的程度。 例如,2010年7月至2011年6月期间,全球仅报告有4起与干旱有关的死亡事件,32 482 102人据报受干旱影响,比任何其他灾害都多。 加强地方和国家一级的综合风险管理系统,系统地记录干旱影响,是减少干旱风险、改进预警和防止干旱影响升级为粮食安全危机的关键步骤。", "5 (韩语). 1970-2010年期间,世界人口增加了87%。 同期,易被洪水淹没的河流流域人口增长了114%,而易被气旋淹没的海岸线人口增长了195%. 因此,经济和生产性资产正在风险最大的地区积累,特别是在中低收入国家。 为了扭转这些趋势,发展计划和投资选择必须参考风险信息,并通过一个适用的减少灾害风险框架加以解决。", "6. 国家 东日本大地震和海啸表明,自然灾害不仅对核设施,而且对水电站、工业、桥梁和高速公路等基础设施综合体都会产生相继和附带的破坏性影响。 这些考虑必须促使作出新的努力,为设计标准、准备、预警和反应进行综合、超视距的思考和规划。", "二. 与执行《兵库行动框架》有关的挑战和机遇", "7. 联合国 《2005-2015年兵库行动框架》中期审查: 建立国家和社区的抗灾能力,[4] 《兵库行动框架监测》,[5] 《2011年全球评估报告》,全球和区域平台及相关协商进程已确定了减少风险和脆弱性的重大挑战、机遇和优先事项。 在全球、国家和地方各级以及公共和私营部门管理灾害风险的政治意愿正在稳步增强。 现在至关重要的是,通过基于证据的决定、知情的公众舆论和在商业领域以及全球、国家和地方各级加强合作,就“如何做”的问题提供更明确的指导,以体现这种决心。", "8. 国家 根据大会第64/200号决议,减灾战略秘书处通过国际、区域和国家各级利益攸关方的参与办法,为《兵库行动框架》中期审查提供了便利。", "9. 国家 中期审查强调,《兵库行动框架》在过去五年中为产生国际和国家政治势头并采取行动来减少灾害风险作出了重大贡献。 其原则被广泛采纳为指导. 审查指出了今后工作与合作的关键领域。", "10个 审查确认,减少灾害风险、风险和脆弱性主要取决于健全的发展政策和投资。 虽然在如何做到这一点方面有一些好的例子,但仍然缺乏将风险管理充分纳入发展规划,其原因包括,社区和地方政府的参与有限,在确定国家优先事项方面缺乏一个全政府办法。", "11个 管理灾害风险及其后果需要各部门之间和各国之间,包括当地民众之间的有力合作。 虽然某些部门取得了进展,但由于系统缺乏一体化,这尚不能产生预期的结果。 大量知识已经产生,但没有得到充分利用。 公共部门和私营部门已制定了重要做法并有重要的经验教训可供分享。 因此,必须审查国家和国际两级现有的灾害风险管理系统及其接口。 在这方面,国家一级的多利益攸关方“国家减少灾害风险平台”是指导知情决策和提高公众认识的重要模式和潜在来源。 然而,它们的潜力没有得到充分利用,需要进一步审查它们如何能够最好地支持国内决策和国际合作。", "12个 需要进一步加强有效管理灾害的问责制。 许多国家通过相关立法是一个重大步骤。 同时,由于缺乏对灾害损失的适当记录,以及缺乏指导和衡量进展情况的明确标准、基线和目标指标,因此,该战略尚未得到有效执行。 在这方面,根据跨部门知识和经验开发指导工具至关重要。 追踪和了解灾害原因的共同分析工具将支持发展投资和规划,并为今后的灾害做好准备。 虽然风险是地方性的,但降低风险需要国家和全球合作。", "13个 有证据表明,有效的灾害风险管理取决于在政府高层是否存在一个高级、主导性权威机构,在政府高层,在制定政策、领导整个政府进程以及确保为减少灾害风险的方方面面分配预算方面,既要承担责任,又要承担责任。 2011年《全球评估报告》的结论是,在中央政府一级,需要将灾害风险管理的责任放在负责规划监督和财政责任的部或司,以便提供跨部门的政治权威和政策一致性。 在逐步将责任下放给地方政府的同时,还需要下放能力和资源。 灾害风险管理只有在与易受灾害影响的家庭和社区及其组织合作进行时才会有效。 这是成本效益、可持续性、公民意识和社会凝聚力的关键。 这种伙伴关系的例子越来越多,但在许多国家,这意味着公共行政文化的改变。 挑战不是社区参与,而是政府参与社区和地方灾害风险管理的规划和执行。", "14个 虽然已建立了若干生成和分享信息的机制,但减少灾害风险的标准仍然各不相同、没有统一或没有处理同时或相继发生的多种灾害的管理问题。 必须采取多种危害的备灾办法,把技术灾害中的因素作为自然灾害的次要影响。", "15个 《兵库行动框架》中期审查指出,减少灾害风险的筹资仍然不足,需要做更多的工作来跟踪投资、积极限制发展投资和支持地方一级的行动。 在这方面,《战略》秘书处已同若干国家和组织接触,制定模式和指导。", "16号. 根据2011年《全球评估报告》,大多数国家没有系统地核算灾害造成的公共资产损失。 未核算的损失往往被低收入群体所吸收,加剧了贫穷并侵蚀了实现千年发展目标的进展。 同时,当公共资产损失被货币化时,这些损失往往占国内生产总值或国家预算的很大一部分。 大多数国家都无法量化其在减少灾害风险方面的投资,但即使如此,这些投资也很少与损失规模相称。 除非计算出这些损失的代价,否则一个国家不可能在国家预算中说明增加灾害风险管理投资的理由。 2011年《全球评估报告》还得出结论,为避免产生风险而进行土地利用规划和建筑改进,其惠益成本比率为4或4以上,而通过搬迁或改造来纠正风险只是具有成本效益。 鉴于公共投资通常占国内生产总值的3%至15%,将减少灾害风险纳入公共投资规划是一项战略性决定,可导致在中期内大幅降低风险。 哥斯达黎加和秘鲁等国家已将灾害风险纳入其公共投资评价标准。 最符合成本效益的减少风险投资集中在一国公共建筑和关键设施组合中最脆弱的部分。 现有的社会保护工具可以调整,以相对低廉的额外费用惠及数百万人。 例如,智利从其社会援助方案中向受2010年2月地震和海啸影响的家庭支付款项。", "17岁。 灾害风险信息在指导投资决策和支持舆论方面发挥着关键作用。 获得关于自然灾害和现有减少风险措施的信息为减少脆弱性提供了机会。 灾害发生后立即提供风险信息对有效应对至关重要,可以指导救灾和应对小组、国家和地方政府以及一般公众的即时行动。 一个需要认真和集体考虑的复杂问题,是确定风险水平和政府、组织和社区在考虑极端事件的影响时准备采取的缓解措施的成本的标准。", "18. 2010年12月,在坎昆举行的联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方会议上,缔约方申明,必须酌情考虑到《兵库行动框架》,加强与气候变化有关的减少灾害风险战略。 《坎昆适应框架》对减少灾害风险的关注表明国家对减少灾害风险拥有强大的自主权,而制定和执行国家适应计划的既定进程,是通过多部门、多利益攸关方进程扩大减少灾害风险的有影响力的手段。", "三. 通过战略系统进行协调和指导", " 19. 19. 有效减少灾害风险需要创新的跨部门伙伴关系,包括在地方一级以及在公共和私人实体之间建立伙伴关系。 事实证明,全球、区域和国家各级的现有机制对于为减少灾害风险创造政治势头和空间至关重要。 需要进一步加强这些机制,确保这些机制相互关联并包容各利益攸关方,以应对与气候和减少灾害风险有关的新挑战。", "A类. 加强全球、区域和国家各级的协调", "全球", "20号. 减少灾害风险全球平台第三届会议于2011年5月8日至13日在日内瓦举行。 参加会议的有来自168个政府、25个政府间组织、65个非政府组织、红十字会与红新月会国际联合会、地方政府、议员、私营部门、学术机构、民间社会和国际组织的2 600多名代表。 第三届会议由常务副秘书长主持,因为减少灾害风险是联合国及其伙伴的发展、环境和人道主义工作的核心。", "21岁 在第三届会议上,全球平台及其筹备进程被确认为全球一级的主要论坛,以提供政策指导、协调和伙伴关系发展,并进行跨部门交流,以分享减少灾害风险的良好做法。 设在日内瓦的国际减灾战略支助小组、国际红十字和红新月运动、民间社会组织全球网络、“使城市具有复原力”运动的伙伴和地方政府、国际减少灾害战略私营部门咨询小组、区域组织以及联合国各机构和世界银行为筹备第三届会议提供了重要投入。", "22号. 除了会员国的承诺声明外,市长们还提出了他们对《使城市具有复原力的十项基本要点》的承诺;私营部门与会者就《企业的五项基本要点》达成了一致;一群年轻人聚集一堂,共同提出了关于儿童和减灾的五点宪章;国际组织关于卫生问题的联合声明呼吁扩大社区保健人员队伍,这对减少灾害风险至关重要;并呼吁各国政府和合作伙伴为加强其能力而进行投资。 区域组织重申致力于执行在世界各地举行的部长级会议上商定的区域战略。", "23. 联合国 《兵库行动框架》的有效期为2005至2015年。 第三届会议上的讨论强调了确保进一步实施《框架》的重要性,同时在战略秘书处作为联合国系统减少灾害风险协调中心的推动下,关于2015年后减少灾害风险框架的讨论正在展开。 在这方面,在第三届会议上,日本政府提出在《2005-2015年兵库行动框架》到期之际于2015年主办第三次世界减少灾害风险大会。", "24 (韩语). 全球平台第三届会议,即由全球减灾和复原基金、世界银行和战略秘书处举办的第一次世界重建会议的一个组成部分,认识到了在协调和资助灾后恢复和重建方面的挑战。 讨论的重点是如何制定有效的复原框架、更可靠的筹资和知识实践,并着重指出将减少风险纳入所有灾后行动。", "25岁 会员国表现出对减少灾害风险的日益承诺,并扩大了讨论和行动的必要政治空间。 2011年2月9日,联合国大会主席召集了一场关于减少灾害风险的非正式专题辩论会,目的是通过有效的投资政策和做法以及可持续的城市管理,加强对如何减少风险和受灾害影响的认识。", "26. 联合国 《兵库行动框架监测》是监测《兵库框架》原则进展情况、分享做法和确定新出现的战略问题以解决国家和国际问题的宝贵信息来源。 共有133个国家为2009-2011年第三个报告周期提供了捐款。 目前正在进一步完善这一工具,包括一个地方一级自我评估模块。", "区域", "27个 在本报告所述期间,区域活动意义重大。 [6] 利益攸关方重视《战略》秘书处在筹备区域部长级会议、区域平台和其他会议以及由此产生的行动计划和后续活动方面向各国政府和区域组织提供的实质性咨询和支助。", "28岁 区域会议确认有必要通过充足、现实和可预测的筹资机制,下放权力并执行以地方和社区为基础的减少灾害风险战略和方案,并增强地方政府和地方非政府组织,包括志愿人员网络的作用。 此外,讨论和公报重申了对作为减少灾害风险指导原则的《兵库框架》条款的承诺。", "本国", "29. 国家 在国家一级,国家减少灾害风险平台或类似的国家协调机制有可能支持关于国家发展计划和投资的决策。 在减少灾害风险全球平台第三届会议上,国家平台会议讨论了改进其行动的备选方案和最佳做法。 战略秘书处将进一步支持对现行做法的审查,并增强多方利益攸关方减少灾害风险的能力。", "30 (英语). 随着需求和要求更加明确,联合国驻地协调员越来越多地参与高风险国家的减少灾害风险工作。 战略秘书处同合作伙伴一道,为将减少灾害风险和适应气候变化的目标纳入30个联合国发展援助框架作出了贡献。", "31岁 动员具体的利益攸关方群体和“变革的推动者”使减少灾害风险的政治形象大为提升。 市长、省长和议员在其同行中向战略秘书处倡导加强建设复原力的承诺和行动。 2011年联合国麓川减灾奖以具有抗灾能力的城市和地方行动为目标,由北温哥华(加拿大)、圣菲(阿根廷)和旧金山(菲律宾)分享该奖项,而布巴内斯瓦尔(印度)、中美洲预防自然灾害中心和地震重建和恢复管理局(巴基斯坦)则获得了杰出证书。", "32. 国家 最近,减灾战略秘书处设立了国际减少灾害战略私营部门咨询小组。 它起到催化剂的作用,将广泛的私营部门实体聚集到全球伙伴关系中,以便通过具体行动建立复原力,例如支持国家和地方风险评估,促进风险融资的社会和环境可持续性,促进数据的传播,以及利用私营部门的专长和优势,例如在城市和沿海地区等高风险地区建设有复原力的基础设施和可持续土地利用与发展。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 与议员、各国议会联盟和各国议会合作,加强了在全球、区域和国家各级对减少灾害风险和适应气候变化进行投资的政治承诺。 此外,减灾战略秘书处倡导通过促进个人和机构伙伴的共同所有权和领导权来进行对性别问题有敏感认识的减灾工作。", "34. 国家 在我的减少灾害风险特别代表的领导下,战略秘书处继续发挥主导作用,通过上述全球、区域和国家机制提供协调和确保协同作用,利用国际减少灾害战略利益攸关方的愿景,创造知识和分享知识,促进新的伙伴关系并倡导建立更具复原力的社区。 战略秘书处具有独特的跨部门任务,它能够把发展、环境和救济界的伙伴聚集在一起,为进一步执行《兵库框架》制定下一步措施。", "35. 联合国 对《兵库行动框架》的中期审查和2011年《全球减少灾害风险评估报告》突出了加强各级治理机制的必要性,以确保有效减少灾害风险,包括在联合国系统内。 它特别强调了联合国系统需要加强其政策和业务一致性,以通过联合国驻地协调员和联合国国家工作队更好地支持各国。 我请我的特别代表向联合国系统行政首长协调理事会通报审查结果并提议今后的行动方案。 方案问题高级别委员会将进一步讨论此事,以确定整个联合国系统的适当行动方针。 战略秘书处将继续注重加强联合国系统内的协调。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 合作伙伴和各国政府多次重申战略秘书处在加强联合国系统减少灾害风险工作方面的关键作用。 根据审查结果、内部监督事务厅(监督厅)2010年7月28日关于战略秘书处治理情况的审计报告以及大会第65/157号决议,行政和预算问题咨询委员会(行预咨委会)同意我的提议,将减少灾害风险问题特别代表一职再延长一年,至2015年底,以确保就中期审查采取后续行动,进一步执行《兵库框架》,并便利制定2015年后减少灾害风险框架。 我还将研究其他措施,以确保《战略》秘书处能够高效率和有效力地履行其任务。", "B类. 倡导更安全的城市、学校和医院", "37. 联合国 人类的一半现在生活在城市中。 到2050年,城市化将上升到70%,而城市风险将继续增加。 减灾战略秘书处致力于提高地方政府减少灾害风险和建设抗灾能力工作的能见度,具体做法是针对市长和市议会,通过2010年发起的世界减少灾害风险运动 \" 使城市具有复原力:我的城市正在做好准备 \" 来推动制定和实施地方复原力战略。 在不到一年的时间里,截至2011年6月底,750多座城市和地方政府报名参加了这一运动,该运动得到了来自全球和国家城市网络、联合国系统、民间社会和私营部门的大量热情支持者的支持。 该运动正在产生越来越多的城市间协作努力和类似的减少灾害风险举措。", "38. 国家 一些国际宣言,如《气候变化世界市长理事会波恩宣言》和墨西哥城第三次世界城市和地方政府联合会大会的建议,呼吁其成员城市和伙伴加入运动,并积极支持和监测其执行。", "39. 联合国 减灾战略秘书处与亚洲区域伙伴和全球国际减少灾害战略伙伴发起了100万安全学校和医院认捐倡议。 截至6月底,在所有区域都开展了区域倡议,保证有138 000多所学校和医院安全。 世界卫生组织(卫生组织)报告了全世界42个以上国家执行更安全医院倡议的进展情况。 在印度尼西亚、墨西哥、尼泊尔、阿曼、菲律宾和摩尔多瓦共和国等国家,评估了630多家保健设施的安全和在紧急情况下运作的能力,并采取了措施来降低脆弱性并增强备灾能力。", " 40. 40. 战略秘书处的知识和教育专题平台通过一组核心伙伴,[8] 编制了关于学校安全的全球基线研究,全球平台期间的一次专题活动对此进行了讨论。 该活动使教育部和国家灾害管理机构聚集一堂,并提出建议,将减少灾害风险列为学校课程的优先事项,并赋予所有儿童实现全球教育目标的权利。 代表们呼吁捐助方更加系统和持续地投资于学校安全。 因此,在脆弱试点国家宣布了一系列学校安全评估。", "C. 增加对减少灾害风险的投资", "41. 国家 大多数国家报告说,据《兵库行动框架监测》称,在各部门或地方政府用于风险管理能力和灾害风险管理的资源的可衡量增加方面,进展相对不大。 然而,这部分归因于记录减少风险支出的复杂性,因为财务报告制度无法轻易量化——投资是通过多种手段提供的,包括部门预算编制、环境保护基金、社会团结和发展基金、补偿基金、民间社会以及一些国家的私营部门。", "42. 国家 在第二届会议上,减少灾害风险全球平台(2009年)提出了减少风险投资目标,即占国家发展预算的1%、人道主义援助资金的10%[9]以及重建和恢复基金的10%。 如经合组织官方统计数据所记录(2009年为4.2%),在用于防灾和备灾的人道主义援助投资比例上升方面已取得了可衡量进展。 这是一个指示性数字,2009年用于官方发展援助的支出增加至1 320多亿美元[10],发展界日益强调复原力,据推测,实际数字要高得多。 但是,由于缺乏更为广泛的明确减少风险的预算编制,需要大幅增加投资,以便更准确地了解情况。", "43. 东帝汶 国家和社区,无论是富国还是穷国,在大多数可预防的灾害中,都无法继续采取昂贵的灾后措施。 因此,广大发展界对需要注重复原力的认识有了显著提高。 减少风险和复原力战略在援助实效对话中越来越频繁地发挥作用。 各国和国际社会在设计和实施发展方案时,日益展望未来以及社区和国家面临的风险。 在积极推动可持续发展方案编制中减少风险方面已经取得了重大政策发展;良好的例子包括澳大利亚的 \" 实际一体化 -- -- 将减少灾害风险、气候变化和环境考虑纳入澳大利亚国际开发署方案 \" 、欧洲联盟委员会的2011-2014年欧洲联盟(欧盟)支持发展中国家减少灾害风险战略执行计划以及大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国政府承诺在联合王国国际发展部的所有国家方案中建立复原力。", "44. 国家 2011年11月在大韩民国釜山举行的第四次援助实效问题高级别论坛将为发展部长以及多边和双边发展机构负责人提供机会,通过将复原力和减少风险置于国内和国际投资战略的核心,公开作出可衡量承诺,促进消除贫穷的可持续性和成本效益,促进持久和平与安全。", "45. 国家 联合国和世界银行的伙伴关系继续通过全球减灾和复原融资机制,将减少灾害风险作为一个综合发展优先事项纳入主流。 在2007-2011年期间,该基金的捐助者为减少灾害风险活动累计认捐了3.04多亿美元。", "战略秘书处的供资", "46. 经常预算: 根据大会要求提高战略秘书处经费的可预测性和稳定性(目前仅由预算外资源供资)的审议情况,并考虑到监督厅关于战略秘书处的审计报告,我在2012-2013两年期拟议方案预算(见A/66/6(Sect.27))中要求设立一个D-1区域方案和政策发展处处长员额。 该员额将领导减灾战略秘书处的区域工作,这对执行大会赋予减灾战略秘书处的任务至关重要,即充当联合国系统协调减灾工作的协调中心,并确保联合国系统和区域组织的减灾活动以及社会经济和人道主义领域的活动之间的协同作用。", "四、结 论 结论和建议", "47. 国家 通过国家、区域和全球进程同各国政府和伙伴进行协商,最终举行了减少灾害风险全球平台第三届会议,会议确定了今后五年开展联合工作管理灾害风险和加强执行《兵库行动框架》的关键领域和机会。", " 48. 48. 减少灾害风险有助于采取社会保护措施,支持最脆弱群体,促进经济增长和生态系统管理。 因此,需要进一步将减少灾害风险纳入可持续发展和气候风险管理。 减少灾害风险与可持续发展有着内在的联系。 在“里约+20”可持续发展问题世界首脑会议之前,对减少灾害风险的政治和财政承诺必须成为我们可持续发展愿景的核心组成部分。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 对管理灾害风险有明确的政治承诺。 现在必须通过实际行动加以引导。 在国家一级,建立综合风险绘图、灾害损失记录、整合部门知识以更好地查明灾害原因和未来减灾措施以及确定减灾目标等关键机制,有助于就发展投资和规划作出健全决定。", " 50. 50. 国家多方利益有关者机制可以发挥关键作用,支持知情决策,制定综合传播战略,向公众提供信息,从而支持个人的选择。 过去十年来,国家平台的不同模式出现了好坏参半的结果。 《国际减少灾害战略》将与国家机制联合发起一个进程,以总结国家经验,确保建立一个可行的减少灾害风险促进模式,为最佳风险管理出力。", "51. 联合国 需要进一步努力澄清减少灾害风险的行动与适应气候变化的行动之间的密切联系。 加强防灾和减少气候风险举措之间的协同作用是降低脆弱性的一个不可或缺的步骤。 需要特别注意通过气候风险管理战略采取有重点、有应用的行动来减少灾害风险。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 从报告所述期间发生的灾害中可以吸取一些经验教训,包括:", "• 提高公众认识、教育和钻探工作,以建设复原力。 然而,在提高公众认识和获得与风险管理有关的信息方面几乎没有做任何工作。 此外,人们对于风险的看法在一段时间内会发生变化,因此必须不断重新评估,以确保对预警和风险信息的高度接受性,并使决策者能够作出正确的选择。 公共教育和获得信息有助于建立对危机时期至关重要的风险管理机制的信任。", "· 国家风险管理制度必须是“全政府”的,必须在国内与国际制度相结合。 事实上,机构协调和知识方面的差距对风险管理构成重大挑战,因为危机管理人员和领导人没有适当了解他们需要管理的危机的性质和影响。", "• 需要相互参照和结合安全和安保信息,同时建立跨系统和利益攸关方团体的多危害综合预警机制。", "• 地方政府和城市管理人员是第一个机构反应者。 它们还负责影响复原力和风险的服务和城市发展。 权力下放的责任以及相应的能力、资源和多方利益攸关者的外联,对于地方政府拥有采取行动的手段至关重要。", "53. 联合国 根据中期审查的结果、2011年全球评估报告、《兵库行动框架》监测报告以及减少灾害风险全球平台第三届会议的审议情况,我建议如下:", "(a) 国家 今后任何可持续发展框架都必须包括纳入灾害和气候风险管理的明确规定。 同样,减少贫困和脆弱性也是有效管理灾害风险所不可或缺的。", "(b) 需要建立并进一步发展国家灾害损失登记册、灾害风险绘图和财务跟踪系统,以有效支持今后的发展规划和投资选择。", "(c) 只有地方政府及其社区的充分参与,才能有效减少风险。 它们需要适当的权威以及人力和财力,并参与制定国家风险管理政策。", "(d) 国家 国家减少灾害风险机制的做法和业务模式,如多利益攸关方国家平台,可以被更好地用于宣传、知识和合作,我鼓励在仍然缺乏这些机制的地方进一步加强和建立这些机制。", "(e) 会员国和组织需要扩大对减少灾害风险的财政、人力和技术投资,包括发展私营和公共部门伙伴关系。", "(f) 我鼓励捐助者和发展中国家作出承诺,更明确地注重支持地方和社区在方案规划中的复原力,利用创造性解决办法和创新,并加强合作,作为其援助实效承诺的一部分。", "页:1", "关于《兵库行动框架》执行进展的具体资料", "1. 联合国 下一节概述了各国政府、[12] 联合国机构、世界银行和其他伙伴在《兵库行动框架》五个优先领域向战略秘书处报告的成就。", "A类. 国家一级的行动", "优先事项1", "确保减少灾害风险成为国家和地方的优先事项", "2. 联合国 全世界在这方面的进展始终如一。 超过42个国家报告说,在这一优先领域取得了重大成就。 具体地说,48个国家报告说,在制定国家政策和法律框架方面取得了实质性成就。 然而,一些国家还强调指出,这一进展不一定转化为有效的灾害风险管理,特别是在地方一级。", "3个 国家平台从61个增加到81个。 在本报告所述期间建立国家平台的国家包括:阿尔及利亚、亚美尼亚、加拿大、冈比亚、吉尔吉斯斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、塞拉利昂和土耳其。 [13] 荷兰,挪威和塞尔维亚将在未来几个月内启动其国家平台. 许多国家的减少灾害风险体制安排已从传统的单一机构“平民保护”结构演变为多部门系统和平台。 然而,寻找适当的体制安排,便利将减少灾害风险纳入发展规划和公共投资,仍然是一个挑战。", " 4.四. 若干国家加强了其体制和立法安排: 缅甸、尼泊尔和博茨瓦纳建立了总统和副总统办公室的最高灾害风险管理机构,而坦桑尼亚联合共和国将这一职责移交给其经济和财政规划部。 智利、多米尼加共和国和乌拉圭政府由公正的机构间专家在战略秘书处的协调下,对国家机构能力和《兵库行动框架》所有优先领域的状况进行了审查,从而在智利和乌拉圭建立了新的立法框架。", "优先事项2", "确定、评估和监测灾害风险并增强预警", "5 (韩语). 特别是在地方一级,全面风险评估仍然难以取得进展。 20多个国家进行了国家多危害风险评估,为规划和发展决策提供依据。 然而,许多国家面临重大挑战,将它们与国家和地方一级的发展进程联系起来。 遗憾的是,报告在这一领域取得重大进展的国家也强调缺乏评估灾害损失和风险的国家标准。 只有几个国家对学校和保健设施进行了风险评估。", "6. 国家 欧洲联盟委员会根据多种危害和多风险办法通过了风险绘图和评估准则。 加拿大正在制定国家所有危害风险评估框架。 巴巴多斯承诺提供大量资源,对主要沿海灾害进行全面的沿海风险评估。 其他一些国家努力将风险评估纳入一系列部门,包括卫生、教育、农业、运输和水管理。", "7. 联合国 报告在提高预警能力方面取得了一些进展的国家有:巴林、布基纳法索、莱索托、尼泊尔、摩尔多瓦共和国、塞拉利昂、多哥和也门。 巴基斯坦政府制定了提高综合洪水预报能力和灾害绘图能力的计划。 在世界气象组织(气象组织)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)和联合国开发计划署(开发计划署)的支助下,通过技术援助、能力建设和培训加强了海地的沿海灾害警报服务。 澳大利亚和马达加斯加使用移动电话发出警告。 芬兰正在开发数字无线电网络,其80%的人口有户外警报器。", "优先事项3", "利用知识、创新和教育在各级建立安全和复原力文化", "8. 国家 这一优先领域的进展仍然有限。 确定并进一步发展多种风险评估和成本效益分析的方法和工具仍然是一个特别薄弱的领域。 只有19个国家将其为将减少风险纳入学校课程和相关正规培训而作的巨大努力评为重大努力。 大多数国家报告说,在为脆弱的城市和农村社区制定公共认识战略方面存在重大差距。 中国是一个显著的例外,报告在提供风险信息、制定全国公共认识战略以及将减少灾害风险纳入学校课程方面取得了全面进展。", "9. 国家 非洲的一些国家,如埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国,正在开发一个灾害风险管理信息中央数据库。 巴基斯坦政府评估了损失情况并培训了教师,为受洪水影响的儿童和文盲妇女提供了学习机会。 在海地,3 000多名中学教师接受了以学习者为中心的社会心理支持和减少灾害风险的培训。 纳米比亚在采用减少灾害风险的标准和工具方面取得了进展。 缅甸教育部发起了一项针对女教师的教育恢复方案,以降低易受灾害影响的程度。", "优先事项4", "减少潜在的风险因素", "10个 这方面的进展甚至更低。 虽然各国报告说,它们更加认识到需要将减少灾害风险纳入规划和投资,但只有22个国家认为它们在解决潜在风险驱动因素方面取得的进展是实质性的。 各国报告说,在解决不同发展部门内部化的风险方面存在困难。 这就是为什么经济损失和损害继续增加的原因。 只有32个国家投资改造学校和医院等重要公共基础设施。 克罗地亚报告说,建筑业施加压力,要求降低标准和守则,以降低总体成本,即使在危险多发地区也是如此。", "11个 非洲一些国家正在建立保护环境和确保可持续发展的机制,许多国家已作出重大努力,将减少灾害风险纳入其适应气候变化的国家计划。 在乌干达,联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)和世界粮食计划署(粮食计划署)支持一项倡议,为受一再发生的干旱影响的粮食无保障牧民和农牧家庭提供生产安全网。", "12个 厄瓜多尔实施了广泛的社会政策文书,作为其减少灾害风险战略的一部分。 马拉维新的社会发展政策的设计和执行旨在减少面临风险的社区的脆弱性。 在孟加拉国,粮食计划署支持政府和非政府组织伙伴协助30 000个粮食无保障家庭将家园提高到洪水水平。", "优先事项5", "加强备灾,以在各级作出有效反应", "13个 几十年来,这一领域一直是各国政府的主要重点。 它包括各级行政部门的备灾和应急计划、财政储备和应急机制,以及在紧急情况期间进行信息交流的既定程序。 46个国家报告说,在制定政策、技术和机构能力方面取得了显著成就。 显然,有效的灾害管理促使全球与天气有关的灾害死亡率下降。", "14个 秘书处人道主义事务协调厅在阿尔巴尼亚、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、多米尼加共和国、加纳、海地、吉尔吉斯斯坦、马尔代夫、黑山、纳米比亚、阿曼和土耳其等一些国家开展了各种加强国家备灾能力的活动。", "15个 埃塞俄比亚政府的天气风险管理框架在世界银行和粮食计划署的支持下,建立了一个综合风险管理系统,以支持国家生产安全网方案,该方案触发了一个1.6亿美元的应急资金库,每年援助800万粮食无保障的家庭。", "16号. 在海地,粮食计划署通过与合作伙伴的备用协议和预先部署救灾物资,支持政府备灾。 这些努力使政府、方案及其伙伴能够迅速应对 \" 托马斯 \" 飓风和霍乱疫情。", "17. 在西非,人道主义机构建立了备灾战略伙伴关系。 能力发展活动是在区域和全球伙伴的支持下在国内开展的。 在加纳,应急准备和反应能力评估促成了2011-2012年行动计划。", "B. 区域一级的行动", "18岁。 区域和次区域减少灾害风险多方利益攸关方平台正在逐步制度化,为利益攸关方交流经验、监测进展和采取集体行动加强《兵库框架》的执行提供了独特的区域机会。 战略秘书处区域办事处与联合国各机构、世界银行和其他伙伴结成伙伴关系,支持这些平台。", "非洲", " 19. 19. 非洲联盟成员国通过非洲联盟执行理事会在2011年1月首脑会议上就第二届非洲减少灾害风险部长级会议的报告通过一项决定,表明继续致力于减少灾害风险。 执行理事会认可了报告所载的建议,包括战略行动领域、关键活动、预期成果和《在非洲大陆、分区域和国家各级执行非洲减少灾害风险区域战略的扩展行动纲领》(2006-2015年)的指标。", "20号. 区域经济共同体被授权向其成员国提供有效的协调和战略指导,使其次区域战略和方案与《非洲区域战略》和《行动纲领》保持一致并便利其次区域的执行。 西非国家经济共同体、中部非洲国家经济共同体、政府间发展管理局(伊加特)和南部非洲发展共同体的工作方案现在将减少灾害风险作为一个优先事项,以支持执行《非洲区域减少灾害风险战略和行动计划》。", "21岁 政府间 发展局和伙伴国家正在努力建设能力,加强减少灾害风险机构;加强国家和次区域机构的灾害风险管理能力;在全球减灾和复原基金的财政和技术支助下,建立减少灾害风险和气候监测和预测的技术能力和机构能力。", "阿拉伯国家区域", "22号. 阿拉伯国家认识到目前的环境退化、气候变化、快速的无计划城市化、严重的缺水、不断变化的人口和移徙趋势对实现本区域可持续发展目标的影响。 与人口流离失所、疾病爆发、大流行性流感、粮食无保障、冲突和内乱有关的次要风险对该区域构成比以往规模更大的多重挑战。", "23. 联合国 认识到有必要减少与本区域灾害趋势有关的风险,阿拉伯国家主管环境事务部长理事会于2010年12月通过了《2020年阿拉伯减少灾害风险战略》,随后在2011年1月第二届阿拉伯社会经济发展首脑会议上得到各国国家元首的认可。", "24 (韩语). 在国家一级,各国开始加强灾害信息系统并使之系统化,建立灾害损失数据库,为决策者提供必要的国家和地方风险和脆弱性信息。 约旦、阿拉伯叙利亚共和国和也门完成了国家灾害数据库,吉布提、埃及、黎巴嫩和摩洛哥目前正在完成自己的数据库。", "亚洲和太平洋", "25岁 2010年《仁川宣言》和第四届亚洲减少灾害风险部长级会议通过的《仁川区域行进图》将减少灾害风险和适应气候变化相结合确定为2015年之前本区域的主要优先重点领域。 通过了一项行动计划,为将部长决定和路线图转化为国家和地方各级的具体行动提供全面指导。 一些民间社会组织和红十字与红新月联合会已承诺为开展这些活动作出贡献,以支持其各自的政府。", "26. 2010年太平洋灾害风险管理平台在 \" 通过多方利益攸关者办法加强执行太平洋减少灾害风险和灾害管理行动框架 \" 这一总主题下召开会议。 平台承诺通过更好的协调和制定综合供资模式,在国家和区域一级加强灾害风险管理和适应气候变化的联系;增加对太平洋岛屿国家灾害风险管理的投资,使投资符合现有的国家优先事项;促进将减少灾害风险纳入国家政策、预算和所有国家部门计划的主流;通过多方利益攸关方的参与,特别是通过社区、妇女和青年、政治家和议员以及民间社会和部门专家的参与,共享灾害风险管理信息和专门知识。", "美洲", "27个 美洲减少灾害风险区域平台第二届会议于2011年3月15日至17日在墨西哥纳亚里特新瓦拉尔塔举行,会议产生了《纳亚里特公报》,其中阐述了明确而有效地包括减少灾害风险以及适应气候变化考虑因素的区域发展议程所关切的问题和提议。", "28岁 分区域机制的作用,如中美洲预防自然灾害协调中心、安第斯预防灾害和救灾委员会、减少自然灾害特别研究中心、民防和南方共同市场(REHU)和加勒比灾害应急管理局等,一直促进将减少灾害风险纳入国家政策。 一个突出的例子是批准由中美洲综合风险管理政策,该政策将减少灾害风险作为成员国具有约束力的政策工具。 CEPRENAC的经验在2011年asa川奖中被提及.", "欧洲", "29. 国家 若干高级别活动有助于加强区域和次区域两级减少灾害风险的政治承诺,并促使将减少灾害风险作为欧洲委员会、欧洲联盟委员会和东南欧区域合作理事会等欧洲主要机构任务的核心优先事项。 这些政治进程得到了兵库框架各协调中心、国家平台和合作伙伴在欧洲减少灾害风险论坛范围内进行的信息、知识和经验技术交流的补充和支持。", "30 (英语). 2010年9月,在圣彼得堡举行的欧洲理事会第十二届欧洲和地中海重大灾害协定部长级会议上通过了2011-2015年中期计划,以“改进预防和防备工作,促进良好的风险治理,利用知识来降低脆弱性,改进紧急情况的防备工作”。 理事会在会上讨论了气候变化对灾害频率和强度的影响以及加强社会适应和复原力的措施。", "31岁 欧洲议会于2009年通过了一项关于委员会来文的决议: \" 共同体预防自然和人为灾害的办法 \" ,欢迎委员会承诺确保在欧洲联盟的政策和方案中更加一致地考虑到与防灾有关的问题。 欧洲减少灾害风险论坛将于2011年10月在斯科普里召开第二次年度会议。", "C. 国际一级的行动", "优先事项1", "确保减少灾害风险成为国家和地方的优先事项", "32. 国家 在国家、区域和全球各级同各国议会合作,将减少灾害风险列入若干全球和区域议会的议程。 各国议会联盟和战略秘书处开发的“减少灾害风险:实现千年发展目标的工具”宣传资料袋使124个国家的议员受益。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 2010-2011年期间,全球减灾和复原基金在31个优先国家的13个为这一优先领域作出了重大贡献。 为支持减少灾害风险的体制能力和建立共识,全球基金支助了价值5 400多万美元的123个积极项目,涉及50多个国家以及区域和全球参与。 世界银行-联合国联合出版物《自然灾害、非自然灾害: 《有效预防经济学》为投资于防灾提供了经济理由,用以支持政治宣传。 报告强调了共享风险数据以便作出知情决策的重要性。", "优先事项2", "确定、评估和监测灾害风险并增强预警", "34. 国家 全球风险识别方案协助30多个国家通过各种活动,为健全的决策建立更好的风险信息基础,例如为灾害风险建立基准线,并将风险信息纳入决策进程和发展方案。", "35. 联合国 教科文组织的减少地震风险国际平台促进了基于信息的地震学和地震工程的交流。 在这方面,全球建筑法规工作队已推进了行动计划。 国际滑坡联合会将在国际减少灾害战略的主持下于2011年10月3日至9日在罗马召开第二届世界滑坡论坛。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 世界卫生组织(卫生组织)支持包括阿富汗、哥伦比亚和毛里求斯在内的会员国开展风险评估,例如能力评估,以此作为制定卫生应急风险管理方案的基础。 东南亚国家采用基准程序评估现有能力和确定能力发展的优先事项。", "37. 联合国 红十字会与红新月会国际联合会出版了《2010年世界灾害报告》: 注重城市风险,深入审视城镇居民人数剧增.", "38. 国家 联合国环境规划署(环境署)支持国际减少灾害战略系统为2011年全球减少灾害风险评估报告进行全球风险评估,为此开发和维护一个网络技术平台和源数据,用于对洪水、旋风、山崩、地震、海啸、火灾、风暴潮和干旱进行全球风险评估。 环境署还开发了一个称为RiVAMP的创新风险评估工具,使决策者能够做出知情决定,支持可持续发展增长。", "39. 联合国 改进灾害风险评估和监测是全球减灾和复原基金支助的54个项目的优先事项,投资额近2 200万美元。 世界气象组织(气象组织)通过区域气候中心和气候展望论坛,为气候服务的发展提供了便利,其中包括分析不断变化的灾害模式,提供季节性到长期规模的预测和展望,以支持国家减少灾害风险和适应气候变化的规划。 气象组织与联合国-国际减少灾害战略系统伙伴合作,正在加勒比、中美洲、东南欧和东南亚促进区域和国家能力发展项目,以加强水文气象风险评估和多灾害预警系统。 此外,气象组织还出版了一本题为《多危险预警系统中的机构伙伴关系》的书,该书以7个国家良好做法的文献和综合为基础。", " 40. 40. 联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会)及其伙伴协作加强关于灾害风险和儿童的证据基础。 这些研究在七个国家进行,得出的结论是,为确保解决儿童面临的具体气候风险和脆弱性,需要采取“以儿童为中心的办法”来减少灾害风险并进行适应。", "优先事项3", "利用知识、创新和教育在各级建立安全和复原力文化", "41. 国家 支持减少灾害风险能力发展仍然是需求不断增加的一个领域。 减灾能力倡议(CADRI)是联合国开发计划署、秘书处人道主义事务协调厅和战略秘书处之间的伙伴关系,它向高风险国家提供了能力评估和培训。", "42. 国家 尽管取得了进步,但越来越明显的是,仍然需要加强各部委和有关部门,包括负责统计收集和分析的机构和政府部门的能力,以收集和利用按性别分列的数据。 题为《使减少灾害风险具有性别敏感性:政策和实用准则》的出版物(2009年)被作为适应气候变化培训的参考,使107个国家的1 000多名受训人员受益。", "43. 东帝汶 环境署的 \" 金融倡议 \" 与主要私营保险公司就一项全球倡议开展合作,以根据健全的环境管理和减灾标准整合可持续性原则。 教科文组织促进减少灾害风险,特别是将减少灾害风险纳入国家教育战略和计划,以此作为联合国教育促进可持续发展十年的内在内容。", "44. 国家 在超过25个国家,粮食计划署支持各国政府实施粮食安全监测系统,跟踪粮食安全、营养和市场指标以及自然灾害,提供有效分析,支持备灾、防灾和救灾工作。", "45. 国家 Preventionweb.net的使用和受欢迎程度明显提高,合作伙伴提交的内容增加了130%,用户人数增加了75%。", "优先事项4", "减少潜在的风险因素", "46. 经常预算: 环境和减少灾害风险伙伴关系开发了培训课程,以建设国家和地方政府的能力,促进和执行以环境管理和生态系统为基础的减少灾害风险举措。", "47. 国家 环境规划署同合作伙伴一起提供技术援助,使各国政府能够利用环境管理工具进行具有抗灾能力的可持续发展规划,特别是在易受灾害影响的主要生态区——沿海地区、山区、河流流域和干地。 海地、尼泊尔、秘鲁、斯里兰卡和乌干达等国家已从这些方案中受益。 人居署通过具体的城市方案支持海地、智利、哥伦比亚、古巴和厄瓜多尔减少城市风险。", " 48. 48. 开发署气候风险管理倡议通过正在进行的全球和区域方案,完成了对世界若干国家的气候风险评估。 培训和研讨会促进了国家和地方在气候风险、影响和能力评估方面的能力建设。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 2011年1月22日,第六十四届世界卫生大会通过了一项决议(WHA64.10),其中敦促会员国除其他外,加强所有危害的卫生紧急情况和灾害风险管理方案并制订安全医院方案。 东地中海和泛美区域也通过了类似决议。", " 50. 50. 全球减灾和复原融资机制在33个项目中支持了减少灾害风险和为可持续发展筹资,核定费用总额为1 410万美元。 例如,在非洲联盟委员会的政策指导下启动了一项研究,以探讨为非洲与干旱有关的紧急救济建立新的供资方式的可行性,并侧重于非洲大陆由国家主导的可持续风险管理战略。", "优先事项5", "加强备灾,以在各级作出有效反应", "51. 联合国 机构间常设委员会(机构间常委会)的负责人已经认识到,应急准备对于迅速而有效的灾后救济和恢复至关重要。 机构间常委会备灾工作分组正集中力量,在五个试点国家支助加强国家应急准备能力。 减灾能力倡议正在支持这些倡议,以帮助高风险国家在国际系统联合支助下,具体发展备灾能力。 人道主义事务协调厅与伙伴合作,采取了若干举措,包括开发和修订备灾工具、联合规划以及领导一个工作队,以加强区域一级的备灾工作。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 通过抓住合作伙伴的协同作用,国际恢复平台开发了恢复工具,并通过基础设施、住房、保健、心理社会、气候变化和适应、环境、性别、治理和生计以及灾后需要评估的指导说明,为国家和地方政府提供灾后恢复方面的能力建设。", "[1] (中文(简体) ).", "[2] 2011年《全球评估报告》是国际减少灾害战略系统伙伴的协作努力。 见www.preventionweb.net/gar.", "[3] EM-DAT: OFDA/简体国际灾害数据库。", "[4] A/CONF.206/6和Corr.1,第一章。 见www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-mtr/。", "[5] www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/hfa-监测/。", "[6] 战略秘书处,协调区域和全球减少灾害风险议程: 关键区域政治承诺和减少灾害风险优先事项摘要(2011年5月)。", "[7] www.safe-schools-hospitals.net. (中文(简体) ).", "[8] 教科文组织、儿童基金会、世界银行、国际计划、拯救儿童组织、红十字会与红新月会国际联合会、世界展望组织、全球学校安全联盟、2000年预防、战略秘书处等。", "[9] 一些捐助者,包括澳大利亚、欧洲联盟委员会人道主义援助和平民保护部(欧盟人道处)、德国和美利坚合众国声称已经达到或超过的目标。", "[10] 根据经合组织/发展援助委员会,2010年。", "[11] 见主席关于减少灾害风险全球平台第三届会议(2011年5月8日至13日,日内瓦)的总结。", "[12] 通过《氢氟烷烃监测》和2011年《全球评估报告》。", "[13] 国家平台完整列表见以下链接:http://preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/national/list/." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* Reissued for technical reasons on 23 September 2011.", "** A/66/150.", "Item 19 (h) of the provisional agenda**", "Sustainable development: Harmony with Nature", "Harmony with Nature", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report is submitted pursuant to General Assembly resolution 65/164, in which the Assembly requested the Secretary-General to convene, at its sixty-fifth session, an interactive dialogue on harmony with nature to commemorate International Mother Earth Day, on 20 April 2011, in order to actively and effectively contribute to the preparatory process for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in Brazil in June 2012, and to submit a report on the subject at its sixty-sixth session. The report of the Secretary-General focuses on the evolving relationship of humankind with nature as reflected in environmental legislation and draws upon key issues discussed at the interactive dialogue. Concrete recommendations are provided to facilitate further consideration of the theme by Member States.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3II.The 4 evolving relationship of humankind with \nnature A.Relevant 4 lessons from ancient \ncivilizations B.The 6 emergence of the environmental movement: sixteenth to nineteenth \ncenturies C.The 9 twentieth century and human reconciliation with \nnature III. Promoting 11 harmony with nature in the twenty-first \ncentury A.The 11 enabling role of legislation and public \npolicy B.Nature: 14 to have or to \n be? \nIV. Conclusion 17\nV.Recommendations 18", "I. Introduction", "1. In 2010, the General Assembly, by its resolution 65/164, entitled “Harmony with Nature”, requested the Secretary-General to convene, at its sixty-fifth session, an interactive dialogue, to be held at two plenary meetings in commemoration of International Mother Earth Day, on 20 April 2011, with the participation of Member States, United Nations organizations, independent experts and other stakeholders, in order to actively and effectively contribute to the preparatory process of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, which is to be held in Rio de Janeiro in June 2012. The interactive dialogue of the General Assembly, with two panels of experts, addressed: (a) ways to promote a holistic approach to sustainable development in harmony with nature; and (b) sharing national experiences on criteria and indicators for measuring sustainable development in harmony with nature.[1]", "2. In its resolution 65/164 the General Assembly also requested the Secretary-General to make use of the existing information portals on sustainable development maintained by the secretariat of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to gather information on ideas and activities to promote the undertaking of a holistic approach to sustainable development in harmony with nature and to advance the integration of interdisciplinary scientific work, including success stories on the use of traditional knowledge, and existing national legislation, with a view to making substantive contributions to the preparatory process for the Conference and beyond. Such a portal is being developed and will be launched by June 2012.", "3. As the United Nations prepares to hold the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (also referred to as Rio+20), from 4 to 6 June 2012, the report focuses on the historic relationships different civilizations have had with nature, as expressed, inter alia, through environmental legislation, draws upon key issues discussed at the interactive dialogue in April 2011 to advance the holistic thinking undergirding the concept of sustainable development and builds upon, and should be read in conjunction with, the first report of the Secretary-General on harmony with nature (A/65/314).", "4. The promulgation of environmental legislation began in earnest in the 1960s, with greater awareness of the need for environmental protection, and increasing public interest in the environment was behind the establishment of Earth Day, in 1970. The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (the Stockholm Conference), which took place two years later, in 1972, helped to institutionalize consideration of the environment within national governance structures around the world. That Conference cemented the political realization that environmental degradation was caused both by affluence and by poverty, affecting rich and poor nations equally, albeit in different ways. On the tenth anniversary of the Stockholm Conference, in 1982, Governments adopted the World Charter for Nature, which reflected the interdependence of conservation and development.", "5. As a follow-up to the Stockholm Conference, Governments established the World Commission on Environment and Development (the Brundtland Commission) to examine the concept of sustainable development. That concept is elaborated in the report of the Commission, “Our Common Future” (A/42/427, annex).", "6. On the heels of “Our Common Future”, Governments convened the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, in 1994, to negotiate a global programme of action to achieve sustainable development worldwide. The outcome document of the Conference, known as Agenda 21, played a catalytic role in helping countries to operationalize sustainable development. In parallel to the two-year preparatory work for the Conference intergovernmental negotiating committees were established to formulate the framework conventions on biological diversity and climate change. The Conference also produced a set of agreed upon principles to protect forests and initiated negotiations to combat desertification and drought.", "7. The underlying principle of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development is explained in the first principle of the Rio Declaration: “Human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature”. Following the 1994 Conference the United Nations established the Commission on Sustainable Development to follow up on the implementation of Agenda 21, and in 2002 it convened the World Summit on Sustainable Development in Johannesburg, South Africa, to renew the global commitment to sustainable development. In June 2012, the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development will be held to further assess the progress countries are making towards achieving sustainable development and to address new and emerging challenges to ensure a sustainable future for all in harmony with nature.", "II. The evolving relationship of humankind with nature", "8. The evolving relationship of humankind with nature varies greatly in Eastern and Western intellectual traditions. Its roots are originally found in philosophy and religion. Although Eastern intellectual traditions are historically distinct from Western ones, the basic questions the great thinkers of Asia tried to answer are similar to those that have occupied philosophers and religious leaders in Europe and the Americas — how can we give our life meaning? How can we find happiness? The insight and wisdom offered by Eastern and Western traditions provide opportunities for dialogue among civilizations and a deeper understanding of our relationship with nature. The following sections describe the evolving relationship of humankind with nature and how thinking about this relationship has influenced the development of environmental legislation in the twenty-first century. Lessons for achieving harmony with nature today are also considered.", "A. Relevant lessons from ancient civilizations", "9. Eastern traditions are often interpreted as presenting no sharp divide between creator and created animals, between humans and gods. In Hinduism, for example, there is a focus on metaphysics, including the concepts of samsara (reincarnation), karma (cosmic justice), moksha (liberation from the cycle of existence) and atman (inner ultimate reality).[2]", "10. In cultural practices and thought systems in China, “external nature is never understood on its own terms; it is always intimately related with human life”. Chinese culture upholds the belief that reality consists of countless manifestations of one unbroken continuum, the tao. The Chinese developed a cosmological myth through which the universe was viewed as an organic system of interdependent parts. This view led to the assertion of fundamental unity of all things in their essential aspects.²", "11. The ancient Egyptians, whose source of food depended on the annual flooding of the Nile, worshipped a number of deities, and their complex system of beliefs and rituals revolved around the environment in which they lived. The recognition of the fact that the Nile itself rendered their agricultural lands fertile, in contrast to the arid desert in which their dead were buried, shaped their identity and religious beliefs.", "12. In African communities, natural phenomena were once perceived to possess spiritual powers, and the natural world that supplied food and shelter was respected and revered. Certain trees were considered God’s trees, sacred and endowed with healing powers. Land belonged to clans consisting of the living, the dead, and even the unborn, a concept which enhanced the idea of sharing and caring for nature.", "13. Early pre-Columbian cultures tracked the movements of the planets and stars, including the Sun and the Moon, and their movements became woven into every aspect of life, binding the mundane with the celestial. Throughout the Andes, Pachamama is the most widespread name for Mother Earth. The name, in its fundamental sense, means fertile and fruitful Mother Earth. Pachamama conveys the symbiosis between humankind and nature, thereby giving nature due respect.", "14. In the Western tradition, Greek and Roman philosophers had a clear concept of the laws of nature, as opposed to man-made law. Recognizing that people existed prior to the establishment of civil order and government, they made a clear distinction between natural law (jus naturale) and common law (jus commune).", "15. Many classical Western thinkers pointed out that earlier civilizations had a more intimate and balanced relationship with nature. The Romans, for example, believed in the rights of animals (jus animalium), what philosophers would later consider as natural rights, which are independent of human civilization and government. After the decline of Greece and Rome and with the advent of Christianity, people increasingly came to see nature in the service of human beings. The value of the natural world came to be defined solely in terms of its capacity to fulfil human needs.[3]", "16. The concept that air, water and fish are held in common for use by all was codified into law by the Romans. In A.D. 535, at the order of the Emperor Justinian, the Corpus Juris Civilis (body of civil law) was issued and existing Roman law was collected into a simple and clear system of laws. The first Justinian Code was completed in A.D. 529 and was later expanded to include Justinian’s own laws, as well as two additional books on other areas of law. The Justinian Code, the first body of law relating to the environment, asserted that the law of nature is that which nature teaches to all animals, that is, it does not pertain exclusively to the human race, but to all life forms, whether of the earth, the air or the water.", "17. With the fall of the Roman Empire the legal system prevailing in Europe became fragmented, and with the emergence of local regimes, a patchwork of feudal laws, which in many cases included a combination of civil law and cannon law, constituted the only legal framework on the continent. It would not be until the introduction of the Napoleonic Code, in the post-feudal era, that there would be another such coherent body of law in Europe. The Napoleonic Code took the place of the disparate legal systems of feudal times and became one of the major pillars of the expansion of the Romano-Germanic legal tradition throughout Europe and the rest of the world.", "B. The emergence of the environmental movement: sixteenth to nineteenth centuries", "18. In the evolution of medical science that took place in the seventeenth century, vivisection was widely used to study the workings of the body. The practice angered early humanitarians, and vivisectionists turned to Rene Descartes (1596-1650) to justify their research methods. A celebrated mathematician, physiologist and psychologist, Descartes provided a general philosophy of the irrelevance of ethics to the relationship between man and nature.", "19. Animals, according to Descartes, were insensible and irrational creatures, living things with no sensation of pain: lacking minds, they could not be harmed, did not suffer and had no consciousness. Humans, on the other hand, had souls and minds. Thinking, in fact, defined the human organism. “Cogito ergo sum” (I think, therefore I am) was Descartes’ basic axiom. This dualism, the separation between human beings and nature, justified vivisection and any human exploitation of the environment. Descartes left no doubt that people were the “masters and possessors of nature”. Descartes believed that the objectification of nature was an important prerequisite for the progress of science and civilization.³", "20. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, other contemporary scholars in Europe, including Gottfried Leibnitz, John Ray and Baruch Spinoza, disagreed with Descartes, believing that nature and the wilderness were imbued with spiritual values, and that humans could not, therefore, be separated from nature. In 1790, the writer John Lawrence noted that the lack of recognition of the rights of animals, jus animalium, was a fundamental human defect, and he called for full recognition of this concept, while for Thomas Hobbes, man, in the state of nature, sought self-preservation at all costs, as his “right of nature”.", "21. At the height of Descartes’ influence in Europe, the early American settlers held an opposing view, believing that animals were not merely dumb beasts meant for a life of suffering. This alternate, but minority view was derived, in part, from the classical Greco-Roman idea that animals were part of the state of nature and subject to natural law. This idea was advanced by the early settlers in New England, who enacted a law which acknowledged the rights of non-human beings. The “Massachusetts Body of Liberties” published in 1641 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, is the earliest general law forbidding cruelty to domestic animals in Anglo-American jurisprudence.", "22. In his book, Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), John Locke reasoned, in opposition to Descartes, that animals can experience pain and suffering, and that harming them needlessly is morally wrong. In his 1693 discourse, Locke moved beyond a strict concept of utility, in which not only customarily owned and useful animals like cattle and horses should be well treated, but also squirrels, birds, insects and, indeed “any living creature”.[4] Between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, encouraged by the writings of people like Nathaniel Ward and John Locke, the seeds of an alternate worldview where humans were an integral part of nature were planted. In his 1691 publication, The Wisdom of God manifested in the Works of Creation, the English botanist John Ray argued that animals and plants exist to glorify God and that their right to life do not depend on their usefulness to man.", "23. John Ray and Baruch Spinoza, among others, were writing during a time of rapidly widening scientific horizons and related challenges to anthropocentrism. Telescopes suggested that the earth was not the centre of the universe. The microscope revealed a complex community on which mankind seemed to depend rather than the other way around. Explorers revealed the existence of vast uninhabited wilderness that was teeming with different forms of life, perfect and complete in and of themselves and, never even seen by humans. The more human beings learned about nature, the more difficult it became to entertain the notion that the universe existed solely for them. No longer were people considered as the masters of nature, but rather as members of the natural community.", "24. In the 1660s, Louis XIV’s Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert introduced and enforced the strictest forestry laws in the history of France.[5] In 1822, in the United Kingdom, Richard Martin’s activism led to the protection of large domesticated animals, notably cattle (Martin’s Act). Two years later, Martin, William Wilberforce, and others created the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Twenty years earlier, Wilberforce had been a leader in the fight to abolish slavery and the slave trade. John Stuart Mill, a pre-eminent nineteenth century philosopher, wrote that the laws making it a crime for parents to abuse their children should also be extended to animals. The idea of liberating oppressed beings was not easily confined to humankind.", "25. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) shocked the conceit of humanity by placing human evolution alongside that of animals, that is, as part of nature. The evolutionary explanation of the proliferation of life on earth undermined dualistic philosophies thousands of years old. Darwin’s works, The Origin of Species (1859) and The Descent of Man (1871), became important sources in the development of environmentalism and environmental ethics. Dietrich Brandis, a German scientist, pioneered forestry management in India and mentored many foresters, including Henry Graves, as well as Gifford Pinchot, who would later head the United States Forest Service.[6]", "26. The struggle for humanitarian legislation in the United Kingdom reached a high point in 1876 with the passage of the Cruelty to Animals Act. Vivisection was an issue which elicited strong opinions from the leading members of the scientific and humanitarian communities in the United Kingdom. The nineteenth century saw significant advancements for the institutionalization of humanitarian values and rights into law. Heretofore, societies and their accompanying laws had usurped the rights of all around them for the gain of elites.", "27. Although anthropocentrism was questioned, many people remained convinced that human beings, as the most advanced form of life, would continue to exploit other beings and to extract what they wanted from the environment. The point was made that they should do so carefully, according to the principles of good stewardship, and always mindful of the fact that other interests, including religious interests, were involved. From that point of view, the impact of people on the planet carried with it some disturbing ethical problems.", "28. Since in Europe, for the most part, the wilderness had been transformed, there was increasing concern that the new world, the Americas, would follow suit. Writers such as the French thinker and historian Alexis de Tocqueville and the Dutch Lutheran minister and author John Bruckner wrote about this foreseeable trend, predicting the widespread slaughter of wildlife, some species to the point of extinction. By the eighteenth century, people in the United States had begun to protest against cruelty to animals, including vivisection, cock-fighting, staged fights with dogs, and fox hunting, among other forms of purposeless brutality. This activism to advance environmental rights represented a persistent and growing respect for the spiritual, cultural and restorative values of nature. The environmental movement had begun in earnest.", "29. Around the same time that the environmental movement in the United States was taking hold, so too were other social movements, notably the movement for women’s rights. This is no coincidence. Prominent figures, including John James Audubon, John Muir, Lewis Mumford, Gifford Pinchot, Henry S. Salt and Henry David Thoreau, who were able to mobilize powerful individuals and money and to popularize aesthetic values, played a key role in catalysing the environmental movement in the United States. A pioneer of the concept of biodiversity, Mumford inspired many writers, for example, in the East, Ramchandra Guha, the Indian environmental and social commentator.", "30. Despite the fact that they were not tightly organized as a social movement, these elites nonetheless formed a loosely linked network of influential people who were calling for wilderness protection. In the mid-1800s, as Thoreau was advocating the establishment of protected areas, many other individuals were separately arguing for the same goal. After a visit to Yosemite, California, in 1863, Frederick Law Olmsted and I. W. Raymond petitioned the United States Congress to preserve the area in its natural state. The bill for the preservation of Yosemite was approved in 1864, setting aside 10 square miles “for public use, resort and recreation”.", "31. From the sixteenth and to the nineteenth centuries, calls for the protection of animals and their rights as well as the protection of their environment increased, catalysed by a growing ideology of humanism and humanitarianism that paralleled similar calls for the end of slavery, the enactment of child labour laws and recognition of women’s rights. In the late eighteenth century, the French Revolution would mark the consolidation of the concept of the rights of man in Europe and around the world.", "32. In the United States, at the turn of the century, Edward Payson Evans (1831-1917) made the first extensive statement of what would come to be called environmental ethics. For Evans, non-human life forms, including every “sensitive” living thing, even inanimate objects such as rocks and minerals, have intrinsic rights that humans ought to not violate. In Russia, Peter Kropotkin and Leo Tolstoy and in India, Mahatma Gandhi all made environmental protection an integral part of their world view.", "33. Scholars in the Eastern intellectual tradition were also concerned in earlier centuries with the evolving relationship of humankind with nature. The Chinese philosopher Wang Yangming (1472-1529) advanced the “heart and mind” concept, which, in contrast with Descartes’ dualism, encapsulated the connection between the mental process and the body. In his understanding, the concept of the mind is not reduced to one’s self, but starts with one’s self and flows to other people and from people to animals and from animals to trees and plants, and thence to stones and material things.", "C. The twentieth century and human reconciliation with nature", "34. Whereas in the nineteenth century, environmental protection was largely advanced for utilitarian purposes, be it for food, timber or shelter, the scientific basis for the need to protect the environment and its natural resources gained significant ground in the twentieth century. Scholars and scientists developed new concepts describing the importance of interconnectedness and the balance of life on Earth.", "35. Frederic E. Clements (1874-1945) investigated what he called the “succession” of plants. He understood that many living things function together, and that the whole was more than the sum of the parts; plants interrelate with the climate, soil and with each other to form a natural environment, for example, a grassland habitat. The Scottish scientist J. Arthur Thompson (1861-1933) also described his concept of the web of life, and Victor E. Shelford (1877-1968) set out his understanding of the biome. Liberty Hyde Bailey (1858-1954) advocated abandoning “cosmic selfishness” and developing a sense of “earth righteousness”. Because of the holistic orientations of their discipline, these early ecologists frequently connected their scientific research to moral philosophy.", "36. In 1927, Charles Elton (1900-1991) coined the phrase “food chain”. His ecological research revealed nutritional dependencies that started with the life force provided by the sun to plants, to plant eaters and to carnivores. Elton used the metaphor of a pyramid: the simplest organisms with the shortest food chains were the most numerous and, at the base of the structure, the most important. Remove the top of the food pyramid, a hawk or a human, and the system was hardly disturbed. But take away the simplest organisms at the base, such as plant life or soil bacteria, and the pyramid would collapse.", "37. Philosophy and theological inquiry also informed environmental conservation ethics. Nobel Laureate Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) considered that a reverence for life was a sufficient rationale for valuing the environment. From his study of the ethical teachings of the Indian and Chinese traditions, Schweitzer extended a theory of value based on the “will to live”, which included humans and all living beings. He believed that human beings should give all creatures with a will to live the same reverence for life that they give to their own. Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947) added to this idea, contending that the identity and purpose of every object in the universe arose from its relationship to everything else. Every organism, indeed every atom, had intrinsic value if only for the contribution it made to the ongoing reality of the interlocking pieces that make up the world. In calling for the preservation, promotion and enhancement of life, Schweitzer placed animals on the same footing as humans.", "38. Aldo Leopold (1887-1948), an American scholar, also contributed to development of environmental ethics, reinforcing and further expanding the argument that the earth, as the source of our physical existence, was worthy of ethical consideration. Whereas past humanitarians were concerned with living things, Leopold argued that the oceans and mountains, while inorganic, were equally important components of the inter-connected and living Earth. Russian philosopher Peter D. Ouspensky (1878-1947) supported Leopold’s arguments, stating that “there can be nothing dead or mechanical in nature … life and feeling … must exist in everything”.[7] These thinkers believed that, although hidden from humans, everything in the universe had a purpose and an essence.", "39. Leopold called for an ethical relationship between man and nature, stressing that a strictly economic posture towards nature created serious ecological and ethical problems. “We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect”.[8] In his view, the earth was alive, “vastly less alive than ourselves in degree, but vastly greater than ourselves in time and space”. In the 1950s Pulitzer Prize winner and bacteriologist René Dubos (1901-1982) explained the importance of micro-organisms, including germs and their accompanying diseases, as part of the natural harmony of the Earth.", "40. Rachel Carson, in her landmark study on the environment, Silent Spring (1962), chronicled the harmful effects of pesticides on man and nature. Carson helped make people understand that mankind’s growing ability to dominate and control nature could prove to be counterproductive. Humans needed what she called “humbleness” and an ethic that stressed “sharing our earth with other creatures”.", "41. For Edward O. Wilson, the study of insects that exhibit social ties, such as ants and bees, led to a concern for kinship ties and ethical responsibility. Wilson reasoned that human survival is threatened by the loss of biological diversity. While the utility of certain species may not yet have been determined, this does not mean that they do not have value, including the possibility that some may be used in the creation of new medicines. Wilson’s biophilia explained human’s psychological connection to the environment, complementing and rounding out other explanations of human dependence on the natural environment for survival.", "42. By the end of the twentieth century, humankind, while still holding an underlying anthropocentric view of nature, had fully embraced the existence of nature in all its forms: animals, plant life, rocks, ecosystems, the planet and the Universe. Thus a fragmented approach to human existence was gradually replaced by a holistic concept of sustainable development.", "43. As we renew our commitment to the concept of sustainable development, it is important to reflect upon some of its key achievements. The work accomplished by the men and women who contributed to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development at the close of the twentieth century is a legacy to honour as we carry forward the torch to which future generations will look for inspiration.", "III. Promoting harmony with nature in the twenty-first century", "A. The enabling role of legislation and public policy", "44. The 27 principles contained in the Rio Declaration of 1992 have guided the international community in its efforts to achieve sustainable development in harmony with nature. They have inspired decision makers, scientists, researchers, environmentalists, writers and members of civil society in their journey to consolidate sustainable development worldwide. The principles have further enabled humankind to deepen its understanding and interaction with nature and, today, stakeholders have access to mechanisms to protect and defend nature.", "45. The empathy of humankind with nature is clearly manifested in numerous legal systems worldwide. In the space of 20 years many Member States have incorporated the principles embodied in the Rio Declaration into national legislation either through constitutional provisions or general provisions in sectoral laws. The following examples illustrate some of the instruments that stakeholders have at their disposal.", "46. In 2001, the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (the Aarhus Convention) was adopted under the aegis of the Economic Commission for Europe. Although regional in scope, the convention is considered global in its significance, specifically in the recognition that Governments can only achieve sustainable development through the involvement of stakeholders.", "47. The Aarhus Convention establishes three sets of rights for the public, requiring public authorities to: (a) provide environmental information upon request from the public, including an obligation to collect and disseminate available environmental information to the public; (b) establish transparent and fair procedures allowing public participation in environmental decision-making, including in the preparation of plans and programmes relating to the environment or in the drafting of executive regulations and other generally applicable legally binding rules that may have a significant effect on the environment; and (c) establish procedures guaranteeing the public access to information or participation and the right to challenge illegal acts and omissions by private persons and public authorities, including denial of access to environmental information, that contravene provisions of national laws relating to the environment.[9]", "48. Regional agreements provide detailed standards on how to frame wildlife regulation at the national level. Environmental legislation within the European Union requires a timely and effective integration of its rules into national legislation by its member States. The existence of a judicial system able to impose financial penalties for lack of implementation for enforcement, to which all member States are subject, strengthens the obligations that derive from such legislation.⁹", "49. In Africa, several regional agreements have direct or indirect relevance for wildlife management and should be taken into account by legal drafters in the States parties to them. For example, the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources was originally concluded in 1968 in Algiers and was then revised in Maputo in 2003 by the Assembly of the African Union. The overall objective of the revised convention is the conservation and management of animal and plant species and their environment. To conserve animals, particularly threatened species, States parties must adopt policies and management measures for the sustainable use and the conservation of those species both in and outside their natural habitats. Continued scientific research and monitoring will guide management of the species and their environment.⁹", "50. The Convention on Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific of 1976 (the Apia Convention) established a broad framework for nature conservation in the South Pacific region, particularly in relation to migratory and endangered species and the preservation and management of wildlife habitat and terrestrial ecosystems. The convention includes provisions for the establishment of protected areas and calls upon States parties to prohibit the hunting and commercial exploitation of such species in national parks and to maintain lists of indigenous fauna and flora at risk of extinction for their full protection (article 5), in accordance with traditional cultural practices.⁹", "51. The 1985 Agreement on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations has the objectives of maintaining essential ecological processes and life-support systems, preserving genetic diversity and ensuring the sustainable utilization of harvested natural resources. It also addresses public participation in planning and implementation of conservation measures.⁹", "52. Access to justice is one of the pillars of legal empowerment. It increases accountability and protects rights, including rights to public participation. Article 9 of the Aarhus Convention deals with access to justice and states that the public should have access to administrative and/or judicial procedures to challenge illegal acts and omissions relating to the environment. This includes the right to challenge official acts, including denial of access to environmental information.⁹", "53. Legislation should assure access to justice in instances involving both private persons and public authorities in wildlife-related matters. Furthermore, the legislation should draw the bounds of official powers clearly, so that courts or administrative reviews have clear standards to apply. While general environmental legislation may serve this purpose, there are also examples of wildlife-specific provisions in this regard.⁹", "54. While laws usually refer to general means for dispute resolution, stakeholders may need more specific provisions ensuring a fair and efficient process for resolving disputes, not only between users, but also between users and government entities. The right to challenge government decisions at administrative and judicial levels functions as a public accountability mechanism over the wildlife regulatory system. In addition, laws can set up alternative dispute resolution mechanisms, not only for the resolution of conflicts but also for their prevention. For example, mediators can help communities and wildlife agencies negotiate general agreements concerning protected area management or enforcement before specific conflicts arise.⁹ Such mechanisms have proven to be preferable for the poor since they are more accessible than courts, affordable, easily understood and effective (for example, the Commission on Legal Empowerment of the Poor of the United Nations Development Programme). In some instances, legislation may empower citizens to submit a complaint or request an injunction for violations of wildlife laws.⁹", "55. In the United States, in accordance with federal wildlife laws, the public has the right to sue for destruction or injury to certain species of wildlife. To that end, a citizen must show personal injury rather than injury on behalf of the environment itself, causation and redress ability (see, for example, United States Supreme Court decision in Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc. (2000)). Redress of an injury can occur in the form of a sanction that effectively abates conduct that is proven to be injurious to the environment. However, the Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a clear exception to this rule, providing the right to any private citizen to commence a civil suit on his or her own behalf to enjoin any person, including any governmental instrumentality or agency, from engaging in certain activities in violation of any provision of the act. In 1998, a United States law created the Institute for Environmental Conflict Resolution. The Institute maintains a roster, searchable online, of individuals trained and experienced as environmental mediators, including a special group of mediators who have experience with indigenous communities.⁹", "56. While numerous agreements and cooperation mechanisms on the protection and enhancement of the environment have emerged in Latin America and the Caribbean, for example the annual International Convention on Environment and Development as well as the Convention for the Protection and Development of the Marine Environment, the strongest and most significant environmental laws in this region are implemented at the national and multilateral level.", "57. The increasing number of specialized environmental courts and tribunals that resolve environmental issues, which have grown from only a handful in the 1970s to more than 350 in 41 countries, are making major strides in providing access to justice, environmental governance and protection of the environment around the world. The dramatic growth in the number of these courts is the result of the complexity of environmental laws and in public awareness of environmental problems. Environmental courts and tribunals have recently been created in Abu Dhabi, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Chile, China, El Salvador, India, Thailand and the Philippines. It is foreseen that changes in environmental law will continue, driven by increasing demands from the public for “access rights” and increasing public concern about specific environmental issues, including climate change, sustainable development, extinction of species and loss of natural areas.[10]", "58. The importance of and need for public participation, not only in governmental decision-making but also, more broadly, in the work of sustainable development, is at the core of Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration. However, in spite of the commitment by different sectors of society, environmental degradation continues, poverty persists and financial crises recur. These are constant reminders of the weaknesses of viewing sustainable development efforts through a predominantly economic framework.", "B. Nature: to have or to be?", "59. Current consumption and production patterns worldwide are taking a heavy toll on the Earth and its resources. Indeed, the roots of many of our problems can be traced back to the evolution of our consumption patterns. The current cultural paradigm dominant in many parts of the world and across many cultural systems is consumerism, which encourages people to find meaning, contentment and acceptance primarily through the consumption of goods and services.[11]", "60. Paradoxically, research shows that while consumerism is associated with the catering of psychological needs and the creation of instantaneous pleasure, there is evidence that consuming more is not necessarily linked to more happiness. Indeed, according to some psychological studies, money and well-being are related only until a certain point. While in less developed countries, lack of money has an effect on the well-being of the poorer sectors of society, it also appears that once people achieve higher incomes, additional increases have a small impact on well-being, “suggesting that added income beyond modest affluence no longer helps answer important desires and needs”.[12]", "61. One of the pillars of consumerism, the constant desire for more money and more goods, is inversely correlated to well-being among people of different social strata.¹² People get frustrated when they cannot afford the objects of their desire, but even when they can, their satisfaction is short lived. Psychologists have hypothesized that the toxic effects of materialism do not fulfil intrinsic human desires and lead to goals that can never be completely fulfilled.", "62. Environmental scientist and systems analyst Donella Meadows has explained that the most effective leverage point for changing a system is to change its paradigm, that is to say, the shared ideas or basic assumptions around which the system functions. In the case of the consumerist paradigm, the assumptions that need to change include that more goods make people happier, that perpetual growth is good, that humans are separate from nature and that nature is a stock of resources to be exploited for human purposes.¹¹", "63. Just as a consumerist paradigm encourages people to define themselves and their well-being through their consumption patterns, a sustainability paradigm would work to find an alternative set of aspirations, and to reinforce it through cultural institutions and drivers. It should become “natural” to find value and meaning in life through how much a person helps to restore the planet rather than how much an individual earns, how large a dwelling is or how many material goods someone has.[13]", "64. In general, the solutions that have been identified have focused on reducing emissions rather than preventing them, on creating new products to consume rather than in slowing down consumption, in producing green products rather than in producing less. “The reason that green technologies will not save us is that they are only part of the picture. Our collective impact on the planet … results from a combination of how many of us there are, what kind of technologies we use, and how much we are consuming.”[14]", "65. At present, scientists, intellectuals and other thinkers are looking into measures of well-being. Traditionally, States have used the gross domestic product (GDP) as an indirect indicator of national well-being. Broadly, the goal of most countries has been to increase the economic means of the population. Nevertheless, as psychologists are finding out, money does not always produce a sense of well-being. Well-being encompasses, inter alia, interpersonal relations, health and a clean environment, aspects which are not normally taken into account in the GDP.", "66. In order to create indicators that could provide a more accurate reflection of the level of well-being of a population, alternative measures focusing on the redefinition of well-being and our common social purpose are being considered. Along with respect for the environment, “a new understanding of the good life can be built not around wealth but around well-being: having basic survival needs met, along with freedom, health, security and satisfying social relationships. Consumption would still be important but only to the extent that it boosts quality of life.”[15] Additional indicators of sustainable development and a less consumerist society are not only possible, but essential.¹⁵ It is necessary to change our current paradigm, which is grounded in the false premise that nature is an object that can be appropriated and exploited.", "67. Today we are experiencing what has been called the “double burden of malnutrition”: while there are close to a billion[16] malnourished people in the world, we also have an increase in a number of health problems associated with obesity. It has been calculated that the world is producing enough food to provide every person with 2,700 calories a day, which is 600 calories more than the recommended amount for adults.[17] It is also estimated that one third of the world’s food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted each year. While rich countries waste food primarily at the level of the consumer, the main issue for developing countries is food lost because of weak infrastructure, including poor storage, processing and packaging facilities that lack the capacity to keep produce fresh. Food wasted by consumers in rich countries (222 million tons) is roughly equal to the entire food production of sub-Saharan Africa (230 million tons).[18]", "68. The World Health Organization (WHO), in its first Global Status Report on Non-communicable Diseases, has confirmed that 36.1 million people died from such causes in 2008. The four main non-communicable diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic lung diseases and diabetes, kill three in five people worldwide, and cause great socio-economic harm within all countries, particularly developing nations. Clearly non-communicable diseases are on the increase, and many of their origins can be traced back to poor eating habits (cardiovascular and diabetes), smoking and exposure to toxic chemicals and carcinogenic substances (cancer and respiratory diseases), among other causes. To promote collective action against the epidemic, the General Assembly will convene a High-level Meeting on Non-communicable Diseases on 19 and 20 September 2011.", "69. Human beings, like the Earth, are losing their capacity to live in homeostasis, which is the ability of an organism or cell to maintain equilibrium, to regulate its internal conditions, for example the chemical composition of its body fluids, in order to maintain health and functioning, regardless of outside conditions. Without proper balance, even a healthy diet will fail to provide nutrients the body needs. We are not what we eat we are what we metabolize and this also holds true for the Earth. The Earth’s topsoil, its living plasma, which is essentially non-renewable, has been sloughed off at a rate of five to one hundred tons per acre per year, and contamination is taking an additional toll.", "70. At present, humankind, by eroding the foundations of its source, Mother Earth, has put its very existence at risk.", "71. As natural disasters become stronger, more frequent and hit wider areas, the devastation and suffering the elements inflict act as portents of the future. In the light of the natural disasters that hit Japan in March 2011, the country’s energy plan is being re-examined and a major shift in its sources of energy, from nuclear to alternatives, is being considered. Countries like Germany and Switzerland have also announced the phasing-out of nuclear plants in favour of renewable energy by 2022 and 2034, respectively.", "72. If we are to avoid catastrophe, current world conditions leave no doubt that a major change is required in the way that human beings relate to the three pillars of sustainable development: environmental, social and economic. We have chosen to be defined in terms of things, and it is precisely things which are holding us back from reaching our full potential, from realizing our interrelatedness with nature, from advancing towards sustainable development and, ultimately, from living a life in harmony with nature.", "73. By the dawn of the second millennium, a number of countries had already started to move away from the anthropocentric view of nature held over so many centuries. In New Zealand’s Environmental Act of 1986, the essential value of nature was specified, as follows: “Ensure that, in the management of natural and physical resources, full and balanced account is taken of the intrinsic values of ecosystems”.[19]", "74. In Sweden, the preservation of biological diversity is one of the five objectives contained in the Environmental Code of 1999, which states “Biological diversity must be protected since the natural environment is worth protecting for its own sake. This means that the long-term productive capacity of ecosystems must be preserved. Biological diversity relates both to the diversity of ecosystems and the diversity of animal and plant species.”[20] Finland’s 2006 national strategy for sustainable development states that its goal is to assure people’s well-being within the limits of the carrying capacity of nature both, nationally and globally.[21] Norway’s Animal Welfare Act, which came into force in January 2010, states, in article 3, “Animals have an intrinsic value which is irrespective of the usable value they may have for man. Animals shall be treated well and be protected from danger of unnecessary stress and strains”.[22]", "75. The newly adopted constitution of Ecuador (2008) states that the rights of nature should be taken into account in all planning activities, including: the right to have its existence respected in an integral manner, including the maintenance and regeneration of its cycles, functions and evolutionary processes; and the right to restoration.[23] On December 2010, the Plurinational State of Bolivia adopted a new Law of the Rights of Mother Earth, granting her the following seven rights: the right to life and to exist; the right to not have cellular structure modified or genetically altered; the right to pure water; the right to clean air; the right to balance; the right to continue vital cycles and processes free from human alteration; and the right not to be polluted.[24]", "IV. Conclusion", "76. Modern, post industrial society has become materialistic and consumerist based upon the illusory promise of unlimited happiness, material abundance and domination of nature. Since the industrial age, the economic system that has been developed has not been determined by what is good for people, much less for nature, but rather by what is good for the growth of the economic system. In such a system, nature, our source and the sustenance of our existence, has been ignored and exploited. In our blindness, we have undermined the amazing abilities, the abundant nutrients and energy given us by Mother Earth to sustain both the Earth, in her regenerating capacity, as well as our human existence.", "77. As recurrent financial crises constantly remind us, a socio-economic system based on material growth is not sustainable, just as striving for infinite growth in a world of finite resources is contradictory. We need to transform our society into one in which all forms of life are revered. Only such a society can truly be wholesome. In order to achieve this, we must revisit not only the existing economic paradigm but also the moral values that support it. Wealth, knowledge and technology make valuable contributions. But they alone will not save humankind from its excesses and its deleterious impact on Mother Earth. We are witnessing an accelerating deterioration of the health of our Mother Earth. We must accept that we ourselves are an intrinsic part of nature. By contaminating and depleting Mother Earth, we are also contaminating and depleting ourselves. We are contributing to the forces and imbalances that cause the increasing natural disasters that are affecting us.", "78. As we prepare to convene the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, changing how we behave on the planet will require a major shift in values. Our survival depends on the wise choices of how we coexist with Mother Earth. Experts tell us that we are collectively consuming, each year, one third more resources that can be regenerated by the Earth herself in a single year. World consumption and production needs to converge towards a sustainable range, with developed countries taking the lead.", "79. We need to accept nature as our source of guidance to create an economic system that is both morally and scientifically sound. We need to accept nature as our source of guidance for ending the poverty afflicting so many millions of people for whom the world remains wide and alien. We need to accept nature as our source of guidance for ending our paucity of spirit so that we can learn to live below our means and within our needs. We need to reintegrate with nature in a way that we have not yet done. Nature and her intrinsic value must be revered and honoured. We must finally realize that in order to reinforce the cause of sustainable development we must work to render each one of its pillars, environmental, social and economic, whole.", "80. Along with reverence for nature as our guide, it is to our spirit that we must turn in order to advance in our journey towards sustainable development. We must look at the bedrock of our intrinsic human values, at the intentions behind our actions. As we honour the legacy of the innumerable people who have sought throughout history to achieve a wholesome society, we must, in turn, recognize our gratitude for their work. Mankind has a history of ten thousand years, and all of humankind is involved in this journey together. Let us create a new calendar, a global consciousness of reverence for nature, let us draw upon the wisdom of ancient civilizations to live in harmony with nature. As we renew our commitment to sustainable development, let us not lose sight of the fact that we should be remembered as the generation that created a consensus at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, which restored civilization to its roots, in harmony with its source: Mother Earth.", "V. Recommendations", "81. Drawing on the foregoing discussion and on views expressed at intergovernmental meetings as well as major group consultations on Harmony with Nature, States may wish to take into account the following recommendations:", "(a) To consider a declaration recognizing nature’s intrinsic value and its regenerating capacity, in the context of the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in June 2012;", "(b) To further update the knowledge base on Harmony with Nature, the General Assembly should continue to invite, as appropriate, representatives of institutions, organizations, research centres and academia, as well as Nobel laureates, to provide briefings for decision makers, inter alia, on the themes addressed in the present report;", "(c) To continue showcasing, through the United Nations sustainable development websites, the work being undertaken to advance development for all in Harmony with Nature, integrating the economic, social and environmental pillars.", "[1] See http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=252&menu=46.", "[2] Grant Hardy, “Great Minds of the Eastern Intellectual Tradition”, The Teaching Company, 2011.", "[3] Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics, University of Wisconsin Press, 1989.", "[4] James L. Axtell, ed., The Educational Writings of John Locke: A Critical Edition with Introduction and Notes, Cambridge University Press, London, 1968.", "[5] Paul Walden Bamford, “French Forest Legislation and Administration, 1660-1789”, Agricultural History, vol. 29, No. 3, 1955.", "[6] Obituary: Sir Dietrich Brandis, F.R.S., The Geographical Journal, vol. 30, No. 1, 1907.", "[7] Peter D. Ouspensky, Tertium Organum, Knopf, New York, 1981.", "[8] Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1949.", "[9] Elisa Morgera, “Wildlife law and the empowerment of the poor”, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2010.", "[10] George and Catherine Pring, Greening Justice: Creating and Improving Environmental Courts and Tribunals, The Access Initiative, 2009.", "[11] Donella Meadows, “Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System”, The Sustainability Institute, 1999.", "[12] Ed Diener, The Science of Well-Being, 2009.", "[13] State of the World 2010: Transforming Cultures: From Consumerism to Sustainability, The Worldwatch Institute, 2010 (http://www.worldwatch.org).", "[14] Annie Leonard, The Story of Stuff, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2010.", "[15] State of the World 2004: Special focus: The Consumer Society, The Worldwatch Institute, 2004 (http://www.worldwatch.org).", "[16] In 2010, the number of malnourished people in the world was 925 million. That number rose to 1.023 billion in 2009 owing to multiple crises. This marginal improvement in 2010 is being threatened by a surge in food prices in the later half of 2010. See The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2010, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2010.", "[17] “How much is enough?”, http://www.economist.com/node/18200702.", "[18] Global Food Losses and Food Waste, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2011.", "[19] http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0127/latest/DLM98975.html.", "[20] See http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/05/49/6736cf92.pdf.", "[21] See http://www.ymparisto.fi.", "[22] See http://www.regjeringen.no.", "[23] See http://pdba.georgetown.edu/constitutions/ecuador/ecuador.html.", "[24] See http://www.gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/normas/." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目19(h)", "可持续发展：与自然和谐相处", "与自然和谐相处", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告是根据大会决议第65/164号决议提交的，大会该项决议请秘书长在第六十五届会议期间开展一次关于与自然和谐相处的互动对话，以庆祝2011年4月20日国际地球母亲日，并积极有效地推动和支持将于2012年6月在巴西举行的联合国可持续发展大会的筹备进程，并就该主题向其第六十六届会议提出报告。秘书长这份报告着重阐述环境立法中所反映人类与自然关系的逐步演变，并借鉴了互动对话中讨论的重要问题。报告中还提出了具体建议，以便会员国进一步审议该问题。", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 3\n2.人类与自然不断演变的关系 4\nA.古代文明的相关经验教训 4\nB.环保运动的出现：第十六世纪至第十九世纪 5\nC.二十世纪及人类与自然的和解 8\n3.在二十一世纪促进与自然和谐 10\nA.立法和公共政策的强化作用 10\nB.拥有自然还是让自然保持其状态？ 12\n4.结论 16\n5.建议 17", "一. 导言", "1. 2010年，大会在题为“与自然和谐相处”的第65/166号决议中请秘书长在第六十五届会议庆祝2011年4月20日国际地球母亲日期间安排两次全体会议，以进行一次由会员国、联合国组织、独立专家和其他利益攸关方参加的互动对话，以便积极有效地推动和支持2012年在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会的筹备进程。大会的互动对话由两个专家小组开展，讨论议题如下：(a) 如何推动以综合办法实现与自然和谐的可持续发展；(b) 分享各国为衡量与自然和谐的可持续发展情况而制定标准和指标方面的经验。[2]", "2. 大会第65/164号决议还请秘书长利用由联合国可持续发展大会秘书处维持的现有的可持续发展信息门户，收集关于推动以综合办法促进与自然和谐的可持续发展的活动的信息，包括利用传统知识的成功案例以及现行国内立法，以促进跨学科科学工作，并了解这方面的各种建言，以期为大会的筹备进程及以后的工作作出实质贡献。目前正在开发这一信息门户，并将于2012年6月推出。", "3. 随着联合国为在2012年6月4日至6日举行联合国可持续发展大会(亦称“里约+20”)开展筹备工作，本报告重点阐述环境立法所体现的不同文明与自然的历史关系，参考了2011年4月互动对话为推进支持可持续发展理念的整体思维而讨论的重要议题，本报告应该结合秘书长关于与自然和谐相处的第一次报告(A/65/314)来阅读。", "4. 各国正式颁布环境立法始于1960年代，因为人们深刻认识到保护环境的重要性，而且公众对环境的关心日益高涨，于1970年创立了地球日。两年后，于1972年召开了联合国人类环境会议(斯德哥尔摩会议)，这次会议有助于在世界各国的施政构架内实现环境问题制度化。会议促成在政治上认识到，环境退化是富裕和贫困这种两种现象共同造成的，对富国和穷国都产生影响，尽管影响的方式不同。1982年，在斯德哥尔摩会议十周年之际，各国政府通过了《世界大自然宪章》，反映了保护和发展的相互依存关系。", "5. 作为斯德哥尔摩会议的后续行动，政府建立了世界环境与发展委员会(布伦特兰委员会)，研究可持续发展的概念。该委员会在其题为“我们共同的未来”的报告(A/42/427，附件)中进一步阐述了这一概念。", "6. “我们共同的未来”这一报告发表后，各国政府于1994年召开了联合国环境与发展会议，谈判一项全球行动计划，以实现全球可持续发展。这次会议的成果文件称为“21世纪议程”的环发会议在帮助各国开展可持续发展方面发挥了促进作用。在为这次会议开展为期两年的筹备工作的同时，还设立了各政府间谈判委员会，以拟定关于生物多样性和气候变化的框架公约。会议还拟定了一套保护森林的商定原则，并开始谈判如何防治荒漠化和干旱。", "7. 《里约宣言》的第一项原则解释了联合国环境与发展会议的基本原则：“人是可持续发展各种关切问题的中心，有权过上健康和富有成效的生活，与自然和睦相处”。在1994年会议之后，联合国设立了可持续发展委员会，以落实《21世纪议程》，并于2002年在约翰内斯堡举行了可持续发展问题世界首脑会议，重申关于对可持续发展的全球承诺。 2012年6月，将召开联合国可持续发展问题会议，进一步评估各国在实现可持续发展方面取得的进展，处理新出现的挑战，以确保为所有人实现在与自然和谐相处的前提下的可持续未来。", "二. 人类与自然不断演变的关系", "8. 在东方和西方思想传统中，人类与自然不断演变的关系存在很大的不同。它最早起源于哲学和宗教。虽然东方思想传统历来不同于西方的思想传统，但是，亚洲的伟大思想家试图解答的问题与欧洲和美洲的哲学家和宗教领袖思索的问题并无二致，即如何使我们的生命具有意义？如何寻找幸福？东方和西方传统的深刻见解和智慧为不同文明之间开展对话以及深刻理解我们与自然的关系提供了机会。以下各节描述了人类与自然不断演变的关系，以及对这一问题的思考如何对21世纪的环境立法的发展产生影响。", "A. 古代文明的相关经验教训", "9. 东方传统常常被解释为在创建者和被创动物之间、人和神之间没有明显的鸿沟。譬如，印度教注重玄学，包括轮回(转世)、因果报应(宇宙正义)、解脱(摆脱存在周期)、 至高精神法则(内在最终现实)等概念。[3]", "10. 在中国的文化习俗和思想体系中，“对外部大自然从来就不依据其自身来理解；它始终与人类的生活密切相关”。中国文化坚守的信念是，现实是一个完整的统一体(“道”)的无数表现形式构成的。中国人提出了一种宇宙密论，把宇宙看作是许多相互依存部分的有机体。这种观点导致认定万物就其本质而言是根本统一的。²", "11. 古埃及人依靠尼罗河每年的泛滥而获得食物，他们崇拜一些神灵，他们根据自己的生活环境演绎出一套复杂的信仰和礼仪。人们看到尼罗河使他们耕作的农田富饶肥沃，与他们所葬身的干旱沙漠截然不同，因而形成了他们的身份特征和宗教信仰。", "12. 非洲社区一度认为自然现象拥有精神力量，提供食物和住所的自然世界受到尊重和敬仰。有些树木被认为是神树，它们神圣，具有治病疗伤的作用。土地属于由生者、死者以及尚未诞生者组成的氏族，这个概念增强了共享并关怀大自然的观念。", "13. 哥伦布之前的早期文化追踪着天体和星球、包括太阳和月亮的运动，它们的运动与日常生活的每个方面相互交织，地上和天上共成一体。在整个安第斯山脉，大地之母(Pachamama)是对地球母亲最广泛的称呼。这一称呼最基本的意思是肥沃的和硕果累累的地球母亲。大地母亲表达出人类与大自然之间的共生关系，从而给予大自然应有的尊重。", "14. 在西方传统中，希腊和罗马哲学家对自然法则提出了明确的概念，不同于人制定的法律。他们认识到，人在公民秩序和政府建立之前就存在，因此，他们将自然法(jus naturale)和普通法(jus commune)作了明确区分。", "15. 许多西方传统思想家指出，早期的文明与自然的关系比较密切，比较平衡。譬如，罗马人认为应该有动物权利(jus animalium)，就是后来哲学家们认为独立于人类文明和政府的自然权利。在希腊和罗马衰落和基督教诞生之后，人们日益认为大自然之所以存在，就是为人类服务的。对大自然价值的定义完全是从满足人类需求的角度来确定的。[4]", "16. 罗马人将空气、水和鱼是供所有人共同使用的概念编纂为法典。公元535年， 优士丁尼皇帝颁布了《民法典》(Corpus Iurus Civilis)，将现行罗马法汇编成一套简单而明确的法律系统。第一项查士丁尼法规于529年完成，后来扩大到包括优士丁尼自己订立的法律以及关于其他法律领域的两册书。《优士丁尼法典大全》是有史以来第一部与环境有关的成文法。它宣称，自然法则就是大自然教导所有动物的法则，即它不单单涉及人类，也涉及所有动物，不论是地上走的，空中飞的，还是水里游的。", "17. 随着罗马帝国的衰败，欧洲的法律体系开始分崩离析，出现了地方性的法律制度，这是一套封建制法律，在许多情况下，包括民法和教会法，这是欧洲大陆唯一的法律框架。到封建时代之后颁布了《拿破仑法典》之后，欧洲才又有一部如此完整的法典。《拿破仑法典》迅速取代了封建时代截然不同的法律体系，罗马-日耳曼法律传统在整个欧洲和世界其他地区扩展的主要支柱之一。", "B. 环保运动的出现：第十六世纪至第十九世纪", "18. 在十七世纪，医学在不断发展，活体解剖被广泛用于研究人体的运作。这种做法引起早期人道主义者的愤怒，活体解剖者们求助于勒内·笛卡尔(1596-1650年)来为他们的研究方法作辩护。笛卡尔是著名的数学家、生理学家和心理学家，他对人与自然的关系采用了一种与道德无关的基本哲学观点。", "19. 笛卡尔认为，动物是无感知、无理性的生物，不会感觉疼痛；动物没有心智，它们不会受到伤害，没有痛苦，没有意识。但是，人有灵魂和思想。实际上，思想界定了人的机体。笛卡尔的格言是“我思故我在”。这种将人与大自然相隔离的二元论为活体解剖以及人类利用环境的任何行为提供了辩解理由。笛卡尔明确指出，人是“大自然的主人和拥有者”。笛卡尔认为将大自然物化的理论是科学和文明取得进步的重要先决条件。³", "20. 在十六世纪和十七世纪，戈特弗里德·莱布尼兹、约翰·雷和巴鲁克·斯宾诺莎等欧洲其他当代哲学家不同意笛卡尔的观点，他们认为，自然界和原野具有精神价值，因此，人与自然界是不可分割的。1790年，作家约翰·劳伦斯指出，人最根本的不足之处在于不承认动物的权利(jus animalium)，他呼吁法制充分承认这一概念，而托马斯·霍布斯则认为，在自然状态下，人会不惜一切代价寻求自我保护，将此作为自己的“自然权利”。", "21. 笛卡尔在欧洲的影响力达到顶峰时，美国早期定居者持相反的观点，他们认为动物不是命中注定应遭受痛苦的愚笨野兽。从希腊-罗马古典哲学观点中衍生的一种不同的少数派观点认为，动物是自然状态的组成部分，是因循自然法的。新英格兰的早期定居者推动了这种观点，他们颁布了一项法律，承认非人类的权利。1641年马萨诸塞湾殖民地公布的“马萨诸塞自由法典”是英美法学中禁止虐待家畜最早的普通法。", "22. 约翰·洛克在其“漫谈教育”一书中提出了与笛卡尔相反的论点，他认为，动物会感受疼痛和痛苦，无谓地伤害它们是在道义上是错误的。他在1693年的论文中超越了严格的功利概念，即不仅要善待牛马等人们通常拥有的有益牲畜，还要善待松鼠、鸟类、昆虫以及“任何生物”。[5] 十六至十九世纪期间，在纳撒尼尔·沃德和约翰·洛克等人的著作激励下，种下了一种不同的世界观种子，即人是大自然的一个组成部分。英国植物学家约翰·雷在其1691年“上帝的智慧体现在他的创造物中”一文中指出，动物和植物之所以存在是为了荣耀上帝，它们的生命权不依附于它们对人类的用途。", "23. 在约翰·雷和巴鲁克·斯宾诺莎等学者著书的时代，科学的视野正在迅速扩大，对人类中心说产生了相关的挑战。望远镜表明地球并非宇宙的中心。显微镜揭示的是人类赖以生存的复杂世界，而不是相反。探险家发现了无人居住的广袤旷野，那里生机盎然，那里完美而且完备，从未被人所见。人类对自然界了解越多，就越难认为宇宙是为人类而存在。人类不再被视为大自然的主人，而是大自然的成员。", "24. 1660年代，路易十四的大臣让-巴博迪斯特·科尔贝尔提出并实施了法国历史上最严格的森林法。[6] 1822年，在英国，理查德·马丁的维权行动促成了对大型牲畜、特别是牛的保护(“马丁法”)。两年后，马丁、威廉·威伯福斯等人创建了英国皇家爱护动物协会。二十年之前，威尔伯福斯已经是废除奴隶制度和奴隶贸易的领导者。19世纪的著名哲学家约翰·斯图亚特·穆勒写道，还应该将惩处父母虐待儿童的法律延伸到动物。解放被压迫者的理念不应该局限于人类。", "25. 查尔斯·达尔文(1809-1882年)把人类的进化和动物的进化相提并论，二者都是自然的组成部分，从而震撼了人高傲自负的态度。他对地球上生命的扩展作了进化论解释，破坏了几千年来的二元论哲学。达尔文的著作《物种起源》(1859年)和《人类的起源》(1871年)成为环境论和环境伦理学发展的重要源头。德国科学家迪特里希·布兰迪斯在印度开创了林业管理事业，并辅导了亨利·格雷夫斯和吉福德·平肖等许多林务官。后来，平肖成为美国林务局局长。[7]", "26. 1876年，联合王国通过了《爱护动物法》，将促进人道主义立法的斗争推向高潮。活体解剖成为一个争论的问题，引起联合王国科学界和人道主义界主要成员发表了强烈的意见。19世纪在将人道主义价值观和权利制度化成为法律方面取得了长足的进步。此前，各国社会及其法律为了上层集团的利益，剥夺了他们周围一切的利益。", "27. 虽然人类中心论受到质疑，许多人仍然坚信，人是生命的最高级形式，将继续利用其他生命，并且从环境开采所需物品。有人指出，人类应该依照妥善管理的原则，采取谨慎的做法，并始终铭记这还包括宗教等其他方面的利益。从这个角度来看，人类对地球的影响产生了一些令人不安的伦理问题。", "28. 由于欧洲大多数地方已经改变了其大部分荒野地带，但是，人们日益担心美洲这个新世界会照搬这一做法。法国思想家和历史学家亚历克西斯·德托克维尔和路德派牧师和作家约翰·布鲁克纳等人在其著作中论及这一可预见的趋势，他们预言，大批野生生物将遭屠杀，有些物种将绝种。到十八世纪，美国民众开始抗议虐待动物的做法，如活体解剖、斗鸡、安排斗狗和猎狐等各种毫无意义的暴行。这种环境维权行动代表了对自然的精神、文化和恢复性价值的尊重，这种尊重始终存在，并在不断增强。环保运动已经实实在在地开始了。", "29. 大约在美国环保运动开始立足之时，其他社会运动，尤其是维护妇女权利的运动也开始形成。能够调动有势力的个人和金钱并能普及美学价值的关键人物，如约翰·詹姆斯·奥杜邦、约翰·缪尔、刘易斯·芒福德、吉福德·平肖、亨利·索尔特和亨利·大卫·梭罗等知名人士，在推动美国的环保运动方面发挥了关键的作用。生物多样性概念的先驱芒福德激励了东方的许多作家，例如印度环境和社会问题评论家拉姆昌德拉·古哈。", "30. 虽然这些精英份子并没有形成一个严密的社会运动，但是，这些有影响力的人士形成了一个松散的网络，呼吁保护荒茫大地。在19世纪中叶，梭罗主张建立保护区。许多其他人士分别呼吁实现同一目标。弗雷德里克·劳奥姆斯特德和雷蒙德在1863年考察了加利福尼亚优胜美地之后，向美国国会请愿，要求保护该地区的自然状态。1864年，保护优胜美地的法案获得批准，规定拨出10平方英里“供公众使用、度假和娱乐”。", "31. 十六至十九世纪期间，保护动物及其权利以及保护美国动物环境的呼声不断高涨，促成这一现象的是与结束奴隶制、颁布童工法和承认妇女权利的同类呼声齐驱并进的、日益高涨的人文主义和人道主义思想。在十八世纪后期，法国大革命标志着欧洲人权和世界动物权利概念合为一体。", "32. 在本世纪初，爱德华·佩森·埃文斯(1831-1917年)在美国就后被称为环境伦理的概念发表了第一篇内容广泛的宣言。埃文斯认为，非人类的生命形式包括每一种“有感觉的”生物、甚至岩石和矿物等无生命的物体，这些生命形式都享有人类应不违反的固有权利。波兰的彼得·克鲁泡特金王子以及俄罗斯的列夫·托尔斯泰和印度领袖圣雄甘地都将环保作为他们世界观的组成部分。", "33. 在此数百年之前，东方思想传统中的学者们也一直关注人类与自然界不断演变的关系。中国哲学家王阳明(1472-1529年)推进了“心与意”的概念，与笛卡尔的二元论不同的是，他的理论概括了思想过程和身体之间的联系。他认为，心的概念并非仅指个人自身，而是从个人开始，流传至其他人，并从人至动物以及从动物至树木、植物，进而至石头和物体。", "C. 二十世纪及人类与自然的和解", "34. 十九世纪，主张环境保护主要处于功利目的，是为了获得粮食、木材或住所，在二十世纪，保护环境和自然资源的科学依据取得了重大进展。学者和科学家提出了地球上的生命相互关联的新观念和保持平衡的重要性。", "35. 弗雷德里克·克莱门茨(1874-1945年)对他所称的植物“演替”现象进行了调查。他认为，许多生物共同发挥作用，总体大于部分的总和；植物与气候、土壤以及相互间发生相互关联，形成草原等自然环境。苏格兰科学家亚瑟·汤普森(1861-1933年)也阐述了他的生命之网的概念，维克多·谢尔福德(1877-1968年)提出了生物群落概念。利波提·海德·贝利(1858-1954年)主张放弃“宇宙自私观念”，提出了“地球正义论”。这些早期生态学家常常将自己的科学和得到哲学相联系。", "36. 1927年，查尔斯·埃尔顿(1900-1991年)创造了 “食物链” 一词。他的生态研究揭示了从太阳向植物进而向食草动物和食肉动物提供生命力。埃尔顿还金字塔来作比喻：食物链最短的最简单有机体数目最多，它们在结构的最底层，也最重要。去掉食物金字塔的顶端——例如鹰，或人——这个系统基本不会受到扰乱。但是，如果去掉底层最简单的生物体，如植物或土壤细菌，金字塔就会倒塌。", "37. 哲学和神学的探究还为环境保护的伦理原则提供了依据。诺贝尔和平奖获得者艾伯特·史怀哲(1875-1965年)认为，敬畏生命就构成珍惜环境的充分理由。史怀哲研究了印度和中国传统伦理学说之后，延伸了基于“生存意愿”的价值观，其中包括人和所有生物。他认为，人应该“同敬畏自己生命一样，也敬畏每一个有生存意愿的生物”。艾尔弗雷德·诺思·怀特海(1861-1947年)补充了这一思想，他还认为，宇宙中每个物体的特征和目的都来自它与其他所有物体的关系。每一个有机体，乃至每一个原子，都有内在价值，即便仅仅是为了促进构成世界的各个环环相扣物体的持续现实。史怀哲呼吁保护、促进和强化生命，就将动物和人置于同等地位。", "38. 美国学者奧多·李奧波(1887-1948年)也推动了环境伦理学的发展，他强化并进一步扩展了地球是人类物质存在的来源、因而值得在伦理方面给予考虑的理论。以往的人道主义者关注的生物，然而，李奥波认为，海洋和山脉虽然是无机的，但它们同样是相互关联和具有生命的地球的重要组成部分。俄罗斯哲学家彼得·乌斯宾斯基(1878-1947年)支持李奥波的论点，他指出，“自然界中没有任何物体是死亡或机械的……生命和感觉……必然存在于一切”。[8] 这些思想家认为，宇宙万物都有目的和本质，虽然不为人类所知。", "39. 李奧波呼吁人类和自然之间建立起伦理关系，他强调指出，采取绝对的经济态度对待自然界，已经产生了严重的生态和伦理问题。“我们滥用土地，因为我们将它视为属于我们的商品。如果我们把土地看作是我们归属的社会，我们可以出于爱和尊重来使用它”。[9] 他认为，地球是活着的，“虽然其程度远不如我们，但在久远的时间和浩瀚的空间，其程度远远超过我们”。在1950年代，普利策奖获得者细菌学家雷尼·杜伯士(1901-1982年)解释了微生物、包括细菌和其伴随的疾病的重要性，它们是地球自然界和谐关系的一部分。", "40. 雷切·尔卡逊在她关于环境的重要研究论文“寂静的春天”(1962年)中记载农药对人类和自然的害处。卡森帮助人们了解到，人类支配和控制自然的能力不断提高，其结果可能是适得其反。人类需要的是她所称的“谦卑态度”以及强调“与其他生物共享地球”的伦理道德。", "41. 爱德华·威尔逊对蚂蚁和蜜蜂等展现社会关系的昆虫进行了研究，因而引起对亲族关系和道德责任的关注。他认为，人类的生存因丧失生物多样性而受到威胁。某些物种的实用价值可能尚未被确定，但这并不意味着它们没有价值，今后它们可能对发明新药具有重要意义。威尔逊热爱生命的天性说明人在心理上与环境相互关联，补充并充实了关于人类的生存依赖于自然环境的其他解释。", "42. 到二十世纪末，尽管人类对大自然仍然持人类中心论观点，但已经完全接受了大自然各种形式的存在：动物、植物、生命、岩石、生态系统、地球和宇宙。因此，处理人类生存的支离破碎的方式逐渐被可持续发展的整体概念所取代。", "43. 在我们重申信守可持续发展概念之时，有必要思考这一概念的某些重要成就。当我们高举令今后世世代代将继续寻求灵感的火炬时，我们要纪念在20世纪末为联合国环境与发展会议作出贡献的所有人士所完成的工作。", "三. 在二十一世纪促进与自然和谐", "A. 立法和公共政策的强化作用", "44. 1992年《里约宣言》的27项原则指导国际社会努力实现与自然和谐相处的可持续发展。这些原则激励着决策者、科学家、研究人员、环保人员、作家和民间社会成员在世界各地不断巩固全球的可持续发展。这些原则进一步使人类加深对大自然的了解，加强与大自然的相互作用，今天，各种利益攸关者能够利用各种机制来保护和捍卫大自然。", "45. 世界许多法律体系中都明确体现了人类和大自然的同理心。在20年期间，许多会员国已经采纳了《里约宣言》所体现的原则，通过订立宪法条款或颁布部门法的一般规定等方式，将其纳入国家立法。下面的例子说明利益攸关者可以采用的一些文书。", "46. 2001年，在欧洲经济委员会主持下，通过了《在环境问题上获得信息、公众参与决策和诉诸法律的公约》(《奥胡斯公约》)。虽然这是一项区域性公约，但它具有全球性意义，即它确认各国政府只有通过利益攸关者的参与，才能实现可持续发展。", "47. 《奥胡斯公约》为公众确立了三套权利，规定公共当局：(a) 在公众提出要求时必须立即提供，并有义务收集和向公众传播现有的环境信息；(b) 建立透明和公正的程序，让公众参与环境决策，包括参与制订与环境有关的计划和方案，或参与起草可能对环境具有重大影响的行政法规以及其他普遍适用、具有法律约束力的规则；(c) 制定程序，保证公众在被剥夺获得信息机会时能够获得信息，保障公众参与或者对个人或公共当局违反有关环境的国家法律条款的行为或不行为提出异议。[10]", "48. 区域协定对如何在国家一级制订野生生物条例提供了详细标准。欧洲联盟的环境立法要求其成员国及时、有效地将其规则纳入各国立法。现有一套司法制度可以对不采取措施实施这些规则的现象处以罚款，所有成员国都必须遵守，这套制度加强了加强这些立法衍生的义务。⁹", "49. 在非洲，一些区域协定对野生生物的管理具有直接或间接的相关性，这些协定缔约国的立法者应该考虑到这些协定。例如，《非洲保护自然和自然资源公约》最初是1968年在阿尔及尔缔结的，后来非洲联盟大会于2003年在马普托进行了修订。经修订的公约的总体目标是保护和管理动物和植物物种及其环境。为了保护动物，尤其是受到威胁的物种，缔约国必须制订政策和管理措施，在这些物种的自然生境内外对其作可持续利用并保护。如何继续开展科学研究和监测，就可以指导这些物种及其环境的管理工作。⁹", "50. 1976年《南太平洋自然养护公约》(《阿皮亚公约》)建立了在南太平洋地区保护自然的广泛框架，其中特别涉及到候鸟和濒危物种以及对野生生物栖息地和陆地生态系统的保护和管理。公约中列有关于建立保护区的规定，并呼吁各缔约方禁止在国家公园中猎取以及为商业目的利用这些物种，维持濒临灭绝危险的本地动植物名册，依照传统文化习俗给予充分保护(第5条)。⁹", "51. 1985年东南亚国家联盟《保护自然和自然资源协定》的宗旨是维持基本的生态过程和生命支持系统，保护遗传多样性，并确保可持续利用所收获的自然资源。它还涉及公众参与规划和执行保护措施的问题。⁹", "52. 获得司法保护是法律赋予妇女权力的支柱之一。它增强问责制，保护权利，包括公众参与的权利。《奥胡斯公约》第9条涉及获得司法保护问题，公众应该有机会诉诸行政和(或)司法程序，有关环境的违法行为或不行为提出异议。这包括挑战官方行为、包括挑战不提供环境信息行为的权利。⁹", "53. 法律应确保能够就有关野生生物的事项对个人或公共当局诉诸法律。此外，法律应明确规定官方权力的界线，从而使法院或行政的审查有明确标准可循。一般的环境立法可以满足这一要求，但是，在这方面也有一些关于野生生物的具体规定。⁹", "54. 在通常情况下，法律只会提及解决纠纷的一般性方式，但是，利益攸关者可能需要更具体的条款，以确保有一个公平和有效率的司法程序，因为需要解决的不仅是使用者之间的争端，而且是使用者和政府实体之间的争端。在行政和司法层面对政府决定提出挑战的权利是对野生生物监管系统的一种问责制机制。此外，法律不仅可以解决冲突，也可以为预防冲突建立解决争端的其他办法。例如，调解员可以帮助社区和野生生物机构在具体冲突出现之前，谈判关于保护区的管理或执法的一般性协议。⁹ 事实证明，这些机制是穷人愿意接收的：比诉诸法院更简便易行，代价不高，易于理解并行之有效(例如，联合国开发计划署促进穷人法律权益委员会)。在某些情况下，法律可以授予公民权利就违反野生生物保护法提出控诉，或要求作出强制性禁令。⁹", "55. 在美国，联邦野生生物保护法规定，公众有权对破坏或伤害某些野生生物物种的行为提出控告。为此，公民必须证明自己本人受到的伤害(而不是环境受到伤害)、因果关系和补救能力(例如，见美国最高法院对地球之友协会诉莱德劳公司环境服务公司一案的裁决(2000年))。补救伤害的形式可以是一种处罚，以有效减缓经证明会伤害环境的行为。但是，1973年《濒危物种法》对这项规则作出了明确的例外规定，即任何公民都有权以自己的名义提起民事诉讼，禁止任何人，包括政府任何机关或机构从事违反《濒危物种法》任何规定的某些活动。1998年，美国一项法律设立了环境冲突研究所。该研究所维持一份训练有素、富有经验的环境调解人名册(可在网上查看)，其中包括具有与土著社区交涉经验的一批专门调解人。⁹", "56. 虽然拉丁美洲和加勒比已经有许多协定和合作机制，如《国际环境与发展公约》年度会议以及《保护和发展海洋环境公约》，但是，该区域一些最强有力和最重要的环境法是在国家和多边层面上实施的。", "57. 专门解决环境问题的环境法院和法庭数量不断增加，1970年代这种法院和法庭寥寥无几，现在41个国家中这种法院和法庭已经超过了350个，它们在世界各国诉诸司法的机会、环境治理和环境保护方面迈出了很大的步子。环境法复杂多样，加上公众认识到环境问题，因此，此类法院大幅度增加。阿布扎比、玻利维亚、智利、中国、萨尔瓦多、印度、泰国和菲律宾都已设立了环境法院和法庭。现在公众日益要求“获取权”，并日益关切具体的环境问题，如气候变化、可持续发展、物种灭绝以及自然区的丧失，因此，预计环境法将会不断演变。[11]", "58. 公众不但有必要参与政府决策，还需要更广泛地参与可持续发展的工作，这是《21世纪议程》和《里约宣言》的核心所在。然而，尽管社会各阶层都作出了承诺，但是，环境继续在退化，贫困依然存在，金融危机不断重演。这些现象在不断提醒我们注意主要从经济角度来看待可持续发展努力的种种弱点。", "B. 拥有自然还是让自然保持其状态？", "59. 当前世界各地的消费和生产模式都对地球及其资源产生了严重的影响，我们许多问题的根源可以追溯到消费模式演变过程。目前，在世界许多地方以及许多文化系统中占主导地位的文化型态是消费之上主义，鼓励人们主要通过消费商品和服务来寻找生活的意义、满足感和被人认同。[12]", "60. 奇怪的是，研究显示，尽管消费可以满足心理需要，创造瞬时快感，但是，有证据表明，增加消费并不一定与增加幸福有关联。实际上，有些心理研究表明，金钱和幸福只维持到某一点之前。在欠发达国家，缺少金钱会对社会贫穷阶层的福祉产生影响，不过，一旦人们的收入增加，额外的增加数对福祉的影响似乎甚少，“这表明，在小康的基础上收入增加，不再能满足重要的欲望和需要”。[13]", "61. 消费之上主义的支柱之一是不断地要获取更多金钱和更多物品，这与不同社会阶层的人之间的福祉有着相反的相互关系。¹² 人在没有能力获得想得到的东西时，会感到沮丧，但即便他们有能力得到，满足感也是短暂的。心理学家们推测，物质主义的毒性作用无法满足人内在的欲望，因而形成一个永远无法实现的目标。", "62. 环境科学家和系统分析师多尼拉·麦多斯指出，改变一个系统最有效的作用点是改变该系统的模式，即改变该系统赖以运作的共同想法和基本假设。就消费模式而言，需要改变的假设包括：物品越多，人就越快乐；人和自然是隔离的；自然是供人利用的资源库。¹¹", "63. 正如消费之上主义的模式鼓励人通过其消费模式来看待自己及自己的福祉，可持续发展模式则是通过文化体制和驱动因素来寻求一套不同的志向并予以加强。人们寻找生活的价值和意义应该是自己能够如何帮助地球复原，而不是自己可以赚取多少，住所有多大，或者拥有多少东西，这应该成为一种“自然”现象。[14]", "64. 现有查明的解决办法基本上都着眼于减少排放，而不是防止排放，着眼于制造新的消费品，而不是减缓消费，着眼于制造绿色产品，而不是减少生产。“绿色技术不能拯救我们，原因是这些技术也是现状的组成部分。我们共同对地球产生的影响[……]来自我们庞大的人口数量、我们使用的技术种类以及我们无穷尽的消费数量”。[15]", "65. 目前，科学家、知识分子和其他思想家都在寻找衡量福祉的尺度。传统上，各国家都利用国内生产总值(国内总产值)作为其人口福祉的间接指标。广义而言，大多数国家的目标是增加人口的经济能力。但是，心理学家发现，金钱并不始终可以使人感到享有福祉。福祉包括其他方面，例如人际关系、健康和清洁的环境，这些方面通常都不计入国内总产值。", "66. 为了制订指标来准确地反映民众的福祉程度，人们正在考虑如何制订其他衡量尺度，其重点是对福祉和社会的共同目的作出新的定义。除了尊重环境之外，“还可以对美好生活有新的理解，其核心不是财富，而是福祉：基本生存需要得到满足，而且享有有自由、健康、安全及满意的社会关系”。[16] 制订衡量可持续发展和低消费社会的其他指标不仅是可能的，也是必要的。¹⁵ 我们必须改变目前的模式，因为作为其依据的前提就是错误的，即自然是一种可以被拥有并加以利用的物品。", "67. 今天，我们正在经历所谓“营养不良双重负担”：虽然世界上有近一亿人[17] 营养不良，但是，与肥胖相关的一些健康问题也在增加。据计算，世界上为每个人生产了每天2 700卡路里的足够食物，比成人推荐量还多出600卡路里热量。[18] 据估计，每年世界上生产供人消费的食物会损失或浪费三分之一。富国浪费食物的主要是消费者，发展中国家的主要问题是基础设施薄弱造成食物损失——储存、加工和包装设施不当，无法保持农产品的新鲜度。富裕国家消费者浪费的食物(2.22亿吨)相当于整个撒哈拉以南非洲地区粮食总产量(2.3亿吨)。[19]", "68. 世界卫生组织(世卫组织)关于非传染性疾病全球现状的第一份报告证实，2008年有3 610万人死于非传染性疾病。全世界有五分之三的人死于四种主要非传染性疾病——心血管疾病、癌症、慢性肺部疾病和糖尿病，这些疾病在所有国家、尤其是发展中国家造成社会经济方面巨大的危害。非传染性疾病正在增加，其许多病因与不良饮食习惯(心血管疾病和糖尿病)、吸烟以及接触有毒化学物质和致癌物质(癌症和呼吸系统疾病)等相关。为了促进采取集体行动来防治这一流行病，联合国大会将于2011年9月19日和20日召开一个非传染性疾病问题高级别会议。", "69. 与地球一样，人类的健康正在失去保持自我平衡的能力，这种能力可以使生物体或细胞处于平衡状态以调节内部状况，如体液的化学成分，从而保持健康及其功能，而不论外部情况如何。如果没有适当的平衡，即便是健康的饮食，也无法提供人体所需要的营养物质。人体不是食物构成的，而是新陈代谢所构成的，地球也是如此。地球的表层土壤是它具有活力的血浆，基本上是不可再生的，已经以每年每亩5至100顿的速度在丧失，污染也在造成伤害。", "70. 现在，人类在侵蚀其源头、大地母亲的根基，恰恰是给自身的存在造成了风险。", "71. 自然灾害的强度不断增强，频率在提高，受影响的地区在扩大，天气因素给人类造成的巨大破坏和痛苦证明了今后存在的威力。2011年3月，自然灾害袭击了日本，该国正在重新审视其能源计划，并在考虑对其能源作重大调整，从核能转换成替代能源。德国和瑞士等国也宣布将分别在2022和2034年底之前淘汰核电厂，采用可再生能源。", "72. 如果我们最终要避免灾难，那么，当前的世界状况显然表明，必须对我们处理可持续发展的三大支柱(环境、社会和经济)的方式作出重大改变。我们选择以物品来确定自己的身份，但也恰恰是这些物品在阻止我们发挥自己的充分潜力，阻止我们实现与大自然的内在关联，制止我们逐步实现可持续发展，并最终阻止我们享有与大自然和睦的生活。", "73. 在第二个千年来临之际，有些国家已经开始放弃几百年来对大自然的人类中心论观点。新西兰1986年的《环境法》具体提出了大自然的内在价值如下：“确保在管理自然和物质资源时，全面并平衡地顾及生态系统的内在价值”。[20]", "74. 在瑞典，保护生物多样性是1999年《环境法》所载的五项目标之一，其中规定，“生物多样性必须得到保护，因为自然环境本身就值得保护。这意味着必须保持生态系统的长期生产能力。生物多样性关系到生态系统的多样性和动植物物种的多样性。”[21] 芬兰2006年可持续发展国家战略指出，其目标是在全国和全球大自然的承载能力范围内，确保人民的福祉。[22] 2010年1月生效的挪威《保护动物法》第3条规定，“动物有内在价值，这与它们可能对人类的使用价值无关。必须善待动物，保护它们避免遭受不必要的紧张和压力”。[23]", "75. 厄瓜多尔新近于通过的《宪法》(2008年)规定，在所有规划活动中，都必须顾及大自然的权利，包括大自然的生存得到全面尊重的权利，例如维持其周期和周期的再生、功能和进化过程以及恢复的权利。[24] 2010年12月，多民族玻利维亚国通过了一项新的《地球母亲权利法》，规定了下列七项权利：生命和存在的权利，细胞结构和基因不受改变权，纯净水权，清新空气权，平衡权，不受人类改变的持续生命周期和进程权，不受污染权。[25]", "四. 结论", "76. 后工业现代社会抱着幸福无止境、物质充斥和控制支配自然的幻觉，已成为物欲横流和消费之上的社会。自工业时代以来发展起来的经济体系，其决定因素不是考虑人的福祉，更不考虑对大自然的福祉，而是什么有利于经济体系的增长。在这样一个体系中，作为人类的本源并为我们的生存提供营养的大自然遭到忽视，被开发利用。我们盲目地破坏了大地母亲惊人的能力及其提供的丰富的营养物质和能源，而这些本来是为了维持地球的再生能力以及我们人类的生存。", "77. 经常发生的金融危机一直提醒我们，一个以物质增长为基础的社会经济制度是不可持续的，因为在一个资源有限的世界中追求无限的增长是矛盾的。我们需要把我们的社会转变为一个崇敬所有生命形式的社会。只有这样一种社会才能真正健康的。为了实现这一目标，我们必须不仅重新审视现有的经济模式，还有审视支持这种经济模式的道德价值。财富、知识和技术都可以作出宝贵贡献。但仅凭这些，不能将人类从过渡消费中拯救出来，也不能消除对地球母亲的耗竭性影响。我们正在目睹地球母亲的健康在加速恶化。我们必须承认，我们自己就是大自然的内在组成部分。当我们在污染和消耗地球母亲时，我们也在污染和消耗自己。我们所促成的各种力量和失衡现象正在造成我们所遭受自然灾害不断增加。", "78. 当我们准备召开联合国可持续发展会议时，改变我们在地球上的行为方式，价值观念就要有重大转变。我们的生存依赖于明智地选择如何与地球母亲共同生存。专家告诉我们，我们每年的消费总量超过地球在一年中可以重新产生的资源三分之一。全世界的消费和生产需要趋于可持续的范围之内，发达国家应发挥带头作用。", "79. 我们必须承认大自然可以为我们提供指导，指导我们建立在道德和科学两个方面都完善的一个经济体系。我们必须承认大自然可以为我们提供指导，指导我们结束千百万人的贫穷，对这些人来说，世界依然广袤而陌生。我们必须承认大自然可以为我们提供指导，指导我们结束精神上的贫乏，让我们学会量入为出，学会消费不超出需要。我们必须用一种空前未有的方式与自然融为一体。大自然的内在价值必须受到敬畏和敬仰。最后，我们必须认识到，要大力推动可持续发展事业，就必须努力使其每一个支柱(环境、社会和经济支柱)都是完整无损的。", "80. 我们不仅要敬畏大自然并以大自然作为我们的指导，我们还必须求靠自己的精神来推进可持续发展。我们必须审视人类内在价值观的基石，审视我们行动背后的意图。当我们纪念有史以来无数人为实现一个完善的社会而留下的遗产，我们应该为这一遗产心怀感恩。人类的历史已有上万年。全体人类都受到邀请共同参加这个行程。让我们创建一个新的日程表，创建全球对自然界的崇敬意识，让我们借鉴古代文明的智慧，与自然和谐相处。在我们重申致力于可持续发展之时，我们不要忽视一个事实，即我们应该被后人记得，我们这一代人在联合国可持续发展大会上达成了一项共识，恢复了文明的根基，与文明的源头——地球母亲建立了和睦关系。", "五. 建议", "81. 根据上文论述的内容以及就与自然和谐相处问题的政府间会议和主要群体协商期间所表达的意见，各国不妨考虑下列建议：", "(a) 考虑在2012年6月联合国可持续发展会议的范畴内，发表一项声明，确认大自然的内在价值和它的再生能力；", "(b) 为在与自然和谐相处的基础上进一步更新知识，大会应继续酌情邀请各机构、组织、研究中心、学术界的代表以及诺贝尔奖获得者特别就本报告所述的各专题，为决策者做情况简报；", "(c) 继续通过联合国各个可持续发展网站，展示目前正在如何作出努力，在与自然和谐相处并融入经济、社会和环境三大支柱的前提下，为所有人的福祉而推动发展。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 见http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=252&menu=46。", "[3] Grant Hardy,“Great Minds of the Eastern Intellectual Traditions”,The Teaching Company, 2011。", "[4] Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environmental Ethics, University of Wisconsin Press, 1989。", "[5] James L. Axetell Ed.,The Educational Writings of John Locke: A Critical Edition with Introducation and Notes, Cambridge University Press,London,1968。", "[6] Paul Walden Bamford,“French Forest Legislation and Administration,1660-1789”,Agricultural History,Vol.29, No.3,1955。", "[7] Obituary: Sir Dietrich Brandis, F.R.S., The Geographical Journal, vol. 30, No. 1, 1907。", "[8] Peter D.Ouspensky,Tertium Organum,Knopf,New York,1981。", "[9] Aldo Leopold,A Sand County Almanac,Oxford University Press,1949。", "[10] Elisa Morgera，“加强穷人权能的野生生物法”，联合国粮食及农业组织，罗马，2010年。", "[11] George and Catherine Pring,Greening Justice,Creating and Improving Environmental Courts and Tribunals,The Access Initiative,2009。", "[12] Donella Meadows, “Leverage Points: Places to Intervene in a System”, The Sustainability Institute,1999。", "[13] Ed Diener,The Science of Well-Being,2009。", "[14] State of the World 2010: Transforming Cultures from Consumerism to Sustainability, The World Watch Institute, 2010 (http://www.worldwatch.org)。", "[15] Annie Leonard,The Story of Stuff, Simon and Soliuster, New York,2010。", "[16] State of the World,2004: Special Focus: The Consumer Society,The Worldwatch Institute, 2004(http://www.worldwatch.org)。", "[17] 2010年全世界营养不良人口为9.25亿。2009年，因爆发多重危机，这一人数曾高达10.23亿。2010年下半年以来，粮食价格激增，威胁到2010年取得的些微改善。见“2010年世界粮食不安全状况”，粮农组织，罗马，2010年。", "[18] “How much is enough?”http://www.economist.com/node/18200702。", "[19] “全球食物损失和食物浪费”，粮农组织，罗马，2011年。", "[20] 见http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0127/latest/DLM98975.html。", "[21] 见http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/05/49/6736cf92.pdf。", "[22] 见http://www.ymparisto.fi。", "[23] 见http://www.regjeringen.no。", "[24] 见http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Constitutions/Ecuador/。", "[25] 见http://www.gacetaoficialdebolivia.gob.bo/normas/。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "* 由于技术原因于2011年9月23日重新印发。", "页:1", "临时议程** 项目19(h)", "可持续发展: 与自然和谐相处", "与自然和谐相处", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会第65/164号决议提交的,大会在该决议中请秘书长在大会第六十五届会议上于2011年4月20日举行一次关于与自然和谐相处的互动对话,以纪念国际地球母亲日,为定于2012年6月在巴西举行的联合国可持续发展大会的筹备进程作出积极而有效的贡献,并就此问题向大会第六十六届会议提交报告。 秘书长的报告侧重于环境立法所反映的人类与自然之间不断发展的关系,并借鉴了互动对话中讨论的关键问题。 提出了具体建议,以利会员国进一步审议这一主题。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 3 二. 人类与\nA. 从古到古的4个教训\n文明 B. 环境运动的出现:第十六至第十九次\nC. 二十世纪9个世纪与\n环境 21世纪促进与自然的和谐\nA. 立法和公众的11个促进作用\nB. 性质:有或有14个\n是吗?\n四、结 论 结论17\n五. 建议. 18", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 2010年,大会在其题为“与自然和谐相处”的第65/164号决议中,请秘书长在第六十五届会议期间,于2011年4月20日在纪念国际地球母亲日的两次全体会议上举行一次由会员国、联合国各组织、独立专家和其他利益攸关方参加的互动对话,以积极和有效地为定于2012年6月在里约热内卢举行的联合国可持续发展大会的筹备进程出力。 大会同两个专家小组的互动对话讨论了:(a) 如何促进与自然和谐相处的可持续发展综合办法;(b) 就与自然和谐相处的可持续发展衡量标准和指标交流国家经验。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "2. 联合国 大会第65/164号决议又请秘书长利用由联合国可持续发展大会秘书处维持的现有可持续发展信息门户来收集各种想法和活动的信息,以推动采取与自然相协调的可持续发展综合办法,并推进跨学科科学工作,包括利用传统知识的成功案例与现有国家立法相融合,以期为会议筹备进程及其后的工作做出实质性贡献。 目前正在开发这样一个门户网站,将于2012年6月启用。", "3个 在联合国准备于2012年6月4日至6日举行联合国可持续发展大会(又称 \" 里约+20 \" )之际,本报告侧重于不同文明与自然的历史关系,除其他外,通过环境立法表达了这种关系,并借鉴了2011年4月互动对话中讨论的关键问题,以推进支持可持续发展概念的整体思维并借鉴秘书长关于与自然和谐相处的第一次报告(A/65/314)。", " 4.四. 环境立法的颁布始于20世纪60年代,人们对环境保护的必要性有了更深刻的认识,而1970年地球日的设立正是由于公众对环境的日益关注。 两年后于1972年举行的联合国人类环境会议(斯德哥尔摩会议),有助于将世界各国施政结构内对环境的审议制度化。 这次会议巩固了一种政治认识,即环境退化是富裕和贫穷造成的,对富国和穷国同样影响,尽管方式不同。 在1982年斯德哥尔摩会议十周年之际,各国政府通过了《世界自然宪章》,反映了养护与发展的相互依存关系。", "5 (韩语). 作为斯德哥尔摩会议的后续行动,各国政府设立了世界环境与发展委员会(布伦特兰委员会)来审查可持续发展的概念。 委员会题为“我们的共同未来”的报告(A/42/427,附件)阐述了这一概念。", "6. 国家 在“我们共同的未来”之后,各国政府于1994年召开了联合国环境与发展会议,就一项全球行动纲领进行谈判,以在全世界实现可持续发展。 会议的成果文件,即《21世纪议程》,在帮助各国实施可持续发展方面发挥了催化作用。 在为制定生物多样性和气候变化框架公约而为会议设立政府间谈判委员会开展两年筹备工作的同时。 会议还制定了一套保护森林的商定原则并启动了防治荒漠化和干旱的谈判。", "7. 联合国 《里约宣言》第一条原则解释了联合国环境与发展会议的基本原则:“人类是可持续发展所关注的中心。 他们有权享有与自然和谐的健康和生产性生活”。 在1994年会议之后,联合国成立了可持续发展委员会来跟踪《21世纪议程》的执行情况,并于2002年在南非约翰内斯堡召开了可持续发展问题世界首脑会议来重申全球对可持续发展的承诺。 2012年6月将举行联合国可持续发展大会,以进一步评估各国在实现可持续发展方面取得的进展,并应对新出现的挑战,确保人人享有与自然相协调的可持续未来。", "二. 人类与自然不断演变的关系", "8. 联合国 人类与自然不断演变的关系在东方和西方知识传统中差异很大. 它的根源最初存在于哲学和宗教. 虽然东方知识传统在历史上与西方不同,但亚洲伟大的思想家试图回答的基本问题与那些在欧洲和美洲占领哲学家和宗教领袖的问题类似——我们如何赋予我们的生命意义? 我们怎样才能找到幸福? 东方和西方传统提供的洞察力和智慧为不同文明之间的对话和更深入地理解我们与自然的关系提供了机会。 以下各节介绍人类与自然不断演变的关系,以及对这种关系的思考如何影响了21世纪环境立法的发展. 还考虑了今天实现与自然和谐相处的经验教训。", "A类. 古代文明的相关教训", "9. 国家 东方传统往往被解释为在创造者和被创造的动物之间,人与神之间没有明显的分化. 例如,在印度教中,注重于元物理学,包括桑萨拉(再生),因果(宇宙正义),摩克沙(从存在周期中解放)和阿特曼(内在最终现实)等概念. [2]", "10个 在中国的文化习俗和思想体系中,“外部自然从未被从自身的角度理解;它总是与人的生活密切相关”。 中华文化坚持现实由一个未断的连续体\"道\"的无数表现所构成的信念. 中国人发展出宇宙学神话,从中将宇宙视为由相互依存的部分组成的有机系统. 这一观点导致所有东西在基本方面都具有根本的统一性。", "11个 古埃及人的食物来源依赖于每年被尼罗河淹没,他们崇拜一些神灵,他们复杂的信仰和仪式体系围绕着他们所生活的环境来进行. 由于认识到尼罗河本身使其农田肥沃,与埋葬死者的干旱沙漠形成对照,形成了他们的身份和宗教信仰。", "12个 在非洲社区,自然现象一度被认为具有精神力量,提供食物和住所的自然世界受到尊重和敬佩。 某些树木被认为是上帝的树木,是神圣的并具有治疗能力的。 土地属于由活人、死者、甚至未出生人组成的部族,这一概念加强了分享和关爱自然的观念。", "13个 早期的哥伦布前文化跟踪了包括太阳和月球在内的行星和恒星的运动,它们的运动被编织入了生命的方方面面,将平原与天体相接. 在整个安第斯山脉上,Pachamama是地球母亲最普遍的名字. 从根本意义上讲,这个名称意味着肥沃而富有成果的地球母亲。 帕夏马传达了人类和自然之间的共生关系,从而给予自然应有的尊重.", "14个 在西方传统中,希腊和罗马哲学家对自然法则有明确的概念,而不是人造法. 他们承认人民在建立民事秩序和政府之前就已存在,因此明确区分了自然法(jus naturale)和普通法(jus communes).", "15个 许多古典西方思想家指出,早期的文明与自然有着更亲密更平衡的关系. 例如罗马人相信动物的权利(jus animalium),哲学家后来会认为什么是自然的权利,这些权利独立于人类文明和政府. 在希腊和罗马衰落后,随着基督教的到来,人们越来越多地来看大自然为人类服务. 自然世界的价值只能根据其满足人类需要的能力来确定。 [3]", "16号. 罗马人将空气、水和鱼的共同使用概念编纂为法律。 公元535年,根据查士丁尼皇帝的命令,发布了\"Corpus Juris Civilis\"(民法机构)并收集了现有的罗马法,成为了简单而明确的法律体系. 第一部\"查士丁尼法典\"于公元529年完成,后被扩充为包括查士丁尼自己的法律,并增加了两部关于其他法律领域的书籍. 《查士丁尼法典》是与环境有关的第一部法律,它断言自然法则是大自然教导所有动物的法则,也就是说,它不只涉及人类,而是涉及各种生命形式,无论是地球、空气还是水。", "17岁 随着罗马帝国倒台,欧洲盛行的法律制度变得支离破碎,随着地方政权的出现,封建法的一成不变,在许多情况下包括了民法和大炮法的结合,构成了非洲大陆上唯一的法律框架. 直到在后联邦时代引入拿破仑法典,欧洲才会有另一套如此连贯的法律。 拿破仑法典取而代之的是封建时代不同的法律制度,并成为罗马-德意志法律传统在欧洲和世界其他地区扩展的主要支柱之一.", "B组. 环境运动的出现:16至19世纪", "18岁。 在17世纪发生的医学科学演变中,活体剖析被广泛用于研究身体的活性. 这种做法激怒了早期的人道主义家,活体解剖学家转而求助于Rene Descartes(1596-1650)来为其研究方法辩护. 笛卡尔是一位著名的数学家,生理学家和心理学家,为伦理与人与自然的关系无关提供了一个通则哲学.", " 19. 19. 笛卡尔认为,动物是无法感知和不合理的生物,活物没有痛苦的感觉:缺乏头脑,无法被伤害,没有受苦和意识. 而人类则有灵魂和心灵 思考,事实上,定义了人类的有机体. “Cogito ergo sum”(我想,因此我是)是笛卡尔的基本原理。 这种二元主义、人与自然的分化、活体解剖和人类对环境的任何利用都是正当的。 笛卡尔毫无疑问地认为,人是“大自然的主人和拥有者”。 笛卡尔认为将自然作为对象是科学和文明进步的重要先决条件。", "20号. 在十六和十七世纪,欧洲其他当代学者,包括戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨,约翰·雷和巴鲁克·斯宾诺莎,都不同意笛卡尔的观点,认为自然和旷野充满了精神价值,因此人类不能与自然相分离. 1790年,作家约翰·劳伦斯(John Lawrence)指出,动物的权利得不到承认是人类根本的缺陷,他呼吁充分承认这一概念,而对于处于自然状态的托马斯·霍布斯(Thomas Hobbes)来说,他不惜一切代价寻求自我保护,作为其\"自然的权利\".", "21岁 在笛卡尔在欧洲影响力的鼎盛时期,早期的美国定居者持相反观点,认为动物不仅仅是用于受苦受难生活的笨兽. 这种交替而少数的观点部分地取自古典格来克-罗马思想,认为动物是自然状态的一部分并服从自然法则. 新英格兰早期定居者提出了这一想法,他们颁布了承认非人权利的法律。 1641年在马萨诸塞湾殖民地出版的《马萨诸塞自由体》是英国-美国判例中最早禁止虐待家畜的一般法律。", "22号. John Locke在\"一些关于教育的想法\"一书(1693年)中提出,反对笛卡尔,认为动物可以经历痛苦和苦难,不必要地伤害动物在道德上是错误的. 在1693年的论述中,洛克超越了严格的效用概念,在这一概念中,不仅应该妥善对待牛和马等习惯上拥有和有用的动物,而且应该妥善对待松鼠,鸟类,昆虫,甚至“任何活生生的生物\". [4] 在十六世纪到十九世纪之间,受纳撒尼尔·沃德和约翰·洛克等人的著作所鼓舞,人类是自然不可分割的一部分的另一种世界观的种子被栽培. 英国植物学家约翰·雷(John Ray)在1691年出版的\"创造之作\"所表现的\"上帝的智慧\"一文中认为,动物和植物的存在是为了颂扬上帝,他们的生命权并不取决于其对人的用处.", "23. 联合国 约翰·雷(John Ray)和巴鲁克·斯宾诺莎(Baruch Spinoza)等人在科学视野迅速扩大和人类中心论面临相关挑战的时代写作. 望远镜表明地球不是宇宙的中心. 显微镜揭示了一个复杂的社区,人类似乎依赖这个社区,而不是相反。 探索者们揭示了巨大的无人居住的荒野的存在,这些荒野充满了不同的生命形式,完美而完整,甚至从未被人类看到。 人类越了解自然,就越难以接受宇宙只为他们存在的观念. 人们不再被认为是大自然的主人,而是自然界的成员。", "24 (韩语). 1660年代,路易十四的大臣让-巴蒂斯特·科尔伯特提出并实施了法国历史上最严格的林业法. [5] 1822年,在英国,理查德·马丁的活动导致大型驯养动物的保护,主要是牛(Martin's Act). 两年后,马丁,威廉·威尔伯福斯等创立了皇家防止虐待动物学会. 二十年前,威尔伯福斯一直是废除奴隶制和贩卖奴隶斗争的领袖. 约翰·斯图亚特·米尔(John Stuart Mill)是十九世纪杰出的哲学家,他写道,规定父母虐待子女为犯罪的法律也应被扩展至动物. 解放被压迫者的想法不易局限于人类。", "25岁 查尔斯·达尔文(1809年-1882年)震惊了人类的自负,将人类进化与动物进化并列,即作为自然的一部分. 对地球上生命扩散的进化解释破坏了几千年前的双重哲学. 达尔文的著作\"物种起源\"(1859年)和\"人类的起源\"(1871年)成为了发展环境主义和环境伦理的重要来源. 迪特里希·布兰迪斯(德語:Dietrich Brandis)是一位德国科学家,他开创了印度的林业管理,并指导了包括亨利·格雷夫斯(英语:Henry Graves),以及吉福德·平肖特(英语:Gifford Pinchot)在内的多位森林学家,后任美国森林局负责人. [6]", "26. 联合国 1876年,随着\"残酷对待动物法\"的通过,英国的人道主义立法斗争达到了高潮. 活体分裂是一个引起联合王国科学界和人道主义界主要成员强烈意见的问题。 十九世纪在将人道主义价值和权利制度化为法律方面取得了显著进展。 在此之前,社会及其伴随的法律为了精英的利益而篡夺了周围所有人的权利。", "27个 虽然人类中心主义受到质疑,但许多人仍然相信,人类作为最先进的生命形式,会继续剥削其他生物,并从环境中取出自己想要的东西. 有人指出,他们应当按照良好的管理原则谨慎行事,并始终铭记涉及包括宗教利益在内的其他利益。 从这个角度看,人类对地球的影响伴随着一些令人不安的道德问题。", "28岁 由于在欧洲,大部分地方已经改变了荒野,人们越来越担心新世界,美洲会效仿. 法国思想家和历史学家亚历克西斯·德·托克维尔(Alexis de Tocqueville)和荷兰路德会部长和作家约翰·布鲁克纳(John Bruckner)等作家都写道了这一可以预见的趋势,预测野生生物被广泛屠宰,有的物种濒临灭绝. 到了18世纪,美国人民开始抗议对动物的残忍行为,包括活体解剖,公鸡相斗,与狗相接而起,以及猎狐等无目的的暴行. 推动环境权利的这一积极行动代表着对自然的精神、文化和恢复价值的持续和日益得到的尊重。 环境运动是认真开始的。", "29. 国家 大约在美国的环境运动得到巩固的同时,其他社会运动也是如此,特别是妇女权利运动。 这不是巧合。 包括约翰·詹姆斯·奥杜邦,约翰·缪尔,刘易斯·穆福德,吉福德·平肖特,亨利·S·萨尔特和亨利·大卫·索罗等著名人物,他们能够动员强大的个人和金钱并普及美学价值,在推动美国的环境运动中发挥了关键作用. 作为生物多样性概念的先驱,穆福德启发了许多作家,例如东方的拉姆钱德拉·古哈,印度环境和社会评论家.", "30岁。 尽管他们并不是作为一个社会运动严密组织起来的,但这些上层人物还是形成了一个松散相联的有影响力的人网络,他们呼吁保护荒野. 18世纪中后期,由于索罗正主张建立保护区,许多其他个人也各自为同一目标而争论. 1863年访问加利福尼亚州约塞米特后,弗雷德里克·劳·奥尔姆斯泰德和I·W·雷蒙德向美国国会请愿,要求在其自然状态下保护该地区. 保护Yosemite的法案于1864年得到批准,拨出了10平方英里,“供公众使用、度假和娱乐”。", "31岁 从16世纪和19世纪起,越来越多的人要求保护动物及其权利并保护其环境,这与结束奴隶制、颁布童工法和承认妇女权利的类似呼吁并行的日益增强的人文主义和人道主义思想催化了这种呼吁。 18世纪后期,法国大革命将标志着欧洲和全世界人的权利概念得到巩固.", "32. 联合国 在美国,在世纪之交,爱德华·佩森·埃文斯(1831年-1917年)首次对将被称为\"环境伦理\"的内容做了广泛的阐述. 对埃文斯来说,非人的生命形式,包括每一个“敏感的”活物,甚至岩石和矿物等无生命的物体,都有人类不应侵犯的固有权利。 在俄罗斯,彼得克罗波特金和利奥·托尔斯泰,在印度,圣雄甘地都把环境保护作为其世界观的组成部分.", "33. (中文(简体) ). 在早期几个世纪,东方知识传统的学者也关心人类与自然不断演变的关系。 中国哲学家王阳明(1472年-1529年)提出了\"心与心\"的概念,与笛卡尔的二元论形成对比,概括了精神过程与身体之间的联系. 在他的理解中,心灵的概念不归结为一个人的自我,而是从一个人的自我开始,流向其他人,从人到动物,从动物到树木和植物,从而流向石头和物质.", " C C. 二十世纪和人类同自然的和解", "34. 国家 在十九世纪,环境保护主要是为了功利目的,无论是食物、木材还是住所,而在二十世纪,保护环境及其自然资源的科学基础已占据重要地位。 学者和科学家提出了新的概念,描述了相互联系的重要性和地球上生命的平衡。", "35. Frederic E. Clements(1874-1945)调查了他所谓的植物 \" 继承 \" 。 他明白许多活物共同运作,整体比各部分的总和还要多;植物与气候,土壤相接并相接,形成自然环境,例如草地栖息地. 苏格兰科学家J·阿瑟·汤普森(1861-1933)也描述了他的生命网概念,而维克多·E·谢尔福德(1877-1968)阐述了他对生物群落的理解. 自由·海德·贝利(1858-1954)主张放弃“宇宙自私”并发展出一种“地球公义”的感觉。 由于其学科的整体取向,这些早期生态学家经常将其科学研究与道德哲学联系起来.", "36. 1927年,查尔斯·埃尔顿(1900-1991)发明了 \" 食物链 \" 一词。 他的生态研究揭示出从太阳为植物,植物食用者和食肉动物提供的生命力开始的营养依赖. 埃尔顿使用了\"金字塔\"的比喻:食物链最短的最简单的生物是数量最多的,在结构的底部是最重要的. 取出食物金字塔的顶部,一只鹰或人类,系统几乎没有被扰动. 但取出底部最简单的生物,如植物活体或土壤细菌等,金字塔会倒塌.", "37. 联合国 哲学和神学调查也为环境保护道德提供了依据。 诺贝尔奖获得者阿尔伯特·施韦策(1875-1965)认为,对生命的尊敬是评价环境的充分理由. 施韦策从对印度和中国传统伦理教义的研究中,扩展了以\"活的意愿\"为基础的价值理论,包括了人类和所有活生生的人. 他认为,人类应该给予所有生物一种意志,以他们对自己生命的同样敬重来生. Alfred North Whitehead(1861年-1947年)也加入了这个想法,认为宇宙中每个物体的身份和目的都源于它与其他一切的关系. 每个有机体,实际上每个原子,都有内在价值,如果仅仅因为它对构成世界的相互交错的碎片的持续现实作出了贡献的话。 在呼吁保护,促进和增强生命的过程中,施韦策将动物置于与人类同等的地位.", "38. 美国学者Aldo Leopold(1887-1948年)也促进了环境道德的发展,强化并进一步扩大了地球作为我们实际存在的来源值得伦理考虑的论点。 以往的人道主义人士关注活物,而利奥波德则认为,海洋和山区虽然无机,但也是相互联系和活地中同样重要的组成部分。 俄罗斯哲学家Peter D. Ouspensky(1878-1947)支持利奥波德的论点,他说, \" 没有任何死亡或机械性质.生命和感觉.必须存在于一切中 \" 。 [7] 这些思想家认为,虽然隐藏着人类,但宇宙中的一切都有其宗旨和精髓.", "39. 联合国 利奥波德呼吁人与自然之间的伦理关系,强调对自然的严格经济姿态造成了严重的生态和伦理问题. “我们滥用土地,因为我们认为土地是属于我们的商品。 当我们将土地视为我们所属的社区时,我们就可以开始以爱和尊重的态度使用土地”。 [8] 他认为,地球是活的,“在程度上比我们活的要少,但在时间和空间上比我们活的要多得多”。 1950年代普利策奖得主和细菌学家勒内·杜波斯(1901-1982)解释了微生物,包括细菌及其伴随的疾病作为地球自然和谐的一部分的重要性.", "40. 瑞秋·卡森在其具有里程碑意义的环境研究 \" 沉默之春 \" (1962年)中记录了农药对人类和自然的有害影响。 卡森帮助人们认识到人类日益增强的支配和控制自然的能力可能证明是适得其反的. 人类需要她所说的“卑劣”和强调“与其他生物分享地球”的伦理。", "41. 国家 对爱德华·O·威尔逊来说,对蚂蚁和蜜蜂等表现出社会联系的昆虫的研究导致了对亲属关系和伦理责任的关注. 威尔逊认为,人类的生存受到生物多样性丧失的威胁。 虽然某些物种的用途可能尚未确定,但这并不意味着它们没有价值,包括某些物种可能被用于制造新药。 威尔逊的生物哲学解释了人类与环境的心理联系,补充并概括了人类依赖自然环境生存的其他解释.", "42. 国家 到20世纪末,人类虽然仍然对自然持以人类为中心的根本观点,但已完全接受各种形式的自然的存在:动物、植物生命、岩石、生态系统、地球和宇宙。 因此,一种分散的人类生存方法被可持续发展的整体概念所取而代之。", "43. 东帝汶 在我们重申我们对可持续发展概念的承诺时,必须反思其一些重要成就。 在二十世纪末为联合国环境与发展会议作出贡献的男女们所完成的工作,是我们在推进子孙后代将寻求灵感的火炬时的遗产。", "三. 在二十一世纪促进同自然的和谐", "A类. 立法和公共政策的扶持作用", "44. 国家 1992年《里约宣言》所载的27项原则指导了国际社会为同自然相协调地实现可持续发展而作的努力。 它们激励了决策者、科学家、研究人员、环境学家、作家和民间社会成员在全世界巩固可持续发展的旅程中。 这些原则还使人类能够加深与自然的理解和互动,今天,利益攸关方能够利用保护和捍卫自然的机制。", "45. 国家 人类对自然的同情,在世界范围内许多法律制度中都有所体现。 在20年的时间里,许多会员国通过宪法规定或部门性法律的一般规定,将《里约宣言》所体现原则纳入国家立法。 以下例子说明了利益攸关方可以使用的一些工具。", "46. 经常预算: 2001年,在欧洲经济委员会的主持下通过了《在环境问题上获得信息、公众参与和诉诸法律的公约》(《奥胡斯公约》)。 公约虽然是区域性的,但其重要性被视为全球性的,特别是承认各国政府只有通过利益攸关方的参与才能实现可持续发展。", "47. 国家 《奥胡斯公约》为公众规定了三套权利,要求公共当局:(a)应公众要求提供环境信息,包括有义务收集和向公众传播现有的环境信息;(b)建立透明和公平的程序,允许公众参与环境决策,包括参与制定环境方面的计划和方案,或参与起草可能对环境产生重大影响的行政条例和其他普遍适用的具有法律约束力的规则;以及(c)建立程序,保障公众获得信息或参与,并有权对个人和公共当局违反有关环境的国家法律规定的非法行为和不作为,包括拒绝获得环境信息。 [9]", " 48. 48. 区域协定就如何在国家一级制定野生动物条例提供了详细标准。 欧洲联盟的环境立法要求其成员国及时而有效地将其规则纳入国家立法。 存在一个能够对执行不力处以罚款的司法制度,而所有成员国都必须遵守这种制度,这加强了这种立法所产生的义务。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在非洲,若干区域协定与野生生物管理直接或间接相关,缔约国的法律起草者应考虑到这些协定。 例如,《非洲保护自然和自然资源公约》最初于1968年在阿尔及尔缔结,后来由非洲联盟大会于2003年在马普托修订。 经修订的公约的总目标是保护和管理动植物物种及其环境。 为了保护动物,特别是受威胁物种,缔约国必须采取政策和管理措施,使这些物种在其自然生境内外得到可持续利用和保护。 继续进行科学研究和监测将指导该物种及其环境的管理。", " 50. 50. 1976年《南太平洋自然保护公约》(《阿皮亚公约》)为南太平洋地区的自然保护建立了广泛的框架,特别是在迁徙和濒危物种以及野生动物生境和陆地生态系统的养护和管理方面。 该《公约》包括设立保护区的规定,并要求缔约国禁止在国家公园中狩猎和商业性地开发这类物种,并保留濒临灭绝的土著动植物名单,以便按照传统文化习俗充分保护这些动植物(第5条)。", "51. 联合国 1985年东南亚国家联盟《保护自然和自然资源协定》的目标是维持基本的生态进程和生命支持系统,保护遗传多样性,并确保可持续利用所收获的自然资源。 它还涉及公众参与养护措施的规划和执行。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 诉诸司法是增强法律权能的支柱之一。 它加强了问责制并保护权利,包括公众参与的权利。 《奥胡斯公约》第9条涉及诉诸司法的问题,并阐明公众应有机会诉诸行政和/或司法程序,对与环境有关的非法行为和不行为提出质疑。 这包括质疑官方行为的权利,包括拒绝获得环境信息的权利。", "53. 立法应确保在涉及个人和公共当局处理与野生生物有关的事项时能够诉诸司法。 此外,立法应明确划定官方权力范围,以便法院或行政审查有明确的适用标准。 虽然一般环境立法可能有助于实现这一目的,但在这方面也有具体针对野生动物的规定的例子。", "54. 联合国 虽然法律通常提到解决争端的一般手段,但利益攸关方可能需要更具体的规定,确保不仅在用户之间,而且在用户与政府实体之间,解决争端的程序公平而有效。 在行政和司法层面质疑政府决定的权利,是对野生动物管理制度的公共问责机制。 此外,法律可以建立替代的争端解决机制,不仅用于解决冲突,而且用于预防冲突。 例如,调解人可以帮助社区和野生生物机构在出现具体冲突之前谈判关于保护区管理或执行的一般性协定。 事实证明,这种机制对穷人更为可取,因为比法院更容易利用、负担得起、易于理解和有效(例如联合国开发计划署赋予穷人法律权力委员会)。 在某些情况下,立法可能授权公民对违反野生动物法的行为提出申诉或要求强制令。", "55. 国家 在美国,根据联邦野生动物法,公众有权起诉破坏或伤害某些野生动物物种. 为此,公民必须代表环境本身、因果关系和补救能力表现出人身伤害而不是伤害(例如,见美国最高法院关于地球之友公司诉Laidlaw环境服务公司案的裁决(2000年))。 对伤害的补救可以采取制裁的形式,有效减少被证明对环境有害的行为。 但是,1973年《濒危物种法》对这一规则规定了明确的例外,规定任何公民都有权代表自己提起民事诉讼,禁止任何人,包括任何政府机关或机构,从事违反该法任何规定的某些活动。 1998年,美国的一项法律设立了解决环境冲突研究所。 研究所维持一个可在网上搜索的名册,其中列有受过训练并具有环境调解人经验的个人,包括具有土著社区经验的特别调解人小组。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 虽然拉丁美洲和加勒比出现了许多关于保护和加强环境的协定和合作机制,例如年度《环境与发展国际公约》以及《保护和发展海洋环境公约》,但该区域最有力和最重要的环境法是在国家和多边一级执行的。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 越来越多的专门环境法院和法庭解决环境问题,它们从1970年代的少数几个增加到41个国家的350多个,它们正在世界各地提供诉诸司法、环境管理和保护环境的机会方面取得重大进展。 这些法院数量剧增,是由于环境法的复杂性和公众对环境问题的认识。 最近在阿布扎比、多民族玻利维亚国、智利、中国、萨尔瓦多、印度、泰国和菲律宾设立了环境法院和法庭。 预计环境法的变化将继续进行,因为公众对“使用权”的要求不断增加,公众对气候变化、可持续发展、物种灭绝和自然区域丧失等具体环境问题的关切也日益增加。", "58. 联合国 公众不仅参与政府决策,而且更广泛地参与可持续发展工作的重要性和必要性,是《21世纪议程》和《里约宣言》的核心。 然而,尽管社会不同部门作出了承诺,环境退化仍在继续,贫穷持续存在,金融危机又重演。 这不断提醒人们注意通过主要的经济框架看待可持续发展努力的弱点。", "B. 自然:存在还是存在?", "59. (中文(简体) ). 目前全世界的消费和生产模式正在给地球及其资源造成严重损失。 事实上,我们许多问题的根源可以追溯到消费模式的演变。 目前在世界许多地方和许多文化体系中占主导地位的文化范式是消费主义,它鼓励人们主要通过消费货物和服务找到意义、满足和接受。 [11]", "60. 联合国 矛盾的是,研究表明,虽然消费主义与满足心理需要和创造即时快感有关,但有证据表明,消费更多并不一定与更幸福相关. 事实上,根据一些心理学研究,钱和幸福只有在一定的时间内才是相关的. 虽然在较不发达国家,缺乏资金对社会较贫穷阶层的福祉产生影响,但人们一旦获得较高收入,额外增加对福祉的影响似乎也很小,“建议收入的增加超出微薄的富裕,不再有助于满足重要的愿望和需要。”", "61. 国家 消费主义的支柱之一,即对更多金钱和更多商品的不断渴望,与不同社会阶层人民的福祉有着相反的联系。 当人们负担不起自己的欲望时,他们就会感到沮丧,但即使他们能够满足,他们的满足也是短暂的。 心理学家假设,唯物主义的毒性效应不能满足人类固有的欲望并导致永远无法完全实现的目标.", "62. 环境科学家和系统分析家多内拉·梅多斯解释说,改变一个系统的最有效杠杆点是改变其范式,即改变系统运作所依据的共同想法或基本假设。 就消费主义范式而言,需要改变的假设包括:更多的商品使人们更快乐,永久增长是好的,人与自然是分开的,自然是用于人类目的的资源储备。", "63. 国家 正如消费主义范式鼓励人们通过消费模式界定自己和自身福祉一样,可持续性范式将有助于找到一套替代愿望,并通过文化机构和驱动力加强这些愿望。 通过一个人帮助恢复地球多少,而不是个人挣多少,住房多少,或个人拥有多少物质商品,在生活中找到价值和意义,应该成为“自然的”。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 一般而言,已确定的解决方案侧重于减少排放,而不是防止排放,着眼于创造消费的新产品,而不是减缓消费,着眼于生产绿色产品,而不是生产较少的产品。 “绿色技术不会拯救我们的原因是,它们只是画面的一部分。 我们对地球的集体影响... 产生于我们当中有多少人,我们使用何种技术, 以及我们消耗多少。 “[14]", "65. 国家 目前,科学家,知识分子等思想家正在研究福利措施. 传统上,各国将国内生产总值作为国家福祉的间接指标。 大体上,大多数国家的目标是增加人口的经济手段。 然而,心理学家正在发现,金钱并不总是产生一种幸福感。 除其他外,福祉包括人际关系、健康和清洁环境,这些方面通常在国内生产总值中得不到考虑。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 为了制定能够更准确地反映人口福祉水平的指标,正在考虑侧重于重新界定福祉和我们共同社会目标的其他措施。 在尊重环境的同时,“对美好生活的新的理解不能围绕财富,而应围绕福祉:满足基本的生存需要,以及自由、健康、安全和令人满意的社会关系。 消费仍然很重要,但仅限于提高生活质量。 “[15] 可持续发展和消费主义程度较低的社会的额外指标不仅是可能的,而且是必不可少的。 有必要改变我们目前的模式,这种模式的基础是自然是可被侵占和被利用的对象的虚假前提。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 今天,我们正在经历所谓的“双重营养不良负担”:虽然世界上有近10亿[16]人营养不良,但我们与肥胖有关的一些健康问题也有所增加。 据计算,世界正在生产足够的食物,每天为每个人提供2,700卡路里,比成年人建议的数量多出600卡路里. [17] 据估计,每年全世界为人类消费而生产的粮食有三分之一被丢失或浪费. 虽然富国主要在消费者一级浪费粮食,但发展中国家的主要问题是基础设施薄弱导致粮食损失,包括储存、加工和包装设施不良,缺乏保持新鲜生产的能力。 富国消费者浪费的粮食(2.22亿吨)与撒哈拉以南非洲的整个粮食生产(2.3亿吨)大致相等。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 世界卫生组织(世卫组织)在其第一份《非传染性疾病全球状况报告》中确认,2008年有3 610万人死于非传染性疾病。 四种主要的非传染性疾病 -- -- 心血管疾病、癌症、慢性肺病和糖尿病 -- -- 在全世界每5人中有3人死亡,并给所有国家,特别是发展中国家造成严重的社会经济损害。 非传染性疾病明显正在增加,许多疾病起源可追溯到不良饮食习惯(心血管和糖尿病)、吸烟和接触有毒化学品和致癌物质(癌症和呼吸道疾病)等原因。 为了促进针对该流行病的集体行动,大会将于2011年9月19日和20日召开一次非传染性疾病问题高级别会议。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 人类和地球一样,正在丧失在顺位活体中生活的能力,这就是一个生物体或细胞维持平衡,调节其内部条件的能力,例如其体液的化学成分,以保持健康和功能,无论外界条件如何. 没有适当的平衡,即使健康饮食也无法提供身体需要的营养. 我们不是吃的东西,我们是新陈代谢,这对地球也是一样。 地球地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表", "70. 联合国 目前,人类通过侵蚀其来源 -- -- 地球母亲 -- -- 的基础而危及其生存。", "71. 联合国 随着自然灾害变得更加强大、更频繁并波及更广大地区,这些因素造成的破坏和苦难成为未来的迹象。 鉴于2011年3月日本遭受了自然灾害,日本正在重新审查其能源计划,并正在考虑将能源从核能源转向替代能源。 德国和瑞士等国家也分别宣布于2022年和2034年淘汰核电站,以有利于再生能源.", "72. 联合国 如果我们要避免灾难,当前的世界状况毫无疑问地表明,人类与可持续发展的三大支柱 -- -- 环境、社会和经济 -- -- 的关系需要发生重大变化。 我们选择了用事物来界定,正是事物使我们无法充分发挥潜力,无法实现与自然的相互关联,无法向可持续发展迈进,最终也无法同自然和谐相处。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 到第二个千年到来时,一些国家已经开始摆脱许多世纪以来对自然的以人类为中心的观点。 新西兰1986年的《环境法》具体规定了大自然的基本价值,具体如下: \" 确保在管理自然和物质资源时,充分和均衡地考虑到生态系统的内在价值 \" 。", "74. 国家 在瑞典,保护生物多样性是1999年《环境法》所载的五项目标之一,其中规定“必须保护生物多样性,因为自然环境值得保护。 这意味着必须保持生态系统的长期生产能力。 生物多样性既涉及生态系统的多样性,也涉及动植物物种的多样性。 \" [20] 芬兰2006年国家可持续发展战略指出,其目标是在国家和全球自然承载能力范围内确保人民的福祉。 [21] 2010年1月生效的挪威《动物福利法》第3条规定: \" 动物具有内在价值,无论它们对人类可能具有何种价值。 动物应受到良好对待并受到保护,免受不必要的压力和压力的危险。”", "75. 国家 新通过的《厄瓜多尔宪法》(2008年)规定,在所有规划活动中都应考虑到自然权利,包括:以整体方式尊重自然存在的权利,包括维持和再生自然周期、功能和演变过程的权利;以及恢复的权利。 [23] 2010年12月,多民族玻利维亚国通过了一项新的《地球母亲权利法》,赋予她以下七项权利:生命权和生存权;不改变或转基因改变细胞结构的权利;获得纯水的权利;获得清洁空气的权利;平衡的权利;不受人类改变而继续生命循环和过程的权利;以及不受污染的权利。 [24] (简体中文).", "四、结 论 结论", "76. 联合国 现代,后工业社会在无限幸福,物质丰富和支配自然的虚幻承诺的基础上,成为唯物主义和消费主义. 自工业时代起,已经发展起来的经济体制,就不是由什么对人有好处决定的,更不是自然,而是由什么对经济体制的增长有好处决定的. 在这种体系中,大自然、我们的来源和我们生存的维持力被忽略和利用。 在我们的盲目中,我们破坏了地球母亲给我们的惊人的能力、丰富的营养和能量,以她再生的能力以及我们人类的生存来维持地球。", "77. 国家 正如一再发生的金融危机不断提醒我们的那样,以物质增长为基础的社会经济制度是不可持续的,同样,在一个资源有限的世界中争取无限增长也是相互矛盾的。 我们需要将我们的社会转变为尊重各种生活形式的社会。 只有这样一个社会才能真正健康。 为了实现这一目标,我们必须不仅重新审视现有的经济模式,而且还要重新审视支持这一模式的道德价值观。 财富、知识和技术作出了宝贵贡献。 但是,单靠它们并不能使人类免于其过分行为及其对地球母亲的有害影响。 我们看到地球母亲的健康正在加速恶化。 我们必须承认,我们自己是大自然的固有组成部分。 通过污染和消耗地球母亲,我们也在污染和消耗自己。 我们正在助长造成影响我们的日益严重的自然灾害的各种力量和不平衡。", "78. 国家 在我们筹备召开联合国可持续发展大会时,改变我们在地球上的行为方式将需要在价值观上作重大转变。 我们的生存取决于我们如何同地球母亲共存的明智选择。 专家告诉我们,我们每年共同消耗三分之一的资源,而地球自己可以在一年之内再生。 世界消费和生产需要向可持续的范围汇合,由发达国家带头。", "79. 联合国 我们需要接受自然作为我们的指导来源,以建立一个道德上和科学上都健全的经济体系。 我们必须接受大自然作为我们结束数百万人遭受的贫困的指导源泉,而对于他们来说,世界仍然广大而陌生。 我们需要接受大自然作为我们结束我们缺乏精神的指导源泉,以便我们能够学会生活在我们的能力所及范围内。 我们需要以我们还没有做到的方式与自然相融合。 必须尊重并尊重自然及其内在价值。 最后,我们必须认识到,为了加强可持续发展的事业,我们必须努力使每一个支柱,即环境、社会和经济支柱都成为整体。", "80个 在尊重大自然作为我们指南的同时,我们必须以我们的精神来推动我们实现可持续发展的旅程。 我们必须审视我们固有的人类价值的基石,审视我们行动背后的意图。 在我们纪念无数人民在历史上寻求建立一个健康社会所留下的遗产时,我们必须承认我们对他们的工作的感谢。 人类拥有一万年的历史,全人类都参与这一旅程。 让我们创造一个新的日历,一个尊重自然的全球意识,让我们利用古代文明的智慧同自然和谐相处。 在我们重申对可持续发展的承诺时,让我们不要忽视这样一个事实,即我们应当被铭记为在联合国可持续发展大会上形成共识的一代人。 大地母亲.", "五. 建议", "81个 根据上述讨论和在政府间会议上以及在主要群体关于同自然和谐相处的磋商中发表的意见,各国不妨考虑以下建议:", "(a) 国家 在2012年6月举行的联合国可持续发展大会上,审议确认自然内在价值及其再生能力的宣言;", "(b) 国家 为了进一步更新与自然和谐相处的知识库,大会应继续酌情邀请各机构、组织、研究中心和学术界的代表以及诺贝尔奖获得者向决策者介绍本报告所论述的主题;", "(c) 继续通过联合国可持续发展网站展示为在与自然和谐相处中推动人人共享的发展而正在开展的工作,将经济、社会和环境支柱结合起来。", "[1] 见http://www.uncsd2012.org/rio20/index.php?page=view&type=13&nr=252&menu=46.", "[2] Grant Hardy,“东方知识传统伟大思想”,教学公司,2011年。", "[3] Roderick Frazier Nash, The Rights of Nature: A History of Environment Environment Entertainment Entertainment,威斯康星大学出版社,1989年.", "[4] James L. Axtell, 编.,. 《约翰·洛克的教育写作:带有导言和说明的批判版》,剑桥大学出版社,伦敦,1968年。", "[5] Paul Walden Bamford,“法国森林立法与行政,1660-1789”,农业历史,第29卷,第3期,1955年。", "[6] 讣告:Dietrich Brandis爵士,F.R.S.,《地理学杂志》,第30卷,第1期,1907年。", "[7] Peter D. Ouspensky, Tertium Organum, Knopf, 纽约, 1981年。", "[8] Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac,牛津大学出版社,牛津,1949年。", "[9] 伊丽莎·莫杰拉, “生命法和赋予穷人权力”,联合国粮食及农业组织,罗马,2010年。", "[10] George和Catherine Pring,《绿化正义:创建和改进环境法院和法庭》,《接触倡议》,2009年。", "[11] 多内拉 Meadows,“Leverage Points:一种系统中介入的地方”,可持续性研究所,1999年。", "[12] Ed Diener, The Science of Well-Being, 2009. 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2009-10-21.,.", "[13] 《2010年世界状况:转变文化:从消费主义到可持续性》,世界观察研究所,2010年(http://www.worldwatch.org)。", "[14] Annie Leonard, The Story of Stuff, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2010. 安妮·伦纳德, The Story of Stuff, Simon and Schuster, New York, 2010. (原始内容存档于2010年7月1日).", "[15] 2004年世界状况:特别重点:消费者协会,世界观察研究所,2004年(http://www.worldwatch.org)。", "[16] 2010年,世界上营养不良的人数为9.25亿. 由于多重危机,2009年这一数字上升到10.23亿美元。 2010年这种微不足道的改善正受到2010年下半年粮价暴涨的威胁。 见《2010年世界粮食不安全状况》,联合国粮食及农业组织,罗马,2010年。", "[17] “足够多少?” http://www.economist.com/node/18200702 (中文(简体) ).", "[18] 全球粮食损失和粮食废物,联合国粮食及农业组织,罗马,2011年。", "[19] http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1986/0127/latest/DLM98975.html.", "[20] 见 http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/02/05/49/6736cf92.pdf.", "[21] 见 http://www.ymparisto.fi. (原始内容存档于2017-09-29).", "[22] 见http://www.regjeringen.no。", "[23] (简体中文). 见http://pdba.georgetown.edu/宪法/ecuador/ecuador.html.", "[24] (简体中文). 见 http://www.gacetaofficialdebolivia.gob.bo/normas/. 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2013-12-21." ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 19 (a) of the provisional agenda*", "Sustainable development: implementation of Agenda 21, the Programme for the Further Implementation of Agenda 21 and the outcomes of the World Summit on Sustainable Development", "Agricultural technology for development", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "Interest in agricultural technologies adapted to smallholders, in particular smallholders who are women, has been revived by the return of high food prices and the need to adapt to climate change. Sustainable intensification of smallholder production will require a shift to knowledge-intensive agriculture that combines local knowledge with the latest scientific research related to sustainability, so as to adapt practices to local ecosystems and increase resilience to climate change and price and other shocks. Poor farmers, often women, usually live in more extreme environments in addition to being less connected to markets. A radical change in the focus of national agricultural plans and substantial investment are needed to unleash the production potential of smallholders, contributing to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and boosting food production to meet the 70 per cent increase needed by 2050. A holistic approach is needed to raise productivity and the resilience of agriculture and supporting ecosystems, and to ensure the efficient and equitable functioning of agricultural supply chains.", "I. Overview", "1. The present report has been prepared in response to General Assembly resolution 64/197 requesting the Secretary-General to submit a report to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on progress in making appropriate sustainable agricultural technologies available and affordable, especially to smallholder farmers, and making agriculture more resilient, including to climate change.", "2. Recent crises have generated wider global political engagement, partnerships and commitments to food and nutrition security,[1] meeting nutritional needs, the right to food and investment in small-scale farmers, including women farmers. A consensus is emerging that achieving sustainable intensification of agriculture, food and nutrition security, farmer resilience and the Millennium Development Goals will require major changes to national agricultural policies, education, partnerships, markets, infrastructure and institutions. Several recent endeavours offer good practices that could be replicated and scaled up. The present report outlines elements of this emerging consensus.", "3. The report benefited from inputs from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the High-level Task Force on Global Food Security.", "II. New context, new paradigm", "4. The 2008 food crisis and the recent return of high food prices accompanied by greater price volatility have called into question the current food system, under which the number of undernourished people has increased by almost 10 per cent between 1990/92 and 2010.[2] Smallholder and family farmers, despite being the major producers of food, especially in developing regions, are the majority of the world’s poor people and a very large proportion of the chronically undernourished. Boosting agricultural productivity, in particular of smallholders, is one of the most effective ways of addressing global poverty and improving food and nutrition security. Increasing output in agriculture is two to four times more effective in reducing poverty than increases in other sectors.[3] The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) finds that agricultural research and development has achieved annual economic rates of return of 50 to 66 per cent for investment in areas as varied as the development and release of disease-resistant, high-yielding cassava varieties, wheat rust resistance and hybrid maize research. Returns to agricultural development projects can yield between 20 and 147 per cent.[4]", "5. Food production must increase in the context of growing scarcity of land and water and severe weather related to climate change. Land degradation is affecting productivity, and yield growth — despite large investments in yield-enhancing varieties — is not keeping up with population growth. Soil compaction alone has caused reductions in yields of between 40 to 90 per cent in western African countries, and nutrient depletion also reduces productivity in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Meanwhile, 20 African countries are already experiencing severe water scarcity and another 12 will face water scarcity over the next 25 years.", "6. Land degradation is worse in areas where poverty and hunger are concentrated and climate change disproportionably affects smallholders because they are more likely to depend on rain-fed agriculture and degraded land.² Resource degradation also specifically affects women, increasing the time they must spend on responsibilities such as food production, fuelwood collection and soil and water conservation.", "7. Sustainable intensification of agriculture is the only way to avoid localized chronic food and nutrition insecurity when between 75 and 90 per cent of staple foods are produced and consumed locally.² The High-level Task Force has concluded that unleashing the full potential of smallholders, including that of women farmers, is thus key to global food and nutrition security, creation of decent work and sustainable intensification of agriculture. FAO estimates that giving women better access to land, inputs and technology could increase yields by 2.5 to 4 per cent and reduce undernourishment by 12 to 17 per cent.²", "8. In the future, the path to sustainable growth in agricultural productivity will differ considerably from the green revolution approach. Smallholders must be at the centre of food systems that are well adapted to agroecosystems so as to increase both environmental and economic resilience. Tailoring sustainable agricultural practices to agroecosystems allows for higher diversity and thus greater protection against invasive pests and extreme events. It also permits diversification of income while reducing food production’s reliance on fossil fuels with their increasingly volatile prices.[5]", "9. Agriculture — which includes growing crops, rearing livestock, producing fish and maintaining forests — in developing countries must undergo a significant transformation to meet the challenges described above. This new paradigm for agriculture will require that smallholders are at the centre of innovation systems, helping to shape the agenda for research and development and extension services so that the crops, fish and livestock products that matter to them as producers and consumers receive adequate attention.[6] It also requires radical changes in existing policies, changes that would result in a strengthening of currently fragmented systems of innovation, a redesign of the education system and investment in agricultural development throughout the supply chain and in sustainable resource management through innovative partnerships with farmers.²", "Empowerment of women", "10. The majority of smallholder farmers and rural entrepreneurs in developing regions are women and they play a vital role in rural economies by providing their families with food, water and fuel. Their productive potential remains untapped, however, owing to gender gaps in access to a range of assets such as land, education, technology and productive inputs. In Africa, for instance, women represent 80 per cent of agricultural producers³ and account for half the agricultural output.² Only 5 per cent of landholders in North and West Africa and 15 per cent in sub-Saharan Africa are women, while women represent 40 per cent of the agricultural work force in Africa and in East and South-East Asia.² When they own, women own smaller farms.", "11. Science and technology offer several proven solutions to many challenges faced by rural women living in poverty, and they provide opportunities for their economic empowerment. These solutions include labour-saving technologies related to women’s domestic and productive work, such as water pumps, community water schemes, improved cooking technologies, improved transport of water, wood and crops, improved cultivation techniques, and post-harvest and food processing technologies. Rural women in most parts of the world continue to be underserved by technologies and the poorest women continue to rely on traditional, labour-intensive technologies or use no technologies at all. Because of women’s lower education levels and discriminatory practices, such as lesser access to credit and lack of land tenure for women, men benefit from new and improved agricultural technologies more often than women.²", "12. Agricultural extension continues to play a key role in disseminating technology. Extension methods have changed greatly over the years, generally moving towards more participatory approaches and increasingly making use of new information technologies. However, women farmers continue to face an inherent bias in gaining exposure to extension services and the role of women in agricultural production needs to be taken much more into account in extension services and in technological research on commodities and production processes that are dominated by women. Participatory research programmes involving women in the evaluation of new technologies and in the decision-making process can greatly contribute to the development of agricultural practices that respond to women’s needs. For example, several initiatives of the International Rice Research Institute supported by IFAD applied a participatory approach by which women suggested new criteria, such as taste and milling qualities, for variety selection and germ-plasm evaluation for biotechnology research.[7] Reducing the education gap for women and increasing the number of women in scientific and agricultural programmes and of women extension agents (only 7 per cent of extension agents in Africa are women) could also increase the contribution of women to agricultural production.[8]", "13. Mainstreaming gender into agricultural policies and the legal and regulatory frameworks that govern the use of technologies can be facilitated through the FAO Socio-economic and Gender Analysis Programme, which helps Member States to build their analytical and policymaking capacities in reducing gender inequalities that affect participation in development, including access to and use of technologies.", "III. National policies and strategies", "14. The 2008 food crisis has helped the world to rediscover the need for sound agricultural development plans to achieve food and nutrition security, economic growth and progress in achieving the Millennium Development Goals. This realization helped to reverse a long trend towards disinvestment in agriculture, both by donors and by developing countries.", "15. In response to the 2008 food crisis, the Group of Eight and five other donors committed in the L’Aquila Joint Statement on Global Food Security to mobilize $22 billion over three years in support of country-led plans for agriculture, with a coordinated, comprehensive strategy for agriculture and food and nutrition security. As part of the L’Aquila initiative, the Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme, a fund administered by the World Bank, was launched to support country-led agricultural development strategies. In Africa, the fund specifically supports countries that have advanced through the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme process. That process, launched at a summit of African heads of State in Maputo in 2003, commits African Governments to spend at least 10 per cent of their budgets on agriculture and includes a peer and technical review process to ensure development effectiveness. The equivalent of $925 million has been pledged so far by Australia, Canada, the Republic of Korea, Spain, the United States of America and the Gates Foundation. Ireland has contributed to the operating costs of the Global Programme.", "16. The Global Agriculture and Food Security Programme has helped to speed up the development of national plans. Twenty six African countries have completed their national plans of action on agriculture under the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme and 16 have prepared and peer reviewed their national investment plans, often with the support of FAO and the United Nations regional commissions. Following independent technical review of national proposals, the Global Programme has to date awarded 12 grants, to Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Haiti, Liberia, Mongolia, Nepal, the Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Togo and Tajikistan, that together amount to $481 million (out of $520.2 million received against commitments). Other country proposals, several of which have already been identified as ready for support, will be funded once additional funding is committed to the Global Program account.", "17. The United Nations system provides increasingly coordinated support to national strategies for food and nutrition security in developing countries. The High-level Task Force, which brings together 22 organizations, funds, programmes and departments within the United Nations family, the Bretton Woods institutions, the World Trade Organization and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, promotes synergy in this inter-agency work. The work of the Task Force is informed by its Updated Comprehensive Framework for Action, which has promoted alignment of the approaches adopted by the various United Nations entities towards food and nutrition security issues and is now increasingly being used by Governments, the Group of Twenty (G20), development partners and civil society to plan their own strategies. Drawing on the work of the Task Force, there is an emerging consensus among national and international stakeholders that sustainable intensification of agriculture, with smallholders at the centre and systematic protection systems for the most vulnerable, are central both to food and nutrition security and agricultural development plans. This is echoed in the Rural Poverty Report 2011 published by IFAD,⁷ the Policymaker’s Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production,⁶ published by FAO, the World Economic and Social Survey and Realizing a New Vision for Agriculture: a roadmap for stakeholders, published by the World Economic Forum.[9]", "18. Progress on the declaration made in Maputo by African Heads of State is variable. The African Union has agreed to a yearly 6 per cent growth target for agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) where agriculture plays a dominant role but, despite 5 per cent growth in GDP, according to IFPRI agricultural GDP in the region grew by only 3 per cent between 2000 and 2008. In a recent report on research and development in Africa, IFPRI finds that, despite significant agricultural investment in eight countries, others, such as the countries of francophone West Africa, are dangerously dependent on volatile external funding sources. Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and the Sudan accounted for an increasing share of regional public agricultural research and development spending (70 per cent) and all researchers (64 per cent) in 2008.", "19. Renewed Government commitment to agriculture has resulted in a rise in public agricultural research and development in Brazil, China and India. Brazil and India each spent slightly less on public agricultural research and development than sub-Saharan Africa as a whole (totalling $1.7 billion). China’s spending far exceeds any other country, amounting in 2007 to $4.3 billion (in 2005 purchasing power parity prices) according to IFPRI. Investment by these Governments has led to dynamic innovation systems in support of agricultural development.² The eight large African countries listed above, with well-funded agricultural research programmes, have led agricultural growth in the region. Growth in spending in Ghana, Nigeria, the Sudan, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania — the main drivers of regional growth — was largely the result of significant injections of Government funding. Brazil, India and China are also mostly relying on their own investment, but FAO has found that many other emerging and developing countries have a limited ability to fill the investment gap, even if official development assistance is included.", "20. The contribution of investment by donors and development banks has increased as a result of the launch of sizable projects funded through World Bank loans in a number of countries as part of the West and East Africa Agricultural Productivity Programmes. Activities focus on generating and disseminating improved agricultural technologies that address both national and regional priorities, focusing on roots and tubers in Ghana, rice in Mali and the United Republic of Tanzania, cereals in Senegal, cassava in Uganda, wheat in Ethiopia and dairy products in Kenya.", "21. In Africa, Malawi offers an example of a holistic approach and inspirational leadership by the President, Bingu wa Mutharika, who put in place a series of policy measures to address agricultural and overall development. He took charge of the Ministry of Agriculture and Nutrition himself, committing 16 per cent of spending to agriculture and initiating a rigorous process of assessment and multi-stakeholder consultation aimed at developing a plan for importing improved seeds and fertilizers for distribution to smallholders at subsidized prices through coupons. Production doubled, but costs were high because of leakages in the coupon system, poor targeting of subsidies, the exclusion of the private sector and lack of farmer training, investment in irrigation and post-harvest support. These lessons were used to improve the programme before returning the portfolio to the line ministry.", "Room for improvement", "22. Despite progress, a recent review by IFPRI of agricultural institutional developments, investment and capacity at the national, regional and global levels offers four areas to be addressed by Governments, donors and other stakeholders:", "(a) Decades of underinvestment in agricultural research and development;", "(b) Excessive volatility in yearly investment levels;", "(c) Existing and imminent challenges in human resource capacity;", "(d) The need to maximize regional and subregional cooperation in agricultural research and development.", "23. Few agricultural plans take a holistic approach that takes into account the required rural infrastructure, improvement in market access, provision of extension services and technological capacity-building, coordination among multiple stakeholders in the Government, academia, business and civil society, and the need to address property rights, while setting these within a wider framework of sustainable management of natural resources, especially to address land and biodiversity degradation and overuse and contamination of water tables.² Going forward, national plans will also have to take into account adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, by increasing carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems and building resilience to climate shocks. No blanket approach will do. In areas where overuse of fertilizers and pesticides has degraded land and water resources, appropriate policies may include removing fertilizer subsidies and facilitating improved soil and water management. In much of sub-Saharan Africa, by contrast, incentives and means to increase the addition of nutrients to nutrient depleted soils may be needed.", "24. Most plans still focus on supply-side interventions, and do not pay enough attention to where the increased production will ultimately go. A supply-chain or cluster approach is needed to increase productivity and the income of farmers, especially smallholders, who are mostly remote from markets and have little access to credit. A supply-chain approach pays better attention to the final market for agricultural goods, taking into account all stages of the agricultural supply chain.[10] Without proper linkages between rural producers and urban consumers, urban growth cannot spur widespread eradication of rural poverty. In sub-Saharan Africa for instance, growing demand for food in urban areas is increasingly met by imports rather than by domestic production. Improvements in harvesting techniques, post-harvest technologies,[11] storage and cooling facilities in difficult climatic conditions, infrastructure, and packaging and marketing systems are also needed to be able to support sustained improvements in the delivery of quality food produce to market, and hence in farmers’ incomes, in developing countries. For the most part, national plans do not include activities to foster interactions among farmers, small and medium-sized enterprises and research centres, which can add value to unprocessed raw material, or to strengthen value chains and the participation therein and benefit therefrom for small farmers. The plans typically do not address the need to work with the private sector and support the creation of well-functioning farmers’ groups or cooperatives to promote development of equitable aggregation programmes that allow smallholders to reap the benefits of economies of scale and meet the volume requirements of the increasingly dominant supermarkets. Fiscal policies such as reducing export taxes can also increase exports of processed food, as experienced by Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana.", "25. Research by McKinsey finds that the plans of many African countries lack specificity, having a large number of initiatives and activities that are not easily managed and targets that are not easily measured. McKinsey recommends concentrating investment on a value chain of importance to the country, a “breadbasket” region positioned for large productivity increases, or an infrastructure corridor. For instance Brazil took the regional approach by investing heavily in the Cerrado region, while Mali is considering a pilot breadbasket approach in the Sikasso region to raise cereal production in a sustainable way. The United Republic of Tanzania, and Mozambique, Malawi and Zambia working together, are taking an agricultural development corridor approach, concentrating investment in farms and facilities for storage and processing around a major infrastructure project (usually a private sector mining or other infrastructure project).", "26. Ensuring that there is a reliable supply of quality seed of adapted varieties requires integrated national strategies for the management of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. Plant breeding capacities are in decline in most national programmes and furthermore are not linked to development of the seed sector, either by public or private partnerships. This impedes farmers from accessing improved varieties and high quality seeds. Plans need to include practical actions and targeted policy measures that create greater linkage and collaboration between plant breeding, seed systems and conservation stakeholders to make available climate-ready crops and seeds worldwide.", "27. Agriculture in developing countries will need substantial and sustained investment in human, natural, physical and social capital to intensify production sustainably. FAO estimates that average annual gross investment of $209 billion is needed in primary agriculture and in downstream sectors to meet the needed 70 per cent increase in production by 2050. Investment of $83 billion annually is needed in developing countries alone.", "28. The recently released FAO Policymaker’s Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production provides a toolkit rooted in a new paradigm of agriculture based on sustainable ecosystems, which should help Member States to achieve the above changes.⁶ For instance, FAO provides guidance and relevant tools to countries on how to use and conserve the pollination services that sustain agroecosystems, and to formulate policies that will ensure sustainability of these ecosystem services. It also provides guidance on developing national phytosanitary strategies based on international standards to ensure the safe trade of plants and plant products and secure access to international markets, and on support for seed production systems.", "29. ILO supports countries to implement the Global Jobs Pact, adopted in June 2009, through seminars, knowledge-sharing tools and office-wide policy briefs. The Pact places employment and social protection at the centre of extraordinary fiscal stimulus measures, with the view that this will protect the vulnerable and reactivate investment and demand in the economy. The Pact is defined and implemented at the national and global levels, based on social dialogue, employment and social protection measures best adapted to each national situation.", "IV. Supporting agricultural research and development[12]", "30. The yields of many staple foods have been stagnating for more than a decade now, despite huge investment in and adoption of high-yielding varieties.[13] Meanwhile, according to FAO agricultural production needs to double in developing countries by 2050. In many countries, the twin objective of food and nutrition security and environmental sustainability will require, inter alia, greater and well-targeted investment in research and development and wider dissemination of information and technological support to small-scale farmers through adequate extension services and stronger multi-stakeholder partnerships. The public sector needs to invest in research and development and provide adequate incentives to expand research on crops and processes that are relevant to the poor. FAO notes that research and development is now dominated by the private sector, concentrated in six major companies focusing mainly on profitable developed country markets. Private-sector funding can be facilitated by an enabling policy environment, including strong intellectual property legislation, minimal barriers to importing and testing new technologies and tax exemptions on research expenditures.", "31. In the case of Africa, eight countries have increased their research and development in agriculture but several others are grossly underfunded. Even in the eight countries with well-developed research systems, support for research varies considerably from year to year, notably in South Africa and Kenya.", "32. Nigeria has the largest agricultural research system in sub-Saharan Africa in terms of investment, capacity and the number of government and higher education institutions. Public agricultural research and development more than doubled during 2000-2008, offsetting an earlier decline, salary levels increased and a freeze on government recruitment was lifted. The role of the higher education sector in agricultural research was also increased during this time.", "33. In Africa, 16 countries have created academies of science (Ghana, Cameroon, Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, the Sudan, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania and Zimbabwe) that should help in integrating knowledge. However, despite the infrastructure development needed in Africa, only South Africa has an academy devoted to promoting engineering. Regional integration is also helping collaboration and information-sharing among national research centres in sub-Saharan Africa. The Forum for Agricultural Research in Africa, the Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa, the West and Central African Council for Agricultural Research and Development and the Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources Directorate of the Southern African Development Community have all made considerable progress in coordinating agricultural research activities in their member countries through the establishment of various research networks. They allow national agricultural research systems to specialize in certain fields and have proved to be particularly beneficial for small countries that lack a critical mass in agricultural research and development.", "34. Lessons from the green revolution and the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) are that: (a) innovation and development of new technologies requires long-term secure financing and commitment; and (b) adoption of new technologies requires an enabling institutional framework and large investment in infrastructure and capacity development among farmers, as well as access to inputs, credit and markets.²", "35. Public research institutions also require a radical change in their current model of operation so as to improve their responsiveness to the needs of farmers, including through joint experimentation and learning. IFAD is attempting to address these needs through a grant to the International Fertilizer Development Center to fine-tune and scale up innovative approaches for developing site-specific, integrated soil fertility management options, appropriate (including organic) fertilizers, mechanisms for enabling access to fertilizers by resource-poor farmers, increased adoption of soil management options, and desirable institutional, behavioural and policy changes in West Africa.", "36. Participation of women in agricultural research and extension services, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, will be critical to ensure their particular needs are met. IFPRI has reported that some countries, such as Botswana, Mozambique and South Africa, have larger shares of female professional staff in agricultural research and higher education (32 per cent, 35 per cent and 41 per cent, respectively), while others have very low levels, such as 6 per cent in Ethiopia, 9 per cent in Togo, 10 per cent in the Niger and 12 per cent in Burkina Faso.", "Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research", "37. Budgets allocated to CGIAR grew from $15 million in 1970 to $305 million in 1990 and reached $600 million in 2011. The cost-benefit ratio of the CGIAR research has been estimated to range from 1.9 to 17.3 based on a subset of its research.[14] This institution, which supported the green revolution, is undergoing significant reform, which in 2010 resulted in a new structure based on a results-based management approach for strategic planning, management and communications centred on continuous learning and accountability. The new system level outcomes that inform the design of CGIAR research programmes are: (a) reducing rural poverty; (b) improving food security; (c) improving nutrition and health; and (d) sustainable management of natural resources. Priority is increasingly given to responding to local needs (including applied and operational research), validating and disseminating field experience and good practices and building the capacity of national institutions.", "38. In 2010, IFAD approved grants amounting to $13.6 million to the 15 CGIAR-led programmes (now extended to the Global Forum on Agricultural Research) which promote worldwide collaborative research partnerships. Through information-sharing and assessment of innovative policies and programmes, IFAD partnerships with the various CGIAR centres support efforts to improve access to productive assets and new markets for high-value commodities. For example, IFAD works with Biodiversity International to raise the profile of neglected and underutilized species and to support provision of improved seeds to poor rural communities in India, Peru, the Plurinational State of Bolivia and Yemen.", "United Nations system", "39. FAO assists 60 countries with capacity-building technical assistance projects. These projects assess the current state of agricultural innovation systems; strengthen the capacity of the research, extension, education, information and communication institutions and services; provide methods and tools to strengthen the linkages between traditional and scientific knowledge generation; and develop management and policy mechanisms to strengthen the agricultural innovation system and to make it more sustainable.", "40. FAO leads several initiatives that enhance the dissemination of the outputs of agricultural research and innovation including: (a) the Coherence in Information for Agricultural Research for Development initiative, which provides a framework of good policy and practice supported by a range of open tools and services for organizations to make public domain outputs truly accessible, now supported by more than 100 major research organizations and universities; (b) the Access to Global Online Research in Agriculture programme, which provides free or extremely low-cost access to 2,700 online published scientific articles to over 2,500 registered institutions in 107 low-income countries; and (c) the conceptual model for the Virtual Extension and Research Communication Network, which promotes the use of Internet-based technologies and communication to increase linkages among agricultural policy, research and extension institutions and other key stakeholders.", "Integrating local know-how", "41. An interesting trend in supporting knowledge-intensive agriculture is the recognition of the role of decentralized universities as agents of regional knowledge transfer. The decentralization of knowledge to a variety of local institutions will be key to integrating local knowledge and new technology to adapt them to local agroecosystems and to climate change. For instance, the Government of Ghana established the Multi-campus University for Development Studies in 1992 with the goal of making tertiary education relevant to rural communities in northern Ghana using resources from the region. The pedagogical approach emphasizes practice-oriented, community-based, problem-solving, gender-sensitive and interactive learning applied to local poverty problems.[15] Students are expected to understand the importance of local knowledge and to find ways to combine it with science through practical field programmes involving participatory learning and appraisal, during which students live and work in rural communities.¹⁵ The majority of graduates of this university are now working in rural communities. Uganda has developed similar community-based agricultural education.", "42. FAO supports the integration of local know-how by providing links and building communication channels for knowledge exchange between United Nations agencies and other stakeholders. FAO also provides advice and technical assistance to countries in identifying communication needs and in applying innovative, cost-effective communication strategies for specific audiences. The principle of “Communication for development”, supported by FAO, is a critical component of any development initiative to ensure knowledge is effectively shared among people and institutions. UNESCO also fosters the use of traditional knowledge in several selected biosphere reserve projects around the world (such as in Cuba and Morocco) that provide lessons for Governments.", "Land and water", "43. Agriculture and land are closely linked. Addressing the nexus of food, land, water and energy security, environment and climate change is vital for an agricultural sector to be able to meet an increasing demand for food staples and to be environmentally, socially and economically sustainable. Agriculture and water are also closely linked. Worldwide, agriculture consumes 70 per cent of all withdrawals of freshwater, an increasingly scarce resource. Agricultural water productivity has to be increased significantly to raise yields and cope with climate change. Adaptation efforts must begin now to avoid building infrastructure that locks agricultural users into unsustainable behaviour for years to come. Integrated land and water resources management, efficient use of water resources and safe reuse of wastewater will be vital in both adaptation to and mitigation of climate change. African examples of rainfed systems include raised seedbeds to trap water and keyhole gardens using wastewater. Improved irrigation systems include mini-sprinkler and drip systems, precision timing in plant watering and crop systems, such as the intensive rice system, that use less water than traditional systems. Improved water harvesting and retention are also fundamental for increasing production. For instance, one pilot project using an earthen dam to collect rainwater to permit irrigation during the dry season has doubled rice yields in Costa Rica, Mexico and Nicaragua.¹³", "V. Supporting technology transfer and extension services", "44. Radical reform of and support for technology transfer and extension services are needed to meet the challenges of food and nutrition security, poverty reduction and environmental sustainability. After decades of underinvestment, many developing countries have weak agricultural innovation systems that are fragmented and poorly linked with farmers, civil society organizations and the private sector. Yet, agricultural extension workers are still an important vehicle for the transmission of knowledge, information and training for small farm holders, provided that they have adequate training themselves, a clear mandate and adequate remuneration.", "45. Successful adoption of sustainable practices have in common:", "(a) Technical knowledge is made relevant and accessible to farmers and farmers are directly involved in learning and innovation aimed at adapting knowledge, technology and management practices to the local context;", "(b) Active participation of various actors including Governments, non‑governmental organizations, private companies and multilateral organizations in scaling up innovations, disseminating knowledge, building capacity among farmers, fostering trust and reducing the risks of new technology and agricultural practices;", "(c) Adjustments in institutions governing agricultural research and development to induce farmers to adopt new practices, redefining the role of women and establishing closer interacting networks;[16]", "(d) An enabling environment within which farmers can overcome the constraints they face in adopting new technology and agricultural practices.²", "46. Several effective collaborations among multiple stakeholders have been successful in designing and deploying innovations with large-scale impacts including farmer field schools and the system of rice intensification, among others.²", "47. The experience of the farmer field schools, which are operating in 87 countries, shows that innovation and flexible natural resource management can be advanced through farmer-to-farmer learning, with participation from formal and informal research institutions. The schools involve a participatory approach that allows small farm holders to test technical alternatives and adjust them to local conditions and ecology. A partnership between the Government of Indonesia, the United States Agency for International Development and FAO has expanded farmer field schools from Indonesia and the Philippines to Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam and has also extended the content to include a range of management skills. Scientific evaluation is needed, however, to ensure that farmer field schools are an effective tool to disseminate knowledge. Some have found that farmer field schools are not easily scalable and that they have had contestable impact on the sustainability of agricultural intensification.[17]", "48. In-service and on-the-job training and distance education via mobile telephony, video and radio have also proved effective and are increasingly complementing extension services. FAO facilitates the e-Agriculture global community of practice that was established after the World Summit on the Information Society to foster the more effective use of information and communications technology (ICT). Over 7,000 information and communication specialists, researchers, people in rural institutions, farmers, policymakers and business people from more than 160 countries share good practices and information about the use of ICT for sustainable agriculture and rural development.", "49. Mobile telephony now provides an affordable and accessible means of communication and support to bring innovation to rural communities so as to create economic opportunities and strengthen social networks. The implementation of local innovation and communication plans by FAO has improved the delivery of advisory services, the use of local knowledge and participation by farmers in decision-making, enhancing research, extension and linkages among farmers. Special emphasis has been given to promoting the sustainable management of natural resources in agriculture. Farmers and communities have used mobile telephony to do electronic banking and to access real time weather, price and other information. FAO uses mobile telephones to monitor the incidence and spread of infectious pests and diseases, use and disposal of government pesticide stocks, location of water sources and regional price changes.", "50. Videos of peers practising improved management have proven to be very effective with African women, more so than training workshops.¹⁵ For instance, in Benin videos have been used to introduce women to improved rice processing techniques. These can be reinforced through radio programmes, as does Radio Guinée Maritime. These low-cost technologies are underutilized in fomenting innovation through farmer-to-farmer knowledge-sharing.", "51. The system of rice intensification was developed outside formal research institutions, mostly by non-governmental organizations and farmers through continuous learning and adaptation. The system implements simple management changes such as hand transplantation in non-flood fields of younger plants, with higher spacing between them and broader use of organic fertilizer and integrated pest management. It has been successfully tested in 40 countries, increasing yields by 50 per cent while reducing water use and input costs, thus increasing incomes. The Governments of Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia and Viet Nam have endorsed the system of rice intensification and included it in their national strategies for food security.", "52. Rapid expansion of quality education in rural areas, including adult and women literacy and training, will also be needed to ensure farmers have the ability to innovate, learn from one another and adapt to change in agroecological and market conditions.", "53. To provide a forum for sharing of experience in the rural advisory services sector, FAO has supported the formation of the new Global Forum for Rural Advisory Services. The Forum has 34 regional and national affiliates with which it is consulting to develop a five-year operational plan and a guidance kit for evaluating rural advisory service systems and developing evidence-based approaches and policies for improving the effectiveness of these services and programmes.", "54. FAO also stimulates the sharing of knowledge between applied research and field extension agents through TECA, an information system that provides an Internet-based platform to share knowledge on applied technologies and practices for small agricultural producers and online exchange groups on specific geographical areas or themes. The new platform was tested with rural users and reviewed to contain only well-described technologies and practices that comply with the needs of rural users (300 technologies and practices). On average about 10,000 pages of the platform are viewed per month and awareness activities are ongoing. The modules can be decentralized to Member States, as was done with the Plurinational State of Bolivia.", "55. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Agricultural Engineering and Machinery of the Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific has developed an institutionalized process for testing and promoting safe and sustainable machinery for the region through pilots using harvest and post-harvest technologies in Myanmar and high-yielding rice cultivation and seed production technology in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Fiji and the Philippines (see E/ESCAP/67/6).", "VI. Market and financing services", "Market services", "56. While the private sector has played an increasingly important role in accelerating innovation in agriculture through a variety of mechanisms, the risk of excluding small-scale farmers is high. Large supermarket chains control between 40 and 50 per cent of the food market in Latin America and the Caribbean, about 10 per cent in China, 30 per cent in South Africa and 50 per cent in Indonesia, requiring smallholders to have the capacity to meet strict quality standards and develop aggregation of their products through cooperatives and associations to reach the scale required for commercialization.", "57. Three factors are critical in preventing smallholder exclusion from the supermarket supply chains that are increasingly dominating procurement in developing countries: (a) a focus on products with a pre-identified market; (b) the catalysing involvement of private and/or public organizations with a commercial basis; and (c) sustainable group formation among farmers. Monopolistic practices in food markets must also be prevented.[18] Better access to information, credit and risk insurance would also leave small farm holders in a better position to engage in mutually beneficial partnerships with the private sector.²", "58. In addition, the proliferation of ethical and environmental certification processes in recent years is opening new opportunities for creating value chains that link small farm holders to larger export markets. Voluntary standards and certification programmes for bananas, coffee and cacao address a wide range of issues including environmental protection, labour rights, safety and health at work, social equity and the welfare of local communities, while providing farmers with price premiums and improving market access and stability.", "59. Nevertheless, FAO notes that standards aimed at food safety, quality, traceability and good agricultural practices, which are mainly developed by large firms in major markets, tend not to ensure price premiums and may harm small-scale growers by significantly raising the costs they incur to meet the standards. In response to this proliferation of standards, the non-profit and volunteer-based consortium Committee on Sustainability Assessment has developed a rigorous assessment tool and is now generating science-based information on the social, economic and environmental impacts of any sustainability practices — including their costs and benefits over five years. The tool has broad political acceptance with development agencies and leading firms because of its multi-stakeholder consultation process. The Committee is expanding data collection, including on coffee, tea, cotton, biofuel crops and fruits, and will provide agricultural sustainability information for dozens of countries. Data collection, of more than 5,000 data sets so far, is done by strengthening the capacity of leading local organizations in developing countries to collect data according to a standard method, making state-of-the-art impact assessment publicly available.", "60. FAO has also developed a work programme to provide advice on: (a) changes in government engagement with the private sector to reflect the diversity and changing markets; (b) the creation of an enabling environment for national agribusiness development; and (c) institutional strengthening and services sector development to support agricultural value chain programmes for sustainable and inclusive business development.", "Financing investment and innovation", "61. Publicly funded research should maintain an explicit focus on strategic priorities for food and nutrition security, including improving yields and resistance of staples, improving the nutritional value of crops, facilitating sustainable use of natural resources and/or reducing the use of external chemical inputs, and increasing resilience and adaptation to market conditions and climate change. Investments in agriculture are also a cost-effective way to build resilience and reduce the need for humanitarian aid year after year in regions facing chronic food and nutrition insecurity.", "62. Governments and donors are increasing investment in agriculture but more is needed to meet the growing demand for food. Progress on the declaration by African Heads of State in Maputo must be stepped up and delivery against the L’Aquila commitments will be an important step forward. With the economic and financial crisis however, public sector contribution to agriculture and rural development has been very variable, with a significant number of countries showing low or declining contributions.", "63. It is estimated that private sector investment in agriculture, including foreign direct investment, will need to increase by nearly 50 per cent overall to meet increasing demand (from some $142 billion per year). Yet there is evidence that current investments are frequently made with weak consultation with local communities, a lack of transparency over the terms of investment, and poor or non‑existent mechanisms to redress grievances related to exploitation of natural resources, large-scale land acquisition and loss of livelihoods in rural communities. FAO has noted that there is increasing evidence that alternative models that include smallholders, such as contract farming, outgrower schemes and joint-ventures with farmer organizations, are more conducive to sustainable economic development than the large-scale land acquisition model to create mega-farms in developing countries. Traditional pubic-private partnerships have also not been very successful in directing innovation efforts towards achieving sustainable development objectives.² To facilitate private investment that is responsible and fosters sustainable development, at the request of the G20, FAO, IFAD, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development and the World Bank developed the Principles for Responsible Agricultural Investment that Respects Rights, Livelihoods and Resources. The G20 has proposed that the organizations pilot the seven principles that have arisen from consultation in a first phase and use lessons learned to inform a consultation process for a second phase.", "64. Approaches which integrate and blend all sources of financing acceptable to each country will be needed.", "65. While it still needs to be tested in agriculture, the advanced market commitment mechanism for the production of vaccines, whereby donors make a large advance purchase commitment at a predetermined price, may offer significant lessons for technological innovation for sustainable agricultural intensification.", "66. Another innovative mechanism to engage the private sector is the results-based performance contract, for the development, for example, of improved seed or crop varieties with higher water-stress tolerance and greater responsiveness to fertilizers, granted on a competitive basis; this may be one means of stimulating private research.", "67. Industry partners of the World Economic Forum have contributed through regional consultations in Africa and Asia to develop the New Vision for Agriculture, whose road map was released at the annual Forum meeting in Davos, Switzerland, in January 2011. The road map focuses on partnerships among the public sector, the private sector and civil society, with farmers at the centre, to accelerate growth of sustainable agriculture.", "68. Implemented in conjunction with the African Union, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development and national Governments, these partnerships work towards sustainable intensification of smallholder agriculture and better functioning value chains involving businesses (including farmer organizations), civil society organizations and Governments.", "69. It is also important to learn from the range of pilot climate funds currently under implementation especially with respect to creating enabling environments for responsible private sector investment, both small-scale and large-scale, including partnerships with philanthropic organizations and foundations. Including sound agricultural practices in financial mechanisms such as REDD Plus could help to finance sustainable intensification. Agriculture contributes significantly to climate change by producing 10 to 12 per cent of total global anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Sustainable agricultural practices can significantly reduce emissions by storing carbon in the soil or in above ground biomass, or by reducing nitrous oxide or methane emissions. Another source of funding being explored is access to the funds made available under the Copenhagen Accord adopted at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2009 as fast-start finance for enhanced action on mitigation (including REDD), adaptation, technology development and transfer, capacity-building and long term support, though which the aim is to mobilize $100 billion per year by 2020.", "70. FAO and interested G20 members are working to develop a platform for capacity-building in tropical agriculture in developing countries, which will bring together institutions from G20 countries and least developed countries in a virtual, agile and efficient structure to generate and apply agricultural knowledge in developing countries. The Platform is aimed at global coordination of efforts to develop the capacities of individuals using good training practices that support continuous learning and ownership by national actors.", "VII. Way forward", "71. Sustainable intensification and sustainable agriculture will remain high on the international agenda as food production must increase by 70 per cent over the next 38 years and investment must increase by $209 billion per year. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 will provide an important opportunity to foster the launch of partnerships that lead to agricultural innovation, agricultural technology transfer and adaptation, and innovative financial mechanisms to support these innovations. Sustainable intensification of agriculture is central to one of the two themes of the Conference: a green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication.", "72. Significant national efforts will be needed to reform the agricultural sector to integrate sustainable agriculture and support to smallholders, including women farmers, into national policies and strategies, supported by regional and international institutions. Greater effort and resources need to be devoted to developing and diffusing agricultural technologies for effective adaptation to climate change and natural resource scarcities. Agriculture also has the potential to wed techniques for greenhouse gas mitigation with improved livelihoods for poor farmers through low-cost improvements in soil, water, plants and ecosystem management.", "73. Investment and cooperation in reducing post-harvest waste in developing countries would go a long way towards addressing food and nutrition security and poverty while saving precious natural resources. Other investments in infrastructure and capacity-building for meeting certification standards would help enhance the access of smallholders to national and international markets.", "74. The deficit of women in key education, research and extension services supporting agriculture must be explicitly addressed. Gender analysis and targeted initiatives must be incorporated into agricultural education, research and extension services, acknowledging the roles women play in the agricultural workforce as the main food producers and in the household as caretakers. Women are to be seen as visible actors and participate on an equal footing in the development of any intervention aiming to promote food and nutrition security.", "[1] Food and nutrition security exists when all people, at all times, can enjoy their right to food and when they have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life.", "[2] World Economic and Social Survey 2011: The Great Green Technological Transformation (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.11.II.C.1).", "[3] Calestous Juma, The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa (Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2011).", "[4] Nienke Beintema and Gert-Jan Stads, African Agricultural R&D in the New Millennium: Progress for Some, Challenges for Many (Washington, D.C., IFPRI, and Rome, Italy, Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators, 2011).", "[5] Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right to food (see A/65/281).", "[6] FAO, A Policymakers Guide to the Sustainable Intensification of Smallholder Crop Production (Rome, Italy, 2011). Available from www.fao.org/ag/save-and-grow/index_en.html.", "[7] IFAD, Rural Poverty Report 2011 (Rome, IFAD, 2010). Available from http://www.ifad.org/ rpr2011/report/e/overview.pdf.", "[8] See report of the Commission on the Status of Women on the fifty-fifth session (E/2011/27-E/CN.6/2011/12).", "[9] World Economic Forum, Realizing a New Vision for Agriculture: a roadmap for stakeholders (Geneva, 2010), prepared in collaboration with McKinsey and Company.", "[10] Sunil Sanghui, Rupert Simons and Roberto Uchoa, “Four lessons for transforming African agriculture: to succeed, African countries must narrow their focus and target high-impact projects”, McKinsey Quarterly, April 2011.", "[11] FAO (2011) estimates that roughly one third of food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted globally.", "[12] The majority of information in section IV comes from the IFPRI Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators, used to track agricultural institutional developments, investments and capacity at the national, regional and global levels.", "[13] CIAT Annual Report 2010: From the New World to the Whole World (Cali, Colombia, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture, 2011).", "[14] David Raitzer and Timothy Kelley, “Benefit-cost meta-analysis of investment in the international research centers of the CGIAR”, Agricultural Systems, vol. 96, Nos. 1-3 (March 2008).", "[15] Juma. The New Harvest.", "[16] IFAD, Rural Poverty Report 2011.", "[17] Kristin Davis, “Farmer field schools: a boom or bust for extension in Africa?” Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, vol. 13, No. 1 (Spring 2006).", "[18] Ellen McCullough, Prabhu Pingali and Kostas Stamoulis, eds., The Transformation of Agri-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers (FAO and Earthscan, 2008)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(a)", "可持续发展：《21世纪议程》、《进一步 执行〈21世纪议程〉方案》和可持续 发展问题世界首脑会议成果的执行情况", "农业技术促进发展", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "粮食价格回升以及有必要适应气候变化，重新引发对适合小农特别是小农妇女的农业技术的兴趣。小农生产要可持续强化，就必须向知识密集农业转移，把当地知识与最新的可持续性相关科学研究结合起来，以便采取的做法适应地方生态系统，并增强对气候变化和价格及其他冲击的抵御力。贫穷农民往往是妇女除了与市场联系不多外，通常生活在更极端的环境中。只有国家农业计划重点发生根本性变化，并进行大量投资，才能释放出小农的生产潜力，为实现千年发展目标作出贡献，并推动粮食生产满足到2050年增长70%的需要。必须用一种统筹兼顾的办法来提高农业的生产力和复原力，支持生态系统，并确保农业供应链的高效公平运作。", "一. 概览", "1. 本报告是应大会第64/197号决议编写的。该决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告，说明提供负担得起的适当的可持续农业技术，特别是向小农提供这种技术，以及使农业包括对气候变化更具复原力的进展情况。", "2. 最近的危机在粮食和营养安全、[1] 满足营养需要、食物权和对小农户包括女农民投资方面产生了广泛的全球政治参与、伙伴关系和承诺。正在出现一项共识：要实现农业可持续强化、粮食和营养安全、农户复原力和千年发展目标，就必须对国家农业政策、教育、伙伴关系、市场、基础设施和机构进行重大改革。最近的一些努力提供了可借鉴和推广的良好做法。本报告概述了这个新出现的共识的要素。", "3. 本报告得益于联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、国际农业发展基金(农发基金)、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)和全球粮食安全高级别工作队提出的意见。", "二. 新背景，新范式", "4. 2008年粮食危机以及最近粮价回升伴随着价格较大浮动，令人质疑目前的粮食系统。在这种系统下，1990/92年度至2010年期间，营养不良人数增加了近10%。[2] 小农和家庭农户尽管是主要粮食生产者，特别是在发展中地区，却是世界穷人中的大多数，占长期营养不良者的很大比例。推动粮食生产力，特别是小农的生产力，是应对全球贫穷以及改进粮食和营养安全最有效的方式之一。对于减少贫穷，增加农业产出比其他部门增长有效两至四倍。[3] 国际粮食政策研究所发现，就抗病、高产木薯品种开发和分销、小麦防锈、玉米杂交研究等不同领域投资而言，农业研究和发展实现了50%至66%的年经济回报率。农业发展项目的回报可以在20%和147%之间。[4]", "5. 粮食生产必须在土地和水日趋稀缺、与气候变化有关的恶劣天气的情况下增加。土地退化正在影响生产力，而且产量增长跟不上人口增长的速度，尽管对高产量品种进行了大量投资。在西非各国，仅土壤压实就造成产量减少40%至90%。在撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚，养分耗竭也减少生产力。与此同时，20个非洲国家已经严重缺水，还有12个国家将在今后25年面临缺水。", "6. 土地退化在贫穷和饥饿集中、气候变化不成比例地影响小农的地区更为严重，因为小农更可能依赖雨水灌溉的农业和退化土地。² 资源退化还特别影响妇女，增加她们必须用于做饭、拾柴和保护水土等职责上的时间。", "7. 由于75%至90%的主食在当地生产和消费，农业可持续强化是避免长期粮食和营养不安全地方化的唯一办法。² 因此，高级别工作队的结论是，激发小农包括女农民的全部潜力，是全球粮食和营养安全、创造体面就业和农业可持续强化的关键。粮农组织估计，给予妇女更多利用土地、生产资料和技术的机会，可以提高产量2.5%至4%，减少营养不良12-17%。²", "8. 今后，农业生产力可持续增长的道路将与绿色革命的办法大不相同。小农必须处于十分适合农业生态系统的粮食系统的中心，以提高环境和经济的复原力。调整可持续农业做法以适应农业生态系统，可以增加多样性，从而更好地预防入侵害虫和极端事件，还可以使收入多样化，同时减少粮食生产对价格浮动越来越大的矿物燃料的依赖。[5]", "9. 在发展中国家，农业——包括作物种植、牲畜饲养、养鱼和森林维护——必须经过重大改革，才能迎接上述挑战。这个新的农业范式将要求小农处于革新系统的中心，帮助塑造研究和开发及推广服务的议程，使对生产者和消费者都重要的作物、鱼类和畜产品得到适当注意。[6] 这还要求现行政策发生根本性变化。这些变化将导致加强目前分散的创新系统，重新设计教育制度，并通过与农民的创新伙伴关系，对农业发展的整个供应链和可持续资源管理进行投资。²", "赋予妇女权力", "10. 在发展中地区，大多数小农和农村企业家是妇女，她们为家庭提供食品、水和燃料，在农村经济中发挥重要作用。不过，由于获取土地、教育、技术和生产性投入等一系列资产方面的性别差距，她们的生产潜力仍有待发掘。例如，在非洲、妇女是80%的农业生产者，³ 占农业产出的一半。² 在北非和西非只有5%的土地所有者是妇女，在撒哈拉以南非洲是15%，但在非洲及东亚和东南亚，妇女占农业劳动力的40%。² 如果妇女拥有的话，也是小农场。", "11. 科学和技术为农村贫穷妇女面临的诸多挑战提供了几种经证实的解决办法，并为赋予她们经济权力提供了机会。这些解决办法包括与妇女家务和生产工作有关的省力技术，如水泵和社区供水办法、经改进的做饭技术、经改进的水、木材和庄稼运输、经改进的耕作技术以及收获后和食品加工技术。在世界大多数地区，农村妇女得到的技术服务仍然不足，最穷的妇女继续依靠传统、劳动密集型技术，或根本不用技术。由于妇女教育水平低，以及妇女获取信贷的机会较少和没有土地保有权等歧视性做法，男子从新的改进农业技术中获得的好处往往大于妇女。²", "12. 农业推广继续在技术传播上发挥关键作用。多年来，推广方法发生了很大变化，一般转向更参与式的办法，越来越多地利用新的信息技术。不过，女农民继续在接触推广服务方面面对固有偏见。在妇女占主导地位的商品和生产过程的推广服务和技术研究中，应更多考虑妇女在农业生产中的作用。妇女参与新技术评价和决策过程的参与式研究方案，可大大促进满足妇女需要的农业实践的发展。例如，由农发基金支持的国际稻米研究所的若干举措采用了一种参与式办法，让妇女为生物技术研究的品种选择和种质评价建议新标准，如味道和碾磨质量。[7] 缩小妇女的教育差距，以及增加参与科学和农业方案的妇女人数和女推广人员人数(非洲只有7%的推广人员是妇女)，也可以增加妇女对农业生产的贡献。[8]", "13. 可以通过粮农组织社会经济与性别分析方案，协助将性别观点纳入农业政策以及关于技术使用的法律法规框架的主流。该方案帮助会员国建设其分析和决策能力，以减少影响参加发展，包括获取和利用技术的两性不平等。", "三. 国家政策和战略", "14. 2008年粮食危机帮助世界再次发现，需要正确的农业发展计划来实现粮食和营养安全、经济增长和实现千年发展目标的进展。这一认识有助于扭转捐助国和发展中国家减少农业投资的长期趋势。", "15. 为应对2008年粮食危机，八国集团和五个其他捐助国在《拉奎拉粮食安全倡议》中承诺，今后三年调动220亿美元，用于支持由国家牵头的农业计划，提出统筹协调的农业及粮食和营养安全战略。作为《拉奎拉倡议》的组成部分，发起了全球农业和粮食安全方案这个由世界银行管理的基金，支持由国家牵头的农业发展战略。在非洲，该基金专门支持通过非洲农业发展综合方案进程取得进展的国家。2003年在马普托非洲国家元首首脑会议上发起的这一进程承诺，非洲各国至少将其预算的10%用于农业，并采用同行和技术审查程序，以确保发展效益。澳大利亚、加拿大、大韩民国、西班牙、美国和盖茨基金会至今认捐了相当于9.25亿美元。爱尔兰继续为全球方案的运作费用捐款。", "16. 全球农业和粮食安全方案帮助加速了国家计划的拟定。26个非洲国家根据非洲农业发展综合方案拟定了国家农业行动计划。16个国家拟定了国家投资计划，并进行了同行审查。这些国家常常得到粮农组织和联合国各区域委员会的支持。在对国家提案进行独立技术审查后，全球方案迄今向孟加拉、柬埔寨、埃塞俄比亚、海地、利比里亚、蒙古、尼泊尔、尼日尔、卢旺达、塞拉利昂、多哥和塔吉克斯坦提供了12笔赠款，共计4.81亿美元(收到认捐款5.202亿美元)。在全球方案账户获得更多认捐后，将对其他国家提案(其中有几项提案已确定可以支持)进行注资。", "17. 联合国系统为发展中国家的国家粮食和营养安全战略提供日趋协调的支持。汇集联合国大家庭22个组织、基金、方案和部门、布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织、经济合作与发展组织的高级别工作组，促进这种机构间工作的合力。《更新的综合行动框架》为工作组的工作提供投入，推动联合国各实体对粮食和营养安全问题采取一致办法，并日趋被各国政府、20国集团、发展伙伴和民间社会用于制定各自的战略。在工作组工作的基础上，国家和国际利益攸关方之间正在出现一个共识：以小农为中心的农业可持续强化以及对最弱势群体全面保护的系统，不仅对粮食和营养安全，而且对农业发展计划至关重要。农发基金发表的《2011年农村贫穷报告》、⁷ 粮农组织发表的《小农作物生产可持续强化决策者指南》、⁶ 《世界经济和社会概览》和世界经济论坛发表的《实现新的农业愿景：利益攸关方路线图》[9] 都赞成这一观点。", "18. 非洲国家元首在马普托发表的宣言的进展参差不齐。非洲联盟已经商定，在这个农业发挥主导作用的地区，农业国内生产总值(国内总产值)年度增长指标为6%。但是，据国际粮食政策研究所称，2000年至2008年期间，尽管国内总产值增长了5%，非洲区域的农业国内总产值只增长了3%。在最近关于非洲研究与开发的报告中，国际粮食政策研究所发现，尽管八个国家的农业投资很多，但其他国家如讲法语的西非国家危险地依赖动荡的外部资金来源。2008年，埃塞俄比亚、加纳、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、南非、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和苏丹在非洲区域公共农业研究与开发支出(70%)和所有研究员(64%)中所占比例越来越大。", "19. 各国政府加强对农业的承诺，导致巴西、中国和印度的公共农业研究与开发上升。巴西和印度各自在公共农业研究与开发上的支出略微少于整个撒哈拉以南非洲的支出(共计170亿美元)。据国际粮食政策研究所称，中国的支出远远超过任何其他国家，2007年达43亿美元(按2005年购买力平价价格计算)。这些政府的投资产生了支持农业发展的动态的创新系统。² 有资金充足农业研究方案的上述八个非洲大国引领了非洲的农业增长。加纳、尼日利亚、苏丹、乌干达和坦桑尼亚——非洲区域增长的主要驱动力——的支出增长主要是政府大量注资的结果。巴西、印度和中国也大部分依靠本国投资。但是粮农组织发现，其他许多新兴发展中国家缩小投资差距的能力是有限的，即使包括官方发展援助。", "20. 捐助国和开发银行的投资捐助有所增加，因为作为西非和东非农业生产力方案的一部分，一些国家利用世界银行贷款发起了大规模的项目。活动重点是创新和传播经改进的农业技术来处理国家和区域的优先事项，集中注意加纳的块茎和根块作物、马里和坦桑尼亚联合共和国的稻米、塞内加尔的谷物、乌干达的木薯、埃塞俄比亚的小麦和肯尼亚的乳制品。", "21. 在非洲，马拉维总统宾古·瓦·穆塔里卡树立了整体办法和鼓舞人心的领导作用的榜样，制定了一系列处理农业和总体发展的政策措施。他本人主管农业和健康部，承诺16%的支出用于农业，发起了一个有力的评价和多方利益攸关者协商进程，旨在制定一项计划来进口改良种子和化肥，以补贴价用票券分销给小农。生产提高了一倍，但成本很高，因为票券系统泄漏，补贴目标不当，私人部门被排斥在外，以及缺乏农民培训、灌溉投资和收获后支持。在把方案组合交给主管部委以前，用这些经验教训改进了该方案。", "改进的余地", "22. 尽管取得进展，国际粮食政策研究所最近对国家、区域和全球各级农业体制发展、投资和能力的审查，提出了各国政府、捐助者和其他利益攸关方应处理的四个领域：", "(a) 农业研究与开发几十年投资不足；", "(b) 年投资额过度浮动；", "(c) 现存和即将出现的人力资源能力挑战；以及", "(d) 有必要最大限度地扩大区域和次区域农业研究与开发合作。", "23. 很少有农业计划采取一种整体对策，考虑到必要的农村基础设施、市场准入改进、推广服务和技术能力建设、政府、学术界、工商界和民间社会等多方利益攸关者之间的协调，以及有必要处理产权问题，同时在自然资源可持续管理更广泛的框架内确定这些产权，特别要处理土地和生物多样性退化以及地下水过度使用和污染的问题。² 展望未来，国家计划还必须考虑到适应和减缓气候变化，为此增加农业森林系统的碳吸收，并建设对气候冲击的复原力。没有“一刀切”办法。在过度使用化肥和杀虫剂已经使土地和水资源退化的地区，适当的政策可以包括取消化肥补贴，协助改进土壤和水的管理。另一方面，在撒哈拉以南非洲大部分地区，可能需要给营养耗竭的土壤补充养分的奖励和手段。", "24. 大多数计划仍重视供应方干预，不够注意增产的最终去向。需要一种供应链或分组办法来提高农民的生产力和收入，特别是通常远离市场和很少有机会利用信贷的小农的生产力和收入。供应链办法更好地注意农产品的最后市场，同时考虑到农业供应链的所有阶段。[10] 在农村生产者与城市消费者之间没有适当联系的情况下，城市增长无法推动广泛地消除农村贫穷。例如，在撒哈拉以南非洲，城市地区日增的粮食需求越来越多通过进口而不是国内生产来满足。收获技术、收获后技术、[11] 恶劣气候条件下的储存和冷却设施、基础设施以及包装和推销系统必须改进，才能支持向市场运送高质量食品的持续改进，从而支持发展中国家农民的收入。国家计划通常不包括促进农民、中小企业和研究中心之间给未加工原材料增值，或加强价值链和小农参与价值链并从中获利的互动活动。这些计划一般不提及有必要与私人部门合作，支持成立运作良好的农民团体或合作社，以便制订公平的聚集方案，使得小农能够获益于经济规模，并达到日趋占主导地位的超市的数量要求。如科特迪瓦和加纳的经历所示，降低出口税等财政措施也可以增加加工食品的出口。", "25. McKinsey的研究发现，许多非洲国家的计划不具体，有很多不易管理的倡议和活动以及不易衡量的指标。McKinsey建议，将投资集中于一个对一国重要的价值链，一个有能力大幅度提高生产力的“面包篮子”地区，或一个基础设施走廊。例如，巴西采取了区域办法，对瑟拉多地区大量投资，而马里则正在考虑在锡卡索地区试点面包篮子办法，以可持续的方式提高谷物生产。坦桑尼亚及莫桑比克、马拉维和赞比亚在合作采取农业发展走廊办法，把投资集中于一个大型基础设施项目(通常是私人部门采矿或其他基础设施项目)周边的储存和加工农场和设施。", "26. 要确保改良品种的高质量种子的可靠供应，便需要粮食和农业作物遗传资源管理综合国家战略。在大多数国家方案中，作物繁殖能力呈下降趋势。此外，公共或私人伙伴关系都没有把作物繁殖能力与种子部门的发展联系起来。这妨碍农民获取改良品种和高质量种子。计划必须包括务实行动和有目标的政策措施，创建作物繁殖、种子系统和养护利益攸关方之间的更大联系和协作，在全世界范围内提供适应气候的庄稼和种子。", "27. 发展中国家的农业将需要对人力、自然、有形和社会资本进行大量而持续的投资，才能可持续地强化生产。粮农组织估计，初级农业和下游部门需要年均投资总额2 090亿美元，以满足到2050年增加生产70%的需要。发展中国家本身每年需要830亿美元投资。", "28. 粮农组织最近发布的《小农生产可持续强化决策者指南》在可持续生态系统的基础上，提供一个植根于新农业范式的工具包，应帮助会员国实现上述变革。⁶ 例如，粮农组织向各国提供指导和相关工具，说明如何使用和保护持续农业生态系统的授粉服务，以及如何制定确保这些生态系统服务的可持续性的政策。粮农组织还提供指导，说明如何根据国际标准制定国家动植物卫生检疫战略，以确保作物和作物产品的安全交易及国际市场准入，并说明如何支持种子生产系统。", "29. 劳工组织通过研讨会、知识分享工具和全组织政策简报，支持各国实施2009年6月通过的全球就业契约。契约把就业和社会保护置于特殊情况财政刺激措施的中心，以期保护弱势群体，并重新启动经济中的投资和需求。在最适合各国情况的社会对话、就业和社会保护措施的基础上，国家和全球两级对契约进行了界定和实施。", "四. 支持农业研究与发展[12]", "30. 十多年来，许多主要作物的产量一直停滞不前，尽管进行了大量投资并采用了高产品种。[13] 与此同时，据粮农组织称，到2050年，发展中国家的农业生产必须增加一倍。在许多国家、粮食和营养安全及环境可持续性的双重目标除其他外，将需要更多和目标明确的研究与开发投资，以及通过适当的推广服务和更强大的多方利益攸关者伙伴关系，向小农更广泛地传播信息和提供技术支持。公共部门必须进行研究与开发投资，提供足够的奖励，以扩大与穷人有关的作物和加工研究。粮农组织指出，研究与开发目前由私人部门主导，集中于六个大公司，主要注重可盈利的发达国家市场。私人部门供资可以得到有利政策环境的协助，包括有力的知识产权立法、进口和测试新技术最低障碍以及研究支出免税。", "31. 在非洲的情况下，有八个国家增加了农业研究与开发，但其他几个国家严重资金不足。即使在研究系统发达的八个国家，研究支持每年也差异很大，特别是南非和肯尼亚。", "32. 在撒哈拉以南非洲，就投资、能力、政府机构和高等教育机构数目而言，尼日利亚的农业研究系统最大。2000-2008年期间，公共农业研究与开发增加了一倍以上(抵消先前的下降)，工资水平提升，政府招聘冻结取消。这一期间，高等教育部门在农业研究中的作用也有所增加。", "33. 在非洲，16个国家(加纳、喀麦隆、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、马达加斯加、毛里求斯、摩洛哥、莫桑比克、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、南非、苏丹、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和津巴布韦)建立了科学院，应有助于综合知识。不过，尽管非洲需要基础设施发展，只有南非有一个专门促进工程学的学院。区域一体化也有助于撒哈拉以南非洲各国研究中心之间的协作和信息交流。非洲农业研究论坛、东非和中非加强农业研究协会、西非和中非农业研究与开发理事会和南部非洲发展共同体粮食、农业和自然资源局都通过建立各种研究网络，在协调其成员国的农业研究活动方面取得了相当大的进展。这使国家农业研究系统可以在某些领域专业化，并证明对缺乏农业研究与开发临界质量的小国特别有益。", "34. 绿色革命和国际农业研究协商组织的经验教训是：(a) 新技术的创新与开发需要长期可靠的筹资和承诺；(b) 采用新技术需要一个有利的体制框架、大量基础设施投资、农民能力发展以及获取投入、信贷和市场的机会。²", "35. 公共研究机构还必须彻底改变目前的运作模式，才能改进对农民需要的反应能力，包括通过联合试验和学习。农发基金在试图满足这些需要，为此向国际肥料研发中心提供了一笔赠款，以微调并推广创新办法，在西非制订针对地点的综合土壤肥力管理办法，开发适当的肥料(包括有机肥料)，建立便利资源少的农民获取肥料的机制，更多采用土壤管理备选办法，实行可取的体制、行为和政策变革。", "36. 妇女参与农业研究和推广服务，特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲，将对确保满足她们的特殊需要至关重要。国际粮食政策研究所报告说，在一些国家如博茨瓦纳、莫桑比克和南非，农业研究和高等教育中女性专业人员的比例较大(32、35和41%)，其他国家的比例则很低，如埃塞俄比亚的6%、多哥的9%、尼日尔的10%和布基那法索的12%。²", "国际农业研究协商组织", "37. 农研协商组织收到的预算拨款从1970年的1 500万美元增至1990年的3.05亿美元，2010年达到6亿美元。基于农研协商组织的一组研究，该组织的研究成本效益比例估计为1.9至17.3。[14] 这个支持绿色革命的机构正在经历重大改革。2010年产生了一个基于成果制管理办法的新架构，促进以不断学习和问责制为中心的战略规划、管理和交流。为农研协商组织各研究方案的设计提供投入的新系统级成果是：(a) 减少农村贫穷；(b) 改善粮食安全；(c) 改善营养和健康；(d) 自然资源可持续管理。优先事项日趋是满足地方需求(包括应用和运作研究)，证实并传播实地经验和良好做法，建设国家机构的能力。", "38. 2010年，农发基金批准向由农研协商组织牵头的15个方案(现在扩大到全球农业研究论坛)提供1 360万美元赠款，促进全世界范围的协作研究伙伴关系。通过信息交流及创新政策与方案评估，农发基金与农研协商组织各中心结成伙伴关系，支持改进获取生产性资产和高价值商品市场的努力。例如，农发基金与生物多样性国际组织合作，提高被忽视和利用不足品种的能见度，或支持向印度、秘鲁、多民族玻利维亚国和也门的农村贫困社区提供改良种子。", "联合国系统", "39. 粮农组织协助60个国家的能力建设技术援助项目。这些项目对农业创新系统现状进行评估；加强研究、推广、教育、信息和通信机构和服务的能力；为加强传统知识产生与科学知识产生之间的联系提供方法和工具；发展管理和政策机制，以加强农业创新系统，并使之更可持续。", "40. 粮农组织牵头的一些加强农业研究与创新产出传播的举措，包括(a) 农业研究促进发展信息一致性倡议。该倡议提供一个良好政策和做法框架，由一系列公开工具和服务提供支持，使各组织可真正开放公共域产出。目前有100多个主要研究组织和大学给予支持；(b) 全球农业研究文献在线获取方案。该方案向107个低收入国家的2 500个注册机构提供2 700篇网上发表的科学文章的免费或极低费用查询；(c) 虚拟推广和研究通信网的概念模式。该概念促进互联网技术和通信的利用，以增加农业政策、研究和推广机构与其他主要利益攸关方之间的联系。", "结合地方知识", "41. 支持知识密集农业的一个有趣趋势，是认识到分散的大学作为区域知识转让中介的作用。把知识分散到各种地方机构，将是地方知识与新知识相结合，使后者适应地方生态系统和气候变化的关键。例如，加纳政府在1992年建立了多校园发展问题研究大学，目的是利用来自该区域的资源，让高等教育与加纳北部农村社区相关。教学方法强调应用于当地贫困问题的互动式学习，注重实践、以社区为基础、解决问题、对性别问题有敏感认识。[15] 预期学生会理解地方知识的重要性，并在农村生活和工作期间，设法通过参与式学习与评价的实地方案，把地方知识与科学结合起来。¹⁵ 这所大学的大多数毕业生目前在农村社区工作。乌干达发展了类似的以社区为基础的农业教育。", "42. 粮农组织支持结合地方知识，为联合国各机构与其他利益攸关方之间交流知识提供连接并建立沟通渠道。粮农组织还向各国提供咨询和技术援助，以便为特定受众查明沟通需求，并实施创新、具有成本效益的沟通战略。粮农组织支持的通信促进发展原则，是确保公众与机构之间有效分享知识的任何发展倡议的一个重要组成部分。教科文组织还在世界各地(古巴和摩洛哥等等)的数个选定生物圈保护项目推动传统知识的使用，为各国政府提供经验教训。", "土地和水", "43. 农业与土地密切相连。关于粮食、土地、水和能源安全之间的关系，环境和气候变化对于农业部门能够满足日增的主要作物需求，并其在环境、社会和经济上可持续至关重要。农业与水也密切相连。在全世界，农业消费所有淡水汲取量的70%。淡水是一种日趋稀缺的资源。农业水生产率必须大幅提高，才能提高产量并应对气候变化。适应工作必须现在开始，以避免建造使农业用户今后多年固守不可持续做法的基础设施。综合土地和水资源管理、水资源有效利用和废水安全再利用将对适应和减缓气候变化都很重要。非洲雨水灌溉系统的例子包括提高苗床积水，锁眼花园利用废水。改进的灌溉系统包括小喷水器和滴灌系统、准确时间的作物浇水以及比传统系统用水少的强化水稻系统。改进的水收集和保留也对增产极为重要。例如，在哥斯达黎加、墨西哥和尼加拉瓜，一个利用土坝收集雨水到旱季灌溉的试点项目将水稻产量提高了一倍。¹³", "五. 支持技术转让和推广服务", "44. 技术转让和推广服务必须经过根本性改革并获得支持，才能迎接粮食和营养安全、减少贫穷和环境可持续性的挑战。数十年的投资不足之后，许多发展中国家的农业创新系统薄弱、碎片化、与农民、民间社会组织和私人部门联系不多。不过，农业推广人员仍是向小农传递知识、信息和培训的一个重要工具，但条件是他们本身接受过适当培训，有清楚的任务和适当的报酬。", "45. 成功采用可持续做法的共同之处：", "(a) 农民可以获取与其相关的技术知识，可以直接参与让知识、技术和管理做法适应当地情况的学习与创新；", "(b) 各种行为体，包括各国政府、非政府组织、私人公司和多边组织积极参与推广创新，传播知识，建立农民的能力，培植信任，减少新技术和农业做法的风险；", "(c) 调整主管农业研究与开发的机构，吸引农民采用新做法，重新界定妇女的作用，建立更密切互动的网络；[16]", "(d) 农民可以克服在采用新技术和农业做法中面对的制约的有利环境。²", "46. 多方利益攸关者的若干有效协作成功设计和部署了创新，产生了广泛影响，包括农民田间学校和水稻强化系统等等。²", "47. 在87个国家开办农民田间学校的经验表明，在正规和非正规研究机构的参与下，创新和灵活的自然资源管理可以通过农民对农民学习来推进。这些学校是一种参与式办法，让小农试验技术备选办法，加以调整，使之适应当地条件和生态。印度尼西亚政府、美国国际发展署和粮农组织之间的一个伙伴关系将农民田间学校从印度尼西亚和菲律宾推广到孟加拉、柬埔寨、中国、印度、老挝人民共和国、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡和越南，并扩大了课程内容，以包括各种管理技能。不过，要确保农民田间学校成为有效的知识传播工具，就必须进行科学评价。有人发现，农民田间学校不容易推广，对农业强化可持续性的影响有争议。[17]", "48. 利用移动电话、录像和电台进行在职培训和远程教育，也证明是有效的，日益补充推广服务。粮农组织协助电子农业全球实践社区。该社区是在信息社会世界首脑会议之后，为促进更有效地利用信息和通信技术(信通技术)而成立的。来自160多个国家的7 000多名信息和通信技术专家、研究员、农村机构人员、农民、决策者和工商界人士分享利用信通技术的最佳做法和信息，促进可持续农业与农村发展。", "49. 移动电话目前提供一种负担得起和可获取的通信和支持手段，给农业社区带来创新，以创造经济机会并加强社会网络。粮农组织实施地方创新和通信计划，改进了咨询服务的提供、地方知识的利用和农民参与决策，并强化了研究、推广与农民之间的联系。一直特别强调促进农业自然资源可持续管理。农民和社区已经利用移动电话从事电子银行交易，收取实时天气、价格和其他信息。粮农组织利用移动电话来监测传染性病虫害的发生和蔓延、政府杀虫剂库存的利用和处置、水源地点和区域价格变化。", "50. 同行采用更好管理的录像，证明对非洲妇女十分有效，比培训班更有效。¹⁵ 例如，在贝宁用录像向妇女介绍经改进的稻米加工技术。像Radio Guinée Maritime电台所做的那样，这种做法可以通过电台节目加强。这些低成本技术没有在农民对农民的分享知识酝酿革新中充分利用。", "51. 水稻强化系统是在正规研究机构之外，主要由非政府组织和农民通过不断学习和改造发展的。该系统实施简单的管理改革，在非水田里手插秧苗，秧距较大、更广泛地利用有机肥料和综合害虫治理。该系统在40个国家试验成功，增产50%，同时减少水使用和投入成本，从而增加收入。柬埔寨、中国、印度、印度尼西亚和越南政府已经批准水稻强化系统，并将其纳入国家粮食安全战略。", "52. 还必须在农村地区快速扩大高质量教育，包括成人和妇女识字和培训，才能确保农民有能力创新，相互学习，并适应农业生态和市场条件的变化。", "53. 为了提供一个农业咨询服务部门交流经验的平台，粮农组织已支持成立了新的农村咨询服务全球论坛。该论坛有34个区域和国家分支进行协商，以编制一项五年业务计划和一个农村咨询服务系统评价指导包，并为提高这些服务与方案的功效制定循证办法与政策。", "54. 粮农组织还通过TECA刺激应用研究人员与实地推广人员分享知识。TECA是一个信息系统，为小农及具体地域或专题的网上交流小组提供一个分享应用技术和实践知识的互联网平台。这个新平台已通过农村用户的测试和审评，只列入清楚说明的适合农村用户需要的技术和做法(300种技术和做法)。该平台月匀访问页数约为10 000页，提高认识活动在进行中。这些单元可以分散到会员国，已分散到多民族玻利维亚国。", "55. 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会的亚洲和太平洋农业工程和机械中心通过在缅甸试点使用收获和收获后技术，在朝鲜人民民主共和国、斐济和菲律宾试点使用高产水稻种植和种子生产技术，为在该区域测试和宣传安全和可持续的机械制定了一个制度化程序(见E/ESCAP/67/6)。", "六. 市场和融资服务", "市场服务", "56. 私人部门通过各种机制在加速农业创新方面发挥日趋重要的作用，但是小农被排斥的风险很高。在拉丁美洲和加勒比，大型连锁超市控制食品市场的40-50%，在中国约为10%，在南非30%，在印度尼西亚50%。这要求小农有能力达到严格的质量标准，并通过合作社和协会聚集产品达到商业化所需的规模。", "57. 三个因素对防止小农被排斥在发展中国家采购中日趋占主导地位的超市供应链之外至关重要：(a) 集中注意有预先确定市场的产品；(b) 有商业基础的私人和(或)公共组织催化剂式的参与；(c) 农民成立可持续小组。还必须防止食品市场中的垄断做法。[18] 更好地获取信息、信贷和风险保险还会使小农能够更好地与私人部门结成互利伙伴关系。²", "58. 此外，近年来道德和环境认证程序的兴起，为创造价值链连接小农与大出口市场开辟了新机会。香蕉、咖啡和可可的自愿标准和认证方案涉及到广泛的问题，包括环境保护、劳工权利、工作场所安全与健康、社会平等与当地社区的福利，同时对农民提供价格溢价，改进市场准入和稳定。", "59. 尽管如此，粮农组织指出，旨在粮食安全、质量、可跟踪性和良好农业做法的标准——主要是大市场中大公司制定的标准——往往不能确保价格溢价，可能会还损害小种植者，因为达到标准的费用很高。针对标准泛滥问题，非盈利的自愿联合会可持续性评估委员会制定了一个严格的评估工具，目前正在编制关于任何可持续性做法的社会、经济和环境影响的科学资料，包括五年成本效益。该工具获得了发展机构和大公司的广泛政治接受，因为这是一个多方利益攸关方协商进程。该委员会正在扩大数据收集，以纳入咖啡、茶叶、棉花、生物燃料作物和水果，并将为几十个国家提供农业可持续性信息。迄今5 000多个数据组的数据是通过加强发展中国家主要地方组织按照标准方法收集数据的能力收集的，向公众提供了最先进的影响评估。", "60. 粮农组织还制定了一项工作方案，在以下方面提供咨询：(a) 改变政府与私人部门的交往，以反映多样性和市场变化；(b) 为国家农业综合企业发展创造有利环境；(c) 体制强化和服务部门发展，为可持续和包容各方的商业发展而支持农业价值链方案。", "为投资和创新筹资", "61. 公共资助研究应始终明确重视粮食和营养安全的战略优先事项，包括提高主要作物的产量和抵抗力，改进作物营养价值，便利自然资源可持续利用和(或)减少外部化学投入的使用，并增强对市场条件和气候变化的复原力和适应力。在面临长期粮食和营养不安全的地区，农业投资也是年复一年建设复原力和减少人道主义援助需要的一个具有成本效益的方式。", "62. 各国政府和捐助者正在增加农业投资，但需要更多投资来满足越来越大的粮食需求。非洲国家元首在马普托发表的宣言必须加快取得进展，落实利拉奎承诺将是一个重要的前进步伐。不过，在经济和金融危机的情况下，公共部门对农业和农村发展的捐助十分不同，许多国家的捐助不多或在下降。", "63. 据估计，农业私人部门投资，包括外国直接投资将需要总体增加近50%，才能满足日增需求(从每年约1 420亿美元)。但是，有证据表明，目前的投资常常是在以下情况下进行的：与地方社区协商不力，投资条件不透明，处理与自然资源开采、大规模购置土地和农村社区丧失生计有关的冤情的机制差或不存在。粮农组织指出，越来越多证据表明，纳入小农的备选模式，如承包耕作、种植者外办法和与农民组织合资经营，比在发展中国家为建造超大农场而大规模购置土地的模式更有利于可持续经济发展。传统的公私伙伴关系在指导创新工作实现可持续发展目标上也不是很成功。² 为了便利负责任的和促进可持续发展的私人投资，应20国集团的要求，粮农组织、农发基金、贸发会议和世界银行制订了尊重权利、生计和资源的负责任农业投资原则。20国集团提议，这些组织试行第一阶段协商产生的七项原则，并把经验教训作为第二阶段协商进程的投入。", "64. 需要综合并融合每个国家都可以接受的所有筹资来源的办法。", "65. 虽然仍需在农业中试验，但生产疫苗的预先市场承诺机制，即捐助者以预先确定的价格作出预先大批采购的承诺，可以为可持续农业强化提供重大的技术革新经验教训。", "66. 另一个让私人部门参与创新发机制是在竞争基础上授予的成果业绩合同，例如用于开发水压耐力较高、对肥料反应较大的改良种子或作物品种。这可能是刺激私人研究的一种手段。", "67. 世界经济论坛的工业伙伴通过非洲和亚洲协商，对拟定新农业愿景作出了贡献。新愿景的路线图是2011年1月在瑞士达沃斯论坛年会上发布的。路线图的重点是以农民为中心的公共部门、私人部门和民间社会之间的伙伴关系，以加速可持续农业增长。", "68. 由非洲联盟、非洲发展新伙伴关系和各国政府联合实施，这些伙伴关系致力于小农农业可持续强化以及商业界(包括农民组织)、民间社会组织和各国政府参与的价值链的更好运作。", "69. 还必须从一系列实施中的试点气候基金学习，特别是在为大小规模负责任的私人部门投资创造有利环境方面，包括与慈善组织和基金会建立伙伴关系。把正确的农业实践纳入融资机制，如降低因森林砍伐和退化所产生的排放(REDD＋)，可以帮助为可持续强化筹措资金。农业产生全球人类温室气体排放总量的10%至12%，对气候变化影响很大。通过在土壤里或地面生物物质中储存碳，或减少一氧化二氮或甲烷排放量，可持续农业做法可以大幅减少排放量。另一个探讨中的供资来源是利用2009年在联合国气候变化会议上通过的《哥本哈根协定》提供的资金，作为减缓(包括REDD)、适应、技术开发与转让、能力建设和长期支持的强化行动的快速启动筹资，目的是在2020年以前每年调动1 000亿美元。", "70. 粮农组织和感兴趣的20国集团成员国正在努力建立一个平台，促进发展中国家的热带农业能力建设。该平台将以一个虚拟、灵活和有效的结构汇集来自20国集团国家和最不发达国家的机构，在发展中国家产生和应用农业知识。该平台要利用良好培训做法来支持国家行为体的不断学习和掌控，在全球协调发展个人能力的工作。", "七. 前进方式", "71. 可持续强化耕种和可持续农业将在国际议程上保持很高的地位，因为粮食生产必须在今后38年增加70%，投资必须每年增加2 090亿美元。2012年的联合国可持续发展会议将提供一次重要机会，推动发起伙伴关系，从而带来农业革新、农业技术转让与改造和支持这些创新的创新性金融机制。农业可持续强化对于会议两主题之一，即可持续发展和消除贫穷情况下的绿色经济至关重要。", "72. 各国必须在改革农业部门方面作出重大努力，在区域和国际机构的支持下，把可持续农业和支持小农包括女农民纳入国家政策和战略。为有效适应气候变化和自然资源稀缺，必须对发展和传播农业技术作出更大努力和投入更多资源。农业还有潜力通过土壤、水、作物和生态系统管理的低费用改进，把减少温室气体技术与改善贫穷农民的生计结合起来。", "73. 在减少发展中国家收获后废物方面的投资与合作，会在处理粮食和营养安全及贫穷问题同时节约宝贵的自然资源中发挥很大作用。达到认证标准的其他基础设施和能力建设投资，会有助于增加小农进入国家和国际市场的机会。", "74. 必须明确应对妇女在支持农业的主要教育、研究和推广服务方面的欠缺。性别分析和有目标的举措必须纳入农业教育、研究和推广服务，同时承认妇女在农业劳动力中作为主要粮食生产者以及在家庭中作为照料者的作用。妇女应被视为显眼的行为者，以平等地位参与拟定旨在促进粮食和营养安全的任何干预。", "[1] 粮食和营养安全系指人人随时都能从物质、社会和经济途径获得充足、安全和富有营养的食物，满足饮食需要和口味，以便能过上积极健康的生活。", "[2] 《2011年世界经济和社会概览：大绿色技术变革》(联合国出版物，出售品编号：E.11.II.C.1)。", "[3] Calestous Juma, The New Harvest: Agricultural Innovation in Africa，(Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxford University Press, 2011)。", "[4] Nienke Beintema and Gert-Jan Stads, African Agriculture R&D in the New Millennium: Progress for some, Challenges for many(Washington, D.C.，IFPRI and Rome, Italy， Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators,2011).", "[5] 食物权问题特别报告员的报告(见A/65/281)。", "[6] 粮农组织，《小农作物生产可持续强化决策者指南》，(意大利罗马，2011年)。可查询www.fao.org/ag/save-and-grow/index_en.html。", "[7] 农发基金，《2011年农村贫穷报告》(罗马，农发基金，2010年)。可查询http://www.ifad.org/ rpr2011/report/e/overview.pdf。", "[8] 见妇女地位委员会第五十五届会议的报告(E/2011/27-E/CN.6/2011/12)。", "[9] 世界经济论坛，《实现新的农业愿景：利益攸关方路线图》(日内瓦，2010年)，与McKinsey和公司合作编写。", "[10] Sunil Sanghui, Rupert Simons and Roberto Uchoa, “Four lessons for transforming African agriculture: to succeed, African countries must narrow their focus and target high-impact projects”, McKinsey Quarterly, April 2011.", "[11] 粮农组织(2011年)估计，全球约有三分之一的为人类消费生产食品丧失或浪费。", "[12] 第四节中的大部分资料来自国际粮食政策研究所的农业科学和技术指标。这些指标用于跟踪国家、区域和全球各级农业的体制发展、投资和能力。", "[13] 《2010年国际热带农业中心年度报告：从新世界到全世界》(哥伦比亚卡利，国际热带农业中心，2011年)。", "[14] David Raitzer and Timothy Kelley, “Benefit−cost meta-analysis of investment in the international research centers of the CGIAR”, Agricultural Systems, vol. 96, Nos. 1-3 (March 2008).", "[15] Juma. The New Harvest.", "[16] 农发基金，《2011年农村贫穷报告》。", "[17] Kristin Davis, “Farmer field schools: a boom or bust for extension in Africa?”Journal of International Agricultural and Extension Education, vol. 13, No. 1 (Spring 2006).", "[18] Ellen McCullough,Prabhu Pingali and Kostas Stamoulis, eds., The Transformation of Agri-Food Systems: Globalization, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers, (FAO and Earthscan, 2008)." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目19(a)", "可持续发展:《21世纪议程》、《进一步执行〈21世纪议程〉方案》和可持续发展问题世界首脑会议成果的执行情况", "农业技术促进发展", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "由于粮价高涨和需要适应气候变化,重新激发了对适合小农特别是妇女小农的农业技术的兴趣。 要可持续地加强小农生产,就需要向知识密集型农业转变,将当地知识同与可持续性有关的最新科学研究结合起来,使做法适应当地生态系统,并增强应对气候变化和价格及其他冲击的复原力。 贫穷的农民,往往是妇女,除了与市场的联系较少之外,通常生活在更极端的环境中。 需要彻底改变国家农业计划的重点并进行大量投资,以释放小农户的生产潜力,为实现千年发展目标作出贡献,并增加粮食生产,到2050年达到70%的增长需要。 需要采取综合办法来提高农业的生产力和复原力,支持生态系统,并确保农业供应链的有效和公平运作。", "一. 概览", "1. 联合国 本报告是应大会第64/197号决议的要求编写的,该决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告,说明在提供适当和负担得起的可持续农业技术,特别是向小农户提供这种技术以及使农业更具复原力,包括应对气候变化方面取得的进展。", "2. 联合国 最近的危机产生了更广泛的全球政治参与、伙伴关系以及对粮食和营养安全的承诺,[1] 满足了营养需要、食物权和对包括女农民在内的小农的投资。 正在形成的共识是,实现可持续地加强农业、粮食和营养安全、农民复原力和千年发展目标,需要对国家农业政策、教育、伙伴关系、市场、基础设施和机构进行重大变革。 最近的一些努力提供了可以推广和推广的良好做法。 本报告概述了这种正在形成的共识的要素。", "3个 该报告得益于联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、国际农业发展基金(农发基金)、国际劳工组织(劳工组织)和全球粮食安全高级别工作队的投入。", "二. 新背景、新范式", " 4.四. 2008年的粮食危机和最近高粮价的回升,加上价格更不稳定,使目前的粮食制度受到质疑,在目前的粮食制度下,营养不良的人数从1990/92年到2010年增加了近10%。 [2] 小农和家庭农民,尽管是粮食的主要生产者,特别是在发展中地区,是世界上大多数穷人和长期营养不良的很大一部分人。 提高农业生产力,特别是小农的生产力,是解决全球贫困和改善粮食和营养安全的最有效办法之一。 增加农业产出在减少贫穷方面比其他部门的产量高2至4倍。 [3] 国际粮食政策研究所(IFPRI)发现,农业研发在抗病,高产木薯品种,小麦生锈耐药和杂交玉米研究等不同领域的投资年经济回报率已经达到50%至66%. 农业发展项目的回报率可达20%至147%。 [4]", "5 (韩语). 必须在土地和水日益稀缺以及与气候变化有关的恶劣天气的背景下增加粮食生产。 土地退化正在影响生产力,尽管对提高产量的品种进行了大量投资,但产量增长却无法跟上人口增长。 仅土壤收缩就已导致西非国家产量下降40%至90%,而营养耗竭也降低了撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚的生产力。 与此同时,20个非洲国家已经面临严重的缺水问题,另有12个国家将在今后25年面临缺水问题。", "6. 国家 在贫穷和饥饿集中和气候变化对小农造成不成比例影响的地区,土地退化情况更严重,因为他们更可能依赖雨水灌溉的农业和退化的土地。 资源退化还特别影响到妇女,增加了她们必须花在粮食生产、薪材收集以及水土保持等责任上的时间。", "7. 联合国 当75%至90%的主食在当地出产和消费时,可持续加强农业是避免当地长期粮食和营养不安全的唯一途径。 高级别工作队的结论是,释放小农,包括女农民的全部潜力,是全球粮食和营养安全、创造体面工作和可持续强化农业的关键。 粮农组织估计,让妇女有更多机会获得土地、投入和技术,可增加2.5%至4%的产量,并减少12%至17%的营养不良情况。", "8. 联合国 今后,农业生产力可持续增长的道路将同绿色革命方针相去甚远。 小农户必须处于适应农业生态系统的粮食系统的核心,以提高环境和经济复原力。 使可持续农业做法适应农业生态系统,可以提高多样性,从而更好地防范入侵性虫害和极端事件。 它还允许收入多样化,同时减少粮食生产对化石燃料的依赖,其价格日益波动。 [5]", "9. 国家 在发展中国家,农业——包括种植作物、饲养牲畜、生产鱼类和维持森林——必须进行重大改革,以迎接上述挑战。 这种新的农业模式要求小农户成为创新系统的核心,帮助形成研究、开发和推广服务议程,以便作为生产者和消费者对其重要的作物、鱼和牲畜产品得到充分关注。 [6] 还需要彻底改变现行政策,进行变革,以加强目前支离破碎的创新制度,重新设计教育系统,并通过同农民建立创新伙伴关系,投资于整个供应链的农业发展和可持续资源管理。", "赋予妇女权力", "10个 发展中地区大多数小农户和农村企业家是妇女,她们在农村经济中发挥重要作用,向家庭提供粮食、水和燃料。 然而,由于在获得土地、教育、技术和生产性投入等一系列资产方面存在性别差距,她们的生产潜力仍未得到开发。 例如,在非洲,妇女占农业生产者的80%,占农业产出的一半。 在北非和西非,只有5%的地主是妇女,在撒哈拉以南非洲只有15%,而在非洲、东亚和东南亚,妇女占农业劳动力的40%。 妇女拥有的农场规模较小。", "11个 科学和技术为生活贫穷的农村妇女面临的许多挑战提供了若干行之有效的解决办法,并为赋予她们经济权力提供了机会。 这些解决办法包括与妇女家务和生产工作有关的节省劳力技术,如水泵、社区用水计划、改进烹饪技术、改善水、木材和作物的运输、改进种植技术、收获后和食品加工技术。 世界上大多数地区的农村妇女仍然得不到足够的技术服务,最贫穷的妇女继续依赖传统的劳动密集型技术,或者根本没有使用任何技术。 由于妇女受教育程度较低和歧视性做法,例如妇女获得信贷的机会较少和缺乏土地保有权,男子比妇女更经常地受益于新的改良农业技术。", "12个 农业推广在传播技术方面继续发挥关键作用。 这些年来,推广方法发生了很大变化,普遍转向更具参与性的办法并越来越多地利用新的信息技术。 但是,女农民在获得推广服务方面仍然面临固有的偏见,在推广服务和关于妇女占主导地位的商品和生产工艺的技术研究中需要更多地考虑到妇女在农业生产中的作用。 让妇女参与新技术评估和决策过程的参与性研究方案能够极大地促进发展符合妇女需要的农业做法。 例如,由农发基金支助的国际稻米研究所的几项倡议采用了一种参与性办法,根据这种办法,妇女建议新的标准,如品味和碾磨质量,用于生物技术研究的品种选择和种质评价。 [7] 缩小妇女的教育差距并增加妇女在科学和农业方案以及妇女推广人员中的人数(在非洲,只有7%的推广人员是妇女),也可以增加妇女对农业生产的贡献。 [8]", "13个 可以通过粮农组织社会经济和性别分析方案将性别平等纳入农业政策和规范技术使用的法律和监管框架的主流,该方案可帮助会员国建立分析和决策能力,以减少影响参与发展的性别不平等,包括获取和利用技术。", "三. 国家政策和战略", "14个 2008年粮食危机已帮助世界重新发现需要制定健全的农业发展计划,以实现粮食和营养安全、经济增长和实现千年发展目标的进展。 这一认识有助于扭转捐助方和发展中国家长期存在的农业投资不投的趋势。", "15个 针对2008年的粮食危机,八国集团和其他五个捐助方在《关于全球粮食安全的拉奎拉联合声明》中承诺,在三年内调集220亿美元,支持国家主导的农业计划,并制定一项协调而全面的农业及粮食和营养安全战略。 作为拉奎拉倡议的一部分,发起了由世界银行管理的全球农业和粮食安全方案,以支持国家主导的农业发展战略。 在非洲,该基金特别支持通过非洲农业发展综合方案进程取得进展的国家。 这一进程于2003年在马普托举行的非洲国家元首首脑会议上启动,非洲各国政府承诺将其预算的至少10%用于农业,并包括一个同侪和技术审查进程,以确保发展效力。 迄今为止,澳大利亚、加拿大、大韩民国、西班牙、美利坚合众国和盖茨基金会认捐了相当于9.25亿美元。 爱尔兰为全球方案的业务费用提供了捐助。", "16号. 全球农业和粮食安全方案帮助加快了国家计划的制定。 26个非洲国家根据《非洲农业发展综合方案》完成了国家农业行动计划,16个非洲国家往往在粮农组织和联合国各区域委员会的支持下编写并同行审评了国家投资计划。 在对国家提案进行独立技术审查后,全球方案迄今已向孟加拉国、柬埔寨、埃塞俄比亚、海地、利比里亚、蒙古、尼泊尔、尼日尔、卢旺达、塞拉利昂、多哥和塔吉克斯坦提供12笔赠款,共计4.81亿美元(在承付款5.202亿美元中)。 一旦向全球方案账户承付了额外资金,将资助其他国家提案,其中一些提案已经确定可以提供支助。", "17岁 联合国系统为发展中国家的粮食和营养安全国家战略提供日益协调的支助。 高级别工作队汇集了联合国系统内的22个组织、基金、方案和部门、布雷顿森林机构、世界贸易组织和经济合作与发展组织,促进这一机构间工作的协同作用。 工作队的工作参考了《最新综合行动框架》,该框架促进了联合国各实体对粮食和营养安全问题所采取的办法的协调一致,各国政府、二十国集团、发展伙伴和民间社会现在越来越多地利用该框架来规划自己的战略。 借助工作队的工作,国家和国际利益攸关方正在形成共识,即以小农为核心的可持续加强农业以及对最脆弱群体的系统保护制度,对粮食和营养安全以及农业发展计划至关重要。 农发基金出版的《2011年农村贫穷报告》7 和粮农组织出版的《决策者关于可持续地加强小农作物生产指南》、6 《世界经济和社会概览》和《实现农业新愿景:利益攸关方路线图》7 都反映了这一点。 [9]", "18岁。 非洲国家元首在马普托发表的宣言的进展情况参差不齐。 非洲联盟已同意农业国内生产总值(国内总产值)每年增长6%的目标,其中农业发挥主要作用,但据非洲农业研究所称,尽管国内总产值增长5%,2000至2008年期间,该区域的农业国内总产值只增长3%。 在最近一份关于非洲研究与发展的报告中,非洲森林研究所发现,尽管在八个国家进行了大量的农业投资,但西非法语国家等其他国家严重依赖不稳定的外部资金来源。 2008年,埃塞俄比亚、加纳、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、南非、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和苏丹在区域公共农业研究和发展支出中所占的份额越来越大(70%),所有研究人员(64%)。", " 19. 19. 政府对农业的重新承诺导致巴西、中国和印度的公共农业研究与发展增加。 巴西和印度在公共农业研究与发展方面的支出略低于整个撒哈拉以南非洲(共计17亿美元)。 中国的支出远远超过了任何其他国家,根据IFPRI,2007年达到43亿美元(2005年购买力平价). 这些政府的投资促成了支持农业发展的动态创新系统。 上述八个大型非洲国家拥有充足的农业研究方案,带动了本区域的农业增长。 加纳、尼日利亚、苏丹、乌干达和坦桑尼亚联合共和国是区域增长的主要驱动力,其支出增长主要是政府大量注入资金的结果。 巴西,印度和中国也大多依靠自己的投资,但粮农组织发现,许多其他新兴和发展中国家填补投资差距的能力有限,即使包括了官方发展援助.", "20号. 捐助者和开发银行的投资捐款有所增加,因为作为西非和东非农业生产力方案的一部分,在一些国家启动了由世界银行贷款供资的大量项目。 活动的重点是生成和传播处理国家和区域优先事项的改良农业技术,重点是加纳的根茎和茎、马里和坦桑尼亚联合共和国的稻米、塞内加尔的谷物、乌干达的木薯、埃塞俄比亚的小麦和肯尼亚的乳制品。", "21岁 在非洲,马拉维树立了由总统宾古·瓦·穆塔里卡采取整体办法并发挥鼓舞人心的领导作用的榜样,他制定了一系列政策措施来处理农业和全面发展问题。 他亲自负责农业和营养部,承诺将16%的支出用于农业,并启动了严格的评估和多方利益攸关者磋商进程,以制定进口改良种子和肥料的计划,通过优惠券以补贴价格分发给小农。 产量翻了一番,但成本很高,因为优惠券系统漏水、补贴目标不明确、私营部门被排除在外、缺乏农民培训、灌溉投资和收割后支助。 这些经验教训被用于改进方案,然后才将投资组合退回职能部委。", "改进空间", "22号. 尽管取得了进展,国际粮食政策研究所最近对国家、区域和全球各级的农业体制发展、投资和能力进行的一次审查提出了四个需要由各国政府、捐助者和其他利益攸关方处理的领域:", "(a) 农业研发投资不足的十年;", "(b) 年度投资水平波动过大;", "(c) 人力资源能力的现有和迫在眉睫的挑战;", "(d) 国家 需要最大限度地开展农业研究和开发方面的区域和分区域合作。", "23. 联合国 很少农业计划采取综合办法,考虑到所需的农村基础设施、改善市场准入、提供推广服务和技术能力建设、政府、学术界、工商界和民间社会多方利益有关者之间的协调以及处理产权问题的必要性,同时在自然资源的可持续管理的更广阔框架内制定这些计划,特别是解决土地和生物多样性退化以及水位过度使用和被污染的问题。 展望未来,国家计划还必须通过增加农林系统中的碳固存并建设抵御气候冲击的能力,考虑到对气候变化的适应和缓解。 没有任何全面的办法可以做到。 在过度使用化肥和杀虫剂使土地和水资源退化的地区,适当的政策可包括取消化肥补贴并改进土壤和水的管理。 相比之下,在撒哈拉以南非洲的大部分地区,可能需要采取激励措施和手段,在营养耗竭的土壤中增加营养。", "24 (韩语). 多数计划仍然注重供应方面的干预,没有足够注意增加的生产最终将走向何处。 需要采取供应链或集群办法来提高生产力和农民的收入,特别是小农户的收入,他们大多远离市场,几乎没有机会获得信贷。 供应链办法更加注意农产品的最终市场,同时考虑到农产品供应链的各个阶段。 [10] 如果没有农村生产者同城市消费者之间的适当联系,城市增长就不能促进广泛消除农村贫穷。 例如,在撒哈拉以南非洲,城市地区日益增长的粮食需求越来越多地由进口而不是由国内生产来满足。 还需要在困难的气候条件下改进收割技术、收割后技术、[11]储存和冷却设施、基础设施以及包装和销售系统,以便能够支持发展中国家持续改善向市场提供优质食品,从而增加农民的收入。 国家计划大多不包括促进农民、中小企业和研究中心之间互动的活动,这些活动可以增加未加工原材料的价值,或加强价值链及其参与,使小农受益。 这些计划通常没有解决与私营部门合作和支持建立运作良好的农民团体或合作社的需要,以促进制定公平的汇总方案,使小农户能够从规模经济中获益并满足日益占支配地位的超市的数量要求。 诸如减少出口税等财政政策也可增加加工食品的出口,科特迪瓦和加纳就是这种情况。", "25岁 麦肯锡的研究发现,许多非洲国家的计划缺乏针对性,有大量的倡议和活动不易管理,目标不易衡量. McKinsey建议集中投资于对国家很重要的价值链、一个“粮仓”地区,以提高生产力,或者基础设施走廊。 例如,巴西采取区域办法,对塞拉多地区进行了大量投资,而马里正在考虑在锡卡索地区试行面包篮办法,以可持续的方式提高谷物产量。 坦桑尼亚联合共和国以及莫桑比克、马拉维和赞比亚正在采取农业发展走廊办法,将投资集中在农场和储存及加工设施上,围绕一个主要基础设施项目(通常是私营部门采矿或其他基础设施项目)进行。", "26. 联合国 确保有可靠的经调整品种优质种子供应,需要制定粮食和农业植物遗传资源综合管理国家战略。 在大多数国家方案中,植物育种能力正在下降,而且与种子部门的发展没有联系,无论是通过公共还是私人伙伴关系。 这妨碍了农民获得改良品种和优质种子。 计划需要包括实际行动和有针对性的政策措施,以便在植物育种、种子系统和保护利益攸关方之间建立更大的联系并开展更大的合作,在全世界提供气候准备好的作物和种子。", "27个 发展中国家的农业需要对人力、自然、物质和社会资本进行大量和持续的投资,以可持续的方式加强生产。 粮农组织估计,到2050年,初级农业和下游部门的年平均总投资需要2 090亿美元,以满足生产增长70%的需要。 仅在发展中国家每年就需要投资830亿美元。", "28岁 最近发表的粮农组织决策者关于可持续地加强小农作物生产的指南提供了一个植根于以可持续生态系统为基础的农业新模式的工具包,这应有助于会员国实现上述变化。 例如,粮农组织向各国提供如何使用和养护维持农业生态系统的授粉服务的指导和相关工具,并制定政策确保这些生态系统服务的可持续性。 它还就根据国际标准制定国家植物卫生战略提供指导,以确保植物和植物产品安全贸易以及安全进入国际市场,并就支持种子生产系统提供指导。", "29. 国家 劳工组织通过研讨会、知识共享工具和全办事处政策简报支持各国执行2009年6月通过的《全球就业契约》。 《契约》将就业和社会保护置于特殊财政刺激措施的中心,认为这将保护弱势群体并恢复对经济的投资和需求。 《契约》是在国家和全球两级根据社会对话、就业和社会保护措施确定和执行的,这些措施最适合每个国家的情况。", "四、结 论 支持农业研发[12].", "30岁。 尽管对高产品种进行了大量投资并采用了高产品种,但许多主食产量已经停滞了十多年。 [13] 同时,根据粮农组织,到2050年,发展中国家的农业生产需要增加一倍。 在许多国家,粮食和营养安全与环境可持续性的双重目标,除其他外,需要通过充分的推广服务和更有力的多方利益有关者伙伴关系,在研究和开发方面进行更多、目标明确的投资并更广泛地向小农传播信息和技术支助。 公共部门需要投资于研究和开发,并提供充分的奖励,以扩大对与穷人有关的作物和过程的研究。 粮农组织指出,研究与开发目前以私营部门为主,集中在六所主要公司,主要侧重于盈利的发达国家市场。 有利的政策环境可以促进私营部门的供资,包括强有力的知识产权立法、进口和测试新技术的最低限度障碍以及对研究支出的免税。", "31岁 就非洲而言,有8个国家增加了农业研究与发展,但另有几个国家严重资金不足。 即使在研究系统发达的八个国家,对研究的支持每年也有很大差异,特别是在南非和肯尼亚。", "32. 联合国 尼日利亚在投资、能力和政府和高等教育机构数量方面是撒哈拉以南非洲最大的农业研究系统。 2000-2008年期间,公共农业研究与开发翻了一番多,抵消了早先的下降,提高了工资水平并解除了对政府招聘的冻结。 高等教育部门在农业研究中的作用在此期间也得到了加强。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 在非洲,16个国家建立了科学院(加纳、喀麦隆、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、肯尼亚、马达加斯加、毛里求斯、摩洛哥、莫桑比克、尼日利亚、塞内加尔、南非、苏丹、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和津巴布韦),这些科学院应有助于综合知识。 然而,尽管非洲需要发展基础设施,但只有南非有专门促进工程的学院。 区域一体化还有助于撒哈拉以南非洲国家研究中心之间的协作和信息共享。 非洲农业研究论坛、加强东部和中部非洲农业研究协会、西非和中非农业研究与发展理事会以及南部非洲发展共同体粮食、农业和自然资源局通过建立各种研究网络,在协调其成员国的农业研究活动方面取得了相当大的进展。 它们使国家农业研究系统能够专门从事某些领域,并已证明对缺乏农业研究与发展必要数量的小国特别有利。", "34. 国家 绿色革命和国际农业研究协商小组(农研协商组)的经验教训是:(a) 新技术的革新和发展需要长期可靠的资金和承诺;(b) 新技术的采用需要有利的体制框架和对基础设施和农民能力发展的大量投资,以及获得投入、信贷和市场的机会。", "35. 联合国 公共研究机构还需要彻底改变其目前的运作模式,以便通过联合实验和学习等途径,更好地满足农民的需要。 农发基金正试图通过向国际肥料发展中心提供赠款来满足这些需要,以调整和扩大创新办法,以制定针对具体地点的土壤肥力综合管理办法、适当(包括有机)肥料、使资源贫乏的农民能够获得肥料的机制、更多地采用土壤管理办法以及西非可取的体制、行为和政策变化。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 妇女参与农业研究和推广服务,特别是在撒哈拉以南非洲,对于确保满足她们的特殊需要至关重要。 国际计划生育研究所报告说,一些国家,如博茨瓦纳、莫桑比克和南非,在农业研究和高等教育领域女性专业人员的比例较大(分别为32%、35%和41%),而另一些国家的比例很低,如埃塞俄比亚6%、多哥9%、尼日尔10%和布基纳法索12%。", "国际农业研究协商小组", "37. 联合国 分配给农研组的预算从1970年的1 500万美元增加到1990年的3.05亿美元,2011年达到6亿美元。 根据农研组研究的一个子集,该研究的成本效益比率估计在1.9至17.3之间。 [14] 支持绿色革命的这一机构正在进行重大改革,2010年建立了以持续学习和问责制为核心的战略规划、管理和沟通成果管理制办法为基础的新结构。 在设计农研协商研究方案时参考的新的系统层面成果是:(a) 减少农村贫穷;(b) 改善粮食安全;(c) 改善营养和健康;(d) 自然资源的可持续管理。 越来越优先重视满足当地需要(包括应用和业务研究)、核实和传播实地经验和良好做法并建设国家机构的能力。", "38. 国家 2010年,农发基金核准了1 360万美元的赠款,用于农研协商会牵头的15个方案(现已扩展到全球农业研究论坛),这些方案促进了全球合作研究伙伴关系。 农发基金通过与创新政策和方案的信息共享和评估,与农研协商组各中心建立伙伴关系,支持改善高价值商品获得生产性资产和新市场的机会。 例如,农发基金同生物多样性国际合作,提高被忽视和未充分利用的物种的知名度,并支助向印度、秘鲁、多民族玻利维亚国和也门的贫穷农村社区提供改良种子。", "联合国系统", "39. 联合国 粮农组织协助60个国家开展能力建设技术援助项目。 这些项目评估农业创新体系的现状;加强研究、推广、教育、信息和通信机构和服务的能力;提供方法和工具来增强传统和科学知识生成之间的联系;发展管理和政策机制来强化农业创新体系并提高其可持续性。", " 40. 40. 粮农组织领导了几项加强农业研究和创新产出传播的倡议,包括:(a) 农业研究促进发展信息的一致性倡议,该倡议提供了一个良好政策和做法框架,得到一系列开放工具和服务的支持,使各组织能够真正获得公共领域产出,现在已有100多所主要研究组织和大学予以支持;(b) 获得全球农业在线研究方案,该方案向107个低收入国家的2 500多家注册机构提供免费或极低成本的2 700份在线出版的科学文章;(c) 虚拟推广和研究通信网络的概念模式,促进利用因特网技术和通信,加强农业政策、研究和推广机构与其他主要利益攸关方之间的联系。", "整合当地知识", "41. 国家 在支持知识密集型农业方面,一个令人感兴趣的趋势是认识到分散式大学作为区域知识转让的推动者的作用。 将知识下放到各种地方机构将是整合地方知识和新技术使之适应当地农业生态系统和气候变化的关键。 例如,加纳政府于1992年建立了多营地发展研究大学,目的是利用该区域的资源使高等教育与加纳北部的农村社区相关。 教学方法强调注重实践、以社区为基础、解决问题、对性别问题敏感和互动的学习,这些学习适用于当地的贫穷问题。 [15] 学生应了解当地知识的重要性,并设法通过涉及参与式学习和评估的实际实地方案,将当地知识同科学结合起来,学生在农村生活和工作。 这所大学的大多数毕业生现在都在农村社区工作。 乌干达还开展了类似的社区农业教育。", "42. 国家 粮农组织通过提供联系和建立联合国机构与其他利益攸关方之间知识交流的交流渠道,支持整合当地专门知识。 粮农组织还向各国提供咨询和技术援助,以确定传播需要,并为特定受众采用具有成本效益的创新传播战略。 粮农组织支持的“信息流通促进发展”原则是确保人民和机构有效分享知识的任何发展倡议的重要组成部分。 教科文组织还在世界各地(如古巴和摩洛哥)的几个选定的生物圈保护区项目中促进传统知识的使用,这些项目为各国政府提供了经验教训。", "土地和水", "43. 东帝汶 农业和土地密切相关。 解决粮食、土地、水和能源安全、环境和气候变化之间的联系,对于农业部门能够满足对主食日益增长的需要,并在环境、社会和经济上具有可持续性至关重要。 农业和水也密切相关。 在世界范围内,农业消耗了全部淡水的70%,这一资源日益匮乏。 为了提高产量并应对气候变化,必须大幅提高农业用水生产率。 适应努力现在必须开始,以避免建设基础设施,使农业用户在今后数年中陷入不可持续的行为。 土地和水资源的综合管理、水资源的有效利用以及废水的安全再利用,对于适应气候变化和减缓气候变化至关重要。 非洲有雨水灌溉系统的例子包括利用废水为水和密钥孔花园埋设树苗。 改善的灌溉系统包括:小型喷发和滴灌系统、植物取水的精准时间和作物系统,如密集水稻系统,其用水量低于传统系统。 改善取水和取水对提高产量也至关重要。 例如,在哥斯达黎加、墨西哥和尼加拉瓜,一个利用土坝收集雨水以进行旱季灌溉的试点项目使水稻产量翻了一番。", " V. 支持技术转让和推广服务", "44. 国家 为应对粮食和营养安全、减贫和环境可持续性等挑战,需要对技术转让和推广服务进行彻底改革并提供支持。 在几十年投资不足之后,许多发展中国家的农业创新体系薄弱,支离破碎,与农民、民间社会组织和私营部门的联系差。 然而,农业推广工作者仍然是向小农户传授知识、信息和培训的重要工具,只要他们自己受过适当的培训,任务明确,报酬适当。", "45. 国家 成功采用可持续做法的共同之处是:", "(a) 使技术知识与农民相关并可供农民获取,农民直接参与学习和创新,使知识、技术和管理做法适应当地情况;", "(b) 国家 包括政府、非政府组织、私营公司和多边组织在内的各种行为者积极参与扩大创新、传播知识、在农民中进行能力建设、促进信任并减少新技术和农业做法的风险;", "(c) 调整管理农业研究和发展的机构,以促使农民采用新做法,重新界定妇女的作用并建立更密切的互动网络;[16]", "(d) 国家 建立有利的环境,使农民能够克服在采用新技术和农业做法方面面临的限制。", "46. 经常预算: 多个利益攸关方之间的若干有效协作成功地设计和运用了具有大规模影响的创新办法,包括农民田地学校和水稻集约系统等。", "47. 国家 在87个国家开办的农民田地学校的经验表明,在正规和非正规研究机构的参与下,可通过农民对农民的学习来推进创新和灵活的自然资源管理。 学校采用参与性办法,允许小农户测试技术替代办法并适应当地条件和生态。 印度尼西亚政府、美国国际开发署和粮农组织之间的伙伴关系将农民田地学校从印度尼西亚和菲律宾扩展到孟加拉国、柬埔寨、中国、印度、老挝人民民主共和国、尼泊尔、斯里兰卡和越南,并将内容扩大到包括一系列管理技能。 然而,需要科学评估,以确保农民田地学校成为传播知识的有效工具。 一些人发现,农民田地学校不易扩大规模,对农业集约化的可持续性产生了有争议影响。 [17]", " 48. 48. 通过移动电话、视频和无线电进行在职和在职培训和远程教育也证明是有效的,并日益补充推广服务。 粮农组织促进在信息社会世界首脑会议后建立的电子农业全球同业交流圈,以促进更有效地利用信息和通信技术。 来自160多个国家的7 000多名信息和通信专家、研究人员、农村机构人员、农民、决策者和工商界人士分享了利用信通技术促进可持续农业和农村发展的良好做法和信息。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 移动电话现在提供一种负担得起的、可获得的通讯和支助手段,为农村社区带来创新,以创造经济机会和加强社会网络。 粮农组织执行地方创新和交流计划,改善了咨询服务的提供、当地知识的利用和农民参与决策,加强了研究、推广和农民之间的联系。 特别强调促进农业自然资源的可持续管理。 农民和社区利用移动电话进行电子银行业务,获取实时天气、价格和其他信息。 粮农组织使用移动电话监测传染性病虫害的发生率和蔓延、政府农药库存的使用和处置、水源位置和区域价格变化。", " 50. 50. 事实证明,采用改进管理方法的同行录像对非洲妇女非常有效,比培训讲习班更有效。 例如,贝宁利用录像向妇女介绍改进了水稻加工技术。 这些可以通过电台节目予以加强,几内亚海洋电台也是如此。 这些低成本技术在通过农民对农民的知识共享促进创新方面没有得到充分利用。", "51. 联合国 水稻集约化制度是在正规研究机构之外发展起来的,主要是非政府组织和农民通过不断学习和改造而形成的. 该系统实施简单的管理变革,例如在较年轻的植物的非花地上进行手移植,它们之间的间隔较大,有机肥料的使用范围更广,虫害综合防治。 它在40个国家成功地进行了试验,提高了50%的产量,同时减少了用水和投入成本,从而增加了收入。 柬埔寨、中国、印度、印度尼西亚和越南政府赞同水稻集约化制度,并将其纳入国家粮食安全战略。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 还需要在农村地区迅速扩大优质教育,包括成人和妇女扫盲和培训,以确保农民有能力创新、相互学习并适应农业生态和市场条件的变化。", "53. 联合国 为了提供一个交流农村咨询服务部门经验的论坛,粮农组织支持成立新的农村咨询服务全球论坛。 论坛有34个区域和国家附属机构,它正在与这些附属机构协商,为评价农村咨询服务系统并制订循证办法和政策来提高这些服务和方案的效力制定一个五年业务计划和一套指导资料。", "54. 联合国 粮农组织还通过TECA促进应用研究和实地推广人员分享知识,TECA是一个信息系统,为小型农业生产者分享应用技术和做法知识提供因特网平台,并就具体的地理区域或主题建立在线交流小组。 新平台经过农村用户的测试,并经过审查,只包含符合农村用户需要(300个技术和做法)的精心描述的技术和做法。 该平台平均每月浏览约10 000页,宣传活动正在进行中。 这些单元可以像对多民族玻利维亚国所做的那样,下放给会员国。", "55. 国家 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会亚洲及太平洋农业工程和机械中心通过在缅甸利用收成和收成后技术以及在朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、斐济和菲律宾使用高产水稻种植和种子生产技术的试点,为本区域开发了一个测试和促进安全而可持续的机械的制度化进程(见E/ESCAP/67/6)。", "六、结 论 市场和融资服务", "市场服务", "56. (中文(简体) ). 虽然私营部门通过各种机制在加速农业创新方面发挥了越来越重要的作用,但将小农排除在外的风险很高。 大型连锁超市控制了拉丁美洲和加勒比40%至50%的粮食市场,中国约10%,南非30%,印度尼西亚50%,要求小农户有能力达到严格的质量标准,通过合作社和协会开发产品集聚,以达到商业化所需的规模.", "57. 萨尔瓦多 三个因素对防止小农被排斥在超级市场供应链之外至关重要,这些供应链正在越来越多地主导发展中国家的采购:(a) 注重具有预先确定的市场的产品;(b) 促使私营和(或)公共组织以商业基础参与;(c) 农民以可持续方式组成团体。 还必须防止粮食市场上的垄断做法。 [18] 更好地获得信息、信贷和风险保险,也将使小农户能够更好地与私营部门建立互利的伙伴关系。", "58. 联合国 此外,近年来道德和环境认证程序激增,为建立价值链,将小农户与更大的出口市场联系起来,提供了新的机会。 香蕉、咖啡和可可的自愿标准和认证方案涉及广泛的问题,包括环境保护、劳工权利、工作场所的安全和健康、社会公平和当地社区的福利,同时向农民提供价格溢价并改善市场准入和稳定。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 然而,粮农组织指出,主要由主要市场的大公司制定的以食品安全、质量、可追溯性和良好农业做法为目的的标准往往无法确保价格溢价,并可能通过大幅提高小规模种植者达到标准的成本而伤害他们。 针对这种标准激增的情况,非营利和志愿联合体可持续性评估委员会开发了一个严格的评估工具,目前正在生成关于任何可持续性做法的社会、经济和环境影响的科学信息,包括其五年来的成本和效益。 该工具因其多方利益攸关者协商进程而获得发展机构和主要企业的广泛政治接受。 该委员会正在扩大数据收集,包括关于咖啡、茶叶、棉花、生物燃料作物和水果的数据收集,并将为数十个国家提供农业可持续性信息。 迄今收集了5 000多套数据,其方法是加强发展中国家主要地方组织按照标准方法收集数据的能力,公布最新影响评估。", "60. 联合国 粮农组织还制定了一项工作方案,就以下方面提供建议:(a) 改变政府与私营部门的接触,以反映多样性和不断变化的市场;(b) 为国家农业发展创造有利环境;(c) 加强体制和服务部门发展,以支持农业价值链方案,促进可持续和包容性企业发展。", "投资和创新筹资", "61. 国家 公共资助的研究应明确注重粮食和营养安全的战略优先事项,包括提高主食的产量和抗药性,提高作物的营养价值,促进自然资源的可持续利用和/或减少外部化学投入的使用,提高适应和适应市场条件及气候变化的能力。 在面临长期粮食和营养无保障的地区,农业投资也是建立复原力和逐年减少人道主义援助需求的具有成本效益的方法。", "62. 联合国 各国政府和捐助者正在增加对农业的投资,但还需要更多资金来满足日益增长的粮食需要。 必须加强非洲国家元首在马普托宣言的进展,履行拉奎拉承诺将是向前迈出的重要一步。 然而,随着经济和金融危机的爆发,公共部门对农业和农村发展的贡献非常多变,许多国家的捐款都很低或下降。", "63. 国家 据估计,私营部门对农业的投资,包括外国直接投资,需要总体增加近50%,以满足日益增加的需求(从每年约1 420亿美元)。 然而,有证据表明,目前的投资往往是在与当地社区协商不力、投资条件缺乏透明度、以及处理与开采自然资源、大规模征地和农村社区丧失生计有关的不满的机制薄弱或不存在的情况下进行的。 粮农组织指出,越来越多的证据表明,包括小农在内的其他模式,如合同农业、外围种植计划和与农民组织的合资经营,比在发展中国家建立特大农场的大规模土地收购模式更有利于可持续经济发展。 传统的公私营伙伴关系在引导创新努力以实现可持续发展目标方面也不是很成功。 为了促进负责并促进可持续发展的私人投资,应20国集团的要求,粮农组织、农发基金、联合国贸易和发展会议和世界银行制定了尊重权利、生计和资源的负责任农业投资原则。 20国集团建议各组织在第一阶段试行协商产生的七项原则,并借鉴所吸取的经验教训,为第二阶段协商进程提供信息。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 需要采用综合和混合每个国家可接受的所有资金来源的办法。", "65. 国家 虽然还需要在农业方面进行测试,但高级的疫苗生产市场承诺机制,即捐助者以预定价格作出大量预先购买承诺,可为可持续农业强化技术创新提供重要的经验教训。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 促使私营部门参与的另一个创新机制是基于成果的业绩合同,例如,在竞争的基础上,开发更能耐水和更能适应化肥的改良种子或作物品种;这可能是刺激私人研究的一种手段。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 世界经济论坛的工业伙伴通过非洲和亚洲的区域协商,为制定《农业新愿景》作出了贡献,2011年1月在瑞士达沃斯举行的论坛年度会议上发布了该愿景的路线图。 路线图的重点是公共部门、私营部门和民间社会之间的伙伴关系,以农民为中心,以加快可持续农业的增长。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 这些伙伴关系是与非洲联盟、非洲发展新伙伴关系和各国政府共同实施的,旨在以可持续的方式加强小农农业,使企业(包括农民组织)、民间社会组织和政府参与的价值链更好地运作。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 还必须从目前正在实施的气候试验基金中学习,特别是在为负责任的私营部门投资创造有利环境方面,包括同慈善组织和基金会的伙伴关系。 将健全的农业做法纳入 \" REDD+ \" 等金融机制,可有助于为可持续强化供资。 农业对全球人为温室气体排放总量的10%至12%造成了气候变化。 可持续农业做法可通过将碳储存在土壤或地上生物量中来显著地减少排放,或通过减少一氧化二氮或甲烷的排放来减少排放。 正在探讨的另一个资金来源是根据2009年联合国气候变化会议通过的《哥本哈根协议》提供的资金,作为快速启动资金,用于加强缓解(包括降排)、适应、技术开发和转让、能力建设和长期支持等方面的行动,尽管目标是到2020年每年筹集1 000亿美元。", "70. 联合国 粮农组织和二十国集团有关成员正努力为发展中国家热带农业能力建设开发一个平台,将二十国集团国家和最不发达国家的机构以虚拟、灵活而高效的结构汇集在一起,以产生和应用发展中国家的农业知识。 该平台旨在全球协调各项努力,以利用良好培训做法发展个人的能力,支持国家行为体的持续学习和自主。", "页:1 前进的道路", "71. 联合国 可持续强化和可持续农业仍将是国际议程上的优先事项,因为今后38年粮食生产必须增加70%,投资必须每年增加2 090亿美元。 2012年联合国可持续发展大会将提供一个重要机会来推动启动伙伴关系,从而实现农业创新、农业技术转让和适应以及支持这些创新的创新金融机制。 可持续加强农业是会议两个主题之一的核心:可持续发展背景下的绿色经济和消除贫穷。", "72. 联合国 国家需要作出重大努力来改革农业部门,在区域和国际机构的支持下,将可持续农业和对小农,包括女农民的支持纳入国家政策和战略。 需要投入更大的努力和资源来开发和传播农业技术,以有效适应气候变化和自然资源稀缺。 农业还有可能通过低成本地改善土壤、水、植物和生态系统管理,通过改善贫穷农民的生计来采用减少温室气体的婚礼技术。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 在减少发展中国家收获后浪费方面的投资与合作将大大有助于解决粮食和营养安全和贫困问题,同时节省宝贵的自然资源。 对基础设施和能力建设进行其他投资,以达到认证标准,将有助于增加小农进入国家和国际市场的机会。", "74. 国家 必须明确解决妇女在支持农业的关键教育、研究和推广服务方面的不足。 性别分析和有针对性的举措必须纳入农业教育、研究和推广服务,承认妇女在农业劳动力中作为主要的粮食生产者以及家庭作为看护者所发挥的作用。 妇女应被看作是明显的行动者,平等地参与制定旨在促进粮食和营养安全的任何干预措施。", "[1] 粮食和营养保障存在于以下情况下:所有人在任何时候都能享有食物权,在物质、社会和经济上都能获得充足、安全和有营养的食物,以满足其饮食需要和食物偏好,从而过上积极而健康的生活。", "[2] 《2011年世界经济和社会概览:绿色技术大变革》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:E.11.II.C.1)。", "[3] Calestous Juma,《新收获:非洲的农业创新》(联合王国牛津,牛津大学出版社,2011年)。", "[4] Nienke Beintema和Gert-Jan Stads,《新千年中的非洲农业研究与发展:一些人的进步,许多人面临的挑战》(哥伦比亚特区华盛顿、国际计划生育研究所和意大利罗马,《农业科学和技术指标》,2011年)。", "[5] 食物权问题特别报告员的报告(见A/65/281)。", "[6] 粮农组织,《关于可持续地加强小农作物生产的决策者指南》(意大利罗马,2011年)。 见www.fao.org/ag/save-and-grow/index_en.html。", "[7] 农发基金,《2011年农村贫穷报告》(罗马,农发基金,2010年)。 可查阅http://www.ifad.org/。 rpr2011/report/e/overview.pdf. 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011-12-12.", "[8] 见妇女地位委员会第五十五届会议报告(E/2011/27-E/CN.6/2011/12)。", "[9] 世界经济论坛,《实现农业新愿景:利益攸关方路线图》(日内瓦,2010年),与麦肯锡公司合作编写。", "[10] 苏尼尔·相辉,鲁珀特·西蒙斯和罗伯托·乌乔亚, “转变非洲农业的四个教训:非洲国家要取得成功,就必须缩小重点,针对高影响项目”,麦肯锡季刊,2011年4月。", "[11] 粮农组织(2011年)估计,全球为人类消费而生产的食品约有三分之一丢失或浪费。", "[12] 第四节的大部分资料取自国际粮食政策研究所的农业科学和技术指标,用于跟踪国家、区域和全球各级的农业体制发展、投资和能力。", "[13] CIAT 2010年年度报告:从新世界到整个世界(哥伦比亚卡利,国际热带农业中心,2011年)。", "[14] David Raitzer和Timothy Kelley,“国际农业研究磋商小组国际研究中心投资效益成本元分析”,农业系统,第96卷,第1-3号(2008年3月)。", "[15] 朱马. 新收获报.", "[16] 农发基金,《2011年农村贫穷报告》。", "[17]克丽斯汀·戴维斯, “法尔默野外学校:在非洲推广的繁荣还是崩溃?” 国际农业和推广教育学报 第13卷 第1期 (2006年春).", "[18] Ellen McCullow, Prabhu Pingali和Kostas Stamoulis编;《农业粮食系统的转变:全球化、供应链和小农户》(粮农组织和Earthscan,2008年)。" ]

[ "[]", "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 36 and 37 The situation in the Middle East \n Question of Palestine", "Identical letters dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council[1]", "I have the honour to transmit herewith relevant documents along with letters written by 45 prominent Palestinians from Jerusalem and Israel, including Christian and Muslim figures, politicians, businesspeople and civil society activists, addressed to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Navanethem Pillay, and the Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Irina Bokova, urging that they take action to stop the continued destruction of Ma’man Allah Cemetery in Jerusalem by the Israeli Government (see annex).", "The present letter is in follow up to our letter dated 9 April 2010 (A/ES‑10/486-S/2010/184), in which we enclosed the petition “Urgent action on human rights violations by Israel: Desecration of the Ma’man Allah (Mamilla) Muslim Cemetery in the Holy City of Jerusalem”, filed by Palestinian individuals whose ancestors are buried at Ma’man Allah Cemetery in addition to several other NGOs from Palestine, Israel and the United States that oppose the establishment of so called Centre for Human Dignity and Museum of Tolerance on the human remains of the dead Muslims buried in the Cemetery.", "We would like to recall that the Charter of the United Nations reaffirmed “faith in fundamental human rights, and in the dignity and worth of the human person” and committed all Member States to promote “universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion”. Ironically both the Centre and the Museum bear names that do not befit this act of bigotry and contempt against the dignity and worth of the human person. Protection of cultural heritage and cultural property, including religious sites such as cemeteries, is guaranteed by international human rights instruments such as the UNESCO World Heritage Convention, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Further building in the cemetery constitutes a violation of basic human rights, including the right to manifest religious beliefs, the right to family and culture, and the right to freedom from discrimination, as set forth in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.", "Israel, the occupying Power, must be compelled to put an end to its unlawful policy of discrimination and contempt towards Palestinian Muslim and Christian holy places. We call on the international community, in particular the United Nations, to take the necessary actions to put an end to these violations.", "I kindly request that the text of the present letter and its annexes be circulated as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 36 and 37, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Riyad Mansour Ambassador Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations", "Annex I to the identical letters dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[]", "[]", "Annex II to the identical letters dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "[]", "Letter dated 20 July 2011 from the Acting Legal Director of the Center for Constitutional Rights addressed to the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights", "[]", "Letter dated 20 July 2011 from the Acting Legal Director of the Center for Constitutional Rights addressed to the Director-General of UNESCO", "[]", "Attachment", "Jerusalem, 20 July 2011", "Ms. Navanethem Pillay, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights;", "Ms. Irina Bokova, Director-General, UNESCO", "RE: Urgent Action to Prevent the Jerusalem Municipality from Completely Desecrating Ma’man Allah (Mamilla) Cemetery", "With our warmest regards from the Holy City of Jerusalem,", "Mamilla Cemetery is one of the oldest Palestinian cemeteries, in which were buried numerous Companions and followers of the Prophet Muhammad, learned scholars, military commanders and many notables of Jerusalem throughout history. Unfortunately, ever since the Nakbah, this cemetery has been continuously targeted by the Israeli authorities. Indeed, 85 per cent of its area has been turned into parks and streets, and buildings have been erected over parts of it. Only 23 dunums of the cemetery remain, and even this area has not been spared by the Israeli authorities, which have attempted to dispose of what is left of it in any way possible.", "On 25 June 2011, under cover of darkness in the late hours of the night, Jerusalem Municipality bulldozers entered Mamilla Cemetery and completely destroyed some 100 graves and grave markers. The authorities are still determined to continue the levelling and destruction of the graves of Jerusalem’s ancestors, and they have placed red marks on dozens of additional graves in preparation for their destruction. This comes against the backdrop of official threats that construction will begin on the site of the cemetery of what they brazenly and unashamedly call “A Center for Human Dignity — Museum of Tolerance”! We ask you: To what humanity could this possibly refer? What dignity? What tolerance?", "In the face of these troubling developments, we the undersigned, in the name of our steadfast Muslim and Christian Arab people in the Holy Land and the Holy City of Jerusalem, the “Flower of Cities”, appeal urgently for you to intervene immediately in order to stop the desecration of this cemetery by sending a delegation to investigate the situation and putting pressure on the Government of Israel, in accordance with the Human Rights Council resolution of 2010. This is especially important in light of the sanctity and historical importance of this cemetery, and the fact that it is an exceptional archaeological site, which is no less holy than the Christian or Jewish cemeteries whose desecration is also prohibited.", "We therefore ask that you accord due priority to considering the petition submitted to you by a distinguished group of Jerusalemites, represented by the Center for Constitutional Rights in New York, which includes thorough historical and legal documentation on this issue and rightful and just requests that no reasonable person could refuse.", "Thank you for your cooperation.", "• Shaykh Ibrahim Sarsour — Member of Knesset.", "• Mr. Ibrahim Matar — The National Christian Society.", "• Mr. Ahmed Hashem al-Zaghayer — President, Union of Chambers of Commerce.", "• Mr. Usama al-Sa’adi — Attorney.", "• Ms. Ilham Salama, Social Department, YMCA.", "• Mr. Iyad al-Masrouji — Businessman and Investor.", "• Mr. Bernard Sabella — Member of Palestinian Legislative Council.", "• Mr. Tawfiq Habash — Businessman.", "• Mr. Jamal Zahalqa — Member of Knesset.", "• Dr. Jamal Nusseibeh — Attorney-at-Law.", "• Mr. Hatem Abd Al-Qader — Minister for Jerusalem Affairs, Palestinian Authority.", "• Mr. Hana Siniora — Businessman.", "• Mr. Hana ‘Amira — Member of the Executive Committee, Palestine Liberation Organization.", "• Engineer Khaled al-Kaluti — Member of the Board of Trustees of the Welfare Association.", "• Ms. Dina Zarina — Secular Committee in the Holy Land.", "• Ms. Rania Elias — Director, Yabous Cultural Center.", "• Ms. Randa Makhlouf — Secular Committee in the Holy Land.", "• Engineer Zaki Aghbariya — President Al-Aqsa Association for Waqf and Culture.", "• Ms. Zahira Kamal — Secretary General Fida, Former Minister, Palestinian Authority.", "• Dr. Sari Nusseibeh — President, Al-Quds University.", "• Mr. Salah Atallah — Businessman.", "• Engineer Adnan al-Husseini — Governor of Jerusalem District, Palestinian Authority.", "• Mr. Azzam Abu Sa’ud — General Director, Jerusalem Chamber of Commerce.", "• Dr. Afu Ighbaria — Member of Knesset.", "• Archbishop Atallah Hanna.", "• Shaykh Dr. Akrama Sabri — President of the High Islamic Council and Preacher of the Aqsa Mosque.", "• Mr. Omar al-Alamy — Associate General Director, Jerusalem Cigarette Company.", "• Mr. Francis Tamas — Financial Expert.", "• Engineer Fouad al-Daqqaq — Advisor, Jerusalem Holding Company.", "• Shaykh Kamal al-Katib — Vice President of the Islamic Movement in Israel.", "• Engineer Mazen Sinokrot — Former Minister and businessman.", "• Mr. Muhammad Baraka — Member of Knesset.", "• Dr. Muhammad Jadallah — Representative of National Forces in Jerusalem.", "• Mr. Muhammad Zaydan — President, Arab Higher Follow-up Committee in Israel.", "• Dr. Mohamed al-Masrouji — President of the Board of Directors, Businessmen’s Association and businessman.", "• Rosary Sister’s High School.", "• Mr. Mas’ud Ghanaim — Member of Knesset.", "• Engineer Mustafa Abu Zahra — President of the Council of Islamic Cemeteries in Jerusalem.", "• Dr. Mahdi Abd al-Hadi — President, Palestinian Academic Society for International Affairs.", "• Shaykh Najih Bakirat — Head, Manuscripts and Culture Section, Al-Aqsa Mosque.", "• Professor Nabil Mashhour — President of the Union of the Arab Orthodox Club.", "• Ms. Hind Khoury — Former Minister and Jerusalemite Activist.", "• Mr. Hisham al-Kalouti — Jerusalemite Activist.", "• Mr. Wasif Thahir — President of the Board of Directors, YMCA Jerusalem.", "• Mr. Yusef Sanahir — Center for Church Relations.", "cc:", "• Ambassador Ibrahim Khreishi, Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations Office at Geneva", "• Ambassador Elias Sanbar, Permanent Observer of Palestine at UNESCO, Paris", "• Ambassador Riyad Mansour, Permanent Observer of Palestine to the United Nations in New York", "• Mr. Michael Ratner, Ms. Maria LaHood, Center for Constitutional Rights, New York.", "[1] * Reissued for technical reasons on 20 March 2013." ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目36和37", "中东局势", "巴勒斯坦问题", "2011年8月10日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨随信转递耶路撒冷和以色列45位知名巴勒斯坦人士(包括基督教和伊斯兰教人士、政界人士、工商界人士和民间社会活动家)写给联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱和联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)总干事伊琳娜·博科娃的信和相关文件，其中促请她们采取行动，阻止以色列政府继续摧毁位于耶路撒冷的马曼·阿拉公墓(见附件)。", "本信是我们2010年4月9日的信(A/ES-10/486-S/2010/184)的后续。在先前那封信中，我们附上了“对以色列侵犯人权行为采取紧急行动：关于亵渎耶路撒冷圣城Ma'man Allah(Mamilla)公墓”的请愿。提出请愿者是其祖先安葬于马曼·阿拉公墓的一些巴勒斯坦人以及巴勒斯坦、以色列和美国反对在葬有穆斯林死者遗骸的公墓上建立所谓“人类尊严中心和宽容博物馆”的其他一些非政府组织。", "^(*) 由于技术原因于2013年3月20日重新印发。", "我们要提请注意，《联合国宪章》重申了“基本人权，人格尊严与价值……之信念”，并承诺全体会员国将促进“全体人类之人权及基本自由之普遍尊重与遵守，不分种族、性别、语言或宗教”。具有讽刺意味的是，偏执和蔑视地践踏人类尊严及价值的上述行为与该中心和博物馆的名字格格不入。对包括诸如公墓这种宗教遗址在内的文化遗产和文化财产的保护，受到国际人权文书的保障，其中包括教科文组织《世界遗产公约》、《世界人权宣言》、《公民及政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》。在公墓里进一步大兴土木构成了对基本人权的侵犯，其中包括表明宗教信仰的权利、享受家庭和文化的权利以及不受歧视的自由，正如《消除一切形式种族歧视公约》所规定的那样。", "必须迫使占领国以色列停止其歧视和蔑视巴勒斯坦穆斯林和基督教圣地的非法政策。我们呼吁国际社会、尤其是联合国采取必要行动制止这方面的侵犯行为。", "请将此信及其附件作为大会议程项目36和37下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员", "大使", "里亚德·曼苏尔(签名)", "2011年8月10日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长的同文信的附件一", "巴勒斯坦社区领袖敦促联合国和教科文组织反对以色列建“宽容博物馆”宪政权利中心及运动继续向联合国官员施压", "2011年7月21日，纽约，耶路撒冷电——耶路撒冷和以色列45位知名巴勒斯坦人士，包括基督教和伊斯兰教人士、政界人士、工商界人士和民间社会活动家，今天致函联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱和联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事伊琳娜·博科娃，促请她们采取行动阻止以色列政府继续摧毁位于耶路撒冷的马米拉公墓。保护马米拉耶路撒冷公墓运动将信交给了宪政权利中心，后者今天将其转交给了联合国和教科文组织的官员。保护马米拉耶路撒冷公墓运动是一个由60名个人组成的团体，他们的祖先葬于这一公墓，他们首次向这两位联合国官员提出请愿是2010年2月，并得到了宪政权利中心提供的法律咨询。", "署名者具有范围广泛的政治背景，包括以色列议会中各党派的以色列籍阿拉伯议员、巴勒斯坦权力机构和巴勒斯坦解放组织的耶路撒冷籍部长和高级官员。一些知名宗教领袖也参加了这一呼吁，其中包括希腊东正教大主教Attalah Hanna和伊斯兰高级理事会主席Shaykh Akrama Sabri(附上署名者名单)，并得到了耶路撒冷一些社区团体的跨教派支持。", "在这封信发出之前，以色列内政部于2011年7月12日批准了设于美国的西蒙·维森特尔中心在耶路撒冷中心地带一处古代穆斯林公墓遗址的部分土地上建造“人类尊严中心——宽容博物馆”的计划，那里已有数以千计的人类遗骸、墓碑和考古文物遭到亵渎和摧毁。这一批准为立即开始施工打开了最后一道行政绿灯。在此之前，耶路撒冷市府还在该公墓一小块地方推倒了本来完好无损的数十个墓碑，从而激怒了请愿者和那些认为该公墓是其文化遗产一部分的其他巴勒斯坦人。", "社区领袖们在信中对于以色列正式准许在公墓遗址上开始施工表示震惊：“他们竟厚颜无耻地将其称为人类尊严中心——宽容博物馆！这到底指的是哪一种人类？哪一种尊严？哪一种容忍？”他们在信中呼吁联合国官员“立即采取干预行动”，“依照人权理事会2010年决议的要求，派出一个代表团对情况进行调查并对以色列政府施压”。信中强调了“这一公墓的神圣性、位置和历史重要性以及它是一个特殊古迹的事实，其神圣绝不亚于那些也被禁止亵渎的基督教或犹太人公墓”。署名者还请上述国际官员“以酌情优先研究一批知名耶路撒冷人士……提出的请愿，……其中附有详尽的历史和法律文献，以及任何有理性的人都无法拒绝的合法及正义请求”。", "宪政权利中心所代表的最初60名请愿者之一、圣城大学校长Sari Nusseibeh说：“这不是一个会消失的问题，我们决心证明这个事业可以团结所有宗教和各种政治背景的人。我们需要行动，以确保对人类尊严和宽容的这种侮辱不再持续，也不会重演”。", "在发出这个最后关头的呼吁之前，宪政权利中心最近还努力促使人权高专和教科文组织采取行动，而它们尚未就请愿者的请求采取行动。“想要保护他们安葬在马米拉公墓的祖先遗骸的人们所发出的呼声，基本上被国际社会忽视，包括受到被赋予了保护他们人权的职责的联合国官员的忽视，”宪政权利中心代理法律主任Maria LaHood说：“我们将继续向世界的良知发出防止建造该博物馆的呼吁。建造该博物馆是企图抹杀耶路撒冷的巴勒斯坦历史和文化遗产。”", "请愿书，增编和其他文件见www.mamillacampaign.org和http://www.ccrjustice.　org/ourcases/current-cases/mamilla。", "宪政权利中心致力于推进和保护受到美国宪法和《世界人权宣言》保障的权利。宪政权利中心由一批在南方代表民权运动的律师于1966年建立。宪政权利中心是一个非营利法律和教育组织，决心创造性地运用法律作为推动社会变革的一个积极力量。请访问www.ccrjustice.org。Follow@theCCR。", "保护马米拉耶路撒冷公墓运动由请愿者发起，是一个完全民间和自愿的举措，没有政治色彩。所有60名个人请愿者都是耶路撒冷15个最有名望和历史最悠久家庭的后代，与以色列法院里先前的个人或机构索赔者无关。请愿书得到了设于以色列和包括耶路撒冷在内巴勒斯坦被占领土的16个人权非政府组织的支持。", "2011年8月10日 巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长的同文信的附件二", "联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱女士", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事伊琳娜·博科娃女士", "谨随函附上45位耶路撒冷和以色列社区知名领导人联合来信，请通过我们的活动网络转给阁下，确保事情得到关注。", "阁下知晓，我们的活动网络包括60名耶路撒冷人，其先辈遗骸仍安息在耶路撒冷圣城马米拉墓地。而Simon Weisenthal Centre 却要将其“开发”为“宽容博物馆”，侵害我们的核心人权和文化遗产。", "我们敬请两位获知，我们已经努力接触资助这次亵渎的Simon Weisenthal Centre的施者，甚至联系了长老会。但我们义正辞严的要求仍如石沉大海。", "请确信，此事不会完结。我们决心让马米拉墓地成为团结所有宗教，团结各界人们的事业。我们需要阁下的支持和行动，制止这一亵渎人的尊严和宽容的暴行，使其不再重复。", "代表保护耶路撒冷马米拉墓地运动，", "Sarl Husseibeh教授", "Huda Al-Imam女士", "Dyala Husseini Dajani女士", "Asem Said Khalidi先生", "2011年7月20日宪政权利中心代理法律主任给联合国人权事务高级专员和联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事的同文信", "随函附上45名耶路撒冷和以色列知名巴勒斯坦人士的信。他们中有基督教徒、穆斯林、政治家、商业人士和民间社会人员，都敦促阁下采取行动，制止继续摧毁耶路撒冷马米拉墓地的行为。信以阿拉伯文拟就，附英文翻译。信是由保护耶路撒冷马米拉墓地运动转给宪政权利中心的。保护耶路撒冷马米拉墓地运动与宪政权利中心协作，于2010年2月最先致函阁下，请求制止以色列亵渎历史遗址马米拉墓地的行为，制止洛杉矶的Simon Weisenthal Centre建造所谓的“宽容博物馆”。该运动的送文函也附上。", "敬希联合国人权事务高级专员办事处紧急关注此事，并期待答复。如有任何问题，或需补充信息，请打212 614 6430，或[email protected]。", "代理法律主任", "Maria C. LaHood(签名)", "附录", "联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱女士", "联合国教育、科学及文化组织总干事伊琳娜·博科娃女士", "紧急行动，制止耶路撒冷市政府彻底摧毁马米拉墓地", "我们自耶路撒冷圣城向阁下致意，", "马米拉墓地是最古老的巴勒斯坦墓地之一，在此安息着先知穆罕默德的众多教友和随从、学者、军官和耶路撒冷历史上许多名人。很不幸，自Nakbah以来，以色列当局一直锁定了这座墓地。这个地区85%已经成为公园和街道，建成了楼房和停车场。墓地只剩下23杜努姆。连这一地方也惨遭以色列当局之手。他们企图将剩余的一切都吞并。", "2011年6月25日，耶路撒冷市政府乘着黑夜，派推土机进入墓地，完全摧毁了约100座坟墓和墓碑。当局铁定要继续铲平摧毁耶路撒冷先辈的坟墓，在另外几十座坟墓上标上红字，准备摧毁。同时，官方威胁要在墓地上开工，兴建其恬不知耻称之为“人的尊严中心———宽容博物馆”！请问：这是指哪路人？何方尊严？什么宽容？", "面对这些令人不安的情况，我们签名人以真主、穆斯林和基督徒的名义，“众城之花”、圣城耶路撒冷的人民，急请阁下立即制止亵渎这一墓地，派遣代表团调查情况，按照人权理事会第2010号决议，向以色列政府施压。 这座墓地历史悠久，十分圣洁，具有特殊的考古价值，不次于同样不得亵渎的基督教和犹太教墓地。", "因此，我们请求阁下重视纽约市宪政权利中心代表的耶路撒冷知名人士的请愿书，请愿书中附上了这一问题的全部历史文件和法律文件，提出了合理合法的要求。若讲道理，就不会回绝这些要求。", "感谢合作。", "[签名人以阿拉伯姓名字母顺序排列]", "• Shaykh Ibrahim Sarsour–以色列议会议员。", "• Ibrahim Matar先生-全国基督教协会。", "• Ahmed Hashem al-Zaghayer先生-商会联合会会长。", "• Usama al-Sa'adi先生-律师。", "• Ilham Salama女士，基督教青年会社会部。", "• Iyad al-Masrouji先生-商务投资人。", "• Bernard Sabella先生-巴勒斯坦立法理事会成员。", "• Tawfiq Habash先生-商人。", "• Jamal Zahalqa先生-以色列议员。", "• Jamal Nusseibeh博士-律师。", "• Hatem Abd Al-Qader先生-巴勒斯坦权力机构耶路撒冷事务部长。", "• Mana Siniora先生-商人。", "• Hana 'Amira先生-巴勒斯坦解放组织执行委员会成员。", "• Engineer Khaled al-Kaluti女士-工程师-福利协会董事会董事。", "• Dina Zarina女士-圣地俗务委员会。", "• Rania Elias女士-文化中心主任", "• Randa Makhlouf-圣地俗务委员会。", "• Engineer Zaki Aghbariya工程师-Waqf与文化阿克萨协会会长。", "• Zahira Kamal女士-巴勒斯坦权力机构前部长、Fida秘书长。", "• Sari Nusseibeh博士-Al-Quds大学校长。", "• Saiah Ataljah先生-商人。", "• Adnan al-Husseini工程师-巴勒斯坦权力机构耶路撒冷区区长。", "• Azzam Abu Sa’ud先生-耶路撒冷商会会长。", "• Afu Ighbaria博士-以色列议员。", "• Atallah Hanna大主教。", "• Shaykh Akrama Sabrl博士-伊斯兰大理事会会长、阿克萨主持人。", "• Omar al-Alamy先生-耶路撒冷烟草公司副总经理。", "• Francis Tarmas先生-财政专家。", "• Fouad al-Daqqaq工程师-耶路撒冷控股公司顾问。", "• Shaykh Kamal al-以色列伊斯兰运动副主席。", "• Mazen Siriokrot工程师-前部长。", "• Muhammad Baraka先生-以色列议员。", "• Muhammad Jadallah博士-耶路撒冷国民力量代表。", "• Muhammed Zaydan先生-以色列大阿拉伯委员会主席。", "• Mohamed al-Masrouji-商会董事会主席、商人。", "• Rosary Sister’s高中。", "• Mas’ud Ghanaim先生-以色列议员。", "• Mustafa Abu Zahra工程师-耶路撒冷伊斯兰基地理事会主席。", "• Mahdi Abd al-Hadi博士-巴勒斯坦国际事务学会会长。", "• Shaykh Najih Bakirat-阿克萨清真寺手稿文化部负责人。", "• Nabil Mashhour教授-阿拉伯真教俱乐部联合会会长。", "• Hind Khoury女士-前部长、耶路撒冷活动家。", "• Hisham al-Kalouti先生-耶路撒冷活动家。", "• Wasif Thahir先生-耶路撒冷基督教青年会董事会会长。", "• Yusef Sanahir先生-宗教关系中心。", "转抄：", "Michael Ratner先生，Maria LaHood女士，宪政权利中心，纽约", "Ibrahim Khreishi大使，巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观赏员，日内瓦", "EliasSanbar大使，巴勒斯坦常驻教科文组织观察员，巴黎", "Riyad Mansour大使，巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员，纽约" ]

[ "[]", "大会第六十五届会议 议程项目36和37 中东局势\n巴勒斯坦问题", "2011年8月10日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信 [1]", "谨随函附上耶路撒冷和以色列的45名著名巴勒斯坦人,包括基督教和穆斯林人物、政治家、商人和民间社会活动家给联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱和联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)总干事伊琳娜·博科娃的信,敦促他们采取行动,制止以色列政府继续毁坏耶路撒冷马曼·阿拉公墓(见附件)。", "本信是继我们2010年4月9日的信(A/ES-10/486-S/2010/184)之后发出的,我们在信中附上了巴勒斯坦个人提交的请愿书,即“对以色列侵犯人权行为采取紧急行动:亵渎耶路撒冷圣城马曼·阿拉(马米拉)穆斯林公墓”,他们的祖先被埋葬在马曼·阿拉公墓,此外还有巴勒斯坦、以色列和美国其他几个非政府组织反对在墓葬中埋葬的已死亡穆斯林的遗体上设立所谓的人的尊严和容忍中心。", "我们要回顾,《联合国宪章》重申“对基本人权、人格尊严与价值的信念”,并承诺所有会员国不分种族、性别、语言或宗教,促进“普遍尊重和遵守所有人的人权和基本自由”。 具有讽刺意味的是,该中心和博物馆的名字不符合这种偏见和蔑视人的尊严和价值的行为。 保护文化遗产和文化财产,包括墓地等宗教场所,受到诸如教科文组织《世界遗产公约》、《世界人权宣言》、《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》和《经济、社会、文化权利国际公约》等国际人权文书的保障。 在公墓内再建一幢建筑,侵犯了基本人权,包括《消除一切形式种族歧视国际公约》规定的表达宗教信仰的权利、家庭和文化的权利以及不受歧视的权利。", "必须迫使占领国以色列停止其歧视和蔑视巴勒斯坦穆斯林和基督教圣地的非法政策。 我们呼吁国际社会,特别是联合国采取必要行动,制止这些侵犯行为。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目36和37下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员", "页:1 2011年8月10日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长的信", "[]", "[]", "2011年8月10日巴勒斯坦常驻联合国观察员给秘书长的同文信附件二", "[]", "2011年7月20日宪法权利中心代理法律主任给联合国人权事务高级专员的信", "[]", "2011年7月20日宪法权利中心代理法律主任给教科文组织总干事的信", "[]", "附录", "2011年7月20日,耶路撒冷", "联合国人权事务高级专员纳瓦尼特姆·皮莱女士;", "教科文组织总干事Irina Bokova女士", "RE:防止耶路撒冷市政府完全亵渎马曼·阿拉(马米拉)公墓的紧急行动", "以耶路撒冷圣城最热烈的问候", "马米拉 公墓是历史最悠久的巴勒斯坦墓地之一,历史上曾埋葬过许多先知穆罕默德的同伴和追随者、有学识的学者、军事指挥官和耶路撒冷的许多显要人物。 不幸的是,自Nakbah事件以来,这一墓地一直被以色列当局所攻击。 实际上,85%的地区已经变成公园和街道,部分建筑已经建起。 公墓只剩下23德南,连这个地区也未能被以色列当局所幸免,以色列当局试图以任何可能的方式处理它所留下的东西。", "2011年6月25日,耶路撒冷市政府推土机在深夜黑暗的掩护下,进入了Mamilla公墓并彻底摧毁了大约100个坟墓和墓碑. 当局仍然决心继续对耶路撒冷祖先的坟墓进行平整和破坏,并在另外数十个坟墓上贴上红色标记以准备被摧毁. 这是在官方威胁在墓地开始建造他们公然和毫不羞耻地称之为“人类尊严中心——容忍博物馆”的墓地的背景下发生的。 我们问你:人类可以指什么? 什么尊严? 什么宽容?", "面对这些令人不安的事态发展,我们以下署名者以我们圣地和耶路撒冷圣城的坚定的穆斯林和基督教阿拉伯人民“城市之花”的名义,紧急呼吁你立即出面干预,以便根据人权理事会2010年的决议,派遣一个代表团调查这一局势并给以色列政府施加压力,以制止对这一墓地的亵渎。 鉴于这个公墓的神圣性和历史重要性,以及它是一个特殊的考古遗址这一事实,这一点尤其重要,它与基督教或犹太教墓地一样,其神圣性不亚于亵渎也被禁止的.", "因此,我们请你适当优先考虑审议由纽约宪法权利中心代表的耶路撒冷人集团提交的请愿书,其中包括关于这个问题的详尽历史和法律文件,以及任何有理智的人都不能拒绝的正当和正义的要求。", "谢谢你的合作。", "• Shaykh Ibrahim Sarsour——议会议员。", "• Ibrahim Matar先生——全国基督教协会。", "• Ahmed Hashem al-Zaghayer先生——商会联合会主席。", "· Usama al-Sa ' adi先生——律师。", "• 青年会社会部Ilham Salama女士。", "• 伊亚德·马斯鲁吉先生——商人和投资人。", "• Bernard Sabella先生——巴勒斯坦立法委员会成员。", "• Tawfiq Habash先生——商人。", "• Jamal Zahalqa先生——议会议员。", "• Jamal Nusseibeh博士——律师。", "• Hatem Abd Al-Qader先生——巴勒斯坦权力机构耶路撒冷事务部长。", "• Hana Siniora先生——商人。", "• Hana `Amira'先生——巴勒斯坦解放组织执行委员会成员。", "• 工程师Khaled al-Kaluti——福利协会董事会成员。", "• Dina Zarina女士——圣地世俗委员会。", "• Rania Elias女士——亚布斯文化中心主任。", "• Randa Makhlouf女士——圣地世俗委员会。", "• 工程师Zaki Aghbariya——阿克萨宗教基金和文化协会主席。", "• 查希拉·卡迈勒女士——秘书长菲达,巴勒斯坦权力机构前部长。", "• Sari Nusseibeh博士——圣城大学校长。", "• Salah Atallah先生——商人。", "• 工程师Adnan al-Husseini——巴勒斯坦权力机构耶路撒冷区区长。", "• Azzam Abu Saud先生——耶路撒冷商会总干事。", "• Afu Ighbaria博士——议会议员。", "• 阿塔拉·汉纳大主教。", "二. 支助 Shaykh Dr. Akrama Sabri——伊斯兰高级理事会主席和阿克萨清真寺的传教士.", "• Omar al-Alami先生——耶路撒冷香烟公司副总经理。", "• Francis Tamas先生——财务专家。", "• Fouad al-Daqqaq工程师——耶路撒冷控股公司顾问。", "• Shaykh Kamal al-Katib——以色列伊斯兰运动副主席。", "• 工程师Mazen Sinokrot——前部长和商人。", "• 穆罕默德·巴拉卡先生——议会议员。", "• Muhammad Jadallah博士——耶路撒冷国民军代表。", "• Muhammad Zaydan先生——以色列阿拉伯高级后续委员会主席。", "• Mohamed al-Masrouji博士——商业家协会和商人董事会主席。", "* 罗萨里修女中学。", "• Mas-ud Ghanaim先生——议会议员。", "• 工程师Mustafa Abu Zahra——耶路撒冷伊斯兰公墓理事会主席。", "• Mahdi Abd al-Hadi博士——巴勒斯坦国际事务学术学会会长。", "• Shaykh Najih Bakirat——阿克萨清真寺手稿和文化科科长。", "• Nabil Mashhour教授——阿拉伯东正教俱乐部联盟主席。", "• Hind Khoury女士——前部长和耶路撒冷活动家。", "• Hisham al-Kalouti先生——耶路撒冷活动家。", "• Wasif Thahir先生——基督教青年会耶路撒冷分会主席。", "• Yusef Sanahir先生——教会关系中心。", "页:1", "• 巴勒斯坦常驻联合国日内瓦办事处观察员易卜拉欣·赫里希大使", "• Elias Sanbar大使,巴勒斯坦常驻教科文组织观察员,巴黎", "• 巴勒斯坦常驻纽约联合国观察员里亚德·曼苏尔大使", "• Michael Ratner先生,Maria LaHood女士,宪法权利中心,纽约。", "[1] * 由于技术原因于2013年3月20日重新印发." ]

[ "Meeting of States Parties", "New York, 11 August 2011", "Report of the Meeting of States Parties to elect one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "I. Introduction", "1. The Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (to elect one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf) was held at Headquarters on 11 August 2011, in accordance with article 2 of annex II to the Convention. The election was to fill the vacancy that had occurred in the Commission owing to the demise of Mr. Kensaku Tamaki (Japan) on 5 April 2011.", "2. The Meeting had before it the following documents: a note by the Secretary-General on the election procedures (SPLOS/232); the list of candidates nominated by States Parties (SPLOS/233); and the curriculum vitae of the candidate nominated by the Government of Japan (SPLOS/234).", "II. Opening of the Meeting", "3. Camillo Gonsalves (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), President of the twenty-first Meeting of States Parties, opened the Meeting.", "4. The Meeting observed a minute of silence in memory of the late Kensaku Tamaki.", "5. For the purposes of conducting its business, the Meeting decided to retain the composition of the Bureau,[1] including the Presidency, as elected, and the composition of the Credentials Committee, as appointed by the twenty-first Meeting, held earlier this year from 13 to 17 June 2011.", "III. Adoption of the agenda and organization of work", "6. The Meeting adopted the agenda (SPLOS/235) and approved the organization of work, as outlined by the President.", "IV. Report of the Credentials Committee", "7. The Credentials Committee, chaired by Robert Eric Alabado Borje (Philippines), met following the adoption of the agenda. The Chair of the Credentials Committee then introduced the report of the Credentials Committee (SPLOS/236) to the Meeting. In particular, he stated that the Committee had examined and accepted the credentials of the representatives of 142 States Parties to the Convention. The Meeting approved the report of the Committee and adopted the corresponding draft resolution without a vote.", "V. Election of one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "8. The President informed the Meeting of the election procedures, recalling the relevant provisions of the Convention and the Rules of Procedure of the Meeting of States Parties.", "9. The representatives of Indonesia, Malta and Poland acted as tellers.", "10. In the one round of balloting, Tetsuro Urabe (Japan) was elected as a member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, with 131 votes in favour and 2 abstentions. He will thus complete the remainder of his predecessor’s term of five years, which will end on 15 June 2012.", "11. On behalf of States Parties, the President congratulated Mr. Urabe on his election.", "[1] See SPLOS/231, paras. 5 and 6." ]

[ "缔约国会议", "2011年8月11日，纽约", "选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员的缔约国会议报告", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议根据《公约》附件二第二条的规定，于2011年8月11日在总部举行，以选出大陆架界限委员会一名成员。这次选举是为了填补因玉木贤策先生(日本)于2011年4月5日去世而出现的空缺。", "2. 会议面前有下列文件：秘书长关于选举程序的说明(SPLOS/232)；缔约国所提名候选人的名单(SPLOS/233)；日本政府所提名候选人的履历(SPLOS/234)。", "二. 会议开幕", "3. 第二十一次缔约国会议主席卡米洛·贡萨尔维斯(圣文森特和格林纳丁斯)宣布会议开幕。", "4. 会议为缅怀逝世的玉木贤策默哀一分钟。", "5. 出于开展会务的目的，会议决定维持包括主席在内的当选主席团的构成，[1] 以及今年早些时候于2011年6月13日至17日举行的第二十一次会议任命的全权证书委员会的构成。", "三. 通过议程和工作安排", "6. 会议通过了议程(SPLOS/235)，并核准了主席概述的工作安排。", "四. 全权证书委员会的报告", "7. 议程通过后，由罗伯特·埃里克·阿拉瓦多·博耶(菲律宾)担任主席的全权证书委员会开始举行会议。之后，全权证书委员会主席向会议介绍了全权证书委员会的报告(SPLOS/236)。他特别指出，该委员会已审查和接受了《公约》142个缔约国代表的全权证书。会议核准了该委员会的报告，并未经表决通过了相应的决议草案。", "五. 选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员", "8. 主席向会议通报了选举程序，同时提请注意《公约》和缔约国会议议事规则的相关规定。", "9. 印度尼西亚代表、马耳他代表和波兰代表担任了计票人。", "10. 经过一轮投票，卜部哲郎(日本)以131票赞成、2票弃权的结果当选为大陆架界限委员会成员。他因此将完成其前任至2012年6月15日结束的5年任期的余留时间。", "11. 主席代表缔约国祝贺卜部先生当选。", "[1] 见SPLOS/231，第5和第6段。" ]

[ "缔约国会议", "2011年8月11日,纽约", "缔约国会议关于选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员的报告", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 根据《公约》附件二第二条,联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议(选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员)于2011年8月11日在总部举行。 选举是为了填补委员会因玉木贤作先生(日本)于2011年4月5日去世而出现的空缺。", "2. 联合国 会议收到了下列文件:秘书长关于选举程序的说明(SPLOS/232);缔约国提名的候选人名单(SPLOS/233);日本政府提名的候选人简历(SPLOS/234)。", "二. 会议开幕", "3个 1. 缔约国第二十一次会议主席卡米略·贡萨尔维斯(圣文森特和格林纳丁斯)宣布会议开幕。", " 4.四. 会议默哀了一分钟,悼念已故玉木健作.", "5 (韩语). 为了开展工作,会议决定保留2011年6月13日至17日早些时候举行的第二十一次会议任命的主席团组成,[1] 包括选出的主席,以及全权证书委员会的组成。", "三. 通过议程和工作安排", "6. 国家 会议通过了议程(SPLOS/235)并核准了主席概述的工作安排。", "四、结 论 全权证书委员会的报告", "7. 联合国 全权证书委员会由Robert Eric Alabado Borje(菲律宾)担任主席,在议程通过后举行了会议。 全权证书委员会主席随后向会议介绍了全权证书委员会的报告(SPLOS/236)。 他特别指出,委员会已审查并接受142个公约缔约国代表的全权证书。 会议核准了委员会的报告并未经表决通过了相应的决议草案。", " V. 选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员", "8. 联合国 主席向会议通报了选举程序,并忆及《公约》和《缔约国会议议事规则》的有关规定。", "9. 国家 印度尼西亚、马耳他和波兰的代表担任计票人。", "10个 在一轮投票中,浦上哲郎(日本)以131票赞成和2票弃权当选为大陆架界限委员会成员。 因此,他将完成其前任任期五年的剩余部分,任期将于2012年6月15日结束。", "11个 主席以缔约国的名义祝贺浦边先生当选。", "[1] 见SPLOS/231, 第5和6段。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Item 19 (j) of the provisional agenda[1]", "Sustainable development: promotion of new and renewable sources of energy", "Promotion of new and renewable sources of energy", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "A transformation of the global energy system is needed to secure sustainable energy for all, to satisfy rapid growth in energy demand, particularly in developing countries, and to diminish the negative impacts of climate change. New and renewable sources of energy are at the centre of global efforts to induce a paradigm shift towards green economies, poverty eradication and, ultimately, sustainable development. Record investments are being made by some countries to propel the innovation, development and commercialization of renewable energy technologies. Nevertheless, much more cooperation and action are needed to substantially increase the contribution of these technologies to the global energy system. A coordinated global energy strategy needs to be adopted, in conjunction with consistent and stable national policies, to bring down the cost of renewable energy technologies, including off-grid systems, for use by the poorest segments of the population living in rural areas.", "I. Introduction", "A. Mandates and resolutions", "1. The Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development[2] (Johannesburg Plan of Implementation) calls for action at all levels, with a sense of urgency, to substantially increase the global share of renewable energy sources with the objective of increasing its contribution to total energy supply.[3] In resolution 64/206 on the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy, the General Assembly reaffirmed the need for the full implementation of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation as the intergovernmental framework for energy for sustainable development and encouraged the United Nations system to continue to raise awareness of the importance of energy for sustainable development, including the need for the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy and of the increased role they can play in the global energy supply, particularly in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication.", "2. By the same resolution, the General Assembly, recalling the outcome of the 2005 World Summit,[4] welcoming initiatives that aim to improve access to reliable, affordable, economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally sound energy services for sustainable development in order to contribute to the achievement of internationally agreed development goals, including the Millennium Development Goals, and recognizing the contributions of new and renewable sources of energy to the reduction of greenhouse gases and addressing climate change, called on the international community to the support the least developed countries, the landlocked developing countries and the small island developing States in their efforts to develop and utilize energy resources, including new and renewable energy.", "3. Further, the General Assembly requested the Secretary-General to submit to it at its sixty-sixth session a report on the implementation of the resolution, taking into account, inter alia, the initiatives taken by Member States and international organizations to create an enabling environment at all levels for the promotion and use of new and renewable energy, including measures to improve access to such technologies. The present report is submitted pursuant to that request.", "4. Subsequently, the General Assembly, in resolution 65/151, decided to declare 2012 the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All. It requested the Secretary-General to organize and coordinate activities to be undertaken during the Year and encouraged all Member States, the United Nations system and all other actors to take advantage of the Year to increase awareness of the importance of addressing energy issues. Initiatives to create an enabling environment for the promotion of access to energy and energy services and the use of new and renewable energy technologies are being undertaken by Member States and international organizations also in the context of the Year.", "B. Sustainable energy for all", "5. The availability of adequate, affordable and reliable energy services is essential for alleviating poverty, improving human welfare, raising living standards and, ultimately, for achieving sustainable development. As global development challenges continue to be addressed, it is increasingly recognized that the provision of adequate energy services has a multiplier effect on health, education, transport, telecommunications, and water availability and sanitation. Consequently, energy is an important factor for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.", "6. Securing sustainable energy for all involves the development of systems that support the optimal use of energy resources in an equitable and socially supportive manner while minimizing their environmental impact. Integrated national and regional infrastructure for energy supply, efficient transmission and distribution systems, as well as demand programmes that emphasize energy efficiency, are necessary for the development of sustainable energy systems.", "7. Universal energy access is essentially related to access to modern energy fuels which can replace traditional biomass consumption for cooking, heating and lighting. It is also related to access to electricity. Traditional biomass is solid biomass used in an unsustainable manner and includes fuelwood, agricultural waste and animal dung. It usually represents the only fuel available or affordable to the poor in many developing regions. Worldwide, about 2.7 billion people depend on traditional biomass for cooking, 82 per cent of whom live in rural areas.[5] Modern or commercial biomass is produced in a sustainable way and can be used for electricity generation, heat production and transportation.", "8. The use of solid fuels and the lack of ventilation in households in developing countries are associated with very high levels of pollutants, such as particulates, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde. Women and young children represent the segments of the population with the highest exposure to these pollutants.[6] Therefore, lack or insufficient use of commercial energy has been found to be correlated with high infant mortality, illiteracy and low life expectancy. It is estimated that about 1.45 million premature deaths occur each year from household indoor pollution due to inefficient biomass combustion. This corresponds to more than 4,000 deaths per day. Many of these premature deaths are young children and women.", "9. Electricity has many uses and is irreplaceable for a number of applications. Of the 1.4 billion people throughout the world who live without electricity, 85 per cent live in rural areas. Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest number of people (about 585 million) who have no access to electricity. Over 400 million people in India, mostly living in rural areas, also lack access. Electricity access in rural areas is restricted by the need for capital to extend the national electric grids and by the lack of available and affordable modern fuels which could be used for electricity generation.", "10. World challenges, including impacts from climate change, limited natural resources, rapid increase in energy demand and loss of biodiversity, demand a greater reliance on new and renewable sources of energy. Accessibility and affordability of renewable energy technologies are key to ensuring sustainable energy for all.", "C. Global energy systems", "11. Global primary energy demand has continued to grow in the past several years and amounted to 12,271 million tons of oil equivalent in 2008. The world still relies largely on oil, coal and gas (see table 1). In 2008, over 80 per cent of the primary energy consumed was derived from fossil fuels, with oil and coal accounting for about 60 per cent.", "Table 1 World primary energy demand by fuel (Millions of tons of oil equivalent)", "Fuel 1980 1990 2000 2008", "Coal 1 792 2 233 2 292 3 315", "Oil 3 107 3 222 3 655 4 059", "Gas 1 234 1 674 2 085 2 596", "Nuclear 186 526 676 712", "Hydropower 148 184 225 276", "Biomass 749 904 1 031 1 225", "Other 12 36 55 89 renewable", "Total 7 228 8 779 10 019 12 271", "Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2009 (Paris, 2009) and World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, 2010).", "12. Major increases in world energy demand are expected to continue in the forthcoming decades, especially in developing countries. The demand for energy will accelerate as a result of rapid economic growth in emerging economies and increases in the world’s population, which is projected to rise from 6.7 billion in 2008 to 8.5 billion by 2035. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA),[7] global primary energy demand will grow to values ranging between 14,900 and 18,000 million tons of oil equivalent, depending on the scenario being considered. In the IEA new policies scenario, which takes into account the broad policy commitments and plans announced by many countries around the world, global primary energy demand will grow by 36 per cent by 2035, with countries non‑members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) accounting for 93 per cent of the increase. Fossil fuels will maintain their central role in primary energy but their share will decline to 74 per cent in 2035. China will account for 35 per cent of the global increase and India for 18 per cent.", "II. Overview of new and renewable sources of energy", "A. Status", "13. The role of renewable energy in global energy supply continues to increase in some regions of the world. The trends of the past decade and, in particular, the past five years reflect strong growth in all energy sectors, including power generation, heating and cooling, and transport fuels. Nevertheless, the overall contribution of new and renewable sources of energy to the global energy system remains very limited.", "14. Recent global events, such as the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010 and the impact of natural disasters on the Fukushima nuclear plant in Japan in 2011, highlight the importance of continuing to develop cost-competitive new and renewable sources of energy. In many countries, policymakers and the public and private sectors are becoming more supportive of global and national strategies to accelerate the deployment of renewable energy technologies and to expand their corresponding markets. These efforts are key to sustaining the transformation of the energy systems and to fuelling the green economies of the future.", "15. In order to assess the role of renewable energy in meeting global energy demand, it is necessary to look at its share in primary energy, final energy, electricity generation and electricity generating capacity. Table 2 shows the global share of renewable energy in each of these four energy categories.", "Table 2 Share of renewable energy in four energy categories (Percentage)", "Renewable energy Share in Share in Share in Share in primary final energy electricity electricity energy consumption generation generating capacity", "Total 13 16 19 27", "Excluding traditional biomass 7 6 19 27", "Excluding traditional biomass 4.9 3.0 4.6 8.0 and considering only small hydropower (less than 50 megawatts)", "Source: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), Renewables 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, REN21 Secretariat, 2011); and IEA, World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, 2010).", "Note: Data for total primary energy and final energy consumption are for 2009. Data for electricity generation and electricity generating capacity are for 2010.", "16. Table 2 contains three sets of values for the four energy types. The first line shows total shares of renewable energy, including traditional biomass. If traditional biomass is excluded (second line), the share in primary energy and final energy consumption decreases to 7 per cent and 6 per cent, respectively. The third line shows shares of renewable energy without traditional biomass and only if small hydropower is considered. In this case, the share of renewable energy in electricity generation is reduced to 4.6 per cent and in electricity generating capacity to 8.0 per cent.", "17. All types of hydropower are renewable, but references to new renewable energy usually include only small hydropower plants with capacities of less than 50 megawatts.[8] Small hydropower is considered critical for many developing countries and is usually reported and tracked separately in policy and market contexts. Many financiers and development assistance agencies consider only small hydropower as eligible for renewable portfolio standards, feed-in-tariffs and tax credits. Also, many countries define renewable targets based on small hydropower in order to focus on the dynamic growth and features of markets for wind, solar, bioenergy, geothermal and other new renewable energy sources.[9]", "18. Figure 1 shows the share of various renewable energy sources in global renewable electric power capacity. Total hydropower has by far the largest share, followed by wind, with the other renewable sources accounting for less than 9 per cent. When only small hydro is considered, the share of wind is 50 per cent, followed by small hydro, biomass and solar (see fig. 2).", "Figure 1 Share of global renewable electricity power capacity, 2010", "Source: REN21, Renewables 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, REN21 Secretariat, 2011).", "Figure 2 Share of global renewable electric power capacity (considering small hydro only), 2010", "[]", "Source: The Pew Charitable Trusts, Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race? 2010 Edition: G20 Investment Powering Forward (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "19. The growth of renewable energy capacity and biofuel production in the period from 2005 to 2010 is illustrated in figure 3. Most new and renewable sources of energy grew at an accelerated pace. Solar capacity experienced the fastest growth, with solar photovoltaic connected to the grid increasing by 81 per cent and concentrated solar power by 77 per cent.", "Figure 3 Average annual growth rate of renewable energy capacity and biofuel production, 2005-2010 and 2010", "Source: REN21, Renewables 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, REN21 Secretariat, 2011).", "Abbreviations: CSP, concentrated solar power; PV, photovoltaic.", "20. China is leading the world in installed new renewable energy capacity, followed by the United States of America (see fig. 4).[10] Other developing countries with a relatively large capacity include Brazil, India and Turkey. China has also been leading in terms of growth in the past five years, followed by the Republic of Korea and Turkey. The industry is being supported in these countries by accelerated private investment, consistent and stable government energy policies and advances in technologies that are being translated into cost reductions.", "Figure 4 Countries with largest installed new renewable energy capacity, 2010, and capacity growth, 2005-2010", "[]", "Source: The Pew Charitable Trusts, Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race? 2010 Edition: G20 Investment Powering Forward (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "Note: Data exclude large hydropower.", "21. Cost estimate comparisons of energy technologies vary considerably and depend on many factors and assumptions that affect the calculations. In 2011, the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21) published costs for renewable energy technologies from a variety of sources, including IEA, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the United States and the World Bank (see table 3). These costs are economic costs, exclusive of subsidies or policy incentives.", "22. The costs of some renewable energy technologies are now competitive with the costs of conventional energy technologies, generally estimated to be between 4 and 10 cents per kilowatt hour.[11] Onshore wind, biomass and geothermal for power generation are becoming competitive in some world regions. Biomass, some solar and geothermal are also competitive in regard to hot water and heating, as is ethanol for transportation. Most alternatives for off-grid applications in rural areas are still too expensive. The high costs of these technologies, in addition to other important development and transfer barriers, indicate the need for more support to promote renewable energy in rural areas.", "23. Nevertheless, technology improvements and innovation are allowing a rapid downward trend in the costs of most renewable energy technologies. Prices per megawatt for solar photovoltaic modules have fallen by 60 per cent since 2008. In some countries, solar has been reported to be competitive with other options in electricity retail prices. Wind turbine prices are also down 18 per cent since 2008.[12] The expectation is that this trend will continue.", "Table 3 Cost of renewable energy technologies", "Technology\tTypicalcharacteristics\tTypicalenergy\tComments cost \n (UScents) \nPower generation(cost per kWh) \nLarge hydro\t10-18,000(MW)\t3-5\tCurrently one ofthe lowest-costenergy technologies\nSmall hydro\t1-10 MW\t5-12\t\nOnshore wind\t1.5-3.5 MW\t5-9\tBlade diameter:60-100 metres\nOffshore wind\t1.5-5 MW\t10-20\tBlade diameter:70-125 metres\nBiomass\t1-20 MW\t5-12\t\nGeothermal\t1-100 MW\t4-7\tTypes: binary,single-flash,double-flash,natural steam\nRooftop solarphotovoltaic\t2-5 kW-peakcapacity\t17-34\t\n\t200 kW to100 MW\t15-30\t\nConcentrated solarpower\t50-500 MW(trough)10 20 MW(tower)\t14-18\tCosts for troughplants; costsdecrease as plantsize increases; arapidly maturingtechnology\nHot water/heating(cost per kWh) \nBiomass heat\t1-20 MW\t1-6\tMostcost-competitiverenewable energytechnology forheating\nSolar\t2-5m²(household)\t2-20\tHousehold, mediumand large\t20-200m²(medium/\t1-15\tTypes: evacuatedtube, flat-plate \n multi-family) \n\t0.5-2 MWth(large/districtheating)\t1-8\tGeothermal\t1-10 MW\t0.5-2\tApplied for heatingand cooling \n Types: heat pumps,direct use,chillers\nBiofuels (cost perlitre) \nEthanol\tSugar cane,sugar beet,corn,cassava,wheat\t30-50(sugar)\tGasoline equivalent\n\tSorghum (andcellulose infuture)\t60-80(corn)\tGasoline equivalent\nBiodiesel\tSoy,rapeseed,mustardseed,jatropha,palm, wastevegetableoils\t40-80\tDiesel equivalent\nRural (off-grid)energy(cost per kW) \nMinihydro\t100-1,000 kW\t5-12\t\nMicrohydro\t1-100 kW\t7-30\t\nPicohydro\t0.1-1 kW\t20-40\t\nBiogas gasifier\t20-5,000 kW\t8-12\t\nHousehold windturbine\t0.1-3 kW\t15-35\t\nVillage-scalemini-grid\t10-1,000 kW\t25-100\t\nSolar home system\t20-100 watts\t40-60", "Source: REN21, Renewables 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, REN21 Secretariat, 2011).", "Abbreviations: kW, kilowatt; kWh, kilowatt hour; MW, megawatt; MWth, megawatt thermal.", "24. Technological innovations are anticipated in concentrated solar power and photovoltaic technologies and related manufacturing processes, enhanced geothermal systems, multiple emerging ocean technologies, advanced biofuels and biorefining, and foundation and turbine designs for offshore wind energy.[13]", "25. The use of renewable energy also affords additional benefits which support the universal and national goals for sustainable development. One of the social areas in which renewable energy can provide added value is employment. Although some of the studies available differ on the magnitude of net employment generated, investment in renewable energy has been shown to create two to three times more jobs than investment in conventional energy. Globally, it is estimated that there are about 3.5 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries. In 2009 and 2010, about 1 million jobs were created by the renewable energy industry.[14]", "26. Another important area of extreme importance for sustainable development is water. Renewable energy technologies using dry cooling are not as vulnerable as conventional water-cooled thermal power plants (including nuclear plants) to water scarcity and climate change. The management of water resources represents a very important issue in sustainable development.", "B. Prospects", "Investments", "27. The market for new and renewable sources of energy is becoming a dynamic one. Financing of global clean energy grew 30 per cent between 2009 and 2010, with investments totalling a record $211 billion.[15] OECD member countries, and large emerging economies such as Brazil, China and India and, are now becoming leaders with stable long-term national policies which attract record investments. The investment by China in clean energy in 2010 represents a record at $48.9 billion and is the highest, followed by Germany and the United States (see fig. 5). The top investment in 2010 continued to be for wind power at $94.7 billion, followed by solar at $26.1 billion.", "28. Countries are following different strategies in their investments. The United States has the highest investment in venture capital, which is for the early stage of the technology development cycle with the objective of capitalizing at a later stage. Europe has concentrated on stimulus for demand using regulatory policies, such as feed-in-tariffs, to meet targets which promote renewable electricity generation. Asia is trying to capture the supply chain of technologies, such as photovoltaic modules and wind turbines", "Figure 5 Top countries in clean energy investment (Billions of United States dollars)", "[]", "Source: UNEP and BNEF, Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011 (Paris, 2011); and The Pew Charitable Trusts, Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race? 2010 Edition: G20 Investment Powering Forward (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "29. During the global crisis of 2008 and 2009, members of the Group of Twenty established stimulus funds of over $194 billion, which had long-term strategic significance for green growth and the clean energy sector. Table 4 presents the status of these funds at the end of 2010. About 49 per cent of the stimulus funds have been spent, with $74.5 billion spent in 2010. An amount of almost $100 billion is expected to be spent in the next few years.", "30. A new report commissioned by WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature/World Wildlife Fund) and released in May 2011 ranks countries according to their share of gross domestic product derived from green energy technologies. Based on the national revenue from renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies, Denmark ranks first, with 3.1 per cent of gross domestic product derived from green technologies; China is second, with 1.4 per cent, followed by Germany, Brazil and Lithuania. China has the largest revenue, amounting to $64 billion.[16]", "Table 4 Clean energy stimulus funds, end-2010 (Billions of United States dollars)", "Country Total Total spent Total Percentage announced remaining spent", "United States 65 23.2 41.8 36", "China 46.1 31.9 14.2 69", "Republic of Korea 32.1 11.8 20.4 37", "Germany 15.2 8.9 6.3 59", "Rest of European 11.1 4.2 6.9 38 Union", "Japan 10.4 8.9 1.5 86", "Australia 3.7 1.6 2.1 44", "United Kingdom 3.4 1.1 2.3 34", "Brazil 2.5 0.2 2.3 7", "France 2.1 2.1 0 100", "Spain 1.7 0.6 1.1 36", "Canada 0.8 0.13 0.67 17", "Total 194.3 94.8 99.5 49", "Source: UNEP and BNEF, Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011 (Paris, 2011); and The Pew Charitable Trusts, Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race? 2010 Edition: G20 Investment Powering Forward (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "Renewable energy scenarios", "31. A variety of long-term energy scenarios developed by a number of institutions provide projections for renewable energy in primary energy, final energy, electricity generation and electric generating capacity. The estimates vary greatly, from its share in primary energy remaining at the present level (around 13 per cent) until 2035, to rising to 95 per cent by 2050.", "32. In World Energy Outlook 2010, IEA considers three scenarios: current policies, new policies, and 450 parts per million. These scenarios project that, by 2035, the share of renewable energy in primary energy will range from 15 to 26 per cent, in final energy from 23 to 34 per cent, in electricity generation from to 23 to 46 per cent, and in electricity generating capacity from 31 to 54 per cent.", "33. In its 2011 special report,[17] the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change indicates a significant increase in the deployment of renewable energy by 2030, 2050 and beyond in most of the scenarios reviewed. A contribution of the renewable energy share in excess of 17 per cent in primary energy supply by 2030 and more than 27 per cent by 2050 is projected. The scenario with the highest share of renewable energy in total primary energy projects an increase of 43 per cent by 2030 and 77 per cent by 2050. The Panel estimates that global cumulative renewable energy investments will range from $1.36 billion to $5.1 billion up to 2020, and from $1.5 billion to $7.2 billion for the decade 2021-2030.", "34. A study by WWF in 2011 concluded that the world can meet its energy demand by 2050 with a 95 per cent share of renewable energy but that, although technically feasible, this would face difficult challenges. The scenario assumes significant improved energy efficiency and expanded electrification as key to achieving this goal.[18] A 2011 report by PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), the Potsdam Institute and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis[19] evaluates progress in moving towards 100 per cent renewable electricity in Europe and North Africa by 2050. In one scenario, IEA projects that 75 per cent of world electricity generation will be based on renewable energy.[20]", "III. Promotion of new and renewable energy", "A. National efforts", "35. Countries are using different policies for promoting research, development, demonstration, deployment and commercialization of new and renewable sources of energy, and over 115 now have some type of policy support to promote renewable energy. Most of these efforts are coordinated only at the national level. One example at the regional level is that of the European Union, which has advanced the goal of 20 per cent renewable energy in final energy use by 2020.", "36. Policies promoting renewable energy can be classified into (a) regulatory policies, (b) fiscal incentives, (c) public finance mechanisms and (d) climate-led policies. Regulatory policies include feed-in tariffs, quotas or portfolio standards, priority grid access, building mandates and biofuel blending requirements. Fiscal incentives refer to tax policies and direct government payments, such as rebates and grants. Public finance includes mechanisms such as loans and guarantees. Climate-led efforts include carbon pricing mechanisms, cap and trade and emission targets.[21]", "37. Many countries have adopted a menu of policy incentives instead of a single policy approach. Policymakers realize that incentives need to be coherent, stable and designed for the long term in order to attract the necessary funds for robust deployment and the strong markets that will ultimately reduce the cost of renewable energy.", "38. The types of policy incentive vary by country, region and the type of renewable source of energy that countries are promoting. Feed-in tariffs are being widely used in many countries, especially to promote renewable electricity generation.", "39. Many of the incentive policies are associated with national targets which, by 2010, had been announced in almost 100 countries. Targets are being defined in terms of the share of renewable energy in primary energy, final energy, electricity generation and electricity generating capacity. Most targets are established for electricity generation and typically specify a share of between 10 and 30 per cent in total electricity generation within one or two decades. More specific targets are also being defined in terms of various technologies.", "40. A number of countries have been very successful in the promotion of renewable energy through the use of coherent and stable policies. Germany, with a strong policy of feed-in tariffs supporting investments in wind, solar and biomass, has been able to sustain an accelerated growth in the use of renewable energy. In 2010, there was a sharp increase in the deployment of small-scale solar projects to about 9 gigawatts of new solar capacity.", "41. China is leading the world in installed new renewable energy capacity, with an annual five-year growth rate of 106 per cent. A combination of national clean energy policies, including feed-in tariffs for wind and subsidies for rooftop and building-integrated photovoltaic solar, has been very successful. China is also leading in manufacturing, producing almost 50 per cent of all wind turbines and solar module shipments. The Republic of Korea shows one of the highest annual five-year growth rates in capacity (88 per cent). Its stimulus package of $32.2 billion is one of the most generous. Renewable energy is promoted by feed-in tariffs, tax exemptions for dividends and long-term loans for manufacturing facilities.", "42. Brazil is using electricity generation subsidies and preferential loans to provide incentives for the use of wind, small hydropower and biomass. Its key renewable energy sectors include ethanol for transport, with a production of 36 billion litres annually and a biomass electricity generating capacity of about 8 gigawatts. India is using different policy instruments to promote renewable energy, including feed-in tariffs for wind and solar, accelerated depreciation for small hydropower and biomass, and preferential tax rates for other renewable energy projects. Its new renewable power capacity now totals 19 gigawatts, based on biomass, small hydropower and solar.", "B. International institutional arrangements and efforts", "43. Organizations of the United Nations system continue to support the promotion and expansion of new and renewable sources of energy in developing countries. Efforts undertaken during 2009 and 2010 have brought attention and awareness in particular to the important issue of universal energy access, energy efficiency and the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy.", "44. The Secretary-General’s Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change, created in 2009, called on the United Nations system and its member States to commit themselves to two complementary goals: to ensure universal access to modern energy services and to reduce global energy intensity by 40 per cent by 2030.[22]", "45. UN-Energy, the inter-agency mechanism of the United Nations system, continues to promote system-wide collaboration in the area of energy, together with a coherent and consistent approach. It is playing a pivotal role in promoting action and awareness of the importance of energy for sustainable development and is following up the work initiated by the Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change. UN-Energy has been instrumental in defining three major goals whose achievement by 2030 would assist in securing sustainable energy for all, namely: universal access to modern energy services; a 40 per cent reduction in overall global energy intensity; and a 30 per cent increase in the share of renewable energy in primary energy. UN-Energy is also promoting relevant activities in support of the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All, 2012.", "46. The United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development, to be held in June 2012, will provide an opportunity to assess the progress made in the development and utilization of new and renewable sources of energy. The Conference has two major themes: the green economy in the context of sustainable development and poverty eradication; and the institutional framework for sustainable development. The role that renewable energy technologies will play in sustainable development and poverty eradication, as well as the major challenges and barriers still faced by many developing countries in the effective adoption of these technologies, will be an important part of the debate. Furthermore, the Conference will present an opportunity to establish global strategies for: (a) expanding access to clean energy; (b) enhancing energy efficiency; and (c) accelerating worldwide deployment of renewable energy technologies.", "International finance institutions", "47. International financial institutions continue to play an important role in mobilizing resources for the promotion of new and renewable energy. The World Bank Group provided loans for the energy sector totalling $13 billion during 2010. Lending for low-carbon energy projects and programmes reached a record of over $5.5 billion. Since 2003, the World Bank Group has invested about $17 billion in low-carbon projects, of which $14.2 billion have been allocated to renewable energy and energy efficiency. Excluding large hydropower, new renewable energy investment represented $4.9 billion of the total.", "48. In 2008, the World Bank established the Climate Investment Funds, which is a collaborative effort among multilateral development banks. As of 2010, contributors had pledged $6.4 billion in new funds. One of the components, the Clean Technology Fund, is designed to finance the scaling up of demonstration, deployment and transfer of clean technologies, including renewable energy technologies. The first group of activities includes concentrated solar power, wind power, bus rapid transit and energy efficiency projects in 13 countries.", "49. Regional development banks are also playing a crucial role promoting new and renewable sources of energy. The Inter-American Development Bank is planning to double its lending capacity for clean energy to $3 billion annually by 2012. The African Development Bank has made rural electrification a major priority, along with renewable energy development and multinational grid interconnections. Clean energy has become one of the highest priorities of the Asian Development Bank, with over 25 per cent of total loans approved supporting projects with clean energy components. The energy policy of the Asian Development Bank has a target of annual lending for energy projects of $2 billion by 2013.", "50. Since 1991, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) has provided financing for projects totalling $8.8 billion, with an additional $38.7 billion in co-financing. In 2010, GEF received from 30 donor countries a record finance boost of $4.25 billion for climate change adaptation and mitigation for the next four years. By the end of 2009, GEF had invested $1.1 billion in renewable energy initiatives in almost 100 developing countries and economies in transition, with an additional $8.3 billion in co-financing.", "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change", "51. The parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, through the Expert Group on Technology Transfer, have been analysing the gaps in and barriers to financing climate change technologies. A number of mechanisms and initiatives to tackle climate change have emerged that support energy technology cooperation and promote financing for new and renewable energy.", "52. At its sixteenth session in 2010, the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change decided to establish the Technology Mechanism, consisting of the Technology Executive Committee and the Climate Technology Centre and Network. The Centre is designed to support the transfer of relevant technologies, including renewable energy technologies.", "53. Elements of the agreement reached by the Conference of the Parties at its sixteenth session include the provision of $30 billion in fast finance from industrialized countries to support climate action in the developing world up to 2012, and the intention to raise $100 billion by 2020. In addition, the Conference established the Green Climate Fund.", "54. The clean development mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol is designed to promote the transfer of clean energy technology to developing countries. It is expected that, in 2012, about 61 per cent of the total number of clean development mechanism projects will be renewable energy projects. At its sixteenth session, the Conference of the Parties decided to strengthen the clean development mechanism in order to drive major investments and technology into environmentally sound and sustainable emission projects in the developing world.", "Other institutional arrangements", "55. An important international institution promoting renewable energy is the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), established in 2009. To date, 148 States and the European Union have signed the statute of the Agency, the mandate of which is to promote the widespread and increased adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy. IRENA will facilitate access to all relevant renewable energy information, including technical, economic and renewable resource potential data. It will share experience on best practices and lessons learned regarding policy frameworks, capacity-building projects, available finance mechanisms and renewable energy-related energy efficiency measures. Abu Dhabi has been designated as the interim headquarters for IRENA.", "C. Options for coordinated global energy strategies", "56. Although considerable progress has been made in regard to the transfer and development of technology, investment and policy implementation, much more effort is needed to increase the contribution of renewable sources of energy and to secure the continuation of the current positive momentum for strong deployment. Additional coordinated strategies are necessary at the global level to advance the transformation of the energy system, especially in the poorest regions of the world, so that the goals of sustainable energy for all, increased energy efficiency and reductions in carbon emissions can be achieved.", "Defining strategies and goals", "57. There are a number of issues that need to be assessed while defining global energy strategies, goals and targets. To move beyond the international agreed goals on energy, set out in the decisions taken by the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the Commission on Sustainable Development at its ninth session, there is a need to focus on specific actions and targets which could effectively help in the formulation of a more comprehensive road map towards securing sustainable energy for all.", "58. The first issue is whether goals need to be defined in terms of primary energy, final energy, electricity generation or electricity generating capacity. This is important because the mechanisms for the promotion of renewable energy depend on the specific form of energy for which the goals or targets have been selected. The choice of policies will depend on whether the main objective is to promote new and renewable sources of energy at the first step of the energy cycle (primary energy) or at the final step (final energy for the main sectors of the economy, e.g. household, industry, transport). Alternatively, since many countries are interested in renewable technologies for electricity, goals may be defined in terms of electricity generation, which would imply specific incentive policies for generation, such as feed-in tariffs, or in terms of electric capacity, which would stress the need for substantial investment for building the infrastructure to ensure the right type of generation.", "59. Another issue is whether goals are based on all renewable energy, including traditional biomass. Without the traditional unsustainable biomass, the current renewable share in primary energy is only 7 per cent. Also, if new renewable energy is defined as excluding large hydropower, then its share of 19 per cent in global electricity generation and of 27 per cent in electricity generating capacity (see table 2) drops to only 4.6 per cent and 8 per cent, respectively. Such a decision would allow establishment of the most relevant points of departure in the process towards achieving a particular goal or target.", "60. Probably the most important issue is whether goals should be defined separately for developed and developing countries. A close look at these two groups indicates that their circumstances, motivations and objectives are sufficiently different as to justify separate goals. Table 5 summarizes the difference between OECD member countries and non-member countries in terms of total population, population using traditional biomass, population without electricity and per capita use of electricity.", "Table 5 Population and per capita electricity use, 2008", "World OECD members OECD non-members", "Total population (billions) 6.7 1.2 5.5", "Population using traditional 2.7 ~0 2.7 biomass (billions)", "Population without electricity 1.4 ~0 1.4 (billions)", "Per capita electricity use 3 000 8 900 1 700 (kilowatt hours)", "Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, 2010).", "61. Members of OECD, with 18 per cent of the world’s population (1.2 billion), consume 53 per cent of global electricity and 44 per cent of primary energy. The annual per capita consumption of electricity is about 8,900 kilowatt hours, or over five times the average for non-member countries (1,700 kilowatt hours). Energy access is not an issue since these countries do not use traditional biomass and are fully electrified. Future scenarios for energy demand in OECD member countries project that the growth will be relatively low compared to the growth in developing countries. Therefore, the main motivations for increasing the use of new and renewable sources of energy are energy supply diversification and environmental concerns, especially in relation to climate change. Another concern for the developed countries is their chance to become leaders in the clean energy sector that would fuel their future green economies.", "62. For developed countries then, the goals are mainly of substitution (instead of addition) of renewable energy for fossil fuel capacities and programmes for improved energy efficiency. Most developed countries already have advanced programmes with ambitious goals and targets and count on strong financial support to continue moving towards green economies and sustainable development. For these countries, a coordinated global effort would add support to the already ongoing transformation of their energy systems.", "63. Non-members of OECD, which represent 82 per cent of the world’s population (5.5 billion), use 47 per cent of global electricity and 56 per cent of primary energy. For these countries, the issue of energy access is indeed critical, with almost 50 per cent of their populations depending on traditional biomass and 25 per cent with no access to electricity. Over 83 per cent of the population with no access to modern energy services lives in rural communities. For developing countries, a global coordinated effort would be key to supporting sustainable development goals.", "64. Therefore, in most developing countries the main motivations are to guarantee access to modern energy services for large segments of their population, especially those living in rural areas, and to satisfy the expected dramatic growth in energy demand. For developing countries, new additions of renewable energy capacity are of major priority. For the segment of the population in non-OECD countries with energy access, substitution and efficiency are, as in OECD countries, also important priorities, as is additional capacity to satisfy major increases in energy demand.", "65. Using primary energy as the basis for a target is a meaningful approach for assessing the progress made in achieving the main goal of moving 2.7 billion people from using traditional biomass to sustainable modern forms of renewable energy. In terms of shares, of the 18 per cent share of renewable energy in primary energy of non-OECD countries in 2008, only 7 per cent related to non-traditional biomass. An initial target could be to at least replace traditional biomass in order to achieve a truly sustainable renewable energy share of 18 per cent. In terms of electricity generation, an initial goal could be to provide renewable electricity to the 1.4 billion people currently without access. Decentralized electric systems seem to be most appropriate for the 85 per cent who live in rural areas without electricity.", "A coordinated global energy strategy", "66. A coordinated global energy strategy could be designed to benefit developing countries and, in particular, the population that still uses traditional biomass and has no access to electricity. The strategy should take into consideration three major factors: (a) about 85 per cent of the people with no access to modern energy services live in rural areas; (b) most rural areas are isolated and require decentralized systems; and (c) almost all rural off-grid renewable energy technologies are still too expensive, even though they are recognized as the most sustainable options for many developing regions.", "67. This global strategy would support the specific goals defined by UN-Energy in relation to securing universal access to modern energy services by 2030 while at the same time promoting the use of new and renewable sources of energy. Specific goals would be the replacement of traditional unsustainable biomass by advanced biomass and biogas systems and full electrification with new and renewable sources of energy.", "68. The strategy could include four major objectives: (a) development of systems and products specifically designed to address the needs of the poorest segment of the population; (b) reduction of the cost of rural off-grid technologies to levels that could compete with conventional energy options; (c) implementation of innovative mechanisms that would further lower costs to meet the income levels of the target population; and (d) provision of support for capacity-building and technical cooperation programmes that would allow the creation of stable markets for new and renewable energy in developing regions, in particular in rural areas.", "69. Almost all rural off-grid technology options, including micro hydropower, biogas gasifiers, household wind turbine, village-scale mini-grid and solar home systems, are too expensive. A major reduction in the cost of these decentralized systems would be necessary if the coordinated global energy effort is to be effective.", "70. Specific inexpensive products and systems for households, local industries and services need to be designed, developed and customized for markets in developing regions and for the communities with the lowest incomes. The systems and products need to be reliable and affordable, respond to specific needs and practical applications and be in accordance with local traditions and lifestyles.", "71. Cost reductions need to be realized for both the capital cost necessary to acquire and install the systems, and for their corresponding operating and maintenance costs. Three mechanisms are envisioned to support the cost reduction goals: (a) a coordinated effort by international research and development institutions to provide innovations that can make the systems more efficient, practical and cheaper; (b) international and national programmes in the form of technology funds and subsidies to lower the capital cost of the systems, thereby ensuring their affordability at the lowest income levels; and (c) policies in the form of regulations, fiscal incentives and public finance mechanisms that will allow affordable operating and maintenance costs.", "72. Research and development activities specifically designed to reduce the cost of rural off-grid technologies can be performed in regional or national technology centres that can be established in developing regions. These centres could benefit from local and endogenous knowledge, as well as advances in technology innovation directed at increasing efficiency and reducing costs, and would provide support in all phases of the innovation process from system development to full market deployment. Such dedicated centres would serve as regional innovation hubs which would develop renewable energy systems shaped by regional and local needs and rooted in a local context.", "73. Furthermore, financial instruments, such as microfinance initiatives, and other innovative mechanisms will be necessary at the national level so that these technologies remain below a cost threshold and can be afforded by the people with the lowest incomes. These mechanisms, supported by an international global strategy, will allow the development of stable and coherent markets for these technologies over the long term.", "74. The cost to consumers of such a global initiative should be based on energy poverty indicators related to the share of income used for fuels and electricity. Although there is as yet no consensus on such indicators, a household energy affordability limit of no more than 10 per cent of income could be considered.[23] Assuming that populations at the lowest income levels have an average daily income of no more than $2, this would correspond to 20 cents per day. Assuming also that a person needs at least 3 or 4 kilowatt hours of energy a day,[24] the highest cost that can be afforded by the target population would be about five or six cents per kilowatt hour of energy equivalent. A coordinated global initiative would need to be designed to cover the cost above the maximum affordable threshold.", "75. The global coordinated effort would also need to address the fundamental requirements for statistical data and indicators which are still not available in many developing countries. Substantial financial resources, capacity-building and institutional changes are necessary to build statistical programmes that would permit the monitoring of progress and the development of integrated energy planning strategies for the long term.", "V. Conclusions", "76. The accelerated deployment of renewable technologies over the past five years indicates their potential for playing a significant role in the future. Record investments are being made by countries to propel innovation, development and commercialization of these technologies. Furthermore, some countries are competing for leadership positions in markets for the technologies perceived to be the ones that will power the green economies of the future.", "77. Nevertheless, the contribution of new and renewable sources of energy to the global energy system is still very limited. For many developing countries, the lack of access to modern energy services and low-carbon technologies represents one of the most important factors affecting achievement of their sustainable development goals.", "78. The boom in the growth of the renewable energy industry has not been balanced. Most of the growth is taking place in developed countries and in some developing countries with large emerging economies. Many poor countries with large rural populations have seen only relatively low growth in the use and commercialization of renewable energy technologies.", "79. New renewable sources of energy, such as onshore wind, geothermal, small hydropower and biomass, are now becoming competitive in some world regions. Others, such as solar photovoltaic and concentrated solar power, remain too expensive but their costs are dropping rapidly. Unfortunately, the costs for most rural off-grid renewable energy, including solar home systems and village-scale mini-grids, have remained high.", "80. Although countries have adopted major austerity programmes, coherent and stable national policies supporting renewable energy should stay in place, be expanded to other countries and be extended for a considerable number of years. Market mechanisms are necessary to ensure: (a) a further reduction in the cost of technologies; (b) establishment of secure and stable markets; and (c) progress in the transformation of the global energy system into low-carbon economies.", "81. The main motivation for a strong deployment of new and renewable sources of energy in most developing countries is to guarantee to everyone access to modern energy services and to satisfy expected rapid increases in demand. Access is seen as indispensable for accelerating the movement towards green economies within the context of poverty eradication and sustainable development. Cheap and decentralized systems are major incentives for developing countries, since their rural populations are the most affected. Other major concerns for both developing and developed countries are diversification of energy supplies and reduction of climate change impacts.", "82. Challenging but achievable goals and specific but meaningful targets can contribute to the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy. Given the differences in factors affecting the energy systems of developing and developed countries, separate but coordinated energy strategies may be more effective. According to the specific goals, targets may be defined in terms of shares in primary energy, final energy, electricity generation and electricity generating capacity. Furthermore, how the targets are defined will allow determination of the most effective incentive mechanisms for the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy.", "83. A coordinated global energy strategy is necessary, especially to support developing countries and in particular the poorest among them. Efforts should concentrate on solutions for rural areas most affected by the use of traditional biomass and by lack of electricity. Support at the international level is necessary to help remove the financial, technological, infrastructural and institutional barriers to creating the enabling environments.", "84. Reduction of the high cost of decentralized systems for rural applications should be a key part of any major coordinated global energy strategy. Specific targets and programmes are required to enable the environment that would secure sustainable energy for the rural populations of the world.", "85. There is a need to establish regional and national technology centres both to develop systems and products specifically designed to address local needs at appropriate levels of income and to benefit from endogenous capacities and local knowledge. The global strategy needs to include a strong component on statistical data and the development of integrated programmes for long-term energy planning.", "86. International institutional arrangements, including the various organizations of the United Nations system, international financial institutions and international organizations, such as IRENA, continue to play an important role in promoting international cooperation through capacity-building and technical cooperation. UN‑Energy is leading global efforts to create awareness and is coordinating activities undertaken by the United Nations to secure sustainable energy for all, increase the share of renewable energy and reduce the intensity of energy use.", "87. New and renewable sources of energy represent a major priority issue for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012. Strengthening the global institutional framework for the promotion of new and renewable sources of energy in line with the two themes of the Conference is an important objective. The Conference presents an opportunity to secure renewed international support for the promotion and effective use of new and renewable sources of energy.", "[1] * A/66/150.", "[2] Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, 26 August-4 September 2002 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.03.II.A.1 and corrigendum), chap. I, resolution 2, annex.", "[3] Ibid., para. 20 (e).", "[4] See General Assembly resolution 60/1.", "[5] International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2010 (Paris, 2010).", "[6] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and World Health Organization (WHO), The Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries: A Review Focusing on the Least Developed Countries and Sub-Saharan Africa (New York and Geneva, November 2009).", "[7] World Energy Outlook 2010.", "[8] Some references consider small hydropower plants to be those with a capacity of less than 10 megawatts.", "[9] Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21), Renewables 2011: Global Status Report (Paris, REN21 Secretariat, 2011).", "[10] The Pew Charitable Trusts, Who’s Winning the Clean Energy Race? 2010 Edition: G20 Investment Powering Forward (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "[11] REN21, Renewable Energy Potentials in Large Economies — Summary Report: Opportunities for the Rapid Deployment of Renewable Energy in Large Economies, its Impacts on Sustainable Development and Appropriate Policies to Achieve It (Paris, 2008); and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation”, New York, 2011 (available from http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/).", "[12] United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF), Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011 (Paris, 2011).", "[13] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, “Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation”, New York, 2011 (available from http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/).", "[14] Renewables 2011: Global Status Report; and World Bank, “Design and performance of policy instruments to promote the development of renewable energy: emerging experience in selected developing countries”, Energy and Mining Sector Board Discussion Paper No. 22 (Washington, D.C., April 2011).", "[15] UNEP and BNEF, Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2011 (Paris, 2011).", "[16] The Associated Press, “Denmark tops list of clean technology producers”, 8 May 2011.", "[17] “Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation”.", "[18] WWF, The Energy Report: 100% Renewable Energy by 2050 (Washington, D.C., 2011).", "[19] Moving Towards 100% Renewable Electricity in Europe and North Africa (London, PwC, 2011).", "[20] IEA, Climate and Electricity Annual 201l: Data and Analysis (Paris, 2011).", "[21] “Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation”; and Renewables 2011: Global Status Report.", "[22] United Nations, Energy for a Sustainable Future: the Secretary-General’s Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change — Summary Report and Recommendations (New York, April 2010).", "[23] See, for example, Jill Insley, “Fuel poverty figures are understated, says consumer body”, The Guardian, 14 July 2011; and United Kingdom, Department of Energy and Climate Change, Fuel Poverty Methodology Handbook (London, October 2010).", "[24] Energy for a Sustainable Future: the Secretary-General’s Advisory Group on Energy and Climate Change." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "^(*) A/66/150。", "临时议程^(*) 项目19(j)", "可持续发展：推广新能源和可再生能源", "推广新能源和可再生能源", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "全球能源系统需要进行变革以确保人人都有可持续能源，满足快速增长的能源需求，尤其是发展中国家的需求，减少气候变化的不利影响。新能源和可再生能源是全球努力做出重大改变以发展绿色经济、消除贫穷和最终实现可持续发展的核心。一些国家投入巨额投资促进创新，开发可再生能源技术并使之商业化。但是，需要有更多的合作和行动来大幅度增加这些技术对全球能源系统的贡献。需要有协调一致的全球能源战略，并有统一和稳定的国家政策，来降低可再生能源技术、包括不并网发电系统的成本，供生活在农村的最贫穷居民使用。", "一. 导言", "A. 任务规定和决议", "1. 《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》[1] (约翰内斯堡执行计划)呼吁在各级紧迫采取行动，大幅度增加全球可再生能源的比例，以便增加它在能源总供应量中的比重。[2] 大会在关于推动新能源和可再生能源的第64/206号决议中重申必须全面执行作为政府间可持续发展框架的《约翰内斯堡执行计划》，鼓励联合国系统继续提高对能源促进可持续发展的重要性，包括对推广新能源和可再生能源必要性的认识，以及对这些能源在全球能源供应方面，特别是在可持续发展和消除贫穷方面可以发挥更大作用的认识。", "2. 大会在同一决议中回顾了《2005年世界首脑会议成果》，[3] 欢迎各种旨在进一步便利获取可靠、负担得起、经济上可行、社会上可接受和无害环境的促进可持续发展能源服务倡议，以利于实现国际商定发展目标，包括千年发展目标，认识到新能源和可再生能源有助于减少温室气体，有助于解决构成严重风险和挑战的气候变化问题，呼吁国际社会支持最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家努力开发和利用能源资源，包括新能源和可再生能源。", "3. 此外，大会还请秘书长就决议执行情况向大会第六十六次会议提交一份报告，其中除其他外应考虑到会员国和国际组织为在各级创造一个有利于推广和利用新能源和可再生能源的环境而采取的举措，包括为进一步便利获取这类技术而采取的措施。本报告就是根据这一要求提交的。", "4. 其后，大会在第65/151号决议中决定宣布2012为人人享有可持续能源国际年。大会请秘书长组织和协调在能源年开展的活动，鼓励所有会员国、联合国系统和所有其他行为体利用能源年，使人们进一步认识到必须解决能源问题。会员国和国际组织也在围绕国际年采取举措，为推动获取能源和能源服务和利用新能源和可再生能源创造一个有利的环境。", "B. 人人享有可持续能源", "5. 消除贫困、提高人类福利、提高生活水平和最终实现可持续发展离不开充足、价廉和可靠的能源服务。在继续应对全球发展挑战的同时，人们日益意识到提供充足的能源服务对保健、教育、运输、通信以及供水和环境卫生产生多方面的影响。因此，能源是实现千年发展目标的一个重要因素。", "6. 要为所有人获取可持续能源，就要建立制度，支持以公平和社会协作的方式最佳地利用能源资源，同时尽可能减轻对环境的影响。建立可持续能源制度需要有综合性国家和区域基础设施，以建立供应、高效传送和分配能源系统。", "7. 人人享有能源基本涉及获取可以取代用于烧饭、取暖和照明的生物能源的现代能源燃料。它也涉及获取电力。传统生物能源是以不可持续的方式使用的固体生物质，包括薪柴、农业废物和动物粪便。它是许多发展中国家穷人唯一可用或用得起的燃料。世界各地大约有27亿人用生物能源烧饭，他们当中有82%的人居住在农村。[4] 现代生物能源或商业生物能源是用可持续方式生产的，可以用于发电、供暖和运输。", "8. 发展中国家的家庭使用固体燃料，没有通风设施，产生很多污染物，例如颗粒、一氧化碳和甲醛。人口中接触这些污染物最多的是妇女和幼儿。[5] 因此，已发现婴儿死亡率和文盲率高和预期寿命低与商业能源缺乏或使用率不足有关。估计每年有145万人因生物燃料燃烧不充分造成的室内污染而过早死亡。这相当于每天死亡4 000人。这些过早死亡的人中有许多是幼儿和妇女。", "9. 电有许多用途，有些用途是无法取代的。全世界有14亿人缺少供电，其中85%的人生活在农村。撒哈拉以南非洲缺少供电的人最多(大约5.85亿人)。印度大约有4亿人，其中大多数人居住的农村，也缺少供电。由于扩大国家电网需要资金和目前缺乏可以用来发电的价廉现代燃料，农村的供电受到限制。", "10. 各种国际挑战，其中包括气候变化的影响、自然资源有限、能源需求迅速增加和生物多样性丧失，要求人们更多地依靠新能源和可再生能源。获得价廉的可再生能源技术是确保人人享有可持续能源的关键。", "C. 全球能源系统", "11. 在过去几年中，全球一次能源的需求继续增加，在2008年达到122.71亿吨石油当量。全球仍然基本上依赖石油、煤和天然气(见表1)。2008年消耗的一次能源有80%以上来自矿物燃料，其中石油和煤大约占60%。", "表1 按燃料分列的世界一次能源需求", "(百万吨石油当量)", "燃料 1980 1990 2000 2008", "煤 1 792 2 233 2 292 3 315", "石油 3 107 3 222 3 655 4 059", "天然气 1 234 1 674 2 085 2 596", "核 186 526 676 712", "水 148 184 225 276", "生物物质 749 904 1 031 1 225", "其他可再生 12 36 55 89", "共计 7 228 8 779 10 019 12 271", "来源：国际能源机构，《2009年世界能源展望》(巴黎，2009)和《2010年世界能源展望》(巴黎，2010)。", "12. 在今后数十年内，全球、特别是发展中国家的能源需求预计会继续大幅度增加。能源需求将加快增长，因为新兴国家的经济迅速增长，世界人口将增加，预计会从2008年的67亿人增加到2035年的85亿人。据国际能源机构计算，[6] 全球一次能源需求将增长，视所考虑到的各种情况，介于149亿和180亿吨石油当量之间。国际能源机构新的政策假设情况考虑到了世界许多国家宣布的广泛政策承诺和计划，预计全球一次能源需求到2035年时将增长36%，其中不是经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)成员的国家占增长的93%。矿物燃料仍然维持它在一次能源中的核心地位，但它的比重将减少到74%。中国将占全球增长的35%，印度占18%。", "二. 新能源和可再生能源概览", "A. 现状", "13. 在世界一些区域，可再生能源在全球能源供应中的作用继续增加。过去十年、特别是过去五年的趋势表明，包括发电、供暖和制冷以及运输燃料在内的所有能源部门都出现强劲增长。但是，新能源和可再生能源在全球能源系统中的总体比重仍然不大。", "14. 近期发生的国际事件，例如2010年墨西哥湾的石油泄漏和2011年自然灾害对日本福田核电厂产生的影响，突出表明继续开发在成本上有竞争力的新能源和可再生能源的重要性。在许多国家中，决策者、公众和私营部门越来越支持制订国家和国际战略来加快可再生能源技术的使用，扩大其市场。这些努力是继续改变能源系统和促进今后绿色经济发展的关键。", "15. 为了评估可再生能源在满足全球能源需求中的作用，必须了解它在一次能源、二次能源、发电量、发电能力中的比例。表2列出可再生能源在这四类能源中的全球比例。", "表2 可再生能源在四类能源中的比例", "(百分比)", "可再生能源 在一次能源 在二次能源 在发电量 在发电能力 中的比例 消费中的比例 中的比例 中的比例", "共计 13 16 19 27", "扣除传统生物物质 7 6 19 27", "扣除传统生物物质和只计入小水电 4.9 3.0 4.6 8.0 (低于50千瓦)", "来源：二十一世纪可再生能源政策网络(REN21)，《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》(巴黎，REN21秘书处，2011)；和国际能源机构，《2011年世界能源展望》(巴黎，2010)。", "注：一次能源和二次能源总消费量为2009年数据。发电和发电能力数据为2010年数据。", "16. 表2列有四类能源的三组数值。第一行是包括传统生物物质在内的可再生能源的总比例。如果扣除传统生物物质(第二行)，它在一次和二次能源消费中的比例分别下降到7%和6%。第三行是可再生能源在扣除传统生物物质和只计入小水电时的比例。在这种情况下，可再生能源在发电中比例减为4.6%，在发电能力中的比例减为8.0%.", "17. 各种水电都是可再生的，但新的可再生能源一般只是指发电能力低于50千瓦的小型水电站。[7] 人们认为小水电对于许多发展中国家至关重要，通常分别从政策和市场的角度进行列报和跟踪。许多金融家和发展援助机构只认为小水电符合可再生能源组合标准，有资格享受可再生能源发电上网电价和税额抵免。此外，许多国家根据小水电来制订可再生能源指标，以便重点关注风力、生物能源、地热和其他可再生能源的快速增长和市场特征。[8]", "18. 图1列出各种可再生能源在全球可再生能源发电能力中的比例。水电的比重最大，其次为风力，其他可再生能源只占不到9%。如果只计入小水电，风力占50%，其次为小水电、生物物质和太阳能(见图2)。", "图1 在全球可再生能源发电能力中的比例，2010年", "[]", "来源：REN21，《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》(巴黎，REN21 秘书处，2011)。", "图2 在全球可再生能源发电能力中的比例(只计入小水电)，2010年", "[]", "来源：Pew慈善信托基金会，《谁在清洁能源比赛中取胜？2010年版：20国投资推动进展》(费城，宾夕法尼亚，2011)。", "19. 图3列出可再生能源能力和生物燃料生产在2005至2010年期间的增长情况。大多数新能源和可再生能源的增长速度加快。太阳能的增长速度最快，并入电网的太阳能光电板增加81%，太阳能热发电增加77%。", "图3 可再生能源能力和生物燃料生产的年平均增长率，2005-2010年和2010年", "[]", "来源：REN21，《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》(巴黎，REN21 秘书处，2011)。", "20. 中国在已经建立的新可再生能源能力方面居领先地位，其次为美利坚合众国(见图4)。[9] 其他有相对较大能力的发展中国家包括巴西、印度和土耳其。在过去五年中，中国在增长率方面也居于领先地位，其次为大韩民国和土耳其。在这些国家中，私人投资、稳定和统一的政府政策和致使成本降低的技术进步正支持这一行业的发展", "图4 2010年已建立的新的可再生能源能力最大的国家和2005-2010年能力增长", "来源：Pew慈善信托基金会，谁在清洁能源比赛中取胜？2010年版：20国投资推动进展》(费城，宾夕法尼亚，2011)", "注：数据不包括大型水电。", "21. 视对计算产生影响的许多因素和假定，对能源技术估计成本进行比较的结果差异很大。21世纪可再生能源政策网络(REN21)2010年公布了各方面，其中包括国际能源机构、美国国家可再生能源实验室和世界银行，提供的可再生能源技术的成本(见表3)。这些成本是经济成本，不包括补贴或政策鼓励措施。", "22. 有些可再生能源技术的成本相对传统能源技术的成本现在已经有竞争力，每千瓦/小时成本一般估计介于4至10美分之间。[10] 世界有些地方的陆上风力、生物物质和地热发电已有竞争力。生物物质，某些太阳能和地热在加热水和取暖方面也有竞争力，乙醇在运输行业也有竞争力。用于农村的其他大多数不并网的技术仍然成本太高。除了有其他重大研发和转让障碍外，这些技术的高成本表明，需要为在农村推动可再生能源提供更多的支持。", "23. 但是，技术改进和发明使大多数可再生能源的成本迅速降低。太阳能光电每千瓦的价格自2008年以来已经降低60%。在有些国家中，太阳能据说在零售电价上已经可以同其他技术竞争。风力涡轮机价格自2008年以来也下降了18%。[11] 预计这一趋势会持续下去。", "表3 可再生能源成本", "技术\t典型特征\t典型能源成本(美分)\t意见 \n发电(每千瓦小时成本) \n大型水电\t10-18000(兆千瓦)\t3-5\t目前成本最低的能源技术\n 小水电 1-10兆千瓦 5-12 \n陆上风力\t1.5-3.5兆千瓦\t5-9\t叶片直径：60-100米\n 海上风力 1.5-5兆千瓦 10-20 叶片直径：70-125米 \n 生物物质 1-20兆千瓦 5-12 \n地热\t1-100兆千瓦\t4-7\t类别：双工质循环、单级闪蒸、双级闪蒸、天然蒸汽\n 屋顶太阳能光电 2-5千瓦-峰值 17-34 \n\t200千瓦至100兆千瓦\t15-30\t\n太阳能热发电\t50-500兆千瓦(槽式)10‑20 兆千瓦(塔式)\t14-18\t槽式发电厂成本；成本随着发电厂规模扩大而下降；一种快速成熟的技术\n热水/取暖(每千瓦小时成本) \n生物物质加热\t1-20兆千瓦\t1-6\t用于加热的成本最具竞争力可再生能源技术\n太阳能\t2-5平方米(住家)\t2-20\t住家，中型和大型\n\t20-200平方米(中型/多家庭)\t1-15\t类别：热管真空管，平板\n\t0.5-2兆千瓦(大型家庭/区片取暖)\t1-8\t\n地热\t1-10地热兆千瓦\t0.5-2\t用于取暖和冷却类别：热泵，直接使用，冷却器\n生物燃料(每升成本) \n乙醇\t甘蔗、甜菜、玉米、木薯、小麦\t30-50(糖)\t汽油当量\n\t高粱(今后还有纤维素)\t60-80(玉米)\t汽油当量\n生物柴油\t大豆、油菜籽、芥末籽、麻风树碱、棕榈、泔水菜油\t40-80\t柴油当量\n农村(不并网)能源(每千瓦成本) \n小水电\t100-1000千瓦\t5-12\t\n 微水电 1-100千瓦 7-30 \n 微微水电 0.1-1千瓦 20-40 \n 沼气气化器 20-5 000千瓦 8-12 \n 家庭风力涡轮机 0.1-3千瓦 15-35 \n 村级小电网 10-1 000千瓦 25-100 \n 家庭太阳能系统 20-100瓦 40-60", "来源：REN21,《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》(巴黎，REN21秘书处，2011)。", "24. 预计太阳能热发电和光电技术和有关的制造程序会有革新，地热系统会得到加强，会有多种海洋技术，有先进的生物燃料和生物提炼，并有海上风力的基础设计和涡轮机设计。[12]", "25. 利用可再生能源还有其他好处，可协助全球和各国实现可持续发展。就业是可再生能源可以起推动作用的一个社会领域。虽然现有的一些研究对由此产生的净额就业机会意见不同，但是，对可再生能源的投资已表明，它增加的就业机会是投资传统能源的两到三倍。估计全球有350万个职位与可再生能源工业直接有关。可再生能源工业2009和2010年创造了大约100万个职位。[13]", "26. 对可持续发展极为重要的另一个领域是水。可再生能源用非水方式冷却，不像传统的水冷却热电厂(包括核电厂)那样容易受缺水和气候变化的影响 。水资源管理是可持续发展的一个非常重要的问题。", "B. 前景", "投资", "27. 新能源和可再生能源市场是一个动态市场。全球清洁能源的融资在2009年和2010年之间增长了30%，投资总额达到前所未有的2 110亿美元。[14] 经合发组织成员国和巴西、中国和印度等大国有稳定的长期政策，吸引了创纪录的投资，居于领先地位。中国2010年对清洁能源的投资是创纪录的489亿美元，数额最高，其次是德国和美国(见图5)。风力的投资额仍然最高，为947亿美元，太阳能其次，为261亿美元。", "28. 各国的投资采用不同的战略。美国的风险投资数额最高，在技术研发初期阶段进行投资，以便在其后的阶段获利。欧洲利用监管政策，例如发电并网费率，来实现推动实现用可再生方式发电的目标。亚洲正试图抓住光电和风力涡轮机等技术的供应链。", "图5 对清洁能源投资最多的国家", "(10亿美元)", "[]", "来源：环境署和布隆伯格新能源筹资公司，《2011年全球可再生能源投资》(巴黎,2011)；Pew慈善信托基金会,《谁在赢清洁能源的比赛？2010年版：20国投资推动进展》(费城，宾夕法尼亚，2011)。", "29. 在2008和2009年全球危机期间，20国集团成员国确定提供1 980亿美元经济刺激资金，对绿色增长和清洁能源行业具有长期战略意义。表4表明2010年底这些资金的情况。这些经济刺激资金已经用掉大约49%，2010年用掉745亿。今后几年预计几乎要用掉1 000亿。", "30. 世界野生动植物基金会请人编写了一份报告，2011年5月印发，按绿色能源技术在国内生产总值中比例对各国进行了排列。按各国可再生能源和节能技术的收入计算，丹麦居第一位，国内生产总值的3.1%来自绿色技术，中国1.4%，居第二位，其次为德国、巴西和立陶宛。中国的收入最多，为640亿美元。[15]", "表4 刺激清洁能源资金，2010年底", "(10亿美元)", "国家 宣布的总额 支出总额 剩余总额 支出百分比", "美国 65 23.2 41.8 36", "中国 46.1 31.9 14.2 69", "大韩民国 32.1 11.8 20.4 37", "德国 15.2 8.9 6.3 59", "欧洲联盟其他国家 11.1 4.2 6.9 38", "日本 10.4 8.9 1.5 86", "澳大利亚 3.7 1.6 2.1 44", "联合王国 3.4 1.1 2.3 34", "巴西 2.5 0.2 2.3 7", "法国 2.1 2.1 0 100", "西班牙 1.7 0.6 1.1 36", "加拿大 0.8 0.13 0.67 17", "共计 194.3 94.8 99.5 49", "来源：环境署和布隆伯格新能源筹资公司，《2011年全球可再生能源投资》(巴黎，2011)；Pew慈善信托基金会,《谁在赢清洁能源的比赛？2010年版：20国投资推动进展》(费城，宾夕法尼亚，2011)。", "可再生能源的前景", "31. 一些机构提出的不同的能源长期前景对可再生能源在一次能源、二次能源、发电量和发电能力中的比例提出了预测。有关估计数有很大的差异，有2035年前在一次能源中的比例维持在目前水平(约13%)的估计，也有2050年这一比例将上升到95%的估计。", "32. 在《2010年世界能源展望》中，国际能源机构考虑了三种情况：现有政策、新政策和万分之4.5。根据这三种情况，预计可再生能源在一次能源中的比例到2035年时将介于15%和26%之间，在二次能源中的比例介于23%和34%之间，在发电能力中介于31%和54%之间。", "33. 政府间气候变化专门委员会在2011年特别报告[16] 中表示，在它查阅的大多数可能情况中，可再生能源的使用在2030年、2050年和其后会大幅度增加。预计到2030年时，可再生能源在一次能源供应中的比例将超过17%，到2050年时将超过27%。根据可再生能源在一次能源总额中的比例最高的有关预计，到2030年时将增加43%，到2050年时将增加77%。委员会估计，全球可再生能源的累计投资到2020年时将介于13.6亿美元和51亿美元之间，在2021至2030年期间，将介于15亿和72亿之间。", "34. 世界野生动植物基金会2011年的一项研究认为，到2050年时，全球能源需求的95%可以通过可再生能源来满足，但是，虽然在技术上可以做到这一点，但会有艰巨的挑战。这种情况假定能源效率有很大提高，供电范围大幅度增加，因为它们是实现这一目标的关键。[17] 普华永道会计师事务所、波茨坦研究所和国际应用系统分析研究所2011年的一份报告[18] 评估了欧洲和北非2050年实现百分之百用可再生能源发电方面的进展。在一种可能情况下，国际能源机构预计世界75%的发电将靠可再生能源。[19]", "三. 推广新能源和可再生能源", "A. 各国的努力", "35. 各国正采用不同的政策来推广新能源和可再生能源的研究、开发、示范、使用和商业化，现在有115个以上的国家提供某种政策支持来推广可再生能源。这些努力大都在国家一级获得协调。欧洲联盟是一个在区域一级进行协调的例子，欧盟提出了到2020年时可再生能源占一次能源的20%的目标。", "36. 推广可再生能源的政策可以分成：(a) 监管政策；(b) 财政鼓励措施；(c) 公共融资机制；(d) 以气候为主导的政策。监管政策包括上网电价、定额或组合标准、优先上网权、建造规定和生物燃料混合要求。财政鼓励措施是指税务政策和政府直接付款，例如减免和赠款。公共融资机制包括贷款和担保等。以气候为主导的政策包括碳定价机制、碳排放上限和交易以及排放指标。[20]", "37. 许多国家采用各种政策鼓励措施，而不是采用一种政策做法。决策者认识到，鼓励措施要统一和稳定，着眼长远，以便为大力推广和扩大市场吸引资金，最终降低可再生能源的成本。", "38. 政策鼓励措施的类别因国家、区域和各国推广可再生能源的类别而异。许多国家普遍利用上网电价来推广用可再生能源发电。", "39. 许多鼓励政策都与各国制订的指标有关，到2010年时，已经有近100个国家宣布了指标。指标是按可再生能源在一次能源、二次能源、发电量和发电能力中的比例来制订的。大多数指标根据发电量来制订，大都一般规定在十年或二十年中占总发电量的10%至30%的比例。还按各种技术规定更具体的指标。", "40. 一些国家在利用统一和稳定的政策推广可再生能源方面取得了很大成功。德国有强有力的支持投资风力、太阳能和生物物质的上网电价政策，因此加快了利用可再生能源的速度。2010年，小型太阳能项目大幅度增加，新的太阳能发电能力增加了大约9千兆瓦。", "41. 中国在已经安装的可再生能源发电能力方面居领先地位，五年的每年增长率为106%。国家的各种清洁能源政策，包括风力上网电价和补贴屋顶和建筑物集成太阳能光电系统政策，取得很大成功。中国在制造方面也居于领先地位，风力发电涡轮机和太阳能组件几乎有50%是中国生产的。大韩民国发电能力五年的每年增长率最高(88%)。它的322亿美元刺激措施金额最大。它通过上网电价、红利免税和为制造业提供长期贷款来推广可再生能源。", "42. 巴西利用为发电提供补贴和优惠贷款来鼓励利用风力、小型水电和生物物质。它的主要可再生能源行业包括年产量360亿升的运输用乙醇和大约有8千兆瓦发电能力的生物物质。印度采用补贴的政策手段来推广可再生能源，其中包括风力和太阳能上网电价、加快小型水电和生物物质的折旧率和为其他可再生能源项目提供优惠税率。印度目前共有新的可再生能源发电能力19千兆瓦，建立在生物物质、小型水电和太阳能的基础上。", "B. 国际上的机构安排和努力", "43. 联合国系统各组织继续支持在发展中国家推广和扩大新能源和可再生能源的使用。2009和2010年期间做出的努力尤其使人们注意和意识到人人享有能源、能源效率和推广新能源和可再生能源等重要问题。", "44. 2009年成立的秘书长能源和气候变化咨询小组呼吁联合国系统和会员国实现两个相辅相成的目标：到2030年时实现人人享有现代能源服务和把全球能源密集程度降低40%。[21]", "45. 联合国能源是联合国系统的机构间机制，它继续采用有连贯性的统一做法，在能源领域促进全系统的协作。它发挥重大作用，促进采取行动和进一步认识能源对可持续发展的重要性，并对能源和气候变化咨询小组开展的工作采取后续行动。联合国能源在确定三个重要目标方面起了重大作用，2030年实现这三个目标将有助于确保人人享有可持续能源，这三个目标是：人人享有现代能源服务；全球能源密集程度降低40%；可再生能源在一次能源中的比例增长30%。联合国能源还促进开展相关活动，支持宣布2012年为人人享有可持续能源国际年。", "46. 预定2012年6月举行的联合国可持续发展大会将是一个评估开发和利用新能源和可再生能源的进展的机会。大会有两个主题：围绕可持续发展和消除贫穷发展绿色经济；和促进可持续发展的机构框架。可再生能源技术将在可持续发展和消除贫穷方面的作用以及许多发展中国家在有效采用这些技术方面的挑战和障碍将是有关辩论的一个重要内容。此外，大会还是一个确定以下方面的全球战略的机会：(a) 让更多的人获得清洁能源；(b) 提高能源效率；(c) 加快可再生能源技术在全球的使用。", "国际金融机构", "47. 国际金融机构继续在筹集资源以推广新能源和可再生能源方面发挥重要作用。世界银行集团2010年总共为能源行业提供了130亿美元的贷款。为低碳能源项目和计划提供的贷款达到前所未有的55亿美元。自2003年起，世界银行集团已经对低碳项目投资了170亿美元，其中142亿美元用于可再生能源和能源效率。扣除大型水电，新能源和可再生能源投资在总投资额中占49亿美元。", "48. 世界银行在2008年设立了气候投资基金，这是多边开发银行集体做出的合作努力。截至2010年，各方捐助了64亿美元新资金。其中的一个基金，即清洁技术基金，旨在为进一步推广、使用和转让包括可再生能源技术在内的清洁技术，提供资金。第一批活动包括在13个国家中执行太阳能热发电、风力发电、大客车快速交通和能源效率项目。", "49. 区域开发银行也发挥重大作用，推广新能源和可再生能源。美洲开发银行正计划在2012年使其每年对清洁能源的贷款额增加一倍，达到30亿美元。非洲开发银行在注重开发可再生能源和实现多国电网连线的同时，将农村电气化视为一个重大优先事项。清洁能源已经成为亚洲开发银行的一个最优先事项，在它批准的贷款总额中有25%以上是用于支持有清洁能源内容的项目的。亚洲开发银行的能源政策规定了到2013年每年为能源项目贷款20亿美元的指标。", "50. 自1991年起，全球环境基金(全环基金)已经提供了总额88亿美元的项目资金，另外还共同提供资金387亿美元。2010年，全环基金从30个捐助国那里收到了创纪录的42.5亿美元增资，用于在今后四年中适应和缓解气候变化。截至2009年年底，全环基金已经在近100个发展中国家和经济转型国家中为可再生能源举措投资11亿美元, 另外还共同提供资金83亿美元。", "《联合国气候变化框架公约》", "51. 《联合国气候变化框架公约》的缔约方已经通过技术转让问题专家组分析了在为气候变化技术筹资方面的差距和障碍。发现了一些支持开展能源技术合作和促进为新能源和可再生能源筹资的应对气候变化机制和举措。", "52. 联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方2010年第十六次会议决定设立一个由技术执行委员会和气候技术中心和网络组成的技术机制。该中心旨在支持相关技术、包括可再生能源技术的转让。", "53. 缔约方第十六次会议达成协议的内容包括工业化国家提供300亿美元快速资金，支持发展中国家采取气候行动，直至2012年，并打算到2020年时筹集1 000亿美元。此外，会议还设立了绿色气候基金。", "54. 《京都议定书》设立的清洁发展机制旨在促进向发展中国家转让清洁能源技术。2012年清洁发展机制项目总数中预计有61%是可再生能源项目。第十六次缔约方会议决定加强清洁发展机制，以便推动为发展中国家的无害环境的可持续排放项目提供重大投资和技术。", "其他国际安排", "55. 2009年成立的国际可再生能源机构是推广可再生能源的一个重要国际机构。到目前为止，148个国家和欧洲联盟签署了该机构的规约，该机构的任务是促进广泛和更多地采用和可持续地使用各种可再生能源。该机构将协助获取可再生能源的所有相关信息，包括技术、经济和可再生资源潜在能力数据。它将分享政策框架、能力建设项目、现有的筹资机制和与可再生能源相关的能源效率措施方面的最佳做法和经验教训。已指定阿布扎比为该机制的临时总部。", "C. 协调一致的全球能源战略选择", "56. 虽然在技术转让和开发、投资和政策执行方面已经取得了较大进展，但需要做出更多努力来增加可再生能源的比重，继续维持大力采用的积极势头。还需要在国际一级制订协调一致的战略来推动能源制度的转变，特别是在世界最贫穷国家，以便实现人人享有可持续能源、提高能源效率和减少碳排放的目标。", "制定战略和目标", "57. 在制定全球能源战略、目标和指标时，需要对一些问题进行评估。要在可持续发展问题世界首脑会议和可持续发展委员会第九届会议各项决定提出的能源问题国际商定目标以外采取行动，就需要重点注意具体的行动和指标，切实帮助制订更全面的路线图，以实现人人有可持续能源。", "58. 第一个问题是是否需要用一次能源、二次能源、发电量或发电能力来界定目标。这一问题很重要，因为推广可再生能源的机制要根据已经选定了目标或指标的具体能源行事。政策的选择取决于有关主要目标是在能源循环的第一阶段(一次能源)还是最后阶段(家庭、工业、运输等主要经济部门的二次能源)推广新能源和可再生能源。另一方面，鉴于许多国家对用可再生能源发电感兴趣，可用发电量来界定目标，这意味着制订鼓励发电量的具体政策，例如上网电价，或用发电能力来界定目标，强调要对建造基础设施进行重大投资，进行某一类发电。", "59. 另一个问题是是否根据包括传统生物物质在内的所有各类可再生能源来制订目标。扣除传统的不可持续的生物物质，可再生能源目前只占一次能源的7%。此外，如果界定可再生能源不包括大型水电，那么它在全球发电量中19%和发电能力27%(见表2)的比例将分别下降为4.6%和8%。在做出这一决定后，就能在实现某一特定目标或指标的过程中确定最有关联的起点。", "60. 最重要的问题或许是是否应该分别为发达国家和发展中国家制定目标。认真审视这两类国家情况后会发现它们的情况、动机和目标都有很大差别，因此可以分别为其制定目标。表5概列了经合发组织成员国和非成员国在人口总数、使用传统生物物质的人数、未通电的人数和人均用电量方面的差异。", "表5 人口和人均用电量，2008年", "全球 经合发组织 不是经和发组织 成员国 成员的国家", "人口总数(十亿) 6.7 1.2 5.5", "使用传统生物物质的人数(十亿) 2.7 ～0 2.7", "未通电的人数(十亿) 1.4 ～0 1.4", "人均用电量(千瓦) 3 000 8 900 1 700", "来源：国际能源机构，《2011年世界能源展望》(巴黎，2010)。", "61. 经合发组织成员国的人口占全球人口的18%(12亿)，消耗全球发电量的53%和一次能源的44%。人均年用电量大约为8 900度，即非成员国用电量(1 700度)的五倍多。能源的获取不是问题，因为这些国家不使用传统的生物物质，已经全面实现电气化。根据经合发组织成员国今后能源需求情况的预测，需求增长与发展中国家的增长相比会比较低。因此，能源供应多样化和环境方面的关注，特别是气候变化方面的关注，是更多使用新能源和可再生能源的动力。发达国家的另一个关注是它们是否有机会成为清洁能源行业的领头人，在今后推动它们的绿色经济。", "62. 那么，对发达国家来说，主要目标是用可再生能源替代(而不是增加)矿物燃料能力和计划，以提高能源效率。大多数发达国家已经有计划和雄心勃勃的目标和指标，并可以获得财政支持以继续建立绿色经济和实现可持续发展。对这些国家来说，全球协调做出努力将进一步支持它们能源已经在做出的转变。", "63. 不是经合发组织成员的国家拥有全球82%的人口(55亿人)，使用全球发电量的47%和一次能源的56%。对这些国家来说，获取能源至关重要，因为有一半以上的人口依靠传统生物物质，25%的人缺少供电。缺少现代能源服务的人当中有83%以上居住在农村。对发展中国家来说，全球协调做出努力对于协助实现可持续发展目标至关重要。", "64. 因此，大多数发展中国家的主要目标是让人口中很大一部分人，特别是居住在农村的人，获得现代能源服务，并满足预计会大幅度增加的能源需求。对发展中国家来说，新增加可再生能源能力是主要优先事项。对不是经合发组织成员的国家中享有能源服务的人来说，同经和发组织成员国一样，替代矿物燃料和提高能效以及增加能力以满足能源需求的大幅增长，是重要优先事项。", "65. 根据一次能源来制订指标是一个有用的做法，用以评估在实现27亿人从传统生物物质转用可持续的现代可再生能源这一主要目标方面取得的进展。在可再生能源在非经合发组织成员国一次能源中占18%这一比例中，只有7%为非传统生物物质。取代传统生物物质至少可以是一个初期目标，以真正持续达到可再生能源占18%的比例。就发电量而言，一个初期目标可以是为目前没有能源服务的14亿人提供使用可再生能源的电力。对居住在农村的缺少供电的85%的人来说，分散式供电系统似乎最适当。", "协调一致的全球能源战略", "66. 可以制订一个协调一致的全球能源战略，让发展中国家、特别是仍然使用传统生物物质和缺少供电的人受益。战略应考虑到三个主要因素：(a) 缺少现代能源服务的人大约有85%居住在农村；(b) 农村大都位置偏远；(c) 几乎所有农村不并网可再生能源技术都太昂贵，尽管它们被认为是许多发展中区域最可持续的选择。", "67. 这一战略将支持联合国能源就2030年实现人人享有现代能源服务并同时促进新能源和可再生能源的使用提出的具体目标。这些具体目标是通过先进的生物物质和沼气系统和利用新能源和可再生能源全面实现电气化，取代传统的不可持续的生物物质。", "68. 有关战略可以有四个主要目标：(a) 开发具体用于满足最贫穷人口需求的系统和产品；(b) 降低农村不并网技术的成本，使其可以同常用能源技术竞争；(c) 建立新的机制，进一步降低成本，以便不超出所针对群体的收入水平；(d) 为能力建设和技术合作计划提供支持，以便在发展中地区、特别是农村，为新能源和可再生能源建立稳定的市场。", "69. 包括小水电、沼气气化器、家庭风力涡轮机、村级小电网和家庭太阳能系统在内的所有农村不并网技术大都过于昂贵。协调一致的全球能源努力要有成效，就要降低这些分散式系统的成本。", "70. 需要为家庭、地方工业和服务业设计、研发和调试具体的低成本产品和系统，供发展中地区的市场和收入最低群体使用。这些系统和产品要做到可靠和价廉，满足具体需求和实际用途，并符合当地传统和生活方式。", "71. 需要在购置和安装有关系统所需要的资本和相应的使用和维护费用方面，降低成本。有三个机制可以协助实现降低成本的目标：(a) 国际研究和开发机构协调做出努力，提供可以促使有关系统提高效率和实用性并降低成本的新技术；(b) 以技术基金和补贴方式建立的国际和国家方案，以便降低有关系统的资本成本，确保收入最低的人可以负担得起；(c) 以规章、财政鼓励措施和公共筹资机制形式体现出的各项政策，让人们承担得起使用和维护成本。", "72. 可在发展中地区建立区域或国家技术中心，在那里具体开展旨在降低农村不并网技术成本的研究和开发活动。这些中心可利用地方和当地的知识和用于提高效率和降低成本的技术革新，并在从系统研发到在市场全面推广的革新各个阶段提供支持。这些专门中心将起区域革新枢纽的作用，根据区域和地方需求和当地的情况发展可再生能源系统。", "73. 此外，国家一级还需要有小额金融服务等金融工具和其他创新机制，以便使这些技术的成本低于某一门槛，让收入最低的人负担得起。在全球战略的支持下，有了这些机制将可以在长期为这些技术建立稳定一致的市场。", "74. 能源贫穷指数是根据燃料和电力费用在收入中的比例制订的，应根据能源贫穷指数来确定这一全球举措给消费者带来的成本。虽然还没有就这些指数达成一致，但可以考虑把家庭能源承受限度定为不超过收入的10%。[22] 假定收入最低者平均每天收入不到2美元，这就相当于每天20美分。此外，假定每人每天至少需要3或4度电，[23] 所针对群体能够负担得起的能源当量最高费用是每度电5美分或6美分。需要采取协调一致的全球举措，以便支付超出最高承受能力的那一部分。", "75. 全球协调努力还需要解决许多发展中国家仍然没有统计数据和指标的重大问题。建立能够监测进展和制订长期综合能源规划战略的统计方案需要有大量财务资源，开展能力建设和进行机构改革。", "四. 结论", "76. 在过去五年中，可再生能源技术更快地得到采用，表明它们有可能在今后发挥重大作用。各国正进行重大投资，以推动这些技术的革新、研发和商业化。此外，一些国家正在人们认为今后将推动绿色经济的那些技术的市场上争夺领先地位。", "77. 但是，新能源和可再生能源在全球能源系统中的比重仍然很小。对许多发展中国家来说，得不到现代能源服务和低碳技术是影响它们实现可持续发展目标的一个最重要因素。", "78. 可再生能源工业的增长不平衡。大多数增长发生在发达国家中和一些大的发展中新兴国家。许多有大量农村人口的穷国在可再生能源技术的使用和商业化方面增长缓慢。", "79. 陆上风力、地热、小水电和生物物质等新的可再生能源在世界上一些地区已具有竞争力。太阳能光电和太阳能热发电仍然费用太高，但它们的成本在迅速降低。令人遗憾地是，大多数农村不并网可再生能源、包括家庭太阳能系统和村级小电网的成本仍然很高。", "80. 虽然各国执行了重大紧缩计划，但应该有统一和稳定的支持可再生能源的国家政策，扩大到其他国家并延长多年执行。必须有市场机制来确保：(a) 进一步降低技术成本；(b) 建立可靠和稳定的市场；(c) 在把全球能源体制转变成低碳经济方面取得进展。", "81. 确保每个人都能获得现代能源服务和满足预期快速增长的需求是大多数发展中国家大力采用新能源和可再生能源的主要推动力。在消除贫穷和实现可持续发展方面，享有现代能源服务是建立绿色经济必不可缺的。价廉的分散式系统对发展中国家有很大推动作用，因为它对它们的农村人口影响最大。发达和发展中国家重点关注的其他问题包括能源供应多元化和减轻气候变化的影响。", "82. 制订有难度但可以实现的目标和具体但有实际意义的指标有助于推广新能源和可再生能源。鉴于影响到发展中国家和发达国家能源系统的因素各不相同，制订不同但协调一致的能源战略可能更有效。可以根据具体的目标，用在一次能源、二次能源、发电量和发电能力中的比例来制订指标。此外，指标确定后就能确定推广新能源和可再生能源的最有效鼓励机制。", "83. 需要有协调一致的全球能源战略，尤其是为了支持发展中国家，特别是最贫穷的发展中国家。应重点努力为使用传统生物物质最多和缺少供电的农村寻找解决办法。需要国际社会提供支持，帮助消除财务、技术、基础设施和体制上的障碍，以创造有利的条件。", "84. 降低农村使用的分散式系统的高昂成本应是协调一致的主要国际能源战略的一部分。要有具体的指标和方案，以便创造有利条件，让全球农村人口拥有可持续的能源。", "85. 需要建立区域和国家能源中心，以便开发能够满足相关收入水平的当地人的需求的系统和产品，同时利用本地的能力和知识。全球战略要有关于统计数据和制订开展长期能源规划的综合计划的内容。", "86. 国际上的机构安排，包括联合国系统各组织、国际金融机构和国际可再生能源机构等国际组织，继续通过能力建设和技术合作活动，在促进国际合作方面发挥重大作用。联合国能源正主导国际社会的提高认识工作，并协调联合国系统开展的活动，以确保人人享有可持续能源，增加可再生能源的比重，降低能源使用密集程度。", "87. 新能源和可再生能源是2012年联合国可持续发展大会的一个重大优先议题。根据大会的两个主题加强全球推广新能源和可再生能源的体制框架是会议的一个重要目标。大会为推广和有效利用新能源和可再生能源争取新的国际支持提供了一个机会。", "[1] 《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议报告，南非约翰内斯堡，2002年8月26日至9月4日》(联合国出版物，销售品编号C.03.II.A.1和更正)，第一章，决议2，附件。", "[2] 同上，第20(e)段。", "[3] 见大会第60/1号决议。", "[4] 国际能源机构，《2010年世界能源展望》(巴黎，2010)。", "[5] 联合国开发计划署(开发署)和世界卫生组织(世卫组织)，《发展中国家能源获取情况：以最不发达国家和撒哈拉以南非洲为重点的情况审视》(纽约和日内瓦，2009年11月)。", "[6] 《2010年世界能源展望》。", "[7] 有些参考书籍认为小水电站是指发电能力低于10千瓦者。", "[8] 21世纪可再生能源政策网络(REN21)，REN21，《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》(巴黎，REN21 秘书处，2011)。", "[9] Pew慈善信托基金会，《谁在赢清洁能源的比赛？2010年版：20国投资推动进展》(费城，宾夕法尼亚，2011)。", "[10] REN21，《可再生能源在经济大国中的潜力-简要报告：经济大国迅速采用可再生能源的机会、对可持续发展的影响和采用可再生能源的适当政策》(巴黎，2008)：政府间气候变化专门委员会，“关于可再生能源与缓解气候变化影响的特别报告”，纽约，2011(见http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/)。", "[11] 联合国环境规划署(环境署)和布隆伯格新能源筹资公司，《2011年全球可再生能源投资》(巴黎，2011)。", "[12] 政府间气候变化专门委员会，“关于可再生能源与缓解气候变化影响的特别报告”，纽约，2011(见http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/)。", "[13] 《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》；世界银行，“推动开发可再生能源的政策文书的设计和执行情况：一些发展中国家的新经验”，能源和采矿业理事会第22号讨论文件(华盛顿，2011年4月)。", "[14] 环境署和布隆伯格新能源筹资公司，《2011年全球可再生能源投资》(巴黎，2011)。", "[15] 美联社,“丹麦居清洁技术生产国名单的首位，”2011年5月8日。", "[16] “关于可再生能源与缓解气候变化影响的特别报告”。", "[17] 世界野生动植物基金会,《能源报告：2050年百分之百可再生能源》(华盛顿，2011)。", "[18] 《欧洲和北非实现百分之百用可再生能源发电》(伦敦，PwC，2011)。", "[19] 国际能源机构，《2011年气候与电力年报：数据与分析》(巴黎，2011)。", "[20] “关于可再生能源与缓解气候变化的特别报告”；和《2011年可再生能源：全球现状报告》。", "[21] 联合国，《能源促进可持续未来：秘书长能源和气候变化咨询小组——简要报告和建议》(纽约，2010年4月)。", "[22] 例如，见Jill Insley，“消费者机构称，燃料贫穷数字被低估了”，《卫报》，2011年7月14日；联合王国能源和气候变化部，《燃料贫穷方法手册》(伦敦，2010年10月)。", "[23] 《能源促进可持续未来：秘书长能源和气候变化咨询小组》。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程项目19(j) [1]", "可持续发展:推广新能源和可再生能源", "推广新能源和可再生能源", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "需要转变全球能源系统,以确保人人享有可持续能源,满足特别是发展中国家能源需求的迅速增长,并减少气候变化的负面影响。 新能源和可再生能源是促使向绿色经济、消除贫穷和最终实现可持续发展转变模式的全球努力的核心。 一些国家正在作出创纪录的投资来推动可再生能源技术的创新、发展和商业化。 然而,还需要更多的合作和行动来大大增加这些技术对全球能源系统的贡献。 需要结合一致和稳定的国家政策,采取协调一致的全球能源战略,降低可再生能源技术的成本,包括离网系统,供生活在农村地区的最贫穷人口使用。", "一. 导言", "A. 任务和决议", "1. 联合国 《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议执行计划》[2](《约翰内斯堡执行计划》)要求在各级紧急采取行动,大幅增加可再生能源在全球所占的份额,以增强其对能源供应总量的贡献。 [3] 在关于推广新能源和可再生能源的第64/206号决议中,大会重申需要全面执行《约翰内斯堡执行计划》,将其作为能源促进可持续发展的政府间框架,并鼓励联合国系统继续提高对能源促进可持续发展的重要性的认识,包括需要推广新能源和可再生能源,以及这些能源在全球能源供应中可以发挥更大的作用,特别是在可持续发展和消除贫穷方面。", "2. 联合国 大会同一项决议回顾2005年世界首脑会议的成果,[4] 欢迎旨在改善获得可靠、负担得起、经济上可行、社会上可接受和无害环境的促进可持续发展的能源服务的各种倡议,以促进实现国际商定的发展目标,包括千年发展目标,并承认新能源和可再生能源对减少温室气体和应对气候变化的贡献,呼吁国际社会支持最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家努力开发和利用能源,包括新能源和可再生能源。", "3个 此外,大会请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议提交一份关于决议执行情况的报告,其中除其他外,考虑到会员国和国际组织为在各级创造有利环境以推广和使用新能源和可再生能源而采取的举措,包括改善获得这些技术的机会的措施。 本报告是根据这一要求提交的。", " 4.四. 随后,大会第65/151号决议决定宣布2012年为人人享有可持续能源国际年。 大会请秘书长组织和协调国际能源年将开展的活动,并鼓励所有会员国、联合国系统和所有其他行动者利用国际能源年提高对解决能源问题重要性的认识。 会员国和国际组织也在国际能源年的范围内采取主动行动,以创造有利环境,促进获得能源和能源服务以及利用新能源和可再生能源技术。", "B. 人人享有可持续能源", "5 (韩语). 提供充足、负担得起和可靠的能源服务对于减轻贫穷、改善人类福利、提高生活水平以及最终实现可持续发展至关重要。 随着全球发展挑战继续得到应对,人们日益认识到,提供充足的能源服务对保健、教育、运输、电信、供水和卫生具有倍增效应。 因此,能源是实现千年发展目标的一个重要因素。", "6. 国家 确保人人享有可持续能源,需要发展各种系统,支持以公平和社会支持的方式优化利用能源资源,同时尽量减少其环境影响。 为发展可持续能源系统,必须建立国家和区域能源供应综合基础设施、高效输配系统以及强调能源效率的需求方案。", "7. 联合国 普遍获得能源基本上与现代能源燃料的获取有关,这些燃料可以取代烹饪、取暖和照明方面的传统生物量消费。 这也与获得电力有关。 传统生物量是固体生物量以不可持续的方式使用,包括薪材、农业废物和动物粪便。 在许多发展中区域,它通常是唯一可供穷人使用或负担得起的燃料。 全世界约有27亿人依靠传统生物质做饭,其中82%的人生活在农村地区。 [5] 现代或商业生物量以可持续方式生产,可用于发电、热能生产和运输。", "8. 联合国 在发展中国家,固体燃料的使用以及家庭缺乏通风,与大量污染物有关,如微粒、一氧化碳和醛等。 妇女和幼儿是接触这些污染物最多的人群。 [6] 因此,商业能源的缺乏或利用不足与婴儿死亡率高、文盲和预期寿命低有关。 据估计,由于生物质燃烧效率低下,每年约有145万人死于家庭室内污染。 这相当于每天有4 000多人死亡。 这些过早死亡的许多人是幼儿和妇女。", "9. 国家 电力有多种用途,对于一些应用来说是不可替代的. 全世界有14亿人没有电,其中85%生活在农村地区。 撒哈拉以南非洲没有电的人口最多(约5.85亿)。 印度有4亿多人口,大多生活在农村地区,也缺乏获得服务的机会。 农村地区的电力供应受到以下因素的限制:需要资本来扩大国家电网;缺乏可用于发电的现有和负担得起的现代燃料。", "10个 世界的挑战,包括气候变化的影响、有限的自然资源、能源需求的迅速增加和生物多样性的丧失,要求更多地依赖新能源和可再生能源。 可再生能源技术的可获得性和可负担性是确保人人享有可持续能源的关键。", "C. 全球能源系统", "11个 全球一次能源需求过去几年持续增长,2008年达到122.71亿吨石油当量。 世界仍然主要依赖石油、煤炭和天然气(见表1)。 2008年,80%以上的一次能源消耗来自化石燃料,而石油和煤炭约占60%。", "表1 按燃料分列的世界一次能源需求(百万吨石油当量)", "燃料", "煤 1 792 2 233 2 292 3 3 315", "石油 107 3 222 3 655 4 059", "天然气1 234 1 674 2 085 2 596", "核 186 526 676 712", "水电 148 184 225 276", "生物质 749 904 1 031 1 225", "其他 12 36 55 89", "共计 7 228 8 779 10 019 12 271", "资料来源:能源机构,《2009年世界能源展望》(2009年,巴黎)和《2010年世界能源展望》(2010年,巴黎)。", "12个 预计在未来几十年里,世界能源需求将继续大幅增加,特别是在发展中国家。 由于新兴经济体经济迅速增长和世界人口增加,能源需求将加快,预计到2035年,世界人口将从2008年的67亿增至85亿。 国际能源机构(能源机构)认为,[7] 全球一次能源需求将增长到14,900至18万吨石油当量之间,这取决于所考虑的情况。 国际能源机构的新政策设想考虑到世界许多国家宣布的广泛政策承诺和计划,到2035年,全球一次能源需求将增长36%,非经济合作与发展组织(经合组织)成员国占增长的93%。 化石燃料将保持其在一次能源中的核心作用,但其份额到2035年将降至74%。 中国将占全球增长的35%,印度将占18%。", "二. 新能源和可再生能源概览", "A. 现况", "13个 在世界一些地区,可再生能源在全球能源供应中的作用继续增加。 过去十年的趋势,特别是过去五年的趋势,反映了所有能源部门的强劲增长,包括发电、取暖和冷却以及运输燃料。 然而,新能源和可再生能源对全球能源系统的总体贡献仍然非常有限。", "14个 最近发生的全球事件,如2010年墨西哥湾石油外溢和2011年自然灾害对日本福岛核电站的影响,突出表明了继续开发具有成本竞争力的新能源和可再生能源的重要性。 在许多国家,决策者以及公共和私营部门越来越支持加快部署可再生能源技术并扩大其相应市场的全球和国家战略。 这些努力是维持能源系统转型和为未来绿色经济提供动力的关键。", "15个 为了评估可再生能源在满足全球能源需要方面的作用,必须审视其在一次能源、最终能源、发电和发电能力中所占的份额。 表2显示了可再生能源在四种能源类别中所占的全球份额。", "表2 可再生能源在四种能源类别中所占的份额(百分比)", "可再生能源在初级能源电力发电能力中的份额", "共计 13 16 19 27", "不包括传统生物量 7 6 19 27", "不包括传统生物量 4.9 3.0 4.6 8.0 仅考虑小水电(不足50兆瓦)", "资料来源:21世纪可再生能源政策网络,2011年可再生能源:全球状况报告(巴黎,21世纪可再生能源政策秘书处,2011年);能源机构,《2010年世界能源展望》(巴黎,2010年)。", "注:一次能源总量和最终能源消耗数据为2009年数据。 2010年的发电和发电能力数据。", "16号. 表2载有这四种能源类型的三套值。 第一行显示可再生能源的总份额,包括传统生物质。 如果将传统生物量排除在外(第二行),则一次能耗和最终能耗的比例分别降至7%和6%。 第三行显示没有传统生物质且只有在考虑小水电的情况下,可再生能源的份额。 在这种情况下,可再生能源在发电中的份额被降至4.6%,在发电能力中的比例被降至8.0%。", "17岁 所有类型的水力发电都是可再生的,但提及新的再生能源通常只包括容量不到50兆瓦的小型水力发电站. [8] 小型水力发电对许多发展中国家至关重要,通常在政策和市场背景下单独报告和跟踪。 许多金融家和发展援助机构认为,只有小水电才有资格获得可再生的组合标准、税费和税收抵免。 此外,许多国家根据小型水力发电确定可再生目标,以注重风能、太阳能、生物能、地热和其他新的可再生能源市场的动态增长和特点。 [9]", "18岁。 图1显示各种可再生能源在全球可再生能源发电能力中所占份额。 水力发电总量所占比例最大,其次是风能发电,其他可再生能源占不到9%。 当仅考虑小水分时,风能所占比重为50%,其次是小水分,生物质和太阳(见图一. 2 (中文(简体) ).", "图1 2010年全球可再生能源发电能力份额", "资料来源:可再生能源网,2011年可再生能源:全球状况报告(巴黎,可再生能源网秘书处,2011年)。", "图2 2010年全球可再生能源发电能力份额(仅考虑小型水力发电)", "[]", "资料来源:皮尤慈善信托基金,谁赢得了清洁能源赛跑? 2010年版:G20投资动力前进 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", " 19. 19. 2005-2010年期间可再生能源能力和生物燃料生产的增长图示 3个 大多数新的和再生能源加速增长。 太阳能发电量增长最快,与电网连接的太阳能光伏发电量增长了81%,太阳能集中发电量增长了77%。", "图 2005-2010年和2010年可再生能源能力和生物燃料生产年均增长率", "资料来源:可再生能源网,2011年可再生能源:全球状况报告(巴黎,可再生能源网秘书处,2011年)。", "简称:CSP,集中太阳能;PV,光伏.", "20号. 中国在安装新的可再生能源能力方面领先世界,其次是美利坚合众国(见图一)。 4)[10] 能力相对较大的其他发展中国家包括巴西、印度和土耳其。 在过去五年中,中国在增长方面也一直领先,其次是大韩民国和土耳其。 这些国家的工业正得到加速私人投资、连贯而稳定的政府能源政策以及技术进步的支持,这些技术正在转化为降低成本。", "图4 2010年安装新可再生能源能力最多和2005-2010年能力增长的国家", "[]", "资料来源:皮尤慈善信托基金,谁赢得了清洁能源赛跑? 2010年版:G20投资动力前进 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "注:数据不包括大型水电。", "21岁 能源技术的成本估计比较差异很大,取决于影响计算的许多因素和假设。 2011年,21世纪可再生能源政策网络公布了各种来源的可再生能源技术成本,包括国际能源机构、美国国家可再生能源实验室和世界银行(见表3)。 这些成本是经济成本,不包括补贴或政策奖励。", "22号. 一些可再生能源技术的成本现在与传统能源技术的成本具有竞争力,一般估计每千瓦时4至10分. [11] 上岸风能,生物质能和地热能发电在世界上一些区域正变得具有竞争力. 生物质、一些太阳能和地热在热水和取暖方面也具有竞争力,运输用乙醇也是如此。 农村地区离网应用的大多数替代品仍然过于昂贵。 这些技术的成本高,加上其他重要的发展和转让障碍,表明需要提供更多的支助,以促进农村地区的可再生能源。", "23. 联合国 然而,技术的改进和创新正在使大多数可再生能源技术的成本迅速下降。 自2008年以来,太阳能光伏装置每兆瓦的价格已下降60%。 在一些国家,据报道太阳能在电力零售价格方面与其他选择具有竞争力。 2008年以来,风力涡轮机价格也下降了18%。 [12] 预期这一趋势将继续下去。", "表3 可再生能源技术的成本", "技术典型特征 典型能源成本\n(现值)\n发电(每千瓦时成本)\n10-18 000(MW) 3-5 目前是成本最低的能源技术之一\n小水电 1-10 MW 5-12\n上岸风能 1.5-3.5 MW 5-9 刀口直径:60-100米\n外风1.5-5 MW 10-20 刀口直径:70-125米\n1-20兆瓦 5-12\n地热 1-100 MW 4-7 类型: 二进制,单发,双发,天然蒸汽\n屋顶太阳光伏 2-5千瓦-峰能 17至34岁\n200千瓦至100兆瓦\n重点太阳能50-500兆瓦(槽)10 20兆瓦(电站) 14至18个槽种植成本;植物增殖后成本降低;技术快速成熟\n热水/加热(每千瓦小时费用)\n生物质热 1-20兆瓦 1-6 成本最高的可再生能源热能技术\n2至5平方米(家庭) 2至20个家庭,中型和大型 20-200平方米(中型/ 1至15个类型:疏散管,平板\n多家庭)\n0.5-2兆瓦(大/区加热) 1-8地热 1-10兆瓦0.5-2 用于取暖和冷却\n类型:热泵、直接使用、芯片\n生物燃料(成本渗透)\n甘蔗、糖甜菜、玉米、卡萨瓦、麦片30-50(糖)等同汽油\n高粱 (和纤维素未来) 60-80 (玉米) 汽油当量\n生化柴油 豆类、被强奸、被芥末种子、麻黄、被浪费的蔬菜 40-80个柴油当量\n农村(电网外)能源(每千瓦成本)\n微型水力100-1,000千瓦 5-12\n1-100克瓦 7-30\nPicohydro 0.1克瓦 20-40\n沼气气气化器\n家用风轮0.1-3千瓦 15-35\n25-100千瓦\n太阳能家庭系统", "资料来源:可再生能源网,2011年可再生能源:全球状况报告(巴黎,可再生能源网秘书处,2011年)。", "缩写:kW:千瓦;kWh:千瓦时;MW:兆瓦;MWth:兆瓦热能。", "24 (韩语). 预计在集中太阳能和光伏技术及相关制造工艺、增强地热系统、多种新兴海洋技术、先进生物燃料和生物精炼以及近海风能的基础和涡轮设计方面将进行技术创新。 [13]", "25岁 使用可再生能源还带来额外好处,有助于实现可持续发展的普遍和国家目标。 可再生能源能够提供附加值的社会领域之一是就业。 虽然现有的一些研究对创造的净就业的规模有不同的看法,但对再生能源的投资已经证明创造了2至3倍于对传统能源的投资。 据估计,在全球范围内,可再生能源行业有350万个直接就业机会。 2009年和2010年,可再生能源工业创造了大约100万个就业机会。 [14]", "26. 联合国 对可持续发展极为重要的另一个重要领域是水。 使用干冷却的可再生能源技术不如传统的水冷热电站(包括核电站)容易受缺水和气候变化的影响。 水资源管理是可持续发展中的一个非常重要的问题。", "B. 前景", "投资", "27个 新能源和可再生能源市场正在变得活跃。 2009至2010年期间,全球清洁能源的融资增长了30%,投资总额创下2 110亿美元的纪录。 [15] 经合组织成员国以及巴西、中国和印度等大型新兴经济体,目前正在成为吸引创纪录投资的长期稳定国家政策的领导者。 2010年中国对清洁能源的投资创下489亿美元的纪录,是最高的,其次是德国和美国(见图一)。 5 (韩语). 2010年的最高投资仍然是风能947亿美元,其次是太阳能261亿美元.", "28岁 各国的投资战略各不相同。 美国对风险资本的投资最高,这是技术开发周期的早期阶段,目的是在后期阶段资本化。 欧洲已集中力量,利用各种监管政策,如通关电线,刺激需求,以达到促进再生发电的目标。 亚洲正在努力抓住光伏模块和风力涡轮机等技术的供应链。", "图 5 清洁能源投资最高国家(10亿美元)", "[]", "资料来源:环境署和BNEF,《2011年可再生能源投资全球趋势》(巴黎,2011年);以及皮尤慈善信托基金,谁赢得清洁能源赛跑? 2010年版:G20投资动力前进 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "29. 国家 在2008和2009年全球危机期间,20国集团成员设立了超过1 940亿美元的刺激基金,对绿色增长和清洁能源部门具有长期战略意义。 表4列出了2010年底这些基金的状况。 大约49%的刺激资金已经用完,2010年支出了745亿美元。 预计今后几年将花费近1 000亿美元。", "30岁。 由世界自然基金会(世界自然基金会/世界野生动物基金)委托编写的一份新报告于2011年5月发布,根据各国从绿色能源技术获得的国内生产总值中所占的份额,对各国进行了排名。 根据可再生能源和能效技术的国家收入,丹麦排名第一,3.1%的国内生产总值来自绿色技术;中国排名第二,1.4%,其次是德国、巴西和立陶宛。 中国收入最大,达640亿美元. [16]", "表4 2010年底清洁能源刺激基金", "支出总额", "美国. 65", "中国", "大韩民国", "德国 15.2 8.9 6.3 59", "欧洲其他国家 11.1 4.2 6.9 38", "日本 10.4 8.9 1.5 86", "澳大利亚 3.7 1.6 2.1 44", "联合王国 3.4 1.1 2.3 34", "巴西 2.5 0.2 2.3 7", "法国 2.1 2.1 2.1 0 100", "西班牙 1.7 0.6 1.1 36", "加拿大 0.8 0.13 0.67 17", "共计", "资料来源:环境署和BNEF,《2011年可再生能源投资全球趋势》(巴黎,2011年);以及皮尤慈善信托基金,谁赢得清洁能源赛跑? 2010年版:G20投资动力前进 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "可再生能源设想方案", "31岁 一些机构制定了各种长期能源设想方案,预测了一次能源、最终能源、发电和发电能力方面的可再生能源。 估计数差异很大,从其在一次能源中所占的份额一直保持在目前的水平(约13%)到2035年,到2050年上升到95%。", "32. 联合国 在《2010年世界能源展望》中,能源机构考虑了三种设想:现行政策、新政策和每百万分之450。 这些设想方案预测,到2035年,可再生能源在一次能源中的比例将从15%到26%不等,在最后能源中的比例从23%到34%不等,在发电中的比例从23%到46%不等,在发电能力中的比例从31%到54%不等。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 政府间气候变化问题小组2011年特别报告[17] 指出,在所审查的大多数情景中,到2030年、2050年及以后,可再生能源的部署量大幅增加。 预计到2030年可再生能源占一次能源供应的比例将超过17%,到2050年将超过27%。 可再生能源在一次能源总量中所占份额最高的情景预测,到2030年将增加43%,到2050年将增加77%。 专家小组估计,截至2020年,全球累计可再生能源投资额从13.6亿美元到51亿美元不等,2021-2030年十年从15亿美元到72亿美元不等。", "34. 国家 世界自然基金会2011年的一项研究得出的结论是,到2050年,世界能够以95%的可再生能源份额来满足其能源需求,但尽管技术上可行,这将面临困难的挑战。 设想方案假定大大提高能源效率和扩大电气化是实现这一目标的关键。 [18] PricewaterhouseCoopers(PwC),波茨坦研究所和国际应用系统分析研究所2011年的一份报告[19] 评估了欧洲和北非到2050年实现100%再生电方面的进展. 在一个设想中,国际能源机构预测,世界发电的75%将以可再生能源为基础。", "三. 推广新能源和可再生能源", "A. 国家努力", "35. 联合国 各国正在使用不同的政策来推动新能源和可再生能源的研究、开发、示范、部署和商业化,现在超过115个国家已获得某种政策支持来推广可再生能源。 大多数这些努力只在国家一级进行协调。 在区域一级的一个例子是欧洲联盟,它已推进到2020年可再生能源最终使用率达到20%的目标。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 促进可再生能源的政策可分为:(a) 监管政策、(b) 财政激励措施、(c) 公共财政机制和(d) 由气候带动的政策。 监管政策包括上网收费、配额或组合标准、优先上网、建筑任务和生物燃料混合要求。 财政奖励措施指税收政策和政府直接支付,如回扣和赠款等. 公共财政包括贷款和担保等机制。 由气候带动的努力包括碳定价机制、上限和贸易以及排放目标。 [21]", "37. 联合国 许多国家采取了一系列政策奖励措施,而不是单一的政策办法。 决策者认识到,鼓励措施必须连贯一致、稳定并长期设计,以吸引必要的资金来进行有力的部署并建立能够最终降低可再生能源成本的强大市场。", "38. 国家 政策奖励的类型因国家、区域和各国所推广的可再生能源类型而异。 许多国家正在广泛使用上网电价,特别是促进可再生能源发电。", "39. 联合国 许多奖励政策与到2010年在近100个国家宣布的国家目标有关。 正在根据可再生能源在一次能源、最终能源、发电和发电能力中所占的份额确定目标。 大多数目标是发电,通常规定一 二十年来总发电量的10%至30%。 还在各种技术方面确定更具体的目标。", " 40. 40. 一些国家通过采用连贯和稳定的政策,在促进可再生能源方面非常成功。 德国采取了强有力的上网收费政策,支持对风能、太阳能和生物质的投资,因此能够维持可再生能源利用的加速增长。 2010年,小型太阳能项目的部署量急剧增加,达到约9千兆瓦的新太阳能容量.", "41. 国家 中国在已安装的可再生能源能力方面处于世界领先地位,五年年增长率为106%。 国家清洁能源政策,包括风入电价和屋顶补贴及建筑综合光伏太阳能补贴,都非常成功。 中国也在制造业领先,生产了近50%的所有风力涡轮机和太阳能舱货运. 大韩民国是能力五年增长率最高的国家之一(88%)。 其322亿美元的一揽子刺激计划是最慷慨的。 可再生能源通过上网电价、股息免税和制造设施长期贷款得到推广。", "42. 国家 巴西正在利用发电补贴和优惠贷款为使用风能、小水电和生物质提供奖励。 其主要可再生能源部门包括运输用乙醇,年产量为360亿升,生物质能发电量约为8千兆瓦. 印度正在使用不同的政策手段来推广可再生能源,包括风能和太阳能的上网收费、小水电和生物质加速折旧、以及其他可再生能源项目的优惠税率。 其新的再生发电能力现在总共为19千兆瓦,以生物质能、小水电和太阳能为基础。", "B. 国际体制安排和努力", "43. 东帝汶 联合国系统各组织继续支持在发展中国家推广和扩大新能源和可再生能源。 2009年和2010年期间所做出的努力尤其使人们关注并意识到普遍获得能源、能源效率以及推广新能源和可再生能源等重要问题。", "44. 国家 秘书长能源和气候变化问题咨询小组于2009年成立,呼吁联合国系统及其成员国致力于两个相辅相成的目标:确保普及现代能源服务,并到2030年将全球能源密度降低40%。 [22]", "45. 国家 联合国能源机制是联合国系统的机构间机制,它继续促进全系统在能源领域的协作,同时采取一致和一致的做法。 它在促进采取行动和认识能源促进可持续发展的重要性方面发挥着关键作用,并正在就能源和气候变化问题咨询小组所发起的工作采取后续行动。 联合国能源机制帮助确定了三个主要目标,到2030年实现这些目标将有助于确保人人享有可持续能源,即:普及现代能源服务;全球能源总密度降低40%;可再生能源在一次能源中的份额增加30%。 联合国能源机制还正在推动相关活动,以支持2012年人人享有可持续能源国际年。", "46. 经常预算: 将于2012年6月举行的联合国可持续发展大会将为评估在开发和利用新能源和可再生能源方面取得的进展提供一个机会。 会议有两个主题:可持续发展和消除贫穷背景下的绿色经济;以及可持续发展的体制框架。 可再生能源技术在可持续发展和消除贫穷方面的作用,以及许多发展中国家在有效采用这些技术方面仍然面临的主要挑战和障碍,将是辩论的一个重要部分。 此外,会议将提供机会制定全球战略,以:(a) 扩大获得清洁能源的机会;(b) 提高能源效率;(c) 加速在全世界部署可再生能源技术。", "国际金融机构", "47. 国家 国际金融机构继续在调动资源促进新能源和可再生能源方面发挥重要作用。 世界银行集团在2010年为能源部门提供了共计130亿美元的贷款。 为低碳能源项目和方案提供贷款创下55多亿美元的纪录。 自2003年以来,世界银行集团投资了约170亿美元用于低碳项目,其中142亿美元用于可再生能源和能源效率。 除大型水电外,新的可再生能源投资占总额的49亿美元。", " 48. 48. 2008年,世界银行设立了气候投资基金,这是多边开发银行之间的一项合作努力。 截至2010年,捐助者已认捐64亿美元的新资金。 清洁技术基金这一组成部分旨在为扩大包括可再生能源技术在内的清洁技术的示范、部署和转让提供资金。 第一类活动包括集中太阳能、风能、公共汽车快速中转和13个国家的能源效率项目。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 区域开发银行也在发挥关键作用,促进新能源和可再生能源。 美洲开发银行计划到2012年将其清洁能源贷款能力增加一倍,达到每年30亿美元。 非洲开发银行将农村电气化作为主要优先事项,同时发展可再生能源和多国电网。 清洁能源已成为亚洲开发银行的最高优先事项之一,占核准贷款总额的25%以上,支持有清洁能源组成部分的项目。 亚洲开发银行的能源政策的目标是到2013年每年为能源项目提供20亿美元贷款。", " 50. 50. 自1991年以来,全球环境基金(环境基金)为项目提供了总额为88亿美元的资金,另外还有387亿美元的共同供资。 2010年,全球环境基金从30个捐助国获得42.5亿美元的创纪录资金,用于今后四年的气候变化适应和缓解。 截至2009年底,全球环境基金已投资11亿美元,用于近100个发展中国家和经济转型国家的可再生能源举措,另外还有83亿美元的共同供资。", "《联合国气候变化框架公约》", "51. 联合国 《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约方通过技术转让专家组一直在分析气候变化技术融资方面的差距和障碍。 已经出现了一些机制和举措来应对气候变化,支持能源技术合作,促进为新能源和可再生能源筹资。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 2010年联合国气候变化框架公约缔约方会议第十六届会议决定设立由技术执行委员会和气候技术中心和网络组成的技术机制。 该中心旨在支持包括可再生能源技术在内的相关技术的转让。", "53. 联合国 缔约方会议第十六届会议所达成的协议的内容包括工业化国家提供300亿美元的快速资金,以支持发展中国家到2012年的气候行动,以及打算在2020年筹集1 000亿美元。 此外,会议还设立了绿色气候基金。", "54. 联合国 《京都议定书》之下的清洁发展机制旨在促进向发展中国家转让清洁能源技术。 预计在2012年,清洁发展机制项目总数中约61%将是可再生能源项目。 缔约方会议第十六届会议决定加强清洁发展机制,以将重大投资和技术投入发展中世界无害环境和可持续排放项目。", "其他体制安排", "55. 国家 2009年成立的国际可再生能源机构是促进可再生能源的一个重要国际机构。 迄今为止,148个国家和欧洲联盟已经签署了该机构的规约,其任务是促进广泛和越来越多地采用并可持续地利用一切形式的可再生能源。 国际可再生能源机构将便利获得所有相关的可再生能源信息,包括技术、经济和可再生能源潜在数据。 它将分享关于政策框架、能力建设项目、现有筹资机制和与可再生能源有关的能效措施的最佳做法和经验教训。 阿布扎比被指定为国际可再生能源机构的临时总部。", "C. 协调全球能源战略的备选方案", "56. (中文(简体) ). 虽然在技术转让和发展、投资和政策执行方面已经取得了相当大的进展,但还需要作出更多的努力来增加可再生能源的贡献,并确保维持目前大力部署的积极势头。 需要在全球一级制定更多的协调战略来推进能源系统的转型,特别是在世界上最贫穷的地区,以便实现人人享有可持续能源、提高能源效率和减少碳排放的目标。", "确定战略和目标", "57. 萨尔瓦多 在确定全球能源战略、目标和指标时需要评估一些问题。 为了超越可持续发展问题世界首脑会议和可持续发展委员会第九届会议所作出的决定所阐明的关于能源的国际商定目标,有必要把重点放在具体行动和目标上,这些具体行动和目标可以有效地帮助制定更全面的路线图,确保人人享有可持续能源。", "58. 联合国 第一个问题是,是否有必要在一次能源、最终能源、发电或发电能力方面确定目标。 这一点很重要,因为促进可再生能源的机制取决于选定目标或具体目标的具体能源形式。 政策的选择将取决于主要目标是在能源循环的第一步(初级能源)或最后一步(家庭、工业、运输等主要经济部门的最终能源)促进新能源和可再生能源。 另外,由于许多国家对可再生能源的电力技术感兴趣,因此可以确定发电目标,这意味着具体的发电奖励政策,如上网电价,或电力能力,这将强调需要大量投资来建设基础设施,以确保适当的发电类型。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 另一个问题是目标是否基于所有可再生能源,包括传统生物质。 如果没有传统的不可持续的生物量,目前可再生能源在一次能源中只占7%。 此外,如果将新的可再生能源界定为不包括大型水电,那么其在全球发电中的份额为19%,在发电能力中的份额为27%(见表2)。 这一决定将允许在争取实现特定目标的过程中确定最相关的出发点。", "60. 联合国 最重要的问题可能是是否应为发达国家和发展中国家分别确定目标。 对这两组人的仔细观察表明,他们的情况、动机和目标大相径庭,足以成为单独目标的理由。 表5总结了经合组织成员国和非成员国在总人口、使用传统生物质的人口、无电人口和人均用电方面的差别。", "表5 2008年人口和人均用电量", "经合组织非成员", "总人口(十亿) 6.7 1.2 5.5", "使用传统生物量的人口(10亿)", "无电人口 1.4~0 1.4 (亿)", "人均用电量", "资料来源:能源机构,《2010年世界能源展望》(巴黎,2010年)。", "61. 国家 经合组织成员国占世界人口的18%(12亿美元),消耗全球电力的53%和一次能源的44%。 人均年用电量约为8900千瓦小时,是非成员国平均用电量(1700千瓦小时)的五倍多. 获得能源不是一个问题,因为这些国家没有使用传统的生物质,而且完全电气化。 经合组织成员国未来能源需求设想预测,与发展中国家的增长相比,增长相对较低。 因此,增加使用新能源和可再生能源的主要动机是能源供应多样化和环境关切,特别是在气候变化方面。 发达国家的另一个关切是,它们有机会成为清洁能源部门的领导人,这将为其未来的绿色经济提供动力。", "62. 联合国 因此,对于发达国家来说,目标主要是替代(而不是增加)可再生能源来提高矿物燃料能力和提高能源效率的方案。 大多数发达国家已经制定了具有宏伟目标和具体目标的先进方案,并依靠强有力的财政支持来继续向绿色经济和可持续发展迈进。 对这些国家来说,协调一致的全球努力将增加对其能源系统已经进行的改革的支持。", "63. 国家 非经合组织成员国占世界人口的82%(55亿美元),使用全球电力的47%和一次能源的56%。 对这些国家来说,能源获取问题确实至关重要,其人口的近50%依赖传统生物质,25%得不到电力。 无法获得现代能源服务的人口有83%以上居住在农村社区。 对发展中国家来说,全球协调努力是支持可持续发展目标的关键。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 因此,在大多数发展中国家,主要动机是保证其大部分人口,特别是生活在农村地区的人口获得现代能源服务,并满足能源需求的预期急剧增长。 对发展中国家而言,增加可再生能源能力是主要优先事项。 对于获得能源的非经合组织国家的人口,替代和效率也是重要的优先事项,对于满足能源需求大幅增加的额外能力也是如此。", "65. 国家 将一次能源作为目标的基础,是评估在实现将27亿人从使用传统生物质转移到可持续的现代可再生能源这一主要目标方面取得的进展的一种有意义的方法。 就份额而言,2008年,在非经合组织国家可再生能源占一次能源18%的份额中,只有7%与非传统生物量有关。 初步目标可以是至少取代传统生物量,以实现真正可持续的可再生能源份额为18%。 在发电方面,最初的目标可以是向目前得不到电力的14亿人提供再生电力。 分散式电力系统似乎最适合居住在没有电力的农村地区85%的人。", "协调的全球能源战略", "66. (中文(简体) ). 可以制定协调一致的全球能源战略,使发展中国家,特别是仍然使用传统生物质而无法获得电力的人口受益。 该战略应考虑到三个主要因素:(a) 约85%无法获得现代能源服务的人口生活在农村地区;(b) 大部分农村地区与世隔绝,需要分散的系统;(c) 几乎所有农村离网可再生能源技术都太昂贵,尽管这些技术被认为是许多发展中国家最可持续的选择。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 这一全球战略将支持联合国能源机制确定的到2030年普及现代能源服务的具体目标,同时促进使用新能源和可再生能源。 具体目标是用先进的生物质能和沼气系统来取代传统的不可持续的生物质能,并用新的和再生能源实现完全电气化。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 该战略可以包括四个主要目标:(a) 开发专门满足最贫穷人口需要的系统和产品;(b) 将农村离网技术的成本降低到能够同传统能源选择相竞争的水平;(c) 实施创新机制,进一步降低成本,以达到目标人口的收入水平;(d) 支持能力建设和技术合作方案,使发展中区域,特别是农村地区能够为新能源和可再生能源建立稳定的市场。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 几乎所有农村电网外技术选择,包括微型水电、沼气加气器、家庭风力涡轮机、村级小型电网和太阳能家用系统,都过于昂贵。 如果协调的全球能源努力要有效,就必须大幅度降低这些分散系统的费用。", "70. 联合国 必须为发展中区域和收入最低社区市场设计、开发和定制用于家庭、当地工业和服务的具体廉价产品和系统。 这些系统和产品必须可靠和负担得起,满足具体需要和实际应用,并符合当地传统和生活方式。", "71. 联合国 需要减少购置和安装系统所需的资本费用以及相应的操作和维修费用。 为支持降低成本目标,设想了三种机制:(a) 国际研究和发展机构协调努力,提供创新措施,使这些系统更有效率、更实用和更便宜;(b) 以技术基金和补贴形式实施的国际和国家方案,以降低这些系统的资本成本,从而确保它们在最低收入水平上能够负担得起;(c) 以条例、财政奖励和公共财政机制等形式制定政策,允许支付可负担得起的运营和维护费用。", "72. 联合国 可在发展中区域设立的区域或国家技术中心开展专门旨在降低农村离网技术成本的研究和开发活动。 这些中心可以受益于当地和内生知识,以及旨在提高效率和降低成本的技术创新进步,并将在从系统开发到市场全面部署的创新进程的所有阶段提供支持。 这些专门中心将充当区域创新中心,以发展以区域和地方需要为基础并扎根于地方的可再生能源系统。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 此外,国家一级的金融工具,如小额供资倡议和其他创新机制,将是必要的,以便这些技术仍能低于一个成本阈值,并且能够由收入最低的人提供。 这些机制得到国际全球战略的支持,将可长期为这些技术建立稳定和一致的市场。", "74. 国家 这一全球举措对消费者的成本应基于与燃料和电力收入份额有关的能源贫困指标。 尽管尚未就这些指标达成共识,但可以考虑家庭能源承受能力不超过收入10%的限制。 [23] 假设最低收入水平的人口平均日收入不超过2美元,这相当于每天20分. 也假设一个人每天至少需要3或4千瓦小时的能耗,[24]目标人口所能提供的最高成本是每千瓦小时能耗约5或6美分. 需要设计一个协调一致的全球倡议,以支付最高可负担门槛以上的费用。", "75. 国家 全球协调努力还需要解决许多发展中国家尚不具备的统计数据和指标的基本需要。 需要大量财政资源、能力建设和机构改革来建立统计方案,以便能够监测进展情况并制订长期综合能源规划战略。", " V. 结论", "76. 联合国 过去五年来,可再生能源技术的加速部署表明它们今后可以发挥重要作用。 各国正在作出创纪录的投资来推动这些技术的创新、发展和商业化。 此外,一些国家正在竞争市场的领导地位,以获得那些被视为将推动未来绿色经济的技术。", "77. 国家 然而,新能源和可再生能源对全球能源系统的贡献仍然非常有限。 对许多发展中国家来说,缺乏获得现代能源服务和低碳技术的机会是影响其实现可持续发展目标的最重要因素之一。", "78. 国家 可再生能源工业增长的兴起没有取得平衡。 大多数增长发生在发达国家和一些新兴经济体规模较大的发展中国家。 农村人口多的许多贫穷国家在可再生能源技术的使用和商业化方面只取得了相对较低的增长。", "79. 联合国 新的可再生能源,如岸上风能、地热能、小水电能和生物质能,正在世界一些区域变得具有竞争力。 太阳能光伏发电和太阳能集中发电等其它项目的费用仍然太高,但其成本正在迅速下降。 不幸的是,大多数农村离网可再生能源,包括家用太阳能系统和村级小型电网的成本仍然很高。", "80个 虽然各国采取了重大紧缩方案,但支持可再生能源的连贯而稳定的国家政策应保持不变,并扩大到其他国家并延长相当多年。 有必要建立市场机制,以确保:(a) 进一步降低技术成本;(b) 建立安全和稳定的市场;(c) 在将全球能源系统转变为低碳经济方面取得进展。", "81个 在大多数发展中国家大力部署新能源和可再生能源的主要动机是保证人人都能获得现代能源服务并满足预期的快速增长的需求。 在消除贫穷和可持续发展的背景下,获取机会被视为加速向绿色经济迈进所必不可少的条件。 廉价和分散的制度是发展中国家的主要激励因素,因为其农村人口受影响最大。 发展中国家和发达国家所关注的其他主要问题是能源供应多样化和减少气候变化的影响。", "82. 挑战但可实现的目标和具体而有意义的指标可以有助于促进新能源和可再生能源。 鉴于影响发展中国家和发达国家能源系统的因素不同,单独但协调的能源战略可能更为有效。 根据具体目标,具体目标可按一次能源、最终能源、发电和发电能力的份额来确定。 此外,如何确定目标,将可确定促进新能源和可再生能源的最有效奖励机制。", "83个 协调的全球能源战略是必要的,特别是要支持发展中国家,特别是其中最贫穷的国家。 应集中努力解决受传统生物质利用和电力缺乏影响最严重的农村地区问题。 国际一级的支持对于帮助消除创造扶持环境的财政、技术、基础设施和体制障碍是必要的。", "第八十四会. 降低农村应用分散化系统的高成本应当是任何协调的全球能源战略的关键部分。 需要制定具体目标和方案来创造环境,确保世界农村人口获得可持续能源。", "85. 需要建立区域和国家技术中心,以开发专门设计的系统和产品,在适当收入水平上满足当地需要,并从本地能力和当地知识中受益。 全球战略需要包括统计数据和制定长期能源规划综合方案的有力组成部分。", "86. 国际体制安排,包括联合国系统各组织、国际金融机构和诸如国际可再生能源机构等国际组织,继续在通过能力建设和技术合作促进国际合作方面发挥重要作用。 联合国能源机制正在领导全球努力,提高认识,并正在协调联合国为确保人人享有可持续能源、增加可再生能源的份额和减少能源使用强度而开展的活动。", "87个 新能源和可再生能源是2012年联合国可持续发展大会的一个主要优先问题。 按照会议的两个主题加强促进新能源和可再生能源的全球体制框架是一项重要目标。 会议提供了一个机会,可借以确保国际社会为促进和有效利用新能源和可再生能源提供新的支持。", "[1] (中文(简体) ).", "[2] 《可持续发展问题世界首脑会议的报告,2002年8月26日至9月4日,南非约翰内斯堡》(联合国出版物,出售品编号:C.03.II.A.1和更正),第一章,决议1,附件。 页:1", "[3] 同上,第20(e)段。", "[4] 见大会第60/1号决议。", "[5] 国际能源机构,《2010年世界能源展望》(巴黎,2010年)。", "[6] 联合国开发计划署(开发署)和世界卫生组织(世卫组织),《发展中国家获得能源的情况:侧重最不发达国家和撒哈拉以南非洲的审查》(2009年11月,纽约和日内瓦)。", "[7] 《2010年世界能源展望》。", "[8] 一些参考文献认为,小型水电站是容量不到10兆瓦的水电站。", "[9] 21世纪可再生能源政策网络,《2011年可再生能源:全球状况报告》(巴黎,21世纪可再生能源政策秘书处,2011年)。", "[10] 皮尤慈善信托基金会, 谁赢得了清洁能源赛跑? 2010年版:G20投资动力前进 (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2011).", "[11] REN21,《大经济体的可再生能源潜力——大经济体迅速部署可再生能源的机会、其对可持续发展的影响和实现可持续发展的适当政策摘要报告》(巴黎,2008年);政府间气候变化专门委员会,“关于可再生能源和减缓气候变化的特别报告”,纽约,2011年(可查阅http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/)。", "[12] 联合国环境规划署(环境署)和彭博新能源融资,《2011年可再生能源投资全球趋势》(巴黎,2011年)。", "[13] 政府间气候变化专门委员会,“关于可再生能源和减缓气候变化的特别报告”,纽约,2011年(可查阅http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/)。", "[14] 可再生能源:2011年全球状况报告;世界银行,“促进可再生能源发展的政策工具的设计和执行情况:选定发展中国家的新经验”,能源和矿业部门委员会讨论文件第22号(2011年4月,华盛顿特区)。", "[15] 环境署和BNEF,《2011年可再生能源投资全球趋势》(巴黎,2011年)。", "[16] 美联社, 2011年5月8日,“丹麦清洁技术生产者榜首”。", "[17] “关于可再生能源和减缓气候变化的特别报告”。", "[18] 世界自然基金会,《能源报告:到2050年实现100%的可再生能源》(华盛顿特区,2011年)。", "[19] 走向 欧洲和北非100%的可再生能源电力(伦敦,普华永道,2011年)。", "[20] 国际能源机构,\"气候与电力年报\"2011:数据与分析(2011年,巴黎).", "[21] “关于可再生能源和减缓气候变化的特别报告”;和“可再生能源2011年:全球状况报告”。", "[22] 联合国,《能源促进可持续的未来:秘书长能源和气候变化问题咨询小组——简要报告和建议》(2010年4月,纽约)。", "[23] 例如,见Jill Insley,“燃料贫穷数字被低估,是消费者机构的说法”,《卫报》,2011年7月14日;和联合王国,能源和气候变化部,燃料贫穷方法手册(2010年10月,伦敦)。", "[24] 能源促进可持续的未来:秘书长的能源和气候变化问题咨询小组。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 15 of the provisional agenda*", "Culture of peace", "Letter dated 11 August 2011 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the General Assembly", "As you know, the Alliance of Civilizations was established in 2005 under the auspices of the United Nations, at the initiative of the Governments of Spain and Turkey, in order to promote the agenda of good governance of cultural diversity at both the global and local levels and to help counter divisions, polarization and extremism within and among societies.", "Events and news headlines underscore the relevance of the Alliance as a leading initiative to deal with polarization, transitions and dilemmas of our current time. At the end of a decade of great challenges to intercultural understanding, I remain convinced of the usefulness of the innovative work carried out by the Alliance as a platform to bring together a unique constellation of partners at all levels, committed to harnessing the resources of cultural diversity for peace and development.", "The international community continues to provide the Alliance with broad political support, with the Group of Friends now numbering 130 members. By its resolution 64/14 of 22 December 2009, the General Assembly expressed its support for the Alliance. I look forward to more countries joining the Group of Friends and actively supporting the Alliance, including financially. In this regard, I should like to underscore the importance of the replenishment mechanism which will complement the voluntary Trust Fund of the Alliance and will help to provide sustained, diversified and predictable support for the initiatives of the Alliance.", "I am pleased to present to you the fourth annual report which the High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations, President Jorge Sampaio, has submitted to me together with the third implementation plan (2011-2013). The report highlights the main activities carried out between August 2010 and July 2011 in accordance with the second implementation plan (2009-2011), which set out the agenda of the Alliance for the period covered and defined concrete initiatives to be carried out.", "Good progress has been made in planning for the Doha Forum, to be hosted by the Government of Qatar from 11 to 13 December 2011, which is expected to raise the visibility of the Alliance and enhance political commitment to its goals. The Doha Forum will mainly focus on the topical issue of boosting development through a culture of peace and dialogue, thus developing synergies between the agenda of the Millennium Development Goals and the mission and fields of action of the Alliance of Civilizations.", "I should be grateful if you would bring the present report to the attention of the members of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) BAN Ki-moon", "Alliance of Civilizations: fourth annual report of the United Nations High Representative for the Alliance of Civilizations", "3 August 2011", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 4II.Overview 4 of \nprogress III. Consolidating 7 the Alliance of \nCivilizations IV.Main 9 initiatives and \nactivities V.Preparation 19 of the Fourth Forum of the Alliance of \nCivilizations \nVI.Outreach 20VII.Governance: 20 Trust Fund and \nsecretariat \nVIII. Conclusion 21", "I. Introduction", "1. The Alliance of Civilizations aims to improve understanding and cooperation among nations and peoples across cultures, and help counter forces fuelling polarization and extremism within and among societies. Furthermore, it provides a platform for promoting good governance of cultural diversity. This initiative is anchored in the common framework of principles and values expressed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other relevant instruments.", "2. The Alliance of Civilizations was established in 2005 as a political initiative of the Secretary-General, under the co-sponsorship of the President of the Government of Spain and the Prime Minister of Turkey. It emerged from a conviction that, in order to achieve sustainable peace and development, long-standing divisions and misperceptions between cultures, in particular between the so-called Western and Muslim societies, need to be addressed.", "3. In April 2007, the Secretary-General appointed Jorge Sampaio, former President of Portugal, as High Representative for the Alliance. President Sampaio sets the Alliance’s agenda and ensures its implementation. As a political initiative, the Alliance promotes dialogue aimed at delivering change on the ground. To that end, biennial implementation plans prioritize goals and provide a framework for action on the part of partners and stakeholders.", "4. The Alliance draws its strength from the expanding community of its Group of Friends currently comprising 130 Governments and international organizations, the Group provides the necessary political support for the High Representative, acts as the driving force of the Alliance and plays a vital role in the Alliance’s implementation process. Through a broad dialogue-based and consensus-building approach, the High Representative seeks the input, advice and support of its members on all key aspects of the Alliance’s activities.", "5. This is the fourth annual report submitted by the High Representative. It highlights the main activities carried out from July 2010 to July 2011, in accordance with the second implementation plan (2009-2011). The plan’s implementation reflected, to some extent, unfolding international developments such as the new context in the Middle East and North Africa region, the growing tensions among and within societies fuelling extremism and intolerance across Europe, and the topical issue of the influence of religion on peace and development. Much energy was also devoted to the preparation of the Fourth Annual Forum, to be held in Doha in December 2011 at the invitation of Qatar.", "II. Overview of progress", "6. The Alliance further established itself as a leading platform for intercultural dialogue that delivers, both between and among increasingly diverse societies. The main purpose of the activities carried out was to consolidate the results achieved so far and advance the Alliance’s goals in a world marked by a global economic crisis; persistent cultural, ethnic, religious and social tensions; and changing perspectives in parts of the Middle East and North Africa region.", "7. The timely adoption of the Alliance’s Regional Strategy for the Mediterranean at a regional conference hosted by the Government of Malta in November 2010, as well as the preparation and the launching of its action plan (with the “Cairo Dialogues” held on 27 and 28 July 2011 in Cairo), were main achievements of the period under review.", "8. Furthermore, the regional forums in Australia and India, organized by the Global Dialogue Foundation and local partners under the auspices of the Alliance, allowed the Alliance to expand its outreach and significantly develop its footing at grass-roots level.", "9. Since January 2011, intensive preparatory work has been under way in close cooperation with Qatari representatives to prepare the Fourth Forum of the Alliance, to be held in Doha from 11 to 13 December 2011. A draft concept paper for the Forum was presented to the Group of Friends for comments in order to engage the whole community in the preparation of the annual gathering from its very inception. Apart from taking stock of progress made on the Alliance’s agenda since the Rio de Janeiro Forum and featuring topical debates and new projects, the Fourth Forum will draw attention to the connection between cultural diversity and development and will explore further ways of reinforcing these links for the benefit of peace and sustainable development.", "10. A pre-forum was held in Doha in May 2011 for the purpose of holding consultations with civil society organizations not only as part of a strategy of consolidating the role of civil society in the pursuit of the Alliance’s goals, but also as part of the Qatari vision of the Fourth Forum as a key opportunity for the Alliance to achieve a turning point in terms of reaching the grass roots, raising visibility, reinforcing commitments to action and bringing the Millennium Development Goals into its agenda.", "11. Among the priorities identified in the implementation plan for 2009-2011, further progress was made in the majority of areas, while concerns appeared in others that have still to be addressed.", "12. Good progress was made in the following areas:", "(a) Consolidation of the global scope of the Alliance and its universal perspective, following the enlargement of the Group of Friends and the diversification of actions around the world;", "(b) Global recognition of the Alliance as one of the major United Nations platforms for intercultural dialogue and cooperation following the adoption of General Assembly resolution 64/14 on the Alliance on 10 November 2009; the Third Forum held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in May 2010; and intensified activities of the High Representative in various international forums to make the Alliance visible, promote its activities and seek partnerships;", "(c) Consolidation of the role of the Alliance as a catalyst, a bridge builder and a convener;", "(d) The adoption of the Regional Strategy for South-East Europe in Sarajevo in December 2009 and the Regional Strategy for the Mediterranean in Malta in November 2010; and the start of work on a regional strategy for Latin America;", "(e) Significant development of the main ongoing projects of the Alliance launched in Madrid, Istanbul and Rio de Janeiro;", "(f) The launching of the Global Youth Movement for the Alliance of Civilizations in Baku in April 2011;", "(g) Good progress in relations with the private sector through concrete partnerships on a number of projects described below;", "(h) A good step forward in relations with civil society through the pre-forum held in Doha on 3 and 4 May 2011, with a view to the possible setting up of an Alliance of Civilizations civil society platform.", "13. However, achievements on a number of other priority goals — namely enhancing the sustainability of the Alliance and improving its overall communications strategy — did not entirely meet expectations.", "14. The expansion of the Group of Friends had little impact on the Alliance’s resources and capacities. Therefore, progress in making the Alliance a sustainable initiative has become a matter of great urgency, prompting the High Representative to propose a replenishment mechanism for the Trust Fund and the holding of its first session in the latter part of 2011.", "15. The successful setting up of a replenishment mechanism for the Trust Fund of the Alliance requires further commitment by the members. Without the combined efforts of all constituencies and partners, the replenishment mechanism will not meet the goal of providing sustained, diversified and predictable support for the initiatives of the Alliance.", "16. Reference should be made here to efforts made within the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development to have the Alliance included in the list of international organizations eligible for official development assistance. In spite of the strong support of a number of countries, it was not possible to achieve this aim this year. However, it was decided that contributions earmarked to specific developmentally focused activities could be reported as bilateral aid. That decision, which can be reviewed next year, should a change justify it, opens up new avenues for cooperation.", "17. While a new website was launched and some high-profile events were organized during the reporting period, more work is still needed towards an effective communications strategy. The close attention devoted to outreach in the preparation of the Doha Forum should help.", "18. To sum up, the evolution of the Alliance over the past 12 months (August 2010-July 2011) shows that because of its considerable progress, the Alliance is now facing a number of significant challenges, namely:", "(a) The increasing diversity of its members brings additional competing demands and expectations about the Alliance. Ensuring a unified vision and coherent and consistent actions is bound to be a permanent challenge;", "(b) As a global initiative facing an ever-increasing number of demands, the Alliance has to consolidate its strategy and tools and further develop its capacity to deliver; otherwise, it will fail to live up to expectations.", "19. Bloodshed linked to terrorist attacks and a rise in intercultural tensions and intolerance seem to have increased in many parts of the world, including in democratic societies. Confronting this trend towards extremism and intolerance is the raison d’être of the Alliance and should therefore remain its main priority.", "III. Consolidating the Alliance of Civilizations", "20. The main priority for the period covered by the present report was the consolidation of the Alliance as a global platform for intercultural dialogue and cooperation, further to its particular focus on relations between the so-called Western and Muslim societies. The following points may be highlighted in this regard.", "Group of Friends community", "21. Support for the Alliance continued to grow with an increase in membership, bringing the number of Group of Friends members to 130 (108 countries and 22 international organizations).[1]", "22. The Group of Friends met three times, twice at the level of permanent representatives and once at ministerial level. Consultations were also conducted through a wide range of bilateral contacts (see below) and through written communications:", "(a) The High Representative sent a letter to all members recalling his priorities for 2011 and asking for additional suggestions;", "(b) Members of the Group of Friends from the Latin American region were invited to engage in the preparation of their regional strategy following the momentum created by the Rio de Janeiro Forum;", "(c) European Union countries and European regional organizations were consulted on a new regional initiative to be developed by the Alliance in 2011: “Reconciling diversity and cohesion: a human rights model to build inclusive and participatory societies in the European Union”.", "23. For the first time, members of the Group of Friends were invited to contribute suggestions for the third implementation plan (2011-2013). As usual, they were also invited to contribute to setting the agenda for the next annual forum.", "24. Malta organized the first regional conference for the Mediterranean on 8 and 9 November 2010 (see para. 41 below).", "25. The High Representative had a steady flow of contacts with members of the Group of Friends. He held many bilateral meetings with members and representatives of Governments and/or organizations of the Group (namely in the margins of the summit meeting of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in November 2010 in Lisbon and of the sixth ministerial meeting of the Community of Democracies in Vilnius, in June 2011) and participated in a significant number of multilateral forums to secure support for the Alliance and its ongoing activities. He gave high priority to negotiation of the Alliance’s Regional Strategy for the Mediterranean during the second half of 2010, when the Union for the Mediterranean was blocked, as well as the various regional forums of dialogue. Furthermore, he developed several contacts with countries from the Gulf region, Asia, Europe and North Africa. During the first six months of 2011, the High Representative devoted particular attention to emerging changes in some countries of the Middle East and North Africa region, participated in various meetings and visited Egypt and Qatar twice, as well as visiting Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates.", "26. The reporting period was also marked by contacts with heads of international and regional organizations, to strengthen synergies and secure the implementation of memorandums of understanding. The High Representative notably participated in various meetings organized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Human Rights Council, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the League of Arab States and the Council of Europe and its North-South Centre.", "Focal points", "27. In 2008, members of the Group of Friends were invited to appoint focal points to oversee implementation of the Alliance’s goals at national level, notably through national plans, and to coordinate with the secretariat of the Alliance. By 30 June 2011, 79 countries and 21 international organizations had appointed focal points.", "28. The Alliance ensured coordination of their efforts and exchanges by organizing focal point meetings hosted by Germany in Berlin (October 2010) and by Qatar in Doha (May 2011), issuing a periodical newsletter and holding regular consultations. Focal points were involved in various meetings within the Mediterranean regional process and in the framework of the Regional Strategy for Latin America. They also initiated regional consultations among themselves on an informal regional basis.", "Thematic platforms", "29. The work of thematic platforms continued to develop. Based on a proposal by Switzerland, the platforms bring together small groups of countries interested in further exploring specific themes and putting forward proposals for concerted or joint action. One platform focuses on media literacy education, particularly on social media and the cultivation of cultural stereotypes. The other aims at bridging gaps in mobilizing humanitarian and development assistance.", "30. The “humanitarian” platform held one meeting in Berlin and one in Bern. It stressed the importance of better cooperation with and among faith-inspired organizations to improve the quality of humanitarian and development work and advance the cause of breaking down barriers between people.", "Civil society consultations, global networks and partnerships", "31. On the joint initiative of the High Representative and Her Highness Sheikha Mozah of Qatar, a major civil society consultation was organized in Doha on 3 and 4 May 2011, as a pre-forum event.", "32. Efforts were also scaled up to build and/or consolidate various interfaith networks and networks targeting specific groups — youth, universities, think tanks and foundations — and to set up partnerships involving the private sector. Public-private partnerships are playing an increasingly important role in the work of the Alliance. They form the basis for the development of concrete projects with a global dimension, such as the “Dialogue Café” with Cisco, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation and a number of other partners; the World Intercultural Facility for Innovation with the BMW Group to help identify and replicate the most innovative grass-roots initiatives for cross-cultural bridge-building; the Alliance of Civilizations summer schools; a joint task force with Vivendi on measuring the impact of intercultural dialogue and cultural diversity; and the “Do one thing for diversity and inclusion” campaign made possible through a partnership with 20 of the largest firms in Silicon Valley (Yahoo, Intuit, Intel and others).", "33. As for global interfaith networks, the Alliance continued to collaborate closely with countries, agencies and non-governmental organizations working on issues of interfaith dialogue and faith-based cooperation with a view to building on complementarities. This work includes, in particular, engaging with the Tripartite Forum on Interfaith Cooperation for Peace, Saudi Arabia’s initiative on interfaith dialogue, and the Jordanian initiative for a World Interfaith Harmony Week. The High Representative sent a video message to the meeting of the European Council of Religious Leaders held in Moscow in June 2011.", "The Alliance as a soft-power tool of cultural and preventive diplomacy", "34. The High Representative intensified his action aimed at developing the Alliance as a soft-power tool of cultural and preventive diplomacy. He furthered contacts and dialogue with political, religious, media and civil society representatives who can use their influence to achieve progress on common objectives. On individual occasions — either publicly or discreetly depending on circumstances — he expressed concerns at mounting tensions and stressed the need for preventive, long-term action to counter intolerance and extremism. In contributions to conferences, political meetings or media, he invited interlocutors and stakeholders to reflect on issues such as political and religious pluralism, the role of intercultural dialogue and cooperative action or the conditions of social cohesion in increasingly diverse societies with reference to specific problems. In addition to underlining the role that national plans and regional strategies can play as strategic tools combining a top-down with a bottom-up approach, the High Representative suggested that new opportunities be created for people-to-people diplomacy in divided or conflict-prone societies, and that an early warning mechanism be developed with regard to intercultural tensions on the basis of the existing network of global experts (see paras. 64-68 below).", "35. Initiatives such as the “White paper and the white process: from competing narratives to cooperative action”, aimed at implementing the relevant recommendations of the report of the High-level Group, particularly its annex III, continued to receive his special attention.", "IV. Main initiatives and activities", "36. A number of initiatives were further developed during the reporting period to support the broad objectives of the Alliance.", "A. National plans and regional strategies", "National plans", "37. Encouraged by the High Representative, 26 States are currently implementing their national plans: Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Italy, Kuwait, Malta, Mexico, Montenegro, Morocco, New Zealand, Portugal, Qatar, Republic of Korea, Romania, the Russian Federation, Slovenia, Spain, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.", "38. More plans are in preparation as part of a long-term, gradual exercise to be carried out by countries at their own pace, using their own implementation channels.", "39. Lessons learned were informally discussed among a number of focal points in May 2011. Three points were stressed:", "(a) Although these plans cannot follow a single model, they should be more than a list of existing programmes. They should focus on removing barriers to equality and fighting prejudice (“breaking down walls”), helping develop intercultural skills (“building bridges”) and creating spaces for respectful exchange (“sharing spaces”);", "(b) Because of the combination of political backing at the top and grass-roots participation at the bottom, national plans need coordination and critical evaluation;", "(c) Reflection should be encouraged on measurement tools and observatories. The political backing and coordination provided by international organizations are welcome. The Alliance should closely follow the drafting and implementation of national plans and support further exchanges between countries.", "Regional strategies", "40. The Alliance has been calling upon groups of countries facing common challenges to generate common actions in cooperation with civil society. The first formal initiative along these lines was the adoption of the Alliance of Civilizations Regional Strategy for South-East Europe in Sarajevo in December 2009, followed in summer 2010 by the plan of action for its implementation.", "41. Work launched in Alexandria, Egypt early in 2010 culminated in the adoption on 9 November 2010 of the Regional Strategy on Intercultural Dialogue and Cooperation for the Mediterranean. The strategy was adopted at a conference in Valetta hosted by Malta, where the outline of a plan of action based on projects proposed by civil society partners was also adopted. This led in May 2011 to the release of a plan for a number of prioritized actions, taking into consideration the new context in the Middle East and North Africa region.", "42. The funding of these two plans of action has admittedly been a problem. However, consultations are going on for the allocation of international funds made available to support reform in countries in transition. The further funding of both plans of action will also be addressed in the context of the replenishment session.", "43. The delays have not prevented a few projects from being developed already. These include a history teaching project, the main topic of a seminar held in Slovenia with the Council of Europe, building on a number of projects developed by the European Association of History Educators (Euroclio) with the support of the Soros Institute. Talks for a Dialogue Café in Belgrade are well advanced and a first round of contacts was made in Podgorica to identify potential partners in Montenegro. Before the end of 2011, Dialogue Cafés are to be opened in Ramallah and Tel Aviv, and funds are being raised for Tunis, Cairo and Istanbul. The 2011 summer school for young diplomats was held in Podgorica with the participation of the High Representative. The research and mobility grants for European studies (Charles V European Award) from the European Academy of Yuste Foundation were announced and the first candidates were selected.", "44. In response to an invitation by Peru, work is under way on a Regional Strategy for Latin America. Focal points meeting in Lima in December 2010 and March 2011 developed a preliminary draft. Work is continuing on a plan of action, which will build on work carried out by regional and subregional organizations, as well as civil society partners. The work is expected to be completed in 2011.", "45. The High Representative discussed a proposal to develop a Regional Strategy for Central Asia with the 2010 Kazakh Chairmanship of OSCE. Some African countries have expressed an interest in concerted subregional initiatives.", "B. Multi-stakeholder initiatives, including projects and programmes led by the Alliance", "46. The Alliance acts as a platform for the development of practical initiatives which help deliver change on the ground in the four fields of action. Many initiatives are implemented in application of the existing network of memorandums of understanding between the Alliance and UNESCO, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), the League of Arab States, the Council of Europe, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the Islamic Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (ISESCO) and the Arab League Educational, Cultural and Scientific Organization, but also with a number of non-governmental organizations, foundations, universities, etc.", "47. The sections that follow give a good overall picture of ongoing projects and initiatives.", "Education field of action", "Education about religions and beliefs platform", "48. The Alliance of Civilizations Education about Religions and Beliefs Online Learning Community (www.aocerb.org) has become an important Internet resource for learning about diverse religions and beliefs. With a network of 18 academic and civil society partners spanning the globe, the Learning Community has also evolved into a platform for educational activities; a facilitator of discussions on the role of faith-based organizations; and a synergizing agent for the Alliance on the role of interfaith activities in promoting cultural diversity and intercultural education, the exploration of good practices and the impact of teaching about issues such as religions, ethics education and intercultural education.", "49. The Alliance participated in several workshop sessions on religion and the United Nations. It lent its patronage to a major gathering of young Muslims and Jews from 25 countries at a Muslim-Jewish conference held in Vienna from 1 to 6 August 2010, to combat intolerance through education and media. It participated in the final consultation meeting with OSCE, UNESCO and the Council of Europe on guidelines for educators on Islamophobia, held in Vienna on 16 May 2011.", "Alliance of Civilizations research network", "50. The Alliance has built up a research network of think tanks and universities from around the world to collaborate in areas of mutual interest. It has 20 members, including academic institutions and networks comprising over 200 institutions. Its dedicated web page on the Alliance website (www.unaoc.org) apprises visitors of opportunities in the area of conferences, publications, fellowships and research grants in areas of interest to the Alliance.", "Enhancing academic exchanges", "51. The Alliance continued to play its advocacy and partnership role in promoting exchanges with a view to favouring cross-cultural knowledge and understanding. Through its various websites and pages, the Alliance has circulated hundreds of opportunities for cross-cultural study and research. The 2010 Rio de Janeiro Forum featured a working meeting on the challenges and opportunities for academic exchanges. Some of the major challenges faced by traditional exchange programmes are the costs, legal issues, breadth of participation and the tendency to avoid regions that may be physically dangerous. With this in mind, the Alliance has entered into a partnership with Soliya (see www.soliya.net) to promote Soliya’s “Exchange 2.0” programme to expand Web-enabled international cross-cultural educational experiences worldwide.", "Educational outreach", "52. For the third successive year, the Alliance partnered with the Istanbul Center of Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America and others on an art and essay contest for middle- and high-school students. There were over 2,500 entries for the contest theme of “Empathy: walking in another’s shoes”.", "53. The Alliance worked closely with the Department of Public Information of the Secretariat on the second Global Model United Nations Conference, on the theme “Towards an alliance of civilizations: bridging cultures to achieve peace and development”, held in Kuala Lumpur from 14 to 18 August 2010. During 2010, the Alliance and its activities were also introduced to several educational institutions and non-governmental organization audiences in the United States, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, China, Colombia and Italy.", "Youth field of action", "Global Youth Movement for the Alliance of Civilizations", "54. The first convention of the Global Youth Movement for the Alliance of Civilizations was held in Baku in April 2011. The Movement aims to highlight the strong message of peace and understanding set forth by youth. It also seeks to advance the mainstreaming of their voices and participation in the initiatives of the Alliance.", "55. In Baku, 130 youth from over 80 countries worked together on the charter and the action plan for this initiative. The discussions demonstrated a high level of commitment. The Alliance will now work with leaders of the Movement to implement the decisions made in Baku.", "Youth Solidarity Fund", "56. The second edition of the Youth Solidarity Fund was completed with great success. This international small grants programme provides seed funding of up to US$ 30,000 to youth organizations advancing intercultural and interfaith dialogue at local, national, regional or international levels. Projects funded under this programme are developed and implemented in their entirety by youth organizations.", "57. The 18 projects funded during the last round were implemented in 14 countries,[2] mostly in Africa, and the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2 projects). A global report outlining the results of these 18 projects is currently being developed and will be ready in the latter part of 2011. It is estimated that 33,000 individuals, mostly youth, benefited from the 18 projects.", "Youth website", "58. The Alliance’s youth website (http://unaocyouth.org) continues to grow and attract more partners. It is a one-stop website where users can obtain, post and exchange information about (a) other youth organizations; (b) opportunities available to youth wanting to get involved in Alliance-related matters; and (c) tools to enhance their capacity to do so.", "59. In addition, information about the Alliance’s youth programme is included along with a news section, “words of wisdom” from individual youth and a discussion forum.", "International Year of Youth", "60. The International Year of Youth: Dialogue and Mutual Understanding announced at the end of 2009 provided a unique opportunity to mainstream the objectives of the Alliance and its youth programme within the United Nations system and a vast network of partners.", "61. The Alliance has been a leading partner in the development of the framework for the celebration of this International Year at the United Nations, and of the key documentation to promote the event. As part of this effort, a flagship card on the role of youth in fostering cross-cultural understanding was developed in collaboration with UNESCO.", "62. The Alliance also played a key role in the organization of the High-level Meeting on Youth marking the close of the International Year. The PLURAL+ youth video festival (see paras. 78 and 79 below) was celebrated as a side event to the High-level Meeting.", "Media field of action", "Rapid response media mechanism", "63. The Alliance’s rapid response media mechanism focuses on amplifying the constructive role of media in furthering public understanding of divisive debates, ensuring that a diversity of voices is heard from and providing free quality content to media outlets around the world. The project has continuously expanded since its inception to address the growing needs of both media and grass-roots communities.", "Global Experts", "64. The Global Experts online resource (www.theglobalexperts.org) has continued to grow. The resource now numbers over 400 experts. Each expert generates several media impressions weekly, and 12 to 15 media alerts are sent every month to thousands of journalists around the world. Each alert offers journalists the opportunity to directly contact five or six experts on breaking news stories.", "65. The online resource has also begun to aggregate commentary by experts from media outlets around the world, while also featuring exclusive content written or produced by experts for the site in the form of articles, podcasts and video interviews.", "66. The project has secured a wide range of partnerships to produce content, including, for instance, one with the British Council and the University of Missouri School of Journalism, under which over 80 videos featuring experts are being produced with a focus on West-Muslim relations.", "Media empowerment training of Arab civil society and citizen journalists", "67. In response to growing needs in the Arab region and to recent events, the rapid response media mechanism (see para. 63 above) designed additional training programmes for Arab civil society representatives and citizen journalists/bloggers. These focus on building skills in four areas: interviewing techniques, writing skills, media relations and utilizing social networking tools for more effective campaigning. The first training session takes place in September 2011 in Jordan. Others are being planned in Cyprus and Tunis.", "Syndication of articles and article series", "68. Expanding its practice of providing articles and opinion pieces to newspapers around the world, the rapid response media mechanism invited prominent analysts to comment on issues of their choice touching upon the role(s) of religion in the public space. This first article series, Religion and the Public Space, brought together over 20 contributions. They were published in five languages in newspapers from Singapore to Brazil, from France to Jordan.", "Debates and conferences", "69. The Alliance media programme organizes regular public debates of interest to media professionals and broader society on international crises and issues. Together with the League of Arab States and the Anna Lindh Foundation, it recently convened a major forum in Cairo on 5 and 6 April 2011, focusing on the media in the Arab World in the face of ongoing regional changes, and their role in relations with the West.", "Meeting of television station owners", "70. Following an initial meeting hosted in Paris in May 2010, the Anna Lindh Foundation and the Alliance, in partnership with the European Broadcasting Union, the Arab State Broadcasting Union and the European Commission, plan to convene a symposium of television station owners and managers in Jordan in October 2011 in the framework of the Regional Strategy for the Mediterranean. This meeting will be hosted by His Majesty King Abdullah.", "71. The purpose is to create a network of leading transnational media groups and media networks with a significant level of viewer engagement in the Mediterranean region, and to develop new joint actions with national broadcasters from countries of the Middle East and North Africa region.", "Euro-Mediterranean joint media framework", "72. The European Commission, the Anna Lindh Foundation and the Alliance initiated a joint project aimed at supporting journalists reporting across the Mediterranean region. The partners organize regular task force meetings and workshops for journalists, alongside meetings with intercultural analysts, opportunities for networking between journalists from both sides of the Mediterranean and awards for journalists reporting across cultures.", "Media literacy", "73. The Alliance continued to develop its various media literacy initiatives to help young people and citizens in general navigate an increasingly complex media world and provide them with tools to become discerning and critical media users and producers. Currently there are 33 partners and almost 1,600 registered users, both groups periodically participating by updating the database with new content. With the support of partners the Alliance-UNESCO-European Commission publication Mapping Media Education Policies in the World has been widely distributed.", "74. The Network of Universities on Media and Information Literacy and Intercultural Dialogue, a network of eight universities in Australia, Brazil, China, Egypt, Jamaica, Morocco, Spain and the United States, has been established by the UNESCO University Twinning and networking scheme and the Alliance of Civilizations.", "General collaboration in the media field", "75. As part of the overall media work carried out by the European Union, a dialogue was established between the Alliance and the European Union regarding media communication in the field of prevention and radicalization. Furthermore, the Alliance developed a fruitful dialogue with the European Network of Experts on Radicalization, sharing ideas and insights on its own experience in organizing diversity training for journalists in Pakistan, Indonesia, the United States, Europe and the Arab world.", "Migration/integration field of action", "Online community on migration and integration", "76. Since the launch of the website “Migration and integration: building inclusive societies” (www.unaoc.org/ibis) in May 2010, the Alliance has been providing information on good practices of integration of migrant populations. It highlights successful models of integration to counter stereotypes and promotes further involvement of all stakeholders in integration. A series of discussions was launched on the website to exchange past and present experiences related to migration and integration.", "77. In order to capitalize on the special experience of Australia in multiculturalism and to connect the website to its users, the Alliance is co-organizing an event in Melbourne in October 2011, which the High Representative will attend.", "PLURAL+ youth video festival", "78. The Alliance, in partnership with IOM, continued developing PLURAL+, a youth video festival on migration, diversity and social inclusion. PLURAL+ has the support of many international partners. An award ceremony was held on 12 November 2010 at the Paley Center for Media in New York.", "79. Award-winning videos are being distributed on DVD, broadcast on television stations and the Internet and screened at video and film festivals and conferences around the world. Distributors include RAI Education (Italy), Al Jadeed TV (Lebanon), United Nations Television, the Permanent Conference of Mediterranean Audiovisual Operators, the Chinh India Youth Festival, the Habana Film Festival, the Roots & Routes International Film Festival, the Royal Film Commission of Jordan and BaKaFORUM 2011.", "Migration/integration series of events", "80. In December 2010, the Alliance and Unitas Communications organized a discussion on the reasons immigration is perceived as negatively affecting coexistence in Europe, and why Islam is often depicted as incompatible with Western values. The event was broadcast live for a worldwide audience. Muddassar Ahmed (Unitas) participated in the conversation with Roger Cohen (International Herald Tribune), along with participation from an in-house and online audience.", "Reconciling diversity and social cohesion in European societies", "81. As proposed by the High Representative at the beginning of 2011 to Governments of European countries, the Alliance is preparing a new regional initiative entitled “Reconciling diversity and cohesion: a human rights model to build inclusive and participatory societies in the European Union”. The initiative, still in preparation, will be hosted by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation at its new cultural centre on 15 November 2011.", "Other cross-cutting initiatives", "Marketplace of Ideas", "82. The Marketplace of Ideas showcases the most innovative and successful grass-roots initiatives aimed at promoting mutual understanding among people and cultures around the world. By connecting these initiatives to policymakers, potential donors and the media, the Alliance helps them to scale up and replicate, thereby significantly increasing their impact.", "83. Ten organizations among hundreds of applicants were recognized as Marketplace of Ideas winners during the Rio de Janeiro Forum and their leaders invited to present their project (World Faith; Euro-Mediterranean Academy for Young Journalists; Forgotten Diaries; Melantjong Petjinan Soerabaia; Akili Dada; Universal Forum of Religions; Peaceworks; RandomKid; United Religions Initiative; Undergraduate ParliaMentors; Three Faiths Forum; Bridge the Gap TV). Partners from the private sector such as Vivendi, Deloitte Touche and Tohmatsu, the Global Dialogue Foundation, the British Council and Euronews have supported this initiative.", "84. The Alliance has developed a promising partnership agreement with the BMW Group to create the World Intercultural Fund for Innovation. The Fund will support the most innovative grass-roots initiatives for cross-cultural bridge-building and connect them with partners to help them scale up and replicate.", "Fellowship programme", "85. In September 2009, the Alliance launched its fellowship programme, aimed at facilitating the exposure of emerging leaders from North America, Europe and Muslim-majority countries to media, culture, politics, institutions, civil society and religion in one another’s countries and generating knowledge exchange, understanding and productive partnerships across borders. In the long run, through this programme the Alliance will create an informal network of emerging and influential leaders who will bring fresh perspectives to relations between the different countries and regions and who will advocate new approaches.", "86. The programme is developed in partnership with the British Council, the League of Arab States, ISESCO, the Qatar committee of the Alliance of Civilizations and the Institute of International Education (United States).", "87. The pilot phase was completed in March and April 2010 with 12 emerging leaders from the United States and Europe travelling to Egypt, Morocco and Qatar and 12 emerging leaders from 7 countries in the Arab world travelling to Belgium, France, the United Kingdom and the United States.", "88. The second phase of the fellowship programme will begin in the latter part of 2011. In the context of the Arab Spring, this programme takes on special importance in providing a unique opportunity for emerging leaders to learn and connect with their peers.", "Dialogue Café", "89. After the public launch of the “Global network of Dialogue Cafés” project at the Istanbul Forum, the first two Cafés opened in May 2010 in Rio de Janeiro and in Lisbon, on the occasion of the Third Forum, thanks to a partnership with Lisbon Municipality, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, Candido Mendes University in Rio, and the use of the European network GÉANT.", "90. In September 2010, a third Dialogue Café was opened at the Waag Society in Amsterdam. Work is proceeding for a further expansion in the European-Mediterranean to cities such as Florence, Ramallah, Tel Aviv, Paris, Lille and Belgrade. Possible Dialogue Cafés in Doha, Cairo, Istanbul, London, Montenegro, Tunis and Oslo are also being considered and funding sought.", "Alliance of Civilizations summer school", "91. The Alliance of Civilizations summer school brings together young people from various ethnic, cultural, academic and professional backgrounds. Its purpose is to share world views, knowledge and experiences; to create a network of “Alliance of Civilizations young voices”; and to agree on a number of projects to be developed through the network of the “Dialogue Café”.", "92. The 2010 summer school was hosted by the University of Aveiro, Portugal, with 115 youth from 44 different countries. To make its organization possible, a multi-stakeholder platform was created by international organizations, Portuguese foundations, universities and think tanks, faith-led organizations and corporations.", "93. In view of the success of the 2010 session, the High Representative decided to make the summer school a regular activity and to explore the possibility of organizing sessions on thematic issues for well-targeted audiences such as young journalists, diplomats, teachers, etc.", "94. The 2011 summer school will take place in Lisbon from 28 August to 3 September 2011. It will be hosted by the University of Lisbon and will be organized in cooperation with a number of partners, such as the League of Arab States and the Euro-Mediterranean University.", "City-to-city cooperation", "95. The Alliance promoted and/or participated in a number of events involving local governments, municipalities and mayors: the Shanghai World Exhibition 2010 (Global South-South Creative Week, session on “Creativity and transfer: an engine for better, more lovable cities with better lifestyles for all”); the second Euro-Arab Cities Forum, held in Malaga, Spain on 25 and 26 February 2011; and the International Conference on the Inter-Ethnic City, organized by Italy in Rome on 1 June 2011.", "96. At the Euro-Arab Cities Forum, the High Representative proposed to set up a special fund for Euro-Arab city cooperation in the new context of the Middle East and North Africa region, a proposal which was hailed by the participants.", "97. At the International Conference on the Inter-Ethnic City, the possibility of creating new facilitating roles and the idea of having an “inter-ethnic guarantor” who would advise municipalities on multicultural issues were discussed. Participants agreed to pursue efforts to place urban transformation on the agenda of selected United Nations agencies and programmes, with a view to taking action, including a possible General Assembly resolution.", "Providing a space for discussions on sensitive issues", "98. The Alliance has increasingly been seen as a platform for civil discussions of sensitive issues, including religious minorities, religious freedom and tensions in religiously pluralistic societies. A number of relevant initiatives were organized on this topic.", "99. Under the auspices of the Alliance, a seminar on religious tolerance, traditional conflict resolution and federalism was held on 11 and 12 November 2010 in Addis Ababa, as a contribution of Ethiopia to the Alliance. The High Representative participated in it through a video message.", "100. The 2010 Lisbon Forum, held on 4 and 5 November 2010, focused on freedom of expression, conscience and religion. It comprised four main working sessions: religious pluralism in democratic societies; the role of religious leaders in the promotion of a culture of peace; the prevention of radicalization and religious extremism; and international cooperation for the promotion of religious freedom. At the outcome of the Forum, a number of recommendations were made (for a full overview of the debates, see Lisbon Forum at www.coe.int).", "101. Under the auspices of the Alliance, Spain and Italy, in cooperation with the European University Institute, convened an international seminar entitled “Religious freedom: human rights, social inclusion and political participation: the case of Christian communities” in Florence on 13 and 14 June 2011. The Ministers for Foreign Affairs of Italy, Franco Frattini, and Spain, Trinidad Jiménez, and the High Representative, who sent a video message, shared their views with participants. The recommendations by three panels will feed future work, including in the context of the Doha Forum.", "Engaging parliaments in the Alliance’s agenda", "102. The Alliance is increasingly aware of the desirability of involving national and international parliamentary institutions. Focal points discussed their possible role in drawing up national plans.", "103. The High Representative met with several national parliamentary leaders and addressed the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (June 2010) and a committee of the Euro-Mediterranean Parliamentary Assembly (January 2011). Furthermore, he met with the Speakers of Kuwait and Malta and discussed a joint initiative on the role of parliaments in fostering pluralism and good governance of cultural diversity.", "104. The cooperation with the International Parliamentary Union inaugurated in Rio de Janeiro (May 2010) continued, in particular through regular contacts at the secretariat level, including on a larger parliamentary contribution to the Doha Forum.", "V. Preparation of the Fourth Forum of the Alliance of Civilizations", "105. At the invitation of the Government of Qatar, the Fourth Forum will be held from 11 to 13 December 2011 in Doha. It is expected to be a turning point for the Alliance in terms of raising its visibility, integrating it more into the global agenda and reinforcing commitments for action. Further to a suggestion made by Her Highness Sheikha Mozah to the High Representative, the Forum will explore how the advancement towards the goals of the Alliance can contribute to sustainable development and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. Preparatory work began in January 2011, with the help of a few experts commissioned by Qatar and the benefit of a dialogue with the Group of Friends, including the focal points. Civil society representatives also contributed their views at a pre-forum held in Doha on 3 and 4 May 2011.", "VI. Outreach", "106. The Alliance has benefited from extensive outreach efforts on numerous projects carried out in the past year. Improved communications materials, featuring projects and people’s testimonials, were used to give a good sense of the Alliance’s activities and objectives. The High Representative and the secretariat also provided briefings to many constituencies. The High Representative has written a number of articles and given numerous speeches about the Alliance all around the world.", "107. Two major advocacy campaigns were supported or promoted by the Alliance. The first was developed in the framework of the World Interfaith Harmony Week. The second was aimed at celebrating the World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development (21 May). It was launched together with UNESCO and a wide range of corporations through Facebook (www.facebook.com/ DoOneThingforDiversityandInclusion), inviting people from around the world to “Do one thing for diversity and inclusion”. This campaign has been a huge success with more than 60,000 visitors.", "108. The Alliance has also significantly expanded its reach by promoting or being associated to an increasing number of events organized at the local level by local partners, namely in Australia, China, India, Egypt, Ethiopia, Italy, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland and Turkey. These kinds of joint ventures, by engaging local partners, non-governmental organizations and grass-roots organizations, offer an opportunity to develop concrete initiatives that contribute to enhancing cultural understanding and cooperation.", "109. With the completion and launch of the new Alliance website (www.unaoc.org), Web traffic has increased, reaching 5,500 visitors in June 2011 and 24,000 page views. The newly created Alliance Facebook page is currently at over 500 “likes” and the Alliance has over 900 followers on Twitter.", "VII. Governance: Trust Fund and secretariat", "110. In spite of the steady expansion of the Alliance’s role and activities, the resources at its disposal continued to be significantly short of the target level, erratic and almost impossible to predict. While core operations and modest programmes could be maintained, more significant programmes were exposed to various cutbacks or had to be postponed. For the 2010 budget year, actual expenditures had to be kept in the range of US$ 4 million, against a modest target of US$ 5.2 million.", "111. The High Representative, therefore, elaborated a strategy to reform the ad hoc system of voluntary contributions. He proposed a funding model based on periodic replenishments, designed to increase the predictability of the Trust Fund’s resource mobilizing efforts, to diversify the array of donors by bringing in the private sector and philanthropy, and to secure funding for the Alliance’s activities well in advance. The first replenishment session, scheduled for the second half of 2011, will address the funding needs for calendar years 2012 and 2013. The High Representative further proposed to develop a loose mechanism of consultation with the community of donors, through which they can be informed about the funds and have a say in their management. He accordingly made suggestions to the Group of Friends for a partners’ assembly.", "112. The overall increase in and further diversification of the workload of the secretariat means that more staff must be taken on. The practice of seconding officials, inaugurated by Switzerland, should be further developed by countries and organizations. The delegation of certain tasks to more appropriate and skilled members and partners might also offer a solution. The High Representative is developing specific proposals in the framework of the third implementation plan (2011-2013).", "VIII. Conclusion", "113. Building upon the trends and initiatives summarized in the present report, the Alliance’s programme of action for the next two years (June 2011-June 2013) will notably take into consideration the five following points: the new context in the Middle East and North Africa region; the ongoing debates in Europe about how to reconcile diversity and cohesion in European societies; the topical issue of the influence of religion on peace, security and development in our global age; reinforcing the Alliance as a United Nations soft-power tool for dialogue and peace by working more closely with non-State actors; and the request made by Her Highness Sheikha Mozah of Qatar, who will host the Fourth Annual Forum, to have it focused on the connections between the mission of the Alliance and the Millennium Development Goals agenda.", "114. The new context in Egypt and Tunisia is not without relation to the raison d’être of the Alliance. These changes make the Alliance more valid and its mission more opportune than ever. It is valid because although operating in different contexts and facing different challenges, all peoples are longing for freedoms, democracy, dignity and social justice, showing that these are universal demands across divides and fault lines. These ongoing changes also make the Alliance even more opportune because the formation of tolerant values is central to the smooth running of a democratic system.", "115. The second point regards the growing diversity in societies and the ongoing debate about how to respond to it, notably in Europe. In our age of anxiety, the widespread social malaise in Europe is mainly focused on migration, portrayed as one of the main threats of our times (for national security, but also in social and cultural terms), and on the integration of migrants, most often viewed as posing a challenge to national cultures and identities. These developments fuel growing intolerance, polarization and extremism, including Qaida-affiliated extremism. Furthermore, it is no coincidence that new radical right-wing parties, or the “hard right”, are also on the rise across Europe. The tragic events in Norway make it clear that action has to be taken and preventive strategies have to be implemented in order to counter home-grown terrorism, racism and hatred. As proposed by the High Representative in January 2011, a new regional initiative on “Reconciling diversity and cohesion: a human rights model to build inclusive and participatory societies in Europe” will be developed in coming months.", "116. The third point regards the influence of religion on peace, security and development in our globalized times. Because most of the present tensions and conflicts also have a religious dimension, special attention will be given to religious diversity, religious pluralism and inter-religious dialogue in the Alliance’s initiatives, following a trend inaugurated in Rio de Janeiro and continued in the 2010 Lisbon Forum and the international seminar held in Florence in June 2011, and building further upon the outcomes of these initiatives.", "117. The fourth point regards the need to reinforce the Alliance as a United Nations soft-power tool for dialogue and peace by working more closely with non-State actors. This requires not only setting up and consolidating a civil society network, but also developing cooperative means of framing the agenda, persuading and eliciting positive attention. Building upon its credibility, its culture of dialogue and values, the Alliance has significant resources to produce “soft power”. A priority is to reinforce its action at the grass-roots level, in particular, in divided societies and changing societies, where more soft-power initiatives are necessary to defuse tensions, build consensus and dialogue, heal past grievances and help people to live together in the present and move together as a society into the future.", "118. The fifth point is related to the preparation of the Doha Forum. The Forum will disclose the missing links between culture and cultural diversity and development, building upon the Millennium Declaration (General Assembly resolution 55/2), which clearly recognizes that “human beings must respect one other, in all their diversity of belief, culture and language. Differences within and between societies should be neither feared nor repressed, but cherished as a precious asset of humanity. A culture of peace and dialogue among all civilizations should be actively promoted”.", "119. In the light of all the above, the third implementation plan (June 2011-June 2013) is expected to mark a further step in the implementation of the Alliance’s mission and goals and be mainly focused on delivering.", "[1] The following new members joined the Group of Friends during the reporting period: Ghana, Georgia, African Union, Palestinian Authority, Viet Nam, Guyana, World Tourism Organization and Mongolia (announced).", "[2] Bangladesh, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cameroon, Egypt, Kenya (2 projects), Malawi, Nigeria (2), Pakistan, Somalia, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the United Republic of Tanzania and the United States of America." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目15", "和平文化", "2011年8月11日秘书长给大会主席的信", "如你所知，不同文明联盟是由西班牙和土耳其政府倡议，在联合国主持下于2005年成立的，以便在全球和地方一级推动妥善管理文化多样性的议程，协助在不同社会内和社会之间打击分裂、两极化和极端主义。", "联盟是处理当今时代的两极化、过渡阶段和困境的一个主要举措，有关活动和新闻报道强调了联盟的作用。不同文化之间的了解在过去十年中受到极大挑战，我在十年结束时仍然相信，联盟开展的创新性工作很有效，是一个把决心利用文化多样性资源来促进和平与发展的各方面伙伴汇集起来的平台。", "国际社会继续在政治上广泛支持联盟，之友小组现有130名成员。大会在2009年12月22日第64/14号决议中表示支持联盟。我期待更多的国家加入之友小组，包括在财政上积极支持联盟。在这方面，我要强调资金补充机制的重要性，因为它是对联盟的自愿信托基金的补充，有助于不断为联盟的举措提供多种可以预测的支持。", "我高兴地向你提交不同文明联盟高级代表若尔热·桑帕约总统与第三个执行计划(2011-2013年)一并提交给我的第四次年度报告。报告重点阐述了在2010年8月至2011年7月期间，依照提出联盟在这一期间的议程和要采取的具体举措的第二个执行计划(2009-2011年)，开展的主要活动。", "2011年12月11日至13日将由卡塔尔政府主办的多哈论坛的规划工作取得了良好进展，论坛将提高联盟的知名度，加强实现联盟目标的政治承诺。多哈论坛侧重讨论的议题是通过创建和平与对话的文化推动发展，实现千年发展目标议程和不同文明联盟的使命和行动领域的相互配合。", "请提请大会成员注意本报告为荷。", "潘基文(签名)", "不同文明联盟：联合国不同文明联盟高级代表第四次年度报告", "2011年8月3日", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 4\n2.进展概况 4\n3.巩固不同文明联盟 6\n4.主要倡议和活动 9\n5.筹备不同文明联盟第四次论坛 18\n6.外联 18\n7.治理：信托基金和秘书处 19\n8.结论 19", "一. 导言", "1. 不同文明联盟旨在提高拥有不同文化的国家和人民之间的了解与合作，协助打击助长社会内部和社会之间的两极化和极端主义的势力。此外，不同文明联盟是一个妥善管理文化多样性的平台。这一举措的依据是《世界人权宣言》和其他有关文书表述的共同原则和价值观。", "2. 不同文明联盟于2005年成立，是秘书长在西班牙政府总统和土耳其总理共同支持下，采取的一项政治举措。设立联盟是相信，需要消除不同文化之间、特别是所谓西方社会和穆斯林社会之间长期存在的分歧和误解，以便实现可持续和平与发展。", "3. 2007年4月，秘书长任命葡萄牙前总统若尔热·桑帕约为联盟高级代表。桑帕约总统制订联盟议程，并确保议程得到实施。联盟是一项政治举措，它推动开展旨在促成当地变革的对话。为此，两年期执行计划按轻重缓急提出目标，并提出伙伴和利益攸关方要采取行动的框架。", "4. 联盟利用不断扩大的之友小组的优势。之友小组现在有130个国家政府和国际组织，为高级代表提供必要的政治支持，是联盟的推动力，在联盟的执行工作中发挥至关重要的作用。高级代表通过开展基础广泛的对话和建立共识，请成员就联盟活动的所有重要方面提供意见、咨询和支持。", "5. 本报告是高级代表提交的第四次年度报告。它重点阐述了2010年7月至2011年7月依照第二个执行计划(2009-2011年)开展的主要活动。计划的执行情况在某种程度上表明了正在发展的国际态势，例如中东和北非区域的新情况，欧洲各地社会内部和相互之间的紧张关系不断增加，助长极端主义和不容忍，以及宗教对和平与发展的影响的问题。还花费许多精力来筹备应卡塔尔之邀定于2011年12月在多哈举办的第四个年度论坛。", "二. 进展概况", "6. 联盟进一步确定了自己是一个在日益多元化的社会之间开展不同文化间对话的首要平台的地位。开展的活动的主要目的是，在全球发生经济危机、文化、种族、宗教和社会关系一直紧张和中东和北非区域部分地区情况不断变化的情况下，巩固迄今取得的成果，推进联盟的目标。", "7. 报告所述期间的主要成就是，2010年11月在马耳他政府主办的一次区域会议上及时通过了联盟地中海区域战略，并起草推出了战略的行动计划(2011年7月27日和28日在开罗举办了“开罗对话”)。", "8. 此外，全球对话基金会和地方伙伴在联盟主持下在澳大利亚和印度举办了区域论坛，使联盟扩大外联工作，大大提高它在基层的地位。", "9. 自2011年1月以来，与卡塔尔代表密切合作，开展深入细致的筹备工作，以筹备2011年12月11日至13日在多哈举办的联盟第四次论坛。论坛的构想文件草案已提交之友小组征求意见，以便让所有人从一开始就参与筹备这一年度盛会。除评估里约热内卢论坛后联盟议程的进展情况、进行专题辩论和提出新项目外，第四次论坛还将提请注意文化多样性与发展之间的联系，探讨其他为了和平和可持续发展加强这些联系的方式。", "10. 2011年5月在多哈举行了论坛前会议，与民间社会组织进行协商，这不仅是加强民间社会在实现联盟目标中的作用的战略的一部分，而且也是卡塔尔有关第四次论坛构想的一部分，这是一个重要契机，是联盟深入基层、提高能见度、加强行动承诺并在其议程中纳入千年发展目标的一个转折点。", "11. 在2009-2011年执行计划确定的优先事项中，大部分领域有进一步进展，其他一些领域有一些仍须解决的关切问题。", "12. 在以下领域取得了良好进展：", "(a) 在之友小组得到扩大和在世界各地的行动实现多样化后，联盟的全球范围和普遍性得到加强；", "(b) 大会关于联盟的第64/14号决议于2009年11月10日通过后，全球确认联盟是联合国不同文化间对话与合作的主要平台之一；2010年5月在巴西里约热内卢举办了第三次论坛；高级代表在各种国际论坛加强了活动，以提高联盟的能见度，促进联盟活动，并寻求合作伙伴；", "(c) 加强了联盟的推动、搭桥和召集作用；", "(d) 2009年12月在萨拉热窝通过了东南欧区域战略，2010年11月在马耳他通过了地中海区域战略；开始制订拉丁美洲区域战略；", "(e) 在马德里、伊斯坦布尔和里约热内卢推出的联盟主要现行项目取得了重大进展；", "(f) 2011年4月在巴库发起了不同文明联盟全球青年运动；", "(g) 通过就下述若干项目建立具体伙伴关系，在与私营部门建立关系方面取得了良好进展；", "(h) 2011年5月3日和4日在多哈举行了论坛前会议，以确定可否设立一个不同文明联盟民间社会平台，因此同民间社会的关系取得了良好进展。", "13. 然而，在若干其他优先目标方面并未完全实现预期成就，例如加强联盟的可持续性和改善联盟的整个通信战略。", "14. 之友小组的扩大对联盟的资源和能力几乎没有产生影响。因此，在使联盟成为一个持久举措方面取得进展是一个紧迫事项，这促使高级代表提出信托基金的资金补充机制并在2011年后半年召开第一届会议。", "15. 为联盟信托基金设立资金补充机制要取得成功，有关成员就要做出进一步承诺。若没有所有支持者和伙伴的共同努力，资金补充机制就不会实现不断为不同文明联盟的举措提供多种和可预测的支持的目标。", "16. 在此应提及经济合作与发展组织内部做出了努力，要把不同文明联盟列入有资格获取官方发展援助的国际组织名单。尽管一些国家予以大力支持，但今年不可能实现这一目标。然而，已决定可以把用于侧重发展的具体活动的专项捐款记作双边援助。这一决定明年会接受审查，如果有做出改变的理由，则可提供开展合作的新渠道。", "17. 在本报告所述期间，推出了一个新网站，还组办了一些备受瞩目的活动，尽管如此，还需要更多开展工作，以制订有效的通信战略。筹备多哈论坛时密切注意外联工作会有裨益。", "18. 总之，过去12个月来(2010年8月-2011年7月)联盟的发展情况表明，联盟取得了显著进展，但现在面临若干重大挑战，即：", "(a) 由于联盟成员日益多样化，因此联盟面临不同要求和企望。确保有统一的构想和连贯一致的行动必然是一项长期挑战；", "(b) 作为一个面临不断增加的需求的国际举措，联盟必须整合战略和工具，进一步建立交付能力；否则，会辜负人们的期望。", "19. 恐怖袭击造成的杀戮及不同文化间的紧张关系和不容忍的增加在世界许多地区、包括在民主社会，似乎都有所增加。消除极端主义和不容忍趋势是联盟存在的理由，并应是它的主要优先事项。", "三. 巩固不同文明联盟", "20. 本报告所述期间的主要优先事项是巩固联盟，把联盟作为全球文化间对话和合作平台，特别注重所谓西方社会和穆斯林社会之间的关系。在这方面，可重点阐述以下各点。", "之友小组", "21. 随着成员的增加，对不同文明联盟的支持继续增加，之友小组成员数目达到130个(108个国家和22个国际组织)。[2]", "22. 之友小组已开会三次，两次是常驻代表会议，一次是部长级会议。还通过各种形式双边接触(见下文)和书面通信，进行了协商：", "(a) 高级代表向所有成员发函，谈及他2011年的优先事项，要求提出其他建议；", "(b) 在里约热内卢论坛形成势头后，邀请拉丁美洲区域之友小组成员编制他们的区域战略；", "(c) 就联盟2011年要制订的一个新的区域举措征求了欧洲联盟国家和欧洲区域组织的意见，该举措是“多样化和社会凝聚力的揉合：在欧洲联盟建立包容和参与性社会的人权模式”。", "23. 之友小组成员首次应邀为第三个执行计划(2011-2013年)提出建议。按惯例，他们还应邀协助制订下一年度论坛的议程。", "24. 2010年11月8日和9日，马耳他组办了首次地中海区域会议(见下文第41段)。", "25. 高级代表一直不断与之友小组成员保持接触。高级代表与各国政府和(或)之友小组各组织成员和代表举行了多次双边会议(即，2010年11月在里斯本举行的北大西洋公约组织首脑会议之际和2011年6月在维尔纽斯举行第六次民主政体共同体部长级会议之际)，还参加了许多多边论坛，为联盟及联盟正在开展的活动争取支持。2010年后半年，在地中海联盟活动受阻期间，高级代表优先注重联盟的地中海区域战略的谈判工作，还高度重视各种区域对话论坛。此外，高级代表与海湾区域、亚洲、欧洲和北非一些国家做了一些接触。2011年头六个月期间，高级代表特别注意中东和北非区域一些国家的新变动，参加各种会议，两次访问了埃及和卡塔尔，还访问了科威特和阿拉伯联合酋长国。", "26. 本报告所述期间，高级代表还同国际和区域组织首脑进行接触，以加强协同作用，确保谅解备忘录得到执行。值得注意的是，高级代表参加了联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、人权理事会、欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)、阿拉伯国家联盟和欧洲委员会及其南北中心组办的各种会议。", "协调人", "27. 2008年请之友小组成员任命协调人，以监督国家一级主要是通过国家计划实现联盟目标的情况，并与联盟秘书处协调。截至2011年6月30日，79个国家和21个国际组织任命了协调人。", "28. 联盟安排召开协调人会议，对协调人的工作和交流进行协调，会议是德国在柏林(2010年10月)和卡塔尔在多哈(2011年5月)主办的，并定期出版通讯和进行协商。协调人参加了地中海区域进程以及拉丁美洲区域战略框架的各种会议。他们还相互在区域层面开展区域协商。", "专题平台", "29. 专题平台的工作继续取得进展。平台根据瑞士的一项提议，把有意进一步探讨具体专题的一小部分国家召集在一起，就统一或联合采取行动提出建议。有一个平台重点关注媒体素养教育，尤其关注社会媒体和文化陈规定型观点的形成。另一个平台旨在缩小筹集人道主义和发展援助方面的差距。", "30. “人道主义”平台在柏林和伯恩各举行了一次会议。平台强调，必须改善与宗教信仰组织的合作和这些组织之间的合作，以提高人道主义和发展工作的质量，促进消除人与人之间的隔阂。", "民间社会咨询、全球网络和伙伴关系", "31. 根据高级代表和卡塔尔谢赫·莫扎殿下的联合倡议，作为论坛前的一项活动，2011年5月3日和4日在多哈安排了一次重要的民间社会咨询活动。", "32. 各种工作也有所加强，以建设和(或)巩固各种宗教间网络和以青年、大学、智囊团和基金会等特定群体为对象的网络，与私营部门建立伙伴关系。公私伙伴关系在联盟工作中发挥日益重要的作用，是制订有全球影响力的具体项目的基础，例如与思科、卡洛斯特·古尔本金安基金会和若干其他伙伴发起的“对话咖啡馆”；世界文化间创新机制，与宝马集团一起设立的世界促进创新设施，帮助发现和推广在不同文化之间搭桥的最有创新性的基层举措；不同文明联盟暑期学校；与威望迪公司共同设立的联合工作队，以确定不同文化间对话和文化多样性的影响；“为多样性和包容做一件事”运动，这一运动是与硅谷最大公司中的20家公司(雅虎、Intuit、英特尔和其他公司等)合作开展的。", "33. 关于全球宗教间网，联盟继续与研究宗教间对话和宗教合作问题的国家、机构和非政府组织密切协作，以便相互配合补充。特别是同信仰间合作促进和平三方论坛、沙特阿拉伯关于信仰间对话倡议和约旦的世界信仰间和谐周倡议合作。高级代表向2011年6月在莫斯科举行的欧洲宗教领袖委员会会议发送了视频讲话。", "联盟是文化外交和预防外交的软实力工具", "34. 高级代表加大了行动力度，以便把联盟发展成一个文化和预防性外交的软实力工具。他进一步加大了与可以利用自身影响力来实现共同目标的政界、宗教界、媒体和民间社会代表的接触和对话。他在各个场合——视情况或是公开或是私下——，对不断加剧的紧张局势表示关切，并强调需要采取预防性长期行动来消除不容忍和极端主义。在向会议、政治会议或媒体提出意见建议时，他请对话者和利益攸关方思考各种问题，例如政治和宗教多元化、不同文化间对话和合作行动的作用或在社会日益多元化的情况下社会凝聚力情况，并提到一些具体问题。高级代表强调国家计划和区域战略可发挥战略工具的作用，把自上而下与自下而上的方法结合起来，此外他还建议在分裂或容易发生冲突的社会中为人民外交创造新机会，建议在现有的全球专家网基础上，建立一个不同文化间紧张关系的预警机制(见下文第64-68段)。", "35. 高级代表继续特别注意旨在执行高级别小组报告、特别是报告附件3的有关建议的各项举措，例如“白皮书和白色进程：从相互抵触的叙述到合作行动”。", "四. 主要倡议和活动", "36. 本报告所述期间还提出了若干举措，以支持联盟的广泛目标。", "A. 国家计划和区域战略", "国家计划", "37. 在高级代表的鼓励下，目前有26个国家在执行国家计划：阿尔巴尼亚、阿尔及利亚、阿根廷、巴西、保加利亚、克罗地亚、捷克共和国、丹麦、埃及、意大利、科威特、马耳他、墨西哥、黑山、摩洛哥、新西兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、土耳其及大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。", "38. 更多计划正在制订中，这是各国利用自己的执行渠道按自己的步调开展工作的一部分。", "39. 2011年5月，一些协调人非正式地讨论了经验教训，强调了三点：", "(a) 虽然这些计划不可能采用单一的模式，但不应只列出现有的方案。计划应着眼于消除阻碍平等的障碍和打击偏见(“推倒围墙”)，帮助培养不同文化间的技能(“搭桥”)，并创建以相互尊重的方式进行交流的空间(“共享空间”)；", "(b) 由于要把上层的政治支持和基层的参与结合起来，因此国家计划需要进行协调和审评；", "(c) 应鼓励考虑使用测量工具和建立观测站。欢迎国际组织提供政治支持和协调。联盟应密切注意国家计划的起草和执行工作，支持各国家进一步进行交流。", "区域战略", "40. 联盟一直呼吁面临共同挑战的国家与民间社会合作，共同采取行动。这方面的第一个正式举措是2009年12月在萨拉热窝通过了不同文明联盟东南欧区域战略，2010年夏又通过了实施战略的行动计划。", "41. 2010年初在埃及亚历山大着手开展工作，最后于2010年11月9日通过了地中海文化间对话与合作区域战略。战略是在马耳他在瓦莱塔主办的会议上通过的，会议根据民间伙伴社会提出的项目，通过了一个行动计划概要。其后于2011年5月印发了行动计划，在考虑到中东和北非新局势的同时，提出了一些重点行动。", "42. 这两个计划的资金筹措显然有问题。但是，正在就如何分配已经提供的国际资金以支持转型国家的改革进行磋商。资金补充会议将讨论进一步为这两个计划提供资金的问题。", "43. 有关拖延并没有妨碍制订一些项目。这些项目包括一个讲授历史的项目，该项目是与欧洲委员会一起在斯洛文尼亚举办的研讨会的主要议题，是在欧洲历史教育学家协会在索罗斯研究所支助下制订的一些项目的基础上制订的。已经讨论了在贝尔格莱德开一家对话咖啡馆的事宜，并进行了第一轮接触，以便确定在黑山的潜在伙伴。拉马拉和特拉维夫的对话咖啡馆将于2011年底前开业，目前正在为突尼斯、开罗和伊斯坦布尔的咖啡馆筹资。在高级代表的参与下，在波德戈里察开办了2011年青年外交官暑期学校。已经宣布了宇斯特基金会欧洲学会查理五世欧洲奖学金欧洲研究的研究和流动补助金并挑选了第一批候选人。", "44. 应秘鲁的邀请，正在为制订一个拉丁美洲区域战略开展工作。2010年12月和2011年3月在利马召开了协调人会议，拟订了一个初稿。正在根据区域和次区域组织一级民间社会伙伴开展的工作，起草一个行动计划。预计在2011年完成有关工作。", "45. 高级代表同欧安组织2010年主席哈萨克斯坦讨论了制订中亚区域战略的提案。一些非洲国家表示愿意携手采取次区域举措。", "B. 多边利益攸关方的举措，包括不同文明联盟主导的项目和方案", "46. 联盟是一个制订实际举措的平台，帮助各地在四个行动领域中促成变革。许多举措是通过联盟与教科文组织、国际移民组织(移民组织)、阿拉伯国家联盟、欧洲委员会、伊斯兰合作组织、伊斯兰教育、科学和文化组织(伊斯兰教科文组织)和阿拉伯联盟教育、文化及科学组织达成的一系列谅解备忘录以及同一些非政府组织、基金会和大学等机构达成的谅解备忘录来执行的。", "47. 以下章节全面阐述了目前执行的项目和举措。", "教育行动领域", "宗教和信仰教育平台", "48. 不同文明联盟的宗教和信仰教育在线学习社区(www.aocerb.org)是了解不同宗教和信仰的一个重要的因特网信息来源。在线学习社区有一个由世界各地18个学术和民间社会伙伴组成的网络，是一个开展教育的平台，协助人们探讨宗教组织的作用，配合联盟推动宗教活动发挥作用，促进文化多元性和不同文化间教育，探讨各种良好做法和围绕宗教、伦理教育和不同文化间教育问题开展教育的作用。", "49. 联盟参加了几个有关宗教与联合国的讲习班。它赞助25个国家的穆斯林青年和犹太青年参加2010年8月1日至6日在维也纳召开的穆斯林-犹太人会议，以便通过教育和宣传消除不容忍。它参加了2011年5月16日在维也纳同欧安组织、教科文组织和欧洲委员会举行的最后一次协商会议，讨论《供教育学家使用的关于仇视伊斯兰问题的指南》。", "不同文明联盟的研究网络", "50. 不同文明联盟已经建立了一个研究网络，由世界各地的智囊团和大学组成，在共同关注领域开展合作。网络有20个成员，包括学术机构和一些共有200多个机构的网络。它在不同文明联盟的网站上有一个专门的网页，向访问网页的人提供信息，介绍联盟关注领域中的会议、出版物、研究金和研究补助金。", "加强学术交流", "51. 不同文明联盟继续在促进交流方面发挥推动与合作作用，以增进对不同文化的认识和了解。联盟通过它的网站和网页，为不同文化间的学习和研究提供了数百个机会。2010年的里约热内卢论坛召开了工作会议，讨论学术交流面临的挑战和机会。费用、法律问题、参与程度和避开有人身安全问题的地区是传统交流方案面临的一些主要挑战。有鉴于此，联盟同Soliya建立了伙伴关系(见www.soliya.net)，推行Soliya的“Exchange 2.0”方案，以便在全球通过网络推广国际不同文化间的教育经验。", "教育外联活动", "52. 联盟已经连续第三年同美利坚合众国佐治亚州亚特兰大的伊斯坦布尔中心和其他各方协作，为初中和高中学生举办美术和短文比赛。共有2 500多人参加了题为“设身处地：感受他人的经历”的比赛。", "53. 联盟与秘书处新闻部密切合作，2010年8月在吉隆坡举办了题为“创建不同文明联盟：在不同文化间搭桥以实现和平与发展”的第二届全球模拟联合国活动。2010年还向美国、大韩民国、中国、哥伦比亚和意大利的一些教育机构和非政府组织介绍了联盟和联盟的活动。", "青年行动领域", "全球促进不同文明联盟青年运动", "54. 全球促进不同文明联盟青年运动第一届会议2011年4月在阿塞拜疆巴库举行。该运动旨在向青年发出促进和平与了解的有力信息。它还力求使不同文明联盟的举措考虑到青年的意见和让青年参加这些举措。", "55. 来自80多个国家的130名青年在巴库一起起草了这一行动的宪章和行动计划。讨论表明他们做出了坚定承诺。联盟将与这一运动的领导人合作，执行在巴库做出的决定。", "青年团结基金", "56. 第二期青年团结基金已经圆满结束。这一国际小额赠款方案为青年组织在地方、国家或国际一级推动不同文化和信仰间的对话提供数额最多为30 000美元的启动资金。由这一方案提供资金的项目完全由青年组织自己来制订和执行。", "57. 上一轮资金资助的18个项目在14个国家[3] 执行，大都在非洲国家和巴勒斯坦被占领土(2个项目)。目前正在编写介绍这18个项目成果的报告，报告将在2011年下半年完成。18个项目估计让其中大都是青年的33 000人受益。", "青年网站", "58. 不同文明联盟青年网站(http://unaocyouth.rog)在继续扩大，吸引了更多伙伴。这是一个用户可以获得、张贴和交流以下信息的综合性网站：(a) 其他青年组织；(b) 希望参加与不同文明联盟有关的事务的青年可以利用的机会；(c) 提高参与能力的工具。", "59. 此外，在提供联盟青年方案信息的同时，还有一个青年可以阅读的新闻栏目和“智慧之言”。网站还有一个讨论论坛。", "国际青年年", "60. 2009年宣布了国际青年年：对话和相互了解，它提供了一个独特机会，让联合国系统和许多伙伴网络了解不同文明联盟及其青年方案的目标。", "61. 联盟是制订联合国纪念国际年纲要和用于宣传这一活动的主要文件的一个主要伙伴。为此，同教科文组织合作绘制了一个介绍青年在促进不同文化间了解过程中的作用的主要宣传卡。", "62. 联盟还在安排纪念国际青年年结束的青年高级别会议过程中发挥了关键作用。在召开青年高级别会议的同时，还举办了多元+青年视频节。", "媒体行动领域", "快速反应媒体机制", "63. 联盟的快速反应媒体机制方案的重点是加强媒体的积极作用，促使公众进一步了解哪些辩论引起不和，让媒体发表各种不同的意见，免费为世界各地的媒体提供高质量的内容。该项目在启动后不断扩大，以满足媒体和基层社区不断增加的需求。", "全球专家", "64. 全球专家在线资源(www.theglobalexperts.org)在继续扩大。它目前有400多名专家。每个专家每周都写几篇访客可能浏览的内容，每个月向世界各地数千名记者发送大约12-15份寻求采访通知 。每份通知都让记者有机会就刚发生的新事件直接同5-6名专家联系。", "65. 在线资源还着手把世界各地媒体专家的评述汇集起来，同时还以文章、播客和视频访谈的形式登载专家专门为网站撰写或制作的内容。", "66. 项目还同各方合作制作节目，例如正同英国文化委员会和密苏里大学新闻学院的合作，制作80多个内有专家演讲的重点介绍西方与穆斯林之间关系的视频。", "对阿拉伯民间社会和公民记者进行提高新闻能力的培训", "67. 鉴于近期发生的事件和为了满足阿拉伯区域日益增长的需求，快速反应媒体机制方案另外为阿拉伯民间社会代表和公民记者/博客制订了培训方案。这些培训重点注意培养以下四个方面的技能：采访方式、撰写技能、与媒体的关系和利用社交工具更有效地开展工作。第一批培训班2011年9月在约旦举办。其他培训计划在塞浦路斯和突尼斯进行。", "一并提供文章和系列文章", "68. 快速反应媒体机制方案扩大了向世界各地报刊提供文章和评论的做法，请著名的分析家对他们自己挑选的涉及宗教在公共空间中的作用的问题发表意见。有20多名分析家为第一个系列文章《宗教与公共空间》撰写了文章。这些文章用五种语言刊载在从新加坡到巴西以及从法国到约旦等各个国家的报刊上。", "辩论和会议", "69. 联盟的媒体方案定期安排就媒体专业人员和社会其他人员关注的国际危机和问题进行公开辩论。它最近与阿拉伯国家联盟和安娜·林德基金会一起，于2011年4月5日和6日在开罗举办了一个重大论坛，重点讨论目前处于区域变革中的阿拉伯媒体及其在与西方关系中的作用。", "电视台业主会议", "70. 安娜·林德基金会和联盟2010年5月在巴黎主办首次会议后，与欧洲广播联盟、阿拉伯国家广播联盟和欧洲联盟委员会协作，计划在2011年10月在地中海区域战略的框架内，召开电视台业主和管理人员座谈会。会议将由阿卜杜勒国王陛下主办。", "71. 会议旨在建立一个在地中海地区有许多人观看的主要跨国媒体集团网络，与中东和北非各国国家广播台制订新的联合行动。", "欧洲-地中海联合媒体网络", "72. 欧洲联盟委员会、安娜·林德基金会和联盟启动了一个联合项目，以支持记者对整个地中海地区进行报道。有关伙伴定期为记者召开特别工作队会议和讲习班，同时与不同文化的分析家开会，讨论地中海两岸记者建立联系的机会并为对不同文化进行报道的记者颁奖。", "传媒素养", "73. 联盟继续制订若干传媒素养举措，以帮助青年和一般公民熟悉日益复杂的各种传媒，为他们提供工具，以便能成为有鉴别和批评能力的传媒使用者和制作者。目前有33个伙伴和近1 600个注册用户，他们都通过用新内容更新数据库的方式，定期参与。在伙伴的支持下，已经广泛分发了联盟-教科文组织-欧洲联盟委员会的出版物《全球媒体教育政策图》。", "74. 教科文组织的大学结对和网络计划和不同文明联盟已经设立了有关媒体和信息素养和不同文化间对话的大学网络(“UAC-MILID”)，共有(澳大利亚、巴西、中国、埃及、牙买加、摩洛哥、西班牙和美利坚合众国的)8个大学参加。", "媒体领域的一般合作", "75. 联盟同欧洲联盟就媒体宣传在防止极端化方面的作用开展了对话，这是欧洲联盟开展的媒体工作的一部分。此外，联盟还同欧洲极端化问题专家网络进行了富有成果的对话，交换意见和分享联盟在巴基斯坦、印度尼西亚、美国、欧洲和阿拉伯国家为记者安排培训的经验。", "移徙/融入社会行动领域", "移徙和融入社会在线社区", "76. 自2010年5月开设“移徙和融入社会-建设包容性社会在线社区”网站(www.unaoc.org/ibis)以来，联盟一直提供信息，介绍移徙者融入社会的良好做法。它重点介绍融入社会的成功模式，以便抵制陈规定型观念，推动所有利益攸关方进一步参加融入社会工作。在网站平台上进行了一系列讨论，交流以往和目前移徙和融入社会方面的经验。", "77. 为了借鉴利用澳大利亚在多元文化方面的特别经验和让用户登录移徙和融入社会-建设包容性社会在线社区网站，联盟2011年10月在墨尔本联合主办一个与该社区有关的活动，高级代表将会参加。", "多元+青年视频节", "78. 联盟协同移民组织，继续开展多元+活动，这是一个关于移徙、多元化和社会包容的青年视频节。多元+得到许多国际伙伴的支持。2010年11月12日在纽约Paley媒体中心举行了颁奖仪式。", "79. 正以光盘、电视台播放、因特网和在世界各地的视频和电影节上放映的形式，分发获奖视频。多元+的分发者包括RAI Education(意大利)、AlJadeed TV(黎巴嫩)、联合国电视、地中海视听业者常设大会论坛、中国印度青年节、哈瓦那电影节、Rootes & Routes International Film Festival、约旦皇家电影委员会和2011年BaKa论坛。", "移徙-融入社会系列活动", "80. 2010年12月，联盟和训研所同Unitas Communications公司主办了一次讨论，讨论移民为何在欧洲被视为不利于共同生存以及伊斯兰教为何常常被认为与西方价值有冲突的问题。这一活动向全球观众播放。Muddassar Ahmed(Unitas)同Roger Cohen(国际先驱者报)进行了交谈，内部和在线观众也参加了讨论。", "多样化和社会凝聚力的揉合", "81. 正如高级代表2011年初向欧洲各国政府提出的，联盟在筹备一个区域举措，题为“多样化和社会凝聚力的揉合：在欧洲联盟建立包容和参与性社会的人权模式”。这一仍在筹备的活动将由卡洛斯提-古尔班基安基金会于2011年11月15日在基金会新的文化中心举办。", "联盟的其他多层面举措", "思想集市", "82. 思想集市是最具有创新意义和最成功的基层举措，旨在促进世界各地不同民族和文化的相互了解。通过让决策者、潜在捐助者和媒体了解这些举措，联盟帮助它们实现扩展和推广，从而大大增加其影响力。", "83. 在提出申请的数百个组织中，有10个组织在里约热内卢论坛上被承认为思想集市的获胜者，其领导人应邀介绍其项目(World Faith；Euro Mediterranean Academy for Young Journalists；Forgotten Diaries；Melantjong Petjinan Soerabaia；Akili Dada；Universal Forum of Religions；Peaceworks；RandomKid；United Religions Initiative；Undergraduate ParliaMentors；Three Faiths Forum；Bridge the Gap TV)。威望迪集团、德勤会计公司等私营公司、全球对话基金会、英国文化委员会和欧洲新闻为这一活动提供了支持。", "84. 联盟已经同宝马公司达成了很有前途的协作协议，建立一个促进创新的世界不同文化基金。基金将支助在不同文化间牵线搭桥的最具有创新的基层举措，让它们同伙伴建立联系，以便帮助它们进行扩展和推广。", "研究金方案", "85. 2009年9月，联盟启动了它的研究金方案，以协助北美、欧洲、和穆斯林居多数国家的新领导人相互了解各国的媒体、文化、政治、机构、民间社会和宗教，相互交流知识和认识，建立伙伴关系。从长远来看，联盟将通过这一方案建立一个具有影响力的新领导人网络，对不同国家和地区之间的关系提出新的看法，促进采用新做法。", "86. 方案是同英国文化委员会、阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰教科文组织、不同文明联盟卡塔尔委员会和(美国)国际教育学会合作制订的。", "87. 试验阶段于2010年3月至4月完成，美国和欧洲的12名新领导人走访了埃及、摩洛哥和卡塔尔，7个阿拉伯国家的12名新领导人走访了比利时、法国、联合王国和美国。", "88. 研究金方案的第二阶段在2011年下半年进行。由于阿拉伯之春的出现，这一方案尤其具有重要意义，因为它让新领导人有机会进行学习并与同龄人建立联系。", "对话咖啡馆", "89. 在伊斯坦布尔论坛上公开发起“全球对话咖啡馆网络”项目后，最早的两家咖啡已在举办第三次论坛之际，于2010年5月在里约热内卢和里斯本开业，咖啡馆是同里斯本市政府、卡洛斯提-古尔班基安基金会、里约Candido Mendes大学合作，利用GÉANT欧洲网络开办的。", "90. 2010年9月在阿姆斯特丹的Waag Society开了第三家咖啡馆。正在开展工作，以扩展到佛罗伦萨、拉马拉、特拉维夫、巴黎、里尔和贝尔格莱德等欧洲-地中海城市。还在考虑在多哈、开罗、伊斯坦布尔、伦敦、黑山、突尼斯和奥斯陆开对话咖啡馆的可能性和筹集资金", "不同文明联盟暑期学校", "91. 不同文明联盟的暑期学校把来自不同区域、不同社会阶层的族裔、文化、学术和专业背景和兴趣不同的青年汇集在一起。学校旨在让青年交流世界观、知识和经历；建立一个“不同文化联盟青年呼声”网络；商定一些通过“对话咖啡馆”网络来发展的项目。", "92. 2010年暑期学校由葡萄牙阿威罗大学主办，有来自44个不同国家的115名青年参加。为了开办这一学校，各国际组织、葡萄牙基金会、大学和智囊团、宗教组织和公司建立了一个多边利益攸关方平台。", "93. 鉴于2010年暑期班办得很成功，高级代表决定使暑期学校成为一个定期活动，并探讨可否分专题为年轻的记者、外交人员和教师等目标群体举办暑期班。", "94. 2011年暑期学校将于2011年8月23日至9月3日在里斯本举办。主办单位是里斯本大学，并将与阿拉伯国家联盟和欧洲-地中海大学等伙伴合作开办。", "城市结对合作", "95. 联盟推动和/或参加了一些有地方政府、市镇当局和市长参加的活动，主要是在上海世博会(全球南南创新周，“创造力和转让：建立让人人有更好生活方式的更好和更适宜居住的城市”会议)；2011年2月25和26日在马拉加举办的第二届欧洲-阿拉伯城市论坛；意大利2011年6月1日在罗马主办的种族间城市国际会议。", "96. 高级代表在出席第二届欧洲-阿拉伯城市论坛时提出根据中东和北非地区的新情况，为欧洲-阿拉伯城市合作设立一个特别基金，得到与会者的拥护。", "97. 种族间城市国际会议讨论了可否发挥新的协助作用问题和有关设立一个“种族间担保人就多种文化事项为市镇当局提供咨询的设想。与会者商定继续努力，把城市变革列入联合国有关机构和方案的议程，以便采取行动，包括可由大会通过一项决议。", "提供讨论敏感问题的空间", "98. 人们日益认为联盟是一个民间社会讨论敏感问题的平台，包括讨论宗教少数群体、宗教自由和宗教多元化社会中的紧张关系。围绕这一议题安排了一些相关活动。", "99. 在联盟的主持下，2010年11月11和12日在亚的斯亚贝巴举办了一个关于宗教容忍、传统冲突解决办法和封建主义的研讨会，作为埃塞俄比亚对联盟工作的支持。高级代表以发表视频讲话的形式参加了会议。", "100. 2010年11月4 和5日举行的2010年里斯本论坛重点讨论了言论、良心和宗教自由问题。论坛举行四次主要工作会议，讨论民主社会中的宗教多元化；宗教领导人在推动建立和平文化过程中的作用；防止极端化和宗教极端主义；国际合作促进宗教自由。论坛的成果是提出了一些建议(辩论情况的全面概述见里斯本论坛网站www.coe.int)。", "101. 在联盟的主持下，西班牙和意大利与欧洲大学研究所合作，2011年6月13和14日在佛罗伦萨举办了题为“宗教自由：人权、社会包容和政治参与”的国际研讨会。意大利外交部长弗拉蒂尼和西班牙外交大臣特立尼达·希门尼斯向与会者发表了他们的看法，高级代表向会议发送了视频讲话。3个小组提出的建议为今后工作，包括多哈论坛，提供了依据。", "让各国议会参与制订联盟的议程", "102. 联盟日益意识到最好让各国和国际议会参与。协调人讨论了他们可在起草国家计划过程中发挥的作用。", "103. 高级代表会见了若干国家议会的领导人，并向欧洲委员会议会(2010年6月)和欧洲-地中海议会(2011年1月)发表了讲话。此外，他还会见了科威特和马耳他的议长，讨论了一个关于议会促进多元化和妥善管理文化多样性的作用的联合举措。", "104. 2010年5月在里约热内卢启动的与各国议会联盟的合作在进行之中，特别是通过秘书处定期进行接触，包括在议会对多哈论坛做出更大贡献的问题上。", "五. 筹备不同文明联盟第四次论坛", "105. 应卡塔尔政府的邀请，第四次论坛将于2011年12月11至13日在多哈举办。预计它将是一个联盟提高知名度、更多地加入国际议程和加强行动承诺的转折点。根据谢赫·莫扎殿下向高级代表提出的建议，论坛将探讨实现联盟的目标如何有助于实现可持续发展和千年发展目标。筹备工作于2011年1月开始，得到了卡塔尔聘请的一些专家的协助，并同之友小组、包括协调人进行了对话。民间社会代表还在2011年5月3和4日在多哈举行的前期论坛上发表了意见。", "六. 外联", "106. 过去一年中围绕许多项目广泛开展的外联工作令联盟受益不浅。联盟用得到改进的宣传材料介绍项目和人们的举荐，促使人们明确了解联盟的活动和目标。高级代表和秘书处也向许多方面介绍情况。高级代表撰写了一系列文章并在世界各地多次发表讲话，介绍联盟的情况。", "107. 联盟支持和/或推动进行两个主要宣传活动。第一个是在世界宗教间和谐周框架内进行的。第二个是纪念世界文化多样性促进对话和发展日(5月21日)。这一活动是同教科文组织和许多公司通过脸谱网站(http://www.facebook.com/ DoOneThingforDiversityandInclusion)进行的，邀请世界各地的人“为多样性和包容做一件事”。活动取得很大成功，有60 000人访问网站。", "108. 联盟还推动或参加澳大利亚、中国、印度、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、意大利、黑山、荷兰、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、波兰、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、西班牙、瑞士和土耳其等国地方伙伴在各地安排的数量不断增加的活动，大大扩大接触范围。有地方伙伴、非政府组织和基层组织参加的这类联合活动是一个采取有助于加强文化领域中的了解与合作的举措的机会。", "109. 联盟的新网站(www.unaoc.org)建立和启动后，访客增加，2011年6月达到5 500人，并有24 000人次网页浏览。有500多人次对联盟在脸谱网站新设立的网页表示“喜欢”，有900多人通过推特网站跟踪联盟情况。", "七. 治理：信托基金和秘书处", "110. 尽管联盟的作用和活动不断增加，但它可以动用的资源仍然大大低于预定数额，波动很大，且难以预测。虽然可以维持核心业务和规模不大的方案，但更多的重大方案被裁减或推迟进行。2010预算年的实际开支不得不维持在400万美元范围，而预定数额仅为520万美元。", "111. 因此，高级代表制订了一个改革自愿捐款临时制度的战略。他提出了一个定期补充的供资模式，以便增加信托基金资金筹集的可预测性，把捐助者的范围扩大到私营部门和慈善界，提前为联盟活动筹集资金。定于2011年进行的第一次资金补充将用于满足2012和2013日历年的资金需求。高级代表还建议同捐助界建立一个松散的磋商机制，让捐助方了解资金情况并在资金管理方面拥有发言权。因此，他向之友小组提出了召开伙伴会议的建议。", "112. 秘书处的工作量全面增加和进一步多样化意味着必须聘用更多工作人员。各个国家和组织应采用瑞士首先采用的借调人员的做法。把一些工作交给更合适和更熟练的成员和伙伴也可能是一个解决办法。高级代表正在根据第三个执行计划(2011-2013年)制订具体提案。", "八. 结论", "113. 联盟今后两年的行动计划(2011年6月-2013年6月)将进一步利用本报告所述的趋势和举措，尤其考虑到以下五点：中东和北非地区的新情况；欧洲目前有关欧洲社会如何把多样化和社会凝聚力揉合起来的辩论；宗教在全球化时代对和平、安全和发展的影响的议题；通过同非国家行为体开展更密切合作来加强联盟，使其成为联合国开展对话和促进和平的软实力工具；主办第四届年度论坛的卡塔尔谢赫·莫扎殿下提出的要求，即论坛要重点关注联盟与地中海发展目标议程之间的联系。", "114. 埃及和突尼斯的新情况事关联盟的存在理由。这些变革加强了联盟存在的合理性，使它的使命更加合乎时宜。联盟合理存在是因为虽然所有人都面临不同的情况和挑战，但他们都企望自由、民主、尊严和社会公正，表明这是不分疆域和国家的普遍要求。正在发生的这些变化使得联盟的存在更合时宜，因为形成容忍的价值观对于民主社会的顺利运作至关重要。", "115. 第二点是社会中的多样性在不断增加和目前、特别是欧洲有关如何应对这种情况的辩论。我们目前处在一个焦虑的时代，欧洲普遍存在的社会困境的主要焦点是移民问题(出于国家安全原因，也出于社会和文化原因)，这一问题被视为我们时代的一个重大挑战，还有移民融入社会问题，因为人们经常认为移民在挑战本国的文化和特性。这些情况助长了不容忍、两极化和极端主义，包括与基地组织有关联的极端主义。此外，欧洲各地新的右翼激进党派(即“强硬右翼”)的势力也在扩大并非偶然。挪威发生的悲惨事件清楚表明，必须采取行动和预防战略，打击国内恐怖主义、种族主义和仇恨。正如高级代表在2011年1月提出的，将在今后几个月采取一个关于“多样化和社会凝聚力的揉合：在欧洲联盟建立包容和参与性社会的人权模式”的举措。", "116. 第三点涉及宗教在全球化时代对和平、安全和发展的影响。由于目前的紧张局势和冲突也与宗教有关，将延续在里约热内卢开始、2010年在里斯本论坛以及2011年在佛罗伦萨国际研讨会上延续的趋势，借鉴这些举措的成果，在联盟举措框架内，特别注意宗教多样化、宗教多元化和宗教间对话问题。", "117. 第四点是需要通过同非国家行为体开展更密切合作来加强联盟，使其成为联合国开展对话和促进和平的软实力工具。这不仅需要建立和巩固一个民间社会网络，而且要建立合作途径来制订议程，进行劝说和赢得关注。联盟有公信力、对话文化和价值观，拥有许多资源来提供软实力。应重点加强它在基层的行动，特别是在分化和变动社会中的行动，因为这些社会需要有软实力举措来化解紧张，达成一致和开展对话，消除以往的怨气，帮助人民现时和平共处，组建社会共建未来。", "118. 第五点是筹备多哈论坛。《千年宣言》明确确认，“人类有不同的信仰、文化和语言，人与人之间必须相互尊重。不应害怕也不应压制各个社会内部和社会之间的差异，而应将其作为人类宝贵资产来加以爱护。应积极促进所有文明之间的和平与对话文化”，论坛将据此来填补文化和文化多样性与发展之间空缺的环节。", "119. 有鉴于此，第三个执行计划(2011年6月-2013年6月)将在完成联盟使命方面再迈出一步，并将主要注重取得成果。", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 在本报告所述期间，以下新成员加入了之友小组：加纳、格鲁吉亚、非洲联盟、巴勒斯坦权力机构、越南、圭亚那、世界旅游组织和蒙古(已宣布加入)。", "[3] 孟加拉国、玻利维亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、喀麦隆、埃及、肯尼亚(2个项目)、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、马拉维、尼日利亚(2个项目)、巴基斯坦、索马里、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、联合王国、美利坚合众国。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目15", "和平文化", "2011年8月11日秘书长给大会主席的信", "如你所知,不同文明联盟是在西班牙和土耳其政府的倡议下,在联合国主持下于2005年建立的,目的是在全球和地方各级促进文化多样性的善政议程,并帮助消除社会内部和社会之间的分裂、分化和极端主义。", "事件和新闻头条突出了联盟作为处理当今时代两极分化、过渡和困境的主要举措的重要性。 在文化间理解面临巨大挑战的十年结束时,我仍然相信,联盟所开展的创新工作是有用的,它是一个平台,汇集了各级独特的伙伴群,致力于利用文化多样性资源促进和平与发展。", "国际社会继续向联盟提供广泛的政治支持,之友小组现有130个成员。 大会2009年12月22日第64/14号决议表示支持联盟。 我期待着更多的国家加入之友小组并积极支持联盟,包括财政支持。 在这方面,我要强调补充机制的重要性,该机制将补充联盟自愿信托基金,并将有助于为联盟的倡议提供持续、多样化和可预测的支助。", "我高兴地向你提交不同文明联盟高级代表豪尔赫·桑帕约总统向我提交的第四次年度报告以及第三个执行计划(2011-2013年)。 本报告重点介绍了2010年8月至2011年7月期间根据第二个执行计划(2009-2011年)开展的主要活动,该计划规定了联盟所述期间的议程并确定了将要采取的具体举措。", "卡塔尔政府将于2011年12月11日至13日主办多哈论坛,预计该论坛将提高联盟的能见度并增强对其目标的政治承诺。 多哈论坛将主要侧重于通过和平与对话文化促进发展这一热门问题,从而发展千年发展目标议程与不同文明联盟的使命和行动领域之间的协同作用。", "请将本报告提请大会注意为荷。", "潘基文(签名)", "不同文明联盟:联合国不同文明联盟高级代表第四次年度报告", "2011年8月3日,纽约", "目录", "页次\n一、导言. 4\n进展 巩固联盟\n文明论. 主要9项倡议和\n五. 筹备第四次论坛\n文明\n六、结 论 20VII. 治理:20个信托基金\n秘书处\n第八编. 结论21", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 不同文明联盟旨在增进不同文化间各国和各国人民之间的理解与合作,并帮助消除助长社会内部和社会间分化和极端主义的力量。 此外,它为促进文化多样性的善治提供了一个平台。 这项倡议的基础是《世界人权宣言》和其他有关文书所表述的原则和价值观的共同框架。", "2. 联合国 不同文明联盟成立于2005年,是秘书长的一项政治倡议,由西班牙政府主席和土耳其总理共同发起。 它产生于一种信念,即为了实现可持续和平与发展,需要解决各种文化之间的长期分歧和误解,特别是所谓的西方和穆斯林社会之间的分歧和误解。", "3. 2007年4月,秘书长任命葡萄牙前总统豪尔赫·桑帕约为联盟高级代表。 桑帕约总统制定联盟的议程并确保其实施。 作为一项政治举措,联盟促进旨在在实地实现变革的对话。 为此,两年期执行计划确定各项目标的优先次序,并为合作伙伴和利益攸关方提供一个行动框架。", " 4.四. 联盟利用其目前由130个政府和国际组织组成的之友小组不断扩大的力量,该小组向高级代表提供必要的政治支持,充当联盟的推动力,并在联盟的执行进程中起关键作用。 高级代表通过基于对话和建立共识的广泛办法,就联盟活动的所有关键方面征求其成员的意见、咨询意见和支助。", "5 (韩语). 这是高级代表提交的第四次年度报告。 报告重点介绍了2010年7月至2011年7月根据第二个执行计划(2009-2011年)开展的主要活动。 该计划的执行在某种程度上反映了国际事态发展,例如中东和北非地区的新形势、助长整个欧洲的极端主义和不容忍的社会之间和内部日益紧张的局势,以及宗教对和平与发展的影响这一热门问题。 应卡塔尔的邀请,还投入了大量精力筹备将于2011年12月在多哈举行的第四届年度论坛。", "二. 进展情况概览", "6. 国家 联盟还把自己确立为文化间对话的主要平台,在日益多样化的社会之间提供这种对话。 所开展活动的主要目的是巩固迄今已取得的成果,并推进联盟在全球经济危机、持续的文化、族裔、宗教和社会紧张局势以及中东和北非地区部分地区不断变化的前景所实现的目标。", "7. 联合国 在马耳他政府于2010年11月主办的一次区域会议上及时通过了联盟的地中海区域战略,并编写和启动了其行动计划(与2011年7月27日和28日在开罗举行的 \" 开罗对话 \" 一起),这些都是本报告所述期间的主要成就。", "8. 联合国 此外,由全球对话基金会和地方伙伴在联盟主持下在澳大利亚和印度举办的区域论坛,使联盟得以扩大外联范围并大大地发展其基层基础。", "9. 国家 自2011年1月以来,一直在与卡塔尔代表密切合作进行紧张的筹备工作,以筹备将于2011年12月11日至13日在多哈举行的第四次联盟论坛。 论坛的概念文件草稿已提交给之友小组征求意见,以便让全社会从一开始就参与筹备年度聚会。 第四次论坛除了评估自里约热内卢论坛以来在联盟议程上取得的进展并介绍专题辩论和新项目外,还将提请注意文化多样性与发展之间的联系,并探讨进一步加强这些联系的方式以利和平与可持续发展。", "10个 2011年5月在多哈举行了一次会前论坛,目的是与民间社会组织进行协商,这不仅是巩固民间社会在实现联盟目标中的作用的战略的一部分,也是卡塔尔对第四次论坛的愿景的一部分,这是联盟在达到基层、提高能见度、加强行动承诺和将千年发展目标纳入其议程方面实现转折点的关键机会。", "11个 在2009-2011年执行计划所确定的优先事项中,大多数领域都取得了进一步的进展,而其他领域则出现了需要解决的关切。", "12个 在以下方面取得了良好进展:", "(a) 在之友小组扩大和世界各地行动多样化后,巩固联盟的全球范围及其普遍观点;", "(b) 2009年11月10日大会通过关于联盟的第64/14号决议,2010年5月在巴西里约热内卢举行第三次论坛后,全球承认联盟是联合国文化间对话与合作的主要平台之一;并强化高级代表在各种国际论坛上的活动,以宣传联盟,促进其活动并寻求伙伴关系;", "(c) 巩固联盟作为催化剂、桥梁建造者和召集者的作用;", "(d) 2009年12月在萨拉热窝通过《东南欧区域战略》,2010年11月在马耳他通过《地中海区域战略》;开始拉丁美洲区域战略的工作;", "(e) 大力发展联盟在马德里、伊斯坦布尔和里约热内卢启动的主要现行项目;", "(f) 2011年4月在巴库发起不同文明联盟全球青年运动;", "(g) 通过下列若干项目的具体伙伴关系,与私营部门的关系取得良好进展;", "(h) 通过2011年5月3日和4日在多哈举行的论坛前会议,在与民间社会的关系方面迈出了良好一步,以期有可能建立一个不同文明联盟民间社会平台。", "13个 然而,在其他一些优先目标,即加强联盟的可持续性并改进其总体传播战略方面取得的成就,并没有完全满足人们的期望。", "14个 之友小组的扩大对联盟的资源和能力影响不大。 因此,在使联盟成为可持续倡议方面取得进展已成为一个非常紧迫的事项,促使高级代表提议信托基金的充资机制,并将于2011年下半年举行第一届会议。", "15个 联盟信托基金补充机制的成功建立需要各成员作出进一步承诺。 如果没有所有支持者和伙伴的共同努力,补充资金机制将无法实现为联盟的倡议提供持续、多样化和可预测的支持的目标。", "16号. 这里应提及经济合作与发展组织内部为将联盟列入有资格获得官方发展援助的国际组织名单而作的努力。 尽管得到一些国家的大力支持,但今年未能实现这一目标。 但是,会议决定,指定用于具体的以发展为重点的活动的捐款可报告为双边援助。 如果作出改变,明年可以审查这项决定,为合作开辟了新的途径。", "17岁 在本报告所述期间,虽然启动了一个新网站并举办了一些引人注目的活动,但仍需要开展更多工作来制定有效的传播战略。 在筹备多哈论坛时密切关注外联工作应有所帮助。", "18岁。 总而言之,联盟在过去12个月(2010年8月至2011年7月)的演变表明,由于联盟取得了相当大的进展,联盟目前面临若干重大挑战,即:", "(a) 国家 联盟成员日益多样化,给联盟带来了更多的相互竞争的要求和期望。 确保统一愿景和连贯一致的行动必然是一项长期挑战;", "(b) 国家 作为一个面临日益增多的需求的全球倡议,联盟必须巩固其战略和工具并进一步发展其交付能力;否则,它将无法实现预期。", " 19. 19. 在世界许多地方,包括民主社会,与恐怖袭击有关的流血和不同文化间紧张关系和不容忍的加剧似乎有所增加。 对抗这种极端主义和不容忍的趋势是联盟的理由,因此应仍然是其主要优先事项。", "三. 巩固不同文明联盟", "20号. 本报告所述期间的主要优先事项是巩固联盟,使其成为全球文化间对话与合作平台,并特别关注所谓的西方和穆斯林社会之间的关系。 在这方面可以强调以下几点。", "之友小组", "21岁 随着成员增加,对联盟的支持继续增加,之友小组成员已达130个(108个国家和22个国际组织)。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", "22号. 之友小组举行了三次会议,两次在常驻代表一级,一次在部长级。 还通过广泛的双边接触(见下文)和书面信函进行了协商:", "(a) 国家 高级代表致函所有成员,回顾了他2011年的优先事项并征求了其他建议;", "(b) 拉丁美洲区域之友小组成员应邀参与在里约热内卢论坛产生的势头之后制定区域战略;", "(c) 就联盟将于2011年制定的新区域倡议同欧洲联盟国家和欧洲区域组织进行了协商: “协调多样性和凝聚力:在欧洲联盟建立包容性和参与性社会的人权模式”。", "23. 联合国 之友小组成员首次应邀就第三个执行计划(2011-2013年)提出建议。 同往常一样,它们还应邀为确定下一届年度论坛的议程作出贡献。", "24. 马耳他于2010年11月8日和9日组织了第一次地中海区域会议(见下文第41段)。", "25岁 高级代表与之友小组成员保持了稳定的接触。 他与小组成员和各国政府和(或)组织的代表举行了多场双边会议(即2010年11月在里斯本举行的北大西洋公约组织首脑会议和2011年6月在维尔纽斯举行的民主政体共同体第六次部长级会议的间隙)并参加了许多多边论坛,以确保对联盟及其正在开展的活动的支持。 2010年下半年,地中海联盟受阻,他高度重视联盟地中海区域战略的谈判以及各种区域对话论坛。 此外,他还与海湾地区、亚洲、欧洲和北非国家进行了几次接触。 在2011年前六个月,高级代表特别关注中东和北非区域一些国家的新变化,参加了各种会议并两次访问了埃及和卡塔尔,并访问了科威特和阿拉伯联合酋长国。", "26. 联合国 在本报告所述期间,还同国际和区域组织的负责人进行了接触,以加强协同作用并落实谅解备忘录。 高级代表特别参加了由联合国教育、科学及文化组织(教科文组织)、人权理事会、欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)、阿拉伯国家联盟、欧洲委员会及其南北中心组织的各种会议。", "协调人", "27个 2008年,秘书长之友小组成员被邀请任命协调人,主要通过国家计划,监督联盟目标在国家一级的执行情况,并同联盟秘书处协调。 截至2011年6月30日,79个国家和21个国际组织已任命了协调人。", "28岁 联盟通过组织由德国在柏林(2010年10月)和由卡塔尔在多哈(2011年5月)主办的协调中心会议,印发一份定期通讯并定期举行磋商,确保协调它们的努力和交流。 各协调中心参加了地中海区域进程和拉丁美洲区域战略框架内的各种会议。 他们还在非正式区域基础上发起区域协商。", "主题平台", "29. 国家 专题平台工作不断发展. 根据瑞士的提议,这些平台汇集了对进一步探讨具体主题感兴趣的少数国家,并提出了采取一致或联合行动的建议。 一个平台侧重于媒体扫盲教育,特别是社交媒体和文化定型观念的培养。 另一项目标是缩小在调动人道主义和发展援助方面的差距。", "30岁。 “人道主义”平台在柏林举行了一次会议,在伯尔尼举行了一次会议。 它强调,必须同受信仰启发的组织以及它们之间更好地合作,以提高人道主义和发展工作的质量,并推进打破人与人之间障碍的事业。", "民间社会协商、全球网络和伙伴关系", "31岁 在高级代表和卡塔尔谢哈·莫扎殿下的联合倡议下,2011年5月3日和4日在多哈组织了一次重要的民间社会协商会,作为论坛前活动。", "32. 联合国 还加大了努力,以建立和(或)巩固针对特定群体——青年、大学、智囊团和基金会——的各种宗教间网络和网络,并与私营部门建立伙伴关系。 公私伙伴关系在联盟的工作中发挥了日益重要的作用。 它们构成了制定具有全球层面的具体项目的基础,例如与思科、Calouste Gulbenkian基金会和其他一些伙伴的“对话咖啡馆”;与宝马集团的世界跨文化创新机制,帮助确定和推广最有创意的建立跨文化桥梁的基层倡议;不同文明联盟暑期学校;与维文迪组成的一个联合工作队,以衡量文化间对话和文化多样性的影响;以及通过与硅谷(Yahoo、Intuit、Intel等)20家最大公司建立伙伴关系而得以开展的“为多样性和包容做一件事”运动。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 至于全球信仰间网络,联盟继续与从事不同信仰间对话和基于信仰的合作问题的国家、机构和非政府组织密切合作,以在互补的基础上更上一层楼。 这项工作特别包括参与宗教间合作促进和平三方论坛、沙特阿拉伯的宗教间对话倡议和约旦的世界宗教间和谐周倡议。 高级代表向2011年6月在莫斯科举行的欧洲宗教领袖理事会会议发送了视频信息。", "联盟作为文化和预防性外交的软实力工具", "34. 国家 高级代表加强了旨在将联盟发展成为文化和预防性外交的软实力工具的行动。 他促进与政治、宗教、媒体和民间社会代表的接触和对话,他们能够利用其影响力,就共同目标取得进展。 在个别场合——根据情况公开或谨慎地——他对日益加剧的紧张局势表示关切,并强调需要采取预防性长期行动来打击不容忍和极端主义。 在为会议、政治会议或媒体作出贡献时,他请对话者和利益攸关方思考诸如政治和宗教多元化、文化间对话和合作行动的作用或社会团结条件等问题,并提及具体问题。 高级代表除了强调国家计划和区域战略作为自上而下与自下而上相结合的战略工具可起的作用外,还建议为分裂或冲突多发社会的人与人之间的外交创造新的机会,并在现有全球专家网络的基础上就文化间紧张关系建立一个预警机制(见下文第64-68段)。", "35. 联合国 他继续特别注意“白皮书和白色进程:从相互竞争的叙述到合作行动”等倡议,其目的是执行高级别小组报告中的有关建议,特别是其附件三。", "四、结 论 主要倡议和活动", "36. (中文(简体) ). 在本报告所述期间,为支持联盟的广泛目标,进一步制定了一些举措。", "A. 国家计划和区域战略", "国家计划", "37. 联合国 在高级代表的鼓励下,26个国家目前正在执行其国家计划:阿尔巴尼亚、阿尔及利亚、阿根廷、巴西、保加利亚、克罗地亚、捷克共和国、丹麦、埃及、意大利、科威特、马耳他、墨西哥、黑山、摩洛哥、新西兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、土耳其和大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。", "38. 国家 正在拟订更多的计划,作为各国利用自己的执行渠道以自己的速度开展的长期、渐进活动的一部分。", "39. 联合国 2011年5月,一些协调中心非正式地讨论了所吸取的经验教训。 强调了三点:", "(a) 国家 虽然这些计划不能采用单一的模式,但它们应该不仅仅是一份现有方案的清单。 它们应侧重于消除平等的障碍并消除偏见(“拆除围墙”),帮助发展跨文化技能(“建造桥梁”)并创造相互尊重的交流空间(“共享空间”);", "(b) 国家 由于最高层和基层参与的政治支持相结合,国家计划需要协调和严格的评价;", "(c) 应鼓励对计量工具和观测站进行反思。 欢迎国际组织提供政治支持和协调。 联盟应密切关注国家计划的起草和执行,并支持各国之间的进一步交流。", "区域战略", " 40. 40. 联盟一直呼吁面临共同挑战的国家集团与民间社会合作,采取共同行动。 这方面的第一个正式举措是2009年12月在萨拉热窝通过了 \" 不同文明联盟东南欧区域战略 \" ,随后于2010年夏季通过了执行该战略的行动计划。", "41. 国家 2010年初在埃及亚历山大启动的工作最终于2010年11月9日通过了地中海文化间对话与合作区域战略。 该战略由马耳他在瓦莱塔主办的一次会议上通过,会上还通过了以民间社会伙伴提出的项目为基础的行动计划纲要。 2011年5月,考虑到中东和北非区域的新情况,发布了一些优先行动计划。", "42. 国家 这两项行动计划的供资确实是一个问题。 然而,正在就为支持转型期国家的改革而提供的国际资金的分配进行协商。 这两项行动计划的进一步供资问题也将在充资会议上得到讨论。", "43. 东帝汶 拖延并没有妨碍几个项目已经制定。 其中包括一个历史教学项目,该项目是与欧洲委员会一起在斯洛文尼亚举行的研讨会的主要议题,其基础是欧洲历史教育家协会在索罗斯研究所的支持下制定的若干项目。 贝尔格莱德对话咖啡馆谈判进展顺利,在波德戈里察进行了第一轮接触,以确定黑山的潜在伙伴。 2011年底前,将在拉马拉和特拉维夫开设对话咖啡馆,正在为突尼斯、开罗和伊斯坦布尔筹集资金。 2011年青年外交官暑期学校在波德戈里察举行,高级代表也参加了会议。 尤斯特欧洲学院基金会为欧洲研究提供的研究和流动补助金(Charles V European Award)已经宣布,第一批候选人被选中.", "44. 国家 应秘鲁的邀请,正在拟订一项拉丁美洲区域战略。 2010年12月和2011年3月在利马举行的协调人会议拟订了初稿。 正在继续拟订一项行动计划,该计划将以区域和次区域组织以及民间社会伙伴开展的工作为基础。 这项工作预计将于2011年完成。", "45. 国家 高级代表与2010年欧安组织主席哈萨克讨论了拟订中亚区域战略的建议。 一些非洲国家表示有兴趣采取协调一致的次区域举措。", "B. 多方利益攸关方倡议,包括联盟牵头的项目和方案", "46. 经常预算: 联盟充当制定切实倡议的平台,帮助在四个行动领域实现实地变化。 联盟与教科文组织、国际移徙组织(移徙组织)、阿拉伯国家联盟、欧洲委员会、伊斯兰合作组织、伊斯兰教育、科学和文化组织(伊斯兰教科文组织)和阿拉伯联盟教育、文化及科学组织之间现有的谅解备忘录网络得到了实施,同时也与一些非政府组织、基金会、大学等一起实施了许多举措。", "47. 国家 以下各节全面介绍了正在进行的项目和举措。", "教育行动领域", "宗教和信仰教育平台", " 48. 48. 不同文明联盟宗教和信仰在线学习社区(www.aocerb.org)已成为学习不同宗教和信仰的重要因特网资源。 由18个学术和民间社会伙伴组成的网络遍布全球,学习社区也已发展成为一个教育活动平台;促进关于信仰组织作用的讨论;促进联盟在宗教间活动在促进文化多样性和文化间教育、探索良好做法和教授宗教、道德教育和文化间教育等问题的影响方面的作用方面的协作。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 联盟参加了几次关于宗教与联合国的讲习班。 2010年8月1日至6日在维也纳举行的穆斯林-犹太人大会上,它赞助了来自25个国家的青年穆斯林和犹太人的大型集会,通过教育和媒体打击不容忍行为。 本组织参加了2011年5月16日在维也纳举行的与欧安组织、教科文组织和欧洲委员会关于仇视伊斯兰教教育工作者准则的最后协商会议。", "不同文明联盟研究网络", " 50. 50. 联盟已经建立了一个由世界各地智囊团和大学组成的研究网络,以便在共同关心的领域开展合作。 它有20个成员,包括学术机构和由200多个机构组成的网络。 联盟网站(www.unaoc.org)的专用网页向访问者介绍联盟感兴趣的领域在会议、出版物、研究金和研究赠款方面的机会。", "加强学术交流.", "51. 联合国 联盟继续在促进交流方面发挥倡导和伙伴关系作用,以有利于跨文化知识和理解。 联盟通过其各种网站和网页,传播了数百次跨文化研究的机会。 2010年里约热内卢论坛就学术交流的挑战和机遇举行了一次工作会议。 传统交流方案面临的一些主要挑战是成本、法律问题、参与的广度和避免可能具有物理危险的区域的趋势。 有鉴于此,联盟与Soliya建立了伙伴关系(见www.soliya.net),以推广Soliya的 \" Exchange 2.0 \" 方案,在全世界推广网络化的国际跨文化教育经验。", "教育外联", "52. (中文(简体) ). 该联盟连续第三年与美国佐治亚州亚特兰大伊斯坦布尔中心等合作,为中学生和中学生举办艺术和作文比赛。 \" 冷漠:走在别人的地步 \" 的竞赛主题有2 500多篇。", "53. 联合国 联盟与秘书处新闻部密切合作,于2010年8月14日至18日在吉隆坡举行了主题为“建立文明联盟:弥合文化以实现和平与发展”的第二次全球模拟联合国会议。 2010年期间,联盟及其活动还在美国、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、中国、哥伦比亚和意大利的几个教育机构和非政府组织受众中进行了介绍。", "青年行动领域", "不同文明联盟全球青年运动", "54. 联合国 2011年4月在巴库举行了不同文明联盟全球青年运动第一次会议。 该运动旨在突出青年提出的和平与谅解的强烈信息。 它还力求推动将她们的声音纳入主流,并参与联盟的倡议。", "55. 国家 在巴库,来自80多个国家的130名青年共同制定了该倡议的宪章和行动计划。 讨论显示出高度的承诺。 联盟现在将与不结盟运动领导人合作执行在巴库作出的决定。", "青年团结基金", "56. (中文(简体) ). 第二版\"青年团结基金\"完成并取得巨大成功. 这一国际小额赠款方案向在地方、国家、区域或国际各级推动文化间和宗教间对话的青年组织提供最多为30 000美元的种子资金。 该方案资助的项目全部由青年组织制定和实施。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 上一轮期间供资的18个项目在14个国家实施,[2] 大部分在非洲和巴勒斯坦被占领土(2个项目)。 目前正在编写一份全球报告,概述这18个项目的成果,将于2011年下半年完成。 据估计,有33 000人从18个项目中受益,其中大多数是青年。", "青年网站", "58. 联合国 联盟的青年网站(http://unaocyouth.org)继续增长并吸引更多的伙伴。 该网站是一个一站式网站,用户可以获取、张贴并交流以下方面的信息:(a) 其他青年组织;(b) 向希望参与联盟相关事项的青年提供的机会;(c) 提高其参与能力的工具。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 此外,关于联盟青年方案的资料连同一个新闻部分,即个别青年的 \" 智慧之词 \" 和一个讨论论坛。", "国际青年年", "60. 联合国 2009年底宣布的 \" 国际青年年:对话和相互了解 \" 为将联盟及其青年方案的目标纳入联合国系统和广大伙伴网络的主流提供了一个独特的机会。", "61. 国家 联盟一直是制定联合国庆祝这一国际年框架以及宣传这一活动的主要文件的主要伙伴。 作为这项努力的一部分,与教科文组织合作开发了一份关于青年在促进跨文化理解方面的作用的旗舰卡片。", "62. 联合国 联盟还在组织纪念国际年结束的青年问题高级别会议方面发挥了关键作用。 PLURAL+青年视频节(见下文第78和79段)作为高级别会议的会外活动而举行。", "媒体行动领域", "媒体快速反应机制", "63. 国家 联盟的快速反应媒体机制侧重于扩大媒体的建设性作用,促进公众对分裂性辩论的理解,确保从世界各地的媒体机构听到不同的声音,并为它们提供免费优质内容。 该项目自成立以来不断扩大,以满足媒体和基层社区日益增长的需要。", "全球专家", "64. (中文(简体) ). 全球专家在线资源(www.theglobalexperts.org)继续增长。 现有400多位专家。 每个专家每周产生多起媒体印象,每个月向世界各地数千名记者发送12至15起媒体警报. 每次警报都使记者有机会就突发新闻直接接触五至六位专家。", "65. 国家 在线资源也开始汇集来自世界各地媒体机构的专家的评论,同时还以文章、播客和视频采访的形式,以专家为网站撰写或制作的独家内容为主。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 该项目确保了制作内容的广泛伙伴关系,例如与英国文化委员会和密苏里大学新闻学院的伙伴关系,根据这种伙伴关系,正在制作80多部以西方-穆斯林关系为重点的专家录像。", "对阿拉伯民间社会和公民记者进行媒体赋权培训", "67. (中文(简体) ). 针对阿拉伯区域日益增长的需要和最近发生的事件,快速反应媒体机制(见上文第63段)为阿拉伯民间社会代表和公民记者/博客设计了更多的培训方案。 这四个领域的重点是培养技能:面试技巧、写作技能、媒体关系和利用社交网络工具来更有效地开展宣传活动。 第一个培训班于2011年9月在约旦举行。 正在塞浦路斯和突尼斯规划其他项目。", "文章和文章系列的合成", "68. (中文(简体) ). 快速反应媒体机制扩大了向世界各地报纸提供文章和评论文章的做法,邀请知名分析员就他们选择的涉及宗教在公共场所的作用的问题发表意见。 这首文章系列《宗教与公共空间》汇集了20多篇文章。 从新加坡到巴西,从法国到约旦的报纸都以五种语言出版.", "辩论和会议", "69. (中文(简体) ). 联盟媒体方案定期组织媒体专业人员和广大社会对国际危机和问题感兴趣的公开辩论。 它同阿拉伯国家联盟和安娜·林德基金会一道,最近于2011年4月5日和6日在开罗召开了一个重要论坛会,重点讨论阿拉伯世界面对正在发生的区域变化的媒体及其在与西方关系中的作用。", "电视台负责人会议", "70. 联合国 继2010年5月在巴黎主办首次会议后,安娜·林德基金会和联盟同欧洲广播联盟、阿拉伯国家广播联盟和欧洲联盟委员会合作,计划在地中海区域战略框架内,于2011年10月在约旦召开一次电视台所有人和管理人员专题讨论会。 本次会议由阿卜杜拉国王陛下主办。", "71. 联合国 其目的是建立一个主要跨国媒体团体和媒体网络网络,在地中海区域有相当程度的观众参与,并与中东和北非区域各国的国家广播公司制定新的联合行动。", "欧洲-地中海联合媒体框架", "72. 联合国 欧洲联盟委员会、安娜·林德基金会和联盟发起了一个联合项目,旨在支持整个地中海区域的记者报道。 合作伙伴定期为记者举办工作队会议和讲习班,同时与文化间分析员举行会议,提供地中海两岸记者建立联系的机会,并为报道不同文化的记者颁奖。", "媒体扫盲", "73 (中文(简体) ). 联盟继续制定各种媒体扫盲举措,以帮助青年和一般公民渡过日益复杂的媒体世界,并为他们提供工具,使他们成为有辨识力和批判性的媒体用户和制作人。 目前有33个伙伴和将近1 600个注册用户,这两类用户都定期参加,更新数据库,提供新内容。 在合作伙伴的支持下,联盟-教科文组织-欧洲联盟委员会出版物《世界媒体教育政策绘图》已广为分发。", "74. 国家 媒体和信息扫盲及文化间对话大学网络是澳大利亚、巴西、中国、埃及、牙买加、摩洛哥、西班牙和美国由8所大学组成的网络,由教科文组织大学结对和联网计划以及不同文明联盟所建立。", "媒体领域的一般合作", "75. 国家 作为欧洲联盟开展的媒体工作的一部分,联盟与欧洲联盟就预防和激进化领域的媒体沟通问题进行了对话。 此外,该联盟还与欧洲激进化专家网络开展了富有成果的对话,交流关于联盟自身在巴基斯坦、印度尼西亚、美国、欧洲和阿拉伯世界为记者组织多样性培训的经验的想法和见解。", "移徙/融合行动领域", "移民和融合在线社区", "76. 联合国 自2010年5月推出“移徙和融合:建设包容性社会”(www.unaoc.org/ibis)网站以来,联盟一直在提供关于移民人口融合良好做法的信息。 报告重点介绍了克服定型观念和促进所有利益攸关方进一步参与一体化的成功一体化模式。 在网站上发起了一系列讨论,以交流过去和现在有关移徙和融合的经验。", "77. 国家 为了利用澳大利亚在多元文化方面的特殊经验并连接网站与用户,联盟正在2011年10月在墨尔本共同主办一个活动,高级代表将出席这项活动。", "PLURAL+青年录像节", "78. 国家 联盟与国际移民组织合作,继续开发PLURAL+,这是一个关于移徙、多样性和社会包容的青年视频节。 PLURAL+得到了许多国际伙伴的支持. 2010年11月12日在纽约的帕利媒体中心举行了颁奖仪式.", "79. 联合国 获奖录像正在DVD上发行,在电视台和互联网上播放,并在世界各地的影视节和会议上放映。 分销商包括RAI教育(意大利)、Al Jaded TV(黎巴嫩)、联合国电视台、地中海视听运营商常设会议、Chinh India青年节、Habana电影节、根与路线国际电影节、约旦皇家电影委员会和BaKaforum 2011。", "移徙/融合系列活动", "80个 2010年12月,联盟和Unitas通信组织讨论移民被视为对欧洲共存产生不利影响的原因,以及伊斯兰教往往被描绘为与西方价值观相悖的原因。 该活动为全球观众现场直播. Muddassar Ahmed(团结组织)参加了与Roger Cohen(《国际先驱论坛报》)的对话,并有内部和在线受众参与。", "协调欧洲社会的多样性和社会凝聚力", "81个 正如高级代表2011年初向欧洲国家政府所建议,联盟正在拟订一项题为“协调多样性和凝聚力:在欧洲联盟内建立包容性和参与性社会的人权模式”的新区域倡议。 该倡议仍在筹备之中,将于2011年11月15日由Calouste Gulbenkian基金会在其新的文化中心主办。", "其他贯穿各领域的举措", "思想市场", "82. \" 思想市场 \" 展示了旨在促进全世界人民和文化之间相互理解的最有创意和成功的基层倡议。 通过将这些举措与决策者、潜在捐助方和媒体联系起来,联盟帮助它们扩大和推广这些举措,从而显著地扩大其影响。", "83个 在里约热内卢论坛期间,在数百名申请人中,10个组织被确认为 \" 理想得主的市场 \" ,其领导人被邀请介绍其项目(世界信仰;欧洲-地中海青年记者学院;被遗忘的日记;Melantjong Petjinan Soerabaia;Akili Dada;世界宗教论坛;和平工作;RandomKid;联合宗教倡议;本科生ParliaMenters;三信仰论坛;桥梁电视)。 来自维旺迪、德勤公司和Tohmatsu等私营部门、全球对话基金会、英国文化委员会和欧洲新闻社等伙伴都支持这一倡议。", "第八十四会. 联盟已同宝马集团达成一项有希望的伙伴关系协定,以建立世界文化间创新基金。 基金将支持最有创意的建立跨文化桥梁的基层倡议,并将它们同合作伙伴联系起来,以帮助它们扩大和推广。", "研究金方案", "85. 2009年9月,联盟启动了研究金方案,旨在促进北美、欧洲和穆斯林占多数国家的新兴领导人接触彼此国家的媒体、文化、政治、机构、民间社会和宗教,并促成知识交流、理解和富有成效的跨界伙伴关系。 从长远来看,联盟将通过这一方案建立一个由新兴和有影响力的领导人组成的非正式网络,这些领导人将为不同国家和区域之间的关系带来新的视角并倡导新的办法。", "86号. 该方案是与英国文化委员会、阿拉伯国家联盟、伊斯兰教科文组织、不同文明联盟卡塔尔委员会和国际教育研究所(美国)合作制定的。", "87个 试点阶段于2010年3月和4月完成,来自美国和欧洲的12名新兴领导人前往埃及,摩洛哥和卡塔尔,来自阿拉伯世界7个国家的12名新兴领导人前往比利时,法国,英国和美国.", "88个 研究金方案第二阶段将于2011年下半年开始。 在 \" 阿拉伯之春 \" 的背景下,该方案在为新兴领导人提供学习和与同伴建立联系的独特机会方面具有特别重要的意义。", "对话咖啡厅", "89. 国家 在伊斯坦布尔论坛公开启动“对话咖啡馆全球网络”项目后,由于与里斯本市政府、Calouste Gulbenkian基金会、里约Candido Mendes大学的伙伴关系以及欧洲网络GÉANT的使用,前两家咖啡馆于2010年5月在里约热内卢和里斯本第三次论坛之际开放。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 2010年9月,在阿姆斯特丹的瓦格协会开设了第三个对话咖啡馆。 目前正在努力在欧洲-地中海进一步扩展到佛罗伦萨、拉马拉、特拉维夫、巴黎、里尔和贝尔格莱德等城市。 还正在考虑可能在多哈、开罗、伊斯坦布尔、伦敦、黑山、突尼斯和奥斯陆举行的对话咖啡馆,并寻求资金。", "不同文明联盟暑期学校", "91. 联合国 不同文明联盟暑期学校汇集了来自不同种族、文化、学术和专业背景的青年。 其目的是分享世界观点、知识和经验;建立一个“不同文明联盟青年声音”网络;并商定通过“对话咖啡馆”网络制定的若干项目。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 2010年夏季学校由葡萄牙阿威罗大学主办,来自44个不同国家的115名青年. 为了使组织成为可能,国际组织、葡萄牙基金会、大学和智囊团、信仰组织及公司建立了一个多方利益攸关者平台。", "93. 国家 鉴于2010年届会的成功,高级代表决定将暑期学校作为一项定期活动,并探讨为青年记者、外交官、教师等目标明确的受众组织专题会议的可能性。", "94. 国家 2011年暑期学校将于2011年8月28日至9月3日在里斯本举行. 会议将由里斯本大学主办,并将同阿拉伯国家联盟和欧洲-地中海大学等若干伙伴合作举办。", "二. 城市之间的合作", "95号. 联盟促进和(或)参加了一些地方政府、市镇和市长参加的活动:2010年上海世界展览会(全球南南创意周,关于“创造和转移:为所有人拥有更好的生活方式的更好、更可敬的城市提供引擎”的会议);2011年2月25日和26日在西班牙马拉加举行的第二届欧洲-阿拉伯城市论坛;以及2011年6月1日由意大利在罗马举办的种族间城市国际会议。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 在欧洲-阿拉伯城市论坛上,高级代表提议在中东和北非区域的新背景下为欧洲-阿拉伯城市合作设立一个特别基金,这一建议得到与会者的欢迎。", "97. 国家 在种族间城市国际会议上,讨论了创造新的促进作用的可能性以及设立一个“种族间担保人”就多文化问题向市政当局提供建议的想法。 与会者同意继续努力将城市转型列入选定的联合国机构和方案的议程,以期采取行动,包括可能的一项大会决议。", "为讨论敏感问题提供空间", "98 (英语). 该联盟日益被视为一个平台,用于民间讨论敏感问题,包括宗教少数群体、宗教自由和宗教多元化社会中的紧张关系。 就这一主题组织了若干相关举措。", "99号. 在联盟的主持下,2010年11月11日和12日在亚的斯亚贝巴举行了一次关于宗教容忍、传统冲突解决和联邦制的研讨会,这是埃塞俄比亚对联盟的贡献。 高级代表通过视频致词参加了讨论。", "一百个 2010年11月4日和5日举行的2010年里斯本论坛重点讨论了言论、良心和宗教自由问题。 它包括四个主要的工作会议:民主社会中的宗教多元化;宗教领袖在促进和平文化方面的作用;防止激进化和宗教极端主义;以及为促进宗教自由而进行的国际合作。 论坛的成果提出了若干建议(关于辩论的全面概况,见里斯本论坛,www.coe.int)。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 在联盟的主持下,西班牙和意大利与欧洲大学研究所合作,于2011年6月13日和14日在佛罗伦萨举行了一次题为“宗教自由:人权、社会包容和政治参与:基督教社区案例”的国际研讨会。 意大利外交部长佛朗哥·弗拉蒂尼和西班牙外交部长特立尼达·希门尼斯和高级代表通过视频致词,向与会者介绍了他们的看法。 三个小组的建议将为今后的工作提供参考,包括在多哈论坛范围内。", "让议会参与联盟的议程", "102. 国家 联盟日益意识到,有必要让国家和国际议会机构参与进来。 联络点讨论了它们在起草国家计划方面可能发挥的作用。", "第103页。 高级代表会见了若干国家议会领导人,并在欧洲委员会议会(2010年6月)和欧洲-地中海议会(2011年1月)的一个委员会发言。 此外,他会见了科威特和马耳他的发言者并讨论了一项关于议会在促进文化多样性多元化和善政方面的作用的联合倡议。", "104 (韩语). 继续与在里约热内卢(2010年5月)启动的国际议会联盟合作,特别是通过在秘书处一级定期接触,包括就议会对多哈论坛的更大贡献进行接触。", " V. 筹备不同文明联盟第四次论坛", "105. (中文(简体) ). 应卡塔尔政府的邀请,第四次论坛将于2011年12月11日至13日在多哈举行。 就提高联盟的能见度、将其更深入地纳入全球议程和加强行动承诺而言,预计这将成为联盟的一个转折点。 根据谢哈·莫扎殿下向高级代表提出的建议,论坛将探讨在实现联盟的目标方面取得进展如何能促进可持续发展和实现千年发展目标。 2011年1月,在卡塔尔委托的几位专家的帮助下并得益于与包括协调人在内的之友小组的对话,筹备工作开始。 民间社会代表还于2011年5月3日和4日在多哈举行的论坛前会议上发表了他们的看法。", "六、结 论 外联", "106. (中文(简体) ). 联盟受益于过去一年就许多项目开展的广泛的外联努力。 以项目和人民证词为特色的改进的传播材料被用来很好地了解联盟的活动和目标。 高级代表和秘书处还向许多服务对象作了简报。 高级代表在世界各地撰写了多篇文章并发表了多篇关于联盟的讲话。", "107 (韩语). 联盟支持或推动了两项主要的宣传活动。 第一个是在世界信仰间和谐周的框架内制定的。 第二项活动旨在庆祝世界文化多样性促进对话与发展日(5月21日)。 它通过Facebook(www.facebook.com/DoOneThingforDiversity and Inclusion)与教科文组织和众多公司共同发起,邀请世界各地的人“为多样性和包容性做一件事”。 这场运动取得了巨大成功,有6万多游客.", "108. (中文(简体) ). 联盟还通过促进或参与当地伙伴在地方一级举办的越来越多的活动,大大扩大了其覆盖范围,这些国家是:澳大利亚、中国、印度、埃及、埃塞俄比亚、意大利、黑山、荷兰、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、波兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、塞尔维亚、西班牙、瑞士和土耳其。 这类合资企业通过让当地伙伴、非政府组织和基层组织参与,为制定有助于增进文化理解与合作的具体倡议提供了机会。", "第109页. 随着新联盟网站(www.unaoc.org)的完成和启动,网络流量已经增加,2011年6月访问人数达到5 500人,网页浏览量达到24 000人。 新创建的联盟脸书页面目前有500多\"类似\",联盟在Twitter上有900多位追随者.", "页:1 治理:信托基金和秘书处", "110. 国家 尽管联盟的作用和活动稳步扩大,但其可支配的资源仍然大大低于目标水平,不稳定,几乎无法预测。 虽然核心业务和适度方案可以维持,但更重要的方案面临各种削减或不得不推迟。 就2010年预算年度而言,实际支出必须保持在400万美元之间,而适度的目标是520万美元。", "111. 因此,高级代表拟订了改革特设自愿捐款制度的战略。 他提出了一个基于定期补充资金的供资模式,目的是提高信托基金调动资源工作的可预测性,通过引进私营部门和慈善机构使捐助者多样化,并及早为联盟的活动获得资金。 定于2011年下半年举行的第一次充资会议将处理2012和2013日历年的资金需要。 高级代表还提议建立一个与捐助界协商的松散机制,让捐助者了解资金情况,并在管理中拥有发言权。 因此,他向之友小组建议召开伙伴大会。", "112号 秘书处工作量的全面增加和进一步多样化意味着必须增加工作人员。 瑞士启动的借调官员的做法应由各国和各组织进一步发展。 将某些任务下放给更适当和更熟练的成员和伙伴也可以提供解决办法。 高级代表正在第三个执行计划(2011-2013年)的框架内拟订具体建议。", "第八编. 结论", "113号. 以本报告概述的趋势和倡议为基础,联盟未来两年(2011年6月至2013年6月)的行动纲领将特别考虑到以下五个要点:中东和北非区域的新情况;欧洲正在进行的关于如何协调欧洲社会多样性和凝聚力的辩论;宗教对我们全球时代和平、安全与发展的影响的专题;与非国家行为者更密切合作,加强联盟作为联合国促进对话与和平的软实力工具;以及卡塔尔谢哈·莫扎赫殿下关于主办第四届年度论坛的请求,即重点讨论联盟的使命与千年发展目标议程之间的联系。", "114 (韩语). 埃及和突尼斯的新环境与联盟的理由并非毫无关系。 这些变化使联盟更加有效,其使命比以往任何时候都更加及时. 这样做是正当的,因为尽管在不同的环境下运作并面临不同的挑战,但所有人民都渴望自由、民主、尊严和社会正义,这表明这些是跨越分界和分界线的普遍要求。 这些正在发生的变化也使联盟更加及时,因为形成宽容的价值观对民主制度的顺利运作至关重要。", "115. (中文(简体) ). 第二点涉及社会日益多样化的问题,以及目前就如何应对这一问题所展开的辩论,特别是在欧洲。 在我们的焦虑时代,欧洲普遍存在的社会弊病主要集中于移徙,而移徙被描绘成我们时代的主要威胁之一(为了国家安全,但也是为了社会和文化方面),以及移徙者的融合,这常常被视为对民族文化和身份构成挑战。 这些事态发展助长了日益严重的不容忍、分化和极端主义,包括与基地组织有关联的极端主义。 此外,在欧洲各地,新的激进右翼政党或“硬右翼”也在抬头,这并非偶然。 挪威的悲惨事件表明,必须采取行动,执行预防战略,以打击本土恐怖主义、种族主义和仇恨。 高级代表于2011年1月提议,今后几个月将制定一项关于“协调多样性和凝聚力:在欧洲建立包容性和参与性社会的人权模式”的新区域倡议。", "116 (英语). 第三点涉及宗教在我们全球化时代对和平、安全与发展的影响。 由于目前的紧张局势和冲突大多也具有宗教层面,联盟的各项举措将特别关注宗教多样性、宗教多元化和宗教间对话,遵循在里约热内卢启动并在2010年里斯本论坛和2011年6月在佛罗伦萨举行的国际研讨会上延续的趋势,并进一步发展这些举措的成果。", "117号 第四点是,需要通过同非国家行为者更密切地合作来加强联盟,使其成为联合国促进对话与和平的软实力工具。 这不仅需要建立和巩固民间社会网络,而且需要制定合作办法来制定议程、说服和引起积极的注意。 联盟在其信誉、对话文化和价值观的基础上,拥有大量资源来产生“软实力”。 一个优先事项是加强其在基层一级的行动,特别是在分裂的社会和正在变化的社会,在这些社会中,需要采取更多的软实力举措来缓和紧张局势,建立共识和对话,平息过去的不满,帮助人民共同生活,并作为一个社会一起走向未来。", "118. 第五点涉及多哈论坛的筹备工作。 论坛将在《千年宣言》(大会第55/2号决议)的基础上,披露文化与文化多样性和发展之间的缺失联系,《千年宣言》明确承认“人类必须相互尊重,信仰、文化和语言各有不同。 社会内部和社会之间的分歧既不应害怕,也不应压制,而应将其作为人类的宝贵资产来加以珍视。 应积极促进所有文明之间的和平与对话文化”。", "119. 鉴于上述情况,第三个执行计划(2011年6月至2013年6月)预计将标志着联盟任务和目标执行工作的又一步骤,并主要侧重于交付。", "[1] 在本报告所述期间,下列新成员加入了之友小组:加纳、格鲁吉亚、非洲联盟、巴勒斯坦权力机构、越南、圭亚那、世界旅游组织和蒙古(已宣布)。", "[2] 孟加拉国、玻利维亚、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、喀麦隆、埃及、肯尼亚(2个项目)、马拉维、尼日利亚(2个项目)、巴基斯坦、索马里、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国、坦桑尼亚联合共和国和美利坚合众国。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Agenda item 76 (b) of the provisional agenda*", "Oceans and the law of the sea: sustainable fisheries, including through the 1995 Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, and related instruments", "Actions taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in response to paragraphs 80 and 83 to 87 of General Assembly resolution 61/105 and paragraphs 113 to 117 and 119 to 127 of General Assembly resolution 64/72 on sustainable fisheries, addressing the impacts of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report has been prepared pursuant to paragraph 122 of General Assembly resolution 65/38 of 7 December 2010, requesting the Secretary-General, in cooperation with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the actions taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in response to paragraphs 80 and 83 to 87 of resolution 61/105 and paragraphs 113 to 117 and 119 to 127 of resolution 64/72, in order to facilitate the further review of the actions taken referred to in paragraph 129 of resolution 64/72.", "The report is a follow-up to earlier reports prepared by the Secretary-General (A/64/305 and A/61/154). It should also be read in conjunction with earlier interim reports of the Secretary-General on the measures taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to implement resolution 61/105 (A/62/260, paras. 60-96, and A/63/128, paras. 63-78).", "Contents", "Page\nAbbreviations 4\nI.Introduction 6II.Overview 7 of the impacts of bottom fisheries on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish \nstocks A.Vulnerable 7 marine ecosystems: an updated \nreview B.Deep-sea 10 fish \nstocks C.Impacts 11 of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish \nstocks III.Actions 14 taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish \nstocks A.Actions 15 taken by regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements with competence to regulate bottom \nfisheries B.Actions 24 taken by States to regulate bottom \nfisheries C.Actions 38 taken by States and competent regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in cooperating to collect and exchange scientific and technical data and information and develop or strengthen data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research \nprogrammes IV. Activities 44 of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to promote the regulation of bottom fisheries and the protection of vulnerable marine \necosystems A.Developing 45 tools for the implementation of the International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries on the High Seas of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United \nNations B.Establishing 46 a global database of information on vulnerable marine ecosystems beyond national \njurisdiction V.Concluding 47 \nremarks \nAnnex Listof 49 respondentsto \nthequestionnaire", "Abbreviations", "CACFish\tCentral Asean and Caucasus Regional Fisheriesand Aquaculture Commission\nCCAMLR\tCommission for the Conservation of AntarcticMarine Living Resources\nCCSBT\tCommission for the Conservation of SouthernBluefin Tuna\nCITES\tConvention on International Trade in EndangeredSpecies of Wild Fauna and Flora\nFAO\tFood and Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations\nFAO Guidelines\tInternational Guidelines for the Management ofDeep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas of the Foodand Agriculture Organization of the UnitedNations\n FFA Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency \n GEF Global Environment Facility \nGFCM\tGeneral Fisheries Commission for theMediterranean\nGPA\tGlobal Programme of Action for the Protection ofthe Marine Environment from Land-basedActivities\nICCAT\tInternational Commission for the Conservation ofAtlantic Tunas\nICES\tInternational Council for the Exploration of theSea\n IMO International Maritime Organization \n ISA International Seabed Authority \n IUU fishing Illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing \n MPA Marine-protected area \n NAFO Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization \n NASCO North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization \n NEAFC North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission \n NPFC North Pacific Fisheries Commission \nOSPAR\tConvention for the Protection of the MarineEnvironment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPARConvention)\nRFMO/A\tRegional fisheries management organization orarrangement\nNEREIDA\tNAFO Potential Vulnerable MarineEcosystem-Impacts of Deep-sea Fisheries project\n SEAFO South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization \n SIOFA South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement \nSPRFMO\tSouth Pacific Regional Fisheries ManagementOrganization\n VME Vulnerable marine ecosystem \n WCPFC Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission", "I. Introduction", "1. In resolution 64/72 of 4 December 2009, the General Assembly, inter alia, welcomed the important progress made by States, regional fisheries management organizations or arrangements (RFMO/As) and those States participating in negotiations to establish a RFMO/A competent to regulate bottom fisheries to give effect to paragraphs 80 and 83 to 87 of resolution 61/105 and address the impacts of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks.", "2. On the basis of its review, the General Assembly considered that further actions, in accordance with the precautionary approach, ecosystem approaches and international law were needed to strengthen the implementation of these paragraphs, and called upon RFMO/As with the competence to regulate bottom fisheries, States participating in negotiations to establish such organizations or arrangements, and flag States to take the additional actions described in the present report. The General Assembly also called upon States to take action immediately, individually and through RFMO/As, to implement the 2008 International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations[1] in order to sustainably manage fish stocks and protect VMEs from destructive fishing practices.", "3. In addition, the General Assembly decided to conduct a further review at its sixty-sixth session in 2011 of the actions taken by States and RFMO/As in response to the relevant paragraphs in resolutions 61/105 and 64/72, with a view to ensuring effective implementation of the measures and to make further recommendations, where necessary.", "4. Following the adoption of resolution 65/38, requesting the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its sixty-sixth session on the above-mentioned actions, the Secretary-General circulated a questionnaire to States, regional economic integration organizations and RFMO/As, inviting them to submit information on actions taken to implement the relevant resolutions with a view to facilitating a further review. Information was also requested from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).", "5. In response, submissions were received from 19 States, the European Union, 12 RFMO/As and FAO (see annex). The present report is based on the information therein provided, as well as other relevant information. The Secretary-General wishes to express his appreciation for these submissions.", "II. Overview of the impacts of bottom fisheries on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep‑sea fish stocks", "A. Vulnerable marine ecosystems: an updated review", "6. As previously reported,[2] the vulnerability of an ecosystem is related to the likelihood that one or more components (i.e., population, community or habitat) will experience substantial alteration owing to short term or chronic disturbance, and the likelihood that it will recover, and in what time frame. The most vulnerable ecosystems are those that are both easily disturbed and very slow to recover, or may never recover.[3] Within ecosystems, seamounts, hydrothermal vents and cold-water corals may be regarded as ecotopes, which are expected to occur as numerous, small patches, scattered among areas of larger ecosystems.¹", "7. Earlier reports of the Secretary-General provided detailed descriptions of VMEs, in particular VMEs in the deep-sea beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.[4] The following section provides an updated review on these VMEs.", "1. Seamounts", "8. Ecological paradigms have created a widely held view of seamounts, which are bathymetric features, as unique environments, hotspots of biodiversity and endemicity and fragile ecosystems of exceptional ecological worth. However, most of the scientific paradigms concerning seamount ecosystems are based on a very limited number of quantitative studies. Of the many thousands of seamounts worldwide, only around 300 have been sampled extensively by scientific standards.[5]", "9. A recent review of the evolution of the major paradigms in seamount ecology has revealed significant gaps in knowledge and called into question the accuracy of some of these paradigms.[6] Assertions that seamount communities are vulnerable to fishing and have high sensitivity and low resilience to bottom trawling disturbance were well supported by existing data. Physical disturbance or destruction of sessile communities with low productivity and rapid depletion of highly valued fish species that tend to aggregate at seamounts were well documented. However, the generalization that seamounts are island habitats with highly endemic faunas that comprise unique communities distinct in species composition from other deep-sea habitats was not generally supported. Obtaining evidence for endemism required very extensive sampling, and there had been some misuse of this term. In addition, the general belief that seamount communities have high production supported by localized production in bottom-up processes was not generally supported. The biomass and abundance of seamount-associated organisms may be high, but the production depended on a combination of localized production and input from adjacent ocean areas.", "10. There was, however, evidence to support the notion of seamounts as stepping stones for dispersal, oases of abundance and biomass, and hotspots of species richness, but present sampling levels were too low to establish these generalities. Benthic diversity could be comparable to that observed on continental margins.[7] Further investigation was also needed into emerging paradigms that seamount communities were structurally distinct, that populations of invertebrates on seamounts were the source of propagules for nearby slope sinks, and that seamounts might act as biological refugia from large-scale catastrophic environmental events. Genetic studies documented complex connectivity patterns between seamounts and other habitats, depending on spatial scales and life history features of the organisms investigated.[8]", "2. Hydrothermal vents", "11. Hydrothermal vents sustaining benthic and benthopelagic communities driven by chemosynthetic processes were first discovered in the late 1970s.[9] At mid-ocean ridges, interaction among the liquid magma from the Earth’s mantel, gases and water at extreme pressures create high-temperature deep-sea vents rich in chemicals that feed bacteria at the base of unique food chains. Other chemosynthetic systems are cold (cold seeps), which were first discovered along ocean margins in the Gulf of Mexico. The energy and matter derived from chemosynthetic processes at vents (and other deep features, such as cold seeps) is very minor compared with that generated by photosynthesis.", "12. While widespread and probably more common than anticipated, hydrothermal vents are relatively small and localized maritime features. They typically occur at divergent plate boundaries (mid-ocean ridges) and convergent plates where back-arc spreading centres occur, in all oceans and at all latitudes. While the diversity of vent communities is low, endemism is high. Diversity in life history strategies of vent organisms is also probably high.[10] As new vent sites are being discovered, and with them a range of new associated species, early biogeographical theories are being tested and modified.[11]", "13. Of the vulnerable communities associated with chemosynthetic features, communities associated with cold seeps are probably more at risk of disturbance from human activity than those at hydrothermal vents. Cold seeps occur in soft-bottom continental shelf and slope areas where activities such as bottom trawling and petrochemical extraction are more extensive.", "3. Cold-water corals and hydroids", "14. Certain cold-water corals and hydrozoans,[12] primarily those potentially or actually forming forests, gardens and reefs, are members and indicators of vulnerable communities. Key taxa are stony corals (Scleractinia), alcyonaceans and gorgonians (Octocorallia), black corals (Antipatharia), and hydrocorals (Stylasteridae). Another group, primarily found on soft substrate, are the sea pens (Pennatulacea). Structured habitats formed by these taxa harbour diverse faunas that together may constitute a VME.", "15. Cold-water corals are typically found along submerged edges and slopes, on summits and along margins of seamounts,[13] on upper continental slopes and ridge hills and in canyons and trenches. Many coral species have vast ranges and some species are reef-forming. Different species or species groups have particular habitat preferences and depth ranges, and, based on knowledge on such patterns, habitat suitability modelling have been used to “predict” distributions of certain coral taxa, e.g., Lophelia.", "16. Stony coral reefs are ancient structures and deep-sea corals grow slowly and have the potential to live for thousands of years.[14] Reef ages may, therefore, be very high, but reefs are composed of some live and a large proportion of dead coral. Individual colonies seem to have the potential to grow quite rapidly, as shown by colonies frequently found attached to offshore oil rigs. But growth rates depend on food supply and environmental conditions, and deepwater corals are generally slow-growing.", "17. Mapping of corals and coral habitats continues worldwide and, in recent years, significant portions of ridge, seamount and slope waters in the Atlantic, South-West Pacific, and Indian Ocean have been investigated.[15] Many of the mapped areas were fished historically or constitute potential bottom fishing areas.", "18. Coral polyps, gardens and reefs of the above-mentioned taxa are vulnerable because they are erect, fragile and slow to recover, especially in the deep-sea. Bottom-touching fishing gear and other activities on the seabed within coral areas cause physical disturbance and damage. The vulnerability of corals to other impacts, such as changes in ocean acidity and temperature, is also of increasing concern.[16]", "4. Other vulnerable marine ecosystems", "19. Carbonate mounds often have associated fragile species, such as coral. Sponge fields consist of either very fragile erect species (e.g., glass sponges) or masses of heavy robust species such as those of the genus Geodia.", "20. In some regions, such as the North Atlantic, significant mapping exercises have enhanced the knowledge of distribution areas of these features and species in recent years.", "21. As in coral areas, studies are under way that should provide more information on the significance of these VMEs as fish habitats and on the vulnerability of relevant species and communities.", "B. Deep-sea fish stocks", "22. Deep-sea fish are generally defined as the diverse assemblage of fish species living beyond marginal seas and continental shelves, and/or at depths greater than 200 metres, although other depth-boundaries have also been used.[17] Major habitats are upper continental slopes, ridges, deep island and seamount slopes and summits and deep bank areas, but deep fjords and shelf troughs and canyons are also included.", "23. Deep-sea fish “stocks” comprise the subset of deep-sea fishes that are targets or by-catches in commercial fisheries.[18] Few of these fishes are truly midwater (pelagic) species. Most are demersal, or live on or in association with the seabed, but some may feed benthopelagically. Most deep-sea fish stocks are exploited in waters shallower than 1,000 metres, although some are exploited to 2,000 metres. In the light of the generally steep decline in abundance and biomass and changes in species composition with increasing depth,¹⁷ deeper fishing is unlikely to develop even if technically possible.", "24. The diversity of life history characteristics and ecology among deep-sea species is considerable. Fishes inhabiting areas shallower than 500 metres and mesopelagic or benthopelagic species, such as blue whiting and walley pollock, generally have life-history characters similar to continental shelf species.[19] But this depth limitation is not universally applicable. Deep-living species may also occur in certain shallow parts of their ranges or, for example, at summits of seamounts.", "25. Longevity and growth rates also vary among deep-living species. In the North-East Atlantic, some deepwater species (e.g., alfonsino, blackspot seabream, black scabbardfish, ling, tusk) have life histories similar to shallow-living demersal species, while others (e.g., roundnose grenadier, deepwater sharks, and orange roughy) have extreme longevities spanning several decades or more than a century.[20] Deepwater sharks have very limited fecundities.", "26. Most deep-sea species have very wide ranges, but regional and local spatial distribution varies between species. Some species are typically aggregating and may occur in vast concentrations (e.g., on top of seamounts)[21] and in slope sections. Some species aggregate during spawning season and are otherwise widely dispersed. Most demersal species also depend on midwater organism as prey, and take advantage of diel vertical migrations of prey species, sinking of carcasses, and circulation-dependent concentration of prey at certain depths and habitats. In addition, many species use structured habitats of geological or biogenic origin as shelter and feeding areas. Most fish species found in areas with corals and sponges also inhabit other structured habitats.", "27. The deepwater fish species most vulnerable to overfishing are the easily marketable species with extended life cycles, low fecundity, slow growth and distribution areas comparatively close to markets (e.g., orange roughy, roundnose grenadier, blue ling and many deepwater sharks). Those species forming aggregations that can be readily detected and captured or showing a strong tendency to be attracted to longline bait share characteristics that enhance vulnerability.", "C. Impacts of bottom fishing on vulnerable marine ecosystems and deep-sea fish stocks", "28. The following section updates earlier information on the impacts of bottom fishing activities on VMEs and deep-sea fish stocks and efforts to improve their assessment.[22]", "1. Vulnerable marine ecosystems", "29. Several studies have documented the negative effects of mobile fishing gear on deep-sea benthic organisms and communities, in particular on structure-forming organisms, such as certain corals and sponges. Impacts include localized depletion, loss of habitat complexity, shifts in community structure and changes in ecosystem processes.", "30. Damage to corals appears to be lasting and recovery can take decades or even longer. Major coral reefs impacted by bottom fishing activities have likely already been lost forever.[23] Fishing in coral and sponge grounds can also result in severe unwanted by-catches with associated damage to the intended catch and interruptions to already expensive fishing operations. However, the worldwide scale of these impacts has not been satisfactorily assessed. In areas where the overall bottom trawling activity has been less, or where vessels have made efforts to avoid known coral and sponge areas, VMEs are less affected or intact even if fishing activity is heavy nearby.", "31. Mapping activity has increased in recent years in many actual and potential fishing areas of the Atlantic, the Pacific and the Indian Oceans and has resulted in enhanced documentation of the existence and distribution of VME indicators. The spatial distribution of fishing activity has also been better documented and the scientific basis for management decisions has improved.[24] Habitat suitability modelling has been used to predict sub-areas of the ocean, in particular seamounts and ridges that are likely to have VME indicators at risk of fisheries impacts.[25] With sufficient calibration of model predictions with observational data on distribution of VME indicators at regional and local scales, such modelling will guide efforts to map and protect VMEs.", "32. A shortcoming in previous assessments lies in the incomplete record of activity and impacts from fisheries that began in the 1960s and were largely unregulated for several decades. In most cases, records only comprise landings and the geo-referencing of landings, and information on gears and fishing effort were unsatisfactory. The trends over time in the potential for adverse impacts are not well known. Even for recent decades, it has been difficult to review the history of deep-sea fisheries and other impacts.[26]", "2. Deep-sea fish stocks", "33. The history of deepwater fisheries has been regarded as relatively recent. However, smaller scale fisheries deeper than 200 metres occurred well before the mid-1960s, including high-seas longlining operations for species such as ling, tusk and halibut, and artisanal fisheries for species such as black scabbardfish. However, large-scale industrialized operations were more recent and expanded in a period of exploration and discovery, technological innovation, market demand, and political support through fishing subsidies. Aggregating deepwater species detected with echosounders were easy targets and excessive fishing effort led to serial depletion of localized concentrations, both on seamounts and continental slopes.[27]", "34. In the 1990s, alarming observations of very rapid drops in catch per unit of effort of key target species, such as orange roughy, armourhead, roundnose grenadier, and blue ling were reported.[28] Lack of time-series data prevented scientific advisory bodies from providing precise advice, only strong warning messages. Stock assessments were not available or could not be accomplished owing to lack of data.", "35. The present situation has improved, mainly because time series of catch per unit of effort and fisheries-independent research surveys have accumulated new relevant information. These activities have usually not resulted in stock assessments of satisfactory quality, but the basis for monitoring of trends and assessing status has improved. In some areas, new assessments have confirmed previous abundance trends (i.e., rapid or gradual declines in abundance to much reduced levels). In at least one case, assessments and survey data suggested no particular trend or even increasing abundance.[29] However, the survey of available cases shows that very few assessments have been made.", "36. Throughout the history of large-scale fisheries, the estimate of the worldwide landed biomass of deepwater fishes from seamounts, continental slopes and ridges was approximately 2.25 million tons.[30] FAO estimated that the annual landings of deepwater species in 2006 from areas beyond national jurisdiction were approximately 250,000 tons and the number of vessels engaged in high seas deepwater fishing that year was 285.[31] Although imprecise, these figures illustrate the scale of deepwater fishing.", "37. The relatively few available time series of fisheries-independent survey data show the decline in abundance in exploited deepwater fishing areas where large-scale trawling has occurred (e.g., North-West and North-East Atlantic),[32] and some impacts seem to extend deeper than the actual fishing area. Target species and associated by-catch species have been affected, but results also show that diversity and fundamental community structure has been maintained. Monitoring by regular surveys has now been conducted in many traditional deepwater fishing areas on continental slopes and some seamount areas, but recovery of depleted fish populations will take a long time.", "38. The impact on certain fish stocks and by-catch species of large-scale fishing is thus well documented, and the sustainability of such fisheries has been questioned.[33] Analyses suggest that the likelihood of achieving sustainability is probably higher in small-scale fisheries.[34] Overall, the key to achieving sustainability does not lie in the fishing method and vessel size or power, but in the level of fishing mortality exerted by any fishery on the population being exploited and how well exploitation has been tuned to natural dynamics.", "39. An emerging challenge is to assess changes in impact patterns on fish stocks and biodiversity as the awareness of the negative consequences of harmful fishing practices has risen during the past 10 to 15 years.[35] Analyses of changes in impact patterns and monitoring of recovery processes are also few in number.[36]", "III. Actions taken by States and regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on vulnerable marine ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks", "40. In paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly considered that further actions were needed to strengthen the implementation of paragraphs 80 and 83 to 87 of resolution 61/105,[37] and called upon RFMO/As, States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As and flag States to take a number of urgent actions in areas beyond national jurisdiction to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks. In paragraph 120 of resolution 64/72, the Assembly called upon flag States, members of RFMO/As and States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As to adopt and implement measures in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, and international law, and consistent with the FAO Guidelines, and not to authorize bottom fishing activities until such measures have been adopted and implemented. Furthermore, in paragraphs 122 and 123 of resolution 64/72, the Assembly called upon States and competent RFMO/As to take a number of actions to enhance efforts in cooperating to collect and exchange scientific and technical data and information and in developing or strengthening data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes.", "41. States and RFMO/As have taken a wide range of actions to give effect to the relevant paragraphs of resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 in order to address the impacts of bottom fishing on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks.", "A. Actions taken by regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements with competence to regulate bottom fisheries", "42. The following section describes actions taken by RFMO/As with competence to regulate bottom fisheries, since the adoption of resolution 64/72, to give effect to paragraph 83 of resolution 61/105 and paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72 and address the impacts of bottom fishing on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks. These RFMO/As are the following: Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM), Northwest Atlantic Fisheries Organization (NAFO), North East Atlantic Fisheries Commission (NEAFC), and South East Atlantic Fisheries Organization (SEAFO).[38]", "43. Other RFMO/As, such as Central Asian and Caucasus Regional Fisheries and Aquaculture Commission (CACFish), Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), and Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), reported that they either did not regulate bottom fisheries or did not have the mandate to do so. Contributions received from the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO) and the Pacific Island Forum Fisheries Agency (FFA) described general efforts and activities to sustainably manage fish stocks and protect vulnerable marine ecosystems.", "1. Overview of recent actions taken by RFMO/As", "44. In CCAMLR, the current management strategy to avoid significant adverse impacts on VMEs consists of the following measures: (i) a ban on bottom trawling in the high-seas areas of the CCAMLR Convention Area; (ii) restriction of exploratory fishing for toothfish to areas deeper than 550 metres; (iii) closure of risk areas around by-catch of VME indicator taxa when greater than a threshold level; and (iv) notification of areas with evidence of VMEs to be included on a VME register. The most important conservation measures that have been adopted to support the sustainable management and conservation of marine living resources are conservation measure 22-06 (Bottom fishing in the Convention Area) and conservation measure 22-07 (Bottom fishing activities subject to conservation measure 22-06).[39]", "45. Recent measures in GFCM included reducing bottom trawling fishing effort by a minimum of 10 per cent in the GFCM Area, establishing a fisheries restricted area in the Gulf of Lions to protect spawning aggregations and deep-sea sensitive habitats, and adopting a 40 millimetre (mm) square mesh as a minimum size for the codend of demersal trawlers.", "46. NAFO recently approved delineation of its existing bottom fishing based on data collected from Contracting Parties for 1987-2007. The NAFO footprint delineated areas historically open to fishing using bottom contact gears and was used by NAFO to distinguish between existing and new fishing areas. Closures introduced between 2006 and 2009 on seamounts and in areas where corals and sponges had been identified were maintained after reviews in 2010 were continued. A working group was established in the NAFO Scientific Council on ecosystem approaches to fisheries management, which had been tasked with identifying candidate VMEs and assessing the potential for significant adverse impacts. A working group of fishery managers and scientists on VMEs was also created to examine scientific advice and evaluate risks and recommend mitigating measures to avoid significant adverse impacts on VMEs in the NAFO Regulatory Area.", "47. NEAFC was protecting VMEs and reducing the risk of significant adverse impacts by establishing large marine protected areas (MPAs) that were closed to bottom fisheries for conservation purposes and by regulating fishing activity in sub-areas remaining open to fishing. MPAs were established where there was scientific evidence of VMEs. In areas where scientific information was less complete, such as on the mid-Atlantic Ridge and adjacent seamounts, large representative areas were nonetheless closed to bottom fisheries. In sub-areas remaining open to fishing, bottom fishing regulations applied to fishing vessels using fishing gear likely to contact the seafloor during the normal course of fishing operations. NEAFC had also prohibited the use of gillnets and entangling nets[40] in depths below 200 metres and had introduced measures to prevent the loss of gear and cleaning up lost gear (ghost fishing) from the period before the gillnet ban.", "48. In addition, NEAFC had developed maps on existing and new fishing areas in order to develop proportionate prerequisites for undertaking fishing trips with bottom gears. The maps would be revised regularly.[41] NEAFC also analysed the extent of the protection of VMEs in its regulatory area and had estimated that 91.9 per cent of the area south of Iceland had been identified as a new fishing area and therefore subject to its interim exploratory fishing protocol. MPAs had been established in 7.3 per cent of this area, which represented 54 per cent of the fishable area south of Iceland (less than 2,000 metres in depth). The whole of the Arctic Ocean had also been identified as a new fishing area.[42]", "49. Recent measures adopted in SEAFO to address the protection of VMEs included conservation measure 18/10 on the management of vulnerable deep water habitats and ecosystems. Pursuant to this measure, a total of 11 sub-areas known or likely to contain VMEs had been closed to bottom fisheries activities. Conservation measure 17/09 on bottom fishing activities in the SEAFO Convention Area applied to all existing and new bottom fishing areas outside SEAFO closed areas and contained detailed provisions on encounters with VMEs.", "2. Measures taken by RFMO/As to implement paragraph 83 of resolution 61/105 and paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72", "50. In paragraph 83 of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon RFMO/As with the competence to regulate bottom fisheries to adopt and implement measures, in accordance with the precautionary approach, ecosystem approaches and international law, as a matter of priority, but not later than 31 December 2008, to regulate bottom fishing activities and protect VMEs. In paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, the Assembly considered that further actions were needed to strengthen the implementation of the relevant paragraphs of resolution 61/105 and called upon RFMO/As, States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As and flag States to take a number of urgent actions in areas beyond national jurisdiction.", "51. The following section describes actions taken by RFMO/As to give effect to paragraph 83 of resolution 61/105 and paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72.³⁸", "(a) Conducting assessments and ensuring vessels do not engage in bottom fishing until assessments have been carried out", "52. In paragraph 83 (a) of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon RFMO/As to assess, on the basis of the best available scientific information, whether individual bottom fishing activities would have significant adverse impacts on VMEs, and to ensure that activities that would have significant adverse impacts on these ecosystems were managed to prevent such impacts, or not authorized to proceed. In paragraph 119 (a) of resolution 64/72, the Assembly also called upon RFMO/As to conduct the assessments called for in paragraph 83 (a) of resolution 61/105, consistent with the FAO Guidelines, and ensure that vessels do not engage in bottom fishing until such assessments have been carried out.", "53. In CCAMLR, conservation measures 22-06 and 22-07 provided for an assessment process to be undertaken by the CCAMLR Scientific Committee to determine if bottom fishing activities, taking into account, inter alia, the history of bottom fishing in the area and a risk assessment, would contribute to significant adverse impacts on VMEs, and to ensure that, if it was determined that the activities would make such contributions, they were managed to prevent such impacts or were not authorized to proceed. The impact assessment framework was designed as a flexible framework within which to estimate total impacts across all bottom fishing methods, to inform comparison between impacts occurring in different areas from different fisheries and/or arising from different fishing methods. In 2010, CCAMLR further refined the format and requirements for preliminary impact assessments of bottom fishing activities that members were required to submit prior to fishing.[43]", "54. Nine CCAMLR members had submitted notifications to participate in new and exploratory fisheries under conservation measure 21-02 and had submitted preliminary benthic impact assessments as required under conservation measure 22‑06. CCAMLR members had been requested to complete method assessments for Spanish longlines, trotlines, pots and bottom trawls, so that an impact assessment could be completed. Estimated impacts from longlines were generally low, and fishing effort was distributed unevenly within the fished areas of each sub-area or division. Work had yet to be undertaken on using the impact assessment methods to determine the impacts of proposed bottom fishing activities in the future.", "55. In NAFO, as of 1 January 2009, all bottom fishing activities in new fishing areas or with bottom gear not previously used in the area concerned were considered to be exploratory fisheries and subject to its exploratory fisheries protocol, as well as an assessment procedure. The NAFO exploratory fishery protocol described the responsibilities of NAFO Contracting Parties to notify the NAFO secretariat of their intent to fish and provide harvesting, mitigation, catch monitoring and data-collection plans.", "56. The assessment procedure was further elaborated in 2010 and required all future assessments of bottom fishing activities to conform to the relevant elements of the FAO Guidelines, including ensuring compatibility across flag States’ assessments.[44] Contracting Parties were required to submit information and a preliminary assessment of the known and anticipated impacts of bottom fishing activities on VMEs if bottom fishing was proposed outside the existing footprint; if there were significant changes to the conduct or technology of existing bottom fisheries; or if new scientific information indicated a VME in a given area.", "57. In 2010, the NAFO Scientific Council reviewed the potential for significant adverse impacts of pelagic, long-line and other fishing gear types other than mobile bottom gear on seamount VMEs and concluded that there was a clear potential for fishing gears other than bottom trawling to produce significant adverse impacts on VME communities. Impacts were typically associated with (a) habitat destruction produced by the gear when in contact with the bottom; and (b) depletion of localized populations of both non-commercial VME species indicators and commercial valuable local fish stocks. Movements caused when longlines, gillnets and traps were being deployed and recovered could also damage benthic structures and habitats. Given the slow growth/reproductive rates that characterize VME-forming species, these damages could accrue to constitute significant adverse impacts.", "58. In NEAFC, all bottom fishing activities in new bottom fishing areas or with bottom gear not previously used in the area concerned had been considered to be exploratory fisheries since 2009 and subject to an exploratory bottom fisheries protocol and an assessment procedure. Contracting Parties proposing to participate in bottom fishing were required to submit information on and, where possible, an initial assessment of the known and anticipated impacts of their bottom fishing activities on VMEs, including proposed mitigation measures to prevent such impacts. Thereafter, NEAFC would adopt conservation and management measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on VMEs, which could include allowing, prohibiting or restricting bottom fishing with certain gear types. In 2010, NEAFC also adopted changes in the bottom fishing regulations to clarify the obligation to perform an initial assessment before fisheries commence.[45]", "59. SEAFO reported that all bottom fishing activities in new bottom fishing areas, or with bottom gear not previously used in the area, were considered to be exploratory fisheries and were subject to an interim exploratory bottom fisheries protocol. Before exploratory bottom fishing could take place, a detailed proposal was to be submitted to the SEAFO Scientific Committee, which would provide a recommendation on whether the exploratory fishing could proceed. Exploratory bottom fishing activities were also subject to an assessment by the SEAFO Scientific Committee, based on the best available scientific information, to determine if the activities would have significant adverse impacts on VMEs. Taking account of the advice and recommendations of the SEAFO Scientific Committee, SEAFO was to adopt conservation and management measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on VMEs that could include prohibiting or restricting bottom fishing activities or bottom fishing with certain gear types.", "(b) Identifying vulnerable marine ecosystems and adopting measures to prevent significant adverse impacts or closing areas to bottom fishing", "60. In paragraph 83 (b) of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon RFMO/As to identify VMEs and determine whether bottom fishing activities would cause significant adverse impacts to such ecosystems and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks, inter alia, by improving scientific research and data collection and sharing, and through new and exploratory fisheries. In respect of areas where VMEs were known to occur or were likely to occur, based on the best available scientific information, RFMO/As were called upon to close such areas to bottom fishing and ensure that such activities did not proceed unless conservation and management measures had been established to prevent significant adverse impacts. In paragraph 119 (b) of resolution 64/72, the Assembly called upon RFMO/As to conduct further marine scientific research and use the best scientific and technical information available to identify where VMEs were known to occur or were likely to occur and adopt conservation and management measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on such ecosystems consistent with the FAO Guidelines, or close such areas to bottom fishing until conservation and management measures have been established, as called for in paragraph 83 (c) of resolution 61/105.", "61. In giving effect to these paragraphs and conducting marine scientific research to identify VMEs, NAFO reported that Spain launched the NAFO Potential Vulnerable Marine Ecosystem-Impacts of Deep-sea Fisheries (NEREIDA) project, which was expected to delineate the location of corals and sponges in the NAFO Regulatory Area with much greater precision than had been possible to date (also see sect. III.C).[46] Canada also conducted scientific surveys and studies in 2009 to characterize the Orphan Knoll, which was a seamount closed by NAFO. Ongoing research activities were expected to generate data and produce analyses, including ongoing NEREIDA cruises focused on the identification and delineation of VMEs and VME-defining species, the collection and identification of sponges in a 2009 Greenland demersal survey, and other research activities carried out by Canada.", "62. SEAFO reported that an updated bathymetric database and map for the SEAFO Convention area had been created, based on various data-sets from a number of public sources around the world. The study suggested that data, on South Atlantic seamounts, especially in terms of biologically significant data, was at best very patchy and of variable quality. Locations of seamount and seamount complexes with depth ranges potentially explored or exploited by bottom fisheries were localized better and visualized.", "63. In adopting measures to prevent significant adverse impacts or closing areas to bottom fishing, CCAMLR was developing advice on precautionary management actions that could be taken to mitigate immediate risks to VMEs, and including in its VME register two new sites identified during a fishery-independent trawl survey. Registered VMEs were protected through spatial closures of varying sizes for some areas. However, there were no general measures in place to give specific protection to all registered VMEs.", "64. CCAMLR was also focusing attention on MPAs and a series of milestones had been agreed to support the submission of proposals to CCAMLR on a representative system of MPAs in 2012. In 2009, CCAMLR declared its first high seas MPA, for the South Orkney Islands southern shelf, and conservation measure 91-03 prohibited all types of fishing activities, including a prohibition on the dumping of waste and discharges by fishing vessels, in an area of approximately 94,000 square kilometres.", "65. GFCM reported on the establishment of a fisheries-restricted area in the Gulf of Lions to protect spawning aggregations and deep-sea sensitive habitats, in addition to other earlier closures to protect deep-sea sensitive habitats, including deep water coral reefs, where fishing with towed dredges and bottom trawl nets was prohibited.", "66. In NAFO, 18 areas in the NAFO Regulatory Area were currently closed to bottom fishing. Seamount closures were reviewed in 2010 and extended until 2014. In 2011, all current closed areas would be reviewed, as well as existing measures pertaining to bottom fishing in the NAFO Regulatory Area. The total area currently closed to bottom fishing activity was estimated to be 14.13 per cent of the total NAFO Regulatory Area.[47]", "67. In 2009, NAFO published a coral identification guide to assist in identifying and recording the various species of coral likely to be commonly encountered in fishing trawls. In 2010, a sponge identification guide was also developed, which complements the coral guide and allows for easier identification of common sponge species.", "68. NEAFC reported establishing MPAs where there was scientific evidence of the occurrence of VMEs. MPAs created in 2004 had been regularly updated as additional scientific advice had been received, primarily in response to requests for scientific advice from the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES). Inspection services had investigated how MPAs could be monitored and controlled and indicated that it was feasible to establish effective control and enforcement of these areas.", "69. NEAFC also reported establishing large MPAs based on the general considerations of creating no take zones to preserve, protect and/or facilitate the restoration of resources and associated invertebrate communities, and to protect representative VMEs against potentially significant adverse impacts. In 2009, NEAFC decided to considerably expand closures in the Mid-Atlantic Ridge that had been closed until the end of 2008 on a precautionary basis. Historical fishing effort data or impact assessments at relevant spatial scales were not available and were unlikely to become available unless dedicated major efforts to mine historical sources were implemented. A comprehensive evaluation of the current state of the resources and their associated invertebrate communities could thus not be made.", "70. SEAFO reported that a fishing footprint had been prepared based on digital catch position data for individual hauls/sets for the period 1987-2007 and historical fishing from 1996-2010 to date. Three categories of exploitable seamounts/ seamount complexes were defined (“considered to be unexploited”, “already slightly exploited”, and “already exploited”), and the spatial pattern of fishing was overlaid on seamount areas already identified. A total of 11 sub-areas known or likely to contain VMEs had been closed to bottom fisheries activities on the basis of bathymetry and best knowledge of biogeography. The closures all contained areas potentially or actually exploitable by present fisheries ranging in depth to a maximum of approximately 2,000 metres and were distributed geographically under the assumption that a biogeographically representative set of seamounts/seamount complexes would be protected.", "(c) Protocols for encounters with vulnerable marine ecosystems", "71. In paragraph 83 (d) of resolution 61/105, the General Assembly called upon RFMO/As to require vessels of members to cease bottom fishing activities in areas where, in the course of fishing operations, VMEs were encountered and to report the encounter so that appropriate measures could be adopted in respect of the relevant site. In paragraph 119 (c) of resolution 64/72, the Assembly called upon RFMO/As to establish and implement appropriate protocols for the implementation of paragraph 83 (d) of resolution 61/105, including definitions of what constituted evidence of an encounter, in particular threshold levels and indicator species.", "72. In CCAMLR, conservation measure 22-07 specified action required when organisms that may be indicative of the presence of a VME were encountered, including providing notifications to the CCAMLR secretariat. It also defined “Risk Area”, “VME Indicator Organism”, “VME Indicator Unit”, and encounter parameters. The CCAMLR secretariat was responsible for maintaining a VME Taxa Classification Guide and a VME Register of known or likely VME areas protected from bottom fishing activities.⁴⁵ Conservation measure 22-06 also required Contracting Parties to provide notification to the CCAMLR secretariat in other cases, including during the course of research and related activities. The measure included guidelines specifying categories of information to be included in such notifications. The CCAMLR encounter measure will be reviewed again in 2012.[48]", "73. The CCAMLR Scientific Committee provided advice on known and anticipated impacts of bottom fishing activities on VMEs and recommended practices and mitigation measures, including cessation of fishing activities when evidence of a VME was encountered. Thirty-two encounters with VMEs were notified in accordance with conservation measure 22-06 during the course of research in areas that were currently closed to most bottom fishing activities. A total of 53 VME indicator notifications were submitted in accordance with conservation measure 22-07, including notifications that resulted in the declaration of 15 Risk Areas.", "74. Interim encounter provisions were established in NAFO in 2008 for fishing in new and existing fishing areas when VME indicator species were encountered. In 2010, measures were adopted to implement a more comprehensive data-collection protocol for coral and sponge species encountered in exploratory and existing fishing areas.⁴³ The threshold amounts of primary VME indicator species were reduced to more precautionary levels, from 100 kg to 60 kg of live coral and/or from 1,000 kg to 800 kg of live sponge. Fishing vessels that were operating potentially harmful gear types and encountering evidence of VMEs were subject to stopping fishing, moving away and reporting such encounters. For exploratory fisheries in new fishing areas, a temporary closure of a two-mile radius around the reporting position would also be implemented. The information reported from such encounters was then scientifically assessed and reviewed to determine and adopt any necessary measures for the protection of VMEs.", "75. In the North-East Atlantic, the NEAFC “move-on” rule applied in new and existing fishing areas. Vessels were required to cease bottom fishing activities in any site where, in the course of fishing operations, evidence of VMEs was encountered, and to report the encounter to the NEAFC Secretary so that appropriate measures could be adopted. An encounter with primary VME indicator species was defined in terms of a quantity of live corals and sponges caught in a fishing operation.[49] NEAFC indicated that there had not been any reports of encounters with VMEs and that authorization to fish in new fishing areas had not been granted by any NEAFC Contracting Party.", "76. In SEAFO, conservation measure 17/09 contained a protocol and operational procedures on the landing and reporting of corals and sponges. SEAFO Contracting Parties are required to ensure that vessels flying their flag ceased bottom fishing activities where, in the course of fishing operations, evidence of VMEs was encountered and to report the encounter to the SEAFO Executive Secretary so that appropriate measures could be adopted. For both existing and new fishing areas, an encounter with primary VME indicator species was defined on a provisional basis as a catch per set (e.g., trawl tow, longline set or gillnet set) of more than 60 kg of live coral and/or 800 kg of live sponge.", "77. In 2010, the SEAFO Scientific Sub-Committee analysed data on sponges and corals caught by a Spanish longline on commercial trips fishing for toothfish in the first half of 2010, but concluded that the quantities of VME indicators taxa were relatively small in most of the sets and did not exceed the threshold as set by the Commission.", "(d) Measures to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and non‑target species and the rebuilding of depleted stocks", "78. In paragraph 119 (d) of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon RFMO/As to adopt conservation and management measures, including monitoring, control and surveillance measures, on the basis of stock assessments and the best available scientific information, to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and non-target species and the rebuilding of depleted stocks. In this regard, where scientific information was uncertain, unreliable or inadequate, RFMO/As were to ensure that conservation and management measures were established consistent with the precautionary approach, including measures to ensure that fishing effort, fishing capacity and catch limits, as appropriate, were at levels commensurate with the long-term sustainability of such stocks.", "79. CCAMLR reported that it had adopted resolution 31/XXVIII relating to the use of the best available science to support the development of conservation measures and, consistent with paragraph 119 (d) of resolution 64/72, a suite of conservation and management measures relating to monitoring, control and surveillance, regulation of mesh size, catch and effort reporting, prohibitions on directed fishing, measures for exploratory fisheries, and precautionary catch limits.", "80. GFCM focused on developing and strengthening its monitoring, control and surveillance frameworks, including for deep-sea fisheries in international waters. In this regard, GFCM adopted a series of measures, including minimum standards for the establishment of a vessel monitoring system and a regional fishing vessel register. Each year, GFCM reviewed the compliance of members and cooperating non-members and requested remedial actions to address acts or omissions identified so as not to diminish the effectiveness of its management measures. The levels of overall fishing capacity in the GFCM area were determined based on a regional plan of action considering the national and regional fishing capacity management plans and scientific advice.", "81. NAFO reported that it had adopted conservation and management measures for the 20 fish stocks under its mandate each year. Its comprehensive monitoring, control and surveillance scheme included vessel registry, reporting and recording requirements of catches and fishing effort, labelling of fish products, stowage requirements and marking of gear, independent observers, joint patrol and inspection schemes, vessel monitoring system and port State measures. In addition, NAFO conducted an annual compliance review to assess how NAFO Contracting Parties were complying with its conservation and enforcement measures.", "82. NEAFC reported that all aspects of the management of the major fisheries in the NEAFC Regulatory Area were detailed in the NEAFC fishery status report for the years 1998-2007. All species fished in the NEAFC Regulatory Area were regulated resources and management measures were in place. For some stocks, analytic stock assessments were also available from ICES. In addition, NEAFC fishery fact sheets, including on deep-sea fisheries, were published in the FAO Fishery Resources Monitoring System. NEAFC had adopted a comprehensive framework on monitoring, surveillance and control to assist in promoting the long-term conservation and optimum utilization of the fishery resources in the North-East Atlantic area. The NEAFC Scheme of Control and Enforcement and the Non-Contracting Party Scheme was now integrated.", "83. In regards to fishing effort, NEAFC reported that since analytical assessments for many of the deep-sea fish stocks were unavailable, controlling fishing mortality for individual deep-sea stocks had been deemed not to be feasible. Instead, NEAFC had applied overall effort control, reducing effort in the limited deep-sea fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction by 35 per cent.", "84. SEAFO adopted a variety of conservation and management measures to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and non-target species and the rebuilding of depleted stocks, consistent with the FAO Guidelines, including measures on the conservation of target species, the conservation of VMEs, flag State responsibilities, and fishing in general. Measures adopted to ensure the sustainable utilization of deep-sea fisheries and VMEs included conservation measure 17/09, which addressed all activities related to bottom fisheries and applied in all existing and new bottom fishing areas outside SEAFO closed areas. SEAFO also maintained a record of fishing vessels authorized to conduct fishing activities. Vessels not entered into the record were considered to be conducting IUU fishing.⁴⁵", "B. Actions taken by States to regulate bottom fisheries", "85. In paragraph 80 of resolution 61/105 and paragraph 113 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon States to take action immediately, individually and through RFMO/As, and consistent with the precautionary approach and ecosystem approaches, to sustainably manage fish stocks and protect VMEs from destructive fishing practices, recognizing the immense importance and value of deep-sea ecosystems and the biodiversity they contain. In particular, in paragraph 113 of resolution 64/72, the Assembly emphasized the need for States to take action to implement the FAO Guidelines in this regard.", "86. In paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon flag States to take a number of urgent actions in areas beyond national jurisdiction to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks. In addition, in paragraph 120 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon flag States and members of RFMO/As to adopt and implement measures in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, and international law, and consistent with the FAO Guidelines, and not to authorize bottom fishing activities until such measures have been adopted and implemented.", "87. The following section describes the wide range of measures and actions taken by States to give effect to resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks.", "1. Overview of actions taken by States", "88. States and the European Union reported that the effects of destructive fishing practices on VMEs were a serious problem and that resolutions 61/105 and 64/72, as well as the FAO Guidelines, were indispensable tools in the protection of VMEs from significant adverse impacts caused by destructive fishing practices and in ensuring the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks (Canada, Norway, United States). Resolution 61/105 was considered to be a watershed moment in the history of high seas fisheries and a regime shift for fisheries management.", "89. Some States and the European Union emphasized the importance of the implementation of the FAO Guidelines and highlighted their individual and collective efforts in this regard (Australia, Canada, Norway, United States). A few States also highlighted the special circumstances and challenges faced by developing States in giving full effect to the FAO Guidelines and resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 (New Zealand, United States). New Zealand was particularly committed to supporting small island developing States in the Pacific. The United States had collaborated with New Zealand to identify VMEs in the South Pacific.", "90. Several States (Australia, Canada, Croatia, Mexico, Norway, United States) and the European Union also reported on progress in the application of precautionary and ecosystems approaches to protect VMEs from bottom fishing and destructive fishing practices. Canada developed a policy for managing the impacts of fishing on sensitive benthic areas that applied to all commercial, recreational and aboriginal marine fishing activities within and beyond areas under national jurisdiction. Separate processes were outlined for historically fished and frontier areas, and required greater precaution when fishing was being considered in frontier areas. Special consideration was given to historically fished areas that had not been exposed to bottom-contact fishing by requiring prior risk assessments. In the United States, a national policy was established to ensure the protection, maintenance, and restoration of the health of ocean, coastal, and Great Lakes ecosystems and resources, which had at its heart an ecosystem-based coastal and marine spatial planning framework.", "91. Some States and the European Union also reported on the development of comprehensive legislations or national policies to regulate bottom fishing and address impacts on VMEs (Canada, Chile, Denmark, Norway, United States). Chile was developing a draft law to establish a legal framework for the protection and preservation of VMEs. Denmark reported that Greenland was developing legislation to restrict bottom touching gear by defining new fishing areas, establishing a move away clause in new fishing areas, reporting obligations in areas outside new fishing areas, and identifying new areas where fishing with bottom touching gear was not allowed.", "92. The European Union reported that the reform of its common fisheries policy was ongoing and was expected to be adopted by the end of 2012, and enter into force on 1 January 2013. The policy established the legal framework for the conservation, management and exploitation of living aquatic resources where such activities were practised on the territory of European Union member States or in European Union waters or by European Union fishing vessels, including the application of the precautionary and ecosystem approaches to fisheries management.", "93. Norway reported that it was developing national regulations on bottom fishing activities, expected to enter into force later in 2011, aimed at protecting VMEs from destructive fishing practices. More rigorous obligations, including with regard to reporting and protocol routines, as well as scientific observers, would apply for fishing activities in new bottom fishing areas. In the case of an encounter with a VME, vessels would be required to cease fishing, report the incident and move at least two nautical miles away from the area.", "94. Several States and the European Union also reported on a variety of research and monitoring activities within areas of national jurisdiction to determine the status of fish stocks, identify or map VMEs, or increase knowledge on marine ecosystems (Australia, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Mexico, Norway, United States). In addition, some States and the European Union reported on research programmes to assess the impacts of bottom fishing on fish stocks and marine ecosystems within areas of national jurisdiction (Canada, Chile, Croatia, United States). In the United States, a spatially explicit model was being developed as a tool for identifying habitat types and locations that were more vulnerable to fishing with different commercial gear types. The model could be used to track area-specific temporal changes in fishing effort and to identify areas that were most heavily impacted and in need of management. It could also be used to predict how certain gear modifications or reductions in fishing effort could affect habitat impacts.", "(a) Measures to regulate bottom fishing vessels or close areas to bottom fishing", "95. Many States and the European Union provided information on measures taken to regulate bottom fishing within areas of national jurisdiction (Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Mexico, United States). The measures included restrictions or prohibitions on bottom fishing gear or activities (Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, Mexico, United States), spatial, temporal or effort restrictions (Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Palau, United States), as well as monitoring, surveillance and control of vessels. In this regard, Palau banned all bottom trawling in areas under its national jurisdiction and all bottom trawling by its nationals and vessels anywhere in the world. Palauan law also prohibited companies doing business in Palau from engaging in bottom trawling anywhere in the world (see also sect. III.B.3 (b)). Several States also highlighted measures taken to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks and non-target species, and the rebuilding of depleted stocks, consistent with the FAO Guidelines, as called for in paragraph 119 (d) of resolution 64/72 (Australia, New Zealand, United States).", "96. A number of States reported on the use of area-based management tools within areas of national jurisdiction to protect VMEs and marine biodiversity more generally, by limiting or restricting fishing activities, including through the establishment of marine parks, marine conservation areas, MPAs and no-take zones (Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Mexico, Iceland, United States). Many States also reported on a variety of specific closures within areas of national jurisdiction to prohibit bottom fishing activities and protect VMEs from significant adverse impacts (Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Mexico, Norway, Palau, United States).", "97. For example, in Canada, the offshore trawling industry for shrimp and groundfish had instituted a voluntary closure off Nova Scotia to protect a concentration of rare sponges. Chile recently established the Motu Motiro Hiva Marine Park, encompassing a surface area of 150,000 square kilometres, which was off limits to any type of commercial extractive activity. In Croatia, fishing activities were banned in 20 nursery areas and some forms of commercial fishing were prohibited in larger parts of its territorial waters. Denmark, in respect of Faroe Islands, reported that three areas where coral reefs had been identified were closed to all trawling and additional areas were being mapped. Most of the Faroe Bank was also permanently closed to bottom trawling. Iceland reported that the use of bottom fishing trawl was totally prohibited in certain coastal waters, often with a high proportion of juvenile fish. Approximately 59,000 km² of a total area of 212,000 km² less than 500 metres in depth was thus excluded from bottom trawling.", "98. Mexico’s national legislation set out specifications for fishing that governed programmes for 40 protected natural areas, as well as guidelines for the protection of 15 marine species that were not subject to fishing exploitation. The Guaymas Basin and Eastern Pacific Rise Hydrothermal Vents Sanctuary was established in 2009 and covered a total surface area of 1,456 km² in which fishing was prohibited.", "99. In the United States, trawling was prohibited in several areas of Alaska to protect red tree corals, sensitive benthic habitats used by crabs and other species, and pinnacles that have vulnerable ecosystems similar to seamounts. In the South Atlantic, deepwater MPAs were established to shield deep-water fish species and their habitats from fishing.", "100. Some States also reported on specific strategies or closures to protect cold water corals and sponge communities within areas of national jurisdiction (Canada, Iceland, Norway, United States). In Iceland, five coral areas had been closed and further work was aimed at defining areas that needed special protection, as well as proposals for additional areas to be closed for all bottom contacting fishing gears. In Norway, regulations were adopted to protect cold-water coral reefs, which provided that intentional and negligent destruction of known coral reefs was prohibited and precaution was required when fishing in the vicinity of known cold-water coral reefs and eight particularly valuable coral reefs had been granted special protection. There was a general duty of care for Norwegian vessels during fishing operations near known coral reefs, which applied to waters under Norwegian fisheries jurisdiction and outside for vessels flying the Norwegian flag.", "101. In the United States, new deepwater coral habitat areas of particular concern and gear prohibitions were established in areas of the South Atlantic to reduce or eliminate the impacts of fishing on cold-water coral and sponge habitats, encompassing an area over 62,000 km² where bottom tending fishing gear and anchoring by fishing vessels were prohibited. Canada and the United States also reported on the development of strategic plans for coral and sponge ecosystems.", "(b) Implementation by States of measures adopted by competent RFMO/As", "102. Many States supported the adoption of measures in RFMO/As in which they were members to protect VMEs from the impact of bottom fishing activities, pursuant to resolutions 61/105 and 64/72. In this context, States reported that existing RFMO/As had taken significant actions to implement resolution 61/105, although further work was necessary, both through existing RFMO/As and those under development, to identify and protect VMEs from significant adverse impacts of bottom fishing activities and to sustainably manage deep-sea fisheries.", "103. More specifically, States reported on a variety of actions they had taken to support or implement conservation and management measures in RFMO/As to which they belonged to regulate deep-sea fishing and protect VMEs. Such actions were reported, in particular, in CCAMLR (Australia, Chile, European Union, France, Norway, New Zealand, United States), GFCM (Croatia), NAFO (Canada, France, European Union, Iceland, Norway, United States), NEAFC (Iceland, Norway) and SEAFO (European Union).", "104. Many States and the European Union also provided information on actions that had been taken nationally to implement conservation and management measures adopted in RFMO/As to address the impacts of bottom fishing on VMEs (Australia, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Denmark, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway, Republic of Korea, United States). Denmark, in respect of the Faroe Islands, emphasized that time was needed to gain practical experience from the implementation of new provisions for bottom fisheries in the high seas and there was also a need to take due account of the knowledge and skills of vessel operators with experience from deep-sea bottom fisheries in the design and implementation of regulatory measures.", "105. Some States and the European Union also reported on the adoption of measures to ensure that vessels entitled to fly their flag complied with conservation and management measures adopted by RFMO/As (Australia, Chile, Croatia, Republic of Korea). Other States indicated that their vessels did not engage or were not authorized to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction, or that their vessels did not fish outside areas regulated by RFMO/As (Chile, Croatia, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, Kuwait, Mexico, New Zealand, United States) (see sect. III.B.3 (b)).", "106. Australia applied strong controls over vessels flying its flag through the issuance of high seas fishing permits to ensure compliance with conservation and management measures adopted by RFMO/As. All Australian flagged vessels were required to hold a high seas permit before undertaking any fishing activity and were subject to a number of measures, including mandatory observer coverage, move-on provisions, restrictions on fishing methods and gear types, seabird by-catch reduction measures in line fisheries, requirements to avoid interactions with cetaceans and other protected species, species catch prohibitions and vessel monitoring systems and reporting requirements. On encountering evidence of a VME, Australian vessels were required to cease fishing within a five-nautical-mile radius and provide details to its authorities so that appropriate measures could be adopted. The location was then closed to all operators using that gear type for the life of the permit, which was normally 12 months (see sect. III.B.2 (b) and (c)).", "107. Croatia applied a strict licensing regime for fisheries activities within the areas covered by the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) and GFCM and undertook all measures to strictly monitor its fleet using satellite tracking devices both in waters under national jurisdiction and on the high seas. France, in respect of its overseas territories, indicated that any new bottom fishing activities were to be submitted for preliminary authorization and that preliminary impact assessment measures would be imposed, pursuant to resolutions 61/105 and 64/72.", "108. New Zealand undertook pre- and post-trip inspections of vessels entering the CCAMLR Convention Area to ensure operators adhered to the relevant conservation measures. Otherwise, flagged vessels did not have permission to conduct bottom fishing on the high seas outside of the CCAMLR and SPRFMO areas.", "109. Several States and the European Union also reported on research activities and the work of scientific working groups in existing RFMO/As to address the impacts of bottom fishing on VMEs (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, United States). In regards to assessments, Australia commissioned a study to assess the sustainability of harvest rates by Australian flagged vessels of target species in high seas fisheries, which would consider current harvest rates, limited assessments of key stocks, such as orange roughy and alfonsino, and possible management measures. The European Union reported that Spain prepared a preliminary assessment of the risk of serious harm to VMEs and protocol performance for the 2008/09, 2009/10 and 2010/11 campaigns in order to meet the obligation in CCAMLR requiring Contracting Parties whose vessels wish to participate in any bottom fishing activity, as from December 2008, to submit such an assessment. New Zealand conducted impact assessments of all bottom fishing activities by New Zealand vessels in the CCAMLR Area, in accordance with paragraph 119 (a) of resolution 64/72. On the basis of information in assessments provided by its members and a risk assessment methodology developed by New Zealand, the CCAMLR Scientific Committee was able to quantitatively estimate the cumulative impact of bottom longline fishing in a spatially explicit format of likely impacts to date.", "2. Establishment of new RFMO/As with competence to regulate bottom fisheries and adoption and implementation of publicly available interim measures", "110. In paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As to take a number of urgent actions in areas beyond national jurisdiction to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks. In addition, in paragraph 120 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As to adopt and implement measures in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, and international law, and consistent with the FAO Guidelines, and not to authorize bottom fishing activities until such measures have been adopted and implemented. In paragraph 124 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly also called upon relevant States to cooperate and make efforts to establish RFMO/As competent to regulate bottom fisheries where there were no such organizations or arrangements.", "111. The following section describes actions taken by States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As to address the impacts of bottom fisheries on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks.", "(a) North Pacific Ocean", "(i) Status of negotiations", "112. Negotiations on the draft convention on the conservation and management of high seas fisheries resources in the North Pacific Ocean were held in 2009 and 2010 and were successfully concluded on 4 March 2011. The text of the new Convention on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific Ocean will be subject to a legal and technical review. Following confirmation of the English and French versions of the text, the Convention will be opened for signature.[50]", "113. The treaty will enter into force once it has been ratified by four of the six States that participated in the negotiations.[51] The first preparatory conference will be held later in 2011 to develop rules of procedure, financial regulations and other documents needed for the establishment of the North Pacific Fisheries Commission (NPFC) when the treaty enters into force.[52] The draft NPFC Convention includes a prohibition on directed fishing for four orders of deep water corals and a mechanism for identifying other indicator species of VMEs, which would also be subject to the prohibition.[53]", "(ii) Adoption of interim measures", "114. Interim measures for the North West Pacific Ocean were adopted and revised by the participating States in 2007 and later revised in 2008, 2009 and 2011.[54] At the seventh intergovernmental meeting in 2009, States discussed the application of the interim measures to the entire high seas area of the North Pacific Ocean; however, consensus could not be reached. At the eighth meeting in 2010, States agreed to consider a separate set of interim measures for the North East Pacific Ocean and, until such measures were adopted, agreed on certain preliminary measures, in particular a limit of fishing effort in bottom fisheries to the existing level and the collection and submission of scientific information from each vessel operating in the area. Draft interim measures for the North East Pacific Ocean were proposed at the ninth intergovernmental meeting in 2010 and adopted in 2011. Participating States also agreed that the exploratory fisheries protocol for the North West Pacific interim measures would apply to the North East Pacific interim measures.", "115. The interim measures set out the objectives of the sustainable management of fish stocks and the protection of VMEs, in accordance with resolutions 61/105 and 64/72, and included provisions on geographic scope, management principles, collection of fisheries and scientific information, establishment of a scientific working group, information sharing, and effective control of bottom fishing vessels.[55] The measures also include provisions that limit fishing effort to the existing level and do not allow for the expansion of bottom fisheries into new areas. In accordance with paragraph 83 (a) of resolution 61/105, the interim measures contain science-based criteria, consistent with the FAO Guidelines, for use in assessing whether fishing activity would have significant adverse impacts on marine species or VMEs and in proposing management measures to prevent such impacts.⁵⁵", "116. In accordance with paragraph 83 (b) of resolution 61/105, the interim measures provide for the collection of information to facilitate the scientific work associated with the implementation of the measures.⁵⁵ To this end, the interim scientific working group has been working to identify and evaluate information necessary to identify VMEs, as well as information necessary to assess whether bottom fishing activities would have significant adverse impacts on VMEs.⁵⁵ In accordance with paragraph 83 (c) of resolution 61/105, the interim measures provide exceptions to the restrictions on limiting fishing effort to the existing levels and preventing expansion of bottom fisheries into new areas only in cases where it can be shown that the fishing activity would not have significant adverse impacts on marine species or any VME.", "117. A detailed exploratory fisheries protocol was established to provide guidance on the steps to be taken when conducting an exploratory fishery to ensure consistency with both the interim measures and resolution 61/105. In accordance with paragraph 83 (d) of resolution 61/105, vessels of participating States were required to cease fishing activities in any location where, in the course of normal fishing operations, cold water corals were encountered. In such areas, vessels were required to cease fishing activities until they had relocated no less than five nautical miles away to reduce the likelihood of future encounters, and report the encounter so that appropriate measures could be adopted in respect of the relevant site. A more detailed encounter protocol was under extensive discussion among the participating States.", "(iii) Implementation of interim measures by States", "118. In accordance with paragraph 83 of resolution 61/105, participating States have assessed, on the basis of the best available scientific information, whether individual bottom fishing activities would have significant adverse impacts on VMEs and the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks.⁵⁰ The results were presented to the fifth meeting of the scientific working group in 2008 for a thorough scientific review, with the hope that a unified assessment report, based on consensus, would be produced. There were differences of opinions, however, as to what management measures should be introduced in response to the findings, so it was decided that each participating State would produce or revise its own assessment, taking into account the discussion.[56]", "119. Palau indicated that the assessments published by participating States in 2008 acknowledged significant uncertainties in the status of benthic fish stocks and VMEs and in the impacts of bottom fishing operations, and indicated that additional scientific information was needed before the significance of impacts, and the effectiveness of mitigation measures, could be assessed pursuant to the FAO Guidelines. Palau emphasized that, until the necessary scientific information was analysed, there was no adequate impact assessment and the only appropriate measure was to cease authorizing bottom fishing in the area.", "(b) South Pacific Ocean", "(i) Status of instrument", "120. The eighth meeting of the international consultations to establish an RFMO in the South Pacific concluded on 14 November 2009 with the adoption of the Convention on the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fishery Resources in the South Pacific Ocean (SPRFMO Convention). The objective of the Convention is to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of fishery resources through the application of the precautionary approach and an ecosystem approach to fisheries management and, in so doing, to safeguard the marine ecosystems in which these resources occur.[57]", "121. Following the adoption of the SPRFMO Convention, participants at the eighth meeting of the international consultations decided to make the necessary arrangements for the commencement of the functions of the SPRFMO Commission. Two sessions of the Preparatory Conference were convened in 2010 and 2011, and a third session will take place in Chile between 30 January and 3 February 2012.[58] Participants have begun to develop rules of procedure, financial regulations, and a budget formula for the new organization.⁵³", "122. In accordance with article 36, the SPRFMO Convention was open for signature until 31 January 2011. It is now subject to ratification, acceptance or approval by the signatories, in accordance with article 36, and is open for accession, in accordance with article 37.", "123. The SPRFMO Convention will enter into force 30 days after the date of receipt by the depository of the eighth instrument of ratification, accession, acceptance or approval, including from at least three coastal States adjacent to the SPRFMO Convention Area, and at least three States that are not coastal States adjacent to the SPRFMO Convention Area and whose fishing vessels are fishing, or have fished, in the SPRFMO Convention Area.[59]", "124. Australia reported on its ongoing domestic processes to allow for ratification of the SPRFMO Convention. Prior to the entry into force of the treaty, Australia is collecting and monitoring data on high seas fishing catch and effort to ensure that catch and effort remain within historic average levels.", "125. The FFA highlighted the concerns of some of its members that the northern boundary of the proposed SPRFMO would not include the national waters of its members situated above the equator. In this regard, if the southern boundary of the proposed NPFC Convention does not meet the northern boundary of the SPRFMO Convention, a gap would exist. FFA members, such as the Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and the Federated States of Micronesia, had part of their zones covered within the area of competence of SPRFMO and it was not clear whether high seas areas adjacent to their zones would be covered by the NPFC Convention.", "126. Palau noted that, although RFMO/As with competence to regulate bottom fisheries had been negotiated for the high seas areas of the North and South Pacific, the relevant conventions were not yet in force and did not cover some of the high seas areas adjacent to Palau. In particular, the high seas enclave bounded by the exclusive economic zones of Palau, Japan, the Philippines, Guam, and the Federated States of Micronesia was not covered by the areas proposed to be regulated.", "(ii) Adoption of interim measures", "127. In 2007, participating States agreed on voluntary, non-legally binding, interim conservation and management measures to address collection of fisheries data, avoidance of adverse effects of deep-sea bottom fishing and prevention of increasing fishing effort in pelagic fisheries.⁵⁵ The interim measures became effective from 30 September 2007 and are to apply until the SPRFMO Convention enters into force and conservation and management measures are adopted.[60] A ban on deepwater gillnetting was added to the bottom fisheries measures in November 2009.", "128. The interim measures on bottom fisheries provide that: (i) bottom fishing be limited to existing levels of fishing and to areas where fishing was occurring, (ii) measures be taken to identify and protect VMEs, and (iii) starting in 2010, fishing in new areas or expanded fishing effort be allowed only when conservation and management measures were established to prevent significant adverse impacts on VMEs and to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep-sea fish stocks from individual bottom fishing activities, or when an assessment indicated that such activities would have no adverse impacts.[61] Pursuant to the interim measures, vessels flying the flag of participating States are required to cease bottom fishing activities within five nautical miles of any site where, in the course of fishing operations, evidence of VMEs was encountered, and to report the encounter, including the location, and the type of ecosystem in question, so that appropriate measures could be adopted.", "129. In 2007, participating States also established an interim framework for benthic impact assessments and a process for the evaluation of assessments, which provided initial guidelines in carrying out assessments and developing management plans for proposed bottom fishing activities, as well as a process for scientific comment on the assessments. In 2009, the scientific working group began a review of the interim framework for benthic assessments with a view to preparing an ongoing benthic assessment standard. Two participants had provided assessments of their bottom fishing activities, including measures to avoid adverse impacts on VMEs. The scientific working group provided evaluations of the assessments and management plans.", "130. In 2007, participating States also adopted standards for data collection that required details of catches and discards of any marine species for each trawl tow or bottom longline shot. In 2011, the SPRFMO Preparatory Conference required that the data would be provided to the SPRFMO Interim Secretariat.", "(iii) Implementation of interim measures by States", "131. Australia reported that it implemented spatial restrictions for bottom fishing operations in the South Pacific Ocean in line with the interim measures adopted by the participants to the SPRFMO negotiations. Chile reported that any initiatives to develop new or exploratory deep-sea fishing in the high seas would be undertaken in accordance with the operating standards and protocols that had been developed in SPRFMO. Colombia expressed concerns that the measures would not become mandatory until the entry into force of the SPRFMO Convention and highlighted the importance of implementing measures that would allow for the timely and open marketing of products that were obtained by legal means. Colombia also emphasized the need for technical support to implement the recommended measures once the SPRFMO was established.", "132. The European Union reported that it was complying fully with the interim measure for deepwater gillnets agreed by participating States in 2009, which effectively banned such fishing as of 1 February 2010, until relevant conservation and management measures were adopted by the SPRFMO Commission. Since only bottom gillnetting had been practised by European Union fishing vessels, there were currently no European Union vessels undertaking bottom fishing activities in the SPRFMO Convention Area.[62] France reported that its overseas territories had not participated in any bottom fisheries in the SPRFMO Convention Area.", "133. New Zealand reported that it continued to implement 100 per cent observer coverage on bottom trawl fishing trips. It also implemented the minimum 10 per cent observer coverage requirement in the interim measures for all bottom longline trips in the SPRFMO Convention Area. In addition, it implemented the 2009 interim measure prohibiting deep-sea gillnetting. In addition, New Zealand had begun developing a quantitative bottom fishing impact assessment using predictive habitat models to identify areas likely to support VMEs.", "134. In regard to assessments, Australia reported that it completed a benthic impact assessment for the South Pacific Ocean and the Southern Indian Ocean to identify areas where VMEs were known and/or likely to occur and to assess the impact of individual bottom fishing activities on VMEs. After taking into account monitoring, management and mitigation measures, the assessments found that the risk of significant adverse impact on VMEs by Australian vessels was low for demersal trawl and demersal auto-longline and negligible for mid-water trawl and drop-lining (see sect. III.B.1 (b)). Australia would submit the assessment to the SPRFMO interim Science Working Group prior to the Scientific Committee meeting in September 2011, as required by the SPRFMO interim measures. The European Union reported that it submitted a preliminary benthic impact assessment in 2009, which concluded that likely impacts to benthic ecosystems from bottom fishing would be very low.[63] Palau noted, however, that the SPRFMO Science Working Group had dismissed this conclusion as completely unjustified.[64]", "135. New Zealand reported that the SPRFMO Science Working Group had concluded that its impact assessment and related conservation measures had minimized adverse impacts on VMEs.[65] In this respect, Palau noted that the impact assessment acknowledged that bottom trawling was likely to cause significant adverse impacts to fish stocks and VMEs and that the proposed mitigation measures were inadequate in several critical respects in terms of mitigating impacts to fish stocks and VMEs.[66]", "136. New Zealand also reported that its assessment had been used as the basis for the development of a management approach for New Zealand bottom trawling operations in the SPRFMO Area, which included definition of a historical bottom trawl fishing footprint over the reference years 2002-2006, development of a VME-evidence identification protocol, and a three-tiered system of spatial closures, whereby 41 per cent of the footprint area was closed to fishing, 30 per cent was subject to a move-on rule if evidence of VMEs was encountered and 29 per cent of the footprint was open to fishing. The open, move-on and closed areas were stratified between eight fishing areas constituting the total footprint.", "137. Palau and the United States expressed concerns that some States were conducting bottom fishing in the SPRFMO Convention Area without having completed a proper impact assessment, as called for in resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 and the SPRFMO interim measures.", "(c) South Indian Ocean", "(i) Status of instrument", "138. The South Indian Ocean Fisheries Agreement (SIOFA) was adopted on 7 July 2006 and opened for signature until 6 July 2007 by all States and regional economic integration organizations participating in the negotiations and by any other State having jurisdiction over waters adjacent to the area of application.[67] After its closure for signature, SIOFA was opened for accession in accordance with its article 23. SIOFA will enter into force 90 days from the date of receipt by the depositary of the fourth instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval, at least two of which must be deposited by coastal States bordering the area of application.[68]", "139. Australia reported on its ongoing domestic processes to allow for ratification of SIOFA. Prior to the entry into force of the treaty, Australia was collecting and monitoring data on high seas fishing catch and effort to ensure that catch and effort remained within historic average levels.", "(ii) Adoption of interim measures", "140. Multilateral measures implementing resolution 61/105 have not been adopted by the signatories to SIOFA to date. In October 2007, Australia indicated to SIOFA signatories and interested parties that it was interested in adopting interim measures to implement resolution 61/105 in the area of application. In early 2008, Australia circulated draft interim measures to signatories and interested parties, in an effort to progress their adoption.", "141. In order to implement resolution 61/105, Australia had taken unilateral action to impose relevant conditions on its vessels operating in the area to be governed by SIOFA, once it enters into force. In addition, Australia had completed benthic impact assessments for the Southern Indian Ocean to identify areas where VMEs are known and/or likely to occur and to assess the impact of individual bottom fishing activities on VMEs. The assessments used surrogates (e.g., bathomes and seamounts) as indicators for the presence of VMEs. In assessing the risk of significant adverse impacts, the assessments considered Australia’s precautionary management measures for deep-sea fisheries (see sect. III.B.1 (b)). After taking into account these monitoring, management and mitigation measures, the assessments found that the risk of significant adverse impact on VMEs by Australian vessels was low for demersal trawl and demersal auto-longline and negligible for mid-water trawl and drop-lining.", "142. Following the adoption of resolution 61/105, the European Union adopted Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008 on the protection of VMEs in the high seas from the adverse impacts of bottom fishing gears.[69] The regulation transposed the measures contained in resolution 61/105 into European Union law and applied to ships flying the flag of European Union member States carrying out bottom fishing activities in those areas of the high seas where no RFMO had been established or where no interim measures were put in place during negotiations for the establishment of an RFMO, including the Southern Indian Ocean (see sect. III.B.3 (a)).[70]", "3. Measures taken by States for areas where there is no competent RFMO/A or interim measures", "143. In paragraph 120 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon flag States to adopt and implement measures in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86 of resolution 61/105, paragraph 119 of resolution 64/72, and international law, and consistent with the FAO Guidelines, and not to authorize bottom fishing activities until such measures had been adopted and implemented. In this regard, paragraph 86 of resolution 61/105 called upon flag States to either adopt and implement measures in accordance with paragraph 83 of the resolution, or cease to authorize fishing vessels flying their flag to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction where there was no RFMO/A with the competence to regulate such fisheries or interim measures in accordance with paragraph 85, until such measures were taken in accordance with paragraphs 83 or 85 of the resolution.", "144. The following section describes actions taken by flag States to adopt measures and address the impacts of bottom fishing activities on VMEs in areas where there is no RFMO/A with the competence to regulate such fisheries or interim measures in place.", "(a) Measures to regulate bottom fishing vessels, including closure of areas to bottom fishing", "145. Some States (Canada, Iceland, Republic of Korea) and the European Union reported on the adoption and implementation of conservation and management measures to address the impacts of bottom fishing activities on VMEs for vessels fishing on the high seas where there was no competent RFMO/A or interim measures in place. Canada reported that fishing activity outside of Canada’s exclusive economic zone was not significant and occurred almost exclusively in RFMO/As regulatory waters. All high seas fishing in regulated or unregulated areas and activities occurring in another State’s waters were subject to domestic licensing requirements, which required compliance with domestic laws in all areas of the high seas, including areas where no RFMO existed.", "146. The European Union reported that fishing vessels from European Union member States were regulated by Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008, which transposed the measures contained in resolution 61/105 into European Union law for ships flying flags of its member States in respect of such areas. European Union member States could only issue special fishing permits for the use of bottom fishing gears on the high seas under specific conditions and after assessments had concluded that fishing activities were not likely to have significant adverse impacts on VMEs. The regulation also contained provisions on unforeseen encounters with VMEs, area closures and an observer scheme for all vessels that had been issued a special fishing permit.", "147. According to the European Union, no unforeseen encounters with VMEs had been registered in respect of the vessels subject to the regulation from Spain and Estonia. A review of the implementation of the regulation was carried out in early 2010 and the results were published in a report to the European Parliament and Council.[71] The European Commission intended to amend the regulation to bring it in line with recent developments (see sect. III.B.2 (c)).[72]", "148. The European Union also reported that Spain had undertaken an ambitious and costly programme of scientific mapping of the seabed in different parts of the oceans (also see sect. III.A.2 (b)). The activities were conducted by Spain or in collaboration with other States in the North-East Atlantic, the North-West Atlantic, the South-West Atlantic and the South-East Atlantic, including in some areas not regulated by RFMO/As. The results were being published in leading scientific journals. Based on the Atlantis project, the Spanish Government had closed nine areas to bottom fishing with a total extent of 41,300 km², including two areas located in the footprint area where, owing to the type of seafloor, sensitive habitats might be able to recover.", "149. Iceland indicated that bottom fisheries by Icelandic vessels occurred only marginally on the high seas and noted that only one Icelandic vessel had been engaged in bottom fishing for shrimp in areas beyond national jurisdiction.", "150. The Republic of Korea reported that bottom fishing activities in areas where no RFMO/A was in place were regulated by an administrative directive on bottom fishing on the high seas. The regulation established a system for licensing, reporting encounters with VMEs, fishing closure and move-on rules, impact assessments, vessel monitoring system, catch reporting and other measures to prevent significant adverse impacts on VMEs. The regulation was to be revised in 2011 to incorporate observer requirements, threshold levels, enhanced impact assessments based on a review in cooperation with a wide range of stakeholders. Impact assessments had been conducted in the South-West Atlantic, but were in the initial stages, owing to the high cost of scientific research and inadequate information from vessels flying the Republic of Korea flag in the areas beyond national jurisdiction. The Republic of Korea was trying to enhance the quality of the report through accumulated information, higher coverage of observers, international cooperation, education and training, cooperation with the industry and strengthened scientific capacity.", "(b) Refusal of authorization to conduct bottom fishing activities", "151. Some States indicated that their vessels did not engage or were not authorized to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction, or that their vessels did not fish outside areas regulated by RFMO/As (Chile, Croatia, Colombia, Denmark, France, Germany, Kuwait, Mexico, New Zealand, Palau, United States) (see sect. III.B.1 (b)).", "152. Mexico emphasized that it was very important to conserve VMEs and their biodiversity as far as possible, and it thus supported an international moratorium on bottom trawling in areas outside the jurisdiction of States (i.e., the Area), especially in areas where there were fragile ecosystems, such as seamounts, hydrothermal vents and cold-water corals.", "153. In this regard, Palau had banned all bottom trawling by its nationals and vessels anywhere in the world and had not authorized any vessels to engage in other types of bottom fishing in the high seas. Palauan law also prohibited companies doing business in Palau from engaging in bottom trawling anywhere in the world (also see sect. III.B.1 (a)).", "154. United States flagged vessels were not currently authorized to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction. In addition, any authorization to conduct bottom fishing on the high seas in the future would only be granted upon completion of an assessment of impacts to the environment, including on VMEs.", "C. Actions taken by States and competent regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements in cooperating to collect and exchange scientific and technical data and information and develop or strengthen data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes", "155. Paragraph 122 of resolution 64/72 called upon States and RFMO/As to enhance efforts to cooperate to collect and exchange scientific and technical data and information related to the implementation of the measures called for in resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 to manage deep-sea fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction and to protect VMEs from significant adverse impacts of bottom fishing by taking a number of actions, as described below. Paragraph 123 of the resolution also encouraged States and RFMO/As to develop or strengthen data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes for identification of VMEs, assessment of impacts on such ecosystems, and assessment of fishing activities on target and non-target species, consistent with the FAO Guidelines and in accordance with the Convention.", "156. Several RFMO/As, as well as States and the European Union, described general efforts to enhance cooperation in the collection and exchange of scientific and technical data and information relating to the implementation of resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 in addressing the impacts of bottom fishing on VMEs and deep-sea fish stocks. GFCM reported that it enjoyed the support of FAO projects at subregional and regional level which enhance, in particular, scientific cooperation and capacity-building in participating countries. GFCM also cooperated closely with a number of regional and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations dealing with the conservation of the marine environment and living marine resources, including the United Nations Environment Programme/Mediterranean Action Plan Regional Activity Centre for Specially Protected Areas. The GFCM subcommittee on the marine environment and ecosystem was working to establish links with existing regional bodies concerned with studies on the relationship/ interaction between environment and marine ecosystems.", "157. NAFO had a well developed infrastructure for the collection and exchange of scientific and technical data and information. Both the NAFO Fisheries Commission and the Scientific Council had permanent standing committees that dealt with the exchange of information related to the fisheries. In 2010, the NAFO working group on ecosystem approach to fisheries management informally agreed to share coral and sponge data from research surveys. Joint research programmes were also conducted, such as the NEREIDA surveys (see sect. III.A.2 (b)).", "158. NEAFC had internal standards and requirements for reporting and data exchange, but also relied on ICES to facilitate exchange of knowledge, scientific assessments and the review of proposals with regard to fisheries regulations, VME issues, and data-collection protocols. ICES provided updates to NEAFC on scientific issues of relevance and responded to regular and special requests on fisheries and VME issues. The basic compilation and exchange of knowledge was the responsibility of expert groups.", "159. NEAFC also actively cooperated with other organizations in the North-East Atlantic with a mandate to regulate human activity that had an impact on marine biodiversity, including regular meetings and contacts with other RFMO/As. It entered into agreements for this purpose with the Commission for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Commission) and the International Maritime Organization, and it was considering this possibility with the International Seabed Authority. NEAFC also recently decided to play an active role in supporting and organizing a regional workshop for the North-East Atlantic, pursuant to the decision of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in 2010 on marine and coastal biodiversity.[73]", "160. In respect of Greenland, Denmark reported that data collaboration on VME organisms was in an early phase, and that collaboration with Canadian scientists and the Danish Zoological Museum was being explored. The European Union reported that Spain had utilized fisheries oceanographic and cooperation vessels to provide training in a number of countries in Africa and Latin and South America, on research and data collection, basic safety on board, use of selective fishing gear, oceanography, fisheries control, and institutional strengthening.", "161. New Zealand commissioned a research project on the development of estimates of annual sustainable catches and of sustainable feature limits for orange roughy bottom trawl catches in the proposed SPRFMO Convention Area. The United States reported on exploratory investigations with Indonesia on the diversity and distribution of deep-sea habitats and marine life in Indonesian waters within the Coral Triangle region, on a multi-year collaboration to characterize deep-sea coral habitat in the Gulf of Mexico and on a bilateral workshop with New Zealand on ocean and marine biosciences that focused on cooperative research on cold-water corals and other VMEs in the Pacific Basin.", "162. In regards to capacity-building, GFCM reported that it regularly responded to requests from its members to strengthen the capacity of national research institutions in the field of data collection, stock assessment and fisheries management. Technical support was given directly to these countries through the FAO Mediterranean subregional projects. SEAFO reported that it had established a special requirements fund to assist developing coastal States in the region in the conservation, management and development of fishery resources. It had also given full recognition to the needs and special requirements of developing States in the region pursuant to article 21 of the SEAFO Convention.", "1. Measures taken by States and RFMO/As to implement paragraphs 122 (a)-(d) and 123 of resolution 64/72", "163. The following section describes actions related to the implementation of resolution 64/72 to enhance cooperation in the collection and exchange of scientific and technical data and information and the development or strengthening of data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes.", "(a) Exchanging best practices and developing regional standards", "164. In paragraph 122 (a) of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon States and RFMO/As to exchange best practices and develop, where appropriate, regional standards for use by States engaged in bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction and RFMO/As with a view to examining current scientific and technical protocols and promoting consistent implementation of best practices across fisheries and regions, including assistance to developing States in accomplishing these objectives.", "165. The NAFO Scientific Council regularly sponsored international scientific symposia, as well as workshops, to share information on specific scientific topics, such as the use of Geographic Information Systems in stock assessment and ageing workshops for fish species, in which information about techniques used by various countries could be shared and examined. NAFO participated in a joint ICES/NAFO expert working group on deepwater ecology, which included scientists from NAFO and NEAFC Contracting Parties and various States. The expert group reported annually to the advisory forums in NAFO and ICES and provided a forum for the exchange of scientific knowledge and data, techniques and best practices on issues related to VME science, such as identification and delineation. NAFO was also part of the group responsible for the North-Atlantic Format standard, which was used for VMS communication in the North-Atlantic and was being considered by other RFMOs for their possible use.", "166. In CCAMLR regional standards expected to be met by States are provided in the form of conservation measures, while in SPRFMO the interim measures and assessment framework provide the regional standards. The scientific bodies of these RFMOs assessed the performance of members against these standards to ensure adherence.⁴⁸ The responsibilities and functions of SEAFO Contracting Parties, as well as flag State and port State duties in data sharing, were also contained in the SEAFO Convention.", "167. Australia reported that its longstanding participation and lead role in CCAMLR provided a strong basis on which to share scientific information and best practices for bottom fishing activities. Australia was also a key contributor of best practices to other international fisheries management organizations, such as the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission. Being a signatory to both the SPRFMO Convention and SIOFA allowed Australia to share information and implement conservation and management measures using the most accurate information.", "168. Canada reported that its international governance strategy sought to enable greater international consensus and capacity-building, including improved knowledge, management, standards, and agreements, to advance the implementation of sustainable practices worldwide. Canada contributed to the funding and support of scientific research and international collaboration to deliver on these commitments. Areas of focus for research included identification, characterization and mapping of VMEs, the development of rapid, cost-effective methods for detecting VMEs, assessment of significant adverse impacts and recoverability, and research and advice for the development of science-based encounter protocols.", "169. Italy reported that it participated in a series of scientific research collaboration and cooperation projects with neighbouring coastal States to create the conditions for a future application of shared rules by their fleets.", "(b) Making assessments and adopted measures publicly available", "170. In paragraph 122 (b) of resolution 64/72 the General Assembly called upon States and RFMO/As to make publicly available, consistent with domestic law, assessments of whether individual bottom fishing activities would have significant adverse impacts on VMEs and the measures adopted in accordance with paragraphs 83, 85 and 86, as appropriate, of resolution 61/105, and to promote the inclusion of this information on the websites of RFMO/As.[74]", "171. RFMOs with competence to regulate bottom fisheries reported that they maintained websites that detailed and publicized measures that had been adopted in accordance with resolutions 61/105 and 64/72.[75] Pursuant to paragraph 85 of resolution 61/105, the interim secretariats of SPRFMO and NPFC also maintained websites that publicized interim measures and assessments.[76]", "172. With regard to the activities of States, Australia reported that it would submit its bottom fishing impact assessment to SPRFMO, as required by the SPRFMO interim measures. Australia would also submit the findings of its benthic impacts project, which was undertaken through multi-stakeholder cooperation to the CCAMLR Commission in 2011. Its conservation and management measures were otherwise publicly available through the bottom fishing impact assessments. The European Union reported that the results of its review of Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008 on the protection of VMEs in the high seas from the adverse impacts of bottom fishing gears were published in a report from the Commission to the European Parliament and Council. New Zealand reported that its SPRFMO and CCAMLR impact assessments were publicly available on the relevant websites.", "(c) Submission by flag States of lists of authorized vessels and adopted measures to FAO", "173. In paragraph 122 (c) of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon flag States to submit to the FAO a list of those vessels flying their flag authorized to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction, and the measures they have adopted to give effect to the relevant paragraphs of resolutions 61/105 and 64/72.", "174. Australia maintained a register of Australian flagged vessels authorized to fish on the high seas and it submitted to FAO the list of the seven such vessels currently under Australian fishing permits. Croatia regularly transmitted data on its fleet that was authorized to fish, including bottom trawlers, to relevant RFMOs, such as GFCM and ICCAT. New Zealand provided a list to FAO of flagged vessels that had approval to fish on the high seas using bottom fishing methods.", "175. The Republic of Korea reported that it provided a list of vessels flying its flag that were authorized to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction, measures it had adopted, and an impact assessment report to FAO. It planned to submit relevant information to FAO at least on an annual basis to contribute to global efforts to protect VMEs from bottom fishing activities in areas beyond national jurisdiction.", "176. The United States reported that it did not authorize any of its vessels to conduct bottom fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction and, therefore, it did not have a list of vessels or measures to make publicly available through FAO.", "(d) Sharing information on vessels engaged in bottom fishing where the flag State responsible cannot be determined", "177. In paragraph 122 (d) of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly called upon States and RFMO/As to share information on vessels that were engaged in bottom fishing operations in areas beyond national jurisdiction where the flag State responsible for the vessels could not be determined.", "178. GFCM reported that it had recently adopted a list of vessels that were presumed to be carrying out IUU fishing in the GFCM area. SEAFO also published an authorized vessel list and an IUU vessel list on its webpage, which were updated annually.", "179. NEAFC had two main tools to combat IUU fishing that were part of its scheme of control and enforcement, namely the blacklisting of vessels under flags of non-Contracting Parties to NEAFC and a port state control system, which controlled the landings of frozen fish into foreign harbours in the NEAFC Convention Area. The NEAFC secretariat was required to transmit the IUU permanent list of vessels to the secretariats of CCAMLR, NAFO and SEAFO, as well as other RFMOs. Upon receiving notification from CCAMLR, NAFO and SEAFO of vessels that had engaged in IUU fisheries, the NEAFC secretariat was also required to place the non-Contracting Parties vessels on its permanent list. The arrangement had been operational with SEAFO and NAFO, but not CCAMLR.", "180. Australia reported that its participation in a number of RFMOs provided it with an avenue for sharing scientific research outcomes and collaborating on future research, as well as uniform practices on fisheries issues. Japan reported that it presented information on three fishing vessels whose fishing activities seemed to be inconsistent with resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 at the tenth multilateral meeting of NPFC in March 2011. Japan attempted to contact each flag State if the flag was known, but it had not received satisfactory replies.", "181. New Zealand conducted aerial patrols in the Pacific and Southern Oceans and supplied detailed information on IUU vessels or illegal activities to the relevant RFMO/As to be shared with other members.", "(e) Developing or strengthening of data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes", "182. In paragraph 123 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly encouraged States and RFMO/As to develop or strengthen data-collection standards, procedures and protocols and research programmes for identification of VMEs, assessment of impacts on such ecosystems, and assessment of fishing activities on target and non-target species, consistent with the FAO Guidelines and in accordance with the Convention.", "183. GFCM reported that it had developed several data-collection standards and procedures to be followed by its members. NAFO prescribed requirements for exploratory fishing in new areas where fishing gear was likely to contact the seafloor, including a trip report that would be forwarded to the NAFO Scientific Council, as well as a data-collection form containing fishing trip, gear and fishing and catch information. SEAFO adopted protocols regarding the collection and reporting of scientific data that were revised annually by the SEAFO Scientific Committee to improve data collection. Conservation measures to address the protection of VMEs were also adopted by the SEAFO Commission in 2009 and 2010.", "184. Regarding the activities of States, Canada reported that its international governance strategy funded science projects between 2009 and 2011 in support of the identification and protection of VMEs, including the development of guidance and procedures for the identification of VMEs and mapping of VMEs, the development of scientific and technical guidance to identify, describe and assess activities that may have significant adverse impacts on marine biodiversity, and the development of guidance for science-based impact assessments.", "185. New Zealand played a leading role in the scientific work on bottom fishing in the CCAMLR Area. In 2010, New Zealand submitted 11 papers to the CCAMLR Scientific Committee and its working groups on VMEs, including work on developing an impact assessment methodology, creating a glossary of terms and conceptual framework to assess VME impacts and producing a benthic invertebrate taxa identification guide, all of which were adopted by CCAMLR.", "186. In the SPRFMO Area, New Zealand reported that it was currently working on a quantitative risk assessment approach using deepwater coral predictive habitat models to identify areas where coral VMEs were likely to occur. New Zealand used a predictive habitat model to develop first estimates of potential orange roughy biomass on known features within the New Zealand bottom fishing footprint in the SPRFMO Area as a basis for making recommendations on likely sustainable orange roughy catches in these areas.", "187. The United States reported that, in the context of NAFO, measures were being adopted to implement a more comprehensive data-collection protocol for coral and sponge species encountered in exploratory and existing fishing areas. The United States also engaged in other relevant international forums on assessing scientific information and identifying areas that should be closed to fishing activities, including in the work of the OSPAR Commission and ICES.", "IV. Activities of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations to promote the regulation of bottom fisheries and the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems", "188. In paragraph 125 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly expressed appreciation to FAO for its important work in providing expert technical advice on the management of deep-sea fisheries in areas beyond national jurisdiction and the protection of VMEs from the impacts of fishing and encouraged FAO in its further work in relation to the implementation of the FAO Guidelines. In paragraph 126 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly welcomed the FAO programme proposal for deep-sea fisheries in the high seas on ensuring sustainable use of marine resources and protection of VMEs, including the development of support tools and a database on VMEs, and invited States to support the programme so that its elements might be finalized as a matter of priority. In addition, in paragraph 127 of resolution 64/72, the General Assembly invited FAO, working with other relevant international governmental organizations, to consider means to support flag States and RFMO/As in their implementation of paragraphs 83 to 87 of resolution 61/105 and paragraphs 119 to 122 of resolution 64/72.[77]", "189. As reflected in resolutions 61/105 and 64/72, FAO has initiated a programme for deep-sea fisheries in the high seas with the aim of assisting States, institutions, the fishing industry and RFMO/As in the implementation of the FAO Guidelines. The programme seeks to establish a knowledge baseline in relation to these fisheries and related ecosystems and improve the current management systems through better information, engagement and communication among stakeholders, together with capacity-building activities. It consists of four major components: (i) tools to aid in the implementation of the FAO Guidelines; (ii) a database of high seas VMEs and related information; (iii) area specific demonstration and pilot implementation activities for enhanced management of deep-sea fisheries; and (iv) global coordination, monitoring and evaluation, and dissemination of information.[78]", "190. In the implementation of the FAO programme, a list of authorized vessels to fish in deep-sea fisheries in the high seas provided by States has been made public on the FAO website.[79] An electronic discussion forum and network of deep-sea fisheries experts had also been initiated to facilitate communication. In addition, FAO was developing a collection of historical deep-sea fisheries data on the South-East Atlantic, which would serve to support the RFMO and States in their management of fisheries and protection of VMEs. Future activities of the FAO programme included developing guidance on impact assessments, encounter protocols and related mitigation measures such as the move-on rule, as well as thresholds and indicator species for VMEs.", "191. At the request of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), FAO had also taken the lead in the development of a GEF global programme on sustainable fisheries and conservation of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction. FAO, in collaboration with partners, is developing the programme and potential supporting projects, which will include activities and projects on deep-sea fisheries and marine conservation in the high seas.", "192. Some States expressed appreciation for the role of FAO, or described their participation in the work of FAO in the management of deep-sea fisheries in the high seas and the protection of VMEs and in implementing the commitments contained in resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 (Canada, Colombia, Denmark, France, New Zealand). States also indicated that FAO should continue to improve the FAO Guidelines to achieve an adequate level of protection of vulnerable habitats from bottom trawling in the high seas.", "193. It was also suggested that FAO should undertake technical work in the following five priority areas to assist States and RFMOs implement resolutions 61/105 and 64/72 and the FAO Guidelines: (i) improving and expanding application of the criteria for the identification of VMEs beyond corals, sponges, seamounts and hydrothermal vents; (ii) developing guidance on impact mitigation measures and best practices for developing and applying encounter protocols relevant to VMEs, particularly by RFMOs; (iii) developing guidance on what and how information should be collected to implement measures for managing fishery impacts on VMEs; (iv) defining certain terms that could clarify implementation of the FAO Guidelines; and (v) developing guidance on best practices for conducting assessments.", "194. FFA indicated that small island developing States in its region would require capacity-building and technical and financial assistance in order to support the implementation of the FAO Guidelines and initiatives introduced at the international level. In this regard, the FFA secretariat sought consideration from FAO in regards to capacity-building and the provision of technical assistance in conducting assessments.", "A. Developing tools for the implementation of the International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries on the High Seas of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations", "195. The FAO Guidelines were developed at the request of the FAO Committee on Fisheries at its twenty-seventh session in 2007 and adopted at an FAO Technical Consultation in 2008.[80] They were designed to provide guidance on management factors ranging from an appropriate regulatory framework to the components of a good data-collection programme, and include the identification of key management considerations and measures necessary to ensure the conservation of target and non‑target species, as well as affected habitats. The FAO Guidelines set out a management framework to assist States and RFMO/As in formulating and implementing appropriate measures for the management of deep-sea fisheries in the high seas.[81]", "196. FAO continued its work to assist in the implementation of the FAO Guidelines through the development of tools and guidance for States and RFMO/As. The Workshop on the Implementation of the FAO International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas: Challenges and Ways Forward, held in Busan, Republic of Korea, from 10 to 12 May 2010, analysed challenges in the implementation of the FAO Guidelines and recommended FAO to conduct further evaluations in the future, since progress on implementation was still in the early stages.³⁶", "197. Specific recommendations to improve the implementation of the FAO Guidelines included support in the development of new RFMO/As; support to developing countries; making available best practices and guidance on impact and risk assessment, encounter protocols and related mitigation measures; support in stock assessments; development of guidance on VME criteria, including thresholds and indicator species; and facilitation of communication and information sharing.[82]", "B. Establishing a global database of information on vulnerable marine ecosystems beyond national jurisdiction", "198. FAO reported that it was developing a database of information relevant to VMEs in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The database would improve the dissemination of information on VMEs and enable more responsible bottom fisheries and assist States in assessing the impacts of bottom fisheries on such ecosystem. User-friendly species identification guides would also be published in order to assist in improving information on deep-sea species.[83]", "199. In order to avoid duplication, some States suggested that FAO should coordinate with the United Nations Environment Programme and the Convention on Biological Diversity in efforts to develop a database of information on ecologically and biologically significant areas.[84] Canada likewise reported that it supported a multi-faceted approach to protecting high seas biodiversity. France reported that it would contribute $400,000 for the development of the database.", "200. SEAFO reported that it was committed to contributing to the database, where possible. Information on VMEs acquired through a recent bathymetric mapping of possible VMEs in the SEAFO Convention Area had also been shared with the international South Atlantic MAR-ECO project led from Brazil.", "V. Concluding remarks", "201. New research has highlighted the great diversity in composition and ecological characteristics of VMEs, on the biology of relevant organisms and on the spatial scales of VMEs. While many fish species occur on, or are associated with, VMEs and are members of VME communities, the nature of the relationship may vary, and many benthic fish species also frequent other structured habitats not currently defined as VMEs.", "202. Compared with global landings from fisheries, deepwater landings are small, but the impacts of deep-sea fishing can be significant. Documented negative impacts of bottom fishing gear on VMEs range from localized depletion, loss of habitat complexity, shifts in community structure and changes in ecosystem processes. Damage to some VMEs appears to be lasting and recovery will take decades or more. Some major coral reefs have likely been lost forever and the recovery of depleted fish populations will take a long time.", "203. Substantial progress has been made by States and RFMO/As to implement the relevant paragraphs of General Assembly resolutions 61/105 and 64/72. All RFMOs with competence to regulate bottom fisheries have adopted measures and have taken action to implement the resolutions, but the actions have varied. In some RFMO/As, new fishing areas, comprised of both completely unfished areas and areas that may have been fished in the distant past, have been effectively closed. In those RFMO/As current fishing activity has been essentially limited to relatively small existing fishing areas, under certain conditions and regulations. Measures range from area closures and technical regulations to general regulations aimed at conserving resources and biodiversity, with particular focus on VMEs. Some measures have been described as temporary and would need revision as new information becomes available.", "204. Requirements for impact assessments have been implemented by CCAMLR, NAFO, NEAFC and SEAFO, but the requirements vary. In addition, new or revised data-collection protocols and reporting procedures have been implemented, the use of scientific observers has increased and VME identification guides have been developed or are in progress. These RFMOs have also established thresholds on bycatch of VME indicator species to indicate encounters with potential VMEs, as well as regulations describing actions to be taken by fishing vessels. NAFO and NEAFC have re-evaluated initial thresholds to lower the thresholds for sponges and corals, but other indicator species have not been identified in NAFO, NEAFC or SEAFO. Actual encounters have only been reported in CCAMLR.", "205. Efforts by States participating in negotiations to establish new RFMOs in the Pacific Ocean have culminated in the adoption of the SPRFMO Convention and the successful conclusion of negotiations for the North Pacific Ocean. Interim measures have been adopted and scientific mechanisms have been established to implement these measures until the respective treaties enter into force.", "206. Many States have adopted measures for areas within and beyond national jurisdiction to complement the measures introduced by RFMOs. Some States have also adopted measures for vessels fishing in areas where there was no RFMO, or interim measures in place. The diversity and level of reporting from States was considerable.", "207. Relatively little information was provided on the exchange of procedures, best practices and standards between RFMO/As and States. While there are regional differences, many measures are similar or compatible across several RFMO/As. Research activities are being conducted in some regions to explore poorly known deepwater ecosystems or map VMEs and monitor deepwater resources, but it was not possible to determine whether this activity had increased due to actions being taken in RFMO/As.", "208. If fully implemented, resolutions 61/105 and 64/72, as well as the FAO Guidelines, provide the tools necessary to protect VMEs from significant adverse impacts due to bottom fishing and to ensure the long-term sustainability of deep sea fish stocks. While significant actions have been taken, implementation of the resolutions continues to be uneven and further efforts are needed. As the experience of States and RFMO/As with adopted measures is ongoing, the basis for a comprehensive evaluation of their effectiveness in regulating fisheries, facilitating recovery and conservation of resources and protecting VMEs is still limited.", "Annex", "List of respondents to the questionnaire", "States", "Australia", "Bulgaria", "Canada", "Chile", "Colombia", "Croatia", "Denmark", "France", "Germany", "Iceland", "Italy", "Japan", "Kuwait", "Mexico", "New Zealand", "Norway", "Palau", "Republic of Korea", "United States of America", "Regional economic integration organizations", "European Union", "United Nations specialized agencies", "FAO", "Regional fisheries management organizations and arrangements", "CACFish", "CCAMLR", "CCSBT", "FFA", "GFCM", "NAFO", "NASCO", "NEAFC", "NPFC", "SEAFO", "SPRFMO", "WCPFC", "[1] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Report of the Technical Consultation on International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas, Rome, 4-8 February and 25-29 August 2008, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 881.", "[2] See A/64/305, para. 9.", "[3] See Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Report of the Technical Consultation on International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas, Rome, 4-8 February and 25-29 August 2008, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report No. 881; see also the FAO International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas, paras. 14-16.", "[4] See, for example, A/58/65, A/59/62, A/60/63/Add.1, A/61/154, A/64/305.", "[5] The estimated number of seamounts depends on definitions, and the diversity of seamounts is considerable in terms of morphology, summit depth, and association with other major structures such as mid-ocean ridge and continental slopes. For recent studies, see T. A. Schlacher, et al., eds., “Recent advances in seamount ecology”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl.1) (2010); M. R. Clark, et al., “The Ecology of Seamounts: Structure, Function, and Human Impacts”, in Annual Review of Marine Science, vol. 2 (2010); T. J. Pitcher, et al., eds., Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12 (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007); A. N. Mironov, et al., eds., Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts (Moscow, KMK Scientific Press Ltd., 2006).", "[6] See A. A. Rowden, et al., “Paradigms in seamount ecology: fact, fiction and future”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl.1) (2010); CenSeam project of the Census of Marine Life programme. Available at http://censeam.niwa.co.nz.", "[7] See T. A. Schlacher, et al., “Seamount science scales undersea mountains: new research and outlook”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl.1) (2010).", "[8] See, for example, T. Shank, “Seamounts. Deep ocean laboratories of faunal connectivity, evolution, and endemism”, in Oceanography, vol. 23 (2010); W. Cho and T. M. Shank, “Incongruent patterns of genetic connectivity among four ophiuroid species on North Atlantic seamounts”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl.1) (2010).", "[9] See L. A. Levin, et al., eds., “Advances in Vent, Seep, Whale- and Wood-Fall Biology”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 28 (2007); C. R. Fischer, et al., “Hydrothermal vent ecosystems”, in Oceanography, vol. 20, No. 1 (2007); M. Baker, et al., “Biogeography, ecology, and vulnerability of chemosynthetic ecosystems in the deep-sea”, in Life in the World’s Oceans, A. D. McIntyre, ed. (United Kingdom, Blackwell Publishing, 2010).", "[10] Some vestimenferan tube worms can live to at least 200 years, but bivalves are comparatively short-lived. See E. E. Cordes, et al., “Patterns of growth in cold-seep vestimenferans, including Seepiophila jonesi: a second species of long-lived tubeworm”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 28 (2007); J. P. Barry, et al., “Growth, production, and mortality of the chemosynthetic vesicomyid bivalve, Calyptogena kilmeri from cold seeps off central California”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 28 (2007).", "[11] See E. Ramirez-Llodra, et al., “Biodiversity and Biogeography of Hydrothermal Vent Species: Thirty Years of Discovery and Investigations”, in Oceanography, vol. 20, No. 1 (2007).", "[12] See J. Murray Roberts, et al., Cold-Water Corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats (United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2009).", "[13] See A. D. Rogers, et al., “Corals on seamounts”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation, T. J. Pitcher, et al., eds., Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12 (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[14] See A. H. Andrews, et al., “Investigations of age and growth for three deep-sea corals from Davidson Seamount off central California”, in Cold-Water Corals and Ecosystems (Berin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag, 2005).", "[15] See J. M. Portela, et al., “Preliminary description of the overlap between squid fisheries and VMEs on the high seas of the Patagonian Shelf”, in Fisheries Research, vol. 16 (2010); and F. J. Murillo, et al., “Distribution of deep-water corals of the Flemish Cap, Flemish Pass, and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (Northwest Atlantic Ocean): interaction with fishing activities”, in ICES Journal of Marine Science, vol. 68, No. 2 (2011).", "[16] See A. Freiwald and J. Murray Roberts, Cold-Water Corals: The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats (United Kingdom, Cambridge University Press, 2009); and A. D. Roberts, et al., “Corals on seamounts”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, in Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12, T. J. Pitcher, et al., eds. (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[17] See N. R. Merrett and R. L. Haedrich, Deep-sea demersal fish and fisheries (London, Chapman and Hall, 1997).", "[18] See Bensch, et al., “Worldwide review of bottom fisheries in the high seas, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 522” (2008).", "[19] See M. P. Sissenwine and P. M. Mace, “Can deep water fisheries be managed sustainably?”. In FAO Fisheries Report No. 838 (2007).", "[20] See P. A. Large, et al., “Deep-water Fisheries of the Northeast Atlantic: II. Assessment and Management Approaches”, in Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, vol. 31 (2003).", "[21] T. Morato and M. R. Clark, “Seamount fishes: ecology and life histories” in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12 (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[22] See A/59/62/Add.1, A/61/154 and A/64/305.", "[23] See A. Williams, et al., “Seamount megabenthic assemblages fail to recover from bottom trawling impacts”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl.1) (2010).", "[24] See J. Hall-Spencer, et al., “Design of Marine Protected Areas on high seas and territorial waters of Rockall Bank”, in Marine Ecology Progress Series, vol. 397 (2009).", "[25] See D. P. Tittensor, et al., “Predicting global habitat suitability for stony corals on seamounts”, in Journal of Biogeography, vol. 36 (2009); M. R. Clark and D. P. Tittensor, “An index to assess the risk to stony corals from bottom trawling on seamounts”, in Marine Ecology, vol. 31 (Suppl.1) (2010).", "[26] A study that attempted a quantitative analysis for 2005 on a portion of the North-East Atlantic slope indicated that the relative contribution of fisheries to the overall human activity on the deep-seafloor could be high and apparently dominant. The study quantified activity, however, not impacts, and impact studies at similar spatial scales appear not to have been conducted (see A. Benn, et al., “Human activities on the deep-seafloor in the North East Atlantic: An assessment of spatial extent”, in PlosOne, vol. 5, No. 9 (2010).", "[27] The history, geographical pattern and species composition of deepwater fisheries, as well as the response of science and management, have been addressed in recent FAO reports and published papers and reviews. See, for example, FAO Fisheries Proceedings 3/1 and 3/2, Deep-sea 2003: Conference on the Governance and Management of Deep-sea Fisheries. FAO Fisheries Report No. 838 (FAO, Rome, 2005).", "[28] See M. Clark, “Experience with management of orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) in New Zealand waters, and the effects of commercial fishing on stock over the period 1980-1993”, in Deep-water Fisheries of the North Atlantic Slope, A. G. Hooper, ed. (Netherlands, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1995); and ICES, Report of the Working Group on the Biology and Assessment of Deep-Sea Fisheries Resources and advisory reports 1998 and onwards. Available at www.ices.dk.", "[29] See F. Gonzalez-Costas and H. Murua, “An analytical assessment of the roughead grenadier stock in NAFO Subareas 2 and 3”, in American Fisheries Society Symposium, vol. 63 (2008).", "[30] See M. R. Clark, et al., “Large-scale distant-water trawl fisheries on seamounts”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12, T. J. Pitcher, et al., eds. (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[31] See Bensch, et al., “Worldwide review of bottom fisheries in the high seas”, in FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper 522 (2008).", "[32] See J. A. Devine, et al., “Deep-sea fishes qualify as endangered”, in Nature, vol. 439 (2006); D. M. Bailey, et al., “Long-term changes in deep-water fish populations in the North East Atlantic: deeper-reaching effect of fisheries?”, in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, vol. 276 (2009); N. Campbell, et al., “Species richness, taxonomic diversity, and taxonomic distinctness of the deep-water demersal fish community on the Northeast Atlantic continental slope”, in International Journal of Marine Science, vol. 68, No. 2 (2011).", "[33] See FAO Fisheries Report No. 838; T. Morato and M. R. Clark, “Seamount fishes: ecology and life histories”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, T. J. Pitcher, et al., eds., Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12 (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[34] See H. da Silva and M. R. Pinho, “Small-scale fishing on seamounts”, in Seamounts: Ecology, Fisheries and Conservation, T. J. Pitcher, et al., eds., Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12 (Oxford, Blackwell Publishing, 2007).", "[35] See O. A. Bergstad and Å. S. Høines, “Bottom fisheries closures introduced by Atlantic RFMOs as elements of new regulatory frameworks to facilitate sustainable resource utilization and conserve biodiversity. Working Document”, ICES (February 2011).", "[36] See Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Report of the FAO Workshop on the Implementation of the FAO International Guidelines for the Management of Deep-sea Fisheries in the High Seas: Challenges and Ways Forward, Busan, Republic of Korea, 10-12 May 2010, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report, No. 948 (FAO, Rome, 2010).", "[37] See A/64/305, para. 44.", "[38] Actions taken to implement para. 119 of resolution 64/72 by States participating in negotiations to establish RFMO/As are described in sect. III.B (2).", "[39] These measures supplement conservation measures 22-04 and 22-05 on deep-sea gillnetting and the use of bottom trawling gear for purposes other than scientific research; 24-01 on the application of conservation measures to scientific research; 41-05 and 22-08 on prohibiting fishing with bottom gear below 550 metres; 21-01 on new fisheries measures; 21-02 on exploratory fisheries; and 10-02 on authorizing bottom fishing activities and the procedures in 22-06.", "[40] See A/64/305, para. 35.", "[41] Contribution of the European Union.", "[42] ICES had designed a complete Exploratory Bottom Fisheries Protocol, which would be reviewed by NEAFC in 2011.", "[43] Contributions of the European Union and the United States.", "[44] Contributions of NAFO and the United States.", "[45] Contribution of Norway.", "[46] Contributions of Canada, the European Union and NAFO.", "[47] A portion of a coral and sponge protection zone closure falls outside of the NAFO Regulatory Area (in Canada’s exclusive economic zone), and was thus taken into account when calculating the proportion closed to bottom fishing.", "[48] Contribution of New Zealand.", "[49] See “Consolidated text of all NEAFC recommendations on regulating bottom fishing”, annex 4, provides as follows: “For both existing and new fishing areas, an encounter with primary VME indicator species is defined as a catch per set (e.g. trawl tow, longline set, or gillnet set) of more than 60 kg of live coral [and/or 800 kg of live sponge].” Available at http://neafc.org/system/ files/%252Fhome/neafc/drupal2_files/consolidated_bottomfishing_regulations.pdf.", "[50] Contribution of the Interim Secretariat for the Conservation and Management of High Seas Fisheries Resources in the North Pacific Ocean.", "[51] Canada, China, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russian Federation and the United States.", "[52] Contribution of the United States.", "[53] Contribution of Canada.", "[54] A/64/305, paras. 146-152; contributions of the Interim Secretariat and the United States.", "[55] Contributions of the Interim Secretariat and the United States.", "[56] See assessments at http://nwpbfo.nomaki.jp/Assessment.html and contain details on current interim measures carried out by each participating State following the assessments reported in 2008.", "[57] See art. 2 of the SPRFMO Convention.", "[58] See www.southpacificrfmo.org/preparatory-conference/.", "[59] See art. 38 (1) of the SPRFMO Convention for details. If within three years of its adoption the SPRFMO Convention has not so entered into force, it will enter into force six months after the deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, accession, acceptance or approval, or in accordance with para. 1, whichever is the earlier.", "[60] Also see A/64/305, paras. 163-166.", "[61] Contribution of the Interim Secretariat of the SPRFMO.", "[62] See SPRFMO Interim Secretariat, Report on Interim Management Measures (2011). Available at http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/PrepCon-2/Plenary/PrepCon-02-INF-02-Report-on-Interim-Management-Measures-Rev2.pdf.", "[63] Spain, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino, Preliminary Assessment of the Risk of Cause Serious Damage to the Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems. Available at http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/8th-Meeting-November-2009-New-Zealand/SWG-VIII/SP-08-SWG-DW-02-EC-Bottom-fishing-assessment-ENG.pdf.", "[64] See SPRFMO Science Working Group, Report of the Science Working Group (8th International Meeting 2009). Available at http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/8th-Meeting-November-2009-New-Zealand/Plenary-VIII/8th-SWG-Report-Final-Adopted-6-Nov-09-JMA-apendicies-fixed-maps-fixed-24-Nov-09-5pm.pdf).", "[65] New Zealand Ministry of Fisheries, Bottom Fishery Impact Assessment (2008).", "[66] Contribution on Palau.", "[67] See A/64/305, paras. 140 and 141.", "[68] See http://www.fao.org/Legal/treaties/035s-e.htm.", "[69] Official Journal of the European Union, L 201, of 30 July 2008.", "[70] See arts. 8, 9 and 11 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008.", "[71] European Union Commission, “Report from the Commission to the European Union Parliament and the Council on the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008 on the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the high seas from the adverse impacts of bottom fishing gears”, COM (2010) 651 final.", "[72] Ibid., para. 17.", "[73] See Convention on Biological Diversity decision X/29 on marine and coastal biodiversity.", "[74] See resolution 61/105, paras. 84 and 87.", "[75] See www.ccamlr.org; www.gfcm.org/gfcm/en; www.nafo.int; www.neafc.org; and www.seafo.org. The CCAMLR VME taxa classification guide is available at www.ccamlr.org/pu/e/sc/obs/vme-guide.pdf. The full range of measures adopted by GFCM are available in an e-Compedium on its website: http://151.1.154.86/GfcmWebSite/e-Compendium/ info.html.", "[76] See www.southpacificrfmo.org and http://nwpbfo.nomaki.jp/index.html. Information on the SPRFMO interim framework for benthic impact assessments is also available at www.southpacificrfmo.org.", "[77] See resolution 61/105, paras. 88-90, and A/64/305, paras. 190-199.", "[78] Contribution of FAO. See also www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4450/158143/en.", "[79] See ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/UNGA/deep_sea/UNGA61_105.pdf.", "[80] See A/64/305, paras. 194-196.", "[81] See www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0816t/i0816t00.htm and http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4440/en.", "[82] Contribution of FAO.", "[83] See A/66/70, para. 41.", "[84] See Convention on Biological Diversity decision X/29 on marine and coastal biodiversity, see also A/66/70, para. 163." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程[1] 项目76(b)", "海洋和海洋法：通过1995年《执行1982年12月 10日<联合国海洋法公约>有关养护和管理跨界鱼类 种群和高度洄游鱼类种群的规定的协定》和相关文 书等途径实现可持续渔业", "各国以及区域渔业管理组织和安排根据关于可持续渔业问题中的底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性造成的影响问题的大会第61/105号决议第80段和83至87段以及大会第64/72号决议第113至117段和第119至127段的规定采取的行动", "秘书长的报告", "摘要 本报告是根据2010年12月7日大会第65/38号决议第122段编写的，其中请秘书长与联合国粮食及农业组织合作，向大会第六十六届会议报告关于各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排根据第61/105号决议第80和83至87段、第64/72号决议第113至117段和第119至127段的规定采取行动的情况，以便促进对第64/72号决议第129段提及的已采取的行动的进一步审查。 \n本报告是秘书长以前编写的报告(A/64/305和A/61/154)的后续。因此，还应结合先前秘书长关于各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排为执行第61/105号决议所采取措施的临时报告(A/62/260，第60-96段以及A/63/128，第63-78段)理解本报告。", "目录", "页次\n 简称表 3\n 1. 导言 4\n2.底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统以及深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响综述\t4\n A. 脆弱海洋生态系统：最新的审查 4\n B. 深海鱼类种群 8\n C. 底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的影响 9\n3. 各国以及区域渔业管理组织和安排为处理底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性造成的影响而采取的行动\t12\nA. 有监管底层捕捞活动权限的区域渔业管理组织或安排采取的行动\t13\nB. 各国采取的监管底层捕捞的行动\t22\nC. 各国和主管区域渔业管理组织和安排采取行动，协力收集和交流科技数据和信息，并制定或加强数据收集标准、程序、规程和研究方案\t35\n4. 联合国粮食及农业组织为促进监管底层捕捞和保护脆弱海洋生态系统开展的活动\t41\nA. 开发各种有助执行粮农组织《公海深海捕捞管理国际准则》的工具\t42\nB. 建立国家管辖范围之外脆弱海洋生态系统信息全球数据库\t43\n5. 结束语\t43\n 附件 \n答复调查问卷的国家和组织名单\t45", "简称表", "南极海生委 南极海洋生物资源保护委员会", "南部金枪鱼养护委 南部蓝鳍金枪鱼养护委员会", "濒危物种公约 濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约", "粮农组织 联合国粮食及农业组织", "粮农组织准则 联合国粮食及农业组织《公海深海渔业管理国际准则》", "全环基金 全球环境基金", "渔业总会 地中海渔业总委员会", "防污行动纲领 保护海洋环境免受陆上活动污染全球行动纲领", "大西洋金枪鱼养委会 国际大西洋金枪鱼养护委员会", "海考会 国际海洋考察理事会", "海事组织 国际海事组织", "海管局 国际海底管理局", "东北大西洋渔委 东北大西洋渔业委员会", "北太平洋渔委 北太平洋渔业委员会", "区域渔管组织/安排 区域渔业管理组织和安排", "中西太平洋渔委 中西太平洋渔业委员会", "一. 导言", "1. 大会2009年12月4日第64/72号决议，除其它外，欢迎各国、区域渔业管理组织和安排(区域渔管组织/安排)及参加旨在建立一个有权限监管底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织/安排的谈判的国家取得重大进展，以执行第61/105号决议第80和83至87段的规定，处理底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响的问题。", "2. 在审查基础上，大会认为需要依照审慎做法和生态系统方法及国际法采取进一步行动，以上述段落的执行情况，并吁请有权监管底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织/安排、参加关于建立此类组织或安排谈判的国家以及船旗国采取本报告所述的额外行动。大会还吁请各国立即各自执行并通过区域渔管组织和安排执行联合国粮食及农业组织2008年《公海深海渔业管理国际准则》，[2] 以便可持续地管理鱼类种群，保护脆弱海洋生态系统免遭毁灭性捕捞的破坏。", "3. 此外，大会决定在2011年第六十六届会议进一步审查各国及区域渔管组织/安排针对第61/105号决议以及第64/72号决议有关段落的要求所采取的行动，以确保有效执行各项措施，并视需要提出进一步建议。", "4. 在通过请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告上述行动的第65/38号决议后，秘书长向各国、区域经济一体化组织和区域渔管组织/安排分发了一份调查表，请它们提交关于它们为执行相关决议所采取行动的资料，以便进一步审查这些行动。还请联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)提交资料。", "5. 19个国家、欧洲联盟(欧盟)、12个区域渔管组织/安排和粮农组织按照上述要求提交了文件(见附件)。本报告以其中的资料及其他相关资料为依据。秘书长对提交资料的各方表示感谢。", "二. 底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统以及深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响综述", "A. 脆弱海洋生态系统：最新的审查", "6. 如以前报告所述，[3] 生态系统的脆弱程度与一个或多个组成部分(例如种群、群落或生境)因短期或长期干扰而发生重大改变的可能性以及其复原的可能性及所需时间有关。最脆弱的生态系统是那些既容易受到干扰，复原又很缓慢，也可能永远无法复原的生态系统。[4] 在生态系统，海山、热液喷口和冷水珊瑚可被视为生态区，它们可能以多个小块的形式产生，散布于较大生态系统中。¹", "7. 秘书长先前的报告详细描述了脆弱海洋生态系统，特别是国家管辖范围以外深海中的脆弱海洋生态系统。[5] 以下各节介绍了对这些脆弱海洋生态系统的最新审查。", "1. 海山", "8. 生态范式让人们对作为测深特征的海山形成了一些普遍认识，认为海山是独特的环境，是生物多样性和地方特性热点，也是极具生态价值的脆弱生态系统。但大部分有关海山生态系统的科学范式依据的是极有限的定量研究。全世界几千座海山中，依照科学标准进行了彻底抽样调查的只有约300座。[6]", "9. 最近对海山生态主要范式发展的审查表明，知识领域存在很大空白，一些范式的准确性受到异议。[7] 现有数据有力地支持了海山生物群落易受捕鱼影响以及这些群落对底拖网捕捞法带来的干扰很敏感，且应变能力低等论断。繁殖繁殖力低的固着群落受到实际干扰或破坏；惯于在海山聚集的高价值鱼类迅速减少，这些在文献中得到详尽记录。但以下概论并未得到广泛支持，即海山是地方特有动物区系的岛屿生境，组成这些动物区系的特有群落在物种组成方面与其他深海生境不同。证明地方特有性需要大量取样，特有性一词曾被误用。此外，一般认为以自下而上方式进行的本地繁殖使海山群落繁殖力强，但这一点没有得到普遍认同。与海山相关的有机体可能生物量大、数量多，但其繁殖力取决于本地繁殖和临近海区的投入的结合。", "10. 虽然有证据支持海山是生物迁徙的中转站、资源量和生物量的绿洲以及物种丰富性热点等看法，但目前的抽样水平太低，无法证实这些一般看法。底栖生物多样性与大陆边缘观察到的生物多样性类似。[8] 还需要对以下一些新范式展开进一步调查：海山生物群落结构各异；海山上的无脊椎动物种群是邻近灰岩坑内的繁殖体的来源；以及在大规模灾难性环境事件中，海山可成为生物残遗种保护区。遗传研究记录了海山和其他生境之间复杂的关联模式，两者的关系取决于空间尺度和所调查生物的生命史特征。[9]", "2. 热液喷口", "11. 1970年代末，首次发现了为底栖和近底生物群落提供食物、并由化合过程驱动的热液喷口。[10] 在海洋中脊，地球地幔中的岩浆、极大压力下的气体和水三者之间的反应造成了高温深海喷口，它们富含化学物，滋养独特食物链最底层的细菌。在墨西哥湾的海洋边缘首次发现了低温化学合成系统(“冷泉”)。与光合作用相比，喷口(以及冷泉等其他深海地貌)的化合过程产生的能量和物质极少。", "12. 虽然分布广而且可能比人们预想的更常见，热液喷口是相对较小且具有地方性的海洋地貌；它们通常存在于各大洋和各纬度分离型板块边界(海洋中脊)和存在弧后扩张中心的汇聚型板块。虽然喷口生物群落多样性低，但地方特有性强。喷口生物的生命史特征差异可能也较大。[11] 随着不断发现新喷口点以及一系列相关的新物种，早期的生物地理学理论正在被检验和修正。[12]", "13. 与化合地貌有关的脆弱生态群落中，与冷泉相关的群落可能比栖息于热液喷口的群落更易受人类活动的干扰。冷泉存在于底拖网捕捞和石油化工开采活动更普遍的软底大陆架和斜坡区。", "3. 冷水珊瑚和水螅", "14. 某些冷水珊瑚和水螅虫，[13] 主要是那些可能或已形成森林、花园和珊瑚礁的品种，是脆弱群落的成员和指示生物。主要的生物分类群为石珊瑚(石珊瑚目)、软珊瑚和柳珊瑚(八放珊瑚亚纲)、黑珊瑚(黑角珊瑚)和水螅珊瑚 (柱孔珊瑚)。海笔( 海鳃目)是另一类，主要在松软的底层。这些生物群组成的有序的生境栖息着各种动物群，共同组成脆弱海洋生态系统。", "15. 冷水珊瑚通常在水下的边缘地带或斜坡、海山的峰顶和边缘处，[14] 以及上陆坡、海脊、峡谷和海沟中。许多珊瑚物种分布广泛，某些物种可形成珊瑚礁。各物种或种群有独特的生境偏好和水深范围；依据对这些规律的了解，人们利用生境适宜度模型来“预测”某种珊瑚群，例如Lophelia的分布情况。", "16. 石珊瑚礁是古老的构造；深海珊瑚生长缓慢，可存活几千年之久。[15] 因此，珊瑚礁的年龄可能很大，但珊瑚礁是由一些活珊瑚和大量死珊瑚组成的。某一群体似乎可快速生长，人们经常发现一些珊瑚附着于海上石油平台的事实就可说明这一点。但珊瑚的生长速度取决于食物供给和环境条件，而深海珊瑚通常生长缓慢。", "17. 全球范围内继续开展对珊瑚和珊瑚生境的制图工作；近几年，在大西洋、西南太平洋和印度洋对大量海脊、海山和斜坡水域进行了调查。[16] 许多开展制图工作的区域都曾有渔业活动或有可能成为底层捕捞区。", "18. 上述生物分类群中的珊瑚虫、花园和珊瑚礁处于直立状态、易受损并且复原缓慢，尤其是在深海，因此比较脆弱。在珊瑚区内海床使用可触及海底的渔具以及开展其他活动可带来实际干扰和破坏。珊瑚易受其他因素，如海洋酸度和温度变化的影响，这也越来越引起人们的关注。[17]", "4. 其他的脆弱海洋生态系统", "19. 通常，碳酸盐丘伴有珊瑚等脆弱物种。海绵田由极易受损的直立物种(如玻璃海绵类)或大量结实强壮的物种(如Geodia属)组成。", "20. 近几年，在北大西洋等区域开展的大量制图工作增加了人们对这些地貌和物种分布区的了解。", "21. 如同在珊瑚区一样，正在这些区域开展研究；这些研究可让人们更多地了解这些脆弱海洋生态系统作为鱼类生境的重要性以及相关物种和群落的脆弱性。", "B. 深海鱼类种群", "22. 深海鱼的一般定义为栖息于边缘海和大陆架以外且(或)在水深超过200米之处的各类鱼种的多样化组合，虽然也采用其他深度界限。[18] 主要生境指上大陆坡、山脊、深岛以及海山坡和峰顶及深堤区，但深峡湾和陆架槽/峡谷也包括在内。", "23. 深海鱼类“种群”由成为商业渔业目标或副渔获物的若干深海鱼子种群构成。[19] 这些鱼类中，很少有真正的中层水(海洋水层)生物物种。多数栖息在水底层，或海床或与海床相关的环境，但也有一些鱼类以海洋水层生物为生。虽然有些鱼类是在2 000米深海域处被捕获，但多数深海鱼类种群是在浅于1 000米的海域中被捕获。鉴于物种数量和生物量通常会随着水深的增加而急剧减少，且物种构成也发生变化，¹⁷ 因此，即使技术上可行，也不可能发展更深层的渔业。", "24. 深海鱼种在生活史特征和生态方面的多样性相当可观。栖息于浅于500米区域的鱼类以及海洋中层或底中水层的物种如蓝鳕鱼和白眼狭鳕的生活史特征一般与大陆架物种类似。[20] 但这一深度限制并不普遍适用。深海鱼种也可能在其分布区的某些浅层处，或如在海山的峰顶。", "25. 不同深海鱼种的寿命和生长率也各不相同。在东北大西洋，一些深海鱼种(如金眼鲷、黑斑黄鲷、黑等鳍叉尾带鱼、长魣鳕、单鳍鳕)的生活史与浅水底层生物物种类似，而其他鱼种(如圆吻鳕、深海鲨鱼、橙连鳍鲑)则极端长寿，能活几十年，甚至一个多世纪。[21] 深海鲨鱼的繁殖殖力非常有限。", "26. 多数深海鱼种的分布范围很广，但各鱼种间的区域和地方空间分布情况不同。有些鱼种总是聚集在一起，而且可能会出现大面积聚集(如在海山顶部)[22] 和聚集在坡段的情况。有些鱼种在产卵季节聚集，其他季节则分散各处。多数底层鱼种还靠中层水有机体为猎物，并利用各种猎物鱼种的昼夜垂直迁移、生物残骸下沉以及随着循环在水中某些深度和生境聚集的猎物。此外，许多鱼种利用地质或源于生物的结构生境作为栖息和摄食区。在有珊瑚和海绵的区域发现的多数鱼种也栖息在其他结构性生境中。", "27. 最容易受到过度捕捞的深海鱼种是市场上易卖的鱼种，其生命周期延长，繁殖力低，生长缓慢，分布地区与市场较近(如橙连鳍鲑、圆吻鳕、蓝翎及许多深海鲨鱼)。这些鱼种的下述共同特点加剧了脆弱性：喜欢聚集，因此很容易被发现和捕获，或显示出易受多钩长线诱饵吸引的强烈倾向。", "C. 底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的影响", "28. 下节更新了早先有关底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的影响以及为加强这方面评估所作的努力的信息。[23]", "1. 脆弱海洋生态系统", "29. 若干研究记录了流动渔具给深海海底生物和群落造成的不利影响，特别是给结构生成生物如某些珊瑚和海绵造成的不利影响，这些影响包括局部枯竭、生境复杂性的丧失、生物群落结构的改变以及生态系统过程的变化。", "30. 对珊瑚的破坏似乎是长期的，其复原可能需要几十年甚至更长的时间。受底层捕捞活动影响的主要珊瑚礁可能已经永远失去了。[24] 在珊瑚和海绵水域捕捞还可能导致大量意外的副渔获物，因此而对目标渔获造成损害，并导致已经很昂贵的捕捞作业中断。但是，这些影响在世界各地的程度还没有得到满意的评估。在底拖网捕捞活动总的来说较少或捕捞船努力避开已知的珊瑚和海绵的那些区域，即使附近有大量的捕捞活动，脆弱海洋生态系统受影响也较小或没有受到损害。", "31. 近年来与大西洋、太平洋和印度洋的许多实际和潜在的捕鱼区有关的制图活动有所增加，使脆弱海洋生态系统指示生物的存在和分布方面的记录工作得到加强。捕捞活动的空间分布情况也得到了更好的记录，管理决策的科学依据得到加强。[25] 生境适宜性模拟被用来预测各海洋分区的情况，特别是可能有极易受到捕捞影响的脆弱海洋生态系统指示生物的海山和海脊的情况。[26] 有了足够的模型预测测定，加上有关区域和地方一级的脆弱海洋生态系统指示生物分布情况的观测数据，这些模拟将指导脆弱海洋生态系统制图和保护工作。", "32. 以往评估的缺陷在于没有完整地记录1960年代开始发展且几十年来基本上未受监管的渔业活动和影响。在多数情况下，记录只包括上岸量和上岸量的地理坐标，有关渔具和捕捞活动的资料差强人意。 随着时间推移可能产生不利影响的趋势却不为人所熟知。即使是近几十年来，也很难审查深海渔业史和其他影响。[27]", "2. 深海鱼类种群", "33. 深海渔业史一直被视为较近期的。然而，早在1960年代中期以前就出现较小规模的200米以下深水渔业，包括公海延绳钓作业捕捞长魣鳕、单鳍鳕和大比目鱼等鱼种以及捕捞黑等鳍叉尾带鱼等鱼种的个体渔业。然而，大规模产业化作业是更近期的，并在探索和发现、技术创新、市场需求以及通过渔业补贴提供政治支持的时期得到扩大。利用回声测深仪可发现并轻而易举地捕捞正在聚集的深水鱼，过度捕捞工作导致海山和大陆坡上的局部富集持续枯竭。[28]", "34. 在1990年代，据报，有人观察到主要目标鱼种如橙连鳍鲑、拟五棘鲷、圆吻鳕和蓝魣鳕等的单位努力量的渔获量下降非常迅速，情况惊人。[29] 由于缺乏时间序列数据，科学咨询机构无法提供准确的咨询意见，只是提供强烈的警告信息。 由于缺乏数据，没有提供或者无法完成鱼种评估。", "35. 目前的情况有所改善，主要是因为单位努力量的渔获量的时间序列以及渔业自主研究调查已积累了新的相关信息。这些活动通常没有提供质量令人满意的鱼种评估，但趋势监测和现状评估的依据有所改进。在一些地区，新评估证实了先前的丰量趋势(即丰量迅速或逐步下降至很低的水平)。评估和调查数据至少有一次没有提出具体的趋势或甚至丰量的增加。[30] 然而，对现有案例的调查表明只做了有限的几次评估。", "36. 纵观大规模渔业历史，在世界各地上岸的海山、大陆坡和山脊的深海鱼的生物量估计约为225万吨。[31] 粮农组织估计，2006年从国家管辖范围以外地区捕捞的深海鱼种的年上岸量约为250 000吨，该年从事公海深海捕捞的船只数量为285艘。[32] 虽然不精确，但这些数字说明了深海捕捞的规模。", "37. 相对较少的独立于渔业的调查数据的时间序列显示，出现大规模拖网捕捞的已开发深水捕捞区的丰量下降(如西北和东北大西洋)，[33] 有些影响似乎达及比实际捕捞区更深的水层。目标鱼种和相关的副渔获物鱼种受到了影响，但结果还表明，多样性和生物基本的群落结构得到保持。现在在大陆坡和一些海山区域的许多传统深海捕捞区通过定期调查进行监测，但枯竭的鱼类种群复原需要很长的时间。", "38. 通过上述方式完整地记载了大规模捕捞对某些鱼类种群和副渔获物鱼种的影响，并对这些渔业的可持续性提出质疑。[34] 分析表明，小规模渔业实现可持续发展的可能性可能更大。[35] 总体而言，实现可持续性的关键不在于捕捞方法和渔船的大小或功率，而在于任何渔业对被开发种群带来的渔捞死亡率水平以及如何根据种群消长规律来调整开发活动。", "39. 过去10至15年期间，人们对有害捕捞做法的负面后果的认识提高了，因此，一项新挑战是评估对鱼类种群和生物多样性的影响模式的变化。[36] 有关影响模式变化和复原过程监测的分析也为数不多。[37]", "三. 各国以及区域渔业管理组织和安排为处理底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性造成的影响而采取的行动", "40. 在第64/72号决议第119段中，大会认为需采取进一步行动，以强化执行第61/105号决议第80和83至87段的规定，[38] 并吁请区域渔业管理组织或安排、参加关于建立此类组织或安排谈判的国家以及船旗国在国家管辖范围以外地区采取若干紧急行动，防止底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群造成影响。在第64/72号决议第120段中，大会吁请船旗国、区域渔业管理组织或安排的成员和参加关于建立此类组织或安排的谈判的国家，根据第61/105号决议第83、85和86段、第64/72号决议第119段和国际法，并依照粮农组织的《准则》，通过和执行措施，并在通过和执行此类措施之前不授权进行底层捕捞活动；此外，在第64/72号决议第122和123段中，大会吁请各国及主管的区域渔业管理组织或安排采取若干行动，加紧努力，合作收集并交流科学和技术数据和信息，并制订或加强数据收集标准、程序和规程及研究方案。", "41. 各国和区域渔管组织/安排为执行第61/105号和第64/72号决议各有关段而采取一系列广泛行动，以处理底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性造成的影响。", "A. 有监管底层捕捞活动权限的区域渔业管理组织或安排采取的行动", "42. 下节阐述有权监管底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织/安排自第64/72号决议获得通过以来为执行第61/105号第83段和第64/72号决议第119段的规定，处理底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性造成的影响而采取的行动。这些区域渔业管理组织或安排如下：南极海洋生物资源养护委员会(南极海生委)、地中海渔业总委员会(渔业总会)、西北大西洋渔业组织、东北大西洋渔业委员会和东南大西洋渔业组织。[39]", "43. 其他区域渔管组织/安排，例如中亚和高加索地区渔业和水产养殖业委员会、南方蓝鳍金枪鱼保护委员会以及西部和中部太平洋渔业委员会报告说，没有监管底层捕捞，或者没有这方面的授权。北大西洋鲑鱼养护组织和太平洋岛国论坛渔业局提供的资料介绍了旨在促进以可持续方式管理鱼类种群和保护脆弱海洋生态系统的一般性努力和活动。", "1. 区域渔业管理组织/安排最近采取的行动概述", "44. 南极海洋生物资源保护委员会目前为避免对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响而采取的管理战略包括以下措施：㈠ 禁止在南极海洋生物资源保护委员会公约区公海海域进行海底拖网捕捞；㈡ 限制到超过550米深处试捕南极犬牙鱼；㈢ 在超过临界值时，关闭属于脆弱海洋生态系统指标分类的副渔获物周边风险区域；㈣ 就拟列入脆弱海洋生态系统登记册的一些有证据表明为脆弱海洋生态系统的区域发出通知。已通过的支持海洋生物资源可持续管理和养护的最重要保护措施是养护措施22-06(公约区内底层捕捞)和养护措施22-07(遵守养护措施22-06的底层捕捞)。[40]", "45. 地中海渔业总会最近采取的措施包括：在地中海渔业总会区域，海底拖网捕鱼活动至少减少10%；在狮子海湾设立一个限制捕鱼区，以保护产卵鱼群和深海敏感的生境；采用40毫米正方网目作为底层拖网网目的最低尺寸。", "46. 西北大西洋渔业组织最近根据缔约方收集的1987-2007年的数据，批准了现有的底层捕捞划界。西北大西洋渔业组织的足迹划定了一向允许使用触底渔具捕捞的地区的界限，该界限被西北大西洋渔业组织用来区分现有捕捞区和新捕捞区。2006年至2009年期间对海山和查明有珊瑚和海绵存在的区域实行关闭，并在2010年审查后保持这一做法，且继续实行。西北大西洋渔业组织科学理事会就渔业管理生态系统办法设立了一个工作组，负责查明可列为脆弱海洋生态系统的群落，并评估可能产生重大不利影响的潜在因素。还设立了脆弱海洋生态系统问题渔业管理人员和科学家工作组，以审查科学咨询意见，评估风险，并就采取哪些缓解措施以避免对北大西洋渔业组织管制区的脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响提出建议。", "47. 东北大西洋渔业委员会建立了为了养护目的而不对底层捕捞开放的大面积海洋保护区，并对仍向捕捞开放的分区捕捞活动实行管制，以保护脆弱海洋生态系统，减少产生重大不利影响的风险。在有科学证据表明可列为脆弱海洋生态系统的地区建立了海洋保护区。在科学资料不那么完整的区域，如中大西洋海脊及周围的海山，有代表性的大面积区域也不向底层捕捞开放。在仍对捕捞开放的分区，对其所使用的渔具在正常捕鱼作业中可能触及海底的渔船适用底层捕捞监管规定。东北大西洋渔业委员会还禁止在水深200米以下的水层使用刺网和围网，[41] 并实行各项措施来防止渔具丢失，并清理刺网捕鱼禁令前期间丢失的渔具(幻影捕鱼)。", "48. 此外，东北大西洋渔业委员会绘制了现有捕捞区和新捕捞区地图，以便就使用底层渔具出海捕捞拟订相应的先决条件，并定期进行修订。[42] 东北大西洋渔业委员会还分析了其监管区对脆弱海洋生态系统保护的程度，并估计冰岛南部91.9%的区域被确定为新捕捞区，因此应遵守其暂行试探性捕捞协议。建立了面积占该区域7.3%的的若干海洋保护区，占冰岛以南捕捞区54%(深度不超过2 000米)。整个北冰洋也被确定为新捕捞区。[43]", "49. 东南大西洋渔业组织最近为处理脆弱深海生态系统而采取的措施包括关于脆弱深海生境和生态系统管理的养护措施18/10。根据这项措施，共有11个已知或可能存在脆弱海洋生态系统的分区不对底层渔业活动开放。关于东南大西洋渔业组织公约区底层捕捞活动的养护措施17/09适用于其禁渔区外所有现有和新的底层捕捞区，并载有有关遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统情况或事件的详细规定。", "2. 区域渔业管理组织和安排为执行大会第61/105号决议第83段和第64/72号决议第119段而采取的措施", "50. 在第61/105号决议第83段中，大会吁请有权监管底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织和安排根据审慎方法、生态系统方法和国际法，作为优先事项，至迟于2008年12月31日通过和执行保护和管理措施，以监管底层捕捞活动，并保护脆弱海洋生态系统。在大会第64/72号决议第119段中，大会认为需采取进一步行动，以强化执行第61/105号决议有关段落的规定，并吁请区域渔业管理组织或安排、参加关于建立此类组织或安排谈判的国家以及船旗国在国家管辖范围以外地区采取若干紧急行动。", "51. 下节阐述区域渔业管理组织和安排为执行大会第61/105号决议第83段和第64/72号决议第119段而采取的行动。³⁸", "(a) 进行评估并确保在进行评估之前，船舶不进行底层捕捞活动", "52. 在第61/105号决议第83段(a)分段中，大会吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排根据现有最佳科学资料，评估各项底层捕捞活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响，并确保如评估表明这些活动将产生重大不利影响，则对其进行管理以防止这种影响，或不批准进行这些活动。在第64/72号决议第119段(a)分段中，大会还吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排依照粮农组织准则进行第61/105号决议第83段(a)分段所要求的评估，并确保在进行评估之前，船舶不进行底层捕捞活动。", "53. 在南极海生委，养护措施22-06和22-07规定由南极海生委科学委员会开展一项评估，在考虑到该地区底层捕捞历史和风险评估的情况下，确定底层捕捞活动是否会促使对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响，并确保如评估表明这些活动将产生重大不利影响，则对其进行管理以防止这种影响，或不批准进行这些活动。影响评估框架设计为一个灵活框架，借以估计所有底层捕捞方法的总体影响，以通报不同渔业在不同地区和/或采用不同捕捞方法所产生的影响的比较。2010年，南极海生委进一步修订了成员在进行捕捞之前应提交的底层捕捞活动初步影响评估的格式和要求。[44]", "54. 南极海生委九个成员已根据养护措施21-02提交了参加新的试探性捕捞的通知，并已根据养护措施22-06的要求提交了底栖生物初步影响评估。南极海生委成员已经接到请求，完成西班牙延绳、拖网、罐以及底拖网方法评估，以便完成一项影响评估。延绳的预计影响一般较低，而每一个分地区或区域捕捞区内的捕捞作业分布不均匀。使用影响评估方法确定未来拟议中的底层捕捞活动影响的工作仍有待进行。", "55. 截至2009年1月1日，在西北大西洋渔业组织，新捕鱼区所有底层捕捞活动或使用以前没有在该地区使用过的底层捕捞渔具，都被视为试探性捕捞，需要拟定试探性捕捞协议，并经过一项评估程序。西北大西洋渔业组织试探性捕捞议定书描述了西北大西洋渔业组织缔约方将其捕捞意图通知西北大西洋渔业组织秘书处并提供捕捞量、缓解措施、渔获量监测和数据收集计划的责任。", "56. 2010年该项评估程序得到进一步修订，要求今后所有底层捕捞活动的评估符合粮农组织准则相关规定，包括确保所有船旗国的评估具有一致性。[45] 如果提议在现有足迹之外进行底层捕捞，现有底层捕捞的行为或技术出现重大变化，或有新的科学资料表明在特定区域内存在脆弱海洋生态系统，缔约方必须提交资料和一份底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统已知和预期影响的初步评估。", "57. 2010年，西北大西洋渔业组织科学理事会审查了的中上水层、延绳和其他除移动海底渔具外的捕捞渔具类型对海山脆弱海洋生态系统可能产生的重大不利影响，认定除底拖网外的其他渔具显然可能对脆弱海洋生态系统群落产生重大不利影响。影响主要集中在：(a) 渔具接触海底时造成的生境破坏，以及(b) 非商业脆弱海洋生态系统指示种和宝贵的本地商业鱼类种群的枯竭。延绳、刺网和诱捕器在放置和回收时所产生的运动也会损坏底栖结构和生境。鉴于构成脆弱海洋生态系统的物种生长/繁殖速度迟缓，这些损害会累积而构成重大不利影响。", "58. 在东北大西洋渔业委员会，新的底层捕捞区内所有底层捕捞活动，或者使用以前没有在该地区使用过的底层捕捞渔具，从2009年起已被视为试探性捕捞，需要拟定临时试探性底层捕捞协议，并经过一项评估程序。缔约方提议参加底层捕捞应提交关于其底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统已知和预期影响的资料，包括拟议的防止这些影响的缓解措施，如有可能，还应提交一份初步评估。此后，东北大西洋渔业委员会将采取养护和管理措施以防止对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响，其中可能包括允许、禁止或限制使用某些渔具类型的底层捕捞活动。2010年，东北大西洋渔业委员会还通过了底层捕捞规章的修订，以明确捕捞开始之前进行初步评估的义务。[46]", "59. 东南大西洋渔业组织报告，新的底层捕捞区内所有底层捕捞活动，或者使用以前没有在该地区使用过的底层捕捞渔具，都被视为试探性捕捞，需要拟定临时试探性底层捕捞协议。在进行试探性底层捕捞之前，应向东南大西洋渔业组织科学委员会提交一份详细的提议，由该委员会就本次试探性捕捞是否可以进行提出建议。试探性底层捕捞活动还应由东南大西洋渔业组织科学委员会根据现有最佳科学资料进行评估，确定这些活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响。考虑到东南大西洋渔业组织科学委员会的咨询意见和建议，东南大西洋渔业组织将采取养护和管理措施，以防止对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响，其中可能包括禁止或限制底层捕捞活动或使用某些渔具类型的底层捕捞活动。", "(b) 查明脆弱海洋生态系统并采取措施防止重大不利影响或禁止在某些地区进行底层捕捞", "60. 在第61/105号决议第83段(b)分段中，大会吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排查明脆弱海洋生态系统，通过改进科学研究及数据收集和分享，并通过新的试探性捕捞，确定底层捕捞活动是否会对这些生态系统和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性造成重大不利影响。对根据现有最佳科学信息已知存在或可能存在脆弱海洋生态系统的区域，吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排关闭这些区域的底层捕捞活动，并确保在建立养护和管理措施以防止重大不利影响之前，不进行这类活动。在第64/72号决议第119段(b)分段中，大会吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排开展进一步的海洋科学研究，并利用现有最佳科学技术信息，查明已知存在或可能存在脆弱海洋生态系统的地点，依照粮农组织准则采取养护和管理措施，防止对这些生态系统造成重大不利影响，或在按照第61/105号决议第83段(c)分段的要求制定养护和管理措施之前，禁止在这些地区进行底层捕捞活动。", "61. 在履行上述段落并进行海洋科学研究以查明脆弱海洋生态系统的过程中，西北大西洋渔业组织报告说，西班牙启动了西北大西洋渔业组织“潜在脆弱海洋生态系统——深海渔业的影响”项目，该项目预计将比以往任何时候都更精确地划定西北大西洋渔业组织管理区内珊瑚和海绵的位置(另见第三节C)。[47] 加拿大也在2009年进行了科学勘查和研究以描述西北大西洋渔业组织禁渔的海山奥芬诺尔(Orphan Knoll)。预计正在进行的研究活动将生成数据并做出分析，包括正在进行的旨在查明和划定脆弱海洋生态系统和脆弱海洋生态系统指示种的“潜在脆弱海洋生态系统——深海渔业的影响”巡航，2009年格陵兰底栖调查对海绵的收集和勘查，以及加拿大开展的其他研究活动。", "62. 东南大西洋渔业组织报告说，已经根据世界上一些公开来源的各种数据集制作了东南大西洋渔业组织公约地区最新水深数据库和地图。该项研究表明，关于南大西洋海山的数据，尤其是具有生物重要意义的数据，充其量也是非常不完整的，而且质量参差不齐。处于底层捕捞可能探索或捕捞到的水深范围内海山和海山复合区的位置更为明确和直观。", "63. 在采取措施防止产生重大不利影响或禁止在某些地区进行底层捕捞的过程中，南极海生委正就缓解对脆弱海洋生态系统的直接风险可能采取的审慎管理行动提出咨询意见，并将在一次独立于渔业的拖网勘探中查明的两个新地点列入其脆弱海洋生态系统登记册。在一些地区，通过设置大小不同的禁渔区对登记册登记的脆弱海洋生态系统加以保护。但是，尚未制定专门保护所有登记的脆弱海洋生态系统的一般性措施。", "64. 南极海生委还关注海洋保护区，并已商定一系列重大事项，支持向南极海生委提交在2012年设立一个有代表性的海洋保护区系统的提案。2009年，南极海生委宣布为南奥克尼群岛南部大陆架建立一个保护区建立第一个公海海洋保护区，养护措施91-03禁止所有类型的捕捞活动，包括在一个约94 000平方公里的地区内禁止倾倒废物和渔船的排放。", "65. 地中海渔业总会报告，除早先关闭其他一些渔区以保护深海敏感的生境，包括禁止使用牵引式耙网和海底拖网以保护深海珊瑚礁以外，还在狮子海湾设立一个限制捕鱼区，以保护产卵鱼群和深海敏感的生境。", "66. 在西北大西洋渔业组织，西北大西洋渔业组织管理区内18个地区目前已禁止底层捕捞。2010年对海山禁渔进行了审查，决定延长至2014年。2011年将对所有封闭的渔区以及现有涉及西北大西洋渔业组织管理区内底层捕捞的措施进行审查。目前禁止底层捕捞活动的总面积估计为西北大西洋渔业组织管理区总面积的14.13%。[48]", "67. 2009年，西北大西洋渔业组织发布了珊瑚识别指南，协助识别和记录可能经常在拖网中遇到的各种珊瑚种类。2010年，海绵识别指南也已订立，该指南补充了珊瑚指南，使常见海绵种类的识别变得更加容易。", "68. 东北大西洋渔业委员会报告，已在科学证据显示存在脆弱海洋生态系统的地区设立海洋保护区。对2004年建立的海洋保护区根据收到的补充科学咨询意见定期进行更新，主要是根据请国际海洋考察理事会(海考会)提供科学咨询意见的要求。检查机构考察了如何监测和控制海洋保护区，表明在这些地区建立有效的控制和执法是可行的。", "69. 东北大西洋渔业委员会还报告，已在设立禁渔区以保全和保护和/或促进资源和相关的无脊椎动物种群的恢复、保护代表性脆弱海洋生态系统不受潜在的重大不利影响这种一般考虑的基础上，设立了大海洋保护区。2009年，东北大西洋渔业委员会出于审慎的考虑，决定在原来禁渔至2008年底的中大西洋海脊大幅扩大禁渔区。尚无相关空间范围内历史捕捞作业的数据或影响评估，除非做出大量努力挖掘历史资料否则不可能获得这方面的资料。因此，无法对资源和相关的无脊椎动物种群的现状做一个综合的评估。", "70. 东南大西洋渔业组织报告说，已根据1987至2007年期间各个网次渔获量的电子数据和1996至2010年间的传统捕捞编制了最新的捕捞足迹。定义了三类可捕捞的海山/海山复合区(“视为不可捕捞”、“已轻度捕捞”和“已捕捞”)，捕捞活动的空间分布与已经查明的海山地区重叠。根据水深和最佳生物地理学知识，禁止在共计11个已知或可能包含脆弱海洋生态系统的分区进行底层捕捞活动。所有分区都包含存在现有渔业进行捕捞活动的潜在或实际可能性的水区，水层深浅不同，最深约为2 000米，这些分区的地理分布是根据保护具有生物地理代表性的海山/海山复合区组合的假设确定的。", "(c) 遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统情况或事件的处理规程", "71. 在第61/105号决议第83段(d)分段中，大会吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排要求其成员的船只如在捕捞作业过程中遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的地区，停止底层捕捞活动，并报告所遇到的情况，以便能够就相关地点采取适当措施。在第64/72号决议第119段(c)分段中，大会吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排制定并执行适当的规程，以执行第61/105号决议第83段(d)分段的规定，包括构成“遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统”证据的定义，特别是门槛值和指示种。", "72. 在南极海生委，养护措施22-07规定了遇到可能表明存在脆弱海洋生态系统的生物时应采取的行动，包括通知南极海生委秘书处。该养护措施还界定了“风险区域”、“脆弱海洋生态系统指示性生物体”、“脆弱海洋生态系统指示性单位”和遭遇参数。南极海生委秘书处负责维护《脆弱海洋生态系统分类群的分类指南》和一个将禁止底层捕捞活动的已知或可能存在脆弱海洋生态系统地区都登记在册的《脆弱海洋生态系统登记册》。⁴⁵ 养护措施22-06还要求缔约方向南极海生委秘书处通报其他包括在研究和相关活动过程中的情况。此项措施包括规定此类通报中应包括的信息类别的准则。南极海生委将于2012年再次审查遭遇措施。[49]", "73. 南极海生委科学委员会就底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统已知和预期的影响提出咨询意见，并推荐做法和缓解措施，包括在遇到脆弱海洋生态系统证据时停止捕捞活动。根据养护措施22-06，在目前禁止大部分底层捕捞活动的地区进行研究的过程中，共通报了32次遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统的情况。按照养护措施22-07，提交了共计53份脆弱海洋生态系统指示种通报，根据其中一些通报宣布了15个风险区。", "74. 西北大西洋渔业组织2008年制定了在新的和现有的捕鱼区进行捕捞时遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统指示种的暂行遭遇规定。2010年，通过了相关措施，以执行一个更为全面的在试探性和现有捕捞地区遭遇珊瑚和海绵物种的数据收集议定书。⁴³ 主要脆弱海洋生态系统指示种门槛值被减少到更加审慎的数量，活珊瑚从100公斤减少到60公斤和/或活海绵从1 000公斤减少到800公斤。使用可能有害的渔具类型和遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统证据的渔船必须停止捕捞，离开该水域并报告遭遇情况。对新捕鱼区内的试捕，还将临时封闭所报告位置周围2海里半径范围内的水域。然后对这类遭遇报告所提供的信息进行科学评估和审查，确定和采取必要措施以保护脆弱海洋生态系统。", "75. 在东北大西洋，东北大西洋渔业委员会的“避离”规则适用于新的和现有的捕鱼区。在捕捞作业过程中的任何地点遭遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的证据时，船只应停止底层捕捞活动，并向东北大西洋渔业委员会秘书报告遭遇情况，以便能够采取适当措施。根据单次捕捞作业所捕获的活珊瑚和海绵数量确定是否遭遇主要脆弱海洋生态系统指示种。[50] 东北大西洋渔业委员会表示，还没有收到遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统的报告，东北大西洋渔业委员会的任何缔约方也未曾核准在新捕鱼区进行捕捞。", "76. 在东南大西洋渔业组织，养护措施17/09包括了一份关于珊瑚和海绵上岸和报告的议定书和操作程序。东南大西洋渔业组织缔约方应确保在捕捞过程中如有证据显示遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统，悬挂本国国旗的船只停止底层捕捞活动，并向东南大西洋渔业组织执行秘书报告所遇到的情况，以便能够采取适当措施。对于现有的和新的捕鱼区，遭遇主要脆弱海洋生态系统指示种暂时按每网次(即拖网、延绳、刺网的网次)捕获量超过60公斤的活珊瑚和/或800公斤的活海绵加以界定。", "77. 2010年，东南大西洋渔业组织科学分委员会，对西班牙的一条用于商业捕捞洋枪鱼的延绳误捕海绵和珊瑚的数据进行了分析，但得出的结论是，大多数网次脆弱海洋生态系统指示性生物分类群的数量相对较小，没有超出委员会所设定的门槛值。", "(d) 旨在确保深海鱼类种群和非目标鱼种长期可持续性并恢复枯竭种群的各项措施", "78. 在第64/72号决议第119段(d)分段中，大会吁请区域渔业管理组织和安排根据鱼量评估和现有最佳科学信息采取养护和管理措施，包括监测、控制和监视措施，确保深海鱼类种群和非目标鱼种的长期可持续性，并恢复枯竭种群。在此方面，如果科学信息不确定、不可靠或不准确，区域渔业管理组织和安排应确保采取审慎做法制定养护和管理措施，包括制定措施确保捕捞作业、捕捞能力和渔获量限制的水平酌情与此类种群的长期可持续性相符。", "79. 南极海生委报告说，它已通过关于利用现有最佳科学支持制定养护措施的第31/XXVIII号决议，并根据第64/72号决议第119段(d)分段，通过了一整套关于监测、控制和监视、网目尺寸监管、捕获量和作业报告、禁止专门捕捞、试探性捕捞措施和审慎捕获量限制的养护和管理措施。", "80. 地中海渔业总委员会侧重制定和加强包括针对国际海域深海捕捞的各种监测、控制和监视框架。在此方面，地中海渔业总委员会通过了一系列措施，包括建立船只监测系统的最低标准和区域渔船注册。地中海渔业总委员会每年审查其成员和合作非成员遵守规定的情况，并要求针对查明的行为或疏忽采取补救措施，以免降低其管理措施的效力。在考虑各国和地区的捕捞能力管理计划和科学咨询意见的基础上，根据区域性行动计划确定地中海渔业总委员会地区总捕捞能力水平。", "81. 西北大西洋渔业组织报告说，它已通过每年在其管辖下20个鱼类种群的养护和管理措施。其全面监测、控制和监视的制度包括船只登记、渔获量和捕捞作业报告和记录的要求、鱼类产品标签、贮藏要求和渔具标记、独立观察员、联合巡逻和检查制度、船只监测系统和港口国措施。此外，西北大西洋渔业组织进行了一次年度遵守情况审查，以评估西北大西洋渔业组织缔约方遵守其养护和执法措施的情况。", "82. 东北大西洋渔业委员会报告说，东北大西洋渔业委员会管理区主要渔业管理的所有方面在1998至2007年东北大西洋渔业委员会渔业情况报告中均有详述。东北大西洋渔业委员会管理区内捕捞的所有物种都是有监管的资源，且管理措施到位。国际海洋考察理事会也可提供对某些种群的分析性种群评估。此外，粮农组织渔业资源监测系统载有关于东北大西洋渔业委员会渔业概况介绍，包括关于深海捕捞的概括介绍。东北大西洋渔业委员会采用了一个监测、监视和控制综合框架，协助促进东北大西洋地区渔业资源的长期养护和最优利用。东北大西洋渔业委员会控制和执法计划和非缔约方计划现在已经合并。", "83. 在捕捞作业方面，东北大西洋渔业委员会报告说，鉴于尚未对许多深海鱼类种群进行分析评估，控制各种深海鱼类种群渔捞死亡率被视为不可行。相反，东北大西洋渔业委员会已实行全面的捕捞作业量控制，将国家管辖范围以外地区有限深海捕捞的作业量减少35%。", "84. 东南大西洋渔业组织根据《粮农组织准则》通过了各种养护和管理措施，确保深海鱼类种群和非目标鱼种的长期可持续性并恢复枯竭种群，包括目标种群的养护措施、脆弱海洋生态系统的养护、船旗国责任和一般性捕捞。为确保深海捕捞和脆弱海洋生态系统的可持续利用而通过的措施包括养护措施17/09，该措施针对与底层捕捞有关的所有活动，并适用于东南大西洋渔业组织禁渔区外所有现有的和新的底层捕捞地区。东南大西洋渔业组织还保留了批准渔船进行捕捞活动的记录。未记录的船只被视为进行非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞。⁴⁵", "B. 各国采取的监管底层捕捞的行动", "85. 在第61/105号决议第80段和第64/72号决议第113段中，大会吁请各国确认深海生态系统及其所包含的生物多样性的高度重要性和巨大价值，立即各自并通过区域渔业管理组织和安排，按照审慎方法和生态系统方法采取行动，以可持续的方式管理鱼类种群和保护脆弱海洋生态系统，使它们不受毁灭性捕捞活动的损害。尤其是在第64/72号决议第113段中，大会强调各国在这方面需要采取行动执行粮农组织准则。", "86. 在第64/72号决议第119段中，大会吁请船旗国在国家管辖范围以外地区采取一系列紧急行动，解决底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响问题。此外，在第64/72号决议第120段中，大会吁请船旗国和区域渔业管理组织和安排的成员，根据第61/105号决议第83、85和86段、第64/72号决议第119段和国际法并依照粮农组织准则通过和执行措施，并在通过和执行此类措施之前不授权进行底层捕捞活动。", "87. 下节叙述各国为履行第61/105号和第64/72号决议解决底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响问题所采取的大量措施和行动。", "1. 各国采取的行动概述", "88. 各国和欧洲联盟报告，破坏性捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响是一个严重问题，第61/105号和第64/72号决议以及粮农组织准则是保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受破坏性捕捞活动所产生的重大不利影响和确保深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性不可或缺的工具(加拿大、挪威、美国)。第61/105号决议被视为公海渔业历史上一个分水岭和渔业管理制度的转变。", "89. 若干国家和欧洲联盟强调了执行粮农组织准则的重要性，并侧重介绍了他们各自和集体在这方面的努力(澳大利亚、加拿大、挪威、美国)。有几个国家还强调指出发展中国家的特殊情况和充分履行粮农组织准则和第61/105号和64/72号决议所面临的挑战(新西兰、美国)。新西兰特别承诺支助太平洋小岛屿发展中国家。美国已和新西兰合作以查明南太平洋的脆弱海洋生态系统。", "90. 若干国家(澳大利亚、加拿大、克罗地亚、墨西哥、挪威、美国)和欧洲联盟还报告了实施审慎和生态方法以保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受底层捕捞和破坏性捕捞活动影响方面的进展。加拿大制定了一项管理捕鱼对敏感深海区影响的政策，适用于本国管辖区内外商业、娱乐及原住民的海洋捕鱼活动。该项政策概述了针对传统捕捞区域和边境地区的程序，要求在考虑在边境地区进行捕鱼活动时需要更加审慎。政策还特别考虑了尚未进行触底捕鱼的传统捕鱼区的情况，要求事先进行风险评估。美国制定了一项国家政策，确保保护、维护和恢复海洋、沿海和大湖生态环境和资源的健康，这一政策的核心是一个从生态系统出发的沿海和海洋空间规划框架。", "91. 若干国家和欧洲联盟还报告了拟订监管底层捕捞和解决对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响的综合立法或国家政策方面的情况(加拿大、智利、丹麦、挪威、美国)。智利正在制定一项法律草案以建立一个保护和保全脆弱海洋生态系统的法律框架。丹麦报告说，格陵兰正在制定法律，通过界定新捕鱼区、为新捕鱼区拟订离开条款、为新捕鱼区以外地区规定报告的义务以及查明新的不允许使用触底渔具捕捞的地区等做法限制触底渔具的使用。", "92. 欧洲联盟报告说，其共同渔业政策的改革正在进行，预计将于2012年底通过，2013年1月1日生效。该项政策建立了一个水生物资源养护、管理和捕捞的法律框架，适用于在欧洲联盟成员国领土或在欧洲联盟水域内或由欧洲联盟渔船所进行的此类活动，包括在渔业管理中实施审慎和生态系统方法。", "93. 挪威报告说，挪威正在制定管制底层捕捞活动的国家法规，预计将于2011年晚些时候生效，以保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受破坏性捕捞活动的影响。对新底层捕捞地区的捕捞活动，将适用更严格的义务，包括遵循报告和规程惯例以及与科学观察员有关的义务。在遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的情况下，船只必须停止捕鱼作业，报告这一事件，并与该区域保持至少两海里的距离。", "94. 若干国家和欧洲联盟还报告了在国家管辖范围内，为确定鱼类种群现状，查明或划定脆弱海洋生态系统，或增进海洋生态系统知识而开展的各种研究和监测活动(澳大利亚、保加利亚、加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、墨西哥、挪威、美国)。此外，若干国家和欧洲联盟报告了在国家管辖范围内评估底层捕捞对鱼类种群和海洋生态系统影响研究项目的情况(加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、美国)。美国正在开发一个空间直观模型，作为查明更易受到使用不同类型商业渔具捕捞影响的生境类型和位置的工具。该模型可用来追踪特定地区不同渔期捕捞作业量的变化，查明受影响最严重、需要加以管理的地区。模型还可以用来预测某些渔具改进或捕捞作业量的减少如何改变对生境的影响。", "(a) 监管底层捕捞船只或不对底层捕捞开放的某些地区的措施", "95. 许多国家和欧洲联盟介绍了在国家管辖范围内所采取的监管底层捕捞措施(保加利亚、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、法国、冰岛、意大利、墨西哥、美国)。这些措施包括限制或禁止底层捕捞渔具或活动(保加利亚、加拿大、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、冰岛、墨西哥、美国)，渔区、渔期、或作业量限制(保加利亚、加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、丹麦、冰岛、意大利、墨西哥、挪威、帕劳、美国)，以及船只监测、监视和控制措施。在这方面，帕劳禁止在国家管辖范围内进行任何底拖网捕捞并禁止本国国民或船只在世界上任何地区进行底拖网捕捞。帕劳法律还禁止在帕劳经商的公司在世界上任何地区进行底拖网捕捞(另见第三节B.3(b))。若干国家还侧重介绍了他们依照第64/72号决议119段(d)分段的要求，根据粮农组织准则所采取的确保深海鱼类种群和非目标鱼种的长期可持续性并恢复枯竭种群的措施(澳大利亚、新西兰、美国)。", "96. 若干国家在报告中介绍了如何在国家管辖范围内使用划区管理工具，通过限定或限制捕捞活动，包括通过设立海洋公园、海洋养护区、海洋保护区和禁渔区，保护脆弱海洋生态系统以及海洋生物多样性(加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、墨西哥、冰岛、美国)。许多国家还报告，在国家管辖范围内建立各种特定禁渔区，以禁止底层捕捞活动，保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受重大不利影响(保加利亚、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、冰岛、意大利、墨西哥、挪威、帕劳、美国)。", "97. 例如，加拿大近海虾和底层鱼类拖网渔业在新斯科舍近海实行了自愿性禁渔，以保护一个稀有海绵密集的区域。智利最近建立了莫图莫提洛海瓦(Motu Motiro Hiva)海洋公园，该公园覆盖150 000平方公里的海面，禁止任何类型的商业开采活动。克罗地亚在20个幼鱼生长地点禁止捕捞活动，并在其大部分领水内禁止某些形式的商业捕捞。丹麦报告说，在法罗群岛，在查明存在珊瑚礁的三个地区禁止一切拖网捕捞，并正在为其他地区绘制地图。Faroe Bank大部分地区也永久性禁止底拖网捕捞。冰岛报告在某些幼鱼比例经常较高的沿海水域，全面禁止底层捕捞拖网。这样，在水深不到500米的212 000平方公里总面积中约有59 000平方公里的水域禁止底拖网捕捞。", "98. 墨西哥的国家立法制定了管辖40个自然保护区方案的捕捞规定，以及旨在保护15个非捕捞目标海洋物种的准则。2009年建立了瓜伊马斯盆地和东太平洋隆起带热液喷口保护区，其禁渔区总面积达到1 456平方公里。", "99. 美国在阿拉斯加若干地区禁止拖网捕捞，以保护红树珊瑚、蟹类和其他物种栖息的敏感底栖生境以及有与海山相似的脆弱生态系统的尖峰。在南大西洋，建立了深水海洋保护区以保护深水鱼类物种及其生境不受捕捞影响。", "100.　若干国家还报告了在国家管辖范围内采取的具体战略或禁渔区以保护冷水珊瑚和海绵群落(加拿大、冰岛、挪威、美国)。冰岛封闭了5个珊瑚区，进一步工作的目标是界定需要特别保护的地区以及提议增加禁止所有触底捕捞渔具的地区。挪威通过了保护冷水珊瑚礁法规，其中规定禁止故意或疏忽破坏已知的珊瑚礁，要求在已知冷水珊瑚礁附近捕捞必须审慎，并对8个特别脆弱珊瑚礁给予特别保护。挪威船只在已知的珊瑚礁附近捕捞作业时负有谨慎作业的一般责任，此项规定适用于挪威渔业管辖的水域和其管辖水域外悬挂挪威国旗的船只。", "101.　美国在南大西洋地区确定了特别令人关注的新的深水珊瑚生境地区和禁止使用的渔具，以降低或消除捕捞对冷水珊瑚和海绵生境的影响，覆盖面积超过62 000平方公里，在此范围内禁止使用触底渔具和捕捞船只锚泊。加拿大和美国还报告了珊瑚和海绵生态系统战略计划的进展。", "(b) 各国执行主管区域渔业管理组织和安排通过的措施的情况", "102.　许多区域渔业管理组织和安排的成员国支持其所属组织和安排按照第61/105号和第64/72号决议的规定采取相关措施，以保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受底层捕捞活动影响。在此方面，各国报告指出，虽然仍需要进一步的工作，但现有区域渔业管理组织和安排已经采取各种重大行动执行第61/105号决议，包括通过现有或酝酿中的区域渔业管理组织和安排，查明和保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受到底层捕捞活动的重大不利影响，并以可持续方式管理深海捕捞。", "103.　更具体地说，各国报告说他们采取了各种行动，以支持和执行其所在区域渔业管理组织和安排为监管深海捕捞和保护脆弱海洋生态系统而制定的各项养护和管理措施。尤其是南极海生委(澳大利亚、智利、欧洲联盟、法国、挪威、新西兰、美国)、地中海渔业总委员会(克罗地亚)、西北大西洋渔业组织(加拿大、法国、欧洲联盟、冰岛、挪威、美国)、东北大西洋渔业委员会(冰岛、挪威)和东南大西洋渔业组织(欧洲联盟)都报告了这类行动。", "104.　许多国家和欧洲联盟还介绍了各国如何采取行动执行区域渔业管理组织和安排为解决底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响而通过的各项养护和管理措施(澳大利亚、加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、丹麦、冰岛、新西兰、挪威、大韩民国、美国)。关于法罗群岛，丹麦强调需要时间从执行新的公海底层捕捞规定中获得实际经验，制定和执行监管措施时还需要适当考虑有深海底层捕捞经验的渔船经营人的知识和经验。", "105.　若干国家和欧洲联盟还报告了他们如何采取措施以确保有权悬挂其国旗的船只遵守区域渔业管理组织和安排通过的养护和管理措施(澳大利亚、智利、克罗地亚、大韩民国)。其他国家表示其船只没有从事或没有被批准在国家管辖范围以外地区进行底层捕捞，或其船只没有在区域渔业管理组织和安排管辖的地区外捕捞(智利、克罗地亚、哥伦比亚、丹麦、法国、德国、科威特、墨西哥、新西兰、美国)(见第三节B.3(b))。", "106.　澳大利亚通过颁发公海捕捞许可证，对悬挂其国旗的船只实行严格控制，确保遵守区域渔业管理组织和安排通过的养护和管理措施。所有悬挂澳大利亚国旗的船只必须持有公海许可证才能进行捕捞活动，并应遵守一系列措施，包括强制性观察员覆盖、离开规定、对捕捞方法和渔具类型的限制、旨在减少延绳捕捞误捕海鸟的措施、避免影响鲸目动物和其他保护物种的要求、禁止某些物种的渔获、船只监测系统和报告要求。遇到脆弱海洋生态系统证据时，澳大利亚船只应在5海里半径范围内停止捕捞，并向其当局报告详情，以便能够采取适当措施。此后该地点在许可证期限内(通常为12个月)不再向任何使用同类渔具的经营者开放(见第三节B.2(b)和(c))。", "107.　克罗地亚对国际大西洋金枪鱼养护委员会和地中海渔业总委员会覆盖的地区内所有捕捞活动实行严格的许可证制度，并采取一切措施，使用卫星跟踪装置在国家管辖的水域内和公海上严格监测其船队。法国表示，关于海外水域，任何新的底层捕捞活动都应报请初步许可，并依照第61/105号和第64/72号决议，实施初步影响评估措施。", "108.　新西兰对进入南极海生委公约地区的船只进行出海前后检查，以确保经营者遵守相关养护措施。悬挂该国国旗的船只未经这类检查不得在南极海生委和南太平洋区域渔业管理组织地区以外的公海进行底层捕捞。", "109.　若干国家和欧洲联盟还报告了现有区域渔业管理组织和安排的科学工作组为解决底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响而开展的研究活动和工作(澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰和美国)。在评估方面，澳大利亚委托进行了一项研究，对悬挂澳大利亚国旗的船只公海捕捞目标物种捕捞率的可持续性进行评估，该项研究将考虑现有捕捞率、主要鱼种如桔连鳍鲑和金眼鲷的有限评估以及可能的管理措施。欧洲联盟报告，西班牙为2008/09年、2009/10年和2010/11年宣传活动编写了严重损害脆弱海洋生态系统和议定书执行情况的风险初步评估报告，以履行南极海生委规定的义务，这就是有船只希望参加底层捕捞活动的缔约方从2008年12月起提交评估报告。新西兰根据第64/72号决议第119段(a)分段，对新西兰船只在南极海生委地区所有底层捕捞活动进行了影响评估。根据其成员提供的评估资料和新西兰提出的风险评估方法，南极海生委科学委员会得以利用表明迄今可能产生的影响的空间直观模型对水底延绳捕捞的累积性影响进行量化估计。", "2. 建立有权监管底层捕捞活动的新区域渔业管理组织和安排并通过和执行公开的临时措施", "110.　在第64/72号决议第119段中，大会吁请参与关于建立区域渔业管理组织或安排谈判的国家在国家管辖范围以外地区采取一系列紧急行动，解决底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性的影响问题。此外，在第64/72号决议第120段，大会吁请参与关于建立区域渔业管理组织或安排的谈判的国家，根据第61/105号决议第83、85和86段、第64/72号决议第119段和国际法，依照粮农组织准则通过和执行措施，并在通过和执行此类措施之前不授权进行底层捕捞活动。在第64/72号决议第124段，大会还吁请有关国家进行合作并作出努力，在不存在有权监管底层捕捞活动的渔业管理组织或安排的区域，建立此类组织或安排。", "111. 下节叙述参与关于建立区域渔业管理组织或安排谈判的国家为解决底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响所采取的行动。", "(a) 北太平洋", "㈠ 谈判的现状", "112.　关于北太平洋公海渔业资源养护和管理的公约草案谈判于2009年和2010年举行，并于2011年3月4日圆满结束。新的北太平洋公海渔业资源养护和管理公约文本将经过法律和技术审查。英文和法文文本得到确认后，该公约将开放供签署。[51]", "113.　一旦得到参加谈判六个国家中四个国家的批准，该条约即行生效。[52] 2011年晚些时候将举行第一次筹备会议，制订条约生效后成立北太平洋渔业委员会(NPFC)所需的议事规则、财务条例和其他文件。[53] 北太平洋渔业委员会公约草案包括禁止专门捕捞四个目的深水珊瑚和一个查明脆弱海洋生态系统其他指示种的机制，这些物种也将被列入禁止捕捞范围。[54]", "㈡ 通过临时措施", "114.　西北太平洋临时措施2007年由与会各国通过和修改，后来又在2008、2009和2011年进行修改。[55] 在2009年第七次政府间会议上，各国就临时措施适用于整个北太平洋公海地区进行了讨论，但未能达成共识。在2010年第八次会议上，各国同意为东北太平洋考虑另外一套临时措施，并在这种措施通过之前，商定某些初步措施，尤其是关于将底层捕捞作业量限定在现有水平上的措施，以及收集并提交在该地区作业的每一艘船只提供的科学资料。东北太平洋临时措施草案在2010年第九次政府间会议上提出并于2011年通过。与会各国还商定，将西北太平洋临时措施的试探性捕捞议定书适用于东北太平洋临时措施。", "115.　临时措施规定了根据第61/105号和第64/72号决议可持续地管理鱼类种群和保护脆弱海洋生态系统的目标，并包括了关于地域范围、管理原则、收集渔业和科学信息、建立科学工作组、信息共享和有效控制底层捕捞渔船等方面的规定。[56] 措施还包括将捕捞作业量限定在现有水平上、不允许将底层捕捞扩大到新区域的规定。依照第61/105号决议第83段(a)分段，临时措施包含符合粮农组织准则的科学标准，用于评估捕鱼活动是否会对海洋物种或脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响，并提出防止这种影响的管理措施。⁵⁵", "116.　依照第61/105号决议第83段(b)分段，临时措施规定收集信息，以促进与执行措施相关的科学工作。⁵⁵ 为此目的，临时科学工作组一直努力查明和评估识别脆弱海洋生态系统所需要的信息以及评估底层捕捞活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响所需要的信息。⁵⁵ 依照第61/105号决议第83段(c)分段，临时措施规定，将捕捞作业量限定在现有水平上、不允许将底层捕捞扩大到新区域这些限制，只有在能够表明捕捞活动不会对海洋物种或任何脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响的情况下方可例外。", "117.　制定了一份详细的试探性捕捞议定书，为进行试探性捕捞时应采取的步骤提供指导，以确保遵守临时措施和第61/105号决议。根据第61/105号决议第83段(d)分段，要求与会各国的船只在正常捕鱼活动中在遭遇冷水珊瑚的任何地点停止捕鱼活动。船只应停止在这些地区的捕捞活动并离开，到离这些地区至少5海里的地区进行捕捞，以减少再次遭遇的可能性，并报告遭遇情况，以便就相关地点采取适当措施。与会各国之间正在就更为详细的遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统规程展开广泛磋商。", "㈢ 各国执行临时措施的情况", "118. 根据第61/105号决议第83段，与会各国根据现有最佳科学资料评估了各项底层捕捞活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性产生重大不利影响。⁵⁰ 已将评估结果提交给2008年科学工作组第五次会议进行透彻的科学审查，以期提交一份基于共识的的统一的评估报告。然而，对评估结果应该采取何种管理措施则存在不同意见，因此决定每一个与会国在考虑到讨论情况的基础上，做出或修改自己的评估。[57]", "119. 帕劳表示，与会各国2008年发表的评估承认在底栖鱼类种群和脆弱海洋生态系统的现状和底层捕捞作业的影响方面存在很大的不确定性，并表示需要更多的科学信息，才能够依照粮农组织准则对各种影响的意义以及缓解措施的效力进行评估。帕劳强调在对必要的科学信息进行分析之前，无法作出恰当的影响评估，唯一适当的措施就是停止授权在该地区进行底层捕捞。", "(b) 南太平洋", "㈠ 文书的现况", "120. 关于建立南太平洋区域渔管组织的第八次国际协商会议于2009年11月14日结束，会议通过了《养护和管理南太平洋公海渔业资源公约》(《南太平洋渔管组织公约》)。《公约》的目的是通过采用预防方法和生态系统方法进行渔业管理，确保长期养护和可持续利用渔业资源，同时维护这些资源所处的海洋生态系统。[58]", "121.　《公约》通过后，第八次国际协商会议的与会国决定为南太平洋区域渔管组织委员会开始履行职能作出必要安排。2010年和2011年召开了两次筹备会议会议，第三次会议将于2012年1月30日至2月3日在智利举行。[59] 与会者已开始为这一新的组织拟订议事规则、财务条例和预算公式。⁵³", "122. 根据《南太平洋渔管组织公约》第36条，《公约》开放供签署，直至2011年1月31日。根据第36条，现在须由签署国批准、接受或核准；并依照第37条开放供加入。", "123. 《南太平洋渔管组织公约》将在保存机构收到第八份批准书、加入书、接受书或核准书之日起30天后生效，其中至少应有三个毗连《南太平洋渔管组织公约》区域的沿海国家和至少三个非毗连《南太平洋渔管组织公约》区域但其渔船正在或已在《公约》区域内捕鱼的沿海国家。[60]", "124. 澳大利亚报告了为使《南太平洋渔管组织公约》获得批准而正在开展的国内程序。在条约生效之前，澳大利亚正在收集和监测公海捕捞渔获量和渔捞努力量数据，以确保渔获量和努力量均保持在历史平均水平以内。", "125. 太平洋岛屿论坛渔业局强调，其一些成员担心，拟议的《南太平洋渔管组织公约》的北部边界不包括其位于赤道以北成员的国家水域。在这方面，如果拟议的《北太平洋渔委公约》的南部边界与《南太平洋渔管组织公约》的北部边界不连接，就会出现一个缺口。论坛渔业局的一些成员，例如马绍尔群岛、基里巴斯和密克罗尼西亚联邦都有部分地区属于南太平洋渔管组织的职权范围，目前尚不清楚毗连这些地区的公海领域是否属于《北太平洋渔委公约》范围。", "126. 帕劳指出，虽然已就有权监管北太平洋和南太平洋公海区域底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织和安排进行了谈判，但有关公约尚未生效，而且不包括毗邻帕劳的一些公海水域。特别是，被帕劳、日本、菲律宾、关岛和密克罗尼西亚联邦的专属经济区围合的公海飞地不在拟受监管的区域范围内。", "㈡ 通过临时措施", "127. 2007年，参加国商定采取自愿的、不具法律约束力的临时养护和管理措施，处理渔业数据的收集问题，避免深底鱼鱼捕捞产生的不利影响，防止远洋渔业的渔捞努力量增加。⁵⁵ 这些临时措施从2007年9月30日起生效并一直适用，直至《南太平洋渔管组织公约》生效，并通过养护和管理措施。[61] 2009年11月，在底层渔业措施中增加了禁止深水刺网捕鱼。", "128. 底层渔业临时措施规定：㈠ 底层捕捞须限制在现有捕捞水平和正在进行捕鱼的区域；㈡ 采取措施查明和保护脆弱海洋生态系统；㈢ 自2010年起，只有在规定采取养护和管理措施以防止对脆弱海洋生态系统造成不利影响，确保深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性不受各项底层捕捞活动的影响，或者有评估表明此类活动不会带来任何不利影响的情况下，才允许在新的区域捕鱼或扩大渔捞努力量。[62] 根据临时措施，悬挂参加国国旗的船只在捕捞作业过程中，如在任何地点遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的证据，则必须在该地点周围5海里内停止底层捕捞活动，并报告所遇情况，包括位置和所涉生态系统的类型，以便采取适当措施。", "129. 2007年，参加国还拟定了海底影响评估临时框架和对评估的评价程序，为评估拟开展的底层捕捞活动和制定相关管理计划提供了初步准则，同时建立了有关评估工作的科学评论程序。2009年，科学工作组开始审查海底评估临时框架，以便拟订一个持续开展海底评估的标准。两个参加国提供了底层捕捞活动评估，包括为避免对脆弱海洋生态系统造成不利影响而采取的措施。科学工作组对评估和管理计划进行了评价。", "130. 2007年，参加国还通过了数据收集标准，要求收集每次拖网或海底延绳钓捕到的各种海洋物种的渔获量和抛弃量的详细数据。2011年，南太平洋区域渔管组织筹备会议要求向该组织的临时秘书处提供这些数据。", "㈢ 各国执行临时措施的情况", "131. 澳大利亚报告说，其依照南太平洋区域渔管组织谈判参与方通过的临时措施，对在南太平洋的底层捕捞作业实施空间限制。智利报告说，在公海开展任何新的或探索性深海捕捞行动均须遵守南太平洋区域渔管组织制定的操作标准和规程。哥伦比亚表示关切这些措施在《南太平洋区域渔管组织公约》生效后才具有强制性，强调必须采取措施，允许及时和公开销售通过合法手段获得的产品。哥伦比亚还强调，南太平洋区域渔管组织成立后，需要向其提供技术支持，以落实所建议的措施。", "132. 欧洲联盟报告说，它全面遵守2009年参加国商定的关于深水刺网捕鱼的临时措施；事实上，这些措施规定，从2010年2月1日起禁止此种捕捞，直至南太平洋区域渔管组织委员会通过相关养护和管理措施。由于欧洲联盟的渔船只进行海底刺网捕鱼，目前在《南太平洋区域渔管组织公约》区域内没有欧洲联盟的渔船从事底层捕捞活动。[63] 法国报告说，其海外领土没有参与在《南太平洋区域渔管组织公约》区域内的任何底层渔业活动。", "133. 新西兰报告说，它继续对海底拖网捕鱼执行覆盖面达100%的观察。它还按照临时措施的规定，对在《南太平洋区域渔管组织公约》水域内的所有海底延绳钓活动实行覆盖面至少达到10%的观察。此外，新西兰实施了禁止深海刺网捕鱼的2009年临时措施。新西兰已利用预测性栖息地模型，开始进行底层捕捞影响量化评估，以查明哪些区域有可能支持脆弱海洋生态系统。", "134. 关于评估，澳大利亚报告说，它已完成了对南太平洋和南印度洋的海底影响评估，以查明确知存在或很可能存在脆弱海洋生态系统的地区，并评估各项底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响。评估考虑到了监测、管理和缓解措施，认为澳大利亚船只进行的底栖拖网和底层自动延绳钓活动对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响的风险很低，中层拖网和下拉式绳钓活动的影响可以忽略不计(见第三节B.1(b)项)。澳大利亚将按照南太平洋区域渔管组织临时措施的要求，在2011年9月召开科学委员会会议之前，向南太平洋区域渔管组织临时科学工作组提交评估报告。欧洲联盟报告说，它在2009年提交了海底影响初步评估报告，报告认为，底层捕捞活动对底栖生态系统产生影响的可能性非常小。[64] 但是，帕劳指出，南太平洋区域渔管组织科学工作组认为这一结论完全没有依据。[65]", "135. 新西兰报告说，南太平洋区域渔管组织科学工作组的结论认为，新西兰的影响评估及相关保护措施尽可能缩小脆弱海洋生态系统受到的不利影响。[66] 在这方面，帕劳指出，影响评估确认，底拖网捕捞可能对鱼类种群和脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响，就减轻对鱼类种群和脆弱海洋生态系统的影响而言，拟定的缓解措施在几个关键方面存在不足。[67]", "136. 新西兰还报告说，其所做的评估被作为制定新西兰在南太平洋区域渔管组织水域内进行底拖网捕鱼作业的管理办法的依据，其中包括关于2002-2006参照年份期间底拖网捕捞历史足迹的定义，拟定脆弱海洋生态系统物证识别规程，以及一个三级禁渔空间系统，据此系统，41%的足迹区为禁渔区，30%在遇到脆弱海洋生态系统证据时必须遵守避离规则，29%的足迹区可开放捕鱼。将构成整个足迹区的八个捕鱼区分为开放、避离和禁渔区。", "137. 帕劳和美国表示关切，一些国家没有按照第61/105和64/72号决议及南太平洋区域渔管组织临时措施的要求进行适当的风险评估，却正在《南太平洋区域渔管组织公约》区域内开展底拖网捕捞活动。", "(c) 南印度洋", "㈠ 文书的现况", "138. 《南印度洋渔业协定》于2006年7月7日通过，开放供参加谈判的所有国家和区域经济一体化组织以及对毗邻适用区域的水域拥有管辖权的所有其他国家签署，直到2007年7月6日。[68] 在关闭签署后，《南印度洋渔业协定》按照第23条的规定开放供加入。《南印度洋渔业协定》将在保存机构收到第四份批准书、接受书或核准书之日起90天后生效，其中必须至少有两个是毗连适用区的沿海国家。[69]", "139. 澳大利亚报告了为使《南印度洋渔业协定》获得批准而正在开展的国内程序。在条约生效之前，澳大利亚正在收集和监测公海捕捞渔获量和渔捞努力量数据，以确保渔获量和努力量均保持在历史平均水平以内。", "㈡ 通过临时措施", "140. 截至目前，《南印度洋渔业协定》签署国尚未通过落实第61/105号决议的多边措施。2007年10月，澳大利亚对《南印度洋渔业协定》签署国和有关各方表示，其有意通过临时措施，在适用区域执行第61/105号决议。2008年初，澳大利亚向签署国和有关各方分发了临时措施草案，努力推进通过这些措施。", "141. 为落实第61/105号决议，澳大利亚已采取单方面行动，在《南印度洋渔业协定》生效后，将对在协定管辖区域内作业的本国渔船施加有关条件。此外，澳大利亚已完成了对南印度洋的海底影响评估，以查明确知存在或很有可能存在脆弱海洋生态系统的地区，并评估各项底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响。评估采用代用物(例如，测探计和海隆)作为脆弱海洋生态系统存在的指标。在评估产生重大不利影响的风险时，考虑了澳大利亚采取的预防性深海渔业管理措施(见第三节B.1(b)项)。考虑到这些监测、管理和缓解措施后，评估认为，澳大利亚船只进行的底栖拖网和底层自动延绳钓活动对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响的风险很低，中层拖网和下拉式绳钓活动的影响可以忽略不计。", "142. 第61/105号决议通过后，欧洲联盟通过了关于保护公海脆弱海洋生态系统免受底层捕捞渔具的不利影响的欧洲理事会第(EC)734/2008号条例。[70] 条例将第61/105号决议所载措施变成欧洲联盟的法律，适用于在未成立区域渔管组织或在关于成立区域渔管组织的谈判期间未规定临时措施的公海区域(包括南印度洋)从事底层捕捞活动的悬挂欧洲联盟成员国国旗的船只(见第三节B.3(a)项)。[71]", "3. 各国对没有主管区域渔管组织和安排或没有规定临时措施的区域采取的措施", "143. 大会第64/72号决议第120段吁请船旗国根据第61/105号决议第83、85和86 段、第64/72号决议第119段和国际法、并依照粮农组织《准则》通过和执行措施，并在通过和执行此类措施之前不授权进行底层捕捞活动。在这方面，第61/105号决议第86段吁请船旗国根据该决议第83段通过和执行措施，或在根据该决议第83或第85段采取措施之前，停止批准悬挂本国国旗的船只在国家管辖范围以外、未建立有权监管底层捕捞活动的区域渔业管理组织和安排，也没有根据该决议第85段制定的临时措施的地区进行底层捕捞活动。", "144. 以下部分介绍船旗国采取哪些行动，以通过措施并应对在未建立有权监管底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织或安排，也没有制定临时措施的地区开展底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响", "(a) 底层捕捞渔船监管措施，包括禁止在一些区域进行底层捕捞", "145. 一些国家(加拿大、冰岛和大韩民国)和欧洲联盟报告了为应对在无主管区域渔管组织/安排或未规定临时措施的公海进行底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系造成的影响而通过并执行的养护和管理措施。加拿大报告说，其在加拿大专属经济区以外开展的捕捞活动不多，而且几乎全部是在区域渔管组织/安排的监管水域内进行。在受监管或不受监管的水域开展的所有公海捕捞活动以及在别国水域开展的活动均须符合国内的许可规定，必须遵守有关公海的各个区域、包括没有区域渔管组织存在的区域的国内法律。", "146. 欧洲联盟报告说，欧洲联盟成员国的渔船受理事会第(EC)734/2008号条例监管，该条例将第61/105号决议所载措施变成欧洲联盟法律，适用于悬挂其成员国国旗的船只。欧洲联盟成员国只有在特定条件下，并且在有评估表明捕捞活动可能不会对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响的情况下，才可发放在公海使用底层捕捞渔具的特殊捕捞许可证。条例还包括关于意外遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统、禁渔区以及适用于所有获得特殊捕捞许可证的渔船的观察员计划的规定。", "147. 欧洲联盟称，受条例约束的西班牙和爱沙尼亚的船只没有意外遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的情况。2010年初审查了条例的实施情况，审查结果载于向欧洲议会和欧洲理事会提交的报告。[72] 欧盟委员会拟根据最近的事态发展修订该条例(见第三节B.2(c)项)。[73]", "148. 欧洲联盟还报告说，西班牙开展了一个雄心勃勃且耗资巨大的方案，对海洋的不同部分进行科学海底测绘(另见第三节A.2(b)项)。方案活动由西班牙独自或与东北大西洋、西北大西洋、西南大西洋和东南大西洋的其他国家合作开展，包括在不受区域渔管组织/安排监管的一些区域开展活动。方案活动的结果发表在著名科学期刊上。根据大西洋项目的结果，西班牙政府确定了九个禁止底层捕捞的区域，总面积达41 300平方公里，其中有两个区域位于足迹区，那里的海底类型决定了敏感生境有可能得以恢复。", "149. 冰岛指出，冰岛船只在公海开展的底层渔业活动极少，只有一艘冰岛渔船在国家管辖范围以外地区从事海底捕虾活动。", "150. 大韩民国报告说，该国通过一项关于公海底层捕捞的行政指令监管在没有区域渔管组织/安排的水域开展的底层捕捞活动。这一条例建立了一个体系，涉及发放许可、报告遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的情况、禁渔区和避离规则、影响评估、渔船监测系统、报告渔获量以及防止对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响的其他措施。根据与多方利益攸关者合作开展的一项审查，将在2011年修订该条例，以纳入观察员要求、临界值和加强影响评估。在西南大西洋进行了影响评估，但还处于初级阶段，原因是科学研究的成本太高，而且有关在国家管辖范围以外地区悬挂大韩民国国旗的船只的资料不足。大韩民国正努力通过累积信息、扩大观察员的覆盖面、开展国际合作、教育和培训以及与业界的合作和加强科学能力，提高报告的质量。", "(b) 不授权进行底层捕捞活动", "151. 一些国家表示，他们的船只没有或未获准在国家管辖范围以外水域开展底层捕捞活动，或者其船只未在区域渔管组织/安排监管的区域以外捕鱼(智利、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、法国、德国、科威特、墨西哥、新西兰、帕劳、美国)(见第三节B.1(b)项)。", "152. 墨西哥强调说，尽可能养护脆弱海洋生态系统及其生物多样性非常重要；因此，它支持在国家管辖范围以外区域(即the Area)、特别是存在海山、热液喷口和冷水珊瑚等脆弱生态系统的区域，对底拖网捕捞法实施国际禁令。", "153. 在这方面，帕劳已禁止其国民和船只在世界任何地方进行各种底拖网捕捞，也未授权任何船只在公海从事其他类型的底层捕捞。帕劳法律还禁止在该国经商的公司在世界任何地方从事底拖网捕捞活动(另见第三节B.1(a)项)。", "154. 悬挂美国国旗的船只目前未获准在国家管辖范围以外区域进行底层渔业活动，而且将来只有在完成环境影响评估、包括对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响评估后，才会获准在公海进行底层捕捞。", "C. 各国和主管区域渔业管理组织和安排采取行动，协力收集和交流科技数据和信息，并制定或加强数据收集标准、程序、规程和研究方案", "155.　大会第64/72号决议第122段吁请各国及区域渔业管理组织或安排加强合作，收集并交流与执行第61/105号决议和本决议相关段落要求采取的措施有关的科学和技术数据和信息，以管理国家管辖范围以外水域的深海渔业，保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受底层捕捞活动的重大不利影响，途径包括：鼓励各国及区域渔业管理组织或安排制订或加强数据收集标准、程序和规程及研究方案，以便依照《准则》并根据《公约》，包括其中第十三部分，查明脆弱海洋生态系统，评估对这些生态系统的影响，并评估捕捞活动对目标和非目标鱼种的影响。", "156.　好几个区域渔业管理组织和安排，以及各国和欧洲联盟，描述了在收集和交流与实施针对底层捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群影响的第61/105和64/72号决议有关的科技数据和信息方面的总体努力。地中海渔业总委员会报告说，它得到粮农组织次区域和区域一级项目的支持，尤其是加强参与国的科技合作及能力建设的项目的支持。地中海渔业总委员会还同处理养护海洋环境和海洋生物资源的区域和政府间组织和非政府组织密切合作，包括联合国环境规划署/地中海行动计划特别保护区区域活动中心。地中海渔业总委员会海洋环境和生态系统小组委员会正在努力与关心研究环境和海洋生态系统之间关系/互动关系的现有区域机构建立联系。", "157.　西北大西洋渔业组织拥有收集和交流科技数据和信息的完备的基础设施。西北大西洋渔业组织渔业委员会和科学理事会都有永久性的常设委员会，处理交流与渔业有关的信息事宜。2010年，西北大西洋渔业组织关于以生态系统方法来从事渔业管理的工作组非正式同意分享研究调查中的珊瑚和海绵数据。还实施了联合研究方案，如西北大西洋渔业组织“潜在脆弱海洋生态环境——深海渔业的影响”项目调查(见第三.A.2(b)节)。", "158.　东北大西洋渔业委员会有关于报告和数据交流的内部标准和规定，但也依靠海考委促进交流知识、进行科学评估和审查有关渔业法规、脆弱海洋生态系统问题和数据收集规程的提议。海考委就相关科学问题向东北大西洋渔业委员会提供最新材料，并就有关渔业和脆弱海洋生态系统问题的定期和特殊请求作出答复。知识的基本汇编和交流属于专家组的责任。", "159.　东北大西洋渔业委员会还与东北大西洋地区负责规范对海洋生物多样性产生影响的人类活动的其他组织积极合作，包括与其他区域渔业管理组织/安排进行定期会晤和接触。为此目的，东北大西洋渔业委员会同保护东北大西洋海洋环境委员会(奥斯巴委员会)和国际海事组织达成协议，并正考虑与国际海底管理局也达成协议的可能性。东北大西洋渔业委员会最近还决定根据2010年生物多样性公约缔约方大会关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的决定，积极着手支持和组织一期东北大西洋区域讲习班。[74]", "160.　就格陵兰而言，丹麦报告称，脆弱海洋生态系统生物方面的数据合作处于早期阶段，但是正在探讨与加拿大科学家和丹麦动物学博物馆合作的可能性。欧洲联盟报告称，西班牙利用渔业海洋学和合作船舶在非洲、拉丁美洲和南美洲若干国家提供培训，内容涉及研究和数据收集、船上的基本安全、使用选择性的渔具、海洋学、渔业控制和加强体制。", "161.　新西兰委托开展一个研究项目，为拟议的南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约覆盖区内桔连鳍鲑底拖网渔获量的可持续年度捕捞量拟订估计数和可持续地貌特征界限。美国报告了以下方面的情况：它与印尼一道探索调查“珊瑚三角区”内印度尼西亚水域深海栖息地和海洋生物之多样性和分布情况；为确定墨西哥湾深海珊瑚栖息地的特点开展的多年期合作；以及同新西兰举办的关于海洋和海洋生物科学的双边研讨会，以太平洋盆地冷水珊瑚和其他脆弱海洋生态系统方面合作研究为重点。", "162.　在能力建设方面，地中海渔业总委员会报告说，它对其成员关于加强国家研究机构在数据收集、鱼类种群评估和渔业管理领域能力的要求一般都作出回应。通过粮农组织地中海次区域项目，直接给予这些国家技术支持。东南大西洋渔业组织报告说，它成立了一个特殊需要基金，以协助该区域沿海发展中国家对渔业资源加以养护、管理和发展。该组织还根据《东南大西洋渔业组织公约》第21条，充分确认该区域发展中国家的需要和特殊要求。", "1. 国家和区域渔业管理组织和安排为实施第64/72号决议第122(a)至(d)和123段采取的措施", "163.　下节介绍了与实施第64/72号决议有关的行动，这些行动旨在加强收集和交流科技数据和信息，制定数据收集标准、程序和规程及研究方案方面加强合作。", "(a) 交流最佳做法和制定区域标准", "164.　大会第64/72号决议第122(a)段吁请各国及区域渔业管理组织或安排交流最佳做法，并酌情制订区域标准，供在国家管辖范围以外水域从事海底捕捞活动的国家和区域渔业管理组织或安排采用，以期审查当前的科学和技术规程，促进在所有渔业活动和区域中普遍采取最佳做法，包括协助发展中国家实现这些目标。", "165.　西北大西洋渔业组织科学理事会定期主办国际科学研讨会以及讲习班，就具体的科学课题交流信息，如把地理信息系统用于鱼类种群评估和鱼种老龄化研讨会，藉此可分享和审查各国所使用的技术方面的信息。西北大西洋渔业组织参加了海考委-西北大西洋渔业组织深海生态问题联合专家工作组，其中有来自西北大西洋渔业组织和东北大西洋渔业委员会缔约方和各国的科学家。专家组每年向西北大西洋渔业组织和海考委内的咨询论坛提出报告，为就与脆弱海洋生态系统科学有关的问题交流科学知识和数据、技术和最佳做法(如识别和划定)提供了一个论坛。西北大西洋渔业组织还参加了负责北大西洋格式标准的小组；该标准用于北大西洋渔船监测系统的通讯，其他区域渔业管理组织正在加以审议，并可能采用。", "166.　在南极海生委，各国须遵循的区域标准是以养护措施的形式提供的，而在南太平洋区域渔业管理组织，临时措施和评估框架就算作区域标准。这些区域渔业管理组织的科学机构对照这些标准评估成员的业绩，以确保遵守这些标准。《东南大西洋渔业组织公约》还载有东南大西洋渔业组织缔约方的责任和职能，以及船旗国和港口国在数据共享方面的职责。", "167.　澳大利亚报告说，它长期参与南极海生委并在其中发挥牵头作用，这为分享海底捕捞活动方面的科学信息和最佳做法奠定了坚实的基础。澳大利亚还是向其他国际渔业管理组织(如中西太平洋渔业委员会)提供最佳做法的重要一方。澳大利亚是《南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约》及《南印度洋渔业协定》的签署国，因而能够分享信息，并利用最准确的信息来落实养护和管理措施。", "168.　加拿大报告称，其国际治理战略力图促进加强国际共识和能力建设，包括改进知识、管理、标准和协定，以推动在全世界实施可持续做法。加拿大促进资助和支持为实现这些承诺而开展的科学研究和国际合作。研究重点领域包括：确认脆弱海洋生态系统并加以定性和测绘，制定识别脆弱海洋生态系统的快速、合算的方法，评估重大不利影响和可恢复性，以及为制定基于科学的遇报规程而进行的研究和咨询。", "169.　意大利报告说，它参加了同沿海邻国开展的一系列科研协作和合作项目，为其船队未来应用共同规则创造条件。", "(b) 公布评估结果和采取的措施", "170.　大会第64/72号决议第122(b)段吁请各国及区域渔业管理组织或安排根据国内法公布关于各项底层捕捞活动是否对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响的评估，公布酌情根据第61/105号决议第83、85和86段采取的措施，并推动在区域渔业管理组织或安排的网站上张贴这些信息。[75]", "171.　有权监管底层捕捞的区域渔业管理组织报告说，它们维护的网站细述和宣传按照第61/105号和64/72号决议所采取的措施。[76] 根据第61/105号决议第85段，南太平洋区域渔业管理组织和北太平洋渔业委员会的临时秘书处也通过其维持的网站，公布临时措施和评估。[77]", "172.　关于国家的活动，澳大利亚报告称，它将按照南太平洋区域渔业管理组织临时措施的要求，向该组织提交其底层捕捞影响评估。2011年，澳大利亚还将向南极海生委提交其底栖生物影响项目的调查结果，该项目是通过多方利益相关者合作实施的。另外，公众可通过底层捕捞影响评估，了解其养护和管理措施。欧洲联盟报告称，欧盟对关于保护公海脆弱海洋生态系统免受底层捕捞渔具不利影响的(EC)No.734/2008号理事会条例进行审查的结果载于欧盟委员会提交欧洲议会和理事会的报告。新西兰报告说，其南太平洋区域渔业管理组织和南极海生委影响评估已在相关网站公布。", "(c) 船旗国向粮农组织提交经授权船舶清单及所采取措施清单", "173.　大会第64/72号决议第122(c)段呼吁船旗国向粮农组织提交悬挂其国旗、经授权在国家管辖范围以外水域进行底层捕捞活动的船舶清单，并说明它们为落实第61/105和64/72号决议相关段落的规定所采取的措施。", "174.　澳大利亚维持一个获准在公海捕鱼的悬挂澳大利亚国旗的船舶登记册，并向粮农组织提交了目前持有澳大利亚捕鱼许可证的七艘此类船舶名单。克罗地亚定期向相关区域渔业管理组织(如地中海渔业总委员会和大西洋金枪鱼委员会)传送关于其获得捕鱼授权的船队(包括底拖网渔船)的数据。新西兰向粮农组织提供获准使用底层捕捞方法在公海捕鱼的悬挂国旗的船舶清单。", "175.　大韩民国报告称，它向粮农组织提供了经授权可在国家管辖范围以外地区进行底层捕捞的悬挂其国旗的船舶清单、它所采取的措施以及影响评估报告。韩国计划至少每年向粮农组织提交相关信息，以促进保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受国家管辖范围以外地区底层捕捞活动的全球努力。", "176.　美国报告称，它没有授权任何美国船舶在国家管辖范围以外地区进行底层捕捞，因此，它没有需要通过粮农组织公布的船舶或措施清单。", "(d) 分享关于那些从事底层捕捞而其船旗国无法确认的船只的信息", "177.　大会第64/72号决议第122(d)段吁请各国及区域渔业管理组织或安排分享关于那些在国家管辖区以外进行底层捕捞而其船旗国无法确认的船只的信息。", "178.　地中海渔业总委员会报告说，它最近制定了一份据认为是在地中海渔业总委员会地区进行非法、无管制或未报告的捕捞的船舶名单。东南大西洋渔业组织还在其网页上公布获得授权的船舶名单，以及非法、无管制或未报告的船舶名单，并每年加以更新。", "179.　东北大西洋渔业委员会控制和执法制度中包括两项主要工具，用以打击非法、无管制或未报告的捕鱼活动，即：把悬挂《东北大西洋渔业公约》非缔约国国旗的船舶列入黑名单，以及港口国控制系统，它控制冷冻鱼在东北大西洋渔业公约区内国外港口的上岸量。东北大西洋渔业委员会秘书处必须向南极海生委、西北大西洋渔业组织和东南大西洋渔业组织的秘书处，并向其他区域渔业管理组织传送非法、无管制或未报告的捕鱼船永久名单。东北大西洋渔业委员会秘书处在收到南极海生委、西北大西洋渔业组织和东南大西洋渔业组织关于有船只从事非法、无管制或未报告的捕鱼活动的通知后，也必须把非缔约方船舶列入其永久名单。在东南大西洋渔业组织和西北大西洋渔业组织，此项安排已投入运作，在南极海生委则不然。", "180.　澳大利亚报告称，它参加了好几个区域渔业管理组织，从而得以分享科学研究成果并就未来研究及有关渔业问题的统一做法展开合作。日本报告说，2011年3月在北太平洋渔业委员会第十届多边会议上，它提供了关于其捕鱼活动似乎有违第61/105和64/72号决议的三艘渔船的情况。日本试图同已知的每个船旗国联系，但没有得到令人满意的答复。", "181.　新西兰在太平洋和南大洋进行空中巡逻，并向有关的区域渔业管理组织/安排提供关于从事非法、无管制或未报告的捕鱼活动的船舶或非法活动的详细信息，以便同其他成员共享。", "(e) 制定或加强数据收集标准、程序和规程及研究方案", "182.　大会第64/72号决议第123段鼓励各国及区域渔业管理组织和安排制订或加强数据收集标准、程序和规程及研究方案，以便依照粮农组织《准则》并根据《公约》，包括其中第十三部分，查明脆弱海洋生态系统，评估对这些生态系统的影响，并评估捕捞活动对目标和非目标鱼种的影响。", "183.　地中海渔业总委员会报告说，它已制定了其成员须遵循的好几项数据收集标准和程序。西北大西洋渔业组织就在新海域试捕时渔具可能接触海底的情形作了规定，包括将转发西北大西洋渔业组织科学理事会的出海捕捞行程报告，以及数据收集表格(载有出海捕捞行程、渔具和捕鱼及渔获信息)。东南大西洋渔业组织制定了收集和报告科学数据的规程，每年由东南大西洋渔业组织科学委员会加以修订，以改进数据的收集。2009年和2010年，东南大西洋渔业组织委员会还通过了保护脆弱海洋生态系统的养护措施。", "184.　关于各国开展的活动，加拿大报告说，2009年至2011年间，其国际治理战略资助开展科学项目，以支持确认和保护脆弱海洋生态系统，包括：制定确认脆弱海洋生态系统和测绘脆弱海洋生态系统的准则和程序，制定科技准则以确认、描述和评估可能对海洋生物多样性产生重大不利影响的活动，并制定以科学为基础的影响评估准则。", "185.　新西兰在关于南极海生委区域内底层捕捞的科学工作方面起到了主导作用。2010年，新西兰向南极海生委科学委员会及其脆弱海洋生态系统工作组提交了11篇论文，包括：努力制定影响评估方法，拟订术语汇编和概念框架以评估脆弱海洋生态系统影响，以及编制底栖无脊椎动物类群识别指南，全都为南极海生委所采纳。", "186.　在南太平洋区域渔业管理组织地区，新西兰报告说，目前，它正探讨定量风险评估办法，利用深海珊瑚预计栖息地模型来确认可能形成珊瑚脆弱海洋生态系统的地区。新西兰使用一个预计栖息地模型，以得出在南太平洋区域渔业管理组织区域的新西兰底层捕鱼足迹范围内已知地貌特征上潜在的桔连鳍鲑生物量初步估计数，在此基础上就可能的可持续桔连鳍鲑渔获量提出建议。", "187.　美国报告称，在西北大西洋渔业组织的范畴内，正在采取措施，就试捕区和现有捕鱼区内遇到的珊瑚和海绵物种，实施更全面的数据收集规程。美国还参与评估科学信息并划定禁渔区的其他相关国际论坛，包括参与奥斯巴委员会和海考委的工作。", "四. 联合国粮食及农业组织为促进监管底层捕捞和保护脆弱海洋生态系统开展的活动", "188.　大会第64/72号决议第125段表示赞赏联合国粮食及农业组织作出重要努力，就管理国家管辖范围以外水域深海渔业和保护脆弱海洋生态系统不受捕捞影响提供专家技术咨询，并鼓励该组织就执行《准则》作出进一步努力。大会在其第64/72号决议第126段中欢迎联合国粮食及农业组织关于确保可持续使用海洋资源和保护脆弱海洋生态系统的公海深海渔业拟议方案，包括开发支助工具和脆弱海洋生态系统数据库，并邀请各国支持方案，以便优先敲定其各项内容。另外，大会在其第64/72号决议第127段中邀请联合国粮食及农业组织同其他有关国际政府组织合作，考虑如何为船旗国及区域渔业管理组织和安排执行第61/105号决议第83至87段、第64/72号决议第119至122段提供支助。[78]", "189.　如第61/105号决议和第64/72号决议所示，粮农组织发起了一个公海深海渔业方案，目的是协助各国、机构、渔业和区域渔业管理组织和安排执行《粮农组织准则》。该方案致力于建立关于公海深海渔业和相关生态系统的知识基线，并通过加强信息、参与以及利益攸关者之间的沟通和能力建设活动改进现有管理系统。该方案的四大构成部分如下：㈠ 协助实施《粮农组织准则》的各种工具；㈡ 公海脆弱海洋生态系统数据库和相关信息；㈢ 针对具体地区的示范和试点实施活动，加强对深海渔业的管理；以及㈣ 全球协调、监测和评价以及信息传播。[79]", "190.　为了实施粮农组织方案，在粮农组织网站公布了各国提供的获准在公海进行深海捕捞的船只名单。[80] 还发起了深海渔业专家电子讨论论坛和网络，以促进沟通。另外，粮农组织正在编制东南大西洋深海捕捞历史数据集，用以支助区域渔业管理组织和安排以及各国管理渔业和保护脆弱海洋生态系统。粮农组织方案未来的活动包括拟订关于影响评估的指南、遭遇规则和相关减轻影响的措施，例如“避离”规则以及关于脆弱海洋生态系统的门槛值及指标鱼种。", "191.　粮农组织还应全球环境基金的请求牵头拟订了一项关于国家管辖区之外水域可持续渔业和保护海洋生物多样性的全环基金的全球方案。粮农组织目前正在与合作伙伴共同拟订该方案以及潜在的支助项目，包括关于公海的深海渔业和海洋保护的活动和项目。", "192.　一些国家对粮农组织的作用表示赞赏，或介绍他们参与粮农组织在管理公海深海捕捞和保护脆弱海洋生态系统以及实施大会第61/105和第64/72号决议方面工作的情况(加拿大、哥伦比亚、丹麦、法国、新西兰)。各国还指出，粮农组织应继续完善《粮农组织准则》，为脆弱生境免遭公海底拖网捕捞的损害提供足够的保护。", "193.　会议还建议，粮农组织应在以下五个优先领域开展技术性工作，协助各国和区域渔业管理组织实施第61/105号和第64/72号决议以及《粮农组织准则》：㈠ 改进确认脆弱海洋生态系统的标准，并将其适用范围扩大到珊瑚、海绵、海峰和热液喷口以外；㈡ 拟订有关减轻影响措施以及拟订和适用遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统规则方面最佳做法的指南，特别是由区域渔业管理组织拟订；㈢ 拟订关于应收集哪些信息以及如何收集信息的指南，以促进执行各项旨在控制渔业对脆弱海洋生态系统影响的措施；㈣ 界定某些用词，以助澄清如何实施《粮农组织准则》；以及㈤ 拟订关于评估最佳做法的指南。", "194.　太平洋论坛渔业局指出，该区域小岛屿发展中国家需要能力建设及技术和财政方面的援助，以便支助实施《粮农组织准则》以及在国际一级推出的各项举措。在这方面，论坛渔业局秘书处请粮农组织考虑为进行评估提供能力建设及技术方面的援助。", "A. 开发各种有助执行粮农组织《公海深海捕捞管理国际准则》的工具", "195.　《粮农组织准则》是根据2007年粮农组织渔业委员会第二十七届会议的要求拟订的，于2008年在粮农组织技术协商会议上获得通过。[81] 《准则》旨在为从适当的监管框架到有效的数据收集方案构成部分等各种管理要素提供指导，包括查明主要管理考虑因素和必要的措施，以确保目标及非目标鱼种以及受影响生境的养护。《粮农组织准则》所载管理框架旨在协助各国以及区域渔业管理组织和安排拟订并实施适当的管理公海深海渔业措施。[82]", "196.　粮农组织继续通过为各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排拟订工具和指南努力协助实施《粮农组织准则》。2010年5月10日至12日在大韩民国釜山举办了主题为“实施粮农组织公海深海捕捞管理国际准则：挑战与前进方向”的讲习班，在讲习班上分析了实施《粮农组织准则》方面的挑战，另外，鉴于实施方面的进展依然处于早期阶段，建议粮农组织今后进行进一步的评估。³⁶", "197.　旨在改善《粮农组织准则》实施情况的具体建议包括支助设立新的区域渔业管理组织和安排；支助发展中国家；提供有关影响及风险评估、遭遇规则及相关减缓措施方面的最佳做法和指导；支助鱼群评估；拟订关于脆弱海洋生态环境标准的指南，包括门槛值和指标鱼种；为沟通和信息分享提供便利。[83]", "B. 建立国家管辖范围之外脆弱海洋生态系统信息全球数据库", "198.　粮农组织报告说正在建立一个国家管辖范围以外地区脆弱海洋生态系统信息数据库。该数据库将改善脆弱海洋生态系统方面信息的传播，促进负责任的底层捕捞并协助各国评估底层捕捞对这类生态系统的影响。还将出版便于使用的识别鱼种指南，以助增加对深海鱼种的了解。[84]", "199.　为了避免重复，一些国家建议粮农组织与联合国环境规划署和生物多样性公约缔约方会议进行协调，努力建立具有重要的生态和生物学意义的地区信息数据库。[85] 加拿大也报告说其支持以一种多方位的方式保护公海生物多样性。法国报告说，其将为建立该数据库捐款400 000美元。", "200.　东南大西洋渔业组织报告说，其承诺将尽可能为数据库作出贡献。还与巴西牵头的国际南大西洋MAR-ECO项目分享了最近通过绘制东南大西洋渔业组织公约地区可能的脆弱海洋生态系统等深线地图获得的信息。", "五. 结束语", "201.　新研究强调脆弱海洋生态系统在构成和生态特点方面的多样性、相关有机物的生物特征以及脆弱海洋生态系统的空间规模。许多鱼种生存于脆弱海洋生态系统或与该生态系统有关，是脆弱海洋生态系统群落的成员，但是与该系统的关系的性质可能不尽相同，许多海底鱼种还常常出现在目前未被界定为脆弱海洋生态系统的结构完整的生境。", "202.　尽管与全球渔业上岸量相比，深水鱼上岸量较小，但是深海捕捞有可能造成很大影响。根据记载，底层捕捞渔具对脆弱海洋生态系统造成种种负面影响，从局部鱼种枯竭、丧失生境复杂性、群落结构变化以及生态系统进程改变。对某些脆弱海洋生态系统似乎造成长期破坏，需十年或更长时间才能复原。一些大型珊瑚礁可能永远消失，枯竭鱼类种群复原将需要很长时间。", "203.　各国和区域渔管组织和安排在执行大会第61/105号和第64/72号决议相关段落方面取得实质性进展。所有有权监管底层捕捞的区域渔管组织和安排都为执行上述决议通过了相关措施并采取了行动，但是采取的行动有所不同。一些区域渔管组织和安排，有效地关闭了新渔区，包括一些从来没有过捕捞活动的地区以及在很久以前有过捕捞活动的地区。在这些区域渔管组织和安排，现有捕捞活动基本被限制在相对较小的现有渔区内，并受到一些条件和规定的约束。措施范围很广，从关闭某些地区和适用技术性规定到旨在保护资源和生物多样性的一般性规定，尤其侧重脆弱海洋生态系统。有些措施是临时性的，将需要根据不断提供的新资料进行修订。", "204.　南极海生委、北大西洋渔业组织、东北大西洋渔业委员会和东南大西洋渔业组织执行了关于进行影响评估的要求，但是要求不尽一致。另外，新的或经修订的数据收集协议和报告程序得到实施，科学观察员得到更多的利用，拟订或正在拟订识别脆弱海洋生态系统指南。上述区域渔管组织还规定了脆弱海洋生态系统指示物种副渔获物的门槛值，达到门槛值即表明遭遇潜在脆弱海洋生态系统，还拟订有关条例，规定渔船应采取的行动。北大西洋渔业组织和东北大西洋渔业委员会对最初的门槛值进行了重新评估，降低了海绵和珊瑚的门槛值，但是在北大西洋渔业组织、东北大西洋渔业委员会或东南大西洋渔业组织均未查明其他指示物种。只有南极海洋生物资源保护委员会报告说实际遭遇脆弱海洋生态系统。", "205.　参加为在太平洋建立新的区域渔管组织而进行的谈判的各国所作的努力取得了成果，这就是通过了南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约，并成功地结束了关于北太平洋的谈判。通过了一些临时措施，并建立了相关科学机制来实施这些措施，直至有关条约生效。", "206.　许多国家通过了适用于本国管辖区以内和以外地区的措施，作为对区域渔管组织措施的补充。一些国家还通过了有关措施，适用于在未建立区域渔管组织或实行临时措施的地区进行捕捞活动的渔船。各国提交的报告形式多样，水平参差不齐。", "207.　关于区域渔管组织和安排与各国之间如何交流程序、最佳做法和标准方面的信息相对较少。尽管存在区域差异，但是若干区域渔管组织和安排的许多措施相似或协调一致。一些区域正在进行研究活动，以探索知之甚少的深水生态系统，或绘制脆弱海洋生态系统示意图并监测深水资源，但是无法确定这方面活动增多是否因为区域渔管组织和安排采取的行动。", "208.　第61/105 号和第 64/72号决议以及《粮农组织准则》如果能够得到充分实施，将成为保护脆弱海洋生态系统免遭底层捕捞负面影响的必要工具。尽管采取了重大行动，上述决议的实施情况依然参差不齐，还需要进一步努力。由于各国以及区域渔管组织和安排在实施所通过的措施方面的经验尚在积累之中，对这些措施在监管渔业、促进资源复原和养护以及保护脆弱海洋生态系统方面的有效性进行全面评价所需依据依然有限。", "附件", "答复调查问卷的国家和组织名单", "国家", "澳大利亚", "保加利亚", "加拿大", "智利", "哥伦比亚", "克罗地亚", "丹麦", "法国", "德国", "冰岛", "意大利", "日本", "科威特", "墨西哥", "新西兰", "挪威", "帕劳", "大韩民国", "美利坚合众国", "墨西哥", "区域经济一体化组织", "欧洲联盟", "联合国专门机构", "粮农组织", "区域渔业管理组织和安排", "中亚和高加索区域渔业和水产业委员会", "南极海洋生物资源保护委员会", "南部金枪鱼养护委", "论坛渔业局", "地中海渔业总委员会", "北大西洋渔业组织", "北大西洋鲑鱼养护组织", "东北大西洋渔业委员会", "北太平洋渔业委员会", "东南大西洋渔业组织", "南太平洋区域渔业管理组织", "中西太平洋渔委", "[1] ^(*) A/66/150。", "[2] 联合国粮食及农业组织《关于公海深海渔业管理国际准则的技术协商会议协商会议报告，2008年2月4日至8日和8月25日至29日，罗马》，粮农组织渔业和水产养殖报告第881号。", "[3] 见A/64/305，第9段。", "[4] 见联合国粮食及农业组织《关于公海深海渔业管理国际准则的技术协商会议报告，2008年2月4日至8日和8月25日至29日，罗马》，粮农组织渔业和水产养殖报告第881号；另见《粮农组织公海深海渔业管理国际准则》，第14-16段。", "[5] 例如，参见A/58/65、A/59/62、A/60/63/Add.1、A/61/154和A/64/305。", "[6] 海山的估计数目取决于海山的定义，海山因其形态、山体高度和与其他大型结构如海洋中脊和大陆坡之间的关系不同而各异。欲了解最新研究，参见T.A.Schlacher, et al. eds.,“Recent advances in seamount ecology”,载于《海洋生态学》第31卷,(补编第1号),(2010年)；M.R Clark, et al.,“The Ecology of Seamounts：Structure, Function, and Human Impacts, 载于《海洋科学年度审查》第2卷,(2010年)；T.J Pitcher et al.eds., Seamounts： Ecology, Fisheries, and Conservation,Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12,(牛津Blackwell出版社, 2007年)；A.N.Mironov et al, Eds.,Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. (莫斯科,KMK 科学出版公司，2006年)。", "[7] 见 A.A.Rowden, et al.,“Paradigms in seamount ecology：fact, fiction and future”，载于《海洋生态学》第31卷(补编第1号)(2010年)；国际海洋生物普查计划项目。可查阅http://censeam.niwa.co.nz。", "[8] T.A.Schlacher, et al.,“Seamount science scales undersea mountains：new research and outlook”载于《海洋生态学》第31卷(补编第1号),(2010年)。", "[9] 例如，见T.Shank,“Seamounts. Deep ocean laboratories of faunal connectivity, evolution, and endemism.”载于《海洋学》第23卷,(2010年)；W.Cho, and T.M.Shank,“Incongruent patterns of genetic connectivity among four ophiuroid species on North Atlantic seamounts”，载于《海洋生态学》第31卷：(补编第1号),(2010年)。", "[10] L.A.Levin, et al. eds.,“Advances in Vent,Seep, Whale-and Wood-Fall Biology”,载于《海洋生态学》第28卷，(2007年)； C.R.Fischer, et al.,“Hydrothermal vent ecosystems, 载于《海洋学》第20卷，第(1)号(2007年)；M.Baker, et al.,“Biogeography, ecology,and vulnerability of chemosynthetic ecosystems in the deep-sea”载于 Life in the World’s Oceans：A.D.McIntyre，ed.(联合王国Blackwell出版社，2010年)。", "[11] 某些衣管虫可存活至少200年，但双壳类动物的寿命相对较短。见E.E.Cordes, et al., “Patterns of growth in cold-seep vestimenferans including Seepiophila jonesi: a second species of long-lived tubeworm”,载于《海洋生态学》第28卷(2007年)；J.P. Barry, et al.,“Growth, production, and mortality of the chemosynthetic vesicomyid bivalve, Calyptogena kilmeri from cold seeps off central California”载于《海洋生态学》，第28卷，(2007年)。", "[12] 见E.Ramirez-Llodra, et al,“Biodiversity and Biogeography of Hydrothermal Vent Species：Thirty Years of Discovery and Investigations”，载于《海洋学》，第20卷，第(1)号，(2007年)。", "[13] 见J.Murray Roberts, et al., Cold-Water Corals：The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats，(联合王国，剑桥大学出版社，2009年)。", "[14] A.D.Rogers,et al,“Corals on seamounts”,Seamounts：Ecology,Fisheries and Conservations, T.J.Pitcher et.al.,ed；Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12(牛津，Blackwell出版社，2007年)。", "[15] 见A.H, Andrews, et al.,“Investigations of age and growth for three deep-sea corals from Davidson Seamount off central California”,载于《冷水珊瑚和生态系统》(Berlin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag，2005年)。", "[16] 见,J.M. Portela, et al.,“Preliminary description of the overlap between squid fisheries and VMEs on the high seas of the Patagonian Shelf”载于《渔业研究》第16卷(2010年)；F. J. Murillo et al.,“Distribution of deep-water corals of the Flemish Cap, Flemish Pass, and the Grand Banks of Newfoundland (Northwest Atlantic Ocean)：interaction with fishing activities”，载于海考会《海洋科学期刊》，第68卷，第2号，(2011年)。", "[17] 见A. Freiwald and Murray Roberts,Cold-Water Corals：The Biology and Geology of Deep-Sea Coral Habitats.(联合王国，剑桥大学出版社，2009年)；and A.D.Roberts et al,“Corals on seamounts”, 载于《海山：生态、渔业和保护》，《渔业和水产资源系列12》，T.J.Pitcher et al, eds.(牛津，Blackwell出版社，2007年)。", "[18] 见N.R. Merrett和R.L. Haedrich，深海水底层鱼类和渔业(London，Chapman and Hall，1997年)。", "[19] 见Bensch等人，《公海底层捕捞全球审查》，粮农组织渔业和水产养殖技术文件，第522号(2008年)。", "[20] 见M.P.Sissenwine和P.M. Mace，“深水渔业可以持续管理吗？”《粮农组织渔业报告》，第838号(2007年)。", "[21] 见P. A.Large等人，“Deep-water Fisheries of the Northeast Atlantic：II. Assessment and Management Approaches,”in Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science, vol.31(2003)。", "[22] T. Morato和M.R.Clark，“Seamount fishes：ecology and life histories”in Seamounts： Ecology，Fisheries and Conservation，Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12(Oxford， Blackwell Publishing，2007)。", "[23] 见A/59/62/Add.1、A/61/154和A/64/305。", "[24] 见A. Williams等人，“Seamount megabenthic assemblages fail to recover from bottom trawling impacts.”Marine Ecology，vol 31(Suppl.1)(2010)。", "[25] 见J. Hall-Spencer等人，Design of Marine Protected Areas on high seas and territorial waters of Rockall Bank，in Marine Ecology Progress Series，vol.397(2009)。", "[26] 见D.P.Tittensor等人，“Predicting global habitat suitability for stony corals on seamounts，”in Journal of Biogeography vol.36(2009)；M.R.Clark和D.P.Tittensor，“An index to assess the risk to stony corals from bottom trawling on seamounts”in Marine Ecology，vol. 31(Suppl.1)(2010)。", "[27] 2005年试图就东北大西洋坡的一部分进行数量分析的一项研究表明，渔业对人类在深海底开展的整体活动所产生的相对作用可能很大，且显然其主导作用。但研究只对活动进行量化分析，却没有对影响进行量化分析，但似乎没有在类似的空间范围进行影响研究(见A.Benn等人，Human activities on the deep-seafloor in the North East Atlantic：An assessment of spatial extent，PlosOne vol.5，no.9(2010)。", "[28] 粮农组织最近的报告以及出版的文件和评论都涉及深海渔业的历史、地理分布情况和物种组成以及科学和管理方面作出的回应。如见粮农组织渔业会议记录3/1和3/2，深海2003年：深海渔业的治理和管理问题会议，粮农组织渔业报告第838号，粮农组织，罗马，2005年。", "[29] 见M. Clark，“Experience with management of orange roughy(Hoplostethus atlanticus)in New Zealand waters，and the effects of commercial fishing on stock over the period 1980-1993”，in Deep-water Fisheries of the North Atlantic Slope，A.G.Hopper，ed.(Netherlands，Kluwer Academic Publishers，1995)；and ICES,Report of the Working Group on the Biology and Assessment of Deep-Sea Fisheries Resources and advisory reports 1998 and onwards，查阅以下网站：www.ices.dk。", "[30] F.Gonzales-Costas和H. Murua，“An analytical assessment of the roughead grenadier stock in NAFO Subareas 2 and 3”，in American Fisheries Society Symposium vol.63(2008)。", "[31] 见M.R.Clark等人，“Large-scale distant-water trawl fisheries on seamounts”，in Seamounts：Ecology，Fisheries and Conservation，Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12，T.J.Pitcher等人编辑(Oxford，Blackwell Publishing，2007)。", "[32] 见Bensch等人，《公海底层捕捞全球审查》，粮农组织渔业和水产养殖技术文件，第522号(2008年)。", "[33] 见J.A. Devine等人，“Deep-sea fishes qualify as endangered”， in Nature vol. 439(2006)； D. M. Bailey等人，“Long-term changes in deep-water fish populations in the North East Atlantic：deeper-reaching effect of fisheries?”，in Proceedings of the Royal Society of London，Series B，vol. 276(2009)；N.Campbell等人，“Species richness，taxonomic diversity，and taxonomic distinctness of the deep-water demersal fish community on the Northeast Atlantic continental slope”，in International Journal of Marine Science，vol.68，no.2(2011)。", "[34] 见《粮农组织渔业报告》，第838号；T. Morato和 M.R.Clark，“Seamount fishes：ecology and life histories”，in Seamounts：Ecology，Fisheries and Conservation， Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Series 12，T.J.Pitcher等人编辑(Oxford，Blackwell Publishing， 2007)。", "[35] 见H.da Silva和M.R.Pinho，“Small-scale fishing on seamounts”。", "[36] O.A.Bergstad和Å.S.Høines，Bottom fisheries closures introduced by Atlantic RFMOs as elements of new regulatory frameworks to facilitate sustainable resource utilization and conserve biodiversity.Working Document，ICES(2011年2月)。", "[37] 粮农组织公海深海渔业管理国际准则执行情况讲习班——挑战和前进方向，2010年5月10日至12日，韩国釜山，粮农组织渔业和水产养殖报告，第948号(粮农组织，罗马，2010年)。", "[38] 见A/64/305，第44段。", "[39] 下文第三章B.2阐述参与谈判建立区域渔业管理组织/安排的国家为执行64/72号决议第119段而采取的行动。", "[40] 这些措施补充养护措施：22-04和22-05关于深海刺网和出于非科研目的使用海底拖网渔具；24-01关于科研适用的养护措施；41-05和22-08关于禁止在550米以下用底层渔具进行捕鱼；21-01关于新渔业措施；21-02关于探索性渔业；10-02关于核准进行海底捕捞活动及22-06中的程序。", "[41] 见A/64/305，第35段。", "[42] 欧洲联盟提供的意见。", "[43] 海洋考察理事会拟订了一个完整的探索性海底渔业协议，东北大西洋渔业委员会将于2011年对其进行审查。", "[44] 欧盟和美国提供的资料。", "[45] 西北大西洋渔业组织和美国提供的资料。", "[46] 挪威提供的资料。", "[47] 加拿大、欧盟和西北大西洋渔业组织提供的资料。", "[48] 一个珊瑚和海绵保护区禁渔区一部分处于西北大西洋渔业组织管理区之外(在加拿大专属经济区)，故在计算禁止底层捕捞地区的比例时予以计入。", "[49] 新西兰提供的资料。", "[50] 见所有东北大西洋渔业委员会关于底层捕捞建议综合文本附件4下列规定：“对于现有的和新的捕鱼区，遭遇主要脆弱海洋生态系统指示性物种按每网次（即拖网、延绳、刺网的网次）捕获量超过60公斤活珊瑚(和/或800公斤活海绵)加以界定。”(可参见http://neafc.org/system/ files/%252Fhome/neafc/drupal2_files/consolidated_bottomfishing_regulations.pdf.)", "[51] 北太平洋公海渔业资源养护和管理公约临时秘书处提供的资料。", "[52] 加拿大、中国、日本、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦、美国。", "[53] 美国提供的资料。", "[54] 加拿大提供的资料。", "[55] 见第A/64/305号决议第146-152段，临时秘书处和美国提供的资料。", "[56] 临时秘书处和美国提供的资料。", "[57] 见http://nwpbfo.nomaki.jp/Assessment.html的评估，其中包括2008年评估报告后每一个与会国家采取的现有临时措施的细节。", "[58] 见《南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约》第2条。", "[59] 见www.southpacificrfmo.org/preparatory-conference/。", "[60] 详见《南太平洋渔管组织公约》第38(1)条。如果《南太平洋渔管组织公约》在通过后三年内未生效，则其将于第十份批准书、加入书、接受书或核准书交存之后六个月或第1段规定的时间生效，两者之中以较早的日期为准。", "[61] 另见A/64/305，第163-166段。", "[62] 南太平洋区域渔管组织临时秘书处提供的资料。", "[63] 见南太平洋区域渔管组织临时秘书处，《临时管理措施报告》(2011)。见http://www.southpa- cificrfmo.org/assets/PrepCon-2/Plenary/PrepCon-02-INF-02-Report-on-Interim-Management-Measures-Rev2.pdf。", "[64] 西班牙，环境、农村及海洋部，《对严重破坏脆弱海洋生态系统的风险的初步评估》。见http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/8th-Meeting-November-2009-New-Zealand/SWG-VIII/SP-08-SWG-DW-02-EC-Bottom-fishing-assessment-ENG.pdf。", "[65] 见南太平洋区域渔管组织科学工作组，《科学工作组报告》(2009年第八次会议)。见 http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/8th-Meeting-November-2009-New-Zealand/Plenary-VIII/8th-SWG-Report-Final-Adopted-6-Nov-09-JMA-apendicies-fixed-maps-fixed-24-Nov-09-5pm.pdf)。", "[66] 新西兰渔业部，《底层渔业影响评估》(2008)。", "[67] 帕劳提供的资料。", "[68] 另见A/64/305，第140-141段。", "[69] 见http://www.fao.org/Legal/treaties/035s-e.htm。", "[70] 《欧洲联盟公报》，L20，2008年7月30日。", "[71] 见欧洲理事会第(EC)734/2008号条例第8、9和11条。", "[72] 欧洲联盟委员会，“Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on the implementation of Council Regulation (EC) No. 734/2008 on the protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the high seas from the adverse impact of bottom fishing gears”。(委员会提交欧洲议会和欧洲联盟理事会的关于执行理事会第(EC) 734/2008号条例，保护公海脆弱海洋生态系统免受海底捕捞渔具的不利影响的报告)。COM (2010) 651最终报告。", "[73] 同上，第17段。", "[74] 见生物多样性公约缔约方大会关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的第X/29号决定。", "[75] 见第61/105号决议，第84和87段。", "[76] 见www.ccamlr.org；www.gfcm.org/GFCM/EN；www.nafo.int；www.neafc.org；www.seafo.org。南极海生委委员会脆弱海洋生态系统类群分类指南见www.ccamlr.org/pu/e/sc/obs/vme-guide. pdf。地中海渔业总委员会所采取的全方位措施，可查阅其网站上的电子简编：http://151.1.154.86/GfcmWebSite/e-Compendium/ info.html。", "[77] 见www.southpacificrfmo.org和http://nwpbfo.nomaki.jp/index.html。关于南太平洋区域渔业管理组织底栖影响评估临时框架的信息亦可见www.southpacificrfmo.org。", "[78] 见第61/105号决议第88-90段和A/64/305号文件第190-199段。", "[79] 联合国粮食及农业组织提供的资料。另见http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4450/158143/en。", "[80] 见ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/UNGA/deep_sea/UNGA61_105.pdf。", "[81] 见A/64/305，第194-196段。", "[82] 见/www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0816t/i0816t00.htm和http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4440/en。", "[83] 联合国粮食及农业组织提供的资料。", "[84] A/66/70，第41段。", "[85] 见生物多样性公约缔约方会议关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的第X/29号决定，另见A/66/70，第163段。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目76(b)", "海洋和海洋法:通过1995年《执行1982年12月10日 < 联合国海洋法公约 > 有关养护和管理跨界鱼类种群和高度洄游鱼类种群的规定的协定》和相关文书等途径实现可持续渔业", "各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排根据大会关于可持续渔业的第61/105号决议第80和83至87段以及大会第64/72号决议第113至117和119至127段采取的行动,处理底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告是根据大会2010年12月7日第65/38号决议第122段编写的,该段请秘书长同联合国粮食及农业组织合作,向大会第六十六届会议报告各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排根据第61/105号决议第80和83至87段以及第64/72号决议第113至117和119至127段采取的行动,以利进一步审查第64/72号决议第129段所述已采取的行动。", "本报告是秘书长先前所编写报告(A/64/305和A/61/154)的后续行动。 本报告还应结合秘书长先前关于各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排为执行第61/105号决议所采取措施的临时报告(A/62/260,第60-96段;A/63/128,第63-78段)一并阅读。", "目录", "页次\n简称. 4\n一、导 言. 6 底鱼捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类长期可持续性的影响概览7\nA. 脆弱7个海洋生态系统:最新情况\nB. 深海10个鱼类\nC. 对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类的影响 11\n三. 各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排为解决底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类长期可持续性的影响而采取的行动 14\nA. 有权监管底层的区域渔业管理组织和安排采取的行动 15\nB. 各国为管制底矿而采取的行动 24\nC. 各国和主管区域渔业管理组织和安排在合作收集和交流科学技术数据和信息以及制定或加强数据收集标准、程序和议定书及研究方面采取的行动 38\n四. 方案 联合国粮食及农业组织促进管制底鱼捕捞活动和保护脆弱海洋的活动44\nA. 为执行联合国粮食及农业组织《公海深海渔业管理国际准则》开发45个工具\nB. 建立46个关于国家管辖范围以外脆弱海洋生态系统的全球信息数据库\n五、结 论. 47\n备注\n49个答复者名单\n问题单", "简称", "CACFish 中亚和高加索区域渔业和水产养殖委员会\n南极海生委 南极海洋生物资源保护委员会\n南部蓝鳍金枪鱼养护委员会\n《濒危物种国际贸易公约》 野生动植物物种组织\n粮农组织 联合国粮食及农业组织\n粮农组织《联合国粮食及农业组织公海深海渔业管理国际准则》\nFFA 太平洋岛屿论坛渔业局\nGEF 全球环境基金\n地中海渔业总会 地中海渔业总委员会\nGPA 保护海洋环境免受陆上活动污染全球行动纲领\n国际大西洋金枪鱼养护委员会\n国际海洋考察理事会\n国际海事组织(海事组织)\nISA 国际海底管理局\n非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动\nMPA 海洋保护区\n西北大西洋渔业组织 西北大西洋渔业组织\nNASCO 北大西洋鲑鱼养护组织\n东北大西洋渔业委员会\nNPFC 北太平洋渔业委员会\n《保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约》(《保护东北大西洋海洋环境公约》)\n区域渔业管理组织/区域渔管组织\nNEREIDA 西北大西洋渔业组织潜在脆弱海洋生态系统-深海影响 渔业项目\n东南大西洋渔业组织\n南印度洋渔业协定\nSPRFMO 南太平洋区域渔业管理组织\n虚拟媒体 脆弱的海洋生态系统\n中西太平洋渔业委员会", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会在2009年12月4日第64/72号决议中,除其他外,欢迎各国、区域渔业管理组织或安排(区域渔管组织/安排)和参加关于设立有权监管底鱼捕捞活动的区域渔管组织/安排以执行第61/105号决议第80和83至87段并处理底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性所产生影响的谈判的国家取得的重要进展。", "2. 联合国 大会根据审查结果,认为需要按照预防办法、生态系统办法和国际法采取进一步行动,以加强这些段落的执行,并吁请有权管制底鱼捕捞活动的区域渔业管理组织/安排、参加建立这种组织或安排谈判的国家以及船旗国采取本报告所描述的其他行动。 大会还吁请各国立即采取行动,个别地和通过区域渔业管理组织/安排,执行联合国粮食及农业组织2008年《公海深海渔业管理国际准则》,[1] 以可持续管理鱼类种群并保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受破坏性捕捞做法之害。", "3个 此外,大会决定在2011年第六十六届会议上进一步审查各国和区域渔管组织/安排根据第61/105和64/72号决议相关段落采取的行动,以确保有效执行这些措施,并视需要提出进一步建议。", " 4.四. 第65/38号决议请秘书长向大会第六十六届会议报告上述行动后,秘书长向各国、区域经济一体化组织和区域渔管组织/安排分发了一份问卷,请它们提供为执行相关决议所采取行动的资料,以便利进一步审查。 还要求联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)提供资料。", "5 (韩语). 对此,收到了19个国家、欧洲联盟、12个区域渔管组织/安排和粮农组织提交的材料(见附件)。 本报告基于其中提供的资料以及其他有关资料。 秘书长谨对这些来文表示赞赏。", "二. 底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响概览", "A类. 脆弱的海洋生态系统:最新审查", "6. 国家 如前所报告,[2] 生态系统的脆弱性与一个或多个组成部分(即人口、社区或生境)可能因短期或长期扰动而发生重大改变有关,以及生态系统恢复的可能性和在多长时间内恢复的可能性。 最脆弱的生态系统既容易被扰动又非常缓慢地恢复,或可能永远无法恢复。 [3] 在生态系统内,海山、热液喷口和冷水珊瑚可被视作生态地表,预计这些地表是分散在较大生态系统区域的多块小地段。", "7. 联合国 秘书长先前的报告详细描述了脆弱海洋生态系统,特别是国家管辖范围以外深海脆弱海洋生态系统。 [4] 下一节介绍这些脆弱海洋生态系统的最新情况。", "1. 联合国 海山", "8. 联合国 生态范式形成了对海山的广泛看法,海山是水深特征,是独特的环境、生物多样性的热点和具有特殊生态价值的地方性和脆弱的生态系统。 然而,大多数关于海山生态系统的科学范式都是以数量方面的研究为基础的。 在全世界数以千计的海山中,只有约300个受到科学标准的广泛采样。 [5]", "9. 国家 最近对海山生态学主要范式的演变进行的审查揭示出知识上的重大差距,并质疑其中一些范式的准确性. [6] 现有数据充分支持关于海山社区易受捕捞、对底拖网捕捞扰动高度敏感和复原力低的说法。 对生产力低和高度珍贵的鱼类迅速枯竭、往往聚集在海山的静态群落进行物理扰动或破坏,都有详细记载。 然而,一般认为海山是岛屿生境,具有高度地方性的动物群落,其物种组成不同于其他深海生境的独特群落,这种看法没有得到普遍支持。 获取特有性的证据需要非常广泛的取样,而且这一术语也有一些被误用。 此外,一般认为海山社区在自下而上工艺的局部生产支持下有高产量,这种看法没有得到普遍支持。 海山相关生物体的生物质量和丰度可能很高,但产量取决于当地生产和相邻海域投入的结合。", "10个 然而,有证据表明,海山是散布的垫地、丰度和生物量的绿洲以及物种丰富的热点等概念得到了支持,但目前的取样水平太低,无法确定这些概况。 底部多样性可以与大陆边缘观测到的相似。 [7] 还需要进一步调查新出现的范例,即:海山群落在结构上是不同的;海山上的无脊椎动物群落是附近山坡下沉物的原生地;而海山可能成为大规模灾难性环境事件造成的生物反弹。 遗传研究根据所调查的生物体的空间尺度和生命历史特征,记录了海山与其他生境之间的复杂连通模式。 [8]", "2. 热液喷口", "11个 1970年代后期首次发现热液喷口,以化学合成过程为动力,维持海底和下游生物群落。 [9] 在中洋脊上,来自地球地幔的液体岩浆、气体和水在极端压力下相互作用,形成高温深海喷口,其化学物质丰富,在独特的食物链底部为细菌提供食用。 其他化学合成系统为冷(冷渗出物),最早在墨西哥湾洋边发现. 与光合作用产生的化学合成过程相比,从喷口(以及其他深层特征,如冷渗出物)产生的能量和物质非常小.", "12个 虽然热液喷口很普遍,而且可能比预期的更常见,但热液喷口相对较小,是局部海洋地貌。 它们一般发生在不同的板块边界(中洋脊)和交汇地板上,在后弧扩张中心出现,分布于所有海洋和所有纬度. 虽然喷口社区的多样性较低,但特有性却很高。 喷口生物生命史战略的多样性可能也很高。 [10] 随着新出气口站点被发现,随着这些站点出现一系列新的相关物种,早期生物地理学理论正在被测试和修改. [11]", "13个 在与化疗特征有关的脆弱社区中,与冷渗出有关的社区可能比热液喷口社区更容易受到人类活动的干扰。 冷渗出出现在软底大陆架和坡地,底拖网和石化等活动较为广泛.", "3个 冷水珊瑚和水合物", "14. 某些冷水珊瑚和水生动物,[12] 主要是那些可能或实际形成森林、花园和珊瑚礁的珊瑚和水生动物,是脆弱社区的成员和指标。 关键分类法是:石珊瑚(Scleractinia),白垩纪和高尔干亚(Octocolarlia),黑珊瑚(Antipatharia)和水分(Stylasteridae). 另一个主要在软底物上发现的组是海笔(Pennatulacea). 这些生物群形成的有结构的栖息地会容纳不同的动物,它们共同构成脆弱海洋生态系统。", "15个 冷水珊瑚一般分布在被淹没的边缘和山坡上、山顶和海山边缘,[13] 在上大陆坡和山脊丘陵上和峡谷和海沟中。 许多珊瑚物种分布范围很广,有些物种形成礁石. 不同的物种或物种群体具有特殊的生境偏好和深度范围,根据对此类模式的了解,生境适宜性模型被用来“预测”某些珊瑚分类的分布,例如Lophelia。", "16号. 斯通尼珊瑚礁是古代的结构,深海珊瑚生长缓慢并具有活取数千年的潜力. [14] 因此,珊瑚礁的年龄可能非常高,但珊瑚礁由一些活生生的和一大部分已死亡的珊瑚组成. 个别殖民地似乎有相当快的增长潜力,经常发现附属于近海石油钻井平台的殖民地就表明了这一点。 但增长率取决于食物供应和环境条件,而深水珊瑚一般生长缓慢.", "17岁 世界各地继续绘制珊瑚和珊瑚生境图,近年来,对大西洋、西南太平洋和印度洋的山脊、海山和山坡水域的很大一部分进行了调查。 [15] 许多测绘区历史上曾捕鱼,或构成潜在的底层捕鱼区。", "18岁。 以上分类的珊瑚多毛类,花地和珊瑚礁都比较脆弱,因为它们竖起,脆弱并缓慢恢复,特别是在深海. 珊瑚区海底的底触渔具和其他活动造成物理扰动和破坏。 珊瑚易受其他影响,例如海洋酸性和温度的变化,也日益令人关切。 [16]", " 4.四. 其他脆弱海洋生态系统", " 19. 19. 碳酸盐丘往往具有相关的脆弱物种,如珊瑚. 海绵田由非常脆弱的立体物种(如玻璃海绵)或重活性物种(如地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表地表", "20号. 在一些区域,如北大西洋,重要的测绘工作近年来加强了对这些地物和物种分布地的了解。", "21岁 与珊瑚地区一样,正在进行一些研究,这些研究应提供更多资料,说明这些脆弱海洋生态系统作为鱼类生境的重要性以及有关物种和社区的脆弱性。", "B. 深海鱼类种群", "22号. 深海鱼类一般被定义为生活在边缘海和大陆架以外和(或)水深大于200米的鱼类种类的多样性集合,尽管也使用了其他的深度界限. [17] 主要栖息地为上大陆坡地,山脊地,深岛地和海山地坡地和山峰地和深岸地,但深峡湾和地架槽和峡谷也包括在内.", "23. 联合国 深海鱼类“种群”包括作为商业渔业目标或副渔获物的深海鱼类。 [18] 这些鱼类很少是真正的中水(palagic)物种. 多数是底栖地,或生活在海底上,或与海底相接,但有些人可能食用海底。 大多数深海鱼类种群在更浅的水域被开发出,面积为1 000米,但有些则被开发出至2 000米。 鉴于丰度和生物质量普遍急剧下降,以及物种构成随着深度增加而发生变化,17 即使技术上可能,更深的捕捞也不太可能发展。", "24 (韩语). 深海物种中生命历史特征和生态的多样性相当可观. 栖息于更浅于500米以内的鱼类和中层或下层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层层 [19] 但这种深度限制并非普遍适用. 深活物种也可能出现在其分布范围的某些浅海地段,或者,例如在海隆峰顶.", "25岁 长寿和生长速度也因深活物种而异. 在东北大西洋,一些深水物种(如阿尔丰斯诺(Alfonsino),黑斑海滨(黑斑海滨),黑斑鱼(Scabadrdfish,ling,tusk)等)的生平与浅活地底物种相似,而其他(如圆花地底属,深水鲨鱼,和橙色的粗糙等)则有长达数十年或一个多世纪的极端长寿. [20] 深水鲨鱼的繁殖力非常有限.", "26. 联合国 大多数深海物种的分布范围非常广泛,但区域和地方的空间分布因物种而异. 有些物种通常聚集在一起,可能聚集在高地(如海山上)[21]和坡地地。 一些物种在产卵季节聚集,否则就会被广泛分散。 大部分地栖物种还依赖于中水生物作为猎物,并利用猎物物种的迪尔垂直迁移,尸体下沉,并依赖环流将猎物集中在某些深度和栖息地. 此外,许多物种还利用地质或生物起源的结构化生境作为栖息地和取食地。 在有珊瑚和海绵的地区发现的大多数鱼类也栖息在其他结构化生境中。", "27个 最容易被过度捕捞的深水鱼类是寿命周期延长、繁殖率低、生长缓慢和分布地区相对接近市场的易于出售的鱼类(例如:橙色粗糙、圆鼻红鲨、蓝鸥和许多深水鲨鱼)。 这些物种组成集合体,很容易被检测和捕获,或显示出被延绳钓诱饵所吸引的强烈倾向,具有增加脆弱性的特征。", "C. 底鱼捕捞对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的影响", "28岁 下一节更新了早先关于底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的影响以及改进评估工作的资料。 [22]", "1. 联合国 脆弱的海洋生态系统", "29. 国家 一些研究记录了移动渔具对深海底栖生物和社区的不利影响,特别是对结构形成生物,如某些珊瑚和海绵的不利影响。 其影响包括局部枯竭、生境复杂性的丧失、社区结构的变化和生态系统进程的变化。", "30岁。 对珊瑚的损害看来是持久的,恢复可能需要几十年甚至更长的时间。 受底鱼捕捞活动影响的主要珊瑚礁可能已经永远消失。 [23] 在珊瑚和海绵地上捕鱼还可能造成严重的不想要的副渔获物,对预期渔获物造成相关损害并中断已经很昂贵的捕鱼作业。 然而,这些影响在世界范围的规模没有得到令人满意的评估。 在总的底拖网捕捞活动较少或船只努力避免已知的珊瑚和海绵区域的地区,脆弱海洋生态系统受到的影响较小或完好无损,即使附近捕鱼活动严重。", "31岁 近年来,大西洋、太平洋和印度洋许多实际和潜在捕鱼区的测绘活动已经增加,并增加了关于脆弱海洋生态系统指标的存在和分布的文献记录。 渔业活动的空间分布也得到更好的记录,管理决策的科学基础也得到改进。 [24] 生境适宜性模型被用来预测海洋的分地区,特别是可能具有脆弱海洋生态系统指标的海隆和海脊,它们有可能受到渔业影响。 [25] 通过对模型预测进行充分的校正,对区域和地方尺度上的脆弱海洋生态系统指标分布进行观测数据,这种建模将指导为测绘和保护脆弱海洋生态系统而作的努力。", "32. 联合国 以往评估的一个缺陷是,1960年代开始的渔业活动和影响记录不完整,而且几十年来基本上没有受到管制。 在大多数情况下,记录只包括起落架和起落架的地理参照,关于渔具和渔捞努力量的资料不能令人满意。 一段时间以来,不利影响的潜在趋势并不为人所熟知。 即使近几十年来,也难以回顾深海渔业和其他影响的历史。 [26]", "2. 联合国 深海鱼类种群", "33. (中文(简体) ). 深水渔业的历史被认为是相对较新的. 然而,在1960年代中期之前,远在200米以下的小规模渔业已经出现,包括了对诸如ling、sk和比目鱼等鱼种的公海延绳钓作业,以及黑斑鱼等鱼种的个体渔业。 然而,在探索和发现、技术革新、市场需要和通过渔业补贴提供政治支持的时期,大规模工业化业务较近期并有所扩大。 用回声器探测到的深水生物群落很容易成为目标,过度捕捞导致海山和大陆坡局部浓度连续枯竭。 [27]", "34. 国家 1990年代,有令人震惊地观测到,关键目标物种,如橙色粗糙、铁甲头、圆鼻榴弹和蓝色花纹等的捕获量在单位努力中迅速下降。 [28] 由于缺乏时间序列数据,科学咨询机构无法提供准确的咨询意见,只有强烈的警告信息。 由于缺乏数据,无法或无法完成库存评估。", "35. 联合国 目前的情况有所改善,主要是因为每单位努力捕获的时间序列和渔业独立研究调查积累了新的相关信息。 这些活动通常没有产生质量令人满意的种群评估,但监测趋势和评估状况的基础已有所改进。 在一些方面,新的评估证实了以前的丰度趋势(即丰度迅速或逐渐地下降到大大降低的水平)。 至少在一个国家,评估和调查数据表明没有具体的趋势,甚至没有增加丰度。 [29] 然而,对现有案例的调查表明,很少进行评估。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 在大规模渔业的整个历史中,估计全世界从海山、大陆坡地和山脊上岸的深海鱼类生物量约为225万吨。 [30] 粮农组织估计,2006年,来自国家管辖范围以外地区的深水物种的年上岸量约为25万吨,当年从事公海深水捕捞的船只为285艘. [31] 这些数字虽然不准确,但说明了深水捕鱼的规模。", "37. 联合国 相对较少的渔业独立调查数据显示,发生大规模拖网捕捞(如西北和东北大西洋)的被开采深水捕鱼区的丰度下降,[32] 某些影响似乎比实际捕鱼区更深。 目标物种和相关副渔获物物种受到影响,但结果也表明,多样性和基本群落结构得到了维持。 现已对大陆坡地和一些海山地区的许多传统深海捕鱼区进行了定期调查监测,但枯竭的鱼类种群的恢复需要很长时间。", "38. 国家 因此,对大规模捕鱼的某些鱼类种群和副渔获物的影响有详细记录,这种捕鱼的可持续性受到质疑。 [33] 分析表明,小规模渔业实现可持续性的可能性可能更高。 [34] 总体而言,实现可持续性的关键不在于捕鱼方法和船只大小或动力,而在于任何渔业对被捕捞人口造成的捕鱼死亡率,以及开采情况如何适应自然动态。", "39. 联合国 随着过去10至15年对有害捕鱼做法的不良后果的认识不断提高,一个新出现的挑战是评估对鱼类种群和生物多样性的影响模式的变化。 [35] 对影响模式变化的分析以及对恢复过程的监测也很少。 [36]", "三. 各国和区域渔业管理组织和安排为解决底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响而采取的行动", " 40. 40. 在第64/72号决议第119段中,大会认为需要采取进一步行动,加强执行第61/105号决议第80和83至87段,[37]并呼吁区域渔管组织/安排、参与设立区域渔管组织/安排谈判的国家和船旗国在国家管辖范围外的地区采取紧急行动,处理底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响。 大会第64/72号决议第120段呼吁船旗国、区域渔管组织/安排成员和参加关于设立区域渔管组织/安排的谈判的国家,按照第61/105号决议第83、85和86段、第64/72号决议第119段和国际法并遵循粮农组织准则,通过和执行措施,并在这些措施得到通过和执行之前,不批准底鱼捕捞活动。 此外,大会在第64/72号决议第122和123段中吁请各国和主管区域渔业管理组织/安排采取若干行动,加强努力,合作收集和交流科技数据和信息,并制订或加强数据收集标准、程序和议定书以及研究方案。", "41. 国家 各国和区域渔管组织/安排采取了一系列行动,以落实第61/105和64/72号决议的相关段落,处理底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响。", "A类. 有权监管底鱼捕捞活动的区域渔业管理组织和安排采取的行动", "42. 国家 下一节介绍自第64/72号决议通过以来,有权监管底鱼捕捞活动的区域渔业管理组织/安排为执行第61/105号决议第83段和第64/72号决议第119段并处理底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响而采取的行动。 这些区域渔管组织/安排如下:南极海洋生物资源保护委员会(南极海生委)、地中海渔业总委员会(地中海渔业总会)、西北大西洋渔业组织(北大西洋渔业组织)、东北大西洋渔业委员会(东北大西洋渔业委员会)和东南大西洋渔业组织(东南渔业组织)。 [38]", "43. 东帝汶 其他区域渔管组织/安排,如中亚和高加索区域渔业和水产养殖委员会(CACFish)、南部蓝鳍金枪鱼养护委员会(CCSBT)和中西太平洋渔业委员会(WCPFC)报告说,它们要么没有管制底鱼捕捞活动,要么没有这样做的授权。 北大西洋鲑鱼养护组织(北大西洋鲑鱼养护组织)和太平洋岛屿论坛渔业局(渔署)提供的资料介绍了为可持续管理鱼类种群和保护脆弱海洋生态系统而作的一般性努力和活动。", "1. 联合国 区域渔业管理组织/安排最近所采取行动概览", "44. 国家 在南极海生委,为避免对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响的现行管理战略包括下列措施:(一) 在南极海生委公约地区的公海地区禁止底拖网捕捞;(二) 将探险性捕捞洋枪鱼限制在550米以内;(三) 在脆弱海洋生态系统指标分类的副渔获物超过阈值时,关闭周围的危险区域;(四) 通知有脆弱海洋生态系统证据的地区,将其列入脆弱海洋生态系统登记册。 为支持海洋生物资源的可持续管理和养护而采取的最重要的养护措施是养护措施22-06 (在《公约》区域内的生鱼捕捞)和养护措施22-07 (受养护措施管制的生鱼捕捞活动)。", "45. 国家 地中海渔业总会最近采取的措施包括:在地中海渔业总会区域将底拖网捕捞作业至少减少10%;在狮子湾建立渔业限制区以保护产卵群和深海敏感生境;采用40毫米平方网,作为底拖网的最低尺寸。", "46. 经常预算: 西北大西洋渔业组织最近根据从缔约方收集的1987-2007年数据,核准划定其现有的底鱼捕捞。 西北大西洋渔业组织的足迹划定了历史上允许使用底接渔具捕鱼的区域,被西北大西洋渔业组织用来区分现有的和新的捕鱼区。 2006至2009年期间对海山和已查明珊瑚和海绵的地区实行的关闭措施在2010年审查之后继续进行。 西北大西洋渔业组织科学理事会设立了一个渔业管理生态系统方法工作组,其任务是确定候选脆弱海洋生态系统并评估产生重大不利影响的可能性。 还设立了一个由渔业管理人员和科学家组成的脆弱海洋生态系统工作组,以审查科学咨询意见并评价风险并推荐减轻措施,避免对北大西洋渔业组织管制区内脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响。", "47. 国家 东北大西洋渔业委员会正在保护脆弱海洋生态系统并减少产生重大不利影响的风险,为此设立了大型海洋保护区(海洋保护区),为养护目的禁止进行底层捕捞活动,并规范了在仍然开放捕捞的分区内的捕捞活动。 在有脆弱海洋生态系统科学证据的地方建立了海洋保护区。 在科学资料不完全的地区,例如大西洋中脊和相邻海山,大的代表性地区仍然禁止底鱼捕捞。 在仍然开放捕鱼的分区内,底层捕鱼条例适用于在正常捕鱼作业过程中使用可能与海底相接的渔具的渔船。 东北大西洋渔业委员会还禁止在200米以下的深度使用刺网和缠网,[40] 并采取措施防止丢失渔具和清理丢失渔具(捉鬼鱼),从刺网禁令之前开始。", " 48. 48. 此外,东北大西洋渔业委员会还绘制了现有和新捕鱼区的地图,以便为使用底渔具进行捕鱼旅行制定相称的先决条件。 地图将定期修订。 [41] 东北大西洋渔业委员会还分析了在管制区内保护脆弱海洋生态系统的程度,估计冰岛以南91.9%的区域被确定为新的捕鱼区,因此须遵守临时探索性捕鱼议定书。 在7.3%的地区建立了海洋保护区,占冰岛以南(深度不足2 000米)可捕鱼面积的54%。 整个北冰洋也被确定为一个新的捕鱼区。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 东南大西洋渔业组织最近采取的旨在保护脆弱海洋生态系统的措施包括关于保护脆弱深水生境和生态系统的第18/10号养护措施。 根据这项措施,共有11个已知或可能含有脆弱海洋生态系统的分地区被禁止从事底层捕捞活动。 关于《东南大西洋渔业组织公约》区域底鱼捕捞活动的养护措施17/09适用于东南大西洋渔业组织禁渔区以外的所有现有和新的底鱼捕捞区,并载有关于遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的详细规定。", "2. 联合国 区域渔管组织/安排为执行第61/105号决议第83段和第64/72号决议第119段而采取的措施", " 50. 50. 大会在第61/105号决议第83段中呼吁有权监管底鱼捕捞活动的区域渔业管理组织/安排作为优先事项,并至迟于2008年12月31日通过和执行措施,以监管底鱼捕捞活动并保护脆弱海洋生态系统。 大会第64/72号决议第119段认为需要采取进一步行动,以加强第61/105号决议相关段落的执行工作,并呼吁区域渔业管理组织/安排、参加关于建立区域渔业管理组织/安排的谈判的国家和船旗国在国家管辖范围外的地区采取若干紧急行动。", "51. 联合国 下一节介绍区域渔业管理组织/安排为执行第61/105号决议第83段和第64/72.38号决议第119段而采取的行动。", "(a) 在进行评估之前进行评估并确保船只不从事底鱼捕捞活动", "52. (中文(简体) ). 在第61/105号决议第83(a)段中,大会呼吁区域渔业管理组织/安排根据现有最佳科学资料,评估个别底层捕捞活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响,并确保对这些生态系统有重大不利影响的活动加以管理,以防止这种影响,或授权不予开展。 在第64/72号决议第119(a)段中,大会还吁请区域渔业管理组织/安排按照第61/105号决议第83(a)段的要求,按照《粮农组织准则》进行评估,并确保在进行评估之前,船只不得从事底鱼捕捞活动。", "53. 联合国 在南极海生委,养护措施22-06和22-07规定由南极海生委科学委员会进行评估进程,以确定底鱼捕捞活动,特别是考虑到该区域底鱼捕捞活动的历史和风险评估,是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响,并确保,如果确定这些活动将作出这种贡献,则对这些活动进行管理,以防止这种影响,或没有授权继续捕捞。 影响评估框架是一个灵活的框架,用以估计所有底鱼捕捞方法的总影响,为不同渔业和(或)不同捕捞方法在不同区域所产生影响的比较提供信息。 2010年,南极海生委进一步完善了要求成员在捕鱼前提交的底鱼捕捞活动初步影响评估的格式和要求。", "54. 联合国 南极海生委9个成员提交了参加养护措施21-02规定的新的和探索性渔业的通知,并提交了养护措施22-2006所要求的海底影响评估。 南极海生委成员被要求完成对西班牙延绳、拖绳、锅和底拖网的方法评估,以便完成影响评估。 延绳钓的影响估计一般较低,每个分区或分区的渔区渔业努力量分布不均。 关于使用影响评估方法确定今后拟议底鱼捕捞活动的影响的工作尚未完成。", "55. 国家 在西北大西洋渔业组织,截至2009年1月1日,在新捕鱼区或在有关地区没有使用过底渔具的所有底鱼捕捞活动均被视为勘探性渔业,须遵守勘探性渔业议定书和评估程序。 西北大西洋渔业组织《探索性渔业议定书》说明了西北大西洋渔业组织缔约方向西北大西洋渔业组织秘书处通报其捕鱼意图并提供收割、减缓、渔获监测和数据收集计划的责任。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 2010年对评估程序作了进一步阐述,要求今后对底鱼捕捞活动的所有评估都符合粮农组织准则的相关内容,包括确保船旗国的评估相互兼容。 [44] 如果在现有的足迹之外提议进行底鱼捕捞活动,如果现有底鱼捕捞活动的行为或技术发生重大变化,或者如果新的科学信息显示某一地区存在脆弱海洋生态系统,缔约方必须提交资料并初步评估底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的已知和预期影响。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 2010年,西北大西洋渔业组织科学理事会审查了除移动底层渔具外的中上层渔具、长线渔具和其他类型的渔具对海山脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响的可能性,并得出结论认为,除底拖网捕捞外的渔具显然有可能对脆弱海洋生态系统社区造成重大不利影响。 影响通常与(a) 齿轮与底部接触时产生的生境破坏有关;以及(b) 非商业性脆弱海洋生态系统物种指标和具有商业价值的当地鱼类种群的本地种群枯竭。 当延绳、刺网和陷阱被部署和回收时引起的运动也可能损害底栖结构和生境。 鉴于脆弱海洋生态系统成形物种的生长/繁殖速度缓慢,这些损害可能累积为重大不利影响。", "58. 联合国 在东北大西洋渔业委员会,自2009年以来,在新的底鱼捕捞区或在相关地区没有使用过底渔具的所有底鱼捕捞活动都被视为勘探性捕捞活动,并须遵守勘探性底鱼捕捞议定书和评估程序。 提议参加底鱼捕捞活动的缔约方必须提交关于其底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的已知和预期影响的资料,并在可能的情况下,提交初步评估,包括为防止这种影响而提出的缓解措施。 此后,东北大西洋渔业委员会将采取养护和管理措施,防止对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响,这可包括允许、禁止或限制带有某些渔具类型的底鱼捕捞。 2010年,东北大西洋渔业委员会还修改了底鱼捕捞条例,以明确在开始捕捞之前进行初步评估的义务。 [45]", "59. (中文(简体) ). 东南大西洋渔业组织报告说,在新的底鱼捕捞区进行的所有底鱼捕捞活动,或使用以前未在该地区使用的底渔具,都被视为勘探性渔业,并须遵守临时勘探性底鱼捕捞议定书。 在进行探索性底层捕捞之前,将向东南大西洋渔业组织科学委员会提交一份详细提案,其中将就探索性捕捞是否可以进行提出建议。 东南大西洋渔业组织科学委员会还根据现有最佳科学资料,对探索性底鱼捕捞活动进行评估,以确定这些活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响。 考虑到东南大西洋渔业组织科学委员会的意见和建议,东南大西洋渔业组织应采取养护和管理措施,防止对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响,包括禁止或限制底鱼捕捞活动或有某些渔具类型的底鱼捕捞活动。", "(b) 查明脆弱的海洋生态系统并采取措施,防止重大不利影响或关闭海底捕捞区", "60. 联合国 大会在第61/105号决议第83(b)段中呼吁区域渔业管理组织/安排查明脆弱海洋生态系统,确定底鱼捕捞活动是否会给这些生态系统和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性造成重大不利影响,特别是通过改进科学研究和数据收集和分享,以及通过新的和探索性渔业。 关于已知发生或可能发生脆弱海洋生态系统的地区,根据现有的最佳科学资料,要求区域渔业管理组织/安排将这些地区关闭,禁止底鱼捕捞,并确保除非制定养护和管理措施来防止重大不利影响,否则不会开展这类活动。 大会第64/72号决议第119(b)段吁请区域渔业管理组织/安排进一步进行海洋科学研究,并利用现有的最佳科学和技术资料,查明已知或可能在何处发生脆弱海洋生态系统,并按照第61/105号决议第83(c)段的要求,采取养护和管理措施,防止对此类生态系统造成重大不利影响,或将此类区域关闭,直至制定养护和管理措施。", "61. 国家 为落实这些段落并进行海洋科学研究以确定脆弱海洋生态系统,西北大西洋渔业组织报告说,西班牙启动了西北大西洋渔业组织潜在的脆弱海洋生态系统 -- -- 深海渔业的影响项目,预计该项目将比迄今可能做到的更精确地划定西北大西洋渔业组织管制区内的珊瑚和海绵位置(又见第三节)。 III.C.[46] 加拿大还在2009年进行了科学调查和研究,以描述被西北大西洋渔业组织关闭的海山 \" 孤儿 \" 的特征。 预计正在进行的研究活动将生成数据并产生分析,包括进行中的NEREIDA巡航,重点是确定和划定脆弱海洋生态系统和脆弱海洋生态系统定义物种,在2009年格陵兰地表调查中收集和确定海绵,以及加拿大开展的其他研究活动。", "62. 联合国 东南大西洋渔业组织报告说,根据世界各地一些公共来源的各种数据集,为东南大西洋渔业组织公约地区建立了一个最新的测深数据库和地图。 研究表明,关于南大西洋海山的数据,特别是具有生物意义的数据,充其量最多非常零散,质量参差不齐。 海底渔业可能探索或开发的有深度的海山和海山综合体的位置,在局部分布上更好,可视化。", "63. 国家 南极海生委在采取措施防止重大不利影响或关闭底鱼捕捞区域时,正在就可采取的预防性管理行动提供建议,以降低脆弱海洋生态系统的即时风险,并在脆弱海洋生态系统中登记在渔业独立拖网调查中确定的两个新地点。 登记在册的脆弱海洋生态系统在一些地区通过不同规模的空间封闭加以保护。 然而,没有制定一般措施,为所有登记的脆弱海洋生态系统提供具体保护。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 南极海生委还重点关注海洋保护区,并商定了一系列里程碑,以支持在2012年向南极海生委提交关于具有代表性的海洋保护区系统的建议。 2009年,南极海生委宣布在南奥尔克尼群岛的南大陆架进行首次公海海洋保护区,第91-03号养护措施禁止在约94 000平方公里的海域进行各种捕捞活动,包括禁止渔船倾倒废物和排放。", "65. 国家 地中海渔业总会报告说,在狮子湾建立了渔业限制区,以保护产卵群和深海敏感生境,此外还有先前为保护深海敏感生境而关闭的其他区域,包括深水珊瑚礁,禁止用拖网和底拖网捕鱼。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 在西北大西洋渔业组织,西北大西洋渔业组织管制区内有18个区域目前禁止底鱼捕捞。 2010年对海隆关闭情况进行了审查并延长至2014年。 2011年,将审查目前所有被禁区以及西北大西洋渔业组织管制区内与底鱼捕捞活动有关的现有措施。 目前禁止底层捕捞活动的总面积估计为西北大西洋渔业组织管制区总面积的14.13%。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 2009年,西北大西洋渔业组织出版了《珊瑚识别指南》,以协助确定和记录在拖网捕捞中可能常见的各种珊瑚物种。 2010年,还编写了海绵识别指南,以补充珊瑚指南,便于识别常见海绵物种。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 东北大西洋渔业委员会报告说,在有科学证据表明存在脆弱海洋生态系统的地方建立了海洋保护区。 2004年设立的海洋保护区随着收到更多的科学咨询意见而定期得到更新,主要是应国际海洋考察理事会(海考会)提出的科学咨询意见要求。 监察部门已调查了如何监测和控制海洋保护区,并表明对这些地区进行有效控制和执法是可行的。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 东北大西洋渔业委员会还报告说,根据不设立采伐区的一般考虑,建立了大型海洋保护区,以保护、保护和(或)促进资源和相关无脊椎动物社区的恢复,并保护具有代表性的脆弱海洋生态系统免受潜在的重大不利影响。 2009年,东北大西洋渔业委员会决定大幅度地扩大中大西洋海脊的关闭范围,直到2008年底才关闭。 没有相关空间尺度的历史捕捞努力数据或影响评估,除非对历史来源进行专门的重大努力,否则不可能获得这些数据或影响评估。 因此,无法对资源及其相关无脊椎动物社区的现状进行全面评估。", "70. 联合国 东南大西洋渔业组织报告说,已根据1987-2007年期间的个别拖船/渔具的数字渔获量位置数据以及1996-2010年至今的历史捕捞数据编制了捕捞足迹。 界定了三类可开发的海山/海山综合体(“认为尚未开发”、“已略有开发”和“已开发”),已查明的海山地区已覆盖了捕鱼的空间格局。 根据水深测量和生物地理学的最佳知识,共有11个已知或可能含有脆弱海洋生态系统的分地区被关闭,无法从事底鱼捕捞活动。 关闭区都包含现有渔业可能或实际可以开发的区域,深度可达约2 000米,在地理上分布,假定将保护具有生物地理学代表性的一套海山/海山综合体。", "(c) 与脆弱海洋生态系统相遇的议定书", "71. 联合国 在第61/105号决议第83(d)段中,大会呼吁区域渔业管理组织/安排要求成员的船只停止在捕鱼作业过程中遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的地区进行底鱼捕捞活动,并报告遭遇情况,以便在有关地点采取适当措施。 在第64/72号决议第119(c)段中,大会呼吁区域渔业管理组织/安排为执行第61/105号决议第83(d)段而制定和执行适当的议定书,包括界定何为遭遇的证据,特别是门槛和指标物种。", "72. 联合国 在南极海生委,在遇到可能表明存在脆弱海洋生态系统的生物时,需要采取养护措施22-07,包括向南极海生委秘书处发出通知。 它还界定了“危险区域”、“脆弱海洋生态系统指标有机体”、“脆弱海洋生态系统指标单位”和相遇参数。 南极海生委秘书处负责维持脆弱海洋生态系统分类指南和脆弱海洋生态系统登记册,登记已知或可能的脆弱海洋生态系统受底鱼捕捞活动保护的地区。 养护措施22-06还要求缔约方在其他情况下,包括在研究和有关活动期间,向南极海生委秘书处发出通知。 该措施包括确定此类通知所要包括的信息类别的准则。 2012年将再次审查南极海生委的遭遇措施。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 南极海生委科学委员会就底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的已知和预期影响提供了咨询意见,并提出了做法和减轻措施建议,包括在遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的证据时停止捕捞活动。 根据养护措施22-06,在目前禁止大多数底层捕捞活动的地区进行研究期间,已通知了32次与脆弱海洋生态系统相遇。 根据养护措施22-07,共提交了53份脆弱海洋生态系统指标通知,包括导致宣布15个危险地区的通知。", "74. 国家 2008年,西北大西洋渔业组织制定了临时接触条款,规定在遇到脆弱海洋生态系统指标物种时,在新的和现有的捕鱼区捕鱼。 2010年,采取措施,对勘探区和现有捕鱼区遇到的珊瑚和海绵物种实施更全面的数据收集议定书。 主要的脆弱海洋生态系统指标物种的阈值已降低到更谨慎的水平,活珊瑚从100公斤降至60公斤和/或从1 000公斤降至800公斤活海绵。 正在操作可能有害渔具并遇到脆弱海洋生态系统证据的渔船必须停止捕鱼、离开并报告这种遭遇。 对于在新渔区进行探索性捕捞,还将在报告位置周围临时关闭两英里半径。 然后对从这些接触中报告的信息进行科学评估和审查,以确定并采取保护脆弱海洋生态系统的任何必要措施。", "75. 国家 在东北大西洋,东北大西洋渔业委员会的“动起”规则适用于新的和现有的捕鱼区。 要求船只在捕鱼作业过程中遇到脆弱海洋生态系统证据的任何地点停止底鱼捕捞活动,并向东北大西洋渔业委员会秘书报告遭遇情况,以便采取适当措施。 与主要脆弱海洋生态系统指标物种的接触是根据捕捞作业中捕获的活珊瑚和海绵的数量确定的。 [49] 东北大西洋渔业委员会表示,没有任何关于遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的报告,任何东北大西洋渔业委员会缔约方都没有批准在新渔区捕鱼。", "76. 联合国 在东南大西洋渔业组织,第17/09号养护措施载有关于珊瑚和海绵上岸和报告的议定书和业务程序。 东南大西洋渔业组织 要求缔约方确保悬挂其国旗的船只在捕鱼作业过程中遇到脆弱海洋生态系统证据时停止底鱼捕捞活动,并向东南大西洋渔业组织执行秘书报告遭遇情况,以便采取适当措施。 就现有和新的捕鱼区而言,与主要脆弱海洋生态系统指标物种的接触被临时定义为每套60多公斤活珊瑚和(或)800公斤活海绵的捕获量(例如拖网拖网、延绳鱼或刺网鱼)。", "77. 国家 2010年,东南大西洋渔业组织科学小组委员会分析了2010年上半年西班牙商行延绳钓捕捞洋枪鱼所捕获的海绵和珊瑚的数据,但得出结论认为,大多数鱼群的脆弱海洋生态系统指标分类数量相对较少,没有超过委员会确定的门槛。", "(d) 确保深海鱼类种群和非目标鱼种长期可持续性并重建已枯竭种群的措施", "78. 国家 在第64/72号决议第119(d)段中,大会呼吁区域渔业管理组织/安排根据种群评估和现有最佳科学信息,采取养护和管理措施,包括监测、控制和监视措施,以确保深海鱼类种群和非目标鱼种的长期可持续性并重建枯竭种群。 在这方面,在科学信息不确定、不可靠或不充分的情况下,区域渔业管理组织/安排应确保养护和管理措施符合审慎做法,包括采取措施确保渔捞努力量、捕捞能力和渔获量限额酌情达到与这些种群长期可持续性相适应的水平。", "79. 联合国 南极海生委报告说,它通过了关于利用现有最佳科学支持制定养护措施的第31/XXVIII号决议,并根据第64/72号决议第119(d)段,制定了一套养护和管理措施,涉及监测、控制和监视、网目尺寸管制、渔获量和努力量报告、禁止定向捕捞、探索性捕捞措施和预防性渔获量限制。", "80个 地中海渔业总会的重点是制定并加强其监测、控制和监督框架,包括国际水域深海渔业框架。 在这方面,地中海渔业总会采取了一系列措施,包括建立渔船监测系统和区域渔船登记册的最低标准。 地中海渔业总会每年审查成员与合作的非成员的遵守情况,并请求采取补救行动,处理查明的行为或不行为,以免削弱其管理措施的效力。 渔业总会地区的总体捕捞能力水平是根据考虑到国家和区域捕捞能力管理计划和科学咨询意见的区域行动计划确定的。", "81个 西北大西洋渔业组织报告说,它每年根据其任务规定对20个鱼类种群采取了养护和管理措施。 其全面监测、控制和监视计划包括船只登记、渔获量和捕捞努力的报告和记录要求、鱼产品标签、鱼群要求和渔具标记、独立观察员、联合巡逻和检查计划、船只监测系统和港口国措施。 此外,西北大西洋渔业组织进行了年度遵约审查,以评估西北大西洋渔业组织缔约方如何遵守其养护和执法措施。", "82. 东北大西洋渔业委员会报告说,东北大西洋渔业委员会管制区内主要渔业管理的所有方面在东北大西洋渔业委员会1998-2007年渔业状况报告中都有详细说明。 在东北大西洋渔业委员会管制区内捕鱼的所有物种都是受管制资源,管理措施已经到位。 对于一些库存,还可从海考会获得分析性库存评估。 此外,东北大西洋渔业委员会渔业概况介绍,包括关于深海渔业的概况介绍,已发表在粮农组织渔业资源监测系统上。 东北大西洋渔业委员会通过了一项关于监测、监视和控制的综合框架,以协助促进东北大西洋地区渔业资源的长期养护和最佳利用。 东北大西洋渔业委员会的控制和执法办法和非缔约国办法现已合并。", "83个 关于捕捞努力,东北大西洋渔业委员会报告说,由于无法对许多深海鱼类种群进行分析评估,控制单个深海鱼类种群的捕捞死亡率被认为是不可行的。 相反,东北大西洋渔业委员会实行了总体努力控制,将国家管辖范围以外地区有限的深海渔业工作减少了35%。", "第八十四会. 东南大西洋渔业组织采取了各种养护和管理措施,以确保深海鱼类种群和非目标鱼种的长期可持续性并依照粮农组织准则重建已枯竭的种群,包括养护目标鱼种、养护脆弱海洋生态系统、船旗国责任和一般捕鱼的措施。 为确保可持续利用深海渔业和脆弱海洋生态系统而采取的措施包括第17/09号养护措施,涉及所有与底鱼捕捞活动有关的活动,并适用于东南大西洋渔业组织禁渔区以外的所有现有和新的底鱼捕捞区。 东南大西洋渔业组织还保留了获准从事捕捞活动的渔船的记录。 未记入记录的船只被认为从事非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动。", "B. 各国为管制底鱼捕捞活动而采取的行动", "85. 在第61/105号决议第80段和第64/72号决议第113段中,大会吁请各国根据审慎做法和生态系统办法,立即单独地和通过区域渔业管理组织/安排采取行动,以可持续的方式管理鱼类种群并保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受破坏性捕捞做法的影响,同时认识到深海生态系统及其所蕴含的生物多样性的重要性和价值。 大会第64/72号决议第113段特别强调各国需要采取行动,执行粮农组织在这方面的准则。", "86号. 在第64/72号决议第119段中,大会呼吁船旗国在国家管辖范围以外区域采取若干紧急行动,处理底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响。 此外,大会第64/72号决议第120段还吁请船旗国和区域渔业管理组织/安排成员根据第61/105号决议第83、85和86段、第64/72号决议第119段和国际法并遵循粮农组织准则,采取并执行措施,并在这些措施得到通过和执行之前,不批准底鱼捕捞活动。", "87个 下一节介绍各国为执行第61/105和64/72号决议而采取的广泛措施和行动,以解决底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响。", "1. 联合国 二. 各国所采取行动概览", "88. 各国和欧洲联盟报告说,破坏性捕捞做法对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响是一个严重问题,第61/105和64/72号决议以及粮农组织准则是保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受破坏性捕捞做法所造成重大不利影响和确保深海鱼类种群长期可持续性所不可或缺的工具(加拿大、挪威、美国)。 第61/105号决议被认为是公海渔业历史上的一个分水岭,也是渔业管理体制的转变。", "89. 一些国家和欧洲联盟强调执行粮农组织准则的重要性,并着重指出它们在这方面的单独和集体努力(澳大利亚、加拿大、挪威、美国)。 一些国家还着重指出了发展中国家在充分实施粮农组织准则及第61/105和64/72号决议方面所面临的特殊情况和挑战(新西兰、美国)。 新西兰特别致力于支持太平洋小岛屿发展中国家。 美国已同新西兰合作,查明南太平洋的脆弱海洋生态系统。", "90. 若干国家(澳大利亚、加拿大、克罗地亚、墨西哥、挪威、美国)和欧洲联盟还报告了在采用预防性和生态系统方法保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受底层捕捞和破坏性捕捞做法之害方面取得的进展。 加拿大制定了管理捕捞活动对敏感海底区域所产生影响的政策,适用于国家管辖区域内外的所有商业、娱乐和土著海洋捕捞活动。 对历史上的捕鱼区和边境地区规定了不同的程序,在考虑在边境地区捕鱼时,需要更加谨慎。 通过要求事先进行风险评估,特别考虑到历史上没有接触底接触捕捞的鱼区。 美国制定了一项国家政策,以确保保护、维护和恢复海洋、沿海和大湖生态系统和资源的健康,其核心是一个基于生态系统的沿海和海洋空间规划框架。", "91. 联合国 一些国家和欧洲联盟还报告了制定综合立法或国家政策的情况,以规范底鱼捕捞活动并处理对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响(加拿大、智利、丹麦、挪威、美国)。 智利正在拟订一项法律草案,以建立保护和保全脆弱海洋生态系统的法律框架。 丹麦报告说,格陵兰正在制定限制触底渔具的立法,界定了新的捕鱼区,在新的捕鱼区确立了一项取消条款,在新的捕鱼区以外的地区规定了报告义务,并确定了不允许使用触底渔具捕鱼的新地区。", "92. (中文(简体) ). 欧洲联盟报告说,其共同渔业政策的改革正在进行,预计将于2012年底通过,并将于2013年1月1日生效。 该政策为在欧洲联盟成员国境内或在欧洲联盟水域或由欧洲联盟渔船从事活水生资源养护、管理和开发建立了法律框架,包括在渔业管理中采用预防性和生态系统方法。", "93. 国家 挪威报告说,它正在制定关于底鱼捕捞活动的国家条例,预计将于2011年晚些时候生效,目的是保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受破坏性捕捞做法的影响。 更严格的义务,包括报告和礼宾程序方面的义务,以及科学观察员,将适用于在新的底鱼捕捞区进行的捕捞活动。 在遇到脆弱海洋生态系统时,船只必须停止捕鱼,报告事故并离开该地区至少两海里。", "94. 一些国家和欧洲联盟还报告了国家管辖区内的各种研究和监测活动,以确定鱼类种群状况、识别或绘制脆弱海洋生态系统图或增加对海洋生态系统的了解(澳大利亚、保加利亚、加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、墨西哥、挪威、美国)。 此外,一些国家和欧洲联盟报告了评估底鱼捕捞对国家管辖区内鱼类种群和海洋生态系统所产生影响的研究方案(加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、美国)。 在美国,正在开发一个空间清晰的模型,作为确定更容易被使用不同商业渔具进行捕捞的生境类型和地点的工具。 该模式可用于跟踪捕捞努力的特定地区时间变化,并查明受影响最严重和需要管理的地区。 它还可用来预测某些渔具的改变或捕捞努力的减少会如何影响生境的影响。", "(a) 管制底鱼渔船或接近底鱼捕捞区域的措施", "95号. 许多国家和欧洲联盟提供了关于在国家管辖区内管制底鱼捕捞所采取措施的资料(保加利亚、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、法国、冰岛、意大利、墨西哥、美国)。 这些措施包括对底层渔具或活动的限制或禁止(保加利亚、加拿大、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、冰岛、墨西哥、美国)、空间、时间或努力限制(保加利亚、加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、丹麦、冰岛、意大利、墨西哥、挪威、帕劳、美国)以及对船只的监测、监视和控制。 在这方面,帕劳禁止其国民和船只在其国家管辖区内进行所有底拖网捕捞和在世界任何地方进行所有底拖网捕捞。 帕劳法律还禁止在帕劳开展业务的公司在世界任何地方从事底拖网捕捞(又见第三节)。 页:1 一些国家还着重指出,已按照第64/72号决议第119(d)段的要求,采取措施确保深海鱼类种群和非目标鱼种的长期可持续性并重建已枯竭的种群(澳大利亚、新西兰、美国)。", "96. (中文(简体) ). 一些国家报告说,通过限制或限制捕捞活动,包括建立海洋公园、海洋保护区、海洋保护区和禁取区(加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、墨西哥、冰岛、美国),在国家管辖区内使用划区管理工具,更广泛地保护脆弱海洋生态系统和海洋生物多样性。 许多国家还报告了在国家管辖区内采取的各种具体封锁措施,以禁止底鱼捕捞活动并保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受重大不利影响(保加利亚、加拿大、智利、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、丹麦、冰岛、意大利、墨西哥、挪威、帕劳、美国)。", "97. 国家 例如,在加拿大,虾和地底鱼的近海拖网捕鱼业自愿关闭了新斯科舍省,以保护稀有海绵的浓度。 智利最近建立了Motu Motiro Hiva海洋公园,面积为15万平方千米,禁止从事任何类型的商业采掘活动。 在克罗地亚,在20个苗圃地区禁止了捕鱼活动,并禁止在其领水的大部分地区进行某种形式的商业捕鱼。 关于法罗群岛,丹麦报告说,已查明有珊瑚礁的三个区域禁止所有拖网捕捞,正在绘制其他区域。 法罗群岛银行的大部分也永久禁止底拖网捕捞。 冰岛报告说,在某些沿海水域完全禁止使用底鱼拖网,而幼鱼往往占很大比例。 因此,212,000平方千米的总面积不到500米,其中约59,000平方公里被排除在底拖网捕捞之外。", "98 (英语). 墨西哥的国家立法规定了管理40个自然保护区方案的捕鱼规格,以及保护15个未受捕捞的海洋物种的准则。 2009年建立了Guaymas盆地和东太平洋上升热水温区,总面积为1 456平方千米,禁止捕鱼。", "99号. 在美国,阿拉斯加一些地区禁止拖网捕捞,以保护红树珊瑚、蟹和其他物种使用的敏感海底生境以及具有类似于海隆的脆弱生态系统的尖顶。 在南大西洋,建立了深水海洋保护区来保护深水鱼类及其生境免受捕捞。", "一百个 一些国家还报告了为保护国家管辖范围内的冷水珊瑚和海绵社区而采取的具体战略或关闭措施(加拿大、冰岛、挪威、美国)。 在冰岛,关闭了5个珊瑚区,并开展了进一步的工作,以确定需要特别保护的区域,并提议为所有底接触渔具增加关闭区域。 挪威通过了保护冷水珊瑚礁的条例,规定禁止故意和疏忽地破坏已知的珊瑚礁,在已知的冷水珊瑚礁附近捕鱼时需要谨慎,并给予八个特别宝贵的珊瑚礁特别保护。 在已知珊瑚礁附近进行捕鱼作业时,挪威船只负有照顾的一般义务,适用于挪威渔业管辖水域和悬挂挪威国旗的船只。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 在美国,在南大西洋地区建立了特别受关注的新的深水珊瑚生境区并禁止渔具,以减少或消除捕鱼对冷水珊瑚和海绵生境的影响,包括62 000多平方千米的面积,禁止底栖渔具和渔船锚地。 加拿大和美国还报告了制定珊瑚和海绵生态系统战略计划的情况。", "(b) 各国执行主管区域渔业管理组织/安排所采取措施的情况", "102. 国家 许多国家支持根据第61/105和64/72号决议,在其所属的区域渔管组织/安排中采取措施,保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受底鱼捕捞活动的影响。 在这方面,各国报告说,现有的区域渔管组织/安排为执行第61/105号决议采取了重大行动,尽管需要通过现有的区域渔管组织/安排和正在发展的区域渔管组织/安排开展进一步的工作,以查明和保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受底层捕捞活动的重大不利影响并可持续地管理深海渔业。", "第103页。 更具体地说,各国报告了它们为支持或执行它们所属的区域渔业管理组织/安排的养护和管理措施而采取的各种行动,这些措施的目的是管制深海捕鱼和保护脆弱海洋生态系统。 特别是南极海生委(澳大利亚、智利、欧洲联盟、法国、挪威、新西兰、美国)、渔业总会(克罗地亚)、西北大西洋渔业组织(加拿大、法国、欧洲联盟、冰岛、挪威、美国)、东北大西洋渔业委员会(冰岛、挪威)和东南大西洋渔业组织(欧洲联盟)报告了这些行动。", "104 (韩语). 许多国家和欧洲联盟还提供了资料,说明已在国家一级采取行动,执行区域渔管组织/安排通过的养护和管理措施,以解决底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响(澳大利亚、加拿大、智利、克罗地亚、丹麦、冰岛、新西兰、挪威、大韩民国、美国)。 关于法罗群岛,丹麦强调,需要时间从执行关于公海底鱼捕捞的新规定中获取实际经验,还需要适当考虑拥有深海底鱼捕捞经验的船舶经营者在设计和执行管制措施方面的知识和技能。", "105. (中文(简体) ). 一些国家和欧洲联盟还报告说已采取措施,确保有权悬挂其国旗的船只遵守区域渔业管理组织/安排通过的养护和管理措施(澳大利亚、智利、克罗地亚、大韩民国)。 其他国家表示,其船只没有从事或未获授权在国家管辖范围以外区域进行底鱼捕捞活动,或其船只没有在区域渔管组织/安排管制的区域外捕鱼(智利、克罗地亚、哥伦比亚、丹麦、法国、德国、科威特、墨西哥、新西兰、美国)(见第三节)。 页:1", "106. (中文(简体) ). 澳大利亚通过颁发公海捕鱼许可证对悬挂其国旗的船只实行严格管制,以确保遵守区域渔业管理组织/安排通过的养护和管理措施。 所有悬挂澳大利亚国旗的船只在进行任何捕鱼活动前必须持有公海许可证,并须遵守若干措施,包括强制性观察员范围、移动规定、限制捕鱼方法和渔具类型、减少线上捕鱼中的海鸟副渔获物措施、避免同鲸目动物和其他受保护物种互动的要求、禁止捕种和船只监测系统以及报告要求。 遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的证据后,澳大利亚船只必须停止在五海里半径内捕鱼,并向其当局提供详细资料,以便采取适当措施。 然后,该地点对所有使用该齿轮的操作员关闭,其有效期通常为12个月(见B节)。 (三.B.2(b)和(c))。", "107 (韩语). 克罗地亚对国际大西洋金枪鱼养护委员会和地中海渔业总会所辖区域内的渔业活动实行严格的许可证制度,并采取一切措施,利用卫星跟踪装置,在国家管辖水域和公海上严格监测其船队。 关于其海外领土,法国表示,任何新的底鱼捕捞活动将提交初步批准,并将根据第61/105和64/72号决议实施初步影响评估措施。", "108. (中文(简体) ). 新西兰对进入南极海生委公约区域的船只进行了旅行前和旅行后检查,以确保操作者遵守有关的养护措施。 否则,悬挂国旗的船只就无权在南极海生委和南太平洋区域渔业管理组织区域外的公海上进行底鱼捕捞。", "109. 若干国家和欧洲联盟还报告了现有区域渔管组织/安排的科学工作组为解决底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响而开展的研究活动和工作(澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰、美国)。 关于评估,澳大利亚委托进行一项研究,以评估悬挂澳大利亚国旗的公海渔业目标鱼种渔船的捕捞率的可持续性,其中将考虑目前的捕捞率、对主要种群(如橙色粗糙和阿尔丰斯诺)的有限评估以及可能的管理措施。 欧洲联盟报告说,西班牙为2008/09年度、2009/10年度和2010/11年度的活动编写了一份关于脆弱海洋生态系统受严重损害风险和议定书执行情况的初步评估报告,以便履行南极海生委的义务,要求其船只希望参与任何底鱼捕捞活动的缔约方从2008年12月起提交评估报告。 新西兰根据第64/72号决议第119(a)段,对新西兰船只在南极海生委区域的所有底鱼捕捞活动进行了影响评估。 南极海生委科学委员会根据其成员在评估中提供的资料和新西兰制定的风险评价方法,能够以空间上明确的方式对迄今可能产生的影响对底延绳钓捕捞的累积影响进行定量估计。", "2. 设立新的区域渔管组织/安排,负责管理底鱼捕捞活动,通过并执行公开的临时措施", "110. 国家 在第64/72号决议第119段中,大会呼吁参加关于设立区域渔管组织/安排的谈判的国家在国家管辖范围外的地区采取一些紧急行动,处理底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响。 此外,大会第64/72号决议第120段呼吁参加关于设立区域渔业管理组织/安排的谈判的国家,按照第61/105号决议第83、85和86段、第64/72号决议第119段和国际法并遵循粮农组织的准则,采取和执行措施,并在这些措施得到通过和执行之前,不批准底鱼捕捞活动。 在第64/72号决议第124段中,大会还吁请相关国家开展合作并作出努力,在没有区域渔业管理组织或安排的情况下,建立有权监管底鱼捕捞活动的区域渔业管理组织/安排。", "111. 下一节介绍参加建立区域渔管组织/安排谈判的国家为解决底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群长期可持续性的影响而采取的行动。", "(a) 北太平洋", "(一) 谈判情况", "112号 2009年和2010年就北太平洋公海渔业资源养护和管理公约草案举行了谈判,并于2011年3月4日圆满结束。 新的《北太平洋公海渔业资源养护和管理公约》的案文将受到法律和技术审查。 在英文和法文文本得到确认后,公约将开放供签署。 [50]", "113号. 该条约将在参加谈判的六个国家中的四个国家批准后生效。 [51] 第一次筹备会议将于2011年晚些时候举行,以制定在条约生效时设立北太平洋渔业委员会所需的议事规则、财务条例和其他文件。 [52] 《国家太平洋渔业委员会公约》草案包括禁止定向捕捞四种深水珊瑚,以及确定脆弱海洋生态系统其他指标物种的机制,该机制也将受到禁止。 [53] (中文(简体) ).", "(二) 通过临时措施", "114 (韩语). 参加国于2007年通过并修订了西北太平洋临时措施,后于2008年、2009年和2011年作了修订。 [54] 在2009年第七次政府间会议上,各国讨论了对北太平洋整个公海地区适用临时措施的问题;但未能达成共识。 在2010年第八次会议上,各国同意审议一套针对东北太平洋的单独临时措施,并商定了若干初步措施,特别是在采取这些措施之前,将底鱼捕捞活动限制在现有水平,并收集和提交在该地区作业的每个船只的科学资料。 2010年第九次政府间会议提出了东北太平洋临时措施草案,并于2011年获得通过。 与会国还商定,西北太平洋临时措施探索性渔业议定书将适用于东北太平洋临时措施。", "115. (中文(简体) ). 根据第61/105和64/72号决议,临时措施规定了鱼类资源可持续管理和保护脆弱海洋生态系统的目标,并包括关于地理范围、管理原则、渔业和科学信息的收集、成立科学工作组、信息共享和对底鱼渔船的有效控制等规定。 [55] 这些措施还包括将捕捞努力限制在现有水平并不允许将底鱼捕捞活动扩大到新地区的规定。 根据第61/105号决议第83(a)段,临时措施载有与粮农组织准则相符合的科学标准,用于评估捕捞活动是否会对海洋物种或脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响,并用于提出防止这种影响的管理措施。", "116 (英语). 根据第61/105号决议第83(b)段,临时措施规定收集资料,以便利与执行这些措施有关的科学工作。 为此,临时科学工作组一直在努力确定和评估识别脆弱海洋生态系统所必要的信息,以及评估底鱼捕捞活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响所必要的信息。 根据第61/105号决议第83(c)段,临时措施规定,只有在能够证明捕捞活动不会对海洋物种或任何脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响的情况下,才能对限制捕捞努力达到现有水平和防止底鱼捕捞活动扩大到新地区作出例外规定。", "117号 制定了详细的探索性渔业议定书,就开展探索性渔业时采取的步骤提供指导,以确保与临时措施和第61/105号决议保持一致。 根据第61/105号决议第83(d)段,参加国的船只必须在正常捕鱼作业过程中遇到冷水珊瑚的任何地点停止捕鱼活动。 在这些地区,要求船只停止捕鱼活动,直到它们迁移到至少5海里之外,以减少今后相遇的可能性,并报告相遇情况,以便能够在有关地点采取适当措施。 参加国正在广泛讨论一项更详尽的碰面议定书。", "各国执行临时措施的情况", "118. 根据第61/105号决议第83段,参加国根据现有最佳科学资料,评估了个别底层捕捞活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性产生重大不利影响。 研究结果已提交给2008年举行的科学工作组第五次会议,以便进行彻底的科学审查,并希望在协商一致的基础上编写一份统一的评估报告。 然而,对于应针对调查结果采取什么管理措施,意见不一,因此决定每个参与国将提出或修订自己的评估,同时考虑到讨论情况。 [56]", "119. 帕劳表示,参与国2008年发表的评估承认底栖鱼类种群和脆弱海洋生态系统状况以及底鱼捕捞作业的影响存在重大不确定性,并表示需要更多的科学信息,才能根据粮农组织准则评估影响的意义和缓解措施的有效性。 帕劳强调,在分析必要的科学资料之前,没有进行适当的影响评估,唯一适当的措施是停止批准在该地区进行底鱼捕捞。", "(b) 南太平洋", "(一) 文书的现状", "120号. 2009年11月14日,关于设立南太平洋区域渔业管理组织的国际协商第八次会议结束,通过了《养护和管理南太平洋公海渔业资源公约》(《南太平洋渔业资源公约》)。 《公约》的目标是通过在渔业管理中采用预防性办法和生态系统办法,确保渔业资源的长期养护和可持续利用,并在这样做时保护出现这些资源的海洋生态系统。 [57]", "121. (中文(简体) ). 在通过《南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约》后,第八次国际协商会议的与会者决定作出必要安排,使南太平洋区域渔业管理组织委员会开始运作。 2010年和2011年举行了两次筹备会议,2012年1月30日至2月3日将在智利举行第三届会议。 [58] 与会者已开始为新组织制定议事规则、财务条例和预算公式。", "122. (中文(简体) ). 根据第36条,南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约开放供签署至2011年1月31日。 根据第36条,条约现在须经签署国批准、接受或核准,并根据第37条开放供加入。", "123. 国家 《南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约》自保存国收到第八份批准书、加入书、接受书或核准书之日起30天后即行生效,其中包括至少三个毗邻南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约区域的沿海国,以及至少三个非毗邻南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约区域的沿海国、其渔船在南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约区域内捕鱼或已捕鱼的国家。", "124. (中文(简体) ). 澳大利亚报告了该国目前批准《南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约》的国内程序。 在该条约生效之前,澳大利亚正在收集并监测公海捕鱼量的数据,并努力确保渔获量和努力保持在历史平均水平上。", "125. (中文(简体) ). 论坛渔业局强调了一些成员的关切,即拟议的南太平洋区域渔业管理组织的北部边界不包括其成员位于赤道上方的国家水域。 在这方面,如果拟议的《国家森林问题合作伙伴关系公约》的南部边界不符合《南太平洋区域渔管组织公约》的北部边界,就会有缺口。 论坛渔业局成员,如马绍尔群岛、基里巴斯和密克罗尼西亚联邦,其部分区域属于南太平洋区域渔业管理组织的管辖区域,目前尚不清楚邻近其区域的公海地区是否属于《南太平洋渔业委员会公约》的管辖范围。", "126. (中文(简体) ). 帕劳指出,虽然已就负责管制北太平洋和南太平洋公海地区的底层捕捞活动的区域渔管组织/安排进行了谈判,但相关公约尚未生效,没有涵盖与帕劳相邻的一些公海地区。 特别是,帕劳、日本、菲律宾、关岛和密克罗尼西亚联邦等专属经济区所包围的公海飞地没有列入拟议管制的区域。", "(二) 通过临时措施", "127 (韩语). 2007年,与会国商定了自愿、无法律约束力、临时养护和管理措施,以收集渔业数据,避免深海底层捕捞的不利影响并预防中上层渔业增加捕捞努力。 临时措施自2007年9月30日起生效,在《南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约》生效并通过养护和管理措施之前适用。 [60] 2009年11月,在底鱼捕捞措施中增加了禁止深水刺网捕捞的规定。", "128. (英语). 关于底鱼捕捞的临时措施规定:(一) 底鱼捕捞应限于现有捕捞水平和正在进行捕捞的地区;(二) 采取措施查明并保护脆弱海洋生态系统;(三) 从2010年开始,只有在制定养护和管理措施以防止对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响和确保深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性时,或在评估表明此类活动不会产生不利影响时,才允许在新区域进行捕捞或扩大捕捞努力。 [61] 根据临时措施,悬挂参与国国旗的船只必须停止在捕鱼作业过程中遇到脆弱海洋生态系统证据的任何地点外5海里范围内的底鱼捕捞活动,并报告遭遇情况,包括位置和有关生态系统类型,以便采取适当措施。", "129. 国家 2007年,参与国还建立了海底影响评估临时框架和评估评估进程,为开展评估和制定拟议底鱼捕捞活动管理计划提供了初步准则,并为评估提供了科学评论程序。 2009年,科学工作组开始审查底栖评估临时框架,以制定现行的底栖评估标准。 两名与会者对其底鱼捕捞活动进行了评估,包括采取措施避免对脆弱海洋生态系统产生不利影响。 科学工作组对评估和管理计划进行了评价。", "130. (中文(简体) ). 2007年,参加国还通过了数据收集标准,要求每个拖网或底延绳钓船的渔获量和任何海洋物种的弃鱼的详细情况。 2011年,南太平洋区域渔业管理组织筹备会议要求将数据提供给南太平洋区域渔业管理组织临时秘书处。", "各国执行临时措施的情况", "131. 国家 澳大利亚报告说,它按照南太平洋区域渔业管理组织谈判参与者通过的临时措施,对南太平洋底鱼捕捞作业实施空间限制。 智利报告说,在公海上发展新的或探索性深海捕鱼的任何举措都将根据南太平洋区域渔业管理组织制定的作业标准和议定书来进行。 哥伦比亚对在《南太平洋渔管组织公约》生效之前这些措施不会成为强制性措施表示关切,并着重指出必须采取措施,使通过法律手段获得的产品能够及时和公开地销售。 哥伦比亚还强调,一旦建立南太平洋渔管组织,就有必要为执行建议的措施提供技术支持。", "132. (中文(简体) ). 欧洲联盟报告说,在南太平洋区域渔业管理组织委员会通过相关养护和管理措施之前,它完全遵守参与国2009年商定的关于深水刺网的临时措施,这些措施自2010年2月1日起有效禁止了这种捕捞。 由于欧洲联盟渔船只使用底层刺网,目前没有欧洲联盟渔船在南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约地区从事底鱼捕捞活动。 [62] 法国报告说,其海外领土没有参加南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约地区的任何底鱼捕捞活动。", "133. (中文(简体) ). 新西兰报告说,它继续100%地对底拖网捕鱼进行观察。 它还在临时措施中为南太平洋区域渔管组织公约地区所有底线延绳旅行执行了最低10%观察员覆盖率要求。 此外,它还实施了2009年禁止深海刺网的临时措施。 此外,新西兰已开始利用预测性生境模型制定底层捕捞影响定量评估,以确定可能支持脆弱海洋生态系统的区域。", "134. 关于评估,澳大利亚报告说,它完成了对南太平洋和南印度洋海底影响的评估,以查明已知和(或)可能发生脆弱海洋生态系统的地区,并评估个别底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响。 在考虑了监测、管理和缓解措施之后,评估发现,澳大利亚船只对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响的风险对底拖网和底拖网自动延绳较低,对中层水拖网和下行拖网可忽略不计(见第三节)。 页:1 澳大利亚将按照南太平洋区域渔业管理组织临时措施的要求,在科学委员会2011年9月会议之前向南太平洋区域渔业管理组织临时科学工作组提交评估。 欧洲联盟报告说,它于2009年提交了一份初步海底影响评估,结论是:底鱼捕捞活动对底栖生态系统可能造成的影响会非常低。 [63] 帕劳指出,南太平洋区域渔业管理组织科学工作组认为这一结论是完全没有道理的。 [64]", "135. (中文(简体) ). 新西兰报告说,南太平洋区域渔业管理组织科学工作组得出结论认为,其影响评估和相关养护措施已最大限度地减少了对脆弱海洋生态系统的不利影响。 [65] 在这方面,帕劳指出,影响评估承认底拖网捕捞可能对鱼类种群和脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响,拟议的缓解措施在若干重要方面不足以减轻对鱼类种群和脆弱海洋生态系统的影响。 [66]", "136. (中文(简体) ). 新西兰还报告说,其评估被用作制定新西兰在南太平洋渔管组织区域进行底拖网捕捞作业的管理办法的基础,其中包括界定2002-2006年历史底拖网捕捞足迹、制定脆弱海洋生态系统证据识别议定书和三级空间封闭制度,据此,41%的足迹区域禁止捕鱼,30%的足迹在遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的证据时适用移动规则,29%的足迹可供捕鱼。 开放、移动和封闭区在构成总足迹的8个捕鱼区之间进行了分层。", "137号. 帕劳和美国表示关切的是,一些国家没有按照第61/105和64/72号决议以及南太平洋区域渔业管理组织临时措施的要求完成适当的影响评估,在南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约地区进行底层捕捞。", "(c) 南印度洋", "(一) 文书的现状", "138. 《南印度洋渔业协定》(南印度洋渔业协定)于2006年7月7日通过,并开放供参加谈判的所有国家和区域经济一体化组织以及任何对毗邻适用地的水域拥有管辖权的其他国家签署,至2007年7月6日为止。 [67] 根据《南印度洋渔业协定》第23条,《南印度洋渔业协定》在结束签字后开放供加入。 《南印度洋渔业协定》自保存人收到第四项批准书、接受书或核准书之日起90天后生效,其中至少有两项文书必须由与适用区域相邻的沿海国交存。 [68]", "139. (中文(简体) ). 澳大利亚报告了该国目前批准《南印度洋渔业协定》的国内程序。 在条约生效之前,澳大利亚正在收集和监测公海捕鱼量的数据,并努力确保渔获量和努力保持在历史平均水平之内。", "(二) 通过临时措施", " 140.: 140. 迄今为止,《南印度洋渔业协定》签署国尚未通过执行第61/105号决议的多边措施。 2007年10月,澳大利亚向南印度洋渔业协定签署国和有关各方表示,它有兴趣采取临时措施,在适用领域执行第61/105号决议。 2008年初,澳大利亚向签署国和有关各方分发了临时措施草案,以努力推动其通过。", "141 (英语). 为执行第61/105号决议,澳大利亚采取了单方面行动,一旦决议生效,就对其在受南印度洋渔业组织管辖地区作业的船只施加相关条件。 此外,澳大利亚完成了南印度洋海底影响评估,以查明已知和/或可能发生脆弱海洋生态系统的地区,并评估个别底层捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统的影响。 评估采用替代物(例如:浴场和海山)作为脆弱海洋生态系统存在的指标。 在评估重大不利影响的风险时,评估考虑了澳大利亚对深海渔业的预防性管理措施(见第三节)。 页:1 在考虑了这些监测、管理和缓解措施之后,评估发现,澳大利亚船只对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响的风险对底拖网和底拖网自动延绳较低,对中层水拖网和下垂线可忽略不计。", "142. (中文(简体) ). 在通过第61/105号决议后,欧洲联盟通过了关于保护公海脆弱海洋生态系统免受底层渔具不利影响的(欧共体)第734/2008号条例。 [69] 该条例将第61/105号决议所载措施纳入欧洲联盟法律,并适用于悬挂欧洲联盟成员国国旗、在公海上没有设立区域渔业管理组织或没有在谈判建立包括南印度洋在内的区域渔业管理组织期间采取临时措施的地区进行底鱼捕捞活动的船只(见第三节)。 [70] (中文(简体) ).", "3个 各国对没有主管区域渔业管理组织/安排或临时措施的地区采取的措施", "143. (中文(简体) ). 在第64/72号决议第120段中,大会呼吁船旗国根据第61/105号决议第83、85和86段、第64/72号决议第119段和国际法并遵循粮农组织准则,采取和执行措施,并在采取和执行此类措施之前,不批准底鱼捕捞活动。 在这方面,第61/105号决议第86段吁请船旗国要么根据该决议第83段通过并采取措施,要么停止授权悬挂其国旗的渔船在国家管辖范围以外没有区域渔业管理组织/管理局有权管制这种捕捞活动的区域进行底鱼捕捞活动,要么根据第85段采取临时措施,直至按照该决议第83或85段采取此类措施。", "144. (中文(简体) ). 下一节介绍船旗国为采取措施并处理底层捕捞活动对没有有权管制此类渔业或已制定临时措施的区域脆弱海洋生态系统的影响而采取的行动。", "(a) 管制底鱼渔船的措施,包括禁止底鱼捕捞的区域", "145 (英语). 一些国家(加拿大、冰岛、大韩民国)和欧洲联盟报告说,它们通过并执行了养护和管理措施,以解决底鱼捕捞活动对在公海上捕鱼的渔船的脆弱海洋生态系统的影响,因为没有适当的区域渔业管理组织/安排或临时措施。 加拿大报告说,在加拿大专属经济区以外的捕鱼活动并不显著,几乎完全发生在区域渔业管理组织/安排的管制水域。 在受管制或不受管制地区进行的所有公海捕鱼和在另一国水域进行的活动均须遵守国内的许可证要求,这要求在公海所有地区,包括没有区域渔业管理组织的地区,遵守国内法。", "146. 国家 欧洲联盟报告说,欧洲联盟成员国的渔船受第734/2008号理事会条例的管制,该条例将第61/105号决议所载措施纳入欧洲联盟关于悬挂其成员国国旗的船舶在这些海域的法律。 欧洲联盟成员国只有在评估认为捕捞活动不会对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响之后,才能在特定条件下为在公海上使用底层渔具发放特别捕捞许可证。 该条例还载有关于未预见到的脆弱海洋生态系统遭遇、区域关闭和对所有已获得特别捕鱼许可证的船只实行观察计划等规定。", "147页. 据欧洲联盟称,在受西班牙和爱沙尼亚条例管制的船舶方面,没有发生意外遇到脆弱海洋生态系统的情况。 2010年初对条例执行情况进行了审查,结果在提交欧洲议会和欧洲理事会的报告中公布。 [71] 欧洲联盟委员会打算修订该条例,使之符合最近的事态发展(见第二节)。 [72] (中文(简体) ).", " 148. 148. 欧洲联盟还报告说,西班牙开展了一项雄心勃勃和代价高昂的海洋不同地区海底科学测绘方案(又见第三节)。 (三.A.2(b))。 这些活动由西班牙进行,或与东北大西洋、西北大西洋、西南大西洋和东南大西洋的其他国家合作进行,包括在不受区域渔管组织/安排管制的一些地区。 研究结果正在主要科学期刊上发表。 根据亚特兰蒂斯项目,西班牙政府关闭了9个区域,禁止底鱼捕捞,总面积为41 300平方千米,包括位于足迹区的两个区域,由于海底类型,敏感生境可能能够恢复。", "149 (英语). 冰岛表示,冰岛船只只在公海上略作底鱼捕捞,并指出,冰岛只有一艘船在国家管辖范围以外地区从事底鱼捕捞虾。", "150 (英语). 大韩民国报告说,在没有区域渔业管理组织/安排的地区,底鱼捕捞活动受到一项关于公海底鱼捕捞的行政指示的管制。 该条例建立了许可证制度、报告脆弱海洋生态系统的遭遇、捕鱼关闭和移动规则、影响评估、船只监测系统、渔获量报告以及防止对脆弱海洋生态系统产生重大不利影响的其他措施。 该条例将于2011年修订,以纳入观察员要求、门槛水平、与广大利益攸关方合作进行的影响评估。 在西南大西洋进行了影响评估,但由于科学研究费用高和悬挂大韩民国国旗的船只在国家管辖范围以外地区提供的信息不足,评估工作尚处于初期阶段。 大韩民国正努力通过积累信息、扩大观察员覆盖面、国际合作、教育和培训、与业界合作以及加强科学能力来提高报告的质量。", "(b) 拒绝批准进行底鱼捕捞活动", "151 (英语). 一些国家表示,其船只没有从事或未获授权在国家管辖范围以外区域进行底鱼捕捞活动,或其船只没有在区域渔管组织/安排管制的区域外捕鱼(智利、克罗地亚、哥伦比亚、丹麦、法国、德国、科威特、墨西哥、新西兰、帕劳、美国)(见第三节)。 页:1", "152. (中文(简体) ). 墨西哥强调,尽可能地保护脆弱海洋生态系统及其生物多样性非常重要,因此,墨西哥支持在国家管辖范围以外地区(即 \" 区域 \" )暂停底拖网捕捞,特别是在有脆弱生态系统的地区,如海山、热液喷口和冷水珊瑚。", "153 (英语). 在这方面,帕劳禁止其国民和船只在世界任何地方进行所有底拖网捕捞,并不允许任何船只在公海从事其他类型的底拖网捕捞。 帕劳法律还禁止在帕劳开展业务的公司在世界任何地方从事底拖网捕捞活动(又见第二节)。 (三.B.1(a))。", "154 (英语). 目前,悬挂美国国旗的船只没有被授权在国家管辖范围以外区域进行底鱼捕捞活动。 此外,只有完成对环境,包括对脆弱海洋生态系统影响的评估,才能批准今后在公海上进行底层捕捞。", "C. 各国和主管区域渔业管理组织和安排在合作收集和交流科技数据和信息以及制定或加强数据收集标准、程序和议定书及研究方案方面采取的行动", "155 (英语). 第64/72号决议第122段吁请各国和区域渔管组织/安排加强努力,开展合作,收集和交流与执行第61/105和64/72号决议所要求措施有关的科学和技术数据和资料,以管理国家管辖范围以外区域的深海渔业,并采取以下若干行动,保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受底鱼捕捞活动的重大不利影响。 决议第123段还鼓励各国和区域渔管组织/安排按照粮农组织准则并依照《公约》,制定或加强数据收集标准、程序和议定书以及研究方案,以识别脆弱海洋生态系统,评估对这些生态系统的影响并评估捕捞活动对目标鱼种和非目标鱼种的影响。", "156 (英语). 几个区域渔管组织/安排以及各国和欧洲联盟介绍了在收集和交流与执行第61/105号和第64/72号决议有关的科学和技术数据和信息方面加强合作的一般性努力,以处理底鱼捕捞活动对脆弱海洋生态系统和深海鱼类种群的影响。 地中海渔业总会报告说,它得到了粮农组织次区域和区域一级项目的支持,这些项目尤其加强了参与国的科学合作和能力建设。 地中海渔业总会还同若干从事海洋环境和海洋生物资源养护工作的区域和政府间组织及非政府组织密切合作,其中包括联合国环境规划署/地中海行动计划特别保护区区域活动中心。 地中海渔业总会海洋环境和生态系统小组委员会正在努力同从事环境和海洋生态系统之间的关系/相互作用研究的现有区域机构建立联系。", "157. (中文(简体) ). 西北大西洋渔业组织拥有完善的收集和交流科技数据和信息的基础设施。 西北大西洋渔业组织和科学委员会都设有常设常设委员会,负责交流与渔业有关的信息。 2010年,西北大西洋渔业组织渔业管理生态系统方法工作组非正式地同意分享研究调查的珊瑚和海绵数据。 此外,还开展了联合研究方案,如 \" NEREIDA \" 调查(见第三节)。 (三.A.2(b))。", "158 (英语). 东北大西洋渔业委员会有报告和数据交换的内部标准和要求,但也依靠海考会促进有关渔业条例、脆弱海洋生态系统问题和数据收集议定书的知识交流、科学评估和提案审查。 国际海考会向东北大西洋渔业委员会提供了关于相关科学问题的最新情况,并回应了关于渔业和脆弱海洋生态系统问题的定期和特别要求。 知识的基本汇编和交流是专家组的责任。", "159 (英语). 东北大西洋渔业委员会还同负责管制对海洋生物多样性有影响的人类活动的东北大西洋其他组织积极合作,包括定期举行会议并与其他区域渔业管理组织/安排接触。 为此,它与保护东北大西洋海洋环境委员会(保护东北大西洋海洋环境委员会)和国际海事组织签订了协定,并且正在与国际海底管理局审议这种可能性。 东北大西洋渔业委员会最近还决定根据2010年生物多样性公约缔约方会议关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的决定,在支持和组织东北大西洋区域讲习班方面发挥积极作用。 [73]", "160 (英语). 关于格陵兰,丹麦报告说,关于脆弱海洋生态系统生物的数据协作尚处于早期阶段,目前正在探索与加拿大科学家和丹麦动物博物馆的合作。 欧洲联盟报告说,西班牙利用渔业海洋学和合作船只在非洲和拉丁美洲及南美洲一些国家提供研究和数据收集、船上基本安全、使用有选择的渔具、海洋学、渔业控制和加强体制方面的培训。", "161 (英语). 新西兰委托开展了一个研究项目,对拟议南太平洋渔管组织《公约》区域中橙色粗糙底拖网渔获量的年度可持续渔获量和可持续特征限制进行估计。 美国报告了与印度尼西亚对珊瑚三角区域内印度尼西亚水域深海生境和海洋生物的多样性和分布进行的探索性调查,为描述墨西哥湾深海珊瑚生境进行多年合作的情况,以及与新西兰举办的关于海洋和海洋生物科学的双边讲习班,重点是太平洋盆地冷水珊瑚和其他脆弱海洋生态系统的合作研究。", "162 (英语). 关于能力建设,地中海渔业总会报告说,它定期响应其成员的要求,加强国家研究机构在数据收集、种群评估和渔业管理方面的能力。 通过粮农组织地中海次区域项目向这些国家直接提供了技术支助。 东南大西洋渔业组织报告说,它设立了一个特别要求基金来协助该区域发展中沿海国养护、管理和开发渔业资源。 它还根据《东南大西洋渔业组织公约》第21条充分承认了本区域发展中国家的需要和特殊要求。", "1. 联合国 各国和区域渔管组织/安排为执行第64/72号决议第122(a)-(d)和123段而采取的措施", "163 (英语). 下一节介绍与执行第64/72号决议有关的行动,以加强合作,收集和交流科技数据和信息,并制订或加强数据收集标准、程序和规程以及研究方案。", "(a) 国家 交流最佳做法并制订区域标准", "164. (中文(简体) ). 在第64/72号决议第122(a)段中,大会吁请各国和区域渔管组织/安排交流最佳做法,并酌情制定区域标准,供在国家管辖范围以外区域从事底鱼捕捞活动的国家和区域渔管组织/安排使用,以审查现行科学和技术议定书,并促使各渔业和区域连贯一致地实施最佳做法,包括协助发展中国家实现这些目标。", "165 (英语). 西北大西洋渔业组织科学理事会定期赞助国际科学专题讨论会和讲习班,以分享关于具体科学专题的信息,如在种群评估中使用地理信息系统和鱼类老化讲习班,在讲习班上可以分享和审查各国使用的技术信息。 西北大西洋渔业组织参加了海考会/北大西洋渔业组织深海生态问题联合专家工作组,其中包括来自西北大西洋渔业组织和东北大西洋渔业委员会缔约方和各国的科学家。 专家组每年向西北大西洋渔业组织和海考会的咨询论坛提交报告,并为交流关于脆弱海洋生态系统科学相关问题的科学知识和数据、技术和最佳做法提供论坛,如确定和划界。 西北大西洋渔业组织也是负责北大西洋格式标准的小组的一部分,标准用于北大西洋的渔船监测系统通信,其他区域渔业管理组织正在考虑可否使用。", "166 (英语). 在南极海生委,各国预期会达到的区域标准以养护措施的形式提供,而南太平洋区域渔业管理组织的临时措施和评估框架则提供区域标准。 这些区域渔业管理组织的科学机构根据这些标准评估了成员的业绩,以确保遵守这些标准。 东南大西洋渔业组织缔约方的责任和职能以及船旗国和港口国在数据分享方面的义务也载于东南大西洋渔业组织公约。", "167. (中文(简体) ). 澳大利亚报告说,它在南极海生委的长期参与和领导作用为交流海底捕捞活动的科学信息和最佳做法提供了坚实的基础。 澳大利亚也是其他国际渔业管理组织,如中西太平洋渔业委员会的最佳做法的主要贡献者。 作为南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约和南印度洋渔业协定的签署国,澳大利亚可以利用最准确的信息分享信息和执行养护和管理措施。", "168 (英语). 加拿大报告说,其国际治理战略力求加强国际共识和能力建设,包括改进知识、管理、标准和协议,以推进全球可持续做法的实施。 加拿大为资助和支持科学研究和履行这些承诺的国际合作做出了贡献。 研究的重点领域包括脆弱海洋生态系统的确定、定性和绘图、制定快速、成本效益高的脆弱海洋生态系统探测方法、评估重大不利影响和可恢复性,以及为制定以科学为基础的遭遇议定书提供研究和咨询。", "169 (英语). 意大利报告说,它参加了同相邻沿海国进行的一系列科学研究合作和合作项目,以便为其船队今后适用共同规则创造条件。", "(b) 公布评估和已采取的措施", "170 (英语). 大会第64/72号决议第122(b)段吁请各国和区域渔管组织/安排根据国内法,公开评估个别底层捕捞活动是否会对脆弱海洋生态系统造成重大不利影响,并酌情按照第61/105号决议第83、85和86段采取措施,并促使将这一信息列入区域渔管组织/安排的网站。 [74]", "171 (英语). 主管监管底鱼捕捞活动的区域渔业管理组织报告说,它们维持网站,详细公布根据第61/105和64/72号决议采取的措施。 [75] 根据第61/105号决议第85段,南太平洋区域渔业管理组织和南太平洋渔业委员会临时秘书处也维持了网站,公布临时措施和评估。 [76]", "172 (英语). 关于各国的活动,澳大利亚报告说,它将按照南太平洋区域渔业管理组织临时措施的要求,向南太平洋区域渔业管理组织提交其底层捕捞影响评估。 澳大利亚还将通过多方利益攸关者合作,于2011年向南极海生委提交其海底影响项目的调查结果。 其养护和管理措施可通过底鱼捕捞影响评估公开提供。 欧洲联盟报告说,它对理事会关于保护公海脆弱海洋生态系统免受底层渔具不利影响的第734/2008号条例的审查结果已公布在欧洲联盟委员会提交欧洲议会和理事会的一份报告中。 新西兰报告说,其南太平洋区域渔业管理组织和南极海生委的影响评估已在有关网站上公布。", "(c) 船旗国向粮农组织提交授权船只清单并采取措施", "173 (英语). 在第64/72号决议第122(c)段中,大会吁请船旗国向粮农组织提供授权在国家管辖范围外海域进行底鱼捕捞活动的悬挂其国旗的船只名单,以及它们为执行第61/105和64/72号决议有关段落所采取措施。", "174 (英语). 澳大利亚设有澳大利亚悬挂国旗的船只登记册,获准在公海上捕鱼,并向粮农组织提交了目前持有澳大利亚捕鱼许可证的7艘悬挂澳大利亚国旗的船只的名单。 克罗地亚定期向相关区域渔业管理组织,如渔业总会和大西洋金枪鱼养护委员会,转交其获准捕鱼的船队数据,包括底拖网渔船。 新西兰向粮农组织提供了获准使用底鱼捕捞方法在公海捕鱼的悬挂国旗的船只名单。", "175 (英语). 大韩民国报告说,它提供了获准在国家管辖范围以外区域进行底鱼捕捞活动的悬挂其国旗的船只清单、它已经采取的措施以及向粮农组织提交的影响评估报告。 它计划至少每年向粮农组织提供有关资料,为全球保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受国家管辖范围以外区域底层捕捞活动影响的努力作出贡献。", "176 (英语). 美国报告说,它没有授权其任何船只在国家管辖范围以外区域进行底鱼捕捞活动,因此,它没有一份船只清单或通过粮农组织公布的措施。", "(d) 在无法确定责任国的情况下,分享关于从事底鱼捕捞活动的船只的信息", "177 (英语). 大会在第64/72号决议第122(d)段中吁请各国和区域渔管组织/安排分享关于那些在国家管辖范围以外区域从事底鱼捕捞作业的船舶的信息,因为这些国家无法确定这些船舶的船旗国。", "178 (英语). 地中海渔业总会报告说,它最近通过了一份被认为在地中海渔业总会地区从事非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动的船只清单。 东南大西洋渔业组织还在其网页上公布了经授权的渔船名单和非法、无管制和未报告的渔船名单,这些名单每年得到更新。", "179 (英语). 东北大西洋渔业委员会有两种主要手段来打击非法、未报告和无管制的捕捞活动,这是其管制和执法计划的一部分,即把悬挂东北大西洋渔业委员会非缔约方旗帜的船只列入黑名单,以及港口国管制制度,该制度控制被冻结的鱼类在东北大西洋渔业委员会公约区域内入住外国港口。 东北大西洋渔业委员会秘书处须向南极海生委、北大西洋渔业组织和东南大西洋渔业组织以及其他区域渔业管理组织的秘书处转交非法、无管制和未报告的永久船只清单。 在收到南极海生委、北大西洋渔业组织和东南大西洋渔业组织关于从事非法、无管制和未报告的捕捞活动的船只的通知后,东北大西洋渔业委员会秘书处还必须将该非缔约国船只列入永久名单。 这项安排已在东南大西洋渔业组织和西北大西洋渔业组织实施,但南极海生委没有实施。", "180 (英语). 澳大利亚报告说,它参加若干区渔管组织,为分享科学研究成果和就今后的研究进行合作以及就渔业问题采取统一做法提供了途径。 日本报告说,它在2011年3月国家渔业委员会第十次多边会议上介绍了三艘渔船的情况,这些渔船的捕捞活动似乎不符合第61/105和64/72号决议。 日本试图在知道国旗的情况下与每个船旗国联系,但没有得到令人满意的答复。", "181 (英语). 新西兰在太平洋和南大洋进行空中巡逻,并向有关的区域渔业管理组织/安排提供详细资料,说明非法、未报告和无管制的船舶或非法活动,以便与其他成员分享。", "(e) 制定或加强数据收集标准、程序和规程及研究方案", "182 (英语). 在第64/72号决议第123段中,大会鼓励各国和区域渔管组织/安排按照粮农组织准则并依照《公约》制定或加强数据收集标准、程序和议定书以及研究方案,以识别脆弱海洋生态系统、评估对这些生态系统的影响并评估对目标鱼种和非目标鱼种的捕捞活动。", "183 (英语). 地中海渔业总会报告说,它制定了若干数据收集标准和程序,供其成员遵循。 西北大西洋渔业组织规定了在渔具可能与海底相接的新地区进行勘探性捕捞的要求,包括一份旅行报告,将提交给西北大西洋渔业组织科学理事会,以及一份数据收集表,其中载有捕鱼旅行、渔具以及捕鱼和渔获量信息。 东南大西洋渔业组织通过了关于收集和报告科学数据的议定书,由东南大西洋渔业组织科学委员会每年修订,以改进数据收集工作。 东南大西洋渔业组织委员会还于2009和2010年通过了保护脆弱海洋生态系统的养护措施。", "184 (英语). 关于各国的活动,加拿大报告说,其国际治理战略在2009至2011年期间资助了科学项目,以支持脆弱海洋生态系统的识别和保护,包括制定确定脆弱海洋生态系统和绘制脆弱海洋生态系统图的指导和程序,制定科学和技术指导,以确定、描述和评估可能对海洋生物多样性造成重大不利影响的活动,并制订以科学为基础的影响评估指导。", "185 (英语). 新西兰在南极海生委区域底鱼捕捞的科学工作中发挥了主导作用。 2010年,新西兰向南极海生委科学委员会及其脆弱海洋生态系统工作组提交了11份文件,包括制定影响评估方法、编制评估脆弱海洋生态系统影响的术语和概念框架汇编并编写海底无脊椎动物分类识别指南等工作,所有这些都由南极海生委通过。", "186 (英语). 在南太平洋区域渔管组织区域,新西兰报告说,它目前正在利用深水珊瑚预测生境模型制定定量风险评估办法,以查明可能发生珊瑚脆弱海洋生态系统的地区。 新西兰利用一个预测生境模型,对新西兰在南太平洋区域渔业管理组织区域内海底捕捞足迹中已知特征的潜在橙色粗糙生物量进行初步估计,以此为基础,就这些地区可能的可持续橙色粗糙捕捞量提出建议。", "187 (英语). 美国报告说,在西北大西洋渔业组织的范围内,正在采取措施,对勘探区和现有捕鱼区遇到的珊瑚和海绵物种实施更全面的数据收集议定书。 美国还参与了评估科学资料和确定应当禁止捕鱼活动的地区的其他有关国际论坛,包括奥巴委和国际海洋考察委员会的工作。", "四、结 论 联合国粮食及农业组织为促进监管底鱼捕捞活动和保护脆弱海洋生态系统而开展的活动", "188 (英语). 在第64/72号决议第125段中,大会表示赞赏粮农组织就国家管辖范围以外区域深海渔业管理和保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受捕捞影响提供专家技术咨询的重要工作,并鼓励粮农组织就执行粮农组织准则开展进一步工作。 在第64/72号决议第126段中,大会欢迎粮农组织关于确保可持续利用海洋资源和保护脆弱海洋生态系统的公海深海渔业方案提案,包括开发支助工具和建立脆弱海洋生态系统数据库,并请各国政府支持该方案,以便优先最后确定其要素。 此外,大会第64/72号决议第127段请粮农组织同其他相关国际政府组织合作,考虑如何支持船旗国和区域渔管组织/安排执行第61/105号决议第83至87段和第64/72号决议第119至122段。 [77]", "189 (英语). 正如第61/105和64/72号决议所反映,粮农组织启动了公海深海渔业方案,以协助各国、各机构、渔业和区域渔管组织/安排执行粮农组织准则。 该方案力求建立与这些渔业和相关生态系统有关的知识基线,并通过利益攸关方之间的更好的信息、接触和沟通以及能力建设活动来改进目前的管理系统。 它由四个主要部分组成:(一) 协助执行粮农组织准则的工具;(二) 公海脆弱海洋生态系统数据库和相关信息;(三) 加强深海渔业管理的具体区域示范和试点执行活动;(四) 全球协调、监测和评价以及信息传播。 [78]", "190 (英语). 在执行粮农组织方案时,粮农组织网站公布了各国提供的获准在公海深海捕鱼的船只名单。 [79] 还启动了一个深海渔业专家电子讨论论坛和网络,以促进沟通。 此外,粮农组织正在编制关于东南大西洋的历史性深海渔业数据收集,这将有助于支持区域渔业管理组织和各国管理渔业和保护脆弱海洋生态系统。 粮农组织方案的未来活动包括制定影响评估指南、遇机规程和移动规则等相关缓解措施,以及脆弱海洋生态系统的阈值和指标物种。", "191 (英语). 应全球环境基金(全环基金)的请求,粮农组织还牵头制定了全环基金关于国家管辖范围以外区域可持续渔业和海洋生物多样性养护的全球方案。 粮农组织正同伙伴合作,制定方案和可能的支助项目,其中包括关于公海深海渔业和海洋养护的活动和项目。", "192 (英语). 一些国家表示赞赏粮农组织发挥的作用,或介绍了它们参与粮农组织管理公海深海渔业和保护脆弱海洋生态系统的工作并参与执行第61/105和64/72号决议所载承诺的情况(加拿大、哥伦比亚、丹麦、法国、新西兰)。 各国还表明,粮农组织应继续改进《粮农组织准则》,以充分保护脆弱生境免受公海底拖网捕捞。", "193 (英语). 还有人建议粮农组织在以下五个优先领域开展技术工作,以协助各国和区域渔业管理组织执行第61/105和64/72号决议及粮农组织准则:(一) 改进和扩大适用在珊瑚、海绵、海山和热液喷口以外确定脆弱海洋生态系统的标准;(二) 就减轻影响措施和最佳做法制定和适用与脆弱海洋生态系统有关的遭遇议定书,特别是由区域渔业管理组织制定此类措施;(三) 就应收集哪些信息以及如何收集信息来实施管理脆弱海洋生态系统受渔业影响的措施制定指导意见;(四) 界定某些条款,以澄清粮农组织准则的执行情况;(五) 就开展评估的最佳做法制定指导意见。", "194 (英语). 论坛渔业局指出,本区域的小岛屿发展中国家将需要能力建设以及技术和财政援助,以便支持执行粮农组织的准则和国际一级提出的倡议。 在这方面,论坛渔业局秘书处请粮农组织考虑在开展评估方面进行能力建设并提供技术援助。", "A类. 制定执行联合国粮食及农业组织《公海深海渔业管理国际准则》的工具", "195 (英语). 《粮农组织准则》是应粮农组织渔业委员会2007年第二十七届会议的要求制定的,并在2008年粮农组织技术协商会议上得到通过。 [80] 它们旨在就各种管理因素提供指导,从适当的管理框架到良好的数据收集方案的组成部分,并包括确定关键的管理考虑和必要措施,以确保目标物种和非目标物种以及受影响生境的养护。 粮农组织的准则规定了一个管理框架来协助各国和区域渔管组织/安排制定和执行管理公海深海渔业的适当措施。", "196 (英语). 粮农组织继续开展工作,通过为各国和区域渔管组织/安排制定工具和指导,协助执行粮农组织准则。 2010年5月10日至12日在大韩民国釜山举行的关于执行粮农组织《公海深海渔业管理国际准则:挑战和前进道路》的讲习班分析了在执行粮农组织准则方面的挑战,并建议粮农组织今后作进一步评价,因为执行进展仍处于初期阶段。", "197 (英语). 改进《粮农组织准则》执行工作的具体建议包括:支持制定新的区域渔管组织/安排;支持发展中国家;提供关于影响和风险评估、遭遇协议和相关缓解措施的最佳做法和指导;支持种群评估;制定关于脆弱海洋生态系统标准的指导,包括阈值和指标物种;促进交流和信息共享。 [82] (中文(简体) ).", "B. 建立一个关于国家管辖范围以外脆弱海洋生态系统的全球信息数据库", "198 (英语). 粮农组织报告说,它正在开发一个国家管辖范围以外区域脆弱海洋生态系统相关信息数据库。 该数据库将改进脆弱海洋生态系统信息的传播,使底鱼捕捞活动更加负责任并协助各国评估底鱼捕捞活动对这些生态系统的影响。 还将出版方便用户的物种识别指南,以协助改进关于深海物种的信息。 [83]", "199 (英语). 为了避免重复,一些国家建议粮农组织同联合国环境规划署和《生物多样性公约》协调,努力建立一个关于具有生态和生物重要性领域的信息数据库。 [84] 加拿大同样报告说,它支持采取多方面办法保护公海生物多样性。 法国报告说,它将为数据库的开发提供40万美元。", "200块 东南大西洋渔业组织报告说,它承诺尽可能为数据库作出贡献。 通过最近对东南大西洋渔业组织公约地区可能的脆弱海洋生态系统进行测深测绘而获得的关于脆弱海洋生态系统的信息,也已与巴西牵头的国际南大西洋MAR-ECO项目共享。", " V. 结论意见", "201 (英语). 新的研究突出了脆弱海洋生态系统的构成和生态特征、有关生物的生物学和脆弱海洋生态系统的空间尺度的巨大多样性。 虽然许多鱼类出现在脆弱海洋生态系统上或与脆弱海洋生态系统有关,并且是脆弱海洋生态系统社区的成员,但这种关系的性质可能不同,许多底栖鱼类也经常栖息于目前未被定义为脆弱海洋生态系统的其他结构化生境。", "202 (英语). 与全球渔业上岸量相比,深海上岸量很小,但深海捕鱼的影响可能很大。 记录的底层渔具对脆弱海洋生态系统的不利影响包括局部枯竭、生境复杂性丧失、社区结构变化和生态系统进程变化等。 对某些脆弱海洋生态系统的损害看来是持久的,恢复将需要几十年或更长的时间。 一些主要的珊瑚礁可能永远消失,枯竭的鱼类种群的恢复需要很长时间。", "203 (英语). 各国和区域渔管组织/安排在执行大会第61/105和64/72号决议有关段落方面取得了重大进展。 所有有权管制底鱼捕捞活动的区域渔业管理组织都采取了措施并采取行动执行决议,但行动各不相同。 在一些区域渔管组织/安排中,新渔区实际上已经关闭,这些渔区包括完全没有捕捞的区域和过去可能已经捕捞的区域。 在这些区域渔管组织/安排中,根据某些条件和条例,目前的捕捞活动基本上仅限于较小的现有捕鱼区。 措施范围从关闭地区和技术条例到旨在保护资源和生物多样性的一般条例,特别侧重于脆弱海洋生态系统。 一些措施被说成是临时性的,在获得新资料后需要修订。", "204 (英语). 南极海生委、西北大西洋渔业组织、东北大西洋渔业委员会和东南大西洋渔业组织执行了影响评估的要求,但要求各不相同。 此外,实施了新的或修订的数据收集规程和报告程序,增加了对科学观察员的利用,并制定了或正在实施脆弱海洋生态系统识别指南。 这些区域渔业管理组织还就脆弱海洋生态系统指标物种的副渔获物设定了阈值,以表明它们遇到了潜在的脆弱海洋生态系统,并制定了说明渔船所应采取行动的条例。 西北大西洋渔业组织和东北大西洋渔业委员会已重新评估了初步阈值,以降低海绵和珊瑚的阈值,但西北大西洋渔业组织、东北大西洋渔业委员会或东南大西洋渔业组织尚未确定其他指标物种。 只有南极海生委报告了实际遭遇。", "205 (英语). 参加在太平洋建立新的区域渔管组织的谈判的国家所作的努力最终导致通过了南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约并圆满完成了北太平洋的谈判。 已经采取了临时措施并建立了科学机制来执行这些措施,直到有关条约生效。", "206 (英语). 许多国家为国家管辖范围内外的地区采取了措施,以补充区域渔业管理组织采取的措施。 有些国家还为在没有区域渔业管理组织的地区捕鱼的船只采取了措施或临时措施。 各国报告的多样性和水平相当高。", "2017 (英语). 区域渔管组织/安排与国家之间交流程序、最佳做法和标准的情况相对较少。 虽然存在区域差异,但若干区域渔业管理组织/安排的许多措施是类似的或相容的。 一些区域正在开展研究活动,以探索不为人知的深水生态系统或绘制脆弱海洋生态系统地图并监测深水资源,但无法确定由于区域渔业管理组织/安排正在采取行动,这项活动是否有所增加。", "2018 (英语). 如果得到充分执行,第61/105号和第64/72号决议以及粮农组织准则提供了必要的工具,来保护脆弱海洋生态系统免受底鱼捕捞所造成重大不利影响,并确保深海鱼类种群的长期可持续性。 虽然已经采取了重大行动,但决议的执行仍然不均衡,需要进一步努力。 由于各国和区域渔管组织/安排在采取措施方面不断积累经验,全面评估它们在渔业监管、促进资源回收和养护以及保护脆弱海洋生态系统方面的效力的基础仍然有限。", "页:1", "调查表答复者名单", "国家", "澳大利亚", "保加利亚", "加拿大", "邮件地址", "哥伦比亚", "克罗地亚", "丹麦", "法国", "德国", "冰岛", "意大利", "日本", "科威特", "墨西哥", "新西兰", "挪威", "帕劳", "大韩民国", "美利坚合众国", "区域经济一体化组织", "欧洲联盟", "联合国专门机构", "粮农组织", "区域渔业管理组织和安排", "加勒比语", "南极海生委", "南部金枪鱼养护委", "论坛渔业局", "地中海渔业总会", "西北大西洋渔业组织", "北大西洋", "东北大西洋渔业委员会", "国家计划生育委员会", "东南大西洋渔业组织", "南太平洋组织", "中西太平洋渔委", "[1] 联合国粮食及农业组织,《公海深海渔业管理国际准则技术协商会报告》,2008年2月4日至8月25日至29日,罗马,粮农组织渔业和水产养殖报告第881号。", "[2] 见A/64/305,第20段。 9. 国家", "[3] 见联合国粮食及农业组织,《公海深海渔业管理国际准则技术协商会报告,2008年2月4日至8日和8月25日至29日,罗马》,粮农组织渔业和水产养殖报告第881号;又见粮农组织《公海深海渔业管理国际准则》,第14至16段。", "[4] 例如,见A/58/65、A/59/62、A/60/63/Add.1、A/61/154、A/64/305。", "[5] 海山的估计数量取决于定义,从形态,顶部深度,与中洋脊和大陆坡等其它主要结构的关联来看,海山的多样性相当可观. 最近的研究见T. A. Schlacher等编; “海山生态学的最新进展”,载于《海洋生态学》,第31卷(补编1)(2010年);M.R. Clark等。 “海山生态:结构、功能和人类影响”,载于《海洋科学年度评论》,第2卷(2010年);T.J. Pitcher等编;《海山:生态、渔业和养护、渔业和水产资源》,第12辑(牛津,布莱克威尔出版社,2007年);A.N. Mironov等编;《北大西洋海山生物地理学》(莫斯科,KMK科学出版社有限公司,2006年)。", "[6] 见A.A.Rowden等,“海山生态学中的光谱:事实、虚构和未来”,载于《海洋生态学》,第31卷(补编1)(2010年);海洋生物普查方案的CenSeam项目。 见http://censeam.niwa.co.nz。", "[7] 见T. A. Schlacher等,“海底山脉的海山科学尺度:新的研究和展望”,《海洋生态》,第31卷(补编.1)(2010年)。", "[8] 例如,见T. Shank,“海山。 深海动物连通性、演化和特有性实验室”,载于《海洋学》,第23卷(2010年);W. Cho和T. M. Shank,“北大西洋海山上四个同位素物种之间遗传连通的一致模式”,载于《海洋生态》,第31卷(补编)(2010年)。", "[9] 见L.A.Levin等编,《文特、西普、鲸鱼和木头生物学中的研究》,载于《海洋生态学》,第28卷(2007年);C.R.Fischer等编,《热液喷口生态系统》,载于《海洋学》,第20卷,第1期(2007年);M.Baker等编,《深海生物地理学、生态学和化合生态系统的脆弱性》,载于《世界海洋的生命》,A.D.McIntyre编,(联合王国,布莱克威尔出版社,2010年)。", "[10] 一些后卫活虫能活到至少200年,但双胞胎寿命相对较短. 见E. E. Cordes等,“冷深后背虫(包括Seepiophila jonesi:第二种长生管虫)的生长趋势”,载于《海洋生态》,第28卷(2007年);J. P. Barry等,“化学合成活体的生长、生产和死亡率,加利福尼亚州中部寒冷渗出而形成的Calyptogena kilmeri”,载于《海洋生态》,第28卷(2007年)。", "[11] 见E. Ramirez-Llodra等人, “热液管物种生物多样性和生物地理学:30年的发现和调查”,载于《海洋学》,第20卷,第1期(2007年)。", "[12] 见J. Murray Roberts等,《冷水珊瑚:深海珊瑚栖息地的生物学和地理学》(联合王国,剑桥大学出版社,2009年)。", "[13] 见A.D.Rogers等,“海山上的珊瑚”,《海山:生态、渔业和养护》,T.J.Pitcher等编,《渔业和水产资源丛书》第12期(牛津,布莱克威尔出版社,2007年)。", "[14] 见A. H. Andrews等,“加利福尼亚州中部戴维森海山出海的3个深海珊瑚的年龄和生长调查”,载于《冷水珊瑚和生态系统》(Berin/Heidelberg Springer-Verlag, 2005)。", "[15] 见J. M. Portela等,“关于巴塔戈尼亚大陆架公海上鱿鱼捕捞和脆弱海洋生态系统重叠的初步说明”,载于《渔业研究》,第16卷(2010年);和F. J. Murillo等,“弗拉芒角、弗拉芒山口和纽芬兰大岸(西北大西洋):与捕鱼活动的互动”,载于《海考会海洋科学杂志》,第68卷,第2期(2011年)。", "[16] 见A. Freiwald和J. Murray Roberts,《冷水珊瑚:深海珊瑚栖息地的生物学和地理学》(联合王国,剑桥大学出版社,2009年);和A.D. Roberts等,《海山:生态学、渔业和养护》,渔业和水产资源丛书12,T.J. Pitcher等编。 (牛津,布莱克威尔出版社,2007年).", "[17] 见N.R.Merrett和R.L.Haedrich,深海底栖鱼类和渔业(伦敦,查普曼和霍尔,1997年)。", "[18] 见Bensch等,“全世界公海底层渔业审查,粮农组织渔业和水产养殖技术文件522”(2008年)。", "[19] 见M. P. Sissenwine和P. M. Mace,“深水渔业能否得到可持续管理?” 粮农组织渔业报告第838(2007)号。", "[20] 见P.A. Large等,“东北大西洋深海渔业:二.评估和管理方法”,载于《西北大西洋渔业科学杂志》,第31卷(2003年)。", "[21] T. Morato和M. R. Clark,“海山鱼类:生态和生命史”载于:生态、渔业和养护、渔业和水产资源丛书12(牛津,布莱克威尔出版社,2007年)。", "[22] 见A/59/62/Add.1、A/61/154和A/64/305。", "[23] 见A. Williams等,“海底巨型海底群落未能从底拖网捕捞的影响中恢复”,《海洋生态》,第31卷(补编.1)(2010年)。", "[24] 见J. Hall-Spencer等,“Rockall Bank公海和领海海洋保护区的设计”,载于《海洋生态进步丛书》,第397卷(2009年)。", "[25] 见D. P. Tittensor等,“预测全球生境是否适合海山上石珊瑚”,载于《生物地理学杂志》,第36卷(2009年);M. R. Clark和D. P. Tittensor, “评估海底拖网在海隆上对石珊瑚所造成风险的指数”,载于《海洋生态》,第31卷(补编1)(2010年)。", "[26] 2005年试图对东北大西洋坡地的一部分进行定量分析的一项研究表明,渔业对深海底上人类总体活动的相对贡献可能很大,而且显然占支配地位。 然而,该研究的量化活动不是影响,而且类似的空间尺度的影响研究似乎没有进行(见A. Benn等,“东北大西洋深海海底的人类活动:对空间范围的评估”,PlosOne, 第5卷, 第9期(2010))。", "[27] (中文(简体) ). 深海渔业的历史、地理格局和物种组成,以及科学和管理的反应,已在粮农组织最近的报告和已发表的论文和评论中述及。 例如,见粮农组织渔业第3/1和3/2号记录,《2003年深海:深海渔业治理和管理问题会议》。 粮农组织 《第838号渔业报告》(粮农组织,罗马,2005年)。", "[28] 见M. Clark,“在新西兰水域管理橙色鲑鱼(Hoplostethus Atlanticus)的经验,以及1980-1993年期间商业捕鱼对种群的影响”,载于A. G. Hooper编辑的《北大西洋斯洛佩深水渔业》。 (荷兰克卢沃学术出版社,1995年);和海考会,深海渔业资源生物学和评估工作组的报告和1998年及以后的咨询报告。) 可查阅www.ices.dk。", "[29] 见F. Gonzalez-Costas和H. Murua, “对西北大西洋渔业组织第2分区和第3分区的红外线鱼种群的分析评估”,载于美国渔业协会专题讨论会,第63卷(2008年)。", "[30] 见M.R. Clark等,“海山上大型远洋拖网捕鱼”,《海山:生态、渔业和养护、渔业和水产资源丛刊》第12期,T.J. Pitcher等编。 (牛津,布莱克威尔出版社,2007年).", "[31] 见Bensch等,“全世界公海底鱼捕捞情况审查”,载于粮农组织渔业和水产养殖技术文件522(2008)。", "[32] 见J. A. Devine等,“深海鱼类属于濒危鱼类”,载于《自然》,第439卷(2006年);D. M. Bailey等,“东北大西洋深海鱼类种群的长期变化:渔业的更深远影响?” ,载于《伦敦皇家学会议事录》,B辑,第276卷(2009年);N. Campbell等,“东北大西洋大陆坡深海底层鱼类群的物种丰富性、分类多样性和分类特征”,载于《国际海洋科学杂志》,第68卷,第2期(2011年)。", "[33] 见粮农组织渔业报告第838号;T. Morato和M. R. Clark,“海山鱼类:生态和生命史”,载于《海山:生态、渔业和养护》,T. J. Pitcher等编,《渔业和水产资源丛书》第12期(牛津,布莱克威尔出版社,2007年)。", "[34] 见H. da Silva和M. R. Pinho,“在海山上小规模捕鱼”,载于《海山:生态、渔业和养护》,T. J. Pitcher等编,《渔业和水产资源丛刊12》(牛津,布莱克威尔出版社,2007年)。", "[35] 见O. A. Bergstad和A. S. Høines,“大西洋区域渔业管理组织作为新管理框架的要素实行的Bottom渔业封锁,以促进可持续资源利用并养护生物多样性。 工作文件,ICES(2011年2月)。", "[36] 见联合国粮食及农业组织,粮农组织关于《粮农组织公海深海渔业管理国际准则:挑战和前进道路》执行情况的讲习班报告,2010年5月10日至12日,大韩民国釜山,粮农组织渔业和水产养殖报告,第948号(2010年,粮农组织,罗马)。", "[37] 见A/64/305,第44段。", "[38] 参加建立区域渔管组织/安排谈判的国家为执行第64/72号决议第119段所采取行动载于第三节。 三.B(2)。", "[39] 这些措施补充了关于深海刺网和为科学研究以外的目的使用底拖网渔具的养护措施22-04和22-05;关于将养护措施应用于科学研究的养护措施24-01;关于禁止使用底渔具在550米以下的捕捞的41-05和22-08;关于新的渔业措施的21-01;关于探索性渔业的21-02;以及关于授权进行底渔捞活动的10-02;以及22-06年的程序。", "[40] 见A/64/305,第35段。", "[41] 欧洲联盟的贡献。", "[42] 海考会设计了一份完整的勘探底鱼议定书,东北大西洋渔业委员会将于2011年审查该议定书。", "[43] 欧洲联盟和美国的捐款。", "[44] 西北大西洋渔业组织和美国的捐款。", "[45] 挪威的贡献。", "[46] 加拿大、欧洲联盟和西北大西洋渔业组织的贡献。", "[47] 部分珊瑚和海绵保护区的关闭位于西北大西洋渔业组织管制区(加拿大专属经济区)之外,因此在计算禁止底鱼捕捞的比例时被考虑在内。", "[48] 新西兰的贡献。", "[49] 见“东北大西洋渔业委员会关于管制底鱼捕捞的所有建议的综合案文”,附件4,规定如下: “就现有和新的捕鱼区而言,与主要脆弱海洋生态系统指标鱼种的相遇被定义为每套60公斤以上的活珊瑚[和/或800公斤活海绵]的捕获量(例如拖网拖网、延绳套或刺网套等)。 见http://neafc.org/system/。 文件/%252Fhome/neafc/drupal2_files/confolited_bottomfishing_ regulars.pdf.", "[50] 养护和管理北太平洋公海渔业资源临时秘书处的贡献。", "[51] 加拿大、中国、日本、大韩民国、俄罗斯联邦和美国。", "[52] 美国的贡献。", "[53] 加拿大提供的资料。", "[54] A/64/305,第146-152段;临时秘书处和美国提供的材料。", "[55] 临时秘书处和美国的捐款。", "[56] 见http://nwpbfo.nomaki.jp/Assessment.html上的评估,并载有2008年报告的评估之后每个参与国目前采取的临时措施的详细情况。", "[57] 见第5条。 《南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约》第2条。", "[58] 见www.southpacificrfmo.org/preparatory-conference/。", "[59] 详情见《南太平洋区域渔业管理组织公约》第38(1)条。 如果《南太平洋渔管组织公约》在通过后三年内尚未生效,则《公约》将在第十份批准书、加入书、接受书或核准书交存后六个月内生效,或根据第5款生效。 1,以较早者为准.", "[60]另见A/64/305,第163至166段。", "[61] 南太平洋区域渔业管理组织临时秘书处提供的资料。", "[62] 见南太平洋区域渔业管理组织。 临时秘书处,《关于临时管理措施的报告》(2011年)。 见http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/PrepCon-2/Plenary/PrepCon-02-INF-02-Report-on-Interim-Management-measure-Rev2.pdf。", "[63] 西班牙,《对脆弱海洋生态系统造成严重损害的风险的初步评估》,Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino,《对脆弱海洋生态系统造成严重损害的风险的初步评估》。 见http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/8th-Meeting-2009年11月-New-Zealand/SWG-VIII/SP-08-SWG-DW-02-EC-Bottom-fishing-assessment-ENG.pdf。", "[64] 见南太平洋区域渔业管理组织。 科学工作组,科学工作组的报告(2009年第8次国际会议)。 可查阅http://www.southpacificrfmo.org/assets/8th-Conference-2009年11月-New-Zealand/Plenaly-VIII/8th-SWG-Report-Final-adaption-6-Nov-09-JMA-apendicies-fixed-maps-fixed-24-Nov-09-5pm.pdf).", "[65] 新西兰渔业部,《底层渔业影响评估》(2008年)。", "[66] 对帕劳的贡献。", "[67] 见A/64/305,第140和141段。", "[68] 见 http://www.fao.org/Legal/treaties/035s-e.htm. 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2011-12-21.", "[69] 欧洲联盟公报,L 201,2008年7月30日。", "[70] 见欧洲理事会第734/2008号条例第8、9和11条。", "[71] 欧洲联盟委员会,“委员会提交欧洲联盟议会和理事会的关于保护公海上脆弱海洋生态系统免受底层渔具不利影响的理事会第(EC)734/2008号条例执行情况的报告”,COM(2010)651 final。", "[72] 同上,第70段。 17岁", "[73] 见《生物多样性公约》关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的第X/29号决定。", "[74] 见第61/105号决议,第84和87段。", "[75] 见www.ccamlr.org;www.gfcm.org/gfcm/en;www.nafo.int;www.neafc.org;和www.seafo.org。 南极海生委脆弱海洋生态系统分类指南见www.ccamlr.org/pu/e/sc/obs/vme-guide.pdf。 地中海渔业总会采取的一系列措施见其网站:http://151.1.154.86/GfcmWebSite/e-Compendium/info.html。", "[76] 见www.southpacificrfmo.org和http://nwpbfo.nomaki.jp/index.html。 关于南太平洋区域渔管组织海底影响评估临时框架的资料也可在www.southpacificrfmo.org上查阅。", "[77] 见第61/105号决议,第88-90段,以及A/64/305号文件,第190-199段。", "[78] 粮农组织的贡献。 又见www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4450/158143/en。", "[79] 见ftp://ftp.fao.org/FI/DOCUMENT/UNGA/deep_sea/UNGA61_105.pdf.", "[80] 见A/64/305,第194至196段。", "[81] 见www.fao.org/docrep/011/i0816t/i0816t00.htm和http://www.fao.org/fishery/topic/4440/en。", "[82] 粮农组织的贡献。", "[83] 见A/66/70,第41段。", "[84] 见《生物多样性公约》关于海洋和沿海生物多样性的第X/29号决定,又见A/66/70,第163段。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "Observer status for the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries in the General Assembly", "Letter dated 12 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Azerbaijan to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary‑General", "In accordance with rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, I have the honour to request the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “Observer status for the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries in the General Assembly”.", "In accordance with rule 20 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, an explanatory memorandum (annex I) in support of the above request and a draft resolution (annex II) are attached herewith.", "I would highly appreciate it if the present letter and its annexes could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) Agshin Mehdiyev Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Permanent Representative", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "I. Historical background", "1. The Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries (TURKPA) was established in accordance with the Istanbul Agreement signed on 21 November 2008 by the Heads of the Parliaments of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Kyrgyz Republic and the Republic of Turkey.", "2. The Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries was established as a result of a long-term cooperation started in 1992 when the First Summit of the Heads of Turkic-speaking States was held.", "3. The rules of procedure, the regulations of the secretariat and the Baku Declaration were adopted on 29 September 2009 at the first plenary meeting of TURKPA held in Baku. The Astana Declaration was adopted at the second plenary meeting, held in Astana on 27 and 28 April 2011.", "II. Principles and objectives", "4. The Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries is an inter-parliamentary organization established to develop inter-parliamentary cooperation among its members (Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkey), to further promote political dialogue between its members and to create a favourable political climate for the elaboration and implementation of various initiatives aimed at safeguarding regional and global security.", "5. The Baku Declaration reaffirms the common will of TURKPA members to adhere to the principles of national independence, sovereign equality, territorial integrity, inviolability of State borders, non-interference in the internal affairs of each other and the inadmissibility of the threat or use of force, as well as to strengthen their political and economic security and develop their national economies.", "III. Structure", "6. The Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries consists of the parliamentary delegations of its members and holds its ordinary plenary sessions no less than once a year. The coordination of the activity of TURKPA is carried out by the Council of TURKPA, composed of the heads of the aforementioned parliamentary delegations or their authorized representatives.", "7. The Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries has established the following commissions:", "Commission on economic, trade and financial affairs Commission on legal affairs Commission on international relations Commission on social, cultural and humanitarian affairs.", "The commissions consider the issues within their competences, ensure the execution of the decisions adopted by the Council of TURKPA and its Chairperson, assess documentation and examine proposals submitted to the commissions, adopt draft reports, recommendations and decisions as well as assign reporters.", "8. The secretariat ensures the effective functioning of TURKPA, the Council and the commissions.", "The Secretary General, head of the TURKPA secretariat, manages the overall activity of the secretariat.", "9. The national parliaments that are not members of TURKPA and representatives of international parliamentary and other organizations may participate in the public meetings of TURKPA as observers and guests with the consent of the Council of TURKPA and by invitation of the Chairperson.", "IV. Relations with other organizations", "10. The Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries has already engaged in interaction with various international and regional organizations, including the United Nations, UNDP and UNICEF country offices at the secretariat location.", "11. The TURKPA secretariat has established relations with the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), the European Parliament, the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the Parliamentary Union of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), the Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU), the Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC).", "12. The TURKPA Secretary General was admitted to the Association of Secretaries General of Parliaments. TURKPA was granted observer status by IPU and the Parliamentary Union of OIC. Negotiations on observer status are going on with the Parliamentary Assembly of OSCE, the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of CIS and the Parliamentary Assembly of BSEC. At the same time, TURKPA participates in the activities of the Parliamentary Assembly of OSCE and the parliamentary dimension of the South-East European Cooperation Process. TURKPA also attends the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia.", "13. Ongoing interaction between the Secretary General of TURKPA and the President of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, officials of the Parliamentary Assembly of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Parliamentary Assembly of OSCE, the Parliamentary Assembly of BSEC, the Parliamentary Union of OIC, the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of CIS and the European Parliament contributes to the development of dialogue and cooperation and strengthens the role of parliamentary diplomacy in the world.", "V. Observer status in the General Assembly", "14. As an international parliamentary organization aimed at promoting political dialogue between its members, TURKPA fully adheres to the purposes and principles enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and considers inter-parliamentary cooperation as crucial for strengthening peace, democracy and economic development.", "15. Granting observer status to TURKPA in the General Assembly of the United Nations would create an institutionalized cooperation, enhance the interaction between the two organizations and assist TURKPA in its efforts to encourage regional initiatives.", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "Observer status for the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries in the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Wishing to promote cooperation between the United Nations and the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries,", "1. Decides to invite the Parliamentary Assembly of Turkic-speaking Countries to participate in the sessions and the work of the General Assembly in the capacity of observer;", "2. Requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary action to implement the present resolution." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "给予突厥语国家议会大会在大会的观察员地位", "2011年8月12日阿塞拜疆常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨根据大会议事规则第14条，请求在大会第六十六届会议议程内列入一个题为“突厥语国家议会大会在大会的观察员地位”的补充项目。", "根据大会议事规则第20条，随函附上支持上述请求的解释性备忘录(附件一)以及决议草案(附件二)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "特命全权大使", "阿格申·梅赫迪耶夫(签名)", "附件一", "解释性备忘录", "一. 历史背景", "1. 突厥语国家议会大会根据2008年11月21日阿塞拜疆共和国、哈萨克斯坦共和国、吉尔吉斯共和国和土耳其共和国议会首脑签署的《伊斯坦布尔协定》成立。", "2. 突厥语国家议会大会是始于1992年第一次突厥语国家首脑峰会的长期合作的结果。", "3. 突厥语国家议会大会在2009年9月29日于巴库举行的第一次全体会议上通过了议事规则、秘书处规章和《巴库宣言》，在2011年4月27日和28日于阿斯塔纳举行的第二次全体会议上通过了《阿斯塔纳宣言》。", "二. 原则和目标", "4. 突厥语国家议会大会是一个议会间组织，成立的目的是发展各成员(阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和土耳其)之间的议会间合作，进一步推动各成员之间的政治对话，并创建一个有利于拟订和执行旨在保障区域和全球安全的各种倡议的政治气氛。", "5. 《巴库宣言》重申了突厥语国家议会大会成员遵行国家独立、主权平等、领土完整、国界不可侵犯、彼此不干涉内政和不容使用或威胁使用武力的原则，以及加强政治和经济安全并发展民族经济的共同愿望。", "三. 结构", "6. 突厥语国家议会大会由各成员议会代表团组成，至少每年举行一次全体常会。活动协调由议会大会理事会负责，理事会由上述议会代表团团长或其授权代表组成。", "7. 突厥语国家议会大会设有下列委员会：", "经济、贸易和金融事务委员会", "法律事务委员会", "国际关系委员会", "社会、文化和人道主义事务委员会", "各委员会负责在职权范围内审议事项，确保执行理事会及其主席通过的决定，对提交委员会的文件和议案进行评估审查，通过报告、建议和决定草案，并指定报告员。", "8. 秘书处确保突厥语国家议会大会、理事会和各委员会有效运作。", "秘书长作为议会大会秘书处的首长，负责管理秘书处的所有活动。", "9. 各国议会并非突厥语国家议会大会的成员，经议会大会理事会同意并应主席邀请，国际议会组织和其他组织的代表可作为观察员和嘉宾出席议会大会的公开会议。", "四. 与其他组织的关系", "10. 突厥语国家议会大会已经与许多国际和区域组织开展互动，包括秘书处所在地的联合国、联合国开发计划署和联合国儿童基金会国家办事处。", "11. 突厥语国家议会大会秘书处已经与欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)议会大会、欧洲议会、独立国家联合体(独联体)议会大会、伊斯兰会议组织议会联盟、各国议会联盟、议会秘书长协会和黑海经济合作组织(黑海经合组织)议会大会建立联系。", "12. 突厥语国家议会大会秘书长已经被议会秘书长协会接纳。突厥语国家议会大会已经获得各国议会联盟和伊斯兰会议组织议会联盟的观察员地位，并正在与欧安组织议会大会、独联体议会大会和黑海经合组织议会大会进行观察员地位谈判。与此同时，突厥语国家议会大会还参加欧安组织议会大会的活动和东南欧合作进程的议会部分。突厥语国家议会大会还出席亚洲相互协作与建立信任措施会议。", "13. 突厥语国家议会大会秘书长与欧洲委员会议会大会主席以及北大西洋公约组织议会大会、欧安组织议会大会、黑海经合组织议会大会、伊斯兰会议组织议会联盟、独联体议会大会和欧洲议会官员之间的持续互动有利于开展对话与合作并加强全球议会外交的作用。", "五. 在大会的观察员地位", "14. 作为一个旨在推动成员间政治对话的国际议会组织，突厥语国家议会大会全面遵行《联合国宪章》所体现的宗旨和原则，并将议会间合作视为加强和平、民主和经济发展的关键所在。", "15. 给予突厥语国家议会大会在联合国大会的观察员地位，将使合作形成制度，增进两个组织之间的互动，并为突厥语国家议会大会支持区域倡议的工作提供协助。", "附件二", "决议草案", "给予突厥语国家议会大会在大会的观察员地位", "大会，", "希望促进联合国与突厥语国家议会大会之间的合作，", "1. 决定邀请突厥语国家议会大会以观察员身份参加大会的届会和工作；", "2. 请秘书长采取必要行动执行本决议。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "给予突厥语国家议会大会大会观察员地位", "2011年8月12日阿塞拜疆常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨根据大会议事规则第14条,请求将题为“给予突厥语国家议会大会大会观察员地位”的补充项目列入大会第六十六届会议议程。", "根据大会议事规则第20条,随函附上支持上述请求的解释性备忘录(附件一)和一项决议草案(附件二)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "阿格申·梅赫迪耶夫(签名)", "页:1", "解释性备忘录", "一. 历史背景", "1. 联合国 突厥语国家议会大会是根据阿塞拜疆共和国、哈萨克斯坦共和国、吉尔吉斯共和国和土耳其共和国议会首脑2008年11月21日签署的《伊斯坦布尔协定》而成立的。", "2. 突厥语国家议会大会是1992年第一次突厥语国家首脑会议开始的长期合作的结果。", "3个 议事规则、秘书处条例和《巴库宣言》于2009年9月29日在巴库举行的土耳其人民进步协会第一次全体会议上通过。 2011年4月27日和28日在阿斯塔纳举行的第二次全体会议通过了《阿斯塔纳宣言》。", "二. 原则和目标", " 4.四. 突厥语国家议会大会是一个议会间组织,旨在发展其成员(阿塞拜疆、哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦和土耳其)之间的议会间合作,以进一步促进其成员之间的政治对话并创造有利的政治气氛来拟订和执行各种旨在保障区域和全球安全的倡议。", "5 (韩语). 《巴库宣言》重申土耳其人民革命军成员的共同意愿,即坚持国家独立、主权平等、领土完整、国家边界不可侵犯、互不干涉内政和不容许以武力相威胁或使用武力的原则,并加强其政治和经济安全并发展其国民经济。", "三. 结构", "6. 国家 突厥语国家议会由其成员的议会代表团组成,每年至少举行一届常会. 土尔扈特省的活动由土尔扈特省理事会负责协调,理事会由上述议会代表团团长或其授权代表组成。", "7. 联合国 突厥语国家议会设立了以下委员会:", "经济,贸易和金融事务委员会 法律事务委员会 国际关系委员会 社会,文化和人道主义事务委员会.", "各委员会在其职权范围内审议这些问题,确保执行土耳其原子能协会理事会及其主席所通过的决定,评估文件并审查提交各委员会的提案,通过报告、建议和决定草案并指派报告员。", "8. 联合国 秘书处确保土耳其原子能协会、理事会和各委员会的有效运作。", "秘书长是土耳其人民革命运动秘书处负责人,负责管理秘书处的总体活动。", "9. 国家 非土耳其人民革命联盟成员的国家议会以及国际议会和其他组织的代表,经土耳其人民革命联盟理事会同意并受主席邀请,可作为观察员和来宾参加土耳其人民革命联盟的公开会议。", "四、结 论 与其他组织的关系", "10个 突厥语国家议会大会已经与各种国际和区域组织,包括联合国、开发署和儿童基金会在秘书处所在地的国家办事处进行了互动。", "11个 TURKPA秘书处与欧洲安全与合作组织(欧安组织)议会大会、欧洲议会、独立国家联合体(独联体)议会间大会、伊斯兰合作组织议会联盟、各国议会联盟(议会联盟)、议会秘书长协会和黑海经济合作组织(黑海经合组织)议会大会建立了关系。", "12个 TURKPA秘书长被议会秘书长协会接纳. 议会联盟和伊斯兰会议组织议会联盟给予土耳其人民革命联盟观察员地位。 目前正同欧安组织议会、独联体议会间大会和黑海经合组织议会就观察员地位问题进行谈判。 同时,土尔扈特人协会参加了欧安组织议会的活动和东南欧合作进程的议会层面。 图尔皮卡还参加了亚洲相互协作与建立信任措施会议。", "13个 TURKPA秘书长同欧洲委员会议会大会主席、北大西洋公约组织议会大会、欧安组织议会大会、黑海经合组织议会大会、伊斯兰会议组织议会联盟、独联体议会间大会和欧洲议会之间的持续互动有助于发展对话与合作,并增强议会外交在世界中的作用。", " V. 在大会的观察员地位", "14个 TURKPA作为一个旨在促进其成员之间政治对话的国际议会组织,充分遵守《联合国宪章》所载的宗旨和原则,并认为议会间合作对加强和平、民主和经济发展至关重要。", "15个 给予土耳其原子能协会在联合国大会的观察员地位将形成一种制度化的合作,加强两个组织之间的互动,并协助土耳其原子能协会努力鼓励区域倡议。", "页:1", "决议草案", "给予突厥语国家议会大会大会观察员地位", "大会,", "希望促进联合国同突厥语国家议会大会之间的合作,", "1. 联合国 1. 决定邀请突厥语国家议会以观察员身份参加大会的届会和工作;", "2. 联合国 4. 请秘书长采取必要行动执行本决议。" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "* A/66/150.", "Item 142 of the provisional agenda*", "Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "Report on the activities of the Office of Internal Oversight Services for the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011", "Addendum", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 5II.Overall 5 assessment of the implementation of \nrecommendations III.Analysis 6 of open \nrecommendations IV. Financial 10 implications of recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight \nServices V.Reports 11 issued during the reporting \nperiod A.Reports 12 to the General \nAssembly B.Reports 13 to programme \nmanagers C.Closure 33 \nreports", "Abbreviations and acronyms", "AMISOM African Union Mission in Somalia \n BINUB United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi \nBONUCA\tUnited Nations Peacebuilding Support Office in theCentral African Republic\n CTED Counter-Terrorism Committee Executive Directorate \n DESA Department of Economic and Social Affairs \n DFS Department of Field Support \nDGACM\tDepartment for General Assembly and ConferenceManagement\n DM Department of Management \n DPA Department of Political Affairs \n DPI Department of Public Information \n DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations \n DSS Department of Safety and Security \n ECA Economic Commission for Africa \n ECE Economic Commission for Europe \n ECESA Executive Committee on Economic and Social Affairs\nECLAC\tEconomic Commission for Latin America and theCaribbean\n EMG Environment Management Group \n EOSG Executive Office of the Secretary-General \nESCAP\tEconomic and Social Commission for Asia and thePacific\n ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia \n IMD Investment Management Division \n ISDR International Strategy for Disaster Reduction \nMINURCAT\tUnited Nations Mission in the Central AfricanRepublic and Chad\nMINURSO\tUnited Nations Mission for the Referendum inWestern Sahara\n MINUSTAH United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti \nMONUC/MONUSCO\tUnited Nations Organization Mission in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo/United NationsOrganization Stabilization Mission in theDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nOCHA\tOffice for the Coordination of HumanitarianAffairs\nOHCHR\tOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner forHuman Rights\nOHRLLS\tOffice of the High Representative for the LeastDeveloped Countries, Landlocked DevelopingCountries and Small Island Developing States\nOICT\tOffice of Information and CommunicationsTechnology\n OIOS Office of Internal Oversight Services \n OLA Office of Legal Affairs \n OOSA Office for Outer Space Affairs \n OSAA Office of the Special Adviser on Africa \n UNAMA United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan \n UNAMI United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq \nUNAMID\tAfrican Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation inDarfur\n UNCC United Nations Compensation Commission \nUNCCD\tUnited Nations Convention to CombatDesertification\n UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development\n UNDEF United Nations Democracy Fund \n UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force \n UNDP United Nations Development Programme \n UNEP United Nations Environment Programme \nUNFCCC\tUnited Nations Framework Convention on ClimateChange\n UNFICYP United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus \n UN-Habitat United Nations Human Settlements Programme \nUNHCR\tOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner forRefugees\n UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund \nUNICRI\tUnited Nations Interregional Crime and JusticeResearch Institute\n UNIDIR United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research \n UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon \n UNJSPF United Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund \nUNMIK\tUnited Nations Interim Administration Mission inKosovo\n UNMIL United Nations Mission in Liberia \n UNMIS United Nations Mission in the Sudan \n UNMIT United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste \nUNMOGIP\tUnited Nations Military Observer Group in Indiaand Pakistan\n UNOCI United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire \n UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime \n UNOG United Nations Office at Geneva \n UNON United Nations Office at Nairobi \n UNOTIL United Nations Office in Timor-Leste \n UNOV United Nations Office at Vienna \nUNRCCA\tUnited Nations Regional Centre for PreventiveDiplomacy for Central Asia\nUNRWA\tUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency forPalestine Refugees in the Near East\nUNSOA\tUnited Nations Support Office for the AfricanUnion Mission in Somalia\n UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization \n UNU United Nations University", "I. Introduction", "1. The present addendum provides information about the status of the implementation of recommendations issued by the Office of Internal Oversight Services. The report is divided into four main sections (II-V). Section II provides an overall assessment of the implementation of recommendations. Section III provides a breakdown of open recommendations by United Nations entities. Section IV includes a list of OIOS recommendations with financial implications, relating to unnecessary or excess expenditures, losses and opportunities for future cost avoidance. Section V lists all oversight reports issued by OIOS between 1 July 2010 and 30 June 2011.", "II. Overall assessment of the implementation of recommendations", "2. During the period from 1 July 2010 to 31 May 2011, OIOS issued 1,624 recommendations to United Nations entities.[1] Of these, 392 (24 per cent) were deemed critical. As at 30 June 2011, programme managers had implemented 806 (50 per cent) of all the recommendations issued between 1 July 2010 and 31 May 2011 and 165 (42 per cent) of the critical recommendations issued during the same period. The figure below shows a breakdown by period of the recommendations issued between 1 July 2007 and 31 May 2011, including the implementation rate for each period.", "Breakdown of status of recommendations issued from 1 July 2007 to 31 May 2011 as at 30 June 2011 and implementation rates^(a)", "[]", "^(a) Critical recommendations and corresponding implementation rates are given in parentheses. A recommendation may be “closed without implementation” when overtaken by events or when management accepts responsibility for residual risk arising from the non-implementation of the recommendation.", "III. Analysis of open recommendations", "3. Table 1 provides information about the status of the 1,461 recommendations that remained open as at 30 June 2011 for each United Nations department/office. Of these, 320 (22 per cent) were past due (i.e., missed their target date) and 785 (54 per cent) were not yet due. The remaining 356 recommendations (representing 24 per cent of the total) have no set target date.", "4. Data regarding the open recommendations were provided to the relevant departments and offices in order to afford them the opportunity to provide updates on implementation status for consideration in the preparation of the present addendum.", "Table 1 Breakdown of open recommendations issued through 31 May 2011, as at 30 June 2011", "All open Breakdown Breakdown recommendations by status by target date\n Critical Non-critical Critical Non-critical", "Critical Non-critical Not In Not Not In Not Not Past No Not Past No started progress accepted started progress accepted yet due target yet due target ^(a) ^(a) due date due date", "BINUB 3 3 — 3 — — 3 — 2 — 1 1 — 2", "CTED 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —", "DESA^(b) 7 37 5 2 — 25 12 — — 2 5 12 — 25", "DFS 10 19 — 10 — — 19 — 10 — — 19 — —", "DGACM — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — 1 — —", "DM 39 83 5 32 2 4 75 4 25 8 6 49 28 6", "DPA 4 11 — 4 — — 11 — 4 — — 9 2 —", "DPI 3 9 — 3 — — 9 — 3 — — 9 — —", "DPKO 25 10 — 25 — — 10 — 24 — 1 10 — —", "DSS 4 18 — 4 — — 15 3 1 1 2 8 — 10", "ECA 5 9 — 5 — — 9 — 3 2 — 8 1 —", "ECE 1 3 — 1 — — 3 — — 1 — 3 — —", "ECESA 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —", "ECLAC 2 9 — 2 — — 9 — 1 — 1 9 — —", "EOSG 11 — — 11 — — — — 3 — 8 — — —", "ESCAP 2 5 — 2 — — 5 — 2 — — 5 — —", "ESCWA — 3 — — — — 3 — — — — 1 — 2", "Ethics Office — 2 — — — — 2 — — — — 2 — —", "International 4 9 — 4 — — 9 — 4 — — 9 — — Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda", "International 4 11 — 4 — 1 10 — 3 1 — 8 2 1 Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia", "ISDR 3 2 — 3 — — 2 — 3 — — 2 — —", "MINUSTAH 11 20 — 10 1 — 20 — 7 1 3 16 — 4", "MONUC/MONUSCO 8 17 — 8 — — 17 — 8 — — 16 1 —", "OCHA 14 17 — 14 — — 17 — 13 1 — 16 1 —", "OHCHR 11 12 — 11 — — 12 — 10 1 — 10 2 —", "OHRLLS 1 4 — 1 — — 4 — 1 — — 4 — —", "OICT 5 7 — 5 — — 7 — 3 — 2 5 1 1", "OLA — 3 — — — — 3 — — — — — — 3", "OOSA 4 3 — 4 — 1 2 — 4 — — 3 — —", "OSAA 3 11 — 3 — — 11 — — — 3 — 1 10", "UNAMA^(c) 3 16 — 2 1 — 16 — 3 — — 16 — —", "UNAMI^(d) 11 21 1 7 3 — 17 4 3 3 5 6 4 11", "UNAMID 28 41 3 24 1 5 36 — 5 9 14 15 5 21", "UNCCD 4 13 — 4 — — 13 — 3 — 1 8 3 2", "UNCTAD 8 18 — 8 — — 18 — 7 1 — 18 — —", "UNDEF 2 3 — 2 — — 3 — 2 — — 3 — —", "UNDOF 1 2 — 1 — — 2 — — 1 — — 2 —", "UNDP — 2 — — — — 2 — — — — 2 — —", "UNEP 7 27 — 7 — — 26 1 2 5 — 15 9 3", "UNEP-EMG 1 — — 1 — — — — — — 1 — — —", "UNFCCC 13 17 — 13 — — 17 — 13 — — 17 — —", "UNFICYP 1 1 — 1 — — 1 — — 1 — — 1 —", "UNHCR 119 159 15 104 — 27 130 2 8 59 52 11 77 71", "UNICRI 5 3 — 5 — — 3 — — — 5 — — 3", "UNIDIR — 6 — — — — 6 — — — — 6 — —", "UNIFIL 4 15 — 4 — — 15 — 2 1 1 15 — —", "UNJSPF 3 35 — 3 — 5 29 1 — 3 — 7 27 1", "UNJSPF-IMD 7 24 2 5 — 5 19 — 4 3 — 15 7 2", "UNMIL 17 38 — 17 — 6 32 — 3 3 11 11 11 16", "UNMIS 23 55 5 18 — 5 50 — 10 3 10 43 2 10", "UNMIT 7 11 — 7 — — 11 — 7 — — 11 — —", "UNMOGIP 2 3 — 2 — — 3 — 2 — — 2 1 —", "UNOCI 9 15 — 9 — 7 8 — 8 — 1 10 1 4", "UNODC 6 13 — 6 — — 13 — 2 3 1 7 2 4", "UNOG 1 5 — 1 — — 5 — — 1 — 5 — —", "UNON 12 36 — 12 — — 36 — 9 1 2 26 6 4", "UNOV — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — — — 1", "UNRWA 4 4 — 4 — — 4 — 3 — 1 4 — —", "UNSOA 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —", "UNU 4 1 — 4 — — 1 — 4 — — 1 — —", "Total 505 956 36 461 8 91 850 15 248 120 137 537 200 219", "^(a) Recommendations that are “not accepted” include recommendations with a “declined” or “no response” status.", "^(b) Open recommendations include two critical recommendations and 17 non-critical recommendations issued in May 2011.", "^(c) Open recommendations include seven non-critical recommendations issued in May 2011.", "^(d) Open recommendations include three critical recommendations and seven non-critical recommendations issued in May 2011.", "IV. Financial implications of recommendations of the Office of Internal Oversight Services", "5. Table 2 provides a summary of OIOS recommendations with financial implications. OIOS has simplified the categorization of financial implications arising from oversight results, as follows:", "(a) “Unnecessary or excess expenditures, or losses” caused by mismanagement, fraud, waste, theft, etc.;", "(b) “Opportunities for future cost avoidance” as a result of process improvements identified by OIOS.", "6. During the reporting period, OIOS identified $19.7 million in estimated unnecessary or excess expenditures and opportunities for future cost avoidance. The amounts recovered arising from oversight results during the period totalled $2.6 million.", "Table 2 Financial implications of OIOS recommendations, 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011", "Unnecessary or excess expenditure, or losses", "(United States dollars)", "Entity\tAssignmentnumber\tDescription\tEstimatedamount\tRecoveredamount \nDFS\t0491/09\tPossible misconductby a UNAMID staffmember\t580\t—\nDPA\t0247/10\tPossible misconductby a BONUCA staffmember —misappropriatedfunds\t—\t3 262\nUNDP\t0246/10\tPossible misconductby a BONUCA staffmember —entitlement fraudandmisappropriation offunds\t978\t—\nUNEP\t0469/08\tPossible misconductby a UNEP staffmember —entitlement fraudand misuse ofassets\t5 325\t—\nUNAMI\tAP2010/812/01\tCost of airservices providedto UNAMI staff andto other entitiesnot entitled tothem\t247 570\t241 312\nUNAMID\tAP2009/634/07\tOverpayment to avendor for fuelconsumption\t2 376409\t2 376409\nUNMIS\tAP2010/632/08\tError in staffallowance\t796 000\t—\nTotal 3 426862\t2 620983", "Opportunities for future cost avoidance", "(United States dollars)", "Entity Assignment Description Estimated number amount", "UNAMID AP2010/634/06 Freight forwarding 4 000 000", "UNAMID AP2009/634/09 Management of contingent-owned 10 123 573 equipment", "UNAMID AP2009/634/07 Fuel supply 2 000 000", "UNIFIL AP2010/672/01 Lump-sum entitlements 33 733", "UNMOGIP AP2010/600/02 Electricity supply 30 000", "UNMOGIP AP2010/600/02 Payment of assignment grants and post 50 000 adjustments", "UNOCI AP2009/640/06 Contract management 48 000", "Total 16 285 306", "V. Reports issued during the reporting period", "7. During the 12-month period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, OIOS issued 323 oversight reports to programme managers, including 7 reports to the General Assembly and 65 closure reports. Table 3 provides a list of all the reports issued during the reporting period.", "8. Pursuant to paragraph 1 (c) of General Assembly resolution 59/272, Member States have access to OIOS reports upon request. As from January 2012, OIOS intends to make all reports publicly available on its website; in the meantime, the full titles of all reports continue to be available at http://www.un.org/Depts/oios.", "Table 3 Reports issued during the period from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011", "A. Reports to the General Assembly", "Symbol Date Subject \nA/65/266\t9 August2010\tThematic evaluation of gendermainstreaming in the United NationsSecretariat\nA/65/752\t23February2011\tProgramme evaluation of the performanceand the achievement of results by UNMIS.Although the original objective of theComprehensive Peace Agreement, to makeunity attractive, has not been met, UNMISsupport for the implementation of theAgreement has contributed to the holdingof the ceasefire\nA/65/762\t28February2011\tThematic evaluation of cooperation betweenthe Department of PeacekeepingOperations/Department of Field Support andregional organizations. Cooperation withregional organizations in peacekeeping hascontributed to the overall capacity of theUnited Nations to deploy and sustainpeacekeeping missions, althoughorganizational differences between theUnited Nations and partners have createdmultiple challenges in operationalcooperation\nA/65/765\t1 March2011\tPreliminary report on the implementationof the pilot project designated by theGeneral Assembly in resolution 63/287\nE/AC.51/2011/3\t15 March2011\tTriennial review of the implementation ofrecommendations made by the Committee forProgramme and Coordination at itsforty-eighth session on the in-depthevaluation of political affairs: fieldspecial political missions led by theDepartment of Political Affairs butsupported by the Department of FieldSupport\nA/66/71\t28 March2011\tStrengthening the role of evaluation andthe application of evaluation findings onprogramme design, delivery and policydirectives\nE/AC.51/2011/2\t29 March2011\tProgramme evaluation of the Department ofEconomic and Social Affairs", "B. Reports to programme managers", "Entity\tAssignmentnumber\tSubject \nCTED\tAP2010/570/01\tAudit of the Counter-Terrorism CommitteeExecutive Directorate. Counter-TerrorismCommittee Executive Directorate’sinternal controls were generally in placeand implemented as intended\nDESA\tAN2009/540/03\tAudit of the management by the Departmentof Economic and Social Affairs of theadvisory services and operational supportfor the development and management ofhuman resources and capacity-building forthe international cooperation projectoffice in Rome. A workflow analysis ofthe identification and selection processfor the recruitment of Associate Expertsand Junior Professional Officers couldsignificantly reduce the recruitment time\n\tAN2010/512/01\tAudit of the governance and monitoring ofthe delegation of authority for theadministration of the AssociateExperts/Junior Professional OfficersProgramme. The delegation of authoritygranted to the Department of Economic andSocial Affairs for the appointment ofAssociate Experts and Junior ProfessionalOfficers under the 200 series of staffrules had not been updated since 1979\n\tIED-11-002\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theDivision for Public Administration andDevelopment Management\n\tIED-11-003\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theOffice of Economic and Social CouncilSupport and Coordination\n\tIED-11-004\tReport of OIOS on the United NationsStatistics Division\n\tIED-11-005\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of thePopulation Division\n\tIED-11-006\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theFinancing for Development Office\n\tIED-11-007\tReport of OIOS on the United NationsForum on Forests secretariat\n\tIED-11-008\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theDivision for Sustainable Development\n\tIED-11-009\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theDevelopment Policy and Analysis Division\n\tIED-11-010\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theDivision for Social Policy andDevelopment\n\tIED-11-011\tReport of OIOS on the evaluation of theOffice of the Special Adviser on GenderIssues and Advancement of Women and theDivision for the Advancement of Women\nDFS\t0936/06\tContingent report on the death of apeacekeeper in UNMIL\n\t0329/07\tContingent report on sexual exploitationand abuse by peacekeepers at the formerMONUC\n\t0358/07,0186/08\tContingent report on sexual abuse of aminor by a peacekeeper at the formerMONUC\n\t0596/07\tInvestigation report on conflict ofinterest and irregular recruitmentprocess by a staff member at UNOCI\n\t0439/08\tContingent report on sexual exploitationand abuse by peacekeepers in the formerMONUC\n\t0553/08\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation and abuse by a militaryobserver in UNOCI\n\t0597/08\tInvestigation report on reported sexualexploitation and abuse implicating apeacekeeper in the former MONUC\n\t0613/08\tInvestigation report on misuse ofinformation and communications technologyresources by a staff member at UNMIL\n\t0028/09\tContingent report on attempted sexualabuse by a peacekeeper at the formerMONUC\n\t0032/09\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation by a military observer atthe former MONUC\n\t0210/09\tInvestigation report on procurement fraudby a staff member at MINURSO\n\t0404/09\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation and abuse by a formed policeunit officer at the former MONUC\n\t0410/09\tContingent report on sexual abuse bypeacekeepers at the former MONUC\n\t0470/09\tContingent report on sexual abuse bypeacekeepers in UNMIL\n\t0491/09\tInvestigation report of fraud by a staffmember in UNAMID\n\t0497/09\tInvestigation report on sexual abuseimplicating a United Nations Volunteer atthe former MONUC\n\t0572/09\tInvestigation report on fraud by a staffmember at UNOCI\n\t0588/09\tContingent report on sexual exploitationand abuse by peacekeepers in UNOCI\n\t0016/10\tContingent report on the sexualexploitation and abuse of a minor by apeacekeeper at UNMIL [corrigendum issuedon 27 August 2010]\n\t0033/10\tContingent report on procurementirregularities by a peacekeeper atUNFICYP\n\t0110/10,0113/10\tContingent report on sexual exploitationand abuse by a peacekeeper at the formerMONUC\n\t0126/10\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation and misuse of office by astaff member at UNMIL\n\t0149/10\tInvestigation report on fuel fraud in theformer MONUC\n\t0158/10\tContingent report on sexual exploitationand abuse implicating peacekeepers in theformer MONUC\n\t0173/10\tInvestigation report on procurement fraudby a staff member at MINURSO\n\t0174/10\tInvestigation report on inappropriateconduct by a staff member at MINURSO\n\t0177/10\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation and abuse by a UnitedNations police officer at MINUSTAH\n\t0182/10\tContingent report on the sexual abuse ofa minor by a peacekeeper formerlydeployed with UNOCI\n\t0216/10\tContingent report on fraud bypeacekeepers at UNOCI\n\t0219/10\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation and abuse by a UnitedNations police officer at the formerMONUC\n\t0246/10\tInvestigation report on fraud,misappropriation of funds and otherirregularities by a staff member at theformer BONUCA\n\t0247/10\tInvestigation report on misappropriationof funds and other irregularities by astaff member at BONUCA\n\t0255/10\tInvestigation report on a homicideallegedly committed by a staff member atMINUSTAH\n\t0269/10\tContingent report on sexual exploitationby a military observer at MONUSCO\n\t0270/10\tContingent report on sexual exploitationby a peacekeeper at MONUSCO\n\t0296/10\tInvestigation report on possiblemisconduct by a United Nations policeofficer in UNMIS\n\t0300/10\tInvestigation report on fraud by a staffmember in UNMIS\n\t0313/10,0317/10\tContingent report on attempted fraud bypeacekeepers at UNOCI\n\t0314/10,0316/10\tContingent report on claims of fraud bypeacekeepers at UNOCI\n\t0337/10\tContingent report on sexual abuse by apeacekeeper in MONUSCO\n\t0385/10\tContingent report on the accidentaldischarge of a rocket by a peacekeeper atUNIFIL\n\t0421/10\tInvestigation report on attemptedentitlement fraud by a staff member inUNAMID\n\t0505/10\tContingent report on misconduct bypeacekeepers at UNOCI\n\t0007/11\tContingent report on sexual assaultimplicating a peacekeeper in UNMIS\n\t0014/11\tContingent report on sexual exploitationand fuel fraud by peacekeepers atMINUSTAH\n\t0102/11\tContingent report on the sexual abuse ofa minor by a peacekeeper at UNMIL\n\t0239/11\tInvestigation report on possiblemisconduct by a United Nations policeofficer in UNMIS\n\t0290/10\tInvestigation report on possiblemisconduct by a staff member at UNMIS\n\tAP2010/615/05\tAudit of the planning and budgetformulation procedures and processes ofthe support account in the Department ofPeacekeeping Operations and theDepartment of Field Support\n\tAT2009/800/03\tAudit of the services provided by theUnited Nations International ComputingCentre to the United Nations Secretariat.The Department of Field Support shouldimplement additional controls to ensurethat the performance and charges of theinformation and communications technologyservices provided by the InternationalComputing Centre are adequatelymonitored, measured and accounted for\n\tAT2010/615/01\tStrategic planning for information andcommunications technology requirements inthe Information and CommunicationsTechnology Division/Department of FieldSupport. Additional controls, includingbetter coordination between theInformation and Communications TechnologyDivision and the Office of Informationand Communications Technology, are neededto ensure that the Department of FieldSupport achieves its strategic objectivesfor information management\nDGACM\tAH2009/550/01\tAudit of the support provided to theOffice of the President of the GeneralAssembly. Current arrangements forsupport for the Office of the Presidentof the General Assembly need to beclarified, including the source offunding\nDM\t0310/09\tInvestigation report on misuse of officeby a staff member of UNCTAD\n\t0344/10\tInvestigation report on sexualexploitation and abuse by staff membersof a United Nations vendor at MONUSCO\n\t0456/10\tInvestigation report on mismanagement andprocurement irregularities by a formerstaff member at UNICRI\n\t0268/11\tInvestigation report on falserepresentation and unauthorized operationof an aircraft by a United Nations vendor\n\tAC2009/514/05\tSecurity provisions applied to staff,site and assets during the execution ofthe capital master plan. There is a needfor the Department of Safety and Securityto finalize its policy and procedures forallowing contractor personnel access toUnited Nations premises, and ensure thatthey are applied consistently\n\tAC2010/514/01\tSafety provisions for United Nationsstaff and contractors, including asbestosremoval, applied during the execution ofthe capital master plan. The safetyprovisions for construction and asbestosabatement for the capital master planhave generally been appropriatelyorganized and applied\n\tAG2010/510/01\tManagement review of the AdvisoryCommittee on Administrative and BudgetaryQuestions secretariat\n\tAG2010/510/03\tAudit of human resources management inthe Office of the Enterprise ResourcePlanning Project Director. Seriousbreaches of human resources, financialand procurement regulations, rules andprocedures posed reputation risk for theproject\n\tAH2010/512/01\tAudit of the recruitment process forsenior-level positions in the UnitedNations Secretariat. The Office of HumanResources Management should enhance itsmonitoring role to ensure compliance withrecruitment procedures and to identifyareas for improving the timeliness offilling senior-level positions\n\tAT2009/510/02\tAudit of the enterprise resource planningproject at the United NationsSecretariat. Additional controls areneeded to ensure that the enterpriseresource planning project is notadversely affected by unmitigated risksrelating to the governance structure,project management, system integrationand fund monitoring\n\tAT2010/512/01\tThe “Inspira” talent management projectat the United Nations Secretariat. Tofully realize the benefits of the“Inspira” project, internal controls inproject management need to bestrengthened\n\tIED-10-002\tInspection of programme-level monitoringand evaluation of the Department ofManagement\n\tIED-10-009\tReport of OIOS on the Office of ProgrammePlanning, Budget and Accounts. The Officeof Programme Planning, Budget andAccounts is focused on its mandate andperforming well operationally; however,client communication is unsatisfactory,and the budget process challenges itsoverall effectiveness\n\tIED-10-011\tReport of OIOS on the Office of theUnder-Secretary-General, Department ofManagement. Greater effort in proactiveleadership by the Office of theUnder-Secretary-General, Department ofManagement, is needed if reform of UnitedNations management practices, processesand procedures is to be successful\nDPA\tAP2010/600/04\tAudit of BINUB. Internal controls weregenerally in place and operatingeffectively, but controls in certainareas need to be strengthened\nDPI\tAN2010/580/01\tAudit of the support services provided tothe public information programme by theDepartment of Public InformationExecutive Office. The lack of a clearclient support strategy resulted in adiminished role for the Department ofPublic Information Executive Office andwidened the expectation gap with thesubstantive divisions\nDPKO\tAP2009/600/03\tAudit of integrated operational teams inthe Department of PeacekeepingOperations. The effectiveness of theseteams should be improved by deployingtheir resources flexibly during periodsof lower tempo and strengthening theirlinks with specialist units\n\tAP2010/560/01\tAudit of the Security Council AffairsDivision in the Department of PoliticalAffairs. Internal controls were generallyin place. Further efficiency could begained by improving the procedures for(a) documenting Security Councilpractices, (b) selecting candidates toserve on the Panels of Experts, (c)recruiting experts and (d) organizingmeetings of the subsidiary bodies of theSecurity Council\nDPKO/DFS\tIED-10-001\tInspection of monitoring and evaluationat the Department of PeacekeepingOperations and the Department of FieldSupport. Department of PeacekeepingOperations/Department of Field Supportreporting on programme performance ishighly reliable, but the Departments needto take targeted action to cope moreeffectively with complex monitoring andreporting environments\nDSS\t0473/08\tInvestigation report on misuse ofinformation and communications technologyresources by a staff member in theDepartment of Safety and Security\n\t0390/10,0496/09\tInvestigation report on misconduct by astaff member of the Department of Safetyand Security\n\t0175/10,0268/10\tInvestigation report on abusive use offorce by a security officer at the UnitedNations Office at Geneva\n\tIED-11-001\tInspection of programme-level monitoringand evaluation of the Department ofSafety and Security. While the Departmentof Safety and Security contains thebuilding blocks of a monitoring andevaluation system, with no evaluationunit, no resources devoted, and only adraft evaluation policy, the Departmentof Safety and Security has yet toinstitutionalize the evaluation function\nECA\tAN2010/710/02\tAudit of financial management in ECA. ECAgenerally complied with the FinancialRegulations and Rules of the UnitedNations\n\tAN2010/710/03\tAudit of the ECA subregional office inLusaka. ECA needs to further engage itsSubregional Office for Southern Africa inthe implementation of its programme ofwork to achieve synergy andcomplementarity in programme deliverywithin the subregion\nECLAC\tAN2010/730/01\tComprehensive audit of ECLAC. The overalleffectiveness of ECLAC in the regionneeds to be strengthened by establishingthe necessary capacity for executivedirection and management, and by moreactive participation in the emergencyresponse coordination mechanismEOSG\t0009/10,\tInvestigation reports on possibleretaliation by a staff member at UNCTAD 0401/10, \n\t0402/10,0403/10\t\nEOSG/DM\tIED-COM-10-002\tProgramme performance documentationstatus. Key Integrated Monitoring andDocumentation Information System recordsas of 16 August 2010\n\tIED-COM-11-001\tProgramme performance documentationstatus. Key Integrated Monitoring andDocumentation Information System recordsas of 1 February 2011\nEthicsOffice\tAH2010/515/01\tAudit of the management of the FinancialDisclosure Programme, includinginformation security aspects, by theEthics Office. The Financial DisclosureProgramme is adequately supported bysenior management, but key aspects needto be further developed for the programmeto be fully effective\nInternationalComputingCentre\tAT2009/800/03\tAudit of data processing servicesprovided by the International ComputingCentre to the United Nations Secretariat.The Office of Information andCommunications Technology needs tosimplify the contractual arrangementswith the International Computing Centreand improve its financial monitoring ofprojects executed by the Centre\nInternationalCriminalTribunalforRwanda\t0220/10\tInvestigation report on misconduct by astaff member at the InternationalCriminal Tribunal for Rwanda\n\tAA2010/260/01\tAudit of the completion strategy anddownsizing in the International CriminalTribunal for Rwanda. Some aspects of thedownsizing criteria need to be clarifiedand consistently applied\n\tAT2010/260/01\tAudit of information and communicationstechnology governance and securitymanagement in the International CriminalTribunal for Rwanda. The InternationalCriminal Tribunal for Rwanda shouldimplement additional controls to improvethe delivery of services and the securityof information and assets\nInternationalTribunalfor theFormerYugoslavia\tAA2010/270/01\tAudit of the management of leased cellsand services for the Detention Unit ofthe International Tribunal for the FormerYugoslavia. The agreement for the leaseof detention facilities and service needsto be reviewed by the Headquarters andlocal committees on contracts, andexpenditures for external medicalservices need to be adequately documented\n\tAA2010/270/04\tAudit of the implementation of thedownsizing programme in the InternationalTribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.Although agreed criteria have beenestablished for downsizing, staffing cutswere not implemented as planned owing tothe variability of the trial schedule\nMINURCAT\tAP2010/636/01\tAudit of safety and security in MINURCAT\n\tAP2010/636/03\tAudit of air operations and operationalsafety in MINURCAT. Owing to operationalconstraints, as the Mission draws downand goes into liquidation, there is aneed to reassess its air operationalcapability to ensure the provision ofsafe and reliable air services\n\tAP2010/636/06\tAudit of contingent-owned equipment inMINURCAT. Management oversight ofcontingent-owned equipment was notadequate\n\tAP2010/636/07\tAudit of outstanding purchase orders inMINURCAT. There were no reliable recordsof outstanding purchase orders\n\tAP2010/636/08\tAudit of liquidation planning inMINURCAT. Progress was made in thedrawdown and liquidation planning ofMINURCAT, but a number of actions haveyet to be completed\n\tAP2010/636/09\tAudit of the disposal of assets duringMINURCAT liquidation. Assetreconciliation and movement remainincomplete as at the close of the Mission\n\tAP2010/636/10\tAudit of financial aspects of MINURCATliquidation. Delays were noted ininitiating critical tasks in thefinancial liquidation process\n\tAP2010/636/11\tAudit of the trust fund for the supportof the activities of MINURCAT. While testchecks of transactions showed that theexpenditures incurred were for activitiespertaining to the trust fund, there weresignificant internal control weaknesses,including non-compliance withregulations, rules and donor agreements\nMINURSO\tAP2010/600/01\tAudit of MINURSO. While internal controlswere generally in place, improvements inboth substantive and administrative areasof operations are needed\nMINUSTAH\tAP2010/510/01\tAudit of special measures authorized forcrisis response in Haiti. Overall, thespecial measures were effectively managedto meet the operational requirements ofMINUSTAH\n\tAP2010/683/01\tAudit of staff safety and security inMINUSTAH\n\tAP2010/683/06\tAudit of the implementation of thespecial measures authorized for crisisresponse in Haiti. In general, internalcontrols were in place and implemented asintended\n\tAP2010/683/07\tAudit of the public information functionin MINUSTAH. In developing its publicinformation strategy, MINUSTAH needs toensure that adequate monitoring andevaluation mechanisms are in place\n\tAP2010/683/08\tAudit of property management in MINUSTAH.A strategy is needed to ensure thatnon-expendable and expendable propertyrecords are up to date, accurate andcomplete\n\tAT2009/683/01\tAudit of information and communicationstechnology governance and securitymanagement in MINUSTAH. Additionalcontrols must be implemented to ensureadequate support for business continuityand disaster recovery, and to mitigaterisks to information security\nMONUSCO\tAP2009/620/04\tAudit of the recruitment of nationalstaff in MONUSCO. Owing to the lack ofdocumentation to support the recruitmentof national staff, OIOS was unable toestablish whether the process was fairand transparent\n\tAP2009/620/06\tAudit of vacancy management in MONUSCO.The overall vacancy rate of the Missionimproved, but the vacancy rate for keypositions remained high and requiredcloser monitoring\n\tAP2010/620/01\tAudit of movement control operations inMONUSCO. While Movement Control hasdeveloped procedures to manage itsoperations, it needs to enhance thecost-effectiveness of personnel and cargomovements and safety measures at MONUSCOair terminals\n\tAP2010/620/02\tAudit of the Conduct and Discipline Unitin MONUSCO. MONUSCO made commendableefforts to improve conduct and disciplineactivities. Weaknesses remain in theareas of staff outreach and training,investigative capacity and the reportingof cases handled by the military\n\tAP2010/620/03\tAudit of contract management in MONUSCO.Internal controls over the contractmanagement process were not alwayseffective in ensuring that the terms andconditions of contracts are compliedwith, contract extensions are done in atimely manner, and the interests of theUnited Nations are adequately safeguarded\n\tAP2010/620/04\tAudit of aviation safety in MONUSCO. Theaviation safety measures implemented bythe Mission need to be improved tofurther mitigate air safety risks\n\tAP2010/620/07\tAudit of non-expendable property inMONUSCO. Physical verification ofnon-expendable property in MONUSCO wasconducted regularly, but the Mission didnot follow up and resolve discrepanciesin a timely manner\n\tAP2010/620/08\tAudit of within-mission travel inMONUSCO. Internal controls were generallyin place and implemented effectively.Weakness remained in monitoringexpenditures against budget provisions,planning for trips undertaken by truckdrivers and the review of claims of staffon temporary assignment\n\tAP2010/620/09\tAudit of the vendor payment process inMONUSCO. Monitoring controls over thevendor payment process should bestrengthened to mitigate risks offinancial loss\nOCHA\tAN2010/590/02\tAudit of the policy and guidancemanagement within the Office for theCoordination of Humanitarian Affairs.Although significant progress has beenmade, further attention is needed toconsolidate support for policy andguidance management, including for policysetting and prioritization, as well asimplementation and staff training\n\tAT2010/590/01\tInformation and communications technologygovernance in the Office for theCoordination of Humanitarian Affairs. TheOffice for the Coordination ofHumanitarian Affairs needs to furtherstrengthen its information andcommunications technology governancemodel with additional controls to ensurethe standardization of systems, securityand the efficient use of resources\nOHCHR\tAE2010/331/02\tAudit of the OHCHR Field Operations andTechnical Cooperation Division. There areopportunities for the Division to improvethe clarity of roles andresponsibilities, the efficiency ofworkflow processes and the effectivenessof coordination arrangements\nOIOS\t0217/10\tInvestigation report on sexual harassmentand abuse of authority by a staff memberat United Nations Headquarters\nOOSA\tAE2010/325/01\tAudit of programme management and supportfor the Office for Outer Space Affairs.The Office for Outer Space Affairsarrangements to support programmedelivery could be improved by clarifyingits status within the United Nationssystem, ensuring that its terms ofreference address all activities that ithas been requested to carry out, andreviewing its organizational structure\nSpecialCourt forSierraLeone\tAA2010/290/01\tAudit of the Special Court for SierraLeone. Controls over the implementationof the downsizing and completion strategywere generally adequate, but additionalmeasures are needed\nUNAMA\tAP2009/630/04\tRecruitment of national staff in UNAMA.Further efforts were needed to improvethe verification of academicqualifications, the evaluation ofcandidates and the documentation of therecruitment process\n\tAP2010/630/05\tAudit of financial management in UNAMA.The financial controls implemented by theMission were generally adequate, butthere were opportunities for furtherimprovement\n\tAP2010/630/06\tAudit of the disposal of assets in UNAMA.Established internal controls over thedisposal of assets were not alwayscomplied with\n\tAP2010/630/07\tAudit of the common facilities in UNAMA.Controls need strengthening in therecording of assets and cost-sharing\nUNAMI\tAP2009/812/01\tAudit of the electoral support programmein UNAMI. While the operationalconstraints and insecurity in Iraq wereacknowledged, the UNAMI ElectoralAssistance Office needs to improve itswork planning, implement a more effectiverecommendation monitoring system andensure that relevant documents areaccessible\n\tAP2010/812/01\tAudit of air operations in UNAMI. Somekey controls over air operations were notcomplied with, resulting in increasedaviation safety risk\n\tAP2010/812/02\tAudit of the Conduct and Discipline Unitin UNAMI. Additional efforts are requiredto ensure compliance with United Nationspolicies and procedures\n\tAP2010/812/03\tAudit of the management andadministration of major contracts inUNAMI. Internal controls over theprocurement of major contracts were notalways in place and operating effectively\n\tAP2010/812/04\tAudit of business continuity managementin UNAMI. The Mission needs to develop acomprehensive business continuity andemergency response plan\nUNAMID\tAP2009/634/07\tFuel management in UNAMID. The Missionhad established proper internal controlsover fuel management, but these controlswere not implemented as intended\n\tAP2009/634/09\tAudit of contingent-owned equipment inUNAMID. The Mission’s Contingent-OwnedEquipment/Memorandum of UnderstandingManagement Review Board was notfunctional, thereby impacting on theeffectiveness of the contingent-ownedequipment programme\n\tAP2009/634/12\tReceiving and inspection function inUNAMID. Internal controls over thereceiving and inspection function wereineffective, resulting in a backlog of2,200 containers awaiting receiving andinspection, goods being distributed andused prior to inspection, and thelocation of assets valued at millions ofdollars not being known\n\tAP2010/634/01\tAudit of within-mission travel in UNAMID.Cost control procedures were notimplemented for within-mission travel andtravel to attend Doha peace negotiations\n\tAP2010/634/02\tAudit of air safety operations in UNAMID.Additional measures are required toensure that air safety risks and hazardsare systematically identified and actionis taken to mitigate or eliminate them ina timely manner\n\tAP2010/634/03\tAudit of air operations in UNAMID.Internal controls over air operationscould be significantly improved byprioritizing the implementation of theaviation operational risk managementpolicy, aviation quality assurance andstandardization programmes\n\tAP2010/634/06\tAudit of freight forwarding in UNAMID.Internal controls over freight forwardingwere weak and not implemented as intended\n\tAP2010/634/08\tAudit of fleet management in UNAMID.Internal controls over groundtransportation assets needed to bestrengthened to ensure more efficient useof resources\n\tAP2010/634/10\tAudit of HIV/AIDS Unit operations inUNAMID. Inadequate staffing levels andineffective reporting lines have hinderedthe HIV/AIDS Unit in fully implementingits mandate\n\tAP2010/634/11\tAudit of water and environmentalprotection operations in UNAMID. Delaysin obtaining land and drilling boreholeshindered water self-sufficiency andincreased costs, and environmental riskswere insufficiently mitigated\nUNCC\tAE2010/820/01\tAudit of United Nations CompensationCommission claims payment. Although theUnited Nations Compensation Commissionhas adequate control mechanisms for thedisbursement of awards, part of the Iraqoil sales remain undeposited in the oilproceeds receipts account, resulting in arevenue shortfall\nUNCCD\tAA2010/242/01\tAudit of substantive programmes of theUnited Nations Convention to CombatDesertification. The United NationsConvention to Combat Desertification hasadequate controls over substantiveprogrammes, but needs to develop aresource mobilization strategy andimprove reporting on its financial andstaffing constraints to the Conference ofParties\nUNCTAD\tIED-10-010\tInspection of the programme-levelmonitoring and evaluation of UNCTAD\nUNDEF\tAN2010/524/01\tAudit of the United Nations DemocracyFund. The sustainability of the UnitedNations Democracy Fund is critical topromoting democracy as a global value\n\tAN2010/545/01\tAudit of the International Research andTraining Institute for the Advancement ofWomen. The International Research andTraining Institute for the Advancement ofWomen suffers from an acute leadershipvacuum, which adversely affected itsability to effectively participate in theconsultations pertaining to itsconsolidation into the new compositegender entity and implement changemanagement\nUNDOF\tAP2010/670/01\tAudit of the internal governance ofUNDOF. The organizational structure andreporting lines were not adequate,creating excessive demands on the ForceCommander regarding the day-to-daymanagement of the Mission\nUNEP\t0469/08\tInvestigation report on possiblemisconduct by staff members of UNEP\n\t0079/09\tInvestigation report on the misuse ofinformation and communications technologyresources by a staff member at UNEP\n\t0188/10\tInvestigation report on fraudulent goodssupplied by a United Nations vendor\n\tAA2009/220/01\tAudit of internal governance in UNEP. Theimplementation of the medium-termstrategy will be accomplished through theprovision of adequate resources tostrengthen consultation, coordination andaccountability mechanisms in UNEP\n\tAA2010/220/03\tAudit of UNEP project deliveryarrangements via partnerships. Enhancingthe regulatory framework for themanagement of partnerships, thecentralization of partner selection andthe financial monitoring of projects arekey to successful partnerships\nUNFCCC\tAA2010/241/02\tAudit of the recruitment and training ofstaff at the United Nations FrameworkConvention on Climate Change secretariat.The United Nations Framework Conventionon Climate Change secretariat needs todevelop and implement policies andstrategies on human resources and ensurethat the recruitment of consultants iscompetitive and transparent\nUNFICYP\tAP2010/654/01\tAudit of catering services in UNFICYP.Ineffective internal controls over themanagement of catering contractsincreased the risk that the interests ofthe Mission were not properly safeguarded\nUN-Habitat\t0044/09\tInvestigation report on forgery andmisrepresentation by a staff member atUN-Habitat\n\t0165/09\tInvestigation report on possible fraud bya staff member in UN-Habitat\n\tAA2009/250/02\tAudit of internal governance inUN-Habitat. UN-Habitat has made progressin implementing the medium-term strategicand institutional plan, the finalizationof strategic and operational delivery andthe accomplishment of organizationalgoals\n\tAA2010/250/02\tAudit of the UN-Habitat SomaliaProgramme. UN-Habitat operates theSomalia Programme in an unstableenvironment and needs to improve theassessment of donor satisfaction andcompliance with security standards\n\tAA2010/250/03\tAudit of partnership/cooperationagreements in UN-Habitat. UN-Habitatneeds to improve its internal controlsover the selection, monitoring andimplementation of cooperation agreementswith other entities\nUNHCR\tAR2010/110/01\tAudit of UNHCR operations in the CentralAfrican Republic. The effectiveness ofprogramme delivery could be enhanced byimprovements in the strategy forinternally displaced persons, performancemonitoring and staff training\n\tAR2010/111/01\tUNHCR operations in Sierra Leone.Arrangements for planning and estimatingresource requirements for downsizingoperations could be improved through theintroduction of liquidation guidelines toensure that all activities are identifiedand that the correct level of resourcesis available for handling specific tasks\n\tAR2010/111/03\tAudit of UNHCR operations in Côted’Ivoire. Inadequate arrangements tosafeguard the continuity of operationsadversely affected programme delivery andactivities\n\tAR2010/111/04\tAudit of UNHCR operations in Benin.Strengthening administrative arrangementswould improve the delivery of programmeactivities\n\tAR2010/131/02\tAudit of UNHCR operations in Algeria.Internal controls were in place to managethe risks related to programme andproject management, supply management andsecurity, but there are opportunities toimprove their effectiveness\n\tAR2010/131/05\tAudit of UNHCR operations in Jordan:Iraqi situation. Internal controlweaknesses resulted in inefficiencies andineffectiveness in programme planning,implementation and monitoring\n\tAR2010/162/02\tAudit of UNHCR arrangements for managingand administering staff betweenassignments. UNHCR needs to develop aformal strategy to address the challengeof a high and potentially increasingnumber of staff between assignments\n\tAR2010/163/01\tUNHCR arrangements for managinginternational procurement-relatedactivities. The operational efficiencyand effectiveness of internationalprocurement-related activities could beimproved by strengthening existingarrangements\n\tAR2010/166/02\tAudit of the Focus system. UNHCR shouldensure that the implementation of theFocus system meets user requirements andis managed in a cost-effective manner\n\tAT2010/166/01\tAudit of UNHCR information andcommunications technology servicescontracted to third parties. Notavailable; memorandum report\n\tAR2010/112/01\tControls over procurement management needimprovement\n\tAR2010/131/03\tThe strengthening of strategic planningwould enable the UNHCR representation inYemen to implement its project activitiesmore effectively\n\tAR2010/141/01\tThere is a need to strengthenarrangements for the selection,monitoring and capacity-building ofimplementing partners to support thepolicy of increased use of implementingpartners and to mitigate the riskassociated with the use of a large numberof national implementing partners inprogrammes\n\tAR2010/160/01\tUNHCR needs to define policies andimprove controls over their developmentand dissemination to support itsdecentralization of operations involvinga large field-based workforce\nUNICEF\t0018/10\tInvestigation report on the possiblemisuse of communications facilities andequipment\nUNICRI\t0094/10\tInvestigation report on themisrepresentation of an official title bya former staff member at the UnitedNations Interregional Crime and JusticeResearch Institute\n\t0121/10\tInvestigation report on procurementirregularities and favouritism by a staffmember at the United NationsInterregional Crime and Justice ResearchInstitute\nUNIDIR\tAN2010/385/01\tAudit of governance in UNIDIR. Despitebeing a United Nations entity, UNIDIRlacked governance mechanisms to ensureaccountability and compliance with theRegulations and Rules of the UnitedNations\nUNIFIL\tAP2009/672/03\tAudit of safety and security operationsin UNIFIL\n\tAP2010/672/01\tAudit of travel operations in UNIFIL.Internal controls over travel operationsin UNIFIL were adequate\n\tAP2010/672/02\tAudit of movement control operations inUNIFIL. Internal controls were generallyin place, but not always implementedeffectively; cargo was loaded on aircraftwithout X-ray screening, and there was aneed for more efficient use of airshuttle services\n\tAP2010/672/03\tAudit of medical services in UNIFIL. Theprovision of medical support services inUNIFIL was generally adequate, but therewere opportunities for furtherimprovement\n\tAP2010/672/05\tAudit of the Conduct and Discipline Teamin UNIFIL and its regionalresponsibilities. The Conduct andDiscipline Team was unable to exerciseits regional responsibilities owing tothe lack of clear terms of reference\n\tAT2010/672/01\tAudit of information and communicationstechnology governance, security, businesscontinuity and disaster recovery inUNIFIL. UNIFIL needs to strengthen itsinformation and communications technologygovernance framework with policies andprocedures for information securitymanagement and information andcommunications technology operations\nUNJSPF\tAS2009/801/02\tThe United Nations Joint Staff PensionFund. Investment Management Division’scontract management. The InvestmentManagement Division needs to align itsprocurement strategy with its businessstrategy to ensure that its operationalneeds are fully met\n\tAS2010/800/02\tAudit of United Nations Joint StaffPension Fund performance management. TheUnited Nations Joint Staff Pension Fundwould benefit from tracking and reportingthe actual progress of projects againstthe plan, developing formal projectcharters and plans, and performing animpact analysis upon the conclusion ofeach project\n\tAS2010/800/03\tAudit of United Nations Joint StaffPension Fund disability benefits. TheUnited Nations Joint Staff Pension Fund’sadministration of disability benefits isefficient and well controlled andpromotes compliance with relevantregulations and rules, but can beenhanced by improving managementreporting and data quality controls\n\tAS2010/801/02\tAdministration and project management inthe United Nations Joint Staff PensionFund’s Investment Management DivisionInformation Systems Section. TheInvestment Management Division needs toimplement formal frameworks for projectand performance management, and improveits control mechanisms for managingsuppliers and monitoring service levels\nUNJSPF(IMD)\tAS2010/801/04\tAudit of the implementation of theCharles River trade order managementsystem in the United Nations Joint StaffPension Fund. The implementation ofCharles River has automated trade ordermanagement, but additional measures areneeded to ensure adequate levels ofsecurity, support and integration\n\tAS2010/801/05\tUNJSPF should use the InvestmentManagement Division for the investment ofall available funds and currencytransactions\nUNMIK\tAP2010/650/01\tAudit of claims relating to UNMIKpremises. A policy directive is requiredto facilitate claims management andmitigate the risk of excessiveliabilities\n\tAP2010/650/02\tAudit of reconfiguration structures formandate implementation and accountabilityin UNMIK. The mandate implementation planshould be developed in line with thereconfigured functions and linked withother planning documents and strategies\nUNMIL\tAP2009/626/03\tAudit of supply-chain management inUNMIL. The Mission made commendableefforts in establishing a supply-chainmap, but there was a need for furtherimprovement in managing the supply chain\n\tAP2009/626/09\tAudit of occupational safety and healthin UNMIL. While the establishment of adedicated unit for occupational safetyand health in the Mission is commendable,additional measures and clarity on itsroles and responsibilities are needed\n\tAP2009/626/14\tManagement of engineering assets inUNMIL. The reliability of inventoryrecords was questionable, and stocklevels of certain high-value assets wereexcessive\n\tAP2010/626/01\tAudit of the procurement of localcontracts in UNMIL. Established policiesand procedures were not always compliedwith in the procurement of localcontracts\n\tAP2010/626/02\tAudit of safety and security in UNMIL\n\tAP2010/626/03\tAudit of public information services inUNMIL. There was no mission-specificpublic information strategy, resulting inunclear direction and the risk ofineffective public information programmes\n\tAP2010/626/04\tAudit of warehouse operations in UNMIL.Internal controls over warehouseactivities needed improvement. Annualphysical inventories were not done, anddiscrepancies found during periodic stickcounts were not followed up and adjustedaccordingly in the records\n\tAT2009/626/01\tAudit of information and communicationstechnology governance and securitymanagement in UNMIL. UNMIL generally hadgood internal controls, but couldstrengthen them in the areas ofinformation and communications technologyservice delivery, security of operationsand governance of infrastructure\nUNMIS\tAP2010/632/01\tAudit of medical stores and equipment inUNMIS. In the absence of compensatorycontrols, the non-compliance with theguidelines issued by the Department ofPeacekeeping Operations/Department ofField Support for managing drugs andmedical equipment created serious healthand environmental risks\n\tAP2010/632/03\tAudit of quick-impact projects in UNMIS.The Mission has improved theimplementation rate of quick-impactprojects over the past year; however,improved compliance with the Departmentof Peacekeeping Operations policydirective on quick-impact projects andthe Mission’s administrative instructionwould ensure that the objectives of theprojects were achieved in a timely manner\n\tAP2010/632/06\tAudit of security in UNMIS\n\tAP2010/632/08\tAudit of facilities management in UNMIS.The Mission needs to enhance its capacityto manage facilities, includingestablishing a preventive maintenanceprogramme\n\tAP2010/632/09\tThe disarmament, demobilization andreintegration programme in UNMIS. Lack ofclear direction and management oversight,and lack of coordination between UNMISand UNDP, may impact the results of thedisarmament, demobilization andreintegration programme in UNMIS\n\tAP2010/632/10\tAudit of aviation safety in UNMIS.Measures were generally in place tomitigate aviation safety risks\n\tAP2010/632/11\tAudit of inventory management in UNMIS.Non-expendable and expendable propertieswere not adequately monitored, controlledand safeguarded\n\tAP2010/632/12\tAudit of business continuity and crisismanagement in UNMIS. The Mission hadtaken steps to ensure that it couldrespond to crisis, but was not adequatelyprepared to maintain continuity ofcritical business processes if adisruptive event should occur\n\tAP2010/632/13\tAudit of within-mission travel in UNMIS.Procedures and guidelines onwithin-mission travel were adequate butnot fully complied with. This, togetherwith underbudgeting for daily subsistenceallowance payable to civil staff underthe human resources reform, resulted inoverexpenditure of $1.8 million for theyear 2009/10\n\tAP2010/632/14\tAudit of HIV/AIDS awareness andprevention programme in UNMIS. HIV/AIDSactivities were well integrated into theMission’s programmes; however, theHIV/AIDS Unit’s capacity was limited,impacting on the level of trainingprovided\nUNMIT\tAP2010/682/01\tAudit of medical services in UNMIT. Theprovision of medical support services inUNMIT was generally adequate\n\tAP2010/682/02\tAudit of administrative management ofpublic information services in UNMIT\n\tAP2010/682/03\tAudit of transitional police supportprogramme in UNMIT\nUNMOGIP\tAP2010/600/02\tAudit of UNMOGIP. UNMOGIP had achievedits outputs as outlined in itsresults-based-budgeting framework;however, the restrictions imposed by thehost countries have impeded the effectiveimplementation of its mandate\nUNOCI\tAP2009/640/03\tAudit of the requisitioning process inUNOCI. Requisitioners need to gain abetter understanding of their roles andresponsibilities in order to performtheir functions more effectively\n\tAP2009/640/06\tAudit of contract management in UNOCI.The mission did not have adequateprocedures to ensure that contractssufficiently protect the interests of theOrganization and are complied with\n\tAP2010/640/01\tAudit of the Conduct and Discipline Unitin UNOCI. The mission has taken somemeasures to prevent and handle possiblemisconduct; however, inadequate staffingimpacted on the effectiveness of theConduct and Discipline Team in carryingout its functions\n\tAP2010/640/04\tAudit of UNOCI emergency preparednessleading up to and during the presidentialelection\n\tAT2010/640/01\tAudit of information and communicationstechnology governance and securitymanagement in UNOCI. Additional controlsare required to ensure the effectivenessand security of information andcommunications technology operations\nUNODC\tAE2009/366/03\tAudit of the United Nations Office onDrugs and Crime Regional Office for EastAfrica. Weaknesses in the planning andmonitoring of projects and oversightarrangements increased the risks ofdelays in implementing programmes andprojects\n\tAE2010/360/01\tAudit of governance and fundingarrangements in the United Nations Officeon Drugs and Crime. Governancearrangements and funding mechanisms donot fully support the programme of workat the United Nations Office on Drugs andCrime\n\tAE2010/366/01\tAudit of the United Nations Office onDrugs and Crime Regional Office forMexico, Central America and theCaribbean. The United Nations Office onDrugs and Crime needs to strengthenprogramme and project monitoring andasset management, and clarify theorganizational structure of the regionaloffices in Mexico and Panama\nUNOG\tAE2010/311/03\tAudit of vendor database management inthe United Nations Office at Geneva.Efforts are needed to ensure compliancewith the provisions of the ProcurementManual in respect of provisionallyregistered vendors\n\tIED-10-007\tReport of OIOS on the United NationsOffice at Geneva. The United NationsOffice at Geneva is striving to improveservice delivery, but client satisfactionwith many services remains low\nUNON\t0244/10\tInvestigation report on the unauthorizeduse of the assets of the Organization bya staff member at the United NationsOffice at Nairobi\n\tAA2009/211/02\tAudit of procurement activities at theUnited Nations Office at Nairobi. Thereis a need to review and clarify thedelegation of authority with respect toprocurement on behalf of UNEP andUN-Habitat and improve adherence toprocurement rules and procedures\n\tAA2010/210/01\tAudit of internal governance in theUnited Nations Office at Nairobi. Thereare opportunities for the United NationsOffice at Nairobi to improve its internalgovernance processes to more effectivelyachieve its goals and objectives\n\tAT2010/211/01\tAudit of information and communicationstechnology governance and securitymanagement in the United Nations Officeat Nairobi. Although the United NationsOffice at Nairobi has established anumber of good practices for managing itsinformation and communications technologyresources, improvements are required inorder to strengthen its controlmechanisms, with particular attention togovernance and information security\nUNOV\tIED-10-008\tReport of OIOS on the United NationsOffice at Vienna. Most clients aresatisfied overall with the servicesprovided by the United Nations Office atVienna, but the Office faces risks to itscontinued effectiveness\nUNRCCA\t0125/11\tInvestigation report on the criminalconviction of a staff member assigned tothe United Nations Regional Centre forPreventive Diplomacy for Central Asia\nUNSOA\tAP2010/638/03\tAudit of UNSOA logistical support forAMISOM on food rations. Considering thelogistical constraints, rations werebeing delivered in a timely manner and inthe quantities requested. However,additional equipment and facilities forthe storage and preparation of rationswere necessary\n\tAP2010/638/05\tAudit of UNSOA. Vacancy rates wereinitially high owing to unfavourableconditions of service for staff servingin UNSOA, and there were delays in therecruitment process owing to a lack ofexperienced staff\n\tAP2010/638/07\tAudit of UNSOA remote management ofactivities in Mogadishu. UNSOA has beenproviding logistical support to AMISOM asmandated. However, there was a need tostrengthen risk management and strategicplanning mechanisms, the regulatoryframework and oversight mechanisms toensure the effective provision oflogistical support by UNSOA and properaccountability on the use of the supportby AMISOM\nUNTSO\tAP2010/674/01\tAudit of human resources and travelmanagement in UNTSO. Internal controlswere generally satisfactory, but thedocumentation of recruitment decisionsneeded to be strengthened", "C. Closure reports[2]", "Entity\tAssignmentnumber\tSubject \nDESA\t0157/10\tConduct of a representative of anon-governmental organization\nDFS\t0048/05\tReported entitlement fraud by a staffmember at UNMIL\n\t0330/05\tPossible solicitation of a bribe from avendor by a staff member at UNMIL\n\t0454/05\tPossible procurement irregularities by astaff member at MINUSTAH\n\t0606/05\tProcurement violations by a staff memberat UNMIL\n\t0448/06\tPossible procurement irregularities atUNMIL\n\t0503/06\tReported solicitation of a bribe from avendor by a staff member at UNMIL\n\t0107/07\tReported mismanagement and abuse ofauthority implicating a staff member inUNMIS\n\t0226/07\tSexual exploitation by a staff member atthe former MONUC\n\t0290/07\tSexual harassment implicating a staffmember at the former MONUC\n\t0364/07\tUnauthorized e-mail account access bystaff members at UNMIL\n\t0413/07\tPossible violations of Mission standardoperating procedures on security and abuseof authority at UNMIS\n\t0586/07\tReported misconduct by staff members atthe former MONUC\n\t0011/08\tReported misconduct by a staff member atUNAMI\n\t0345/08\tFraud by a staff member at the formerMONUC\n   0389/08 Procurement irregularities in UNAMI \n\t0511/08\tSexual abuse by a peacekeeper at theformer MONUC\n\t0022/09,0010/09\tMisuse of telephone PIN codes by a staffmember in UNMIS\n\t0055/09\tProcurement irregularities by a staffmember at the former MONUC\n\t0077/09\tPossible procurement irregularities by astaff member at UNIFIL\n\t0135/09\tProcurement irregularities by a staffmember at UNOTIL\n\t0158/09\tMisappropriation and transfer of UnitedNations funds by a staff member at theformer BONUCA\n\t0169/09\tUnauthorized loans and donations ofmedical supplies by a staff member atUNMIL\n   0246/09 Alleged bid-rigging in UNFICYP \n\t0254/09\tSexual exploitation and abuse of minors bya staff member formerly assigned to UNMIL\n\t0292/09\tPossible misuse of United Nations assetsby a staff member at MINURCAT\n\t0350/09,0533/10\tSexual exploitation and abuse by a staffmember at UNMIL\n\t0374/09\tMedical claims fraud by a United NationsVolunteer at UNMIK\n\t0513/09\tTheft by a former United Nations policeofficer at MINUSTAH\n\t0562/09\tPossible bribery implicating a staffmember at UNAMID\n\t0563/09\tMisuse of information and communicationstechnology resources by a staff member atUNAMI\n\t0606/09\tPossible entitlement fraud by a staffmember at UNMIL\n\t0103/10\tMisuse of office by a staff member in theformer BINUB\n\t0120/10\tPossible harassment by a staff member atUNFICYP\n\t0207/10,0208/10\tPossible non-compliance with the FinancialRegulations and Rules of the UnitedNations by a staff member at UNMIL\n\t0224/10\tMissing personal effects of United Nationsstaff members who died during the January2011 earthquake in Haiti\n\t0294/10\tPossible extortion by a staff member atUNMIL\n   0297/10 Bribery by a staff member at UNMIS \n\t0311/10\tReported misconduct by a staff member atMINURSO\n\t0448/10\tAllegations of sexual exploitation andabuse involving a staff member in UNMIS\n\t0503/10\tPossible procurement irregularities atMONUSCO\n   0025/11 Theft of fuel by staff members at UNMIL \n\t0229/11\tPossible misconduct by a United Nationspolice officer in UNMIS\n\t0485/08(PartsA andB)\tReported attempted sexual exploitation andabuse of a minor by a staff member inUNMIL\nDGACM\t0157/08\tFraudulent activities by a staff member atUnited Nations Headquarters\nDM\t0732/05\tPossible procurement irregularities atUnited Nations Headquarters\nECA\t0926/06\tHarassment and intimidation implicating aformer staff member of ECA\nESCAP\t0250/10\tMisrepresentation by a former staff memberat ESCAP\nInternationalCriminalTribunalforRwanda\t0393/10\tSexual abuse of a minor by a staff memberat the International Criminal Tribunal forRwanda\nOCHA\t0342/10\tDomestic violence incident and illegalalcohol consumption by a staff member atthe Office for the Coordination ofHumanitarian Affairs\nOIOS\t0312/10\tLeak of information by a staff member atOIOS\nUNCTAD\t0351/09\tThreatening letter sent to a permanentmission to the United Nations Office atGeneva\n\t0429/09\tDeath threat made against a staff memberin UNCTAD\n\t0476/10\tAnonymous letter sent to a permanentmission to the United Nations Office atGeneva\nUNEP\t0438/06\tRecruitment irregularities by staffmembers at UNEP\n\t0438/08\tDuplicate cash advance payment by a staffmember at UNEP\n\t0469/09\tFraudulent medical claims by a staffmember at UNEP\nUNON\t0265/07\tMisappropriation of building materials bya contractor at the United Nations Officeat Nairobi\n\t0585/08\tFraudulent payments related tointer-office voucher charges\n\t0054/09\tPossible misconduct by a staff member atthe United Nations Office at Nairobi\nUNON/UNOG\t0367/10\tTheft of United Nations Federal CreditUnion credit cards at the United NationsOffice at Nairobi\n UNRWA 0277/10 Reported irregular recruitment at UNRWA", "[1] While the reporting period is from 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011, owing to timing constraints, statistics on the status of recommendations include only those recommendations issued through 31 May 2011 and their status as at 30 June 2011.", "[2] Closure reports are issued when OIOS investigations do not substantiate reported matters." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "临时议程^(*) 项目142", "关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "关于内部监督事务厅2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间活动的报告", "^(*) A/66/150。", "增编", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 5\n2.建议执行情况的全面评估 5\n3.对尚未了结建议的分析 6\n4.内部监督事务厅建议涉及的经费 8\n5.本报告所述期间提出的报告 10\nA.向大会提出的报告 10\nB.向方案主管提出的报告 10\nC.结案报告 26", "简称和缩略语", "非索特派团 非洲联盟驻索马里特派团", "联布综合办 联合国布隆迪综合办事处", "中非支助处 联合国中非共和国建设和平支助办事处", "反恐执行局 反恐怖主义委员会执行局", "经社部 经济和社会事务部", "外勤部 外勤支助部", "大会部 大会和会议管理部", "管理部 管理事务部", "政治部 政治事务部", "维和部 维持和平行动部", "安保部 安全和安保部", "非洲经委会 非洲经济委员会", "欧洲经委会 欧洲经济委员会", "经社事务执委会 经济和社会事务执行委员会", "拉加经委会 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会", "环管小组 环境管理小组", "亚太经社会 亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会", "西亚经社会 西亚经济社会委员会", "投管司 投资管理司", "减灾战略 国际减少灾害战略", "中乍特派团 联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团", "西撒特派团 联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团", "联海稳定团 联合国海地稳定特派团", "联刚观察团/联刚稳定团 联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团/联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团", "人道协调厅 人道主义事务协调厅", "人权高专办 联合国人权事务高级专员办事处", "最不发达等国家高代办 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处", "信通厅 信息和通信技术厅", "监督厅 内部监督事务厅", "法律厅 法律事务厅", "外空办 外层空间事务办公室", "非洲顾问办 非洲问题特别顾问办公室", "联阿援助团 联合国阿富汗援助团", "联伊援助团 联合国伊拉克援助团", "达尔富尔混合行动 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动", "赔偿委员会 联合国赔偿委员会", "防治荒漠化公约 联合国防治荒漠化公约", "贸发会议 联合国贸易和发展会议", "民主基金 联合国民主基金", "观察员部队 联合国脱离接触观察员部队", "开发署 联合国开发计划署", "环境署 联合国环境规划署", "气候公约 联合国气候变化框架公约", "联塞部队 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队", "人居署 联合国人类住区规划署", "难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处", "儿基会 联合国儿童基金会", "犯罪司法所 联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所", "裁研所 联合国裁军研究所", "联黎部队 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队", "养恤基金 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金", "科索沃特派团 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团", "联利特派团 联合国利比里亚特派团", "联苏特派团 联合国苏丹特派团", "联东综合团 联合国东帝汶综合特派团", "印巴观察组 联合国驻印度和巴基斯坦军事观察组", "联科行动 联合国科特迪瓦行动", "禁毒办 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室", "日内瓦办事处 联合国日内瓦办事处", "内罗毕办事处 联合国内罗毕办事处", "联东办事处 联合国东帝汶办事处", "维也纳办事处 联合国维也纳办事处", "中亚预防外交中心 联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心", "近东救济工程处 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处", "非索特派团支助办 联合国非洲联盟驻索马里特派团支助办事处", "停战监督组织 联合国停战监督组织", "联合国大学 联合国大学", "一. 导言", "1. 本增编介绍内部监督事务厅所提出建议的执行情况。本报告主要分四节(第二至五节)。第二节全面评估建议的执行情况。第三节载有一个按联合国实体分列的尚未了结建议分类。第四节载有一个清单，介绍监督厅关于不必要或超额支出、损失和今后减少费用机会的涉及经费问题的建议。第五节载有2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间监督厅印发的全部监督报告清单。", "二. 建议执行情况的全面评估", "2. 在2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间，监督厅向联合国各实体提出了1 624项建议。[1] 其中，392项(24%)被认为至关重要。截至2011年6月30日，方案主管已执行2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间提出的所有建议中的806项(50%)，执行同时期提出的关键建议中的165项(42%)。下图按时期分列2007年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间提出的建议，并显示每个时期的建议执行率。", "2007年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间所提建议截至2011年6月30日的现状和执行率^(a) 的分类", "[]^(a) 关键建议及其相应执行率在括号中标明。当一项建议因形势变化已过时或管理部门接受了不 执行建议所引起的残余风险责任时，该建议可“未加执行而终止”。", "三. 对尚未了结建议的分析", "3. 表1载列截至2011年6月30日每个联合国部门/办事处尚未了结的共1 461项建议，其中320项(22%)已经逾期(即未实现目标日期)，785项(54%)仍未到期，其余356项(占总数的24%)没有设定目标日期。", "4. 所有尚未了结建议的详细情况均提供给有关部门和办事处，以便其有机会提供关于执行状况的最新情况，供编写本增编参考。", "表1 2011年5月31日之前所提尚未了结建议截至2011年6月30日的状况分", "所有尚未 按状态分列 按目标日期分列 了结的建议\n 关键 非关键 关键 非关键 关键 非关键", "未开始 执行中 不接受^(a) 未开始 执行中 不接受^(a) 未到期 已逾期 未设目标日期 未到期 已逾期 未设目标日期", "联布综合办 3 3 — 3 — — 3 — 2 — 1 1 — 2", "反恐执行局 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —", "经社部^(b) 7 37 5 2 — 25 12 — — 2 5 12 — 25", "外勤部 10 19 — 10 — — 19 — 10 — — 19 — —", "大会部 — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — 1 — —", "管理部 39 83 5 32 2 4 75 4 25 8 6 49 28 6", "政治部 4 11 — 4 — — 11 — 4 — — 9 2 —", "新闻部 3 9 — 3 — — 9 — 3 — — 9 — —", "维和部 25 10 — 25 — — 10 — 24 — 1 10 — —", "安保部 4 18 — 4 — — 15 3 1 1 2 8 — 10", "非洲经委会 5 9 — 5 — — 9 — 3 2 — 8 1 —", "欧洲经委会 1 3 — 1 — — 3 — — 1 — 3 — —", "经社事务执委会 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —", "拉加经委会 2 9 — 2 — — 9 — 1 — 1 9 — —", "秘书长办公厅 11 — — 11 — — — — 3 — 8 — — —", "亚太经社会 2 5 — 2 — — 5 — 2 — — 5 — —", "西亚经社会 — 3 — — — — 3 — — — — 1 — 2", "道德操守办公室 — 2 — — — — 2 — — — — 2 — —", "卢旺达问题国际 4 9 — 4 — — 9 — 4 — — 9 — — 刑事法庭", "前南斯拉夫国际 4 11 — 4 — 1 10 — 3 1 — 8 2 1 法庭", "减灾战略 3 2 — 3 — — 2 — 3 — — 2 — —", "联海稳定团 11 20 — 10 1 — 20 — 7 1 3 16 — 4", "联刚观察团/联刚稳定团 8 17 — 8 — — 17 — 8 — — 16 1 —", "人道协调厅 14 17 — 14 — — 17 — 13 1 — 16 1 —", "人权高专办 11 12 — 11 — — 12 — 10 1 — 10 2 —", "最不发达等国家 1 4 — 1 — — 4 — 1 — — 4 — — 高代办", "信通厅 5 7 — 5 — — 7 — 3 — 2 5 1 1", "法律厅 — 3 — — — — 3 — — — — — — 3", "外空办 4 3 — 4 — 1 2 — 4 — — 3 — —", "非洲顾问办 3 11 — 3 — — 11 — — — 3 — 1 10", "联阿援助团^(c) 3 16 — 2 1 — 16 — 3 — — 16 — —", "联伊援助团^(d) 11 21 1 7 3 — 17 4 3 3 5 6 4 11", "达尔富尔混合行动 28 41 3 24 1 5 36 — 5 9 14 15 5 21", "防治荒漠化公约 4 13 — 4 — — 13 — 3 — 1 8 3 2 秘书处", "贸发会议 8 18 — 8 — — 18 — 7 1 — 18 — —", "民主基金 2 3 — 2 — — 3 — 2 — — 3 — —", "观察员部队 1 2 — 1 — — 2 — — 1 — — 2 —", "开发署 — 2 — — — — 2 — — — — 2 — —", "环境署 7 27 — 7 — — 26 1 2 5 — 15 9 3", "环境署-环管小组 1 — — 1 — — — — — — 1 — — —", "气候公约临时秘书处 13 17 — 13 — — 17 — 13 — — 17 — —", "联塞部队 1 1 — 1 — — 1 — — 1 — — 1 —", "难民署 119 159 15 104 — 27 130 2 8 59 52 11 77 71", "犯罪司法所 5 3 — 5 — — 3 — — — 5 — — 3", "裁研所 — 6 — — — — 6 — — — — 6 — —", "联黎部队 4 15 — 4 — — 15 — 2 1 1 15 — —", "养恤基金 3 35 — 3 — 5 29 1 — 3 — 7 27 1", "养恤基金-投管司 7 24 2 5 — 5 19 — 4 3 — 15 7 2", "联利特派团 17 38 — 17 — 6 32 — 3 3 11 11 11 16", "联苏特派团 23 55 5 18 — 5 50 — 10 3 10 43 2 10", "联东综合团 7 11 — 7 — — 11 — 7 — — 11 — —", "印巴观察组 2 3 — 2 — — 3 — 2 — — 2 1 —", "联科行动 9 15 — 9 — 7 8 — 8 — 1 10 1 4", "禁毒办 6 13 — 6 — — 13 — 2 3 1 7 2 4", "日内瓦办事处 1 5 — 1 — — 5 — — 1 — 5 — —", "内罗毕办事处 12 36 — 12 — — 36 — 9 1 2 26 6 4", "维也纳办事处 — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — — — 1", "近东救济工程处 4 4 — 4 — — 4 — 3 — 1 4 — —", "非索特派团支助办 1 — — 1 — — — — 1 — — — — —", "联合国大学 4 1 — 4 — — 1 — 4 — — 1 — —", "共计 505 956 36 461 8 91 850 15 248 120 137 537 200 219", "^(a) “未接受”类的建议包括状态为“拒绝”或“无答复”的建议。", "^(b) 尚未了结的建议包括2011年5月提出的2项关键建议和17项非关键建议。", "^(c) 尚未了结的建议包括2011年5月提出的7项非关键建议。", "^(d) 尚未了结的建议包括2011年5月提出的3项关键建议和7项非关键建议。", "四. 内部监督事务厅建议涉及的经费", "5. 表2概述了监督厅涉及经费的建议。监督厅将监督结果涉及的经费分类简化如下：", "(a) 因管理不善、欺诈、浪费、盗窃等导致的“不必要或超额支出、损失”；及", "(b) 由于监督厅查明的程序可改进之处而产生的“今后减少费用机会”。", "6. 在本报告所述期间，监督厅查明，不必要或超额支出估计数以及今后减少费用机会为1 970万美元。同一时期因监督结果回收的经费共计260万美元。", "表2 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间监督厅各项建议所涉经费不必要或超额支出、损失 (单位：美元)", "实体\t任务编号\t说明\t估计价值\t收回价值 \n外勤部\t0491/09\t达尔富尔混合行动一名工作人员可能行为不当\t580\t\n政治部\t0247/10\t中非支助处一名工作人员可能行为不当——挪用资金\t—\t3 262\n开发署\t0246/10\t中非支助处一名工作人员可能行为不当——欺诈应享权利金与挪用资金\t978\t—\n环境署\t0469/08\t环境署一名工作人员可能行为不当——通过欺诈手段领取应享权利金并滥用资产\t5 325\t—\n联伊援助团\tAP2010/812/01\t向联伊援助团及其他实体工作人员提供其无权享受的飞机差旅费\t247570\t241312\n达尔富尔混合行动\tAP2009/634/07\t向一名供应商多付燃料费\t2 376409\t2 376409\n联苏特派团\tAP2010/632/08\t工作人员津贴错误\t796000\t—\n共计 3 426862\t2 620983", "今后减少费用机会 (单位：美元)", "实体\t任务编号\t说明\t估计金额 \n达尔富尔混合行动\tAP2010/634/06\t运费待付\t4 000000\n达尔富尔混合行动\tAP2009/634/09\t特遣队所属装备的管理\t10 123573\n达尔富尔混合行动\tAP2009/634/07\t燃料供应\t2 000000\n联黎部队\tAP2010/672/01\t总付应享权利金\t33 733\n印巴观察组\tAP2010/600/02\t电力供应\t30 000\n印巴观察组\tAP2010/600/02\t支付派任津贴和工作地点差价调整数\t50 000\n联科行动\tAP2009/640/06\t合同管理\t48 000\n共计 16 285306", "五. 本报告所述期间提出的报告", "7. 在2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间的12个月中，监督厅向方案主管提出了323份监督报告，包括向大会提交了7份报告，还有65份结案报告。表3列有本报告所述期间提交的所有报告清单。", "8. 根据大会第59/272号决议第1段(c)的规定，会员国在提出要求后可查阅监督厅的报告。自2012年1月起，监督厅打算在网站上公布所有报告；同时，所有报告的标题全称可继续在http://www.un.org/Depts/oios查阅。", "表3 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间提出的报告", "A. 向大会提出的报告", "文号 日期 主题", "A/65/266 2010年8月9日 对联合国秘书处性别平等主流化的专题评价", "A/65/752 2011年2月23日 对联合国苏丹特派团业绩成果的方案评价。尽管使团结具有吸引力的《全面和平协定》原定目标没有实现，但联苏特派团对实施《协定》所提供的支助帮助维持了停火", "A/65/762 2011年2月28日 对维持和平行动部/外勤支助部与区域组织之间合作情况的专题评价。尽管联合国与其伙伴机构之间在组织上的差异造成了业务合作方面的许多挑战，但与区域组织在维持和平方面的合作促进了联合国部署和支持维和特派团的全面能力", "A/65/765 2011年3月1日 关于大会第63/287号决议规定的试点项目执行情况的初步报告：内部监督事务厅的报告", "E/AC.51/2011/3 2011年3月15日 方案和协调委员会第四十八届会议就深入评价政治事务所提建议执行情况三年度审查：由政治事务部领导、外勤支助部支持的外地特别政治任务", "A/66/71 2011年3月28日 加强评价的作用并执行关于方案设计、交付和政策指示的评价结果", "E/AC.51/2011/2 2011年3月29日 经济和社会事务部的方案评价", "B. 向方案主管提出的报告", "实体 任务编号 主题", "反恐执行局 AP2010/570/01 对反恐怖主义委员会执行局的审计。反恐怖主义委员会执行局的内部控制已经到位，并按预想执行", "经社部 AN2009/540/03 对经济和社会事务部管理向罗马国际合作项目办公室人力资源和人力建设的发展和管理提供的咨询服务和业务支助的审计。对征聘协理专家和初级专业人员的物色和甄选程序进行一次工作流程分析可大幅缩短征聘时间", "AN2010/512/01 对协理专家和初级专业人员管理方案授权的治理和监察的审计。经济和社会事务部依据《工作人员细则》200号编任命协理专家和初级专业干事的授权自1979年以来没有更新过", "IED-11-002 监督厅关于对公共行政和发展管理司评价的报告", "IED-11-003 监督厅关于对经济及社会理事会支助和协调办公室评价的报告", "IED-11-004 监督厅关于联合国统计司的报告", "IED-11-005 监督厅关于对人口司评价的报告", "IED-11-006 监督厅关于对发展筹资办公室评价的报告", "IED-11-007 监督厅关于联合国森林论坛秘书处的报告", "IED-11-008 监督厅关于对可持续发展司评价的报告", "IED-11-009 监督厅关于对发展政策和分析司评价的报告", "IED-11-010 监督厅关于对社会政策和发展司评价的报告", "IED-11-011 监督厅关于对性别平等问题和提高妇女地位问题特别顾问办公室和提高妇女地位司评价的报告", "外勤部 0936/06 特遣队关于联利特派团一名维持和平人员之死的报告", "0329/07 特遣队关于前联刚特派团维持和平人员性剥削和性虐待问题的报告", "0358/07,0186/08 特遣队关于前联刚特派团一名维持和平人员性虐待一名未成年人问题的报告", "0596/07 关于联科行动一名工作人员利益冲突和征聘程序不合规定问题的调查报告", "0439/08 特遣队关于前联刚特派团维持和平人员性剥削和性虐待问题的报告", "0553/08 关于联科行动一名军事观察员性剥削和性虐待问题的调查报告", "0597/08 关于前联刚特派团一名维持和平人员性剥削和性虐待问题的调查报告", "0613/08 关于联利特派团一名工作人员滥用信息和通信技术资源问题的调查报告", "0028/09 特遣队关于前联刚特派团维持和平人员性虐待未遂问题的报告", "0032/09 关于前联刚特派团一名军事观察员性剥削问题的调查报告", "0210/09 关于西撒特派团一名工作人员采购欺诈问题的调查报告", "0404/09 关于前联刚特派团一名前建制警察部队警官性剥削和性虐待问题的调查报告", "0410/09 特遣队关于前联刚特派团维持和平人员性虐待问题的报告", "0470/09 特遣队关于联利特派团维持和平人员性虐待问题的报告", "0491/09 关于达尔富尔混合行动一名工作人员欺诈问题的调查报告", "0497/09 关于前联刚特派团一名联合国志愿人员卷入性虐待问题的调查报告", "0572/09 关于联科行动一名工作人员欺诈问题的调查报告", "0588/09 特遣队关于联科行动维持和平人员性剥削和性虐待问题的报告", "0016/10 特遣队关于联利特派团一名维持和平人员性剥削和性虐待未成年人问题的报告[2010年8月27日印发更正]", "0033/10 特遣队关于联塞部队一名维持和平人员采购不合规定问题的报告", "0110/10，0113/10 特遣队关于前联刚特派团一名维持和平人员性剥削和性虐待问题的报告", "0126/10 关于联利特派团一名工作人员性剥削和不当使用办公室问题的调查报告", "0149/10 关于前联刚特派团燃料欺诈问题的调查报告", "0158/10 特遣队关于前联刚特派团维持和平人员卷入性剥削和性虐待问题的报告", "0173/10 关于西撒特派团一名工作人员采购欺诈问题的调查报告", "0174/10 关于西撒特派团一名工作人员不当行为问题的调查报告", "0177/10 关于联海稳定团一名联合国警察性剥削和性虐待问题的调查报告", "0182/10 特遣队关于以前部署在前联科行动的一名维持和平人员性虐待一名未成年人问题的报告", "0216/10 特遣队关于联科行动维持和平人员欺诈行为问题的报告", "0219/10 关于前联刚特派团一名联合国警察性剥削和性虐待问题的调查报告", "0246/10 关于前中非支助处一名工作人员欺诈、挪用公款和其他不合规定的调查报告", "0247/10 关于中非支助处一名工作人员挪用公款和其他不合规定的调查报告", "0255/10 关于联海稳定团一名工作人员被指犯下谋杀罪问题的报告", "0269/10 特遣队关于联刚稳定团一名军事观察员性剥削问题的报告", "0270/10 特遣队关于联刚稳定团一名维持和平人员性剥削问题的报告", "0296/10 关于联苏特派团一名联合国警察可能存在不当行为问题的调查报告", "0300/10 关于联苏特派团一名工作人员欺诈问题的调查报告", "0313/10,0317/10 特遣队关于联科行动维持和平人员企图欺诈行为问题的报告", "0314/10,0316/10 特遣队关于联科行动维持和平人员欺诈指控的报告", "0337/10 特遣队关于联刚稳定团一名维持和平人员性虐待问题的报告", "0385/10 特遣队关于联黎部队一名维持和平人员意外发射一枚火箭问题的报告", "0421/10 关于达尔富尔混合行动一名工作人员福利欺诈未遂问题的调查报告", "0505/10 特遣队关于联科行动维持和平人员行为不当问题的报告", "0007/11 特遣队于联苏特派团一名维持和平人员卷入性攻击问题的报告", "0014/11 特遣队关于联海稳定团维持和平人员性剥削和燃料欺诈问题的报告", "0102/11 特遣队关于联利特派团的一名维持和平人员性虐待一名未成年人问题的报告", "0239/11 关于联苏特派团一名联合国警察可能存在不当行为问题的调查报告", "0290/10 关于联苏特派团一名工作人员可能存在不当行为问题的调查报告", "AP2010/615/05 对维持和平行动部和外勤支助部支助账户的规划和预算拟订程序和过程的审计", "AT2009/800/03 对联合国国际电子计算中心为联合国秘书处提供的服务的审计。外勤支助部应增加控制，确保国际电子计算中心提供的信息和通信技术服务的状况和费用得到充分监测、测量和问责", "AT2010/615/01 外勤支助部信息和通信技术司的信息和通信技术需求战略规划。有必要加强控制，包括改进信息和通信技术司与信息和通信技术厅之间的协调，确保外勤支助部实现其信息管理的战略目标", "大会部 AH2009/550/01 对向大会主席办公室提供的支助的审计。目前为大会主席办公室提供支助的安排需要加以澄清，包括资金来源", "管理部 0310/09 关于贸发会议一名工作人员不当使用办公室问题的调查报告", "0344/10 关于联刚稳定团一个联合国供应商的工作人员性剥削和性虐待问题的调查报告", "0456/10 关于犯罪司法所一名前工作人员管理不善和采购不合规定问题的调查报告", "0268/11 关于一个联合国供应商的一架飞机虚报及未经授权操作问题的调查报告", "AC2009/514/05 在执行基本建设总计划期间适用于人员、场地和资产的安全规定。安全和安保部有必要敲定关于让合同人员进入联合国房地的政策和程序，并确保其得到贯彻执行", "AC2010/514/01 在基本建设总计划执行过程中包括拆除石棉在内的适用于联合国工作人员和承包商的安全规定。关于基本建设总计划建设和拆除石棉的安全规定总体上得到了妥善组织和适用", "AG2010/510/01 对行政和预算问题咨询委员会秘书处的管理审查", "AG2010/510/03 对企业资源规划项目主任办公室人力资源管理的审计。严重违反人力资源、财务和采购法规、规则和程序，对项目声誉造成风险", "AH2010/512/01 对联合国秘书处高级职位征聘过程的审计。人力资源管理厅应加强其监察作用，确保征聘程序得到遵守，并查明哪些领域可使高级职位更及时得到填补", "AT2009/510/02 对联合国秘书处企业资源规划项目的审计。有必要加强控制，确保企业资源规划项目不受有关治理结构、项目管理、系统整合和资金监测方面未减风险的不利影响", "AT2010/512/01 联合国秘书处“Inspira”人才管理项目。为充分实现“Inspira”项目的好处，必须加强项目管理的内部控制", "IED-10-002 检查管理部的方案一级监测和评价", "IED-10-009 监督厅关于方案规划、预算和账户厅的报告。方案规划、预算和账户厅致力于其任务规定，业务业绩良好，但是与客户的沟通不理想，而且预算过程对其整体实效构成挑战", "IED-10-011 监督厅关于副秘书长办公室和管理事务部的报告。为使联合国管理办法、过程和程序改革取得成功，副秘书长办公室和管理事务部必须更加努力积极主动地发挥领导作用", "政治部 AP2010/600/04 对联布综合办的审计。内部控制普遍到位并有效地运作，但在某些领域需要加强控制", "新闻部 AN2010/580/01 对新闻部执行办公室向公共信息方案提供的支助服务的审计。缺乏明确的客户支助战略，导致新闻部执行办公室的作用减弱，并与各实务司期望的差距扩大", "维和部 AP2009/600/03 对维持和平行动部统筹行动小组的审计。这些行动小组应在节奏较慢期间灵活部署其资源并加强与各专家单位的联系，提高其实效", "AP2010/560/01 对政治事务部安全理事会事务司的审计。内部控制普遍到位。可通过改进下列程序进一步提高效率：(a) 记录安全理事会惯例，(b) 甄选在专家小组任职的人选，(c) 征聘专家，(d) 组织安全理事会附属机构会议", "维和部/外勤部 IED-10-001 检查维持和平行动部和外勤支助部的监测和评价工作。维持和平行动部/外勤支助部关于方案绩效的报告十分可靠，但两个部均需要采取有针对性的行动，更有效地应对复杂的监测和报告环境", "安保部 0473/08 关于安全和安保部一名工作人员滥用信息和通信技术资源问题的调查报告", "0390/10,0496/09 关于安全和安保部一名工作人员不当行为问题的调查报告", "0175/10,0268/10 关于联合国日内瓦办事处一名警卫滥用武力问题的调查报告", "IED-11-001 检查安全和安保部方案一级监测和评价工作。安全和安保部内部有一些监测和评价制度的基础，但没有评价单位，也没有投入资源，只有一个评价政策草案，因此安全和安保部尚未将评价职能制度化", "非洲经委会 AN2010/710/02 对非洲经委会财务管理问题的审计。非洲经委会普遍遵守联合国财务条例和细则", "AN2010/710/03 对设在卢萨卡的非洲经委会区域办事处的审计。非洲经委会应进一步使南部非洲次区域办事处参与执行其工作方案，实现该次区域方案交付的协同性和互补性", "拉加经委会 AN2010/730/01 对拉加经委会的全面审计。必须建立必要的行政领导和管理能力，并更积极参与应急反应协调机制，以加强拉加经委会在该地区的整体实效", "秘书长办公厅 0009/10,0401/10, 关于贸发会议一名工作人员可能存在报复行为问题的调查报告 0402/10,0403/10", "秘书长办公厅/ IED-COM-10-002 方案执行情况文献记载状况。截至2010年8月16日的重点综合监测和文件信息系统记录 管理部", "IED-COM-11-001 方案执行情况文献记载状况。截至2011年2月1日的重点综合监测和文件信息系统记录", "道德操守办公室 AH2010/515/01 对道德操守办公室管理财务披露方案包括信息安全方面的审计。财务披露方案得到高级管理当局充分支持，但该程序必须进一步发展关键方面才能完全有效", "国际电子计算中心 AT2009/800/03 对国际电子计算中心向联合国秘书处提供的数据处理服务的审计。信息和通信技术厅应简化与国际电子计算中心的合同安排，并提高对该中心所执行项目的财务监测", "卢旺达问题国际 0220/10 关于卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭一名工作人员不当行为的调查报告 刑事法庭", "AA2010/260/01 对卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭的完成工作战略和缩编工作的审计。缩编准则的某些方面需要加以澄清和贯彻应用", "AT2010/260/01 对卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭信息和通信技术治理和安全管理问题的审计。卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭应实施额外控制，改善服务的交付和资料及资产的安全性", "前南斯拉夫国际 AA2010/270/01 对前南斯拉夫国际刑事法庭拘留所租用牢房和服务的管理的审计。拘留设施和服务需求的租赁协议应当由总部和地方合同委员会进行审查，外部医疗服务支出应得到充分的记录。 刑事法庭", "AA2010/270/04 对前南斯拉夫问题国际刑事法庭缩编方案实施情况的审计。虽然已设立商定的缩编标准，但由于审判时间表的变化，人员编制削减工作没有按计划实施", "中乍特派团 AP2010/636/01 对中乍特派团的安全和安保的审计", "AP2010/636/03 对中乍特派团空中业务和行动安全的审计。由于因特派团缩编和清理结束带来的行动限制，有必要重新评估其空中作业能力，以确保提供安全可靠的航空服务", "AP2010/636/06 对中乍特派团特遣队所属装备的审计。管理部门对特遣队所属装备的监督不充分", "AP2010/636/07 对中乍特派团未付订购单的审计。未付订购单没有可靠的记录", "AP2010/636/08 对中乍特派团清理结束规划的审计。中乍特派团缩编和清理结束工作取得了进展，但一些行动尚未完成", "AP2010/636/09 对中乍特派团清理结束期间资产处置的审计。截至该特派团结束之时，资产对账和转移仍未完成", "AP2010/636/10 中乍特派团清理结束工作财务问题的审计。财务清算过程中的关键任务启动有所延迟", "AP2010/636/11 对支助中乍特派团活动信托基金的审计。虽然对交易的检查测试表明发生开支来自与信托基金有关的活动，但内部控制存在显著薄弱环节，包括不遵守规定、规则和捐助方协议问题。", "西撒特派团 AP2010/600/01 对西撒特派团的审计。内部控制基本到位，但业务的实质性和行政领域均须改进", "联海稳定团 AP2010/510/01 对授权在海地采取的应对危机特别措施的审计。总体而言，特别措施得到有效管理，满足联海稳定团的业务要求", "AP2010/683/01 对联海稳定团的安全和安保的审计", "AP2010/683/06 对授权在海地采取的危机应急特别措施执行情况的审计。总体上，内部控制到位并按预期实施", "AP2010/683/07 对联海稳定团公共信息职能的审计。联海稳定团在制定其公共信息战略时，应确保充分的监测和评价机制均到位", "AP2010/683/08 对联海稳定团的财产管理的审计。应制定一个战略，以确保非消耗性和消耗性财产的记录保持最新、准确和完整", "AT2009/683/01 对联海稳定团信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。必须实施额外的控制，以确保业务连续性和灾后恢复得到充分支持，并减轻信息安全的风险", "联刚稳定团 AP2009/620/04 对联刚稳定团本国工作人员征聘的审计。由于缺乏支持本国工作人员征聘的文件记录，监督厅无法确定过程是否公平透明", "AP2009/620/06 对联刚稳定团空缺管理的审计。特派团整体空缺率得到改善，但关键岗位空缺率仍然很高，需要进行更密切的监测", "AP2010/620/01 对联刚稳定团调度业务活动的审计。调度工作已制定了管理其业务的程序，但还需要加强联刚稳定团航站的人员和货物流动与安全措施的成本效益", "AP2010/620/02 对联刚稳定团行为和纪律股的审计。联刚稳定团作出了值得赞扬的努力，以改善行为和纪律活动。在由军方处理的工作人员外联和培训、调查能力和案件报告领域仍存在弱点", "AP2010/620/03 对联刚稳定团合同管理的审计。对合同管理过程的内部控制并非总是有效，无法确保合同的条款和条件得到遵守，合同延长及时完成，以及联合国利益得到充分保障", "AP2010/620/04 对联刚稳定团航空安全的审计。特派团实施的航空安全措施需要加以改进，以进一步减轻航空安全风险", "AP2010/620/07 对联刚稳定团非消耗性财产的审计。对联刚稳定团非消耗性财产定期进行了实物核查，但特派团没有及时跟进并解决不符问题", "AP2010/620/08 对联刚稳定团内部差旅的审计。内部控制普遍到位并有效实施。在监测预算拨款支出、规划卡车司机出车和审查工作人员临时任务报销方面，仍然存在弱点", "AP2010/620/09 对联刚稳定团供应商付款过程的审计。对供应商付款过程的监测控制应加强，以减轻财务损失的风险", "人道协调厅 AN2010/590/02 对人道主义事务协调厅内部政策和指导管理的审计。虽然已经取得了显著进展，但还需要进一步关注，以巩固对政策和指导管理的支持，包括制订政策和优先次序以及执行和人员培训", "AT2010/590/01 人道主义事务协调厅的信息和通信技术治理。人道主义事务协调厅应进一步加强其信息和通信技术治理模式，增加控制，以确保系统标准化、安全和高效利用资源", "人权高专办 AE2010/331/02 对人权高专办外勤业务和技术合作司的审计。该司仍有改善作用与职责的清晰性、工作流程效率和协调安排效益的余地", "监督厅 0217/10 关于联合国总部一名工作人员性骚扰和滥用权力问题的调查报告", "外空办 AE2010/325/01 对外层空间事务办公室的方案管理和支持的审计。外层空间事务办公室可以澄清其在联合国系统​​内的地位，确保其职权范围处理了所有要求其开展的活动，并审查其组织结构，从而改善支持方案交付的安排", "塞拉利昂问题 AA2010/290/01 对塞拉利昂问题特别法庭的审计。对缩编和完成工作战略实施的控制总体充分，但须采取更多措施 特别法庭", "联阿援助团 AP2009/630/04 联阿援助团的本国工作人员征聘。须进一步努力改进学术资格核查、报名人员评估和征聘过程中的文件工作", "AP2010/630/05 对联阿援助团财务管理的审计。特派团实施的财务控制基本充分，但也有进一步改善的余地", "AP2010/630/06 对联阿援助团资产处置的审计。现有资产处置的内部控制并非总能得到遵守", "AP2010/630/07 对联阿援助团公用设施的审计。在资产记录和费用分摊方面需要加强控制", "联伊援助团 AP2009/812/01 对联伊援助团选举支助方案的审计。虽然应承认伊拉克的业务制约因素和不安全因素，但联伊援助团选举援助办公室应改善其工作规划，实施更有效的建议监测制度，并确保有关文件可供查阅", "AP2010/812/01 对联伊援助团空中业务的审计。对空中业务的一些关键控制没有得到遵守，导致航空安全风险增加", "AP2010/812/02 对联伊援助团行为和纪律股的审计。需要进行更多努力，确保联合国的政策和程序得到遵守", "AP2010/812/03 对联伊援助团重大合同的管理和行政的审计。对重大合同采购的内部控制并非总是到位并有效运作", "AP2010/812/04 对联伊援助团业务连续性管理的审计。特派团应制定一个全面的业务连续性和突发事件应急计划", "达尔富尔混合行动 AP2009/634/07 达尔富尔混合行动的燃料管理。特派团已建立了适当的燃料管理内部控制，但这些控制没有按预想实施", "AP2009/634/09 对达尔富尔混合行动特遣队所属装备的审计。特派团的特遣队所属装备和谅解备忘录管理审查委员会没有运行，从而影响了特遣队所属装备方案的有效性", "AP2009/634/12 达尔富尔混合行动的验收职能。对验收职能的内部控制无效，造成2 200个等待验收货物的积压集装箱未经检查即被分发使用，价值数百万美元的资产地点不详", "AP2010/634/01 对达尔富尔混合行动特派团内部差旅的审计。对于特派团内部差旅以及参加多哈和平谈判的差旅没有实施成本控制程序", "AP2010/634/02 对达尔富尔混合行动空中安全活动的审计。应采取更多措施，确保系统地查明航空安全风险和危害，并采取行动及时减轻或消除这些风险和危害", "AP2010/634/03 对达尔富尔混合行动空中业务的审计。对空中业务的内部控制可以通过优先执行航空业务风险管理政策、航空质量保证和标准化方案得到显著改善", "AP2010/634/06 对达尔富尔混合行动货物转运的审计。对货物转运的内部控制薄弱而且没有按预想实施", "AP2010/634/08 对达尔富尔混合行动车队管理的审计。对陆运资产的内部控制需要加强，以确保更高效地利用资源", "AP2010/634/10 对达尔富尔混合行动艾滋病毒/艾滋病股的审计。人员配置不足、报告渠道不畅，妨碍了艾滋病毒/艾滋病股充分执行其任务", "AP2010/634/11 对达尔富尔混合行动的水资源和环境保护行动的审计。在获得土地和钻井方面的延误，阻碍了用水的自给自足，并增加了成本，环境风险也没有充分减轻", "赔偿委员会 AE2010/820/01 对联合国赔偿委员会支付索赔的审计。尽管联合国赔偿委员会已有关于支付赔款的充分控制机制，但一部分伊拉克石油销售仍未存入石油收益收款账户，导致收入不足", "防治荒漠化公约 AA2010/242/01 对联合国防治荒漠化公约实务方案的审计。联合国防治荒漠化公约对实务方案已有充分控制，但须制定一个资源调动战略，并改善向缔约方会议报告其财政和人员限制的工作 秘书处", "贸发会议 IED-10-010 检查贸发会议方案一级的监测和评价工作", "民主基金 AN2010/524/01 对联合国民主基金的审计。联合国民主基金的可持续能力对于促进作为全球价值的民主至关重要", "AN2010/545/01 对提高妇女地位国际研究训练所的审计。提高妇女地位国际研究训练所存在严重的领导力真空，这使其难以有效地参与有关其加入新的性别平等问题综合实体的协商，并实施对改革的管理", "观察员部队 AP2010/670/01 对观察员部队内部治理的审计。组织结构和报告渠道不充分，导致对部队指挥官造成了特派团日常管理方面的过多要求", "环境署 0469/08 关于环境署一名工作人员可能存在不当行为问题的调查报告", "0079/09 关于环境署一名工作人员滥用信息和通信技术资源问题的调查报告", "0188/10 关于一个联合国供应商提供假冒商品的调查报告", "AA2009/220/01 对环境署内部治理的审计。将通过提供充足资源，加强环境署的磋商、协调和问责机制，完成中期战略的实施。", "AA2010/220/03 对环境署通过伙伴关系安排项目交付的审计。加强管理伙伴关系的监管框架、集中甄选合作伙伴和对项目进行财务监督是成功伙伴关系的关键", "气候公约 AA2010/241/02 对联合国气候变化框架公约秘书处工作人员征聘和培训的审计。联合国气候变化框架公约秘书处应制定和实施人力资源政策和战略，并确保咨询人征聘过程具有竞争性和透明性", "联塞部队 AP2010/654/01 对联塞部队饮食服务的审计。对餐饮合同管理的内部控制效果不佳，增大了该特派团利益未能得到妥善保障的风险", "人居署 0044/09 关于人居署一名工作人员作假和不实陈述问题的调查报告", "0165/09 关于人居署一名工作人员可能存在欺诈问题的调查报告", "AA2009/250/02 对人居署内部治理的审计。人居署已在实施中期战略和体制计划方面取得了进展。战略和业务的交付和组织目标的实现最后敲定", "AA2010/250/02 对人居署索马里方案的审计。人居署在不稳定的环境中执行索马里方案，应改进对捐助方满意程度和遵守安全标准情况的评估", "AA2010/250/03 对人居署伙伴关系/合作协议的审计。人居署应改善其对甄选、监测和实施与其他实体的合作协议的内部控制", "难民署 AR2010/110/01 对难民署在中非共和国业务的审计。可以通过改善境内流离失所者、履约监测和工作人员训练，加强方案交付的成效", "AR2010/111/01 难民署在塞拉利昂的业务活动。通过采用清理结束指导方针，可以改进缩编行动规划安排和所需资源估计量，以确保所有活动都被查明，并能获得处理特定任务的适当资源", "AR2010/111/03 对难民署在科特迪瓦业务的审计。保障业务连续性的安排不足，对方案交付和活动产生不利影响", "AR2010/111/04 对难民署在贝宁业务的审计。加强行政安排将改善方案活动的交付", "AR2010/131/02 对难民署在阿尔及利亚业务的审计。内部控制已到位，以控制与方案和项目管理、供应管理和安保有关的风险，但其实效仍有提高余地", "AR2010/131/05 对难民署在约旦-伊拉克局势中的业务的审计。内部控制的薄弱之处导致方案规划、执行和监测效率不高和效果不佳", "AR2010/162/02 对难民署管理和处理待职工作人员的安排的审计。难民署应制定正式战略，处理待职工作人员人数较多且可能继续增加的挑战", "AR2010/163/01 难民署对管理国际采购相关活动的安排。国际采购相关活动的运作效率和成效可通过加强现有安排得到提高", "AR2010/166/02 对焦点制度的审计。难民署应确保焦点制度的实施满足用户的要求，并以具有成本效益的方式进行管理", "AT2010/166/01 对难民署承包给第三方的信息和通信技术服务的审计。暂缺；备忘录报告", "AR2010/112/01 对采购管理的控制需要改进", "AR2010/131/03 加强战略规划将使难民署在也门的代表更有效地执行其项目活动", "AR2010/141/01 应加强执行伙伴的甄选、监测和能力建设的安排，以支持更多利用执行伙伴的政策，减轻与在方案中使用大量国家执行伙伴相关的风险", "AR2010/160/01 难民署应制定政策，提高对政策制定和传播的控制，以支持其涉及大量外勤人员队伍的业务下放工作", "儿基会 0018/10 关于通信设施和设备可能被滥用问题的调查报告", "犯罪司法所 0094/10 关于联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所一名前工作人员虚报职衔问题的调查报告", "0121/10 关于联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所一名工作人员违规采购和搞裙带关系问题的调查报告", "裁研所 AN2010/385/01 对裁研所治理的审计。裁研所虽然是一个联合国实体，但缺乏确保问责制和遵守联合国条例和细则的治理机制", "联黎部队 AP2009/672/03 对联黎部队的安全和安保业务的审计", "AP2010/672/01 对联黎部队差旅业务的审计。对联黎部队差旅业务的内部控制是适当的", "AP2010/672/02 对联黎部队调度业务的审计。内部控制基本上已到位，但并非总是得到有效实施；货物未经X光检查就装载上飞机，有必要更有效地利用空中接送服务", "AP2010/672/03 对联黎部队医疗服务的审计。在联黎部队提供的医疗支援服务基本是充分的，但有进一步改善的余地", "AP2010/672/05 对联黎部队行为和纪律小组及其区域责任的审计。由于缺乏明确的职权范围，行为和纪律小组无法行使其区域责任", "AT2010/672/01 对联黎部队的信息和通信技术治理、安全、业务连续性和灾后恢复的审计。联黎部队应利用关于信息安全管理及信息和通信技术业务的政策和程序加强其信息和通信技术的治理框架", "养恤基金 AS2009/801/02 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金投资管理司的合同管理。投资管理司应使其采购策略与业务战略保持一致，确保其业务需求得到充分满足", "AS2010/800/02 对联合国合办工作人员养恤基金业绩管理的审计。根据计划跟踪和报告项目的实际进度、制定正式的项目章程和计划，并在每个项目结束时进行影响的分析，对联合国合办工作人员养恤基金将大有裨益", "AS2010/800/03 对联合国合办工作人员养恤基金残疾津贴的审计。联合国合办工作人员养恤基金残疾津贴的管理效率很高并得到良好控制，促进了有关条例和细则的遵守情况，但仍可改善管理报告和数据质量控制，从而进一步强化管理", "AS2010/801/02 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金投资管理司信息系统科的行政和项目管理。投资管理司应执行正式项目和业绩管理框架，并改善其管理供应商和监测服务水平的控制机制", "养恤基金 AS2010/801/04 对联合国合办工作人员养恤基金查尔斯·里弗交易订单管理系统执行情况的审计。查尔斯·里弗系统的实施实现了交易订单管理自动化，但仍须采取更多措施，确保充分的安全、支助和整合 (投管司)", "AS2010/801/05 养恤基金应利用投资管理司对所有可用的资金和货币交易进行投资", "科索沃特派团 AP2010/650/01 对有关科索沃特派团房地的索赔的审计。需要有一个政策指示，以便进行索赔管理并减轻过度负债的风险", "AP2010/650/02 对科索沃特派团重组执行任务和问责结构的审计。任务执行计划应依据重组后的职能制定，并与其他规划文件和战略挂钩", "联利特派团 AP2009/626/03 对联利特派团供应链管理的审计。特派团作出值得称道的努力，建立了一个供应链图，但有必要进一步改进供应链管理", "AP2009/626/09 对联利特派团的职业安全和健康的审计。虽然成立一个负责职业安全和健康的专职单位是值得赞扬的，但还需要采取更多措施并明确其作用和职责", "AP2009/626/14 联利特派团工程资产管理。财产记录的可靠性有疑问，某些高价值资产的库存量过多", "AP2010/626/01 对在联利特派团当地合同采购的审计。当地合同采购并非总能遵循既定政策和程序", "AP2010/626/02 对联利特派团的安全和安保的审计", "AP2010/626/03 对联利特派团公共信息服务的审计。由于没有针对特派团的公共信息战略，导致没有明确方向，并可能产生无效公共信息方案", "AP2010/626/04 对联利特派团仓库业务的审计。对仓库活动的内部控制需要改进。没有进行年度实物盘存，在定期计数过程中发现的不符之处没有跟进并相应调整记录", "AT2009/626/01 对联利特派团信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。联利特派团总体上有良好的内部控制，但在信息和通信技术服务提供、业务安全和基础设施的治理等领域，还可以进一步加强", "联苏特派团 AP2010/632/01 对联苏特派团医疗储存品和设备的审计。在没有补偿性控制的情况下，违反维持和平行动部/外勤支助部发布的关于管理药品和医疗设备的导则，造成了严重的健康和环境风险", "AP2010/632/03 对联苏特派团速效项目的审计。特派团在过去一年中提高了速效项目的执行率，然而，改善遵循维持和平行动部关于速效项目的政策指示和特派团行政指示的情况，将确保及时实现项目目标", "AP2010/632/06 联苏特派团的安保审计", "AP2010/632/08 对联苏特派团设施管理的审计。特派团应提高其管理设施的能力，包括建立一个预防性维修方案", "AP2010/632/09 联苏特派团解除武装、复员和重返社会方案。缺乏明确的方向和管理监督、联苏特派团和开发署之间缺乏协调，可能会影响联苏特派团的解除武装、复员和重返社会方案的结果", "AP2010/632/10 对联苏特派团航空安全的审计。各项减轻航空安全风险的措施总体上已到位", "AP2010/632/11 对联苏特派团库存管理的审计。非消耗性和消耗性财产没有得到充分监测、控制和保障", "AP2010/632/12 对联苏特派团业务连续性和危机管理的审计。特派团已采取步骤确保能够应对危机，但并没有做好充分的准备，在发生破坏性事件时无法保持关键业务流程的连续性", "AP2010/632/13 对联苏特派团内部差旅的审计。关于特派团内部差旅的程序和准则是足够的，但没有得到充分遵守。这一点，加上人力资源改革导致应付文职人员每日生活津贴预算不足，导致2009/2010年度超支180万美元", "AP2010/632/14 对联苏特派团艾滋病毒/艾滋病认识和预防方案的审计。艾滋病毒/艾滋病活动已很好地纳入特派团各方案，但是，艾滋病毒/艾滋病股的能力有限，影响到所提供培训的水平", "联东综合团 AP2010/682/01 对联东综合团医疗服务的审计。联东综合团提供的医疗支援服务总体是充足的", "AP2010/682/02 对联东综合团公共信息服务的行政管理的审计", "AP2010/682/03 对联东综合团过渡时期警察支助方案的审计", "印巴观察组 AP2010/600/02 对印巴观察组的审计。印巴观察组已达到了其成果预算编制框架所规定的产出，然而，东道国施加的限制阻碍了其任务的有效实现", "联科行动 AP2009/640/03 对联科行动请购程序的审计。申购人应更好地认识自己的角色和责任，以更有效地履行其职能", "AP2009/640/06 对联科行动合同管理的审计。特派团没有足够的程序来确保合同充分保护本组织利益并得到遵守", "AP2010/640/01 对联科行动行为和纪律股的审计。特派团已采取一些措施来防止和处理可能出现的不当行为；然而，人员编制不足影响了行为和纪律小组履行其职能的效力", "AP2010/640/04 对联科行动在总统大选之前及期间的应急准备的审计", "AT2010/640/01 对联科行动信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。需要额外的控制，以确保信息和通信技术业务的有效性和安全性", "禁毒办 AE2009/366/03 对联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室东非区域办事处的审计。在项目的规划和监测与监督安排方面存在弱点，增大了延误执行方案和项目的风险", "AE2010/360/01 对联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室治理和资金安排的审计。治理安排和筹资机制不完全有助于联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室的工作方案", "AE2010/366/01 对联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室墨西哥、中美洲和加勒比区域办事处的审计。联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室应加强方案和项目监测与资产管理，并厘清墨西哥和巴拿马区域办事处的组织结构", "日内瓦办事处 AE2010/311/03 对联合国日内瓦办事处供应商数据库管理的审计。应努力确保遵守《采购手册》关于临时登记的供应商的规定", "IED-10-007 监督厅关于联合国日内瓦办事处的报告。联合国日内瓦办事处正在努力改善服务的交付，但客户对许多服务的满意度仍然较低", "内罗毕办事处 0244/10 关于联合国内罗毕办事处的一名工作人员未经授权使用本组织资产问题的调查报告", "AA2009/211/02 对联合国内罗毕办事处采购活动的审计。有必要审查并澄清在代表环境署与人居署采购方面的授权情况，并改善采购规则和程序的遵守情况", "AA2010/210/01 对联合国内罗毕办事处内部治理的审计。联合国内罗毕办事处仍有余地改善其内部治理程序，更有效地实现其目标和宗旨", "AT2010/211/01 对联合国内罗毕办事处信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。尽管联合国内罗毕办事处已建立了一些关于管理其信息和通信技术资源的良好做法，但仍须继续改善，以加强其控制机制，并特别注意治理与信息安全", "维也纳办事处 IED-10-008 监督厅关于联合国维也纳办事处的报告。大多数客户都对联合国维也纳办事处所提供的服务表示整体满意，但该办事处可能难以持续有效", "中亚预防外交中心 0125/11 关于分配到联合国中亚地区预防性外交中心的一名工作人员的刑事定罪问题的调查报告", "非索特派团支助办 AP2010/638/03 对非索特派团支助办向非索特派团提供的口粮后勤支援的审计。尽管后勤方面存在限制因素，口粮仍及时交付，数量也符合要求。然而，有必要增加储存和制备口粮的设备和设施", "AP2010/638/05 对非索特派团支助办的审计。由于非索特派团支助办工作人员的工作条件不佳，最初空缺率极高。缺乏有经验的工作人员，使得征聘过程也出现延迟", "AP2010/638/07 对非索特派团支助办远程管理摩加迪沙活动的审计。非索特派团支助办已根据任务规定向非索特派团提供了后勤支援。然而，有必要加强风险管理和战略规划机制、监管框架和监督机制，以确保非索特派团支助办有效提供后勤支援，并对非索特派团利用支助的情况实行适当问责制", "停战监督组织 AP2010/674/01 对停战监督组织人力资源和差旅管理的审计。内部控制总体上令人满意，但还需要加强征聘决策的文件工作", "C. 结案报告[2]", "实体 任务编号 主题 \n 经社部 0157/10 一个非政府组织的一名代表的行为 \n外勤部\t0048/05\t联利特派团一名工作人员据报告有权利金欺诈行为\n\t0330/05\t联利特派团一名工作人员可能向一个供应商索贿\n\t0454/05\t联海稳定团一名工作人员在采购方面可能存在的不合规定问题\n   0606/05 联利特派团一名工作人员的违规采购行为 \n\t0448/06\t联利特派团在采购方面可能存在的不合规定问题\n\t0503/06\t据报联利特派团一名工作人员向一个供应商索贿\n\t0107/07\t据报告联苏特派团一名工作人员卷入管理不善和滥用权力行为\n   0226/07 前联刚特派团一名工作人员的性剥削行为 \n   0290/07 前联刚特派团一名工作人员卷入性骚扰 \n\t0364/07\t联利特派团工作人员未经授权访问电子邮件账户\n\t0413/07\t联苏特派团可能违反关于安全和滥用权力的特派团标准作业程序\n   0586/07 据报前联刚特派团工作人员的不当行为 \n   0011/08 据报联伊援助团一名工作人员的不当行为 \n   0345/08 前联刚特派团一名工作人员的欺诈行为 \n   0389/08 联伊援助团在采购方面的不合规定问题 \n   0511/08 前联刚特派团一名维持和平人员的性虐待行为 \n\t0022/09，0010/09\t联苏特派团一名工作人员滥用电话个人身份号码行为\n\t0055/09\t前联刚特派团一名工作人员在采购方面的不合规定问题\n\t0077/09\t联黎部队一名工作人员在采购方面可能存在的不合规定问题\n\t0135/09\t联东办事处一名工作人员在采购方面的不合规定问题\n\t0158/09\t原中非支助处一名工作人员挪用和转移联合国经费\n\t0169/09\t联利特派团一名工作人员未经授权贷款并捐赠医疗用品\n   0246/09 联塞部队涉嫌操纵投标 \n\t0254/09\t以前分配在联利特派团的一名工作人员性剥削和性虐待未成年人\n   0292/09 中乍特派团一名工作人员可能滥用联合国资产 \n\t0350/09,0533/10\t联利特派团一名工作人员的性剥削和性虐待行为\n\t0374/09\t科索沃特派团一名联合国志愿人员的医疗费报销欺诈行为\n 0513/09 联海稳定团原来的一名警官的盗窃行为 \n\t0562/09\t达尔富尔混合行动一名工作人员可能卷入受贿行为\n\t0563/09\t联伊援助团一名工作人员滥用信息和通信技术资源\n\t0606/09\t联利特派团一名工作人员可能存在应享权利金欺诈行为\n 0103/10 原联布综合办一名工作人员滥用办公室 \n 0120/10 联塞部队一名工作人员可能存在骚扰行为 \n\t0207/10,0208/10\t联利特派团一名工作人员可能未遵守联合国财务条例和细则\n\t0224/10\t2010年1月在海地地震中死亡的联合国工作人员失踪的个人财物\n 0294/10 联利特派团一名工作人员可能存在敲诈行为 \n   0297/10 联苏特派团一名工作人员行贿 \n   0311/10 据报西撒特派团一名工作人员的不当行为 \n\t0448/10\t联苏特派团一名工作人员被控卷入性剥削和性虐待\n\t0503/10\t联刚稳定团在采购方面可能存在的不合规定问题\n   0025/11 联利特派团工作人员盗窃燃料 \n   0229/11 联苏特派团一名联合国警察可能存在不当行为 \n\t0485/08(A和B部分)\t据报联利特派团一名工作人员性剥削和性虐待一名未成年人未遂\n 大会部 0157/08 联合国总部一名工作人员的诈骗活动 \n管理部\t0732/05\t联合国总部在采购方面可能存在的不合规定问题\n非洲经委会\t0926/06\t非洲经委会原来的一名工作人员卷入骚扰和恐吓\n亚太经社会\t0250/10\t亚太经社会原来的一名工作人员作出不实陈述\n卢旺达问题国际法庭\t0393/10\t卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭一名工作人员性虐待一名未成年人\n人道协调厅\t0342/10\t人道主义事务协调厅一名工作人员的家庭暴力事件和非法饮酒行为\n 监督厅 0312/10 监督厅一名工作人员泄漏信息 \n贸发会议\t0351/09\t向一个常驻联合国日内瓦办事处代表团发送恐吓信\n 0429/09 贸发会议一名工作人员遭到死亡威胁 \n\t0476/10\t向一个联合国日内瓦办事处常驻代表团发送匿名信\n 环境署 0438/06 环境署工作人员在征聘方面的不合规定问题 \n 0438/08 环境署一名工作人员重复现金预付款 \n 0469/09 环境署一名工作人员欺诈医疗报销 \n内罗毕办事处\t0265/07\t联合国内罗毕办事处一个承包商挪用建筑材料\n 0585/08 涉及部门间列账凭单费用的欺诈付款 \n\t0054/09\t联合国内罗毕办事处一名工作人员可能存在不当行为\n内罗毕办事处/日内瓦办事处\t0367/10\t联合国内罗毕办事处发生偷窃联合国联邦信用合作社信用卡事件\n近东救济工程处\t0277/10\t据报近东救济工程处在征聘方面存在不合规定问题", "[1] 报告所述期间为2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日，但由于时间限制，关于建议状况的统计数字仅包括2011年5月31日之前提出的建议，以及这些建议截至2011年6月30日的状况。", "[2] 当监督厅的调查无法证实所报告的事项，则分发结案报告。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "页:1", "临时议程* 项目142", "关于内部监督事务厅活动的报告", "关于内部监督事务厅2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间活动的报告", "增编", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 5\n三、分析6\n建议 四、结 论 内部监督事务厅各项建议所涉经费问题10\n五. 报告期间印发的报告 11\nA. 提交给大会的报告 12\nB. 报告13至方案\nC. 结束 33\n报告", "简称和缩略语", "非索特派团 非洲联盟驻索马里特派团\n联布综合办 联合国布隆迪综合办事处\n中非支助处 联合国中非共和国建设和平支助办事处\n反恐执行局 反恐怖主义委员会执行局\n经社部\n外勤支助部\n大会和会议管理部\n管理部 管理事务部\n政治部\n新闻部\n维和部\n安全和安保部\n非洲经委会 非洲经济委员会\n欧洲经济委员会\nECESA 经济和社会事务执行委员会\n拉加经委会 拉丁美洲和加勒比经济委员会\nEMG 环境管理小组\nEOSG 秘书长办公厅\n亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会\n西亚经社会\nIMD 投资管理司\n国际减少灾害战略\n中乍特派团 联合国中非共和国和乍得特派团\n西撒特派团 联合国西撒哈拉全民投票特派团\n联海稳定团 联合国海地稳定特派团\n联刚特派团/联刚稳定团 联合国组织刚果民主共和国特派团/联合国组织刚果民主共和国稳定特派团\n人道协调厅 人道主义事务协调厅\n联合国人权事务高级专员办事处\n最不发达等国家高代办 最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家高级代表办事处\nOICT 信息和通信技术办公室\n监督厅\n法律厅\nOOSA 外层空间事务厅\n非洲顾问办 非洲问题特别顾问办公室\n联阿援助团 联合国阿富汗援助团\n联伊援助团 联合国伊拉克援助团\n达尔富尔混合行动 非洲联盟-联合国达尔富尔混合行动\n赔偿委员会 联合国赔偿委员会\n《联合国防治荒漠化公约》\n贸发会议 联合国贸易和发展会议\n联合国民主基金\n观察员部队 联合国脱离接触观察员部队\n开发计划署 联合国开发计划署\n环境规划署 联合国环境规划署\n《联合国气候变化框架公约》 变动\n联塞部队 联合国驻塞浦路斯维持和平部队\n联合国人类住区规划署(人居署)\n难民署 联合国难民事务高级专员办事处\n儿童基金会 联合国儿童基金会\n联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所\n裁研所 联合国裁军研究所\n联黎部队 联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队\n联合国合办工作人员养恤基金(养恤基金)\n科索沃特派团 联合国科索沃临时行政当局特派团\n联利特派团 联合国利比里亚特派团\n联苏特派团 联合国苏丹特派团\n联东综合团 联合国东帝汶综合特派团\n印巴观察组 联合国驻印度和巴基斯坦军事观察团\n联科行动 联合国科特迪瓦行动\n联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处\n日内瓦办事处 联合国日内瓦办事处\n内罗毕办事处 联合国内罗毕办事处\n联东办事处 联合国东帝汶办事处\n维也纳办事处 联合国维也纳办事处\n联合国中亚预防分裂区域中心\n近东救济工程处 联合国近东巴勒斯坦难民救济和工程处\n非索特派团支助办 联合国非洲联盟驻索马里特派团支助办事处\n停战监督组织 联合国停战监督组织\n联合国大学 联合国大学", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 本增编提供内部监督事务厅所提出建议执行情况的资料。 报告分为四个主要部分(第二至第五部分)。 第二节全面评估了建议的执行情况。 第三节按联合国实体分列了尚未落实的建议。 第四节载有一份涉及经费问题的监督厅建议清单,涉及不必要的或超额支出、损失和今后避免费用的机会。 第五节列出监督厅2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间印发的所有监督报告。", "二. 对建议执行情况的全面评估", "2. 联合国 2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间,监督厅向联合国各实体提出了1 624项建议。 [1] 其中392人(24%)被认为是关键人物. 截至2011年6月30日,方案主管已执行2010年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间提出的所有建议中的806项(50%)和同期提出的重要建议中的165项(42%)。 下图按期间分列2007年7月1日至2011年5月31日期间提出的建议,包括每个期间的执行率。", "截至2011年6月30日的2007年7月1日至2011年5月31日所提建议执行情况和执行率的细目", "[]", "^(a) 括号内为关键建议和相应的执行率。 如果因情况变化而过时,或管理层同意对因不执行建议而产生的剩余风险承担责任,则建议可以“不执行而终止”。", "三. 对待决建议的分析", "3个 表1提供了截至2011年6月30日联合国各部厅1 461项建议的落实情况。 其中320个(22%)逾期未交(即错过预定日期),785个(54%)逾期未交。 其余356项建议(占总数的24%)没有设定目标日期。", " 4.四. 向有关部厅提供了有关未执行建议的数据,以便它们有机会提供最新执行情况,供在编写本增编时审议。", "截至2011年6月30日截至2011年5月31日提出的未落实建议细目", "按目标日期分列的建议细目\n非关键", "非关键 非在非在非过去非过去 未接受已接受的已接受已接受的已执行的已执行的已执行的已执行的目标", "联布综合办 3 -- -- 3 -- -- 2 -- -- 1 -- -- 2", "反恐执行局 1 —— 1 —— 1 —— —— ——", "经社部(b) 7 37 5 2 - 25 12 - 2 5 12 - 25", "外勤部 10 19 -- -- 10 -- -- 19 -- -- 19", "大会部 -- -- 1 -- -- 1 -- -- 1 -- -- 1 -- --", "DM 39 83 5 32 2 4 75 4 25 8 6 49 28 6", "政治部. 4 11 - 4 11 - 4 9 2", "新闻部. 3 9 - 3 - 9 3 - 9", "维和部 25 . 10. 24. 1 10.", "安保部 4 18 - 4 - 15 3 1 12 8 - 10", "非洲经委会. 9 - 5 - 9 - 3 2 - 8 1", "欧洲经委会. 1 - 1 - 3 - 1 - 3", "ECESA 1——————————————————————————————————.", "拉加经委会. 2 9 - 2 - 9 1 - 1 9", "——————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————", "亚太经社会 2 5 二.", "西亚经社会 -- -- 3 -- -- 3 -- -- 1 -- 2", "道德操守办公室——2——————————————————————————————", "国际4 9 -- -- 4 -- -- 9 -- -- 4 -- -- 9 -- -- 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭", "国际4 11 - 4 10 - 3 1 - 8 2 1 前南斯拉夫问题法庭", "减灾战略 3 2 - 3 - 2 - 3 - 2 - 3", "联海稳定团 11 20 - 10 1 - 20 - 7 1 3 16 - 4", "联刚特派团/联刚稳定团 8 17 — 8 — 17 — 8 — 16 1 —", "人道协调厅 14 17 - 14 17 - 13 1 - 16 1", "人权专员办事处. 11 - 11 - 12 - 10 1 - 10 2", "最不发达等国家高代办. 1 - 1 - 4 .", "信令. 7 - 5 - 7 - 3 - 2 5 1", "法律厅 -- -- 3 -- -- 3 -- -- 3", "监督办. 4 3 - 4 . 1 2 - 4 .", "非洲顾问办 3 11 - 3 11 - 3 1 10", "(c) 联阿援助团 3 16 - 2 1 - 16 3 - 16 3", "(d) 联伊援助团 11 21 1 7 3 - 17 4 3 3 5 6 4 11", "达尔富尔混合行动 28 41 3 24 1 5 36 - 5 9 14 15 5 21", "《荒漠化公约》4 13 - 4 - 13 - 3 1 8 3 2", "贸发会议 8 18 - 8 - 18 - 7 1 - 18", "民主基金 2 3 - 2 - 3 3 - 2 - 3 3", "观察员部队 1 2 1 .", "开发计划署 二.", "环境署 7 27 -- 7 -- -- 26 1 2 5 -- -- 15 9 3", "UNEP-EMG 1 ————————————————————————————————", "气候公约 13 . 17 - 13 .", "联塞部队 1 1 1 1 .", "难民署 119 159 15 104 - 27 130 2 8 59 52 11 77 71", "犯罪司法所. 5 - 5 - 3 - 5 - 3", "裁研所——6————6————", "联黎部队 4 15 -- 4 -- -- 15 -- -- 2 1 15 -- --", "养恤基金 3 35 -- 3 -- 5 29 1 -- 3 -- 7 27 1", "养恤基金-IMD 7 24 2 5 5 19 4 3 15 7 2", "联利特派团 17 38 -- 17 -- 6 32 -- 3 11 11 16", "联苏特派团 23 55 5 18 - 5 50 - 10 3 10 43 2 10", "联东综合团. 7 11 - 7 .", "印巴观察组. 2 3 - 2 - 2 2 - 2 1 - 3", "联科行动. 9 - 9 - 7 8 - 8 1 - 10 1 4", "禁毒办 6 13 - 6 - 13 - 2 3 1 7 2 4", "日内瓦办事处. 1 - 1 - 5 - 1 - 5", "内罗毕办事处. 12 36 -- -- 36 -- -- 9 1 2 26 6 4", "维也纳办事处 - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - 1", "近东救济工程处. 4 - 4 - 4 - 3 - 1 - 4", "非索特派团支助办 1 — 1 — 1 — 1 — 1 — 1 — 2", "联合国大学 4 1 -- -- 4 -- -- 1 -- -- 4 -- -- 1 -- --", "共计 505 956 36 461 8 91 850 15 248 120 137 537 200 219", "^(a) “未被接受”的建议包括“已取消”或“无答复”的建议。", "^(b) 开放式建议包括2011年5月提出的两项重要建议和17项非关键性建议。", "^(c) 开放式建议包括2011年5月提出的七项非关键性建议。", "•(d) 开放式建议包括3项关键建议和7项2011年5月提出的非关键建议。", "四、结 论 内部监督事务厅各项建议所涉经费问题", "5 (韩语). 表2汇总了监督厅涉及经费问题的建议。 监督厅简化了监督结果所涉经费问题的分类如下:", "(a) 因管理不善、欺诈、浪费、盗窃等而造成“不必要的或超额支出,或损失”;", "(b) 由于监督厅确定的程序改进,“未来避免费用的机会”。", "6. 国家 在本报告所述期间,监督厅查明了1 970万美元的不必要的或超额支出估计数和今后避免费用的机会。 从这一期间的监督结果中收回的款项共计260万美元。", "表2 2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日监督厅建议所涉经费问题", "不必要的或超额支出,或损失", "(单位:美元)", "实体任务编号 恢复的挂载\n外勤部 0491/09 达尔富尔混合行动一名工作人员可能不当行为\nDPA 0247/10 (预算外) 中非支助处工作人员可能不当行为——挪用资金——3 262\n开发计划署 0246/10 中非支助处工作人员可能不当行为——应享待遇欺诈和挪用资金978——\n环境署 0469/08 环境署工作人员可能的不当行为——应享权利欺诈和资产被滥用 5 325\n联伊援助团 AP2010/812/01 B. 向联伊援助团工作人员和无权享有宪法权利的其他实体提供空中服务的费用 247 570 241 316\n达尔富尔混合行动 AP2009/634/07 为燃料消耗向供应商多付的款项\n联苏特派团 AP2010/632/08 工作人员津贴错误 796 000 -\n共计 3 426862 2 620983", "今后避免成本的机会", "(单位:美元)", "估计数量", "达尔富尔混合行动 AP2010/634/06 货物转运", "达尔富尔混合行动 AP2009/634/09 特遣队所属装备的管理", "达尔富尔混合行动 AP2009/634/07 燃料供应", "联黎部队 AP2010/672/01 一次性津贴 33 733", "印巴观察组AP2010/600/02 电力供应", "印巴观察组AP2010/600/02 支付派任补助金和50 000个员额调整数", "联科行动 AP2009/640/06 合同管理", "共计 16 285 306", " V. 报告所述期间提出的报告", "7. 联合国 在2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日12个月期间,监督厅向方案主管发布了323份监督报告,包括提交大会的7份报告和65份结案报告。 表3列出本报告所述期间印发的所有报告。", "8. 联合国 根据大会第59/272号决议第1(c)段,会员国可应要求查阅监督厅的报告。 自2012年1月起,监督厅打算在其网站上公布所有报告;与此同时,所有报告的标题全文仍可在http://www.un.org/Depts/oios上查阅。", "2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日期间提出的报告", "A类. 提交大会的报告", "文号 日期主题\nA/65/266 2010年8月9日 联合国秘书处将性别观点纳入主流的专题评价\nA/65/752 23 联合国 对联苏特派团的业绩和取得的成果进行方案评价。 虽然《全面和平协定》的原定目标(使团结具有吸引力)尚未实现,但联苏特派团对执行《协定》的支持有助于维持停火\nA/65/762 28 联合国 对维持和平行动部/外勤支助部同区域组织之间合作的专题评价。 与区域组织在维持和平方面的合作有助于联合国部署和维持维持和平特派团的总体能力,尽管联合国与合作伙伴之间的组织差异给业务合作带来了多重挑战\n2011年3月1日安全理事会主席的说明 关于大会第63/287号决议指定的试点项目执行情况的初步报告\n经济及社会理事会 对方案和协调委员会第四十八届会议就深入评价政治事务 -- -- 由政治事务部领导但外勤支助部支持的外地特别政治任务 -- -- 所提建议执行情况的三年期审查\n2011年3月28日安全理事会主席的说明 加强评价的作用和评价结果在方案设计、交付和政策指导方面的应用\n经济及社会理事会 经济和社会事务部的方案评价", "B. 向方案主管提交的报告", "实体任务编号 议题\n反恐执行局 AP2010/570/01 对反恐怖主义委员会执行局的审计。 反恐怖主义委员会 执行局的内部控制一般已经到位,并按计划执行\n经社部 AN2009/540/03 对经济和社会事务部管理罗马国际合作项目办事处开发和管理人力资源和能力建设的咨询服务和业务支助的审计。 对协理专家和初级专业人员的征聘过程进行工作流程分析,可大大减少征聘时间\nAN2010/512/01号 对协理专家/初级专业人员方案行政权力下放的治理和监测的审计。 1979年以来没有更新根据200号编工作人员细则授予经济和社会事务部任命协理专家和初级专业人员的授权。\nIED-11-002 (英语). 监督厅关于评价公共行政和发展管理司的报告\n监督厅关于评价经济及社会理事会支助和协调办公室的报告\n监督厅关于联合国统计司的报告\n监督厅关于人口司的评价报告\n监督厅关于评价发展筹资办公室的报告\n监督厅关于联合国森林论坛秘书处的报告\n监督厅关于评价可持续发展司的报告\nIED-11-009 (英语). 监督厅关于评价发展政策和分析司的报告\n监督厅关于评价社会政策和发展司的报告\n监督厅关于评价性别问题和提高妇女地位问题特别顾问办公室和提高妇女地位司的报告\n外勤部 0936/06 关于联利特派团一名维和人员死亡的情况报告\n0329/07 (英语). 关于前联刚特派团维和人员性剥削和性虐待行为的情况报告\n0358/07,0186/08 (英语). 关于前联刚特派团一名维和人员性虐待未成年人的情况报告\n关于联科行动一名工作人员利益冲突和非正规征聘程序的调查报告\n0439/08号 关于前联刚特派团维和人员性剥削和性虐待行为的情况报告\n0553/08 关于联科行动一军事观察人员进行性剥削和性虐待的调查报告\n0597/08 关于前联刚特派团维和人员涉嫌性剥削和性虐待的调查报告\n关于联利特派团一名工作人员滥用信息和通信技术资源的调查报告\n0028/09 (英语). 关于前联刚特派团一名维和人员企图性虐待的情况报告\n0032/09 关于前联刚特派团一名军事观察员进行性剥削的调查报告\n关于西撒特派团一名工作人员采购欺诈行为的调查报告\n0404/09 关于前联刚特派团一建制警察部队警官的性剥削和性虐待行为的调查报告\n0410/09号 关于前联刚特派团维和人员性虐待行为的情况报告\n0470/09 (中文(简体) ). 关于联利特派团维和人员性虐待行为的情况报告\n0491/09 (英语). 关于达尔富尔混合行动一名工作人员欺诈行为的调查报告\n0497/09 (中文(简体) ). 关于前联刚特派团一名联合国志愿人员性虐待问题的调查报告\n关于联科行动一名工作人员欺诈行为的调查报告\n关于联科行动维和人员性剥削和性虐待行为的情况报告\n0016/10 关于联利特派团一名维和人员对未成年人进行性剥削和虐待的情况报告[2010年8月27日发布\n0033/10 关于联塞部队一名维和人员采购违规行为的情况报告\n0110/10、0113/10号 关于前联刚特派团一名维和人员性剥削和性虐待的情况报告\n0126/10 关于联利特派团工作人员性剥削和滥用职权问题的调查报告\n关于前联刚特派团燃料欺诈问题的调查报告\n0158/10 关于前联刚特派团维和人员被性剥削和性虐待的情况报告\n关于西撒特派团一名工作人员采购欺诈行为的调查报告\n0174/10 关于西撒特派团一名工作人员不当行为的调查报告\n0177/10 关于联海稳定团一名联合国警官进行性剥削和性虐待的调查报告\n0182/10 关于联科行动一名维和人员性虐待未成年人的情况报告\n关于联科行动维和人员欺诈行为的情况报告\n0219/10 关于前联刚特派团一名联合国警官进行性剥削和性虐待的调查报告\n关于前中非支助处一名工作人员欺诈、挪用资金和其他违规行为的调查报告\n关于中非支助处一名工作人员挪用资金和其他违规行为的调查报告\n关于联海稳定团一名工作人员涉嫌杀人的调查报告\n第0269/10号决定 关于联刚稳定团一名军事观察员性剥削的情况报告\n关于联刚稳定团一名维和人员进行性剥削的情况报告\n0296/10 关于联苏特派团一名联合国警察可能不当行为的调查报告\n0300/10 关于联苏特派团一名工作人员欺诈行为的调查报告\n第0313/10、0317/10号决定 关于联科行动维和人员欺诈未遂的情况报告\n第0314/10、0316/10号决定 关于联科行动维和人员欺诈指控的情况报告\n关于联刚稳定团维和人员性虐待行为的情况报告\n0385/10 关于联黎部队一名维和人员意外发射火箭的情况报告\n0421/10 关于达尔富尔混合行动一名工作人员企图滥用权利欺诈行为的调查报告\n关于联科行动维和人员不当行为的情况报告\n0007/11 关于联苏特派团一名维和人员遭受性侵犯的情况报告\n0014/11 关于联海稳定团维和人员性剥削和燃料欺诈的情况报告\n0102/11 (中文(简体) ). 关于联利特派团一名维和人员性虐待未成年人的情况报告\n0239/11 关于联苏特派团一名联合国警察可能不当行为的调查报告\n0290/10 关于联苏特派团一名工作人员可能不当行为的调查报告\nAP2010/615/05 (英语). 对维持和平行动部和外勤支助部支助账户的规划和预算编制程序和流程的审计\nAT2009/800/03号报告 对联合国国际电子计算中心向联合国秘书处提供的服务的审计。 外勤支助部应实施更多的控制措施,以确保国际计算中心提供的信息和通信技术服务的业绩和收费得到充分监测、计量和核算\nAT2010/615/01 (中文(简体) ). 信息和通信技术司/外勤支助部信息和通信技术要求的战略规划。 需要更多的控制,包括改进信息和通信技术司同信息和通信技术厅之间的协调,以确保外勤支助部实现其信息管理战略目标\n大会部 AH2009/550/01 对向大会主席办公室提供的支助的审计。 大会主席办公室目前的支助安排需要澄清,包括资金来源\n0310/09德国马克 关于贸发会议一名工作人员滥用职权问题的调查报告\n0344/10 关于联刚稳定团一联合国供应商工作人员性剥削和性虐待行为的调查报告\n关于犯罪司法所一名前工作人员管理不善和采购违规行为的调查报告\n0268/11 关于联合国一供应商虚假陈述和未经授权操作一架飞机的调查报告\nAC2009/514/05 (中文(简体) ). 安保规定适用于基本建设总计划执行期间的工作人员、场地和资产。 安全和安保部需要最后确定其允许承包商人员进入联合国房地的政策和程序,并确保这些政策和程序得到一致执行\nAC2010/514/01 (中文(简体) ). 在执行基本建设总计划期间,适用于联合国工作人员和承包商的安全规定,包括清除石棉。 基本建设总计划的建筑和石棉处理安全规定一般都得到适当安排和适用\nAG2010/510/01 (英语). 对行政和预算问题咨询委员会秘书处的管理审查\nAG2010/510/03 (英语). 对企业资源规划项目主任办公室人力资源管理的审计。 严重违反人力资源、财务和采购条例、细则和程序,给项目带来声誉风险\nAH2010/512/01 (英语). 对联合国秘书处高级职位征聘过程的审计。 人力资源管理办公室应加强其监测作用,以确保遵守征聘程序并查明能更及时地填补高级职位的领域。\nAT2009/510/02 (中文(简体) ). 对联合国秘书处企业资源规划项目的审计。 需要更多的控制,以确保企业资源规划项目不会受到与治理结构、项目管理、系统整合和基金监测有关的未减轻风险的不利影响\nAT2010/512/01 (中文(简体) ). 联合国秘书处的“Inspira”人才管理项目。 为了实现“Inspira”项目的效益,项目管理的内部控制需要得到最佳加强\nIED-10-002 (英语). 检查管理事务部的方案一级监测和评价\n监督厅关于方案规划、预算和账务厅的报告。 方案规划、预算和账务厅注重其任务和业务业绩良好;但客户沟通不尽人意,预算过程对其整体效力构成挑战\nIED-10-011 监督厅关于主管管理事务部副秘书长办公室的报告。 要想成功地改革联合国的管理做法、流程和程序,就需要主管管理事务部的副秘书长办公室作出更大的努力,进行积极主动的领导\nDPA AP2010/600/04 政治事务部 对联布综合办的审计。 内部控制普遍到位并有效运作,但需要加强某些领域的控制\n新闻部 AN2010/580/01 对新闻部执行办公室向新闻方案提供的支助服务的审计。 缺乏明确的客户支助战略导致新闻部执行办公室的作用被削弱并扩大了与实务司的期望差距\n维和部AP2009/600/03 对维持和平行动部统筹行动小组的审计。 应提高这些小组的效能,在低节奏期间灵活部署其资源并加强其与专家单位的联系\nAP2010/560/01 (中文(简体) ). 对政治事务部安全理事会事务司的审计。 内部控制一般都到位。 通过改进以下程序可进一步提高效率:(a) 记录安全理事会的做法;(b) 挑选专家小组成员候选人;(c) 征聘专家;(d) 组织安全理事会附属机构的会议\n维和部/外勤部 IED-10-001 检查维持和平行动部和外勤支助部的监测和评价工作。 维持和平行动部/外勤支助部关于方案执行情况的报告非常可靠,但这两个部需要采取有针对性的行动,以更有效地应对复杂的监测和报告环境\n关于安全和安保部一名工作人员滥用信息和通信技术资源的调查报告\n0390/10、0496/09 (中文(简体) ). 关于安全和安保部工作人员不当行为的调查报告\n0175/10,0268/10 (中文(简体) ). 关于联合国日内瓦办事处一名安保干事滥用武力的调查报告\nIED-11-001 对安全部方案一级的监测和评价进行检查。 虽然安全和安保部包含监测和评价系统的组成部分,没有评价单位,没有专门资源,只有评价政策草案,但安全和安保部尚未将评价职能制度化\n非洲经委会 AN2010/710/02 对非洲经委会财务管理的审计。 非洲经委会一般遵守《联合国财务条例和细则》\nAN2010/710/03号 对非洲经委会卢萨卡分区域办事处的审计。 非洲经委会需要使南部非洲分区域办事处进一步参与执行其工作方案,以在次区域内实现方案交付的协同作用和互补性。\n拉加经委会 安2010/730/01 对拉加经委会的全面审计。 需要通过建立必要的行政领导和管理能力,并通过更积极地参与应急协调机制EOSG 0009/10,加强拉加经委会在该区域的总体效力。\n0402/10,0403/10号文件\n执行组/管理部 IED-COM-10-002 方案执行情况文件编制状况。 截至2010年8月16日的主要综合监测和文件信息系统记录\n方案业绩记录状况。 2011年2月1日的主要综合监测和文件信息系统记录\n道德操守办公室 AH2010/515/01 由伦理学办公室审计财务披露方案的管理情况,包括信息安全方面。 财务披露方案得到高级管理层的充分支持,但关键方面需要进一步发展,使方案充分有效\n国际计算中心 AT2009/800/03 对国际电子计算中心向联合国秘书处提供数据处理服务的审计。 信息和通信技术厅需要简化与国际电子计算中心的合同安排并改进对该中心所执行项目的财务监测\n国际刑事法庭 卢旺达 0220/10 关于卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭工作人员不当行为的调查报告\nAA2010/260/01号文件 对卢旺达国际刑事法庭完成工作战略和缩编的审计。 降低标准的某些方面需要澄清并一致适用\nAT2010/260/01号报告 对卢旺达国际刑事法庭信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭应实施更多的控制措施,以更好地提供服务并保障信息和资产的安全\n国际 前南斯拉夫法庭 AA2010/270/01 (英语). 对前南斯拉夫国际法庭拘留所租赁牢房和事务管理的审计。 租用拘留设施和服务的协议需要由总部和地方合同委员会审查,外部医疗服务的支出需要适当记录\nAA2010/270/04 (中文(简体) ). 对前南斯拉夫问题国际法庭下调方案执行情况的审计。 虽然为缩编制定了商定标准,但由于审判时间表不同,人员配置削减没有按计划执行\n中乍特派团 AP2010/636/01 对中乍特派团安全和安保的审计\nAP2010/636/03 (中文(简体) ). 对中乍特派团空中业务和业务安全的审计。 由于业务限制,随着特派团缩编并进入清理结束阶段,需要重新评估其空中业务能力,以确保提供安全可靠的空中服务\nAP2010/636/06 (中文(简体) ). 对中乍特派团特遣队所属装备的审计。 对特遣队所属装备的管理监督不足\nAP2010/636/07 (中文(简体) ). 对中乍特派团未清定购单的审计。 没有关于未结定购单的可靠记录\nAP2010/636/08 (中文(简体) ). 对中乍特派团清理结束规划的审计。 中乍特派团的缩编和清理结束规划已取得进展,但一些行动尚未完成\nAP2010/636/09 (中文(简体) ). 对中乍特派团清理结束期间资产处置情况的审计。 截至特派团结束时,资产协调和调动仍未完成\nAP2010/636/10 (中文(简体) ). 对中乍特派团清理结束所涉财务问题的审计。 注意到财务清算过程中启动关键任务的拖延\nAP2010/636/11 (中文(简体) ). 对支助中乍特派团活动的信托基金的审计。 虽然对交易的检查表明,支出是用于信托基金的活动,但内部控制存在重大缺陷,包括不遵守条例、规则和捐助者协定\n西撒特派团 AP2010/600/01 对西撒特派团的审计。 虽然内部控制一般已经到位,但实务和行政业务领域都需要改进\n联海稳定团 AP2010/510/01 对核准在海地应对危机的特别措施的审计。 总体而言,这些特别措施已有效管理以满足联海稳定团的业务需要\nAP2010/683/01 (中文(简体) ). 对联海稳定团工作人员安全和安保的审计\nAP2010/683/06 (中文(简体) ). 对核准在海地应对危机的特别措施执行情况的审计。 一般而言,内部控制措施已经到位并按意实施\nAP2010/683/07 (中文(简体) ). 对联海稳定团新闻职能的审计。 在制定公共信息战略时,联海稳定团需要确保建立适当的监测和评价机制\nAP2010/683/08 (中文(简体) ). 对联海稳定团财产管理的审计。 需要制定一项战略,确保非消耗性财产和消耗性财产记录及时、准确和完整\nAT2009/683/01 (中文(简体) ). 对联海稳定团信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。 必须实施更多的控制措施,以确保为业务连续性和灾后恢复提供充分支持,并减少信息安全的风险\n联刚稳定团 AP2009/620/04 对联刚稳定团本国工作人员征聘情况的审计。 由于缺乏支持本国工作人员征聘的文件,监督厅无法确定征聘过程是否公平透明\nAP2009/620/06 (中文(简体) ). 对联刚稳定团空缺管理的审计。 特派团的总体空缺率有所改善,但关键职位的空缺率仍然很高,需要更密切的监测\nAP2010/620/01 (英语). 对联刚稳定团调度业务的审计。 调度已制定了管理其业务的程序,但需要加强联刚稳定团航空终端人员和货物调度的成本效益和安全措施\nAP2010/620/02 (中文(简体) ). 对联刚稳定团行为和纪律股的审计。 联刚稳定团为改善行为和纪律活动做出了值得称道的努力。 在工作人员外联和培训、调查能力以及报告军队所处理案件方面仍存在弱点\nAP2010/620/03 (中文(简体) ). 对联刚稳定团合同管理的审计。 对合同管理过程的内部控制并不总是有效地确保合同条款和条件得到遵守,及时延长合同,并充分保障联合国的利益\nAP2010/620/04 (中文(简体) ). 对联刚稳定团航空安全的审计。 特派团实施的航空安全措施需要改进,以进一步减少空中安全风险\nAP2010/620/07 (中文(简体) ). 对联刚稳定团非消耗性财产的审计。 定期对联刚稳定团的非消耗性财产进行实物核查,但特派团没有及时采取后续行动并解决差异\nAP2010/620/08 (中文(简体) ). 对联刚稳定团特派团内部差旅的审计。 内部控制普遍到位并得到有效实施。 在根据预算经费监测支出、规划卡车司机出行以及审查临时派任工作人员报销申请方面仍然有弱点\nAP2010/620/09 (中文(简体) ). 对联刚稳定团供应商付款程序的审计。 最好加强对货款支付过程的监测控制,以降低财务损失的风险\n人道协调厅 AN2010/590/02 对人道主义事务协调厅内部政策和指导管理的审计。 尽管取得了重大进展,但仍需要进一步重视巩固对政策和指导管理的支持,包括政策制定和优先次序确定,以及执行和工作人员培训\nAT2010/590/01号卫星 人道主义事务协调厅信息和通信技术治理。 人道主义事务协调厅需要进一步加强其信息和通信技术治理模式,并增加控制,以确保系统标准化、安全和有效利用资源\n人权高专办 AE2010/331/02 对人权高专办外地业务和技术合作司的审计。 该司有机会改进作用和责任的明确性、工作流程的效率和协调安排的效力\n监督厅 0217/10 (英语). 关于联合国总部一名工作人员性骚扰和滥用权力问题的调查报告\n业务厅 AE2010/325/01 对外层空间事务厅方案管理和支助的审计。 可通过澄清其在联合国系统内的地位、确保其参考条款涵盖其被要求开展的所有活动并审查其组织结构来改进外层空间事务厅支持方案交付的安排\n特别法庭 塞拉利昂 AA2010/290/01 对塞拉里昂特别法庭的审计。 对缩编和完成工作战略执行情况的控制一般是充分的,但需要采取额外措施\n联阿援助团 AP2009/630/04 联阿援助团本国工作人员的征聘。 需要进一步努力改进对学术资格的核查、对候选人的评价以及征聘过程的文件记录\nAP2010/630/05 (中文(简体) ). 对联阿援助团财务管理的审计。 特派团实施的财务控制总体上是充分的,但有机会进一步改进\nAP2010/630/06 (中文(简体) ). 对联阿援助团资产处置情况的审计。 对资产处置的既定内部控制并非总是得到遵守\nAP2010/630/07 (中文(简体) ). 对联阿援助团共同设施的审计。 在资产记录和费用分摊方面需要加强控制\n联伊援助团 AP2009/812/01 对联伊援助团选举支助方案的审计。 虽然伊拉克境内的业务制约和不安全得到了承认,但联伊援助团选举援助办公室需要改进其工作规划,实施更有效的建议监测系统,并确保相关文件可以查阅\nAP2010/812/01 中华人民共和国 对联伊援助团空中业务的审计。 对空中业务的一些关键控制没有得到遵守,导致航空安全风险增加\nAP2010/812/02 (中文(简体) ). 对联伊援助团行为和纪律股的审计。 需要进一步努力确保遵守联合国的政策和程序\nAP2010/812/03 (中文(简体) ). 对联伊援助团主要合同管理和行政的审计。 对主要合同采购的内部控制一直没有到位,而且运作有效\nAP2010/812/04 中华人民共和国 对联伊援助团业务连续性管理的审计。 特派团需要制定全面的业务连续性和应急计划\n达尔富尔混合行动 AP2009/634/07 达尔富尔混合行动的燃料管理。 特派团建立了对燃料管理的适当内部控制,但这些控制没有按预期执行\nAP2009/634/09 (中文(简体) ). 对达尔富尔混合行动特遣队所属装备的审计。 特派团特遣队所属装备/谅解备忘录 管理层 审查委员会无法运作,从而影响到特遣队所属装备方案的效力\nAP2009/634/12 (中文(简体) ). 达尔富尔混合行动的验收职能。 对接收和检查职能的内部控制无效,导致积压2 200个等待接收和检查的集装箱,在检查前分发和使用货物,价值数百万美元的资产下落不明\nAP2010/634/01 (英语). 对达尔富尔混合行动特派团内部差旅的审计。 对参加多哈和平谈判的特派团内部旅行和出行没有执行费用控制程序\nAP2010/634/02 (中文(简体) ). 对达尔富尔混合行动空中安全业务的审计。 需要采取进一步措施,确保系统地查明航空安全风险和危险,并及时采取行动来减轻或消除这些风险和危险\nAP2010/634/03 (中文(简体) ). 对达尔富尔混合行动空中业务的审计。 通过优先执行航空业务风险管理政策、航空质量保证和标准化方案,可以大大改进对空中业务的内部控制\nAP2010/634/06 (中文(简体) ). 对达尔富尔混合行动货运代理的审计。 对货物转运的内部控制薄弱,没有按预期执行\nAP2010/634/08 (中文(简体) ). 对达尔富尔混合行动车队管理的审计。 对地面运输资产的内部控制需要加以加强,以确保更有效地利用资源\nAP2010/634/10 对达尔富尔混合行动艾滋病毒/艾滋病股业务的审计。 人员配置水平不足和隶属关系无效,阻碍了艾滋病毒/艾滋病股充分执行任务\nAP2010/634/11 (中文(简体) ). 对达尔富尔混合行动水和环境保护行动的审计。 迟迟得不到土地和钻井,使水自给自足并增加成本,环境风险没有得到充分减轻\n赔偿委员会 AE2010/820/01 对联合国赔偿委员会索赔付款的审计。 虽然联合国赔偿委员会对支付赔偿金有适当的控制机制,但伊拉克石油销售的一部分仍未存入石油收益收款账户,造成收入短缺\n《荒漠化公约》 AA2010/242/01 对《联合国防治荒漠化公约》实质性方案的审计。 《联合国防治荒漠化公约》对实质性方案有适当的控制,但需要制定资源调动战略并改进向缔约方大会报告其财务和人员配备方面的制约因素\n贸发会议 IED-10-010 检查贸发会议的方案一级监测和评价\n民主基金 AN2010/524/01 对联合国民主基金的审计。 联合国民主基金的可持续性对于促进民主作为一种全球价值至关重要\nAN2010/545/01号 对提高妇女地位国际研究训练所的审计。 提高妇女地位国际研究训练所面临严重的领导真空,这严重影响了它有效参加有关将其并入新的综合性别实体和实施改革管理的协商的能力。\n观察员部队 AP2010/670/01 对观察员部队内部治理的审计。 组织结构和报告渠道不足,对部队指挥官对特派团日常管理提出了过多要求\n环境署 0469/08 关于环境署工作人员可能不当行为的调查报告\n关于环境署一名工作人员滥用信息和通信技术资源的调查报告\n0188/10 关于联合国一供应商提供欺诈性货物的调查报告\n联合国 对环境署内部治理的审计。 将通过提供足够的资源加强环境署的协商、协调和问责机制来实施中期战略。\nAA2010/220/03 (英语). 通过伙伴关系对环境署项目交付安排的审计。 加强管理伙伴关系的管理框架、集中选择伙伴和对项目的财务监测是成功伙伴关系的关键\n《气候公约》AA2010/241/02 对联合国气候变化框架公约秘书处工作人员征聘和培训的审计。 《联合国气候变化框架公约》秘书处需要制定和执行人力资源政策和战略,并确保咨询人的征聘具有竞争力和透明度。\n联塞部队 AP2010/654/01 对联塞部队餐饮服务的审计。 对餐饮合同管理的内部控制不力,增加了特派团利益得不到适当保障的风险\n人居署 0044/09 关于人居署一名工作人员伪造和误报的调查报告\n关于人居署工作人员可能欺诈行为的调查报告\nAA2009/250/02 (中文(简体) ). 对人居署内部治理的审计。 人居署在执行中期战略和体制计划、完成战略和业务交付以及实现组织目标等方面取得了进展\nAA2010/250/02 (中文(简体) ). 对人居署索马里方案的审计。 人居署在不稳定的环境中实施索马里方案,需要改进对捐助方满意程度和遵守安全标准情况的评估\nAA2010/250/03 (中文(简体) ). 对人居署伙伴关系/合作协定的审计。 人居署需要改进对选择、监测和执行与其他实体的合作协定的内部控制\n难民署 AR2010/110/01 对难民署在中非共和国的业务的审计。 改善境内流离失所者战略、业绩监测和工作人员培训,可以提高方案交付的效力\nAR2010/111/01 难民署在塞拉利昂的业务。 通过采用清理结束准则,确保查明所有活动,并确保有正确数量的资源用于处理具体任务,可以改进缩小规模所需资源的规划和估计安排\nAR2010/111/03号文件 对难民署在科特迪瓦的业务的审计。 安排不足,无法保障业务的连续性,对方案交付和活动产生不利影响\nAR2010/111/04号文件 对难民署贝宁业务的审计。 加强行政安排将改善方案活动的交付\nAR2010/131/02号文件 对难民署在阿尔及利亚的业务的审计。 内部控制已经到位,以管理与方案和项目管理、供应管理和安全有关的风险,但有机会提高其效力\nAR2010/131/05号文件 对难民署在约旦的业务的审计:伊拉克局势。 内部控制薄弱导致方案规划、执行和监测效率低下和无效\nAR2010/162/02号文件 审计难民署在调任之间的工作人员管理和行政安排。 难民署需要制定正式战略,以应对大量和可能不断增加的待职工作人员面临的挑战。\n难民署管理国际采购相关活动的安排。 通过加强现有安排,可以提高国际采购相关活动的业务效率和效力\nAR2010/166/02号文件 对\"焦点\"系统的审计. 难民署应确保 \" 焦点 \" 系统的实施符合用户要求并以符合成本效益的方式进行管理\nAT2010/166/01号报告 对与第三方订约的难民署信息和通信技术服务的审计。 不详;备忘录报告\n2010/112/01号文件 对采购管理的控制需要改进\nAR2010/131/03号文件 加强战略规划将使难民署在也门的代表能够更有效地执行其项目活动\nAR2010/141/01号文件 需要加强执行伙伴的甄选、监测和能力建设安排,以支持更多地利用执行伙伴的政策并减少与使用大量国家执行伙伴的方案有关的风险\nAR2010/160/01 难民署需要确定政策和改进对其发展和传播的控制,以支持其涉及大量外地工作人员的业务权力下放\n儿童基金会 0018/10 关于可能误用通信设施和设备的调查报告\n犯罪司法所 0094/10 关于犯罪司法所一名前工作人员在犯罪司法所正式头衔任职情况的调查报告\n0121/10 联合国区域间犯罪和司法研究所一名工作人员采购不当和偏袒行为的调查报告\n裁研所 AN2010/385/01 对裁研所治理情况的审计。 尽管裁研所是一个联合国实体,但缺乏确保问责制和遵守《联合国条例和细则》的治理机制\n联黎部队 对联黎部队安全和安保行动的审计\nAP2010/672/01 (中文(简体) ). 对联黎部队旅行业务的审计。 对联黎部队旅行业务的内部控制是适当的\nAP2010/672/02 (中文(简体) ). 对联黎部队调度业务的审计。 内部控制一般已经到位,但并非总是得到有效执行;货物是在没有X光检查的情况下装上飞机的,需要更有效地利用空管服务\nAP2010/672/03 (中文(简体) ). 对联黎部队医疗服务的审计。 联黎部队提供的医疗支助服务一般是充分的,但有进一步改进的机会\nAP2010/672/05 (中文(简体) ). 对联黎部队行为和纪律小组及其区域职责的审计。 由于缺乏明确的职权范围,行为和纪律小组无法履行其区域责任\nAT2010/672/01 (中文(简体) ). 对联黎部队信息和通信技术治理、安全、业务连续性和灾后恢复的审计。 联黎部队需要以信息安全管理及信息和通信技术业务政策和程序加强其信息和通信技术治理框架\nAS2009/801/02 养恤基金 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金。 投资管理司的合同管理。 投资管理司需要使其采购战略与业务战略相协调,以确保其业务需要得到充分满足\nAS2010/800/02号 对联合国工作人员的审计 基金业绩管理。 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金将受益于对照计划跟踪和报告项目的实际进展情况,制定正式的项目图和计划,并在每个项目结束后进行影响分析\nAS2010/800/03号 对联合国工作人员的审计 基金残疾津贴。 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金的残疾津贴管理效率高,得到良好控制并促使遵守有关条例和细则,但可以通过改进管理报告和数据质量控制加以改进\n第2010/801/02号决定 联合国合办工作人员养恤基金投资管理司信息系统科的行政和项目管理。 投资管理司需要执行项目和业绩管理的正式框架,并改进管理供应商和监测服务水平的控制机制\n养恤基金(IMD) AS2010/801/04 审计联合国合办工作人员养恤金中夏勒斯河贸易订单管理系统的实施情况。 实施Charles River系统实现了贸易订单自动化管理,但还需要采取更多措施,以确保适当的安全、支持和一体化水平\nAS2010/801/05 养恤基金应利用投资管理司进行所有可用资金和货币交易的投资\n科索沃特派团 AP2010/650/01 对与科索沃特派团房地有关的索偿要求的审计。 需要一项政策指示来便利索赔管理并减轻过度负债的风险\nAP2010/650/02 (中文(简体) ). 对科索沃特派团重组结构任务执行和问责制的审计。 应根据相应的职能制定任务执行计划,并与其他规划文件和战略相挂钩\n联利特派团 AP2009/626/03 对联利特派团供应链管理的审计。 特派团在建立供应链地图方面取得了可嘉成绩,但需要进一步改进供应链管理\nAP2009/626/09 (简体中文). 对联利特派团职业安全和健康的审计。 在特派团内设立专门的职业安全和健康股值得赞扬,但还需要采取额外措施并明确其作用和责任\nAP2009/626/14 (中文(简体) ). 联利特派团工程资产管理。 库存记录的可靠性值得怀疑,某些高价值资产的库存水平过高\nAP2010/626/01 (中文(简体) ). 对联利特派团当地合同采购的审计。 当地合同的采购并不总是遵守既定政策和程序\nAP2010/626/02 (中文(简体) ). 对联利特派团安全和安保的审计\nAP2010/626/03 (中文(简体) ). 对联利特派团新闻事务的审计。 没有针对具体特派团的新闻战略,导致方向不明,新闻方案可能无效\nAP2010/626/04 (中文(简体) ). 对联利特派团仓库业务的审计。 对仓储活动的内部控制需要改进。 年度实物盘点没有完成,定期盘点期间发现的差异没有按照记录进行跟踪和调整\nAT2009/626/01 (中文(简体) ). 对联利特派团信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。 联利特派团总体上有良好的内部控制,但在信息和通信技术服务提供、业务安全和基础设施治理等领域可以加强内部控制\n联苏特派团AP2010/632/01 对联苏特派团医疗用品和设备的审计。 在缺乏补偿控制的情况下,不遵守维持和平行动部/外勤支助部发布的药品和医疗设备管理准则,造成严重的健康和环境风险\nAP2010/632/03 (中文(简体) ). 对联苏特派团速效项目的审计。 在过去一年里,特派团提高了速效项目的执行率;但是,改进了遵守维持和平行动部关于速效项目的政策指示的情况,特派团行政指示将确保及时实现项目的目标\nAP2010/632/06 (中文(简体) ). 对联苏特派团安全情况的审计\nAP2010/632/08 (中文(简体) ). 对联苏特派团设施管理的审计。 特派团需要加强其设施管理能力,包括建立预防性维修方案\nAP2010/632/09 (英语). 联苏特派团的解除武装、复员和重返社会方案。 缺乏明确的领导和管理监督以及联苏特派团与开发署之间缺乏协调,可能影响联苏特派团解除武装、复员和重返社会方案的成果\nAP2010/632/10 (中文(简体) ). 对联苏特派团航空安全的审计。 通常已采取措施消除航空安全风险\nAP2010/632/11号卫星 对联苏特派团库存管理的审计。 非消耗性和消耗性财产没有得到充分监测、控制和保障\nAP2010/632/12 (中文(简体) ). 对联苏特派团业务连续性和危机管理的审计。 特派团已采取步骤,确保能够应对危机,但没有充分准备在出现破坏事件时维持关键业务流程的连续性\n第2010/632/13号决议 对联苏特派团特派团内部差旅的审计。 特派团内部旅行的程序和准则是充分的,但没有得到充分遵守。 加上人力资源改革项下向文职人员支付的每日生活津贴预算不足,2009/10年度超支180万美元\nAP2010/632/14 (中文(简体) ). 对联苏特派团艾滋病毒/艾滋病认识和预防方案的审计。 艾滋病毒/艾滋病活动已充分纳入特派团方案;但是,艾滋病毒/艾滋病股的能力有限,影响了所提供的培训水平。\n联东综合团 AP2010/682/01 对联东综合团医疗服务的审计。 联东综合团的医疗支助服务一般都足够\nAP2010/682/02号卫星 对联东综合团公共信息服务行政管理的审计\nAP2010/682/03 (中文(简体) ). 对联东综合团过渡警察支助方案的审计\n印巴观察组AP2010/600/02 对印巴观察组的审计。 印巴观察组实现了成果预算框架概述的产出;然而,东道国施加的限制阻碍了其有效执行任务\n联科行动 AP2009/640/03 对联科行动请购程序的审计。 申购人需要更好地了解其作用和责任,以更有效地履行职责\nAP2009/640/06号卫星 对联科行动合同管理的审计。 特派团没有适当的程序来确保合同充分保护本组织的利益并得到遵守\nAP2010/640/01号 对联科行动行为和纪律股的审计。 特派团采取了一些措施来防止和处理可能出现的不当行为;然而,人员配备不足对行为和纪律小组履行职能的效力产生了影响\nAP2010/640/04 (中文(简体) ). 在总统选举之前和期间对联科行动应急准备的审计\nAT2010/640/01号 对联科行动信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。 为确保信息和通信技术业务的有效性和安全性,需要额外的控制\n毒品和犯罪问题办公室 AE2009/366/03 对联合国东非办事处毒品和犯罪区域办事处的审计。 在规划和监测项目和监督安排方面的弱点增加了在执行方案和项目方面延误的风险\nAE2010/360/01 (英语). 对联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室治理和供资安排的审计。 治理安排和筹资机制不充分支持联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处的工作方案\n页:1 对联合国墨西哥、中美洲和加勒比毒品和犯罪办事处区域办事处的审计。 联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室需要加强方案和项目监测和资产管理,并澄清墨西哥和巴拿马区域办事处的组织结构\n日内瓦办事处 AE2010/311/03 对联合国日内瓦办事处供应商数据库管理的审计。 需要努力确保《采购手册》关于临时登记的供应商的规定得到遵守\n监督厅关于联合国日内瓦办事处的报告。 联合国日内瓦办事处正在努力改善服务提供情况,但客户对许多服务的满意度仍然很低\n内罗毕办事处0244/10 关于未经授权使用联合国内罗毕办事处资产问题的调查报告\nAA2009/211/02 (中文(简体) ). 对联合国内罗毕办事处采购活动的审计。 需要审查和澄清代表环境署和人居署进行采购的授权,并更好地遵守采购规则和程序\n页:1 对联合国内罗毕办事处内部治理的审计。 联合国内罗毕办事处有机会改进其内部治理进程,以更有效地实现其目标和宗旨\nAT2010/211/01号报告 对联合国内罗毕办事处信息和通信技术治理和安全管理的审计。 虽然联合国内罗毕办事处制定了若干管理其信息和通信技术资源的良好做法,但仍需改进,以加强其控制机制,并特别关注治理和信息安全\n监督厅关于联合国维也纳办事处的报告。 多数客户总体上对联合国维也纳办事处提供的服务感到满意,但该办公室的继续效力面临风险。\n中亚区域办事处 0125/11 关于被派往联合国中亚地区预防外交中心一名工作人员被刑事定罪的调查报告\n非索特派团支助办 AP2010/638/03 对非索特派团支助办为非索特派团提供口粮后勤支助的审计。 考虑到后勤方面的限制,口粮及时交付,数量达到要求。 不过,储存和准备口粮所需的额外设备和设施\nAP2010/638/05 对非索特派团支助办的审计。 空缺率最初很高,原因是非索特派团支助办工作人员的服务条件不利,而且由于缺乏经验丰富的工作人员,征聘工作出现延误\nAP2010/638/07 (中文(简体) ). 对非索特派团支助办摩加迪沙远程活动管理的审计。 非索特派团支助办一直根据授权向非索特派团提供后勤支助。 然而,需要加强风险管理和战略规划机制、监管框架和监督机制,以确保非索特派团支助办有效提供后勤支持,并适当问责非索特派团支助的使用情况\n停战监督组织 AP2010/674/01 对停战监督组织人力资源和旅行管理的审计。 内部控制总体上令人满意,但征聘决定的文件编制需要加强", "C. 闭幕报告[2]", "实体任务编号 议题\nDESA 0157/10 一名非政府组织的代表的行为\n外勤部 0048/05 联利特派团一名工作人员举报的应享权利欺诈行为\n联利特派团一名工作人员可能索取贿赂\n0454/05 (英语). 联海稳定团工作人员可能采购违规行为\n2005年6月6日,纽约 联利特派团一名工作人员违反采购规定\n0448/06号 联利特派团可能出现的采购违规行为\n据报联利特派团一名工作人员索贿\n2007年7月1日,纽约 联苏特派团一名工作人员涉嫌管理不善和滥用职权的报告\n0226/07 前联刚特派团一名工作人员的性剥削\n涉及前联刚特派团一名工作人员的性骚扰\n0364/07 (中文(简体) ). 联利特派团工作人员擅自进入电子邮件账户\n联苏特派团可能违反特派团安保标准程序并滥用权力\n0586/07 前联刚特派团工作人员举报的不当行为\n0011/08 (英语). 据报联伊援助团一名工作人员的不当行为\n2008年3月30日,纽约 前联刚特派团一名工作人员的欺诈行为\n0389/08号 联伊援助团采购违规行为\n前联刚特派团一名维和人员的性虐待行为\n0022/09,0010/09 (英语). 联苏特派团一名工作人员滥用电话密码\n0055/09 (英语). 前联刚特派团一名工作人员的采购违规行为\n0077/09 (中文(简体) ). 联黎部队一名工作人员可能采购违规行为\n2009年1月1日至2005年6月30日期间 联东办事处一名工作人员的采购违规行为\n158/09 前中非支助处一名工作人员挪用和转移联合国经费\n0169/09 (英语). 联利特派团一名工作人员未经授权出借和捐赠医疗用品\n0246/09号 据称联塞部队操纵投标\n第0254/09号来文 被派到联利特派团的工作人员性剥削和性虐待未成年人\n0292/09 (英语). 中乍特派团一名工作人员可能滥用联合国资产\n0350/09,0533/10 (中文(简体) ). 联利特派团一名工作人员的性剥削和性虐待行为\n科索沃特派团一名联合国自愿人员提出的医疗索赔欺诈\n0513/09 (英语). 联海稳定团一名前联合国警察偷窃\n0562/09号 可能涉及达尔富尔混合行动一名工作人员的贿赂\n0563/09号 联伊援助团一名工作人员滥用信息和通信技术资源\n2007年6月6日,纽约 联利特派团一名工作人员可能欺诈应享权利\n0103/10 前联布综合办一名工作人员滥用职权\n0120/10 联塞部队一名工作人员可能骚扰\n0207/10,0208/10 (中文(简体) ). 联利特派团一名工作人员可能不遵守《联合国财务条例和细则》\n0224/10 (中文(简体) ). 2011年1月海地地震中死亡的联合国工作人员个人财物遗失\n第0294/10号决定 联利特派团一名工作人员可能敲诈勒索\n第0297/10号决定 联苏特派团一名工作人员行贿\n0311/10 西撒特派团一名工作人员的不当行为报告\n第0448/10号决议 关于联苏特派团一名工作人员被性剥削和性虐待的指控\n联刚稳定团可能存在的采购违规行为\n第0025/11号决定 联利特派团工作人员盗窃燃料\n第0229/11号决定 联苏特派团一名联合国警察可能不当行为\n0485/08(编) A和B) (中文(简体) ). 据报联利特派团一名工作人员企图对未成年人进行性剥削和虐待\n大会部 0157/08 联合国总部一名工作人员的欺诈活动\n0732/05马克 联合国总部可能存在的采购违规行为\n非洲经委会 0926/06 涉及非洲经委会前工作人员的骚扰和恐吓\n亚太经社会 0250/10 一名前工作人员在亚太经社会陈述不当\n国际刑事法庭 卢旺达 0393/10 卢旺达问题国际刑事法庭一名工作人员对未成年人的性虐待\n人道协调厅 0342/10 人道主义事务协调厅一名工作人员的家庭暴力和非法饮用酒精事件\n监督厅一名工作人员披露的信息\n贸发会议0351/09 致联合国日内瓦办事处常设代表团的威胁信\n0429/09 (英语). 对贸发会议一名工作人员的死亡威胁\n第0476/10号决定 致联合国日内瓦办事处常驻代表团的匿名信\n环境规划署 0438/06 环境署工作人员在征聘方面的违规行为\n0438/08 环境署一名工作人员重复预付现金\n0469/09 (英语). 环境署一名工作人员的欺诈性医疗报销\n内罗毕办事处侵吞联合国内罗毕办事处的建筑材料承包商\n与部门间凭单收费有关的欺诈性付款\n0054/09 (英语). 联合国内罗毕办事处一名工作人员可能的不当行为\n内罗毕办事处/内罗毕办事处 0367/10 联合国内罗毕办事处盗窃联合国联邦信用卡\n近东救济工程处0277/10 报告近东救济工程处征聘不正规", "[1] 由于时间限制,报告所述期间为2010年7月1日至2011年6月30日,但关于建议状况的统计数据仅包括截至2011年5月31日提出的建议及其截至2011年6月30日的状况。", "[2] 如果监督厅的调查不能证实所报事项,则发布结案报告。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council", "Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year", "Agenda item 34", "Protracted conflicts in the GUAM area and their implications for international peace, security and development", "Identical letters dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "I have the honour to transmit herewith a statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia dated 9 August 2011, regarding the submission to the Russian Duma of the so-called agreements concerning Russia’s military bases in Georgia’s occupied territories and training against radiological and biological threats (see annex).", "I should be grateful if you would have the present letter and its annex issued as a document of the General Assembly, under agenda item 34, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Alexander Lomaia Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the identical letters dated 11 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia in reaction to the submission to the Russian Duma of the so-called agreements concerning Russia’s military bases in Georgia’s occupied territories and training exercises against radiological and biological threats", "On 8 August 2011, Russian President Medvedev submitted a series of so-called “agreements” concerning Russia’s military bases in Georgia’s occupied territories to the Russian Duma for ratification. This act, which Russia has taken on the eve of the third anniversary of Russia’s full-scale military aggression against Georgia, is yet another cynical step by which Russia demonstrates its lack of respect for universally recognized norms and principles of international law, for its obligations according to the terms of the Ceasefire Agreement of 12 August 2008, and for the international community’s consolidated stance regarding the inviolability of Georgia’s internationally recognized sovereign borders, the ethnic cleansing which has taken place in its occupied territories and the need to de-occupy these very territories.", "According to reports in electronic media, on the same day (8 August), Russia’s radiological and biological defence forces held exercises in the Russian Federation’s Southern Military District, as well as in the Republic of Armenia and in the so‑called “republics” of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. These exercises, whose aim is to monitor nuclear explosions, to carry out radiological and biological reconnaissance, aero-isolation, disinfection and decontamination of equipment, will proceed in two stages and are due to end by 2 October. They will involve 600 servicemen and 160 military vehicles.", "The deadlock Russia has found itself in following its occupation of Georgian territory and its recognition of the so-called “independence” of the occupation regimes has led the Russian government to carry out absurd actions such as these training exercises in defence against radiological and biological threats in Georgia’s occupied territories.", "If Russia really wishes to create a safe environment at its southern borders, the best way for it to do so would be to withdraw its occupying forces from Georgia’s occupied territories, to agree to the deployment of international peacekeeping forces therein, to restore the functioning of the international monitoring missions it has expelled and, at the initial stage, to permit objective and unbiased monitoring of the situation by allowing the European Union monitoring mission (with which the Georgian authorities and law enforcement agencies cooperate in the spirit of mutual understanding and transparency) to access Georgia’s occupied territories.", "Georgia once again declares that it is committed to the non-use of force, reaffirms its readiness to cooperate with the international community and international organizations with the goal of establishing peace and stability in the region, and demands that the Russian Federation reciprocally commit to the non-use of force, that it desist from the militarization of Georgia’s occupied territories, that it fully comply with the provisions of the commitments it has undertaken (notably those of the 12 August 2008 Ceasefire Agreement), and that it ensure the full de‑occupation of occupied Georgian territory.", "Tbilisi, 9 August 2011" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目34", "古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "2011年8月11日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨随函转递2011年8月9日格鲁吉亚外交部关于俄罗斯向其杜马提交俄罗斯在格鲁吉亚被占领土上的军事基地以及应对辐射和生物威胁的演习的所谓协议的声明(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目34的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "亚历山大·洛梅亚(签名)", "2011年8月11日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "格鲁吉亚外交部关于俄罗斯向其杜马提交的俄罗斯在格鲁吉亚被占领土上的军事基地以及应对辐射和生物威胁的演习的所谓协议的声明", "2011年8月8日，俄罗斯总统梅德韦杰夫向俄罗斯杜马提交了一系列关于俄罗斯在格鲁吉亚被占领土上的军事基地的所谓“协议”，供其批准。俄罗斯在其对格鲁吉亚全面军事侵略三周年前夕采取这一行动是又一个不讲道义的步骤，从而表明了俄罗斯不尊重普遍公认的国际法规范和原则，不尊重其依据2008年8月12日《停火协定》承担的义务，也不尊重国际社会关于国际公认的格鲁吉亚主权边界不容侵犯、在格鲁吉亚被占领土内发生的族裔清洗以及必须解除对这些领土的占领状态的统一立场。", "根据电子媒体的报导，在同一天(8月8日)，俄罗斯的辐射和生物防化部队在俄罗斯联邦南部军区以及亚美尼亚共和国和所谓阿布哈兹和南奥塞梯“共和国”举行了演习。这些演习目的是监测核爆炸、执行辐射和生物侦察、实行空中隔离、消毒和净化设备，它们将分两个阶段展开，定于10月2日结束，有600名军人和160辆军车参加。", "俄罗斯自占领格鲁吉亚领土后即陷入僵局，加之其承认占领政权的所谓“独立性”，导致俄罗斯政府采取了诸如防备格鲁吉亚被占领土的辐射和生物威胁的演习之类的荒谬行动。", "如果俄罗斯真正希望在其南部边界创造安全环境，其最佳做法应是从格鲁吉亚被占领土撤出其占领军、同意在那里部署国际维持和平部队、恢复被其驱逐的国际监察团的工作，并在最初阶段允许欧洲联盟监察团(格鲁吉亚当局和执法机关以相互谅解和透明的精神与其进行合作)进入格鲁吉亚被占领土，对局势进行客观公正的监测。", "格鲁吉亚再次宣布其不使用武力的承诺，重申其准备与国际社会和国际组织合作在该区域建立和平与稳定，并要求俄罗斯联邦相应承诺不使用武力、停止将格鲁吉亚被占领土军事化、充分遵守其已作出承诺(特别是2008年8月12日《停火协定》)的规定并确保格鲁吉亚被占领土全面解除被占领状态。", "2011年8月9日，第比利斯" ]

[ "大 会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目34", "古阿姆集团地区旷日持久的冲突及其 对国际和平、安全与发展的影响", "2011年8月11日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "谨随函转递2011年8月9日格鲁吉亚外交部关于向俄罗斯杜马提交所谓的关于俄罗斯在格鲁吉亚被占领土上军事基地和针对放射性和生物威胁进行训练的协定的声明(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目34下的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "亚历山大·洛梅亚(签名)", "2011年8月11日格鲁吉亚常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "格鲁吉亚外交部针对俄罗斯向俄罗斯杜马提交所谓的关于俄罗斯在格鲁吉亚被占领土上军事基地和针对放射性和生物威胁的训练演习的协定发表的声明", "2011年8月8日,俄罗斯总统梅德韦杰夫向俄罗斯杜马提交了一系列关于俄罗斯在格鲁吉亚被占领土上军事基地的所谓\"协定\",以供批准. 俄罗斯在俄罗斯全面军事侵略格鲁吉亚三周年前夕采取的这一行动,是又一个玩世不恭的步骤,俄罗斯表明它不尊重公认的国际法准则和原则,不尊重根据2008年8月12日《停火协定》承担的义务,不尊重国际社会对格鲁吉亚国际公认主权边界不可侵犯、在其被占领土上发生的种族清洗以及必须清除这些领土的占领的坚定立场。", "根据电子媒体的报道,同一天(8月8日),俄罗斯的放射和生物防卫部队在俄罗斯联邦南部军区、亚美尼亚共和国以及阿布哈兹和南奥塞梯所谓的 \" 共和国 \" 举行演习。 这些演习的目的是监测核爆炸,对设备进行放射和生物侦察、空气隔离、消毒和去污,将分两个阶段进行,并将于10月2日结束。 它们涉及600名军人和160辆军车。", "俄罗斯在占领格鲁吉亚领土之后陷入僵局,俄罗斯政府承认占领政权的所谓 \" 独立 \" ,导致俄罗斯政府采取荒谬行动,例如进行这些训练演习,以防御格鲁吉亚被占领土上的放射性和生物威胁。", "如果俄罗斯真的想在其南部边界创造一个安全的环境,它这样做的最佳办法是从格鲁吉亚被占领土上撤出占领部队,同意在其中部署国际维持和平部队,恢复它所驱逐的国际监测特派团的运作,并在最初阶段允许欧洲联盟监测特派团(格鲁吉亚当局和执法机构本着相互理解和透明度的精神与之合作)进入格鲁吉亚被占领土,从而允许客观和公正地监测局势。", "格鲁吉亚再次宣布承诺不使用武力,重申愿意同国际社会和国际组织合作,以在该地区建立和平与稳定,并要求俄罗斯联邦相互承诺不使用武力,停止将格鲁吉亚被占领土军事化,充分遵守其所作承诺的规定(特别是2008年8月12日《停火协定》的规定),并确保完全取消对格鲁吉亚被占领土的占领。", "2011年8月9日,第比利斯" ]

[ "Meeting of States Parties", "New York, 11 August 2011", "Credentials of representatives", "Report of the Credentials Committee", "Chairperson: Robert Eric Alabado Borje (Philippines)", "1. On 11 August 2011, the Meeting of States Parties held to elect one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, decided, for the purposes of conducting the business of the Meeting, to maintain the composition of the Credentials Committee as appointed by the twenty-first Meeting held in June 2011. The Credentials Committee thus consisted of the following nine States Parties: Belgium, Brazil, Ghana, Norway, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Ukraine, Uruguay and Zambia.", "2. The Credentials Committee held one meeting on 11 August 2011. It had before it a memorandum by the Secretariat, of the same date, describing the status of credentials of representatives of States Parties participating in the Meeting. The Secretary of the Committee made a statement with regard to the credentials and communications received subsequent to the preparation of the memorandum.", "3. As noted in paragraph 1 of the memorandum, orally supplemented during the meeting, formal credentials issued by the Head of State or Government or by the Minister for Foreign Affairs or by a person authorized by either of them had been received by the Secretariat for the representatives of the following 82 States Parties: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guyana, Hungary, Iceland, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kuwait, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malawi, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Micronesia (Federated States of), Monaco, Montenegro, Morocco, Nauru, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Korea, Romania, Russian Federation, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovenia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Uruguay.", "4. As noted in paragraph 2 of the memorandum, orally supplemented during the meeting, information concerning the appointment of representatives participating in the Meeting had been communicated by means of facsimile or in the form of diplomatic correspondence from ministries, permanent missions to the United Nations or other Government offices or authorities, or through local United Nations offices, by the following 60 States Parties: Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Armenia, Bahamas, Bahrain, Botswana, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Malaysia, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, Netherlands, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Republic of Moldova, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Suriname, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Vanuatu, Viet Nam, Yemen and Zambia.", "5. On the understanding that formal credentials of the representatives referred to in paragraph 2 of the Secretariat’s memorandum would be communicated to the Secretariat as soon as possible, the Committee adopted the following resolution without a vote:", "The Credentials Committee,", "Having examined the credentials of the representatives to the Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to elect one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf held on 11 August 2011 referred to in the memorandum of the Secretariat dated 11 August 2011, supplemented by the additional information provided by the Secretariat dated 11 August 2011,", "Accepts the credentials of the representatives concerned.", "6. Subsequently, the Committee approved, without a vote, the Chairperson’s proposal that the Committee recommend to the Meeting of States Parties the adoption of the following draft resolution:", "Credentials of representatives to the Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea held on 11 August 2011 to elect one member of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf", "The Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea,", "Approves the report of the Credentials Committee.", "7. The proposal was adopted without a vote." ]

[ "第二十一次会议", "2011年8月11日，纽约", "代表的全权证书", "全权证书委员会的报告", "主席：Bobert Eric Alabado Borje(菲律宾)", "1. 2011年8月11日，为选举一名大陆架界限委员会成员举行缔约国会议。会议决定，为处理会议事务的目的，维持2011年6月举行的第二十一次会议所任命的全权证书委员会的成员组成。因此，全权证书委员会由以下9个缔约国组成：比利时、巴西、加纳、挪威、菲律宾、沙特阿拉伯、乌克兰、乌拉圭和赞比亚。", "2. 全权证书委员会于2011年8月11日举行会议。委员会收到秘书处在同日提交的备忘录，其中介绍了出席会议缔约国代表的全权证书情况。委员会秘书对备忘录拟就后收到的全权证书和函件作了说明。", "3. 如备忘录第1段所述，并根据会议期间所作的口头补充，秘书处已收到以下82个缔约国由国家元首或政府首脑或外交部长或经他们之一授权的人士签发的正式全权证书：阿尔巴尼亚、阿根廷、澳大利亚、奥地利、孟加拉国、巴巴多斯、白俄罗斯、比利时、伯利兹、贝宁、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、布基纳法索、智利、中国、克罗地亚、古巴、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、吉布提、多米尼克、多米尼加共和国、爱沙尼亚、斐济、芬兰、法国、加蓬、格鲁吉亚、德国、希腊、危地马拉、圭亚那、匈牙利、冰岛、伊拉克、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、约旦、科威特、老挝人民民主共和国、拉脱维亚、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、卢森堡、马拉维、马尔代夫、马耳他、毛里求斯、墨西哥、密克罗尼西亚联邦、摩纳哥、黑山、摩洛哥、瑙鲁、新西兰、挪威、阿曼、巴基斯坦、帕劳、巴拿马、巴拉圭、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、塞舌尔、新加坡、斯洛文尼亚、南非、斯里兰卡、瑞典、瑞士、泰国、特立尼达和多巴哥、乌克兰、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国和乌拉圭。", "4. 如备忘录第2段所述，并根据会议期间所作的口头补充，以下60个缔约国出席会议的代表的任命资料已由这些国家的部委、常驻联合国代表团或其他政府部门或当局，或通过当地联合国办事处，以传真或以外交信函方式送交：阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、安提瓜和巴布达、亚美尼亚、巴哈马、巴林、博茨瓦纳、文莱达鲁萨兰国、保加利亚、加拿大、佛得角、刚果、哥斯达黎加、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、埃及、冈比亚、加纳、格林纳达、洪都拉斯、印度、印度尼西亚、牙买加、肯尼亚、基里巴斯、莱索托、利比里亚、马来西亚、马里、马绍尔群岛、毛里塔尼亚、蒙古、缅甸、尼泊尔、荷兰、尼日利亚、巴布亚新几内亚、摩尔多瓦共和国、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、萨摩亚、沙特阿拉伯、塞内加尔、塞尔维亚、塞拉利昂、斯洛伐克、所罗门群岛、西班牙、苏里南、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、多哥、汤加、突尼斯、图瓦卢、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、瓦努阿图、越南、也门和赞比亚。", "5. 鉴于秘书处备忘录第2段所述代表的正式全权证书将尽快送交秘书处，委员会未经表决通过以下决议：", "全权证书委员会，", "审查了2011年8月11日秘书处备忘录中提到的、出席2011年8月11日为选举一名大陆架界限委员会成员举行的联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议的代表的全权证书，以及秘书处在2011年8月11日为此提交的补充资料，", "接受有关代表的全权证书。", "6. 其后，委员会未经表决通过主席的提议，即委员会建议缔约国会议通过以下决议草案：", "出席2011年8月11日为选举一名大陆架界限委员会成员举行的联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议的代表的全权证书", "联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议", "核准全权证书委员会的报告。", "7. 该提议未经表决获得通过。" ]

[ "缔约国会议", "2011年8月11日,纽约", "与会代表的全权证书", "全权证书委员会的报告", "主席: 罗伯特·埃里克·阿拉巴多·博尔杰(菲律宾)", "1. 联合国 2011年8月11日,缔约国会议选举了大陆架界限委员会的一名成员,决定为处理会议事务,维持2011年6月举行的第二十一次会议所任命的全权证书委员会的组成。 因此,全权证书委员会由下列9个缔约国组成:比利时、巴西、加纳、挪威、菲律宾、沙特阿拉伯、乌克兰、乌拉圭和赞比亚。", "2. 联合国 全权证书委员会于2011年8月11日举行了一次会议。 委员会收到了秘书处同日的一份备忘录,其中说明了参加会议的缔约国代表的全权证书的状况。 委员会秘书就编写备忘录后收到的全权证书和来文发了言。", "3个 备忘录第1段指出,秘书处收到了下列82个缔约国代表由国家元首或政府首脑或外交部长或经其中一人授权的人签发的正式全权证书:阿尔巴尼亚、阿根廷、澳大利亚、奥地利、孟加拉国、巴巴多斯、白俄罗斯、比利时、伯利兹、贝宁、波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、巴西、布基纳法索、智利、中国、克罗地亚、古巴、塞浦路斯、捷克共和国、丹麦、吉布提、多米尼克、多米尼加共和国、爱沙尼亚、斐济、芬兰、法国、加蓬、格鲁吉亚、德国、希腊、危地马拉、圭亚那、匈牙利、冰岛、伊拉克、爱尔兰、意大利、日本、约旦、科威特、老挝人民民主共和国、拉脱维亚、黎巴嫩、立陶宛、卢森堡、马拉维、马尔代夫、马耳他、毛里求斯、墨西哥、密克罗尼西亚联邦、摩纳哥、黑山、摩洛哥、瑙鲁、新西兰、挪威、阿曼、巴基斯坦、帕劳、巴拿马、巴拉圭、菲律宾、波兰、葡萄牙、大韩民国、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯联邦、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯、塞舌尔、新加坡、斯洛文尼亚、南非、斯里兰卡、瑞典、瑞士、泰国、特立尼达和多巴哥、乌克兰、大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。", " 4.四. 如备忘录第2段所指出(在会议期间作了口头补充),下列60个缔约国以传真或外交信函形式,通过各部委、常驻联合国代表团或其他政府办事处或当局或通过当地的联合国办事处,送交了关于任命与会代表的资料:阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、安提瓜和巴布达、亚美尼亚、巴哈马、巴林、博茨瓦纳、文莱达鲁萨兰国、保加利亚、加拿大、佛得角、刚果、哥斯达黎加、科特迪瓦、刚果民主共和国、埃及、冈比亚、加纳、格林纳达、洪都拉斯、印度、印度尼西亚、牙买加、肯尼亚、基里巴斯、莱索托、利比里亚、马来西亚、马里、马绍尔群岛、毛里塔尼亚、蒙古、缅甸、尼泊尔、荷兰、尼日利亚、巴布亚新几内亚、摩尔多瓦共和国、圣基茨和尼维斯、圣卢西亚、萨摩亚、沙特阿拉伯、塞内加尔、塞尔维亚、塞拉利昂、斯洛伐克、所罗门群岛、西班牙、苏里南、前南斯拉夫的马其顿共和国、多哥、汤加、突尼斯、图瓦卢、乌干达、坦桑尼亚联合共和国、瓦努阿图、越南、也门和赞比亚。", "5 (韩语). 根据秘书处备忘录第2段所述代表的正式全权证书将尽快送交秘书处,委员会未经表决通过了以下决议:", "全权证书委员会,", "审查了2011年8月11日秘书处备忘录提及的出席2011年8月11日举行的联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员的代表的全权证书,以及2011年8月11日秘书处提供的补充资料,", "接受有关代表的全权证书。", "6. 国家 随后,委员会未经表决通过了主席的提议,即委员会建议缔约国会议通过以下决议草案:", "出席2011年8月11日举行的联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议并选举大陆架界限委员会一名成员的代表的全权证书", "联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议,", "核可全权证书委员会的报告。", "7. 联合国 提案未经表决获得通过。" ]

[ "General Assembly Security Council Sixty-fifth session Sixty-sixth year Agenda items 36 and 52 The situation in the Middle East \nReport of the Special Committee toInvestigate Israeli PracticesAffecting the Human Rights of thePalestinian People and Other Arabsof the Occupied Territories", "Identical letters dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "On instructions from my Government, I have the honour to transmit herewith identical letters dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council, containing a complaint against the Israeli occupation authorities, which decided to build a racist separation wall in the Occupied Syrian Golan, east of Majdal Shams (see annex).", "I would appreciate it if the present letter and its annex could be circulated as a document of the General Assembly under agenda items 36 and 52, and of the Security Council.", "(Signed) Bashar Ja’afari Ambassador Permanent Representative", "Annex to the identical letters dated 8 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council", "[Original: Arabic]", "On instructions from my Government, I should like to convey to you a complaint against the Israeli occupation authorities, which have begun building a racist separation wall in the occupied Syrian Golan.", "In June 2011, the Israeli Government decided to build a racist separation wall east of Majdal Shams in the occupied Syrian Golan, allegedly in order to prevent Palestinians and Syrians from crossing the ceasefire line and reaching occupied Majdal Shams. The Israeli Corps of Engineers in fact began constructing the wall at the beginning of this past July, and an agreement was reached with Israeli contractors to build a wall eight metres high and four kilometres long. It should be noted that the ceasefire line between Israel and Syria in the occupied Golan is approximately 100 kilometres long. The Israeli Chief of Staff, Benny Gantz, has ordered that construction of the wall should be completed in September 2011, that is to say, before the United Nations vote concerning recognition of the Palestinian State. Israeli army bulldozers and heavy equipment have been excavating and levelling a strip of land a few metres wide along the ceasefire line next to Majdal Shams, from the Khillat al-Ramlah area in the north to al-Naqaqir in the south.", "The wall that Israel has begun building will separate the occupied portions of the Syrian Golan from and break their geographical contiguity with the Syrian homeland. It will also result in the seizure of vast areas of land, estimated to be hundreds of dunums, which belong to Syrian Arab farmers who were deprived of their land when it was appropriated in the mid-1970s. The Israeli army took control of that territory after the conclusion of the 1974 Disengagement Agreement. The land, which is part of the occupied town of Majdal Shams, was used to grow grapevines, wheat, chickpeas, barley, apples, almonds and figs.", "The aim of building a wall in the occupied Syrian Golan is to establish a new political and security reality, and it will also serve to impose a specific reality on any future peace negotiations concerning the occupied Golan. This wall will also have an extremely adverse effect on the population of the occupied Golan because it will separate them from and break their geographical contiguity with their homeland, Syria. All this is taking place against the backdrop of Israel’s policy of aggression against the people of the Golan, a policy that includes detention, expulsion, exorbitant fines, prosecution and driving workers from their place of employment.", "By carrying out such grave acts as modifying the geographic characteristics of the occupied Syrian Golan, in particular the laying of paved and unpaved roads for military use and the construction of a permanent cement wall, the Israeli authorities have violated international law and contravened the Disengagement Agreement between the Syrian and Israeli sides, which was concluded under the auspices of the great Powers and the Security Council. The Syrian Arab Republic insists that the United Nations and, in particular, the Security Council, must shoulder its responsibilities and immediately take all necessary measures to halt this action, which is part of Israel’s ongoing campaign to cut off the occupied Syrian Golan from the Syrian homeland. It is a flagrant violation of international law and the relevant United Nations resolutions, in particular Security Council resolution 497 (1981), in which the Council decided that Israel’s annexation of the occupied Syrian Golan was null and void and without international legal effect.", "Below is a list of the families that own the appropriated land on which the wall is being erected:", "• Sons of Husayn Mahmud (Qubaybah, Arid al-Mit’hanah)", "• Sulayman Tarif (land that previously belonged to Abdullah Shahadhah) — sons of Jamil Al-Sayyid Ahmad", "• Sons of Farid Al-Sayyid Ahmad — sons of Salih Hamud Khalil Abu Salih", "• Sons of Salih Husayn Abu Salih — Isam Al-Safadi (Safadi family — around 3 dunums)", "• Children of Malham Al-Safadi", "• Sulayman Shams (Shams family — around 45 dunums) — Isma‘il Shams", "• Mahmud Shams — sons of Yusuf Abu Arar (around 7 dunums)", "• Sons of Mahmud Mali (around 12 dunums) — Haza‘ Mali — sons of Sulayman Abu Jabal", "• Sons of Husayn Abu Jabal Salih Al-Salih (east of Masil)", "• Sons of Mansur Abu Jabal — sons of Hassan Mahdi Fakhruddin", "• Sons of Sulayman Salman Ibrahim — sons of Bahjat Al-Halabi — sons of As‘ad Al-Halabi", "• Sons of Ali Al-Sabbagh — sons of Sulayman Abu Zayd — Faris Abu Zayd", "• Sons of Hamzah Ibrahim — sons of Said Samarah — sons of As‘ad Al-Haddad (displaced persons: sons of Fa‘iz Al-Qal‘ani) — sons of Jamil Husayn Rida — sons of Sa‘id Khattar — sons of Ali Al-Shufi — sons of Ali Ibrahim — sons of Najib Dhib Burayk (east of Masil)", "• Sons of Jamil Husayn Ali Abu Salih (east of Masil) — Mi‘sarah (on the land of Jamil Sayyid Ahmad) — sons of Faris Khuza‘i Abu Salih", "• Sons of As‘ad Armun — sons of Hamad Maddah — Sulayman Hamdi Wahbi Abu Salih", "• Ghazi Faris Wahbi Abu Salih (Mi‘sarat al-Dibs — east of Al-Masil)", "(Signed) Bashar Ja’afari Permanent Representative of the Syrian Arab Republic" ]

[ "大 会 安全理事会", "第六十五届会议 第六十六年", "议程项目36和52", "中东局势", "调查以色列侵害占领区巴勒斯坦 人民和其他阿拉伯人人权的行为 特别委员会的报告", "2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "奉我国政府指示，谨转递2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信，信中投诉以色列占领当局决定在被占领的叙利亚戈兰Majdal Shams东部修建种族隔离墙的行为(见附件)。", "请将本信及其附件作为大会议程项目36和52的文件以及安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "常驻代表", "大使", "巴沙尔·贾法里(签名)", "2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "[原件：阿拉伯文]", "奉我国政府指示，向你投诉以色列占领当局开始在被占领的叙利亚戈兰修建种族隔离墙的行为。", "2011年6月，以色列政府决定在被占领的叙利亚戈兰的Majdal Shams东部修建种族隔离墙，据称是为了防止巴勒斯坦人和叙利亚人越过停火线、进入被占领的Majdal Shams。事实上，以色列工兵团于今年7月初开始修建该墙，并与以色列承包商达成协议，要修建一道高8米、长4公里的隔离墙。应该指出的是，以色列和叙利亚在被占领的戈兰上的停火线长约100公里。以色列参谋长Benny Gantz下令在2011年9月建成该墙，也就是说，在联合国举行关于承认巴勒斯坦国的投票之前建成。以色列军队的推土机和重型设备正沿着Majdal Shams旁边的停火线挖掘和平整一片数米宽的狭长地带，北起Khillat al-Ramlah 地区，南到al-Naqaqir 。", "以色列开始修建的这一隔离墙将把叙利亚戈兰的被占领部分与叙利亚祖国分隔开来，并切断两者之间的地域毗连。这还将导致约数百德南的广袤土地被没收，这些土地属于20世纪70年代中期其土地遭到侵吞的阿拉伯叙利亚农民。以色列军队在达成1974年的《脱离接触协议》后，控制了该领土。该土地属于被占领的Majdal Shams镇的一部分，被用来种植葡萄、小麦、鹰嘴豆、大麦、苹果、杏仁和无花果。", "以色列在被占领的叙利亚戈兰修建隔离墙，是为了制造政治和安全方面新的既成事实，并以其来影响未来任何关于被占领的戈兰的和平谈判。这道墙还将对被占领的戈兰的民众造成极为不利的影响，因为它将把这些民众与叙利亚祖国分隔开来，并切断两者之间的地域毗连。发生这一行动的原因是以色列对戈兰人民实行的侵略政策，这一政策包括拘留、驱逐、高额罚款、起诉和驱逐工人离开工作地点。", "以色列当局改变被占领的叙利亚戈兰的地理特征，特别是修建用于军事用途的铺设路面和未铺设路面的公路，并建造永久性的水泥墙，此类严重行为违反了国际法，并违反了叙利亚和以色列在大国和安理会主持下达成的《脱离接触协定》。阿拉伯叙利亚共和国坚决认为，联合国尤其是安全理事会必须履行职责，立即采取所有必要措施制止这一行动，因为该行动是以色列试图把占领叙利亚戈兰和叙利亚祖国分割开来的持续活动的一部分，它公然违反了国际法和联合国有关决议，特别是安全理事会第497(1981)号决议，安理会在该决议中决定，以色列对被占领叙利亚戈兰的吞并是无效的，不具有任何国际法律效力。", "正在修建的这段隔离墙所处的被侵占土地属于下列名单所列家庭：", "• Husayn Mahmud 的儿子(Qubaybah，Arid al-Mit’hanah)", "• Sulayman Tarif(以前属于Abdullah Shahadhah的土地)——Jamil Al-Sayyid Ahmad的儿子", "• Farid Al-Sayyid Ahmad的儿子——Salih Hamud Khalil Abu Salih的儿子", "• Salih Husayn Abu Salih的儿子——Isam Al-Safadi(Safadi家——约3德南)", "• Malham Al-Safadi的子女", "• Sulayman Shams(Shams 家——约 45德南)——Isma‘il Shams", "• Mahmud Shams——Yusuf Abu Arar的儿子 (约7德南)", "• Mahmud Mali的儿子(约12dunums)——Haza‘ Mali——Sulayman Abu Jabal的儿子", "• Husayn Abu Jabal Salih Al-Salih的儿子(Masil东部)", "• Mansur Abu Jabal的儿子 — Hassan Mahdi Fakhruddin的儿子", "• Sulayman Salman Ibrahim的儿子——Bahjat Al-Halabi的儿子——As‘ad Al-Halabi的儿子", "• Ali Al-Sabbagh的儿子——Sulayman Abu Zayd的儿子——Faris Abu Zayd", "• Hamzah Ibrahim的儿子——Said Samarah的儿子——As‘ad Al-Haddad的儿子(流离失所者：Fa‘iz Al-Qal‘ani的儿子)——Jamil Husayn Rida的儿子——Sa‘id Khattar的儿子——Ali Al-Shufi的儿子——Ali Ibrahim的儿子——Najib Dhib Burayk的儿子 (Masil东部)", "• Jamil Husayn Ali Abu Salih的儿子 (Masil东部)——Mi‘sarah(在Jamil Sayyid Ahmad的土地上)——Faris Khuza‘i Abu Salih的儿子", "• As‘ad Armun的儿子——Hamad Maddah的儿子——Sulayman Hamdi Wahbi Abu Salih", "• Ghazi Faris Wahbi Abu Salih(Mi’ sarat al-Dibs——Al-Masil东部)", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻代表", "巴沙尔·贾法里(签名)" ]

[ "大会第六十五届会议 议程项目36和52 中东局势\n调查以色列行径特别委员会的报告 阿拉伯人人权的行为特别委员会的报告", "2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信", "奉我国政府指示,谨随函转递2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信,其中指控以色列占领当局决定在Majdal Shams以东被占领的叙利亚戈兰修建一堵种族主义隔离墙(见附件)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会议程项目36和52的文件和安全理事会的文件分发为荷。", "巴沙尔·贾法里(签名)", "2011年8月8日阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻联合国代表给秘书长和安全理事会主席的同文信的附件", "[原件:阿拉伯", "奉我国政府指示,谨向你转达对以色列占领当局的控诉,该当局已开始在被占领的叙利亚戈兰修建种族主义隔离墙。", "2011年6月,以色列政府决定在被占领的叙利亚戈兰Majdal Shams以东修建一堵种族主义隔离墙,据称是为了防止巴勒斯坦人和叙利亚人越过停火线并到达被占领的Majdal Shams。 事实上,今年7月初,以色列工兵部队开始建造隔离墙,并与以色列承包商达成协议,建造高8米、长4公里的隔离墙。 应该指出,以色列和叙利亚在被占戈兰的停火线长约100公里。 以色列参谋长本尼·甘茨已下令于2011年9月,即在联合国关于承认巴勒斯坦国的表决之前,完成隔离墙的建造。 以色列军队的推土机和重型设备从北部的Khillat al-Ramlah地区到南部的al-Naqaqir沿Majdal Shams旁边停火线挖出并平整了几米宽的一带土地。", "以色列已经开始修建的隔离墙将把被占领的叙利亚戈兰的被占领部分同叙利亚家园分隔开来并打破其地理毗连。 这还将造成大片土地被没收,估计有数百德南,这些土地属于1970年代中期被征用时被剥夺土地的阿拉伯叙利亚农民。 1974年《脱离接触协定》缔结后,以色列军队控制了该领土。 该地是被占领的Majdal Shams镇的一部分,用来种植葡萄、小麦、小鸡、大麦、苹果、杏仁和花果。", "在被占领的叙利亚戈兰建造一堵墙的目的是要建立一个新的政治和安全现实,这也将有助于把一个具体的现实强加给今后关于被占戈兰的任何和平谈判。 这堵墙还将对被占戈兰的居民产生极为不利的影响,因为它将使他们与祖国叙利亚隔开并打破地理上的毗连。 所有这一切都是在以色列侵略戈兰人民政策的背景下发生的,这项政策包括拘留、驱逐、高额罚款、起诉和驱使工人离开工作地点。", "以色列当局采取严重行动,如改变被占领的叙利亚戈兰的地理特征,特别是铺设供军事使用的铺设和未铺设的道路并建造永久性水泥墙,违反了国际法并违反了叙利亚和以色列双方在大国和安全理事会主持下缔结的《脱离接触协定》。 阿拉伯叙利亚共和国坚持认为,联合国,特别是安全理事会,必须承担起责任并立即采取一切必要措施来制止这一行动,这是以色列目前切断被占领的叙利亚戈兰与叙利亚家园的联系。 这公然违反了国际法和联合国有关决议,特别是安全理事会第497(1981)号决议,安理会在决议中决定以色列吞并被占领的叙利亚戈兰是无效的,没有国际法律效力。", "以下列出拥有建造隔离墙占用地的家庭名单:", "- 胡赛恩·马哈穆德之子(库拜巴赫、阿里德·米特哈纳)", "• Sulayman Tarif(以前属于阿卜杜拉·沙哈德的土地)——Jamil Al-Sayyid Ahmad的儿子", "• 法里德·赛义德·艾哈迈德之子——萨利赫·哈穆德·哈利勒·阿布·萨利赫之子", "• 萨利赫·胡赛恩·阿布·萨利赫之子——伊萨姆·萨法迪(萨法迪家族——约3德南)", "• 马勒姆·萨法迪儿童", "• 苏莱曼·沙姆斯 (Shams家族——约45德南)——Isma'il Shams", "• Mahmud Shams——优素福·阿布·阿拉尔之子(约7德南)", "• 马赫穆德·马里之子(约12德南)——哈扎·马里——苏莱曼·阿布·贾巴勒之子", "• Husayn Abu Jabal Salih Al-Salih之子(马西勒以东)", "• Mansur Abu Jabal之子——哈桑·马赫迪·法赫鲁丁之子", "• Sulayman Salman Ibrahim之子——Bahjat Al-Halabi之子——As'ad Al-Halabi之子", "• 阿里·萨巴格之子——苏莱曼·阿布·扎伊德之子——法里斯·阿布·扎伊德", "• 哈姆扎赫·易卜拉欣之子-赛义德·萨马拉之子-哈达德之子-哈达德之子-贾米尔·胡赛恩·里达之子-赛义德·哈塔尔之子-阿里·舒菲之子-阿里·易卜拉欣之子-纳吉布·吉布·布拉克之子(马西勒以东)", "• Jamil Husayn Ali Abu Salih之子(马西勒以东)——Mi'sarah(在Jamil Sayyid Ahmad地上)——Faris Khuza'i Abu Salih之子", "• 阿斯阿德·阿尔蒙之子-哈马德·马达之子-苏莱曼·哈姆迪·瓦比·阿布·萨利赫", "二. 支助 加齐·法里斯 瓦比·阿布·萨利赫(米阿拉特·迪布斯-迈西尔以东)", "阿拉伯叙利亚共和国常驻代表 巴沙尔·贾法里(签名)" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006)", "Note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1737 (2006) and has the honour to attach herewith the report of Brunei Darussalam on the implementation of resolution 1929 (2010) adopted by the Security Council on 9 June 2010 (see annex).", "Annex to the note verbale dated 10 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of Brunei Darussalam to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "National report of Brunei Darussalam on the implementation of Security Council resolution 1929 (2010)", "1. The Government of Brunei Darussalam has taken note of the adoption of Security Council resolution 1929 (2010) with a view to implementing the provisions of the relevant paragraphs.", "2. In compliance with the said resolution, an inter-agency meeting was convened to inform all relevant national agencies in Brunei Darussalam of their obligations and to consider implementing the relevant paragraphs.", "3. The Government of Brunei Darussalam endeavours to undertake the necessary measures to implement all provisions of resolution 1929 (2010) within the scope and authorities of its respective agencies, in accordance with the relevant national laws and regulations." ]

[ "安全理事会关于伊朗伊斯兰共和国的 第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会", "2011年8月10日文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并随函附上文莱达鲁萨兰国关于安全理事会2010年6月9日通过的第1929(2010)号决议执行情况的报告(见附件)。", "2011年8月10日文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "文莱达鲁萨兰国关于安全理事会第1929(2010)号决议执行情况的国家报告", "1. 文莱达鲁萨兰国政府注意到安全理事会通过了第1929(2010)号决议，并准备执行决议有关段落的规定。", "2. 遵照上述决议，文莱达鲁萨兰国召开了一次跨机构会议，向所有相关的国家机构通报它们应承担的义务，并审议如何执行决议的有关段落。", "3. 文莱达鲁萨兰国政府将按照有关的国家法律法规，在各机构的范围内并根据各自的权限，为执行第1929(2010)号决议的各项规定而采取必要措施。" ]

[ "安全理事会第1737(2006)号决议 所设委员会", "2011年8月10日文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1737(2006)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并谨随函附上文莱达鲁萨兰国关于安全理事会2010年6月9日通过的第1929(2010)号决议执行情况的报告(见附件)。", "2011年8月10日文莱达鲁萨兰国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会的附件", "文莱达鲁萨兰国关于安全理事会第1929(2010)号决议执行情况的国家报告", "1. 联合国 文莱达鲁萨兰国政府注意到安全理事会为执行有关段落的规定而通过了第1929(2010)号决议。", "2. 联合国 根据上述决议,举行了一次机构间会议,向文莱达鲁萨兰国所有相关国家机构通报其义务并考虑执行有关段落。", "3个 文莱达鲁萨兰国政府努力采取必要措施,根据有关国家法律和条例,在各自机构的范围和权限内执行第1929(2010)号决议的所有规定。" ]

[ "Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004) concerning the Democratic Republic of the Congo", "Note verbale dated 3 August 2011 from the Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the Chair of the Committee", "The Permanent Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations presents its compliments to the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1533 (2004) and consistent with paragraph 20 of resolution 1952 (2010) calling on States to report to the Committee on actions taken to implement the measures imposed by paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 and recommended in paragraph 8, the United Kingdom reports as follows:", "All United Kingdom exporters must apply for an export control licence if they intend exporting arms or related materiel to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Licence applications are assessed against the relevant criteria and take into account the measures imposed by paragraph 1 of resolution 1807 (2008) and the exemptions in paragraphs 2, 3 and 5. Where applicable, the United Kingdom ensures that notification is given to the committee prior to any shipment of arms or related materiel. None have been made this year.", "The United Kingdom has put in place necessary measures to prevent individuals designated by the Sanctions Committee under the Democratic Republic of the Congo regime from obtaining a visa to travel to the United Kingdom. The Asset Freezing Unit in Her Majesty’s Treasury is responsible for the implementation and administration of international financial sanctions in effect in the United Kingdom and licensing exemptions to financial sanctions. Advice on the Democratic Republic of the Congo regime can be viewed at http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/ fin_sanctions_congo.htm.", "The United Kingdom is committed to promoting responsible corporate behaviour among British companies. We commend that the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the United Nations Group of Experts work to develop due diligence guidelines for the minerals supply chain in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo and have sought to encourage adherence by companies looking to trade in cassiterite, wolframite, coltan and gold (conflict minerals) originating from the Democratic Republic of the Congo.", "New pages have been added to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office website to help businesses trading in minerals sourced from conflict-affected areas of the Democratic Republic of the Congo or whose products include components that contain such minerals, ensure that their activities do not contribute to conflict and understand their role in improving oversight and management of the sector. They can be found at www.fco.gov.uk/conflictminerals. This online resource identifies key legislative and legally binding processes that may apply to companies trading in conflict minerals. It also provides useful summaries on due diligence guidance and certification mechanisms that are available to help mitigate the risk of supply chain contamination, and provides links to sources where companies can obtain further information, including a dedicated e-mail address ([email protected]).", "In March of this year, the Minister for Africa, Mr. Henry Bellingham MP, hosted an event designed to raise awareness among British businesses potentially trading in Congolese mineral products of the new due diligence guidelines. A wide range of domestic and international experts on business and human rights, conflict and natural resources were on hand to answer questions of United Kingdom companies on issues relating to extractive transparency and Democratic Republic of the Congo conflict minerals." ]

[ "安全理事会关于刚果民主共和国的 第1533(2004)号决议所设委员会", "2011年8月3日大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1533(2004)号决议所设委员会主席致意，并根据第1952(2010)号决议第20段的规定，即吁请各国向委员会报告它们采取哪些行动，来执行决议第1、第2和第3段实施的措施，以及第8段建议采用的措施，报告如下：", "联合王国有意向刚果民主共和国出口武器及相关材料的出口商，均需申请出口管制许可证。许可证申请根据相关标准进行评估，并结合考虑第1807(2008)号决议第1段实施的措施以及第2、第3和第5段规定的豁免。联合王国确保根据情况，向委员会事先通报武器及相关材料的运输情况。今年还没有提出过这种通报。", "联合王国已制定必要措施，防止制裁委员会根据对刚果民主共和国的制裁制度指认的人员得到赴英旅行签证。联合王国财政部资产冻结股负责执行和管理在我国实施的国际金融制裁措施，以及金融制裁许可证方面的豁免规定。关于对刚果民主共和国的制裁制度的咨询意见可在以下网站查阅：http://www.hm- treasury.gov.uk/fin_sanctions_congo.htm。", "联合王国致力于促进本国公司负责行事。我们赞扬经济合作与发展组织和联合国专家组努力制定刚果民主共和国东部矿物供应链尽职方针，并鼓励有意从事原产自刚果民主共和国的锡石、黑钨石、钶钽铁矿石和金矿石(冲突矿物)贸易的公司遵守尽职方针。", "外交和联邦事务部网站增加了新的网页，以帮助从事原产自刚果民主共和国受冲突影响地区矿物贸易或其产品的组成部分含有这类矿物的公司，确保其活动不助长冲突，并认识到其在改善该部门监督和管理方面的作用。新的网页可在以下网站上查阅：www.fco.gov.uk/conflictminerals。这一在线资料介绍了对从事冲突矿物贸易公司适用的重要立法和具有法律约束力的程序，还简要介绍了可借以降低供应链污染风险的尽职方针和认证机制，并提供了一些链接，以帮助各公司获得更多信息，包括专用电子邮件地址([email protected])。", "今年3月，非洲事务大臣亨利·贝林厄姆议员举办了一场活动，帮助可能从事刚果矿产贸易的英国公司增加对新的尽职方针的了解。来自商业与人权、冲突与自然资源领域的多名国内外专家参加了这场活动，并回答了英国公司就开采业透明度和刚果民主共和国的冲突矿物提出的问题。" ]

[ "安全理事会关于刚果民主共和国的第1533(2004)号决议所设委员会", "2011年8月3日大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团给委员会主席的普通照会", "大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国常驻联合国代表团向安全理事会第1533(2004)号决议所设委员会主席致意,并根据第1952(2010)号决议第20段呼吁各国向委员会报告为执行第1、2和3段所定并载于第8段建议的措施而采取的行动。", "联合王国所有出口商如果打算向刚果民主共和国出口武器或相关材料,必须申请出口管制许可证。 许可证申请按相关标准评估,并考虑到第1807(2008)号决议第1段规定的措施以及第2、3和5段规定的豁免。 联合王国确保酌情在运送任何武器或相关材料之前通知委员会。 今年没有这样做。", "联合王国已采取必要措施,防止刚果民主共和国政权制裁委员会指认的个人获得前往联合王国的签证。 女王陛下国库的资产冻结股负责执行和管理在联合王国生效的国际金融制裁,并发放金融制裁豁免许可证。 关于刚果民主共和国制度的咨询意见可在http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/fin_sanctions_congo.htm上查阅。", "联合王国致力于在英国公司中促进负责任的公司行为。 我们赞扬经济合作与发展组织和联合国专家组努力为刚果民主共和国东部的矿物供应链制定尽职调查准则,并努力鼓励希望从事原产于刚果民主共和国的锡石、狼石、钶钽铁矿石和黄金(冲突矿物)贸易的公司遵守这些准则。", "外交和联邦事务部网站增加了新的网页,帮助来自刚果民主共和国受冲突影响地区的矿物贸易企业或其产品含有含有此类矿物成分的企业确保其活动不会助长冲突并了解其在改进该部门监督和管理方面的作用。 可在www.fco.gov.uk/conflictminerals上查阅这些资料。 这一在线资源确定了适用于冲突矿物贸易公司的主要立法和具有法律约束力的程序。 它还提供了尽职调查指导和认证机制的有用摘要,有助于减少供应链被污染的风险,并提供了公司可以获得进一步信息的来源的链接,包括专用的电子邮件地址([email protected])。", "今年3月,非洲部长亨利·贝林汉姆议员主持了一次活动,旨在提高可能从事刚果矿物产品贸易的英国企业对新的尽职调查准则的认识。 一系列关于工商业与人权、冲突和自然资源问题的国内和国际专家正在就采掘透明度和刚果民主共和国冲突矿物问题回答联合王国公司的问题。" ]

[ "High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security convened by the Secretary-General", "22 September 2011", "United Nations system-wide study on the implications of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant", "Report of the Secretary-General", "Summary", "The present report contains the results of the United Nations system-wide study on the implications of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. The report has been prepared for the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, to be held on 22 September during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly. The study contains three sections. The first section focuses on specific issues pertaining to peaceful uses of nuclear energy and nuclear safety. It addresses International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards, peaceful nuclear energy applications, agriculture and food security, the environment, health, sustainable development and financing. The second section, which focuses on nuclear safety and security, addresses the role of the IAEA it that area, as well as natural disasters, climate change and the nexus between nuclear safety and security. The third section focuses on the international emergency response framework in the event of nuclear accidents and addresses the adequacy of disaster preparedness measures, the cooperation between international organizations and the development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities.", "In each area of focus, the study seeks to identify and discuss specific issues that may be relevant to the consideration of Governments; assess the implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents; discuss trends and developments; and provide recommendations.", "The study comprises contributions and inputs from 16 United Nations entities, specialized agencies and related organizations, including the Department of Economic and Social Affairs; the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; the International Atomic Energy Agency; the International Civil Aviation Organization; the International Maritime Organization; the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; the Pan American Health Organization; the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization; the United Nations Children’s Fund; the United Nations Development Programme; the United Nations Environment Programme; the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction; the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs; the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation; the World Health Organization; and the World Meteorological Organization.", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 3\nII.Observations 4III.Information 6 received from United Nations entities, specialized agencies and related \norganizations A.Specific 6 issues pertaining to peaceful uses of nuclear energy and nuclear \nsafety 1. International 6 Atomic Energy Agency safeguards and peaceful uses of nuclear \nenergy 2.Agriculture 7 and food \nsecurity \n3.Health 9\n4.Environment 115.Sustainable 13 development and \nfinancing B.Nuclear 15 safety and \nsecurity 1.Role 15 of the International Atomic Energy Agency in nuclear safety and \nsecurity 2.Natural 17 \ndisasters 3.Climate 18 \nchange 4. Nexus 19 between nuclear safety and \nsecurity C. International 21 emergency response framework in case of nuclear \naccidents 1.Cooperation 21 between international \norganizations 2.Adequacy 24 of disaster preparedness \nmeasures 3.Development 27 of new monitoring and scientific \ncapabilities \nAnnex Additional 30 information received fromUnited Nationsentities, specialized agencies and \nrelatedorganizations", "I. Introduction", "1. On 19 April 2011, in his speech at the Kyiv Summit on the Safe and Innovative Use of Nuclear Energy, the Secretary-General noted that, in the light of expectations for the continued growth in nuclear power, ensuring maximum nuclear safety has assumed great significance. He also highlighted the need for the international community to undertake a global rethink of nuclear energy and safety issues. While acknowledging that each State has the right to define its national energy policy, he stressed that our common objective should be to deepen our understanding of the entire range of issues relating to development of nuclear energy and its safety, transcending national borders. Going forward, the effects of a nuclear plant disaster, from prevention to clean-up, should be more fully reflected in the assessment of how to ensure the peaceful uses of nuclear energy and maximum safety. In that connection, the Secretary-General proposed five concrete measures, including a United Nations system-wide study on the implications of the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, to be undertaken by the relevant United Nations entities as well as by the specialized agencies and related organizations and to be prepared for the High-level Meeting on Nuclear Safety and Security, to be held on 22 September during the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly.", "2. The Secretary-General consulted with the heads of international organizations prior to the formal launch of the study. Given its central role in the development of nuclear safety standards and nuclear security guidance, as well as its efforts to promote peaceful nuclear applications and safety in all its aspects, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) functioned as the lead coordinating entity for the aspects of the report that fall exclusively within its statutory areas of responsibility. The opportunity to provide input to the study was also brought to the attention of other United Nations entities, some of which contributed accordingly.", "3. The other primary contributors to the report included such entities as the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization; the Department of Economic and Social Affairs; the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO); the Office for Disarmament Affairs; the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF); the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP); the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction; the World Health Organization (WHO); and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). Other entities that contributed to the report and supplied inputs to the primary contributors were the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiations. The United Nations System Chief Executives Board for Coordination, in its capacity as adviser to the study, provided support and background information.", "4. Although the primary contributors sought to consult and collaborate with other relevant entities, with a view to providing a joint submission, as far as this may have been feasible, the views expressed in each of the sections represent those of the primary contributors, as specified, and do not necessarily represent the views of any other entity. Additional inputs received from the contributing entities are reproduced in the annex to the present report.", "II. Observations", "5. The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant has compelled the international community to consider whether everything is being done to ensure nuclear safety. The Secretary-General welcomes the recent and planned activities aimed at strengthening nuclear safety and security as well as disaster preparedness, such as the Fifth Review Meeting of the Contracting Parties to the Convention on Nuclear Safety and the third session of the Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction. The Secretary-General particularly welcomes the outcome of the IAEA Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety and the development by the IAEA Director General of an action plan to strengthen nuclear safety, including through the consideration of the development and application of international and legally binding norms. The Secretary-General hopes that the plan will form a basis for international efforts to improve nuclear safety. The Secretary-General also welcomes the intention of Japan, in cooperation with IAEA, to convene a high-level meeting in late 2012 aimed at following up on and sustaining political momentum and accountability on the matter.", "6. Decisions on the development and use of nuclear energy and the application of IAEA safety standards are the sole responsibility of individual Governments. Nevertheless, major nuclear accidents and emergencies respect no borders and their consequences can be grave, as shown in the accidents at the Fukushima Daiichi and Chernobyl nuclear power plants. The international impact of major nuclear accidents and emergencies is a matter of global concern and public interest that must be discussed. Openness and transparency with respect to issues pertaining to nuclear energy and the implications of nuclear accidents and emergencies are critically important to maintain public trust. In that regard, the United Nations, in close cooperation with the specialized agencies and related organizations, has an important role to play.", "7. The Secretary-General recognizes the central role of the IAEA in the development of nuclear safety standards and the promotion of the highest level of nuclear safety, in accordance with its mandate. The Fukushima accident has given rise to concerns regarding the adequacy of international safety standards and conventions, the global emergency preparedness and response system and the effectiveness of national regulatory bodies. Those concerns underscore the need for greater international cooperation, openness and transparency as the international community intensifies its efforts to strengthen nuclear safety regimes.", "8. The Fukushima accident has highlighted the importance of enhanced hazard assessments that focus on credible scenarios involving natural disasters that can affect nuclear energy installations. Furthermore, the possible effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels, or severe weather conditions will also have an effect on the nuclear safety of active nuclear power plants. Such effects will therefore need to be taken into account in designing, siting and operating nuclear power plants. The low greenhouse gas emissions of nuclear power, however, may help to reduce the risks associated with climate change.", "9. The Secretary-General notes that the Fukushima accident also has implications for nuclear security and the prevention of intentional attacks on nuclear energy installations and nuclear materials, either in use, storage or transit, which can give rise to radiation emergencies. The Secretary-General hopes that the high-level meeting on nuclear safety and security can serve as a bridge to the 2012 Nuclear Security Summit, to be held in Seoul.", "10. The international response to the Fukushima accident demonstrated the value of the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies and the operation of the Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations, based upon the central coordinating role of IAEA. In the weeks following the accident, efforts were initiated within the Inter-Agency Committee and by the Secretary-General to review existing arrangements, particularly in the area of information-sharing, and to make necessary improvements.", "11. At the national level, the accident has underscored the need to ensure that Government policies with respect to emergency response and risk assessments and risk reduction measures are transparent and responsive to public risk perceptions. The potential for multifaceted emergencies to become regional and international matters of concern should be studied further, as the understanding of disaster risk information and risk reduction measures, as well as the timely and accurate provision of information, play a crucial role in decisions regarding public sector development and investment. In order to support the decision-making process, it is critical to ensure that the general public is kept informed about risks and risk management options.", "12. In responding to the Fukushima accident, well-developed scientific and monitoring capabilities were employed, especially by IAEA, WHO and WMO, in accordance with pre-existing arrangements. In addition, the global monitoring network maintained by the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization proved its relevance in nuclear emergencies and, together with the existing UNEP capabilities, could be utilized to supplement the capabilities of the organizations that play a central role in responding to radiation emergencies.", "13. Notwithstanding the contribution that safe and scientifically sound nuclear technologies make to the agriculture and food production industries, in the event of a major nuclear accident, human exposure to radioactive contamination may come through food and water, which can have a considerable negative impact on national and international food trade. The impact on trade can arise not only in affected areas owing to imposed food restrictions, but also in unaffected areas owing to public fears, resulting in limitations to market access and negative effects on rural development and economic growth. In the light of the potential long-term health effects that increased radiation exposure can cause, including to populations across national boundaries, strengthening the cooperation and coordination among the relevant entities is an important objective.", "14. Although public and private entities seeking to develop nuclear power generally consider costs associated with the entire life cycle of commercial nuclear installations, the environmental, social and economic consequences of major accidents must also be considered and included in decision-making processes to identify and consider such costs. While some States have taken the decision not to pursue or to phase-out nuclear energy, other States remain committed to developing or acquiring nuclear power. Disaster risk analyses must therefore ensure that nuclear plants are built and operated safely and able to withstand any possible threat that could give rise to a radiation emergency.", "15. The Secretary-General commends the recommendations in the present report to the attention of Governments for their consideration.", "III. Information received from United Nations entities, specialized agencies and related organizations", "A. Specific issues pertaining to peaceful uses of nuclear energy and nuclear safety", "1. International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards and peaceful uses of nuclear energy[1]", "16. Providing access to energy for the 2.4 billion people currently living in energy poverty is an important precondition for progress towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals. All energy sources and technologies will be required to meet that enormous challenge. Nuclear power has been and will remain a significant contributor to meeting global energy needs.", "17. As of July 2011, some 440 nuclear power reactors were operating in 29  countries, with 65 new reactors under construction. Interest in nuclear power, although impacted by the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, remains high. Of the countries without nuclear power that before the accident had strongly indicated their intentions to proceed with nuclear power programmes, only a few have cancelled or revised their plans, but most have not.", "18. Nuclear science and technology can also be used to develop nuclear weapons. Compliance with international legal instruments, such as the Treaty on the Non‑Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, other bilateral and multilateral non‑proliferation agreements[2] and safeguards agreements with the IAEA, is therefore an essential element of the responsible use of nuclear power.", "19. IAEA was established in 1957 to help States ensure that nuclear energy would serve peace and development. Through the implementation of its safeguards, the Agency provides assurances to the international community that nuclear material and other specified items placed under the safeguards are not diverted from peaceful uses.", "20. Safeguards are implemented under agreements concluded by the IAEA with States and regional inspectorates. Those agreements are of three main types: (a) comprehensive safeguards agreements,[3] which cover all of the nuclear material in each non-nuclear-weapon State party to the Treaty on the Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons; (b) voluntary offer safeguards agreements,[4] which cover some or all of the civilian nuclear activities in the nuclear weapon States parties to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty; and (c) item-specific safeguards agreements with other States.[5] A State in which any one of those agreements is in force may also conclude an additional protocol[6] providing for broader access to information and locations, thereby strengthening the effectiveness and efficiency of IAEA safeguards.", "2. Agriculture and food security[7]", "Relevance of nuclear technologies", "21. Safe and scientifically sound nuclear technologies, such as isotope measurements and tracing, mutagenesis, radiation applied for food decontamination, vaccine production and pest control, are valuable tools for agriculture and food production. Such technologies substantially contribute to food security. Those technologies are highly accurate, sensitive, specific and precise and can increase crop and livestock productivity, contribute to comprehensive animal disease control, insect pest control, food safety and quality strategies, and help to conserve natural resources.", "22. Nuclear techniques are therefore of socio-economic importance and provide value-added solutions to ensure food availability, accessibility and affordability. Examples include improved crop varieties; effective soil and water management and more efficient fertilizer use; improvements to crop and livestock production systems; enhanced animal disease diagnoses and control; traceability of contaminants in food; improved shelf-life and safety of food; and the environmentally friendly control of insect pests.", "23. Those technologies are uniquely provided by FAO and IAEA through the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme on Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, by means of research, training and technical and policy advice in the area of food and agriculture.", "24. Peaceful uses of nuclear and related techniques for food and agriculture have contributed tremendously to food security and sustainable agricultural development all over the world.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "25. After a nuclear accident or radiological emergency involving the release of radioactive material into the environment, there will be serious radioactive contamination of water, agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries and forestry productions as well as wildlife, thus posing a serious threat to veterinary and public health, food security and trade, with direct implications on the livelihoods of people.", "26. Immediately following its release (and as long as the contamination continues), radioactive material falling from the air or carried in rainwater or snow can deposit on the surface of agricultural products or animal feed and consequently contaminate milk and meat. Consuming food contaminated with radioactive material will increase the amount of radioactivity a person is exposed to and could increase health risks.", "27. Over time, radioactivity can build up within food, as radionuclides are transferred from contaminated soils into crops or animals. Radionuclides can also be directly deposited from the air or washed off into rivers, lakes and the sea where fish and seafood could take up the radionuclides.", "28. Contaminated areas may not be able to grow crops or support livestock grazing as a result of the persistence of radionuclides such as caesium 137 for decades. Special procedures should be followed to decontaminate animals and/or their products before consumption, for example. Medium- to long-term restrictions on agricultural production and fishery activities may have to be kept in place in specifically defined areas where radioactive contamination persists. After the Chernobyl nuclear accident in 1986, agricultural productions and practices were affected within hundreds and even thousands of kilometres from the accident site, and in the close proximity of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, where high levels of contamination still persists, normal agricultural production is still not permitted.", "29. The effects of radioactive contamination can also have an impact on the agroecosystem balance and, in particular, plant pollination by insects, plant biodiversity and the biological status of the soil micro-organisms and earthworms that play an essential role in soil nutrient and organic matter cycling. As some fungi and plants are able to absorb and accumulate high amounts of radionuclides, they can pose a biosecurity risk to grazing wildlife, increasing the build-up of radionuclide contamination throughout the food chain. Even to the present day, 25 years after the Chernobyl incident, wild boars in Germany can still be found to be contaminated with radioactive caesium.", "30. Another serious implication related to a nuclear accident is the impact on the national and international food trade, which arises not only from imposed food restrictions in certain areas, but also from consumers’ reluctance to consume some foods because of public fears of radioactive contamination. This may result in limitations to market access and market losses by affected countries, leading to negative impacts on rural development and economic growth.", "31. The full impact of the radioactivity released in Japan remains to be fully assessed, but the health risks posed by radioactive contamination are well documented.", "Trends and developments", "32. Food monitoring data confirm that food contamination mechanisms are changing, that is, from the deposition of radionuclides on the surface of field crops, such as spinach, to root uptake through the soil or the growing medium, such as bamboo shoots and shiitake mushrooms. Stabilization and minimization of soil contamination is going to play an essential role to avoid the transfer of radionuclides through wind and soil erosion to other land and water bodies, including its release to plants and animals.", "33. FAO is working in close collaboration with its partners in providing the technical assistance and policy advice in response to the request from Member States in the areas of:", "• Contamination detection and monitoring", "• Remediation strategies and approaches", "• Agricultural countermeasure development", "• Science-based food trade policy", "• Capacity-building for preparedness and response in food and agriculture to nuclear emergencies", "Recommendations", "34. In order to strengthen preparedness and response planning and capacity to nuclear and radiological emergencies and minimize their impact on food and agriculture, and improve recovery, coordinated actions in the following areas would be strongly recommended:", "• Facilitate coordinated support to national, regional and international food and agriculture response planning to nuclear emergency", "• Increase technical assistance and policy advice for Member countries and organize regional/international simulations including all food and agriculture elements of emergency response and recovery activities", "• Strengthen international and national capacity development in food and agriculture monitoring and agriculture remediations", "• Review and improve the legal framework and cooperative mechanisms for inter-agency collaboration", "3. Health[8]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "35. The health impact of peaceful use of nuclear energy represents an issue of paramount importance. Policymakers and decision makers should ensure that the highest levels of safety are applied at existing and future nuclear installations. The health and well-being of populations should be a central concern and a priority in the discussions and decisions on energy strategies. Health, environment and economic implications should be considered as a whole for any strategy that Governments may decide to choose.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "36. Radioactive material may be released into the environment during an emergency at a nuclear power plant, the radionuclides of main concern to human health being iodine and caesium. The internal or external occupational exposure of rescuers, first responders and nuclear power plant workers is likely to occur during the emergency response phase and may result in radiation doses high enough to cause acute health effects such as skin burns, internal contamination or acute radiation syndrome. The general population is not likely to be exposed to doses high enough to cause acute effects, but may be exposed to low doses that could result in increased risk of long-term effects such as cancer. Consumption of contaminated food and/or water may also contribute to overall radiation exposure. If radioactive iodine enters the body through inhalation or ingestion and if no countermeasure is taken, it will concentrate in the thyroid gland, increasing the risk of thyroid cancer, particularly in children, as was witnessed in those populations affected by the accident in Chernobyl.", "37. In the case of the Fukushima accident, by the end of May 2011, nearly 8,000 workers were employed at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant, 30 of whom were reported to have been exposed to a cumulated radiation dose higher than 100 mSv. Radiation-related fatalities have not been reported. Public health measures were quickly implemented, residents in the vicinity of the site were evacuated in a timely manner and potassium iodide tablets were given to the affected population. Evacuated residents were screened and decontaminated when needed. Food and drinking water contamination has been monitored and appropriate restrictions applied when necessary. Physical and prolonged stress among the evacuees has had significant health impacts. The disruption in their lives, breakdown of social contacts, long detention at evacuation sites with little privacy and crowded conditions, and sharp changes in their social environment have all contributed to grave stress, causing mental trauma.", "38. Similar to the case in Chernobyl, the Fukushima accident has resulted in significant anxiety in the general population, which may be aggravated by factors such as mistrust of authorities.", "Trends and developments", "39. Public exposure to radiation has declined significantly due to technological and safety improvements. However, Japan’s experience demonstrated that nuclear accidents can still occur and, when combined with natural disasters, such accidents have the potential to transcend boundaries, making international instruments[9] useful in addressing such situations and requiring the coordination and cooperation of multiple stakeholders.", "40. The development of coherent norms and standards at both the regional and the global level is crucial to ensure governance in the field of radiation safety. The 1996 International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources represented an unprecedented international effort towards the global harmonization of standards in all aspects of radiation protection for patients, workers and members of the public.", "Recommendations", "41. The health and well-being of populations should be a central concern and a priority in the discussions on future energy strategies.", "42. Member States should consider strengthening national preparedness systems and cross-sector coordination.", "43. National criteria for interventions after nuclear emergencies need to be consistent with international recommendations, and decisions concerning response interventions need to be made in a transparent and coordinated manner.", "44. Continued monitoring and efficient public communication of risks and the possible health effects of the Fukushima accident are essential, and the involvement of international organizations is important to ensure the transparency and credibility of the assessments and interventions implemented by national authorities.", "4. Environment[10]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments regarding planning and design of nuclear facilities (including the risk management framework)", "45. In deciding on whether to include nuclear energy in their energy mix, countries should undertake a rigorous environmental impact assessment that includes not only a comparison of the environmental benefits of replacing fossil-fired power plants and the routine environmental issues of operation and construction, but also an analysis of the likelihood, magnitude and environmental consequences of severe accidents with nuclear power compared with its alternatives.", "46. Economic calculations to compare different energy supply options are complex. Full life cycle costs, particularly the health and environmental costs of routine releases, waste disposal costs and the costs that would be incurred in the event of an accident are often not included in such analyses. Internalizing those costs is necessary.", "47. In countries where a nuclear power industry is being introduced or in regions where nuclear power is already deployed, institutional capacities to assess, regulate and model environmental impacts, as well as the ability to respond to environmental issues in an emergency situation, should be assessed and strengthened, if necessary.", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments regarding operating nuclear facilities and the operational phase", "48. There are a range of environmental impacts associated with the operation of nuclear power installations, not all of which are radioactive in nature.", "49. During routine operation, nuclear installations release small amounts of radioactive substances into the atmosphere and water bodies.[11] The continuous monitoring of such discharges and the ongoing monitoring of the environment to understand the impacts on the biota and ecosystem should be integral to the operation of nuclear power plants.", "50. The management of spent nuclear fuel and possibility of radiation leakages should be monitored until facilities are finally decommissioned.", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments regarding decommissioning", "51. There is no single universally agreed approach to the safe decommissioning of nuclear facilities, including the final disposal of spent nuclear fuels.", "52. Environmental risk assessments of the various options should be undertaken prior to finalizing decommissioning plans. Those assessments should cover the site of the power plant itself, the transportation of highly radioactive wastes and the final storage/disposal of such materials.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "53. In the aftermath of the Fukushima Daiichi accident, the effects of long-lived radioactive material in the local environment will be an issue of concern for many years to come. Large-scale releases of radioactive substances into the environment such as those caused by the Chernobyl and Fukushima accidents can result in significant environmental impacts. Radioactive substances that are released into the air are deposited on the ground and onto the biota. Radioactive contamination can last for years or decades and decontamination is very expensive.", "54. In areas farther away, agricultural production and fishing may need to be temporarily suspended. Environmental impacts due to radiation may cause significant economic damages by forcing a cessation of economic activities in the affected area.", "55. Such environmental impacts may not only cause the temporary suspension of economic activities due to actual contamination, but may also lead to rumours and an erosion of confidence that harms local industries and tourism. Perceptions of contamination occurring when consumers avoid foodstuffs they rightly or wrongly believe to be contaminated exacerbate losses. Such damage of reputation may cause even greater financial losses for those industries.", "56. In the first few weeks following the Chernobyl accident, the neighbouring non-human biota was also affected by the massive accidental release of radionuclides. Radiation caused numerous acute adverse effects up to a distance of several tens of kilometres. While the cessation of human activities from the exclusion zone altered the balance in the ecosystem and allowed the infestation of pests, it also resulted an increase in the population of wild animals and bird species.[12]", "Trends and development", "57. The Fukushima accident showed that the design basis accident[13] of that plant had been too modest. In hindsight, the severe accident risks, particularly with regard to the environment, had been underestimated.", "Recommendations", "58. Scientific understanding of the relation between the levels of radioactive material in the environment and the potential effects on the biota residing in that environment needs to be further improved.", "59. In the event of accidents, effective decontamination and remediation methods for affected soil need to be investigated and implemented.", "60. Safety standards for the planning, design, operation, decommissioning and emergency response procedures of nuclear power plants must include environmental protection measures.", "61. Improved capacity-building in Member States, including in ministries for the environment, is required in order to more effectively oversee the environmental risk management of the nuclear power industry.", "62. Countries that are not members of the IAEA can be affected by accidents in neighbouring countries and need a minimum level of institutional capacity, particularly in environmental monitoring.", "63. Institutional capacity-building and the systematization of methodologies are essential to ensuring that long-term energy plans integrate environmental considerations in their options analyses.", "5. Sustainable development and financing[14]", "64. From a sustainable development perspective, one of the most salient issues is energy access. Currently, 1.4 billion people, mainly in rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, have no access to electricity, and billions more are energy constrained. The average electricity use in those regions is substantially below 10 per cent of that in high income economies (180-750 kWh per person per year, compared with 7,500-18,000 kWh per person per year). Without expansion in access to electricity, it will be impossible to achieve the Millennium Development Goals, particularly on eradicating extreme poverty by 2015.[15]", "65. While future developments concerning nuclear energy will depend on progress in safety and affordability, that form of energy has been of interest to developing countries for a number of reasons. In 2001, the Commission on Sustainable Development concluded that the decision on the use of nuclear energy rested with individual countries according to their needs, capacities and goals. A total of 7 of the 29 countries that produce nuclear energy are developing countries. Most developing countries planning new nuclear programmes have not announced changes after Fukushima.", "66. The human impacts from the Fukushima accident, which caused hundreds of billions of dollars of property damage, have also focused attention on risk management. Some have called for a global phase-out or moratorium, while others have called for stricter regulations, enhanced safety measures and insurance mechanisms.", "67. In the absence of a moratorium, disaster risk analyses will need to ensure that nuclear plants are built in safe areas and are able to withstand the worst threats possible. Nearly half of all reactors in operation and under construction are in countries with high seismic risks. Nuclear plants are also often built on the coast to use sea water for cooling.", "68. The bottom line for developing countries is the final cost of energy, including baseload costs and those relating to additional safety measures, waste disposal, disaster insurance, decommissioning and regulatory systems. In a 2010 study by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, it was noted that “Nuclear’s strength is its capability to deliver significant amounts of very low carbon baseload electricity at costs stable over time; it has to manage, however, high amounts of capital at risk and its long lead times for construction”.[16] Notwithstanding the stability of those baseload costs, final costs had been rising even prior to Fukushima as additional elements were factored into the cost of capital. A comparison of estimates from studies published in 2010 and 2011 with those published from 2003 to 2005 reveals a quadrupling (in nominal terms) of “overnight capital costs” of nuclear plants ($5-10 versus $1.2-2.6 per Watt) in contrast to a decline in the costs of renewable technologies,[17] which could raise the final cost of nuclear energy well above $100 per megawatt hour.", "69. In the past, major advances in access to electricity occurred in countries when the cost per megawatt hour of electricity was less than 3 per cent of per capita income. Since the majority of those in need of energy live in countries where annual per capita incomes are under $1,000, the need is for technological options in the range of $30-50 per megawatt hour.", "70. To help countries to evaluate the potential contribution of nuclear energy to sustainable development, an in-depth assessment of the net cost impact of the following is needed:", "• Potential for cost reduction. For developing countries, the key challenge is to bring down energy costs to levels that are compatible with their per capita incomes. That requires an independent assessment of cost trends in all available technologies[18]", "• Emissions. International agreements or national policies that mobilize climate or other environmental financing will, in principle, lower the costs of all technologies, including nuclear power, that have an advantage over fossil fuel alternatives with respect to greenhouse gas emissions and local pollutants", "• Proliferation. The potential consequences from nuclear proliferation are a matter of major concern in the international community. Developing countries will need technical assistance to enhance their institutional capacities in order to enable them to manage the risk of proliferation effectively. IAEA has been very active in providing such assistance", "• Waste disposal. There are uncertainties and risks related to radioactive waste disposal. Currently there is no large-scale permanent repository site for the storage of spent nuclear fuel, although Finland and Sweden are constructing such repositories", "• Local impacts of mining. There are concerns regarding the impact of mining fissionable material on local communities and ecosystems", "• Insurance against disasters. After Fukushima, uncertainties have emerged about the cost of insurance against major disasters. Innovative insurance mechanisms will need to be developed to reduce that uncertainty", "• Local impacts of nuclear energy policy and disasters on the safety and well-being of communities. Twenty-five years after the Chernobyl accident, the affected communities are still dealing with the stigma and lack of economic opportunities and information on the consequences of the disaster", "71. Governments and private investors face tough challenges on financing nuclear energy, especially in developing countries. Major international financial support would be necessary to build nuclear plants and develop institutional, regulatory, enforcement and infrastructure capacities. The challenges are even greater as energy investments continue to be affected by uncertainties in the global economy. Financing issues include:", "• Sharing risks among investors and Governments. With cost uncertainties, heightened public concern and changing energy policy environments, it is extremely challenging to secure private financiers for nuclear energy without significant risk-sharing by the public sector. The solution may be to develop innovative financial instruments to cover uncertainties related to natural or man-made disasters, decommissioning costs and the final disposal of radioactive waste", "• Ensuring a level playing field for different technology options. A level playing field is needed in order to enhance investments and develop markets for efficient energy systems. Reforming subsidies and incentive schemes will be critical for fair competition among all options", "• Reflecting external costs in investment models. Currently, many technologies that reduce greenhouse gas emissions or have other social or environmental benefits are not able to claim such a cost advantage. The internationalization of external costs will need to include environmental and societal costs, including risks, in order to facilitate truly informed decision-making for sustainable development", "B. Nuclear safety and security", "1. Role of the International Atomic Energy Agency in nuclear safety and security[19]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "72. IAEA is an independent intergovernmental, science and technology-based organization in the United Nations system that serves as the global focal point for nuclear cooperation. Nuclear safety and security have a common purpose, which is to protect people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. The central role of IAEA with respect to nuclear safety and security is set out in its Statute and enshrined in decisions and resolutions of its policymaking organs. IAEA develops nuclear safety standards and, based on those standards, promotes the achievement and maintenance of high levels of safety in nuclear energy applications. It also offers specific review services to determine how the standards are being applied. Guidance on public and occupational radiation protection for a wide range of exposure situations, including nuclear emergencies, is provided in the IAEA International Basic Safety Standards for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources and related documents.", "73. IAEA supports global efforts to make nuclear and other radioactive material secure through the provision of guidance documents and services and helps States to establish comprehensive national nuclear security regimes. It works to provide a strong, sustainable and visible global nuclear safety and security framework.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "74. The Fukushima Daiichi accident had an adverse impact on public perceptions of the safety of nuclear power throughout the world. In particular, the accident and international response raised questions concerning the adequacy of international safety standards and conventions and the extent of adherence to them, the global emergency preparedness and response system and the effectiveness of national regulatory bodies. Some countries re-examined their plans to introduce or expand nuclear power programmes or extend the operating life of existing nuclear plants. The following areas may be affected by the Fukushima Daiichi accident:", "• Science and technology, including safety engineering, design against onsite and external natural hazards, mitigation and recovery systems and radiation protection in severe accidents", "• Managerial, human, organizational and national infrastructure, including emergency preparedness and response, severe accident management, regulatory frameworks, technical support organizations and national resources", "• Public communication, transparency and international cooperation", "Trends and developments", "75. Over the past two decades, there has been a clear trend towards strengthening nuclear safety regimes. International cooperation has increased and countries considering the introduction of nuclear power programmes have been encouraged to apply IAEA safety standards and relevant international instruments. Other developments have included increased regional harmonization and cooperation, steadily improving safety performance indicators, an increase in the number of countries considering embarking on nuclear power programmes, the extension of the service lives of existing plants, greater openness and transparency and increased synergy between safety and security. There has also been an increasing number of requests for IAEA expert peer review services in areas such as regulation, operational safety, emergency preparedness and security, as well as a greater focus on issues such as safety management and leadership.", "76. The trend towards longer service lives of nuclear plants brings its own challenges, such as ensuring that safety margins remain adequate. The extension of the lives of existing nuclear plants and the expansion of nuclear power programmes are also placing an increasing strain upon the limited human resources available to design, construct, maintain and operate nuclear facilities.", "77. A preliminary assessment of the Fukushima Daiichi accident has already identified plant design, international response arrangements and implementation of international safety standards as areas where further development is needed. A continuing trend towards increasing international cooperation, openness and transparency will undoubtedly assist countries in responding effectively and learning the necessary lessons from the Fukushima Daiichi accident.", "Recommendations", "78. In the Ministerial Declaration adopted at the IAEA Ministerial Conference on Nuclear Safety, held in Vienna in June 2011,[20] a number of measures were set out to improve nuclear safety and a firm commitment was expressed to ensure that those measures are actually implemented. The importance was reiterated of universal adherence to the relevant international instruments on nuclear safety, as well as the need for their effective implementation and continuous review. The importance was also emphasized of enhanced national and international measures to ensure the most robust levels of nuclear safety, based on IAEA safety standards. It was stated that safety standards should be continuously strengthened and implemented as broadly and effectively as possible. The Ministers attending the Conference committed themselves to increasing bilateral, regional and international cooperation to that effect.", "79. The Ministers expressed their commitment to strengthening the central role of IAEA in promoting international cooperation in order to enhance global nuclear safety and in coordinating efforts to strengthen global nuclear safety by providing expertise and advice and promoting nuclear safety culture worldwide. The Ministers also expressed their commitment to further strengthening the authority, competence and resources of national regulatory authorities.", "2. Natural disasters[21]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "80. Cooperation between international organizations concerning natural disasters has grown, especially in areas such as prediction and response. For example, WMO has assisted IAEA in its efforts to define natural phenomenon hazards as part of the development of related IAEA nuclear safety standards.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "81. The Fukushima Daiichi accident was caused by a natural disaster of unprecedented severity: a major earthquake that triggered a huge tsunami. The accident highlighted the importance of performing hazard assessments that focus on credible, if unlikely and infrequent, scenarios that can challenge structures, systems and components. That is more significant for nuclear installations with multiple reactors.", "Trends and developments", "82. The increase in the number of hazards considered to be potentially damaging to nuclear power plants has been recognized in nuclear safety assessments for many years. It has led to the re-examination of the levels of protection against natural disasters such as seismic events and tsunamis. Increased levels of protection have been called for and enhancements have been made in early warning systems for tsunamis and other hazards. Better methods for dealing with uncertainties have also been developed.", "Recommendations", "83. The levels of hazards, or combinations of interrelated hazards, need to be evaluated in order to include less frequent events and allow adequate consideration for uncertainties. Based on IAEA safety standards, those hazard levels should be considered in the safety assessments of nuclear power plants and the necessary preventive and mitigation measures should be implemented.", "84. In the case of Fukushima Daiichi, offsite response to the events at the site could not be relied upon due to lost communication channels and damage to access routes. A key feature of any plant recovery plan should accommodate the need for the plant accident management team to be able to operate without dependency on offsite resources. The fragility of the supporting infrastructure should be considered in any planning of emergency response to such disasters.", "85. Demand for improved access to risk information has grown steadily through the years. Risk information in the immediate aftermath of a nuclear emergency is vital for effective response, not only for technical specialists, but also to guide the immediate actions of humanitarian agencies, national and local governments and the general public.", "3. Climate change[22]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "86. There are two ways in which climate change affects the comparison between the benefits and risks of nuclear power and the benefits and risks of its alternatives.", "87. First, the possible effects of climate change, such as rising sea levels or more extreme storms and droughts, should be taken into account in designing, siting and operating nuclear power plants. A forthcoming IAEA Safety Guide on Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations will provide guidance. If climate change is not taken into account in the construction of any given nuclear power plant, then the future risks of that plant may be higher than in today’s climate.", "88. Second, one of the benefits of nuclear power is its very low greenhouse gas emissions, which help reduce all risks associated with climate change.", "89. Nuclear plant operators have accumulated substantial experience of working in diverse climates and severe weather conditions. Weather-related incidents at nuclear power installations have never exceeded level 3 on the seven-point International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale. There is also substantial experience concerning tsunamis, for which there has only been one accident above level 3: the Fukushima accident. Tsunamis are not weather-related, but, all other things being equal, risks from tsunamis would increase with rising sea levels as a result of climate change. However, existing planning and engineering techniques can significantly reduce or eliminate the vulnerability of nuclear power plants to climate, weather and tsunami hazards.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "90. The principal lesson of the Fukushima accident is that assumptions made concerning which types of accident were possible or likely were too modest. Those assumptions should be reviewed for all existing and planned reactors, and the possible effects of climate change should be taken into account. The emerging Global Framework for Climate Services of the World Meteorological Organization[23] may be particularly useful in providing the necessary climate information.", "Trends and developments", "91. The important potential effects of climate change identified in the forthcoming IAEA Safety Guide on Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations include the following:", "• Rising sea levels will affect some coastal nuclear power plants; plants on rivers may also be vulnerable to flooding due to increased rainfall or changes in snow-melt", "• More intense high winds, storms and lightning could increase the risk of grid disruptions", "• Extreme heat and drought could disrupt water cooling systems", "• Ice due to extreme cold could disrupt the intake of cooling water", "• Forest fires and wildfires could disrupt both grid connections and access to nuclear power plants by personnel and emergency responders", "• Debris caused by storms and floods could disrupt the intake of cooling water", "Recommendations", "92. Risks for nuclear power plants associated with climate change and extreme weather events are not insurmountable. Know-how and technologies are available to significantly reduce or eliminate climate-related risks and should be applied as described in the forthcoming IAEA Safety Guide on Meteorological and Hydrological Hazards in Site Evaluation for Nuclear Installations.", "4. Nexus between nuclear safety and security[24]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "93. The most important document in the IAEA Safety Standard series, Safety Fundamentals,[25] states that “safety measures and security measures must be designed and implemented in an integrated manner so that security measures do not compromise safety and safety measures do not compromise security”.", "94. The Fukushima Daiichi accident also has implications for nuclear security. There are several common characteristics shared by accidents and sabotage, such as reduced effectiveness of remaining systems, including through the loss of power, communications, computer, safety and physical protection systems; and the loss of key operating, safety and security personnel.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "95. In the light of the Fukushima Daiichi accident, States should review their nuclear security framework in order to ensure that they are properly prepared to respond to the consequences of a severe nuclear accident.", "Trends and developments", "96. The international nuclear security framework has been strengthened over the past 10 years in response to increased concerns about the risk of a malicious act involving nuclear material, facilities or transport. New security-related instruments such as the Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and its Amendment have been supplemented by recommendations and guidance documents produced by IAEA as part of its Nuclear Security series.", "97. IAEA has enhanced its support to States to help them establish sustainable nuclear security regimes by implementing nuclear security plans. The aims of IAEA have been shared by groups of States, such as the Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism, or industry, through the World Institute for Nuclear Security. There has been greater awareness among States of the need for such regimes and for State systems to involve non-traditional actors.", "98. IAEA has received an increasing number of requests for expert peer review services in areas such as legislation, regulation and physical protection of facilities.", "Recommendations", "99. In order to properly address nuclear security, the international community should promote universal adherence to and implementation of relevant international legal instruments. Other steps should include the detailed technical examination by States of their assumptions about the nature of potential threats and the adequacy of existing security measures. Response plans should be revised to deal with worst-case scenarios that go beyond previous assumptions. Such plans should also be rigorously tested through both table-top and practical exercises.", "100. In cooperation with other stakeholders, IAEA should continue to help States to establish effective, comprehensive and sustainable national nuclear security regimes. IAEA support will include peer reviews and assessment services, human resource development programmes and, where appropriate, physical protection upgrades. Coordination efforts between IAEA and other United Nations entities, such as the Office on Drugs and Crime and the Counter Terrorism Implementation Task Force, should continue to be increased, with expanded exchanges of information at the working level, improved communication between the entities and avoidance of duplication.", "101. In addition to IAEA assistance, States should ensure the effective use of resources and coherent approaches with other stakeholders within the United Nations system.", "C. International emergency response framework in case of nuclear accidents", "1. Cooperation between international organizations[26]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "102. The established system for nuclear and radiological emergencies is based on the central coordinating role of IAEA and the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiological and Nuclear Emergencies.[27] The scope of activities covered by the Inter-Agency Committee is based on two treaties: the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the Convention on Assistance in the Case of Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency. In addition, the 2005 International Health Regulations represent a legally binding global agreement by States to protect public health by preventing, detecting, assessing and responding to any public health emergency of international concern.", "103. The Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations, the maintenance of which is one of the primary functions of the Inter-Agency Committee, identifies the inter-agency framework for radiation emergency preparedness and response, provides a practical mechanism for coordination and clarifies the roles and capabilities of the participating international organizations.", "104. The Inter-Agency Committee also provides an opportunity to conduct periodic exercises. IAEA conducts regular communication drills and Conventions Exercises (ConvEx) at three levels of complexity, the most complex being ConvEx‑3 exercises,[28] which cover the response in the early phase of a severe nuclear emergency.[29]", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "105. After the Fukushima Daiichi accident, the Inter-Agency Committee demonstrated the value of an institutionalized inter-agency coordination mechanism. Immediately after the accident, IAEA, through its Incident and Emergency Centre, notified all relevant international organizations and activated the Joint Plan. On 15 March 2011, the first coordination meeting of the Inter-Agency Committee was conducted by video conference. A further 10 coordination meetings were held until the end of June. The objective of the meetings was to reach a common understanding of the situation, exchange information and consider and coordinate response activities, including communication with the public with one voice. Emerging tasks were taken up by specific organizations. For some issues, ad hoc task groups were established.[30]", "106. Following IAEA notification,[31] WHO Headquarters, the organization’s Western Pacific Regional Office, its centre in Kobe, Japan, and its Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness and Assistance Network[32] became active. WHO immediately notified all its member States in the region through National Focal Points for the International Health Regulations. A WHO field mission was undertaken by the organization’s Western-Pacific Regional Office to the areas affected by the earthquake and tsunami to assess public health needs.", "107. WHO closely monitored the public health risk of populations in and outside of Japan. Technical briefing notes related to food safety and regular updates on food monitoring results were developed by FAO and WHO and provided to member States through the International Food Safety Authorities Network.", "108. PAHO activated its Emergency Operations Centre and deployed experts to respond to its member States, National Focal Points for the International Health Regulations and to media queries regarding implications for the American Region, mainly regarding travel and import of food and products.[33]", "109. WMO emergency arrangements were activated on 11 March following a request from IAEA for emergency support. All eight WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres, including the three primary Centres in the Asia region (Beijing, Tokyo and Obninsk, Russian Federation), were requested to provide charts estimating the possible spread of airborne radioactive material from the accident site.[34] Throughout, WMO also collaborated very closely with the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, WHO, ICAO and IMO.", "110. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization kept its State parties aware of the developing situation with six technical briefings from 15 March 2011.[35] The Preparatory Commission and IAEA started in-depth cooperation on 21 March 2011. Subsequently, the Preparatory Commission had special briefings on the situation for organizations using Preparatory Commission data (WMO, WHO, IAEA and the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs). From 11 April 2011 onwards, the Preparatory Commission also participated in the coordination video conferences of the Inter‑Agency Committee, at the invitation of IAEA.", "Trends and developments", "111. The Inter-Agency Committee and the Joint Plan represent a well-established inter-agency mechanism that can provide coordination and facilitate clarity regarding the roles and capabilities of different international organizations in radiation emergency preparedness and response. However, neither the Inter-Agency Committee nor the Joint Plan supersede the work of each individual organization.", "112. Some areas where existing arrangements need to be improved have already been identified, such as expanding the role of IAEA role in receiving and disseminating information and better addressing the huge public demand for information through one-voice messages. However, improvements in emergency response will require a commitment to increased preparedness, including through training and exercises, and an acknowledgement that nuclear emergencies can happen again.", "113. The Fukushima accident also highlighted the need for the global harmonization and universal implementation of nuclear safety standards.", "Recommendations", "114. A rigorous and objective evaluation should be conducted of the strengths and weaknesses of the current inter-agency arrangements. Consideration should also be given to formalizing the practical arrangements in the Joint Plan, including deployment of joint inter-agency field missions.", "115. The involvement of relevant United Nations entities and related governmental organizations should be enhanced and increased, in particular monitoring and humanitarian organizations, within the Inter-Agency Committee and the Joint Plan. There should also be regular advocacy for the Joint Plan within organizations, including training key personnel and senior officials in response and coordination mechanisms and ensuring a clear understanding of the organizations’ roles.", "116. Operational procedures should be developed for coordinating the preparation and timely dissemination of public information on nuclear emergencies for international audiences as a critical preparedness and response activity.", "117. The level of preparedness should be regularly tested by conducting United Nations system-wide emergency exercises based on the existing Conventions Exercises regime, with possible extensions to field monitoring exercises.", "118. The value should be noted of the ad-hoc technical working groups established for the Fukushima Daiichi accident. Consideration should also be given to establishing Inter-Agency Committee working groups for sector-specific topical areas.", "2. Adequacy of disaster preparedness measures[36]", "Specific issues relevant to the consideration for Governments", "119. Commensurate with their respective functions, roles and responsibilities, United Nations entities and related organizations establish and maintain emergency preparedness programmes.", "120. Effective local, national, regional and global preparedness and response cooperation capabilities and arrangements are essential in order to minimize the impacts of nuclear and radiological incidents and emergencies. Such arrangements are also fundamental to the mitigation and response to disasters caused by natural hazards. As the Fukushima incident illustrated, disasters can have sequential and collateral impacts that we have yet to imagine and plan for, not only for nuclear facilities but also for industrial complexes, weapons storage depots and major infrastructure such as hydroelectric dams, bridges and highways. Those considerations must motivate new efforts for integrated and innovative planning for preparedness and response.", "121. IAEA is upgrading safety standards, guidance and practical tools in the area of emergency preparedness and response, utilizing the lessons learned from responses to past radiation emergencies and from the exercises that have been carried out. IAEA is helping its member States to enhance their own preparedness, including strengthening national emergency plans that are consistent with international requirements. To that end, it is carrying out appraisal missions and international, regional and national training events using standardized training materials. It is extremely important to strengthen the link between the nuclear response system and the humanitarian coordination system, through such mechanisms as the Inter‑Agency Standing Committee and the cluster approach.", "122. International and regional organizations have a broad experience of cooperation, including civil-military cooperation, in preparing for and responding to natural hazards. That experience has been established by engaging with a large number of countries. However, it now needs to be broadened by drawing upon the experience of IAEA and the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. Equally, IAEA can benefit from the wide resource base and expertise of the emergency response and preparedness community.", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "123. The implications of the Fukushima accident can be grouped into key areas:", "• Building codes work and are helpful only if consistently applied and consciously used in high-risk areas as a priority", "• Public education, awareness-raising and training drills work. At the same time, people’s perception of risk changes over time and thus must be constantly re‑assessed in order to ensure a high degree of receptivity for early warning and risk information. Risk perception and preparedness is a social issue and must be better understood by planners and political decision makers", "• Early warning systems work and should be consistently applied. Multiple instruments must be used for informed decision-making", "• National risk management systems must be “all-of-government” and integrated. Institutional coordination and knowledge gaps present the major risk that crisis managers and leaders are not properly informed about the nature and implications of the crises they are called upon to manage", "• Public trust is critical in risk and crisis management. That asset is built on credible information being easily available, consistent and reliable. Public trust in decision makers is all the more important in crises where there is a strong fear of the unknown fuelled by catastrophic projections in media", "• Safety and security information needs to be cross-referenced and combined, and coupled with integrated multi-hazard early warning mechanisms across systems (such as those for civil protection, military or scientific purposes) and stakeholders (for example, communities, State apparatus and the private sector)", "124. Many elements of disaster preparedness worked well, particularly in Japan, in dealing with such a multi-faceted emergency. It is clear that the impact of a large-scale event with off-site consequences rapidly becomes a matter of regional and global concern. As the accident occurred on Japan’s east coast, it was largely isolated, and the major releases of radioactive materials were to the air and ocean. If the same event had occurred in an area in greater proximity to other countries, the implications for neighbours could have been serious. It is important to share reliable information in a timely manner with all of the relevant national and international actors and to ensure that the affected population is effectively informed.", "Trends and developments", "125. For all countries, there is a need to ensure that emergency response systems are adequate and forward-thinking. Many response arrangements currently assume that there will not be a need to respond to more than one nuclear accident or other emergency concurrently. Vulnerable countries need to carefully review emergency response arrangements for challenges related to extreme weather events and other natural hazards, such as earthquakes, that may trigger an accident and therefore impact the response. Universal implementation of the IAEA Safety Standards on emergency preparedness and response[37] at the national level is improving preparedness and response, facilitating emergency communication and contributing to the harmonization of national criteria for protective and other actions.", "126. The implications of future natural hazards triggering sequential and collateral disasters necessitates that the United Nations response system, along with IAEA and others such as the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, enhance cooperation to better support countries and regional efforts to increase preparedness capacity.", "Recommendations", "127. There is a need for an inclusive and consolidated response system. The different response mechanisms should be linked and mainstreamed and an appropriate governance framework for coordination should be developed.", "128. Disaster-prone countries, areas of substantial industrial and technological activity and regions where increased use of nuclear energy is expected, need to integrate preparedness measures for technological disasters into their emergency preparedness to respond to multi-hazards.", "129. Relevant United Nations entities and related organizations are encouraged to enhance training programmes and to participate in relevant international exercises. Training and emergency response exercises are a key component of a good emergency preparedness programme and provide a powerful tool for verifying and improving the quality of emergency arrangements and capabilities.", "130. The emergency preparedness and response framework should be strengthened by enhancing legal instruments and encouraging States to become parties to relevant conventions, through the universal implementation of the IAEA Safety Standards and through enhanced cooperation among States and international organizations.", "131. The public must be provided with reliable information by authorities in a timely and sustained manner. Decision makers need to be able to base their decisions on clear and actionable information provided by multi-hazard information sources. The role of civil society organizations in providing information and explaining risk to the public must be emphasized.", "132. Close cooperation and coordination among the relevant intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations on nuclear, industrial and technological safety and related matters should be encouraged.", "133. There is a need to improve national, regional and international emergency preparedness and response to nuclear accidents and industrial and technological emergencies. That should include the possible creation of rapid reaction capacity, the strengthening of existing systems and the development of training in the field of crisis management.", "134. Closer cooperation between IAEA and United Nations emergency response organizations is needed in order to ensure enhanced integration of preparedness and response capacities.", "135. All United Nations humanitarian organizations should be involved in the Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations.", "136. There is a need for high-level attention to and advocacy for the linkages between technological safety and security, environmental emergencies and humanitarian affairs.", "3. Development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities[38]", "Specific issues relevant for consideration by Governments", "137. IAEA has capabilities for assessing nuclear emergencies and their radiological consequences. The IAEA Environment Laboratories in Seibersdorf, Austria, and in Monaco specialize in evaluating terrestrial and marine environmental samples, respectively. They coordinate the Analytical Laboratories for Measuring Environmental Radioactivity network and the Marine Information System database. The IAEA Radiation Monitoring and Protection Services Laboratories provide routine and ad hoc monitoring for IAEA staff, external experts and trainees in line with IAEA health and safety measures. The IAEA Safeguards Analytical Laboratories (which include the Environmental Sample Laboratory and the Nuclear Material Laboratory in Seibersdorf and the On-Site Laboratory in Rokkasho, Japan) maintain the Network of Analytical Laboratories.", "138. The WHO International Health Regulations mechanism reinforces capacities for monitoring global public health risks during radiation emergencies. That is especially relevant to scenarios of unknown disease outbreaks, which may be due to a malicious act, in which case health authorities may be the first point of notification.", "139. The existing capabilities of UNEP of disaster response teams are integrated into the system of the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and should be enhanced in order to address radiation emergencies. Capability should be developed to rapidly assess impacts on the wider environment, including for land, water and air, and their humanitarian and socio-economic implications.", "140. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization global monitoring network of radionuclide stations is also important in nuclear emergencies. That kind of network may be used to assess the conditions causing the release at the source location, in order to provide information on the global radiological situation[39] and to predict when radioactivity might be detected at other stations.[40]", "141. WMO provides the authoritative scientific voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth’s atmosphere. Its operations include around-the-clock monitoring, data and information exchange, the provision of forecasts and warnings, and services to the general public, disaster management organizations, international organizations and other sectors.[41]", "Implications of the Fukushima accident and the impact of major nuclear accidents", "142. After the Fukushima Daiichi accident, IAEA sent four radiological monitoring teams to Japan to help validate the results of more extensive measurements made by the Japanese authorities. The IAEA Environment Laboratories in Monaco reviewed all information regarding the marine environment and liaised with a number of centres to establish models to simulate the dispersion of radioactive material released into the ocean. The IAEA Environment Laboratories in Seibersdorf received samples taken in Japan during IAEA missions for analysis. The IAEA Radiation Monitoring and Protection Services Laboratories provided radiation protection services and advice to all IAEA, WHO and FAO staff travelling to Japan.", "143. A comprehensive effort was made to ensure the operational capability of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization radionuclide monitoring network and timely analysis of the results. Before the first detections were made in the monitoring network (15 March 2011),[42] atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling was used to predict the expected time and date of detections in the network.", "Trends and developments", "144. Real-time online radiation monitoring systems are planned or already operational in many States, particularly those with nuclear power or which are adjacent to countries with nuclear power. While the purposes for establishing such systems may vary, the data are important for response to radioactive atmospheric releases.[43]", "145. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization data proved to be useful as a global surveillance system. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization could provide automatic warnings in case detected radioactive material contained unexpected radionuclides or abnormal concentrations of radionuclides. To provide rapid response, arrangements between the Preparatory Commission and other organizations are critical.[44]", "146. Meteorological data, analyses, predictions, related information and their timely exchange among WMO members are the focus of WMO operational systems. Numerical weather prediction systems[45] integrate data and relevant environmental information and are an essential tool for analysing, assessing and predicting the state of the atmosphere, including the transport, dispersion and deposition of airborne materials.[46] Data requirements for improved predictions are continuously reviewed and addressed, for example in the ever-expanding use of data from satellite-based monitoring systems.", "Recommendations", "147. IAEA should establish a global radiation monitoring platform to display real-time data on radioactive releases and integrate data from international and national monitoring and early warning systems. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization should be requested to provide its expertise and radionuclide data for that purpose. The integrated monitoring platform would not supersede national radiation monitoring programmes but would bring additional benefits to all States and international organizations.", "148. Consideration should be given to developing arrangements and tools for collating and interpreting environmental monitoring data (air, soil and water) and information derived from meteorological, hydrological and other computational models to assess their short- and long-term implications for public health and the environment.", "149. IAEA should consider establishing a worldwide network of analytical laboratories, based on the existing Analytical Laboratories for Measuring Environmental Radioactivity and other national and regional networks, to analyse radionuclides in environmental and food samples.", "Annex", "Additional information received from United Nations entities, specialized agencies and related organizations", "[English only]", "1. In addition to their inputs to the thematic sections of the present report (see section III), replies containing additional information were received from the Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization and the World Meteorological Organization.", "Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "Development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities", "Role of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization network following the 11 March 2011 earthquake", "2. The events following the magnitude 8.9 earthquake on 11 March 2011 triggered all the verification systems designed to ensure compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. It proved again that the Preparatory Commission International Monitoring System and transboundary data and data products produced by its International Data Centre have wide-ranging civil and scientific applications of direct relevance to disaster reduction and mitigation:", "• The earthquake and several thousand aftershocks were conclusively detected by the International Monitoring System seismic stations", "• The data generated by the seismic and hydro-acoustic stations helped to raise rapid alerts by tsunami warning centres in the Pacific region, in accordance with cooperation arrangements with tsunami warning centres recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "• Infrasound detections provided evidence of explosions at the Fukushima nuclear power plant", "• As the only global radioactivity network, radionuclide and noble gas monitoring stations provided independent, reliable, real-time, accurate and verified data on the global impact of releases from the power plant", "• Atmospheric transport modelling predicted with a high degree of accuracy which stations and countries were going to be affected by the releases. Atmospheric transport modelling, developed in cooperation with the WMO, is central to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty verification and provides validated information on the possible points of origin of the releases, as well as information on material dispersion, allowing accurate predictions on when and where detections may be expected. Atmospheric transport modelling prediction of the plume and real detections of enhanced activity concentrations reported from International Monitoring System stations that detected Fukushima releases were more than 95 per cent accurate, highlighting the predictive capabilities of that modelling technique", "3. The release of radionuclides was first detected on 15 March at the Takasaki station, 200 kilometres south-west of the power plant. Observations at International Monitoring System stations in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russian Federation, and Sacramento, United States of America, confirmed the release. Detections indicated the release of large portions of gaseous radioactive materials and a small portion of solid materials.", "4. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization radionuclide system is able to detect low-level radioactivity; it can detect one radioactive decay per second in up to one million cubic metres of air. The organization’s noble gas detection system provides unique information on gaseous releases, and, under certain conditions, those detections can already be used as an early warning sign of developing conditions. As a result of the system’s ultra high sensitivity, the detected concentration levels were generally not considered harmful for human beings despite the clear detection of radioactivity.", "5. By end of May 2011, activity concentrations at most stations had returned to background level. During the course of the release, 41 radionuclide stations detected released radionuclides; also 19 noble gas (xenon) systems provided clear indication of detection. Those detections covered all of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization’s radionuclide measurement systems in the northern hemisphere and a few in the southern hemisphere.", "6. Data related to the radioactivity release was immediately made available to States Signatories to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Member States were also kept informed of the development of the situation by way of six technical briefings since 15 March 2011. Inter-agency cooperation started with IAEA on 21 March 2011. Subsequently, special briefings using data from the Preparatory Commission were held for WMO, WHO, IAEA and the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat.", "Lessons learned from the experience of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "7. The transboundary nature of nuclear accidents requires urgent measures to strengthen global emergency preparedness and to devise efficient disaster response systems. While short-term responses are able to address immediate safety and security related issues, “over the horizon” action over the next 10 to 20 years could include the following:", "(a) A multiple stakeholder strategic planning review of the global emergency response framework should be undertaken, including national Governments, international and regional organizations, national and international commercial entities, and academic and scientific research centres;", "(b) As part of the strategic review, a thorough capacity mapping (to identify strengths and weaknesses) of existing global monitoring systems utilized by several organizations should be conducted. Given current financial hardships, this is not the time for duplication of systems. Significant human resources and capital (approximately $1 billion) have already been invested in the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. Already more than 80 per cent complete, the International Monitoring System will consist of 321 seismic, hydro-acoustic, infra-sound and radionuclide monitoring stations and 16 laboratories built worldwide and linked to an extensive and sophisticated global communication network. Radioactivity is monitored by the International Monitoring System radionuclide network, comprising 80 particulate stations, 40 of which will be equipped with noble gas monitoring systems;", "(c) Existing systems and expertise should be utilized and shared, as appropriate, through cooperative agreements among organizations. Improvement of and synergies between existing monitoring systems should be emphasized with due focus on the need for cost effectiveness and existing expertise. Institutional cooperation and specialized knowledge-sharing between regional and international organizations in accordance with their respective thematic mandates needs to be fostered and maximized;", "(d) State-of-the-art technology should be mastered, including through scientific interaction and technology foresight. An effective transboundary disaster response system should employ and account for future technological developments through ongoing dialogue with the scientific community. Issues such as synergistic use of monitoring systems, information management and knowledge-sharing should be investigated. It would also be vital to stay attuned to the “over the horizon” long-term developments in the sciences and technologies underpinning those efforts, so that relevant and credible solutions can be made available to meet global public interest and expectations;", "(e) Capacity development, education and training should be implemented in order to push the rapidly expanding scientific frontier even further. In addition to its regular training activities, the recently launched Capacity Development Initiative of the Preparatory Commission includes several online and classroom-based course modules on global responses to nuclear and other natural disasters. Similar initiatives by other international organizations would serve to strengthen and broaden participation in their respective areas of competency and significantly strengthen the international emergency response framework in the event of nuclear accidents, particularly in regions lacking national technical and scientific capacity in those areas.", "World Meteorological Organization", "Introduction", "World Meteorological Organization missions", "8. The mission of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), as presented in the Convention establishing the organization is:", "(a) To facilitate worldwide cooperation in the establishment of networks of stations for the making of meteorological observations as well as hydrological and other geophysical observations related to meteorology, and to promote the establishment and maintenance of centres charged with the provision of meteorological and related services;", "(b) To promote the establishment and maintenance of systems for the rapid exchange of meteorological and related information;", "(c) To promote standardization of meteorological and related observations and to ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics;", "(d) To further the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, water problems, agriculture and other human activities;", "(e) To promote activities in operational hydrology and to further close cooperation between meteorological and hydrological services;", "(f) To encourage research and training in meteorology and, as appropriate, in related fields, and to assist in coordinating international aspects such as research and training.", "9. In the light of its mission and the decision of its 189 members to address a set of global societal needs, WMO is committed to achieving its vision of providing world leadership in expertise and international cooperation in weather, climate, hydrology and water resources and related environmental issues, which will contribute to the safety and well-being of people throughout the world and to the economic benefit of all nations.", "WMO institutional role and responsibilities", "10. WMO delivers to its members through programmes approved by the World Meteorological Congress, a major pillar being the World Weather Watch.", "11. The WMO World Weather Watch programme facilitates the development, operation and enhancement of worldwide systems for observing and exchanging meteorological and related observations and for the generation and dissemination of analyses and forecast products, as well as severe weather advisories and warnings and related operational information. The activities carried out under this programme collectively ensure that members have access to the required information to enable them to provide users with data, prediction and information services and products. The World Weather Watch is organized as an international cooperative programme, under which the infrastructure, systems and facilities needed for the provision of the services are owned, implemented and operated by the member countries. This is based on the fundamental understanding that the weather systems and patterns do not recognize national boundaries and are always evolving on varying temporal and spatial scales, and that international cooperation is paramount, as no individual country can be fully self-sufficient in the provision of all weather-, water- and climate-related services.", "12. The World Weather Watch is the key programme of WMO in providing basic data, analyses, forecasts and warnings to members and other WMO and co‑sponsored programmes, such as the Global Climate Observing System and the Global Ocean Observing System, and relevant international organizations.", "13. As a component of the World Weather Watch programme, the Emergency Response Activities are of particular relevance to United Nations system-wide study.", "Purpose and scope", "14. The WMO Emergency Response Activities assist national meteorological and national hydrological services and other relevant agencies of members, as well as relevant international organizations, to respond effectively to environmental emergencies associated with airborne hazards, such as those caused by nuclear accidents or events, volcanic eruptions, chemical accidents, smoke from large fires and other events that require emergency atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling support. Those Activities are carried out through the provision of specialized products by designated Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres; the development and implementation of efficient emergency procedures for the provision and exchange of specific data, information and products related to the environmental emergency; regular exercises; and training for users.", "15. Activities related to airborne radionuclide hazards fall under two categories. First, nuclear accidents or radiological incidents fall under the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the Convention on Assistance in the Case of Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, to which WMO is a party, along with other international organizations, under the overall coordination of IAEA, with which WMO signed an agreement in 1960. Second, WMO collaborates with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, with which it signed an agreement in 2003. WMO also provides specialized operational modelling in support of the Treaty Organization’s verification regime.", "Organization, governance, plans", "16. WMO, as a party to the Conventions on Early Notification and Assistance, is a participating member, along with many other international organizations, in the 2010 Joint Radiation and Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations. Within that context, in the event of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency, the roles and responsibilities of relevant international organizations, including WMO, are clearly described. IAEA coordinates the Joint Plan through the Inter-Agency Committee for Radiological Nuclear Emergencies.", "17. The operational procedures for WMO are stated in its Manual on the Global Data-Processing and Forecasting System.[47] The regional and global arrangements for environmental emergency response are set out in appendix I-3 of the Manual, while a users interpretation guide is contained in appendix II-7. Those technical requirements are developed and recommended by the body that oversees the implementation and maintenance of the World Weather Watch, the WMO Commission for Basic Systems, and are reviewed regularly by its Coordination Group on nuclear Emergency Response Activities, whose members include all Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with atmospheric transport modelling specialization (8 Centres for forward modelling, and 7 of those plus 2 others for back-tracking), with the participation of IAEA, ICAO and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. WHO has been invited to join this group, but has not yet participated.", "18. The regional and global arrangements require the three Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in the WMO Asian Region (Beijing, Tokyo, and Obninsk, Russian Federation) to act as lead Centres during any confirmed nuclear/radiological incident in that region.", "19. Routine exercises take place at least four times a year, with the participation of all Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with atmospheric transport modelling, and a few national meteorological and national hydrological services (voluntary). As part of the International Conventions, Conventions Exercises are carried out with different scopes of testing, with different frequencies. The last two full international exercises were level 3 exercises conducted in 2005 and 2008; the next in this series is scheduled for 2012.", "WMO operations during the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant", "20. At the request of IAEA, WMO activated its Emergency Response Activities mechanism on 11 March 2011 to provide meteorological information to designated authorities on the likely evolution of the radioactive cloud that was accidentally released from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant. Operating 24 hours per day, WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in Asia (Beijing, Tokyo and Obninsk, Russian Federation) issued forecast charts of the dispersion of the nuclear material from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant on a routine basis until they were no longer required. The remaining five WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in other parts of the world also prepared dispersion charts for comparison and validation purposes.", "21. WMO also made arrangements with the ZAMG meteorological service of Austria to provide meteorological support to the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre in Vienna, while similar arrangements were made with MeteoSwiss, the meteorological service of Switzerland, to provide meteorological support to the World Health Organization in Geneva.", "22. The WMO liaison office in New York prepared a package of information on the level of radiation and weather conditions in the incident-affected areas, with reference to the official data sources such as the Japan Meteorological Agency website. The package was presented at a meeting of the United Nations Communication Group and distributed by the Group to United Nations agencies and entities as science-based information.", "Nuclear safety and security", "Disasters caused by natural hazards", "23. It should be noted that earthquakes and tsunamis do not fall under WMO responsibility and are not hazards related to hydro-meteorological events. There are therefore no comments about those phenomena or their impacts in this section. However, it should be recalled that the WMO Global Telecommunication network is used to transmit tsunami-related warning and information worldwide to national meteorological and national hydrological services, in operation 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, which can relay those warnings at the national level to the relevant authorities.", "Links between natural hazards of hydro-meteorological origin and nuclear safety and security", "24. Every year, disasters related to meteorological, hydrological and climate hazards cause significant loss of life and set back economic and social development by years, if not decades.", "25. Disaster risk reduction is at the core of the mission of WMO, and the national meteorological and hydrological services of its 189 members. WMO, through its scientific and technical programmes, as well as the above-mentioned network of Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres and national meteorological and national hydrological services, provides scientific and technical services. They include observing, detecting, monitoring, predicting and early warning of a wide range of weather-, climate- and water-related hazards. Through a coordinated approach, and working with its partners, WMO addresses the information needs and requirements of the disaster risk management community, effectively and in a timely fashion.", "26. Preparedness and prevention, combined with effective emergency management and early warning systems, can significantly contribute to reducing the impacts of hazards on human life and economic losses. Moreover, the utilization of climate information for medium- to long-term sectoral planning can reduce the economic impacts of disasters.", "27. Because of the need for water to cool their reactors, nuclear power plants[48] are located by coasts and rivers. Their functioning is therefore highly sensitive to any weather or climate conditions that affect the quantity and quality of the required water directly, such as coastal inundations and river flooding, unusually low water levels or high water temperatures, or indirectly, for example, ground movements such as induced subsidence due to soil dryness or extensive use of ground water in prolonged drought conditions.", "28. Under extreme circumstances, nuclear power plants and/or their environment can be sensitive to the effects of wind, water and waves, thus making the operations inside or outside the nuclear power plant more difficult. In the case of the accident of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, the combination of electricity cuts and disruption of electricity generators prevented the safety systems from functioning as expected.", "29. One lesson learned is that safety- and security-related accident prevention and emergency plans and systems must not only allow for natural hazards on a type-by-type basis, but must also include a multi-hazard approach that allows for the possible impacts of combined hazards.", "30. In that respect, WMO is working in partnership with the United Nations and other international agencies to support the strengthening of multi-hazard early warning system capacities, especially in developing countries, including: (a) the detection, monitoring and forecasting of meteorological and hydrological hazards; (b) analysis of hazards/risks and incorporating risk information in emergency planning and warnings; (c) dissemination of timely and authoritative warnings to authorities; and, (d) community emergency planning and preparedness and the ability to activate emergency plans. Those four components should be coordinated across several agencies at the national and local levels.", "Possible changes of hazards with time", "31. Natural hazards can change in intensity, frequency and location depending on factors other than climate change, namely:", "• Changes to the physical geography of a drainage basin, including the estuaries; the offshore bathymetry, coastal profile and catchments areas; or the surface roughness of the area around the site, which may influence the effects of wind on the plant", "• Changes of land use in the area around the site", "• Changes in the availability of water due to upstream dams or modification of use (such as irrigation)", "32. For river basins, the design-basis flood is to a great extent dependent on the physical nature of the basin. For estuaries, the design basis flood can evolve over time as a result of changes in the geography or other factors, such as the construction of storm surge barriers.", "33. The continuing validity of the design basis flood should be checked through periodic surveys of the conditions in the basin that may be related to floods (such as forest fires, urbanization, changes in land use, deforestation, closure of tidal inlets, construction of dams or storm surge barriers, changes in sedimentation and erosion). Those surveys should be carried out at appropriate intervals, mainly by means of aerial surveys supplemented, as necessary, by ground surveys. Special surveys should be undertaken when particularly important changes have occurred (for example, extensive forest fires). Where the size of the basin precludes carrying out sufficiently frequent air surveys, the use of data obtained by satellite imaging and sensing should be considered.", "34. The data obtained from flood forecasting and monitoring systems and from the operation of any warning systems should be periodically analysed for changes in the flood characteristics of drainage basins, including estuaries.", "35. Indications of changes in the flood characteristics of drainage basins should be used to revise, as appropriate, the design basis flood values and to improve the protection of systems and structures, the forecasting and monitoring systems, and the emergency measures. The forecasting models should be updated if necessary.", "36. In some coastal areas, coastal erosion or land subsidence (natural or induced by humans, relating to the extraction of oil, gas or water) may have to be taken into consideration in the estimation of the apparent water height at the site, to be combined with the phenomena resulting from climatic changes.", "37. A permanent uplift of the Earth’s surface due to an earthquake could result in a permanent low water scenario in areas close to large earthquake rupture zones. Similarly, a permanent subsidence of the Earth’s surface due to an earthquake could result in a permanent inundation in areas close to large earthquake rupture zones.", "Climate change", "38. Changes in the intensity and frequency of hydrological and meteorological extremes are considered to be key manifestations of regional and local climate changes associated with global climate change, particularly in the context of unequivocal evidence that global warming is already taking place and expected to be further enhanced.", "39. Due attention should therefore be paid to the implications of climatic variability and change, and particularly the possible consequences in relation to meteorological and hydrological extremes and hazards that should be considered for the planned operating lifetime of power plants. The planned operating lifetime of nuclear power plants is assumed to be about 60 to 100 years. Over such a period, it is expected that the global climate is likely to undergo significant changes, with widely varying regional or local manifestations, both in terms of the mean conditions and fluctuations on a range of timescales and of their impacts (for instance, evolution of permafrost areas leading to change in soil hydro-thermo-mechanical properties). With the mounting evidence of the sensitivity of such changes to human activities and socio-economic development pathways, future considerations should include the various plausible climate scenarios developed through state-of-the-art climate models. It is important to consider the future scenarios of changes in the variability as well as means of key climatic variables, particularly on the regional and local scales, with due attention to uncertainties in long-term climate projections.", "40. While rapid advances have taken place in climate research, reliable climate change scenarios on the regional scale are still not widely available. Regional climate models are being increasingly used to downscale global climate projections to the region of interest. Further, century-scale future projections are subject to large uncertainties resulting from both the assumptions used in developing greenhouse gas emission/concentration scenarios and the inherent limitations of climate models. Those factors are now being included both in the dynamic and statistical approaches to downscaling climate projections to the local and regional levels. Equally important is the verification of past projections using available observational records to build confidence in their results for the future. Therefore, maintenance and stewardship of local and regional observations for the verification and analysis of observed trends are critically important. Major research efforts are under way to improve the reliability of climate predictions/projections on decadal timescales, in order to assess the likelihood of extreme events (such as floods, storms, heat and cold episodes).", "41. The major effects with regard to hazards to nuclear power plants are related to the following causes:", "(a) Changes in air and water temperatures;", "(b) Changes in sea level;", "(c) Changes in the frequency and intensity of meteorological and hydrological phenomena such as severe rainstorms, heat waves, intense tropical cyclones, storm surges, river discharges and severe drought conditions.", "42. Future nuclear power plant designs should include additional safety margins for climate variability and change, especially with respect to extreme events. Design parameters should be periodically re-evaluated as the uncertainties affecting the estimates of future climate extremes are better quantified, based on climate observations and models. WMO will be working on development of climate information and services to support sectoral risk assessment and planning (for example, infrastructure and urban planning) with consideration for the changing characteristics of extreme events.", "International emergency response framework", "Adequacy of preparedness measures", "Recommendations", "43. As previously stated, preparedness for both plant design and emergency response should be multi-hazard oriented, with increased attention paid to the medium- and long-term evolution of both hazards statistics and the conditions of the surrounding environment.", "44. This should be reflected in training programmes as well as in the design and return of experience of emergency response exercises.", "Cooperation between international organizations", "Implications of the Fukushima accident", "45. According to agreed procedures, the WMO emergency preparedness and response system was activated on 11 March 2011 at the request of the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre for emergency support. All eight WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres, including the three primary Centres in the Asia region (Beijing, Tokyo and Obninsk, Russian Federation), were requested to produce and provide charts that estimated the possible spread of airborne radioactivity from the Fukushima accident site, based on the agreed default accident scenario of one unit release of radioactivity (Cs-137, I-131). The requested products of the Centres have been published on the IAEA Emergency Notification and Assistance Convention website.[49]", "46. Throughout the nuclear emergency,[50] WMO also collaborated very closely with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, WHO, ICAO and IMO. During the first few weeks of the emergency, atmospheric scientists from the national meteorological services of Austria and Switzerland, on behalf of WMO, provided assistance at the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre and at WHO headquarters, respectively, in interpreting the atmospheric transport modelling outputs of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres.[51]", "Trends and developments", "47. As illustrated above, there is an increasing need for stronger integrated cooperation between United Nations agencies, so that all aspects and impacts of a nuclear or radioactive accident can be comprehended in a coordinated way. The same applies for information to be disseminated to media and the general public. This would require more intense and comprehensive training and exercises.", "Recommendations", "48. The current context provided by the Inter-Agency Committee and Joint Plan has to be evaluated, with any weaknesses corrected and new components added to ensure a more effective and efficient international emergency response.", "49. The process of determining the classification of the emergency and which actions may be required in the resulting International Organizations Review needs to be reviewed, with a view to coordinating the operations of international organizations beyond several days in the event of protracted emergencies. That includes, for example, ensuring ongoing contacts among Joint Plan members at all times, and coordinating the flow of information between organizations and to the public.", "Development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities", "50. WMO provides the authoritative scientific voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth’s atmosphere and climate. Its operations include around-the-clock monitoring, data and information exchange, production and provision of forecasts and warnings, and services to the general public, disaster management organizations, international organizations and many socio-economic sectors. Operational arrangements for nuclear emergency response are published as part of WMO technical regulations, regularly updated and included in the organization’s Manual on the Global Data-Processing and Forecasting System. The arrangements include the functioning of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with specialization in atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling, and are maintained in cooperation with IAEA, and exercised routinely. Numerical weather prediction models provide input for atmospheric transport models used for assessing (e.g. analyses and hindcasts) and predicting the atmospheric movement, dispersion and deposition of airborne radioactivity. The present arrangements and products of the Centres provide for global and continental-scale numerical simulations at medium-resolutions over large regions. The Centres also have the capability to provide operational atmospheric transport modelling “backtracking” services, as has been established with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization as part of a joint response system for its treaty verification. The backtracking system computes and estimates the possible location of the source of anomalous radioactivity measurement detected at a monitoring network location, anywhere in the world.", "Trends and developments", "51. Meteorological data, analyses, predictions, related information, and their timely exchange among WMO members are the focus of WMO operational systems. Numerical weather prediction systems represent an integrator of data and relevant environmental information and an essential tool for analysing, assessing and predicting the state of the atmosphere, including the transport, dispersion and deposition of airborne materials.[52] Data requirements for improved predictions are continuously reviewed and addressed, for example in the ever-increasing use of data from satellite-based monitoring systems.[53]", "52. Recognizing that actionable and scale-relevant climate information, in terms of data as well as tailored products representing the past, present and future status of the climate, is essential for decision-making, WMO, along with its partners, is working towards the implementation of a global framework for climate services. The global framework is expected to facilitate the development of climate services operating at the global, regional and national levels in a well-coordinated and user-oriented manner. The new initiative could be a good opportunity to identify and communicate the climate information needs of nuclear installations and operations to the relevant entities of the global framework.", "Recommendations", "53. Lessons learned from the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant include the following:", "• The Environmental Emergency Response mechanism worked well. The dispersion charts provided decision makers with scientifically sound estimates of the dispersion of the nuclear material in the atmosphere. However, it is time to review the products and procedures for issuing those in the light of experiences during the event and taking account of recent developments in both the science and technologies used in generating the products", "• A particular problem for users of the dispersion charts was the use of an arbitrary concentration scale and predefined levels of release. The need for this arose because the details of the source term for the emission of the radioactive material were not known. Adequate monitoring systems should be located around each nuclear power plant so that the source term is known accurately and quickly. There should also be more coordination between the nuclear power industry and responsible international agencies for exchanging and using such information", "• Standard procedures urgently need to be updated for assessing the hydrological and meteorological hazards, including climate change, for existing and proposed nuclear power stations", "54. Some general recommendations are also valid to better cover the whole service life of nuclear installations with respect to the influence of weather, climate and water, both on the efficiency and the safety and security of their operations.", "55. When any meteorological or hydrological event proves to be a significant hazard for the site of a nuclear installation, it is essential that the site be continuously monitoring from the site selection study phase and throughout the entire service life of the nuclear installation, for the following purposes:", "• To validate the design basis parameters, especially in cases for which the series of historical data are very poor", "• To support the periodic revision of the site hazards in the light of the periodic safety assessment; this concern is becoming increasingly urgent as a follow-up of the consequences of global climate change", "• To provide alarm signals for operators and emergency managers", "56. For meteorological and hydrological events, the monitoring and warning measures that should be taken during the operation of the nuclear installation will depend on the degree of protection offered by the selected site and on the consideration of the hazards in the design basis of the installation. Some of the measures should be implemented at an early stage of the project.", "57. The data to be used for long-term monitoring and those to be used for a warning system should be chosen on the basis of different criteria, since the purposes of monitoring and those of the warning system are not the same. The purpose of long-term monitoring is to evaluate or re-evaluate the design basis parameters, for example when performing a periodic safety review. The purpose of the warning system is to forecast any extreme event that may affect operational safety. Special care should be taken regarding the ability of the warning system to detect any extreme events in sufficient time to enable the installation to be brought under safe conditions. A warning system should be put in place for sites where the hazards are significant for the design of the installation.", "58. The warning system should be used in connection with forecasting models, since the time period that the operator would need to put the installation into a safe status may necessitate acting on the basis of extrapolations of trends in phenomena without waiting for the actual occurrence of the hazardous event.", "59. In the case of the occurrence of an event for which the operator relies on forecasting models that are made available by organizations external to the operating organization, validation of the models and of the communication channels with those organizations should be carried out in order to ensure their availability and reliability during the event.", "60. Specific quality management or management system activities should be carried out to identify the competences and responsibilities for installing and operating the monitoring systems, the associated data processing and the appropriate prompting of operator action. Those activities should include planning and executing drill exercises at given intervals for all parties involved.", "61. In general, the following monitoring networks and warning networks should be considered:", "• A meteorological monitoring system for basic atmospheric variables", "• A meteorological warning system for rare meteorological phenomena (such as hurricanes, typhoons and tornadoes)", "• A water level gauge system", "• A tsunami warning system", "• A flood forecast system", "62. Furthermore, roles and responsibilities of various public and private sector stakeholders should be reflected in the national and local regulatory frameworks and planning.", "Concluding remarks", "63. The WMO strategic plan has identified five priority areas:", "• Implementation of the Global Framework for Climates Services", "• More coordinated disaster risk reduction", "• Improved observation and information systems", "• Capacity development to help developing countries share in scientific advances and their applications", "• Improving meteorological services for the aviation sector that enhance both safety and operational efficiency", "64. All of those priority efforts should lead to better monitoring of nuclear installations and a more secure, safe and peaceful use of nuclear energy worldwide. WMO is committed to strengthening dialogue with all relevant stakeholders in order to better define the information and services required for optimizing the preparedness, monitoring and emergency response for/by them, and with a view to improving and promoting the safety standards and to maximizing the overall engagement of the international community for peaceful use of nuclear energy to the benefits of humanity.", "[1] This section was prepared by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).", "[2] The Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (Tlatelolco Treaty); the South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty (Rarotonga Treaty); the Argentine-Brazilian Declaration of Common Nuclear Policy of 28 November 1990; the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (Bangkok Treaty); the African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Pelindaba Treaty); and the Treaty on a Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone in Central Asia (Semipalatinsk Treaty).", "[3] Based on IAEA document INFCIRC/153 (Corrected).", "[4] Ibid.", "[5] Based on IAEA document INFCIRC/66/Rev.2.", "[6] Based on the Model Additional Protocol published in IAEA document INFCIRC/540 (Corrected).", "[7] This section was prepared by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations.", "[8] This section was prepared by the World Health Organization.", "[9] The “Emergency Conventions”, including the 2005 International Health Regulations, the 1986 Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the 1986 Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency.", "[10] This section was prepared by the United Nations Environment Programme.", "[11] United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, Sources and effects of ionizing radiation (2010 edition), scientific annex B, “Exposures of the public and workers from various sources of radiation”.", "[12] Ibid. (scientific annexes C, D and E).", "[13] A design basis accident is a postulated accident that a nuclear facility must be designed and built to withstand without loss to the systems, structures and components necessary to assure public health and safety.", "[14] This section was prepared by the Department for Economic and Social Affairs and the United Nations Development Programme.", "[15] Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2010, p. 56.", "[16] International Energy Agency/Nuclear Energy Agency, Projected costs of generating electricity, 2010 Edition (2010), p. 21.", "[17] For estimates of costs from 2010 to 2011, see United States Energy Information Administration, “Updated capital cost estimates for electricity generation plants” (2010), p. 8; and International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Global Energy Assessment (2011). For estimates from studies published from 2003 to 2005, see IAEA, “Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development” (Vienna, 2006), p. 10. For investment cost of renewable energy (photovoltaics, offshore wind) and nuclear energy as a function of cumulative installed capacity, See International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Global Energy Assessment (2011).", "[18] DESA “A global green new deal for climate, energy and development” (New York, 2009).", "[19] This section was prepared by IAEA.", "[20] See IAEA document INFCIRC/821.", "[21] This section was prepared by IAEA.", "[22] This section was prepared by IAEA.", "[23] World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Climate Knowledge for Action: A Global Framework for Climate Services — Empowering the Most Vulnerable (2011), available from http://www.wmo.int/hlt-gfcs/downloads/HLT_book_full.pdf.", "[24] This section was prepared by IAEA. Nuclear security has been defined by the IAEA Advisory Group on Nuclear Security as: “The prevention and detection of and response to theft, sabotage, unauthorized access, illegal transfer or other malicious acts involving nuclear material, other radioactive substances or their associated facilities”. See IAEA document GOV/2009/ 54-GC(53)/18.", "[25] See http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273_web.pdf, para. 1.10.", "[26] This section was prepared by IAEA.", "[27] Established following the Chernobyl accident and comprising 15 member organizations: UNEP, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Office for Outer Space Affairs, Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, FAO, IAEA, ICAO, IMO, European Commission, European Police Office, International Criminal Police Organization-International Criminal Police Organization, OECD/Nuclear Energy Agency, Pan American Health Organization, WHO and WMO.", "[28] The exercise is conducted every three to five years to test the response of States and international organizations to a severe nuclear or radiological emergency, including information exchange, provision of assistance and coordination of public information.", "[29] The Inter-Agency Committee also conducts table-top exercises at its regular meetings, using various scenarios to review arrangements in the Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations.", "[30] For example, because of the importance of addressing concerns about air and maritime transport during a nuclear emergency, and supplementing its involvement in the Joint Radiation Emergency Management Plan, the International Civil Aviation Organization coordinated the work of an ad hoc transport task force that brought together a number of United Nations agencies (including itself and IAEA, IMO, WHO, WMO, WTO and ILO) and private trade associations.", "[31] Under the Convention on the Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan notified WHO through the International Health Regulations National Focal Point within a few hours of the event.", "[32] See http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/a_e/rempan/en/.", "[33] PAHO also used the opportunity to advise its member States to review their radiological/nuclear emergency plans and expand bibliographic databases.", "[34] The requests were repeated daily until 18 April 2011, and thereafter reduced to three times a week, in around-the-clock operations through 24 May 2011, when IAEA requested the termination of the WMO emergency support. Some WMO centres also collaborated with the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre to develop a best-estimate emission sequence from the beginning of the nuclear emergency, using high-resolution atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling results, and comparing them with radionuclide monitoring data. The emission sequence was then used by several meteorological centres to re-compute best-estimated dispersion and deposition patterns in high spatial resolution.", "[35] The Preparatory Commission operates the International Monitoring System, a global monitoring network that currently includes more than 60 highly sensitive stations for measuring radionuclides.", "[36] This section was prepared by the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction.", "[37] Jointly sponsored by FAO, ILO, OECD/NEA, PAHO, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs and WHO.", "[38] This section was prepared by IAEA.", "[39] The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization provides results and data for its States parties as soon as they are available; the system is also supported by a human review to ensure the quality of the results.", "[40] Detections made by the network help to validate the atmospheric modelling. The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization also provides assistance to disaster relief by providing data for tsunami warning systems. In that case, the data are provided in accordance with cooperation arrangements with tsunami warning centres recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.", "[41] Operational arrangements include functions of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with specialization in atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling and are maintained in cooperation with IAEA. Routine exercises are conducted. Numerical weather prediction models provide input to atmospheric transport and dispersion models that are used for assessing (for example, analyses and hindcasts) and predicting the atmospheric movement, dispersion and deposition of airborne radioactive material.", "[42] During the course of the release, more than 40 radionuclide stations detected released radionuclides.", "[43] An IAEA project on the development of a world-wide emergency radiation monitoring system is under way.", "[44] The Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization did not participate in the Inter-Agency Committee for Radiological Nuclear Emergencies prior to the Fukushima Daiichi accident.", "[45] High resolution numerical weather prediction models and atmospheric transport models, already widely available, can be used to improve atmospheric transport estimates; however, their use in emergency response should be carefully implemented based on realistic best-available estimates of the amount of radioactive material released. Radionuclide monitoring data should be used to calibrate the simulations, to improve assessments and predictions. In addition, since atmospheric washout is essential to the deposition of airborne radioactive material, precipitation data and high-resolution analyses are crucial.", "[46] The possible impacts of an atmospheric release depend on the emission characteristics and environmental conditions. During an emergency, actual emissions at the source and monitoring data, of both the radioactivity and atmospheric parameters, are essential inputs for atmospheric transport modelling simulations, for assessing possible impacts and in turn for competent authorities to use when determining suitable protective actions.", "[47] Available from www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/DPS/Manual/WMO485.pdf.", "[48] For the purposes of the present text, “nuclear power plants” should be considered in a generic sense and assumed to cover other types of nuclear installations, such as waste reprocessing plants.", "[49] Early in the compounded earthquake, tsunami and nuclear emergencies, the Japan Meteorological Agency created public web pages that provided relevant information, including in English, on current weather conditions and winds along with forecasts for the disaster stricken area. This special service met the very large worldwide demand for weather information on Japan. Several other national meteorological services also posted on their respective public websites weather information on Japan or the region, in other languages.", "[50] As decided by the accident country, the official classification used by IAEA for the emergency has been “General Emergency” since the beginning. That could mean that response organizations have to maintain emergency operations until a new classification is dictated.", "[51] In addition, some WMO centres collaborated with the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre in developing a best-estimate emission sequence from the beginning of the nuclear emergency, using high-resolution (5 km) atmospheric transport modelling results, and comparing them with radionuclide monitoring data. That emission sequence was then used by several meteorological centres to re-compute best-estimated dispersion and deposition patterns in high spatial resolution.", "[52] High resolution numerical weather prediction and atmospheric transport Models, already widely available, could be used to gain in the details of atmospheric transport estimates; however, their use in emergency response should be carefully implemented based on realistic best-available estimates of the amount of radioactivity released. Radionuclide monitoring data should be used to calibrate the simulations and to improve assessments and predictions. In addition, since atmospheric washout is a key to the deposition of airborne radioactive contamination, precipitation data and high-resolution analyses are crucial.", "[53] Atmospheric transport modelling systems for nuclear emergency response will be a direct beneficiary of these developments, especially when radioactivity monitoring data become available for model validation and calibration, in a range of model resolutions and coverage. Techniques using an ensemble of forecasts from numerical models, with slightly different initial conditions and representation of physics in the Earth’s boundary layer, are being developed to derive uncertainty information for atmospheric transport modelling outputs." ]

[ "秘书长召开的核安保高级别会议", "2011年9月22日", "联合国全系统对福岛第一核电站事故影响的研究", "秘书长的报告", "摘要", "本报告载有联合国全系统对福岛第一核电站事故影响的研究结果。报告是为定于9月22日在大会第六十六届会议期间举行的核安保高级别会议编写的。本研究报告共分三节。第一节侧重于和平利用核能和核安全方面的具体问题，述及国际原子能机构(原子能机构)保障监督以及和平利用核能、农业和粮食安全、环境、健康、可持续发展和融资事宜。第二节着重于核安保，并述及原子能机构在这方面的作用，以及自然灾害、气候变化和核安全与保安之间的关系。第三节侧重于国际核事故应急框架，述及备灾措施的充分性、国际组织间的合作，以及发展新的监测和科学能力。", "在每一重点领域，本项研究力图确定并讨论可能与政府之审议有关的具体问题；评估福岛事故的后果和重大核事故的影响；讨论趋势和事态发展，并提出建议。", "本研究结果包含下列16个联合国实体、专门机构和相关组织提供的材料：泛美卫生组织、国际海事组织、国际民用航空组织、国际原子能机构、经济和社会事务部、联合国裁军事务厅、联合国儿童基金会、联合国国际减少灾害战略、联合国环境规划署、联合国开发计划署、联合国粮食及农业组织、联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会、全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会、人道主义事务协调厅、世界气象组织和世界卫生组织。", "目录", "页次\n 1. 导言 3\n 2. 意见 3\n 3. 从联合国实体、专门机构和相关组织收到的资料 5\n A. 设计和平利用核能及核安全的具体问题 5\nB. 核安保\t14\nC. 国际处理核事故的应急框架\t19\n 附件 \n从联合国实体、专门机构和相关组织收到的其它资料\t27", "一. 导言", "1. 2011年4月19日，秘书长在以安全和创新方式利用核能的基辅首脑会议上讲话指出：核电预期会持续增长，因此，最大地确保核安全具有十分重要的意义。他还强调国际社会需要对核能和核安全问题进行全球反思。虽然他承认每个国家有权确定其国家能源政策，但我们的共同目标应该是深化我们对与发展核能及其安全有关的、跨国界、全范围问题的认识。今后，在评估如何确保和平利用核能和最大安全时，应更充分地体现核电站灾害的后果——从预防到清理。在这方面，秘书长提出了五项具体措施，包括联合国全系统对福岛第一核电站事故影响开展研究，向将于9月22日在大会第六十六届会议期间举行的核安保高级别会议提出报告。研究是由联合国有关实体以及各专门机构和相关组织进行的。", "2. 秘书长在正式启动本项研究之前，与国际组织的首长进行了磋商。鉴于国际原子能机构(原子能机构)在制定核安全标准和核安全指导方针方面发挥核心作用，鉴于它努力促进和平利用核能和安全工作的方方面面，就报告中完全属于原子能机构法定职责范围内的那些内容而言，原子能机构起到牵头协调单位的作用。也提请联合国其他实体注意有机会向本项研究提供投入，有些实体于是提供了材料。", "3. 本报告其他主要供稿者有：裁军事务厅、人道主义事务协调厅、经济和社会事务部、联合国儿童基金会(儿基会)、联合国国际减少灾害风险战略、联合国环境规划署(环境署)、联合国开发计划署(开发署)、联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织)、全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会、世界气象组织(气象组织)和世界卫生组织(世卫组织)等实体。为本报告提供材料并向主要供稿者提供投入的其他实体有：泛美卫生组织、国际海事组织(海事组织)、国际民用航空组织(国际民航组织)和联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会。联合国系统行政首长协调理事会作为本项研究的顾问，给予了支持并提供背景资料。", "4. 虽然主要供稿者力图同其他相关实体协商和合作，以期在可行范畴内提出联合呈件，但各节所表达的仅为具体指明的主要供稿者的意见，不一定代表其他任何实体的观点。从供稿实体收到的其他投入载于本报告附件。", "二. 意见", "5. 福岛第一核电站事故迫使国际社会考虑一个问题：是否正在竭尽全力、确保核安全？秘书长欢迎最近举行和计划举行的加强核安保和备灾活动，如核安全公约缔约方第五次审议会议和减少灾害风险全球论坛第三届会议。秘书长特别欢迎原子能机构关于核安全的部长级会议的结果，欢迎原子能机构总干事制定加强核安全的行动计划，包括通过审议制定和应用具有法律约束力的国际规范这样做。秘书长希望，这一计划将为改善核安全的国际努力奠定基础。秘书长也欢迎日本有意与原子能机构合作，在2012年末召开一次高级别会议，以采取后续行动，并维持在此事项方面的政治势头和问责制。", "6. 开发和使用核能以及适用原子能机构安全标准的问题，纯由各国政府自行酌处。然而，重大核事故和紧急情况是没有国界的，而后果可能极其严重，福岛第一核电站和切尔诺贝利核电站的事故已向我们昭示了这一点。重大核事故和紧急情况的国际影响，是一个必须加以讨论的全球关注问题和全球公众关心的问题。要得到公众信任，就务必要在涉及核能和核事故及紧急情况影响的问题方面保持公开性和透明度。在这方面，联合国与各专门机构和相关组织密切合作，可以发挥重要作用。", "7. 秘书长承认，原子能机构按照其任务规定，在制定核安全标准和促进最高水准的核安全方面发挥中心作用。福岛事故已引起人们对国际安全标准和惯例的充分性、全球应急准备和反应系统和国家监管机构的效力的关注。这就突出说明，在国际社会大力加强核安全制度之时，必须加强国际合作，提高公开性和透明度。", "8. 福岛事故凸显加强危险评估的重要性，此类评估要着重于自然灾害可能影响核能装置的可信的设想情形。此外，气候变化可能造成的影响，如海平面上升、气象条件恶劣，也将对运行中的核电站的核安全产生影响。因此，在核电站的设计、选址和运营方面，必须考虑到这种影响。然而，核电温室气体排放量低，可能有助于减少与气候变化有关的风险。", "9. 秘书长指出，福岛事故对核保安，对防止对处于使用、储存或过境状态中的核能设施和核材料发动蓄意攻击(此种攻击可能引发辐射紧急情况)也有影响。秘书长希望，核安保高级别会议可以成为通向2012年首尔核保安首脑会议的桥梁。", "10. 国际上对福岛事故的反应显示了在原子能机构之中心协调作用的基础上，辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会的价值和国际组织辐射紧急情况联合管理计划的运作。事故发生才几个星期，就在辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会内开始作出努力，秘书长也启动工作，审查现行的安排(特别是在信息共享方面)，并作出必要的改进。", "11. 在国家一级，事故突出说明，必须确保政府在应急和风险评估及降低风险方面的措施是透明的，对公众的风险观念要作出回应。多层面的紧急情况有可能成为区域和国际性的关注事项，这一点应当进一步加以研究，因为对灾害风险信息和减少风险措施的了解，以及及时、准确地提供信息，在公共部门的发展和投资决定方面发挥至关重要的作用。为了支持决策进程，务必要确保公众了解风险及管理风险的各项备选办法。", "12. 在对福岛事故作出反应时，动用了完备的科学和监测能力，尤其是原子能机构、世卫组织和气象组织按照原来就有的安排这样做。此外，全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会所维持的全球监测网络在核紧急情况中也显示出其重要性，该网络连同现有的规划署能力一道，可用来补充在辐射应急方面起关键作用的各组织的能力。", "13. 尽管安全和有科学依据的核技术对农业和食品生产产业作出贡献，但在发生重大核事故的情况下，人仍可能通过食品和水受到放射性沾染，这可能对国家和国际两级的食品贸易产生严重影响。对贸易的影响不仅可能来自灾区(因为实行食品限制)，而且在未受灾地区，也可能起源于公众恐惧，导致市场准入受限，对农村发展和经济增长产生消极影响。辐照增加可能长期影响健康(包括跨国界人口的健康)，因此，加强相关实体间的合作与协调乃是一项重要目标。", "14. 虽然寻求开发核电的公、私实体一般考虑同商业核设施整个使用期相联系的费用，但还必须考虑到重大事故在环境、社会和经济方面产生的影响以及如何将其列入决策进程，以指明和审议此类费用。虽然一些国家已决定不开发或逐步淘汰核能，但其他国家依然致力于开发和获得核电。所以，灾害风险分析必须确保核电站的建造和运作是安全的，能够经受住可能引发辐射紧急情况的任何可能威胁。", "15. 秘书长将本报告所载建议提交各国政府审议。", "三. 从联合国实体、专门机构和相关组织收到的资料", "A. 涉及和平利用核能及核安全的具体问题", "国际原子能机构保障监督以及和平利用核能[1]", "16. 向目前生活在能源贫困中的24亿人民提供利用能源的机会，是实现千年发展目标工作取得进展的重要前提条件。要迎接这一极为严峻的挑战，将需要动用所有能源和技术。核电已经并将继续为满足全球能源需求作出重要贡献。", "17. 截至2011年7月，在29个国家约有440座核电反应堆在运作，有65座新反应堆在施工中。虽然受福岛第一核电站事故影响，但人们对核电依然很有兴趣。在事故之前强烈表示有意搞核电的无核电国家中，只有一些已经取消或修改了计划，但大多数没有这样做。", "18. 核科学技术也能用于发展核武器。所以，遵守国际法律文书，如《不扩散核武器条约》、其他双边和多边不扩散协定、[2] 以及原子能机构保障监督协定，就是负责任地使用核电的重要内容。", "19. 原子能机构成立于1957年，目的是帮助各国确保核能为和平与发展服务。该机构通过实施原子能机构保障监督规定，向国际社会作出保证：置于保障监督之下的核材料和其他具体物品不被挪用于非和平用途。", "20. 保障监督措施是按照原子能机构同各国或区域视察局达成的协定加以实施的。这些协定分三大类：(a) 全面保障监督协定，[3] 涵盖《不扩散核武器条约》每一非核武器缔约国内的所有核材料；(b) 自愿提交保障监督协定，[4] 涉及到核不扩散条约核武器缔约国内一些或全部民用核活动；以及(c) 同其他国家达成的、针对具体物品的保障监督协定。[5] 达成上述任何一项协定的国家还可在其保障监督协定之外缔结附加议定书，[6] 规定有更多机会获取信息和进入地点，从而加强原子能机构保障监督措施的效力和效益。", "农业和粮食安全[7]", "核技术的相关性", "21. 安全和有科学依据的核技术，如同位素测量和跟踪、诱变、利用辐射进行食品去污、疫苗生产和病虫害防治，乃是农业和食品生产的宝贵工具，能大大增进粮食安全。此类技术相当精确、敏感，又具体、准确，可以提高作物和牲畜的生产力，对控制动物疾病、病虫害防治、食品安全和质量方面的全面战略作出贡献，并有助于养护自然资源。", "22. 因此，核技术具有社会经济意义，提供了增值解决办法，以确保有食品供应、人们能获得并负担得起食品。事例包括：改良作物品种，有效的土壤和水管理以及提高化肥利用效率；对作物和牲畜生产系统作出改进；加强动物疾病诊断和控制；食品内沾染物的可追溯性；改进食品的保质期和安全，并以无害环境的方式防治病虫害。", "23. 这些技术单由粮农组织和原子能机构通过粮农组织/原子能机构共同的粮食和农业核技术方案提供，具体是在粮食和农业领域进行研究、训练和技术及政策咨询。", "24. 核技术和有关技术在粮食和农业方面的和平应用，对全世界的粮食安全和可持续农业发展作出了巨大贡献。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "25. 在有放射性材料释放到环境中的核事故或放射性紧急情况发生后，水、农业、水产业、渔业和林业生产以及野生动物都会受到严重放射性沾染，从而对牲畜健康、公共健康、食品安全和贸易构成严重威胁，直接影响到人民的生计。", "26. 放射性材料在从空中降落或随雨雪释放后的第一时间内(以及在沾染持续期间)，可能沉积在农产品的表面或牲畜饲料中，从而沾染牛奶和肉类。人食用沾染放射性材料的食品，所受辐射量就会增加，这可能升高健康风险。", "27. 随着时间的推移，放射性核素从被沾染土壤转移到作物或动物身上，食品内的辐射性可能逐步增加。放射性核素也可能从空气中直接沉淀于、或被冲刷进江河湖海之中，为鱼和海产品吸收。", "28. 由于放射性核素(如铯-137)持续存在几十年，沾染区也许既不能长庄稼，也不能放牧。比如说，在食用动物及(或)其制品前，应按照特别程序，对其进行去除沾染处理。在持续存在放射性沾染的具体划定地区内，可能必须要对农业生产和渔业活动加以中、长期限制。1986年切尔诺贝利核事故之后，在距事故地点几百甚至几千公里范围内，农业生产和活动都受到影响；切尔诺贝利核电站附近地区至今仍存在着高度沾染，农业生产无法恢复常态。", "29. 放射性沾染的影响也可能波及农业生态系统的平衡，特别是昆虫进行的植物授粉、植物生物多样性和土壤中微生物和蚯蚓(它们在土壤养分和有机物循环中发挥重要作用)的生物状况。由于一些真菌和植物能吸收并积蓄大量放射性核素，它们可能会对野生动物放牧带来生物安全风险，增加整个食品链中放射性核素沾染量的积蓄。时至今日，切尔诺贝利事故过去已25年，但在德国野猪身上仍可以查出放射性铯的沾染。", "30. 核事故涉及的另一个严重问题在于对国家和国际性食品贸易的影响，这不仅是某些地区实行食品限制的原因，而且因为公众恐惧放射性沾染而不愿食用某些食品。这可能导致受灾国的市场准入机会受到限制和失去市场，从而对农村发展和经济增长带来消极影响。", "趋势和发展", "31. 日本所释放的辐射的全面影响尚有待充分评估，但放射性沾染造成的健康风险却是有案可稽的。", "32. 食品监测数据证实，食品沾染机制正在改变，即：由放射性核素沉积在田野里庄稼(如菠菜)表面，变为经由土壤或生长介质(如竹笋和香菇)根部吸收。稳定和尽量减少土壤沾染将发挥重要作用，避免放射性核素通过风和土壤流失转入其他土块和水体，包括释放到动植物身上。", "33. 粮农组织正在同其伙伴密切合作，应会员国请求在以下领域提供技术援助和政策咨询：", "• 沾染侦测和监测", "• 补救策略和方法", "• 制定农业对策", "• 以科学为基础的粮食贸易政策", "• 开展粮食和农业核应急准备和反应能力建设", "建议", "34. 为了加强核和辐射应急准备和反应方面的规划和能力，尽量减少其对粮食和农业的影响并改善恢复情况，我们强烈建议采取以下协调行动：", "• 促进协调支助国家、区域和国际三级做好粮食和农业部门核应急规划工作", "• 向成员国提供更多技术援助和政策咨询，组织区域/国际模拟活动，包括应急和恢复活动中的所有粮食和农业要素", "• 加强国际和国家两级在粮食和农业监测及农业补救方面的能力发展", "• 审查和改善促进机构间协作的法律框架和合作机制", "健康[8]", "供各国政府审议的有关具体问题", "35. 和平利用核能对健康的影响是至关重要的问题。政策制定者和决策者应当确保现有和未来的核设施实行最高度的安全措施。各国人口的健康和福利应当是关于能源战略的讨论和决定中的中心议题和优先事项。不论政府决定采取何种战略，健康、环境和经济影响都应当整体考虑。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "36. 在核电站发生紧急情况期间，放射性材料可能会释放到环境中，影响人的健康的放射性核素主要是碘和铯。救援人员、首批反应者以及核电站工人可能因职业关系在应急阶段，体内、体外受到辐射，其剂量之高能导致严重健康后果(如皮肤灼伤、体内沾染或急性辐射综合症)。普通人口不大可能受到能引起严重后果的高剂量辐射，但可能会受到低剂量辐射，增加长期影响(如癌症)的风险。食用受沾染的食品和(或)水也可能会增加整体受辐射程度。如果放射性碘被吸入或摄入体内，不采取措施，就可能积聚在甲状腺中，增加甲状腺癌的风险，儿童尤然；受切尔诺贝利影响的人口就是如此。", "37. 就福岛核事故而言，截至2010年5月，受雇于福岛第一核电站的近8 000名员工中，有30名员工报告说受到的累计辐射量超过100毫希沃特。还没有接到有人死于辐射的报告。迅速采取了公共卫生措施。现场附近的居民及时撤离，并安排受影响者服用了碘化钾药片。撤离的居民接受了放射性检测，必要时还经过去除沾染程序。对食品和饮用水的沾染情况进行了监测，必要时作适当的限制。撤离人员身体长期受到压力，对健康产生显著影响。他们生活受到破坏，社会交往中断，长期安置在没有多少隐私、拥挤的疏散点，其社会环境剧变——这些都形成沉重的压力，造成精神创伤。", "38. 同切尔诺贝利一样，福岛核事故在普通群众中引起相当的焦虑，其他因素(如不信任当局)可能加剧了此种焦虑。", "趋势和发展", "39. 由于技术和安全方面的改进，公众受辐射的程度有了显著下降，然而，日本的经历表明，核事故还有可能发生，如果又遇上自然灾害，就可能超越国界，这样，国际文书[9] 就能在处理此种情形派上用场，要求多方利益攸关者进行协调和合作。", "40. 在区域和全球两级务必要制订连贯的规范和标准，以确保实地对辐射安全的管理。国际上努力在患者、工人和公众辐射防护工作的所有方面全面统一标准，制定了1996年《国际电离辐射防护和辐射源安全的基本安全标准》—— 这是史无前例的。", "建议", "41. 在关于未来能源战略的讨论中，各人口群的健康和福利应当成为一项中心关注和优先事项。", "42. 成员国应当考虑加强国家备灾系统和跨部门的协调。", "43. 在核紧急情况发生后进行干预的国家标准应当符合国际建议，关于干预对策的决定必须以透明和协调的方式提出。", "44. 务必要继续监测福岛事故的风险和可能对健康产生的影响，并就此同公众开展高效的交流；必须让国际组织参与进来，确保国家当局实施的评估和干预措施保持透明度和信誉。", "环境[10]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "核设施的规划和设计(包括风险管理框架)", "45. 各国在决定本国能源组合中是否包括核能时，应当进行严格的环境影响评估；其中不仅要对取代化石燃料发电厂的环境益处以及运作和施工所涉正常环境问题加以比较，还要对核电相对于非核电而言发生重大事故的可能性和级别及其对环境造成的后果加以分析。", "46. 在比较不同能源供应办法时所作的经济计算是复杂的。完整的生命周期费用，特别是正常释放、废物处置在健康和环境方面造成的费用，以及在事故情形下产生的费用，没有列入此类分析。必须要把这些费用内部化。", "47. 在新近引进核工业的国家或已部署核电的区域，应当对就环境影响进行评估、监管和模型制作的体制能力，以及处理紧急情况所涉环境问题的能力作出评估，必要时予以加强。", "运行核设施和运作阶段", "48. 核电设施在运作过程中对环境产生一系列影响，但并非都具有放射性。", "49. 在日常作业中，核设施向大气和水体排放少量的放射性物质。[11] 对排放物进行持续监测，并不断监测环境，以理解对生物群系和生态系统的影响——这应当成为核电站运行不可或缺的一部分。", "50. 应当对乏核燃料的管理和辐射泄露的可能性加以监测，直到设施最终退役为止。", "退役", "51. 在核设施安全退役，包括乏核燃料的最终处置方面，并没有普遍认同的单一办法。", "52. 在最后确定退役计划之前，应当对各种备选的退役办法进行环境风险评估。这应当包括核电站厂址本身、运送放射性强的废料以及这些材料的最终储存/处置。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "53. 在福岛第一核电站事故之后，当地环境中长效放射性材料的影响将是今后许多年中要关注的问题。放射性物质大规模释放进环境中，如切尔诺贝利事故和福岛事故的情形那样，可能会产生严重的环境影响。释放到空气中的放射性物质沉积在地面，从而沉积到生物群系中。放射性沾染可能持续数年或数十年，消除沾染费用昂贵。", "54. 在较远的地区，可能需要暂时停止农业生产和渔业。辐射造成的环境影响可能对经济造成重大损害，迫使灾区经济活动停顿下来。", "55. 此种环境影响可能不仅因为实际沾染导致经济活动暂停，而且也可能引发谣言，导致信心下降，损害当地产业和旅游业。消费者认为(且不说对不对)食品受到沾染，就会加以回避；这种观点加重了损失。此类信誉损害可能给这些产业造成更大的财政损失。", "56. 在切尔诺贝利事故之后的头几个星期，居民区内非人类生物群系也受到放射性核素大规模意外释放的影响。在好几十公里范围内，辐射造成若干急性负面影响。禁区内人类活动的停顿改变了生态系统平衡，导致害虫肆虐，而且造成野生动物和鸟类数量增加。[12]", "趋势和发展", "57. 福岛事故表明，其设计基准事故[13] 级别太低。回过头来看，严重事故风险(尤其是在环境方面)被低估了。", "建议", "58. 需要进一步增进对环境中放射性材料的程度与可能对该环境所含生物群系的影响之间关系的科学认识。", "59. 在发生事故时，需要调查并实施受影响土壤之有效去污和补救方法。", "60. 在规划、设计、运作、退役和应急程序方面，核电站的安全标准必须包括环境保护措施。", "61. 成员国，包括其环境部，必须加强能力建设，以便更有效地监督核电工业的环境风险管理。", "62. 不是原子能机构成员的国家可能受到邻国事故的影响。它们需要具备起码的机构能力，尤其是在环境监测方面。", "63. 要确保长期能源计划把环境考量因素列入备选办法分析，就务必要进行体制能力建设，并实现方法的系统化。", "可持续发展和融资[14]", "64. 从可持续发展角度而言，最突出的问题之一就是获得能源。目前，14亿人(主要是在撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚农村地区)用不上电，还有几十亿人在使用能源方面受到制约。这些区域平均用电量大大低于高收入经济体用电量的10%(每年每人使用180至750度电，而高收入经济体人年均用电7 500至18 000度)。如果不扩大电气化，就不可能实现千年发展目标，特别是到2015年消除极端贫困的目标。[15]", "65. 虽然核能方面今后的发展将取决于安全与承担能力方面的进展，但出于种种原因，发展中国家一直对此种能源很感兴趣。2001年，可持续发展委员会认定，搞不搞核能的决定由各国根据其需求、能力和目标自行作出。产出核能的29个国家中，共有7个是发展中国家。在福岛事故后，大多数规划新核方案的发展中国家没有宣布作出变化。", "66. 福岛事故造成数千亿美元的财产损失；它给人造成的影响，使大家特别关注风险管理问题。有些人已要求全球加以逐步淘汰或暂停，其他人则要求进行更严格的监管，加强安全措施和保险机制。", "67. 在未实行暂停的情况下，灾害风险分析将需要确保核电站造在安全地方，并能经受可能出现的最严重的威胁。所有反应堆(现有和施工中)中，近半数位于地震风险高的国家。核电站往往造在沿海地区，利用海水进行冷却。", "68. 发展中国家的底线在于能源的最终成本，包括基荷成本以及额外安全措施、废料处置、灾害保险、退役和监管制度方面的成本。经济合作与发展组2010年进行的一项研究指出，“核电强项在于能产出十分低碳的大量基荷电力，其成本在长期而言保持稳定；然而，必须要管理面临风险的高额资本，而且其施工建设的筹备时间较长。”[16] 尽管这些基荷成本稳定，但即使在福岛核事故之前，最终成本就已经在上升，因为资本成本中也计入了其他因素。把2010年和2011年公布的研究报告中的估计数同2003至2005年期间公布的估计数相比较，显示核电站“隔夜资本成本”(名义上)翻了两番——由每瓦1.2至2.6美元增加到5至10美元，而可再生技术的费用却下降了。[17] 这样，核能的最终成本可能远超出每兆瓦小时100美元的水平。", "69. 过去，供电方面出现重大进展的国家，其每兆瓦小时电力成本不到人均收入的3%。由于需要能源者多生活在人均年收入不足1 000美元的国家，他们需要每兆瓦小时成本为30至50美元的技术方法。", "70. 为了帮助各国评价核能对可持续发展可能作出的贡献，需要对以下各项的净成本影响进行深入评估。", "• 降低成本的潜力：对于发展中国家而言，主要的挑战在于把能源成本降低到与预期人均收入相符的水平。这就要求对所有可用技术的成本趋势作一次独立评估。[18]", "• 排放：调动气候或其他环境融资的国际协定或本国政策，原则上会降低在温室气体排放和当地污染物方面比化石燃料方法有优势的所有技术(包括核电)的成本。", "• 扩散：核扩散所可能造成的结果是国际社会关注的重大事项。发展中国家需要在加强机构能力方面得到技术援助，使之能有效管理扩散的风险。原子能机构在提供技术援助方面一直十分积极。", "• 废物处置：放射性废物处置方面存在着不确定因素和风险。目前，并没有任何用于储存乏核燃料的大规模永久性存放场址，不过，芬兰和瑞典正在建造此类存放场址。", "• 采矿业的当地影响：人们关注开采可裂变材料对当地社区和生态系统的影响。", "• 灾害保险：福岛核事故之后，重大核事故保险的成本出现了不确定因素。需要开发创新的保险机制，以减少此种不确定因素。", "• 核能政策和灾害对各社区的安全和福利造成的局部影响：切尔诺贝利事故25年之后，受灾社区仍然面临耻辱，缺少经济机会，缺少关于灾害后果的信息。", "71. 各国政府和私营部门投资者在向核能供资方面面临严峻挑战，在发展中国家尤然。要建造核电站并发展机构、监管、强制实施和基础设施能力，就必须得到国际上大力的财政支助。由于能源投资继续受到全球经济不确定因素的影响，因此，这些挑战就更大了。融资问题包括：", "• 在投资人和政府之间分享风险：在成本存在不确定、公共部门强烈关注以及能源政策环境不断变化的情况下，要确保获得私营金融业主为核能供资、而不用公共部门分担大量风险——这是难上加难的事情。解决办法可能在于开发创新性的金融工具，以顾及与自然灾害或人为灾害、退役费用及最后处置放射性废料有关的不确定因素。", "• 确保不同的技术办法有一个平等的竞争环境：必须具备平等的竞争环境，以便增进投资，开发高效能源系统的市场。所有备选办法之间要进行公平竞争，就务必要改革补贴和奖励计划。", "• 把外部费用体现到投资模型中：目前，减少温室气体排放或具有其他社会或环境益处的多项技术并不能说就拥有此项成本有利条件。外部费用的国际化必须要包括环境和社会费用--包括风险--以便利为可持续发展作出真正知情的决策。", "B． 核安保", "原子能机构在核安保方面的作用[19]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "72. 原子能机构是联合国系统内一个独立的、以科技为基础的政府间进程，担当全球核合作的协调中心。核安保有一个共同目的，就是保护人民和环境，使之免受电离辐射的有害影响。原子能机构在核安保方面的中心作用由其《规约》规定，并体现于其决策机关的决定和决议中。原子能机构制定核安全标准，并在这些标准基础之上，促进在核能应用方面实现和维持高度的安全。它还提供具体的审查服务，以确定各项标准是如何得到实施的。原子能机构《国际电离辐射防护和辐射源安全的基本安全标准》和有关文件中对诸多辐射情形(包括核紧急情形)下、公众和职场辐射防护作了指导。", "73. 原子能机构通过提供指导文件和服务、支持全球一级努力确保核材料和其他放射性材料的安全，并帮助各国制定全面的国家级核安保制度。原子能机构努力提供强有力、可持续和有形的全球核安保框架。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "74. 福岛第一核电站事故对全世界公众对核电安全的看法都产生了负面影响。特别是这次事故以及国际上的反应，使人们对国际安全标准和管理的充分性，并对遵守这些标准和公约的程度、全球范围应急准备和反应系统和国家监管机构的效力，产生了疑问。有些国家重新审查了其引进或扩大核电或延长现有核电站运作周期的计划。福岛第一核电站事故可能影响以下领域：", "• 科学技术，包括安全工程设计、设计时考虑到现场和外部的自然危害、减灾和恢复系统以及严重事故中的辐射防护。", "• 管理工作、人力、组织和国家各级的基础设施，包括应急准备和反应、重大事故管理、监管框架、技术支助组织和国家资源。", "• 公共通讯、透明度和国际合作。", "趋势和发展", "75. 过去20年来，朝向加强核安全制度的趋势很明确。国际合作有了增加；有关方面鼓励考虑引进核电计划的国家应用原子能机构安全标准和相关国际文书。其他发展包括：区域统一和合作增加，安全业绩指数逐步改进，考虑搞核电的国家增多，延长现有电厂的服务期，增加开放性和透明度，并提升安全、保安之间的协同作用。在监管、操作安全、应急准备和保安等领域，人们也越来越多地请求原子能机构提供专家同行评审服务；而且进一步注重安全管理和领导能力等问题。", "76. 核电站服务期延长的趋势自身也带来挑战，如确保安全方面依然具有足够的回旋余地。延长现有核电站的服务期并扩大核电计划，也对可用于设计、建造、维持和运作核设施的有限人力资源形成越来越大的制约。", "77. 对福岛第一核电站事故进行初步评估后，已确认核电站设计、国际反应安排以及实施国际安全标准方面需要加以改进。增加国际合作、提升开放性和透明度的持续趋势，无疑将协助各国作出有效反应，并从福岛第一核电站事故中汲取必要的经验教训。", "建议", "78. 2011年6月在维也纳举行的原子能机构核安全问题部长级会议通过了《部长宣言》，[20] 阐述了增进核安全的若干措施，表示坚定致力于确保这些措施切实付诸实施。《宣言》重申普遍遵守核安全方面有关国际文书的重要性，以及必须加以有效实施和持续审查。《宣言》也强调必须加强国家和国际两级措施，在原子能机构安全标准基础上，确保最有力的核安全水准。《宣言》称，应当尽可能广泛、有效地持续加强和实施安全标准。与会的部长们承诺为此目的增加双边、区域和国际三级的合作。", "79. 部长们表示致力于加强原子能机构在以下方面发挥中心作用：促进国际合作，增进全球核安全，以及通过提供专门知识和咨询意见以及增进全世界核安全文化，协调加强全球核安全的努力。部长们还表示致力于进一步加强国家监管当局的权威、胜任能力和资源。", "自然灾害[21]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "80. 国际组织间就自然灾害开展的合作有了增加，尤其是在预测和对策等领域。例如，气象组织协助原子能机构努力界定自然现象危害，作为制定有关部门原子能机构核安全标准工作的一部分。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "81. 福岛第一核电站事故是由一次空前严重的自然灾害引起的——强地震引发大海啸。这次事故突出说明，必须就能对结构、系统和部件构成挑战的、可信(但可能概率和频率较低)的设想情形重点进行危害评估。对于具有多个反应堆的核设施而言，这一点更加重要。", "趋势和发展", "82. 多年来，在核安全评估中，有更多被视为可能有害于核电站的危害已获确认。这就导致人们对防地震和防海啸等自然灾害工作的程度重新加以审查。人们要求提升防灾工作的级别，针对海啸和其他危害的预警系统也作了改进。还开发了处理不确定因素的更好的方法。", "建议", "83. 需要对危害(或相互关联的危害组合)的程度加以评价，以便把频率较低的事件包括进来，并允许对不确定因素加以适当的考量。在原子能机构安全标准的基础上，核电站安全评估应考虑到这些危害程度，并应采取必要的防灾、减灾措施。", "84. 福岛第一核电站事故中，通讯渠道中断、出入路径受到破坏，因此不能依赖场外对厂址事件的反应。任何核电站恢复计划都应当包括一项重要内容，即：核电站事故管理小组必须能在不依靠场外资源的情况下进行操作。在对此类灾害作出应急规划时，应当把辅助性基础设施的脆弱性考虑在内。", "85. 人们希望能更方便地获取风险信息；多年来，这一需求有了稳步增长。在发生核紧急情况之后的第一时间内，风险信息对于有效反应而言至关重要——不仅对技术专门人员，对于指导人道主义机构、国家和地方政府及一般公众即刻采取行动而言，也是如此。", "气候变化[22]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "86. 就核电比之于其他发电方式之优劣而言，气候变化在两方面必将产生影响。", "87. 一，在核电站设计、选址和运作方面，应当考虑到气候变化可能的影响，如海平面上升或更加极端的风暴和干旱。即将推出的原子能机构关于核设施厂址评价方面气象和水文危害的安全准则将作出指导。就任何具体核电站的施工而言，不考虑气候变化，它将来就可能面临比今天气候条件下更大的风险。", "88. 二，核电的一项长处在与其温室气体排放量相当低，有助于减少与气候变化有关的所有风险。", "89. 核电站运营者积累了在不同气候和严酷气象条件下工作的大量经验。核电设施与气象有关的事故，在共分七级的国际核及放射事故表上面从来没有超过3级。在海啸方面也有着实质性经验，仅有一个事故超出了3级，即：福岛核电站事故。海啸与气候不相关，但其他方面如果情况都一样，那么，气候变化导致海平面上升，海啸带来的风险也会增加。然而，现有的规划和工程技术可以大大降低或消除核电站在气候、天气和海啸危害面前的脆弱性。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "90. 福岛事故的重要教训在于：关于有可能或大概会发生什么类型事故的假设过于保守。就现有和规划中的所有反应堆而言，应当重新审查这些假定，并把气候变化可能造成的影响考虑进来。世界气象组织新推出的全球气候服务框架[23] 在提供必要的气候信息方面可能特别有用。", "趋势和发展", "91. 在原子能机构即将推出的关于核设施厂址评价方面气象和水文危害的安全准则指明了气候变化可能形成的重要影响，包括如下内容：", "• 海平面上升会影响沿海一些核电站；由于降雨增加或融雪量变化，滨河的核电站也可能遭受水涝。", "• 更强烈的高空风、风暴和闪电可能会增加电网受损的风险。", "• 酷热和大旱可能会破坏水冷系统。", "• 天气酷寒结冰，可能会破坏冷却水的摄入。", "• 林火和野火可能会破坏电网连接，以及人员和应急工作者进入核电站的途径。", "• 风暴和洪水肆虐造成的碎片残渣可能会破坏冷却水的摄入。", "建议", "92. 核电站面临的、与气候变化和极端气象事件有关的风险不是无法战胜的。现有技术和专门技能可大大减少或消除与气候有关的风险，应按照原子能机构即将推出的核设施厂址评价方面的气象和水文危害安全准则所述内容，加以应用。", "核安全与保安之间的联系[24]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "93. 原子能机构安全标准系列中最重要的文件，《安全基本法则》，[25] 指出“安全措施和保安措施的制订和执行必须统筹兼顾，以免保安措施损害安全，或者安全措施对保安工作造成损害。”", "94. 福岛第一核电站事故对核保安也有影响。事故和破坏具有一些共同特点，如：剩余系统效力降低，包括失去电力、通信、电脑、安全和实体保护系统；以及失去关键的操作、安全和保安人员。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "95. 鉴于福岛第一核电站事故，各国应当复审其核保安框架，以便确保它们作了适当筹备，以应对严重核事故的后果。", "趋势和发展", "96. 人们对涉及核材料、设施或运行的恶意行为的风险更加关注，因此，过去十年间，国际核保安框架得到了加强。保安方面的新文书，如《核材料实物保护公约》及其修正案，又得到了原子能机构作为其核保安系列丛书推出的建议和指导文件的补充。", "97. 原子能机构增强了对各国的支助，帮助它们通过实施核保安计划，设立可持续的核保安制度。原子能机构的目标得到了其他国家集团的赞同，如打击核恐怖主义全球倡议，或通过世界核保安研究所、得到产业的赞同。各国对此种制度，对国家系统需要让非传统行动者参与，有了更好的认识。", "98. 在立法、监管和设施的实物保护等领域，原子能机构收到越来越多的、提供专家同行评审服务的请求。", "建议", "99. 为适当处理核保安事宜，国际社会应当推动普遍遵守及实施相关国际法律文书。其他步骤应当包括各国对假定的潜在威胁的性质以及现有保安措施的充分性进行详细的技术审查。反应计划应当加以修改，以应对超出以前假定的最坏情况假设。应当通过桌面演练和实际演练，对这些计划进行严格测试。", "100.　原子能机构应当同其他利益攸关方合作，继续协助各国设立有效、全面和可持续的国家核保安制度。原子能机构的支助将包括同行评审和评估服务、人力资源开发方案，并酌情对实物保护加以升级。原子能机构与联合国其他实体(如毒品和犯罪问题办公室和反恐执行工作队)之间应当继续增加协调努力，在工作级别上增加信息交流、增进各实体之间的沟通，避免重复劳动。", "101.　除原子能机构的支助外，各国应当确保有效利用资源，并同联合国系统内其他利益攸关方保持协调，采取连贯办法。", "C. 国际处理核事故的应急框架", "国际组织间的合作[26]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "102.　核及放射紧急情况的既定系统是以原子能机构和辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会发挥中心协调作用为基础的。[27] 该委员会所涉活动范畴依据的是两项条约：《及早通报核事故公约》和《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》。此外，2005年《国际卫生条例》乃是各国为保护公共卫生，预防、侦测、评估国际关注的任何公共卫生紧急情况并对之作出反应的、具有法律约束力的全球协定。", "103.　国际组织辐射应急联合管理计划(辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会的首要职责之一就是维持此计划)指明了辐射应急准备和反应的机构间框架，提供了实际协调机制，并澄清了参与的国际组织的角色和能力。", "104.　辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会也提供了进行定期演练的机会。原子能机构开展定期的通讯训练和公约演习，分为三个等级，最复杂的为三级公约演习，[28] 内容是在严重核紧急情况的初期阶段作出反应。[29]", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "105.　福岛第一核电站事故之后，辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会展示了体制化机构间协调机制的价值。就在事故发生后，原子能机构通过其事件和应急中心，", "向所有相关的国际组织作了通报，并启动了联合管理计划。2011年3月15日，辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会以视频会议方式举行了第一次协调会议。后来，到6月末，又召开了10次协调会议。这些会议的目标在于对情况达成共识，交流信息，审议并协调反应活动，包括以一个声音同公众进行沟通。新任务由具体组织执行。针对一些问题，成立了特设工作组。[30]", "106.　在原子能机构通报之后，[31] 世卫组织总部、该组织西太平洋区域办事处、世卫组织驻日本神户中心和世卫组织辐射紧急情况医疗准备和救援网络开始行动。[32] 世卫组织通过其国际卫生条例国家协调中心，立即向该区域所有世卫组织成员国作了通报。世卫组织通过其西太平洋区域办事处对地震和海啸灾区进行了实地访问，以评估公共卫生需求。", "107.　世卫组织对日本国内外人口的公共卫生风险加以密切监测。粮农组织和世卫组织编写了与粮食安全方面有关的技术简报，并对食品监测结果加以定期更新，通过国际食品安全当局网络，提供给粮农组织/世卫组织成员国。", "108.　泛美卫生组织启动了紧急业务中心，并部署了专家，对其成员国、国际卫生条例国家协调中心作出回应，并对新闻媒体关于对美洲区域的影响(主要是在旅游和食品及产品进口方面)的询问作出答复。[33]", "109.　3月11日，在原子能机构请求紧急支助后，启动了世卫组织的应急安排。世卫组织所有八家区域专门气象中心，包括亚洲区域的三个主要中心(北京、东京和俄国奥布宁斯克)都被要求提供图表，估测事故地点的放射性材料可能从空中传播的情况。[34] 自始至终，气象组织还同全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会、世卫组织、国际民航组织和海事组织进行了密切协作。", "110.　全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会从2011年3月15日起发出6份技术简报，向其缔约国通报局势发展情况。[35] 筹备委员会和原子能机构于2011年3月21日开始深度合作。后来，筹备委员会向使用该委员会数据的组织(气象组织、世卫组织、原子能机构和联合国裁军事务厅)作了情况特别简报。从2011年4月11日起，筹备委员会还应原子能机构邀请，参加了辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会的协调视频会议。", "趋势和发展", "111.　辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会和联合管理计划是一个完善的机构间机制，可以就不同国际组织在辐射应急准备和反应方面的作用和能力加以协调和澄清。然而，辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会以及联合管理计划都不取代各具体组织的工作。", "112.　现已指明有些领域现有的安排需要加以改进，如在接受和传播信息以及通过同一个声音信息、更好地满足公众对信息的巨大需求方面，扩大原子能机构的作用。然而，应急工作方面的改进需要对提升准备程度作出承诺，包括通过培训和演习这样做，并确认核紧急情况可能会再度发生。", "113.　福岛事故还凸显需要对核安全标准加以全球统一和普遍实施。", "建议", "114.　应当对现行机构间安排的强项和弱项作出严格、客观的评价；应考虑把联合管理计划内的切实安排正式化，包括部署机构间联合实地访问团。", "115.　应当加强和增加相关联合国实体和有关政府组织(尤其是监测组织和人道主义组织)在辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会以及联合管理计划内的参与。还应当在各组织内定期宣传联合管理计划，包括培训反应和协调机制内关键的人员和高级官员，以及确保对各组织的作用有明确的认识。", "116.　要面向国际受众，编制和及时传播关于核紧急情况的公共信息；应当制定协调此项工作的作业程序，作为一项极其重要的准备和反应活动。", "117.　应定期测试准备程度，在现有的公约演习制度的基础上，进行联合国全系统紧急情况演习，并有可能扩展到实地监测演习。", "118.　应注意为福岛第一核电站事故所设的特设技术工作组的价值。还应当考虑就针对具体部门的专题领域设立辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会工作组。", "备灾措施的充分性[36]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "119.　联合国实地和有关组织根据其各自的职能、角色和责任，设立并维持应急准备方案。", "120.　要尽量减少核和放射性事故及紧急情况的影响，就务必要在地方、国家、区域和全球各级发展有效的准备和反应合作能力及安排。对于减缓自然危害引起的灾害并采取对策而言，此类安排也具有根本性的意义。如福岛事故所示，灾害可能会产生有待我们想象、规划的相继性及附带影响——这不仅是就核设施而言，对于大型工业综合体、武器仓库和重要基础设施(如水电站大坝、桥梁和公路)来说同样如此。这些考量必须要推动作出新的努力，促进就准备和反应工作作出综合和新颖的规划。", "121.　原子能机构正在应急准备和反应领域更新安全标准、准则和实用工具，从过去对辐射紧急情况的反应和已开展的演习中吸取经验教训。原子能机构正在协助其成员国加强自身的准备，包括加强符合国际要求的国家紧急情况计划。为此目的，原子能机构正在实施评价任务，并利用标准化培训材料在国际、区域和国家各级开展培训活动。通过机构间常设委员会等机制和分组方式，加强核反应制度与人道主义协调制度之间的联系——这一点极为重要。", "122.　国际和区域组织在合作防备自然危害并采取对策方面有着广泛的合作(包括军民合作)经验。这一经验是通过与大量国家接触形成的。然而，现在需要吸收原子能机构和全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会的经验，扩大上述经验。同样，原子能机构可受益于应急准备和反应社区广泛的资源基础和专门知识。", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "123.　福岛事故的后果可以归纳进以下关键方面：", "• 建筑法规只有在得到连贯应用并有意识地优先用于高危地区时，才起作用并有帮助。", "• 公共教育、提高认识和培训演习是起作用的。同时，人们对风险的看法随着时间的推移而改变，因此必须不断地加以重新评估，以便确保预警和风险信息有高度的可接受性。风险认识和防备是社会问题，规划者和政治决策者必须要更好地加以理解。", "• 预警系统起作用，应当连贯地加以应用。必须要把多项文书用于知情决策。", "• 国家风险管理系统必须是“全政府”性的，而且要一体化。机构协调和知识方面的差距(即：危机管理人员和领导人对要求他们管理的危机的性质和后果并没有适当了解)带来了重大的风险。", "• 在风险和危机管理方面，公众的信任至关重要。这是一项资产，是以很容易获得连贯、可依赖的可信信息为基础的。在有些危机情形下，新闻媒体所作的灾难性预测，助长了人们对未知因素深深的畏惧；此时，更需要公众对决策者的信任。", "• 对安保信息需要相互参照并加以合并，并同各系统(如出于平民保护、军队或科学目的的系统)以及各利益攸关方(如社区、国家机器和私营部门)的多项危害综合预警机制相合并。", "124.　备灾工作的许多要素在处理这样一场多层面紧急情况方面运作良好，在日本尤然。很明显，产生场外后果的大规模事件的影响迅速成为区域和全球两级关注的事项。事故发生在日本东海岸，所以基本上是孤立的，放射性材料主要也是释放到空气和海洋中。如果同一事件发生在更接近其他国家的地方，那么，对邻国的影响可能就很严重。必须要及时同所有相关的国家及国际两级行动者分享可靠信息，并确保向受灾人口切实说明情况。", "趋势和发展", "125.　所有国家都需要确保应急系统是充分的、前瞻性的。许多应急安排目前假定不需要在同时对一个以上的核事故或其他紧急情况作出反应。弱势国家需要认真地审查对与极端气象事件和可能引发事故从而影响反应工作的其他自然危害(如地震)有关的挑战所作的应急安排。原子能机构应急准备和反应安全标准在国家一级的普遍实施，[37] 正在增进准备和反应工作，便利紧急情况通讯，并有助于对保护行动和其他行动的国家标准加以统一。", "126.　今后触发相继性及附带灾害的自然危害的影响，要求联合国反应系统，连同原子能机构和全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会等方面加强合作，更好地支助各国和区域提升准备能力的努力。", "建议", "127.　必须要有一个包容性的、综合的反应系统。不同的反应机制应当是有联系的和纳入主流的，应当开发一个适当的协调工作管理框架。", "128.　容易受灾害侵袭的国家，有着重大工业和技术活动的地区，以及预期会更多地使用核能的区域，必须要把防备技术灾害措施并入其应急准备工作，以便对多重危害作出反应。", "129.　鼓励相关的联合国实体和有关组织加强训练方案，参加相关的国际演习。训练和应急演习是一个良好的应急准备方案的关键组件，是核实紧急情况安排和能力并提高其质量的有力工具。", "130.　应当通过改进法律文书及鼓励各国加入相关的公约，通过普遍实施原子能机构安全标准，通过各国和国际组织间加强合作，来加强应急准备和反应框架。", "131.　当局必须及时、持续地向公众提供可靠的信息。决策者必须要能在多重危害信息源提供的明确和可采取行动的信息的基础上，作出决策。必须要强调民间社会组织在向公众提供信息和解释风险方面的作用。", "132.　应当鼓励相关的政府间组织和非政府组织就核、工业和技术安全以及有关事项进行密切合作与协调。", "133.　必须要改善国家、区域和国际各级应对核事故以及工业和技术紧急情况的应急准备和反应工作。这应当包括可能设立快速反应能力，加强现有的制度，并在危机管理领域开展培训。", "134.　原子能机构和联合国应急组织之间需要密切合作，确保更好地把准备和反应能力一体化。", "135.　所有联合国人道主义组织都应当参与国际组织辐射应急联合管理计划。", "136.　高层必须要重视并倡导技术安全与保安、环境紧急情况与人道主义事务之间建立联系。", "开发新的监测和科学能力[38]", "供各国政府审议的具体相关问题", "137.　原子能机构拥有评估核紧急情况及其放射性后果的能力。原子能机构在奥地利塞伯斯多夫和摩纳哥的环境实验室分别专门对土壤环境样品和海洋环境样品进行评价。它们协调测量环境放射性分析实验室网络和海洋信息系统数据基。原子能机构的辐射监测和保护服务实验室按照原子能机构的健康核安全措施、向原子能机构工作人员、外部专家和受训人员提供定期和临时监测。原子能机构保障监督分析实验室(包括塞伯斯多夫的环境样品实验室和核材料实验室以及日本六所村的现场实验室)维持分析实验室网络。", "138.　世卫组织的国际卫生条例机制加强在辐射紧急情况期间监测全球公共卫生风险的能力。这同未知疾病暴发的设想情形特别有关——那可能是由一件恶意行为引起的；在此情形下，卫生当局可能就是第一通报点。", "139.　环境署应灾工作队现有能力已编入了人道主义事务协调厅系统，应当得到加强，以便处理放射性紧急情况。需要发展能力，来迅速评估对大环境的影响，包括对水、陆、空的影响，及其在人道主义和社会、经济方面的后果。", "140.　全面禁止核试验条约组织放射性核素站全球监测网络在核紧急情况下也很重要。这种网络可以用来评估导致源地点发生释放的条件，以便提供有关全球放射性情况的资料，[39] 并预测其他站何时可以侦测到辐射。[40]", "141.　气象组织在地球大气层状况和表现方面，是具有权威的科学机构。其业务包括昼夜监测、数据和信息交流，提供预报和警报，以及向一般公众、灾害管理组织、国际组织和其他部门提供服务。[41]", "福岛事故的后果以及重大核事故的影响", "142.　在福岛第一核电站事故之后，原子能机构向日本派出四个辐射监测小组，帮助验证日本当局所作的更广泛计量的结果。原子能机构在摩纳哥的实验室审查了有关海洋环境的所有资料，同若干中心联络，以制定模型，模拟释放到海洋中的放射性材料的散布情况。原子能机构在塞伯斯多夫的环境实验室收到了原子能机构小组在日本采取的样品，以作分析。原子能机构辐射监测和防护服务实验室向所有前往日本的原子能机构、世卫组织和粮农组织工作人员提供了辐射防护服务和咨询。", "143.　为确保全面禁止核试验条约组织放射性核素监测网络的运作能力，并对结果加以及时分析，作出了全面的努力。在监测网络内作出第一次侦测(2011年3月15日)之前，[42] 使用大气层运输和散布模型来预测网络内侦测的预期时间和日期。", "趋势和发展", "144.　许多国家，特别是拥有核电的国家、或接近拥有核电国家的国家，计划或已经运作实时在线辐射监测系统。设立此类系统的目的虽然不同，但对于放射性物质释放进大气层作出回应而言，此数据很重要。[43]", "145.　全面禁止核试验条约组织数据作为全球监测系统，已证明很有用处。全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会在所侦测的放射性材料含有未预见的放射性核素或放射性核素浓度异常的情况下，可以发出自动警报。要作出迅速反应，筹备委员会与其他组织之间务必要作出安排。[44]", "146.　气象数据、分析、预测、有关资料及其在气象组织成员国之间的及时交流——这些属于气象组织运作系统的焦点。气象预测数码系统[45] 把数据和相关环境资料加以一体化，是分析、监测和预测大气层状况的必要工具，包括空气所载材料的运输、散布和沉淀情况。[46] 对于改进预期所需的数据不断加以审查和处理，例如在用量日增的卫星载运监测系统的数据方面。", "建议", "147.　原子能机构应建立一个全球辐射监测平台，显示放射性释放物的实时数据，并把国际和国内监测和预警系统的数据加以合成。应要求全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会为此提供其专业知识和放射性核素数据。这种综合监测平台不会取代国家辐射监测方案，但将为所有国家和国际组织带来额外的裨益。", "148.　应考虑作出安排和开发工具，以整理和解释环境监测数据(空气、土壤、水)和从气象、水文和其他计算模型得出的信息，评估其对公众健康和环境的长短期影响。", "149.　原子能机构应考虑以现有的测量环境放射性分析实验室网络和国家和区域两级的其他网络为基础，建立世界性分析实验室网络，分析环境和食物样品中的放射性核素。", "附件", "从联合国实体、专门机构和相关组织收到的其它资料", "[仅以英文印发]", "1. In addition to their inputs to the thematic sections of the present report (see section III), replies containing additional information were received from the Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization and the World Meteorological Organization.", "Preparatory Commission of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "Development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities", "Role of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization network following the 11 March 2011 earthquake", "2. The events following the magnitude 8.9 earthquake on 11 March 2011 triggered all the verification systems designed to ensure compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. It proved again that the Preparatory Commission International Monitoring System and transboundary data and data products produced by its International Data Centre have wide-ranging civil and scientific applications of direct relevance to disaster reduction and mitigation:", "• The earthquake and several thousand aftershocks were conclusively detected by the International Monitoring System seismic stations", "• The data generated by the seismic and hydro-acoustic stations helped to raise rapid alerts by tsunami warning centres in the Pacific region, in accordance with cooperation arrangements with tsunami warning centres recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization", "• Infrasound detections provided evidence of explosions at the Fukushima nuclear power plant", "• As the only global radioactivity network, radionuclide and noble gas monitoring stations provided independent, reliable, real-time, accurate and verified data on the global impact of releases from the power plant", "• Atmospheric transport modelling predicted with a high degree of accuracy which stations and countries were going to be affected by the releases. Atmospheric transport modelling, developed in cooperation with the WMO, is central to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty verification and provides validated information on the possible points of origin of the releases, as well as information on material dispersion, allowing accurate predictions on when and where detections may be expected. Atmospheric transport modelling prediction of the plume and real detections of enhanced activity concentrations reported from International Monitoring System stations that detected Fukushima releases were more than 95 per cent accurate, highlighting the predictive capabilities of that modelling technique", "3. The release of radionuclides was first detected on 15 March at the Takasaki station, 200 kilometres south-west of the power plant. Observations at International Monitoring System stations in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy, Russian Federation, and Sacramento, United States of America, confirmed the release. Detections indicated the release of large portions of gaseous radioactive materials and a small portion of solid materials.", "4. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization radionuclide system is able to detect low-level radioactivity; it can detect one radioactive decay per second in up to one million cubic metres of air. The organization’s noble gas detection system provides unique information on gaseous releases, and, under certain conditions, those detections can already be used as an early warning sign of developing conditions. As a result of the system’s ultra high sensitivity, the detected concentration levels were generally not considered harmful for human beings despite the clear detection of radioactivity.", "5. By end of May 2011, activity concentrations at most stations had returned to background level. During the course of the release, 41 radionuclide stations detected released radionuclides; also 19 noble gas (xenon) systems provided clear indication of detection. Those detections covered all of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization’s radionuclide measurement systems in the northern hemisphere and a few in the southern hemisphere.", "6. Data related to the radioactivity release was immediately made available to States Signatories to the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty. Member States were also kept informed of the development of the situation by way of six technical briefings since 15 March 2011. Inter-agency cooperation started with IAEA on 21 March 2011. Subsequently, special briefings using data from the Preparatory Commission were held for WMO, WHO, IAEA and the Office for Disarmament Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat.", "Lessons learned from the experience of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization", "7. The transboundary nature of nuclear accidents requires urgent measures to strengthen global emergency preparedness and to devise efficient disaster response systems. While short-term responses are able to address immediate safety and security related issues, “over the horizon” action over the next 10 to 20 years could include the following:", "(a) A multiple stakeholder strategic planning review of the global emergency response framework should be undertaken, including national Governments, international and regional organizations, national and international commercial entities, and academic and scientific research centres;", "(b) As part of the strategic review, a thorough capacity mapping (to identify strengths and weaknesses) of existing global monitoring systems utilized by several organizations should be conducted. Given current financial hardships, this is not the time for duplication of systems. Significant human resources and capital (approximately $1 billion) have already been invested in the verification regime of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. Already more than 80 per cent complete, the International Monitoring System will consist of 321 seismic, hydro-acoustic, infra-sound and radionuclide monitoring stations and 16 laboratories built worldwide and linked to an extensive and sophisticated global communication network. Radioactivity is monitored by the International Monitoring System radionuclide network, comprising 80 particulate stations, 40 of which will be equipped with noble gas monitoring systems;", "(c) Existing systems and expertise should be utilized and shared, as appropriate, through cooperative agreements among organizations. Improvement of and synergies between existing monitoring systems should be emphasized with due focus on the need for cost effectiveness and existing expertise. Institutional cooperation and specialized knowledge-sharing between regional and international organizations in accordance with their respective thematic mandates needs to be fostered and maximized;", "(d) State-of-the-art technology should be mastered, including through scientific interaction and technology foresight. An effective transboundary disaster response system should employ and account for future technological developments through ongoing dialogue with the scientific community. Issues such as synergistic use of monitoring systems, information management and knowledge-sharing should be investigated. It would also be vital to stay attuned to the “over the horizon” long-term developments in the sciences and technologies underpinning those efforts, so that relevant and credible solutions can be made available to meet global public interest and expectations;", "(e) Capacity development, education and training should be implemented in order to push the rapidly expanding scientific frontier even further. In addition to its regular training activities, the recently launched Capacity Development Initiative of the Preparatory Commission includes several online and classroom-based course modules on global responses to nuclear and other natural disasters. Similar initiatives by other international organizations would serve to strengthen and broaden participation in their respective areas of competency and significantly strengthen the international emergency response framework in the event of nuclear accidents, particularly in regions lacking national technical and scientific capacity in those areas.", "World Meteorological Organization", "Introduction", "World Meteorological Organization missions", "8. The mission of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), as presented in the Convention establishing the organization is:", "(a) To facilitate worldwide cooperation in the establishment of networks of stations for the making of meteorological observations as well as hydrological and other geophysical observations related to meteorology, and to promote the establishment and maintenance of centres charged with the provision of meteorological and related services;", "(b) To promote the establishment and maintenance of systems for the rapid exchange of meteorological and related information;", "(c) To promote standardization of meteorological and related observations and to ensure the uniform publication of observations and statistics;", "(d) To further the application of meteorology to aviation, shipping, water problems, agriculture and other human activities;", "(e) To promote activities in operational hydrology and to further close cooperation between meteorological and hydrological services;", "(f) To encourage research and training in meteorology and, as appropriate, in related fields, and to assist in coordinating international aspects such as research and training.", "9. In the light of its mission and the decision of its 189 members to address a set of global societal needs, WMO is committed to achieving its vision of providing world leadership in expertise and international cooperation in weather, climate, hydrology and water resources and related environmental issues, which will contribute to the safety and well-being of people throughout the world and to the economic benefit of all nations.", "WMO institutional role and responsibilities", "10. WMO delivers to its members through programmes approved by the World Meteorological Congress, a major pillar being the World Weather Watch.", "11. The WMO World Weather Watch programme facilitates the development, operation and enhancement of worldwide systems for observing and exchanging meteorological and related observations and for the generation and dissemination of analyses and forecast products, as well as severe weather advisories and warnings and related operational information. The activities carried out under this programme collectively ensure that members have access to the required information to enable them to provide users with data, prediction and information services and products. The World Weather Watch is organized as an international cooperative programme, under which the infrastructure, systems and facilities needed for the provision of the services are owned, implemented and operated by the member countries. This is based on the fundamental understanding that the weather systems and patterns do not recognize national boundaries and are always evolving on varying temporal and spatial scales, and that international cooperation is paramount, as no individual country can be fully self-sufficient in the provision of all weather-, water- and climate-related services.", "12. The World Weather Watch is the key programme of WMO in providing basic data, analyses, forecasts and warnings to members and other WMO and co‑sponsored programmes, such as the Global Climate Observing System and the Global Ocean Observing System, and relevant international organizations.", "13. As a component of the World Weather Watch programme, the Emergency Response Activities are of particular relevance to United Nations system-wide study.", "Purpose and scope", "14. The WMO Emergency Response Activities assist national meteorological and national hydrological services and other relevant agencies of members, as well as relevant international organizations, to respond effectively to environmental emergencies associated with airborne hazards, such as those caused by nuclear accidents or events, volcanic eruptions, chemical accidents, smoke from large fires and other events that require emergency atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling support. Those Activities are carried out through the provision of specialized products by designated Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres; the development and implementation of efficient emergency procedures for the provision and exchange of specific data, information and products related to the environmental emergency; regular exercises; and training for users.", "15. Activities related to airborne radionuclide hazards fall under two categories. First, nuclear accidents or radiological incidents fall under the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident and the Convention on Assistance in the Case of Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency, to which WMO is a party, along with other international organizations, under the overall coordination of IAEA, with which WMO signed an agreement in 1960. Second, WMO collaborates with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, with which it signed an agreement in 2003. WMO also provides specialized operational modelling in support of the Treaty Organization’s verification regime.", "Organization, governance, plans", "16. WMO, as a party to the Conventions on Early Notification and Assistance, is a participating member, along with many other international organizations, in the 2010 Joint Radiation and Emergency Management Plan of the International Organizations. Within that context, in the event of a nuclear accident or radiological emergency, the roles and responsibilities of relevant international organizations, including WMO, are clearly described. IAEA coordinates the Joint Plan through the Inter-Agency Committee for Radiological Nuclear Emergencies.", "17. The operational procedures for WMO are stated in its Manual on the Global Data-Processing and Forecasting System.[47] The regional and global arrangements for environmental emergency response are set out in appendix I-3 of the Manual, while a users interpretation guide is contained in appendix II-7. Those technical requirements are developed and recommended by the body that oversees the implementation and maintenance of the World Weather Watch, the WMO Commission for Basic Systems, and are reviewed regularly by its Coordination Group on nuclear Emergency Response Activities, whose members include all Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with atmospheric transport modelling specialization (8 Centres for forward modelling, and 7 of those plus 2 others for back-tracking), with the participation of IAEA, ICAO and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization. WHO has been invited to join this group, but has not yet participated.", "18. The regional and global arrangements require the three Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in the WMO Asian Region (Beijing, Tokyo, and Obninsk, Russian Federation) to act as lead Centres during any confirmed nuclear/radiological incident in that region.", "19. Routine exercises take place at least four times a year, with the participation of all Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with atmospheric transport modelling, and a few national meteorological and national hydrological services (voluntary). As part of the International Conventions, Conventions Exercises are carried out with different scopes of testing, with different frequencies. The last two full international exercises were level 3 exercises conducted in 2005 and 2008; the next in this series is scheduled for 2012.", "WMO operations during the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant", "20. At the request of IAEA, WMO activated its Emergency Response Activities mechanism on 11 March 2011 to provide meteorological information to designated authorities on the likely evolution of the radioactive cloud that was accidentally released from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant. Operating 24 hours per day, WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in Asia (Beijing, Tokyo and Obninsk, Russian Federation) issued forecast charts of the dispersion of the nuclear material from the Fukushima Daiichi power plant on a routine basis until they were no longer required. The remaining five WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres in other parts of the world also prepared dispersion charts for comparison and validation purposes.", "21. WMO also made arrangements with the ZAMG meteorological service of Austria to provide meteorological support to the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre in Vienna, while similar arrangements were made with MeteoSwiss, the meteorological service of Switzerland, to provide meteorological support to the World Health Organization in Geneva.", "22. The WMO liaison office in New York prepared a package of information on the level of radiation and weather conditions in the incident-affected areas, with reference to the official data sources such as the Japan Meteorological Agency website. The package was presented at a meeting of the United Nations Communication Group and distributed by the Group to United Nations agencies and entities as science-based information.", "Nuclear safety and security", "Disasters caused by natural hazards", "23. It should be noted that earthquakes and tsunamis do not fall under WMO responsibility and are not hazards related to hydro-meteorological events. There are therefore no comments about those phenomena or their impacts in this section. However, it should be recalled that the WMO Global Telecommunication network is used to transmit tsunami-related warning and information worldwide to national meteorological and national hydrological services, in operation 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, which can relay those warnings at the national level to the relevant authorities.", "Links between natural hazards of hydro-meteorological origin and nuclear safety and security", "24. Every year, disasters related to meteorological, hydrological and climate hazards cause significant loss of life and set back economic and social development by years, if not decades.", "25. Disaster risk reduction is at the core of the mission of WMO, and the national meteorological and hydrological services of its 189 members. WMO, through its scientific and technical programmes, as well as the above-mentioned network of Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres and national meteorological and national hydrological services, provides scientific and technical services. They include observing, detecting, monitoring, predicting and early warning of a wide range of weather-, climate- and water-related hazards. Through a coordinated approach, and working with its partners, WMO addresses the information needs and requirements of the disaster risk management community, effectively and in a timely fashion.", "26. Preparedness and prevention, combined with effective emergency management and early warning systems, can significantly contribute to reducing the impacts of hazards on human life and economic losses. Moreover, the utilization of climate information for medium- to long-term sectoral planning can reduce the economic impacts of disasters.", "27. Because of the need for water to cool their reactors, nuclear power plants[48] are located by coasts and rivers. Their functioning is therefore highly sensitive to any weather or climate conditions that affect the quantity and quality of the required water directly, such as coastal inundations and river flooding, unusually low water levels or high water temperatures, or indirectly, for example, ground movements such as induced subsidence due to soil dryness or extensive use of ground water in prolonged drought conditions.", "28. Under extreme circumstances, nuclear power plants and/or their environment can be sensitive to the effects of wind, water and waves, thus making the operations inside or outside the nuclear power plant more difficult. In the case of the accident of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, the combination of electricity cuts and disruption of electricity generators prevented the safety systems from functioning as expected.", "29. One lesson learned is that safety- and security-related accident prevention and emergency plans and systems must not only allow for natural hazards on a type-by-type basis, but must also include a multi-hazard approach that allows for the possible impacts of combined hazards.", "30. In that respect, WMO is working in partnership with the United Nations and other international agencies to support the strengthening of multi-hazard early warning system capacities, especially in developing countries, including: (a) the detection, monitoring and forecasting of meteorological and hydrological hazards; (b) analysis of hazards/risks and incorporating risk information in emergency planning and warnings; (c) dissemination of timely and authoritative warnings to authorities; and, (d) community emergency planning and preparedness and the ability to activate emergency plans. Those four components should be coordinated across several agencies at the national and local levels.", "Possible changes of hazards with time", "31. Natural hazards can change in intensity, frequency and location depending on factors other than climate change, namely:", "• Changes to the physical geography of a drainage basin, including the estuaries; the offshore bathymetry, coastal profile and catchments areas; or the surface roughness of the area around the site, which may influence the effects of wind on the plant", "• Changes of land use in the area around the site", "• Changes in the availability of water due to upstream dams or modification of use (such as irrigation)", "32. For river basins, the design-basis flood is to a great extent dependent on the physical nature of the basin. For estuaries, the design basis flood can evolve over time as a result of changes in the geography or other factors, such as the construction of storm surge barriers.", "33. The continuing validity of the design basis flood should be checked through periodic surveys of the conditions in the basin that may be related to floods (such as forest fires, urbanization, changes in land use, deforestation, closure of tidal inlets, construction of dams or storm surge barriers, changes in sedimentation and erosion). Those surveys should be carried out at appropriate intervals, mainly by means of aerial surveys supplemented, as necessary, by ground surveys. Special surveys should be undertaken when particularly important changes have occurred (for example, extensive forest fires). Where the size of the basin precludes carrying out sufficiently frequent air surveys, the use of data obtained by satellite imaging and sensing should be considered.", "34. The data obtained from flood forecasting and monitoring systems and from the operation of any warning systems should be periodically analysed for changes in the flood characteristics of drainage basins, including estuaries.", "35. Indications of changes in the flood characteristics of drainage basins should be used to revise, as appropriate, the design basis flood values and to improve the protection of systems and structures, the forecasting and monitoring systems, and the emergency measures. The forecasting models should be updated if necessary.", "36. In some coastal areas, coastal erosion or land subsidence (natural or induced by humans, relating to the extraction of oil, gas or water) may have to be taken into consideration in the estimation of the apparent water height at the site, to be combined with the phenomena resulting from climatic changes.", "37. A permanent uplift of the Earth’s surface due to an earthquake could result in a permanent low water scenario in areas close to large earthquake rupture zones. Similarly, a permanent subsidence of the Earth’s surface due to an earthquake could result in a permanent inundation in areas close to large earthquake rupture zones.", "Climate change", "38. Changes in the intensity and frequency of hydrological and meteorological extremes are considered to be key manifestations of regional and local climate changes associated with global climate change, particularly in the context of unequivocal evidence that global warming is already taking place and expected to be further enhanced.", "39. Due attention should therefore be paid to the implications of climatic variability and change, and particularly the possible consequences in relation to meteorological and hydrological extremes and hazards that should be considered for the planned operating lifetime of power plants. The planned operating lifetime of nuclear power plants is assumed to be about 60 to 100 years. Over such a period, it is expected that the global climate is likely to undergo significant changes, with widely varying regional or local manifestations, both in terms of the mean conditions and fluctuations on a range of timescales and of their impacts (for instance, evolution of permafrost areas leading to change in soil hydro-thermo-mechanical properties). With the mounting evidence of the sensitivity of such changes to human activities and socio-economic development pathways, future considerations should include the various plausible climate scenarios developed through state-of-the-art climate models. It is important to consider the future scenarios of changes in the variability as well as means of key climatic variables, particularly on the regional and local scales, with due attention to uncertainties in long-term climate projections.", "40. While rapid advances have taken place in climate research, reliable climate change scenarios on the regional scale are still not widely available. Regional climate models are being increasingly used to downscale global climate projections to the region of interest. Further, century-scale future projections are subject to large uncertainties resulting from both the assumptions used in developing greenhouse gas emission/concentration scenarios and the inherent limitations of climate models. Those factors are now being included both in the dynamic and statistical approaches to downscaling climate projections to the local and regional levels. Equally important is the verification of past projections using available observational records to build confidence in their results for the future. Therefore, maintenance and stewardship of local and regional observations for the verification and analysis of observed trends are critically important. Major research efforts are under way to improve the reliability of climate predictions/projections on decadal timescales, in order to assess the likelihood of extreme events (such as floods, storms, heat and cold episodes).", "41. The major effects with regard to hazards to nuclear power plants are related to the following causes:", "(a) Changes in air and water temperatures;", "(b) Changes in sea level;", "(c) Changes in the frequency and intensity of meteorological and hydrological phenomena such as severe rainstorms, heat waves, intense tropical cyclones, storm surges, river discharges and severe drought conditions.", "42. Future nuclear power plant designs should include additional safety margins for climate variability and change, especially with respect to extreme events. Design parameters should be periodically re-evaluated as the uncertainties affecting the estimates of future climate extremes are better quantified, based on climate observations and models. WMO will be working on development of climate information and services to support sectoral risk assessment and planning (for example, infrastructure and urban planning) with consideration for the changing characteristics of extreme events.", "International emergency response framework", "Adequacy of preparedness measures", "Recommendations", "43. As previously stated, preparedness for both plant design and emergency response should be multi-hazard oriented, with increased attention paid to the medium- and long-term evolution of both hazards statistics and the conditions of the surrounding environment.", "44. This should be reflected in training programmes as well as in the design and return of experience of emergency response exercises.", "Cooperation between international organizations", "Implications of the Fukushima accident", "45. According to agreed procedures, the WMO emergency preparedness and response system was activated on 11 March 2011 at the request of the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre for emergency support. All eight WMO Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres, including the three primary Centres in the Asia region (Beijing, Tokyo and Obninsk, Russian Federation), were requested to produce and provide charts that estimated the possible spread of airborne radioactivity from the Fukushima accident site, based on the agreed default accident scenario of one unit release of radioactivity (Cs-137, I-131). The requested products of the Centres have been published on the IAEA Emergency Notification and Assistance Convention website.[49]", "46. Throughout the nuclear emergency,[50] WMO also collaborated very closely with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, WHO, ICAO and IMO. During the first few weeks of the emergency, atmospheric scientists from the national meteorological services of Austria and Switzerland, on behalf of WMO, provided assistance at the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre and at WHO headquarters, respectively, in interpreting the atmospheric transport modelling outputs of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres.[51]", "Trends and developments", "47. As illustrated above, there is an increasing need for stronger integrated cooperation between United Nations agencies, so that all aspects and impacts of a nuclear or radioactive accident can be comprehended in a coordinated way. The same applies for information to be disseminated to media and the general public. This would require more intense and comprehensive training and exercises.", "Recommendations", "48. The current context provided by the Inter-Agency Committee and Joint Plan has to be evaluated, with any weaknesses corrected and new components added to ensure a more effective and efficient international emergency response.", "49. The process of determining the classification of the emergency and which actions may be required in the resulting International Organizations Review needs to be reviewed, with a view to coordinating the operations of international organizations beyond several days in the event of protracted emergencies. That includes, for example, ensuring ongoing contacts among Joint Plan members at all times, and coordinating the flow of information between organizations and to the public.", "Development of new monitoring and scientific capabilities", "50. WMO provides the authoritative scientific voice on the state and behaviour of the Earth’s atmosphere and climate. Its operations include around-the-clock monitoring, data and information exchange, production and provision of forecasts and warnings, and services to the general public, disaster management organizations, international organizations and many socio-economic sectors. Operational arrangements for nuclear emergency response are published as part of WMO technical regulations, regularly updated and included in the organization’s Manual on the Global Data-Processing and Forecasting System. The arrangements include the functioning of the Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres with specialization in atmospheric transport and dispersion modelling, and are maintained in cooperation with IAEA, and exercised routinely. Numerical weather prediction models provide input for atmospheric transport models used for assessing (e.g. analyses and hindcasts) and predicting the atmospheric movement, dispersion and deposition of airborne radioactivity. The present arrangements and products of the Centres provide for global and continental-scale numerical simulations at medium-resolutions over large regions. The Centres also have the capability to provide operational atmospheric transport modelling “backtracking” services, as has been established with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization as part of a joint response system for its treaty verification. The backtracking system computes and estimates the possible location of the source of anomalous radioactivity measurement detected at a monitoring network location, anywhere in the world.", "Trends and developments", "51. Meteorological data, analyses, predictions, related information, and their timely exchange among WMO members are the focus of WMO operational systems. Numerical weather prediction systems represent an integrator of data and relevant environmental information and an essential tool for analysing, assessing and predicting the state of the atmosphere, including the transport, dispersion and deposition of airborne materials.[52] Data requirements for improved predictions are continuously reviewed and addressed, for example in the ever-increasing use of data from satellite-based monitoring systems.[53]", "52. Recognizing that actionable and scale-relevant climate information, in terms of data as well as tailored products representing the past, present and future status of the climate, is essential for decision-making, WMO, along with its partners, is working towards the implementation of a global framework for climate services. The global framework is expected to facilitate the development of climate services operating at the global, regional and national levels in a well-coordinated and user-oriented manner. The new initiative could be a good opportunity to identify and communicate the climate information needs of nuclear installations and operations to the relevant entities of the global framework.", "Recommendations", "53. Lessons learned from the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant include the following:", "• The Environmental Emergency Response mechanism worked well. The dispersion charts provided decision makers with scientifically sound estimates of the dispersion of the nuclear material in the atmosphere. However, it is time to review the products and procedures for issuing those in the light of experiences during the event and taking account of recent developments in both the science and technologies used in generating the products", "• A particular problem for users of the dispersion charts was the use of an arbitrary concentration scale and predefined levels of release. The need for this arose because the details of the source term for the emission of the radioactive material were not known. Adequate monitoring systems should be located around each nuclear power plant so that the source term is known accurately and quickly. There should also be more coordination between the nuclear power industry and responsible international agencies for exchanging and using such information", "• Standard procedures urgently need to be updated for assessing the hydrological and meteorological hazards, including climate change, for existing and proposed nuclear power stations", "54. Some general recommendations are also valid to better cover the whole service life of nuclear installations with respect to the influence of weather, climate and water, both on the efficiency and the safety and security of their operations.", "55. When any meteorological or hydrological event proves to be a significant hazard for the site of a nuclear installation, it is essential that the site be continuously monitoring from the site selection study phase and throughout the entire service life of the nuclear installation, for the following purposes:", "• To validate the design basis parameters, especially in cases for which the series of historical data are very poor", "• To support the periodic revision of the site hazards in the light of the periodic safety assessment; this concern is becoming increasingly urgent as a follow-up of the consequences of global climate change", "• To provide alarm signals for operators and emergency managers", "56. For meteorological and hydrological events, the monitoring and warning measures that should be taken during the operation of the nuclear installation will depend on the degree of protection offered by the selected site and on the consideration of the hazards in the design basis of the installation. Some of the measures should be implemented at an early stage of the project.", "57. The data to be used for long-term monitoring and those to be used for a warning system should be chosen on the basis of different criteria, since the purposes of monitoring and those of the warning system are not the same. The purpose of long-term monitoring is to evaluate or re-evaluate the design basis parameters, for example when performing a periodic safety review. The purpose of the warning system is to forecast any extreme event that may affect operational safety. Special care should be taken regarding the ability of the warning system to detect any extreme events in sufficient time to enable the installation to be brought under safe conditions. A warning system should be put in place for sites where the hazards are significant for the design of the installation.", "58. The warning system should be used in connection with forecasting models, since the time period that the operator would need to put the installation into a safe status may necessitate acting on the basis of extrapolations of trends in phenomena without waiting for the actual occurrence of the hazardous event.", "59. In the case of the occurrence of an event for which the operator relies on forecasting models that are made available by organizations external to the operating organization, validation of the models and of the communication channels with those organizations should be carried out in order to ensure their availability and reliability during the event.", "60. Specific quality management or management system activities should be carried out to identify the competences and responsibilities for installing and operating the monitoring systems, the associated data processing and the appropriate prompting of operator action. Those activities should include planning and executing drill exercises at given intervals for all parties involved.", "61. In general, the following monitoring networks and warning networks should be considered:", "• A meteorological monitoring system for basic atmospheric variables", "• A meteorological warning system for rare meteorological phenomena (such as hurricanes, typhoons and tornadoes)", "• A water level gauge system", "• A tsunami warning system", "• A flood forecast system", "62. Furthermore, roles and responsibilities of various public and private sector stakeholders should be reflected in the national and local regulatory frameworks and planning.", "Concluding remarks", "63. The WMO strategic plan has identified five priority areas:", "• Implementation of the Global Framework for Climates Services", "• More coordinated disaster risk reduction", "• Improved observation and information systems", "• Capacity development to help developing countries share in scientific advances and their applications", "• Improving meteorological services for the aviation sector that enhance both safety and operational efficiency", "64. All of those priority efforts should lead to better monitoring of nuclear installations and a more secure, safe and peaceful use of nuclear energy worldwide. WMO is committed to strengthening dialogue with all relevant stakeholders in order to better define the information and services required for optimizing the preparedness, monitoring and emergency response for/by them, and with a view to improving and promoting the safety standards and to maximizing the overall engagement of the international community for peaceful use of nuclear energy to the benefits of humanity.", "[1] 本节由国际原子能机构(原子能机构)编写。", "[2] 《拉丁美洲和加勒比禁止核武器条约》(特拉特洛尔科条约)、《南太平洋无核区条约》(拉罗汤加条约)、1990年11月28日阿根廷-巴西共同核政策宣言、《东南亚无核武器区》(曼谷条约)、《非洲无核武器区条约》(佩林达巴条约)、《中亚无核武器区条约》(塞米巴拉金斯克条约)。", "[3] 根据原子能机构INFCIRC/153号文件(更正)。", "[4] 同上。", "[5] 根据原子能机构INFCIRC/66/Rev.2号文件。", "[6] 根据发表于原子能机构INFCIRC/540号文件(更正)中的示范附加议定书。", "[7] 本节由联合国粮食及农业组织编写。", "[8] 本节由世界卫生组织编写。", "[9] “紧急情况公约”包括2005年《国际卫生条例》、1986年《及早通报核事故公约》和1986年《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》。", "[10] 本节由联合国环境规划署编写。", "[11] 联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会，《电离辐射来源及影响》(2010年版)，科学附件B，《公众和工人受到的各种来源的辐照》。", "[12] 同上(科学附件C、D和E)。", "[13] 设计基准事故是核设施设计和建造好后必须能经受的，不对确保公共卫生和安全所需系统、结构和部件造成损失的假定事故。", "[14] 本节由经济和社会事务部及联合国开发计划署编写。", "[15] 经济合作与发展组织，国际能源署，《世界能源展望2010》，第56页。", "[16] 国际能源署/核能机构，《发电的预计成本》，2010年版(2010年)，第21页。", "[17] 对2010至2011年成本的估计，见美国能源信息署，《发电厂资本成本订正估计数》(2010年)，第8页；国际应用系统分析研究所，《全球能源评估》(2011年)。2003至2005年期间发表的研究报告中的估计数，见原子能机构，《核电和可持续发展》(2006年，维也纳)，第10页。可再生能源(光伏、海风)和核能与累计装机容量有关的投资成本，见国际应用系统分析研究所，《全球能源评估》(2011年)。", "[18] 经社部，“全球绿色新政促进气候、能源和发展”，(2009年，纽约)。", "[19] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[20] 见原子能机构文件INFCIRC/821。", "[21] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[22] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[23] 世界气象组织(气象组织)，《付诸行动的气候知识：全球气候服务框架——增强最脆弱者的能力》(2011年)，见ftp://ftp.wmo.int/Documents/SESSIONS/Cg-XVI/Chinese/DOCs/d11-1(1)\n 1065_HLT_report_zh.pdf。", "[24] 本节由原子能机构编写。原子能机构核保安咨询组把核保安定义为：“防止和侦查以及应对涉及核材料、其他放射性物质或相关设施的盗窃、蓄意破坏、擅自获取、非法转移或其他恶意行为”。见原子能机构文件：GOV/2009/54-GC(53)/18。", "[25] 见http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273c_web.pdf，第1.10段。", "[26] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[27] 切尔诺贝利事故之后成立，有15个成员组织：环境署、人道主义事务协调厅、外层空间事务办公室、原子辐射影响问题科学委员会、粮农组织、原子能机构、国际民航组织、海事组织、欧盟委员会、国际刑事警察组织欧洲警察办事处、国际刑事警察组织、经合组织/核能机构、泛美卫生组织、世卫组织和气象组织。", "[28] 每三至五年进行一次演习，测试各国和国际组织对严重核或辐射紧急情况的反应，包括信息交流、提供援助和协调新闻工作。", "[29] 辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会的定期会议也进行桌面推演，利用各种设想情形来审查国际组织辐射紧急情况联合管理计划中的安排。", "[30] 例如，国际民航组织鉴于必须处理人们对核紧急情况期间海空运的关注，并补充其参与国际组织辐射紧急情况联合管理计划的工作，协调了一个运输特设工作队的工作。工作队汇聚了联合国若干机构(包括国际民航组织本身、原子能机构、海事组织、世卫组织、气象组织、世贸组织和劳工组织)和私营的贸易协会。", "[31] 根据《及早通报核事故公约》，日本厚生劳动省在事故发生几小时内，就通过“国际卫生条例”国家协调中心向世卫组织作了通报。", "[32] 见http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/a_e/rempan/en/。", "[33] 泛美卫生组织也利用这个机会，提醒成员国审查其放射/核事故应急计划，并扩大书目数据库。", "[34] 这些要求每天重复提出，直到2011年4月18日，其后减少到每周三次，昼夜作业，直至2011年5月24日；这一天，原子能机构要求终止气象组织紧急支助。气象组织的一些中心还与原子能机构事件和应急中心合作，制定一个从核紧急情况开始的最佳估计排放序列，使用高分辨率的大气传输及散布模型的结果，并与放射性核素监测数据进行比较。好几个气象中心然后使用这个排放序列，以高空间分辨率重新计算最佳估计的分散和沉积模式。", "[35] 筹备委员会操作国际监测系统，该系统为是全球监测网络，现有不止60个高敏感度的测量放射性核素的台站。", "[36] 本节由人道主义事务协调厅和联合国国际减少灾害战略编写。", "[37] 由粮农组织、劳工组织、经合组织/核能机构、泛美卫生组织、人道主义事务协调厅和世卫组织共同主办。", "[38] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[39] 一有结果和数据，全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会就将其提供给缔约国；该制度还要由专人进行审查，以确保结果的质量。", "[40] 由网络所作的侦测有助于验证大气模型。全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会还提供海啸预警系统的数据，以协助救灾工作。在此情况下，根据与经教科文组织认可之海啸预警中心达成的合作安排提供数据。", "[41] 运作安排包括(专长于大气传输及散布模型的)区域专门气象中心的职能；这些安排是与原子能机构合作加以维持的。进行例行演习。数值天气预报模式向大气传输及散布模型提供投入，用于评估(如分析及后报)和预测空气中放射性物质在大气中的运动、散布和沉积情况。", "[42] 在释放的过程中，40多个放射性核素台站检测到释放的放射性核素。", "[43] 原子能机构开发全球性紧急情况辐射监测系统的项目正在进行中。", "[44] 在福岛第一核电站事故前，全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会并没有参与辐射及核紧急情况机构间委员会。", "[45] 高分辨率数值天气预报和大气传输模型已经广泛采用，可用于改善大气传输的估计数；但是，它们在应急过程中的使用，应在对放射性物质释放量作出现实的、尽可能最佳的估计的基础上，认真进行。放射性核素监测数据应当用于校准这些模拟，改进评估和预测。此外，由于大气冲洗对于空气中放射性物质沉积而言具有关键意义，降水资料和高分辨率的分析至关重要。", "[46] 大气释放可能造成的影响取决于排放特性和环境条件。在紧急情况下，源地点的实际排放量和(放射性物质及大气参数的)监测数据，对于大气传输模型的模拟以及对评估可能的影响而言，乃是必不可少的投入，到头来还可供主管当局确定适当防护行动时使用。", "[47] Available from www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/DPS/Manual/WMO485.pdf.", "[48] For the purposes of the present text, “nuclear power plants” should be considered in a generic sense and assumed to cover other types of nuclear installations, such as waste reprocessing plants.", "[49] Early in the compounded earthquake, tsunami and nuclear emergencies, the Japan Meteorological Agency created public web pages that provided relevant information, including in English, on current weather conditions and winds along with forecasts for the disaster stricken area. This special service met the very large worldwide demand for weather information on Japan. Several other national meteorological services also posted on their respective public websites weather information on Japan or the region, in other languages.", "[50] As decided by the accident country, the official classification used by IAEA for the emergency has been “General Emergency” since the beginning. That could mean that response organizations have to maintain emergency operations until a new classification is dictated.", "[51] In addition, some WMO centres collaborated with the IAEA Incident and Emergency Centre in developing a best-estimate emission sequence from the beginning of the nuclear emergency, using high-resolution (5 km) atmospheric transport modelling results, and comparing them with radionuclide monitoring data. That emission sequence was then used by several meteorological centres to re-compute best-estimated dispersion and deposition patterns in high spatial resolution.", "[52] High resolution numerical weather prediction and atmospheric transport Models, already widely available, could be used to gain in the details of atmospheric transport estimates; however, their use in emergency response should be carefully implemented based on realistic best-available estimates of the amount of radioactivity released. Radionuclide monitoring data should be used to calibrate the simulations and to improve assessments and predictions. In addition, since atmospheric washout is a key to the deposition of airborne radioactive contamination, precipitation data and high-resolution analyses are crucial.", "[53] Atmospheric transport modelling systems for nuclear emergency response will be a direct beneficiary of these developments, especially when radioactivity monitoring data become available for model validation and calibration, in a range of model resolutions and coverage. Techniques using an ensemble of forecasts from numerical models, with slightly different initial conditions and representation of physics in the Earth’s boundary layer, are being developed to derive uncertainty information for atmospheric transport modelling outputs." ]

[ "秘书长召开的核安全与核安保高级别会议", "2011年9月22日,纽约", "关于福岛第一核电站事故影响的联合国全系统研究", "秘书长的报告", "内容提要", "本报告载有联合国全系统关于福岛第一核电站事故所产生影响的研究结果。 本报告是为将于9月22日在大会第六十六届会议期间举行的核安全与核安保高级别会议编写的。 该研究报告分三节。 第一节集中讨论与和平利用核能和核安全有关的具体问题。 它涉及国际原子能机构(原子能机构)的保障监督、和平利用核能、农业和粮食安全、环境、卫生、可持续发展和筹资。 第二节侧重于核安全与核安保,涉及原子能机构在该领域的作用以及自然灾害、气候变化和核安全与核安保之间的联系。 第三节侧重于发生核事故时的国际应急框架,并讨论备灾措施的充分性、国际组织之间的合作以及发展新的监测和科学能力。", "在每一重点领域,本研究报告力求确定并讨论可能与政府审议有关的具体问题;评估福岛事故的影响和重大核事故的影响;讨论趋势和发展情况;并提出建议。", "这项研究包括下列16个联合国实体、专门机构和有关组织的贡献和投入:经济和社会事务部;联合国粮食及农业组织;国际原子能机构;国际民用航空组织;国际海事组织;人道主义事务协调厅;泛美卫生组织;全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会;联合国儿童基金会;联合国开发计划署;联合国环境规划署;联合国国际减少灾害风险战略;联合国裁军事务厅;联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会;世界卫生组织;世界气象组织。", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 3\n二. 三、从联合国实体、专门机构和有关\nA. 与和平利用核能和核\n保险 1. 国际原子能机构保障监督与和平利用核能\n2. 农业和粮食\n警卫\n3. 卫生 9\n环境 115. 可持续发展 13\nB. 核15\n警卫 1. 国际原子能机构在核安全和核\n2. 自然状况 17\n3. 气候. 18\n变动 4. 核安全与核安全之间\nC. 国际21个核应急框架\n事故 1. 国际合作21\n组织 2. 备灾的适当性\n措施 3. 发展新的监测和科学27\n能力\n从联合国实体、专门机构和\n有关组织", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 2011年4月19日,秘书长在关于安全和创新利用核能的基辅首脑会议上发言时指出,鉴于对核能持续增长的期望,确保最大限度的核安全具有重大意义。 他还强调指出,国际社会需要在全球范围内重新思考核能和安全问题。 他承认每个国家有权制定其国家能源政策,同时他强调,我们的共同目标应当是加深我们对与核能的发展及其安全有关的所有问题的理解,超越国界。 展望未来,从预防到清理,核电站灾难的影响应更充分地反映在如何确保和平利用核能和最大安全的评估中。 在这方面,秘书长提出了五项具体措施,包括联合国全系统关于福岛第一核电站事故所产生影响的研究,由相关联合国实体以及专门机构和相关组织进行,并准备为将于9月22日在大会第六十六届会议期间举行的核安全与核安保高级别会议做准备。", "2. 联合国 秘书长在研究报告正式启动之前同各国际组织负责人进行了协商。 国际原子能机构(原子能机构)在制定核安全标准和核安全指导方面发挥核心作用,并努力从各方面促进和平核应用和安全,因此,该机构是报告完全属于其法定责任范围的各方面的主要协调实体。 还提请联合国其他实体注意为研究提供投入的机会,其中一些实体也作出了相应贡献。", "3个 报告的其他主要撰稿者包括下列实体:全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会;经济和社会事务部;联合国粮食及农业组织(粮农组织);裁军事务厅;人道主义事务协调厅;联合国儿童基金会(儿童基金会);联合国开发计划署(开发计划署);联合国环境规划署(环境规划署);联合国国际减少灾害风险战略;世界卫生组织(卫生组织);世界气象组织(气象组织)。 向报告提供材料并向主要提供材料的其他实体有:国际民用航空组织(民航组织)、国际海事组织(海事组织)、泛美卫生组织和联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会。 联合国系统行政首长协调理事会作为这项研究的顾问,提供支助和背景资料。", " 4.四. 虽然主要捐助者力求同其他有关实体协商和协作,以期尽可能提供一份联合划界案,但每一节中表达的意见均按规定代表主要捐助者的意见,不一定代表任何其他实体的意见。 本报告附件转载了捐助实体提供的其他投入。", "二. 意 见", "5 (韩语). 福岛第一核电站事故迫使国际社会考虑是否正在尽一切努力确保核安全。 秘书长欢迎最近和计划开展的旨在加强核安全和核安保以及备灾的活动,例如核安全公约缔约国第五次审查会议和减少灾害风险全球平台第三届会议。 秘书长尤其欢迎原子能机构核安全问题部长级会议的成果和原子能机构总干事制定加强核安全的行动计划,包括考虑制定和适用具有法律约束力的国际准则。 秘书长希望,该计划将成为国际社会努力改善核安全的基础。 秘书长还欣见日本打算同原子能机构合作,于2012年底召开一次高级别会议,以就此事采取后续行动并保持政治势头和问责制。", "6. 国家 关于发展和利用核能以及适用原子能机构安全标准的决定完全由各国政府负责。 然而,重大核事故和紧急情况不分国界,其后果可能是严重的,福岛第一核电站和切尔诺贝利核电站的事故就表明了这一点。 重大核事故和紧急情况的国际影响是一个全球关切和公共利益的问题,必须加以讨论。 与核能有关的问题以及核事故和紧急情况的影响的公开性和透明度,对于维持公众的信任至关重要。 在这方面,联合国与各专门机构和有关组织密切合作,可以发挥重要作用。", "7. 联合国 秘书长确认原子能机构根据其任务规定在制定核安全标准和促进最高水平的核安全方面的中心作用。 福岛事故引起了人们对国际安全标准和公约、全球应急准备和反应系统的适当性以及国家监管机构的效力的关切。 这些关切突出表明,随着国际社会加紧努力加强核安全制度,需要加强国际合作、公开性和透明度。", "8. 联合国 福岛事故突出了加强危害评估的重要性,这种评估侧重于涉及可能影响核能设施的自然灾害的可信情景。 此外,气候变化如海平面上升或恶劣天气条件可能产生的影响也将对运行中的核电站的核安全产生影响。 因此,在设计、选址和运行核电站时必须考虑到这种影响。 然而,核能温室气体排放量低可能有助于减少与气候变化有关的风险。", "9. 国家 秘书长指出,福岛事故还影响到核安全和防止对核能设施和核材料的蓄意袭击,无论是在使用、储存还是在转运中,都可能导致辐射紧急情况。 秘书长希望核安全与核安保高级别会议能够成为2012年首尔核安全首脑会议的桥梁。", "10个 国际社会对福岛事故的反应表明,辐射和核紧急情况机构间委员会以及国际组织根据原子能机构的核心协调作用执行《辐射紧急情况联合管理计划》很有价值。 在事故发生后的几周内,机构间委员会和秘书长开始努力审查现有安排,特别是在信息共享方面,并作出必要的改进。", "11个 在国家一级,事故突出表明需要确保政府在应急和风险评估及减少风险措施方面的政策是透明的并顺应公众的风险感。 应当进一步研究多方面紧急情况成为区域和国际所关切的问题的可能性,因为了解灾害风险信息和减少风险措施以及及时和准确地提供信息,在有关公共部门发展和投资的决策中发挥着关键作用。 为了支持决策进程,必须确保公众了解风险和风险管理备选方案。", "12个 为应对福岛事故,原子能机构、世卫组织和气象组织根据先前的安排,利用了发达的科学和监测能力。 此外,由全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会维持的全球监测网证明它在核紧急情况中具有相关性,可以与环境规划署的现有能力一道,用来补充在应对辐射紧急情况中起核心作用的各组织的能力。", "13个 尽管安全和科学可靠的核技术对农业和粮食生产工业作出了贡献,但在发生重大核事故时,人类可能通过食物和水受到放射性污染,这对国家和国际粮食贸易产生相当大的消极影响。 不仅在受影响地区,由于强加的粮食限制,贸易可能受到影响,而且在未受影响的地区,由于公众的担心,贸易可能受到影响,导致市场准入受到限制,并对农村发展和经济增长产生不利影响。 鉴于辐射照射增加可能对健康造成长期影响,包括对跨越国界的人口造成影响,加强相关实体之间的合作与协调是一项重要目标。", "14个 虽然寻求发展核能的公共和私人实体一般都考虑与商业核设施整个生命周期有关的成本,但还必须考虑并纳入确定和审议这种成本的决策进程中,重大事故的环境、社会和经济后果。 虽然一些国家已决定不追求或逐步淘汰核能,但其他国家仍然致力于发展或获取核能。 因此,灾害风险分析必须确保核电站的安全建造和运行,并能够承受可能引起辐射紧急情况的任何可能的威胁。", "15个 秘书长将本报告中的建议提请各国政府注意并审议。", "三. 从联合国实体、专门机构和相关组织收到的资料", "A类. 与和平利用核能和核安全有关的具体问题", "1. 国际原子能机构保障监督与和平利用核能[1]", "16号. 向目前生活在能源贫困中的24亿人提供获得能源的机会是在实现千年发展目标方面取得进展的重要先决条件。 需要所有能源和技术来应对这一巨大挑战。 核能过去是,将来仍将是满足全球能源需要的重大贡献者。", "17岁。 截至2011年7月,约有440个核能反应堆在29个国家运行,65个新的反应堆正在建造中。 尽管受到福岛第一核电站事故的影响,但对核电的兴趣仍然很高。 在事故发生前曾强烈表示有意实施核电计划的无核电国家中,只有少数国家取消或修改了计划,但大多数没有.", "18岁。 核科学技术也可以用于发展核武器. 因此,遵守国际法律文书,例如《不扩散核武器条约》、其他双边和多边不扩散协定[2]和与原子能机构的保障协定,是负责任地使用核能的基本要素。", " 19. 19. 原子能机构成立于1957年,目的是帮助各国确保核能为和平与发展服务。 原子能机构通过执行其保障监督,向国际社会保证,置于保障监督之下的核材料和其他特定物项不会被转用于和平用途。", "20号. 保障监督是根据原子能机构同各国和区域视察机构缔结的协定执行的。 这些协定分为三大类:(a) 全面保障监督协定,[3] 涵盖《不扩散核武器条约》每个无核武器缔约国的所有核材料;(b) 自愿提供保障监督协定,[4] 涵盖《不扩散核武器条约》核武器缔约国中部分或全部民用核活动;(c) 与其他国家订立的针对具体项目的保障监督协定。 [5] 任何此类协定生效的国家也可缔结一项附加议定书[6],规定更广泛地获得信息和地点,从而加强原子能机构保障监督的效力和效率。", "2. 农业和粮食安全 [7]", "核技术的相关性", "21岁 安全和科学可靠的核技术,如同位素测量和追踪、变异、用于食品去污染的辐射、疫苗生产和虫害控制,是农业和粮食生产的宝贵工具。 这种技术大大有助于粮食安全。 这些技术非常准确、敏感、具体和准确,能够提高作物和牲畜的生产力,有助于综合动物疾病控制、虫害控制、食品安全和质量战略,并有助于养护自然资源。", "22号. 因此,核技术具有社会经济重要性,提供了增值解决办法,以确保粮食供应、可获得性和可负担性。 这方面的例子包括改良作物品种;有效的土壤和水管理以及更有效的化肥使用;改进作物和牲畜生产系统;加强动物疾病诊断和控制;食物中污染物的可追溯性;改善食物的储存寿命和安全性;以及无害环境的虫害控制。", "23. 联合国 这些技术是粮农组织和原子能机构通过粮农组织/原子能机构粮食和农业核技术联合方案,通过粮食和农业领域的研究、培训以及技术和政策咨询提供的独特技术。", "24 (韩语). 将核技术和相关技术和平用于粮食和农业,对全世界的粮食安全和可持续农业发展作出了巨大贡献。", "福岛事故的影响和重大核事故的影响", "25岁 核事故或放射性紧急情况涉及向环境排放放射性物质后,水、农业、水产养殖、渔业和林业生产以及野生动物将受到严重的放射性污染,从而对兽医和公共卫生、粮食安全和贸易构成严重威胁,并直接影响到人民的生计。", "26. 联合国 释放后(并只要污染仍在继续),从空气中倒下或被雨水或雪所携带的放射性物质会立即沉入农产品或动物饲料表面,从而污染牛奶和肉类。 消耗被放射性材料污染的食物会增加一个人所接触的放射性量并会增加健康风险。", "27个 随着时间的推移,放射性可以在食物中积聚,因为放射性核素从被污染的土壤转移到作物或动物中去。 放射性核素也可从空气中直接沉积,或被冲出可吸收放射性核素的河流、湖泊和海洋。", "28岁 受污染地区可能无法种植作物或支持牲畜放牧,因为放射性核素如铯137持续了几十年。 例如,在食用之前,应采取特别程序去污动物和/或其产品。 对农业生产和渔业活动的中长期限制可能必须保留在放射性污染持续存在的具体规定地区。 1986年切尔诺贝利核事故后,距事故现场数百公里甚至数千公里以内,农业生产和做法受到影响,切尔诺贝利核电站附近仍然存在着高污染,因此仍然不允许正常的农业生产.", "29. 国家 放射性污染的影响还可能影响到农业生态系统的平衡,特别是昆虫对植物的授粉、植物生物多样性以及土壤微生物和蚯蚓的生物状况,这些微生物和蚯蚓在土壤养分和有机物循环中起着至关重要的作用。 由于一些真菌和植物能够吸收并积累高量的放射性核素,它们可能对放牧野生生物构成生物安保风险,会增加整个食物链中放射性核素污染的积累. 即使在切尔诺贝利事件后25年的今天,德国的野生野猪仍被放射性铯所污染.", "30岁。 另一个与核事故有关的严重影响是对国家和国际粮食贸易的影响,这不仅是某些地区强加的粮食限制,也是消费者由于公众担心受放射性污染而不愿消费某些粮食。 这可能导致受影响国家对市场准入的限制和市场损失,给农村发展和经济增长带来负面影响。", "31岁 日本释放出放射性的全部影响仍有待充分评估,但放射性污染对健康造成的风险有详细记载。", "趋势和发展", "32. 联合国 粮食监测数据证实,粮食污染机制正在发生变化,即从将放射性核素沉入菠菜等野外作物表面,到通过土壤或生长媒介(如竹片和灌木蘑菇)的根吸收。 稳定和尽量减少土壤污染将发挥重要作用,避免将放射性核素通过风和土壤侵蚀转移到其他土地和水体,包括释放给植物和动物。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 粮农组织正同其伙伴密切合作,应会员国在下列领域的请求提供技术援助和政策咨询:", "• 污染探测和监测", "• 补救战略和办法", "• 农业反措施的发展", "• 基于科学的粮食贸易政策", "• 建设粮食和农业防备和应对核紧急情况的能力", "建议", "34. 国家 为了加强核和放射性紧急情况的防备和反应规划及能力,并尽量减少其对粮食和农业的影响,并改进复原工作,强烈建议在下列领域采取协调行动:", "• 为国家、区域和国际粮食和农业应对核紧急情况规划提供协调一致的支助", "二. 支助 增加向会员国提供的技术援助和政策咨询,并组织区域/国际模拟活动,包括应急和恢复活动的所有粮食和农业要素", "二. 支助 加强粮食和农业监测和农业补救方面的国际和国家能力发展", "• 审查和改进机构间合作的法律框架和合作机制", "3. 卫生[8]", "供各国政府审议的具体问题", "35. 联合国 和平利用核能对健康的影响是一个极其重要的问题。 决策者和决策者应确保对现有和未来核设施实行最高程度的安全。 人口的健康和福祉应成为关于能源战略的讨论和决定的中心关切和优先事项。 对于各国政府可能决定选择的任何战略而言,应将健康、环境和经济影响作为一个整体加以考虑。", "福岛事故的影响和重大核事故的影响", "36. (中文(简体) ). 在核电站发生紧急情况时,放射性物质可能被释放到环境中,与人类健康主要有关的放射性核素是碘和铯。 救援人员,第一反应人员和核电站工人的内出职业暴露很可能在应急响应阶段发生,并可能导致辐射剂量高到足以引起皮肤烧伤,内部污染或急性辐射综合征等急性健康影响. 一般人群不太可能接触高到足以引起急性效应的剂量,而可能接触低剂量会增加癌症等长期影响的风险. 被污染的食品和/或水的消耗也可能导致总体辐射照射。 如果放射性碘通过吸入或摄入进入体内,如果不采取对应措施,它就会被集中在甲状腺中,从而增加甲状腺癌的风险,特别是在儿童身上,正如在受切尔诺贝利事故影响的人群中所目睹的那样。", "37. 联合国 就福岛事故而言,截至2011年5月底,福岛第一电站雇用了近8 000名工人,据报告,其中30人接触了超过100 mSv的累计辐射剂量。 没有关于辐射相关死亡的报告。 公共卫生措施得到迅速实施,现场附近居民及时疏散并给受灾群众注射碘化钾片. 必要时对被疏散的居民进行筛查并消毒. 已监测了食物和饮用水污染情况,并在必要时实行适当限制。 撤离者身体上的长期压力对健康产生了重大影响。 他们的生活被打乱,社会联系破裂,在几乎没有隐私和拥挤条件的疏散地长期被拘押,以及社会环境的急剧变化都造成了严重的压力,造成了精神创伤.", "38. 国家 与切尔诺贝利事件相类似,福岛事故给广大民众带来了极大的焦虑,而不信任当局等因素可能加剧了这种焦虑.", "趋势和发展", "39. 联合国 由于技术和安全方面的改进,公众对辐射的照射已大大减少。 然而,日本的经验表明,核事故仍然可能发生,如果与自然灾害结合起来,这种事故就有可能超越国界,使国际文书[9]在解决这种情况方面有所帮助,需要多方利益有关者的协调与合作。", " 40. 40. 在区域和全球一级制定协调一致的规范和标准,对于确保辐射安全领域的治理至关重要。 1996年《电离辐射防护和辐射源安全国际基本安全标准》是全球统一患者、工人和公众辐射防护各方面标准的一项前所未有的国际努力。", "建议", "41. 国家 人民的健康和福祉应成为关于未来能源战略讨论的中心关切和优先事项。", "42. 国家 会员国应考虑加强国家备灾系统和跨部门协调。", "43. 东帝汶 核紧急情况后的国家干预标准需要符合国际建议,有关应对措施的决定需要以透明和协调的方式作出。", "44. 国家 对福岛事故的风险和可能的健康影响继续进行监测并进行有效的公众宣传至关重要,国际组织的参与对于确保国家当局实施的评估和干预措施的透明度和可信度至关重要。", "4. 环境[10]", "供各国政府考虑的有关核设施规划和设计的具体问题(包括风险管理框架)", "45. 国家 在决定是否将核能纳入其能源组合时,各国应进行严格的环境影响评估,其中不仅包括将替代化石燃料发电厂的环境惠益与日常的运营和建筑环境问题进行比较,而且还包括分析核能严重事故与其替代品相比的可能性、规模和环境后果。", "46. 经常预算: 比较不同能源供应选择的经济计算是复杂的。 这种分析往往不包括整个生命周期的费用,特别是例行排放的健康和环境费用、废物处置费用以及发生事故时产生的费用。 这些费用必须内部化。", "47. 国家 在正在引进核能工业的国家或已经部署核能的地区,必要时应评估和加强评估、管制和模拟环境影响的机构能力以及在紧急情况下应对环境问题的能力。", "供各国政府审议的核设施运营和运作阶段的具体问题", " 48. 48. 核电设施的运作造成一系列环境影响,并非所有的装置都具有放射性。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 在日常运行中,核设施向大气和水体释放出少量放射性物质. [11] 对这种排放的持续监测和对环境的持续监测,以了解对生物群和生态系统的影响,应当是核电站运作的组成部分。", " 50. 50. 应监测乏核燃料的管理和辐射泄漏的可能性,直至设施最终退役。", "二. 供各国政府审议的与退役有关的具体问题", "51. 联合国 对于核设施的安全退役,包括废核燃料的最终处置,没有一种普遍同意的办法。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 在最后确定退役计划之前,应对各种备选方案进行环境风险评估。 这些评估应涵盖发电厂本身的场址、高放射性废物的运输和此类材料的最后储存/处置。", "福岛事故的影响和重大核事故的影响", "53. 联合国 在福岛第一核电站事故后,长期存在的放射性物质对当地环境的影响将是今后许多年所关切的问题。 大规模地向环境中释放放射性物质,例如切尔诺贝利和福岛事故造成的放射性物质,可能造成重大的环境影响。 释放入空气的放射性物质会沉入地上并沉入生物群. 放射性污染可能持续数年或数十年,去污费用非常高.", "54. 联合国 在更远的地区,农业生产和捕鱼可能需要暂时停止。 辐射造成的环境影响可能由于迫使受影响地区停止经济活动而造成重大经济损害。", "55. 国家 这种环境影响不仅可能由于实际污染而使经济活动被暂时中止,而且还可能导致谣言和信心被削弱而损害当地工业和旅游业。 当消费者避开他们正确或错误地认为受到污染的食物时,对污染的看法会加剧损失。 这种对声誉的损害可能给这些行业造成更大的财政损失。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 在切尔诺贝利事故后的头几个星期里,相邻的非人类生物群也受到放射性核素大规模意外释放的影响. 辐射造成了数以十多公里的距离内的许多急性不利影响。 虽然人类从禁区停止活动改变了生态系统的平衡,并允许了虫害的侵袭,但也导致野生动物和鸟类物种的种群增加. [12]", "趋势和发展", "57. 萨尔瓦多 福岛事故表明,该厂的设计基础事故[13]过于轻微. 事后看来,严重事故风险,特别是环境风险被低估了。", "建议", "58. 联合国 需要进一步从科学上了解环境中放射性物质的水平与对生活在该环境中的生物群的潜在影响之间的关系。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 发生事故时,需要调查并实施受影响的土壤的有效去污和补救方法。", "60. 联合国 核电站规划,设计,运行,退役和应急响应程序的安全标准必须包括环境保护措施.", "61. 国家 需要改进会员国的能力建设,包括环境部的能力建设,以更有效地监督核动力工业的环境风险管理。", "62. 联合国 非原子能机构成员国的国家可能受到邻国事故的影响,需要最起码的机构能力,特别是在环境监测方面。", "63. 国家 体制能力建设和方法的系统化对于确保长期能源计划将环境考虑纳入其备选方案分析至关重要。", "5 (韩语). 可持续发展和筹资[14]", "64. (中文(简体) ). 从可持续发展的角度来看,最突出的问题之一是获得能源。 目前,14亿人,主要是在撒哈拉以南非洲和南亚的农村地区,无法获得电力,还有数十亿人受到能源限制。 这些区域的平均用电量大大低于高收入经济体的10%(每人每年180-750千瓦时,而每人每年7 500-18 000千瓦时)。 如果不扩大电力供应,就不可能实现千年发展目标,特别是到2015年消除赤贫的目标。 [15]", "65. 国家 虽然核能的未来发展将取决于安全和可负担性方面的进展,但出于若干原因,这种形式的能源是发展中国家感兴趣的。 2001年,可持续发展委员会得出结论认为,关于利用核能的决定由个别国家根据其需要、能力和目标作出。 在生产核能的29个国家中,共有7个是发展中国家。 规划新核方案的大多数发展中国家尚未宣布福岛后的变化。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 福岛事故造成数千亿美元财产损失,其对人类的影响也使人们关注风险管理。 一些国家呼吁全球逐步淘汰或暂停,而另一些国家则呼吁更严格的监管、加强安全措施和保险机制。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 在没有暂停的情况下,需要进行灾害风险分析,以确保在安全地区建造核电站,并能够承受可能的最严重威胁。 在运行和正在建造的所有反应堆中,近一半位于地震风险高的国家。 核电站也常被建造在海岸上以使用海水来冷却.", "68. (中文(简体) ). 发展中国家的底线是能源的最终成本,包括基本负荷成本和与额外安全措施、废物处理、灾害保险、退役和管理制度有关的成本。 经济合作与发展组织2010年的一项研究指出, \" 核力量在于它有能力以长期稳定的成本提供大量非常低的碳基负荷电力;然而,它必须管理大量面临风险的资本和建造的漫长准备时间 \" 。 [16] 尽管这些基数成本稳定,但最终成本甚至在福岛之前就一直在上升,因为资本成本中包括了额外的要素。 对2010年和2011年公布的研究与2003至2005年公布的研究的估计数进行比较后发现,核电站的“夜间资本成本”(5-10美元,每瓦特1.2-2.6美元)翻了两番(名义值),而再生技术的成本则下降了,[17] 这可能会使核能的最终成本远高于每兆瓦小时100美元。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 过去,电力供应方面的主要进展发生在每兆瓦小时电费不到人均收入3%的国家。 由于大多数需要能源的人生活在人均收入低于1 000美元的国家,因此需要的技术选择在每兆瓦小时30-50美元之间。", "70. 联合国 为了帮助各国评估核能对可持续发展的潜在贡献,需要深入评估下列因素的净成本影响:", "• 降低费用的可能性。 对发展中国家来说,关键的挑战是如何将能源成本降低到与其人均收入相适应的水平。 这需要对所有现有技术的成本趋势进行独立评估[18]", "• 排放。 调动气候或其他环境融资的国际协定或国家政策,原则上将降低所有技术的成本,包括核能,这些技术在温室气体排放和当地污染物方面比矿物燃料替代品具有优势。", "• 扩散。 核扩散的潜在后果是国际社会所关切的主要问题。 发展中国家将需要技术援助来加强其体制能力,以使它们能够有效管理扩散的危险。 原子能机构一直非常积极地提供这种援助。", "• 废物处理。 放射性废物的处理存在不确定性和风险。 目前没有储存乏核燃料的大型永久储存地,尽管芬兰和瑞典正在建造这种储存地。", "• 采矿对当地的影响。 采矿裂变材料对当地社区和生态系统的影响令人关切", "• 灾害保险。 在福岛之后,重大灾害的保险费用出现了不确定性。 需要发展创新的保险机制来减少这种不确定性", "• 核能政策和灾害对社区安全和福祉的地方影响。 切尔诺贝利事故发生25年后,受影响社区仍在处理污名化和缺乏经济机会以及灾难后果信息的问题。", "71. 联合国 各国政府和私人投资者在为核能融资方面面临严峻挑战,在发展中国家尤其如此。 建立核电站和发展体制、监管、执法和基础设施能力需要大量的国际财政支助。 由于能源投资继续受到全球经济不确定性的影响,这些挑战甚至更大。 筹资问题包括:", "• 投资者和各国政府分担风险。 由于成本的不确定性、公众的高度关切和不断变化的能源政策环境,在公共部门不分担重大风险的情况下确保私人金融业者获得核能是极具挑战性的。 解决办法可能是开发创新金融工具,以涵盖与自然或人为灾害、退役费用和放射性废物最后处置有关的不确定性。", "二. 支助 确保为不同的技术选择提供公平的竞争环境。 需要有一个公平的竞争环境,以加强投资并发展高效率能源系统的市场。 改革补贴和奖励计划对于所有备选方案之间的公平竞争至关重要", "• 在投资模式中反映外部成本。 目前,许多减少温室气体排放或具有其他社会或环境效益的技术无法主张这种成本优势。 外部成本的国际化需要包括环境和社会成本,包括风险,以促进可持续发展方面真正知情的决策", "B. 核安全与保障", "1. 联合国 国际原子能机构在核安全和核安保方面的作用[19]", "供各国政府审议的具体问题", "72. 联合国 原子能机构是联合国系统内一个独立的政府间科学和技术组织,是全球核合作的协调中心。 核安全与保障有一个共同的目的,即保护人民和环境免受电离辐射的有害影响。 原子能机构在核安全和核安保方面的中心作用载于其《规约》并载于其决策机关的决定和决议中。 原子能机构制定核安全标准,并基于这些标准,促进实现和维持核能应用的高安全水平。 它还提供具体的审查服务,以确定标准是如何实施的。 原子能机构的《电离辐射防护和辐射源安全国际基本安全标准》及相关文件为包括核紧急情况在内的各种受辐射情况提供公共和职业辐射防护指导。", "73 (中文(简体) ). 原子能机构支持通过提供指导文件和服务来保障核材料和其他放射性材料安全的全球努力并帮助各国建立全面的国家核安全制度。 它致力于提供一个强大、可持续和可见的全球核安全与保障框架。", "福岛事故的影响和重大核事故的影响", "74. 国家 福岛第一核电站事故对全世界公众对核电安全的看法产生了不利影响。 特别是,事故和国际反应提出了关于国际安全标准和公约的充分性、遵守这些标准和公约的程度、全球应急准备和反应系统以及国家管理机构的效力等问题。 一些国家重新审查了它们计划引进或扩大核电方案或延长现有核电站运行寿命。 下列地区可能受福岛一号事故影响: 福岛一号事故.", "• 科学和技术,包括安全工程、针对现场和外部自然灾害的设计、减轻和复原系统以及严重事故中的辐射防护", "• 管理、人力、组织和国家基础设施,包括应急准备和反应、严重事故管理、监管框架、技术支助组织和国家资源", "• 公共传播、透明度和国际合作", "趋势和发展", "75. 国家 过去20年来,出现了加强核安全制度的明确趋势。 国际合作已经加强,鼓励考虑实施核能方案的国家适用原子能机构的安全标准和相关国际文书。 其他发展包括加强区域协调与合作,稳步改进安全业绩指标,增加考虑开始实施核电方案的国家的数目,延长现有工厂的服务寿命,加强开放性和透明度,以及加强安全和安保之间的协同作用。 在监管、业务安全、应急准备和安全等领域对原子能机构专家同行审评服务的要求也越来越多,对安全管理和领导等问题的要求也越来越多。", "76. 联合国 核电站使用寿命延长的趋势带来了其自身的挑战,例如确保安全空间保持适当。 现有核电站寿命的延长和核电方案的扩大也对可用于设计、建造、维持和运行核设施的有限人力资源造成越来越大的压力。", "77. 国家 对福岛第一核电站事故的初步评估已经确定工厂设计、国际反应安排和国际安全标准的实施是需要进一步发展的领域。 加强国际合作、公开性和透明度的持续趋势无疑将帮助各国有效应对福岛第一核电站事故并从中吸取必要的教训。", "建议", "78. 国家 2011年6月在维也纳举行的原子能机构核安全问题部长级会议通过的《部长宣言》[20] 规定了一些加强核安全的措施,并作出坚定承诺,确保这些措施得到切实执行。 与会者重申了普遍遵守有关核安全的国际文书的重要性,以及有效执行和不断审查这些文书的必要性。 还强调了根据原子能机构安全标准加强国家和国际措施的重要性,以确保核安全达到最健全的水平。 会上指出,应尽可能广泛而有效地加强和执行安全标准。 出席会议的部长们承诺为此加强双边、区域和国际合作。", "79. 联合国 各位部长承诺加强原子能机构在促进国际合作以加强全球核安全方面的核心作用,并通过提供专门知识和咨询以及在全世界促进核安全文化来协调加强全球核安全的努力。 部长们还承诺进一步加强国家管制当局的权力、权限和资源。", "2. 自然灾害[21]", "供各国政府审议的具体问题", "80. 国际组织之间在自然灾害方面的合作已经增加,特别是在预测和反应等领域。 例如,气象组织协助原子能机构努力界定自然现象危险,作为制定原子能机构有关核安全标准的一部分。", "福岛事故的影响和重大核事故的影响", "81个 福岛第一核电站事故是一场空前严重的自然灾害所引发的:引发了巨大海啸的大地震. 事故突出了进行危害评估的重要性,这种评估应侧重于对结构、系统和部件构成挑战的可信、如果不太可能和不常见的情况。 这对拥有多个反应堆的核设施更为重要。", "趋势和发展", "82. 多年来,核安全评估都认识到,被认为对核电站具有潜在危害的危害有所增加。 它导致了对地震事件和海啸等自然灾害防护水平的重新审查。 呼吁加强保护,加强海啸和其他灾害预警系统。 还制定了更好的方法来处理不确定因素。", "建议", "83个 需要评估危害的程度,或相互关联的危害的组合,以便包括较少的事件,并能够充分考虑不确定性。 根据原子能机构的安全标准,应在核电站的安全评估中考虑这些危险程度,并采取必要的预防和减轻措施。", "第八十四会. 以福岛一中为例,由于失去通信渠道并损坏出入口,无法依靠场外对现场事件的反应. 任何工厂恢复计划的一个关键特征都应顾及工厂事故管理小组在不依赖场外资源的情况下运作的需要。 在任何应对此类灾害的应急规划中,都应考虑到辅助基础设施的脆弱性。", "85. 多年来,对更好地获取风险信息的需求稳步增长。 核紧急情况发生后立即提供风险信息,不仅对于技术专家,而且对于指导人道主义机构、国家和地方政府以及一般公众的即时行动,都至关重要。", "3. 气候变化[22]", "供各国政府审议的具体问题", "86号. 气候变化有两种方式影响核能的惠益和风险与其替代品的惠益和风险的比较。", "87个 第一,在设计、选址和运行核电站时,应考虑到海平面上升或更极端的风暴和干旱等气候变化可能造成的影响。 原子能机构即将出版的《核设施现场评估气象和水文危害安全指南》将提供指导。 如果在建造任何核电站时没有考虑到气候变化,那么该电站的未来风险可能高于今天的气候。", "88个 第二,核能的好处之一是其温室气体排放量很低,这有助于减少与气候变化有关的所有风险。", "89. 国家 核电站运营商在各种气候和恶劣天气条件下工作积累了丰富的经验。 在核电设施发生的与天气有关的事件从未超过国际核和辐射事件七分级的三级。 在海啸方面也有大量经验,仅发生了一起超过3级的事故:福岛事故。 海啸与天气无关,但所有其他情况都是平等的,海啸的风险将随着气候变化导致海平面上升而增加。 然而,现有的规划和工程技术可以大大减少或消除核电站对气候、天气和海啸危害的脆弱性。", "福岛事故的影响和重大核事故的影响", "90. (中文(简体) ). 福岛事故的主要教训是,对哪些类型的事故可能发生或可能发生过于轻微的假设。 应审查所有现有和计划中的反应堆的这些假设,并应考虑到气候变化可能产生的影响。 正在形成的世界气象组织全球气候服务框架[23]在提供必要的气候信息方面可能特别有用。", "趋势和发展", "91. 联合国 原子能机构即将出版的《核设施现场评估气象和水文危害安全指南》确定了气候变化的潜在重要影响,其中包括:", "二. 支助 海平面升高将影响一些沿海核电站;由于降雨量增加或雪融化的变化,河流上的电站也可能受洪水影响。", "二. 支助 更强烈的高风、风暴和闪电可能增加电网中断的风险", "二. 支助 极端热和干旱可能破坏水冷却系统", "二. 支助 极冷的冰会干扰冷却水的摄取", "二. 支助 森林火灾和野火可能破坏电网连接和人员和应急人员进入核电站", "二. 支助 风暴和洪水造成的碎片会干扰冷却水的摄取", "建议", "92. (中文(简体) ). 与气候变化和极端天气事件有关的核电站风险并非不可克服。 如即将出版的原子能机构《核设施现场评估气象和水文危害安全指南》所描述的那样,现有知识和技术可以大大减少或消除与气候有关的风险。", " 4.四. 核安全与核安保之间的关系[24]", "供各国政府审议的具体问题", "93. 国家 原子能机构《安全标准》系列最重要的文件《安全基本原则》[25]指出,“安全措施和安全措施的设计和执行必须统筹兼顾,使安全措施不损害安全和保安措施”。", "94. 国家 福岛第一核电站事故也对核安全产生影响。 事故和破坏有几种共同的特点,例如通过丧失电力、通信、计算机、安全和实物保护系统等手段,使剩余系统的效率降低;以及关键操作、安全和安保人员的损失。", "福岛事故的影响和重大核事故的影响", "95号. 鉴于福岛第一核电站事故,各国应审查其核安全框架,以确保它们做好应对严重核事故后果的适当准备。", "趋势和发展", "96. (中文(简体) ). 过去十年来,国际核安全框架已得到加强,以应对对涉及核材料、设施或运输的恶意行为风险的日益关切。 《核材料实物保护公约》及其修正案等与安全有关的新文书得到原子能机构作为其核保安系列文件的一部分所提出的建议和指导文件的补充。", "97. 国家 原子能机构加强了对各国的支持,以通过执行核安全计划来帮助它们建立可持续的核安全制度。 原子能机构的目标已经通过世界核安全研究所得到国家集团的认同,例如打击核恐怖主义全球倡议或工业。 各国已更清楚地认识到这种制度以及国家制度必须让非传统行为者参与。", "98 (英语). 原子能机构收到越来越多的请求,要求在立法、规章和设施实物保护等领域提供专家同行审查服务。", "建议", "99号. 为了正确处理核安全问题,国际社会应促进普遍加入和执行相关国际法律文书。 其他步骤应包括由各国对其潜在威胁的性质和现有安全措施的适当性所作的假设进行详细的技术审查。 应修订应急计划,以应对超出以往假设的最坏情况。 这种计划也应通过桌面和实践活动加以严格检验。", "一百个 原子能机构应与其他利益攸关方合作,继续帮助各国建立有效、全面和可持续的国家核安全制度。 原子能机构的支助将包括同行审查和评估服务、人力资源开发方案以及酌情进行实物保护升级。 应继续加强原子能机构同联合国毒品和犯罪问题办事处和反恐执行工作队等联合国其他实体之间的协调,扩大工作一级的信息交流,改善各实体之间的沟通并避免重复。", "101. (中文(简体) ). 除了原子能机构的援助外,各国还应确保有效利用资源并在联合国系统内与其他利益攸关方采取协调一致的做法。", "C. 核事故国际应急框架", "1. 国际组织之间的合作[26]", "供各国政府审议的具体问题", "102. 国家 现有的核和辐射紧急情况系统以原子能机构和辐射和核紧急情况机构间委员会的核心协调作用为基础。 [27] 机构间委员会的活动范围以两项条约为基础:《及早通报核事故公约》和《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》。 此外,2005年《国际卫生条例》是各国通过预防、发现、评估和应对国际关注的任何公共卫生紧急情况来保护公共卫生的一项具有法律约束力的全球协定。", "第103页。 《国际组织联合辐射紧急情况管理计划》是机构间委员会的主要职能之一,该计划确定了机构间辐射应急准备和反应框架,为协调提供了切实可行的机制并澄清了参与的国际组织的作用和能力。", "104 (韩语). 机构间委员会还为定期进行演习提供了机会。 原子能机构定期在三个复杂级别进行通信演练和公约演练,其中最复杂的是ConvEx-XXX3演练,[28]演练涵盖严重核紧急情况的早期阶段的反应。 [29]", "福岛事故的影响和重大核事故的影响", "105. (中文(简体) ). 在福岛一号事故后,机构间委员会展示了制度化机构间协调机制的价值。 事故发生后,原子能机构立即通过其事件和紧急情况中心通知了所有有关国际组织并启动了联合计划。 2011年3月15日,机构间委员会第一次协调会通过视频会议举行. 截至6月底,又举行了10次协调会议。 会议的目的是就局势达成共识,交流信息并审议和协调应对活动,包括以一个声音与公众沟通。 新的任务由具体组织承担。 就某些问题设立了特设工作小组。 [30]", "106. (中文(简体) ). 在原子能机构发出通知后,卫生组织总部、该组织西太平洋区域办事处、设在日本神户的中心及其辐射紧急医疗准备和援助网络[32]开始活动。 卫生组织立即通过《国际卫生条例》国家协调中心通知该区域所有成员国。 卫生组织西太平洋区域办事处对受地震和海啸影响的地区进行了实地考察,以评估公共卫生需要。", "107 (韩语). 卫生组织密切监测日本内外人口的公共卫生风险。 粮农组织和世卫组织编写了与食品安全有关的技术简报并定期更新了食品监测结果,并通过国际食品安全局网络向成员国提供。", "108. (中文(简体) ). 泛美卫生组织启动了其紧急行动中心,并部署了专家,以回应其成员国、国际卫生条例国家协调中心和媒体关于对美洲区域的影响的询问,主要涉及旅行和食品及产品的进口。 [33]", "第109页. 3月11日,在原子能机构要求紧急支助之后,气象组织的紧急安排被启动。 气象组织所有八个区域专门气象中心,包括亚洲区域的三个主要中心(北京、东京和俄罗斯联邦的奥布宁斯克),被要求提供图表,估计事故现场空中放射性物质的可能扩散情况。 [34] 在整个过程中,气象组织还与全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会、卫生组织、民航组织和海事组织密切合作。", "110. 国家 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会从2011年3月15日起举行了六次技术通报会,使缔约国了解正在发展的局势。 [35] 筹备委员会和原子能机构于2011年3月21日开始深入合作。 随后,筹备委员会就情况向使用筹备委员会数据的各组织(气象组织、卫生组织、原子能机构和联合国裁军事务厅)作了特别简报。 从2011年4月11日起,筹备委员会还应原子能机构的邀请,参加了机构间委员会的协调电视会议。", "趋势和发展", "111. 机构间委员会和《联合计划》是一个既定的机构间机制,能够提供协调并促进明确不同国际组织在辐射应急准备和反应方面的作用和能力。 然而,无论是机构间委员会还是联合计划都不能取代每个组织的工作。", "112号. 已经查明了一些需要改进现有安排的领域,例如扩大原子能机构在接收和传播信息方面的作用,并通过一通语音信息更好地满足公众对信息的巨大需要。 然而,要改善应急工作,就必须承诺加强备灾,包括通过培训和演习,并承认核紧急情况可能再次发生。", "113号. 福岛事故还突出了全球统一和普遍实施核安全标准的必要性。", "建议", "114 (韩语). 应严格和客观地评价现行机构间安排的优缺点。 还应考虑使联合计划中的实际安排正规化,包括部署机构间联合外地特派团。", "115. (中文(简体) ). 有关联合国实体和有关政府组织,特别是监测和人道主义组织,应在机构间委员会和联合计划内加强和增加参与。 各组织还应经常宣传联合计划,包括培训关键人员和高级官员了解反应和协调机制,并确保明确了解各组织的作用。", "116 (英语). 应制定业务程序来协调编写和及时向国际受众散发关于核紧急情况的新闻,以此作为一项关键的准备和反应活动。", "117号 应根据现有公约演习制度,通过在联合国全系统开展应急演习,定期测试准备程度,并可能扩大实地监测演习。", "118. 应当注意到为福岛第一核电站事故设立的特设技术工作组的价值。 还应考虑为具体部门的专题领域设立机构间委员会工作组。", "2. 联合国 备灾措施的充分性[36]", "与供各国政府审议的具体问题", "119. 联合国各实体和相关组织根据各自的职能、作用和责任,制定和维持应急准备方案。", "120号. 有效的地方、国家、区域和全球备灾和反应合作能力和安排对于尽量减少核和放射性事件及紧急情况的影响至关重要。 这种安排对于减轻和应对由自然灾害造成的灾害也至关重要。 正如福岛事件所显示的那样,灾害可产生相继和附带的影响,我们不仅对核设施,而且对工业综合体、武器储存站和水电站、桥梁和高速公路等主要基础设施,尚未设想和规划。 这些考虑必须促使作出新的努力,为备灾和救灾进行综合和创新的规划。", "121. (中文(简体) ). 原子能机构正在改进应急准备和反应领域的安全标准、指南和实用工具,利用从对过去的辐射紧急情况的应对和已经进行的演习中吸取的经验教训。 原子能机构正在帮助其成员国加强自身的准备,包括加强符合国际要求的国家应急计划。 为此,它正在利用标准化培训材料开展评估任务和国际、区域和国家培训活动。 通过机构间常设委员会等机制和分组办法,加强核反应系统和人道主义协调系统之间的联系极为重要。", "122. (中文(简体) ). 国际和区域组织在防备和应对自然灾害方面有着广泛的合作经验,包括军民合作。 这一经验是通过同许多国家接触而确定的。 然而,现在需要通过借鉴原子能机构和全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会的经验来扩大其范围。 同样,原子能机构也可以受益于应急和备灾界的广泛资源基础和专门知识。", "福岛事故的影响和重大核事故的影响", "123. 国家 福岛事故的影响可分为以下关键领域:", "二. 支助 只有在高风险地区作为优先事项始终如一地适用和自觉地使用,建筑规范才有用", "• 开展公共教育、提高认识和培训活动。 同时,人们对于风险的看法随着时间而变化,因此必须不断重新加以评估,以确保对预警和风险信息的高度接受。 风险认识和防范是一个社会问题,必须让规划者和政治决策者更好地了解。", "二. 支助 预警系统行之有效,应始终如一地加以应用。 必须在知情的决策中使用多种手段", "• 国家风险管理制度必须是“全政府”的和一体化的。 机构协调和知识差距构成重大风险,危机管理人员和领导人没有适当了解他们被要求管理的危机的性质和影响", "• 公众对风险和危机管理的信任至关重要。 这一资产的基础是容易获得、一致和可靠的可信信息。 公众对决策者的信任在危机中更为重要,因为在危机中,人们强烈担心媒体的灾难性预测会助长未知因素。", "• 需要相互参照和结合安全和安保信息,同时建立跨系统(例如用于平民保护、军事或科学目的)和利益攸关方(例如社区、国家机构和私营部门)的综合多危害预警机制", "124. (中文(简体) ). 备灾的许多因素在应对这种多方面的紧急情况方面运作良好,特别是在日本。 显然,具有场外后果的大规模事件的影响迅速成为区域和全球关切的问题。 由于事故发生在日本的东海岸,因此大部分是被孤立的,放射性物质被主要释放到空中和海洋. 如果同一事件发生在离其他国家更相近的地区,对邻国的影响可能很严重。 必须及时与所有相关的国家和国际行为者分享可靠信息,并确保受灾人口得到有效信息。", "趋势和发展", "125. (中文(简体) ). 对于所有国家来说,需要确保应急系统是充分的和前瞻性的。 许多反应安排目前假定,不需要同时应对一次以上的核事故或其他紧急情况。 脆弱国家需要认真审查与极端天气事件和其他自然灾害(如地震)有关的挑战的应急安排,这些挑战可能引发事故并因此影响救灾工作。 在国家一级普遍执行原子能机构应急准备和反应安全标准[37]正在改进准备和反应,促进应急通信,并有利于统一保护行动和其他行动的国家标准。", "126. (中文(简体) ). 未来自然灾害引发相继和附带灾害的影响要求联合国反应系统同原子能机构和全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会等其他机构一道加强合作,以更好地支持各国和区域努力提高备灾能力。", "建议", "127 (韩语). 需要有一个包容性的综合反应系统。 不同的应对机制应当相互联系并纳入主流,并应当为协调建立适当的治理框架。", "128. (英语). 灾害多发国家、有大量工业和技术活动的地区以及预计核能使用会增加的地区,需要将技术灾害的备灾措施纳入其应对多种灾害的应急准备。", "129. 国家 鼓励联合国相关实体和相关组织加强培训方案并参与相关国际活动。 培训和应急演习是良好的应急准备方案的一个关键组成部分,是核查和提高应急安排和能力质量的有力工具。", "130. (中文(简体) ). 应通过加强法律文书和鼓励各国加入有关公约,通过普遍执行原子能机构的安全标准并通过加强各国和国际组织之间的合作来加强应急准备和反应框架。", "131. 国家 当局必须及时、持续地向公众提供可靠的信息。 决策者需要能够根据多种危险信息来源提供的明确和可采取行动的信息作出决定。 必须强调民间社会组织在向公众提供信息和解释风险方面的作用。", "132. (中文(简体) ). 应鼓励有关政府间组织和非政府组织在核、工业和技术安全及有关问题上进行密切合作与协调。", "133. (中文(简体) ). 需要改进国家、区域和国际应急准备和应对核事故以及工业和技术紧急情况的工作。 这应当包括可能建立快速反应能力、加强现有系统和发展危机管理方面的培训。", "134. 原子能机构和联合国应急组织之间需要更密切合作,以确保加强备灾和应急能力一体化。", "135. (中文(简体) ). 所有联合国人道主义组织都应参与国际组织的联合辐射应急管理计划。", "136. (中文(简体) ). 需要在高级别关注和宣传技术安全和安保、环境紧急情况和人道主义事务之间的联系。", "3个 发展新的监测和科学能力[38]", "供各国政府审议的具体问题", "137号. 原子能机构有能力评估核紧急情况及其放射性后果。 原子能机构设在奥地利塞伯斯多夫和摩纳哥的环境实验室分别专门评价陆地和海洋环境样品。 它们协调环境放射性测量分析实验室网络和海洋信息系统数据库。 原子能机构辐射监测和保护服务实验室根据原子能机构的健康和安全措施,为原子能机构工作人员、外部专家和受训人员提供例行和特别监测。 原子能机构的保障监督分析实验室(包括设在日本塞伯斯多夫的环境样品实验室和核材料实验室以及设在日本罗卡绍的现场实验室)维持分析实验室网络。", "138. 卫生组织的国际卫生条例机制加强了在辐射紧急情况下监测全球公共卫生风险的能力。 这与不明疾病爆发的情况特别相干,这种疾病可能是由于恶意行为造成的,在这种情况下,卫生当局可能是第一个通知点。", "139. (中文(简体) ). 环境署救灾小组的现有能力已纳入人道主义事务协调厅的系统,应予以加强,以应对辐射紧急情况。 应发展能力,以迅速评估对大环境的影响,包括对土地、水和空气的影响及其人道主义和社会经济影响。", "140. 国家 全面禁止核试验条约组织放射性核素监测站全球监测网络在核紧急情况中也很重要。 这种网络可用来评估造成源地释放的条件,以便提供关于全球放射性状况的信息[39]并预测何时在其他站点检测出放射性。 [40]", "141 (英语). 气象组织提供关于地球大气层状况和行为的权威性科学声音。 其业务包括昼夜监测、数据和信息交流、提供预报和警报,以及向公众、灾害管理组织、国际组织和其他部门提供服务。 [41]", "福岛事故的影响和重大核事故的影响", "142. (中文(简体) ). 福岛第一核电站事故后,原子能机构向日本派出了四个放射监测队,帮助验证日本当局进行更广泛测量的结果。 原子能机构在摩纳哥的环境实验室审查了有关海洋环境的所有信息,并与一些中心进行了联络,以建立模型来模拟释放入海洋的放射性材料的散布情况。 原子能机构在塞伯斯多夫的环境实验室在原子能机构执行任务期间收到在日本取取的样品进行分析。 原子能机构辐射监测和保护服务实验室向前往日本的原子能机构、世卫组织和粮农组织所有工作人员提供辐射保护服务和咨询。", "143. (中文(简体) ). 已作出全面努力,确保全面禁止核试验条约组织放射性核素监测网络的运作能力和及时分析结果。 在监测网络进行首次探测之前(2011年3月15日),[42]大气迁移和散射建模被用来预测网络中探测的预期时间和日期.", "趋势和发展", "144. (中文(简体) ). 许多国家,特别是拥有核电或与有核电相邻的国家,已经计划或已经启用实时在线辐射监测系统。 虽然建立这种系统的目的可能各有不同,但这些数据对于应对放射性大气释放十分重要。 [43] (中文(简体) ).", "145 (英语). 事实证明,全面禁止核试验条约组织的数据作为一个全球监测系统是有用的。 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会可提供自动警告,以防被检测到的放射性材料含有出乎意料的放射性核素或放射性核素的异常浓度。 为了迅速作出反应,筹备委员会同其他组织之间的安排至关重要。 [44]", "146. 国家 气象数据、分析、预测、相关信息以及气象组织成员之间及时交流是气象组织业务系统的重点。 数值天气预报系统[45]整合了数据和相关环境信息,是分析、评估和预测大气状况,包括空中材料的运输、散射和沉降的重要工具。 [46] 不断对改进预测的数据需求进行审查并加以解决,例如在日益扩大利用卫星监测系统的数据方面。", "建议", "147页. 原子能机构应建立一个全球辐射监测平台,以显示关于放射性释放的实时数据,并整合国际和国家监测和预警系统的数据。 应请全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会为此目的提供其专门知识和放射性核素数据。 综合监测平台不会取代国家辐射监测方案,而是会给所有国家和国际组织带来更多好处。", " 148. 148. 应考虑制定安排和工具,以整理和解释环境监测数据(空气、土壤和水)以及气象、水文和其他计算模型所产生信息,以评估其对公众健康和环境的短期和长期影响。", "149 (英语). 原子能机构应考虑在现有测算环境放射性分析实验室和其他国家和区域网络的基础上,建立一个全球分析实验室网络,以分析环境和食物样品中的放射性核素。", "页:1", "从联合国实体、专门机构和相关组织收到的补充资料", "[只有英", "1. 联合国 除了对本报告各专题部分的投入(见第三节)外,还从全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会和世界气象组织收到了载有补充资料的答复。", "全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会", "发展新的监测和科学能力", "2011年3月11日地震后全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会网络的作用", "2. 联合国 2011年3月11日8.9级地震后发生的事件触发了旨在确保遵守《全面禁止核试验条约》的所有核查制度。 它再次证明,筹备委员会的国际监测系统及其国际数据中心生产的跨界数据和数据产品具有与减灾直接有关的广泛的民事和科学应用:", "二. 支助 国际监测系统地震台站最终检测出地震和数千起余震", "二. 支助 地震和水声台站生成的数据有助于太平洋区域海啸预警中心根据与得到联合国教育、科学及文化组织承认的海啸预警中心的合作安排,提高快速警报", "二. 支助 次声探测提供了福岛核电站爆炸的证据", "二. 支助 作为唯一的全球放射性网络,放射性核素和惰性气体监测站就发电厂释放的全球影响提供了独立、可靠、实时、准确和经核实的数据。", "二. 支助 大气迁移模型的预测十分准确,哪些观测站和国家将受到释放的影响。 与气象组织合作开发的大气迁移模型是《全面禁止核试验条约》核查工作的核心,提供了经证实的关于释放源点的信息以及关于材料分散的信息,从而可以准确预测何时何地可探测。 国际监测系统台站报告的检测出福岛排放的活性浓度增强的羽流和真实探测的大气迁移模型预测准确度超过95%,突出了该模型技术的预测能力", "3个 放射性核素的释放于3月15日在发电厂西南200公里高崎站被首次检测出. 在俄罗斯联邦Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy和美利坚合众国萨克拉门托的国际监测系统站的观测结果证实了这一释放。 探测显示,大量气体放射性物质和少量固体材料被放出。", " 4.四. 全面禁止核试验条约组织放射性核素系统能够探测出低水平的放射性;它能探测出一秒一分一秒的放射性衰变,最多100万立方米的空气. 该组织的惰性气体探测系统提供了气体释放的独特信息,在某些条件下,这些探测器已经可以用作发展条件的预警信号. 由于该系统的超高敏感度,尽管明确检测出放射性,但检测出的浓度水平一般不被认为对人类有害.", "5 (韩语). 截至2011年5月底,大多数站点的活动浓度已恢复到背景水平。 在释放过程中,有41个放射性核素站检测到释放出放射性核素;还有19个惰性气体(xenon)系统提供了检测的清晰迹象。 这些探测涵盖全面禁止核试验条约组织在北半球和南半球的所有放射性核素测量系统。", "6. 国家 与放射释放有关的数据立即提供给了《全面禁止核试验条约》签署国。 还通过2011年3月15日以来的六次技术通报会向会员国通报情况。 2011年3月21日与原子能机构开始了机构间合作。 随后,利用筹备委员会提供的数据为气象组织、卫生组织、原子能机构和联合国秘书处裁军事务厅举行了特别情况介绍会。", "从全面禁止核试验条约组织的经验中吸取的经验教训", "7. 联合国 核事故的跨界性质要求采取紧急措施,加强全球应急准备并设计有效的救灾系统。 虽然短期对策能够解决与安全和安保有关的眼前问题,但今后10至20年的“超出视野”行动可以包括以下内容:", "(a) 应对全球应急框架进行多方利益攸关者战略规划审查,包括各国政府、国际和区域组织、国家和国际商业实体以及学术和科学研究中心;", "(b) 国家 作为战略审查的一部分,应对若干组织使用的现有全球监测系统进行彻底的能力摸底(以找出长处和弱点)。 鉴于当前的财政困难,现在不是系统重复的时候。 大量人力资源和资本(约10亿美元)已经投入到全面禁止核试验条约组织的核查制度中去。 国际监测系统已经完成了80%以上,该系统将包括321个地震、水声、次声和放射性核素监测站以及16个实验室,这些实验室在世界各地建立,并与一个广泛而复杂的全球通信网络相连接。 国际监测系统放射性核素网络监测放射性,该网络由80个颗粒站组成,其中40个站点将配备惰性气体监测系统;", "(c) 应酌情通过组织间的合作协定利用并分享现有的系统和专门知识。 应强调现有监测系统的改进及其之间的协同作用,并适当注重成本效益和现有专门知识的需要。 需要促进并最大限度地加强区域和国际组织之间根据各自的专题任务开展的机构合作和专门知识分享;", "(d) 应掌握最新技术,包括通过科学互动和技术展望。 有效的跨界救灾系统应通过同科学界不断对话,利用和考虑未来的技术发展。 应调查协同使用监测系统、信息管理和知识共享等问题。 还必须与支持这些努力的科学和技术“超越视野”的长期发展相适应,以便提供相关和可信的解决办法,满足全球公共利益和期望;", "(e) 应进行能力发展、教育和培训,以进一步推动迅速扩展的科学领域。 除了定期培训活动外,最近启动的筹备委员会能力发展倡议还包括若干关于全球应对核灾害和其他自然灾害的在线和课堂课程单元。 其他国际组织的类似倡议将有助于加强和扩大对各自主管领域的参与,并大大加强在发生核事故时的国际应急框架,特别是在在这些领域缺乏国家技术和科学能力的区域。", "世界气象 组织", "导言", "世界气象 组织特派团", "8. 联合国 设立世界气象组织(气象组织)的《公约》规定该组织的任务是:", "(a) 国家 促进世界范围内的合作,建立气象观测台站网络以及与气象学有关的水文和其他地球物理观测,并促使建立和维持负责提供气象和有关服务的中心;", "(b) 促进建立和维持迅速交流气象和有关信息的系统;", "(c) 促进气象观测和相关观测的标准化,并确保观测和统计的统一出版;", "(d) 国家 将气象学应用于航空、航运、水上问题、农业和其他人类活动;", "(e) 促进业务水文活动并增进气象和水文部门之间的密切合作;", "(f) 鼓励气象学和酌情鼓励有关领域的研究和培训,并协助协调研究和培训等国际方面。", "9. 国家 鉴于气象组织的使命和189个成员决定满足一系列全球社会需要,气象组织致力于实现其在气象、气候、水文和水资源及相关环境问题方面提供专门知识和国际合作方面的世界领导的设想,这将促进全世界人民的安全和福祉并增进所有国家的经济利益。", "气象组织的机构作用和责任", "10个 气象组织通过世界气象大会核准的方案向其成员提供服务,世界气象观察是一个重要的支柱。", "11个 气象组织世界天气监视站方案促进开发、运行和加强世界范围的观测和交流气象和相关观测系统,并制作和传播分析和预报产品,以及严重天气警报和警报及相关业务信息。 在该方案下开展的活动共同确保各成员能够获得必要的信息,使他们能够向用户提供数据、预测和信息服务和产品。 世界天气监视网是一个国际合作方案,由成员国拥有、实施和运营提供服务所需的基础设施、系统和设施。 这是基于以下基本理解:天气系统和模式不承认国家边界,而且总是在不同的时间和空间范围内演变;国际合作至关重要,因为没有一个国家能够完全自给自足地提供所有与天气、水和气候有关的服务。", "12个 世界天气观察是气象组织向成员和其他气象组织提供基本数据、分析、预报和警告的关键方案,也是全球气候观测系统和全球海洋观测系统等共同赞助方案以及有关国际组织的关键方案。", "13个 作为世界天气监视方案的一部分,应急活动与联合国全系统的研究特别相关。", "宗旨和范围", "14个 气象组织的紧急反应活动协助国家气象和国家水文部门及各成员的其他有关机构以及有关国际组织有效应对与空中灾害有关的环境紧急情况,如由核事故或事件、火山爆发、化学事故、大火产生的烟雾和其他需要紧急大气运输和散射建模支持的事件所引发的环境紧急情况。 这些活动是通过下列方式开展的:指定区域专门气象中心提供专门产品;为提供和交流与环境紧急情况有关的具体数据、信息和产品而制定和实施有效的应急程序;定期演习;以及培训用户。", "15个 与空中放射性核素危害有关的活动分为两类。 首先,核事故或辐射事件属于《及早通报核事故公约》和《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》的范围,气象组织是这两项公约的缔约国,并与其他国际组织一道,在原子能机构的全面协调下,气象组织于1960年同原子能机构签署了一项协定。 第二,气象组织同全面禁止核试验条约组织合作,并于2003年同该组织签署了一项协定。 气象组织还提供专门的业务模型,以支持条约组织的核查制度。", "组织、治理、计划", "16. 作为《及早通报和援助公约》的缔约国,气象组织与许多其他国际组织一道,是国际组织2010年辐射和紧急情况联合管理计划的参与成员。 在这种情况下,在发生核事故或辐射紧急情况时,将明确阐述有关国际组织、包括气象组织的作用和责任。 原子能机构通过辐射核紧急情况机构间委员会协调联合计划。", "17岁。 气象组织的业务程序载于其《全球数据处理和预报系统手册》。 [47] 《手册》附录一-3列出了环境紧急情况应对的区域和全球安排,附录二-7载有用户解释指南。 这些技术要求由负责监督世界天气监视网和气象组织基本系统委员会的实施和维护的机构制定并提出建议,并由其核应急活动协调小组定期审查,该小组的成员包括所有具有大气运输建模专业的区域专门气象中心(8个前向建模中心,7个中心加上2个中心用于后向跟踪),原子能机构、民航组织和全面禁止核试验条约组织也参与了审查。 卫生组织已应邀加入该小组,但尚未参加。", "18岁。 区域和全球安排要求气象组织亚洲区域(北京、东京和俄罗斯联邦奥布宁斯克)的三个区域专门气象中心在该区域任何经证实的核/辐射事故中担任牵头中心。", " 19. 19. 例行演习每年至少进行四次,参加演习的有所有具有大气传输模型的区域专门气象中心以及少数国家气象和国家水文部门(自愿)。 作为国际公约的一部分,公约演习的测试范围不同,频率也不同。 最后两次全面的国际演习是2005年和2008年进行的三级演习;下一次系列演习定于2012年进行。", "气象组织在福岛第一核电站事故期间的业务", "20号. 应原子能机构的要求,气象组织于2011年3月11日启动了其应急活动机制,向指定当局提供气象信息,说明福岛第一电站意外释放出放射性云的可能演变情况。 气象组织设在亚洲的区域专门气象中心(俄罗斯联邦北京、东京和奥布宁斯克)每天24小时运作,定期发布福岛第一电站核材料散射预测图,直至不再需要。 气象组织设在世界其他地区的其余5个区域专门气象中心也绘制了分布图以供比较和验证。", "21岁 气象组织还同奥地利ZAMG气象局作出安排,向维也纳原子能机构事故和紧急情况中心提供气象支助,同瑞士气象局MeteoSwiss作出类似安排,向日内瓦的世界卫生组织提供气象支助。", "22号. 气象组织驻纽约联络处参照日本气象厅网站等官方数据来源,编制了关于受事故影响地区辐射水平和天气状况的一揽子资料。 这套资料已提交给联合国宣传小组的一次会议,并由该小组作为科学信息分发给联合国各机构和实体。", "核安全和核安保", "自然灾害造成的灾害", "23. 联合国 应当指出,地震和海啸不属于气象组织的责任范围,也不是与水文气象事件有关的灾害。 因此,本节对这些现象或其影响没有任何评论。 然而,应当回顾,气象组织的全球电信网络被用来向全世界的国家气象和国家水文部门传送与海啸有关的警报和信息,每周7天、每天24小时运作,这些警报可以在国家一级传递给有关当局。", "水文气象的自然灾害与核安全与核安保之间的联系", "24 (韩语). 每年,与气象、水文和气候灾害有关的灾害造成重大生命损失,使经济和社会发展倒退了数年,甚至数十年。", "25岁 减少灾害风险是气象组织及其189个成员的国家气象和水文服务的核心任务。 气象组织通过其科学和技术方案以及上述区域专门气象中心网络和国家气象和国家水文服务机构提供科学和技术服务。 其中包括观测、检测、监测、预测和预警与气候和水有关的各种灾害。 气象组织通过协调一致的办法并与其伙伴合作,有效和及时地解决灾害风险管理界的信息需要和要求。", "26. 联合国 备灾和防灾,加上有效的应急管理和预警系统,可以大大有助于减少灾害对人类生命和经济损失的影响。 此外,利用气候信息进行中长期部门规划可减少灾害的经济影响。", "27个 由于需要水来冷却他们的反应堆,核电站[48]位于海岸和河流相接. 因此,其功能对直接影响到所需水量和水质的任何天气或气候条件高度敏感,例如沿海淹没和河流被淹、水位异常低或水温高等,或间接地,例如由于土壤干燥或地下水在长期干旱条件下广泛使用而诱发的地表运动等。", "28岁 在极端情况下,核电站和(或)其环境会敏感地受到风能,水能和波浪的影响,从而使核电站内外的运行更加困难. 在福岛第一核电站事故中,由于停电和发电机中断,安全系统无法按预期运转。", "29. 国家 一个经验教训是,与安全和安保有关的事故预防以及应急计划和系统不仅必须逐一允许自然危害,还必须包括多种危害办法,允许综合危害可能产生的影响。", "30岁。 在这方面,气象组织正与联合国和其他国际机构合作,支持加强多种灾害预警系统的能力,特别是在发展中国家,包括:(a) 气象和水文灾害的探测、监测和预报;(b) 灾害/风险分析,并将风险信息纳入应急规划和警报;(c) 向当局及时分发权威警告;(d) 社区应急规划和备灾以及启动应急计划的能力。 这四个组成部分应在国家和地方两级的若干机构之间进行协调。", "灾害可能随时间而变化", "31岁 自然危害的强度、频率和位置可根据气候变化以外的因素而变化,即:", "二. 支助 包括入海口在内的排水盆地物理地理学变化;近海水深,沿海地貌和集水区;或遗址周围地表粗糙,可能影响风能对植物的影响.", "二. 支助 场地周围地区土地使用的变化", "二. 支助 由于上游水坝或用途改变(如灌溉),供水量发生变化", "32. 联合国 对于河流流域,设计-基准洪水在很大程度上取决于流域的物理性质. 对于河口,由于地理学的变化或者其他因素,例如建造风暴潮障碍等,设计基础洪水可以随时间演变.", "33. (中文(简体) ). 应通过定期调查可能与洪水有关的流域情况(如森林火灾、城市化、土地使用变化、毁林、关闭潮汐入口、建造水坝或风暴潮障碍、沉降和侵蚀等)来检查设计基础洪水的持续有效性。 这些调查应每隔适当时间进行,主要是通过空中调查,必要时辅之以地面调查。 在发生了特别重要的变化(例如大面积森林火灾)时,应进行特别调查。 如果盆地面积大,无法进行足够频繁的空气调查,应考虑利用由卫星图像和遥感获得的数据。", "34. 国家 应定期分析从洪水预报和监测系统以及从任何警报系统的运作中获得的数据,以了解包括河口在内的流域洪水特征的变化。", "35. 联合国 对排涝流域洪水特征变化的迹象,应当适当修改设计基础洪水值,并改进系统与结构的保护,预报与监测系统,应急措施. 必要时应更新预测模型。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 在一些沿海地区,海岸侵蚀或土地沉积(自然或由人类诱发的与取出石油、天然气或水有关的沉积)在估计该地的表面水高时,可能必须考虑到这些因素,以便与由气候变化所形成的现象相结合。", "37. 联合国 由于地震而使地表永久上升,可能导致在靠近大地震断裂区的地区出现永久性的低水状况。 同样地,由于地震而对地表进行永久性的沉降,可能导致在大地震断裂区附近地区永久被淹。", "气候变化", "38. 国家 水文和气象极端的强度和频率的变化被认为是与全球气候变化有关的区域和地方气候变化的主要表现,特别是有明确证据表明全球变暖已经发生并预计将得到进一步加强。", "39. 联合国 因此,应适当注意气候可变性和变化的影响,特别是对于气象和水文极端现象和危害的可能后果,在发电厂计划运行寿命期间应考虑这些后果。 核电站的计划运行寿命被假定为60到100年左右. 在这样一段时期内,预计全球气候可能会发生重大变化,其区域或地方表现大相径庭,从各种时间尺度上的平均条件和波动及其影响(例如,永久冻土区的演变导致土壤水热力学特性的变化)来看,都会有很大差异。 随着越来越多的证据表明这种变化对人类活动和社会经济发展途径的敏感性,今后的考虑应当包括通过最新气候模型制定的各种可行的气候假设情景。 重要的是考虑变化变化的未来情景以及关键气候变量的手段,特别是在区域和地方范围内,同时适当注意长期气候预测中的不确定性。", " 40. 40. 虽然气候研究取得了迅速进展,但区域范围内的可靠气候变化假设情景仍无法广泛获得。 区域气候模型正被越来越多地用于将全球气候预测缩小到感兴趣的区域。 此外,本世纪规模的未来预测可能因制定温室气体排放/浓度假设情景所用的假设和气候模型的固有局限性而出现很大的不确定性。 这些因素目前正在被纳入将气候预测缩小到地方和区域两级的动态和统计办法。 同样重要的是,利用现有的观察记录核查过去的预测,以建立对其结果的信心。 因此,为核查和分析所观察到的趋势而维持和管理地方和区域观察至关重要。 目前正在进行重大研究工作,以提高十年时标的气候预测/预测的可靠性,以便评估发生极端事件(如洪水、风暴、高温和寒冷事件)的可能性。", "41. 国家 对核电站危害的主要影响与下列原因有关:", "(a) 空气和水温的变化;", "(b) 海平面变化;", "(c) 严重暴雨、热浪、强烈热带气旋、风暴潮、河流排出和严重干旱等气象和水文现象的频率和强度的变化。", "42. 国家 未来的核电站设计应包括增加气候多变性和变化的安全幅度,特别是在极端事件方面。 应定期重新评估设计参数,因为根据气候观测和模型,影响未来极端气候估计的不确定性得到更好的量化。 气象组织将致力于开发气候信息和服务,以支持部门风险评估和规划(例如基础设施和城市规划),同时考虑到极端事件不断变化的特点。", "国际应急框架", "备灾措施的充分性", "建议", "43. 东帝汶 如前所述,工厂设计和应急反应的准备工作应着眼于多种危害,同时更多地注意危害统计的中长期演变以及周围环境的状况。", "44. 国家 这应反映在培训方案以及应急演习的设计和恢复经验中。", "国际组织之间的合作", "福岛事故的影响", "45. 国家 根据商定的程序,气象组织的应急准备和反应系统于2011年3月11日应原子能机构事件和紧急情况中心要求启动,以提供紧急支助。 气象组织所有八个区域专门气象中心,包括亚洲区域的三个主要中心(北京、东京和俄罗斯联邦的奥布宁斯克),都被要求编制和提供图表,以估计福岛事故现场空载放射性可能扩散的情况,其依据是商定的默认事故假设,即一个单位释放放射性(Cs-137,I-131)。 原子能机构紧急通知和援助公约网站公布了这些中心所要求的产品。 [49]", "46. 经常预算: 在整个核紧急情况期间,[50] 气象组织还与全面禁止核试验条约组织、卫生组织、民航组织和海事组织密切合作。 在紧急情况的头几个星期,奥地利和瑞士国家气象局的大气科学家代表气象组织分别在原子能机构事故和紧急情况中心以及卫生组织总部协助解释区域专门气象中心的大气迁移模型产出。 [51]", "趋势和发展", "47. 国家 如上所述,联合国各机构之间日益需要更强有力的综合合作,以便能够以协调的方式理解核或放射性事故的所有方面和影响。 向媒体和公众传播信息也是如此。 这将需要更密集和全面的培训和演习。", "建议", " 48. 48. 必须评估机构间委员会和联合计划目前提供的情况,纠正任何弱点并增加新的组成部分,以确保国际应急行动更加有效和效率。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 需要审查确定紧急情况的分类过程以及由此产生的国际组织审查可能需要采取哪些行动,以便在出现长期紧急情况时,协调国际组织在几天后的运作。 例如,这包括确保联合计划成员之间随时保持联系,并协调各组织之间和向公众的信息流通。", "发展新的监测和科学能力", " 50. 50. 气象组织就地球大气层和气候的状况和行为提供权威的科学意见。 其业务包括昼夜监测、数据和信息交流、制作和提供预报和警告,以及向公众、灾害管理组织、国际组织和许多社会经济部门提供服务。 核应急业务安排作为气象组织技术条例的一部分公布,定期更新并列入该组织的《全球数据处理和预报系统手册》。 这些安排包括专门从事大气传播和散射建模的区域专门气象中心的运作,并与原子能机构合作予以维持和例行进行。 数值天气预测模型为用于评估(如分析和后尘)并预测空气中放射性的大气运动、分散和沉降的大气迁移模型提供了投入。 这些中心的现有安排和产品为大区域中分辨率全球和大陆规模的数字模拟提供了条件。 这些中心还有能力提供可操作的大气运输模型“回溯跟踪”服务,这是作为条约核查联合反应系统的一部分同全面禁止核试验条约组织建立的。 后向跟踪系统计算并估计在世界任何地方监测网络位置检测到的异常放射性测量来源的可能位置.", "趋势和发展", "51. 联合国 气象数据、分析、预测、相关信息以及气象组织成员之间及时交流是气象组织业务系统的重点。 数字天气预测系统是数据和相关环境信息的集成器,是分析、评估和预测大气状况,包括空中材料的运输、分散和沉积的基本工具。 [52] 不断对改进预测的数据需求进行审查并加以解决,例如越来越多地使用卫星监测系统的数据。 [53] (中文(简体) ).", "52. (中文(简体) ). 气象组织认识到,在数据以及反映气候过去、现在和将来状况的量身定制产品方面,可操作和与规模相关的气候信息对于决策至关重要,因此,气象组织及其伙伴正努力实施全球气候服务框架。 全球框架预计将以协调良好和面向用户的方式促进在全球、区域和国家各级运作的气候服务的发展。 这项新举措可以成为确定核设施和核业务的气候信息需要并将其传达给全球框架相关实体的好机会。", "建议", "53. 联合国 福岛第一核电站事故的经验教训包括:", "• 环境应急机制运作良好。 散射图为决策者提供了对核材料在大气层中散射情况有科学依据的估计。 然而,现在应当根据活动期间的经验,并考虑到生产这些产品的科学技术的最新发展,审查产品和发行程序。", "二. 支助 对分散图用户来说,一个特别的问题是使用任意的集中度表和预先界定的释放水平。 之所以需要这样做,是因为不了解放射性物质排放源术语的细节。 应当在每个核电站周围设置适当的监测系统,以便准确而迅速地了解源词。 核电工业与负责交流和使用此类信息的国际机构之间也应加强协调。", "• 迫切需要更新标准程序,以评估现有和拟议的核电站的水文和气象危害,包括气候变化", "54. 联合国 一些一般性建议还有助于更好地涵盖核设施的整个服务寿命,包括天气、气候和水对其运作效率及安全和安保的影响。", "55. 国家 当任何气象或水文事件证明对核设施场址构成重大危险时,必须从场址选择研究阶段和核设施的整个使用寿命持续监测该场址,目的如下:", "二. 支助 验证设计基础参数,特别是在一系列历史数据非常差的情况下", "二. 支助 支持根据定期安全评估定期修订场地危险;作为全球气候变化后果的后续行动,这一关切日益紧迫", "二. 支助 为操作人员和应急管理人员提供警报信号", "56. (中文(简体) ). 就气象和水文事件而言,在核设施运行期间应采取的监测和警告措施将取决于选定地点提供的保护程度以及在装置设计基础上对危害的考虑。 其中一些措施应当在项目的早期阶段实施。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 用于长期监测的数据和用于预警系统的数据应根据不同的标准选择,因为监测的目的和预警系统的目的不同。 长期监测的目的是评价或重新评估设计基础参数,例如在进行定期安全审查时。 警报系统的目的是预报任何可能影响操作安全的极端事件. 应当特别注意警报系统是否有能力及时发现任何极端事件,以便能够在安全的条件下安装。 对设计安装中危害较大的站点,应当设置警示系统.", "58. 联合国 预警系统应用于预报模型,因为操作者需要将装置置于安全状态的时间段可能需要根据现象趋势的推断采取行动,而不必等待危险事件的实际发生。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 如果发生运营商依赖业务组织以外的组织提供的预测模型的事件,应当对模型和与这些组织的通信渠道进行验证,以确保模型在活动期间的可用性和可靠性。", "60. 联合国 应开展具体的质量管理或管理系统活动,以确定安装和操作监测系统的权限和责任、相关的数据处理和适当促使操作者采取行动。 这些活动应当包括每隔一段时间为有关各方规划和执行演习。", "61. 国家 一般而言,应考虑下列监测网络和警报网络:", "二. 支助 基本大气变量气象监测系统", "二. 支助 罕见气象现象(如飓风、台风和龙卷风)的气象警报系统", "二. 支助 水位测量系统", "二. 支助 海啸预警系统", "二. 支助 洪水预报系统", "62. 联合国 此外,应在国家和地方监管框架和规划中反映公共和私营部门各利益攸关方的作用和责任。", "结论意见", "63. 国家 气象组织的战略计划确定了五个优先领域:", "• 执行全球气候服务框架", "二. 支助 更协调地减少灾害风险", "• 改善观察和信息系统", "• 能力建设以帮助发展中国家分享科学进步及其应用", "二. 支助 改进航空部门的气象服务,提高安全和业务效率", "64. (中文(简体) ). 所有这些优先努力都应导致更好地监测核设施,并在全世界更加安全、安全地和平利用核能。 气象组织致力于加强与所有相关利益攸关方的对话,以更好地界定优化其准备、监测和应急反应所需的信息和服务,并改进和促进安全标准,使国际社会最大限度地全面参与和平利用核能以造福人类。", "[1] 本节由国际原子能机构(原子能机构)编写.", "[2] 《拉丁美洲和加勒比禁止核武器条约》(《特拉特洛尔科条约》)、《南太平洋无核武器区条约》(《拉罗通加条约》)、《1990年11月28日阿根廷-巴西共同核政策宣言》、《东南亚无核武器区条约》(《曼谷条约》)、《非洲无核武器区条约》(《佩林达巴条约》)和《中亚无核武器区条约》(《塞米巴拉金斯克条约》)。", "[3] 根据原子能机构INFCIRC/153号文件(经更正)。", "[4] 同上。", "[5] 根据原子能机构INFCIRC/66/Rev.2号文件。", "[6] 根据原子能机构INFCIRC/540号文件(已更正)所公布的《示范附加议定书》。", "[7] 本节由联合国粮食及农业组织编写。", "[8] 本节由世界卫生组织编写.", "[9] “紧急公约”,包括2005年《国际卫生条例》、1986年《及早通报核事故公约》和1986年《核事故或辐射紧急情况援助公约》。", "[10] 本节由联合国环境规划署编写。", "[11] 联合国原子辐射影响、电离辐射源及影响问题科学委员会(2010年版),科学附件B,“公众和工人从各种辐射源获得辐射的机会”。", "[12] 同上(科学附件C、D和E)。", "[13] 设计基础事故是一种假定的事故,即核设施的设计和建造必须能够承受确保公众健康和安全所必需的系统、结构和部件的损失。", "[14] 本节由经济和社会事务部和联合国开发计划署编写。", "[15] 经济合作与发展组织,国际能源机构,《2010年世界能源展望》,第56页。", "[16] 国际能源机构/核能机构,2010年版(2010年),第21页。", "[17] 关于2010至2011年费用估计数,见美国能源信息管理局,“发电厂最新资本费用估计数”(2010),第8页;国际应用系统分析研究所,全球能源评估(2011年)。 关于2003年至2005年发表的研究报告的估计,见原子能机构,“核能与可持续发展”(2006年,维也纳),第10页。 关于可再生能源(光伏、岸外风能)和核能作为累积装机容量的一项功能的投资成本,见国际应用系统分析研究所,全球能源评估(2011年)。", "[18] 经社部“全球气候、能源和发展绿色新政”(2009年,纽约)。", "[19] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[20] 见原子能机构INFCIRC/821号文件。", "[21] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[22] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[23] 世界气象组织(气象组织),《气候知识促进行动:全球气候服务框架——赋予最弱势者权力》(2011年),可查阅http://www.wmo.int/hlt-gfcs/downloads/HLT_book_full.pdf。", "[24] (简体中文). 本节由原子能机构编写。 原子能机构核安全咨询小组将核安全定义为:“防止和侦查并应对涉及核材料、其他放射性物质或其相关设施的盗窃、破坏、擅自获取、非法转移或其他恶意行为”。 见原子能机构GOV/2009/54-GC(53)/18号文件。", "[25] (中文(简体) ). 见 http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1273_web.pdf, 第1.10段。", "[26] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[27] (中文(简体) ). 切尔诺贝利事故后设立,由15个成员组织组成:环境署、人道主义事务协调厅、外层空间事务厅、原子辐射影响问题科学委员会、粮农组织、原子能机构、民航组织、海事组织、欧洲联盟委员会、欧洲警察办事处、国际刑事警察组织、经合组织/核能机构、泛美卫生组织、卫生组织和气象组织。", "[28] 演习每三至五年进行一次,以检验各国和各国际组织对严重的核或放射性紧急情况的反应,包括信息交流、提供援助和协调新闻。", "[29] 机构间委员会还在其常会上进行桌面演习,利用各种情况审查国际组织联合辐射应急管理计划中的安排。", "[30] 例如,由于在核紧急情况期间必须解决对空运和海运的关切并补充其参与《辐射紧急情况联合管理计划》,国际民用航空组织协调了一个特设运输工作队的工作,使一些联合国机构(包括其本身和原子能机构、海事组织、卫生组织、气象组织、世贸组织和劳工组织)和私营贸易协会聚集一堂。", "[31] 根据《及早通报核事故公约》,日本卫生、劳动和福利省通过《国际卫生条例》国家协调中心在事件发生后几小时内通知世卫组织。", "[32] 见 http://www.who.int/exival_radiation/a_e/rempan/en/. 互联网档案馆的存檔,存档日期2013-12-21.", "[33] 泛美卫生组织还利用这一机会向其成员国提供咨询意见,以审查其放射性/核应急计划并扩充书目数据库。", "[34] 这些请求每天重复到2011年4月18日,此后减少到每周三次,每天24小时运作,直到2011年5月24日原子能机构要求终止气象组织的紧急支助。 气象组织的一些中心还与原子能机构事件和紧急情况中心合作,利用高分辨率的大气迁移和散射建模结果,制定核紧急情况一开始就最可靠的排放序列,并将其同放射性核素监测数据进行比较。 随后,若干气象中心利用该排放序列重新计算出高空间分辨率中最估计的散射和沉降模式。", "[35] 筹备委员会运行国际监测系统,这是一个全球监测网络,目前包括60多个高度敏感的放射性核素测量站。", "[36] 本节由人道主义事务协调厅和联合国国际减少灾害风险战略编写。", "[37] 由粮农组织、劳工组织、经合组织/国家统计局、泛美卫生组织、人道主义事务协调厅和卫生组织联合主办。", "[38] 本节由原子能机构编写。", "[39] 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会一旦得到结果和数据,即向缔约国提供;该系统还得到人力审查的支持,以确保结果的质量。", "[40] 该网络进行的探测有助于验证大气模型。 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会还通过提供海啸警报系统的数据来提供救灾援助。 在这种情况下,数据是根据与得到联合国教育、科学及文化组织承认的海啸警报中心的合作安排提供的。", "[41] 业务安排包括区域专门气象中心在大气运输和散射建模方面的职能,并与原子能机构合作予以维持。 进行例行演习。 数值天气预测模型为大气迁移和散射模型提供了投入,这些模型用于评估(如分析和后遗症)并预测空气中放射性物质的大气运动、散射和沉降。", "[42] 在释放过程中,检测出40多个放射性核素站释放出放射性核素。", "[43] (中文(简体) ). 原子能机构关于开发全球紧急辐射监测系统的项目正在进行之中。", "[44] 全面禁止核试验条约组织筹备委员会在福岛第一核电站事故发生前没有参加辐射核紧急情况机构间委员会。", "[45] 高分辨率数值天气预测模型和大气迁移模型已经广泛存在,可用来改进大气迁移估计;但是,在应急反应中使用这些模型时,应当根据对所释放出放射性物质数量的实际最佳估计,认真加以实施。 应使用放射性核素监测数据来校准模拟,改进评估和预测。 此外,由于大气冲洗对空载放射性物质沉降至关重要,降水数据和高分辨率分析至关重要。", "[46] 大气排放的可能影响取决于排放特性和环境条件。 在紧急情况下,放射性和大气参数的来源和监测数据的实际排放是大气迁移模拟、评估可能的影响以及主管当局在确定适当保护行动时使用的重要投入。", "[47] 可查阅www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/DPS/Manual/WMO485.pdf。", "[48] 就本案文而言,“核电站”应从一般意义上考虑,并假定涵盖其他类型的核设施,如废物后处理站。", "[49] 在复杂的地震、海啸和核紧急情况发生初期,日本气象厅创建了公共网页,提供关于当前天气条件和风情的相关信息,包括英文信息以及受灾地区的预测。 这项特别服务满足了全世界对日本天气信息的巨大需求。 另有几个国家气象局也在各自的公共网站上以其他语文发布日本或该区域的天气信息。", "[50] 根据事故国的决定,原子能机构对紧急情况的正式分类从一开始就是“一般紧急情况”。 这可能意味着,在规定新的分类之前,应急组织必须维持紧急行动。", "[51] 此外,气象组织的一些中心与原子能机构事故和紧急情况中心合作,利用高分辨率(5公里)大气迁移建模结果,制定核紧急情况开始以来最估计的排放序列,并把它们同放射性核素监测数据进行比较。 随后,若干气象中心利用这一排放序列来重新计算高空间分辨率中最估计的散射和沉降模式。", "[52] 已经广泛提供的高分辨率数值天气预测和大气迁移模型可用于了解大气迁移估计数的细节;然而,在应急反应中使用这些模型时,应当根据对所释放出放射性数量的实际最佳估计,认真加以实施。 应使用放射性核素监测数据来校正模拟和改进评估和预测。 此外,由于大气冲洗是空气中放射性污染沉积的关键,降水数据和高分辨率分析至关重要。", "[53] 用于核紧急情况反应的大气运输建模系统将是这些发展的直接受益者,特别是在一系列模型分辨率和覆盖范围中,辐射监测数据可用于模型验证和校正时。 正在开发各种技术,利用从数字模型得出的一系列预测,初步条件和物理学在地球地界层中的表现略有不同,以便为大气迁移建模产出获取不确定性信息。" ]

[ "Twenty-eighth session", "New York, 1 August-9 September 2011", "Agenda", "1. Opening of the twenty-eighth session by the Chair of the Commission.", "2. Adoption of the agenda.", "3. Organization of work.", "4. Consideration of the submission made by Japan to the Commission pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.", "5. Consideration of the submission made by France to the Commission in respect of the areas of the French Antilles and the Kerguelen Islands pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention.", "6. Consideration of the submission made by Uruguay to the Commission pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention.", "7. Consideration of the submission made by the Philippines to the Commission in respect of the Benham Rise region pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention.", "8. Consideration of other submissions made pursuant to article 76, paragraph 8, of the Convention: presentation of the submissions by:", "(a) Bangladesh;", "(b) Madagascar.", "9. Report of the Chair of the Commission on the twenty-first Meeting of States Parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.", "10. Report of the Chair of the Committee on Confidentiality.", "11. Report of the Chair of the Editorial Committee.", "12. Report of the Chair of the Scientific and Technical Advice Committee.", "13. Report of the Chair of the Training Committee and other training issues.", "14. Mechanism to seek advice on matters of interpretation of certain provisions of the Convention other than those contained in its article 76, and annex II, as well as in the Statement of Understanding adopted on 29 August 1980 by the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea.", "15. Other matters." ]

[ "第二十八届会议", "2011年8月1日至9月9日，纽约", "议程", "1. 委员会主席宣布第二十八届会议开幕。", "2. 通过议程。", "3. 工作安排。", "4. 审议日本根据《联合国海洋法公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的划界案。", "5. 审议法国根据《公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的关于法属安的列斯和凯尔盖朗群岛的划界案。", "6. 审议乌拉圭根据《公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的划界案。", "7. 审议菲律宾根据《公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的关于宾汉隆起区的划界案。", "8. 审议根据《公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的其他划界案：下列国家提交的划界案：", "(a) 孟加拉国；", "(b) 马达加斯加。", "9. 委员会主席关于《联合国海洋法公约》第二十一次缔约国会议的报告。", "10. 保密委员会主席的报告。", "11. 编辑委员会主席的报告。", "12. 科学和技术咨询委员会主席的报告。", "13. 培训委员会主席的报告及其他培训问题。", "14. 除《公约》第七十六条和附件二的规定以及1980年8月29日第三次联合国海洋法会议通过的《谅解声明》所载规定外，就《公约》某些规定的解释事项寻求咨询的机制。", "15. 其他事项。" ]

[ "第二十八届会议", "2011年8月1日至9月9日,纽约", "议程项目", "1. 联合国 1. 委员会主席宣布第二十八届会议开幕。", "2. 通过议程。", "3个 1. 安排工作。", " 4.四. 4. 审议日本根据《联合国海洋法公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的划界案。", "5 (韩语). 4. 审议法国根据《公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的关于法属安的列斯和凯尔盖伦群岛区域的划界案。", "6. 国家 8. 审议乌拉圭根据《公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的划界案。", "7. 联合国 4. 审议菲律宾根据《公约》第七十六条第8款向委员会提交的关于本汉姆隆起区域的划界案。", "8. 联合国 5. 审议根据《公约》第七十六条第8款提交的其他划界案:提交划界案的有:", "(a) 孟加拉国;", "(b) 马达加斯加。", "9. 国家 委员会主席关于第二十一次联合国海洋法公约缔约国会议的报告。", "10个 4. 保密问题委员会主席的报告。", "11个 编辑委员会主席的报告。", "12. 科学和技术咨询委员会主席的报告。", "13个 4. 培训委员会主席的报告和其他培训问题。", "14个 除《公约》第七十六条和附件二以及1980年8月29日第三次联合国海洋法会议通过的《谅解声明》所载条款外,就《公约》某些条款的解释问题征求咨询意见的机制。", "15个 其他事项。" ]

[ "Provisional agenda for the 6600th (closed) meeting of the Security Council", "To be held in private on Tuesday, 16 August 2011, at 10.26 a.m.", "1. Adoption of the agenda.", "2. Meeting of the Security Council with the troop- and police-contributing countries pursuant to resolution 1353 (2001), annex II, sections A and B", "United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon." ]

[ "安全理事会第6600次(闭门)会议临时议程", "定于2011年8月16日星期二上午10时26分非公开举行", "1. 通过议程。", "2. 安全理事会依照第1353(2001)号决议附件二A和B节的规定与部队及警察派遣国举行会议", "联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队。" ]

[ "安全理事会第6600次(闭门)会议临时议程", "定于2011年8月16日星期二上午10时26分非公开举行", "1. 联合国 1. 通过议程。", "2. 联合国 安全理事会依照第1353(2001)号决议附件二A和B节的规定与部队和警察派遣国举行会议", "联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队。" ]

[ "Official communiqué of the 6600th (closed) meeting of the Security Council", "Held in private at Headquarters, New York, on Tuesday, 16 August 2011, at 10.26 a.m.", "In accordance with rule 55 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, the following communiqué was issued through the Secretary-General in place of a verbatim record:", "“On 16 August 2011, the Security Council, pursuant to annex II, sections A and B of resolution 1353 (2001), held its 6600th meeting in private with the troop- and police-contributing countries to United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon.", "“The Security Council and the troop- and police-contributing countries heard a briefing under rule 39 of its provisional rules of procedure by Mr. Wolfgang Weisbrod-Weber, Director of the Asia and Middle East Division of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.", "“Members of the Council, Mr. Weisbrod-Weber, and representatives of participating contributing countries had an exchange of views.”" ]

[ "安全理事会第6600次(闭门)会议正式公报", "2011年8月16日星期二上午10时26分在纽约总部非公开举行", "根据安全理事会暂行议事规则第55条的规定，以下公报已通过秘书长发表，以代替逐字记录：", "“2011年8月16日，安全理事会依照第1353(2001)号决议附件二A和B节的规定，与联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队的部队及警察派遣国非公开举行了第6600次会议。", "“根据安全理事会暂行议事规则第39条，安全理事会和部队及警察派遣国听取了维持和平行动部亚洲和中东司司长沃尔夫冈·魏斯布罗德-韦伯先生的通报。", "“安理会成员、魏斯布罗德-韦伯先生和与会的派遣国代表进行了意见交流。”" ]

[ "安全理事会第6600次(闭门)会议正式公报", "2011年8月16日星期二上午10时26分在纽约总部非公开举行", "根据安全理事会暂行议事规则第55条的规定,谨通过秘书长发表下列公报以代替逐字记录:", "“2011年8月16日,安全理事会依照第1353(2001)号决议附件二A和B节的规定,同联合国驻黎巴嫩临时部队部队和警察派遣国非公开举行了第6600次会议。", "“根据暂行议事规则第39条,安全理事会及部队和警察派遣国听取了维持和平行动部亚洲和中东司司长沃尔夫冈·魏斯布罗德-韦伯先生的简报。", "“安理会成员、魏斯布罗德-韦伯先生和与会派遣国代表交换了意见。 “" ]

[ "Sixty-sixth session", "Request for the inclusion of a supplementary item in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session", "People’s empowerment and a peace-centric development model", "Letter dated 13 August 2011 from the Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General", "Pursuant to rule 14 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, I have the honour to request the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the Assembly of a supplementary item entitled “People’s empowerment and a peace-centric development model”.", "In accordance with rule 20 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, an explanatory memorandum in support of the above request (annex I) and the relevant draft resolution (annex II) are attached.", "I have the honour to request that the present letter and its annexes be circulated as a document of the General Assembly.", "(Signed) A. K. Abdul Momen", "Annex I", "Explanatory memorandum", "In a world in which more than 3 billion people suffer from extreme poverty, hunger, disease and illiteracy, and millions live in conflict or post-conflict countries and deprivation of their fundamental freedoms and human rights, peace remains as elusive as ever.", "Even though the links between peace and development, peace and disarmament and peace and non-violence are well recognized, the fact that the people and their true empowerment must be at the centre of any development efforts that aim at achieving lasting and holistic peace is often overlooked. That peace, as an essential environment in which the full potential and inherent creativity of humankind is realized for the common good of humanity, is often undermined. Recent political developments around the world have also attested to the fact that democracy and people’s empowerment, especially that of women, is a basic precondition for peace, as people’s liberty, equality, human rights and development are inextricably linked as essential building blocks for peace. Peace is also a precondition for humane development, a right that is violated by wars, conflicts, terrorism, deprivation or a lack of democracy, justice and equal opportunity.", "This multi-dimensional, holistic and integrated concept of an innovative “people’s empowerment-centric peace model” has been the vision and lifelong mission of the peacebuilding efforts and peace leadership of Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, quite often referred to as “the daughter of peace and democracy”. As a peace thinker and a people’s leader Sheikh Hasina has been consciously promoting a multi-dimensional approach and a concept of peace that encompasses innovative peace paradigms championing “people’s empowerment” and integrating interlinked and mutually reinforcing elements of peace and empowerment. These include (i) eradicating poverty and hunger; (ii) reducing inequality; (iii) mitigating deprivation; (iv) creating jobs for all; (v) including excluded people; (vi) accelerating human development; and (vii) fighting terrorism of all kinds.", "A recipient of the UNESCO Peace Award 1998, the FAO Ceres Award, the Indira Gandhi Peace Award, the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Award and the gold medal of Paris-Dauphine University for her contribution to the democratization of her country and women’s emancipation, Sheikh Hasina’s tireless peacebuilding philosophy and efforts include a whole new range of peace reinforcers and multipliers, namely:", "that peace, democracy and empowerment of the people are inextricably linked; peace is integral to humane development; global peace is the sum total of local and regional peace; peace is impossible without the removal of all sources of repression, inequality and deprivation; peace is impossible without alleviation and eventual eradication of poverty and economic disparity in a world of opulence; peace is impossible without institution-building on human rights, constitutional rights and justice; peace is impossible without true empowerment of women, political, economic and social; peace is impossible without a secular mindset and embracing diversity and multi-ethnicity; peace is impossible without including the marginalized; peace is impossible without job creation; peace is impossible without transparency and accountability of Governments to citizens and a total respect for the rule of law.", "Driven by this well-defined peace philosophy Sheikh Hasina throughout her life and her political career and state leadership propagated beliefs such as “all men and women should be treated as being morally and ethically equal”, “human capabilities are unlimited” and “unlimited human capabilities can be realized through peace”.", "Inspired by these ideals and beliefs Sheikh Hasina set some exclusive examples and best practices for people’s empowerment and development-centred peacebuilding efforts nationally, regionally and globally. She created the first-ever peacebuilding opportunity in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh by signing the first local Peace Accord in South Asia and establishing the rights of the ethnic minorities living there; successfully combated and contained terrorism, especially religious militancy and extremism in Bangladesh and set examples in the region; commissioned an independent trial of war criminals to bring justice to victims of war crimes and crimes against humanity of the 1971 War of Independence of Bangladesh; achieved the peaceful resolution of a domestic border guard mutiny; successfully fought and continues to fight poverty and empower women; found global acclaim through Bangladesh’s high performance in the achievement of almost six of the eight Millennium Development Goals; enacted the first-ever law to prevent the grabbing of land from the Hindu minorities of Bangladesh and return confiscated properties with the repeal in 2010 of the Vested Property Act; fought corruption and established the national Human Rights Commission, Law Commission, Information Commission and Anti-Corruption Commission; and a national education policy that inculcates secular and meaningful education with free education up to class 12 for the girl child.", "At the regional level she signed the Ganges Water-sharing Treaty and the anti‑terrorism accord with India for food security and to combat terrorism in the region, promoting the anti-poverty movement in South Asia while making every effort to diffuse tension between neighbours India and Pakistan, promoting cultural cooperation and the economic integration of South Asia. She is a global advocate as well as a recognized Statesperson in the global climate change discourse for climate justice, empowering women, improving women’s and children’s health and fighting poverty and hunger and zero tolerance for terrorism of all kinds and the like.", "The proposed “peace philosophy” of Sheikh Hasina, based on these personal, national, regional and international experiences, was disseminated to the global community of academicians, politicians, economists, peace, security and development practitioners at dedicated international seminars and conferences organized in 11 countries in Asia, Europe and the United States of America over the past nine months, where it received wide acclaim and acceptance as an innovative people’s empowerment and development-centric peace model applicable for a wide range of developing countries with diverse cultural backgrounds. Such successful seminars include (a) international conference at Oxford University with Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina as the chief guest, 27 January 2011; (b) international seminar at Stockholm University, 31 January 2011; (c) international seminar at Harvard University, 4 February 2011; (d) international seminar at Waseda University, Japan, 13 February 2011; (e) international meeting at the University of Sydney, Australia, 19 March 2011; (f) international meeting at the University of Social Studies, Amsterdam, 25 March 2011; (g) international meeting at Shantinikatan, India, 30 March 2011.", "Apart from the above, the group of eminent economists and development practitioners propagating the proposed model held briefing meetings with the Deputy Secretary-General, Asha-Rose Migiro at United Nations Headquarters in New York on 10 June 2011, who welcomed the “peace model” by Sheikh Hasina. Earlier, executive heads of leading specialized agencies and United Nations bodies, including FAO, ILO, UNDP, UNICEF and the World Trade Organization as well as the President of the Human Rights Council were also briefed on the proposed peace model.", "The “peace model” was presented to the European Commission and representatives of the European Union Parliament, who received the model with enthusiasm and suggested floating it at the United Nations. In June 2011, the peace model was also explained to Representatives of the United States Congress and Members of the United States House of Representatives, including Democrat House Leader Ms. Nancy Pelosi, Mr. Hansen Clarke, Ms. Sheila Jackson Lee and Mr. Chris Van Hollen. In the United Kingdom the model was explained to Mr. Alan James Carter Duncan, MP (Conservative Party) and Minister of State in the Department of International Development in June 2011. Finally at an International Convention on Sheikh Hasina’s Peace Model at the University of London a resolution entitled “People’s empowerment: a peace model by Sheikh Hasina” was unanimously adopted in the presence of 580 participants.", "In this context, Bangladesh proposes the inclusion in the agenda of the sixty-sixth session of the General Assembly of an item entitled “People’s empowerment and a peace-centric development model” pioneered by Sheikh Hasina, a peace thinker and peacebuilder nationally, regionally and globally.", "Bangladesh seeks the support of all fellow Member States, developing and developed, from the South and the North, to move this innovative peace model into the heart of the United Nations, the General Assembly, for further enriching it with peace thoughts and ideas for the greater and common good of the peoples of the world. This model, an original peacebuilding paradigm by Sheikh Hasina, if emulated globally, especially in developing countries but also in developed societies, will help to reduce inequality, disparity, deprivation and poverty while strengthening global efforts towards humane development and fighting terrorism.", "* The background paper is on file with the Secretariat and is available for consultation.", "A detailed background paper on Sheikh Hasina’s peace philosophy and peace endeavours is attached for reference.*", "Annex II", "Draft resolution", "People’s empowerment and a peace-centric development model", "The General Assembly,", "Bearing in mind the Charter of the United Nations, including the purposes and principles contained therein, and especially the dedication to saving succeeding generations from the scourge of war,", "Noting the crippling effects of poverty and disparity all over the globe,", "Recognizing that people should be the focal point in all plans, programmes and policies,", "Reaffirming that true political leaders can awaken, make aware and empower the people,", "Appreciating that Sheikh Hasina, the Prime Minister of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, took all her major political decisions respecting the desires of the people,", "Inspired by Sheikh Hasina’s thoughts on people’s empowerment through peace-centric development, which includes the interactions of several interrelated broad substantive components that need to be achieved simultaneously to ensure peace, namely, eradication of poverty and hunger, reduction of inequality, mitigation of deprivation, inclusion of marginalized people, job creation for all, acceleration of the process of humane development, and fighting all forms of terrorism and religious fundamentalism,", "1. Urges all nations in the world to give first priority in all decision-making to the aspirations and wishes of the people;", "2. Invites all international organizations to take lessons from the people’s empowerment and peace-centric development model of Sheikh Hasina in designing their guidelines and policies, the implementation of which can lead to sustainable peace and prosperity for all." ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "第六十六届会议议程列入补充项目的请求", "增强人民权能以及以和平为中心的发展模式", "2011年8月13日孟加拉国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "按照大会议事规则第14条，谨此请求将题为“增强人民权能以及以和平为中心的发展模式”的补充项目列入大会第六十六届会议临时议程。", "按照大会议事规则第20条，现附上说明上述请求的解释性备忘录(附件一)和相关决议草案(附件二)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "阿·卡·阿卜杜勒·穆明(签名)", "附件一", "解释性备忘录", "世界上有30多亿人受赤贫、饥饿、疾病和文盲之累，数百万人生活在冲突时期或冲突后的国家，被剥夺了基本的自由和人权；在这样的世界里，和平同以往一样难以实现。", "尽管大家广泛承认和平与发展、和平与裁军以及和平与非暴力之间的联系，但常常忽略这样一个事实，即：人民及其真正获得权能必须成为一切实现持久和全面和平的发展工作的中心。这一和平为充分发挥人类的潜力和固有的创造性、造福全人类的共同利益提供了基本环境，却常常受到破坏。全世界最新的政治事态发展也证明：民主和增强人民(尤其是妇女)权能，是和平的基本必要条件，因为人民的自由、平等、人权和发展作为和平的基本构件，有着千丝万缕的联系。和平还是人道的发展的前提条件，是一项因战争、冲突、恐怖主义、贫困，或因民主、正义和平等机会匮乏而遭到侵犯的权利。", "具有创新性的“以增强人民权能为中心的和平模式”这一综合、统一的多层面概念，是孟加拉人民共和国总理谢赫·哈西娜建设和平努力和和平领导能力的愿景和终身使命；她常被称为“和平与民主之女”。谢赫·哈西娜作为和平思想家和人民领袖，一直在有意识地推进多层面的办法和一个包含新颖和平范例的和平概念，倡导“增强人民权能”，并融合了互联互补的和平与增强权能的内容。其中包括㈠ 消除贫穷和饥饿；㈡ 减少不平等；㈢ 减缓贫困；㈣ 为所有人创造就业机会；㈤ 把受排斥者包括进来；㈥ 加快人的发展速度；以及㈦ 打击所有种类的恐怖主义。", "谢赫·哈西娜曾获得教科文组织1998年和平奖、粮农组织塞雷斯奖、英迪拉·甘地和平奖、千年发展目标成就奖并因对孟加拉国民主化和解放妇女的贡献获巴黎多芬纳大学金奖；她不懈的建设和平的哲学和努力包括全新的一整系列加强和平和扩大和平的内容，即：", "和平、民主和增强人民权能有着千丝万缕的联系；和平是人道发展的组成部分；全球和平是地方和区域和平之和；不消除压迫、不平等和贫困的一切根源，和平就无从谈起；在富裕的世界上，不减缓并最终消除贫困及经济差距，和平就无从谈起；不在人权、宪法权利和司法方面进行机构建设，和平就无从谈起；不真正地从政治、经济和社会三方面增强妇女权能，和平就无从谈起；不具备世俗的心态，不维护多样性和多族裔性，和平就无从谈起；不把边缘化的群体包括进来，和平就无从谈起；不创造就业机会，和平就无从谈起；政府没有透明度，不对公民负追究责任，不全面尊重法治，和平就无从谈起。", "在这一定义明确的和平哲理的驱使下，谢赫·哈西娜终身，以及在其整个政治生涯和国务活动中，一直在传播诸种信念，如：“在道义和族裔方面所有男女应当享受同等待遇”，“人的能力是无限的”，以及“通过和平可以实现人的无限能力”。", "在这些理想和信念的驱使下，谢赫·哈西娜为国家、区域和全球三级增强人民权能和以发展为中心的建设和平努力树立了一些独特的榜样和最佳做法。她签署了南亚第一份地方性和平协定，确立了当地少数民族居民的权利，破天荒地为孟加拉国吉大港山区带来了建设和平的机会；成功地打击和遏制了恐怖主义，尤其是孟加拉国的宗教好斗性和极端主义，在本区域树立了榜样；责成进行独立的战犯审判，为1971年孟加拉国独立战争中的战争罪和危害人类罪受害者伸张正义；和平地解决了国内边防军哗变；成功地与贫穷作斗争并继续与贫穷作斗争及增强妇女权能；孟加拉国在实现八项千年发展目标中几乎六项方面成绩卓著，赢得全球赞誉；订立了历史上第一份防止抢夺孟加拉国印度教徒少数族裔之土地的法律，并于2010年撤消《既得财产法》，归还没收的财产；与腐败作斗争，并成立了国家人权委员会、法律委员会、信息委员会和反腐败委员会；制定了国家教育政策，推行世俗和有意义的教育，女童直到12年级都享受免费教育。", "在区域一级，她同印度签署了《分享恒河水条约》和反恐协议，在本区域增进粮食安全及打击恐怖主义，促进南亚的除贫运动，同时竭尽全力缓解印度和巴基斯坦这两个邻国之间的紧张，促进南亚文化合作和经济一体化。在全球气候变化争取气候正义的讨论中，在增强妇女权能、增进妇女和儿童健康以及消除贫穷和饥饿以及对所有种类恐怖主义采取零容忍的态度等方面，她是全球的宣传员和公认的政治家。", "在过去九月中，在亚、欧11国和美利坚合众国所组织的国际专题讨论会和会议上，向全球学术界、政界、经济学界、和平、安全和发展实践者传播了谢赫·哈西娜以上述个人、国家、区域和国际经验为基础的拟议的“和平哲学”，受到广泛赞誉，并作为新的增强人民权能和以发展为中心的和平模式(适用于具有不同文化背景的广大发展中国家)而被接受。此类成功的讨论会包括：(a) 2011年1月27日在牛津大学举行的国际会议，谢赫·哈西娜总理作为首席贵宾出席；(b) 2011年1月31日在斯德哥尔摩大学举行的国际讨论会；(c) 2011年2月4日在哈佛大学举行的国际讨论会；(d) 2011年2月13日在日本早稻田大学举行的国际讨论会；(e) 2011年3月19日在澳大利亚悉尼大学举行的国际会议；(f) 2011年3月25日在阿姆斯特丹社会研究大学举行的国际会议；(g) 2011年3月30日在印度香提尼克坦举行的国际会议。", "除了上述会议外，宣传拟议模式的知名经济学家和发展实践者小组2011年6月10日在纽约联合国总部同阿莎-罗丝·米吉罗常务副秘书长举行了简报会，她对谢赫·哈西娜的“和平模式”表示欢迎。此前，还就拟议的“和平模式”向主要的专门机构和联合国机构(包括粮农组织、劳工组织、开发署、儿基会和世界贸易组织)的执行首长，以及联合国人权理事会主席，作了情况介绍。", "“和平模式”还向欧盟委员会提报，欧盟议会的代表们对此模式表现出热情，建议在联合国提出。2011年6月，向美国国会议员和美国众议员(包括众议院民主党领袖南希·佩洛西女士、汉森·克拉克先生、希拉·杰克逊·李女士和克里斯·冯·霍伦先生)解释了和平模式。2011年6月，在大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国，向(保守党)议员兼国际发展部副大臣艾伦·詹姆斯·卡特·邓肯先生解释了该模式。最后，在伦敦大学关于谢赫·哈西娜和平模式的国际会议上，580名与会者一致通过了题为“增强人民权能：谢赫·哈西娜的和平模式”的决议。", "在此背景下，孟加拉国提议联合国大会第六十六届会议议程列入题为“增强人民权能和以和平为中心的发展模式”的项目；这一模式是和平思想家、和平建设者谢赫·哈西娜在国家、区域和全球三级的创举。", "孟加拉国寻求所有会员国(包括发展中国家和发达国家、南方国家和北方国家)的支持，把这一新颖的“和平模式”引进联合国的核心机构——大会，以和平思想和理念进一步充实大会，增进世界各国人民的共同利益。这一模式是谢赫·哈西娜所提出的全新的建设和平范例，如在全球范围(特别是在发展中国家、也在发达社会)加以推广，将有助于减少不平等、差距和贫困潦倒现象，同时加强促进人道发展和反恐的全球努力。", "现附上关于谢赫·哈西娜的和平哲学和和平努力的详细背景文件，供参考。[1]", "附件二", "决议草案", "增强人民权能以及以和平为中心的发展模式", "大会，", "铭记《联合国宪章》，包括其宗旨和原则，特别是欲免后世再遭战祸，", "注意到贫穷和差距在全世界造成的危害，", "认识到人应当是所有计划、方案和政策的重点,", "重申真正的政治领袖能够唤醒人民，提高他们的觉悟并增强其权能，", "对孟加拉人民共和国总理谢赫·哈西娜在作出所有重大政治决定时都尊重人民的意愿表示赞赏，", "在谢赫·哈西娜关于通过以和平为中心的发展、增强人民权能的思想鼓舞下(其思想包括好几项相互关联的、要同时实现才能确保和平的广泛实质内容的相互作用，这些实质内容为：消除贫穷和饥饿，减少不平等，减缓贫困，把边缘化人民包括进来，为所有人创造就业机会，加快人道发展的进程，以及打击所有形式的恐怖主义和原教旨主义)，", "1. 敦促世界各国在一切决策中把人民的向往和意愿当作头等大事来办；", "2. 请所有国际组织在制定准则和政策时，参考谢赫·哈西娜增强人民权能以及以和平为中心的发展模式的经验；实施此模式，能导致可持续和平及共同繁荣。", "[1] ^(*) 背景文件存秘书处供查阅。" ]

[ "第六十六届会议", "请求在第六十六届会议议程内列入一个补充项目", "增强人民权能和以和平为中心的发展模式", "2011年8月13日孟加拉国常驻联合国代表给秘书长的信", "谨根据大会议事规则第14条,请求将题为 \" 赋予人民权力和以和平为中心的发展模式 \" 的补充项目列入大会第六十六届会议议程。", "根据大会议事规则第20条,随函附上支持上述请求的解释性备忘录(附件一)和相关的决议草案(附件二)。", "请将本函及其附件作为大会文件分发为荷。", "阿卜杜勒·穆明(签名)", "页:1", "解释性备忘录", "在这个有30多亿人遭受极端贫困、饥饿、疾病和文盲、数百万人生活在冲突或冲突后国家并被剥夺基本自由和人权的世界中,和平仍然一如既往地难以实现。", "尽管和平与发展、和平与裁军以及和平与非暴力之间的联系已得到广泛承认,但人们往往忽略这样一个事实,即人民及其真正获得权力必须成为旨在实现持久和平的任何发展努力的核心。 这种和平作为人类充分潜力和内在创造力为人类共同利益而实现的基本环境,经常被破坏。 世界各地最近的政治发展也证明,民主和增强人民、特别是妇女的权能是和平的一个基本先决条件,因为人民的自由、平等、人权和发展是和平不可或缺的组成部分,是不可分割地联系在一起的。 和平也是人道发展的先决条件,这项权利被战争、冲突、恐怖主义、剥夺或缺乏民主、正义和平等机会所侵犯。", "孟加拉人民共和国总理谢赫·哈西娜的建设和平努力与和平领导者的愿景和终身使命,常常被称为 \" 和平与民主之女 \" 。 作为一个和平思想家和人民领袖谢赫·哈西娜一直在自觉地促进一种多层面的办法和一个和平概念,其中包括倡导 \" 增强人民权能 \" 的创新和平范式,以及将和平与增强人民权能的相互关联和相辅相成的要素结合起来。 这些措施包括:(一) 消除贫穷和饥饿;(二) 减少不平等;(三) 减轻贫困;(四) 为所有人创造就业机会;(五) 包括被排斥的人;(六) 加快人类发展;(七) 打击各种恐怖主义。", "1998年教科文组织和平奖、粮农组织凯雷斯奖、英迪拉·甘地和平奖、千年发展目标成就奖以及巴黎-道芬大学的金牌获得者,表彰她对本国民主化和妇女解放的贡献。", "和平、民主和赋予人民权力是不可分割地联系在一起的; 和平是人文发展的组成部分; 全球和平是地方和区域和平的总和; 不消除一切镇压、不平等和匮乏的根源,就不可能有和平; 在富足的世界中,如果不减轻并最终消除贫困和经济差距,就不可能有和平; 在人权、宪法权利和正义方面不建立制度,就不可能有和平; 不真正赋予妇女权力,政治、经济和社会,就不可能有和平; 没有世俗的心态,包容多样性和多族裔,就不可能有和平; 没有边缘化者,就不可能有和平; 没有创造就业,就不可能有和平; 没有政府对公民的透明度和问责制以及充分尊重法治,就不可能有和平。", "在这种明确界定的和平哲学的推动下,谢赫·哈西娜一生以及她的政治生涯和国家领导所传播的信念,例如“所有男女在道义和道德上一律平等”,“人的能力是无限的”,“人的能力是可以通过和平实现的”。", "受这些理想和信念的启发,谢赫·哈西娜为国家、区域和全球各级赋予人民权力和以发展为核心的建设和平努力树立了一些独有的榜样和最佳做法。 在孟加拉国吉大港山区,她首次创造了建设和平的机会,在南亚签署了第一个地方和平协定,确立了生活在那里的少数民族的权利;成功地打击并遏制了恐怖主义,特别是在孟加拉国的宗教好战和极端主义,并在该地区树立了榜样;委托对战犯进行独立审判,为1971年孟加拉国独立战争中战争罪和危害人类罪的受害者伸张正义;和平解决了国内边防兵兵兵兵变;成功地进行了战斗并继续同贫困和赋予妇女权力作斗争;通过孟加拉国在实现八项千年发展目标中近六项目标方面的出色表现,发现全球声名狼藉;颁布了第一部法律,防止从孟加拉国的印度少数民族手中夺取土地并归还被没收的财产,2010年废除了《败坏财产法》;打击腐败并建立了国家人权委员会、法律委员会、信息委员会和反腐败委员会;制定了国家教育政策,向女童灌输世俗和有意义的教育,免费教育,直至12年级。", "在区域一级,她同印度签署了《恒河水分享条约》和《反恐怖主义协定》,以促进该区域的粮食安全和打击恐怖主义,促进南亚的除贫运动,并尽一切努力来消除邻国印度和巴基斯坦之间的紧张关系,促进南亚的文化合作和经济一体化。 她是一个全球倡导者,也是全球气候变化讨论中公认的国家,倡导气候正义、赋予妇女权力、改善妇女和儿童健康、同贫穷和饥饿作斗争、对各种等恐怖主义零容忍。", "根据这些个人、国家、区域和国际经验提出的谢赫·哈西纳的 \" 和平哲学 \" ,在过去九个月中在亚洲、欧洲和美利坚合众国11个国家举行的专门国际研讨会和会议上向全球学术界、政治家、经济学家、和平、安全和发展工作者传播。 这些成功的研讨会包括:(a) 2011年1月27日在牛津大学由谢赫·哈西娜总理担任首席嘉宾的国际会议;(b) 2011年1月31日在斯德哥尔摩大学举行的国际研讨会;(c) 2011年2月4日在哈佛大学举行的国际研讨会;(d) 2011年2月13日在日本花田大学举行的国际研讨会;(e) 2011年3月19日在澳大利亚悉尼大学举行的国际会议;(f) 2011年3月25日在阿姆斯特丹社会研究大学举行的国际会议;(g) 2011年3月30日在印度尚蒂尼卡坦举行的国际会议。", "除上述情况外,宣传拟议模式的著名经济学家和发展工作者小组于2011年6月10日在纽约联合国总部同常务副秘书长阿莎-罗丝·米吉罗举行了简报会,他欢迎谢赫·哈西娜的“和平模式”。 早些时候,主要专门机构和联合国机构,包括粮农组织、劳工组织、开发署、儿童基金会和世界贸易组织的行政首长以及人权理事会主席也听取了关于拟议和平模式的情况介绍。", "“和平模式”已提交给欧洲联盟委员会和欧洲联盟议会的代表,他们热情地接受了这一模式,并建议在联合国浮动。 2011年6月,和平模式也被向美国国会代表和美国众议院议员,包括民主党众议院领袖南希·佩洛西女士,汉森·克拉克先生,希拉·杰克逊·李女士和克里斯·范·霍伦先生进行了解释. 在联合王国,2011年6月向国会议员(保守党)兼国际发展部国务部长Alan James Carter Duncan先生解释了这一模式。 最后,在伦敦大学举行的《谢赫·哈西娜和平模式国际公约》上,580名与会者一致通过了题为 \" 增强人民权能:谢赫·哈西娜的和平模式 \" 的决议。", "在这方面,孟加拉国提议在大会第六十六届会议议程内列入一个题为 \" 增强人民权能和以和平为中心的发展模式 \" 的项目,该项目由和平思想家和建设和平者谢赫·哈西娜在国家、区域和全球各级发起。", "孟加拉国寻求所有来自南方和北方的发展中和发达会员国的支持,将这一创新的和平模式推入联合国的核心,即大会,以便进一步用和平思想和思想丰富它,为世界各国人民带来更大的共同利益。 这一模式是谢赫·哈西娜最初的建设和平范式,如果在全球,特别是在发展中国家和发达社会效仿,将有助于减少不平等、差距、匮乏和贫穷,同时加强全球为人道发展和打击恐怖主义而作的努力。", "* 联合国 背景文件存于秘书处,可供查阅。", "关于谢赫·哈西娜的和平哲学与和平努力的详细背景文件附后供参考。 * 联合国", "页:1", "决议草案", "增强人民权能和以和平为中心的发展模式", "大会,", "铭记《联合国宪章》,包括其中所载的宗旨和原则,特别是欲免后世再遭战祸的决心,", "注意到世界各地的贫穷和差距所造成的破坏性影响,", "认识到人民应当成为所有计划、方案和政策的协调中心,", "重申真正的政治领导人能够唤醒人民,提高人民的认识并赋予人民权力,", "赞赏孟加拉人民共和国总理谢赫·哈西娜作出尊重人民愿望的所有重大政治决定,", "受到谢赫·哈西娜关于通过以和平为中心的发展增强人民权能的想法的启发,其中包括为确保和平而必须同时实现的几个相互关联的广泛实质性组成部分的相互作用,即:消除贫困与饥饿、减少不平等、减轻贫困、包容边缘化人民、为所有人创造就业机会、加快人道发展进程并打击一切形式的恐怖主义和宗教原教旨主义,", "1. 联合国 4. 敦促世界各国在一切决策中把人民的愿望和愿望列为第一优先;", "2. 联合国 请所有国际组织在制定其指导方针和政策时,从谢赫·哈西娜的赋予人民权力和以和平为中心的发展模式中吸取教训,执行这些方针和政策可以导致所有人的可持续和平与繁荣。" ]

[ "Sixty-fifth session", "Agenda item 118", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly", "Report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly", "Contents", "Page\nI.Introduction 2\nII.Proceedings 2A.General 2 \ndiscussion B.Thematic 6 \nmeetings \nIII.Conclusions 17\nIV.Recommendations 18", "I. Introduction", "1. By its resolution 64/301, the General Assembly decided to establish, at its sixty-fifth session, an ad hoc working group on the revitalization of the General Assembly, open to all Member States:", "(a) To identify further ways to enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the Assembly, inter alia, by building on previous resolutions and evaluating the status of their implementation;", "(b) To submit a report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-fifth session.", "2. The present report and the recommendations contained herein are submitted pursuant to that resolution.", "3. During the sixty-fifth session of the Assembly, on 19 November 2010, the President of the General Assembly appointed two Co-Chairs of the Working Group, Mr. Dalius Čekuolis, Permanent Representative of Lithuania to the United Nations, and Mr. Camillo Gonsalves, Permanent Representative of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines to the United Nations.", "4. Before the formal beginning of its work, the Co-Chairs of the Working Group conducted informal meetings with various Member States and representatives of a variety of political groups. During those meetings, the Co-Chairs benefited extensively from the insights and ideas of Member States on both the substance and the technical and procedural aspects of the revitalization process.", "II. Proceedings", "5. The Working Group held six meetings, on 14 March, 13 and 28 April, 17 and 25 May and 29 July 2011.", "6. The programme of work was organized in two practical stages, as follows: (a) general discussion and exchange of views; and (b) thematic meetings. Prior to each of the thematic meetings, the Co-Chairs, to stimulate a comprehensive review of the updated inventory/chart of General Assembly resolutions contained in the annex to the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly (A/63/959), as mandated by paragraph 3 of resolution 64/301, prepared and circulated non-papers on the clusters of thematic issues to be considered. Delegations, expressing their appreciation for this initiative, identified ways to further enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the General Assembly.", "A. General discussion", "7. At its first meeting, on 14 March, the Working Group held a general discussion on the revitalization of the General Assembly, in the course of which representatives of 17 Member States intervened, including on behalf of various political groups, to convey their general positions and expectations regarding the programme of work of the Working Group at the sixty-fifth session.", "8. In their opening remarks, the Co-Chairs thanked their predecessors at the sixty-fourth session for their important work and achievements, and referred to resolution 64/301 as the basis for the Working Group’s focus. They indicated that the lessons learned by the Main Committees in considering their programmes of work could inform the work of the Working Group in 2011 and noted that the Secretariat had indicated its readiness to provide briefings on relevant themes, as required.", "9. During the discussion, many speakers underlined the importance of making the General Assembly and its work more efficient and effective and broadly agreed that a good starting point would be the implementation of existing resolutions. While a group of Member States argued that revitalization was a political process first and foremost, and that revitalization should concern itself with matters of a substantive nature, others were adamant in their emphasis that this could best be achieved by focusing on the working methods and agenda of the General Assembly. The link was also made between revitalization and the President’s thematic priority of strengthening the United Nations role in global governance.", "10. In the main, interventions focused on the following areas: working methods; the Assembly’s role in the selection of the Secretaries-General; the need for strengthening the Office of the President of the General Assembly and its institutional memory; and the Assembly’s relationship with other principal organs. Comments were also made regarding the nature of the comprehensive review mandated by resolution 64/301.", "11. With regard to the Assembly’s efficiency, some considered that working methods, specifically those of the General Assembly and its Main Committees, including the scheduling of high-level meetings and thematic debates, electronic voting systems and documentation management based on timely translation, should form the main focus of discussions on revitalizing the General Assembly. The need for the timely issuance of Assembly resolutions and meeting records was highlighted in particular.", "12. While a group of Member States urged necessary caution with regard to the confidentiality and the integrity of the voting process and reaffirmed the principles of credibility, reliability and confidentiality, a few references were made to the modernization of the voting and balloting system in the Assembly, with some suggesting that a briefing on technical aspects related to the conduct of electronic voting might again prove useful for deliberations on this matter.", "13. Concerning the general debate, one speaker remarked that, while it had formerly been the main event of the General Assembly, it appeared to have become but one of many events being held around the same time in September. Some therefore argued that scheduling issues needed to be looked into carefully and that in this regard, the roles of the General Committee and the President of the General Assembly might be further explored. The view was expressed that the Working Group might provide indicative guidance in this regard.", "14. While the convening of thematic debates was welcomed, it was also suggested that the holding of too many such debates had the potential to undermine the General Assembly’s focus and that the needs and capacities of smaller delegations needed to be borne in mind.", "15. Several interventions focused on the rationalization of the agenda, including examining the possibility of the further biennialization and triennialization of items. Many delegations, while agreeing that cutting out superfluous mandates was a sensible proposition, insisted, however, that the concept of a “sunset clause” should not be employed without the prior approval of the General Assembly as well as the consent of the State concerned. Some Member States emphasized that the agenda needed to become more responsive and adaptable in the light of new and rapidly evolving challenges.", "16. Balance among the principal organs, in particular with the Security Council, in the light of what many perceived as encroachment on the work of the General Assembly, was an important point that needed to be addressed. A number of speakers argued that that included making the Council more accountable to the Assembly and aligning their work programmes.", "17. A group of States highlighted the need for a thorough evaluation of the status of implementation of General Assembly resolutions and a clear identification of the underlying causes behind any lack of implementation. These were of the utmost importance in order to progressively eliminate the constraints which were still preventing the process of revitalizing the General Assembly from fulfilling all of its potential.", "18. Many delegations were hopeful that the General Assembly would continue to be actively seized of political matters in the realm of international peace and security. Another delegation underlined the need for a more proactive stance by the Assembly in this regard. It was suggested that the Council submit special reports to the Assembly.", "19. While one speaker argued that the relationship between the organs could be balanced by exercising the Assembly’s authority to reform the Council, another emphatically argued that the urge to push through institutional reform at any cost should be resisted.", "20. The annual report of the Security Council to the General Assembly was cited as one area for possible further consideration, with reference made to, inter alia, resolution 51/241, by which the President of the General Assembly was requested to assess the Assembly’s debate on the report. On the other hand, improvements already made were also pointed out, such as briefings organized during the monthly Council presidencies. One delegation underlined that the very relationship between the Assembly and the Council was a fundamental constitutional issue in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations.", "21. Regarding the relationship of the General Assembly with the Economic and Social Council, one delegation was of the view that the Assembly should receive reports on both the annual ministerial review and the development cooperation forum.", "22. In the context of the discussions on the relationship between the principal organs, further coordination among their respective Presidents was encouraged.", "23. Numerous representatives suggested that the Assembly’s role in the selection process of the Secretary-General should be enhanced, and expressed regret that provisions to that effect contained in previous resolutions had not yet been fully implemented. Many delegations considered this to be an important issue on the agenda of the Working Group. Some focused on those improvements that had already been achieved, by pointing to, inter alia, exchanges in informal settings between candidates and regional groups, and emphasized that the existing procedures should continue to be followed.", "24. While focusing on the selection and appointment of the Secretary-General, several speakers also touched upon the appointment of senior officials in the Secretariat and the United Nations system more generally, including Special Representatives of the Secretary-General and high-level panels. In this context, reference was made to the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Selection and conditions of service of executive heads in the United Nations system organizations” (see A/65/71), which many delegations wanted the Working Group to consider.", "25. The strengthening of the Office of the President of the General Assembly was mentioned by a number of speakers as a possible focus of the Working Group, and many Member States looked forward to the President’s forthcoming views on strengthening the institutional memory of the Office. Many representatives also deemed it essential to ensure the availability of sufficient and predictable financial and human resources for the Office. A group of countries welcomed the measures already adopted with a view to strengthening the Office. The view was expressed that a particular effort should be devoted to the implementation of resolutions already adopted on this matter.", "26. The relationship between the General Assembly and groups outside the United Nations was raised, for the first time in the context of the Ad Hoc Working Group, including in particular the relationship with the Group of 20 (G-20). Some countries expressed the view that the Working Group should discuss issuing guidance on the ways in which designated representatives of the United Nations should interact with the wider membership before and after their encounters with external bodies so that the positions of the Assembly could be properly conveyed.", "27. Finally, on the nature of the comprehensive review of the inventory contained in the annex to the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group (A/63/959), great importance was attached by many speakers to that exercise. It was argued, for instance, that the review should lead to a follow-up mechanism for assessing the status of implementation of General Assembly resolutions, which, one delegation suggested, could take the form of a special unit within the Secretariat.", "28. As a result of the above-mentioned deliberations, the Co-Chairs, in a letter dated 5 April 2011, circulated a workplan proposing four thematic meetings focusing on the issues most frequently cited as most central to the revitalization process of the General Assembly, as follows:", "(a) The role and authority of the General Assembly and its relationship to the other principal organs of the Organization and other groups outside the United Nations;", "(b) The implementation of General Assembly resolutions and the agenda; the working methods of the General Assembly and operational and technical issues, including information on the General Assembly voting system, in the framework of the capital master plan;", "(c) The role and responsibility of the General Assembly in the process of selecting and appointing Secretaries-General of the United Nations and in selecting other executive heads of the United Nations system organizations;", "(d) The functions of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, including strengthening its institutional memory, and its relationship with the Secretariat.", "B. Thematic meetings", "The role and authority of the General Assembly and its relationship to the other principal organs of the Organization and other groups outside the United Nations", "29. The first thematic meeting, as indicated in the workplan, was held on 13 April, and was attended by the President of the General Assembly. Seventeen delegations intervened in the discussions, including on behalf of groups.", "30. In their opening remarks, the Co-Chairs welcomed the presence of the President of the General Assembly and reiterated that the Ad Hoc Working Group had been tasked by resolution 64/301 with identifying further ways of revitalizing the General Assembly. To this end, the Co-Chairs invited delegations to engage in a vigorous exchange of views, following a statement from the President.", "31. In his remarks to the Working Group, the President noted with satisfaction that his vision of a strong General Assembly as the principal forum for global debate was widely shared among the membership, as highlighted by the adoption in December 2010 of resolution 65/94 on the United Nations in global governance. The President considered that increasing the Assembly’s visibility was crucial, and supported building bridges with actors outside the United Nations, such as the G-20. On the other hand, effective cooperation between the Assembly and the other principal organs needed to be assured; here the President noted his holding of regular meetings, not only with the Presidents of the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council, but also with those of the Human Rights Council and the Peacebuilding Commission. In addition, the President welcomed his close interaction with the Secretary-General and the latter’s willingness to periodically brief Member States on recent events, which provided them with an opportunity to express their views on issues normally considered by the Security Council.", "32. The President also noted that the agenda of the General Assembly needed to better focus on the most pressing issues of the day, and it was underlined that an overburdened agenda risked hurting the quality of debate in the Assembly. Rationalization of the agenda should therefore be further contemplated, and the Second Committee had provided a good example in this regard. It was important to pay greater attention to follow-up to decisions taken to justify the resources made available to the Organization.", "33. In the ensuing debate, many delegations stressed their concern at what they considered to be encroachment by the Security Council on the work of the General Assembly. It was also suggested that the Assembly more quickly and effectively respond to political events and questions relating to international peace and security so as to assert its proper role in accordance with the Charter.", "34. The wish that the reports of the Security Council be more analytical and that the Council submit special subject-oriented reports was also expressed. On the other hand, the preparation of the annual report of the Council had been improved thanks to the informal meetings held between the presidency and the wider United Nations membership in July of 2008, 2009 and 2010, and the institutionalization of those consultations was requested. In this context, one delegation emphasized the note by the President of the Security Council (S/2010/507) on the Council’s working methods, and expressed great appreciation for the Council’s report covering the period from 1 August 2009 to 31 July 2010.", "35. Others argued that the mandate for an annual report from the Security Council was being implemented and noted that the monthly briefings on the Council’s programme of work were rarely well attended by the wider membership. It was underlined by one delegation that each principal organ worked according to its own provisions, and that this was a fundamental constitutional question.", "36. The value of regular meetings between the Presidents of the principal organs was widely recognized, and it was considered that the practice could be further improved. Such coordination should also extend to the agendas and programmes of work of the respective bodies and might have a formal agenda, with outcomes to be shared with Member States. Some delegations also noted the regular meetings that the President of the General Assembly had held with the President of the Human Rights Council and the Chair of the Peacebuilding Commission as a helpful practice and underlined the need for further coordination among all United Nations organs, bodies and groups.", "37. The practice whereby the President of the General Assembly briefed the Assembly on his recent travels was appreciated as a valuable source of information.", "38. It was suggested that the possibility of the further biennialization, triennialization and clustering of items could be looked into; on the other hand, opposition to the introduction of any type of sunset clause without the clear consent of the co-sponsoring States and/or the States concerned was reiterated.", "39. The visibility of the General Assembly continued to be a matter of interest to many delegations. It was stressed that revitalization could be assured only when the Assembly took relevant action on issues of common concern to the international community, which would help increase the Assembly’s visibility. On the question of an assistant to the Spokesperson, the need for the implementation of previous resolutions was emphasized.", "40. Thematic debates were considered to be an important tool to facilitate more in‑depth discussions on current issues of critical importance to the international community. On the other hand, while welcoming the holding of thematic debates generally, the holding and preparation of such debates in consultation with Member States was stressed. In an interactive exchange, the President stressed that the convening of thematic debates was one of the few tools in the hands of the President to help him provide impetus to the Assembly’s deliberations, which was why he discouraged further limiting or circumscribing the President’s authority to convene debates.", "41. Regarding the relationship between the General Assembly and “other groups outside the United Nations”, many delegations were of the view that the discussions should place a priority focus on the Assembly’s relationship with the other principal organs. Some speakers questioned the precise meaning of the term “other groups” in this context, and wondered whether it might include civil society or political groupings. The role of the Assembly as the only universal body was stressed. In this context, the outreach made by recent G-20 presidencies to associate with the Assembly in a spirit of accountability and transparency was welcomed by some delegations.", "42. Many speakers again underlined the importance of implementing existing resolutions, and in this regard some suggested the need for a follow-up and monitoring mechanism. One delegation underlined that all pending provisions needed to be implemented within existing resources.", "43. In their concluding remarks, the Co-Chairs expressed their gratitude for the President’s presence, which had added to the meeting’s productivity, and thanked delegations for their substantive comments.", "Implementation of General Assembly resolutions and the agenda; working methods of the General Assembly and operational and technical issues, including information on the General Assembly voting system, in the framework of the capital master plan", "44. The third meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group, which was its second thematic meeting, was held on 28 April. It focused on the implementation of General Assembly resolutions and the agenda, as well as on the Assembly’s working methods and operational and technical issues, including balloting. The meeting consisted of an interactive first part, during which the Working Group heard several briefings and had an opportunity to engage in a question-and-answer session, and a second part, for general statements by delegations. A total of eight Member States took the floor during the first segment; six delegations, including on behalf of groups, participated in the second.", "45. Following brief opening remarks by the Co-Chairs in which they explained the structure and envisaged interactive nature of the meeting, the Permanent Representative of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in his capacity as Chair of the Informal Working Group of the Security Council on Documentation and Other Procedural Questions, opened the first segment with a briefing on lessons learned in the context of the work of that Working Group which might also be relevant in the context of the work of the Ad Hoc Working Group. He focused his statement on the Council’s experience in streamlining its summary statements of matters of which the Council was seized, in line with the guidelines contained in the note by the President of the Council (S/2010/507), noting that the number of items had been reduced from 144 at the beginning of 2007 to 88 at present. Specifically, this had been achieved through the consolidation of overlapping items; a yearly review to determine whether the Council had concluded its consideration of any of the items listed; the practice of a “sunset procedure”; and the use of umbrella agenda items.", "46. In the second briefing to the Working Group, the Permanent Representative of Mongolia, in her capacity as Chair of the Second Committee at the sixty-fifth session, shared her experiences with regard to that Committee’s deliberations and its consequent adoption of a decision on improving its working methods. Noting the work already undertaken by her predecessor, the Permanent Representative of the Republic of Korea, she walked the Working Group through the various steps taken by the Second Committee in considering this issue during its session in 2010. Emphasizing each Main Committee’s particularities, she stressed that improving the working methods would benefit smaller delegations generally.", "47. The third briefing was given by the Director of the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council Affairs Division of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, who spoke about the organizational aspects of high-level meetings of the General Assembly, especially those held in September. Noting the recent increase in the number of such meetings, and the priority, long emphasized by Member States, of preserving the sanctity of the general debate, the Director recalled a number of parameters regarding the planning of such high-level meetings.", "48. The fourth and final briefing was given by the Director of the Meetings and Publishing Division of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management, who made a PowerPoint presentation on documentation, in which he noted the various steps taken by the Department in recent years to enhance its documentation processes.", "49. The briefings, and the initiative of Co-Chairs in having arranged them, were strongly welcomed by delegations, who took the opportunity to have an exchange of views. One speaker welcomed the briefing by the Chair of the Informal Working Group on Documentation and Other Procedural Questions of the Security Council as a useful exchange of experience. Another asked how Member States were involved in the streamlining exercise in the Council and how non-members of the Council could participate in discussions on items of interest to them. Another delegation welcomed the information from the Council, but suggested that the Council could learn something from the Assembly, rather than the other way around. Information was sought regarding the Council’s use of umbrella items. In response to those points, the Chair of the Informal Working Group thanked delegations for their questions and comments and indicated his openness to further exchanges.[1]", "50. In response to the briefing by the Chair of the Second Committee, it was underlined that, indeed, each Main Committee had its own working culture. The Chair was asked what circumstances she thought had facilitated the adoption of last year’s decision. One delegation wondered whether the measures that had been adopted, the implementation of which ultimately required the goodwill of delegations, were sufficient; another speaker enquired as to the Chair’s assessment concerning the follow-up to the decision taken. It was also noted that the Second Committee had done its duty in line with the request by the Ad Hoc Working Group to the Main Committees, but that others had not, and that, possibly through the good offices of the Co-Chairs, this could be relayed to the other Main Committee Chairs. The Chair of the Second Committee agreed that the measures taken were, indeed, a first step, and that as a way of moving forward she would share the lessons learned with her successor.", "51. With regard to the briefing on the organization of high-level meetings, the issue of the establishment of the list of speakers was raised. The question was asked as to whether it could be reformed through the introduction of the method of drawing lots, which would obviate the need for delegations to secure the best possible slot through bargaining and other means. The view was expressed that the number of high-level meetings should be minimized and that they should be spread throughout the calendar year. The Director of the General Assembly and Economic and Social Council Affairs Division confirmed that the list of speakers for the 2010 High-level Meeting on the Millennium Development Goals had been prepared on the basis of a drawing of lots and that the pertinent modalities were set out in annex I to the relevant resolution (resolution 64/184).", "52. In follow-up to the presentation given on documentation, delegations emphasized that the electronic dissemination of documents could not be relied upon exclusively, and that paper copies continued to exercise an important formal function. Another delegation, on the other hand, suggested that less information submitted in writing should be asked of the Secretariat, also with a view to global sustainability. The Director of the Meetings and Publishing Division, in response to those comments, took note of the need for the continuing distribution of hard copies, while assuring delegations that few organizations anywhere in the world operated in as environmentally friendly a manner as that employed by the United Nations.", "53. Before moving on to the meeting’s second segment, the Working Group was informed that, pursuant to paragraph 24 of resolution 60/286, the comments and past practices regarding the rules of procedure of the General Assembly had been made available online and could be accessed from the Assembly website.", "54. Regarding the agenda, the strong belief was expressed that neither the biennialization, triennialization or elimination of agenda items, nor the introduction of a sunset clause, could be conducted without the clear consent of the co‑sponsoring States and/or the States concerned. Another view stressed that it was fully appropriate to examine thoroughly the possibilities for the further streamlining of the agenda, including the consolidation of existing resolutions.", "55. Regarding the implementation of resolutions, there was widespread agreement that existing resolutions needed to be adhered to and implemented. The fact that a large number of the provisions contained in resolutions adopted under the revitalization item had not been implemented could be taken as an indication that the process had generated a sufficient number of ideas. One delegation called for establishing a follow-up unit in the Office of the President of the General Assembly and suggested that the texts of resolutions should be shortened, which would have the result of ensuring greater political impact.", "56. Particular importance was attached to considering ways of improving working methods. As year-long debates on the revitalization of the General Assembly had yielded only limited results, it was argued that the membership bore primary responsibility for ensuring that the Assembly fulfil its political functions, by making its debates meaningful and ensuring respect for its decisions. One delegation noted that the level of compliance with time limits for speeches in the Assembly was dismal.", "57. Regarding the organization of high-level meetings, it was noted that they were held on the basis of mandates from the General Assembly and served to increase visibility of very important topics. The view was expressed, on the other hand, that the holding of too many high-level meetings could undermine the importance of such meetings, and it was suggested that they be spread over the course of the entire year, rather than being concentrated around the general debate. It was also suggested that the Working Group elaborate indicative guidance in this regard at the current session.", "58. On balloting, support was expressed for any technical improvement that would make the General Assembly more efficient and secure, while it was also noted that the systems proposed during previous sessions, and currently under consideration, did not appear to meet the requirements of reliability, credibility, integrity and confidentiality. The Working Group was informed that there had not been any new technological developments on this matter. It was also firmly underscored that the system currently in place could be changed only by a decision of the plenary, and that many delegations attached greatest importance to this particular matter. One delegation, however, suggested moving this issue to the Fifth Committee, since it had budgetary implications.", "59. On documentation, the importance of introducing measures to improve the quality and accuracy of United Nations documents in the six official languages was stressed, to ensure that they were systematically produced and translated in a more cost-effective way using the texts and speeches as they were written or given in the original language and that more documents were issued on time. One delegation expressed the view that the United Nations could increase its visibility and impact by ensuring that its decisions were issued immediately after adoption.", "60. In concluding remarks, the Co-Chairs expressed gratitude for Member States’ participation and noted that the interactive format of the meeting had been an innovative way of focusing attention on the topics under discussion.", "The role and responsibility of the General Assembly in the process of selecting and appointing the Secretary-General", "61. The fourth meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group, which was its third thematic meeting, was held on 17 May. It focused on the role and responsibility of the General Assembly in the process of selecting and appointing Secretaries-General of the United Nations and in the selection of other executive heads in the United Nations system organizations. A total of 15 speakers took the floor in the course of the meeting, a number of them representing groups.", "62. In opening the meeting, the Co-Chairs noted that the subject matter of the meeting had been considered on a number of occasions and that resolutions had been adopted thereon. Article 97 of the Charter constituted the reference point for the membership, even though there were different interpretations concerning its provisions. Speakers were therefore invited to make specific comments in this regard. Noting the fact that these discussion were being broadened to include the heads of agencies, the Co-Chairs cited the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Selection and conditions of service of executive heads in the United Nations system organizations” (see A/65/71), suggesting that it could also serve as a reference point for the meeting.", "63. Many Member States underlined that they considered the process of selecting the Secretaries-General to be one of the most important elements of the revitalization of the work of the General Assembly, with far-reaching consequences for the quality and relevance of the United Nations. It was stressed by many that the process of selection and appointment needed to be more transparent, credible, and inclusive of all Member States, by making full use of the powers enshrined in the Charter, acknowledging also that the Assembly needed to play a more active, effective and efficient role in the matter. One speaker wondered whether new measures were required or whether Member States simply needed to make fuller use of already existing powers, while a number of others stressed that the non‑implementation of existing provisions was due to the lack of political will.", "64. Wide agreement emerged that existing resolutions needed to be implemented more fully, even though the membership disagreed as to which ones, with some pointing to resolutions 51/241, 60/286 and 64/301, and others including in that list resolution 11 (I), the earliest pertinent resolution on the appointment of the Secretary-General. Many described resolution 11 (I) as antiquated and outdated. One speaker went further, first pointedly noting that, pursuant to that resolution, only a man could be appointed Secretary-General, and then going on to posit that the resolution had undermined the notion that the Secretary-General was in essence accountable to the General Assembly, the sum total of the membership of the United Nations. Many speakers also expressed the view that the power the Security Council had gained in this matter over time could be attributed to a certain extent to the interpretation made of Article 97 of the Charter in the resolution.", "65. By focusing on specific provisions of resolutions already adopted, specifically resolutions 51/241, 60/286 and 64/301, speakers throughout the meeting suggested the following actions and principles to achieve greater transparency and inclusiveness: the principles of geographical rotation and gender equality should be respected; the President of the General Assembly should consult with Member States in order to identify and endorse a set of candidates for the post of Secretary-General which would then be forwarded to the Security Council (furthermore, the Presidents of the Assembly and the Council could co-sign a letter inviting Member States to submit such candidatures); the formal presentation of candidates should be made to the Assembly to allow for effective and useful interaction with Member States before a final decision was taken; and a more specific timeline for the selection and appointment process should be developed.", "66. While it was acknowledged that the above-mentioned measures could not be fully applicable immediately to the process of selecting and appointing the Secretary-General in the current year, a few delegations suggested that certain improvements in the process could be made during the current session. Such possible interim measures included preparing a slate (or panel) of candidates that could be forwarded to the Security Council and having candidates make formal presentations in and to the General Assembly or major groups within it, thus giving Member States an opportunity for an exchange of views with the candidates. This, it was argued, was a way for the Council and the Assembly to respect each others’ mandates.", "67. A number of references were made to a recently circulated proposal of the “Small Five” group of countries, which recommended measures to ensure broader participation of Member States in the process without prejudice to the prerogatives of the Security Council. With reference to the ongoing consultations in the context of the review of the Human Rights Council, where the suggestion had been made that prospective candidates present their voluntary pledges to the General Assembly, one speaker argued that the same standards should be applied to appointments to key positions in the Secretariat, including the Secretary-General, a practice already in place in other international organizations, such as the World Trade Organization.", "68. Another delegation, stressing that the Secretary-General was in equal part diplomat and administrator, felt strongly that the appointment of the Secretary-General should be made in an atmosphere of harmony and consensus, in cooperation between the Security Council and the General Assembly. In this context, it insisted, the provisions of Article 97 needed to be honoured.", "69. Other speakers emphasized the need to respect the co-equal status of the principal organs of the United Nations and to ensure that they did not interfere in each others’ working methods. They strongly advocated preserving the current practice in accordance with Article 97, while still favouring the opportunity for Member States to get to know candidates better through meetings with regional groups and other such measures. They agreed that it could also be useful for candidates to hear questions from Member States on such occasions, but otherwise supported the continuation of the current practice, which they felt had served and would continue to serve the Organization as a whole well.", "70. Finally, some delegations noted that the role of the Secretary-General was unique and particular, owing to the role and powers conferred upon him by the Charter.", "71. Regarding the second element of the discussion, the selection of other executive heads in the United Nations system organizations, the report of the Joint Inspection Unit was widely acknowledged, with frequent and specific references being made to the fact that it noted that conducting hearings/meetings with candidates running for the post of executive head of an organization of the United Nations common system could enhance the transparency and credibility of the selection process and make it more inclusive of all nationalities. One speaker supported in particular the following recommendations contained in the report: (a) that vacancy announcements be published widely; (b) that criteria, terms of reference, including required competencies, qualifications and experience be established; and (c) that rigorous criteria and procedures for screening candidates and for the interviews of such candidates be established, while acknowledging that some steps had already been taken in that direction. Other speakers welcomed the initiative of the Co-Chairs to introduce this new element to the debate under this item, with some specifically welcoming a careful consideration of the report of the Joint Inspection Unit with a view to ensuring transparency, legitimacy and balanced representation. Focusing on the report and on human resource issues more generally, another speaker underlined the provisions contained in resolution 65/248 D, as well as recommendation 6 of the report of the Joint Inspection Unit, according to which the terms of office of executive heads should be limited to no more than two consecutive terms.", "72. While the recommendations contained in the report of the Joint Inspection Unit were taken note of, it was also suggested that its objective was to assist in the establishment of harmonized selection criteria that would ensure the highest quality of leadership and management at the executive level, and the report’s observation that the process of the selection and appointment of the Secretary-General was unique in comparison with that of other executive heads was also underscored in this regard.", "Strengthening the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly", "73. The fifth meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group, which was its fourth thematic meeting, was held on 25 May. It focused on the Office of the President of the General Assembly, support to it, and its institutional memory. A total of 11 speakers, including representatives of groups, took the floor in the course of the meeting, which included presentations by the Chef de Cabinet of the President of the General Assembly on the work of the Office and by the Director of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council Affairs Division of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management on the Trust Fund in support of the Office of the President of the General Assembly.", "74. The Chef de Cabinet began by framing his thoughts on strengthening the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly with two remarks: that the President and his Office considered it to be a major element of revitalization, and that they subscribed to the views of the President of the sixty-fourth session as indicated in the annex to the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group (A/64/903). He touched on the issue of the three-month transition period, saying that this was important for strengthening institutional memory and acknowledging that it facilitated establishing a solid working relationship with the Secretariat at an early stage. He nonetheless cautioned that incoming Presidents and their teams would need to be careful, as his team had been, not to undermine the efforts of the incumbent. He admitted that there had been some difficulties with the office space provided during the transition period. As regards staffing, he underscored the importance of taking over some staff from the previous presidency to optimize institutional memory, noting that five staff and one assistant (a full quarter of his team) had been retained by those means for that purpose. Turning to the budget, he stressed the degree to which it was important to find a good balance between the core resources coming from the United Nations budget and resources coming from Member States, through either the trust fund, secondments or voluntary contributions, noting that core resources were more predictable and ensured more independence. On protocol, he underscored that the situation and the support received remained wanting. On communications, while he expressed gratitude for the provision of the Office’s Spokesperson and Webmaster, he was nevertheless clear that more could be done as regards reporting on the President’s activities. In closing, he stressed that the discussion of these issues had been ongoing for some time, that recommendations and decisions had already been taken and that what was needed first and foremost was to follow through with implementation. Citing a recent initiative relating to the continuity of best practices, the Chef de Cabinet mentioned the “PGA Handbook”, which, in accordance with operative paragraph 17 of resolution 64/301, was shortly to be distributed by Switzerland.", "75. The Director of the General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council Affairs Division of the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management spoke about the Trust Fund in support of the Office of the General Assembly, providing the status report requested by Member States. Recalling the establishment of the Trust Fund and the invitation to Member States to contribute to it contained in operative paragraph 12 of resolution 64/301, he announced that six Member States had contributed a total of $468,693.87 to the fund since its inception. Three contributions, totalling $70,133.87, had been made during the sixty-fourth session: one towards covering the costs of the thematic debate on disarmament, and the other two towards covering those of the thematic debate on peacekeeping. The three remaining contributions, totalling $398,560, had been made by three Member States during the current session. Of this amount, $391,500 had been contributed by two Member States to cover the recruitment of two staff members in the Office of the President for the sixty-fifth session, with the remaining $7,060 having been contributed by one Member State towards covering the costs of thematic debates during the current session. The Director noted that, while the fund was handled by the Office of the Controller, it was administered by the Department for General Assembly and Conference Management.", "76. He then turned to the challenges involved in handling transitional office arrangements for incoming Presidents. He underscored that the relevant resolutions did not make any particular funding provisions for covering the costs of staff or space during the three-month period between the election of the President and the beginning of the presidency. In addition, as there was no approved funding for transitional office space, that had been difficult to arrange. The combination of all of those factors often made transitional arrangements very challenging.", "77. The Director then outlined the substantive support provided to the Office of the President by the Secretariat. In closing, the Director re-emphasized that the Secretariat made every effort in its power to provide the fullest possible support to Presidents and their Offices throughout their tenure.", "78. In response to the briefings, delegations raised a number of questions. One speaker focused on the issue of retaining institutional memory in the Office of the President, specifically mentioning both the information provided to the Office by the previous President during the transition period and the ongoing support it received from the Secretariat. Another speaker touched upon the Chef de Cabinet’s comments on the budget and its adequacy, wondering whether the current amount was sufficient and seeking reconfirmation that the amount would indeed be reviewed in the context of the 2012-2013 budget. On budgetary and staffing support for protocol and, to a lesser extent, public information, the speaker pushed for more precision regarding needs that remained to be addressed. To the first questioner, the Chef de Cabinet responded that, as far as information on the status of ongoing issues and developments was concerned, the relationship with the incumbent was crucial. He underscored, however, the importance of the Secretariat throughout the transition process. In response to the second question, he admitted that the core budget should be considered a strict minimum and acknowledged the need to balance it with voluntary contributions. He acknowledged the problems with protocol and expressed the hope that a dedicated post for the purpose of providing the support needed could be discussed in the context of the 2012-2013 budget. He did not, however, see any specific financial problem with regard to public information, and again expressed appreciation for the work of the President’s Spokesperson.", "79. Another delegation expressed concern at the space constraints facing the Office of the President that the Chef de Cabinet had described, and shared with the concerns that had been expressed about the implications of the budget situation. The speaker wanted to know whether, given the small fraction of costs and needs covered by the regular/core budget, this situation meant that countries without money or friends should not put themselves forward to serve as President of the General Assembly. In response to the first of those questions, the Chef de Cabinet highlighted that he had been speaking about the initial transitional office space that had been provided, not about the Office’s permanent quarters, indicating that the latter had been adequate. Focusing on the questioner’s second point, he acknowledged that the core budget indeed covered only a small proportion of the financial needs of the Office and that significant contributions were required to cover the remainder. He allowed that this situation might pose a problem for countries with fewer resources or less influence, admitting that the help and support of other countries was important. He insisted, however, that countries in this position should have help, and encouraged other countries’ generosity in that regard.", "80. It was noted that many expenses were taken in charge by the country of origin of the President, thus placing an extra burden on many countries with limited resources, which could not afford such means, and creating the risk of inequality of Member States when considering candidatures for the post of President. In this context, the Secretariat was requested to provide the Working Group with a more detailed analysis and evaluation of the implementation of the provisions of the General Assembly, including resolutions 59/313, 60/286 and 64/301. In the same vein, a request was made for the assignment of additional posts on a permanent basis, the allocation of adequate space in the current North Lawn Building and, in particular, the renovated permanent Headquarters, and an increase in the regular budget allocated to the Office of the President in order to match at least the evolution of the general budget of the Organization.", "81. On enhancing the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, it was underlined that ensuring efficiency was necessary not only in the process of nominating and selecting the President, but also in the smooth transfer of responsibility. The importance of the periodic meetings between the Presidents was noted in this regard, and it was suggested that information provided by the President to Member States on substantial issues raised during such meetings would further enhance transparency and ensure better coordination. Regarding the briefings provided by outgoing Presidents to their successors, the President was encouraged to share his views and recommendations with the Working Group as well.", "82. One speaker suggested a number of possible steps to further strengthen the role of the President of the General Assembly, including having the President take initiatives and decisions on holding formal or informal meetings to discuss issues of particular interest to Member States; request briefings by the Secretariat on issues pertaining to the mandates of the Assembly, including on peace and security; convene press conferences to highlight particular issues discussed by the Assembly or decisions adopted; perform the role of the Spokesperson for the entire membership on all issues on the Assembly’s agenda; organize debates in the Assembly on the reports of the Security Council, noting actions suggested by the Member States, and inform the President of the Council about both; convene regular meetings with the heads of other principal organs and report thereon to the General Assembly; be briefed regularly by the President of the Security Council on the work of the Council, and then inform Member States about the substance of those meetings; engage in fortnightly discussions with the Secretary-General on various activities under way in the United Nations, including on the work of the Council, and brief the Assembly thereon; and be consulted by the Secretary-General on all major appointments, including the appointments of panel members and advisers.", "83. This speaker also felt strongly that it was very important that the President’s outreach capacity, including through participation in regional meetings, be further enhanced, acknowledging that participation in regional meetings would require the provision of additional resources. The speaker also reiterated the idea of using a “troika” of past, present and future Presidents of the General Assembly to ensure better transitional arrangements.", "84. On the budget, while some called for augmenting resources and added that a sustainable system for the Trust Fund needed to be found, others emphasized that these questions should be examined during the sixty-sixth session in the context of the 2012-2013 budget and that the appropriate avenue of consideration would be the Advisory Committee for Administrative and Budgetary Questions and the Fifth Committee. They also suggested, in this context, that the option of relying more heavily on the resources and support of the Secretariat, as the Security Council did with the Security Council Affairs Division of the Department of Political Affairs, should be considered. Other speakers questioned the value of the Office of the President being financed under different formulas and under the budgets of different parts of the Secretariat, and wondered whether it might not be preferable to harmonize and unify the Office’s funding structure. The Secretary responded that, as the Office was being serviced by a number of departments, its costs were borne by and budgeted under the sector and department concerned.", "85. On transitional arrangements, one speaker made two very concrete suggestions: that the report on lessons learned provided by the outgoing Presidents first be given to their successors at the moment of election, with an updated version given at the end of the session; and that the Office of the President be equipped with a solid computerized documentation and archiving system that would facilitate the maintenance of files and information across sessions.", "86. On staffing, one delegation strongly emphasized the importance of a group of core advisers being retained within the Office of the President, and asked the Chef de Cabinet to indicate how many staff, at a minimum, should be kept over from one session to the next. The Chef de Cabinet responded that the group of five that they had kept had worked well, and credited the support received from the Secretariat.", "III. Conclusions", "87. In accordance with its mandate, the Ad Hoc Working Group endeavoured to identify key issues of concern and possible consensus, to examine the current status of implementation of those issues, and either to take or to indicate possible further action to be taken on them.", "88. At its sixth meeting, on 29 July 2011, the Ad Hoc Working Group considered and adopted a draft resolution (see para. 90 below) and the present report.", "IV. Recommendations", "89. On the basis of a draft resolution circulated by the Co-Chairs, the Ad Hoc Working Group developed the resolution set out below.", "90. At its sixth meeting, on 29 July 2011, the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly concluded its work for the sixty-fifth session of the General Assembly. The Working Group decided to recommend that the General Assembly adopt the following draft resolution:", "Revitalization of the work of the General Assembly", "The General Assembly,", "Reaffirming its previous resolutions relating to the revitalization of its work, including resolutions 46/77 of 12 December 1991, 47/233 of 17 August 1993, 48/264 of 29 July 1994, 51/241 of 31 July 1997, 52/163 of 15 December 1997, 55/14 of 3 November 2000, 55/285 of 7 September 2001, 56/509 of 8 July 2002, 57/300 of 20 December 2002, 57/301 of 13 March 2003, 58/126 of 19 December 2003, 58/316 of 1 July 2004, 59/313 of 12 September 2005, 60/286 of 8 September 2006, 61/292 of 2 August 2007, 62/276 of 15 September 2008, 63/309 of 14 September 2009 and 64/301 of 13 September 2010,", "Stressing the importance of the implementation of resolutions of the General Assembly on the revitalization of its work, and noting with concern the lack of their implementation and impact on the authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the General Assembly,", "Recognizing the role of the General Assembly in addressing issues of peace and security, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations,", "Reaffirming the role and authority of the General Assembly on global matters of concern to the international community, including global governance, as set out in the Charter,", "Welcoming the decision by the President of the General Assembly to designate “Reaffirming the central role of the United Nations in global governance” as the theme of the general debate of the sixty-fifth session,", "Recognizing the need to further enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the General Assembly,", "Noting the important role and the activities of the Office of the President of the General Assembly,", "Reiterating that the revitalization of the work of the General Assembly is a critical component of the overall reform of the United Nations,", "1. Welcomes the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Revitalization of the General Assembly;[2]", "2. Decides to establish, at its sixty-sixth session, an ad hoc working group on the revitalization of the work of the General Assembly, open to all Member States:", "(a) To identify further ways to enhance the role, authority, effectiveness and efficiency of the Assembly, inter alia, by building on previous resolutions and evaluating the status of their implementation;", "(b) To submit a report thereon to the Assembly at its sixty-sixth session;", "3. Also decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group shall continue its review of the inventory of General Assembly resolutions on revitalization based on the updated annex to the report of the Ad Hoc Working Group submitted at the sixty-third session,[3] and requests the Secretary-General to submit an update on the provisions of the General Assembly resolutions on revitalization addressed to the Secretariat for implementation that have not been implemented, with an indication of the constraints and reasons behind any lack of implementation, for further consideration by the Ad Hoc Working Group at the sixty-sixth session;", "Role and authority of the General Assembly", "4. Reaffirms the role and authority of the General Assembly, including on questions relating to international peace and security, in accordance with Articles 10 to 14 and 35 of the Charter of the United Nations, where appropriate, using the procedures set forth in rules 7 to 10 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, which enable swift and urgent action by the Assembly, bearing in mind that the Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security in accordance with Article 24 of the Charter;", "5. Stresses the need for the General Assembly to actively undertake its role and effectively respond, in a timely manner, to emerging challenges and current events of common concern to the international community;", "6. Welcomes the holding of thematic debates on current issues of critical importance to the international community and their interactive inclusive character, and invites the President of the General Assembly to continue this practice and to consult with Member States on the possibilities for achieving, where appropriate, results-oriented outcomes in such debates;", "7. Recognizes the importance and benefit of a continuing interaction between the General Assembly and international or regional forums and organizations dealing with global matters of concern to the international community in the perspective of the revitalization of the work of the General Assembly;", "8. Welcomes the continued practice of the periodic informal briefings by the Secretary-General on his priorities, travels and most recent activities, including his participation in international meetings and events organized outside the United Nations, and encourages him to continue with this practice;", "9. Stresses the importance of ensuring increased cooperation, coordination and exchange of information among the principal organs, and welcomes the holding of regular meetings of the President of the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session with the Secretary-General and the Presidents of the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council, as well as with the Chairs of subsidiary bodies, and briefings to Member States on the outcomes of these meetings on a regular basis, and encourages the continuation of such practice;", "10. Welcomes the improvements that have been made in the quality of the annual reports of the Security Council to the General Assembly, encourages the Council to make further improvements as necessary, and takes note of the holding of informal meetings of the President of the Council with all Member States before the preparation of the report;", "11. Notes that, in accordance with Article 15 and Article 24, paragraph 3, of the Charter, the Security Council shall submit to the General Assembly an annual report and, when necessary, special reports for its consideration;", "12. Recognizes that non-implementation of various General Assembly resolutions, in particular those adopted by consensus, may diminish the role and authority of the General Assembly, and underlines the important role and responsibility of Member States in their implementation;", "Working methods", "13. Welcomes the substantial discussion undertaken and the decision adopted by the Second Committee of the General Assembly at the sixty-fifth session aimed at rationalizing and streamlining its agenda and improving its working methods;", "14. Requests that the General Assembly and its Main Committees, at the sixty‑sixth session, in consultation with Member States, continue consideration of and make proposals for the further biennialization, triennialization, clustering and elimination of items on the agenda of the Assembly, taking into account the relevant recommendations of the Ad Hoc Working Group, including through the introduction of a sunset clause, with the clear consent of the sponsoring State or States;", "15. Encourages each Main Committee to discuss its working methods at the sixty‑sixth session, and invites the Chairs of the Main Committees, at the sixty-sixth session, to brief the Ad Hoc Working Group, as appropriate, on the discussions on the working methods;", "16. Notes with appreciation that the high-level meetings held at the United Nations give more visibility to very important topics, while mindful of the need to facilitate full participation of all Member States and to preserve the integrity of the general debate in September, and invites the Secretary-General, the President of the General Assembly and the Chairs of the Main Committees, in consultation with Member States, to enhance the coordination of the scheduling of high-level meetings with a view to optimizing the number and distribution of such events;", "17. Encourages Member States, United Nations bodies and the Secretariat to consult on the consolidation of documentation in order to avoid duplication of work and to exercise the fullest possible discipline in striving for concise resolutions, reports and other documentation, inter alia, by referring to previous documents rather than repeating actual content;", "18. Stresses the importance of further enhancing public and media awareness of the work and decisions of the General Assembly, including through their timely issuance and distribution in all official languages;", "19. Decides that the Ad Hoc Working Group shall remain apprised of options for more time-effective, efficient and secure balloting, reiterating the need to ascertain the credibility, reliability and confidentiality of the balloting process, and requests the Secretariat to submit an update in case of any new technological developments, on the understanding that the adoption of any new balloting system in the future will require a decision of the plenary of the General Assembly;", "Selection and appointment of the Secretary-General and other executive heads", "20. Reaffirms its commitment to continue, in the Ad Hoc Working Group, in accordance with the provisions of Article 97 of the Charter, its consideration of the revitalization of the role of the General Assembly in the selection and appointment of the Secretary-General, and calls for the full implementation of all relevant resolutions, including resolutions 11 (I) of 24 January 1946, 51/241, 60/286, in particular paragraphs 17 to 22 of the annex thereto, and 64/301;", "21. Takes note of the recommendation contained in the report of the Joint Inspection Unit entitled “Selection and conditions of service of executive heads in the United Nations system organizations”[4] proposing that the General Assembly conduct hearings or meetings with candidates running for the post of Secretary-General of the United Nations;", "22. Recognizes that the process of selecting and appointing the Secretary-General differs from the process used with regard to other executive heads in the United Nations system, given the role of the Security Council in accordance with Article 97 of the Charter, and re-emphasizes the need for the process of selection of the Secretary-General to be transparent and inclusive of all Member States;", "Strengthening the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the General Assembly", "23. Welcomes the views by the President of the General Assembly expressed to the Ad Hoc Working Group on the strengthening of the institutional memory of the Office of the President of the Assembly and its relationship with the Secretariat;", "24. Also welcomes the periodic briefings by the President of the General Assembly at its sixty-fifth session to Member States on his recent activities, including official travels, and encourages the continuation of such practice;", "25. Notes that the activities of the President of the General Assembly have increased markedly in recent years, recalls provisions regarding support for the Office of the President of the General Assembly in previous resolutions, expresses continued interest in seeking ways to further support the Office, in accordance with existing procedures, in particular rule 153 of the rules of procedure of the General Assembly, and in this context looks forward to the submission by the Secretary-General of his proposals pursuant to paragraph 10 of resolution 64/301;", "26. Requests the Secretary-General, at the sixty-sixth session, to report on the funding and staffing of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, including on any technical, logistical, protocol-related or financial questions;", "27. Notes the concerns raised on the protocol arrangements in place for the President of the General Assembly, and requests the Secretary-General to further endeavour to ensure, within agreed resources, that the President is provided with proper protocol and security services and adequate office space, with a view to enabling the President to carry out his or her functions in a manner commensurate with the dignity and stature of the Office;", "28. Emphasizes the need to ensure, within agreed resources, that the Office of the President of the General Assembly is allocated dedicated staff within the Secretariat with responsibility for coordinating the transition between Presidents, managing interactions between the President of the General Assembly and the Secretary-General, and the retention of institutional memory, and requests the outgoing Presidents of the Assembly to brief their successors on the lessons learned and best practices;", "29. Notes with appreciation the contributions of Member States to the Trust Fund in support of the Office of the President of the General Assembly, and invites Member States to continue to contribute to the Fund.", "[1] Following the meeting, the Chair of the Informal Working Group of the Security Council on Documentation and Other Procedural Questions, having noted the questions posed to him by delegations, forwarded written responses to the Co-Chairs of the Ad Hoc Working Group, who distributed them accordingly.", "[2] A/65/909.", "[3] A/63/959.", "[4] See A/65/71." ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目118", "大会工作的振兴", "大会振兴问题特设工作组的报告", "目录", "页次\n1.导言 2\n2.会议纪要 2\nA.一般性讨论 2\nB.专题会议 5\n3.结论 14\n4.建议 15", "一. 导言", "1. 大会第64/301号决议决定，在第六十五届会议设立一个大会振兴问题特设工作组，向所有会员国开放：", "(a) 通过利用以往的决议和评价其执行状况，查明提升大会的作用、权力、效力和效率的进一步途径；", "(b) 就此，向大会第六十五届会议提交一份报告。", "2. 本报告和其中所载建议是根据该决议提交的。", "3. 在大会第六十五届会议期间，大会主席于2010年11月19日任命了工作组的两位共同主席——立陶宛常驻联合国代表Dalius Čekuolis先生和圣文森和格林纳达常驻联合国代表Camillo Gonsalves先生。", "4. 在正式开始工作组的工作之前，两位共同主席与各会员国和各种政治集团的代表举行了非正式会议。在这些会议中，两位共同主席从会员国关于振兴进程的本质及技术性和程序性方面的深刻见解和想法中受益良多。", "二. 会议纪要", "5. 工作组于2011年3月14日、4月13日和28日、5月17日和25日以及7月29日，共举行了六次会议。", "6. 工作方案分成如下两个实际阶段：(a) 一般性讨论和交换看法；(b) 专题会议。在每次专题会议之前，为激发大家根据第64/301号决议第3段的授权对载于大会振兴问题特设工作组报告(A/63/959)附件中的大会决议最新清单/图表的全面审查，两位共同主席就有待审议的专题问题集群编制并散发了非文件。各代表团对此举措表示赞赏，并查明了进一步提高大会的作用、权力、效力和效率的途径。", "A. 一般性讨论", "7. 工作组在3月14日举行的第一次会议上，就大会振兴问题举行了一般性讨论，期间，17个会员国的代表做了发言——其中包括代表各政治集团的发言，表达了各自的总的立场和对于工作组在大会第六十五届会议的工作方案的期待。", "8. 两位共同主席在开场白中对其第六十四届会议的前任所做的重要工作和取得的成就表示感谢，并提及第64/301号决议是工作组工作重心的基础。他们表示，各主要委员会在其工作方案的审议中所吸取的教训可为工作组2011年的工作提供信息，并注意到秘书处已表示随时愿意按需要就相关的专题提供简要介绍。", "9. 在讨论中，许多发言者都强调了使大会及其工作更有效率和更有实效的重要性，并普遍同意，一个好的起点就是落实现有的各项决议。一些会员国争辩说，振兴首先是一个政治进程，振兴应关心的是实质性的事务；而其他一些国家则坚决强调，实现这一点的最好办法就是把精力集中于大会的工作方法和议程。有人还指出了振兴与主席的关于加强联合国在全球管治中的作用这一优先主体之间的联系。", "10. 发言主要集中在以下领域：工作方法；大会在甄选秘书长方面的作用；加强大会主席办公室及其机构记忆的必要性；和大会与其他主要机关的关系。对于第64/301号决议授权的全面审评的性质也有人做了评论。", "11. 关于大会的效率问题，一些代表认为，工作方法，特别是大会及其主要委员会的工作方法，包括高级别会议和专题辩论的时间安排、电子表决系统和基于及时翻译的文件管理，应构成关于振兴大会问题的讨论的主要重点。及时印发大会决议和会议记录的必要性得到了特别强调。", "12. 一个会员国集团促请对于表决进程的保密性和完整性应采取必要的谨慎态度，并重申可信性、可靠性和保密性的原则，也有少数提及要使大会的表决和计票系统现代化，其中一些代表提出，就电子表决运作的技术方面提供简要介绍对于就此事项的讨论可能是会有益的。", "13. 关于一般性辩论，一位发言者说，虽然这以前是大会的一项主要活动，但似乎已成为在9月份同时举行的许多活动中的一项而已。因此，一些代表主张，应仔细检查时间安排问题，在这方面，应进一步探讨总务委员会和大会主席的作用问题。有人认为，工作组可提供这方面的参考性指导意见。", "14. 虽然举行专题辩论受到欢迎，但有人也提出，这样的辩论举行的太多有可能损害大会的集中，并应牢记比较小的代表团的需要和能力。", "15. 有几个发言集中谈到了议程合理化问题，包括研究项目的进一步两年一次和三年一次化的可能性问题。许多代表团同意砍掉多余的任务是理智的建议，但同时又坚持，在没有得到大会事先批准和相关国家同意之前，不应使用“夕阳条款”概念。一些会员国强调，议程应根据新的和迅速演变的挑战变得更加有应对性和适应性。", "16. 各主要机关之间的平衡，特别是与安理会的平衡，鉴于被许多人看作是蚕食大会工作的现象，是需要加以处理的重要问题。一些发言者主张，这包括要使安理会更对大会负责并要使两者的工作方案互相协调一致。", "17. 一个国家集团强调有必要对大会各项决议的执行状况进行彻底评价，并明确指出任何未执行的原因。为逐步消除至今仍然阻碍大会实现其所有潜力的的振兴进程的制约因素，此举具有至关重要的意义。", "18. 许多代表团希望大会继续积极关注国际和平与安全范畴的政治事务。另一个代表团强调，大会需要在这方面采取更为积极主动的姿态。有人提出，安理会向大会提交特别报告。", "19. 一位发言者争辩说，可通过行使大会的权力改革安理会来平衡这两个机关之间的关系，而另一位则着重指出，应抵制强行推进体制改革的催促。", "20. 安理会给大会的年度报告被举出作为一个可能进一步审议的领域，并提到，除其他外，第51/241号决议，其中大会主席被要求对大会就报告展开的辩论进行评估。另一方面，也指出了已经做出的改进，例如，在理事会每月的主席任期期间组织的吹风会。一个代表团强调说，根据联合国宪章，大会和安理会之间的关系是一个根本性的章程问题。", "21. 关于大会与经社理事会的关系，一个代表团认为，大会应得到关于部长级年度审评和发展合作论坛的报告。", "22. 在关于主要机关之间的关系问题的讨论中，鼓励各机关的主席之间进行进一步的协调。", "23. 许多代表提出应加强大会在秘书长甄选程序中的作用，并对载于以往决议中的大意如此的规定尚未完全执行表示遗憾。许多代表团认为，这是工作组议程上的一个重要问题。一些代表集中谈了那些已经实现的改进，其中指出，除其他外，在候选人和区域集团之间在非正式环境中的交流，并强调，应继续遵循现有的程序。", "24. 几位发言者在着重谈到秘书长的甄选和任命的同时也提到了秘书处乃至联合国系统高级官员——包括秘书长的特别代表和高级别小组——的任命问题。就此，提到了题为“联合国系统各组织行政首长的甄选和服务条件”的联合检查组报告(见A/65/71)，许多代表团要求在本工作组内审议。", "25. 若干发言者提到，加强大会主席办公室是工作组的一个可能的重点，许多会员国期待着主席即将发表的关于加强该办公室机构记忆的意见。许多代表还认为，必须确保办公室有足够的、可预料的财政和人力资源。一个国家集团对为加强该办公室而已经采取的措施表示欢迎。有人表示，应做出特别的努力执行关于此事的业已存在的各项决议。", "26. 在关于特设工作组的讨论中第一次提到了大会同联合国外面的集团的关系问题，包括尤其是与20国集团(G-20)的关系。一些国家认为，工作组应讨论发表关于联合国指定的代表在与外部团体相遇之前和之后应如何与广大成员互动的指导原则问题，以便大会的立场能得到正确的传达。", "27. 最后，关于载于特设工作组报告(A/63/959)附件中的清单的全面审查的性质问题，许多发言者表示十分重视这一工作。例如，有人主张，审查应导致产生一种后续机制，以评估大会各项决议的执行状况，就此，一个代表团建议可采取在秘书处内设立一个特别单位的形式。", "28. 作为上述审议的结果，两位共同主席在2011年4月5日的信中散发了一份工作计划，提出举行四场专题会议，集中讨论作为对大会振兴进程最核心的最经常提出的问题如下：", "(a) 大会的作用和权力及其与本组织其他主要机关和联合国外面的其他集团的关系；", "(b) 大会各项决议和议程的执行；大会的工作方法和基本建设总计划框架内的业务和技术问题，包括关于大会表决系统的信息；", "(c) 大会在联合国秘书长的甄选和任命以及在联合国系统各组织其他行政首长的甄选中的作用和责任；", "(d) 大会主席办公室的职责，包括加强其机构记忆，及其与秘书处的关系。", "B. 专题会议", "大会的作用和权力及其与本组织其他主要机关和联合国外面的其他集团的关系", "29. 如工作计划中所示，第一场专题会议于4月13日举行，大会主席出席了会议。有十七个代表团在讨论中发言，其中包括代表集团的发言。", "30. 在开场白中，两主席对大会主席的光临表示欢迎，并重申，第64/301号决议给特设工作组的任务是查明振兴大会的进一步方法。为此，两主席请各代表团在大会主席发言后开展热烈的意见交流。", "31. 大会主席在对工作组的讲话中表示，满意地注意到他对于一个作为全球辩论主要论坛的强大的大会的展望已被会员国所广泛接受，这突出体现在2010年12月通过了关于联合国在全球管治中的作用的第65/94号决议。大会主席认为，提高大会的知名度至关重要，并支持建设连接联合国外面的行为者的桥梁——例如，二十国集团。另一方面，应确保大会同其他主要机关之间的有效合作，就此，大会主席指出他举行的、不仅与安理会和经社理事会的主席，而且与人权理事会和维和委员会的主席的定期会议。此外，大会主席欢迎他与秘书长的密切互动和后者愿意定期向会员国简要介绍最新动态，这给会员国就通常由安理会审议的问题发表看法的机会。", "32. 大会主席还指出，大会的议程需更集中于当今最紧迫的问题，并着重指出，负担过重的议程有伤害大会辩论的质量的风险。因此，应进一步考虑议程合理化问题，二委在这方面树立了良好的榜样。必须更多地重视对所做决定的后续工作，使提供给本组织的资源有充分的理由。", "33. 在随后的辩论中，许多代表团强调了对他们所认为的安理会蚕食大会的工作的关切。还有人提出，大会应更迅速有效地对与国际和平与安全有关的政治事件和问题做出反应，以便根据宪章坚持其适当的作用。", "34. 有人表示安理会的报告应更有分析性，并应提交针对专题的特别报告，另一方面，安理会的年度报告由于主席与广大联合国会员国在2008年7月、2009年和2010年举行的非正式会议而有了改进，并要求将这样的非正式磋商制度化。就此，一个代表团强调了安理会主席关于安理会工作方法的说明(S/2010/507)，并表示十分赞赏覆盖时间为2009年8月1日至2010年7月31日的安理会报告。", "35. 其他一些代表团争辩说，安理会提交年度报告的任务已经执行，并指出，关于安理会工作方案的月吹风很少有广大会员国踊跃参加的情况。一个代表团着重指出，每个主要机关都按照自己的规定运作，并强调这是个根本性的章程问题。", "36. 各主要机关主席之间举行定期会议的价值得到了广泛的认可，并认为这一做法可进一步加以改进。这样的协调也应扩大到各机关的议程和工作方案，不妨搞一个正式的议程，其成果可供会员国分享。一些代表团还指出，大会主席与人权理事会主席和建设和平委员会主席的定期会议是有益的做法，并强调在所有联合国机关、机构和团体之间需进一步加以协调。", "37. 大会主席向大会简要介绍他最近出访的做法受到赞赏，被认为是宝贵的信息来源。", "38. 有人提出可研究项目的进一步两年一次化、三年一次化和集群化的问题；另一方面，也重申了反对在没有得到共同提案国和(或)议题相关国家的明确同意的情况下，采用任何类型的“夕阳条款”的做法。", "39. 大会知名度问题仍是许多代表团感兴趣的事项，有人强调，只有在大会就国际社会共同关心的问题采取相关行动时，振兴才能有保障，这也有助于提高大会的知名度。关于给发言人配备一名助手的问题，执行以往各项决议的必要性得到了强调。", "40. 专题辩论被认为是推动关于对国际社会具有至关重要性的当前问题的更深入讨论的一个重要手段。另一方面，在欢迎举行专题辩论的同时，强调了应与会员国协商为这样的辩论会做筹备。在互动交流时，大会主席强调，举行专题辩论只是主席手中为数很少的手段之一，用以帮助推动大会的审议工作，这就是为什么他要劝阻进一步限制主席权力或绕过主席召集辩论的原因。", "41. 关于大会与“联合国外面的其它集团”的关系，许多代表团认为，讨论应优先关注大会与其它主要机关的关系问题。一些发言者对在这个上下文中“其它集团”的精确含义提出疑问，并想知道这是否也包括民间社会或政治团体。大会作为唯一的普遍机构的作用得到了强调。就此，一些代表团对最近的二十国集团主席本着问责和透明的精神，“走出去”与大会联系的做法表示欢迎。", "42. 许多发言者再次强调了执行现有各项决议的重要性，就此，有些人提出需要有一个后续和监测机制。一个代表团着重指出，所有尚未实施的规定需在现有资源范围内加以实施。", "43. 两主席在结束语中对大会主席的光临表示感谢，主席的光临增加了会议的生产力，并感谢各代表团做了实质性的评论。", "大会各项决议和议程的执行；大会的工作方法和基本建设总计划框架内的业务和技术问题，包括关于大会表决系统的信息", "44. 特设工作组的第三次会议，也是集中讨论执行大会各项决议和议程，以及大会的工作方法和业务及技术问题—包括投票问题—的第二场专题会议，于4月28日举行。会议由两部分组成：第一部分是互动部分，其间工作组听取了几个简要介绍并有机会开展一场问答，第二部分是各代表团的一般性发言。在会议第一段，共有八个会员国发言；六个代表团参加了第二段，其中包括代表集团的发言。", "45. 两主席在开场白中解释了会议的结构和所设想的互动性质，随后，波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那常驻代表以其安理会文件和其它程序问题非正式工作组主席的身份，简要介绍了其工作组工作方面所吸取的、也许也与特设工作组的工作相关的经验教训，并宣布会议第一段讨论开始。他的发言集中介绍了根据载于安理会主席的说明(S/2010/507)中的准则，安理会精简其所处理的事项的发言摘要的经验，并指出，项目数从2007年年初的144个减少到了目前的88个。具体的说，这是通过以下方法实现的：合并重叠的项目；进行年度检查，以决定理事会是否已经结束了对项目单上的某个项目的审议；实行“夕阳程序”；和使用总括议程项目。", "46. 在向工作组的第二个简要介绍中，蒙古常驻代表以第六十五届会议第二委员会主席的身份介绍了她在委员会审议工作及其随后通过关于改进工作方法方面的经验。在指出其前任大韩民国常驻代表已经开展的工作的同时，她向工作组逐一介绍了第二委员会在2010年的会议上审议这一问题时所采取的各种步骤。她强调了每个主要委员会的特殊性，同时着重指出，改进工作方法会使较小的代表团普遍受益。", "47. 下一个简要介绍由大会和会议管理部大会和经社理事会事务司司长主讲，他讲了关于大会高级别会议的组织方面，特别是在9月份举行的那些会议。司长指出，这类会议最近增多和会员国长期以来强调的保持一般性辩论的神圣不可侵犯性这一优先事项，同时回顾了关于这类高级别会议计划工作的若干参数。", "48. 第四个，即，最后一个简要介绍，由大会和会议管理部会议和出版司司长主讲，用投影介绍了文件情况，其中指出了近年来该部为提高文件流程所采取的各种步骤。", "49. 这些简要介绍和两主席的主动安排受到各代表团的热烈欢迎，并利用这一机会交流看法。一位发言者对安理会文件和其它程序性问题非正式工作组主席的简要介绍表示欢迎，认为是有益的经验交流。另一位问到成员国是如何参与安理会的精简工作的，以及非安理会成员国如何参加其感兴趣的问题的讨论。另一个代表团欢迎来自安理会的信息，但提出安理会可从大会学习某种东西，而不是相反的情况。有人要求提供关于安理会使用总括议程项目的信息。在回答这个问题时，非正式工作组主席感谢各代表团的提问和评论，并表示他对进一步交流持开放态度。¹", "¹ 本次会议后，安理会文件和其它程序性问题非正式工作组主席记下了各代表团向他提的问题并将书面答复传达给了特设工作组两主席，后者散发了这些书面答复。", "50. 在对第二委员会主席简要介绍的反应中，有人强调，确实每一个主要委员会都有自己的工作文化。委员会主席被问到她认为是什么样的情况推动了去年的决定的通过。一个代表团想知道已采取的那些措施——其实施最终需要各代表团的诚意——是否足够；另一位发言者问到委员会主席关于所做出的决定的后续行动的评估情况。还有人指出，第二委员会已尽到了根据特设工作组对各主要委员会的要求的责任，但其它委员会还没有，这也许可通过两主席的斡旋，传达到其它主要委员会主席。第二委员会主席同意，所采取的措施确实只是第一步，作为向前进的一种办法，她将向她的继任者分享所学到的经验教训。", "51. 关于高级别会议的组织事项的简要介绍，有人提出应建立发言者名单问题。有人问道是否可通过采用抓阄的办法来对其进行改革，这会消除各代表团通过讨价还价和其它手段确保尽可能好的位置的必要性。有人认为，应将高级别会议的次数降到最低并将其分散到整个日历年。大会和经社理事会事务司司长确认，关于千年发展目标的2010年高级别会议的发言名单是在抓阄的基础上拟定的，相关决议(第64/184号决议)的附件一中阐述了相关模式。", "52. 在关于文件情况的介绍的后续讨论中，各代表团强调，不能完全依靠电子传播文件，纸质文本继续发挥重要的正式功能。另一个代表团则提出，应减少要求秘书处提供书面资料，这也是为了全面的可持续性。会议和出版司司长在答复这些评论时表示，注意到需要继续散发印刷本，同时向各代表团保证，世界上几乎没有什么组织以像联合国这样的环境友好的方式运作。", "53. 在进入会议第二阶段之前，工作组获悉，根据第60/286号决议第24段，关于大会议事规则的评论和以往的惯例已经在线提供，可访问大会的网站检索。", "54. 关于议程，有人表示坚信，在没有共同提案国和(或)与议题相关的国家明确同意的情况下，议程项目的任何两年一次化、三年一次化或取消，或者，夕阳条款的采用，都不可进行。有人表达的另一种观点是，彻底研究进一步精简议程——包括现有决议的合并——的可能性是完全适当的。", "55. 关于决议的执行问题，普遍同意，现有的决议需要得到坚持和执行。在振兴项目下通过的决议中所载的大量条款尚未执行这一事实可被看作是一种迹象，说明这一进程已产生了足够数量的想法。一个代表团要求在大会主席办公室内设立一个后续工作单位，并建议，缩短决议的篇幅，这会产生确保更大的政治影响的结果。", "56. 人们特别重视关于改进工作方法的途径的审议。由于长达一年的关于振兴大会的辩论只取得了有限的成果，大家一致认为，广大会员国对确保大会完成其政治职能负有首要责任，为此，要使其辩论有意义并确保尊重其决定。一个代表团指出，遵守大会发言时限的程度太低。", "57. 关于高级别会议的组织，有人指出，这是根据大会的授权举行的，有助于提高非常重要的议题的知名度。另一方面，有人认为，高级别会议太多会损害这类会议的重要性，并建议将其散布在全年，而不是集中在一般性辩论前后。还有人建议，工作组在本届会议上就此问题详细制订参考性指导原则。", "58. 关于投票问题，人们对任何会使大会效率更高的更可靠的技术改进都表示支持，同时，也有人指出，历届会议期间提出的、目前正在讨论的系统似乎并不能达到可靠性、可信性、完整性和保密性的要求。工作组获悉，就此事没任何新的技术进展。有人坚决强调，目前的系统只有通过全会决定才能改动，许多代表团对此事极端重视。然而，一个代表团建议将此事移交第五委员会，因为它涉及经费问题。", "59. 关于文件问题，强调了采取措施改进联合国文件六种正式语文的质量和准确性的重要性，以确保文件是以更具有成本效益的方式，使用案文和发言所书写或宣读的原文，系统地制作和翻译的，并且，有更多的文件能按时印发。一个代表团认为，联合国通过确保其决定一经通过便立即发表，就可提升其知名度和影响力。", "60. 两主席在结束语中对会员国的与会表示感谢，并指出，互动性的会议形式是将关注的重点放在正在讨论的议题上的一种创新做法。", "大会在联合国秘书长的甄选和任命过程中的作用和责任", "61. 5月17日举行了特设工作组第四次会议——也是其第三场专题会议。会议集中讨论了大会在联合国秘书长的甄选和任命以及在联合国系统各组织其他行政首长的甄选中的作用和责任问题。共有15位发言者在会上发言，其中有一些是代表集团发言的。", "62. 在开场白中，两主席指出，本次会议的主题已在若干场合审议过，就此，以往已通过了若干决议。宪章第97条构成会员国的参考点——尽管对其规定存在不同的解释。因此，请发言者就此发表意见。两主席指出，这些讨论范围已扩大，以包括各机构的首长，并举出联检组题为“联合国系统各组织行政首长的甄选和服务条件”的报告(见A/65/71)，认为也可作为会议的一个参考点。", "63. 许多会员国强调，它们认为秘书长的甄选程序是振兴大会工作中的最重要的因素之一，对于联合国的质量和相关性具有深远的后果。很多人强调，要充分使用宪章所赋予的权力，使甄选和任命的程序对所有会员国更透明、更可信和更包容，同时也承认，大会在此事上需发挥更积极、更切实有效的作用。一位发言者想知道是否需要新的措施，或者，会员国只要充分行使已经存在的权力就行了；而另一些发言者则强调，现有的规定之所以未执行是由于缺乏政治意愿。", "64. 形成的广泛共识是，需更全面地执行现有的决议，虽然会员国对于哪些决议意见不一，有的指出第51/241、60/286和64/301号等决议，包括第11(I)号决议——这一单子中最早的关于秘书长任命的相关决议。许多发言者形容第11(I)号决议是老古董、过时了。一位发言者更进一步先指出，根据那个决议，只有男人才能被任命为秘书长，然后又接着断定，第11(I)号决议破坏了秘书长实质上是向大会、向联合国全体会员国负责这一说法。许多发言者还表达了这样的观点：安理会这些年来在这个问题上获得的权力在某种程度上可归因于上述决议对宪章第97条的解释。", "65. 会议自始至终，发言者都集中于已通过的决议的具体条款，尤其是第51/241、60/286和64/301号决议，建议为实现更大的透明度和包容性采取以下行动和原则：地域轮流和性别平等的原则应得到尊重；大会主席应与会员国协商，以便为秘书长职位物色和核准一组候选人，然后转交安理会(此外，大会和安理会主席可共同签署一封信，邀请会员国提出这样的候选人)；应向大会正式提交候选人名单，以便在最后决定前与会员国进行有效的和有益的互动；以及应为甄选和任命程序制定更加具体的时间序列。", "66. 虽然人们承认上述措施今年不可能立即应用于秘书长的甄选和任命程序，但有几个代表团提出在本届会议期间可对这一程序作某些改进。这类可能的临时措施包括：拟定一份可转交安理会的候选人名单(或小组)和让候选人在大会并向大会或其中的主要集团作正式陈述；从而给会员国与候选人交流看法的机会。这样做，有人争辩说，是安理会和大会互相尊重对方的授权的一种方式。", "67. 一些发言者提到了最近散发的“小五”国集团的建议，其中提出了一些措施，既确保会员国更广泛的参与这一进程，又不损害安理会的特权。关于进行中的结合对人权理事会的审评所开展的磋商，其中提出了关于有希望的候选人向大会自愿宣誓的建议，一位发言者主张，同样的标准也应适用于秘书处关键职位的任命——包括秘书长，这是在其他国际组织，例如，世界贸易组织，中已经实行的做法。", "68. 另一个代表团强调，秘书长一半是外交官，一半是行政官，并强烈主张，秘书长的任命应在安理会和大会之间合作的情况下，在和谐和协商一致的气氛中进行。就此，该代表团坚持认为，第97条的规定需予以尊重。", "69. 其他发言者强调有必要尊重联合国主要机关的互相平等地位，并确保互不干涉对方的工作方法。他们强烈主张根据第97条保留目前的做法，同时仍然倾向于会员国应有机会通过候选人与区域集团会面等措施更好地了解候选人。他们还一致认为，在这种场合候选人听取会员国的提问也是有益的，否则就支持继续目前的、他们认为已经并将继续为本组织作为一个整体效力的做法。", "70. 最后，一些代表团指出，由于宪章赋予秘书长的作用和权力，秘书长的角色是独一无二的。", "71. 关于讨论的第二点——联合国系统各组织其他行政首长的甄选问题，联检组的报告得到了广泛的认可，人们经常具体地提到这一事实，即，报告指出，与竞选联合国共同制度的一个组织的行政首长职位的候选人举行听证/会议，可提高甄选程序的透明度和可信度，并使其更包容所有国籍。一位发言者尤其支持报告中所载的以下建议——(a) 空缺通告应广泛公布；(b) 应确定条件，职权范围，包括所要求的能力、资格和经验；和(c) 应建立候选人的筛选和面试的严格标准和程序，与此同时，确认已经朝这个方向采取了一些步骤。其他发言者对两主席对本项目下的辩论主动引进了这一新的内容表示欢迎，一些发言者尤其欢迎对联检组的报告进行仔细的审议，以确保透明性、合法性和平衡的代表性。另一位发言者重点谈到该报告乃至人力资源问题，强调了决议第65/248 D中所载的条款以及联检组报告中所载的建议6，其中规定，行政首长的任期限于不超过连续两个任期。", "72. 在注意到联检组报告中所提出的建议的同时，有人也提出，其目的是协助确立协调一致的甄选标准，以确保行政一级最高领导和管理的素质，并就此着重指出该报告的看法，即，相对于其他行政首长，秘书长的甄选和任命程序是独一无二的。", "加强大会主席办公室的机构记忆", "73. 5月25日举行了特设工作组第五次会议——也是其第四场专题会议。会议讨论的重点是：大会主席办公室，对其的支助、及其机构记忆问题。会议期间共有包括集团代表在内的11位发言者在会上发言，发言内容包括大会主席办公室主任介绍办公室的工作和大会部大会和经社理事会事务司司长介绍大会主席办公室支助信托基金。", "74. 办公室主任首先用两句话概括了他关于加强大会主席办公室机构记忆的想法：大会主席及其办公室认为这是振兴的一个重大因素，他们同意特设工作组报告(A/64/903)附件中所阐述的大会第六十四届会议主席的观点。他谈到了3个月过渡期的问题，说这对于加强机构记忆很重要，并确认这有助于在早期阶段就与秘书处建立坚实的工作关系。然而，他提醒说，继任主席及其工作班子应像他的团队那样小心谨慎，不要破坏现任主席的努力。他承认，在过渡阶段，在所提供的办公室空间方面遇到了一些困难。关于工作人员配备，他强调接收前任主席的一些工作人员以最佳利用机构记忆十分重要，并指出，为此目的，接收了5名工作人员和1名助手(占了他的团队的整整四分之一)。话题转到预算问题，他强调，在来自联合国预算的核心资源和来自会员国通过信托基金、提供借调或自愿捐款的资源之间找到良好的平衡十分重要，并指出，核心资源更加可预见和有可靠的独立性。关于礼宾，他强调，情况和所得到的支持仍然不足。关于通信，虽然他对提供了办公室发言人和网主表示感谢，然而，他明确指出，在报道大会主席的活动方面还可做的更多。最后，他强调，对这些问题的讨论已进行了有一段时间了，相关建议和决定已经做出，当务之急是付诸实施。办公室主任举了最近的关于最佳做法连续性的一项举措，他提到“PGA手册”，根据第64/301号决议第17执行段，不久将由瑞士散发。", "75. 大会事务和会议管理部大会和经社理事会事务司司长介绍了大会主席办公室支助信托基金，并提供了会员国所要求的状况报告。他回顾了信托基金的成立和载于第64/301号决议第12执行段的会员国被邀请向该基金捐款的情况，并宣布，自基金成立已来，已有六个会员国向基金共捐款468 693.87美元。在第六十四届大会期间，共有3笔捐款，合计70 133.87美元：一项是支付裁军专题辩论的费用，其他两项是支付维和专题辩论的费用。他指出，其余3笔捐款，合计398 560美元，由三个会员国在本届会议期间捐助。其中，391 500美元由两个会员国捐助，支付招聘第六十五届大会主席办公室的2名工作人员的费用，剩下的7 060美元由一个会员国为支付本届会议期间的专题辩论费用而捐助。司长指出，虽然基金由主计长办公室运作，但其管理是大会事务和会议管理部实施的。", "76. 然后，他把话题转到处理继任主席的临时办公室安排所涉及的难题。他强调说，相关决议并没有为主席的选举到主席就任之间三个月时间的工作人员或办公场所的费用做出任何特别的资金规定。此外，由于临时办公场所没有核定经费，就很难做出安排。所有这些因素加在一起常常使过渡安排变得极具挑战性。", "77. 主任然后简要介绍了秘书处为大会主席办公室提供的实质性支助。最后，主任再次强调，秘书处在力所能及的范围内尽了一切努力在大会主席任期内为大会主席及其办公室提供了尽可能充分的支助。", "78. 在对介绍的反应中，各代表团提了一些问题。一位发言者集中谈到在大会主席办公室保留机构记忆问题，特别提到在过渡阶段前任主席向主席办公室提供资料，以及来自秘书处的日常支助。另一位发言者提到办公室主任关于预算及其是否充足的意见，想了解目前的数额是否足够并希望确认这笔数额确实要在2012-2013两年期预算范围内加以审查。关于礼宾的预算和人员支持和捎带提到的公共信息问题，该发言者坚持要了解关于还有哪些问题需要解决的更准确的信息。对第一位提问者，办公室主任回答说，就日常的问题和动态状况而言，与现任的关系至关重要。但他强调了秘书处在整个过渡阶段的重要性。在回答第二个问题时，他承认核心预算应被看作是严格意义上的最低限度，并承认需将其与自愿捐款统筹平衡。承认与礼宾方面的问题并表示希望能结合2012-2013两年期预算，讨论为提供所需的支持而设立一个专门的职位问题。然而，关于公共信息他认为没有任何具体的经费问题，并再次对大会主席发言人的工作表示赞赏。", "79. 另一个代表团对办公室主任描述的大会主席办公室面临的空间紧张表示关切，并也同样有对预算情况的影响的关切。该发言者想知道，鉴于经常/核心预算只覆盖极小一部分费用和需要，是否没有钱或朋友的国家就不要站出来争取担任大会主席了。在回答第一个问题时，办公室主任强调，他说的是所提供的最初的临时办公空间，并不是永久的办公区域，暗示后者是足够的。关于提问者提的第二点，他承认核心预算确实只覆盖办公室经费需求的一小部分，其余就需要靠大笔捐款来解决。他也认为这种局面可能对资源较少或影响力较少的国家构成问题，并承认其他国家的帮助和支持十分重要。但他坚持认为，处于这种情况的国家应得到帮助，并鼓励其他国家为此慷慨解囊。", "80. 有人指出，许多开支是由大会主席的原籍国负责的，这样对许多资源有限的国家就是一种额外负担，承受不了这笔开支，在考虑大会主席职位候选资格时就会造成会员国之间不平等的风险。就此，秘书处被要求向工作组提供关于大会各项规定，包括第59/313、60/286、和第64/301号决议执行情况的更详细的分析和评估。同样，还要求分派长期性的额外职位，在目前的北草坪大楼和特别是在装修后的永久性总部拨出充足的空间，以及为大会主席办公室增加经常预算拨款，以便至少与本组织的总预算的演变情况相匹配。", "81. 关于提高大会主席办公室的机构记忆问题，有人强调，确保效率不仅对提名和遴选大会主席的过程是必要的，而且对顺利交接责任也是必要的。就此，指出了主席之间定期会议的重要性，并建议，大会主席就这样的会议中提出的实质性问题向会员国吹风，会进一步提高透明度并确保更好的协调。关于卸任主席向接任主席提供简要情况介绍的问题，鼓励大会主席也与工作组分享看法和建议。", "82. 一位发言者提出了一系列可能的步骤以进一步加强大会主席的作用，其中包括主席采取主动并决定举行非正式或正式会议讨论会员国特别关心的问题；要求秘书处就与大会的任务相关的问题——包括和平与安全——提供简要介绍；举行新闻发布会着重介绍大会讨论的特定问题或做出的决定；就大会议程上所有问题担任全体会员国的发言人；就安理会报告在大会组织辩论，记下会员国建议的行动并向安理会主席通报上述情况；与其他主要机关的主席定期举行会议并向大会通报会议情况；定期听取安理会主席关于安理会工作的简要介绍，然后向大会通报这些会议的实质内容；与秘书长就联合国正在开展的活动进行两周一次的讨论，包括安理会的工作，并将情况向大会吹风；秘书长就所有重要任命，包括专题小组和顾问的任命，要与大会主席商量。", "83. 这位发言者还强烈感到，进一步提高大会主席的“走出去”能力，包括通过参加区域会议提高这一能力，十分重要，并承认，参加区域会议需要提供额外经费。该发言者还重申了利用过去、现在和将来的大会主席“三架马车”以确保更好的过渡安排的想法。", "84. 关于预算，一方面，一些发言者要求扩大资源并补充说，需要为信托基金建立可持续的制度，而另一方面，其他人则强调，这些问题应在第六十六届会议期间结合2012-2013年预算加以审查，并且，适当的审议渠道应是行预咨委会和第五委员会。就此，他们还建议应考虑更多地依靠秘书处的资源和支持的选择方案，就像安理会同政治事务部安理会事务司做的那样。其他一些发言者对大会主席办公室的资金来源被置于不同的方案和秘书处不同部门的预算下的好处提出质疑，并提出，将该办公室的供资结构协调统一起来是否会更好些。秘书处答复说，由于大会主席办公室是由若干部门向其提供服务的，其费用是由相关部门承担并编入预算的。", "85. 关于过渡安排，另一位发言者提出了两个非常具体的建议：卸任主席关于所吸取的经验教训的报告在其继任者当选时先向继任者提供并在届会结束时提供更新版；给大会主席办公室配备坚实的电脑化的文件和存档系统，以便利各届会议档案和资料的维护。", "86. 关于工作人员配备，一个代表团坚决强调在大会主席办公室内保留一组核心顾问的重要性，并问办公室主任从一届会议向另一届会议过渡，至少应保留多少工作人员。办公室主任回答说，他们保留的一组五个人运作良好，并感谢秘书处提供的支助。", "三. 结论", "87. 特设工作组根据其授权努力查明主要关切问题和可能的共识，审查那些问题的落实现状，并就这些问题采取或指出有待采取的可能的进一步行动。", "88. 特设工作组在2011年7月29日第六次会议上，审议并通过了一份决议草案(见下文第90段)和本报告。", "四. 建议", "89. 在两主席散发的一份决议草案的基础上，特设工作组拟定了下文所示的决议。", "90. 大会振兴问题特设工作组在2011年7月29日第六次会议上结束了其大会第六十五届会议的工作。工作组建议大会通过以下决议草案。", "振兴大会的工作", "大会，", "重申其关于振兴其工作的以往各项决议，包括1991年12月12日第46/77号决议、1993年8月17日第47/233号决议、1994年7月29日第48/264号决议、1997年7月31日第51/241号决议、1997年12月15日第52/163号决议、2000年11月3日第55/14号决议、2001年9月7日第55/285号决议、2002年7月8日第56/509号决议、2002年12月20日第57/300号决议、2003年3月13日第57/301号决议、2003年12月19日第58/126号决议、2004年7月1日第58/316号决议、2005年9月12日第59/313号决议、2006年9月8日第60/286号决议、2007年8月2日第61/292号决议、2008年9月15日第62/276号决议、2009年9月14日第63/309号决议和2010年9月13日第64/301号决议，", "强调执行大会关于振兴其工作的各项决议的重要性，并关切地注意到执行不力及其对大会的权力、效力和效率的影响，", "认识到大会在根据联合国宪章处理和平与安全问题中的作用，", "重申大会如宪章所规定的那样在包括全球管治在内的国际社会所关心的全球事务方面的作用和权力，", "欢迎大会主席决定指定“重申联合国在全球管治中的核心作用”为第六十五届会议一般性辩论的主题，", "认识到进一步提升大会的作用、权力、效力和效率的必要性，", "注意到大会主席办公室的重要作用和活动，", "重申振兴大会的工作是联合国全面改革的一个关键组成部分，", "1. 欢迎特设工作组关于振兴大会的报告；[1]", "2. 决定在第六十六届会议设立振兴大会工作问题特设工作组，向所有会员国开放：", "(a) 通过利用以往的决议和评价其执行状况，查明提升大会的作用、权力、效力和效率的进一步途径；", "(b) 就此，向大会第六十六届会议提交一份报告；", "3. 还决定特设工作组应根据在第六十三届会议上提交的特设工作组报告更新后的附件，[2] 继续审查关于振兴问题的大会决议清单，并要求秘书长提交关于指定秘书处执行但尚未执行的大会振兴决议条款的最新情况，并说明造成任何未执行的制约因素和理由，供特设工作组在第六十六届会议期间进一步审议；", "大会的作用和权力", "4. 重申联合国宪章第10至14条和第35条赋予大会的作用和权力，包括与国际和平与安全有关的问题上的作用和权力，并在适当的地方使用使大会可采取迅速紧急行动的大会议事规则第7至10条，同时牢记，根据宪章第24条，安全理事会负有维持国际和平及安全之主要责任；", "5. 强调大会需积极承担其作用，对新出现的挑战和国际社会共同关心的时事做出有效和及时的反应；", "6. 欢迎就对国际社会至关重要的当今问题举行专题辩论，及其互动性和包容性特点，并请大会主席继续这一做法和与会员国商讨酌情使这样的辩论取得着眼于结果的成果的可能性；", "7. 认识到大会从振兴大会工作的角度与国际或区域论坛、以及与从事国际社会关心的全球事务的组织继续开展互动的重要性和益处；", "8. 欢迎秘书长继续就其优先事项、出访和最近的活动——包括参加在联合国外组织的国际会议和活动——举行定期吹风会的做法，并鼓励他继续这一做法；", "9. 强调确保在各主要机关之间加强合作、协调和交流信息的重要性，欢迎大会主席在第六十五届会议期间与秘书长、安全理事会主席、经济和社会理事会主席、以及各附属机构的主席定期举行会议并就这些会议的结果定期向会员国吹风，并鼓励继续这一做法；", "10. 欢迎安全理事会给大会的年度报告在质量方面所做的改进，鼓励安理会酌情做进一步的改进，并注意到安理会主席在编写报告前与会员国举行了非正式会议；", "11. 注意到根据宪章第15条和第24条第3款，安全理事会须向大会提交年度报告，并在必要时提交特别报告，供其审议；", "12. 认识到不执行大会的各项决议，尤其是协商一致通过的决议，可能缩减大会的作用和权力，并强调会员国对于执行决议的重要作用和责任；", "工作方法", "13. 欢迎大会第二委员会在第六十五届会议期间举行的旨在使其议程合理化和精简化并改进其工作方法的实质性讨论和所通过的决定；", "14. 要求大会及其各主要委员会在第六十六届会议期间与各会员国协商，继续审议大会议程项目的进一步两年一次化、三年一次化、群组化和消除问题并提出建议，并要考虑到特设工作组的相关建议，包括在提案国或提案各国明确同意下采用“夕阳条款”的做法；", "15. 鼓励各主要委员会在第六十六届会议期间讨论各自的工作方法，并请第六十六届会议各主要委员会主席酌情向特设工作组简要介绍关于工作方法问题的讨论情况；", "16. 赞赏地注意到在联合国举行的高级别会议使非常重要的议题提高了知名度，同时牢记需要推动所有会员国的充分参加并保持9月份的一般性辩论的完整性，邀请秘书长、大会主席和各主要委员会主席与各会员国协商，加强高级别会议的时间安排的协调，以使这类会议的次数和分布达到最佳状态；", "17. 鼓励所有会员国、联合国各机构和秘书处就合并文件问题进行协商，以避免工作的重叠，和通过提及以前的文件而不是重复实际内容等方法，努力尽可能严格做到使决议、报告和其他文件简明扼要；", "18. 强调进一步提高公众和媒体对大会的工作和决定的了解的重要性，包括通过及时以所有正式语文发表和分发这类文件来加以实现；", "19. 决定特设工作组须继续评价更有时间效益的、更高效率和更安全的秘密投票系统的备选方案，重申有必要确定秘密投票程序的可信性、可靠性、和保密性，并要求秘书处一旦有任何技术新进展就提交更新报告，但有一项谅解，即，今后采用任何新的秘密投票系统均须大会全体会议的决定；", "秘书长和其他行政首长的甄选和任命", "20. 重申决心根据宪章第97条的规定，在特设工作组继续审议振兴大会在秘书长的甄选和任命中的作用问题，并要求全面执行所有相关决议，包括1946年1月24日第11(I)号决议、第51/241号决议、第60/286号决议——特别是其附件中第17至22段，和第64/301号决议；", "21. 注意到联检组题为“联合国系统各组织行政首长的甄选和服务条件”[3] 中所载的建议，其中建议大会与竞选联合国秘书长职位的候选人举行听证或会议；", "22. 认识到鉴于根据宪章第97条安全理事会的作用，秘书长的甄选和任命程序与联合国系统其他行政首长的甄选和任命程序不同，并再次强调秘书长的甄选程序需透明和包容所有会员国；", "加强大会主席办公室的机构记忆", "23. 欢迎大会主席向特设工作组阐述的关于加强大会主席办公室的机构记忆及其与秘书处的关系的观点；", "24. 还欢迎大会主席在第六十五届会议期间就其最近的活动、包括正式出访，向会员国定期吹风，并鼓励继续这一做法；", "25. 注意到近年来大会主席的活动明显增加，忆及以往决议中关于支持大会主席办公室的条款，对根据现行程序、特别是大会议事规则第153条想方设法进一步支持该办公室表示继续关心，并在这方面，期待秘书长根据第64/301号决议第10段，提交他的建议；", "26. 要求秘书长向第六十六届会议报告大会主席办公室的资金和工作人员配备情况，包括关于任何技术、后勤、礼宾和财务问题；", "27. 还注意到关于为大会主席所作的礼宾安排的关切，并要求秘书长进一步努力在商定的资源范围内确保向大会主席提供适当的礼宾和保安服务和适足的办公空间，以使大会主席以与其职务尊严和地位相称的方式履行其职责；", "28. 强调有必要在商定的资源范围内，在秘书处内为大会主席办公室安排专职工作人员负责协调主席之间的过渡、管理大会主席与秘书长之间的互动、和保留机构记忆，并要求卸任大会主席向其接任者简要介绍所吸取的经验教训和最佳做法；", "29. 赞赏地注意到各会员国为支持大会主席办公室而向信托基金的捐款，并请各会员国继续向该基金捐款。", "––––––––––––––", "[1] A/65/909。", "[2] A/63/959。", "[3] 见A/65/71。" ]

[ "第六十五届会议", "议程项目118", "大会工作的振兴", "振兴大会特设工作组的报告", "目录", "页次\n一. 导言 2\n二. 进展 2 A. 概况 2\nB. 专题 6\n会议\n三、结论. 17\n四、结 论 建议18", "一. 导言", "1. 联合国 大会第64/301号决议决定在其第六十五届会议上设立一个振兴大会特设工作组,向所有会员国开放:", "(a) 国家 进一步确定如何加强大会的作用、权威、效力和效率,特别是以以往各项决议为基础并评价其执行情况;", "(b) 国家 就此向大会第六十五届会议提出报告。", "2. 联合国 本报告是根据该决议提交的。", "3个 在大会第六十五届会议期间,大会主席于2010年11月19日任命了工作组的两名共同主席,即立陶宛常驻联合国代表达柳斯·采库奥利斯先生和圣文森特和格林纳丁斯常驻联合国代表卡米略·贡萨尔维斯先生。", " 4.四. 在正式开始工作之前,工作组共同主席同各会员国和各种政治团体的代表举行了非正式会议。 在这些会议期间,共同主席广泛受益于会员国对振兴进程的实质以及技术和程序方面的见解和想法。", "二. 1. 议事情况", "5 (韩语). 工作组于2011年3月14日、4月13日和28日、5月17日和25日以及7月29日举行了六次会议。", "6. 国家 工作方案分为两个实际阶段:(a) 一般性讨论和意见交流;(b) 专题会议。 在每次专题会议之前,共同主席按照第64/301号决议第3段的授权,鼓励全面审查振兴大会特设工作组报告(A/63/959)附件所载大会决议的最新清单/图表,并编写并分发关于有待审议的各组专题的非正式文件。 各代表团表示赞赏这一倡议,并确定了进一步加强大会的作用、权威、效力和效率的途径。", "A类. 一般性讨论", "7. 联合国 在3月14日第1次会议上,工作组就振兴大会问题进行了一般性讨论,17个会员国的代表,包括代表各政治团体发言,表达他们对工作组第六十五届会议工作方案的一般立场和期望。", "8. 联合国 共同主席在开幕词中感谢第六十四届会议的前任所做的重要工作和取得的成就,并提到第64/301号决议是工作组重点工作的基础。 他们表示,各主要委员会在审议其工作方案时吸取的经验教训可以为工作组2011年的工作提供参考,并指出,秘书处已表示愿意视需要提供有关主题的情况通报。", "9. 国家 在讨论期间,许多发言者强调必须使大会及其工作更有效率和更有效力,并广泛同意一个良好的起点是执行现有决议。 虽然一些会员国认为振兴首先是一个政治进程,而且振兴应涉及实质性事项,但另一些会员国坚决强调,这最好通过注重大会的工作方法和议程来实现。 振兴与主席关于加强联合国在全球治理中的作用的主题优先事项之间也有联系。", "10个 主要发言集中于以下领域:工作方法;大会在甄选秘书长方面的作用;加强大会主席办公室及其机构记忆的必要性;大会同其它主要机构的关系。 还有人就第64/301号决议授权的全面审查的性质发表了意见。", "11个 关于大会的效率,一些人认为,工作方法,特别是大会及其主要委员会的工作方法,包括高级别会议和专题辩论的时间安排、电子投票系统和基于及时翻译的文件管理,应构成关于振兴大会的讨论的主要重点。 特别强调需要及时印发大会决议和会议记录。", "12个 虽然一些成员国敦促在表决过程的保密性和完整性方面必须谨慎,并重申了可信度、可靠性和保密性原则,但也有一些会员国提到大会表决和投票系统的现代化,有些会员国建议,就进行电子表决的技术问题作一简报可能再次证明对审议这一事项是有益的。", "13个 关于一般性辩论,一位发言者说,虽然它以前是大会的主要活动,但似乎只是9月份大约同时举行的许多活动之一。 因此,有些人认为,时间安排问题需要认真研究,在这方面,可以进一步探讨总务委员会和大会主席的作用。 有与会者认为,工作组可在这方面提供指示性指导。", "14个 有人欢迎召开专题辩论会,但也有人建议,举行太多的此类辩论会破坏大会的重点,需要铭记较小代表团的需要和能力。", "15个 若干发言侧重于议程的合理化,包括审查项目进一步两年期化和三年期化的可能性。 许多代表团虽然同意削减多余的任务是一项明智的建议,但坚持认为,未经大会事先批准并征得有关国家同意,不应使用“日落条款”的概念。 一些会员国强调,鉴于新的和迅速演变的挑战,议程需要更加适应和适应。", "16号. 鉴于许多人认为对大会工作的侵犯,各主要机关之间的平衡,特别是同安全理事会的平衡,是需要处理的一个重要问题。 一些发言者认为,这包括使安理会对大会更加负责并调整其工作方案。", "17岁。 一组国家强调,需要彻底评估大会决议的执行情况并明确找出任何不执行的根本原因。 这对于逐步消除仍然妨碍振兴大会进程发挥其全部潜力的各种制约因素至关重要。", "18岁。 许多代表团希望大会继续积极处理国际和平与安全领域的政治事项。 另一个代表团强调,大会需要在这方面采取更积极主动的立场。 有人建议理事会向大会提交特别报告。", " 19. 19. 一位发言者认为,可以通过行使大会改革安理会的权力来平衡各机构之间的关系,而另一名发言者则强烈地认为,应抵制不惜任何代价推动体制改革的呼声。", "20号. 有人提到安全理事会提交大会的年度报告,作为可能进一步审议的一个领域,其中特别提及第51/241号决议,该决议请大会主席评估大会对该报告的辩论情况。 另一方面,也有人指出了已经作出的改进,例如,在每月的安理会主席期间组织的简报会。 一个代表团强调,根据《联合国宪章》,大会同安理会之间的关系是一个根本的宪法问题。", "21岁 关于大会同经济及社会理事会的关系,一个代表团认为,大会应当收到关于年度部长级审查和发展合作论坛的报告。", "22号. 在讨论各主要机关之间的关系时,鼓励各自主席进一步协调。", "23. 联合国 许多代表建议加强大会在秘书长甄选过程中的作用,并遗憾地指出,以前各项决议中这方面的规定尚未得到充分执行。 许多代表团认为这是工作组议程上的一个重要问题。 一些发言者着重谈到已经取得的改进,指出候选人和区域集团在非正式场合进行交流,并强调指出应继续遵循现有程序。", "24 (韩语). 几位发言者在着重秘书长的甄选和任命的同时,还谈到秘书处和联合国系统高级官员的任命,包括秘书长特别代表和高级别小组的任命。 在这方面,有人提到联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织行政首长的甄选和服务条件”的报告(见A/65/71),许多代表团希望工作组审议该报告。", "25岁 一些发言者提到加强大会主席办公室是工作组可能的重点,许多会员国期待着主席即将就加强大会主席办公室的机构记忆问题发表的看法。 许多代表还认为有必要确保为该办公室提供充足和可预测的财政和人力资源。 一些国家欢迎为加强该办事处已经采取的措施。 有人认为,应特别努力执行已经就此事通过的决议。", "26. 联合国 大会与联合国外的团体之间的关系首次在特设工作组范围内被提出,其中特别包括与20国集团的关系。 一些国家认为,工作组应讨论发布指导,说明联合国指定代表在与外部机构接触之前和之后如何同广大会员国互动,以便适当表达大会的立场。", "27个 最后,关于对特设工作组报告(A/63/959)附件所载清单进行全面审查的性质,许多发言者非常重视这项工作。 例如,有人认为,审查应导致建立一个评估大会决议执行情况的后续机制,一个代表团建议,该机制可以采取在秘书处内设立一个特别股的形式。", "28岁 作为上述审议的结果,共同主席在2011年4月5日的一封信中分发了一份工作计划,提议举行四次专题会议,重点讨论最常被指为大会振兴进程最核心的问题,具体如下:", "(a) 国家 大会的作用和权威及其同本组织其他主要机关和联合国外其他团体的关系;", "(b) 国家 大会各项决议和议程的执行情况;大会的工作方法;在基本建设总计划框架内的业务和技术问题,包括关于大会投票制度的资料;", "(c)) 大会在甄选和任命联合国秘书长过程中以及在甄选联合国系统各组织其他行政首长过程中的作用和责任;", "(d) 国家 大会主席办公室的职能,包括加强其机构记忆及其与秘书处的关系。", "B. 专题会议", "大会的作用和权威及其同本组织其他主要机关和联合国外其他团体的关系", "29. 国家 如工作计划所指出,第一次专题会议于4月13日举行,大会主席出席了会议。 17个代表团,包括代表各集团,参加了讨论。", "30岁。 共同主席在开幕词中欢迎大会主席与会并再次表示,第64/301号决议责成特设工作组确定振兴大会的进一步办法。 为此,联合主席请各代表团在主席发言后积极交换意见。", "31岁 在对工作组的发言中,主席满意地注意到,正如2010年12月通过的关于联合国在全球治理中的第65/94号决议所突出的那样,他提出的建立一个强有力的大会作为全球辩论的主要论坛的设想在会员国中得到了广泛认同。 主席认为,提高大会的能见度至关重要,支持同20国集团等联合国以外的行动者建立桥梁。 另一方面,需要确保大会与其他主要机构之间的有效合作;主席在此指出,他不仅与安全理事会主席和经济及社会理事会主席,而且与人权理事会和建设和平委员会举行了定期会议。 此外,主席欢迎他同秘书长密切互动,欢迎秘书长愿意定期向会员国通报最近的事件,这使它们有机会就安全理事会通常审议的问题发表意见。", "32. 联合国 主席也指出,大会的议程需要更好地注重当今最紧迫的问题,并着重指出,一个负担过重的议程有可能损害大会辩论的质量。 因此,应进一步考虑议程合理化,第二委员会在这方面提供了一个好的例子。 必须更加注意就为证明向本组织提供资源的合理性而作出的决定采取后续行动。", "33. (中文(简体) ). 在随后的辩论中,许多代表团强调,它们关切它们认为安全理事会侵犯了大会的工作。 还有人建议大会更迅速和有效地应对与国际和平与安全有关的政治事件和问题,以便根据《宪章》发挥其适当作用。", "34. 国家 还有人表示希望安全理事会的报告更具分析性并提交以专题为导向的特别报告。 另一方面,由于主席与广大联合国会员国于2008年、2009年和2010年7月举行了非正式会议,安理会年度报告的编写工作有所改进,并要求将这些协商制度化。 在这方面,一个代表团强调安全理事会主席关于安理会工作方法的说明(S/2010/507),并对安理会2009年8月1日至2010年7月31日期间的报告表示高度赞赏。", "35. 联合国 其他人则认为,安全理事会年度报告的任务规定正在执行,并指出,广大会员国很少参加关于安理会工作方案的每月简报。 一个代表团强调,每个主要机关都按照其本身的规定开展工作,这是基本的宪法问题。", "36. (中文(简体) ). 主要机构主席之间定期会晤的价值得到广泛承认,并认为这种做法可以进一步改进。 这种协调还应扩大到各机构的议程和工作方案,并可能有一个正式的议程,其成果将与会员国分享。 一些代表团还指出,大会主席与人权理事会主席和建设和平委员会主席定期举行会议是一种有益的做法,并强调需要在所有联合国机构、机构和团体之间进一步协调。", "37. 联合国 与会者赞赏大会主席向大会通报他最近的旅行情况的做法,认为这是宝贵的信息来源。", "38. 国家 有人建议,可以研究进一步每两年、每三年和将项目分组的可能性;另一方面,有人重申,反对未经共同提案国和(或)有关国家明确同意而采用任何类型的日落条款。", "39. 联合国 大会的能见度仍然是许多代表团感兴趣的问题。 有人强调,只有大会就国际社会共同关切的问题采取有关行动,才能确保振兴,这将有助于提高大会的能见度。 关于发言人助理的问题,有人强调必须执行以前的决议。", " 40. 40. 专题辩论被认为是促进更深入地讨论对国际社会至关重要的当前问题的重要工具。 另一方面,在欢迎普遍举行专题辩论的同时,强调与会员国协商举行和筹备这种辩论。 主席在一次互动交流中强调,召开专题辩论是主席掌握的为数不多的工具之一,有助于他为大会的审议提供动力,因此他劝阻进一步限制或限制主席召集辩论的权力。", "41. 国家 关于大会同 \" 联合国外的其他团体 \" 之间的关系,许多代表团认为,讨论应优先注重大会同其他主要机关的关系。 一些发言者质疑“其他群体”一词在这方面的确切含义,并想知道它是否包括民间社会或政治团体。 有人强调了大会作为唯一普遍性机构的作用。 在这方面,一些代表团欢迎最近20国集团主席本着问责和透明精神与大会建立联系。", "42. 国家 许多发言者再次强调执行现有决议的重要性,在这方面,一些发言者建议需要建立一个后续行动和监测机制。 一个代表团强调,所有待决规定需要在现有资源范围内执行。", "43. 东帝汶 共同主席在总结发言中表示感谢主席出席会议,这提高了会议的效率,并感谢各代表团的实质性评论。", "大会各项决议和议程的执行情况;大会工作方法以及基本建设总计划框架内的业务和技术问题,包括关于大会表决制度的资料", "44. 国家 特设工作组第三次会议是其第二次专题会议,于4月28日举行。 会议集中讨论了大会决议和议程的执行情况以及大会的工作方法和业务及技术问题,包括投票。 会议的第一部分是交互式的,工作组在会上听取了几次通报并有机会参加问答会,第二部分是各代表团的一般性发言。 共有8个会员国在第一期会议上发了言;6个代表团,包括代表各集团,参加了第二期会议。", "45. 国家 共同主席在简短的开幕词中解释了会议的结构和设想的互动性质,随后,波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那常驻代表以安全理事会文件和其他程序问题非正式工作组主席的身份,在第一期会议上介绍了在工作组的工作中吸取的经验教训,这些经验教训也可能与特设工作组的工作相关。 他重点介绍了安理会根据安理会主席说明(S/2010/507)所载准则精简安理会所处理事项的简要说明的经验,指出项目数目已从2007年初的144个减少到目前的88个。 具体地说,这是通过合并重叠项目;每年进行一次审查,以确定理事会是否结束了对所列任何项目的审议;采用“日落程序”的做法;以及使用总括议程项目来实现的。", "46. 经常预算: 在向工作组作第二次简报时,蒙古常驻代表以大会第六十五届会议第二委员会主席的身份介绍了她关于该委员会审议工作以及随后通过一项关于改进其工作方法的决定的经验。 她注意到她的前任大韩民国常驻代表已经开展的工作,通过第二委员会在2010年会议期间审议这一问题所采取的各种步骤,她走过了工作组。 她强调每个主要委员会的特点,强调改进工作方法将普遍有利于较小的代表团。", "47. 国家 第三次简报由大会和会议管理部大会和经济及社会理事会事务司司长作,他谈到大会高级别会议的组织方面,特别是9月份举行的会议。 司长注意到这类会议的次数最近有所增加,而且会员国长期强调应优先维护一般性辩论的神圣性,他回顾了规划这类高级别会议的一些参数。", " 48. 48. 大会和会议管理部会议和出版司司长作了第四次也是最后一次简报,他作了关于文件的PowerPoint专题介绍,其中他注意到该部近年来为加强文件工作而采取的各种步骤。", "49. (中文(简体) ). 各代表团对通报以及共同主席安排通报的倡议表示热烈欢迎,并借此机会交换了意见。 一名发言者欢迎安全理事会文件和其他程序问题非正式工作组主席所作的情况介绍,认为这是一种有益的经验交流。 另一个代表团询问会员国如何参与安理会的精简工作,非安理会成员如何参与有关它们感兴趣的项目的讨论。 另一个代表团欢迎安理会提供的信息,但建议安理会可以向大会学习,而不是相反。 有人要求提供关于安理会使用总括项目的资料。 针对这些问题,非正式工作组主席感谢各代表团提出的问题和评论,并表示他愿意进一步交换意见。 [1] (中文(简体) ).", " 50. 50. 针对第二委员会主席的通报,有人强调,每个主要委员会都有自己的工作文化。 有人问,她认为什么情况有助于去年决定的通过。 一个代表团想了解所采取的措施是否足够,这些措施的执行最终需要各代表团的善意;另一位发言者询问主席对所作出的决定的后续行动的评估。 还有人指出,第二委员会已按照特设工作组向各主要委员会提出的要求履行职责,但另一些委员会没有这样做,可能通过共同主席的斡旋,可将这项工作转告其他主要委员会主席。 第二委员会主席同意,所采取的措施确实是第一步,作为向前迈进的一种方式,她将与继任者分享经验教训。", "51. 联合国 关于高级别会议安排的简报,有人提出了确定发言名单的问题。 有人问道,是否可以通过采用抽签方法加以改革,这样各代表团就不必通过讨价还价和其他手段争取尽可能好的时间。 有人认为,应尽量减少高级别会议的次数并在整个日历年加以分配。 大会和经济及社会理事会事务司司长确认,2010年千年发展目标高级别会议的发言名单是在抽签基础上拟定的,相关决议(第64/184号决议)附件一列出了有关方式。", "52. (中文(简体) ). 在介绍文件的后续行动中,各代表团强调,文件的电子传播不能完全依靠,而且纸质副本继续发挥重要的正式职能。 另一方面,另一个代表团建议,为了全球可持续性,应请秘书处提供较少的书面资料。 会议和出版司司长在答复这些意见时注意到需要继续分发硬拷贝,同时向各代表团保证,世界上很少有组织象联合国那样以环境友好的方式运作。", "53. 联合国 在开始会议第二部分之前,工作组获悉,根据第60/286号决议第24段,有关大会议事规则的评论和以往惯例已在网上提供,可在大会网站上查阅。", "54. 联合国 关于议程,有人表示强烈认为,在未经共同提案国和(或)有关国家明确同意的情况下,议程项目的两年期化、三年期化或取消,以及 \" 日落 \" 条款的引入,都不得进行。 另一种观点强调,彻底审查进一步精简议程的可能性,包括合并现有决议,是完全适当的。", "55. 国家 关于决议的执行,人们普遍同意需要遵守和执行现有决议。 在振兴项目下所通过的决议中所载的许多规定没有得到执行,这一事实可以视为表明这一进程产生了足够多的想法。 一个代表团呼吁在大会主席办公室设立一个后续单位,并提议缩短决议案文,这将产生更大的政治影响。", "56. (中文(简体) ). 会议特别重视考虑如何改进工作方法。 由于关于振兴大会的长达一年的辩论只取得了有限的结果,有人认为,会员国对确保大会履行其政治职能负有主要责任,使大会的辩论有意义并确保尊重其决定。 一个代表团指出,遵守大会发言时限的程度令人沮丧。", "57. 萨尔瓦多 关于高级别会议的安排,有人指出,这些会议是根据大会授权举行的,有助于提高非常重要专题的能见度。 另一方面,有人认为,举行过多的高级别会议会损害这类会议的重要性,有人建议在整个一年中加以推广,而不是集中在一般性辩论上。 还有人建议工作组在本届会议上拟订这方面的指示性指导。", "58. 联合国 在投票时,有人表示支持能使大会更有效率、更安全的任何技术改进,但也有人指出,前几届会议期间提出、目前正在审议的系统似乎不符合可靠性、可信性、完整性和保密性的要求。 工作组获悉,在这个问题上没有任何新的技术发展。 还有人坚决强调,只有全体会议作出决定,才能改变现行制度,而且许多代表团极为重视这一具体事项。 但是,一个代表团建议将这个问题提交第五委员会,因为它涉及预算问题。", "59. (中文(简体) ). 关于文件,有人强调必须采取措施,提高以六种正式语文编写的联合国文件的质量和准确性,确保以更具成本效益的方式系统地编制和翻译这些文件,使用原文的文本和发言,并及时印发更多的文件。 一个代表团认为,联合国可确保其决定通过后立即发布,从而提高其能见度和影响力。", "60. 联合国 在结束语中,共同主席对会员国的参与表示感谢,并指出会议的互动形式是集中注意所讨论专题的创新方式。", "大会在甄选和任命秘书长过程中的作用和责任", "61. 国家 特设工作组第四次会议是其第三次专题会议,于5月17日举行。 报告的重点是大会在甄选和任命联合国秘书长过程中以及在甄选联合国系统各组织其他行政首长过程中的作用和责任。 会议期间共有15名发言者发言,其中一些代表各集团。", "62. 联合国 共同主席在宣布会议开幕时指出,会议的主题事项已多次得到审议,并就此通过决议。 《宪章》第九十七条是会员国的参照点,尽管对其规定有不同的解释。 因此,请发言者就此发表具体意见。 共同主席注意到这些讨论正在扩大,以包括各机构的负责人,并引述了联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织行政首长的甄选和服务条件”的报告(见A/65/71),认为该报告也可作为会议的参考点。", "63. 国家 许多会员国强调,它们认为遴选秘书长的进程是振兴大会工作的最重要因素之一,对联合国的质量和相关性具有深远影响。 许多人强调,甄选和任命过程需要更加透明、可信并包括所有会员国,为此要充分利用《宪章》所赋予的权力,并承认大会需要在这个问题上发挥更积极、更有成效和更有效的作用。 一名发言者想知道是否需要采取新的措施,或者会员国是否只需要更充分地利用现有的权力,而其他一些发言者则强调,不执行现有规定是因为缺乏政治意愿。", "64. (中文(简体) ). 广泛的共识是,需要更全面地执行现有决议,尽管会员国对其中哪些决议有不同意见,其中一些决议提到第51/241号、第60/286号和第64/301号决议,而另一些决议包括第11(I)号决议,是最早关于任命秘书长的决议。 许多人认为第11(I)号决议已经过时。 一位发言者进一步指出,首先指出,根据该决议,只有一个人可以被任命为秘书长,然后认为该决议破坏了秘书长基本上对大会负责的概念,即联合国会员国总数。 许多发言者还认为,安全理事会随着时间的推移在这一事项上获得的权力在某种程度上可以归因于对《宪章》第九十七条的解释。", "65. 国家 在整个会议期间,发言者通过侧重于已经通过的决议的具体规定,特别是第51/241号、第60/286号和第64/301号决议,建议采取下列行动和原则,以提高透明度和包容性:应尊重地域轮换和两性平等的原则;大会主席应同会员国协商,以确定并核可一套秘书长职位候选人,然后将其提交安全理事会(此外,大会主席和安理会主席可共同签署一封信,请会员国提交这些候选人);应向大会正式提出候选人,以便在作出最后决定之前与会员国进行有效而有益的互动;应制定更具体的甄选和任命程序时间表。", "66. (中文(简体) ). 虽然人们承认,上述措施不能立即完全适用于今年甄选和任命秘书长的过程,但一些代表团建议,本届会议可以对这一进程作出某些改进。 这些可能采取的临时措施包括编制可以提交给安全理事会的候选人名单(或小组),并让候选人在大会或安理会内的主要团体中作正式陈述,从而使会员国有机会同候选人交换意见。 有人认为,这是安理会和大会尊重彼此任务的一种方式。", "67. (中文(简体) ). 有人提到最近分发的“五小”国家集团提案,其中建议采取措施确保会员国更广泛地参与这一进程,而不损害安全理事会的特权。 关于正在人权理事会审查过程中进行的协商,有人建议,可能的候选人应向大会作出自愿承诺,一位发言者认为,同样的标准应适用于包括秘书长在内的秘书处关键职位的任命,世界贸易组织等其他国际组织已经实行这种做法。", "68. (中文(简体) ). 另一个代表团强调秘书长具有同等的外交官和行政人员,强烈认为,应当在安全理事会和大会合作下,在和谐和协商一致的气氛中任命秘书长。 在这方面,它坚持认为,需要遵守第九十七条的规定。", "69. (中文(简体) ). 其他发言者强调,必须尊重联合国各主要机关的平等地位,并确保它们不干涉彼此的工作方法。 他们强烈主张根据第九十七条保留目前的做法,同时仍然赞成会员国有机会通过与区域集团的会议和其他此类措施更好地了解候选人。 他们一致认为,在这种场合让候选人听到会员国提出的问题也是有益的,但除此之外,他们支持继续目前的做法,因为他们认为这种做法已经而且将继续为整个联合国服务。", "70. 联合国 最后,一些代表团说,由于《宪章》赋予他的作用和权力,秘书长的作用是独特而特别的。", "71. 联合国 关于讨论的第二个要素,即联合国系统各组织其他行政首长的甄选问题,联合检查组的报告得到了广泛承认,其中经常具体提到这样一个事实,即它指出,与竞选联合国共同制度某一组织行政首长职位的候选人举行听证会/会议,可以提高甄选过程的透明度和可信度,使甄选过程更加包容所有国籍。 一名发言者特别支持报告中所载的以下建议:(a)广泛发布空缺通知;(b)制定标准、职权范围,包括必要的能力、资格和经验;(c)制定甄选候选人和面试候选人的严格标准和程序,同时承认在这方面已经采取了一些步骤。 其他发言者欢迎共同主席主动在本项目下的辩论中列入这一新内容,有些发言者特别欢迎认真审议联合检查组的报告,以确保透明度、合法性和平衡代表性。 另一位发言者以报告和人力资源问题为重点,更笼统地强调了第65/248 D号决议所载的规定以及联合检查组报告的建议6,根据该建议,行政首长的任期应限于不超过连续两届。", "72. 联合国 虽然注意到了联合检查组报告所载的建议,但也有人建议,其目的是协助制定统一甄选标准,以确保执行一级领导和管理的最高质量。 在这方面,也有人强调报告的意见,即秘书长的甄选和任命过程与其他行政首长相比是独一无二的。", "加强大会主席办公室的机构记忆", "73 (中文(简体) ). 特设工作组第五次会议于5月25日举行,这是其第四次专题会议。 其重点是大会主席办公室、对该办公室的支助及其机构记忆。 包括各集团代表在内的总共11名发言者在会议期间发言,其中包括大会主席办公厅主任关于办公室工作的介绍以及大会和会议管理部大会和经济及社会理事会事务司司长关于支助大会主席办公室信托基金的发言。", "74. 国家 办公厅主任首先阐述了他关于加强大会主席办公室机构记忆的想法,并说两句话:主席及其办公室认为这是振兴的主要因素;他们赞同特设工作组报告(A/64/903)附件所示第六十四届会议主席的意见。 他谈到三个月过渡期的问题,指出这对于加强机构记忆十分重要,并承认这有利于在早期阶段与秘书处建立牢固的工作关系。 然而,他提醒说,继任主席及其团队必须像他的团队那样谨慎,以免破坏现任主席的努力。 他承认,在过渡时期提供的办公空间有一些困难。 关于人员配置,他强调必须从上届主席手中接管一些工作人员,以优化机构记忆,并指出,为此目的,已经通过这些手段保留了5名工作人员和1名助理(占其团队的四分之一)。 关于预算,他强调,通过信托基金、借调或自愿捐款,在联合国预算的核心资源与来自会员国的资源之间取得良好平衡十分重要,并指出,核心资源更加可预测,并确保了更大的独立性。 关于礼宾,他强调,局势和获得的支持仍然不足。 关于来文,他感谢办事处提供发言人和网站技术主管,但很清楚,在报告主席的活动方面还可以做更多的工作。 最后,他强调指出,关于这些问题的讨论已经持续了一段时间,建议和决定已经作出,首先需要的是贯彻执行。 办公厅主任援引最近关于最佳做法的连续性的倡议,提到“PGA手册”,根据第64/301号决议执行部分第17段,该手册不久将由瑞士分发。", "75. 国家 大会和会议管理部大会和经济及社会理事会事务司司长介绍了支助大会办公室的信托基金,并提供了会员国所要求的情况报告。 回顾信托基金的设立并在其第64/301号决议执行部分第12段中邀请会员国向该基金捐款,他宣布,自该基金成立以来,有六个会员国共向该基金捐款468 693.87美元。 第六十四届会议期间共提供了三笔捐款,共计70.133.87美元:一笔用于支付裁军专题辩论的费用,另一笔用于支付维持和平专题辩论的费用。 本届会议期间,有3个会员国缴付了其余3笔捐款,共计398 560美元。 其中391 500美元由两个会员国提供,用于支付第六十五届会议主席办公室两名工作人员的征聘费用,其余7 060美元由一个会员国提供,用于支付本届会议期间专题辩论的费用。 司长指出,虽然该基金由主计长办公室管理,但由大会和会议管理部管理。", "76. 联合国 他接着谈到处理继任总统过渡办公室安排所涉及的挑战。 他强调,相关决议没有为主席选举至主席开始的三个月期间的工作人员或空间费用提供任何特别的经费。 此外,由于过渡办公空间没有核定经费,因此难以安排。 所有这些因素的结合往往使过渡安排变得非常困难。", "77. 国家 司长随后概述了秘书处向主席办公室提供的实质性支助。 最后,司长再次强调,秘书处竭尽全力,在主席及其办公室任职期间向其提供最充分的支持。", "78. 国家 各代表团在答复通报时提出了一些问题。 一名发言者着重谈到在主席办公室内保留机构记忆的问题,并特别提到前任主席在过渡期内向该办公室提供的信息以及秘书处对该办公室的持续支持。 另一位发言者谈到办公厅主任关于预算及其充分性的评论,想知道目前的数额是否足够,并寻求再次确认确实将在2012-2013年预算范围内审查这一数额。 关于礼宾的预算和人员配备支助,在较小的程度上,关于新闻,发言人要求更准确地了解仍需解决的需求。 办公厅主任对第一个提问人的答复是,就当前问题和事态发展状况的信息而言,与现任者的关系至关重要。 然而,他强调秘书处在整个过渡进程中的重要性。 在回答第二个问题时,他承认应将核心预算视为严格的最低限度预算,并承认需要将其与自愿捐款相平衡。 他承认礼宾方面存在问题,并表示希望可在2012-2013年预算范围内讨论设立一个专门员额,以提供所需的支助。 然而,他看不出在新闻方面有任何具体的财政问题,并再次对主席发言人的工作表示赞赏。", "79. 联合国 另一个代表团对办公厅主任所描述的主席办公室面临的空间限制表示关切,并赞同对预算情况的影响所表示的关切。 该发言者想知道,鉴于经常/核心预算所支付的费用和需要的一小部分,这种情况是否意味着没有资金或朋友的国家不应主动担任大会主席。 在回答第一个问题时,办公厅主任强调,他一直在谈论最初提供的过渡性办公空间,而不是办事处的常设办公场所,并表示后者已经足够。 他重点谈到提问人的第二点,他承认核心预算确实只满足了办事处财务需要的一小部分,需要大量捐款来支付其余部分。 他允许这种情况对资源较少或影响力较小的国家造成问题,承认其他国家的帮助和支持很重要。 但他坚持认为,处于这种地位的国家应该得到帮助,并鼓励其他国家在这方面慷慨解囊。", "80个 有人指出,许多费用由主席的原籍国承担,从而给许多资源有限的国家造成额外负担,而这些国家负担不起这种费用,从而在考虑竞选主席职位时造成会员国不平等的风险。 在这方面,要求秘书处向工作组提供对大会第59/313号、第60/286号和第64/301号决议各项规定执行情况的更详细分析和评价。 本着同样的精神,有人要求长期增加员额,在目前的北草坪大楼,特别是翻修后的永久总部分配足够的空间,并增加分配给主席办公室的经常预算,以至少与本组织一般预算的演变相匹配。", "81个 关于加强大会主席办公室的机构记忆,有人强调,不仅在提名和遴选主席的过程中,而且在顺利移交责任的过程中,确保效率是必要的。 在这方面,有人指出主席之间定期会议的重要性,并建议主席向会员国提供关于这些会议期间所提出实质性问题的资料会进一步提高透明度和确保更好的协调。 关于卸任主席向其继任者所作的通报,鼓励主席也向工作组介绍他的意见和建议。", "82. 一位发言者建议采取一些可能的步骤来进一步加强大会主席的作用,包括请主席就举行正式或非正式会议的问题采取主动行动并作出决定来讨论会员国特别关心的问题;请秘书处就与大会任务有关的问题,包括和平与安全问题作简报;召开新闻发布会来强调大会所讨论的具体问题或所通过的决定;在大会议程上所有问题上发挥全体会员国发言人的作用;在大会内就安全理事会的报告组织辩论,注意到会员国建议的行动;将这两个问题通知安理会主席;定期同其他主要机构的首长举行会议并向大会提出报告;由安全理事会主席定期就安理会的工作作简报并向会员国通报这些会议的实质内容;就联合国进行的各种活动,包括安理会的工作,同秘书长进行每两周一次的讨论并向大会作简报;秘书长就所有主要任命,包括任命小组成员和顾问的问题,同他进行协商。", "83个 这位发言者还强烈认为,必须进一步加强主席的外联能力,包括参加区域会议的能力,同时承认参加区域会议需要提供额外资源。 该发言者还重申了利用过去、现在和未来的大会主席的“三驾马车”确保更好的过渡安排的想法。", "第八十四会. 关于预算,一些人呼吁增加资源并补充说需要为信托基金找到可持续的系统,另一些人则强调,应在第六十六届会议期间结合2012-2013年预算审查这些问题,适当的审议途径是行政和预算问题咨询委员会和第五委员会。 在这方面,他们还建议,应考虑像安全理事会与政治事务部安全理事会事务司一样,更多地依赖秘书处的资源和支助。 其他发言者质疑根据不同公式和秘书处不同部分的预算为主席办公室提供资金的价值,并想知道协调和统一办公室的供资结构是否更好。 秘书答复说,由于该办公室由若干部门提供服务,其费用由有关部门承担并编入预算。", "85. 关于过渡安排,一位发言者提出了两项非常具体的建议:即将离任的主席提供的关于经验教训的报告应首先在选举时交给继任者,并在届会结束时提供最新版本;主席办公室应配备一个可靠的计算机化文件和存档系统,以方便各届会文件和信息的保存。", "86号. 关于人员配置,一个代表团极力强调在主席办公室内保留一组核心顾问的重要性,并请求办公厅主任说明至少有多少工作人员应留到下届会议。 办公厅主任答复说,他们保存的五人小组运作良好,他感谢秘书处的支持。", "三. 结论", "87个 特设工作组根据其任务规定,努力查明所关注的关键问题和可能达成的共识,审查这些问题的目前执行状况,并采取或表明可能采取的进一步行动。", "88个 在2011年7月29日第六次会议上,特设工作组审议并通过了一项决议草案(见下文第90段)和本报告。", "四、结 论 建议", "89. 国家 特设工作组根据共同主席分发的一项决议草案拟定了以下决议。", "90. (中文(简体) ). 2011年7月29日,振兴大会特设工作组第六次会议结束大会第六十五届会议的工作。 工作组决定建议大会通过以下决议草案:", "大会工作的振兴", "大会,", "重申其以往关于振兴其工作的各项决议,包括1991年12月12日第46/77号、1993年8月17日第47/233号、1994年7月29日第48/264号、1997年7月31日第51/241号、1997年12月15日第52/163号、2000年11月3日第55/14号、2001年9月7日第55/285号、2002年7月8日第56/509号、2002年12月20日第57/300号、2003年3月13日第57/301号、2003年12月19日第58/126号、2004年7月1日第58/316号、2005年9月12日第59/313号、2006年9月8日第60/286号、2007年8月2日第61/292号、2008年9月15日第62/276号、2009年9月14日第63/309号和2010年9月13日第64/301号决议,", "强调必须执行大会关于振兴大会工作的各项决议,并关切地注意到这些决议没有得到执行,对大会的权威、效力和效率产生影响,", "确认大会根据《联合国宪章》在处理和平与安全问题方面的作用,", "重申大会根据《宪章》的规定,在国际社会所关注的全球事务上,包括在全球治理上的作用和权威,", "欢迎大会主席决定将“重申联合国在全球治理中的核心作用”定为第六十五届会议一般性辩论的主题,", "确认需要进一步加强大会的作用、权威、效力和效率,", "注意到大会主席办公室的重要作用和活动,", "重申振兴大会工作是联合国全面改革的一个重要组成部分,", "1. 联合国 1. 欢迎振兴大会特设工作组的报告;[2]", "2. 联合国 4. 决定在第六十六届会议上设立一个振兴大会工作特设工作组,向所有会员国开放:", "(a) 国家 进一步确定如何加强大会的作用、权威、效力和效率,特别是以以往各项决议为基础并评价其执行情况;", "(b) 国家 就此向大会第六十六届会议提交报告;", "3个 4. 又决定特设工作组应根据特设工作组向大会第六十三届会议所提交报告的更新附件,[3] 继续审查大会关于振兴问题的决议清单,并请秘书长就大会关于振兴问题的各项决议中要求秘书处执行但尚未执行的规定提供最新资料,并指明执行不力的制约因素和原因,供特设工作组第六十六届会议进一步审议;", "大会的作用和权威", " 4.四. 1. 重申大会的作用和权威,包括根据《联合国宪章》第十至十四条和第三十五条,酌情利用大会议事规则第七至十条规定的程序,在与国际和平与安全有关的问题上的作用和权威,使大会能够迅速采取紧急行动,同时铭记根据《宪章》第二十四条,安全理事会负有维持国际和平与安全的首要责任;", "5 (韩语). 5. 强调大会需要积极发挥作用并及时有效应对国际社会共同关切的新挑战和当前事件;", "6. 国家 4. 欢迎就对国际社会至关重要的当前问题举行专题辩论及其包容性互动,并邀请大会主席继续这种做法,并与会员国协商在这种辩论中酌情取得注重成果的成果的可能性;", "7. 联合国 4. 认识到从振兴大会工作的角度出发,大会同处理国际社会所关切的全球性问题的国际或区域论坛和组织继续相互作用的重要性和益处;", "8. 联合国 2. 欢迎秘书长继续定期就他的优先事项、出访和最近的活动,包括参加在联合国以外举办的国际会议和活动,举行非正式情况介绍会,并鼓励他继续这种做法;", "9. 国家 11. 强调必须确保各主要机关加强合作、协调和信息交流,欢迎大会第六十五届会议主席同秘书长、安全理事会主席和经济及社会理事会主席以及各附属机构主席定期举行会议,并定期向会员国通报这些会议的成果,鼓励继续这样做;", "10个 3. 欢迎安全理事会提交大会的年度报告的质量已有所改善,鼓励安理会作必要的进一步改进,并注意到安理会主席在编写报告之前同所有会员国举行了非正式会议;", "11个 1. 注意到根据《宪章》第十五条和第二十四条第三项,安全理事会应向大会提交年度报告,并视需要提交特别报告,供大会审议;", "12个 4. 认识到不执行大会各项决议,特别是协商一致通过的决议,可能会削弱大会的作用和权威,并着重指出会员国在执行这些决议方面的重要作用和责任;", "工作方法", "13个 1. 欢迎大会第六十五届会议第二委员会为合理安排和精简议程并改进其工作方法而进行的实质性讨论和通过的决定;", "14个 11. 请大会及其各主要委员会在第六十六届会议上同会员国协商,继续审议并提议进一步将大会议程项目两年期化、三年期化、分组和删除,同时考虑到特设工作组的相关建议,包括在得到担保国明确同意的情况下,采用日落条款;", "15个 6. 鼓励各主要委员会在第六十六届会议上讨论其工作方法,并邀请各主要委员会主席在第六十六届会议上酌情向特设工作组通报工作方法的讨论情况;", "16号. 2. 赞赏地注意到在联合国举行的高级别会议提高了非常重要议题的能见度,同时注意到需要为所有会员国的充分参与提供便利并保持9月份一般性辩论的完整性,邀请秘书长、大会主席和各主要委员会主席同会员国协商,加强协调高级别会议的时间安排,以优化此类活动的次数和分布情况;", "17. 鼓励会员国、联合国机构和秘书处就合并文件问题进行协商,以避免重复工作并尽可能严格地力求做到决议、报告和其他文件简明扼要,特别是提及以往的文件而不再重复实际内容;", "18岁。 7. 强调必须通过以所有正式语文及时印发和分发大会工作和决定等办法,进一步提高公众和媒体对大会工作和决定的认识;", " 19. 19. 5. 决定特设工作组应继续了解提高投票时间效率、效率和安全性的各种备选方案,重申需要确定投票过程的可信度、可靠性和保密性,并请秘书处在出现任何新的技术发展时提供最新资料,但有一项谅解,即今后要采用任何新的投票制度,需要大会全体会议作出决定;", "秘书长和其他行政首长的甄选和任命", "20号. 2. 重申安理会承诺在特设工作组内按照《宪章》第九十七条的规定继续审议振兴大会在甄选和任命秘书长方面的作用的问题,并要求全面执行所有相关决议,包括1946年1月24日第11(I)号、第51/241号、第60/286号决议,特别是其附件第17至22段和 第64/301号决议;", "21岁 1. 注意到联合检查组题为“联合国系统各组织行政首长的甄选和服务条件”的报告所载建议[4],建议大会同竞选联合国秘书长职位的候选人举行听询会或会议;", "22号. 4. 认识到鉴于安全理事会根据《宪章》第九十七条所起的作用,秘书长的甄选和任命程序不同于联合国系统其他行政首长的甄选和任命程序,并再次强调秘书长的甄选程序必须透明和包容所有会员国;", "加强大会主席办公室的机构记忆", "23. 联合国 2. 欢迎大会主席就加强大会主席办公室的机构记忆及其同秘书处的关系问题向特设工作组发表的意见;", "24 (韩语). 2. 又欢迎大会第六十五届会议主席就他最近的活动,包括公务差旅,定期向会员国通报情况,并鼓励继续这种做法;", "25岁 注意到大会主席的活动近年来显著增加,回顾以往各项决议中关于支持大会主席办公室的规定,表示继续有意设法按照现行程序,特别是大会议事规则第153条,进一步支持该办公室,并在此方面期待秘书长根据第64/301号决议第10段提出建议;", "26. 联合国 10. 请秘书长向第六十六届会议报告大会主席办公室的筹资和人员配置情况,包括任何技术、后勤、礼宾或财务问题;", "27个 8. 注意到对大会主席现有礼宾安排提出的关切,并请秘书长在商定资源范围内进一步努力确保向大会主席提供适当的礼宾和警卫服务并提供适当的办公空间,使主席能以与大会主席办公室的尊严和地位相称的方式履行其职能;", "28岁 9. 强调需要在商定资源范围内,确保在秘书处内为大会主席办公室分配专职工作人员,负责协调主席之间的过渡、管理大会主席同秘书长之间的互动以及保留机构记忆,并请即将离任的大会主席向继任者介绍经验教训和最佳做法;", "29. 国家 2. 赞赏地注意到会员国向支助大会主席办公室信托基金提供的捐款,并请会员国继续向该基金提供捐款。", "[1] 会后,安全理事会文件和其他程序问题非正式工作组主席在注意到各代表团向他提出的问题后,向特设工作组共同主席转交了书面答复并按此分发。", "[2] A/65/909。", "[3] A/63/959。", "[4] 见A/65/71。" ]