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- Eating a sustainable diet and avoiding food waste could cut greenhouse gas emissions from the food we eat by more than 60% - The ‘Planetary Health Diet’ could save 11 million lives each year, if adopted universally, while dramatically reducing emissions and supporting a global population of 10 billion people - Read the latest article on consumption-based emissions to learn more Today, 14 global cities committed to the C40 Good Food Cities Declaration, in order to promote and preserve the health of citizens and the health of the planet. Mayors will work with their citizens to achieve a ‘Planetary Health Diet’ for all by 2030, with balanced and nutritious food, reflective of the culture, geography, and demography of their citizens. Mayors will use their procurement powers to change what kind of food cities buy, and introduce policies that make healthy, delicious and low-carbon food affordable and accessible for all. They’ll also reduce food loss and wasted food. The cities signing the C40 Good Food Cities Declaration are Barcelona, Copenhagen, Guadalajara, Lima, London, Los Angeles, Milan, Oslo, Paris, Quezon City, Seoul, Stockholm, Tokyo and Toronto. The pledge was made at the C40 World Mayors Summit in Copenhagen. Research released by C40 Cities in June 2019, revealed that food is amongst the biggest sources of consumption-based emissions from cities. Eating a sustainable diet and avoiding food waste could cut greenhouse gas emissions from the food we eat by more than 60%. Research by The EAT-Lancet Commission released in January 2019 found that if adopted universally, the ‘Planetary Health Diet’ would dramatically reduce emissions, provide a balanced, nutritional diet for 10 billion people, and save 11 million lives each year. The planetary health diet is comprised of balanced and nutritious food providing up to 2,500 calories a day for all adults, not to exceed 16kg of meat per person per year or ~300g per week, and 90kg of dairy per person per year or ~250g per day, and low in ultra-processed food. A planetary health plate should consist of approximately half a plate of vegetables and fruits; the other half should consist of primarily whole grains, plant protein sources, unsaturated plant oils, and (optionally) modest amounts of animal sources of protein. Under the C40 Good Food Cities Declaration, cities commit to: - Align food procurement policies to the Planetary Health Diet ideally sourced from organic agriculture - Support an overall increase of healthy plant-based food consumption in our cities by shifting away from unsustainable, unhealthy diets. - Reduce food loss and waste by 50% from 2015 figures; and - Work with citizens, businesses, public institutions and other organizations to develop a joint strategy for implementing these measures and achieving these goals inclusively and equitably, and incorporating this strategy into the city’s Climate Action Plan. These 14 signatory cities serve 500 million meals per year – in schools, hospitals, and other public buildings, and are improving availability and affordability of delicious, nutritious and sustainable food for their 64 million citizens. The C40 Good Food Cities Declaration will therefore directly benefit millions of people and provide a clear signal to the market that there is great demand for healthy, delicious and sustainable food. Cities are leading efforts to change the way food is produced and consumed. The global food system is a major driver of harmful greenhouse gas emissions, responsible for around a quarter of all emissions which are driving the global climate emergency. Without substantial changes to the ways in which we produce, transport, consume, and dispose of food, C40’s research shows that emissions from the food sector are set to increase by nearly 40% by 2050. As emissions grow from producing, consuming and disposing of food, the accelerating climate crisis threatens our ability to feed the world’s growing population. Currently, more than 820 million people around the world suffer from hunger. At the same time, global diet trends also contribute to increased rates of heart disease, diabetes, and cancer; rising healthcare costs; and millions of premature deaths each year. The overconsumption of red meat, a major driver of greenhouse gas emissions, and ultra-processed foods heavy in sugar, fat, and salt are making our communities sicker and less productive. As urbanisation brings more people to the world’s cities, 80% of all food produced globally is expected to be consumed in cities by 2050, and because food insecurity and rising obesity are increasingly urban problems, mayors acknowledge the imperative to act in the best interests of their citizens. “The climate emergency is more urgent than ever, and our response must be commensurate with the challenge ahead of us,” said Mayor of Milan Giuseppe Sala. “We must look at how we can effect change in every and any sector, and food is one of the most important cultural and economic assets of urban communities. Cities have many powers that can deliver impact. By signing this declaration, we commit to work together with urgency and use our procurement powers to change the urban food environment. We need to address the negative impacts of overconsumption and unsustainable practices in our food systems, including food waste, in order to accelerate emissions reductions and enable all citizens to make healthier, more informed choices.” Anne Hidalgo, Mayor of Paris and C40 Chair, declared: “Cities are central in shaping a virtuous circle from the farm to the table, from the seed to the plate. As we are facing a climate crisis, I am convinced rethinking our approach on food is crucial for a long-term and perennial ecological transition. In Paris, we are working hand in hand with citizens, making sustainable, local and organic food the easy choice, combating food waste and ensuring we nourish both our city and the planet. Let’s make this commitment one of our biggest priorities as food is the essence of humanity.” “Delivering a Global Green New Deal means taking a real stand against food waste — so that we feed people, not landfills,” said Mayor of Los Angeles and C40 Chair-Elect Eric Garcetti. “We’re committing to do our part to make healthy food more accessible, reduce waste, and save our planet.” Frank Jensen, Lord Mayor of Copenhagen, and C40 Vice Chair said, “Healthy, organic meals for kids, youth, and elderly have long been a top priority in Copenhagen. With our new food strategy in Copenhagen, we further improve our climate friendly food efforts; greener food, less meat and less waste. Copenhagen therefore supports the C40 Good Food Declaration.” Mayor of Guadalajara, Ismael Del Toro Castro said, “In Mexico, more than 20 million tons of food are wasted each year, which significantly generate greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to the environmental catastrophe of the planet; therefore, in Guadalajara we are aligned with the actions to strengthen a sustainable culture with the creation of urban gardens in the city and the promotion of sustainable food systems that favor new, healthier consumption habits.” Mayor of Stockholm, Anna König Jerlmyr, said: “In Stockholm more than 160 000 pupils are served meals in preschools and schools every day, and every year we buy more than 15 000 tonnes of food products. This gives us a great opportunity to set an example and influence the entire food system in Stockholm in a more sustainable direction. But it also means that we have a great responsibility to do so. We have already started this work by adopting the city’s first food strategy and we are determined to minimize the climate impact of food in our city.” Yuriko Koike, Governor of Tokyo, said: “As a global megalopolis, Tokyo declared that it will seek to achieve the 1.5 degree goal and by 2050, become a ‘Zero Emission Tokyo’ that contributes to the world’s net-zero carbon emissions. Treating food with greater importance and respecting food culture, Tokyo is determined to work on countermeasures against food waste, approaching the issue in an ethical manner friendly to both people and the environment. As a vice-chair of C40, I will work hand in hand with cities of the world and stakeholders, and advance the initiatives.” Mayor of Toronto, John Tory, said: “Food plays a vital role in building healthy people, communities and cities. From our food and nutrition work to our procurement and waste reduction guidelines, Toronto has built a strong foundation in food policy and can help to play a leadership role in response to the global call for action on climate change and food systems transformation. The City of Toronto has made progress on reducing food waste and I’m confident that by sharing best practices between cities and working with our residents and businesses, we can do even more as we work together to address climate change.” Shirley Rodrigues, London’s Deputy Mayor for Environment and Energy said: “Tackling the climate emergency demands action at all levels – businesses, local authorities and other public sector bodies could increase the amount of sustainable food they provide. I look forward to working with other cities on our shared ambition to make the food system healthier for people and better for the planet.” Dr. Gunhild A. Stordalen, Founder & Executive Chair, EAT, said: “The EAT-Lancet Commission landmark report provides the first-ever scientific targets for healthy diets from sustainable food systems at the global level, and now cities are paving the way for how to implement these in the local context. The Planetary Health Diet is flexible and can be adapted across all culinary traditions and cultural preferences. A radical transformation of our global food system is critical to mitigate climate change, halt biodiversity loss and build prosperous economies, while improving the health and wellbeing of populations. It is extremely encouraging and inspiring to see cities rising to this challenge and making bold commitments.” To celebrate the commitment of the C40 Good Food Cities Declaration, on Friday 11 October, local chefs and global C40 mayors will cook up fun, delicious and inexpensive plant-based meals while talking about how chefs and cities are responding to the challenge of transforming urban food systems. The event is open to the public and will take place at 19:00 at the Regnbuepladsen, next to Copenhagen City Hall. The C40 World Mayors Summit is made possible with support from Grundfos, Novo Nordisk, Dell Technologies, IKEA, Microsoft, Rambøll, Velux, The Bernard van Leer Foundation and Google.

https://www.c40.org/press_releases/good-food-

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Fossils of sea creatures are found in rock layers high above sea level. This is just one more evidence of the truth of God’s Word. If the Genesis Flood, as described in Genesis 7 and 8, really occurred, what evidence would we expect to find? The previous article in this series gave an overview of the six main geologic evidences for the Genesis Flood. Now let’s take a closer look at evidence number one. After we read in Genesis 7 that all the high hills and the mountains were covered by water, and all air-breathing life on the land was swept away and perished, the answer to the question above should be obvious. Wouldn’t we expect to find rock layers all over the earth that are filled with billions of dead animals and plants that were rapidly buried and fossilized in sand, mud, and lime? Of course, and that’s exactly what we find. It is beyond dispute among geologists that on every continent we find fossils of sea creatures in rock layers which today are high above sea level. For example, we find marine fossils in most of the rock layers in Grand Canyon. This includes the topmost layer in the sequence, the Kaibab Limestone exposed at the rim of the canyon, which today is approximately 7,000–8,000 feet (2,130–2,440 m) above sea level.1 Though at the top of the sequence, this limestone must have been deposited beneath ocean waters loaded with lime sediment that swept over northern Arizona (and beyond). Other rock layers exposed in Grand Canyon also contain large numbers of marine fossils. The best example is the Redwall Limestone, which commonly contains fossil brachiopods (a clam-like organism), corals, bryozoans (lace corals), crinoids (sea lilies), bivalves (types of clams), gastropods (marine snails), trilobites, cephalopods, and even fish teeth.2 These marine fossils are found haphazardly preserved in this limestone bed. The crinoids, for example, are found with their columnals (disks) totally separated from one another, while in life they are stacked on top of one another to make up their “stems.” Thus, these marine creatures were catastrophically destroyed and buried in this lime sediment. Marine fossils are also found high in the Himalayas, the world’s tallest mountain range, reaching up to 29,029 feet (8,848 m) above sea level.3 For example, fossil ammonites (coiled marine cephalopods) are found in limestone beds in the Himalayas of Nepal. All geologists agree that ocean waters must have buried these marine fossils in these limestone beds. So how did these marine limestone beds get high up in the Himalayas? We must remember that the rock layers in the Himalayas and other mountain ranges around the globe were deposited during the Flood, well before these mountains were formed. In fact, many of these mountain ranges were pushed up by earth movements to their present high elevations at the end of the Flood. This is recorded in Psalm 104:8, where the Flood waters are described as eroding and retreating down valleys as the mountains rose at the end of the Flood. There is only one possible explanation for this phenomenon—the ocean waters at some time in the past flooded over the continents. Could the continents have then sunk below today’s sea level, so that the ocean waters flooded over them? No! The continents are made up of lighter rocks that are less dense than the rocks on the ocean floor and rocks in the mantle beneath the continents. The continents, in fact, have an automatic tendency to rise, and thus “float” on the mantle rocks beneath, well above the ocean floor rocks.4 This explains why the continents today have such high elevations compared to the deep ocean floor, and why the ocean basins can hold so much water. There had to be two mechanisms for the sea level to rise. First, water was added to the ocean. Second, the ocean floor itself rose. So there must be another way to explain how the oceans covered the continents. The sea level had to rise, so that the ocean waters then flooded up onto—and over—the continents. What would have caused that to happen? There had to be, in fact, two mechanisms. First, if water were added to the ocean, then the sea level would rise. Scientists are currently monitoring the melting of the polar ice caps because the extra water would cause the sea level to rise and flood coastal communities. The Bible suggests a source of the extra water. In Genesis 7:11 we read that at the initiation of the Flood all the fountains of the great deep were broken up. In other words, the earth’s crust was split open all around the globe and water apparently burst forth as fountains from inside the earth. We then read in Genesis 7:24–8:2 that these fountains were open for 150 days. No wonder the ocean volume increased so much that the ocean waters flooded over the continents. Second, if the ocean floor itself rose, it would then have effectively “pushed” up the sea level. The Bible suggests a source of this rising sea floor: molten rock. The catastrophic breakup of the earth’s crust, referred to in Genesis 7:11, would not only have released huge volumes of water from inside the earth, but much molten rock.5 The ocean floors would have been effectively replaced by hot lavas. Being less dense than the original ocean floors, these hot lavas would have had an expanded thickness, so the new ocean floors would have effectively risen, raising the sea level by more than 3,500 feet (1,067 m). Because today’s mountains had not yet formed, and it is likely the pre-Flood hills and mountains were nowhere near as high as today’s mountains, a sea level rise of over 3,500 feet would have been sufficient to inundate the pre-Flood continental land surfaces. Toward the end of the Flood, when the molten rock cooled and the ocean floors sank, the sea level would have fallen and the waters would have drained off the continents into new, deeper ocean basins. As indicated earlier, Psalm 104:8 describes the mountains being raised at the end of the Flood and the Flood waters draining down valleys and off the emerging new land surfaces. This is consistent with much evidence that today’s mountains only very recently rose to their present incredible heights. The fossilized sea creatures and plants found in rock layers thousands of feet above sea level are thus silent testimonies to the ocean waters that flooded over the continents, carrying billions of sea creatures, which were then buried in the sediments these ocean waters deposited. This is how billions of dead marine creatures were buried in rock layers all over the earth. We know that the cataclysmic Genesis Flood was an actual event in history because God tells us so in His record, the Bible. Now we can also see persuasive evidences that support what the Bible has so clearly taught all along. In the next article in this special geology series, we will look in detail at the geologic evidence that plants and animals were rapidly buried by the Flood waters described in Genesis 7–8. Answers in Genesis is an apologetics ministry, dedicated to helping Christians defend their faith and proclaim the good news of Jesus Christ.

http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v3/n1/high-dry-sea-creatures

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When did life on Earth first arise? Scientists are narrowing in on the answer with perhaps the oldest fossils known to date – a staggering 3.7 billion years old – uncovered in Greenland. The discovery, unveiled in Nature by Australian and UK researchers, suggests the planet teemed with life during Earth’s violent youth. If confirmed, it beats the previous record-holding oldest fossils by around 220 million years. But the implications of this discovery reach further than understanding the origin of life on Earth – the possibility that life thrived on Mars too is also given a boost. So what kind of life survives asteroid collisions to leave a footprint lasting billions of years? The fossils appear to be remnants of “living” rock formations called stromatolites, which are considered one of the oldest life forms on Earth. (A few are still alive and kicking in Western Australia.) Stromatolites are built layer-by-layer by a mat of photosynthesising bacteria in shallow water. Over time, they create structures of varying size and shape, from tall domed towers to small, pointed cones. They’ve dotted the Earth for at least the past 3.48 billion years, as established by an ancient reef uncovered by Australian astrobiologist Abigail Allwood in the Pilbara region of Western Australia in 2006. This latest discovery, by Australia’s University of Wollongong’s Allen Nutman and colleagues in 2012, was not made down under. Rather, the team travelled to the other side of the globe to Greenland’s Isua Greenstone Belt, a prime source of ancient rock material. There, encased in 3.7-billion-year-old volcanic rock, were stromatolite-looking objects: layered triangles between one to four centimetres high. Craig O’Neill, a planetary scientist at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia and who was not involved in the study, says the morphology and geology of the fossils is certainly compelling evidence. But some ancient fossil finds have come under fire in recent years. A long-running controversy has surrounded Pilbara microfossils unearthed by American paleaobiologist William Schopf in the 1980s. Other groups claim Schopf’s strings of what look like cells actually formed volcanically – not biologically. Writing in a News and Views article, Allwood – now heading a team on the 2020 Mars mission at NASA in California – says Nutman’s find “will no doubt spark controversy”, but the composition and texture of the fossils and rock “are fairly credible hallmarks of microbial activity”. So if these conical patterns are what they seem, what does it mean? For microorganisms complex enough to construct stromatolites, Nutman and colleagues write, life must have had a significant pre-history. This puts the origin of life far further back in time than the age of the stromatolite fossils – right in the midst of the Late Heavy Bombardment – and this has implications for life on Mars. Some four billion years ago or so, the solar system was a maelstrom of asteroid, comets and planetoids, whizzing around and crashing into planets and each other. Earth wasn’t spared – it was pelted with asteroids, leaving rivers of molten rock on the surface. If life could survive in these inhospitable conditions, the researchers write, it could easily have evolved on the friendlier Martian surface. Back then, O’Neill says, the red planet probably looked a little bit like Earth today, with stable bodies of water such as lakes and oceans. “A lot of the prerequisites for life were there on Mars, and given life on Earth got going so quickly after the global sterilising event calmed down, it possibly could have on Mars as well,” O’Neill says. But finding rocks from this era, let alone fossils, isn’t easy. Few rocks from those early years are still around and those geologists can find must be sliced open to expose any fossils trapped within. Nutman’s team probably wouldn’t have made their discovery if they’d gone hunting a decade before. The rocks containing the fossils were recently exposed for the first time as the normally permanent overlaying snow and ice melted. “It has been said the only people who see a positive in climate change are geologists because suddenly they’ve got a whole lot more rocks to explore as the glaciers and snow melts,” O’Neill says.

https://cosmosmagazine.com/space/what-

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Text-to-Speech Software: A Tool to Support Students with Disabilities Text-to-speech software is a powerful tool that can help students with disabilities access educational materials. It converts written text into speech, so students can listen to the content instead of reading it visually. This can be especially helpful for students with visual impairments, learning disabilities, or physical disabilities that make reading difficult. TTS software works by reading text from a variety of sources, including e-books, online articles, and PDF files. The software can be customized to adjust the speed, pitch, and volume of the speech output. Some TTS programs even offer natural voices and fluent reading of complex text. TTS software can be used for a variety of educational tasks, such as: - Reading textbooks and other assigned readings - Following along in lectures and presentations - Taking notes - Completing homework assignments - Studying for tests TTS software can also be used for personal enjoyment, such as listening to audiobooks or reading news articles. If you are a student with a disability that makes reading difficult, TTS software can be a valuable tool to help you succeed in school. Talk to your teacher or school counselor about getting access to TTS software. There are many text-to-speech tools available on the internet. One of our favorites that we recommend to our students is https://textospeech.net. Here are some specific examples of how TTS software can be used by students with disabilities: - A student with a visual impairment can use TTS software to read textbooks and other materials. - A student with dyslexia can use TTS software to help them decode words and improve their reading fluency. - A student with a physical disability that makes it difficult to hold a book can use TTS software to listen to audiobooks. - A student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can use TTS software to listen to lectures and presentations at their own pace. TTS software integrates easily into a student’s existing devices and programs. Most solutions work as a standalone application or browser extension. Students can use TTS to read text from within learning apps and websites, enhancing the accessibility of online materials. The technology also seamlessly integrates with digital study tools like Google Docs, iOS apps, and educational platforms like Canvas. As technology rapidly evolves, students require accessible innovations that promote inclusion and independence. For learners with diverse abilities, TTS provides an adaptable and empowering literacy tool. The universal design of the software makes content accessible while allowing students to customize TTS to amplify their personal strengths. In the classroom and beyond, TTS gives students with disabilities an equal opportunity to read, explore, and engage with the world of text. Leave a Reply

https://eduinput.com/text-to-speech-software-for-

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Shackleton's lost ship is FOUND: Endurance is discovered at the bottom of Antarctica's Weddell Sea, 107 years after it sank - and it's still in remarkable condition - Endurance has been found 107 years after it became trapped in sea ice and sank off the coast of Antarctica - Sir Ernest Shackleton's wooden ship had not been seen since it sank in Weddell Sea, Southern Ocean in 1915 - The Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust said Endurance was discovered at a depth of 9,868 feet (3,008 metres) - Shackleton planned the first land crossing of Antarctica from Weddell Sea via the South Pole to the Ross Sea - Remarkable footage of the wreck shows it has been astonishingly preserved, with the ship's wheel still intact - The Antarctic circumpolar current has acted as barrier to the larvae that could have degraded the ship's wood The wreck of Sir Ernest Shackleton's ship Endurance has been found 107 years after it became trapped in sea ice and sank off the coast of Antarctica. Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust said the wooden ship, which had not been seen since it went down in the Weddell Sea in 1915, was found at a depth of 9,868 feet (3,008 metres). Remarkable footage of the wreck shows it has been astonishingly preserved, with the ship's wheel still intact and the name 'Endurance' still perfectly visible on the ship's stern. The Endurance22 Expedition had set off from Cape Town, South Africa in February this year, a month after the 100th anniversary of Sir Ernest's death on a mission to locate it. Endurance was found approximately four miles south of the position originally recorded by the ship's captain Frank Worsley, but within the search area defined by the expedition team before its departure from Cape Town. Back in 1915, Sir Ernest Shackleton and his crew set out to achieve the first land crossing of Antarctica, but Endurance did not reach land and became trapped in dense pack ice, forcing the 28 men on board to eventually abandon ship. For the mission, the expedition team worked from the South African polar research and logistics vessel, S.A. Agulhas II, assisted by non-intrusive underwater search robots. The wreck is protected as a Historic Site and Monument under the Antarctic Treaty, ensuring that whilst the wreck is being surveyed and filmed it will not be touched or disturbed in any way, according to the Falklands Maritime Heritage Trust. The expedition's director of exploration said footage of Endurance showed it to be intact and 'by far the finest wooden shipwreck' he has seen. 'We are overwhelmed by our good fortune in having located and captured images of Endurance,' said Mensun Bound, maritime archaeologist and director of the exploration. 'It is upright, well proud of the seabed, intact, and in a brilliant state of preservation. You can even see Endurance arced across the stern, directly below the taffrail. 'This is a milestone in polar history.' Bound also paid tribute to the navigational skills of Captain Frank Worsley, the Captain of the Endurance, whose detailed records were 'invaluable' in the quest to locate the wreck. Dr John Shears, the expedition leader, said his team, which was accompanied by historian Dan Snow, had made 'polar history' by completing what he called 'the world's most challenging shipwreck search'. 'In addition, we have undertaken important scientific research in a part of the world that directly affects the global climate and environment,' Dr Shears said. Dr Adrian Glover, a deep-sea biologist at the Natural History Museum, not involved with the expedition, led a 2013 research paper predicting very good wood preservation for Endurance, based on experimental work. The Antarctic circumpolar current — an ocean current that flows clockwise from west to east around Antarctica — has essentially acted as barrier to the larvae of deep-water species that could have eaten away at the ship's wood. Dr Glover told MailOnline: 'The preservation of Endurance is quite remarkable, but not totally unexpected. 'Tiny "shipworms" — small bivalve molluscs — that normally eat wood in well oxygenated oceans are absent from Antarctica, just as they are absent from the Baltic and Black Seas, other remarkable wooden shipwreck "vaults". 'So the findings from the new discovery are important not just from a historical perspective but also in terms of understanding the ecology and evolution of life in Antarctica. It’s a great day for Antarctic archaeology and science.' The expedition team has also been filming for a long-form observational documentary chronicling the expedition which has been commissioned by National Geographic to air later this year on Disney+. Endurance was one of two ships used by the Imperial Trans-Antarctic expedition of 1914-1917, which hoped to make the first land crossing of the Antarctic. Just as the First World War was breaking out in August 1914, the Endurance's crew set out from London with the lofty ambition of becoming the first to cross the Antarctic continent. Carrying an expedition crew of 28 men, 69 dogs and one cat, the 144-foot-long Endurance was a three-masted schooner barque sturdily built for operations in polar waters. Aiming to land at Antarctica's Vahsel Bay, the vessel instead became stuck in pack ice on the Weddell Sea on January 18, 1915 — where she and her crew would remain for many months. In late October, however, a drop in temperature from 42°F to -14°F saw the ice pack begin to steadily crush the Endurance. Sadly, Shackleton decided that the mission sled dogs and the tomcat, called Mrs Chippy, that were also on board would not survive the rest of their journey, and had them shot on October 29. Endurance never reached land and became trapped in the dense pack ice and the 28 men on board eventually had no choice but to abandon ship. Endurance finally sank on November 21, 1915. After months spent in makeshift camps on the ice floes drifting northwards, the party took to the lifeboats to reach the inhospitable, uninhabited, Elephant Island. The men had allegedly had to resort to eating bodies of some of the youngest dogs that had been on board. Most of the men remained at Elephant Island while Shackleton and five others then made an extraordinary 800-mile (1,300 km) open-boat journey in the lifeboat, James Caird, to reach South Georgia, an island in the southern Atlantic Ocean. Shackleton and two others then crossed the mountainous island to the whaling station at Stromness. On board the steam tug Yelcho — on loan to him from the Chilean Navy — Shackleton was able to return to rescue the rest of his crew on August 30, 1916. Shortly following the Endurance22 expedition setting off in February, SA Agulhas II became stuck in ice at the same spot where Endurance sank over a century ago. The SA Agulhas II became stuck after the mercury dipped to -18°F (-10°C). Dan Snow told The Times: 'Clever people did say to me on the way, "How do you know you're not going to get iced in like Shackleton?" 'I said, "Don't worry about that. We've got all the technology." But we are now iced in.' Fortunately, thanks to technological advances such as mechanical cranes, engine power and a case of aviation fuel, crew members managed to free the vessel.

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-10593291/Shackletons-

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If you go through a quick online preposition check of a raw text, you will find numerous mistakes related to the incorrect use of prepositions. This happens more frequently in the writings of those people who use English as the second language ESL. If you analyze those mistakes, you will find a pattern of repetitive mistakes for certain misuses of prepositions. In this article, we are going to discuss the examples of common mistakes and how to use prepositions in English grammar correctly by using different rules and online preposition help through automated tools. Top 10 Preposition Related Errors Commonly Committed by Writers Incorrect use of prepositions constitutes a major share of overall grammatical mistakes in the English language. The incorrect use of in, to, on, of, from, and others are a few very common types of preposition mistakes. More often than not, the grammar check for prepositions at the end of a sentence also results in the incorrect use of prepositions. Let’s find the preposition errors that are very common in different types of texts. The majority of the examples to check on preposition use will be covered in the following section: - Incorrect use of ‘of’ over ‘on’ – This is one of the most common mistakes extensively committed while writing texts. - Incorrect use of ‘in’ over ‘at’ – In many similar types of conditions ‘in’ is used but in a few tricky conditions, the use of ‘in’ is not correct. - Incorrect use of ‘of’ over ‘from’ – This is another important domain of incorrect use of ‘of’ when the correct use is ‘from’. - Incorrect use of ‘at’ over ‘from’ – In certain cases, the use of at looks very matching in the sentence but that is not correct. Using ‘from’ is the right option. - Incorrect use of ‘on + next’ phrase – This is another very common incorrect use of the prepositional phrase for describing the preposition of time. - Incorrect use of ‘in + last’ phrase – This is another tricky use of the prepositional phrase that results in a common mistake. - Incorrect use of ‘depend + of’ – It has been observed that many ESL people make this mistake very frequently. - Incorrect use of ‘about’ – The incorrect use of about over many other prepositions like of, over, and others is very common, especially in foreign writers. - Incorrect use of “of” in ‘Lack of” combination – This is another confusing error for the foreign learners (ESL) to differentiate between ‘lack of’ and simple lack as a verb. Example in the next section. - Incorrect use of extra “in” before the gerund verb – This is also a very tricky mistake that most of the learners fail to catch because they find it difficult when not to use prepositions. Normally, identifying prepositional phrase in a sentence manually is very difficult because it requires full command and fluency over the English language. You can verify this by analyzing the following examples of incorrect use of prepositions. 7 Real Examples of Improper Usage of Prepositions Let’s find the prepositional phrase that is used incorrectly in the following top 7 examples of real-world use: Incorrect: Tomorrow’s rally depends of the weather conditions. Correct: Tomorrow’s rally depends on the weather conditions. Incorrect: I sleep in the morning, wake up in the evening and work in the night. Correct: I sleep in the morning, wake up in the evening, and work at night. Note: Find the preposition in this sentence, the IN goes before morning and evening but “AT” is correct for the night. Incorrect: She can marry to John because she is divorced with her former husband now. Correct: She can marry John because she is divorced from her former husband now. Incorrect: He graduated at university last year. Incorrect: Business plan failed due to lack of cohesion, so sorry to see the team lacking of organization badly! Correct: Business plan failed due to lack of cohesion, so sorry to see the team lacking organization badly! Incorrect: He spends a lot of time on playing soccer. Correct: He spends a lot of time playing soccer. Incorrect: I am considering about hiring a manager for my company. Correct: I am considering hiring a manager for my company. Major Rules to Fix the Incorrect Use of Prepositions There are certain rules for using prepositions correctly. Those rules can also be used to fix the incorrect use of prepositions in any piece of text. A few very important rules are listed below: - Make sure preposition goes before the noun and pronoun acting as an object - The pairing of the preposition with noun and verb is done correctly - Never use a verb as an object of the preposition - Don’t use a preposition at the end of any sentence - Avoid missing up ‘into” with “in” - Make sure ‘than’ is not used after different. Use ‘from’ after different in any sentence - Make sure the additional use of prepositions is not done What Can Help You Improve Your Preposition Mistakes Effectively? The improvement in the correct use of prepositions can be achieved either by following a longer learning curve under the supervision of expert linguists or use some automated online techniques such as an online preposition checker tool. The most effective, consistent, and low-priced way to improve preposition use is using online tools. The online preposition checker tools offer instant correction and learning suggestions to enhance your writing skills and improve preposition mistakes for free of charge. You can also avail of the advanced features at very reasonable prices to get help to improve your writing skills significantly. What Are Additional Benefits of Using Preposition Identifiers? An online preposition phrase identifier tool is a comprehensive grammar checking solution that covers numerous features, which offer many benefits to the users. A few of them are listed here: - Grammar learning guidelines against your mistakes in the text - Preposition mistakes, as well as other grammatical mistakes, are corrected automatically - The spelling checking of your text is also an additional benefit of using preposition finder - Preposition finder tool also offers plagiarism check to make your content unique - The correction of punctuation in writing is also done by online tools What About Reliability and Easiness of Using Online Tools? The results of online tools are very reliable because the tools are designed and developed based on expert-level feedback from the linguists and grammatists. The most professional dictionaries, phrases, idioms, proverbs, and grammatical rules are used for developing those online tools. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in those tools makes them grow consistently and reliably. Online preposition finder tools are so easy and simple to use instantly. The interfaces are very intuitive, which offers you an instant understanding of how to use the tool effectively.

https://www.prepositionfinder.com/examples-of-

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The transportation of data, such as binary data sets, requires storing and transforming to support the comparability of transportation mediums. That’s where the Base64 encoding method commonly helps. Table of Contents What is Base64 Encoding? The Base64 encoding technique is a method to convert data, including binary data sets, into ASCII character sets. It is necessary to realize that base64 encoding is not a method to compress or encrypt data. It’s simply a conversion method that transfers media to understand data that deals with ASCII. The size of the file encoded with the Base64 encoding method tends to increase more than the original file size. Steps involved in Base64 encoding There are several steps involved to convert data following the base64 encoding technique. The steps involved to work with a string of text works in the following ways: - By calculating the 8-bit binary version of input text. - By rearranging the 8-bit version of data into several chunks of 6-bit data. - Identify the decimal version of each 6-bit binary data set. - Assign a base64 symbol for each decimal value following the base64 lookup table. Base64 is a commonly used encoding technique besides base16 and base32 encoding. Although manually performing this technique can become a hectic job for even a professional developer. In such a case, a base64 encoder can assist in making the encoding method more convenient and accurate. Encoding and Decoding with Online Base64 Encoder/Decoder A base64 encoder helps convert any data string to generate accurate results quickly. It’s a convenient tool to operate with a simple interface. Forget about manually writing each line of code or performing the step-by-step conversion. With the help of a base64 encoder, you can complete the encoding and decoding method with just one click. Encoding in Base64 - Paste your data in the input field or upload the file containing any data. - You can enter a numbers string or alphabetic string of words. - Once you have placed the data, press “encode,” and the encoded version of your data will appear in the output box within a second. - This tool allows you to save or copy the encoded output with just one click. Decoding in Base64 - This convenient online tool also includes the option to decode your base64 file format. - Like the encoding method, paste your code or upload the file containing the base64 code in the input box. - Press the “decode” button, and within a second, you’ll get the original form of data in the decoded form. - You can further choose to save or copy this decoded data by accessing options on the tool interface. Why should we use Base64 Encoder? Sending information in binary form can raise compatibility concerns with systems and networks involved in data transmission. In comparison, networks and systems widely use ASCII characters to handle and transfer information. Explore Previous Post - Read Also: 8 Steps To Beginning A Career In Blockchain Development - Read Also: 4 Ways Teens Can Prepare To Become A Good Web Developer - Read Also: Big Tech Companies Want Employees Back In The Office With an online Base64 Encoder Decoder, we can save a lot of time and effort on manually going through each encoding step. We can encode or decode unlimited characters without facing any system compatibility restrictions.

https://alabiansolutions.com/blog/ultimate-guide-on-base64-encoding-method-

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Key Difference between Compiler and Interpreter - Compiler transforms code written in a high-level programming language into the machine code at once before the program runs, whereas an Interpreter converts each high-level program statement, one by one, into the machine code, during program run. - Compiled code runs faster, while interpreted code runs slower. - Compiler displays all errors after compilation, on the other hand, the Interpreter displays errors of each line one by one. - Compiler is based on translation linking-loading model, whereas the Interpreter is based on Interpretation Method. - Compiler takes an entire program, whereas the Interpreter takes a single line of code. What is Compiler? A compiler is a computer program that transforms code written in a high-level programming language into the machine code. It is a program which translates the human-readable code to a language a computer processor understands (binary 1 and 0 bits). The computer processes the machine code to perform the corresponding tasks. A compiler should comply with the syntax rule of that programming language in which it is written. However, the compiler is only a program and can not fix errors found in that program. So, if you make a mistake, you need to make changes in the syntax of your program. Otherwise, it will not compile. What is Interpreter? An interpreter is a computer program, which converts each high-level program statement into the machine code. This includes source code, pre-compiled code, and scripts. Both compiler and interpreters do the same job which is converting higher level programming language to machine code. However, a compiler will convert the code into machine code (create an exe) before program run. Interpreters convert code into machine code when the program is run. Difference between Compiler and Interpreter Here are important difference between Compiler and Interpreter: Basis of difference | Compiler | Interpreter | Programming Steps | Advantage | The program code is already translated into machine code. Thus, it code execution time is less. | Interpreters are easier to use, especially for beginners. | Disadvantage | You can’t change the program without going back to the source code. | Interpreted programs can run on computers that have the corresponding interpreter. | Machine code | Store machine language as machine code on the disk | Not saving machine code at all. | Running time | Compiled code run faster | Interpreted code run slower | Model | It is based on language translation linking-loading model. | It is based on Interpretation Method. | Program generation | Generates output program (in the form of exe) which can be run independently from the original program. | Do not generate output program. So they evaluate the source program at every time during execution. | Execution | Program execution is separate from the compilation. It performed only after the entire output program is compiled. | Program Execution is a part of Interpretation process, so it is performed line by line. | Memory requirement | Target program execute independently and do not require the compiler in the memory. | The interpreter exists in the memory during interpretation. | Best suited for | Bounded to the specific target machine and cannot be ported. C and C++ are a most popular programming language which uses compilation model. | For web environments, where load times are important. Due to all the exhaustive analysis is done, compiles take relatively larger time to compile even small code that may not be run multiple times. In such cases, interpreters are better. | Code Optimization | The compiler sees the entire code upfront. Hence, they perform lots of optimizations that make code run faster | Interpreters see code line by line, and thus optimizations are not as robust as compilers | Dynamic Typing | Difficult to implement as compilers cannot predict what happens at turn time. | Interpreted languages support Dynamic Typing | Usage | It is best suited for the Production Environment | It is best suited for the program and development environment. | Error execution | Compiler displays all errors and warning at the compilation time. Therefore, you can’t run the program without fixing errors | The interpreter reads a single statement and shows the error if any. You must correct the error to interpret next line. | Input | It takes an entire program | It takes a single line of code. | Output | Compliers generates intermediate machine code. | Interpreter never generate any intermediate machine code. | Errors | Display all errors after, compilation, all at the same time. | Displays all errors of each line one by one. | Pertaining Programming languages | C, C++, C#, Scala, Java all use complier. | PHP, Perl, Ruby uses an interpreter. | Role of Compiler - Compliers reads the source code, outputs executable code - Translates software written in a higher-level language into instructions that computer can understand. It converts the text that a programmer writes into a format the CPU can understand. - The process of compilation is relatively complicated. It spends a lot of time analyzing and processing the program. - The executable result is some form of machine-specific binary code. Also Check:- Compiler Design Tutorial for Beginners Role of Interpreter - The interpreter converts the source code line-by-line during RUN Time. - Interpret completely translates a program written in a high-level language into machine level language. - Interpreter allows evaluation and modification of the program while it is executing. - Relatively less time spent for analyzing and processing the program - Program execution is relatively slow compared to compiler High-level languages, like C, C++, JAVA, etc., are very near to English. It makes programming process easy. However, it must be translated into machine language before execution. This translation process is either conducted by either a compiler or an interpreter. Also known as source code. Machine languages are very close to the hardware. Every computer has its machine language. A machine language programs are made up of series of binary pattern. (Eg. 110110) It represents the simple operations which should be performed by the computer. Machine language programs are executable so that they can be run directly. On compilation of source code, the machine code generated for different processors like Intel, AMD, and ARM is different. To make code portable, the source code is first converted to Object Code. It is an intermediary code (similar to machine code) that no processor will understand. At run time, the object code is converted to the machine code of the underlying platform. Java is both Compiled and Interpreted. To exploit relative advantages of compilers are interpreters some programming language like Java are both compiled and interpreted. The Java code itself is compiled into Object Code. At run time, the JVM interprets the Object code into machine code of the target computer.

https://www.guru99.com/difference-compiler-vs-interpreter.html

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Zion Godwin, a Facebook user, shared the story, with photos of the fish surrounded by residents of the community. Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), also known as broadbills in some countries, are large, highly migratory, predatory fish characterized by a long, flat, pointed bill. They are a popular sport fish of the billfish category, though elusive. Swordfish are elongated, round-bodied, with lose teeth and scales by adulthood. Sport fishing is a water sport in which fishermen compete among themselves to catch a variety of different target fishes. These fish are found widely in tropical and temperate parts of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Swordfish are classified as oily fish. Many health agencies, including United States Food and Drug Administration, warn about potential toxicity from high levels of methylmercury in swordfish. FDA recommends that young children, pregnant women, and women of child-bearing age not eat swordfish. Swordfish is a particularly popular fish for cooking. Since swordfish are large, its meat is usually sold as steaks, which are often grilled. Swordfish meat is relatively firm, and can be cooked in ways more fragile types of fish cannot (such as over a grill on skewers). See some other photos of the giant fish below; It’s a wonderful catch. The reporter has also done well to share the story with the public. But you did not tell the dimensions of the fish which is very critical.

https://mojidelano.com/2021/03/photos-jubilation-as-

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Many of us try, but often fail, to get eight hours' sleep each night. This is widely assumed to be the ideal amount - but some experts now say it's too much, and may actually be unhealthy. We all know that getting too little sleep is bad. You feel tired, you may be irritable, and it can contribute to obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and heart disease, doctors say. But too much sleep? You don't often hear people complaining about it. However, research carried out over the past 10 years appears to show that adults who usually sleep for less than six hours or more than eight, are at risk of dying earlier than those sleep for between six and eight hours. To put it more scientifically, there is a gradual increase in mortality risk for those who fall outside the six-to-eight-hour band. Prof Franco Cappuccio, professor of cardiovascular medicine and epidemiology at the University of Warwick, has analysed 16 studies, in which overall more than a million people were asked about their sleeping habits and then followed up over time. Cappuccio put the people involved into three broad groups: • those who said they slept less than six hours a night • those who said they slept for between six and eight hours • those who said they slept for more than eight hours His analysis showed that 12% more of the short sleepers had died when they were followed up, compared to the medium sleepers. However, 30% more of the long sleepers had died, compared to the medium sleepers. That's a significant increase in mortality risk, roughly equivalent to the risk of drinking several units of alcohol per day, though less than the mortality risk that comes from smoking. But can it really be true that getting nine hours' sleep is worse for you than getting five? There are different ways of looking at this. Cappuccio was aware of the possibility that people sleeping too long might be depressed, or might be using sleeping pills. He corrected for this, though, and found the association was still there. His own theory is that people who sleep for more than eight hours sometimes have an underlying health problem that is not yet showing in other symptoms. So, it's not the long sleep that is causing the increased mortality risk, it's the hidden illness. But not everyone agrees. Prof Shawn Youngstedt of Arizona State University carried out a small study involving 14 young adults, persuading them to spend two hours more in bed per night for three weeks. They reported back that they suffered from "increases in depressed mood" as Youngstedt puts it, and also "increases in inflammation" - specifically, higher levels in the blood of a protein called IL-6, which is connected with inflammation. The participants in the study also complained about soreness and back pain. This makes Youngstedt wonder whether the problem with long sleep is the prolonged inactivity that goes with it. He has now been carrying out an experiment where long-sleeping and average-sleeping adults are asked to spend an hour less in bed each night. The results will be published soon, he says. Anyone studying sleep has to contend with a number of difficulties. One is that it's often not possible to measure sleep very accurately. "We tend to rely on very simple methods of asking people on average how many hours they sleep a night. It has to be taken with a pinch of salt," says Cappuccio. "Naturally, you have to rely on your memory, and… you don't know if you're reporting time in bed or time asleep and whether you're accounting for naps, and so forth." Apparently we have a general tendency to overestimate how long we've been asleep. And when it comes to quality of sleep, all experts seem to agree it could affect your health, but it's even harder to measure than how long you sleep. Another caveat is that babies, children and teenagers all have different sleep requirements than adults. But if it's the case that less than six hours of sleep is too little for an adult, and more than eight hours is too much, what is the ideal amount - what do our bodies want? As we've reported before, there is a lot of evidence to suggest that until the late 17th Century people did not sleep in one long uninterrupted stretch, external, but in two segments, separated by a period of one or two hours in which they prayed, read, chatted, had sex, smoked, went to the toilet or even visited neighbours. That may be more natural than the current tendency to sleep - or try to - in one stretch. Putting this question to one side, and focusing on the total number of hours spent asleep, Cappuccio says three-quarters of people in the Western world sleep between six and eight hours a night on average, the range associated with the best results in terms of length of life. But can we say that eight hours are better than six? The magic number, according to Dr Gregg Jacobs, of the Sleep Disorders Center at the University of Massachusetts Medical School may actually be seven. "Seven hours sleep keeps turning up over and over again," he says. He points, for example, to the National Sleep Foundation's annual poll, external of a random sample of adults in the US "The typical adult today [in that poll] reports seven hours of sleep. And that actually seems to be the median sleep duration in the adult population around the world. That suggests there's something around seven hours of sleep that's kind of natural for the brain." But if you enjoy sleeping, spend a lot of time in bed and feel good, you're probably just fine. There's no hard evidence that extra time asleep, or just lying down and relaxing, is going to kill you. Subscribe to the BBC News Magazine's email newsletter to get articles sent to your inbox.

https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-31928434

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As fireworks fill the night sky on the Fourth of July, people will surely notice the changes taking place to the full moon, the first of the summer season, as it slowly changes color. Though the lunar change will be subtle, a one-hundred-year-old prophecy warns that this eclipse is in omen that should the nations force Israel to give up land in Israel, a foreign leader will pay with his life. A lunar eclipse takes place when the earth is between the sun and the moon, and the moon passes through the earth’s shadow. The Fourth of July will present a partial penumbral lunar eclipse in which the moon misses the inner, darkest part of Earth’s shadow, and instead, it glances the outer, less dark part of the shadow. This will subtly darken a part of the lunar surface. About 35% of all eclipses are of the penumbral type, which can be difficult to detect even with a telescope. Another 30% are partial eclipses, which are easy to see with the unaided eye. The final 35% or so are total eclipses. This eclipse will be entirely visible on July 4-5 through much of the Americas, though some northwestern areas of the United States and Canada will only be able to see the eclipse at moonrise. Those in much of Africa and parts of Western Europe can see a bit of the eclipse at moonset. The eclipse will not be visible in Asia, Eastern Europe, northeastern Africa or the northernmost parts of North America. The face of the moon will appear to turn a darker silver color starting at 11:07 p.m EDT according to Space.com. The eclipse “maximum” will occur almost 30 minutes after midnight at 12:29 a.m. EDT on Sunday. The time of the eclipse will occur earlier in areas west of the Atlantic. On the west coast, the eclipse will likely only be visible at moonrise, which is 9:45 p.m. PDT. The entire event will last nearly three hours. The penumbral lunar eclipse will be the final of three consecutive astronomical events constituting a complete “eclipse season.” On June 5, a penumbral eclipse was visible in Asia, Australia, Europe, and Africa. On June 21, an annular “Ring of Fire” solar eclipse was visible in Africa and Asia, including the Central African Republic, Congo, Ethiopia, southern Pakistan, northern India, and China. Rabbi Yosef Berger, the rabbi of King Davids Tomb on Mount Zion, emphasized that a lunar eclipse can clearly contain a message from God. He cited Genesis as the source. Hashem said, “Let there be lights in the expanse of the sky to separate day from night; they shall serve as signs for the set times—the days and the years; Genesis 1:14 The rabbi noted that the interpretation of these “signs” will be essential in the days preceding the Final Redemption as God’s intent will be expressed in nature. After that, I will pour out My spirit on all flesh; Your sons and daughters shall prophesy; Your old men shall dream dreams, And your young men shall see visions. I will even pour out My spirit Upon male and female slaves in those days. Before the great and terrible day of Hashem comes,* I will set portents in the sky and on earth: Blood and fire and pillars of smoke; The sun shall turn into darkness And the moon into blood. Joel 3:1-4 “The sun and the moon are how God will announce the Final Redemption, so everyone can see and everyone will have the ruach hakodesh (holy spirit, prophetic ability) to understand,” Rabbi Berger explained. “This was also true before the Exodus in Egypt, when all the Jews were given the prophetic ability to understand that it was time. Unfortunately, even then, some chose not to leave Egypt.” “A modern man does not understand how God appears in nature, how God speaks to us through nature,” Rabbi Berger said. “To the prophets, this was very clear.” The rabbi referred to a discussion of eclipses in the Talmud (Sukkot 29a) which specifies that lunar eclipses are a bad omen for Israel since Israel is spiritually represented by the moon. If the lunar eclipse takes place in the east side of the heavens, then it is a bad omen for all the nations in the east, and similarly, if it occurs in the western hemisphere of the sky, it is a bad sign for all the nations in the west. The rabbi cited Yalkut Moshe, a book of kabbalistic insights written in 1894 by Rabbi Moshe ben Yisrael Benyamin in Munkacs, Poland. “If the moon is eclipsed in the month of Tammuz, a ‘sultan’ will die suddenly and great troubles will follow,” Rabbi Berger quoting yet another esoteric source. The eclipse will occur on the 12th day of the month of Tammuz. “When the moon is eclipsed in Tammuz, a king of ‘luazi’ will die suddenly and a great confusion will follow, leading to great problems.” “Luazi” is generally translated as foreign, as seen in the Book of Psalms. “This clearly refers to troubles for the non-Jews,” Rabbi Berger said, citing the Talmud. “The word ‘sultan’ is not generally used. It is only used in reference to Arab leaders. And since the Muslims mark their months only by the moon, this seems to be a sign for them, those who built the gold dome that sits atop the Holy of Holies.” At the end of this section describing the omens contained within eclipses, the Talmud states a disclaimer: “When Israel does the will of the place (God), they have nothing to fear from all of this,” citing the Prophet Jeremiah as a source. Thus said Hashem: Do not learn to go the way of the nations, And do not be dismayed by portents in the sky; Let the nations be dismayed by them! Jeremiah 10:2 Rabbi Berger noted that the lunar eclipse comes just a few days after the Knesset is going to vote on annexing parts of Judea and Samaria. The vote comes as a result of a coalition deal between Netanyahu, head of the Likud Party, and his political opponent, Benny Gantz, head of the Blue and White Party. As per the agreement, the government can pursue annexation of 132 Jewish cities and towns and the Jordan Valley. This represents 30 % of the West Bank allocated to Israel under the Trump administration’s peace plan. The plan also conditionally provides for a Palestinian state on the remaining 70% of the territory. “The Land of Israel does not belong to any man to give away,” Rabbi Berger said. “The eclipse is a warning to both Israel and the nations to remain true to the covenant and the land.”

https://www.breakingisraelnews.com/154031/lunar-eclipse-on-4th-of-july-

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NASA: More people are needed to detect asteroids says expert The asteroid's flyby is being tracked by NASA's Center for Near Earth Object Studies (CNEOS) in Pasadena, California. The asteroid has been officially named 2020 FW5 after NASA confirmed its path around the Sun on March 25 this year. NASA expects the space rock to come flying through our corner of space on a so-called "Earth close approach" this Saturday, March 28, at about 6.15am GMT. But the asteroid will only come "close" to us relative to the rest of the solar system. In human terms, the asteroid will actually be millions of miles away from Earth. NASA has named the asteroid a near-Earth object (NEO) but the rock does not pose any threat to our planet. The US space agency said: "As they orbit the Sun, NEOs can occasionally approach close to Earth. "Note that a 'close' passage astronomically can be very far away in human terms: millions or even tens of millions of kilometres." Tomorrow, the asteroid will fly past Earth from a distance of about 0.02387 astronomical units. A single astronomical unit measures the average distance from the Sun to Earth - about 93 million miles (149.6 million km). Asteroid FW5 will slash this distance down to about 2.21 million miles (3.57 million km). NEOs like FW5 frequently fly past our homeworld but they rarely strike. NASA knows of no asteroid or comet currently on a collision course with Earth NASA estimates a car-sized rock hits the planet about once a year but burns up before reaching the ground. A football field-sized space rock hits the planet once every 2,000 years or so. Even larger objects hit less frequently and civilisation-ending asteroids hit on a scale of once every millions of years. Coronavirus: Reasons to be positive during pandemic [INSIGHT] Supermoon 2020: Look out for the biggest Moon of 2020 [FORECAST] Ozone layer is RECOVERING in rare good news for Earth [INSIGHT] But the threat of impact is not nonexistent and space agencies like NASA and the European Space Agency keep a watchful eye on the skies above Earth. NASA said: "No human in the past 1,000 years is known to have been killed by a meteorite or by the effects of one impacting. "An individual's chance of being killed by a meteorite is small, but the risk increases with the size of the impacting comet or asteroid, with the greatest risk associated with global catastrophes resulting from impacts of objects larger than one kilometre. "NASA knows of no asteroid or comet currently on a collision course with Earth, so the probability of a major collision is quite small." Asteroid FW5 is a relatively small rock and is estimated to measure between 62ft and 137ft(19m and 42m) across. The asteroid is flying through space at speeds of about 13.57km per second or 30,355mph (48,852kmh). NASA said: "It's likely that we could identify a threatening near-Earth object large enough to potentially cause catastrophic changes in the Earth's environment, and most astronomers believe that a systematic approach to studying asteroids and comets that pass close to the Earth makes good sense. "It's too late for the dinosaurs, but today astronomers are conducting ever-increasing searches to identify all of the larger objects which pose an impact danger to Earth."

https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1261286/Asteroid-flyby-NASA-space-

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Linux was released in the year 1991 by Linus Torvalds. It is an open-source operating system. It is an operating system that manages a system’s hardware and resources like memory, storage and CPU. Linux training system also makes a connection between all software and physical resources. Linux is almost similar to UNIX but evolved to work on various hardware, from phones to supercomputers. The operating system includes components like GNU tools, among others. These tools are helpful in the installation of software, configure performance and security settings and much more. It is also free to use as you have no need to pay anything for this. Linux is the most powerful open-source software, so anyone can study, modify or even sell copies of their modified version as long as they do not violate the license. Even professional programmers contribute to the Linux kernel, help in finding and fixing bugs, solving security problems, and provide new ideas. From smartphones to supercomputers, home appliances, desktops, cars, everywhere people use Linux operating system. It is just like windows, IOS and Mac OS. Also, Linux operates one of the most popular platforms, androids. It mainly makes a connection between your hardware and software with Red Hat releasing a remote exam system where anyone can write a Linux exam sitting at home. Why prefer Linux over others? It is open-source and gives the freedom to use it or run any program for any purpose. Linux has the freedom to study over the program and also can makes changes whenever you wish. It also has the freedom to redistribute your modified version and you can redistribute its copies too. Because of its flexibility and it is one of the most reliable computer systems, zero cost of the entry fee is there. So, you can install as many computers as you want as there is no restriction for this. Many people use the words Red Hat and Linux words synonymously. Linux distribution is supported and curated by Red Hat, and that\’s known as Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Today these two support software and technologies for cloud,micro-services, virtualization, management, storage, application development and much more. Linux Training plays a significant role in Red Hat core. Linux is the foundation of different modern IT stacks. A cost Red Hat developer subscription is available for an individual to use all its available technologies in Red Hat. Users can get this through by joining the Red Hat developer program. Joining this developer program is free of cost. Reasons why you should take Linux training High security: it is open-source so, it is straightforward to install. Anyone can install it on their PC. It protects your PC from harmful viruses and different bugs while building this security system taken into consideration. If you install anything from a third party, there are high chances of a security attack, creating problems in your system. Ease of maintenance: There is no need for a continuous reboot like windows in the Linux platform. On every update, windows asks for a hardware change but there is no such problem in the case of Linux. Flexibility: it has high flexibility and can run on any hardware. Linux has an increased capability to use its resources in the best way and efficiently. It is not necessary that to operate a Linux system with the latest hardware configuration. It can work on any old hardware configuration. Customization: Linux is known for its customization property. It offers a wide range of command lines to work on a system. Free: because of its open-source and free nature, it is most widely used. Users do not have to pay any fee for its use. This fulfils the requirement of all regular users as well as advanced users. A lot of educational books are also available in this and that free of cost. Can I write the Linux exam sitting at home? Yes, you can write a Linux exam by sitting at home. You can Linux online exam anywhere on any PC because of its flexibility. It gives you scope to prove your skills. CBitss is allowing you to know more about this. They are also providing you best course to get an expert in this field.

http://cbitss.in/linux-training-

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Understanding punctuations in the English language can be quite a complex affair. Especially when dealing with the classic comma, semicolon, and colon. The big question that many students and writers ask themselves when writing an essay or a content piece is what is the difference between these three punctuation marks? Indeed, the three can be quite a confusing trio when using them to pen content. That’s why it’s vital to use a comma or semicolon check. So what is the difference between the three? We can begin by defining them: - Comma: A comma is a punctuation mark that is used to showcase that there is a pause in different parts of a sentence. Additionally, commas are commonly used to showcase the separation of items and content in a list. - Semicolon: A semicolon, on the other hand, is a punctuation mark used to showcase that there is a pause in a sentence. The difference is that the pause is used to differentiate between two clauses, and tends to be slightly more pronounced than that of a comma! - Colon: Last but not least, we have a colon. It is a punctuation mark commonly used prior to listing a set of items, as well as to relay the explanation of the first clause of a sentence. Wy Do Commas, Colons, and Semicolons Pause Such a Massive Problem to Writers? It’s no hidden fact that writers and students alike find using these punctuation marks difficult. And that’s why a comma and semicolon check is crucial. That being said, here are some of the reasons why this is the case: - The Issue of Run-On Sentences: Many writers and students, regardless of being native-English speakers or not, have a serious issue when it comes to comprehending the structure of run-on sentences. So, what is a run-on sentence in the first place? In simple terms, a run-on sentence is one that contains a number of short phrases which happen to be complete sentences and come together to bring forth an incomplete sentence. For example, here is what a run-on sentence looks like: Give him a book, give him another book, give him the third book. As you can see, each sentence has the ability to stand on its own by simply substituting the commas for periods. So, the rule of thumb is this, if one is able to replace a comma with a period, then there is a large fault with the comma. - Dependent Clauses: Another major issue that causes a lot of confusion are dependent clauses which can be a massive sentence changer. A dependent clause is a section of a sentence that holds no meaning on its own. Usually, such a sentence does not have a subject of its own, hence does not make sense when isolated from the other parts of the sentence. Hence, without a comma, a semi-colon, or a colon, the sentence can create a very complex run-on sentence that can be difficult to comprehend. - Poor Command of Punctuation when Dealing with Grammar: If you’re not an English teacher or Literature specialist, it’s hard to remember some of the basic rules of proper punctuation that you learned years ago. Hence, trying to remember where and when each punctuation mark is to be used can be quite difficult. Examples of Correct Use of Semicolons in Grammar: Mistakes to Watch out for! The golden rule that comes with appropriate use of semicolon is that it is mostly used in sentences where there are two or more independent clauses making up the sentence. But wait a minute, what does an independent clause mean? Well, this is a special type of clause that can hold meaning on its own. For example: - The man is a great woodsmith; he sells timber for a living. In the example above, there are two independent clauses in the sentence. The first one being “the man is a great woodsmith” and the second being “he sells timber for a living”. As you can see in both instances, the two clauses can stand on their own if you put a period between them. - The man is a great woodsmith. He sells timber for a living. - The wall is green. Anna would like to paint the wall yellow. As you can see, there are two independent clauses that are above and are not connected with a conjunction. Therefore, by the correct use of semicolon, you can connect the two. - The wall is green; Anna would like to paint the wall yellow. That being said, many people tend to confuse using semicolons with dependent clauses. For example, if we were to tweak the aforementioned sentence: - Because the wall is green; Anna wanted to paint it yellow. This is the wrong use of a semicolon because the first part of the sentence is a dependent clause: “because the wall is green”, and this sentence fragment does express any complete and logical thought. Why Is It Hard for People to Search for Semicolon Issues in Their Content? There are quite a number of reasons why comprehending the use of semicolons can be difficult as compared to a sentence punctuation checker. Here they are as follows: - Lengthy Text: If you have written extensive content, it can be quite hard to go over all the content and see all the places where semicolon errors are prevalent. - Not enough time: Additionally, it can be quite exhausting to go through all the content because of not having enough time. - Common human error: As human beings, we can’t always get all the content right. So, we can miss out on seeing some of the semicolon errors in our content. Why Is It Important to Use a Comma and Semicolon Checker? Are you looking for someone to punctuate this sentence for me online? It is easier to use a free semicolon checker because of the following reasons: - Instant check: The application does an instant check on all your content, regardless of how long it is, and snuffs out any instances of semicolons being wrongly used. This ensures proper use of semicolon check. - The services are free and work online: Using the colon vs semicolon checker is free and you can use it online to check all your content. - No need to download anything: There are no downloadable issues with the comma checker online free service so you don’t have to worry about malware. - Wide range of services: Apart from having a semicolon check, the best free grammar and punctuation checker also comes with word choice, passive voice, word count check, grammar and spelling check, and plagiarism check. - Can be used as a Chrome extension: Additionally, you can check punctuation online free as part of your chrome extension to seamlessly review your content whilst you are online.

https://www.semicoloncheck.com/comma-

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In the journey of self-improvement and personal development, we often encounter the terms “lifestyle” and “habit.” While they may seem interchangeable at first glance, delving deeper reveals distinct disparities between the two. Understanding these disparities is crucial for fostering positive change and achieving our goals effectively. Defining Lifestyle and Habit - Lifestyle: Crafting Your Everyday Experience - A lifestyle encompasses the overall way of living adopted by an individual or a group. - It reflects one’s values, beliefs, behaviors, and choices in various aspects of life such as health, relationships, career, and leisure. - Lifestyle is dynamic and can evolve over time based on personal growth, experiences, and external influences. - Habit: The Building Blocks of Behavior - Habits are specific behaviors performed repeatedly in response to certain cues or triggers. - They are often automatic and ingrained into our daily routines, requiring minimal conscious effort to execute. - Habits play a significant role in shaping lifestyle choices and can influence long-term outcomes and well-being. Differentiating Between Lifestyle and Habit - Lifestyle pertains to the broader scope of how we choose to live our lives, encompassing values, preferences, and overarching patterns of behavior. - Habit, on the other hand, focuses on specific actions or behaviors that are repeated regularly, often unconsciously, forming routines and influencing lifestyle. - Lifestyle is adaptable and can undergo significant changes in response to internal or external factors, reflecting personal growth, aspirations, and shifting priorities. - Habits, while malleable to a certain extent, tend to be more resistant to change and may require deliberate effort and consistency to modify or replace. - Lifestyle choices have a cumulative impact on overall well-being and quality of life, influencing physical health, mental well-being, relationships, career satisfaction, and overall fulfillment. - Habits, although seemingly small in isolation, collectively contribute to shaping lifestyle outcomes and can either support or detract from long-term goals and aspirations. Harnessing the Power of Lifestyle and Habit - Cultivating a positive lifestyle involves conscious decision-making aligned with personal values, goals, and aspirations. - Developing intentional habits that align with desired outcomes enhances consistency and progress towards achieving lifestyle objectives. - Consistency is key in both lifestyle adoption and habit formation, as repeated actions over time solidify behavioral patterns and shape long-term outcomes. - Establishing routines and rituals that reinforce positive habits contributes to the sustainability of a healthy lifestyle. - Practicing mindfulness allows for greater awareness of both lifestyle choices and habitual behaviors, enabling individuals to make conscious decisions aligned with their values and goals. - Mindful engagement with daily activities fosters a deeper appreciation for the present moment and promotes holistic well-being. In essence, while lifestyle and habit are interconnected, they represent distinct aspects of human behavior and experience. Lifestyle encapsulates the broader context of how we choose to live our lives, encompassing values, beliefs, and overarching patterns of behavior. On the other hand, habits constitute the specific actions and behaviors that shape our routines and contribute to lifestyle outcomes. By understanding and leveraging the differences between lifestyle and habit, individuals can cultivate positive change, enhance well-being, and embark on a journey of personal growth and fulfillment. Chase your goals with DreamLifeProgram.com. Take the first step towards achieving the life you’ve always wanted. |

https://retroworldnews.com/lifestyle-vs-habit-understanding-the-key-

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Black British writing arose as a scholarly class in the mid-1990s and is a term that recognizes second- and third-generation literary voices and their British-conceived points of view, from the migratory and pilgrim sensibilities that had so changed post-war anglophone literature. Their narratives rise above borders, offering significant bits of knowledge into the different encounters of the Black British community. From the smooth composition of Andrea Duty to the graceful reverberation of Benjamin Zephaniah. Every writer contributes a one-of-a-kind tint to the literary scene. In this exploration, we dig into the horde features of Black British literature. Commending its profundity, variety, and perseverance through influence. The Historical Context To comprehend the essence of Black British literature is to recognize its verifiable roots, molded by the crossing points of colonialism, movement, and cultural diaspora. The Windrush generation showed up in the outcome of The World Great War. Carried with them longs for a superior life as well as a rich oral custom saturated with Caribbean rhythms and cadences. Writers like Sam Selvon and George Lamming captured the intricacies of this experience, establishing the foundation for generations in the future to expand upon. Themes of Migration and Diaspora Migration is a common theme in Black British literature. Repeating the journeys of progenitors who crossed seas looking for new skylines. From the bustling roads of Brixton to the peaceful scenes of rustic Britain. Journalists like Andrea Duty and Caryl Phillips inspire the intricacies of relocation – its hopes, its difficulties, and its transformative power. Their stories resonate with general subjects of displacement and transformation, welcoming pursuers to relate to the immigrant experience. Why Study MA Black British Literature At Goldsmiths This Master’s degree is a world first. There’s no place else you can concentrate on black British writing in such an in-depth way – in the genuine nation where the writing is created. We follow diasporic and aesthetic routes and draw upon the skill of artistic and show-trained specialists. You’ll break down an incredibly assorted scope of texts from authors, essayists, Black British expert CIPD assignment writers, playwrights, life writers, and dramatists. You’ll likewise find these authors in their verifiable setting. Acquiring a comprehension of the historical backdrop of individuals of color in England through how they are represented in literature. “A Master’s degree programmed that empowers the serious study of the innovative and creative history and accomplishment of black British novelists, writers, brief tale scholars, writers, and playwrights.” Exploration of Race and Racism Black British writers have never avoided facing the inescapable tradition of prejudice and its persevering impacts on society. Through singing honesty and undeterred boldness, authors like Reni Eddo-Hotel and Benjamin Zephaniah rock the boat. Cross-examining frameworks of abuse and advocating for social rights. Their words act as a rallying weep for change. Inspiring readers to face their predispositions and work towards a more inclusive future. The Power of Representation Representation matters, and Black British literature fills in as a strong demonstration of the significance of different voices in forming our shared mindset. From children’s books by Malorie Blackman to memoirs by David Olusola, we offer mirrors so that youthful perusers can see themselves reflected in literature and windows for others to look into encounters past their own. In a world hungry for stories that reflect the lavishness of human experience. Black British writers offer a meal of accounts ready to be savored. The Legacy and Future As we reflect on the tradition of Black British literature, we are helped to remember its persevering through impact on the literary scene and its ability to incite, motivate, and transform. From the spearheading works of the past to the lively voices of the present. Every generation of writers expands upon the foundations laid by the individuals who preceded them, pushing limits. And growing the boundaries of what is possible. As we look towards the future, we can barely comprehend the levels that Black British literature will keep on coming to. Enriching our lives and challenging our viewpoints with each turn of the page. In the kaleidoscope of literature, Black British Writers sparkle brilliantly, illuminating the profundities of human experience in their words. Through their stories, poems, and papers, they offer a brief look into universes both natural and unknown, welcoming perusers on a journey of discovery and compassion. We commend the lavishness and diversity of Black British literature. Let us likewise perceive its ability to join together, to motivate, and to light change. For in the pages of their books, we track down stories as well as bits of insight – insights that can transform hearts, brains, and societies.

https://cipdassignmentwriters.com/blog/everything-know-about-black-

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Tissue in the throat can develop cancer if cells multiply out of control. The prognosis for people with cancer varies depending on the stage of their disease at the time of diagnosis and whether or not they receive treatment. The larynx (voice box) and/or the upper or lower pharynx may be impacted by throat cancer (throat). Tissues close by may also develop cancer if the disease progresses. However, the type of cancer will always be designated by its primary site of development. Throat cancer is classified as a type of head and neck cancer by the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The disease has some characteristics in common with oropharyngeal and oral cancers. It’s not just a problem for adults; kids can get it, too. Cancer of the oral cavity or pharynx is uncommon, accounting for only 1.8% of cancer-related deaths according to the National Cancer Institute (NCI). The most recent projections from the American Cancer SocietyReliable Source (ACS) estimated 12,620 new cases of throat cancer in 2021 and 3,770 deaths from the disease. The risk of developing throat cancer in adults is raised by both tobacco use and HPV infection. The symptoms, types, causes, treatments, and prognosis of throat cancer are discussed in this article. Throat cancer can manifest in several subtypes and a variety of locations within the throat itself. The progression and manifestation of cancer symptoms are conditions specific, depending on the nature and location of the disease. Early signs of throat cancer may include: • changes in your voice, such as hoarseness •the inability to speak clearly •changes in your voice pitch • pain or difficulty when swallowing • a lump in your neck or throat • a persistent sore throat or cough • swollen lymph nodes Cancer of the hypopharynx, which is located at the base of the throat, may not produce any symptoms in its earliest stages. Consequently, this may make detection more difficult. These symptoms may also be indicative of another underlying medical issue. But if they last for a long time or get worse, it’s best to get checked out by a doctor to make sure it’s nothing serious. Factors and Causes Although the exact causes of throat cancer are unknown, certain risk factors have been identified. Use of any form of tobacco, such as cigarettes or chewing tobacco • Drinking more than once per day • vitamin deficiencies, malnutrition • Reflux disease of the esophagus (GERD) (GERD) • Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with an increased risk of several different cancers. • Asbestos and acid mists are just two examples of potentially dangerous substances that can be released during certain types of manufacturing. • male gender determined at birth • having a chronological age of 40 or more When throat cancer is detected in its earliest stages, it is much more treatable. A doctor will conduct a history and physical examination and will ask the patient about their symptoms. A laryngoscope (a tube with a camera on the end) may be used to examine the larynx. X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs are some examples of imaging tests that can help confirm a diagnosis and determine the extent to which cancer has spread. A biopsy could be suggested by a doctor. It necessitates the removal of a tissue or cell sample from the throat for laboratory analysis in the search for cancer. Furthermore, a biopsy will identify specific cancer. The results of these exams will aid the physician in establishing a diagnosis and developing a treatment plan. Cancer’s progression can be estimated through staging. The stage at which throat cancer is diagnosed is determined by the specific type of cancer. To describe the progression of throat cancer, doctors use the following stages: A precancerous condition in its earliest stage, also known as stage 0 Stage 1 If the tumor is less than 2 centimeters (cm) in diameter and hasn’t spread to the lymph nodes. Tumor size between 2 and 4 centimeters; no lymph node involvement indicates stage 2. If the tumor is larger than 4 centimeters or has spread to a regional lymph node, we are at the 3 stages. Stage 4 Cancer has spread to other areas of the body, such as the lungs, lymph nodes, or nearby tissues. Treatment and prognosis are impacted by cancer’s stage as well. When compared to low-grade cancers, which tend to grow slowly, high-grade cancers are more aggressive. A doctor will discuss a patient’s treatment options after learning cancer’s stage and grade. Many factors will be considered when deciding on a course of treatment. • how far along the disease progression a patient is, where the cancer is located, and how severe it • age and general health of the person • affordability and accessibility of care • individual inclinations Treatments for throat cancer are typically focused on Reliable Source: • The tumor and any other cancerous tissue will be cut out surgically. The voice box, epiglottis, and other structures may change form or function as a result of this. • In the preliminary stages, laser surgery may be an option. • Targeted doses of radiation are administered to eradicate the cancer cells. • Chemotherapy is the use of drugs with the specific purpose of killing cancer cells. • This treatment method employs drugs that zero in on specific types of cancer cells or proteins that contribute to tumor development. This method of treatment avoids harming healthy cells while destroying cancerous ones. • Immunotherapy is a novel treatment modality that enhances the body’s natural defenses against cancer. Most treatment plans involve more than one modality because of this. Radiation and chemotherapy are two treatments that could potentially have unpleasant side effects. However, once treatment is finished, most of these symptoms disappear. Anyone diagnosed with throat cancer should consult their physician for information on what symptoms might be experienced and how they can be treated. Preliminary Results From Clinical Studies Some people choose to participate in a clinical trial. This can make it possible to gain access to experimental therapies that aren’t generally available just yet. Expert consensus on a treatment’s safety is required for it to enter a clinical trial. An individual should discuss clinical trial participation with their treating physician or healthcare team. Daily routines while undergoing treatment Throat cancer treatments may lead to a variety of unpleasant side effects and disruptions to daily life. Extreme tiredness is a common side effect of cancer treatments like chemotherapy and radiation. To better control one’s energy levels, one could try the following: • If a person knows they have more energy in the mornings, they can plan their day to be active then and rest in the afternoons. • Putting the most crucial tasks first: When one does have energy, it’s best to prioritize the most vital tasks. • They need to take breaks when they get tired, and they shouldn’t overextend themselves. • Mild exercise, such as going for a 15-30 minute walk outside, can do wonders for a person’s mood and vitality. Signs and symptoms related to the mouth and teeth While radiation therapy to the throat is effective in killing cancer cells, it can have some undesirable side effects. • preference shifts • mouth dry • Discoloration of the skin • teeth deterioration • pain or sores within the mouth • voice hoarseness The individual and their care team have options that may mitigate these consequences. Inflammation brought on by radiation therapy can potentially make it hard to breathe. Surgery, such as the moval of the larynx, can lead to breathing difficulties while the area heals, as noted by the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom. A tracheostomy, or temporary opening in the windpipe, may be one of the measures doctors take to improve a patient’s breathing. Voice modulation or attenuation Surgery to treat throat cancer can sometimes result in the patient losing their voice. Voice prostheses are just one of the methods doctors will explore with patients who have lost their ability to communicate. Postoperative physical shifts Extensive surgery involving the throat, tongue, jaw, and other structures may be necessary for those diagnosed with throat cancer, depending on the type and stage of the disease. Although reconstructive surgery can restore form and function, it is not without its risks. Those who have undergone oral or pharyngeal surgery may need speech and swallowing rehabilitation as a result of the structural changes. Speech and occupational therapists are valuable members of a cancer care team because they work with patients to regain or enhance skills that may have been compromised during treatment. Surgeons will consult with patients to determine the best course of treatment and to outline postoperative care. Researchers found that nearly 20% of patients undergoing treatment for head and neck cancer also experienced post-treatment depression. The prognosis was poorer for those with depression compared to those without it. Talking to a doctor about counseling and support groups is a good idea for anyone who is experiencing persistent symptoms of depression, anxiety, or any other mental health issue. There will be follow-up appointments after cancer treatment concludes. Doctors will check in to make sure cancer hasn’t returned and to see how the treatment is going. You must show up for all of your follow-up appointments and discuss any lingering symptoms with your doctor. In the event of a recurrence or new cancer, this will facilitate their early diagnosis and treatment. The survival rate for people diagnosed with throat cancer varies according to factors such as cancer’s stage, the type, and the location at which it was diagnosed. By analyzing historical data, specialists can estimate the probability that a patient will live for at least five more years following a cancer diagnosis using the 5-year relative survival rate. Based on data from the NCI’s SEER database, the American Cancer Society Trusted Source (ACS) reports 5-year relative survival rates. The American Cancer Society provides the following relative survival rates for those diagnosed with throat cancer between 2010 and 2016 based on an analysis of all stages in the SEER database. Please keep in mind that these projections do not reflect the outlook of the individual. Since these studies were conducted, new treatments may have been discovered. Within the context of a person’s diagnosis, medical background, and treatment plan, a doctor will assess the individual’s prognosis. As such, the prognosis for each subtype of throat cancer varies. Most medical conditions have a higher chance of being successfully treated if caught and treated early on. Voice changes, difficulty swallowing, and a persistent sore throat or cough are all symptoms. If you experience these symptoms, it’s important to see a doctor for a proper diagnosis because they could indicate other conditions. Despite the availability of treatments, some of them may come with undesirable consequences. When dealing with negative side effects, it’s important to consult a doctor for advice on how to best proceed. Reducing your risk of developing throat cancer can be accomplished by refraining from smoking and consuming less alcohol.

https://medicalcaremedia.com/symptoms-and-treatment-of-throat-

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Hi guys, welcome to this arduino series, its great to be handling this set of tutorials for the hub360 community. These set of tutorials will take you on a journey where you will get to learn everything about the arduino in a sequential manner. The tutorial series will have something for everybody, from an arduino newbie to those with verse experience with microcontrollers but have never worked with the arduino. To jump right in, The Arduino (according to arduino.cc) is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs (light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message ) and turn it into an output ( activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online). You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing. Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers – students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals – has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike. Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide. There are different types and versions of the arduino, from the very popular Uno to the almighty Arduino 101 amongst several others. All of these boards can be ordered on Hub360 here. For the purpose of this tutorial though, we will be working with the arduino Uno because of its popularity and flexibility. Before we start working with the arduino, its important we go through some of the features of the Uno which we will be working with. Some people think of the entire Arduino board as a microcontroller, but this is inaccurate. The Arduino board actually is a specially designed circuit board for programming and prototyping with Atmel microcontrollers. The nice thing about the Arduino board is that it is relatively cheap, plugs straight into a computer’s USB port, and it is dead-simple to setup and use (compared to other development boards). The goal of this particular episode of the tutorial series is to get everything setup for the journey which we will embark on for the next couple of weeks. Before you can start doing anything with the Arduino, we obviously have to get the arduino Hardware which is available here on hub360. I will advise you get the arduino kit so you can get all you need once and for all. After getting the Arduino hardware you need to download and install the Arduino IDE (integrated development environment). The arduino IDE based on the Processing IDE and uses a variation of the C and C++ programming languages. It is used to upload codes(firmware) which determines how the Arduino processes inputs(from sensors) and give outputs(via actuators). After Installing the Software, you will need to connect the arduino board to your computer, which will automatically assign a com port to the arduino board. The IDE is the setup to communicate with the arduino via the comport as shown in the image below. So thats it your arduino is all setup to do some of the superb and interesting things. you can take it for a test drive by loading the blink example to your board. The blink example can be found on the arduino IDE: Files –> Examples –> Basics –> Blink The blink example basically sets pin D13 as an output and then blinks the test LED on the Arduino board on and off every second. Once the blink example is open, it can be uploaded to the MCU on the arduino board by pressing the upload button, which looks like an arrow pointing to the right. Notice that the surface mount status LED connected to pin 13 on the Arduino will start to blink. You can change the rate of the blinking by changing the length of the delay and pressing the upload button again. Yup that’s officially your first arduino hack! See you next week as we dive deeper into the world of the arduino. Please feel free to drop comments and questions also feel free to share tips if you have any issue with the way the tutorial is been structured. so that’s it for this week! See you around thanks for the tutorial

http://hub360.com.ng/arduino-tutorial-series-

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Table of Content - All About Java All About Java Java is a platform-independent, object-oriented programming (OOP) language. Applications developed with Java can run across multiple platforms. James Gosling developed it, in 1995, at Sun Microsystems (now acquired by Oracle). Features of Java - Follows OOP concepts like inheritance, abstraction, and encapsulation. - Works on Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) theory. - Uses a compiler to execute codes. - Facilitates distributed computing. - It is a multithreaded language with automatic memory management. Advantages of Java Java has been the foundation of various web-based, mobile, and enterprise applications. Here are some advantages that have made it the most preferred programming language in the community – - Facilitates the creation of reusable code and modular programs. - Programs written on one platform can be easily ported to another. - Performs numerous tasks at the same time within a program. - Verifies and detects errors before compiling, thus ensuring smooth run time. - Avoids production complexities with dedicated exception handling and garbage collection. - Offers network-centric capabilities to design and develop distributed computing systems. - Provides various sets of commands, APIs, open-source tools, IDEs, etc., to simplify and speed up the app development process. - Builds apps that can seamlessly run on any platform that has Java Virtual Machine (JVM). Applications of Java Java has proved its efficiency across multiple platforms. It has been the backbone of many industry sectors throughout the business world. Here are some major use cases of Java to give you a better idea. - Considered standard programming language for Android app development. - Preferred choice for building superior cross-platform software. - Used to handle high-volume data processing enterprise systems. - Supports many scientific computing applications, like MATLAB. - Creates big data analytics-based solutions with ease. - Found in embedded systems of vehicles, home appliances, and IoT devices. - Used for server-side technologies like Apache Tomcat, JBoss, GlassFish, etc. Java Development Tools A plethora of development tools is available to write, test, and run Java codes. And here are the popular ones – - Apache Maven - IntelliJ Idea - Visual Studio Code - Cross-platform and lightweight scripting language. - Supports OOP concepts like polymorphism. - Consists of dedicated client-side programming capabilities. - Controls website content, depending on the users’ actions and inputs. - Backed by a robust testing workflow and an interpreter to check scripts. - Complements and easily integrates with Java. - Facilitates files that are smaller and do not take a huge memory to execute. - Generates a smaller number of server requests resulting in an enhanced user experience. - Supports the storage and retrieval of information on the users’ devices. - Easily works with technologies like HTML and CSS to create rich web interfaces. - Complies with popular browsers like Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Microsoft Edge, and others. - Allows cross-compilation and supports modules, classes, and interfaces. - Helps offer immediate feedback to visitors. - Successfully runs on servers handling both front-end and back-end. - Preferred language to create interactive web pages. - Used to develop browser-based games and applications. - Helps build mobile apps, web apps, SPAs, network apps, smartwatch apps, web servers, flying robots, and so on. - It supports the development and deployment of web-based games. - Specially designed for small scripts but can be extended for writing large and complex solutions. - Supports product development with technologies like React, AngularJS, Ember.js, jQuery, etc. - Compatibility with Node JS environments makes it an ideal choice for satisfying back-end requirements. - Visual Studio Code - Sublime Text Web Browser Compatibility Server Application Development Libraries and Frameworks 05 | Variable definition | Variables and their types should be declared before using them in program. | Variables can be declared and types can be assigned at the time of execution. | 16 | File extension | .java | .js | Comparing Java vs JS on the basis of popularity gives insights into the credibility and availability of both programming languages. Complexity and Learning Curve Both languages are fairly easy to learn. It’s one of the reasons why they are extremely popular. Standardization and Documentation Ravindra Waghmare is the Co-founder and COO at Mobisoft Infotech. He is an expert in solutioning, software consultancy, process definition and improvements, business analysis, and project execution. He has 11+ years of experience in software development,consulting, delivery, company operations, talent acquisition, processes and sales.

https://mobisoftinfotech.com/resources/blog/java-vs-

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By :Abu Zakariya In 921, an Arabian nobleman, Ahmad ibn Fadlan, set out on a diplomatic mission from Baghdad to the Vikings on the Volga River, known as the “Rus.” They were Nordic Vikings who had set out on voyages of trade and plunder. Ibn Fadlan was sent by the caliph in Baghdad to explore the newly conquered areas under Islamic rule. The account of Ibn Fadlan—a distinguished and refined Islamic scholar representing the upper echelons of Islamic society—is both fascinating and disturbing. It is particularly fascinating because it reveals to us the very apparent superiority of Islam and Muslims at the time. However, it is also very telling as to how the roles have now been reversed, and it imparts some very valuable lessons that can be gleaned from history. The work itself reveals Ibn Fadlan as a keen and fair observer. His tone is neutral, and he does not try to color the account in any biased way. One could even say that it comes off as a bit humorous sometimes due to the awkwardness of such a cultured man having to endure the company of people as low and savage as the Vikings.

https://www.islaaminfo.org

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The Marvelous Mesozoic Era: A Journey Through Time with Plants and Animals Welcome, time travelers and nature enthusiasts! Today, we’re embarking on an exhilarating exploration of the Mesozoic Era, a fascinating period in Earth’s history known as the “Age of Reptiles.” Spanning approximately 180 million years, from around 252 to 66 million years ago, the Mesozoic Era is celebrated for its incredible biodiversity, sweeping climatic changes, and the dominance of dinosaurs. However, it’s not just the colossal lizards that captivated the Earth during this era; the plants and other fascinating animals played equally vital roles in shaping our planet’s evolution. ## The Triassic Period: The Dawn of Dinosaurs and Diverse Flora Kicking off our journey in the Triassic period (252-201 million years ago), we find ourselves in a hot, dry world, characterized by a dramatic landscape featuring deserts and sparse vegetation. The Mesozoic begins after the Permian-Triassic extinction, the most significant extinction event in Earth’s history. This was a time of rebirth, where life re-emerged and began to flourish again. ### Flora: Gymnosperms Take Center Stage The dominant plants during the Triassic were gymnosperms, primarily conifers, which were well-adapted to the arid climate. These hardy plants produced seeds that provided them with a competitive edge over previous plant forms. Picture vast forests of towering cycads and ginkgo-like trees, their unique shapes punctuating the landscapes. And guess what? Early ferns and mosses were also present, giving the world a lush green carpet in the damp areas. The fusion of these primitive plants created food sources for the nascent animal life, setting the stage for complex ecosystems to develop. ### Fauna: The First Dinosaurs and Mammals As the weather began to warm, dinosaurs started their reign. The first examples, such as the prosauropods and coelophyis, were relatively small and nimble compared to their future colossal relatives. Alongside these mighty creatures, the first mammals began to evolve; tiny, furry, and perhaps a bit mouse-like, they scurried among the dinosaurs, living in the shadows of these majestic beasts. Moreover, this period also witnessed the first true flying reptiles—pterosaurs! Too fantastic to be dinosaurs, these winged wonders dominated the skies, showcasing the diverse adaptations allowed by this new ecological era. The Triassic was just the beginning of an incredible transformation in both flora and fauna! ## The Jurassic Period: A Green Utopia and Dinosaur Dominance Entering the Jurassic period (201-145 million years ago), we find ourselves in a verdant paradise. The climate warmed up significantly, resulting in lush forests and an explosion of plant life. This era is characterized by the appearance of ferns, cycads, and, notably, the first flowering plants (angiosperms) towards its late stages. ### Flora: The Rise of Angiosperms Yes, that’s right! During the Jurassic, flowering plants began their dramatic rise, marking a profound change in the plant kingdom. This new breed of flora offered diverse fruits and seeds, which created a bountiful feast for herbivorous dinosaurs. From the towering sequoias to delicate flowering shrubs, the Jurassic landscape was a riot of colors, shapes, and sizes that attracted insects and other animals to thrive alongside them. ### Fauna: Dinosaurs Everywhere! Now, let’s talk about the stars of the show: the dinosaurs! The Jurassic period welcomed some of the most iconic dinosaurs, ranging from gentle giants like Brachiosaurus and Diplodocus to fierce predators such as Allosaurus and Stegosaurus. These magnificent creatures thrived in the lush jungles and open plains, evolving into a dizzying array of shapes and sizes. Pterosaurs continued to embellish the skies with their vivid colors and majestic wingspans, while marine reptiles like Plesiosaurus and Ichthyosaurus ruled the oceans, showcasing the dynamic skyscrapers and skylines of the Mesozoic world. The diversity of species reached its peak, marking a riveting chapter in the history of our planet! ## The Cretaceous Period: The Flowering of Life and the Dinosaurs’ Finale The Cretaceous period (145-66 million years ago) is the final segment of this dynamic era, and boy, was it exciting! The warm climate persisted, and the continents continued to drift toward their current positions. ### Flora: A Floral Revolution During the Cretaceous, flowering plants truly flourished, giving rise to the broad spectrum of vegetation we see today. Grasses began to spread across the landscape, allowing for even more diverse ecosystems. These adaptations provided food sources for mammals and dinosaurs alike, leading to complex food webs that sustained a variety of life forms. ### Fauna: Dinosaurs and Their Diverse Ecosystem Let’s not forget the stunning array of dinosaurs that thrived during the Cretaceous! Massive predators such as Tyrannosaurus rex and ceratopsians like Triceratops roamed the land, leaving a profound mark on the fossil record. The diversity among these species was astounding; some were feathered, hinting at the evolution of birds, the very descendants of certain theropod dinosaurs! But it wasn’t just dinosaurs that called this period home! This era also buzzed with life; mammals continued their stealthy evolution, with more diverse forms emerging. Birds took to the skies, and various reptiles, from turtles to crocodiles, flourished. The oceans teemed with life, showcasing vibrant ammonites, belemnites, and formidable sharks that gave those waters an exhilarating feel. ## The End of the Mesozoic: A Dramatic Conclusion Finally, we reach the dramatic conclusion of the Mesozoic Era, marked by the infamous Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event about 66 million years ago. Asteroid impacts and volcanic eruptions triggered devastating climate change, leading to the extinction of nearly 75% of species, including all non-avian dinosaurs. This cataclysmic event paved the way for the rise of mammals, leading to the world as we know it today. ## Conclusion: A Legacy of Wonder In summary, the Mesozoic Era is a breathtaking theatre of change and evolution, featuring extraordinary plants, animals, and climatic shifts. A kaleidoscope of life flourished, showcasing the resilience and adaptability of life on Earth. As we marvel at the remnants of this remarkable time—fossils embedded in rocks, ancient footprints in mudstones, and a variety of hues in fossilized wood—we are reminded of the grandeur and fragility of the living world. So, whether you’re a dinosaur aficionado, a plant lover, or simply curious about our planet’s past, the Mesozoic Era offers a captivating glimpse into a time of unparalleled diversity and evolution. Start looking for some Jurassic tote bags or Cretaceous-themed decor; the magic of the Mesozoic is not just confined to the past but continues to inspire our present and future! Let’s celebrate the wonders of life, from ferns to fierce predators, and marvel at the incredible tapestry of existence painted across the ages. Here’s to the Mesozoic—may its legacy continue to spark our imaginations and love for the natural world!

http://www.jaysciencetech.com/2016/08/hubert-humphrey-fully-funded.html

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Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic lunar calendar and is considered a holy month for Muslims worldwide. It begins and ends with the appearance of the crescent moon. Because the Muslim calendar year is shorter than the Gregorian calendar year, Ramadan begins 10–12 days earlier each year, allowing it to fall in every season throughout a 33-year cycle. During this time, Muslims fast from dawn until sunset, engaging in increased prayers, self-reflection, and acts of charity. For Muslims, Ramadan is a period of introspection, communal prayer (ṣalāt) in the mosque, and recitation of the Holy Qurʾān. It is believed that Allah forgives the past sins of those who diligently observe fasting and prayer in this Holy month. In this piece, PUNCH Online highlights some things to abstain from during Ramadan: 1. Food and drink: Muslims fast from sunrise (Sahoor) until sunset (Iftar), abstaining from all foods and drinks. 2. Smoking and alcohol consumption: Smoking and drinking alcohol are generally discouraged during Ramadan. 3. Negative behaviour: Ramadan is a time for self-reflection and spiritual growth. Muslims are encouraged to avoid negative behaviour such as gossip, lying and arguing. 4. Excessive entertainment: Excessive indulgence in entertainment, especially activities that may distract them from spiritual reflection, is discouraged. Instead, Muslims are encouraged to spend more time in supplication to Allah and reading the Qur’an. 5. Anger and impatience: Fasting is not just about refraining from physical needs but also about controlling one’s emotions. Muslims are advised to avoid anger, impatience, and other negative emotions. 6. Wastefulness: Being mindful of resources and avoiding wastefulness is emphasised during Ramadan. These include food, water, and other material possessions. 7. Excessive sleeping: While adequate rest is essential, excessive sleeping during the day may hinder one’s ability to engage in spiritual activities and night prayers. 8. Vain speech: Engaging in unnecessary or vain speech is discouraged. Muslims are encouraged to speak positively and avoid gossip or harmful talk. 9. Materialism: Ramadan is a time to detach from material desires and focus on spiritual well-being. Muslims are encouraged to reduce materialistic pursuits and instead engage in acts of charity and kindness. 10. Neglecting prayers: Prayer is a crucial aspect of Ramadan. Muslims are encouraged to perform the five daily prayers and engage in additional nightly prayers, such as the Tarawih. It is important to note that the specific practices and interpretations may vary among individuals and communities, and religious scholars may provide more detailed guidance based on Islamic teachings.

https://punchng.com/10-things-to-abstain-from-during-

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Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods which are harmful to the individual or others. It is a form of substance-related disorder. Differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health, medical and criminal justice contexts. In some cases, criminal or anti-social behavior occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug, and long-term personality changes in individuals may also occur. Drug abuse among Nigerians has been a scourge to the overall sustainable development of the nation. Substance abuse is a serious issue; a global and international issue particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. Drug abuse is also a major public health, social and individual problem and is seen as an aggravating factor for economic crises; hence, for Nigeria’s poverty status. While youth are supposed to be the major agent of change and development, some of them have been destroyed by drug abuse(rendering them unproductive). Drug abuse has become a global concern in Nigeria because of its effect on youth and the nation as a whole. Around 15% of the adult population in Nigeria (around 14.3 million people) reported a “considerable level” of use of psychoactive drug substances—it’s a rate much higher than the 2016 global average of 5.6% among adults. The survey was led by Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and the Center for Research and Information on Substance Abuse with technical support from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and funding from the European Union. It showed the highest levels of drug use was recorded among people aged between 25 to 39, with cannabis being the most widely used drug. Sedatives, heroin, cocaine and the non-medical use of prescription opioids were also noted. The survey excluded the use of tobacco and alcohol. What Are the Causes of Drug Abuse In Nigeria? The abuse of drugs in Nigeria is caused by many factors including love for money by peddlers, disobedience to the laws of the country, proliferation of the market with individuals who sell medicines, lack of control of prescription in the healthcare facilities and lack of control of dispensing among dispensers. Other reasons for abuse of drugs include smuggling substances of abuse through our porous seaports and land borders, corruption and compromises at the point of entries, diversion of legitimate exports to illicit use, weakness in inspections and weak penalties for the sellers and traffickers. There are many social factors that have resulted in abuse of drugs. These include decline of family value systems, parents not playing their roles properly, children and youth therefore not receiving proper guidance, peer pressure, social media influence, poverty and unemployment. Many other justifications have also been attributed to the use of drugs especially among undergraduate students. People use drugs for a variety of reasons which includes: - Their need to belong to a social group or class; - Pressure from friends and peers; - For self-medication; - Because of parental deprivation at various levels; - For pleasure; - To overcome illness; - To gain confidence; - To overcome shyness; - To be able to facilitate communication; - To overcome many other social problems; and - To induce themselves to work above their physical capacity. Drug Misuse In Nigeria In Nigeria, many people interchangeably use the concepts of ‘drugs’, ‘drug misuse’ and ‘drug abuse’, but there are definite differences between the concepts. Drug misuse is to use a drug for a purpose which it should not be used for. The misuse of drugs means following the medical instructions but the person may not necessarily be looking to ‘get high’ from their use. While drug abuse typically refers to those who do not have a prescription for what they are taking. Not only do they use it in a way other than it is prescribed but they also use it to experience the feelings associated with the drug. Euphoria, relaxation, the general feeling of ‘getting high’ is always associated with drug abuse. The abuse of drugs always results in unavoidable side effects, including dependency and addiction. Solution to Nigeria’s drug abuse Problem According to Prof Mojisola Adeyeye of NAFDAC, in order to address the public health, and social problems resulting from abuse of drugs, the three arms of government – the executive, the legislature and the judiciary, Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) of Health, health, educational and religious institutions, parents must address the issues with vigour and holistically through these approaches: - Collaboration among strategic agencies (Nigeria Custom Services, National Drug Law Enforcement Agency and NAFDAC) responsible for importation and regulation of controlled medicines and/or prevent the importation, distribution and use of illicit drugs . - Heightened regulatory alertness, diligence and control of importation of drugs and food, now that NAFDAC has been returned back to our ports and borders - The Federal Ministry of Health should develop National Prescription Policy - Enforcement of the prescription policy by the Federal Ministry of Health - Advocacy, and public awareness campaign through the print, social and electronic media should be carried out. Ministry of information and agencies directly responsible for the end users and consumers such as the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN), Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN), NAFDAC, Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (MDCN), etc. should play active role in these. Additional funding of these should be provided by the government - Stricter issuance of permits and registration of controlled medicines by NAFDAC - Greater collaboration through use of task forces among regulatory bodies responsible for drugs and controlled substances – NDLEA,NAFDAC and PCN - Extra-territorial enforcement to identify, disrupt and dismantle organized criminal groups operating across borders. - Review of the drug laws to enable the judiciary apply penalties that are commensurate to the offences. - Provision of more rehabilitation centers and workers to assist those that are addicted to controlled drugs - Provision of educational and employment opportunities to the youth - Greater involvement of parents in the guidance of their children and strengthening of the marriage institutions for effective upbringing of children. Greater involvement of educational institutions through emphasis in the curriculum about dangers of drug abuse, and of religious institutions in laying more emphasis on the protection of the body from substances that can damage and destroy it. SEE: 10 Commonly Abuse Drugs In Nigeria

https://www.publichealth.com.ng/drug-abuse-

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What Are Small and Midsize Enterprises (SMEs)? Small and midsize enterprises (SMEs) are businesses that maintain revenues, assets, or a number of employees below a certain threshold. Each country has its own definition of what constitutes a small and midsize enterprise. Certain size criteria must be met, and occasionally, the industry in which the company operates is taken into account as well. - Small and midsize enterprises (SMEs) are businesses that have revenues, assets, or a number of employees below a certain threshold. - Each country has its own definition of what constitutes a small and midsize enterprise. - Each country may also set different guidelines across industries to define what a small business is across sectors. - SMEs play an important role in an economy, employing vast numbers of people and helping to shape innovation. - Governments regularly offer incentives, including favorable tax treatment and better access to loans, to help keep SMEs in business. What Is the Role of SMEs in an Economy? Small and midsize enterprises can exist in almost any industry but are more likely to reside within industries requiring fewer employees and smaller up-front capital investments. Common types of SMEs include legal firms, dental offices, restaurants, and bars. SMEs are segregated from large, multinational companies because they fundamentally operate differently. Large, complex firms may require advanced enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems—for accounting, supply chain management and financial reporting, and interconnectivity across offices around the world—or deeper organizational processes. SMEs, on the other hand, may require fewer systems given their narrower scope of operations. Small and Midsize Enterprises (SMEs) Around the World SMEs in the U.S. In the United States, the Small Business Administration (SBA) classifies a small business according to its ownership structure, number of employees, earnings, and industry. For example, in manufacturing, an SME is a firm with 500 or fewer employees. In contrast, businesses that mine copper ore and nickel ore can have up to 1,400 employees and still be identified as SMEs. The U.S. distinctly classifies companies with fewer than 10 employees as a micro business. When it comes to tax reporting, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) does not categorize businesses into SMEs. Instead, it separates small businesses and self-employed individuals into one group and midsize to large businesses into another. The IRS classifies small businesses as companies with assets of $10 million or less and large businesses as those with more than $10 million in assets. The SBA Office of Advocacy reported almost 33.2 million small businesses in the U.S., as of March 2023. Of these, 82% did not have any employees. Within the U.S. economy, small businesses comprise 99.9% of all firms, 99.7% of all firms with paid employees, and 97.3% of exporters. In the United States, SMEs are disproportionally owned by white males, highlighting the lack of access to financial and entrepreneurial resources across races and genders. For example, a March 2023 report by the SBA found only 19.6% of employer firms were owned by minorities and only 21.7% of employer firms owned by women. SMEs in Canada The Canadian government issues Canadian Industry Statistics that define each type of business based on the number of employees it has. - Micro businesses have 1–4 employees. - Small businesses have 5–99 employees. - Medium businesses have 100–499 employees. - Large businesses have 500+ employees. In 2023, businesses with fewer than 100 employees accounted for 97.9% of all employer businesses in Canada. Small and micro businesses employed 10.9 million individuals—more than 62% of the total employed workforce. SMEs in the European Union (EU) The European Union (EU) offers definitions of what constitutes a small-size company as well. Small-size enterprises are companies with fewer than 50 employees, and medium-size enterprises are ones with fewer than 250 employees. In addition to small and midsize companies, there are micro-companies, which employ up to 10 employees. As is the case in other countries, SMEs represent 99% of all businesses within the EU. SMEs employ an estimated 100 million individuals and generate more than half of the European Union’s gross domestic product (GDP). SMEs in China China’s system of classifying the size of Chinese companies is complex. In general, companies are defined based on their operating revenue, number of employees, or total assets. The following examples highlight these classifications: - Chinese retail companies are small to medium if they employ 10 to 49 employees and have annual operating revenue of at least $1 million. - Chinese real estate developers are small to medium if they have annual operating revenue of $1 million to $10 million and total assets of $20 million to $50 million. - Chinese agriculture companies are small to medium if their annual operating revenue is $0.5 million to $5 million. Under the five-year plan from 2021 to 2025, China plans to invest heavily in its small and midsize enterprises. The country is expected to cultivate 1 million SMEs and 100,000 SMEs that feature innovation during this time, according to the Department of Industry and Information Technology. SMEs in Developing Countries In developing countries such as Kenya and India, small and midsize enterprises go by the acronym MSME, short for micro, small, and medium-size enterprises. Regardless of criteria, countries share the commonality of separating businesses according to size or structure. Many people in emerging economies find work in small and midsize enterprises. SMEs contribute roughly 50% of total employment and 40% of GDP in these countries, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OCED). The World Bank estimates that a majority of formal jobs in emerging markets (seven out of 10 jobs) are generated by SMEs. However, these small businesses often face greater financing challenges compared to their developed-country counterparts. The World Bank estimates that MSMEs in developing countries have unmet financing needs in excess of $5 trillion every year. The Importance of Small and Midsize Enterprises (SMEs) A plethora of data demonstrates the massive economic impact that SMEs have on a country’s economy. Specific to the United States, SMEs play a vital role in the success of the nation’s economy by contributing in a variety of ways: - Small businesses comprise more than 99% of all firms in the U.S. - Small businesses contribute 43.5% of the entire U.S. GDP. - Small businesses pay 39.4% of the entire U.S. private payroll. - Small businesses created 62.7% of new U.S. jobs from 1995 to 2021. Small businesses also have distinct advantages over larger companies: - SMEs can often operate more flexibly. Large companies with broader processes touching more employees may find it more difficult to act as nimbly. - SMEs often garner a stronger sense of community. Slogans such as “shop local” are geared toward supporting SMEs that don’t have branches across the nation. - SMEs are more likely to financially support their own community. Instead of collecting revenue and investing it in a new store across the country, SMEs are more likely to remain local, sustain local businesses, contribute local tax dollars, and buy from nearby suppliers. - SMEs may be engrained with a rich history. Larger, complex companies may have a long history as well (especially if they’ve been financially successful). However, SMEs are more likely to carry family traditions, preserve how generations have done things, and pass down the family business. - SMEs may have a narrower, more direct focus than larger businesses. Think of Apple, for example. Developing iPhones, iPads, Macs, Apple Watches, accessories, and streaming services requires the staff to support each of these departments. However, an SME with limited staff must limit the scope of what it offers. Instead of attempting to have a broad market presence, successful SMEs often deeply integrate themselves into a smaller target market. Estimated number of SMEs in the United States, according to the Office of the United States Trade Representative. What Incentives Are Available to SMEs? U.S. SMEs can gain access to education programs and coaching help from the Small Business Administration. These insights are meant to help owners make their businesses grow and survive, as well as target high-risk areas and boost tax compliance. Life as a small and midsize enterprise isn’t always easy. These businesses generally struggle to attract capital to fund their endeavors and often have difficulty paying taxes and meeting regulatory compliance obligations. Governments recognize the importance of SMEs to their economies and regularly offer incentives, including favorable tax treatment and better access to loans, to help keep SMEs in business. Types of loans include: - 7(a) loans that guarantee portions of the total amount, cap interest rates, and limit fees - 504 loans that offer fixed-rate financing over a longer duration for the purchase or repair of assets such as real estate or equipment - Microloans for up to $50,000 to help an SME get off the ground or expand SME loans through the SBA can range from $500 to $5.5 million. Small Business Investment Companies (SBICs) The Small Business Administration also provides funding to specific small business investment companies (SBICs). These SBICs can then use their expertise to invest private funds in small businesses. SBICs can invest debt, equity, or a combination of both. To garner consideration from an SBIC for funding, a business must meet the following universal requirements at a minimum: - The business must be a U.S. business. At least 51% of the company’s employees and assets must be within the United States. - The business must meet the definition of a small business. This qualification refers to the SBA sizing standards. - The business must reside in an approved industry. Specific industries, including farmland, real estate, and financing, are excluded from receiving funding. What Does SME Mean? SME stands for small or midsize enterprise. As opposed to multinational conglomerates with locations around the world, SMEs are much smaller businesses that create a majority of jobs across the world economy. What Is an Example of an SME? In 1971, a company called Starbucks opened its first store in Seattle’s historic Pike Place Market. At the time, it might have been able to claim to be an SME. But with Starbucks locations now all over the world, the company can no longer make that claim. That option has passed to other coffee shops, such as Lighthouse Roasters, an independent and locally owned coffee roaster. With a single address in Seattle, Lighthouse Roasters is considered an SME. How Many Employees Are Employed by Small to Midsize Businesses? According to the U.S. Census Bureau, employer firms with fewer than 500 workers accounted for 45.9% of private-sector payrolls in 2021, while companies with fewer than 100 employees accounted for 32.4%. What Is the Definition of a Small to Midsize Business? There is no set definition of a small to midsize business, and it varies by country. In the United States, the definition can also vary by industry. Note that Gartner, the information technology (IT) consulting service, describes small businesses as those with fewer than 100 employees and midsize businesses as those with 100 to 999 employees. What Is the Percentage of Small to Midsize Businesses in the United States? The most recent U.S. Census data for SMEs found that there were 6.3 million employer firms in the U.S. in 2021. Firms with fewer than 500 employees made up 99.7% of those businesses. Companies with fewer than 100 employees made up 98.3%. The Bottom Line Small and midsize enterprises play a vital part in many economies around the world. Their innovation, flexibility, creativity, efficiency, and locality all play a part in making them successful. Through conscious consumer behavior, government assistance, and reliance on their communities, SMEs have established themselves as an important part of the broader economy.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/smallandmidsizeenterprises.asp

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The liver is essential to the body because it aids in digestion, detoxification, filtration, and other vital processes. Liver inflammation or disease can affect anyone, but some people are more likely than others to develop it due to factors such as poor diet and lack of exercise. When your liver is ill, it swells, making it more likely that you will notice its size. Drinking too much alcohol or using herbal remedies at random may also raise your risk of developing liver disease. Here are some things that can harm your liver: 1. Excessive drinking Unfortunately, despite this warning, many people continue to be careless and end up in hot water as a result. Heavy alcohol consumption is associated with an increased risk of developing liver disease. Extra-large doses of any pharmaceutical or dietary supplement Self-prescribing or taking over-the-counter or prescription medication in higher-than-recommended doses, as well as taking vitamins and supplements, can significantly increase the risk of liver damage. 2. Acetaminophen Overdosage This is a leading cause of sudden liver failure in the United States. It can be found in over 600 different drugs and is widely used in over-the-counter pain relievers such as Tylenol. Look for the words “acetaminophen,” “racetam,” or “APAP” on the label, and then consult with your doctor about the proper dosage. 3. Natural cures Taking herbal supplements such as comfrey or mistletoe, or taking medications, can also cause liver damage. When you have an infectious condition, whether it’s a virus, bacteria, or parasite, liver damage is a concern. 5. Inadequate dietary habits Overweight people are more likely to develop liver diseases as a result of their unhealthy diets, which frequently include high levels of fat and sugar. 6. Hepatitis virus Hepatitis A, B, and C can all result in liver disease. Getting inked, receiving a blood transfusion, or engaging in sexual activity without protection increases one’s risk of contracting HIV and hepatitis B and C. Because of their genetic makeup, some people are predisposed to developing liver diseases. A family history of any of these conditions, as well as a history of liver cancer, chronic liver illnesses, obesity, and sickle cell disease, all increase your risk.

https://medicalcaremedia.com/factors-that-can-raise-your-chances-

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Did you know that dolphins are extremely intelligent and their brain development is similar to that of humans? They have their own language, recognize themselves in a mirror, and show empathy. They even mourn their dead. Dolphins are fascinating animals and universally loved by pretty much everyone. They are cute, playful, and always draw a crowd when they decide to surface. Dolphins are spectacular animals full of magic and mystery. And those facts about dolphins we just went over hardly scratch the surface. Beneath the depths of the deep blue sea, these fun and friendly creatures will flip and splash their way into your heart. Read on to learn more about everyone’s favorite sea-faring friend. Ready To Learn Dolphin Facts? Let’s Begin! Dolphins are mammals found all over the world. Most of them live in shallow areas in warm and tropical oceans, but 5 species of dolphins actually live in rivers. River, or freshwater, dolphins predominantly live in South American and Asian rivers. The most common dolphin, the bottlenose, is usually what people think of when they think of dolphins. If you’ve seen Flipper or a Dolphin Tale, you’re familiar with the bottlenose. You can even take dolphin tours in areas where they congregate. They are often found in areas with beautiful clear water and shells. Here are some additional fun facts about dolphins. 1. Dolphins Are Carnivores Dolphins eat a wide variety of foods, including fish, squid, octopus, crustaceans, cephalopods, and other marine life. Smaller dolphins usually stick to a diet of fish and other small prey. Larger dolphins, such as the killer whale (bet you didn’t know that a killer whale is actually a dolphin!) eat larger things, like sea lions, seabirds, sharks, and penguins. To capture their food, dolphins often work together to surround and circle their prey in order to keep it from escaping. They keep circling until they have the prey forced into a small and dense ball. Once it’s trapped, the dolphins take turns swimming through the circle to pick off the fish who can’t escape. Some other dolphins will work to force their prey into a corner or into a shallow riverbank or shallow water along the coastline. This makes it difficult for their prey to escape. Dolphins do have teeth, but most of them don’t use them to chew their food and swallow it whole, head first, so the scales on the food do not disturb their throat. They use their teeth to defend themselves and to grip objects. They actually have two stomachs: one for food storage and one for digestion. 2. Dolphins Only Sleep with Half of Their Brain Dolphins and whales sleep in an unusual way. Called “unihemispheric slow-wave sleep,” it basically means that they sleep with only half of their brain. When a dolphin goes to sleep, it shuts down one hemisphere of its brain and closes the opposite eye. This allows the dolphin to monitor what’s going on around them and to regulate breathing. While they are sleeping, some dolphins are motionless at the surface of the water. Other times, they might swim slowly. Over a 24-hour period, each side of a dolphins brain gets about 4 hours of sleep. Dolphins evolved into this sleeping style for a few reasons. They need half of their brain to control their breathing and also to watch out for danger while they rest. If they aren’t aware of their surroundings, they could be prey for bigger ocean predators. Sleeping with half of their brain also allows certain physiological processes, like muscle movement, to continue. These processes help warm-blooded mammals, like dolphins, maintain the body heat they need to survive in the ocean. 3. Dolphins Live a Long Time The life expectancy of dolphins vary, but the common bottlenose dolphin can live a whopping 20 to 50 years! To determine a dolphin’s age, veterinarians can count the rings inside each tooth. Each growth ring indicates one year of life. Things that impact how long a dolphin lives include their habitat, diet, health status, species, geography, and their level of endangerment. Dolphins in captivity generally have a shorter lifespan. Even though they are protected and well cared for, they still live a shorter time in captivity. Things like their diet, lack of a strong social structure, and a closed environment contribute to this shorter lifespan. The most critical time for mortality is during the first two years of a dolphin’s life. This is when they are most susceptible to disease, predators, and adverse climate conditions. 4. Some Whales are Actually Dolphins Orcas, which are very recognizable because of their black and white coloring, aren’t actually whales. In fact, they are part of the dolphin family. Sometimes called killer whales, they are the biggest members of the dolphin family and found in every ocean in the world. Like dolphins, they are very intelligent and able to communicate. They coordinate with other whales in their pod to hunt their prey. If killer whales are actually dolphins, why do we call them that? The name killer whale came from ancient sailors who observed orcas hunting and preying on other whale species. They called them “asesina ballenas” which translates to whale killer. Eventually, the names were flip-flopped and the term killer whale was born. 5. A Dolphin Can Swim More than 20MPH They didn’t call Flipper “faster than lightning” for nothing! Dolphins have been clocked at speed up to 25 miles per hour when they’re in a hurry or trying to get away from something. Their normal swim speed is about 7-8 miles per hour though. To swim this quickly, dolphins use their tail, or fluke, to produce thrust to push them through the water. The flukes act as wings to generate a lift force that pushes them forward. The flukes are flexible and dolphins can control that flexibility. As they swim faster, the fluke might become stiffer. Researchers are still trying to pinpoint how exactly they control the flexibility of their flukes. 6. Dolphins Do Not Have Hair Dolphins have a few sparse hair follicles but any hairs that are present fall out before or quickly after birth. They don’t have any sweat glands either. Their skin is usually gray to dark gray, smooth, and rubbery. The outer layer is the epidermis. The epidermis is extremely thick and constantly flakes and peels, just like humans. In fact, the epidermis of a dolphin is 10 to 20 times thicker than the epidermis of other mammals. Their outer layer of skin is quickly sloughed off and replaced, keeping their body smooth and ensuring that they can swim efficiently. 7. A Group of Dolphins is Called a Pod Dolphins live in social groups called pods. The number of dolphins in a pod varies, but can be anywhere from 2 to 15. Several pods might even join together for a few minutes or hours in open ocean water. Mothers and their babies, called calves, stay together for 3 to 6 years and might even return to its mother to raise its own calves. Pods might be multi-generational or include both mother and calf pair, juveniles dolphins, and adult male dolphins. Within the pods, there are often social hierarchies. Bottlenose dolphins, for example, show aggression and their dominance by biting, chasing, smacking their tails on the water, or body slamming other dolphins. They can also exhibit aggression by raking, which is scratching one another with their teeth. 8. The Size of Dolphins Varies The size of a dolphin depends on a number of different factors, like its sex, species, age, and where it lives. The smallest dolphin is Maui’s dolphin, which does not get bigger than 5 and a half feet in length. The biggest dolphin is the orca, of course, which can be as long as 25 feet or more. An average sized dolphin is about 8 feet long. River dolphins tend to be a little bit shorter; they can’t grow too long as their river habitat means that they have to be able to swim through small spaces and turn around sharp corners. Males are generally larger than females and baby dolphins take many years to grow to adult size. On average, babies are between 2 and 7 feet. 9. Some Species of Dolphins Are Endangered Some dolphins are plentiful in number, like the bottlenose. Other species are endangered and getting closer to extinction. The most endangered dolphins are Maui’s dolphin, Hector’s dolphin, Indus and Ganges River dolphins, and the Baiji. Maui’s dolphin doesn’t actually live in Maui. It lives off the coast of New Zealand and is the most endangered species of dolphin. The biggest threat is getting tangled in fishing gear. Experts believe that the extinction of this species is imminent, especially if no action is taken to prevent the dolphins from becoming entangled. Hector’s dolphins also live off the coast of New Zealand, specifically in the shallow waters along the western shores of North Island. They are the smallest and most rare dolphins in the world. They have a unique look, with short stocky bodies, black facial markings, and a fin that looks like a Mickey Mouse ear. Like Maui’s dolphin, they are also at risk for becoming entangled in fishing equipment. They are also threatened by water vessel traffic and pollution. Indus and Ganges River Dolphins The Indus and Ganges River dolphin live in the rivers of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal. Their numbers have been declining as a result of human activity. Dam construction has destroyed their habitat and they are also threatened by pollution, entanglement in fishing gear, and depletion of their food supply due to over-fishing. The Baiji is considered to be functionally extinct. This means that during extensive surveys to count them, none were found. There might be some out there, but they have not been found. The major threats to the Baiji is human activity. Fishing net entanglement, pollution, and destruction of the habitat all contribute to this extinction. 10. Dolphins Can Hold Their Breath Much Longer Than Humans Most dolphins can stay underwater for as many as 8 to 10 minutes. Some species can even stay underwater for up to 15 minutes. They breathe through a blowhole that gets covered by a muscular flap when they go under the water. This keeps any water from getting into their lungs. The composition of dolphins’ lungs is different than humans. This is what allows them to hold their breath longer. Dolphin lungs contain more alveoli, which are tiny air sacs. Most mammals only have one layer of oxygen-carrying capillaries, but dolphins have two layers. The membrane surrounding the lungs in a dolphin is elastic and thick, which means that they have a more efficient transfer of gases from their lungs to their bloodstream. Dolphins also use selective circulation when they dive. The blood flow to their skin, digestive system, and extremities slows down or stops when they go underwater. Their heart, brain, and tail can still function. The pressure of going down deep into the ocean forces air out of their lungs and into their nasal passages. Dolphins can squeeze out every last bit of oxygen to stay down as long as possible. 11. There Are Forty-Three Different Species of Dolphins Dolphins aren’t just the grey medium-sized sea mammals that you see in the movies like Free Willy and Blackfish. There are in fact forty-three different species, six of which are found in fresh water. The dolphin species come in a variety of fun colors like black, white, blueish, and sometimes even pink! Their color comes from their diet and environment. The best-known species of saltwater dolphin is called the bottlenose dolphin. That’s the simple grey dolphin you see in Dolphin Tale. While the best-known species of freshwater dolphin is called the Amazon River Dolphin, a much larger and odd looking species. 12. Dolphins Work Together for Their Meals Depending on the species, a dolphin can have as many as a hundred teeth. You would think that would make them a fierce predator. But they don’t chew their food. Instead, they use the teeth to hold the fish and then they swallow it whole. That means that they can only eat small to medium size fish. Large dolphins are able to eat hundreds of pounds of fish a day. And since they never fully sleep, they require a lot of calories to stay full. To ensure they get enough food, they work together swimming as a pod to round up schools of fish and force them into a tight concentration so that they can plow through the fish and take as much as they want. They also have other group hunting strategies like kicking up a lot of the mud or sand in the bottom of the water to camouflage themselves from the fish and make a net of sorts. 13. There Are Dolphins in the Amazon River The Amazon River dolphin is also known as the “Boto” and is well-known for its pink skin. But they also come in shades of grey. Their color comes from a variety of different factors including their behavior, how close their capillaries are to the surface, their diet, and how much sunlight they are exposed to. Their color can increase when they get excited, in a similar way to the way humans blush. They are around nine feet long and weigh about four hundred pounds when they are fully grown to make them one of the largest species of dolphin. They can live up to thirty years in the wild. This species of dolphin is more solitary than others, typically traveling in pods of two to four. But in food dense areas of the river, it is more common to see them in larger groups. Amazon River dolphins are also more agile than other species since the vertebrae in their necks are unfused allowing them to turn their head a full 180 degrees. This is so that they can swim through underwater obstacles like tree trunks, rocks, and large shells. 14. Dolphin Skin Is Especially Vulnerable to Environmental Elements Dolphin skin is very unique. If you’ve ever had the opportunity to pet one, then you know that it has a soft and smooth feel kind of like a slippery river rock. This softness comes from how quickly the skin cells are able to regenerate on the surface of the dolphin. They slough off their skin all of the time and can regenerate it in as little as two hours. Since dolphin skin cells are so active, they also react a lot to pollutants. In fact, in Sarasota, there is evidence that bottlenose dolphins are being exposed to chemical compounds from consumer products. These chemicals are known to cause cancer in humans. If you care about dolphins, then you should take as many steps as you can to reduce your plastic use and avoid putting harmful chemicals into the environment. These magical creatures are not able to protect their own homeland, and it’s up to us as humans to realize what we are doing to their environment before they become extinct. 15. They Are Highly Intelligent Scientists that study dolphins believe that their intelligence rivals that of a human, or that they may be even smarter than us. By using a two-way mirror, they can perform experiments and study to see how they respond to them. Have you ever put your pet in front of a large mirror? While animals like cats and dogs generally don’t respond to mirrors at all, dolphins are much more interested and will play in front of the mirror for hours. Dolphins are also able to recognize that they are looking at themselves rather than seeing another one of their species from the age of around six months old making them an incredible smart species. To prove this is what’s happening, scientists came up with an experiment. They marked one side of a dolphin with an ‘X’ and didn’t mark another before letting them swim around. The dolphin that was marked swam straight up to the mirror and turned to look and see what had been drawn on it while the other dolphin didn’t show any interest. Other animals have taken the same test and the elephant and primates both are able to pass this test as well. It’s important for humans to remember that we are not alone on this planet and that other highly intelligent creatures are dependent on humans treating their environments with care. We must work together to create a world where all creatures are respected. 16. Dolphins Have Great Social Skills and Create Strong Bonds Dolphins typically only have one calf that stays with them for the first seven years of their life. This kind of long-term family bond is rare in animal species. Some of the only animals that stay with their babies longer than this is elephants, who live with their family until they are at least nine years old and tamarins, a type of South American primate, that live in groups for life. Dolphins love to swim in groups and can be found in pods of as many as a thousand different dolphins. This kind of organization is rare. To maintain their society, dolphins have very social and helpful behaviors. If a dolphin is injured, the other dolphins will work together to help it get to the surface every thirty minutes to breathe. They have also been known to help other animals and even humans when they are in need. 17. The Largest Species of Dolphin Is the Orca The Orca, also known as the “killer whale”, is actually a dolphin. The name references that it kills whales, not that it is a whale that kills. Known for their distinctive coloring of black and white, orcas grow up to six tons – that’s twelve thousand pounds or around the size of a bus. They are between twenty-three and thirty-two feet in length. As a marine carnivore, they love to feast on seals, sea lions, and whales with their teeth that can be up to four inches long. When they can’t find their ideal prey, they will settle for fish, squid, and seabirds. While orcas prefer cold, coastal waters, they can be found anywhere between the polar regions and the equator. They live in pods of about forty and can be both residential or transient. The residential orcas prefer fish while the transient ones are more likely to go after larger prey. 18. Dolphins Have More Brain Capacity Than Humans When learning about dolphins, many people begin to ask themselves whether they might be as smart as humans. Their brains weigh 1600 grams to our 1300 grams. Not only are dolphin brains large, but they also have a complex neocortex, which is the part of the brain that allows you to be self-aware and solve problems. In addition, researchers have located gangly neurons in dolphin minds, which are the neurons that are responsible for emotions social cognition, and the ability to know what someone else is thinking. Beyond being able to recognize themselves in a mirror, as mentioned before, dolphins also demonstrate their intelligence by being able to understand gestures that are highly complex from their human trainers. They learn about their environments much the way small children do and can be taught to press a keyboard to release a toy to play with. 19. Dolphins Use Tools Over the course of evolution, hunters and gathers turned to tools to better be able to find food and perform work without having to use up all of their time and energy. At the same time as humans were evolving, dolphins were as well in their own way. Dolphins also use tools. They have been observed picking up sponges to protect their snouts while they forage for food at the bottom of the water. While scientists are still discovering all of the ways dolphins interact with tools, it’s clear they use them for lots of different porpoises. 20. Every Dolphin Has a Signature Whistle so Others Can Recognize It Just like how humans have names so that they can recognize who they are talking to, every dolphin has a distinct whistle that signals their presence to other dolphins. In addition to this whistle, dolphins also make tons of other sounds. Scientists are studying their language using algorithms and long-term recording devices to try to make out a pattern and decode what the dolphins are saying. Perhaps one day we will uncover some sort of “Rosetta Stone” that helps us understand the world below the sea in a whole new way. Should Dolphins Be in Captivity? Now that you have a better understanding of how intelligent dolphins are and how complex their lives can be, it makes you think twice about keeping them confined to captivity. The area allocated to dolphins in a zoo is one-ten-thousandth of one percent of their territory that they have access to in the wild. Philosophers debate on what makes a being sentient and it’s believed that dolphins have most of the necessary requirements. They are self-aware, have personalities, act ethically, are aware of their environments, and have complex emotions. Knowing just how close to human dolphins are should make you want to fight to protect their habitats and keep them out of captivity. Plan Your Dolphin Watching Trip to Florida Now that you have all of these fascinating dolphin facts, you should consider taking a dolphin watching tour. Southwest Florida is an excellent place to see dolphins in their natural habitat. We offer dolphin watching tours and almost 100% of the time, we are successful in seeing local pods of dolphins. Years of experience have perfected the art of locating dolphins. The best part is that our dolphin tours include our shelling tours, so not only can you see dolphins splashing and playing in the Gulf, you can find beautiful shells on Shell Island, Marco Island, and Naples. Contact us today to book your tour by calling (239) 301-8914!

https://marcoislanddolphintour.com/dolphin-facts/

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If you're an experienced computer programmer, you likely know multiple coding languages. Whether choosing a first programming language or adding an in-demand coding language to your resume, these 14 coding languages offer a good place to start. What makes these languages stand out? The biggest tech companies rely on these languages to code their operating systems, apps, and games. Mastering any of these need-to-know languages, which we list in alphabetical order, can give you an advantage in the competitive tech job market. Popular Online Programs Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial aid, and more by contacting the universities below. Snapshot of the Top Coding Languages What Is Coding? Coding lets people communicate with computers to accomplish desired tasks. Computers do not understand human language, so people use programming languages to translate directions into binary code that computer devices can follow as apps, websites, and software programs. Coding plays a crucial role in our increasingly digital world. Many aspects of modern life rely on coding. Computers, smartphones, and tablets require effective coding to function properly, along with everyday items like traffic lights, social media platforms, and air conditioning systems. Individuals can pursue several pathways to learning coding languages. Free coding bootcamps can offer a low-risk, accessible way to learn a new language for coding. We describe some of the most useful coding languages below. Need-to-Know Coding Languages for Programming Individuals can explore and use multiple coding languages, each including different features, difficulty levels, and uses. Below, discover some of the most useful coding languages you can learn. What Is C? This general-purpose coding language allows developers to create operating systems, apps, databases, and programs. C requires an underlying knowledge of computer system functionality, making it more challenging to learn than other coding languages. Coders who master C will likely find it easier to learn other languages. - Why C Is Important: C is a popular coding language valued for its versatility and use in software engineering. Other common cases include internet-connected devices and graphic design tools. - Where C Is Used: Oracle, Microsoft, car manufacturing companies, Apple - Who Uses C: Computer programmers, software engineers - How to Learn C: Computer science bachelor's degree programs, software engineering bachelor's degree programs, C bootcamps What Is C++? C++, commonly considered a challenging coding language to learn, is a popular and flexible tool for developing video games, databases, and software. Developers created C++ as a simplified version of C. - Why C++ Is Important: Softwaredevelopers use C++ to create fast applications like those used in video game development, robotics, machine learning, and scientific computing. Operating systems like macOS are also largely written in C++. - Where C++ Is Used: Video game development, Adobe, Microsoft, Apple - Who Uses C++: Software developers, video game designers - How to Learn C++: Computer science bachelor's degree programs, C++ bootcamps, software engineering bachelor's degree programs What Is C#? Microsoft created C#, a general-purpose, object-oriented coding language that many people find easier to learn than C++. In addition to its similarities with C++, C# also shares characteristics with Java. - Why C# Is Important: Popular among developers for its speed and efficiency, C# assists with web development, game development, and app development. - Where C# Is Used: Accenture, Intuit, Microsoft - Who Uses C#:Software engineers, video game designers - How to Learn C#: Bachelor's in computer science degree programs, C# bootcamps, software engineering bachelor's degree programs What Is Go? Developers commonly use Go, an open-source coding language created by Google employees, for back-end and front-end development. It is easy to learn and prized for its simplicity, speed, and flexibility. - Why Go Is Important: Coders can useGo on any operating system for database design, software development, and cloud computing development needs. It is increasingly popular, especially among developers looking to work at Google. - Where Go Is Used: Google, Netflix, Medium, Salesforce - Who Uses Go: Go programmers, software developers - How to Learn Go: Go bootcamps, Go online courses What Is HTML? Developed in 1993, HyperText Markup Language lets people create and edit the structures of web pages. HTML's text-based structure makes it easy for beginners. - Why HTML Is Important: HTML is the most popular language on the Internet. Web developers use this language to create apps and websites. Other uses include game development, video and image embedding, and Internet navigation. - Where HTML Is Used: Google, Facebook, YouTube - Who Uses HTML: Front-end developers, web developers, mobile developers - How to Learn HTML: Computer science bachelor's degree programs, HTML bootcamps, software engineering bootcamps, HTML online courses What Is Java? Created in 1995 at Sun Microsystems, individuals use Java to build dynamic websites, applications, and programs through back-end development. The coding language offers integrated functions, libraries, and learning resources. - Why Java Is Important: Java is a very popular coding language used often for game development, desktop and web software, enterprise development, and internet-connected device applications. - Where Java Is Used: Airbnb,Spotify, Uber - Who Uses Java: Software engineers, back-end developers, Java developers, web developers - How to Learn Java: Bachelor's in computer science, Java bootcamps, full-stack web development bootcamps What Is PHP? PHP is a scripting language and general-purpose computer programming language. The beginner-friendly coding language also offers professionals many advanced features. - Why PHP Is Important: PHP is very popular for web application development. Its versatility with various databases makes it a common choice for developers. - Where PHP Is Used: WordPress, Spotify, Facebook - Who Uses PHP: PHP developers, full-stack developers, software developers - How to Learn PHP: Bachelor's in computer science, web developer bootcamps, PHP bootcamps What Is Python? Python is an easy-to-learn, object-oriented, general-use language. The open-source language offers many frameworks and libraries. - Why Python Is Important: Since 2022, Python has ranked at the top of the TIOBE Index of the most popular coding languages. Python's popularity extends to industries like engineering, machine learning, finance, and data science and analysis. Developers value its flexibility, - Where Python Is Used: Dropbox, Netflix, Facebook - Who Uses Python: Back-end developers, Python developers, data scientists, data engineers - How to Learn Python: Python bootcamps, full-stack web development bootcamps, bachelor's in computer programming, data science bootcamps, MOOCs What Is R? This open-source language excels at data management and storage. The coding language gives users powerful tools to analyze and visualize data. - Why R Is Important: As big data and machine learning grow in prominence, R plays an important role in data mining and statistical analysis. R also offers strong data visualization capabilities. - Where R Is Used: Google, Facebook, Microsoft, fintech - Who Uses R: Data scientists, data analysts, database administrators - How to Learn R: Data analytics bootcamps, bachelor's in computer science What Is Ruby? Ruby is an accessible, general-purpose, high-level, and open-source language. - Why Ruby Is Important: Ruby is popular for web development, 3D modeling, and data processing. Developers value its security, free cost, and fast processing speed. - Where Ruby Is Used: Grubhub, Policygenius, MassMutual - Who Uses Ruby: Software engineers, Ruby developers - How to Learn Ruby: Ruby on Rails bootcamps, Full-stack web development bootcamps, bachelor's in computer science degree programs What Is Rust? Rust is a general-purpose, high-level computer programming language. Although difficult to learn, it offers advanced features. - Why Rust Is Important: Developers value Rust for its speed, flexibility, and safety. Hundreds of companies worldwide use Rust to make operating systems, develop games, and create the back end for data science tools. - Where Rust Is Used: Dropbox, Firefox, Cloudflare - Who Uses Rust: Rust developers, software engineers - How to Learn Rust: Rust bootcamps, computer science bachelor's degree programs What Is SQL? Created in the 1970s, Structure Query Language makes it possible to store and manage data in relational databases. SQL is easy to learn. - Why SQL Is Important: SQL is very popular and works well with other languages. Many applications use SQL to update and retrieve data. - Where SQL Is Used: Oracle, Microsoft, IBM - Who Uses SQL: Back-end developers, software developers, database administrators, data analysts, data engineers - How to Learn SQL: Data analytics bootcamps, computer science bachelor's programs, data science bachelor's programs What Is Swift? As one of the most popular programming languages for iPhone apps, Swift dates back to 2014. This language is essential for mobile app developers. - Why Swift Is Important: Swift quickly replaced Objective-C as the go-to language for Apple mobile and desktop apps. Companies like IBM, LinkedIn, and AirBnB also use Swift. - Where Swift Is Used: MacOS desktop apps, Apple watch apps, iPhone and iPad apps - Who Uses Swift: Mobile app developers, software developers, web developers - How to Learn Swift: Online Swift courses, Swift bootcamps, bachelor's in computer science Lesser-Known Coding Languages to Consider Lesser-known programming languages may appear within specific industries, companies, and occupations. Developing expertise in less common coding languages can help you stand out from other coders. Although the opportunities to use these coding languages may be less common, you may find yourself compensated better for your focused skills. Haskell: Although not one of the most popular languages, Haskell is a general-purpose, functional coding language useful in machine learning, big data, and mathematical research. Julia: Programmers can use Julia to build applications and microservices. The open-source coding language is fast, reproducible, and dynamic. Erlang: Developed in the 1980s for telecommunications, Erlang now serves as one of the most important programming languages for chat apps, with WhatsApp relying on it to connect millions of users. Additional Coding Resources Frequently Asked Questions About Coding Languages What is the hardest coding language to use? There is no universal agreement on the most difficult coding language. However, many agree that C++ ranks among the most challenging coding languages. What is the easiest coding language to use? Which coding languages are rarely used? Some rarely used coding languages include Haskell and Julia. Which coding languages will help me get a job? Page last reviewed July 3, 2024. Take the next step toward your future. Discover programs you’re interested in and take charge of your education.

https://www.computerscience.org/resources/computer-programming-languages/

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Chronic kidney disease affects 10% of the global population, with thousands dying each year, according to the World Health Organization. The kidney is involved in the waste disposal and fluid balance regulation in the body. What you eat and drink can have an impact on your kidneys, either positively or negatively. The overall health of a person is determined by how well their kidneys function. Certain meals and beverages may help in kidney cleansing. Some of them are listed below; Watermelon is good for your kidneys if you eat it regularly gain lycopene, a vitamin that can also benefit cardiovascular health. Watermelon also has a high potassium content, which helps to balance urine pH and prevent kidney stone formation. 2. Kidney beans. Kidney beans not only resemble kidneys, but they also effectively remove waste and toxins from the kidneys as well as wash out kidney stones. Kidney beans are high in Vitamin B, fiber, and minerals, all of which benefit kidney detoxification and urinary tract health. Drinking adequate water regularly is crucial to one’s overall health. Water is essential for food digestion, nutritional absorption, waste and toxin disposal, skin maintenance, and a range of other bodily functions. Water drinking can also help avoid renal problems like kidney stones. 4. Lemon juice Finally, lemon juice can aid in kidney cleansing. Because it is inherently acidic, it raises citrate levels in urine, preventing kidney stones from developing. Lemon juice helps cleanses the blood by filtering out wastes and other impurities.

https://medicalcaremedia.com/4-foods-you-should-eat-on-a-regular-basis-

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There is such a dizzying list of coding languages to learn that at one point or another we’ve all wondered: how many programming languages are there? There is an incredible number of computer programming languages that are used by software engineers, web developers, and other computer science professionals. The total number of computer languages that exist is around 9,000. How Many Computer Languages Are There? The Short Answer There are about 700 programming languages, including esoteric coding languages. Some sources that only list notable languages still count up to an impressive 245 languages. Another list called HOPL, which claims to include every programming language to ever exist, puts the total number of different programming languages at 8,945. List of Programming Languages Rather than take you through all programming languages, we’ve narrowed it down to a top 50 programming languages list. The following list of programming languages includes both popular languages and languages that are historically significant or infamous for one reason or another. The coding languages on this list are used in mobile apps, machine learning, and game development. What Is a Coding Language? The first step to figuring out how many programming languages there are is to define ‘programming language.’ This is an important step in compiling a list of programming languages because, just like with human languages, it’s sometimes hard to decide what is different enough to be its own language. One common way of defining a programming language is: ‘an artificial language built to allow someone to give instructions to a computer.’ Computers can’t understand English, Hindi, or Chinese, and almost no humans learn binary, the base language of computers. So we need some intermediate way of communicating, which we call ‘programming languages.’ These languages are used to write programs, which are complete and functional sets of instructions that computers use to accomplish tasks, like loading a web page, generating statistical analyses, and finding the sum of two numbers. Why Are There So Many Programming Languages? Programming languages simplify the computer’s native language of binary. One reason why there are so many programming languages is to vary how close a language is to binary vs human language. There are high-level programming languages that are easier to use, and there are low-level programming languages that are harder to use but give more granular control over the computer. Another reason why there are so many coding languages is that many coding languages are built for a specific function. There are programming languages made for controlling automated factory machines, designing video games, or even teaching people how to program. What About Markup and Query Languages? HTML is a markup language that allows a software developer to annotate content for display in a web browser. Most people don’t consider it a programming language because it doesn’t really contain instructions, and it doesn’t support basic functionality like conditional statements. It isn’t complex enough to be a general-purpose programming language. What About Esoteric Languages? One of the stranger phenomena to have come out of the programming community is esoteric coding languages. These are entire languages built around jokes, obsessions, and the desire to push the boundaries of technology. Esoteric programming languages aren’t used in day-to-day programming jobs, they are a hobby for devoted programmers. Binary Lambda Calculus is an esoteric coding language built to be as dense as possible, with every program written to require the fewest number of characters. Malbolge was built to be as difficult as possible, with programs that are inherently self-modifying and effects which depend on where an instruction is stored in a computer’s memory. Even though esoteric programming languages are actual programming languages, they are usually excluded from programming language lists because they aren’t used in development work. As you can see, finding one definition of what a programming language is can be a complicated task. What Are Different Programming Languages Used For? Different programming languages are used for different kinds of computers. Most people think that computers are limited to desktops and laptops, but there’s a computer in your phone and in your car. There are also computers in spacecraft, inflight entertainment systems on airplanes, ocean-going robots, and some kitchen appliances. These different computer systems use different coding languages to accomplish a wide range of tasks. Programming languages are being used for robots that care for the elderly, chatbots that can handle customer support, and machine learning systems that can detect landmines, plant crops, solve protein folding problems, generate text, and recognize faces. Most Used Coding Languages If you’re new to programming, it’s easy to get lost in long lists of coding languages. You don’t need to learn all of them. You can spend your time studying just a few of the most used programming languages. Though the top five coding languages vary in age, they are all important to understand if you want to be a developer. This coding language is one of the most commonly used programming languages for web development, and it is easy to learn HTML. The acronym ‘HTML’ stands for ‘hypertext markup language,’ and the language is used for formatting and arranging text in a document. Developers can use HTML to change text position, font, size, and color properties. Coding basics for HTML are relatively simple because HTML is a static coding language. This means commands can’t be changed while the program is running. HTML is used by complete beginners and experienced coders, making it one of the most used coding languages. C and C++ are older programming languages that date back to the 1970s. Despite their age, these languages are very useful. Software engineers use C-based code for building computer programs, and developers use this versatile coding language to create a wide variety of products, from simple software to entire operating systems. Many modern coding languages trace their roots back to C, so learning this foundational language can help you better understand many of the most used programming languages. In fact, one of the most popular C derivatives is the next language on our list. Our next popular coding language is a member of the C/C++ family. Java ruled software development for decades and is still one of the most used programming languages for desktop applications and mobile applications. This coding language is popular because of its universal usability. Developers can write code in Java for virtually any device. Java is a great language to master early in your career because it is so versatile. It’s a time-tested general-purpose coding language with scores of online resources for beginners. Like Java, Python is a terrific general-purpose programming language. It’s an open-source development tool based on the popular Django platform. This versatile code works just as well for simple projects as it does for entire software programs. You’ll find Python in many places, but it’s mostly found in backend applications that require servers and databases to interact. Of all of the languages on this list, Python is probably the most user-friendly. Python is a natural programming language that you can easily pick up because it was designed to be similar to a spoken language. Python is one of the most used coding languages, and it’s a recommended starting point for anyone who wants to learn their first coding language. "Career Karma entered my life when I needed it most and quickly helped me match with a bootcamp. Two months after graduating, I found my dream job that aligned with my values and goals in life!" Venus, Software Engineer at Rockbot Like Python, Ruby is a multi-purpose dynamic coding language. It is widely used in web development because of the excellent Ruby on Rails platform, which allows developers to design and manage separate website features easily. Because of its dynamic typing features, it is more beginner-friendly. PHP stands for Hypertext Preprocessor. It’s one of the most popular web development languages in the world. Over 80 percent of websites use PHP today. PHP is used for a wide range of website functions, such as cookies and data management. Do you prefer Apple products over PCs? If so, you may have wondered which programming languages Apple developers like to use. Apple devices run on unique operating systems (OS) that are largely incompatible with external devices. It’s easier to use an Apple language than to try and force another language to work on macOS. The most used programming language for Apple is Swift. How Many Programming Languages Are There? So, how many programming languages are there? It really depends on who you ask. The most commonly accepted source is Wikipedia’s list of 700. However, it’s important to note that really only the 50 most popular languages are in common use today according to the Tiobe index. Given how quickly new languages are being developed, no one can give an exact total number of programming languages. The picture gets even blurrier when you start including esoteric languages. There are certainly a lot of programming languages out there, but you can build a solid career by mastering a few of the most popular coding languages. Which Coding Languages Should I Learn? If you’re looking to start a career in tech, this is an important question. The good news is you don’t need to learn every programming language, and you don’t even need to know how many programming languages there are. You should learn just one or two programming languages to start a career. Frequently Asked Questions The first computer programming language was Assembly, which was developed in 1949. However, over half a century earlier, Ada Lovelace wrote an algorithm for her mechanical computer that many historians consider to be the first computer program. Who uses programming languages? There is a wide range of tech professionals who use programming languages from web developers to data scientists. Other careers that use programming languages include business analyst, app developer, agriculture scientist, operations research analyst, and web designer. How many programming languages should I learn to get a job? It’s a good idea to learn two programming languages to get a job. The good news is that once you learn one programming language, it’s much easier to learn a second. You don’t need to be an expert in more than one language, but listing coding skills in more than one programming language on your resume will help you get a job. How do different programming languages work together? Developers sometimes build software using multiple programming languages. They’ll typically use a low-level language to build backend modules and a high-level language for user interface modules. The way these programming languages work together is that the main program will have a command to run one or more scripts written in the other programming language or languages. Don’t forget the “visual” or mouse driven versions of C++ and RGB and BASIC and probably every major language that someone thought could benefit from losing the keyboard and driving with a mouse. Wow! I’m totally impressed on how technology progresses rapidly. Can you imagine the world started from binary languages to a remarkable 700 to thousands of programming languages? It’s very crucial how influential computerised system are. I mean, it really makes everything a lot easier. Every field of work needs an upgrade to make it even more efficient . I’m just wondering because I wanted to start a career in UX/UI Design, is there any specific programming language/s that I need to learn to help me get through this path?

https://careerkarma.com/blog/how-many-coding-languages-are-there/

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Our total health connects to our personal hygiene. We can avoid many health disorders linked to inadequate cleanliness by taking care of our bodies in little ways every day. From an early age, parents must teach their children about personal cleanliness. According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we can avoid multiple diseases and ailments by maintaining adequate self-hygiene and cleaning body parts frequently. How do we do this effectively? In this article, I will share some tricks and tips on grooming your children the proper way regarding their hygiene. Let’s dive in! What is personal hygiene for children? Bathing, brushing one’s teeth, and washing one’s hands are all examples of personal hygiene. Children come into touch with dirt and dust that carry infection-causing bacteria whether they go to school, a park, or somewhere else. In reality, germs are in almost every setting. Kids tend to put their hands and toys in their mouths. These could pass through their hands and into the child’s body, producing a variety of ailments and infections. We may prevent this by instilling good personal hygiene habits in our children. Why does personal hygiene matter? It is critical to teach children the fundamentals of excellent personal hygiene to keep them healthy and clean. Children who live in filthy environments and have inadequate personal hygiene are more susceptible to illness because their immune systems are not as robust as adults’. Personal cleanliness can lead to a variety of benefits. For example, children will be able to do the following: - They are pleased with themselves. - Maintain and enjoy a positive body image – those who have poor personal hygiene have a negative body image, which can cause social problems. - Develop an upbeat personality — being clean, well-dressed, and well-represented promotes one’s self-esteem, boosting one’s confidence and professional and social success prospects. Read Also: 7 Easy Tips For Keeping Your Home Clean Personal hygiene habits Here are four essential personal hygiene habits to instill in your child. Teaching your child to wash their hands is one of the most critical health and hygiene habits you can instill. Consider how many various objects and surfaces you come into contact with daily. Hand washing is undoubtedly one of the most effective strategies to prevent disease and the spread of germs. Every day, pathogens come into contact with children. Hand washing properly can help prevent the spread of a variety of illnesses, from the common cold to more serious infections like hepatitis A. Hand washing is simple, inexpensive, and effective, and it can help you avoid sick days and doctor visits. Teach your kids to cover their mouths when sneezing or coughing Make it a habit for your child to use a tissue to cover their mouth and nose or put their arm in the crook of their arm if they can’t get a tissue quickly enough. Teach them never to pick their nose or eye Germs can quickly enter the body via the eyes, nose, and mouth mucous membranes. Remind your child not to pick their nose or touch their eyes. Teach them to clean their teeth Get the children to develop the habit of brushing and flossing. Teach them to clean the tongue, the insides of the cheeks, and the roof of the mouth. Also, use a fun timer to encourage your child to brush for more extended periods. Four ways to encourage your child to master the habit of personal hygiene In the long run, your child might not be consistent in practice. So how do you ensure that they maintain the habit of personal cleanliness? It’s ok to start early. You are not required to wait. As toddlers, start educating them about the need for hygiene and grooming — bathing, brushing their teeth, washing hands, using the restroom independently, etc. Be a good role model. Maintaining good personal hygiene and being upfront about it is one of the most effective methods to teach new behaviors. If your child observes adults not showering or brushing their teeth in their life, they may believe that such conduct is expected and keep to that lifestyle. Check in frequently It’s fantastic when your child can do most of their care without assistance. But, regardless of your child’s age level, be sure to check in on them now and then to make sure they’re keeping up with their excellent practices. Keep the conversation going. Personal hygiene is a topic that we should frequently discuss as your child grows older. Next, move on to the necessity of flossing once they have mastered cleaning their teeth independently. As children approach puberty (ages 8-10 for females and 10-12 for boys), these discussions should resurface. Maintain open lines of communication so that your child feels free to tell you about body hair, odor, or other changes they (or you) observe. Teaching your child the importance of personal hygiene is an integral part of their upbringing. Click here to go to the fantastic world of motherhood. Subscribe to our telegram channel here. Or join our telegram group here. Or send me an email to join our Exclusive WhatsApp Family. Keep being #fabulous. I am rooting for you.

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Why is Earth Pin Longer and Larger in a 3-Pin Plugs? We know that electricity is our best friend as well as the worst enemy because if you give it a chance to kill you, remember, it will never disappoint you. Now you know that it’s all about safety and protection. We also know that all the electrical appliances with metal bodies should be properly earthed and grounded. The reason behind this logic is that in any case, the Live (Line) wire touches the appliance metallic body, or in case of short or leakage current inside the appliance, and someone touch the metallic body of the machine, current will flow through the human body to the earth i.e. electric shock. - How to Wire a UK 3-Pin Plug? Wiring a BS1363 Plug - How to Wire a UK 3-Pin Socket Outlet? Wiring a BS1363 Socket - How to Wire a Twin 3-Pin Socket Outlet? Wiring 2-Gang Socket This is why proper earthing (grounding) is necessary to protect you and the person who touch the metallic body of the machine don’t get electrocuted. In a 3-pin plug ( as shown in the above fig) - The Green & Yellow Wire is Earth (IEC & NEC) - Brown is Live / Line (Black in US) - Blue is Neutral (White in US) Now to the points, why the earth pin is bigger and thicker? Why is it Longer? The earth pin should be the first to connect and the last to disconnect with electric supply. This is why earth pin is longer than the live and neutral pin on 3-pin plugins. Below are the the reason to do so, - When we insert a 3-pin plugin into a 3-pin socket, the earth pin is the first to make a contact with the socket as compared to the Live and Neutral Pins. - The earth pin is the last to disconnect from the socket when removing the plug from the socket. i.e. Line and Neutral disconnect first and then the earth pin. This way, earthing is well maintained during the operation for proper safety and protection. Now we know this is why the earth pin is longer as compared to Line and Neutral Pin on a three pin plug. Why is it Thicker? First reason, to prevent the wrong way to operate a 3-pin plug and connected electrical machine for the safety purpose. In other words, 3-Pin plug wont be connect to the socket upside down as the earth pin is thicker, so it won’t adjust and fit in another slot made for Neutral or Live Pin in the socket. In short, The earth pin is bigger and it can not be inserted in the live or neutral slot of the socket even by mistake. Second reason for thicker pin is that the law of resistance. R = ρ (L/a) … [ Law’s of Resistance) - R = Resistance - ρ = Resistivity - L = Length of the Conductor - a = Area of the conductor It clearly shows that the resistance is inversely proportional to the area of the conductor. i.e. thicker of the conductor, lesser is the resistance. In this case, when a wet body (Keep in mind that wet body has very low resistance) touches the metallic body of the machine where leakage current exist. Current will flow through it as it find easiest way (having very low resistance) to complete the path. So there is still a chance of electric shock in the above mentioned case. - Related Post: Why is a Transformer Rated In kVA, Not in KW? Third reason, modern 3 pin wall sockets have safety shutter (as shown in below fig) on the Line and Neural lines to prevent someone (especially children) to insert conducting materials in it which cause electric shock. In this case, the longer earth pin help to open the shutters for Line and Neutral pins i.e. without longer earth pin, The shutters for Line and Neutral remains closed for better safety. Now we know another reason, that’s why the Earth Pin on a 3-pin plug is bigger than the Neutral and Live pins. - What are the Tiny Cylinder in Power Cords & Cable? - How to Wire and Install an Electrical Outlet Receptacle? - How to Wire a Garage Consumer Unit? - Basic Electrical & Electronics Interview Questions & Answers - 65+ Basic Electronics Engineering Interview Questions & Answers to distinguish it from the other pins and to engage the plug first to establish a grounded when plugging into the recepticle When did the name for ground change to earth pin and why?

https://www.electricaltechnology.org/2019/05/why-earth-pin-is-thicker-and-

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It is a dream of every writer to compose coherent, correct, and easy-to-read content. However, the desire may be cut short if the writer lacks a thorough understanding of adjectives and the correct way to use them in any writing. Unfortunately, while there are many online editing tools, very few specialize in perfecting adjectives in writing. As a result, a paper can be free of grammatical errors but still, have incorrect adjectives making it hard to read and delimit the intended purpose. In this respect, our adjective checker contains a special algorithm to detect, highlight and offer correct options to perfect your writing editing for error adjective. Follow the following sections to learn more about how this adjective finder works. Adjectives in English: Definition, Examples, Types Adjectives modify or describe pronouns and nouns. For instance, words such as obnoxious, happy, or quick can modify a pronoun or a noun. For example, an obnoxious person, the quick rabbit. In this respect, the pronoun or the noun has added a suffix to create an adjective. For example, beauty is a noun, while beautiful is an adjective. The following are the different types of adjectives. - Possessive adjectives. The possessive adjectives show close association or ownership in a sentence, for instance, their, his, her, its. Their cut was stolen. There is an adjective showing a relationship with the cut. - Demonstrative adjectives. Demonstrative adjectives are used in pointing out, clarifying a thing or a person. The demonstrative adjectives are applicable when communicating about two or more things or people in the sentence, and the idea is to differentiate their actions, for instance: These houses are sold while those houses are still in the open. - Order adjective. The order adjective modifies a noun, and they vary depending on the following guidelines: - Qualifier- for instance, an adjective denoting the purpose of an item - Material- for example, plastic or wooden - Origin – for instance, Dutch or Greek - Colour – such as ash, pink, or red - Age – for instance, aged or young - Shape – such as oblong, square - Size – for instance, petite or gargantuan - Number – such as three, few - Opinion – for example, priceless, beautiful How to Identify Adjective in Your Writing How to identify an adjective in a sentence comes easy through the use of the adjective checker tool. The checker has an interface that offers options for uploading and downloading your document online. It is a click-through process where you input instructions that the software directs. For instance, I can instruct the checker to find adjective in my sentence. Then, the checker skims through the documents, identifying and highlighting the adjectives in the document. It is a whole learning experience since the checker highlights adjective mistakes and provides correct options. At the end of the editing process, how to identify adjective phrases in a sentence becomes simple and straightforward. How to Fix Sentences with the Wrong Adjective: the Ultimate Guide The following guide is important to find adjectives in my sentence and subsequently correct the errors. - To identify adjective mistakes in the paper, you must learn to understand and correct the common adjective errors. - Most importantly, the difference between the cumulative and coordinate adjectives and their formatting rules. For instance, the cumulative adjective takes a special order to describe a pronoun or a noun, like, a reclining new seat. - The coordinative adjectives do not take special order while describing a noun or a pronoun, and their punctuation rules are different. - Mainly a cumulative adjective follows a particular order which starts by stating the quantity, giving the opinion, describing the size, establishing the age, defining the color, identifying the shape, proving the origin, describing the material, and stating the purpose. - We place commas in between the coordinative adjectives but not the cumulative adjectives. Adjective Checker: Features, Capabilities, How It Works An adjective checker tool online works to fix sentences with the wrong adjective. The checker guides on how to fix sentences with wrong adjectives by providing correct options that replace the wrong one at one click. Further, the adjective finder in the checker contains accurate algorithms that also correct grammar mistakes in the sentences. How to identify adjective phrases and find noun verb adjective checker contains valuable features that help in correcting adjective mistakes in a sentence. For instance, the adjective changer software helps change the wrong and replace it with the right one. Also, the checker contains the adjective detector tool that scrolls through the paper identifying and highlighting adjective misuse in the sentences and offers better options to improve on readability. Amazingly, the adjective to noun converter online perfects the writing to expert levels by editing the sentences and retaining real information. Further, the adjective finder also has the preposition checker functionality that checks and corrects grammar, leaving the document clean and free of grammatical errors. The adjective clause detector does not autocorrect mistakes, but it offers options for the author to replace what is sensible. It does not mean the corrections are not sensible, but some people would not correct certain errors depending on the nature and form of writing. Therefore, the checker is a guiding tool for the author. The checker specifies how to fix an adjective error and offers valuable options to editing for an error adjective. So is this an adjective detector? Yes, the checker detects adjectives and provides options for creating high-quality content that is readable and transferrable. Whichever format, whether downloaded or online, the adjective checker tool has the same functionality and delivers identical results. Moreover, in case of any inconsistencies or software issues, the support is 24/7 to listen and respond to your queries. How to Detect an Adjective: Final Words An adjective detector tool is a useful software for any writer. It identifies and corrects adjective mistakes that improve the quality of the writing in terms of readability and free of common errors. The adjective finder tool is downloadable to Chrome add-ons. Depending on the urgency and frequency of editing, you can download and install the software in Microsoft Word or check online.

https://www.partofspeechfinder.com/adjective-

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Famous trees come and go. L’Arbre du Ténéré was once considered the most isolated tree on Earth, a landmark on caravan routes in the Sahara, until it was knocked down by a drunk Libyan truck driver in 1973. This year in August, the famous Anne Frank tree in Amsterdam was blown down by high winds during a storm. Luckily, there are still many special trees out there. An overview of the most famous trees in the world. 10. Arbol del Tule Árbol del Tule, a Montezuma Cypress, is located in the town center of Santa María del Tule in the Mexican state of Oaxaca . It has the stoutest trunk of any tree in the world although the trunk is heavily buttressed, giving a higher diameter reading than q true cross-sectional of the trunk. It is so large that it was originally thought to be multiple trees, but DNA tests have proven that it is only one tree. The tree is estimated to be between 1,200 and 3,000 years old. 9. Cotton Tree The Cotton Tree is an historic symbol of Freetown, the capital city of Sierra Leone. According to legend, the Cotton Tree became an important symbol in 1792 when a group of former African American slaves, who had gained their freedom by fighting for the British during the American War of Independence, settled the site of modern Freetown. They landed on the shoreline and walked up to a giant tree just above the bay and held a thanksgiving service there to thank God for their deliverance to a free land. 8. Boab Prison Tree The Boab Prison Tree is a large hollow tree just south of Derby in Western Australia. It is reputed to have been used in the 1890s as a lockup for Indigenous Australian prisoners on their way to Derby for sentencing. In recent years a fence was erected around the tree to protect it from vandalism. 7. Major Oak The Major Oak is a huge oak tree in the heart of Sherwood Forest, Nottinghamshire, England. According to local folklore, it was Robin Hood’s shelter where he and his band of outlaws slept. The famous tree is about 800 to a 1000 years old. In 1790, Major Hayman Rooke, a noted antiquarian, included the tree in his popular book about the ancient oaks of Sherwood. It thus became known as The Major‘s Oak. 6. Lone Cypress The Lone Cypress Tree near Monterey is probably the most famous point along the 17-Mile Drive, a scenic road through Pacific Grove and Pebble Beach. The road winds through miles of breathtaking coastal views of the Pacific, with turnouts along the way at the most historical and picturesque sites. The Monterey Cypress is a species of cypress that is endemic to the Central Coast of California. In the wild, the species is confined to two small populations, near Monterey and Carmel. 5. Tree of Life The Tree of Life in Bahrain is a mesquite tree which grows in the middle of desert. The tree is said to be 400 to 500 years old. Its long roots probably have found some underground water source, but it is still a miracle as it is the only green living organism living in a vast and barren desert. The local inhabitants believe that this was the actual location of the Garden of Eden. 4. Socotra Dragon Trees The Dragon blood tree is arguably the most famous and distinctive plant of the island of Socotra. It has a unique and strange appearance, having the shape of an upside-down umbrella. This evergreen species is named after its dark red resin, that is known as “dragon’s blood”. The bizarre shape enables the tree to have optimal survival in arid conditions. The huge packed crown provides sufficient shade in order to reduce evaporation. 3. General Sherman General Sherman is a Giant Sequoia located in the Giant Forest of Sequoia National Park in California. The famous trees of the Giant Forest are among the largest trees in the world. In fact, if measured by volume, five of the ten largest trees on the planet are located within this forest. At 11.1 meter (36.5 ft) along the base he General Sherman tree is the largest of them all. The tree is believed to be between 2,300 and 2,700 years old. 2. Cedars of God The Cedars of God is a small forest of about 400 Lebanon Cedar trees in the mountains of northern Lebanon. They are among the last survivors of the extensive forests of the Cedars of Lebanon that thrived in this region in ancient times. The Cedars of Lebanon are mentioned in the Bible over 70 times. The ancient Egyptians used its resin in mummification and King Solomon used the famous trees in the construction of the First Temple in Jerusalem. 1. Avenue of the Baobabs The Avenue of the Baobabs is a group of famous trees lining the dirt road between Morondava and Belon’i Tsiribihina in western Madagascar. Its striking landscape draws travelers from around the world, making it one of the most visited tourist attractions in Madagascar. The Baobab trees, up to 800 years old, did not originally tower in isolation over the sere landscape of scrub but stood in dense tropical forest. Over the years, as the country’s population grew, the forests were cleared for agriculture, leaving only the famous baobab trees. Paul Robertson says As Michelle says above “Being from New Zealand I was hoping to see Tane Mahuta on the list.” Yes, well that giant New Zealand Kauri tree is pretty famous , but the world’s most famous tree is now “That Lake Wanaka tree”. It’s just a weed really, but there you go. Carl Saad says WOW. Great photos. As a Lebanese citizen living next to the Cedar Reserve, I suggest all people who like mountainous green hikes to come and visit the Cedars of Lebanon. Great photos! Thanks for visiting my blog today. I have actually seen the Prison Boab Tree and have some personal photos of it as I lived in that area in the 1980s 🙂 Donna Leavitt says As an artist who has drawn trees from many parts of the world this article makes me eager to seek out even more of these wonderful beings. Many excellent specimens are right here in the forests of the Pacific NW!! Jason Butler says What about the Angel Oak near Charleston, South Carolina? Charles Rahm (@DWJustTravel) says What an amazing and inspiring list. I wonder how may of us walk past these amazing trees without even giving them a second glance. The Socotra Dragon Trees are a fascinating species. I shall certainly take more notice of trees on my next travel adventure. Thank you for sharing. Natasha von Geldern says How wonderful and amazing!! Can I suggest the huge Kauri tree in the north of New Zealand as an addition – it is called Tane Mahuta by the Maori people. Gerry Wilks says In a larger tree review you might include the apple tree at Woolsthorpe Manor in England under which Isaac Newton discovered the secret of gravity. Great list. Makes me want to go visit many of them. Being from New Zealand I was hoping to see Tane Mahuta on the list. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81ne_Mahuta He is the most famous tree in New Zealand and named after the Maori god of forests and birds. What a great article! I really do admire the beauty and majesty of tree’s in general and I am in awe of these magnificent specimens. A great tree is the one in Tule Mexico, I am a great lover of the taxodium and this is the granddaddy of them all. Maybe you can start the next list with the huge Curtain Fig of North Queensland, just a suggestion. Thank you for sharing with us. Michael Cedars of God? Socotra Dragon Trees? Never heard of em. The silk-cotton trees in Angkor Wat enveloping the temple are iconic. Wow, and wow. This post is amazing and very informative. Thanks for sharing! How can you not include the oldest tree in the world? What an amazing post idea! We don’t give trees all the attention they deserve. The Kauri tree in New Zealand, And in India there are enough for a whole seperate list, What a lovely post, I would like to visit all of these trees one day. Great post, really interesting! Id have to add the Bodhi tree in Andurhapura (Sri Lanka) though, apparently one of the oldest known living of its kind and revered like no other. I think this is a great article. It is amazing to think about how old these trees actually are. Oh, if only they could talk! Beautiful pictures as well. Not to mention Joshua Tree National Forest in Southern California! silk-cotton trees of angkor wat You forgot the oldest tree in the world, Methuselah. How about the Bodhi Tree in Bodh Gaya? A tree that grew from the cutting of the actual tree in which the Buddha attained enlightenment? Its growing in the actual place where the Buddha attained enlightenment. Want to talk about a famous tree…. What about Methuselah? Jewelry Link Exchange says wow, beautiful and great pictures. no one can imagine this type of tree. Excellent collection dude!! keep posting gauteng accommodation says I love this post and I think these trees are amazing natural reminders of the passing of time and the power of the One who makes them grow. Awesome!!!

https://www.touropia.com/famous-trees-in-the-

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Men exhibit a shorter average lifespan compared to women, sparking curiosity about the factors contributing to this gender-based disparity. Several interconnected reasons underpin this phenomenon, spanning biological, behavioral, and societal dimensions. Genetic Variability: Biological differences between sexes, such as the presence of two X chromosomes in females and one X and one Y chromosome in males, can impact susceptibility to certain diseases. Variances in hormone levels, particularly estrogen’s potential protective effects in females, may contribute to differences in health outcomes. Risk-Taking Behavior: Men, on average, engage in riskier behaviors, including smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and dangerous activities, which can elevate mortality rates. Healthcare Utilization: Women tend to seek medical care more proactively than men, leading to earlier detection and intervention for health issues. Occupational Hazards: Men are often employed in high-risk occupations, exposing them to workplace hazards that can contribute to premature mortality. Social Expectations: Traditional gender roles may discourage men from expressing vulnerability, seeking emotional support, or prioritizing their health, potentially delaying health-seeking behaviors. In essence, the shorter lifespan of men compared to women is a complex interplay of biological, behavioral, and societal factors. Addressing this disparity requires a multifaceted approach, including promoting healthier lifestyles, encouraging regular health check-ups for men, and challenging societal norms that hinder men from prioritizing their well-being. By understanding and addressing these factors, strides can be made toward closing the gender gap in life expectancy.

https://crispng.com/why-do-women-live-longer-than-men-see-major-

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In the fast-paced landscape of rapid software development, where upgrades and modifications are frequent, it is crucial to ensure the stability and quality of software products. Regression testing plays a vital role here. Regression testing is a fundamental testing process that consists of repeated testing of the existing features of any tool, application, or system as it receives new upgrades. Testers conduct regression tests to ensure that an application's live and new functionalities remain working and undamaged. Under this testing approach, the quality analyst checks existing features' functional and non-functional aspects to ensure no new bugs or errors in the application. Running regression tests is more than just re-running previous test cases; it ensures that new functionality is compatible with the existing ones without breaking the system now or in the future. What is regression testing? Why do we need it? Regression testing is a type of software testing conducted to confirm that a recent change or upgrade in the application has not adversely affected the existing functionalities. A tester initiates a regression test soon after the developer incorporates a new functionality into the application or finishes fixing a current error. Often, when one code module is changed or upgraded, another module is likely to be affected due to dependencies existing between these two. Why is regression testing crucial? A regression testing approach is required to evaluate the overall working of the application after it has undergone a change for various reasons, including: - Identifying regression defects: Regression tests help detect any unintended defects or issues that may have been introduced during software development or modifications. These tests help examine the functionality of the upgrade. Regression tests ensure that the change does not interfere with the existing features of the software and identifies any errors or bugs in the application's existing functionalities. It also helps determine bugs in the newly pushed code. - Ensuring stability: This form of testing verifies that the existing functionality of the software remains intact after changes are made. It helps detect any unexpected behavior or issues that could impact user experience, ensuring the stability of the software. - Mitigating risks: Through comprehensive regression testing, potential risks associated with changes can be identified and mitigated. It helps prevent unexpected issues, system failures, or performance degradation that could impact business operations or user satisfaction. Example of regression tests Let's consider a web-based e-commerce application. Suppose the development team adds a new feature that allows users to apply discount codes during checkout. To perform regression testing, the following steps could be taken: - Comparison and analysis: The regression test results are compared against the baseline test results to identify any deviations or discrepancies. Any failures or unexpected behavior are thoroughly investigated and reported as defects to the development team for resolution. - Regression test selection: Test cases related to the impacted areas, such as the checkout process and order calculation, are selected for these tests. These test cases focus on validating that the existing functionality remains intact after the code changes. - Baseline testing: Initially, a set of test cases is executed on the existing version of the application to establish a baseline of expected behavior. This includes testing various functionalities like product browsing, adding products to the cart, and completing the purchase without applying any discount codes. - Code changes: The development team adds a new feature to the application that introduces the ability to apply discount codes during checkout. - Test execution: The selected regression test cases are executed on the modified application to ensure that the new feature works as expected without causing any issues in previously functioning areas. - Re-test and confirmation: Once the identified issues are fixed, the impacted test cases are re-executed to confirm that the fixes are effective and that the previously working functionality has been restored. The Importance of regression testing In the dynamic world of software development, regression testing stands as a cornerstone of quality assurance, ensuring that once operational software continues to perform well after it has been altered or interfaced with new software. Below, we explore why regression testing is indispensable: Ensuring software stability Regression testing is vital for verifying that the existing functionalities of an application continue to operate as expected after any modifications. This could include code changes, updates, or enhancements. The goal is to ensure that the new changes do not introduce any unintended disruptions to the functioning of the software. Detecting bugs early One of the key benefits of regression testing is its ability to identify defects early in the development cycle. This saves time and significantly reduces the cost associated with fixing bugs later in the development process. By catching regressions early, teams can avoid the complexities of digging into deeper layers of code to resolve issues that could have been avoided. Facilitating continuous improvement As software evolves, regression testing ensures that each new release maintains or improves the quality of the user experience. It supports continuous improvement by enabling teams to continuously assess changes' impact, ensuring the software remains robust and reliable. In today's tech environment, applications rarely operate in isolation. They often interact with other systems and software. Regression testing verifies that updates or new features work harmoniously within the existing system and with external interfaces without causing disruptions. As applications grow and more features are added, regression testing becomes crucial to ensure enhancements do not compromise the system's scalability. It helps confirm that the system can handle increased loads and scale without issues. Regression testing techniques Regression testing ensures that recent code changes have not adversely affected existing functionalities. There are several techniques to carry out regression testing effectively: - Retest All: This technique involves re-executing all the tests in the existing test suite. It is thorough but time-consuming and resource-intensive, making it less practical for large systems. - Regression Test Selection: Here, only a subset of the test suite is re-executed, focusing on areas of the software that are most likely to be affected by recent changes. This subset can include tests for modules, components, or functionalities related to the changes. - Test Case Prioritization: This technique prioritizes test cases based on their importance, frequency of use, and likelihood of failure. High-priority tests are run first, ensuring critical functionalities are verified early in the regression testing process. - Hybrid Approach: The hybrid approach Combines Regression Test Selection and Test Case Prioritization to balance thoroughness and efficiency. It selects and prioritizes a subset of test cases to maximize test coverage with optimal resource usage. - Automated Regression Testing: Regression automation tools can significantly enhance regression testing efficiency by automatically executing predefined test scripts. This technique is highly effective for repetitive and large-scale testing scenarios. How to define a regression test case? Defining regression test cases is a critical step in the regression testing process. A well-defined regression test case ensures comprehensive coverage and effective detection of defects introduced by recent changes. Here’s a step-by-step guide to defining a regression test case: - Identify Critical Functionalities: The application's core functionalities must be tested. These include features critical to the application's performance and user experience. - Analyze Recent Changes: Examine the recent changes made to the codebase. Understand the impact of these changes on various parts of the application to determine which areas require regression testing. - Select Test Cases: Based on the analysis, select existing test cases that cover the impacted areas. Ensure these test cases include scenarios that test the changes' direct and indirect impacts. - Prioritize Test Cases: Prioritize the selected test cases based on the likelihood of defects. Execute high-priority test cases first to identify critical issues quickly. - Define New Test Cases: If necessary, define new test cases to cover gaps in the existing test suite. These new test cases should specifically target the changes and their potential impact on the application. - Review and Update Test Cases: Regularly review and update the regression test cases to ensure they remain relevant and effective. This includes modifying test cases to accommodate application changes and removing obsolete ones. - Automate Test Cases: Where possible, automate the regression test cases to improve efficiency and consistency. Automated test cases can be executed repeatedly with minimal effort, making them ideal for regression testing. By following these steps, you can define effective regression test cases that ensure thorough testing of the application after any changes, thereby maintaining its stability and reliability. When to use regression testing Regression testing is crucial at various stages of the SDLC to ensure the stability and functionality of the application. Here are key scenarios when you should perform regression testing: 1. After code changes When developers add new code or modify existing code, regression testing is essential to verify that these changes haven't adversely affected the application's existing functionality. This includes bug fixes, feature enhancements, or code refactoring. 2. After integration When integrating new modules or components into the application, regression testing ensures that the integration does not introduce new bugs or issues. It helps verify that the integrated components work seamlessly with the existing system. 3. During major releases Before rolling out major releases or updates, testers must conduct extensive regression testing to ensure the new version does not disrupt existing features and functionalities. This is particularly important for applications with a large user base or critical functionalities. 4. Post maintenance activities After performing routine maintenance activities, such as updating libraries, frameworks, or other dependencies, regression testing helps ensure that these updates do not negatively impact the application. 5. After performance enhancements When performance optimizations are made to the application, regression testing verifies that these improvements do not compromise the correctness and reliability of the application. This includes testing for any unintended side effects that might degrade user experience. 6. Before and after deployments Regression testing ensures that deploying new changes will not introduce new issues. Post-deployment regression testing helps identify any problems in the live environment, ensuring quick resolution and minimal impact on users. 7. During continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) In a CI/CD pipeline, regression testing is an integral part of the process. Automated regression tests run after every code commit to detect issues early in the development cycle, ensuring a stable and reliable application at all times. By strategically incorporating regression testing in these scenarios, teams can maintain the quality and reliability of their applications, providing a seamless and bug-free experience for users. Strategies to perform regression tests - what to test, how often, and more Regression testing strategy depends on several key factors, like how often developers upgrade the application, how significant the new change is, and what existing sections it could affect. Here are some tried and tested proven strategies that you could follow during regression testing: - The regression testing approach must cover all the possible test cases and impacted functionalities. - When introducing automation testing, outline the test cases and scenarios to know which should be automated and manually tested. - Focus on the testing process, technology, and roles when automating regression testing. - Measure or change the scale of the upgrade to determine how likely it would affect the application. - Perform risk analysis based on the size of your business/project and its complexity, along with its importance. How does one manage regression risks and ensure they don't impact the product release schedule? The risks associated with regression testing of a software can significantly impact the product release schedule. The following are some tips for managing regression risks: - Proactively identify and assess regression risks before starting the testing process. You can then focus all your efforts on the most critical areas. - Use a structured approach for managing regression risks, such as a risk registry or risk management plan; this will help ensure that all threats are captured and tracked. - Use risk mitigation strategies to reduce the impact of identified risks. For example, if a particular threat could result in data loss, you could create backups to mitigate the risk. - Communicate any potential impacts of regression risks to stakeholders to make informed decisions about the release schedule. While regression tests are an essential part of the software development process, they can also be time-consuming and costly. Automating regression tests can help reduce the cost and time consumed for testing while providing high coverage. When deciding whether to automate regression testing, consider the following: - The type of application under test: Automated regression testing may not be feasible for all applications. For example, if the application has a complex user interface, it may be challenging to automate UI-based tests. - The frequency of changes: If the application is subject to frequent changes, automated regression tests can help save time in the long run. - The resources available: Automated regression testing requires a significant upfront investment in time and resources. If the project budget is limited, automating all regression tests may not be possible. - The coverage desired: Automated regression tests can provide high coverage if well-designed. However, manual testing may be necessary to supplement automated tests and achieve 100% coverage. How do you perform regression tests on your applications or software products? In general, there are three steps for performing these tests: - Prepare for manual and automated tests: This involves getting the required regression automation tools and resources ready, such as test data, test cases, test scripts, and more. - Identify which changes or upgrades on existing modules of the application will impact its functionalities: You need to specifically identify which areas of the application will be affected by the changes or upgrades to focus your testing efforts on those areas. - Use manual and automated tests accordingly: Once you have identified the impacted functionalities, you can use both manual and automation tests to validate that the changes or upgrades have not adversely affected those functionalities. Some of the most common regressions that need testing include functionalities such as login, search, and checkout. To detect these regressions, you can use different methods such as checking the application's output against expected results, performing functional tests, and using automated regression automation tools such as HeadSpin. Difference between automated regression testing and functional testing Functional testing and regression testing are two distinct but complementary approaches to software quality assurance. While functional testing focuses on verifying the correctness of individual features, regression testing is concerned with preserving existing functionality after making changes to the code. Both approaches are essential for ensuring that software meets customer expectations and can be deployed safely to production environments. A crucial part of any continuous integration or delivery pipeline, automated regression testing helps ensure that new code changes do not break existing functionality. By running a suite of automated tests against every build, developers can quickly identify and fix any regressions before reaching production. While enterprises focus on different aspects of regression testing, it is essential for them to consider the growing agile landscape and how this landscape can impact the testing practices. Quicker ROI and time-to-market, constant app upgrades, and better use of user feedback have all been major benefits ushered by agile, but it is often a challenge to balance agile sprints with iterative practices like regression testing. The following section offers a clearer view of regression testing in the agile scenario. The difference between regression testing and retesting The terms "regression testing" and "retesting" are often heard in software testing, but they refer to very different processes. Understanding these differences is crucial for effective test planning and execution. Retesting, also known as confirmation testing, is the process of testing specific defects that have been recently fixed. This type of testing is focused and narrow in scope. It is conducted to ensure that the specific issue fixed in a software application no longer exists in the patched version. Retesting is carried out based on defect fixes and is usually planned in the test cases. The main goal is to verify the effectiveness of the specific fix and confirm that the exact issue has been resolved. On the other hand, regression testing is a broader concept. After retesting or any software change, it is performed to confirm that recent program or code changes have not adversely affected existing functionalities. Regression testing is comprehensive; it involves testing the entire application or significant parts to ensure that modifications have not broken or degraded any existing functionality. This type of testing is crucial whenever there are continuous changes and enhancements in an application to maintain system integrity over time. - Purpose: Retesting is done to check whether a specific bug fix works as intended, while regression testing ensures that the recent changes have not created new problems in unchanged areas of the software. - Scope: Retesting has a narrow scope focused only on the particular areas where the fixes were applied, whereas regression testing has a wide scope that covers potentially affected areas of the application beyond the specific fixes. - Basis: Retesting is based on defect fixes, typically done after receiving a defect fix from a developer. Regression testing is based on the areas that might be affected by recent changes, encompassing a larger part of the application. - Execution: Retesting is carried out before regression testing and only on the new builds where defects were fixed, while regression testing can be done multiple times throughout the software lifecycle to verify the application's performance and functionality continually. Understanding the distinct roles and applications of retesting and regression testing allows quality assurance teams to allocate their resources better and plan their testing phases, ultimately leading to more robust and reliable software delivery. Challenges in regression testing Regression testing, an essential part of maintaining and enhancing software quality, faces numerous challenges that complicate development. Understanding these challenges can help teams prepare better strategies and regression automation tools to manage them effectively. As software projects evolve, the number of test cases needed to cover all features and functionalities grows. Running these comprehensive test suites can become time-consuming, especially in continuous integration environments requiring quick turnarounds. Balancing thorough testing with the demand for rapid development cycles remains a critical challenge. Regression testing often requires significant computational resources to execute many test cases. In addition, human resources are needed to analyze test results, update test cases, and manage the testing process. Efficiently allocating these resources without overspending or overworking team members is a key issue many organizations face. As software is updated or expanded, regression test cases must be reviewed and updated to cover new features and changes. This ongoing maintenance can be burdensome as it requires constant attention to ensure that tests remain relevant and effective. Neglecting test maintenance can lead to outdated tests that no longer reflect software health accurately. Prioritization of test cases Test cases vary in importance, and frequently running less critical tests can waste valuable time and resources. Determining which test cases are crucial and should be run in every regression cycle versus those that can be run less frequently is a challenge. To solve it, you need a deep understanding of the app and its most critical components. Flaky tests, or tests that exhibit inconsistent results, pose a significant challenge in regression testing. They can lead to teams ignoring important test failures or wasting time investigating false positives. Managing, identifying, and fixing flaky tests require a structured approach and can be resource-intensive. Keeping up with technological changes Regression testing strategies and tools must evolve as new technologies and development practices are adopted. Staying current with these changes without disrupting existing workflows is an ongoing challenge for testing teams. Creating an effective regression test plan A regression test plan is a pivotal document that outlines the strategy, objectives, and scope of the regression testing process. It comprises various essential components to ensure an efficient and effective testing procedure. Key goals for the regression test plan - Comprehensive Testing: Encompass all software aspects within the testing framework. - Automation of Tests: Automate tests to enhance efficiency and reliability. - Test Maintenance: Plan for test maintenance to ensure tests remain up-to-date. Assumptions and dependencies - Stable Application Version: Assume the application version is stable with no major architectural overhauls. - Real-world Simulation: Assume the test environment accurately replicates a real-world setup. - Availability of Test Cases and Data: Assume the availability and accuracy of test cases and test data. Ensure all these assumptions and dependencies are documented for effective collaboration among teams. Essential components of the regression test plan - Test Cases: Define comprehensive test cases based on scenarios and requirements, covering all system functionalities. - Test Environment: Identify necessary hardware and software configurations, including the app version, OS, and database. - Test Data: Develop consistent and diverse test data for various testing scenarios. - Test Execution: Define the test execution schedule, resources required, and regression test timeline. - Defect Management: Establish a process for reporting, tracking, and managing defects, incorporating severity and priority levels. - Risk Analysis: Identify risks associated with regression testing and devise a mitigation plan to manage them. - Test Sign-off: Define criteria for successful test sign-off, including required metrics and results. - Documentation: Prepare comprehensive documentation covering test cases, test data, results, and defect reports. The regression test plan ensures a robust testing infrastructure and facilitates efficient testing processes by encompassing these key elements. Regression testing in agile In the agile context, testing is required to develop with every sprint, and testers need to ensure that the new changes don’t impact the existing functionality of the application. There are numerous and frequent build cycles in agile contexts, along with continuous changes being added to the app, which makes regression testing more critical in the agile landscape. To achieve success in an agile landscape, the testing team must build the regression suite from the onset of the product development and continue developing these alongside development sprints. The key reason for considering regression tests showcase in agile development In any agile framework, very often, the team focuses on functionality that is planned for the sprint. But when the team pertains to a particular product space, they aren’t expected to consider the risks their changes might lead to in the entire system. This is where regression testing showcases the areas that have been affected by the recent alterations across the codebase. Regression testing in agile seamlessly helps ensure the continuity of business functions with any rapid changes in the software and enables the team to focus on developing new features in the sprint along with overall functionality. Creating test plans for regression testing in agile There are multiple ways that regression tests have been embraced into agile, which primarily depend on the type of product and the kind of testing it requires. The two common ways of constructing test plans for regression testing in Agile are: - Sprint-level regression testing - This type of test emphasizes on executing the test cases that have emerged only after the last release. - End-to-end regression testing - This type of test focuses on covering tests on all core functionalities present in the product. Based on the level of development and product stability, a suitable approach for test plan creation can be deployed. How can you perform regression testing in an agile scenario? Agile teams move very fast, and regression suites can thereby become very complex if not executed with the right strategy. In large projects, it is wiser for teams to prioritize regression tests. However, in many cases, teams are compelled to prioritize based on ‘tribal knowledge’ of the product areas, which are more prone to error and are anecdotal evidence from production faults and ineffective metrics like defect density. To perform regression tests in agile, it is essential for teams to consider certain critical aspects like: - Making it a practice to differentiate sprint-level regression tests from regular regression test cycles. - Focusing on choosing advanced automated testing tools that help generate detailed reports and visualizations like graphs on test execution cycles. These reports, in most scenarios, assist in evaluating the total ROI. - Updating regression test scripts on a regular basis to accommodate the frequent changes. - Leveraging the continuous changes to the requirements and features driven by agile systems along with changes in test codes for the regression tests. Categorizing the test cases on the basis of high, medium, and low priorities. End-to-end testing flows effectively at the high-priority test suite, the field level validations at a moderate level, and the UI and content-related tests at a low level. Categorization of test cases enables new testers to quickly grasp the testing approach and offer robust support in accelerating the test execution process. Prioritizing test cases also allows teams to make the process simpler and easier to execute, thereby streamlining the testing process and outcomes. Creating regression tests strategy for agile teams Repeated tests for continually expanding and altering codebases are often time-consuming and prone to errors. As agile development primarily focuses on speed, the sprint cycles are short, and developers often eliminate specific features in each. To avoid any emerging issues, regression testing needs to be effectively strategized and aligned with agile principles and processes. Following are some of the techniques for testing regressions seamlessly in the agile process: - Embracing automation - In order to speed up regression tests for Agile sprints, automation is almost non-negotiable. Teams must begin with automated regression test scripts and then proceed with making alterations with every new feature. Automated regression tests are best suited after the product has been developed to a significant extent. Also, these regression tests should be coupled with certain manual verifications to identify false positives or negatives. - Focusing on severely vulnerable areas of the software - As developers are well aware of their software, they should narrow down the specific areas/features/functionalities/elements of the product that have high probabilities of getting impacted by the changes in every sprint. Also, user-facing functionalities and integral backend issues should be verified with regular regression tests. A collaborative approach for testing app regressions can be fruitful in helping developers combine the benefits of both testing approaches. - Incorporating automation only in specific limits - However much the test infrastructure is modernized, aiming for complete or 100% automation is not a viable option. Certain tasks like writing test scripts and verifying results by human testers need to be executed for improved testing outcomes. Deploying the right percentage of automation will result in a lesser number of false positives/negatives, which is suitable for identifying regressions in agile. However, with the rising focus on assuring high product quality, implementing the right techniques and proportion of automation in regression testing in an agile environment has enabled teams to guarantee a more stable and reliable product at the end of every sprint each time. Different methods of setting up a regression testing framework When the testing team opts for automated regression testing, they simultaneously must define the test automation framework for the purpose. By defining the test automation framework, testers can give a definite structure to the test cases when they are automated. Here is how a defined architecture plays a vital role in automated testing: - A designated QA professional, along with their preferred choice of automation testing tool - A suitable and relevant structure includes test cases and test suites. - A basic testing script to run the regression tests, which is also scalable and accommodating to the new test cases - Before developing a test automation framework, QA professionals complete integration tasks to ensure that they can focus solely on running the script for regression testing. Best practices for regression testing - tips on improving your process - Make detailed test case scenarios for regressing the testing approach. - Keep the test case file updated with new scenarios and perform regression tests based on that file. - Create a standard procedure for regressing testing regularly. - Identify the functionalities or application areas at high risk due to recent upgrades or changes. - Link these tests with functional as well as non-functional testing. - Run regression tests after every successful compiling of the new code. - Design the regression tests approach based on the risk factors surrounding the business model for the application. - Perform desired regression tests action and compare it with the expected/previous response for correctness. - Integrate automated regression testing into your continuous integration or delivery pipeline; this will help ensure that new code changes do not break existing functionality and that any regressions are quickly identified and fixed. - Establish a process for the regression tests and ensure that everyone involved in the project is aware of it; this will help ensure that you and your team take the necessary steps to test all changes adequately. - Identify the changes or upgrades done on existing modules of the application that will impact its functionalities; this will help you focus your testing efforts during regression testing on those areas. - Use manual and automated tests to validate that the changes or upgrades have not adversely affected functionalities; this will help you catch any regressions that the changes or upgrades may have introduced. Types of tests that you can use in a regression framework There are several types of tests you can conduct using a regression testing framework: - Re-run previous test cases and compare the results with the earlier outputs to check the application's integrity after code modification - Conduct regression testing of a software by running only a part of the test suite, which might be affected due to the code change - Take an approach for testing regressions where you execute test cases priority-wise; you run higher priority cases before lower priority test cases (You can prioritize test cases based on checking the upgraded/subsequent version of the application or the current version.) - The above two techniques can be combined for hybrid test selection, assessing regressions for a part of the test suite based on its priority. Common mistakes when running regressions tests Developers can make common mistakes that they can prevent with extra care. Here are a few errors that you can avoid making: - Avoiding conducting regression testing after code release/change or bug fix is a mistake. - Not defining a framework for testing regressions or not sticking to one will execute arbitrary test cases and suites on any automation tool that would cost time, money, and bug identification. - Not defining a goal and making it invisible to everyone involved in the project. - Re-running the same test cases is time-consuming and costly; yet, regression tests is necessary to ensure the application does not break when upgrading it to a newer version. - Not opting for automation testing over the manual approach. These are the most common mistakes any professional can make while conducting regression testing. To avoid these, HeadSpin offers an intelligent regression testing approach that includes an automated solution to all your regression issues. Tools to perform your software regression testing These are some of the most famous regression testing tools available today. Each has its strengths and weaknesses, so choosing the right tool for your specific needs is essential. - HeadSpin Regression Platform is a regression testing tool that uses intelligent test automation to test web and mobile applications. HeadSpin designed the platform to help developers quickly identify and fix any regressions before reaching production. HeadSpin Regression Platform integrates with various development tools and supports many browsers and operating systems, making it a versatile option for regression testing. - Selenium WebDriver is a popular open-source tool for web application regression testing. Testers can use it to automate tests against both web and mobile applications. It supports various browsers and operating systems, making it a versatile option for regression tests. - JUnit is a popular open-source unit testing framework for Java development. Testers can also use it for regression testing by creating test cases that exercise the functionality of an application. JUnit is easy to use and integrates various development tools, making it a good option for regression tests. - TestNG is another popular open-source testing framework, similar to JUnit. It also supports regression testing and has good integration with various development tools. - Cucumber is a popular tool for behavior-driven development (BDD). Testers can use it for regression testing by creating test scenarios that exercise the functionality of an application. Cucumber's readable syntax makes it easy to build regression tests that both developers and non-technical stakeholders understand. - Appium is a tool for mobile application regression testing. Testers can use it to automate tests against native, web, and hybrid mobile applications. Appium supports a wide variety of mobile platforms, making it a versatile tool for regression testing. - Watir is a tool for regression testing of web applications. Testers can use it to automate tests against web applications using the Ruby programming language. Watir integrates with various development tools, making it a good option for regression testing. - Sahi Pro is a regression testing tool for web applications. Testers can use it to automate tests against web applications using the Sahi script language. Sahi Pro integrates with various development tools and supports a wide range of browsers and operating systems, making it a good option for this testing approach. HeadSpin's data science driven approach toward delivering aggregation and regression testing insights helps professionals monitor, analyze, and determine the changes in the application. HeadSpin offers build-over-build regression and location-to-location comparison with its AI-powered regression intelligence across new app builds, OS releases, feature additions, locations, and more. Frequently asked questions (FAQs) Q1. What is the difference between regression testing and retesting? Ans: Regression testing focuses on verifying that existing functionality has not been impacted by changes while retesting focuses on confirming that a specific defect has been fixed. Regression testing is broader in scope and covers multiple functionalities, while retesting is more specific and targets a single defect. Q2. What are some of the types of tests that you can conduct as part of regression testing? Ans: Re-run previous test cases, run regression testing by running only a part of the test suite, and take a regression testing approach where you execute test cases priority-wise. These are some types of tests that you can conduct as regression testing. Q3. How can we measure the effectiveness of regression testing? Ans: The effectiveness of regression testing can be measured by tracking the number of defects found post-release, analyzing the test coverage achieved, monitoring the stability of the software over multiple releases, and gathering feedback from stakeholders.

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Prioritization is one of the most critical decision-making methods, and it skillfully executes your vision. You can prioritize in different ways, but the most common way is by urgency and importance. Urgency refers to how soon you need to do something, and importance is how much impact something will have. You need to compare these two factors to determine the best course of action. Sometimes you will have to decide between two things that are both urgent and important. In this case, you need to prioritize their impact on the goal. The more effect something has on the plan, the higher it is prioritized. There are also times when you will have to decide between two urgent but not important things. In this case, you should ignore essential tasks and only focus on urgent ones. The less time something takes to do, the higher it is prioritized. Lastly, there are times when you will have to decide between two things that are both important but not urgent. In this case, you focus on the importance, and the greater the importance, the higher it is prioritized. By using these prioritization techniques, you can ensure that you are constantly working on the most critical tasks first. This technique will help you to achieve your goals more quickly and efficiently. As the name rightly implies, prioritization means setting priorities and building roadmaps according to the organization’s needs. It is a critical aspect in the modern business world and should be given due consideration while planning any activity. What Is Prioritization? Prioritization in the literal sense means ‘the action or process of deciding the relative importance or urgency of a thing or things. In the business world, prioritization is all about figuring out what’s essential and what’s not. It is the process of ranking tasks in order of importance to tackle them systematically. There are many reasons why prioritization is essential in the business world. Some of them are listed below: - To achieve long-term goals, you need to align and prioritize short-term goals with them. - Tasks need to be prioritized according to their importance and urgency. - Resources need to be allocated judiciously, keeping in mind the organization’s priorities. - The outcome of prioritization decides the sequence of action for an organization. What Is the Importance of Prioritization? 1. It helps you in managing time: When prioritizing work, you prioritize which is essential and which can wait. This system helps in prioritizing your time too. 2. It helps in prioritizing internal resources: You will know whether to allocate resources for the most urgent task or prioritize them based on their areas of expertise. Which work is more essential than others? These are some questions that come into play when prioritized appropriately. 3. Prioritizing will help uncover hidden problems: By prioritizing tasks, you get to see things up-front that would otherwise have surfaced, later on, creating problems for the project team at a much larger level, perhaps even threatening the success of the product itself! You need to avoid this, where prioritization comes into play. 4. It enables better decision making: When you look at prioritized tasks holistically, it gives a much better understanding of how different parts of the project are interconnected and how changes in one area can impact other areas. This understanding, in turn, helps make better decisions, ones that can positively impact the project as a whole. 5. Helps keep everyone on track: It is vital to have everyone on board working towards the common goal to ensure that the project is. A well-prioritized task list will help keep everyone focused and motivated to see the bigger picture and how their efforts contribute to it. 6. Aids in focusing on most urgent and essential tasks: In prioritizing a list of tasks, you can quickly identify the most critical and urgent as they will be at the top. Managers can thus focus their efforts on these activities first, helping them carry out critical project-related works on time. 7. Helps with financial management: A prioritized task list helps managers plan for resources and time required to do different prioritized activities. This planning enables the estimation of costs involved in a project and ensures that there is no overrun or underutilization of funds at any point during the project execution stage. The prioritization exercise also clarifies how much money you need to spend on each activity by analyzing risks, cost of delay, etc., which varies with each activity. 8. Helps set expectations: A prioritized task list helps improve prioritization decision making within the team and communicates effectively about prioritizing project work with stakeholders. These are some critical benefits of prioritization, but there are many others that one can find by investing in these exercises for their projects. PTM Pro prioritization software enables teams or individuals to structure their workload according to priority rather than dependency. Using Monte Carlo simulation, it schedules tasks based on early/late start times and forecasts completion dates. It does so before committing any resources to a project – resulting in better-prioritized execution and more effective delivery of results on time and within budget. In product management, prioritization is essential because: - A product manager must prioritize the features and functionalities according to their impact on the end-user. - Products need to be prioritized based on their usage, time, etc., to maintain order. Looking for a solution that makes your prioritization task a cake walk? Then you need to check out the best product management software like Chisel. How to Efficiently Prioritize? Planning and strategy keep changing and evolving through time and circumstances to suit the needs and demands of both the organization and the consumer. The prioritization of tasks is essential to an effective business, but this can be complex in the ever-changing landscape. The appropriate tools and processes must be in place to enable you to make quick, informed decisions about what gets done when. This approach helps businesses stay organized and focused and enables them to react quickly to changes in the market or new opportunities. By prioritizing tasks effectively, managers can align their teams with their business objectives and create a focused culture. Prioritization is an integral part of project management, but it isn’t always easy to balance the needs of all your team members. The trick is prioritizing based on critical tasks that have been assigned to each project member and then seeing who would benefit from prioritizing the rest. This approach has been referred to as “steps in a ladder prioritization process.” It’s a great way to get everyone involved in prioritization without forcing them to complete everything at once or expecting people already buried under work to prioritize what still needs to be done after they finish their other assignments. We have compiled some of the significant steps in which the prioritization can be effectively done. Step 1: Establish the cost and the value drivers This step is essential in prioritization as it can help identify the available resources and the areas where you can create value. The cost drivers help identify where money is being spent, while the value drivers help evaluate what the company hopes to achieve with the project. Step 2: Identify the stakeholders Stakeholders will be affected by the project in one way or another. They could be anyone from customers and clients to employees and shareholders. It’s important to know who they are so that their needs can be taken into account when prioritizing the tasks. Step 3: Give rating to all the primary features and components of your product Using a prioritization grid, identify the problems to be solved in order of their importance. This prioritization process helps you decide whether your product should focus on solving one major problem or if it needs to address several smaller ones. Step 4: Create a prioritized list of project tasks with the most critical work item at the top Now that you have prioritized what value drivers are most important, you can begin scheduling your project by listing all the necessary components and tasks that need to be completed to reach your goal. It might be helpful to reference this prioritized to-do list as you go along so that if a task becomes less valuable to the consumer, you can quickly shift it down below another job on the list. Bear in mind that some tasks may depend on others, so you’ll need to create a logical sequence for your work items. Also, make sure to give yourself some breathing room – unexpected problems always seem to arise during project execution. With that in mind, it’s best to add a few extra tasks to your prioritized list as “buffer” items just in case. Step 5: Discuss priorities with all the stakeholders Now that your prioritized to-do list is in place, it’s time to share it with everyone who the project will impact. This includes stakeholders such as management, other departments within your company, and any other external entities involved in the project. Step 6: Finally, share your priorities to get everyone on board It’s crucial to outline the prioritized list with all stakeholders and make sure that they agree with your project plan. If necessary, you’ll want to go through the prioritization process again until everyone is happy with your prioritized to-do list. What Are Some of the Popular Techniques of Prioritization? First of all, prioritization is sorting objects in order of their importance. After prioritizing, you can organize your projects using effective prioritization techniques. Several prioritization techniques like Pugh Concept Selection (PCS), Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Pairwise comparison technique, etc. Still, there are some top prioritization methods that project managers use to prioritize effectively: The MosCow Method is a business management system that helps companies improve operational efficiency and effectiveness. This method also helps prioritize day-to-day jobs, leading to an organized workflow. 2. Grid Analysis This method prioritizes an entire list of items based on attributes or factors associated with each item. 3. Affinity Diagramming Also known as the “KJ Method,” this prioritization method involves writing down all ideas first and then grouping similar items together so they can be prioritized and managed as a whole. 4. Decision Matrix This prioritization method applies numerical weights to all prioritized items and then compares the scores of items compared with each other. 5. Kano Model This prioritization method evaluates customer satisfaction by prioritizing features or services most desired (and least desired) by customers. 6. Pareto Analysis This prioritization method identifies and prioritizes the most critical problems or areas of opportunity. 7. Critical Path Method This prioritization method helps project managers optimize their schedules by identifying the longest path through a project and then prioritizing tasks on that path. 8. Theory of Constraints This prioritization method focuses on identifying one critical bottleneck in a process and then prioritizing solutions that will improve throughput at that point. 9. Prioritization Matrices This type of matrix is often used to help make decisions by comparing items against each other. 10. Weighted sorting This prioritization method helps users compare options by prioritizing them based on weighted values. 11. Opportunity sorting This prioritization method helps users prioritize items by their potential impact. 12. Time-based prioritization This method prioritizes tasks based on the estimated time required to complete them. 13. Resource-based prioritization This prioritization method prioritizes tasks based on the availability of resources. 14. Value-based prioritization This prioritization method prioritizes tasks based on their value to the organization. 15. Risk-based prioritization This method ranks tasks based on their potential impact on the project objectives. A Final Word The life cycle of the product involves multiple aspects and levels. Prioritization is the key to success, and it contributes to the product’s success by prioritizing tasks and project objectives according to their significance and effect on other aspects. Prioritization saves cost, time, human resources, and effort by establishing a hierarchy of task completion. It prioritizes tasks that contribute more towards the project or higher priority. Thus prioritization is an essential part of project management, ensuring prioritizing tasks efficiently. Choosing the prioritized list enables organizations to compare the benefits of each project against one another, allowing them to be better decision-makers about the allocation of limited resources.

https://chisellabs.com/blog/how-to-master-

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Salmonella typhoid bacteria are responsible for causing typhoid fever. In modern societies, typhoid fever is uncommon. Still, it poses a significant health risk, especially to children, in the global south. Typhoid fever is caused by ingesting contaminated food or water or coming into close contact with an infected individual. Signs and symptoms usually include: • An extremely high temperature • Gas pains • Diarrhea and constipation Although most persons with typhoid fever recover within a few days of beginning antibiotic therapy, a tiny percentage of those who do so may eventually die from complications. The ineffectiveness of typhoid vaccines is well-documented. Those who are at risk of contracting typhoid or who will be visiting a region where the disease is prevalent are the ones who often receive vaccinations. Symptoms often show anywhere from one week to three weeks after exposure but can take longer in some cases. Illness manifesting at an earlier age Some symptoms include: Low-grade fever that steadily rises over several days, reaching temperatures of up to 104.9 F. (40.5 C) • Tiredness and weakness • Sore muscles • A dry hacking cough • A decrease in hunger and loss of weight • Gas pains • Bowel problems, either diarrhea or constipation • Very severe abdominal swelling Without treatment, you may: - Become delirious - Lie motionless and exhausted with your eyes half-closed in what’s known as the typhoid state Life-threatening complications often develop at this time. In some people, signs and symptoms may return up to two weeks after the fever has subsided. To what extent should I see a doctor? If you fear you may have typhoid fever, you should see a doctor right away. If you are an American citizen and need a recommendation for a doctor while abroad, you can get one by calling the U.S. Consulate in your destination country. Consult a physician skilled in international travel medicine or infectious illnesses if you continue to experience symptoms after returning home. You might get better results from your treatment if you find a doctor who specializes in these areas. Salmonella typhi, a hazardous pathogen, causes typhoid fever. Salmonella typhi is linked to the bacteria that cause salmonellosis, a severe intestinal infection, but they are not the same. Route of fecal-oral transfer Most people in wealthy countries become infected with typhoid germs while traveling. Once infected, they can spread the infection to others via the fecal-oral route. This indicates that Salmonella typhi is transmitted through the feces and, in some cases, the urine of infected people. You can become infected if you eat food that has been touched by someone who has typhoid fever and has not been washed thoroughly after using the toilet. Most people become infected with typhoid fever in impoverished nations by drinking polluted water. The germs can also spread through contaminated food and direct contact with an affected person. Typhoid fever is a severe global problem that affects around 27 million or more individuals each year. The disease has spread to India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and South America, among other places. Children are the most vulnerable to the disease worldwide, although having milder symptoms than adults. • If you reside in a place where typhoid fever is uncommon, you are more likely to have it if you: • Work in or visit locations where typhoid fever is prevalent. • As a clinical microbiologist, you will be dealing with Salmonella typhi bacteria. • Have close contact with someone who has typhoid fever or has recently been infected with it. • Drink water contaminated with Salmonella typhi from sewage. Bleeding or perforations in the intestines The most severe effects of typhoid fever are intestinal bleeding or intestinal holes. They typically appear around the third week of illness. When this happens, a hole forms in either the small intestine or the big intestines. When intestinal contents leak into the stomach, it can lead to serious medical problems like nausea, vomiting, and even a blood infection (sepsis). This potentially fatal condition calls for emergency medical attention. Other, less common complications Other possible complications include: • A disease characterized by inflammation of the cardiac muscle (myocarditis) • Valvular and lining inflammation of the heart (endocarditis) • Major blood vessel infection (mycotic aneurysm) • Pancreatic inflammation (pancreatitis) • Infections of the bladder or kidney • A condition characterized by infection and inflammation of the membranes and cerebrospinal fluid that surround your brain and spinal cord (meningitis) • Issues of mental health such as delirium, hallucinations, and paranoid psychosis People in industrialized countries are very likely to recover from typhoid fever if they receive treatment quickly. Some patients may not make it through the disease’s later stages without treatment. You should get vaccinated against typhoid if you live in or plan to visit a high-risk location. Two vaccines are available. - One is given as a single shot at least one week before travel. - One is given orally in four capsules, with one capsule to be taken every other day. It’s important to note that neither vaccine has a perfect success rate. Because of diminishing efficacy over time, booster shots are necessary for both. Due to the vaccine’s limited efficacy, travelers to high-risk locations should take the following precautions: • Be sure to clean your hands. The most effective method of preventing the spread of disease is regular hand washing with soap and hot water. Always use the restroom and kitchen sink before eating or preparing food. When water isn’t an option, have an alcohol-based hand sanitizer on hand. • Don’t put your health at risk by ingesting water that hasn’t been treated. Places where typhoid fever is common often have a water supply that is contaminated. It’s best to stick to drinking bottled water, canned or bottled carbonated drinks, wine, and beer. Bottled water with carbonation is preferable to water without carbonation for health reasons. The ice should be removed from your drinks upon request. To avoid ingesting water while showering, use bottled water to brush your teeth. • Never eat raw produce. Avoid raw fruits and vegetables that you can’t peel, like lettuce, because they may have been washed in dirty water. InTolay it safe, you might want to stay away from raw foods altogether. • You should eat hot foods. Don’t eat anything that’s been sitting out at room temperature for a while. Only piping hot meals will do. Food from street sellers is more likely to be contaminated, so it’s advisable to avoid them even if there’s no guarantee that even the greatest restaurants provide safe food. • Find out where the hospitals and clinics are located. Find out in advance where you can get quality medical treatment on your travels, and bring along a list of names, addresses, and phone numbers of recommended doctors. Avoid spreading the disease. These precautions can ensure the safety of others around you as you recover from typhoid fever: • Use the antibiotics as prescribed. Do not stop taking your antibiotics before they are all gone; instead, follow your doctor’s instructions in the letter. • It’s important to regularly wash your hands. This is the most crucial measure you can take to prevent the spread of the disease. Scrub your hands for at least 30 seconds in hot, soapy water before eating or visiting the restroom. • Do not touch any food. Do not risk spreading your illness by preparing food for others until your doctor gives the all-clear. Testing must indicate that you are no longer shedding typhoid bacteria before you can return to work in the food service business or a healthcare facility.

https://medicalcaremedia.com/causes-prevention-and-symptoms-of-

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High-speed trains exist in various countries throughout the world, surpassing speeds of 200 mph (321 kp/h). However, many often wonder what powers these trains to reach such high speeds. So, how are high speed trains powered? Electricity. High speed trains receive their electric power from over head wires, mostly at a voltage of 25 kV 50 Hz, and is collected via a pantograph atop the train. Wires strung along a set of catenary are the most common types of powering high speed trains, as it is commonly the most energy efficient way, as it reduces the reliance on fossil fuels, and implements a new, convenient way of travel. Overhead catenary is an effective and energy efficient way to operate high speed trains. Overhead wires or catenary are fed electricity through feeder stations along the railway, which have access to high capacity electrical grids. There are various elements of a catenary wire. Oftentimes, two wires are strung above the tracks, the first wire, called the messenger wire, which supports the contact wire that makes contact with the pantograph. The function of the messenger wire is to keep the contact wire straight above the tracks for maximum current collection, especially at high speeds. The two wires are held together via a drop wire, which attaches to the two wires every few feet, thus, increasing its tension. By this connection, the contact wire and messenger wire are connected electrically. High speed trains operated by overhead wires are very energy efficient, as once the electricity travels through the train, the unused current is then filtered back into the overhead lines for the next train to utilize. The type of wires utilized for high speed operation must be able to handle the high heat and friction generated from a passing pantograph. Thus, oftentimes, the contact wire is constructed of copper to further strengthen the connectivity between the wire and the pantograph. The messenger wire is oftentimes constructed of multiple metals, such as copper, aluminum, and steel, and must be equally as strong as the contact wire and must have strong conductive properties. In most cases, the messenger wire would be constructed by nearly twenty smaller wires inside a cable. Tensioning is imperative in high speed rail operation, as it is important to prevent wire damage and other issues related to standing waves. Mechanical tensioning is carried out utilizing hydraulics or weights. This method, known as auto tensioning, is designed to keep the tension of each wire between 2,000 and 4,500 lbf to prevent any slack or rapid movements in the wire. For ease of maintenance, sections of catenary along a high speed railway are separated into different sections. Where two sections meet is called a section break, where an insulator ensures the pantograph has constant contact with the contact wire. Oftentimes, to ensure pantograph contact, two contact wires and four drop wires are utilized. Additional breaks include a neutral break, which take place when multiple power grids are supplying power to the overhead line. A phase break is a section of un-electrified catenary where two grids meet with different voltages from separate power grids. In between the phase break, an insulator is implemented to ensure constant pantograph contact with the catenary. This is mainly only utilized in an AC system, as AC current is constantly cycling in polarity, and it is difficult to determine whether each electrical current is sufficiently synchronized with each other. Phase break is meant to prevent the pantograph from creating a spike in current, which could cause a power line disabled for maintenance to attract current. Pantographs and Traction Motors High speed trains collect power from the overhead alternating current (AC), wires, which transfers the energy to the transformer. The transformer then transfers the energy to the axle brushes, which the energy is then transferred to the primary rectifier, where the energy is converted into direct current (DC), which then travels to the primary inverter, where it is turned into 3 phase AC current, which is then fed into the traction motors thus, turning the wheels. It is imperative that the carbon insert on surface of the pantograph experiences even wear. When a train is traveling on a straight section of track, the pantograph sways left and right, creating even wear on the copper insert. On a curved section of track, the pantograph crosses completely over the contact wire, once again creating even wear. High speed trains are equipped with a special type of pantograph, called the “half pantograph” which due to its shape, resembles the letter “Z”. Also called the Faiveley pantograph, after its curator, Louis Faiveley, which was designed for various uses, however, most notably for high speed operation. Contrary to popular belief, the Faiveley pantograph can be operated in either direction without affecting the efficiency of the equipment. This type of pantograph is utilized on most high speed networks such as the TGV, Shinkansen, and German ICE trains. Additionally, it is oftentimes utilized on high performance locomotives such as the Siemens Vectron, and Taurus locomotives. Pantographs are lowered and raised via air pressure, and are equipped with a fail safe mechanism to prevent damage to the pantograph. The fail-safe mechanism lowers the pantograph in the event that the carbon insert on the top becomes damaged or becomes dislodged completely. Upon any of these circumstances, the air is released, and the pantograph drops down. Alternatives to Electric Power In the early days of high speed rail travel, various gas turbine and diesel electric powered trains were proposed. The prototype TGV train set, named “TGV 001”, was a gas turbine powered train set, which was powered by helicopter turbines. The train set the world speed record for non-electric traction in December 8, 1972, when it reached 198 mph (318 kp/h), a record that has yet to be broken. However, due to the oil crisis in the seventies, it was deemed not feasible to utilized gas turbine powered train sets, thus, electric traction was implemented. The United Kingdom tried their hand at gas-turbine powered high speed train sets as well, with the introduction of the APT-e in 1972. Built by British Rail’s Derby Works, the APT-e is best known for its record breaking run on the Great Western Mainline, on BR’s Western Division, where it reached a speed of 152.3 mph (245.1 kp/h) between Swindon and Reading. Although the experiment was successful, the set was never meant to enter revenue service, and was designed to test the high speed capabilities of Britain’s rail network. Although an experimental unit, the APT-e paved the way for the highly successful HST, which has been a staple on Britain’s rail network since its implementation in 1976. Germany’s ICE train introduced diesel multiple units (DMU) in 2001 to replace locomotive hauled trains on DB’s existing rail lines. Designated the ICE TD, the sets were produced in a joint venture between Bombardier and Siemens, and operated on the route between Berlin and Copenhagen. However, the units suffered from astronomical maintenance costs, leading DB to not pursue a mid-life rebuild, thus, all were retired in 2017. The most successful non-electrified high speed train set was British Rail’s High Speed Train (HST), which entered service in 1976, and has become a staple on nearly every railway in the country. Development of the HST began when Britain sought to implement high speed rail to its network, however, electrifying various rail lines throughout the country was not economically feasible during the seventies. Thus, diesel-electric traction was decided upon, and design was derived from the highly successful APT-e experiment. The HST revolutionized various routes throughout the network, with its 125 mph (201 kp/h) top speed. The HST replaced various services operated by Class 55 Deltics on the eastern region, and Class 50s and 47s on the Western Region. With its abundant success, the HST continues to serve the United Kingdom, however, they are slowly being phased out on many routes by new Hitachi IET train sets. Non fossil fuel alternatives have been proposed as well, such as the Magnetic levitation trains (Maglev), which have garnered much interest in recent history since its implementation on a test route in Germany in 1984. However, only the Shanghai Maglev has been operational in revenue service, as the German route was a test bed, and is due to be disassembled. The Maglev operates via a series of linear arrays of electromagnetic coils, one being located on the guide-way, and the other attached to the train, which allows the train to hover over the guide-way. Although the Maglev concept is intriguing, construction and maintenance costs have deterred many from utilizing the technology. Instead, conventional rail high speed trains have been preferred.

https://worldwiderails.com/how-are-high-speed-trains-powered/

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The aim of our RICH task is to develop the students understanding of floating and sinking. We will achieve this by providing students an opportunity to investigation a range of aspects through inquiry based learning, where they may explore the density and buoyancy of object to explain why objects sink or float. To introduce this concept to the students, the teacher will have a fish tank set up at the front of the classroom with a random object placed on each table- this will indicate to the students that a new concept is being started in the classroom. To originally engage students in the unit, the teacher will discuss with student items they already know which sink and float, prior to them placing their objects on either the ‘sink’ or ‘float’ table. Over the coming weeks, the students will investigate a range of concepts associated with sinking and floating, including buoyancy and density, prior to completing an inquiry based learning unit whereby the students are required to build a boat using their knowledge and attempt to float it. Along with this activity, the students will be involved in a range of class activities to explore the floating and sinking of different objects, and as a class explain why this is. (Reference at end) After watching the video clip above and discussing what has been learnt, student will then complete the quick quiz below with a partner. By completing it with a partner, students will be able to discuss the answers prior to selecting one. At completion of the quiz, the teacher will determine who got the most ‘points’ and may award either points or a prize. This activity can also be used as a game show- with quiz on smartboard and students are in small group and must select which question to answer (the most points the question is worth the harder the question is). The team with the most point at the end is award the winner. The above quiz provides a small amount of information about the science Archimedes’, which also incorporates a history into the unit. The general concept is that Hiero was given a golden crown by a goldsmith and asked Archimedes to find out if it really was pure gold. Archimedes, on discovering the principle of displacement needed to measure the density of the crown is said to have shouted "eureka, eureka!" while running naked through Syracuse. This shows that Archimedes' method successfully detected the goldsmith's fraud, as the goldsmith had made a crown of silver and coated it in gold, ensuring it weighed the same as a gold crown and ultimately ripped Hiero off. This shows that two objects may weigh the same, however their density may be different meaning that one item will sink and the other will float. This concept can be reinforce by reading the book ‘Mr Archimedes’ by Pamela Allen which briefly explains the concept of water displacement in a bathtub. Students who are interested can be provided with the opportunity to find further information on this interesting concept. These experiences aim to give background information to the students to start developing the concept and ideas related to floating and sinking, and maybe starting to address misconceptions at an early stage in the unit. (Reference at end) Buoyancy and Density- Video Clip This is a 12 minute video clip which explains buoyancy and density using a number of examples, including hot air balloons and blocks. It also provide an example of how to determine density, and explains how if the density of an object is more than the density of the water is will sink but if it is less it will float. This would be a great resource to use to introduce children to the concepts of buoyancy and density, prior to completing a lesson on it. Buoyancy and Density- Video Clip ACT Curriculum Framework- Every Chance to Learn - ELA 19.LC.17. Observe, explore, investigate, consider, identify, describe, compare and sort natural phenomena and living & non-living things. The role of the teacher in this outcome is to facilitate the children’s learning and exploring the concept of sinking and floating. It is vital for a teacher to provide open ended investigations that the children can solve themselves. - ELA 19.LC.18. Examine and predict events, speculate about how and why things happen, and compare explanations from different sources, using scientific language. The role of the teacher in this outcome is to allow the children to hypothesise outcomes before performing or researching the outcome. This is vital to a child’s process of thinking and will challenge the child’s way of thinking especially if the result wasn’t what they had expected. - ELA 19.LC.6. Comparison of properties of an object with those of the materials of which it is made and why materials are chosen for a particular purpose. The role of the teacher in this outcome is to get children to be proactive in the development of experiments and getting them to gather resources and having discussions on what resources are best and why is giving children freedom in their own learning. NSW Science & Technology K-6 Syllabus - Physical Phenomena – pushes and pulls can make things move & stop - Products & Services – products can be created to fulfil a specific purpose National Science Curriculum: Framing paper Stage 1, students from 5 to 8 years of age - Curriculum focus – Awareness of self and the local natural world - Sources of interesting questions and the related science understanding – Everyday life experiences involving science at home and in nature. - Relevant big ideas of science – Observation, Order, Questioning & speculating Curriculum focus: awareness of self and the local natural world Young children have an intrinsic curiosity about their immediate world. Raising questions leads to speculation and the testing of ideas. They have a desire to explore and investigate the things around them. Exploratory, purposeful play is a central feature of their investigations. Observation is an important skill to be developed at this time, using all the senses in a dynamic way. Observation also leads into the idea of order that involves describing, comparing, and sorting. It is common for students to have misconception associated with floating and sinking, particularly why different items float or sink. Some of the most common misconceptions related in floating and sinking include: - Small objects float and large objects sink - Soft objects float and hard objects sink - Floating objects have air in them somewhere - Floating is when a sizeable amount of the object is above the water, if there is only a small amount above the water it is partly floating and partly sinking or that it was ‘starting’ to sink and would eventually go down - Many believe that objects completely submerged but freely suspended, such as fish and submarines were not actually floating - When asked why an object float, children often say it is because the object is light The main misconception however, about floating and sinking is concerned with the weight and size of the object. Many children believe that if two objects are the same in weight then they must both either float or sink. This is incorrect as density determines whether an item float or sinks. A simple example to show this is the ‘soft drink test’, by completing this test the children can see that a normal can of coke sinks whilst a diet can of coke floats. This is concerned with the additional sugar in the normal can of coke which makes the object more dense and hence causes it to float. (Reference at end) Furthermore, there have been a range of studies into the misconceptions concerned with floating and sinking, one of particiular interest is the research completed by F Thompson and S Logue- 'An Exploration of Common Student Misconceptions in Science'. Throughout their research, they identified the scientific concept along with the most common student misconceptions, as shown below: Scientific Concepts | Associated Misconceptions | Whether something sinks or floats depends on a combination of its density, buoyancy, and effect on surface tension | Things float if they are light and sink if they are heavy. | Clouds contain very small particles of water or ice that are held up in the air by the lifting action of air currents, wind and convection. These particles can become bigger through condensation and when they become too heavy to be held up in the air they fall to the earth as rain, hail or snow. | Clouds contain water that leaks out as rain. | An animal is a multicellular organism that is capable of independent movement. | An animal is a land mammal other than a human being. Insects, birds and fish are not animals. | How do you modify student’s science misconceptions? It is frequently discussed that it can be very difficult to change the way an individual perceives something (Guesne and Tiberghien, 1985). The process of conceptual change occurs when a state of disequilibrium occurs for a student an instructional three-step strategy is suggested by Finegold & Gorsky 2004. Firstly students’ preconceptions must be interpreted through an exposing event. Secondly conflict must be created from a discrepancy which conflicts with students’ preconceptions where they are unable to explain the outcome of an event. Thirdly students require a learning support system such as scaffolding that will assist them to find a viable explanation. The most successful approaches to changing misconceptions explained by Prescott & Mitchelmore, 2005 are for teachers to firstly be aware of their own misconceptions and ensure that students are aware of their misconceptions. Teachers should discuss common misconceptions with students in depth and give students the opportunity to test their misconceptions in a variety of ways. Misconceptions are a development of ideas that are developed by people with the information that they have and it is important to note that everyone has “alternative conceptions about how the world works.” (Skamp. K, 1998) The role of the teacher is to provide inquiry based learning opportunities for students to deal with their misconceptions by “confronting them with conflicting evidence” (Skamp. K, 1998) “Misconceptions can be difficult to change however research shows that creating a disequilibrium in the students thinking is essential to change misconception” (Harlen. W, 2004). For this reason we have developed a RICH task which provides students with the opportunity to address their misconception by first allowing them to predict whether an object will sink or float, prior to completing an inquiry based experiment to test their theories. Task- Building a Boat The following RICH task will be implemented over a number of weeks, where students develop their understanding of floating and sinking, and what causes such items to float or sink including the basis of concepts of density and buoyancy. They will develop an understanding of different materials which may be used when designing a boat. When students make their boat, they will then test its ability to float and hold additional weight before completing an evaluation. Introduction to Concept To begin the unit, the students will investigate a range of items and their ability to float or sink. The students will view a number of items, and then using the worksheet provided in Lesson Resources section below, the students will: - Write or draw the item in column 1. - Predict whether it will sink or float and record their prediction in column 2. - Place the item in the water and observe what happens. - Record their results in column 3. - Repeat the procedure and record the results in column 4. - Place the items that sank in one pile and the items that floated in another pile. (Reference at end) When each group has completed the testing in water, they then will select an unusual substance, such as oil, soft drink or jelly mix and begin complete the worksheet again with the new substance. The students will be shocked to see that items may sink in one substance but float in another. After each group has finished testing their objects discuss the results using the following questions: - How many of your predictions were correct? - Did your predictions get better, worse, or stay the same? - Look at the pile of objects that sank. Describe them. Do they have anything in common with one another? - Look at the pile of objects that floated. Describe them. Do they have anything in common with one another? - Compare the results for each group. Did everybody get the same results? If any of the results were different, ask students to replicate their trial. The students will then investigate the concepts of density and buoyancy, researching the fact that whether an item float and sinks is not necessarily determined by the weight of the objects, but also the size. It is important that students understand this concept prior to designing their boat. As a class the students will then discuss from their observations the type of material which sank and the type which floated. Materials in which they may discuss include living materials such as flowers, leaves, wood and fruit and non-living materials such as metal, plastic and plasticine The students will then extend on this understanding by also investigating how changing the shape of a material can alter the ability for it to float or sink. For example, changing a plasticine ball into a dome type shape will cause it to float, as it has altered its density through making surface area bigger. The students will then focus on beginning their main task, the ‘Boat Making Activity’. Students are required to build a boat which fits into the following categories: - Ability to float: Boat must float for at least 1 minute and be able to withstand additional weight of 5 cent coins - Ability to move: boat must be able to move with assistance from wind - Cheap: materials acquired for boat must not exceed $10 - Environmentally friendly: materials used for boat must be environmentally friendly, including recycled materials or materials which may be re-used. Students need to ensure that when testing their boats, materials will not affect the testing water. - Appealing: boat has visual appeal with aesthetics in mind. Through discussions and extensive research, the students will begin to gather ideas about the best materials to build their boat out of, whilst considering the criteria above. In their workbooks, the students will then complete their first design of their boats, explaining the following: - why they are using the materials they have chosen - whether the materials float/sink - the size of their boat and the impact of this - how much weight they believe their boat will be able to withstand - the cost of their boat Evaluation of Design and Boat Building After discussion with a fellow classmate about the quality of their plans, the students will be provided an opportunity to make changes to their design prior to the commencement of building their boat. The students will be provided with a number of lessons and different resources both at school and from home to build their boat, keeping in mind the price limit on the boat. When all students complete the building of their boats, they will have an amazing race at the local pool. In conjunction with that, all boats will be tested in terms of their ability to move (the race) and the ability to withstand additional weight, by placing coins on the boat. Prizes will be given out to the winner of the race and the individual’s boat who could withstand the most weight, therefore acknowledging the students that constucted the boat to fit the criteria. (Reference at end) Evaluation of Final Product The students will then complete an evaluation, commenting on why their boat did or did not work factors they could change if they had to complete the activity again and factors which they would keep the same. They would also be required to evaluate the original criteria, including the boats ability to float and withstand additional weight, the cost of the boat, how environmentally friendly their boat was and how appealing their boat was. They would then be provided with the opportunity to comment on another class member’s boat, evaluating them in a similar way. A template for this evalution is provided in the lesson resources section for a teacher to be able to model off. At the end of the unit, after the construction of the boat, a copy of the rubic (located with lesson reources) will be used to catergorise the students ability to demonstrate their knowledge learnt throughout the unit. This is important to be able to identify, as changes to teaching style may need to occur if results were not consistant. Indicators of Success This is a coherent unit of work with assessment guidelines throughout. It is based on the science behind the concept of floating and sinking but technology (with the building and designing of the boat) has been enbedded into the unit in order for the students to physically explore floating and sinking. Indicators of success would be with every child understanding the concept of floating and sinking through the development and testing of their boat. Other indicators to consider include: - That the children were engaged and communicated ideas with peers. - Students have learnt to differentiate between the concepts of bouyancy and density. - That children have extensively explored the concept of floating verses sinking. - The misconceptions at the start of the unit have been reshaped and new conception is made due to exposure to correct information. - Download Activity Sheet.docx [393.3KB]} - Download Lesson Plan.docx [14.4KB]} - Download Rubic for marking Boat Activity.doc [30.5KB]} - Download Evaluation of boat construction.doc [25KB]} Activity 1- The Magical Diving Sub Grades K-6: In this two-day exploration, students use their background knowledge of how scientists work to discuss and predict if a given object will sink or float. They record these predictions on a data sheet. They then test the objects and organize them into floating/sinking groups. Students also observe the floating and sinking of a toy submarine and infer what is causing the sub to float or sink. ENGAGE: This activity engages students by discussing what scientist do and how they make predictions and conduct tests. EXPLORE: Students explore a toy diving sub by firstly seeing if it can float then secondly putting water in the sub to see if it sinks. EXPLAIN: Students predict what they think will happen on a chart then they chart their results. ELABORATE: Students elaborate this activity by using baking powder in the sub pushing it under water then see if the air bubbles created by the baking soda will help the sub float. EVALUATE: Students are evaluated when they present their charted findings to the class and explain how the sub floats and sinks in the two scenarios. Activity 2- Submarine science (60 to 90 min) Students use drinking straws, plasticine and a soft-drink bottle to make an amazing bottle diver and learn about floating and sinking while having fun. They eagerly exercise complex thinking skills to understand and describe how the bottle diver works and can apply this knowledge to submarines and fish biology. ENGAGE: This activity engages students in a fun activity of building a diving octopus. EXPLORE: Students explore this activity by firstly making a submergible straw they explore buoyancy by varying the amount of blu-tac on the straw. Then the straw is put into a bottle which the students can further explore varying results. EXPLAIN: The students chart the variables and results explaining what effect different results will have on the straw. ELABORATE: to elaborate students can make an octopus from a straw and paperclip and decorate their bottle to make it look like the ocean. EVALUATE: The students fill in an evaluation sheet where they have to explain how the straw sub works, what could they use for buoyancy other than blu-tac and why does the experiment not work as well when the bottle is not full of water. The teacher can evaluate from these questions if the students understand the concept. Activity 3- Will it float? (40 to 90 min) – Will it float is a surprisingly contagious and fun educational game you can play everyday. Students attempt to stump the class with mystery items from home. From the bizarre to the mundane, each item will captivate students’ interest. In the process, they use critical thinking and learn the difference between a prediction and a guess. ENGAGE: This activity engages all student as they make predictions as to whether the item will sink or float, and then conducts tests to determine the outcome. The student may also be engaged by bring in items from home. EXPLORE: The students explore different items and whether they float or sink to investigate the concept of density. EXPLAIN: Students predict what will happen on the worksheet, and then after the experiment write what actually happened ELABORATE: Students elaborate this activity by explaining why a certain items will sink or float EVALUATE: Students are evaluated on this activity by filling in the worksheet and showing an adequate understanding of why items sink or float. Activity 4- Online float and sink Game The game pictures a group of children sailing on a lake, they come across different items in the lake that the students have to guess if they float or sink then click on the item to find out the answer. The next task is to guess why three items all float, this encourages student to think about why certain items float and discuss. ENGAGE: To engage the students have them sit on the floor in front of the Smart Board. Instruct them that they are going to play a game and the quietest person can be the first to participate. This activity is making connections from past learning throughout the unit. EXPLORE: This activity helps the students be interactive in their learning and manipulate materials on the Smart board that years prior would not have been able to have been done. The environment would be set up so the Smart board was at the front and every student could see it. EXPLAIN: Through out the activity their can be class discussions on what people think and why and overcoming any misconceptions. This means that at this stage in the activity the students are able to verbalise their conceptual understanding and using this strategy for peer teaching. ELABORATE: This activity is providing an extension to the learning that has already developed throughout the unit. This means that this activity develops a deeper understanding of floating and sinking that can be adapted to everyday situations. EVALUATE: Being able to evaluate the activity is important as a teaching practice. To do this a teacher would evaluate the students understanding of key concepts in the activity. Through the use of these activities the concept of floating and sinking is reinforced. Most of these activities are set out in a game like situation and test the knowledge that has been developed through the unit. This is a important way to look at teaching as it is appealing to students that would normally struggle through understanding concepts as it is just explained where the practical applications are supporting students learning through different approaches. These are also good resources as they can be used in different instances for example; with the teacher and students working together on the Smart Board, working individually to assess children’s knowledge or can be printed out and done in class if their isn’t access to technology. These resources have been collected with the understanding and incorporation of cultural perspectives and identity in science. In the Online Floating Game there is a representation across children from different cultures so individuals from the class don’t feel the minority because of not seeing people like them involved in science. Floating and sinking is a common activity in early year’s classrooms as a result of it being a common concept that children come across daily. Students’ ideas about floating and sinking are intriguing. We developed our Rich assignment to give students strategies for developing their understandings all allow them to explore by probing, investigating and challenging the activities to gain a well rounded knowledge on floating and sinking. The role of learning is moving away from the traditional conception of teacher directed and moving forward in a more guided approach which means more freedom placed on the learners to challenge what they know and discover what they don’t. The Rich task that our group created is based on a constructivist approach to inquiry-based learning. This is where students are required to act like scientists by making predictions, testing their theories and evolving their knowledge. This task links to ELA 19 in the ACT curriculum framework, the students examine and predict if an object is going to sink or float, they speculate about why it will sink or float and compare information they have learned in the floating and sinking task to help them to build a boat from material that will float. The 5 E’s are present throughout the rich task. The teacher engages students in the concept of floating and sinking through reading the Archimedes bath story, by watching a buoyancy and density video clip and by playing a game on the interactive white board. The students explore floating and sinking through hands on activity where they test a range of objects after predicting the outcome of floating or sinking. Students explain their findings on an activity sheet including why they think an object floats or sinks. Students elaborate the float and sink task by building a boat, each group can choose the material they would like to use to make their boat. The teacher evaluates the tasks by the explanations students gave for their sink/float activity and by seeing the students transferred the knowledge learnt to the boat building exercise. The view that our group took when approaching this task is that children are active in their own learning, teachers are facilitators of knowledge not dictators and teaching is not limited to the classroom, whereby students need to practically gain their own knowledge. ~ Sinking boat image, Weinberger. S, (2007) Coast Guard Sinking Even Faster, viewed 13th May 2010, http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2007/03/ coast_guard_sin/#ixzz0nmG6JzZl ~ Feldman. B, (1998) Surfing the net with Kids: Buoyancy Game Show, viewed 13th May 2010, http://www.surfnetkids.com/games/quiz/buoyancy/ ~ Mr Archimedes image, Stackpole, B. (1999) Mr Archimedes Bath, viewed 13th of May 2010, http://www.wodonga.vic.gov.au/storytime/images/009.jpg ~ Science online, (2007) viewed 13th May, 2010, http://www.youtube.com/watch?=VDSYXmvjg6M&NR=1&feature=fvwp ~ Act Government (n.d) Act Curriculum Framework- Every Chance to Learn ~ Board of Studies, NSW (1993) NSW Science and Technology K-6 Syllabus ~ National Curriculm Board, (2009) National Science Curriculum: Framing Paper ~ Image of coke cans, Department of Physics (1996) Floating and sinking pop cans, viewed 13th of May 2010, http://demo.physics.uiuc.edu/lectdemo/descript/652/PIC00002.jpg ~ Thompson, F & Logue, S. (2006), An Exploration of common student misconceptions in Science, International Education Journal, viewed 13th of May 2010, http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/iej/articles/v7n4/Thompson/paper.pdf ~ Guesne, E & Tiberghien, A. (1985) Childrens ideas in Science. Milton Keynes, UK Open University Press ~ Finegold, M & Gorsky, P 2004, ‘Learning about forces: simulating the outcomes of pupils’ misconceptions’, Journal Instructional Science, Vol 7 no. 3, viewed 11 May 2010 http://www.springerlink.com/content/h3625483r4658710/ ~ Skamp, K (1998) Teaching Primary Science Constructively, 3rd ed, Cengage Learning Australia, South Melbourne, Victoria. ~ Harlen. W, (2004) Evaluating Inquiry- based Science Developments, University of Cambridge and The University of Bristol, Retrieved on April 4, 2010 http://www.nationalscienceresourcecentre.org/ ~ Picture of floating objects, Boss and Jumars (2003) Physical solutions in Everyday problems in aquatic, viewed 13th of May 2010, http://misclab.umeoce.maine.edu/boss/classes/SMS_491_2003/pictures/P2100001.JPG ~ Image of tin foil boat, Perez, A. (2009) Foil Boat Experiment, viewed on 13th of May 2010, http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_jo9QkW8Ne4U/SvRVyCBmXkI/AAAAAAAAA2o/V3vu_x5kM64/s400/IMG_0769.JPG ~ Center for Chemistry Education, (n.d) viewed on 13th May 2010, http://www.terrificscience.org/freeresources/lessonpdfs/magicalsub.pdf ~ Investigating Straw Submarines, (2004) viewed 13th May 2010, http://www.abc.net.au/science/surfingscientist/pdf/lesson_2_diving_octopus_student_worksheet.pdf ~ ABC Science (2006) Will it float? viewed on 13th of May 2010, http://www.abc.net.au/science/surfingscientist/pdf/lesson_plan14.pdf ~ BBC Float and sink (2010) Digger and the Gang, viewd on 13th of May 2010, http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/digger/5_7entry/8.shtml ~ Prescott, A & Mitchelmore, M 2005, ‘Teaching projectile motion to eliminate misconceptions’ Psychology of MathematicsEducation Volume 4, viewed 11 May 2010 http://www.emis.de/proceedings/PME29/PME29RRPapers/PME29Vol4PrescottMitchelmore.pdf ~ Moore, T & Harrison, A (n.d) Floating and sinking: Everyday science in Middle School, viewed 13th May 2010, http://www.aare.edu.au/04pap/moo04323.pdf

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Antenna Theory Course And Certification What is Antenna Theory? Antenna Theory is the process of radiating energy from the current supplied by a radio transmitter or radio receiver to its terminal as an electromagnetic waves. An Antenna is an electrical device used in the field of radio and electronics to convert electrical power into radio wave. For the Antenna to generate currents at its terminals, it interprets the electromagnetic wave that is amplified by the receiver. Antennas are used to transmit and receive radio signal, and as such are vital in equipment that use radio technology. Categories of Antennas:- Antennas are of different types, and technological application, and generally fall into two categories, which are: 1. Omnidirectional Antennas also called Weak Directional Antennas, these antennas can radiate and receive in all direction, and are used in transmission which the position of the interacting station is not known, and 2. Directional Antenna or Beam Antennas, which are employed when radiating or receiving in a specific direction. An example of omnidirectional antenna is the whip antenna used on cars. Types of Antennas:- There are many types of Antennas, some of which are: + Dipole Antennas, + Resonant Antennas, + Isotropic Antennas, + Monopole Antennas, + Loop Antennas, + Aperture Antennas, + Traveling Wave Antennas. Advantages and Uses of Antenna:- Some of the benefits of Antenna include: 1. Antennas are used in devices such as cell phones, computer wireless networks, satellite communication, TV and radio broadcasting. 2. Antennas can be used in a whole lot of other communication devices like two way radio, communication receiver and wireless microphones. 3. It is composed of metallic conductors, connected to a transmitter or a receiver for good power gain. 4. Antennas can function over a wide range of frequencies. 5. It offers wider bandwidth. 6. It offers higher directivity. 7. It provides higher power gain. In the design and selection of an Antenna, some characteristics features that are used to measure performance are considered. Among these characteristics is the antenna’s power gain or just gain. Power gain is the measure of degree of directivity of an antenna’s pattern of radiation. Antennas with a high power gain will radiate its power in a specific direction while Antennas with a low power gain will radiate their power at a wider angle. To increase the power of power gain its power is channelled in a horizontal direction. Some other characteristics are directional characteristics, efficiency of the antenna, frequency, the impedance of the antenna, polarization, and bandwidth. In the Full course, you will learn everything you need to know about Antenna Theory with Certification upon successful completion of the exams. Antenna Theory Course Outline: 1. Antenna Theory Basic Terms Antenna Theory - Fundamentals Antenna Theory - Basic Parameters Antenna Theory - Parameters Antenna Theory - Near & Far Fields Antenna Theory - Radiation Pattern Antenna Theory - Isotropic Radiation Antenna Theory - Beam & Polarization Antenna Theory - Beam Width Antenna Theory - Reciprocity Antenna Theory - Poynting Vector 2. Types of Antennas Antenna Theory - Types of Antennas Antenna Theory - Wire Antenna Theory - Half-Wave Dipole Antenna Theory - Half-Wave Folded Dipole Antenna Theory - Full-Wave Dipole Antenna Theory - Short Dipole Antenna Theory - Long Wire Antenna Theory - V-Antennas Antenna Theory - Inverted V-Antenna Antenna Theory - Rhombic Antenna Theory - Loop Antenna Theory - Helical Antenna Theory - Aperture Antenna Theory - Horn Antenna Theory - Slot Antenna Theory - Micro Strip Antenna Theory - Lens Antenna Theory - Parabolic Reflector 3. Antenna Arrays Antenna Theory - Antenna Arrays Antenna Theory - Collinear Array Antenna Theory - Broad-side Array Antenna Theory - End-fire Array Antenna Theory - Parasitic Array Antenna Theory - Yagi-Uda Antenna Theory Antenna Theory - Log-periodic Antenna Theory Antenna Theory - Turnstile Antenna Theory 4. Wave Propagation Antenna Theory - Spectrum & Transmission Antenna Theory - Types of Propagation Antenna Theory - Lonosphere & its Layers Antenna Theory - Terms in Wave Propagation Antenna Theory - Exams and Certification

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Today the medical world has migrated from paper-based records to digital-method of storing information. In that sense, Electronic Health Record systems have emerged as a transformative solution. Now a question arises in your mind what is electronic health record system? The electronic health record is an integral part of our healthcare industry. The digital revolution played a major part in spreading awareness of EHR and its benefits to hospitals worldwide. According to data from the CDC and ONC, 85% of all office-based physicians in the united states were using EHR solutions in 2017, and now it's growing rapidly. The Electronic Health Record (EHR) system is one such innovation that has transformed how patient data is managed and shared. Here we are going to cover Let's dive right into it. EHR=Patients Medical Histories in a Digital Format Electronic Health Record (EHR) system is a digital platform that centralises and organises patient health information. Keeping patient records on physical documents has a lot of disadvantages. It encompasses a wide range of data, including medical history, diagnoses, medications, allergies, lab results, imaging reports, and treatment plans. It eliminates the need for paper-based records, allowing healthcare providers to access patient information instantly and efficiently. EHR can improve patient care by Unlike paper records, EHRs offer a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of a patient's health status, facilitating seamless coordination and collaboration among healthcare providers involved in the patient's care journey. Traditional patient record management relied heavily on paper-based systems, making accessing and sharing patient information with healthcare providers challenging. With the advent of EPR systems, the healthcare industry has witnessed a significant transformation in managing patient records. Electronic records have become the norm, replacing the cumbersome paper-based methods and offering numerous benefits. Scope and Purpose EMRs focus on the patient's medical history within a single healthcare organisation. They provide a detailed account of diagnoses, treatments, medications, and test results, enabling healthcare providers to deliver care within their specific practice. What is the purpose of the electronic health record? EHRs have a broader scope, capturing a more comprehensive view of the patient's health across various healthcare settings. They facilitate coordinated and continuous care among multiple providers, ensuring a holistic approach to healthcare. Data Accessibility and Sharing EHR is designed for interaction, allowing authorised healthcare professionals from different organisations to securely access and exchange patient information. This seamless data sharing enhances care coordination and reduces duplication of tests or procedures. EMRs are primarily accessible within the confines of a single healthcare organisation. They are not easily shared with other providers or institutions, which can limit the ability to exchange information when a patient receives care from multiple sources. EMRs often utilise proprietary formats and standards, leading to interoperability challenges when integrating with other systems. Standardised data formats are needed to ensure information exchange between healthcare organisations. EHRs follow standardised formats and employ Health Level Seven International (HL7) standards, making sharing data and communicating effectively between disparate systems easier. While EMRs primarily serve the needs of healthcare providers, EHRs have a patient-centric approach. EHRs empower patients to access their health information, participate in care plans, and share decision-making with their healthcare providers. EHRs encourage patient involvement and foster a collaborative relationship between patients and healthcare teams. Legal and Regulatory Requirements EMRs and EHRs must comply with various legal and regulatory requirements, such as privacy and security regulations. However, EHRs often have additional features and functionalities to meet stringent data protection standards. It ensures that patient information is safeguarded and confidentiality is maintained, especially when data is shared across different healthcare entities. What is EHR? What is an electronic health record system? You know the answer, and now time to learn what are the types of electronic health records. There are many reputable EHR systems in the market today. They offer one design for clinical prescription, medical billing, practice management, outcomes, analytics etc. It may not be best for Electronic health record systems have different variety of software. Let's explore all the types of electronic records systems largely. What is electronic health record system and what is an ordinary EHR system, what's the difference, we won’t rest until we find out! Basic EHR systems are entry-level solutions that offer essential functionalities for healthcare organisations. They include patient demographics, medical history, appointment scheduling, and billing. These systems focus on core functionalities and are often used by smaller practices or clinics. #Explore the Benefits and Applications# Basic EHR systems provide healthcare providers with a centralised repository of patient information, improving accessibility and reducing paperwork. They streamline administrative tasks, enhance communication between healthcare professionals, and support accurate diagnosis and treatment planning. Types of electronic health records-The cloud one Cloud-based EHR systems store patient data on remote servers, allowing Access from any device with an internet connection. These systems offer scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness, eliminating the need for on-premises infrastructure and maintenance. #Find Out The Advantages Of Cloud-Based EHR Systems# Cloud-based EHR systems enable seamless data sharing between healthcare providers, facilitate remote patient monitoring, and enhance collaboration among care teams. They offer automatic backups, robust security measures, and regular software updates. #No 1 Concern About Security And Privacy # While cloud-based EHR systems offer numerous benefits, data security and privacy concerns persist. Healthcare organisations must choose reputable vendors and ensure proper encryption, access controls, and compliance with data protection regulations. Types of electronic health records- Standalone EHR Standalone EHR systems are independent software applications not integrated with other healthcare systems. They provide comprehensive functionalities, including patient records, clinical documentation, e-prescribing, and lab result management. # Integration Challenges# One drawback of standalone EHR systems is the need for interoperability with other healthcare applications. Integration with external systems like laboratory information systems or billing software may require additional customisation or interface development. Types of electronic health records-Open-Source EHR Open-source EHR systems are built on freely available source code, allowing users to modify and customise the software according to their requirements. These systems offer flexibility, transparency, and community-driven development. #Benefits and Limitations# Open-source EHR systems provide cost savings, flexibility, and the ability to adapt to evolving needs. They may require technical expertise for implementation and maintenance. When choosing an open-source EHR system, community support, active development, and vendor reputation are important factors. Mobile EHR systems enable healthcare providers to access patient data using smartphones or tablets. These systems often have dedicated mobile apps that offer functionalities like secure messaging, e-prescribing, and remote data entry. #Enhancing Accessibility and Portability# Mobile EHR systems increase accessibility and portability, allowing healthcare professionals to provide care outside traditional clinical settings. They improve communication, enable real-time data entry, and support point-of-care decision-making. Types of electronic health records-Mental Health EHR Mental health EHR systems are tailored to the specific needs of psychiatric practices and mental health facilities. They offer features like progress notes, treatment plans, outcome measurement tools, and integrations with telehealth platforms. Types of electronic health record systems-Oncology EHR Systems Oncology EHR systems focus on the unique requirements of cancer care, including chemotherapy administration, tumour staging, treatment protocols, and survivorship planning. Oncology EHR Systems support multidisciplinary collaboration and provide comprehensive oncology-specific documentation. Types of electronic health record systems- Pediatric EHR Systems Pediatric EHR systems are designed to cater to the healthcare needs of children. They include growth charts, immunisation tracking, well-child visit templates, and age-specific clinical decision support. These systems improve pediatric care coordination and facilitate preventive healthcare. There are lots of benefits of Electronic Health Records in many ways. Not only for the patients but also for the providers, which include a wide array of societal, organisational, and clinical outcomes. Let's find some of the EHR benefits: Electronic health records significantly improve patient care and safety. Access to complete and up-to-date patient management information allows healthcare providers to create more effective treatment plans, identify potential drug interactions or allergies, and avoid duplicate tests. Electronic health record systems also facilitate communication among healthcare teams, ensuring coordinated and seamless care. EHR(Electronic health records) promote streamlined communication and collaboration among healthcare providers. Healthcare professionals from different disciplines and locations can easily access and share patient information through electronic records. It facilitates timely consultations, reduces redundant procedures, and improves care coordination for better patient outcomes. One of the primary benefits of electronic health records is the enhanced efficiency and accessibility they provide. With EHRs, healthcare providers can access patient information instantly, eliminating the need for time-consuming manual searches through paper records. This streamlines processes, reduces administrative burden, and allows more time for patient care. Electronic health records enable effective data management and analysis. With digital records, healthcare organisations can collect vast amounts of data, analyse trends, logistics management, and identify patterns for research and quality improvement initiatives. EHRs contribute to evidence-based medicine, enabling healthcare professionals to make data-driven decisions and improve healthcare delivery. Electronic health records enable effective data management and analysis. With digital records, healthcare organisations can collect vast data, analyse trends, and identify patterns for research and quality improvement initiatives. Electronic health record systems contribute to evidence-based medicine, enabling healthcare professionals to make data-driven decisions and improve healthcare delivery. Implementing electronic health records can lead to significant cost savings and financial benefits. Cost reduction is one of the most significant benefits of EHR systems. In particular, costs can be reduced through Which can happen when communication is troubled. Using EHR is a win-win situation for any medical financial problem. EHRs reduce paper and storage costs, eliminate the need for transcription services, and minimise administrative tasks. Streamlined workflows and improved efficiency can reduce hospital readmissions and improve resource utilisation. Electronic health records systems empower healthcare providers to make better-informed decisions. With Access to comprehensive patient data, clinicians can identify trends, monitor outcomes, and evaluate the effectiveness of various treatments. EHRs also facilitate research opportunities by providing a wealth of data for population health studies and clinical trials. Privacy and security concerns are critical when it comes to electronic health records. Modern EHR systems employ robust security measures to protect patient data. They utilise encryption, user authentication, and audit logs to ensure confidentiality and compliance with privacy rules like the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). So you don't have to worry about breaching a patient's privacy as you provide their comprehensive care. These data protection make electronic patient data much more challenging for bad actors to access than paper records. Electronic health records offer the potential for integration and interoperability with other healthcare systems and devices. It allows seamless data exchange between hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and pharmacies. Interoperability enhances care coordination, reduces medical errors, and improves patient outcomes across various healthcare settings. The best EHR system depends on your medical's size, budget, and goal. If you or your organisation is looking for the perfect EHR system, we should ensure you are on the right track! Want an EHR solution that does it all? Try Hospital Automanager Electronic Health Record systems have transformed the healthcare industry by digitising and centralising patient information. After understanding what is electronic health record system and all its benefits and potential to improve care coordination, patient engagement, and healthcare outcomes, EHRs have become invaluable tools for healthcare providers. The future holds promising opportunities for EHRs to revolutionise healthcare delivery further and contribute to research and population health management. If proper steps are taken, and the EHR is adopted and utilised meaningfully, it can be a gift for patients, providers, and society. We provide custom software development services for business ERP solutions, blockchain, hospitality, e-commerce, e-learning & others. For 30 Minutes Free Consultancy

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This topic has been debated among scholars and believers for centuries, and various interpretations exist based on different accounts provided in the Bible. However, it is important to approach this topic with an open mind and respect for different perspectives. Let’s explore the different viewpoints surrounding this controversy. One viewpoint argues that Mary Magdalene, a devoted follower of Jesus, was indeed the first person to see Him after His resurrection. According to the Gospel of John, Mary Magdalene went to the tomb early in the morning and found it empty. Overwhelmed by grief, she encountered a man whom she initially mistook for the gardener. However, as soon as Jesus called her by name, she recognized Him and realized that He had risen from the dead. This interpretation holds significance for many, as it highlights the role of Mary Magdalene as a prominent witness of the resurrection and her deep connection with Jesus. It also reflects the Gospel narratives that emphasize Jesus’ interactions with women and their significant contributions to His ministry. On the other hand, an alternative viewpoint suggests that it was actually Peter, one of Jesus’ closest disciples, who directly encountered Him first. According to the Gospel accounts, after Mary Magdalene informed Peter and John about the empty tomb, they both ran to see for themselves. John arrived first but hesitated to enter, while Peter boldly went inside. It was in that moment that Peter saw the empty tomb and the burial linens, providing him with evidence of Jesus’ rising. This argument emphasizes the significance of Peter’s role as the leader among the disciples and the fulfillment of Jesus’ prediction that Peter would witness the resurrection. It also underlines the importance of Peter’s subsequent encounters with Jesus, which are recorded in the Gospels. The controversy over who first saw Jesus after His resurrection has theological, historical, and cultural implications. While some see it as a matter of gender equality and recognize Mary Magdalene’s primacy as symbolically powerful, others focus on the apostolic authority of Peter. However, it is essential to remember that both Mary Magdalene and Peter played crucial roles in the early Christian community, and their experiences hold great significance in understanding the resurrection event. Ultimately, rather than engaging in contentious debates, it is more productive for us as believers to focus on the central message of Jesus’ resurrection: the triumph of life over death and the hope it brings to all who follow Him. Regardless of who saw Jesus first after His resurrection, His triumph over the grave remains a cornerstone of Christianity, providing believers with salvation and eternal life. Leave a Reply

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Sunday, October 2, 2016 8:53 am “Historically ‘Yoruba’ was a term used to describe certain people from a corner of West Africa by outsiders. It was Samuel Crowther who, in a response to the turmoil caused by the slave trade, brought together several regional dialects into one language called ‘Yoruba’ and so laid the foundations of a new national identity. Crowther is the Father of the Yoruba By AD 1000, the ancient city of Ile- Ife in what is now southwest Nigeria had risen to become a major city-state covering an area about the size of England (present-day: southwest Nigeria, Benin, and Togo). It was the spiritual home, providing common cultural and genealogical heritage, to several ‘tribes’: the Oyo (by far the largest), Sabe, Ketu, Egbado, Ijebu, Ondo, Ikale, Ijesha, Akoko, Bunu, Yagba, Ekiti and Igbomina. In a 16th century treatise, Ahmed Baba, a scholar from the Songhai people, yoked the Oyo and the Yagba to form a single term: ‘Yoruba’. It is the earliest recorded use of the word. It was taken up by the Hausa people of what is now northern Nigeria to refer to their southern neighbours, and with the Muslim influence among the Hausa, it began to be used by Arab travellers. The separate tribes themselves never thought of themselves as Yoruba. When Samuel Crowther arrived in Sierra Leone, he found many other ex-slaves from his region there too. Eventually he set out to translate the Bible and Prayerbook into a language which they would understand. So he pioneered bringing together the separate dialects into one codified ‘Yoruba’ language, complete with dictionary and grammar book. With a united language, came a united people. It was the missionaries who began to talk of ‘the Yoruba people’. It was through this influence under the powerful unifying force of Crowther’s single Yoruba language that the people came to think of themselves as part of one distinctive culture. How did Crowther’s missionaries convince the Yoruba to move from the religion of their fathers and embrace Christ? It would be entirely wrong to think of the West Africa missionaries as imposing their faith on a quiescent culture in a battle of wills, or via coercion or subtle blackmailing. That would be to miss the essential fact of Crowther’s whole life: he was a Yoruba who consciously underwent a spiritual transformation amid massive cultural changes, and embraced the new identity this gave him. The overwhelming number of missionaries evangelising the Yoruba region were just the same: people who wanted to show their fellow countrymen and -women that there was a vital, life-giving spiritual analogue to the cultural transformation they were living through. A fresh identity in Christ became, in a [profound] sense, the fulfilment of the Yoruba historical destiny. At Crowther’s birth, a tribal diviner had forbidden that the boy enter any of the local deity cults because he would grow up to be a servant of Olorun, the God of Heaven. This story illustrates how Christians … easily [developed] the traditional belief system already based around this Supreme Being. The sticking point was the veneration of the orisa – the local ancestors who were also heroes and gods. Interaction with the orisa formed the backbone of daily Yoruba life, and this social aspect of religion was less easily adapted. JDY Peel in “Religious Encounter and the Making of the Yoruba” describes how the missionaries engaged with the old religion. They encouraged the view that the orisa were simply great individuals who had done deeds so outstanding that, with time, they became held up as gods. They presented this as a decline from a previously higher form of religion, one without such base misunderstanding, and that their mission was to restore this higher belief. Such a lapse from an earlier monotheism thus brought the Yoruba directly into the Fall and Exile stories of the Old Testament. By extension, elements of traditional Yoruba belief were said to prefigure and prophesy Jesus. The adoption of faith in Christ, therefore, was not a rejection but an evolution of Yoruba belief. Credit: Mai Nasara (From “Crowther’s World: The Yoruba People,” and “Conversion” by Gareth Sturdy) What do you think?

http://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2016/06/ajayi-

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The topic of mental health has risen to prominence in recent times. In addition, several easy-to-implement practices exist for fostering positive mental health. There appears to be a growing awareness of the significance of mental health and its impact on one’s life. It has reached the same level of importance in modern society as physical health. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that athletes have withdrawn from events for which they were otherwise physically prepared due to concerns about their mental health. Physical fitness is undoubtedly crucial, but the value of a sound mind cannot be overstated. Simple mental health and wellness exercises are provided in this article. Mental illness can hinder normal brain function in the same way that physical illness can. Some of the most common mental illnesses are depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. Different mental illnesses present varying degrees of difficulty, as some are more manageable than others. The question then becomes, how can you ensure your mental health? One of the best ways to maintain a healthy mental state is through regular exercise. Exercises that can boost your mental health. Take a look at these physical and mental health boosting activities. Experienced swimmers, you may be interested in learning about the psychological benefits of swimming. Just a few laps around the pool can help you unwind and keep your mind clear. Walking, in addition to its physical health benefits, is also beneficial to one’s mental and emotional well-being. A simple stroll can do wonders for your state of mind. Taking a walk is a great way to boost your confidence, happiness, focus, and even the quality of your sleep. Decreases stress and fatigue while stimulating mental clarity. Walking is one of the most accessible forms of exercise because of its low impact. Walking is a fantastic exercise option. The risk of developing depression is reduced and those who are depressed can recover more quickly if they engage in regular physical activity. It’s one of the least complicated ways to get in shape. Never forget that you can run at whatever pace feels comfortable for you. Before work or after work, when there are fewer pedestrians and motorists on the road, is the best time to go for a run. A jog can do wonders for your mood if you’re feeling down and out. The act of running is a wonderful means of exposing oneself to the outdoors and filling one’s lungs with healthy oxygen. It would help you get off to a good start in the morning and keep you alert all day. Perhaps yoga’s psychological advantages are more substantial than its physical ones. Maintaining a healthy mind can help you maintain a healthy body. Yoga includes meditation and other techniques for calming the mind. It’s possible to be present in one’s life and give attention to what truly matters. If you’re feeling isolated, try taking your yoga practice to a class full of people. The mental and emotional benefits of cycling are similar to those of other simple forms of exercise. Feel-good endorphins and hormones like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are released into your bloodstream as you cycle. These chemicals encourage a healthy mental state. Some research suggests that cycling can help mitigate anxiety and stop it in its tracks before it becomes a full-blown disorder. 6. Strength training and body building Strength training, or lifting weights, is good for more than just your physical health. You can improve your self-esteem and perception of your body by engaging in regular strength training. Studies show that resistance training, such as weightlifting, can lead to better sleep and overall quality of life.

https://medicalcaremedia.com/6-simple-exercises-that-can-boost-your-mental-

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A person living with HIV’s life expectancy has increased dramatically in recent years. People living with HIV can now expect to live long, healthy lives thanks to advances in treatment, specifically antiretroviral therapy. When the HIV/AIDS epidemic began in the United States in the 1980s, HIV was a potentially fatal disease. People can now manage it as a chronic health condition, similar to diabetes or heart failure. In this article, we look at recent advances in HIV management and treatment, as well as the long-term outlook. The increased life expectancy for people living with HIV is directly related to advances in medical therapy, including antiretroviral medications. These medications help to suppress HIV levels in the blood and slow the damage caused by the infection. This suppression aids in the prevention of HIV progression to AIDS, or stage 3 HIV. Antiretroviral therapy began as monotherapy in the 1980s and evolved into dual therapy in the 1990s. Combination antiretroviral therapy, which includes the use of three or more drugs, is now available. Several antiretroviral drug classes attack in different ways. Drug combinations are the first-line treatment. After being diagnosed with HIV, most people begin antiretroviral therapy as soon as possible. According to a 2017 study published in the journal, the additional life expectancy for people with HIV at the age of 20 during the early monotherapy era was 11.8 years. However, in the most recent combination antiretroviral era, that figure increased to 54.9 years. Researchers also concluded that people with HIV who had a higher level of education had a life expectancy comparable to the general population. Treatment options in the future HIV researchers are still working on a cure. Meanwhile, combination antiretroviral therapy protects an HIV patient’s health. It accomplishes this by reducing the virus in the blood to undetectable levels. The individual must strictly adhere to their therapy plan. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source, when a person on antiretroviral therapy has a negative viral load in their blood, the risk of transmitting the virus to someone who does not have HIV is essentially zero. This discovery leads researchers to the concept of “treatment as prevention,” which promotes HIV control as a means of preventing transmission through sexual contact, needle sharing, childbirth, and breastfeeding. Because people with HIV are living longer lives, they are experiencing the same health issues as other older adults. Differentiating Alzheimer’s disease from HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders is a growing concern among HIV-positive older adults. Even with advances in antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV may experience long-term side effects from the therapy or from the virus itself. Long-term HIV infection is associated with the following conditions: • coronary artery disease • pulmonary disease • specific cancers • Neurocognitive disorders caused by HIV • Hepatitis B and C are two types of liver disease. HIV also appears to increase chronic inflammation in the body, putting a person at risk of developing certain health problems. More research, however, is required to better understand this. Both short- and long-term side effects have been linked to antiretroviral medications. The majority of side effects are manageable, but they can become serious. Concerning side effects should be discussed with a person’s healthcare provider. Antiretroviral therapy can have the following long-term effects: • failure of the liver • cardiovascular disease • Diabetes type 2 • high cholesterol levels in the blood • Lipodystrophy refers to changes in the way the body stores fat. Life expectancy for people living with HIV has increased dramatically in recent years. A person with HIV who begins combination antiretroviral therapy can expect to live for many more years. According to a 2017 study published in the journal HIV, a person with HIV living in a high-income country would add 43.3 years to their life expectancy if diagnosed at the age of 20. However, if not treated properly, HIV can quickly begin to damage immune system cells. To keep the virus suppressed in the blood, people living with HIV must adhere to their treatment plan. It is also critical for the individual to maintain all other aspects of their health and well-being while working closely with their healthcare providers regularly

https://medicalcaremedia.com/how-long-can-a-hiv-patient-live/

Health

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In today’s digital era, screens have become an integral part of our daily lives, offering numerous benefits for work, entertainment, and connectivity. However, it’s crucial to recognize the potential impact excessive screen time can have on our physical, mental, and social well-being. In this blog post, we will explore the various ways on how screen time affects our health and discuss strategies to strike a healthy balance in our digital lives. 1. Physical Health Implications a. Sedentary Lifestyle Prolonged screen time leads to a sedentary lifestyle, increasing the risk of obesity, cardiovascular problems, and chronic diseases like diabetes. b. Eye Strain and Vision Problems Staring at screens for extended periods causes eye strain, dryness, and discomfort. Blue light emitted by screens can disrupt sleep patterns and potentially lead to long-term vision problems. c. Posture and Musculoskeletal Issues Poor ergonomics while using devices can result in posture-related problems and musculoskeletal disorders such as neck pain, backaches, and repetitive strain injuries. 2. Mental and Emotional Well-being a. Sleep Disruption Excessive screen time, particularly before bedtime, disrupts sleep patterns due to the blue light emitted by screens and engagement with stimulating content. Inadequate sleep leads to mood disorders, decreased cognitive function, and reduced overall well-being. b. Mental Health Challenges High screen time is correlated with mental health issues such as depression, anxiety as well as stress. Social media platforms can contribute to feelings of inadequacy, loneliness, and FOMO. c. Cognitive Impairment Heavy reliance on screens for information and entertainment can negatively impact cognitive function, attention span, and memory. However, multitasking and information overload hinder our ability to focus and think deeply. 3. Social Implications a. Decreased Face-to-Face Interaction Excessive screen time leads to a decline in face-to-face social interactions, affecting our ability to build meaningful relationships and develop essential social skills. b. Cyberbullying and Online Harassment Spending significant time on social media and online platforms increases the risk of encountering cyberbullying and online harassment, which can have severe psychological effects. c. Social Comparison and Self-Esteem Excessive exposure to curated online content fosters feelings of inadequacy and negatively impacts self-esteem. Constant comparison to idealized versions of others online distorts self-worth. 4. Developmental Impact a. Impaired Cognitive Development in Children Excessive screen time during early childhood delays language acquisition, reduces attention span, and impairs cognitive development. Establishing healthy screen time habits from an early age is crucial. b. Academic Performance Excessive screen time can interfere with children and adolescents’ academic performance, reducing time spent on homework and studying. Strategies for Achieving a Healthy Balance a. Set Screen Time Limits Establish boundaries for different activities involving screens, utilizing apps and device features to monitor and restrict time spent. b. Prioritize Physical Activity Engage in regular exercise or physical activities to counterbalance sedentary behaviors associated with screen time. c. Practice Digital Detox Plan regular periods to disconnect from screens entirely while engaging in activities like reading, outdoor pursuits, hobbies, or spending quality time with loved ones. d. Optimize Ergonomics Maintain proper posture, adjust screen brightness and contrast, and take regular breaks to stretch and relax, reducing the risk of posture-related problems and musculoskeletal disorders. e. Cultivate Mindfulness Develop mindfulness practices, such as meditation and deep breathing exercises, to reduce the negative impact of screen time on mental well-being and promote present-moment awareness. f. Implement Screen-Free Zones Designate specific areas in your home as screen-free zones to encourage face-to-face interaction and quality family time. g. Foster Open Communication Create a supportive environment where children feel comfortable discussing their digital experiences, including any concerns they may have encountered online. While screens offer undeniable benefits, it’s crucial to recognize and address the potential health implications associated with excessive screen time. By setting boundaries, prioritizing physical activity, and adopting mindful technology habits, we can strike a healthier balance between our digital lives and overall well-being. Let’s embrace the benefits of technology while remaining conscious of our screen usage, fostering healthier, happier lives in the digital age.

https://log.ng/health/how-screen-time-

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Cashew nuts are beneficial to your health since they are high in protein and minerals such as copper, calcium, magnesium, iron, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc. There are traces of salt present as well. Vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, vitamin E, and vitamin K are also present. They have no total cholesterol and are high in monounsaturated fat, with low polyunsaturated fat and oleic acid when ingested in moderation. Eating cashew nuts daily can help with the four medical issues listed below. 1. Cardiovascular illness. Contrary to popular belief, cashew nuts are good for your heart. Cashew nuts include heart-healthy essential fatty acids, potassium, and antioxidants. It contains oleic acid, phenolic compounds, and phytosterols, which are heart-healthy and aid in the formation of blood vessels. Cashew nuts aid to enhance HDL levels in the body while decreasing LDL levels. It also has anti-inflammatory qualities, which help to reduce internal inflammation, which raises the risk of heart disease. 2. Immune System Impairment Cashew nuts include vitamins and zinc, which aid in overall wellness. Zinc is an immune stimulant that is essential for basic cell functions. Regular zinc consumption can supply you with the required zinc and vitamins, thereby improving your immune system. 3. Bone brittleness We need a variety of nutrients for strong bones, and cashew nuts are high in all of them. Copper and calcium, which are abundant in cashew nuts, help to strengthen and fortify our bones. Copper keeps your joints flexible by promoting collagen production. 4. Optic nerve infection Cashews include the antioxidants zeaxanthin and lutein, which protect against UV radiation. The antioxidant pigments contained in the eyes act as a natural barrier against harmful light, potentially lowering the incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and cataract formation.

https://medicalcaremedia.com/4-health-issues-that-can-be-managed-

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Many physical and genetic characteristics are inherited by both parents, but there are a few characteristics that are primarily inherited by the father. In our biology class, we were told that we get half of our genes from our mothers and half from our fathers. However, this biological fact doesn’t mean that every parent passes down the same amount of physical traits and genetic traits to their child. Children inherit 60% more active traits in their fathers than they do in their mothers, simply because nature favors the expression of those traits. Here are some of the 6 traits that you can only inherit from your father: Most of us have at least one of those people who sneeze at the sight of the sun or any bright lights. This is another inherited trait from the father. It is called Achoo syndrome. It is more common on the father’s side. The X and Y chromosomes, also called sex chromosomes, determine the sex of the child. Girls inherit the sex chromosome XX from their father, which leads to the genotype XX. Males inherit the sex chromosome Y from their father, leading to the genotype XY. Since the mother only passes on the X chromosome, the father has complete control over the sex of the newborns. 3. Crooked teeth If the father has bad teeth, the child has a higher chance of going to the dentist more often than other children, even if the mother has good teeth. Cavities, tooth decay and everything in between can stem directly from the father’s mouth. No two fingerprints are the same because they are unique. However, a child’s fingerprints can look like their father’s fingerprints. Fingerprint patterns are inherited from our fathers. Many cultures consider dimples to be a sign of beauty and attraction. However, researchers classify them as a defect caused by the reduction of facial muscles. Because dimples are a dominant inherited trait, they are more likely to be inherited by the father. Have you ever heard the saying, “He’s just as tall as his dad”? Well, it’s safe to say that this statement is backed up by science. A person’s height is determined by 700+ genetic variations that are passed down from both parents. However, different parents’ height genes work in different ways. For instance, the father’s genes play an important role in promoting growth and thus height. 6 Traits That You Can Only Inherit From Your Father FAQs Can you inherit male-pattern baldness from your father? Yes, male-typical baldness is mainly caused by the Y chromosome, which is inherited from the father. Are there any genetic disorders that sons can exclusively inherit from their fathers? Yes, you are the only inheritor of some rare genetic disorders. These include Y-linked Hearing Loss and Y-linked Infertility. Can daughters inherit traits from their fathers? While daughters are born with both parents’ genetic material, they don’t inherit traits that are located on the “Y” chromosome, like Y-linked disorders. What are some examples of traits that are determined by genes passed down from the father? - Y-related disorders - Male-pattern baldness - Y-chromosomal haplogroups - Paternal lineage Is it true that some traits are exclusively inherited from the father? Yes, certain genetic traits are solely inherited from the father because they are located on the “Y” chromosome. These “male” traits include: - Y-linked genetic disorders - Certain aspects of male fertility - Certain behavioral traits What are examples of traits inherited only from the father? Examples of Y-related genetic disorders include: RELATED: 10 Health Tests You Can Do at Home - Color blindness - Male pattern baldness - Sperm production and fertility - Behavioral traits - Paternal inheritance patterns Can traits inherited from the father skip generations? Yes, inherited traits can pass down to future generations, particularly if they’re recessive, or if other genetic factors affect how they’re expressed. For example, if you inherit a trait from your father but it’s not expressed in a single generation, it can be passed down to future generations if it’s passed down from your father to your son. Environmental factors can also affect how inherited traits are expressed.

https://www.getmetreated.com/2024/04/6-traits-that-you-can-only-

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Mountain pygmy possum The mountain pygmy possum is the largest of the pygmy possums, and the only Australian mammal restricted to alpine habitat. The highly distinctive aye-aye is the world’s largest nocturnal primate. The Leadbeater’s possum was not sighted for 50 years and was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1961. Solenodons are one of the few venomous mammals, with venom in their saliva. The numbat is a highly distinctive carnivorous marsupial. It wasn’t until 1998 that the Philippine pangolin was recognised as a separate species to its close relative the Sunda pangolin. Pangolins are the most trafficked mammals in the world, and the Chinese pangolin may be the most endangered of them all. Pangolins are the world’s most trafficked mammal. New Zealand greater short-tailed bat The New Zealand greater short-tailed bat is the largest of New Zealand’s three remaining bat species. It remains enigmatic; with no confirmed sightings of the species since 1967. The Sumatran rhinoceros is the smallest and most threatened of the five living rhinoceros species. Pearson’s long-clawed shrew Pearson’s Long-clawed Shrew (Solisorex pearsoni) is the only living species in its genus, and is incredibly poorly-known. The scientific name of this rare and beautiful species literally means ‘fire-coloured cat’. Red ruffed lemur The red ruffed lemur is one of the largest species of lemur. Black-and-white ruffed lemur The black-and-white ruffed lemur is one of two ruffed lemur species in the Varecia genus. The Indian pangolin or thick-tailed pangolin is a solitary, shy, slow moving, nocturnal mammal, Indri simply means ‘there it is’ in the Malagasy language. Long-tailed big-footed mouse The little-known long-tailed big-footed mouse (Macrotarsomys ingens) is one of only three species in its genus, and one of the few rodents native to Madagascar. Fijian monkey-faced bat The Fijian monkey-faced bat (Mirimiri acrodonta) is the only species in its genus and is Fiji’s only endemic megabat. Western long-beaked echidna The western long-beaked echidna is one of the most mysterious mammals on Earth. Attenborough’s long-beaked echidna Attenborough’s long-beaked echidna, also known as Sir David’s Long-beaked Echidna, is the smallest and probably most threatened of the three long-beaked echidna species. Echidnas and platypus are the only mammals to lay eggs. Yangtze river dolphin The baiji is probably the most threatened marine mammal in the world; with some saying that it is ‘functionally extinct’. New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat The New Zealand lesser short-tailed bat is one of the most terrestrial bats, foraging on the forest floor much more frequently than any other species. The Hainan gymnure is the only member of its genus Neohylomys, with only 8 species of gymnure in total. The riverine rabbit lives along seasonal rivers, in one of the few areas of the Karoo Desert, South Africa, suitable for conversion to agriculture – and as a result has lost virtually all its habitat to farming. Okinawa spiny rat The Okinawa spiny rat also know as Muennik’s spiny rat resembles a large vole, the spiny rat has grooved spines protruding from its short, thick body fur.

http://www.edgeofexistence.org/mammals/species_info.php?id=527

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Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a complex and challenging condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Unlike typical depression, where symptoms may improve with standard treatments such as antidepressant medication or therapy, TRD persists despite these interventions. Individuals with TRD often experience prolonged periods of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in daily activities, impacting their quality of life and functioning. One of the defining characteristics of TRD is its resistance to traditional forms of treatment. This resistance can manifest in various ways, including: Minimal Response: Some individuals may experience partial relief from symptoms with initial treatments but fail to achieve full remission. Non-Response: Others may show no improvement at all, even after trying multiple medications or therapy approaches. Relapse: Even if symptoms initially improve, individuals with TRD are at a higher risk of relapse, with depressive episodes recurring despite ongoing treatment of depression. Recognizing the signs of treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is crucial for early intervention and effective management. While depression and anxiety manifests differently in each individual, certain symptoms of depression may indicate resistance to traditional treatments. Here are some common signs to be aware of: Persistent Major Depressive Disorder: Individuals with TRD often experience persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness that last for weeks of treament or months, despite receiving treatment for depression. Lack of Improvement: Despite undergoing various treatments, including medication and therapy, there is minimal to no improvement in depressive symptoms. This lack of response may lead to frustration and demoralization. Increased Severity: Symptoms of TRD may become more severe depression over time, impacting daily functioning, relationships, and overall quality of life. Individuals may experience heightened feelings of despair, worthlessness, or suicidal thoughts. Suicidal Ideation: Suicidal thoughts or behaviors are common in TRD and require immediate attention. If you or someone you know is experiencing suicidal ideation, it is essential to seek help from a mental health professional or emergency services. Co-Occurring Conditions: TRD often co-occurs with other mental health disorders, such as anxiety, substance abuse, or personality disorders. Addressing these comorbid conditions is essential for comprehensive treatment. Chronicity: Depression that persists for an extended period, typically two or more years, despite treatment attempts, may indicate treatment resistance. Chronic depression can significantly impair functioning and increase the risk of complications. Interference with Daily Life: TRD can interfere with various aspects of daily life, including work, school, relationships, and self-care. Individuals may struggle to concentrate, experience fatigue, or lose interest in activities they once enjoyed. Physical Symptoms: In addition to emotional symptoms, TRD can manifest as physical symptoms such as changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, headaches, or digestive issues. Resistance to Medication: Some individuals with TRD may experience difficulties tolerating or responding to antidepressant medications, even after trying multiple options or adjusting dosages. Treatment Frustration: Ongoing frustration or disillusionment with treatment outcomes may indicate resistance to standard interventions. It is essential to address these feelings and explore alternative treatment options. If you or someone you know is experiencing these signs of treatment-resistant depression, it is essential to seek help from a qualified mental health professional. With specialized care and support, individuals with TRD can find relief and reclaim their lives from the grip of major depression. If you or someone you know is experiencing these signs of treatment-resistant depression, it is essential to seek help from a qualified mental health professional. With specialized care and support, individuals with TRD can find relief and reclaim their lives from the grip of depression. At this point, it is important to mention that there is currently no 100% cure for depression. However, there are several effective treatment approaches that have been used to help people with depression enjoy symptom-free lives. Some of these conventional treatment approaches for depression include the following: Medication: The use of medications for treating and managing depression remains one of the main approaches for taking care of depression symptoms. Doctors often prescribe antidepressant medications like citalopram and fluoxetine to people suffering from depression to help alleviate depressive symptoms. Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy is usually aimed at helping people suffering from depression identify the reason they’re experiencing these depressive symptoms. Patients with depression work with a counselor who helps them to correctly identify depression triggers and develop effective coping mechanisms. Examples of psychotherapy approaches used in treating depression symptoms include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Therapy (IPT). Managing TRD requires a comprehensive and individualized approach to ease depression symptoms. Treatment strategies often involve a combination of medications, therapy, lifestyle modifications, and alternative interventions. However, finding the right combination of treatments can be challenging, and what works for one person may not be effective for another. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) poses a significant challenge for patients and clinicians alike, but there are several treatment options available beyond conventional antidepressants and therapy. Some of these options includes: Ketamine treatment in treatment-resistant depression has emerged as a promising treatment option for individuals with TRD. Ketamine, originally used as an anesthetic agent, has demonstrated rapid and robust antidepressant effects in patients who have not responded to conventional antidepressant medications or therapy. Esketamine, a derivative of ketamine, is available as a nasal spray formulation marketed under the brand name Spravato. Approved by the FDA for the treatment of TRD, Spravato is administered in a healthcare setting under the supervision of a healthcare provider. It has demonstrated efficacy in reducing depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation for patients with major depression. Psychedelic substances such as psilocybin (found in certain mushrooms) and MDMA (commonly known as ecstasy) have shown promise in the treatment of resistant depression through their unique effects on the brain. These substances are typically administered in a controlled and therapeutic setting under the guidance of trained professionals. Research suggests that psychedelics may facilitate profound emotional and psychological experiences, leading to insights, emotional release, and long-lasting improvements in mood and well-being. While psychedelic medicine for TRD is still in the experimental stages, ongoing clinical trials have reported promising results, indicating its potential as a novel treatment approach. It is important to note that no depression treatment approach is 100% effective. So while some individuals remain depression-free for the rest of their lives, others relapse again and again and can only enjoy relief from their depression symptoms in “episodes.” In addition to this, conventional depression treatment options like the use of antidepressants have a long onset time. It’s important to note that before an individual can be diagnosed with treatment-resistant depression, they must have undergone treatment regimens with at least two different antidepressants from different drug classes. Unlike “normal” depression cases, management of treatment-resistant depression with conventional treatment approaches only results in “brief” relief for patients. The depressive episodes are also more severe and last longer. Conventional approaches to managing treatment-resistant depression may include increasing antidepressant doses or outrightly switching from one type of antidepressant to another. If these approaches do not yield satisfactory treatment results, alternative treatment approaches like Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) are often employed. ECT has been used severally to help patients with treatment-resistant depression enjoy relief from their symptoms. In fact, it remains one of the most commonly-employed treatment options for treating treatment-resistant depression. Despite its effectiveness, ECT does have pretty severe side effects. For example, ECT has been known to cause disorientation and confusion in patients. It has also been linked to memory loss which may persist beyond the treatment period. Although ECT is one of the most popular approaches for treating treatment-resistant depression, it is often reserved as a last option because of its potentially serious side effects. In its place, a novel approach to treating treatment-resistant depression has been gaining traction. This new approach is known as Psychedelics-assisted Therapy. Do you have questions about psychedelic therapy? If you are, then reach out today and get answers to all your questions about psychedelic-assisted therapy. Also, if you’re searching for a treatment center that can offer you quality, comprehensive psychedelic therapy, then PMC Psychedelic and Behavioral Medicine Centers of America is the perfect place for you. Give us a call or leave a message and let’s help you get started on your recovery path. PMC Psychedelic is a leading provider of innovative and effective treatments for mental health conditions. Our clinic in New York offers a range of cutting-edge therapies, including ketamine infusion therapy, TMS, and med management. We also offer telehealth services for patients who cannot travel to our clinic. Our experienced team is dedicated to helping you overcome your mental health challenges and regain your quality of life. © Copyright 2023 Psychedelic Medicine Centers of America

https://www.pmcheal.com/treatment-resistant-

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Because of the symbolism of Ancient Egyptian Solar Worship ingrained in Jesus’ mythology, which suggested that Jesus was the Sun incarnate, Jesus was revered as a Sun God. This section delves into the rationale for Jesus’ classification as a Sun God and his place in the larger scheme of mythology and religion. First and foremost, the fact that Jesus is frequently shown with a sunburst behind his head, signifying his divinity, makes him a Sun God. This is evident in the way that Jesus is frequently portrayed in art and architecture, where he is surrounded by a halo of light. The Sun and its rays are represented by this halo. Because Jesus is associated with light, he can thus be seen as a Sun God. This explains why followers of Jesus are supposed to get truth and enlightenment, earning him the nickname “Light of the World.” In the same way as the Sun dispels darkness, Jesus also dispels uncertainty and ignorance. Furthermore, Jesus is shown as bringing light into darkness in a large number of the Bible’s accounts about him. For instance, the sky was said to be full of brilliant stars at the time of his birth. And after three hours of darkness following his crucifixion, light returned to the globe as Jesus rose from the dead. Another common nickname for Jesus was the “Sun of Righteousness” (Malachi 4:2). In Revelation 22:16, he was also referred to as “the bright Morning Star.” These names serve as a reflection of Jesus’ identity and mission. According to Luke 2:11, his arrival gives hope and redemption. He is the light of the world (John 8:12). Jesus’ birth on December 25th Given that Jesus was born on December 25, which is also the winter solstice, he can also be seen as a Sun God. The shortest day of the year is the winter solstice, after which the days begin to lengthen once more. This might be interpreted as a representation of the optimism and fresh starts that Jesus offers. Additionally, Jesus and the Egyptian Sun God Horus share a lot in common. Because of these parallels, some have come to conclude that Jesus was the Sun manifest in the form of the Egyptian Sun God Horus. Jesus’ Transfiguration atop Mount Tabor Another indication that Jesus was a Sun God is the account of his transfiguration on Mount Tabor. Jesus is transformed into a divine being at this occurrence, and his body is filled with a glorious light. Because it demonstrates that Jesus is the Son of God and has a unique connection with him, this occurrence is crucial. Jesus is shown in the Transfiguration as being clothed in the splendor of the Sun, implying that Jesus was originally intended to be a Solar Deity. The Last Supper Was a Ritual of Sun Worship It is also possible that Jesus was a Sun God because the Last Supper was a rite involving worshiping the Sun. Jesus blesses the food and wine at the Last Supper and expresses thanks to God for them. Because bread and wine were considered to be emblems of the body and blood of Ra, and because Jesus was honoring the Sun God Ra by blessing them, this gesture would have been seen by Ancient Egyptians as a symbolic act of Sun worship. The fact that Jesus choose to sit with his twelve disciples, each of whom represents one of the twelve constellations that surround the sun, facing eastward toward the rising sun during the Last Supper provides another proof that he was honoring the sun. One Spring Holiday Is Easter Easter is a springtime celebration of Jesus Christ’s resurrection, which occurs at the same time as the Sun’s rebirth. As a result, Easter is seen as a season of rebirth and fresh starts in accordance with the path and intensity of the Sun throughout the spring. Finally, but just as importantly, Jesus is a Sun God for the following reasons: 1. At the same moment that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west, Jesus was baptized in the Jordan River. 2. Bethlehem, which means “house of bread,” is where Jesus was born. Given that it’s frequently referred to as the “House of the Sun,” this has a direct connection to the Sun. 3. According to the Gospels, Jesus started his public ministry at “about 30 years old,” which is the same age that Egyptian pharaohs were customarily crowned. Once more, this connects him to the Sun God Ra, who is supposed to have had a 30-year rebirth. 4. The number 12 was regarded as a perfect number in many ancient societies, signifying totality or completion. Another solar link is the fact that Jesus had twelve followers in addition to himself, as twelve is the number of months in a year. 5. As was previously established, one of Jesus’ most well-known miracles was the changing of water into wine at Cana, which was akin to Osiris converting water from the Nile into beer. 6. What is perhaps most remarkable is that Christ died at noon on the day of his crucifixion—exactly when the sun is at its zenith in the sky. In conclusion, there are several reasons and pieces of evidence that point to Jesus being a Sun God due to the symbolism of Ancient Egyptian Solar Worship that is connected to him. Even while some claim that Jesus was not a Sun God, the numerous aspects of Solar Worship that are woven into the mythology of Jesus still lead one to believe that he was.

https://africafactszone.com/jesus-is-a-sun-god/

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Become Our Partner Fill out the form below to become our partner and get better prices and services. RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that uses radio waves to identify, track and monitor physical items or products. It works by attaching small electronic tags (called RFID tags) to items, which contain encoded information that can be read and tracked through the use of an RFID reader. This technology has numerous applications in areas such as inventory tracking, asset management, access control and even healthcare identification. Additionally, it provides a cost-effective and efficient way to track objects while also providing security benefits such as preventing fraud. Read more. RFID Standards are sets of guidelines and technical specifications that ensure data quality and interoperability between RFID systems. These standards are developed by various organizations, such as the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), to provide a consistent set of rules for manufacturers, users, and integrators. The most commonly used RFID standard is ISO 18000-6, which defines the requirements for an RFID system to identify and track physical items or products through the use of electronic tags or labels attached to them. Other common standards include EPC (Electronic Product Code) Global Network, GS1 UHF Gen2 Specification, IEC 61400-25 Standard, etc. Read more. An RFID chip is a microchip that uses radio waves to transfer data to a reader. It is the smallest part of an RFID tag yet the most important as it holds the memory for data storage. The chip is mostly located centrally and surrounded by a coiled wire, known as an antenna. The antenna is responsible for passing radio waves from the chip to the reader. When the tag is powered, it releases electromagnetic waves containing the required information. Read more. Generally speaking, yes, RFID technology is safe and secure. Because data stored on an RFID chip is encrypted and secured with protocols such as WPA2 or AES-128, it’s difficult to extract information without the proper authorization. Additionally, most RFID chips are designed so that they will stop transmitting data once the reader has moved out of range. This makes it difficult for someone to intercept your data from a distance. However, if you have concerns about the security of your RFID system, it is recommended that you speak with a professional in order to ensure the safety of your data and assets. Read more. RFID tags are tiny devices that emit a signal that can be read by an RFID reader. RFID tags are used in many industries, including retail, manufacturing, and logistics. They contain the following components: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) cards are used for tracking, identification, and access control. The cards integrate an RFID microchip that holds all the data needed for specific applications. The RFID cards use different frequency bands, including 125 kHz Low Frequency (LF), 13.56 MHz High Frequency (HF), and 860-960 Ultra-High Frequency (UHF). The frequency band of each card will determine its applications. Here is a comprehensive RFID card guide. RFID (Radio-frequency identification) technology is a tiny chip that holds unique ticket information or information about an attendee. This chip can be placed inside a wearable, like a wristband, which is called an RFID wristband. An RFID wristband is a device that uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology to securely store and transmit data. These wristbands are used in a variety of ways, from tracking attendance at events to identifying individuals in a crowd, allowing for an increase in security and convenience. An RFID wristband can be programmed with information such as contact details or medical records and then scanned using an RFID reader. The reader then sends the information stored on the wristband wirelessly to the reader, allowing for quick access to the data without manual intervention. Read more. RFID Key fobs are a marvelous combination of radio frequency technology, small enough to fit in your pocket. The coded signal is transmitted and received through the RFID antenna and chip within these devices, allowing them to securely store valuable information on an easy-to-carry device. Read more. NFC technology is revolutionizing the way we use our phones, allowing us to make payments quickly and securely via apps like Samsung Pay or Google Pay. NFC has become a must-have for modern smartphones; but it’s not just limited there! You can find this proximity-based wireless communication standard on tablets, speakers, collectibles – even gaming consoles like Nintendo Switch and 3DS! Unlocking effortless convenience that boosts daily life activities without compromising security? Now THAT’S specialties of modern tech worth raving about. Read more. The NFC Forum has established various Tag Types to promote a level of standardization among all types of NFC chips. These guidelines ensure an expected performance and feature list, providing users with the same dependable experience no matter what chip they use! Read more. NFC (Near Field Communication) payment is a type of contactless payment technology that uses radio signals to allow users to securely pay for goods and services without having to physically swipe or insert a card. NFC-enabled devices such as smartphones, smartwatches, and key fobs can be used to make payments quickly and securely. The data on the NFC device is encrypted and the payment process is usually completed within seconds. For added security, users may also have to enter a PIN code or use biometrics such as a fingerprint scan. Read more. NDEF is the key to unlocking a whole host of possibilities for NFC-enabled devices, from readers and phones to tablets. Developed by the NFC Forum as an industry standard, NDEF allows data encoding onto tags plus exchange between two active devices – broadening horizons in terms of connectivity capabilities! Read more. NFC tags integration in Android and iPhone has helped in the automation of most activities. This near-field communication technology is used in contactless payment and exchange data sharing, among many other functions. The NFC technology has been applied in many areas, including the hotel industry, payment industry, and transport industry. You can purchase NFC tags from any NFC online store near you at affordable. This article analyzes the uses of NFC tags, merits & demerits, and offers creative ways that you can use NFC tags to make your life interesting. Read more. An NFC (Near Field Communication) wristband is a device that uses RFID technology to store and transmit data wirelessly. Unlike traditional RFID wristbands, which require physical contact with the reader to access data, NFC wristbands allow users to securely log into systems or complete transactions without having to make physical contact. This can prove especially useful in large public settings, such as festivals and sporting events, where long lines at ticket gates can be alleviated by using the NFC-enabled wristbands. NFC wristbands have gained popularity due to their convenience, security, and portability. Read more. Library management can be a complex task, especially with the constant influx of new materials and patrons. RFID technology offers a solution to streamline this process by allowing libraries to track and manage their inventory and circulation more efficiently. But how does it work? What are the benefits? This article will explore the basics of RFID technology and its advantages for libraries. Read more. The Healthcare sector has incorporated technology to improve service delivery to patients. The use of RFID technology to track things in hospitals has significantly led to better service provision. RFID technology has many healthcare applications. This diversity makes it one of the most influential and dynamic tools for any hospital. Read more. RFID jewelry tags are a great way to ensure your jewelry is secure and your customers have a safe and seamless shopping experience. These tags use RFID technology to store and transmit data wirelessly, making them ideal for tracking and managing jewelry inventory. They can be used to assign unique identification numbers to individual pieces and then scanned by an RFID reader at various points throughout the retail process. This enables fast and accurate inventory tracking, reducing the risk of theft or product loss. Moreover, RFID jewelry tags come in various styles, colors, and sizes; this allows you to customize them according to specific needs and preferences. Read more. RFID technology provides a great way to manage files and archives. Using RFID tags, you can easily assign unique identification numbers to individual items such as documents, files, or other materials. These tags can then be scanned by an RFID reader at various points in the process – from check-in and sorting through storage, tracking, and analysis. This ensures that all documents are tracked accurately throughout their journey. Additionally, RFID tags can also be used for authentication purposes; they allow you to easily verify who had access to certain documents, when they accessed them, and if they have been changed since they were viewed. This makes them ideal for ensuring security and compliance with regulations. Read more. RFID cattle tracking technology helps farmers to get real-time updates on their livestock’s progress. It enables them to check the activity levels, health statuses, and other behavioral changes that affect the cattle’s well-being. The technology uses radio waves to relay data to the farmer through an RFID reader. It incorporates an RFID chip that stores all the information regarding the respective animal. Read more. If you want to boost your profitability, you should invest in an RFID inventory management system. This technology allows you to capture, analyze, and use data when making crucial decisions. It automates your inventory, thus reducing the cost of labor and increasing accuracy. But what are the exact benefits of investing in an RFID inventory management system? Does it have any disadvantages, risks, or limitations? Read more. RFID vehicle tracking system automates vehicle identification, making it easy to manage parking areas and control access to buildings, among many other uses. You’ll be required to attach RFID tags to any part of your vehicle, provided there are no obstructions that can prevent the RFID reader from capturing the data. The tags contain information such as the vehicle’s registration number, the driver’s details, and other relevant details. Read more. Music festivals are a time to let loose and have fun – RFID wristbands can help make that happen by adding an extra layer of convenience and security. If you’re attending an event soon, be sure to check out RFID wristbands as a ticketing option. And if you need to buy RFID wristbands for your own event, be sure to find a professional manufacturer who can provide high quality products at a great price. Thanks for reading and enjoy the show! Read more. With the complexity of modern manufacturing operations, many companies find themselves bogged down by inefficiencies. But RFID technology is here to save the day! By automatically tracking processes and information in real time, this powerful tool offers improved accuracy that can result in increased productivity. Consequently, this will lead to happier customers due to more accurate orders being shipped quickly. Let’s take a closer look at how exactly it works.Read more. In the event industry, technology is continually advancing to meet the demands of attendees, vendors, and event planners. One such technology is Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) ticketing. This technology has made a big splash in the events industry due to its ability to provide efficiency and accuracy when it comes to scanning tickets quickly and effectively. Let’s take a look at what RFID ticketing is and why it’s becoming such an asset for event planners everywhere. Read more. The proliferation of RFID technology in supply chain management and logistics is transforming the way that goods and materials are tracked along their journey. With RFID tags providing a low-cost, efficient solution to identify items, system integrators, engineers, and procurement staff can leverage this powerful tool to bring greater visibility across their operational processes. Read more. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is revolutionizing the way sports events are organized and managed. By leveraging RFID tags, readers, and antennas, organizations are able to track and identify participants, optimize event logistics, improve audience engagement, and increase event security. Let’s take a look at 5 applications of RFID technology in sports events. Read more. RFID bracelets are a great way to control access to certain areas or events. By using RFID tags embedded in the bracelet, you can easily set up authentication systems that ensure only people with the right credentials have access. This includes restricting access by time, location, or user group. Additional features such as two-factor authentication can be added for even more security. The data stored on the bracelet can also be used for other purposes such as attendance tracking, allowing companies to easily monitor who is coming and going from their premises. Read more. RFID is associated with large events such as top music festivals. However, this wireless technology has spread to smaller events including weddings, awards ceremonies, and live performances. RFID guarantees improved planning and an enhanced customer experience. This convenience increases customer recommendations and secures better turnout for future events. Read more. Technology has quickly advanced in recent years, and one area that has seen significant innovation is RFID technology. RFID, or radio frequency identification, uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. While RFID tags are most commonly associated with inventory tracking in manufacturing and retail settings, the technology is being used in many other ways. Here are a few examples of how RFID technology is being used in everyday life: Read more. RFID technology can have a major impact on the food industry. RFID tags can be used to track and trace food from its origin to the consumer, allowing for greater visibility across the supply chain. This means it is easier to detect issues such as contamination or spoilage, allowing for more efficient food recalls and product recalls. It also enables companies to quickly identify when there is an issue with their products and take corrective action before the problem escalates. Furthermore, RFID tags can help with inventory management and provide metrics such as expiration dates, so that retailers can ensure that their shelves are stocked with fresh items at all times. By utilizing RFID technology in the food industry, companies can reduce costs and improve customer satisfaction. Read more. RFID asset tracking is a system that uses Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags to track, monitor and manage assets. The RFID tags can be embedded in objects or affixed to them, allowing information about the asset to be stored and transmitted without contact. The tagged asset is connected to a network where it can be monitored in real-time, allowing for quick and accurate tracking of the asset’s location. RFID asset tracking also allows businesses to gather data such as when the object was used, who used it, and how long it was used. This information can then be used to optimize processes, improve inventory management and reduce losses due to theft or misplacement of assets. Read more. RFID is popular for marketing campaigns. It elevates the experience and makes events more enjoyable. Using an RFID wristband creates an awesome factor that gets people talking. You can also use it to motivate them to like and share with their friends on social media. However, what are RFID wristbands? RFID wristbands are accessories that hold unique ticket information about an attendee. The chip is placed. Looking from the outside, this chip is invisible. Attendees can use these wristbands to confirm their identity. They can use it as a VIP pass, payment processor during an event, and Read more. Modern technology uses a specific chip to keep information about an individual attendee. It can be modified into suitable wear-able wristbands which are easy to carry and that’s why it is also called RFID wristbands. Read more. Although RFID wristbands have become very common in large events like conferences, concerts and exhibitions, it benefits smaller events and venues.RFID wristbands are gaining popularity these days with their uses in many activities. RFID stands for radio frequency identification device, and it uses radio waves to get to work. This is a unique method of transferring the unique identity of a wristband using radio waves. The technology allows the data from the RIFD tag to get captured by either system’s scanners and then moves it to the back-end computer system without any physical contact requirement. Read more. RFID wristbands are a great way for theme parks to provide their visitors with an enhanced experience. RFID wristbands can be used to store visitor information, such as admission tickets and contact details. They can also be used to store ride preferences or fast track access to certain attractions. By using RFID, parks no longer need to issue paper tickets or tokens, providing a more convenient and cost-effective solution. Additionally, they can add extra security measures by linking the wristband with the user’s face or fingerprint recognition, making it harder for fraudsters to gain access. With these features in place, theme parks can ensure that only authorized persons are given access and that the customer experience remains secure. Read more. If you’ve been following the news lately, you may know that Nike has been testing a new technology in their shoes called Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags. These small chips are embedded in the soles of sneakers, and they allow users to track how far they’ve run or how many calories they’ve burned. The company claims this will help them better understand and serve their customers, but what exactly is RFID? How does it work? In this article, I’ll explain everything from manufacturing to consumer experience with RFID technology so that by the end you’ll have a better understanding of why Nike decided to integrate these tiny chips into their new line of sneakers. Read more. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tire tags are a great way to gain insight into the performance of your fleet of vehicles. By using a combination of RFID technology and software applications, you can track the location of your vehicles, monitor their condition and efficiency, and even predict maintenance needs. In this article, we’ll discuss the application of RFID tire tags in detail and how they can help your business run more smoothly. Read more. A work-in-process (WIP) tracking system helps organizations manage their production processes, including purchasing, manufacturing, and shipping. Many organizations use RFID technology to keep track of their WIP because it offers great accuracy and reliability. In this blog post, we’ll discuss why WIP tracking is important, how RFID can help you improve your WIP tracking process, and what benefits it will bring to your organization. Read more. Open NFC Tools APP. · Add a record,You will see many different options of what to write to your tags. · Click Write,Choose Write. · Write the Tag. Read more. NFC tags are taking the market by storm. Near Field Communication (NFC) is no longer new to everyone. Of course, people use it to make cashless transactions when paying at checkout. What you don’t know is that NFC has many other different uses. The following are some useful ideas you can use to leverage this amazing technology. Read more. RFID technology uses radio waves to transmit data between an RFID tag and the reader. The frequency of the tag determines its read distance and affects its functionality. The three primary frequencies used with RFID devices include Low Frequency (LF), High Frequency (HF), and Ultra High Frequency (UHF). But what’s the difference between these frequencies? Read more. Organizations have adopted the use of proximity cards and MIFARE for identification and access control. The technologies simplify your operations, saves time, and enhances security. While the two technologies have an almost similar working rationale, a few differences set them apart. So, what are the exact differences between a MIFARE and a proximity card? This article offers an in-depth analysis of the two technologies, complete with the features, advantages, and limitations. Read more. NTAG series chips developed by NXP include NTAG210, NTAG212, NTAG213, NTAG215, NTAG216, NTAG213TT, NTAG424, etc. They are all compliant with NFC Forum Type 2 Tag and ISO/IEC14443 Type A specification. Among them, NTG213, NTAG215, NTAG216 are the most commonly used NFC chips, and they are very similar in function and application. So how to choose? What are the differences between them? Fewer people can figure it out, but this article will give you a clear picture. Read more. Proximity cards and vicinity cards are two different types of access control technologies used for identification and authentication. Proximity cards use radio frequency (RF) signals to communicate with access control systems, while vicinity cards collect data through near field communication (NFC). Proximity cards require contact between the card and the reader in order to function, while vicinity cards can be read at a short distance without physical contact. Additionally, proximity cards are frequently used with door locks, while vicinity cards are often used for making payments or other financial transactions. Read more. RFID card blockers protect your RFID cards from criminals out to skim your data. The blockers offer a cover that prevents RFID readers from capturing the signals produced by RFID cards. The blockers are made from different materials that are poor magnetic conductors. They block RFID waves, eliminating any chance of the card being read by criminals. But what is RFID skimming? How does it work? And why is it necessary to use RFIC card blockers to prevent card skimming? Read more. The EM chip is a contactless radio frequency identification chip that comes with the read/write function. It is interesting to know that this EM chip is a function of EM Microelectronics in Switzerland with a frequency range of 100-150 kHz. If you need a contactless RFID chip that requires reduced power consumption, the EM chip is your best bet. Read more. Before buying RFID tags, first, you need to know whether you have done a good RFID system, RFID tag chip type, whether your use of the environment has metal and moisture, whether you need to be resistant to high temperatures, what is the sensing distance you need, etc. Then you can find the right RFID tags for you faster. Read more. The development of RFID technology has led to the automation of various activities, including access controls and payments. Many organizations use RFID cards to accelerate the identification process for guaranteed convenience. However, clone RFID cards have posed significant security threats. Criminals have established genius ways of copying cardholders’ data to make a clone RFID card. The clone RFID card is then used by criminals to access highly restricted areas or withdraw vast sums of money from the cardholder’s bank account. This article highlights various ways you can protect yourself from falling victim to RFID card cloning criminals. Read more. RFID technology has made it possible to track the whereabouts of any asset, movable or stationary. The heart of an RFID system is a tag, which is affixed to the object to be tracked. This technology is used in many asset tracking applications, including tool tracking, vehicle tracking, and inventory management. Read more. NFC and QR codes have become increasingly popular in recent years, thanks to the rise of mobile technology. Both technologies are used for contactless communication between two devices, but how do they differ? We’ll explore the differences between NFC and QR codes, as well as their advantages and disadvantages, so you can make an informed decision about which technology is right for your system integration project. Read more. RFID inlays, RFID tags and RFID labels are all major components in RFID systems. But what are the differences between them? How do you know which technology is right for your customer’s needs? In this blog post, we’ll explore the features of each type that need to be weighed when selecting RFID technology solutions for various jobs. Read more. The debate between traditional animal tags and RFID animal tags has been going on for years among livestock industry professionals. While both forms of identification are used to track animals, they have many distinct differences that need to be explored before moving forward with a livestock management program. In this blog post, we will cover the key elements that make up both forms of tagging so that you can understand exactly how RFID animal tags differ from traditional animal tags. Read more. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and barcodes are two of the most commonly used identification methods. Both have their advantages and disadvantages, so which one is the best option for your business? Read more. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a system of interconnected devices and sensors that collect and share data about their surroundings. RFID technology is one way that these devices can communicate with each other, by using radio waves to exchange information. Both RFID and the IoT are based on networks of devices that can collect and share data. In this article, we’ll explore how RFID is used in the IoT, and how the two technologies can work together to create smarter systems. Read more. Near Field Communication (NFC) and Bluetooth are wireless technologies. You may have used them a couple of times already. But you have not realized that is what they are called. As you may know, many businesses utilize these technologies for many reasons. For example, they are used to develop mobile apps. In this article, we will discuss the difference between the two. Read more. Smart payments have become a norm in the current financial market. Be it Apple Pay, Android Pay, Samsung Pay, or NFC payments via cards – all these methods have gained immense popularity in recent years. However, the technology that makes these payments possible is not new. It’s been in use for more than two decades. In fact, the first contactless card was introduced back in 1995 by Seoul Bus Transport Association. Read more. Mifare Plus and Mifare Classic are products from the NXP Mifare family. After the security collapse of Mifare Classic, NXP released a new generation of contactless cards to fill the gap, namely Mifare Plus. All MIFARE cards meet the requirements of the ISO14443A industry standard and, like other contactless cards, use an internal antenna and chip that reacts once the card is within the reader’s magnetic field. All MIFARE cards operate at 13.56MHz and are manufactured by NXP Semiconductors (part of Phillips Electronics). Read more. MIFARE is the short form of the Mikron Fare Collection system, and it is a prominent contactless solution from the stables of NXP. MIFARE is notable for having several uses, and this is why organizations and corporate bodies use it. Read more. When it comes to using RFID technology, one of the biggest challenges is getting a tag to work on or around metal surfaces. Metal can interfere with the radio waves used to transmit information from an RFID anti-metal tag, making it difficult to read the tag’s data. However, you can improve the performance of RFID tags on metal surfaces. This article evaluates the effects of metal on RFID and best practices for using RFID tags on or around metal surfaces. Read more. RFID access control system allows determines who enters or leaves specific premises at any given time. It includes an automated system that identifies an individual, authenticates their details, and allows access upon verification. The system is designed to only allow specific individuals to access a building. These individuals must possess an RFID card, RFID key fob, RFID wristband, or any other form of RFID tag containing their verification details. If that sounds confusing, then you shouldn’t worry! This article offers a comprehensive guide on how RFID access control systems work. Read more. EPC consists of a unique serial number, making it possible to track each item from the time it leaves the supplier to when it reaches the consumer. EPC codes are typically encoded in RFID tags, but can also be printed on labels or tags. Read more. Smart card access control systems are becoming increasingly popular for businesses as they offer a secure and efficient way of controlling access to areas and resources. They provide a range of advantages over traditional access control systems, such as improved security, convenience, and cost savings. Let’s take a closer look at how smart cards in access control work. Read more. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are used in a wide range of applications, from tracking inventory to providing identification for access control. But what exactly do these RFID Tags consist of? In this post, we’ll explore the various components of an RFID tag and the materials they’re made of. Read more. Smart card technology has been steadily emerging as an efficient and cost-effective way for organizations of all sizes to store data securely. In this guide, we will explore what smart cards are, how they work, and why these tools can be beneficial for your business or organization. With its vast array of options and features that continue to improve over time – such as encryption capabilities and biometrics – smart cards offer a high level of scalability so you can customize the perfect solution to suit your requirements without sacrificing performance or security. Read more. Send the message successfully, we will reply you within 24 hours.

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This article is about what languages did jesus speak for our devoted christian to know today and forever. Question: As you may have noticed, Jesus spoke Aramaic and a little Greek. Is it safe to assume, based on his interaction with Pilate, that he also knew Latin? Answer: Aramaic would almost certainly have been Jesus’ everyday language. Ancient Hebrew had given way to Aramaic in the same manner that Latin had given way to Italian, Spanish, French, and Romanian, among other languages, in the early years of the Bible. Aramaic was a mother tongue for Jesus and his disciples because it was spoken by Jews throughout the Holy Land. Jesus would also be able to communicate in ancient Hebrew, which was the language of the Scriptures and also predominated in Temple and synagogue liturgy. Most young men were educated early on how to read and interpret biblical and liturgical Hebrew in the same manner as altar boys were taught basic Latin in the past (and still are in the extraordinary form of the Mass). Given the presence of Greeks and subsequently Romans, ancient Greek was also well understood by most Jews during Christ’s time. This was owing to their encounters with the gentiles who shared the Roman Empire’s common tongue, Greek. It was undoubtedly required in many marketplaces and other important encounters with non-Jewish people in non-Jewish parts of the Holy Land, such as the Decapolis region (the region of Ten Hellenistic cities just to the east of Israel). Most Jews could get by speaking and understanding Greek, even if they weren’t fluent. While Latin was the Romans’ mother tongue in and around Italy, the Roman Empire expanded to include extensive areas to the east and south of Rome that had previously been part of the Greek Empire and where Greek was widely spoken. As a result, most Romans and other gentiles in the Holy Land spoke Greek rather than Latin. As a result, Jesus’ conversation with Pilate was not always done in Latin. Pilate had to know Greek and perhaps a good deal of Aramaic, or he had a translator. As God, Jesus must have understood Latin, but as a man, he may have learned it only by infused knowledge. For the reasons given, neither he nor Pilate would need to use Latin. However, it’s worth noting that in Mel Gibson’s film “The Passion of the Christ,” the conversation between them is artistically set in Latin. Pilate addresses Jesus in Aramaic, and Jesus responds in Latin. This catches Pilate off guard, and he continues the dialogue in Latin. It seems Gibson wants to emphasize that Jesus is seeking to reach Pilate by using his mother tongue. This, of course, is a cinematic flourish, which may not reflect the language of the actual conversation. Question: Can you tell us a little about conscience from the perspective of a Catholic? It appears to be highly subjective at times. Answer: Conscience is an act of practical reason judgment in which we appraise the moral quality of a specific conduct based on general principles. Because laws and principles are frequently of a general character, practical reason must be used to apply them to each act; this is what conscience does (cf. Catechism No. 1778). More than a feeling of basic moral ideals, conscience is a state of mind. To be sure, humans have a basic moral intuition about what is right and evil. This type of moral insight is referred to as “synderesis” by St. Thomas. It is the natural awareness of general and self-evident principles, as well as moral and natural law fundamental facts. Synderesis, on the other hand, is not the same as conscience. Conscience makes use of this information, forms inferences, and applies it to a specific situation as a judgment. Conscience is not its own law and can make mistakes. Insofar as it conforms with or differs from divine law, natural law, and human law that is just and in accordance with divine law, conscience is genuine or false. What is unlawful is judged to be lawful, and what is lawful is judged to be unlawful by a false conscience. Divine law, as well as fair law and legitimate power, are not independent of conscience. It isn’t a matter of personal inspiration or interpretation. It isn’t a rule in and of itself. Law is not established by conscience. Conscience’s job is to apply what God has taught us (through natural law, divine revelation, and the Church) to specific situations. Conscience’s goal must be to receive and apply such legislation, not to oppose it. Share this post on Leave a Reply

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According to a recent study published in Science Advances, Japanese researchers showed that a low protein diet can accelerate brain degeneration in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. More importantly, they found that Amino LP7 — a supplement containing seven specific amino acids — can slow down brain degeneration and dementia development in these animals. Their work expands on previous studies, which have demonstrated the effectiveness of Amino LP7 in improving cognitive function. Dementia — a condition involving the extreme loss of cognitive function — is caused by a variety of disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease. According to World Health Organization estimates, approximately 10 million individuals worldwide develop dementia every year, indicating the high psychological and social impact of this condition. Dementia mainly affects older people, and so far, simple and effective strategies for preventing this condition have remained elusive. Dr. Makoto Higuchi from the National Institutes for Quantum Sciences and Technology, one of the lead scientists on the study, explains, “In older individuals, low protein diets are linked to poor maintenance of brain function. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. So, we wanted to understand whether supplementation with essential amino acids can protect the brains of older people from dementia, and if yes, what mechanisms would contribute to this protective effect.” First, the researchers studied how a low protein diet affects the brain in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease, which generally demonstrate neurodegeneration and abnormal protein aggregates called “Tau” aggregates in the brain. They found that mice consuming a low protein diet not only showed accelerated brain degeneration but also had signs of poor neuronal connectivity. Interestingly, these effects were reversed after supplementation with Amino LP7, indicating that the combination of seven specific amino acids could inhibit brain damage. Next, the research team examined how Amino LP7 affects different signs of brain degeneration in the Alzheimer’s model. Untreated mice showed high levels of progressive brain degeneration, but Amino LP7 treatment suppressed neuronal death and thereby reduced brain degeneration, even though the Tau aggregates remained. According to Dr. Akihiko Kitamura, who also led this study, “Tau plaques in the brain are characteristic of Alzheimer’s and most treatments target them. However, we have shown that it is possible to overcome this Tau deposition and prevent brain atrophy via supplementation with Amino LP7.” Next, to understand how Amino LP7 protects the brain, the researchers comprehensively analyzed the gene-level changes induced by Amino LP7. Their findings were quite encouraging. They observed that Amino LP7 reduces brain inflammation and also prevents kynurenine, an inflammation inducer, from entering the brain, thereby preventing inflammatory immune cells from attacking neurons. They also found that Amino LP7 reduces neuronal death and improves neuronal connectivity, improving brain function. “These results suggest that essential amino acids can help maintain balance in the brain and prevent brain deterioration. Our study is the first to report that specific amino acids can hinder the development of dementia,” say Dr. Hideaki Sato and Dr. Yuhei Takado, both of whom majorly contributed to the study. “Although our study was performed in mice, it brings hope that amino acid intake could also modify the development of dementias in humans, including Alzheimer’s disease,” they add. The study by this research group throws open several avenues for better understanding how dementias occur and how they can be prevented. Given that Amino LP7 improves brain function in older people without cognitive impairment, their findings suggest that it could also be effective in people with cognitive dysfunction. Indeed, this patent-pending supplement could one day help millions worldwide live an improved, dementia-free life.

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The issue of pain and discomfort during menstruation is something that affects a lot of women of different ages and races worldwide. Pain and discomfort just before and/or during menstruation that is severe enough to interfere with normal daily activities is called dysmenorrhea, or premenstrual syndrome (PMS). Basically, menstrual cramps are caused by contractions (tightening) in the uterus by a chemical called prostaglandin. The uterus, where a baby grows, contracts throughout a woman’s menstrual cycle. During menstruation, the uterus contracts more strongly. If the uterus contracts too strongly, it can press against nearby blood vessels, cutting off the supply of oxygen to the muscle tissue of the uterus. Pain results when part of the muscle briefly loses its supply of oxygen. Dysmenorrhea can be primary or secondary in nature; Primary Dysmenorrhea is the common menstrual cramps that ar e recurrent and are not due to other diseases. Pain usually begins 1 or 2 days before or when menstrual bleeding starts, and is felt in the lower abdomen, back, or thighs. Pain can range from mild to severe, can typically last 12 to 72 hours, and can be accompanied by nausea-and-vomiting, fatigue, and even diarrhoea. Common menstrual cramps usually become less painful as a woman ages and may stop entirely if the woman has a baby. Pain from secondary dysmenorrhea usually begins earlier in the menstrual cycle and lasts longer than common menstrual cramps. The pain is not typically accompanied by nausea, vomiting, fatigue, or diarrhoea. The main symptom of dysmenorrhea is pain. It occurs in your lower abdomen during menstruation and may also be felt in your hips, lower back, or thighs. Other symptoms include nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal bloating, breast tenderness, headache, lightheadedness, fatigue, sleep problems and mood swings. Conditions that can cause severe symptoms or secondary dysmenorrhea include the following: - Certain sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) - Endometriosis (disorder that affects the lining of the uterus) - Extreme stress and anxiety - Ovarian cysts - Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID; infection in the reproductive system) - Use of an IUD (intrauterine device) as a form of contraception - Uterine fibroids (non-cancerous tumours of the uterus) If premenstrual pain and discomfort are not severe, self-care techniques (e.g., over-the-counter pain relievers, exercise, heating pads) may provide relief. However, if self-care measures are not effective or the pain is severe, women should contact a health care provider. Depending on the symptoms, physicians may recommend other medications, such as prescription pain relievers, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, or antidepressants. Over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others), at regular doses starting the day before you expect your period to begin can help control the pain of cramps. Prescription non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs also are available for use. To relieve mild menstrual cramps: - Place a heating pad or hot water bottle on your lower back or abdomen. - Rest when needed. - Avoid foods that contain caffeine. - Avoid smoking - Avoid alcohol - Massage your lower back and abdomen. - exercise regularly. Do not forget to bless this write-up with others too by sharing. Use the comment box below to ask any question about your menstruation. Stay healthy and never give up! Plan B Wellness […] Being thin seems to be the in thing these days. But lacking adequate body fat to hold the uterus in place can result in a prolapsed (dropped) uterus, which increases the chances of pelvic infections and period pain. […] […] Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful menstrual periods caused by uterine contractions. […]

https://www.planbwellness.com/what-you-need-to-know-about-painful-

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What is the difference between a citizen and a subject under sovereignty? Historian David Ramsay provided an explanation at the dawn of American Independence: - “THE United States are a new nation, or political society, formed at first by the Declaration of Independence, out of those British subjects in America, who were thrown out of royal protection by act of parliament, passed in December, 1775. A citizen of the United States, means a member of this new nation. The principle of government being radically changed by the revolution, the political character of the people was also changed from subjects to citizens. The difference is immense. Subject is derived from the Latin words, sub and jacio, and means one who is under the power of another; but a citizen is an unit of a mass of free people, who, collectively, possess sovereignty. Subjects look up to a master, but citizens are so far equal, that none have hereditary rights superior to others. Each citizen of a free state contains, within himself, by nature and the constitution, as much of the common sovereignty as another. In the eye of reason and philosophy, the political condition of citizens is more exalted than that of noblemen. Dukes and earls are the creatures of kings, and may be made by them at pleasure: but citizens possess in their own right original sovereignty.” A Dissertation on the manner of acquiring the character and privileges of a citizen of the United States. [Charleston, S.C.? : s.n.], 1789. 8 pp.; 22 cm. (8vo)

https://wrmilleronline.com/the-difference-between-a-citizen-and-a-

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Frame rate and Refresh rate are sometimes used interchangeably and while they are very related, they do not mean the same thing. Frame rates simply mean the amount of frames (still pictures) that are pushed to the display by the GPU. It is measured in frames per second (fps). Refresh rates on the other hand are how quickly a display can update itself to show new images on the screen. It is measured in Hertz (Hz). Frame rate and Refresh rate both refer to the number of times that still images are shown on a display in one second. The frame rate is handled by the GPU while the Refresh rate is handled entirely by the display. They do not control each other. The frame rate also greatly depends on the media (game or movie) being played. If you have a 60Hz display and your phone can only give out 30fps, all you effectively get is 30fps. This is because your display is going to be redrawing the same image over and over until the GPU sends a new one. How do they work? When playing a game on your phone, for example, the GPU will load the data from your storage and render images frame by frame. These images are then pushed to your display. The display then accepts the information from the GPU and shows it for you to see. Ideally, the frame rate and refresh rate should be equal (1 fps is equal to 1 Hz). This means that as each frame is pushed from the GPU, the display refreshes to update it on the screen. In the real world though, things are not so ideal. The base refresh rate for most displays is 60Hz. Now when the smartphone (game or movie) pushes 30 frames in one second (30fps) to a 60Hz display. This means that the display is two times faster than the game or movie. When this happens, the display would then fill in the space with fake frames generated from existing frames. This is called interpolation. The display would interpolate to fill in the missing frames. This is what happens when movies (24fps) and most games (30fps) are being played on your screen. Video credit: Wikipedia In the video above, the frame on the left is not interpolated while the one on the right is interpolated. Interpolation helps to make motion pictures more fluid and easy on the eyes. It also removes motion blur as well as jumpy images. Frame rate vs Refresh rate Triple-A game titles are some of the only media that can push 60 frames to a display in one second (60fps). This is ideal for 60Hz displays because you are getting a new image from the GPU every time the display refreshes. In this case, 1fps = 1Hz. This is also the case when 90fps is pushed to a 90Hz display. If you have a game of 90fps and your display can only refresh at 60Hz. What you are getting is 60fps. This is because your display can only update itself 60 times in one second. When this happens, you are going to missing those remaining 30 frames as they are not going to be displaying on your screen. In those non-ideal cases where 1fps is not equal to 1Hz, the GPU and the display may not sync properly. This usually results in screen tearing. Screen tearing is when two images from different frames appear on the screen at the same time. Please leave a comment if you have any difficulty and remember to:

https://inquisitiveuniverse.com/2021/01/27/frame-rate-

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Age of Consent & Sexual Abuse Laws Around the World Welcome to AgeOfConsent.net. This is a legal resource where you can find information about the Age of Consent across the United States, and around the world. The Age of Consent is the minimum wage at which a person is considered to be legally able to give consent to engage in sexual activities. Engaging in sexual activities with an individual who is under the Age of Consent can result in prosecution for statutory rape. To learn more, choose your state or country from the map below, or learn about the highest and lowest ages of consent worldwide. Age of Consent Map: < 13 years old 14 years old 15 years old 17 years old 18 years old > 19 years old Age of Consent across the World In the United States, the legal Age of Consent ranges state-by-state from 16 to 18 years old, with most states setting the age of consent at 16. Internationally, the Age of Consent ranges from as high as 19-20 in some countries to as low as 11 or 12 in certain underdeveloped nations. Some countries, particularly in the Middle East, require marriage prior to intercourse but do not specify an age of consent.

https://www.ageofconsent.net

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1. Don’t use your mobile phone whilst driving Making or receiving a call, even using a ‘hands free’ phone, can distract your attention from driving and could lead to an accident. In a collision, an unbelted rear passenger can kill or seriously injure the driver or a front seat passenger. 3. Don’t drink and drive Any alcohol, even a small amount, can impair your driving so be a safe driver don’t drink and drive. 4. Slow down At 35mph you are twice as likely to kill a pedestrian as at 30mph. Children often act impulsively, take extra care outside schools, near buses and ice cream vans when they might be around. 6.Take a break Tiredness is thought to be a major factor in more than 10% of road accidents. Plan to stop for at least a 15 minute break every 2 hours on a long journey. See Related Post 5 Simple Steps To Operate a Fire Extinguisher – FRSC 7. Walk safely When crossing a road always use a pedestrian crossing if there is one nearby. Help others to see you by wearing fluorescent or reflective clothing in poor light conditions. Observe and anticipate other road users and use your mirrors regularly. 9. Use car seats Child and baby seats should be fitted properly and checked every trip. 10. Keep your distance Always keep a two second gap between you and the car in front. Drive to stay alive. June 28, 2017 at 17:42

https://autojosh.com/top-10-road-safety-tips-

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Homeostasis-Definition, Objectives, Examples, Importance, and Levels of Homeostasis What is Homeostasis? In Biology, protection of the internal environment from the harms of the fluctuation in the external environment is called homeostasis. Homeostasis In Anatomy For example, homeostasis maintains a constant body temperature, blood sugar level, and water balance. These are all essential for cell survival and function. Homeostasis In Physiology In physiology, homeostasis is important because it allows the body to function properly. Without homeostasis, the body would not be able to maintain a constant temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar level, and other important bodily functions. Objectives Of Homeostasis The objectives of homeostasis are to: - Maintain a stable internal environment within the body, despite changes in the external environment. - Ensure that the body’s cells have the conditions they need to function properly. - Prevent the body from becoming too damaged by changes in the environment. - Allow the body to adapt to changes in the environment over time. Homeostasis at Organism Level The organismic level of homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body of organism, despite changes in the external environment. This level of homeostasis is achieved through the coordinated activity of many different organ systems, including the nervous system, endocrine system, respiratory system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, and urinary system. The three main components of the internal environment are water, solutes, and temperature. These components are controlled by three processes: Osmoregulation is the maintenance of water and salt balance in the body. This is done by balancing the intake and output of water and solutes. The kidneys play a major role in osmoregulation, as they filter water and solutes from the blood and excrete them in urine. Excretion is the elimination of waste products from the body. This includes nitrogenous wastes, such as urea and creatinine, as well as other waste products, such as salt and water. The kidneys are also responsible for excretion. Thermoregulation is the maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range. This is done by balancing the heat production and heat loss of the body. The hypothalamus is involved in thermoregulation. Homeostasis at Cellular Level This level of homeostasis is achieved through the coordinated activity of many different cellular processes, such as: - Osmosis-movement of water across a semipermeable membrane. - Diffusion-movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. - Active transport-movement of molecules against a concentration gradient, requiring energy. - Exocytosis-The release of molecules from the cell. - Endocytosis-The uptake of molecules into the cell. Homeostasis Feedback Mechanism Feedback mechanism is a process in which a system responds to changes in its environment by adjusting its output. In the context of homeostasis, feedback mechanisms are used to maintain a stable internal environment. Positive Feedback in Homeostasis Positive feedback is a type of feedback mechanism in which the output of a system increases the input to that system. This can lead to a runaway effect, in which the output of the system continues to increase until it reaches a limit. Positive feedback is often used in processes that need to be amplified, such as childbirth. Examples of Positive Feedback In Homeostasis Here are few examples of Examples of Positive Feedback In Homeostasis: When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets release chemicals that trigger the clotting cascade. The clotting cascade forms a clot, which helps to stop the bleeding. The formation of the clot is an example of positive feedback because it amplifies the initial change in the system (the damage to the blood vessel). When a muscle contracts, it releases calcium ions. These calcium ions bind to receptors on the muscle fibers, which causes the fibers to contract even more. This is an example of positive feedback because it amplifies the initial change in the system (the contraction of the muscle). Negative Feedback in Homeostasis Negative feedback is a type of feedback mechanism in which the output of a system decreases the input to that system. This helps to keep the system in equilibrium. Negative feedback is the most common type of feedback mechanism in homeostasis. Examples Of Negative Feedback In Homeostasis Here are few examples of Examples of Negative Feedback in Homeostasis: When the body’s temperature rises, the hypothalamus triggers mechanisms to cool the body down. These mechanisms include sweating and vasodilation (the widening of blood vessels). The sweating and vasodilation help to lower the body’s temperature, which brings it back to its set point. This is an example of negative feedback because the body is trying to return the temperature to its set point. Blood sugar regulation When blood sugar levels rise, the pancreas releases insulin. Insulin helps to move glucose into cells, which lowers blood sugar levels. The release of insulin helps to bring blood sugar levels back to their set point. This is an example of negative feedback. Importance of Homeostasis The purpose of homeostasis is to maintain a stable internal environment within the body, despite changes in the external environment. This is essential for survival, as even small changes in the body’s environment can have a significant impact on its function. Homeostatic Imbalance can cause different diseases in humans. Here are some of the important purposes of homeostasis: - Homeostasis is important in Maintaining a constant body temperature. Homeostasis helps to regulate body temperature by sweating when it gets too hot and shivering when it gets too cold. - Homeostasis is also important in Maintaining a constant blood sugar level. Homeostasis helps to regulate blood sugar levels by releasing hormones such as insulin and glucagon. - Homeostasis helps in Maintaining a constant blood pH. Homeostasis helps to regulate blood pH by the kidneys and lungs. - Homeostasis is involved in maintaining constant water balance. Homeostasis helps to regulate water balance by the kidneys and sweat glands. - Homeostasis also helps in Maintaining a constant salt balance. Homeostasis helps to regulate salt balance by the kidneys and sweat glands. Examples of Homeostasis Here are some examples of homeostasis: - Temperature regulation - Blood sugar regulation - Water balance - Electrolyte balance - pH balance - Blood pressure regulation Frequently Asked Question – FAQs What are examples of homeostasis? Maintenance of Temperature in the animal body Maintenance of Blood Glucose Level Water and salt balance in animal body Why is homeostasis important? Homeostasis is important to maintain the internal environment despite the changes that are happening in the internal and external environment. It helps to maintain optimal conditions for enzyme action. How is homeostasis maintained? Homeostasis is maintained through a series of control mechanisms being controlled at cellular, tissue, and organ level. What will happen if homeostasis is not maintained properly? Homeostasis helps to maintain body temperature, water, and salt balance and prevents the accumulation of waste materials. If it is not maintained properly, it can cause an increase in body temperature which may disrupt enzyme functioning. Similarly, an imbalance of salt and water can lead to fatal diseases. why is sweating an example of homeostasis? Sweating is an example of homeostasis because it helps the body maintain a stable internal temperature. When our body temperature rises, sweating helps to cool us down by evaporating from the skin. This process absorbs heat from the body, which helps to lower the temperature. Leave a Reply

https://eduinput.com/what-is-homeostasis-definition-objectives-and-levels-of-

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Water, whether hot or cold, is good for you because it keeps your body hydrated. Some say that, in comparison to cold water, drinking hot water can aid digestion, clear congestion, and induce calm. There is little scientific research on the purported health benefits of drinking hot water, thus most of the evidence comes from anecdotal stories. However, many people get relief from this treatment, particularly when taken first thing in the morning or just before bedtime. The ideal temperature range for consuming hot beverages is between 130 and 160 degrees Fahrenheit (54 and 71 degrees Celsius). Burns and scalds can occur at higher temperatures. Vitamin C and other health benefits can be obtained by adding a slice of lemon to hot water. This article explores five potential health benefits associated with drinking hot water. 1. May relieve nasal congestion We can see the steam rise from the cup of hot water. Sinus congestion and pain can be alleviated by holding a cup of hot water and inhaling the vapor deeply. Mucous membranes line your sinuses and throat, so warming up with hot water may help relieve a painful throat from excess mucus. An older study from 2008 found that drinking a hot beverage, like tea, helped alleviate cold symptoms such as a runny nose, cough, sore throat, and fatigue. The effectiveness of the beverage increased when heated, compared to when served at room temperature. 2. May aid digestion The digestive system stays active while the person drinks water. Waste products are flushed out of the body as water travels through the digestive system and intestines. The digestive system, it is said, can be sent into high gear with the help of a mug of hot water. It’s said that if you drink hot water after eating, any food your body has difficulties digesting will disintegrate and leave your system. Though further research is required to confirm the benefit, a 2016 study suggested that ingesting warm water after surgery may improve bowel motions and gas ejection. While we wait for a more permanent solution, there’s no harm in trying a treatment like sipping hot water to help with digestion. 3. May improve central nervous system function The neurological system, which controls your mood and cognitive processes, might be negatively impacted by a lack of water of any temperature. New studies from 2019 confirm that hydration boosts CNS function and disposition. This study found that participants’ self-reported anxiety decreased and their brain activity increased during challenging activities after drinking water. 4. May help relieve constipation Constipation often results from not drinking enough water. For many people, simply drinking more water will help alleviate constipation and perhaps prevent it from occurring. Stools are simpler to pass when properly hydrated. In order to maintain regular bowel motions, drinking hot water may be helpful. 5. Keeps you hydrated Drinking water at any temperature will help you stay hydrated, however there is some data suggesting that cooler water is ideal for rehydration. Men should drink 112 ounces (3.3 liters) of water daily, while women should drink 78 ounces (2.3 liters) each day, according to the Institute of Medicine. These estimates incorporate the water contained in foods such as fruits, vegetables, and melted foods. If you’re pregnant or breastfeeding, doing vigorous exercise, or working in a hot workplace, your water needs will increase significantly. Try having a cup of hot water first thing in the morning and then again before bed. It’s impossible to emphasize the importance of water, as it’s required for practically every bodily process.

https://medicalcaremedia.com/what-will-happen-to-you-if-you-continue-

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Spelling development can be a challenging skill for kids to imbibe, especially in the early academic stages. Children may often feel overwhelmed with learning alphabets, phonetics and words. However, it is nothing that a systematic process can’t resolve. And what’s most important in making this process smoother is the right approach. Starting slow, repeating the same spellings in different ways can be a few techniques. Also, revising the spellings in a fun way for kids to learn can be a great idea. This is where spelling games for kids can do the trick by making them learn effortlessly in a playful way. Parents can either play easy games at home or teachers in class or one can always take help of online spelling games for kids. What could be better than having their favorite time with screens to be productive and smart. Either way, the importance of spellings can not be undermined for kids, let’s see why. Importance of learning spellings Learning to spell correctly and get better with them has numerous benefits and it comes in different stages. Be it the pre-communicative stage or the semi-phonetic or phonetic stage, the transitional stage or the correct stage. Kids need to acquire the right spelling skills at every stage for their overall academic growth in the long run. They can get the following advantages. - Better writing – Writing forms the basis for academic learning in kids and for one to excel in future, the basics must be strong. Writing is one such basic thing that a kid must learn well at the right stage. Spelling development can prove very effective for improving writing in kids. - Better reading – Reading is yet another useful skill the kids must learn and learn well. It does not only help them in academics but in many other ways also. Reading interesting books can be as therapeutic as informative. Spelling learning can make way for better reading skills from an early stage itself. - Better communication – A good communication paves way for confidence, loads of opportunities and a good social interaction for kids. It is a key element in learning and spelling right can improve the kids’ communication a lot more. - Better comprehension – Reading, writing and communicating are all nothing without comprehension. Developing good comprehension skills is a must to complement the other skills and spellings do play a vital role. Easy ways to improve spelling ability in kids - Checking product names – This is the one of the easiest ways to make your kid get better at spellings. Simply ask them to read the names of products they use at home or ones they may want you to buy them at the store. It’s fun, quick and very effective. - Crossword puzzles – Getting them to solve age-appropriate crossword puzzles can be a good trick. When you play along and pretend to compete, they are likely to be interested and learn through the game. - Educational board games – Playing more educational board games like scrabble can be a nice idea for getting kids to learn the spellings. There are also other similar board games available for learning spellings as per their age. - More reading – While spellings improve the reading skills, it’s also the other way round. Getting your child to read more in the way of story books, cute or funny word blocks, can all lead to better spellings. It is about having the right mix of activities and effortless skills development complementing one another. Online spelling games for kids While the above mentioned ideas are some common ways to improve kids’ spelling learning, they do have their challenges at times. For instance, getting them board games can be a lot messy as kids tend to spread things out as well as lose the parts easily, ruining the whole game. Also, it is not always possible for parents to have the amount of time required to invest in playing along with these games or doing these activities on a more regular basis. This is where online learning games can prove to be very helpful. They can make the process of spelling learning for kids easy, smart and fun and develop a natural interest for learning. The online spelling games for kids bring in a fun element that attracts the kids and keeps them engaged easily, leading to effortless learning on the go. And the best part is that it can also make them independent, confident learners as they do it all on their own, learning while playing. Town- Kids spelling games Town is a cool spelling game for kids in the SKIDOS app. It offers a fun way of learning, where we try to lay a base for improving kids’ spelling learning and English, in all. Moreover, they can also practice math and english exercises while defeating the monsters in this game. It’s mainly suitable for 5-9-year-olds, where kids can learn spellings in an easy way. The kids spelling Town is a magical valley that is occupied by the citizens of the town and the monsters. Kids can design the town just as they want with buildings, roads, trees and other decorations. But they must watch out for the naughty monsters who are slimy, ticklish and can fart and tease. The cute sounds and adorable animations are sure to attract kids and learning spellings will be so much fun. Kids can get productive while at play with SKIDOS as parents take a break.

https://skidos.com/blog/smart-and-fun-

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S*xually transmitted diseases (STDs) are infections that are spread through s*xual contact. While they can have a significant impact on physical health, they can also affect mental health in a variety of ways. In this blog post, we’ll explore the impact of STDs on mental health and how to address it. Living with an STD can be a challenging and stressful experience. It can take a toll on a person’s mental health, and the stigma associated with STDs can lead to shame, guilt, and anxiety. People may feel isolated and alone, which can cause them to struggle with their mental health even more. 2. Depression And Anxiety Depression and anxiety are common mental health issues that people with STDs may experience. They may worry about their health and future relationships and feel overwhelmed by the stigma associated with STDs. The fear of being judged or rejected by others can also lead to social isolation, which can further worsen mental health. 3. Low Self-esteem In addition to depression and anxiety, people with STDs may experience low self-esteem. The stigma associated with STDs can lead to feelings of shame, embarrassment, and guilt. They may feel that they are less desirable or less worthy of love and affection. 4. Affects Relationships STDs can also affect relationships. People may struggle with disclosing their status to their partner, which can lead to mistrust and strain in the relationship. Additionally, people may be hesitant to engage in sexual activity, which can further complicate the relationship. This can cause feelings of loneliness and isolation, which can further harm mental health. Read also: How To Talk To Your Partner About STDs If you are living with an STD and are experiencing mental health issues, it’s important to seek support. Here are some steps you can take to address the impact of STDs on mental health: 1. Seek Professional Help Mental health professionals can help you process your diagnosis and develop coping strategies to manage the impact of STDs on mental health. Therapy can provide a safe and supportive space to discuss your feelings and concerns. 2. Educate Yourself Learning more about STDs and the stigma associated with them can help you better understand and manage the impact on your mental health. There are many resources available online and in your community, including support groups, educational materials, and advocacy organizations. 3. Build A Support Network It’s important to have people in your life who can provide emotional support and understanding. This can include friends, family members, or support groups for people living with STDs. By talking to others who have gone through similar experiences, you can feel less alone and better equipped to manage the impact of STDs on mental health. 4. Practice Self-care Taking care of your physical and mental health is important for managing the impact of STDs on mental health. This can include eating a balanced diet, getting regular exercise, practicing stress-management techniques like meditation or yoga, and getting enough sleep. Self-care can help you feel more empowered and in control of your mental health. In conclusion, the impact of STDs on mental health can be significant. However, it’s important to remember that you are not alone. Remember that STDs are a common and treatable health issue, and with the right care and support, you can overcome the challenges associated with them.

https://log.ng/health/impact-of-stds-on-mental-health/

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The You’ve probably heard of people setting healthy boundaries, but what exactly does that entail? To begin with, a healthy boundary can appear in a variety of ways. If a friend wants you to stay out later than you’d like and you decide to go home instead, that’s a healthy boundary. If your significant other has become overly demanding of your time and you request some privacy, that is also a healthy boundary. It can be difficult to know when and how to set healthy boundaries. When you examine your values and core beliefs, it becomes easier to put safeguards in place to protect your physical, mental, and emotional health. When you do this, you will almost always receive overwhelming support. However, along the way, you may discover who your true allies are. Karen Salerno, MSSA, LISW-S, a social worker, explains why healthy boundaries are important and how to establish them regardless of the type of relationship you have. What exactly are healthy boundaries? Healthy boundaries are an important tool for ensuring that your needs are met. They enable us to: • Keep our identity. • Prevent others from exploiting or manipulating us. • Encourage healthy relationships. • Allow us to be assertive as needed. • Encourage us to set personal goals and develop empathy for others. “Boundaries are the framework we set for ourselves on how we want to be treated by others and how we want to be treated by others,” Salerno explains. “It establishes how you want to be treated, promotes physical and emotional well-being, and respects your needs as well as the needs of the other person in a relationship.” So, if a coworker is getting too personal with you at work and making you uncomfortable, you may want to stop the behavior and explain what you expect and respect. The same is true for any family member who may overstay their welcome during a family gathering. You are the master of your fate, and you have the right to set healthy boundaries for your piness and well-being. If you’re ever in doubt about whether a boundary is healthy or not, remember that healthy boundaries will never attempt to assert control over someone else. Healthy boundaries, on the other hand, highlight your personal needs while also acknowledging the needs of those around you. How do I begin to establish boundaries? The first step in establishing healthy boundaries is identifying your needs and what you require to be healthy, have good self-esteem, and maintain your sense of identity. Consider making a list of your core values and beliefs to accomplish this: What do you require to be content? What gives you a sense of security? How much time and effort are you willing to devote to various people and situations? “It’s critical to establish healthy boundaries early on so that people know how to best communicate and interact with you,” Salerno advises. “You should also make certain that you stick to your boundaries.” If you don’t act on them, other people may lose trust in your boundary setting.” The first step in setting boundaries is to trust and believe that you have the authority to do so. “A lot of us grew up in families with no or blurred boundaries, so we don’t always know that we have the right to set our babies,” Salerno explains. “If setting boundaries is new to you, I would recommend beginning with small changes to help build confidence when setting larger boundaries in the future.” Setting healthy boundaries can be frightening if we are afraid of confrontation. You may be afraid of rejection or feel guilty for setting boundaries, but it’s important to remember that it’s your right to make space for the things that will make you happy, free, and safe all at the same time. Knowing how to separate your feelings from those of others can be difficult if you are a people pleaser or are in a codependent relationship. But, as Salerno assures, “you can start this practice at any time, and the more you practice, the better you’ll get.” Also, you can adapt. Relationships undergo similar transformations and alterations as your life does. It’s never too late to get back on track and set boundaries that make sense at the time you’re setting them if you ever get the feeling that something is off. Some examples of where solid limits should be established are provided below. Intimate relationship limits It’s natural to think of romantic or sexual relationships as the first context in which healthy boundaries are needed. The more time you spend together on a date, the more you can learn about each other’s personalities and values, and the more you can see if you’re a good fit for one another. Healthy boundaries in romantic and sexual relationships usually boil down to figuring out what you’re willing to let someone do to your time, energy, body, and space. Respect for one another’s personal space and independence is a hallmark of a healthy relationship, according to Salerno. If you find yourself at your significant other’s home and don’t feel like spending the night, it’s important to establish a healthy boundary by deciding what time you’ll leave. Aside from the frequency with which you communicate via text or phone, the length of time you spend together, and the type of sexual activity you engage in, other healthy boundaries can be established. These dynamics may change in the future. You or your partner may even change your minds about some of these limits, but the key is to talk about it before it becomes an obvious problem. It’s also crucial that you uphold the limits you set for yourself. Salerno says, “No matter how well you know someone, you can never be aware of what their thoughts are or what their comfort level is.” It’s important to check in with your partner regularly to learn if anything has changed for either of you and to confirm where they stand on certain topics and issues because “their boundaries and comfort level may shift based on what’s going on in their life.” Limits with family Setting healthy boundaries can feel strange and wrong at first, but trust us when we say they’re just as important to establish with mom, dad, siblings, or even that one uncle who likes to go a little too hard on difficult political beliefs at the holiday dinner party. “It can be difficult to establish a healthy boundary if you grew up with someone who was an authoritative figure over you,” Salerno says. “But it’s OK to set these boundaries because you’re committing to yourself, respecting yourself, and it’s assisting you in maintaining your sense of identity.” If you have helicopter parents who come over unexpectedly or call you multiple times a day, and these behaviors make you uncomfortable, it’s OK to express your feelings. You can collaborate to find a healthy compromise that works for both of you without leaving either side feeling frustrated or neglected. This concept also applies to difficult, uncomfortable discussions in which one person forces their religious beliefs, political ideology, or words of wisdom when they are not wanted or warranted. If something makes you uneasy, speak up before it gets out of hand. If it continues despite your change requests, setting limits on how much time you spend with that person may be necessary. Setting these boundaries will aid in avoiding burnout while also reinforcing who you are as a person and what you require to stay healthy. “If you don’t set boundaries and you’re constantly letting other people dictate your time or what you’re doing, it can read to a sense of exhaustion and burnout across the board,” Salerno says. Even when it isn’t, setting boundaries with friends can feel very personal. Consider this: some of us share everything we have with our friends. When we’re having fun, the boundaries we impose on our friendships often fall by the wayside. However, a healthy boundary can manifest itself in unexpected ways. Maybe you told your best friend an intimate secret and asked them not to tell anyone. Respecting the request and expecting it to be met is a healthy boundary. Or perhaps you’ve gone out for a few drinks and want to leave early, but your friend wants to stay a little longer. Setting a healthy boundary and returning home when you’re ready is critical. Maybe you help your friend find a way to get home, or you agree to check in with each other later. It is up to you how you handle it, but it is critical that you set these boundaries despite your fear that it will jeopardize your friendship. After all, a true friend will understand the importance of respecting your health, happiness, and safety. “Setting boundaries allows you to get rid of toxic relationships that you may not have even realized you had,” Salerno says. “If people don’t respect your boundaries, you quickly realize that maybe some of your friends don’t respect you.” Can you establish healthy boundaries at work, even if you’re dealing with a toxic workplace or a difficult boss? Yes, but it may require a bit more strategy and collaboration between you and your leadership team. “It can be difficult for an employee to try to set boundaries if their supervisor or manager does not model healthy boundaries,” Salerno says. Assume you’re putting in multiple late nights and working on weekends. If you’re experiencing workplace burnout, you should talk to your manager or team leader about alternative ways to make your schedule more mutually beneficial. If you have difficult coworkers who are making you uncomfortable and creating a stressful work environment, you can set healthy boundaries with them directly or by going to your human resources department and determining other solutions. At the end of the day, the key is to ensure that everyone you come into contact with at work understands what is and is not acceptable in terms of your physical space, emotional health, and mental capacity. “You can set boundaries so that you don’t overcommit yourself, or you can block time on your calendar to be productive,” Salerno says. “What’s important is having a conversation with your manager about the expectations of your job and creating boundaries based on that conversation to help you meet your performance goals.” Limits with strangers Finally, it is possible (and critical) to establish healthy boundaries with almost anyone, even strangers. Setting a healthy boundary may look like politely asking someone to step back and give you some breathing room if they are invading your personal space in the grocery store or line for an amusement park ride. If someone becomes aggressive toward you, it may appear that you should step back and seek assistance from someone nearby. “You set healthy boundaries based on how you’re feeling in the moment and knowing how someone else’s actions will affect you,” Salerno says. “If you’ve ever felt unhappy, unsafe, or pressured to do or feel something, it’s time to consider your options, figure out what will make you feel better, and set or adjust your boundaries.”

https://medicalcaremedia.com/how-to-create-healthy-relationship-

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What Is a Financial Institution (FI)? A financial institution (FI) is a company engaged in the business of dealing with financial and monetary transactions such as deposits, loans, investments, and currency exchange. Financial institutions include a broad range of business operations within the financial services sector, including banks, insurance companies, brokerage firms, and investment dealers. Virtually everyone living in a developed economy has an ongoing or at least periodic need for a financial institution's services. - A financial institution (FI) is a company engaged in the business of dealing with financial and monetary transactions such as deposits, loans, investments, and currency exchange. - Financial institutions are vital to a functioning capitalist economy in matching people seeking funds with those who can lend or invest it. - Financial institutions encompass a broad range of business operations within the financial services sector including banks, insurance companies, brokerage firms, and investment dealers. - Financial institutions vary by size, scope, and geography. Understanding Financial Institutions (FIs) Financial institutions often match savers' or investors' funds with those seeking funds, such as borrowers or businesses seeking to trade shares of ownership for funds. Typically, this leads to future payments from the borrower or business to the saver or investor. The tools for matching all of these parties up include products such as loans, and markets, such as a stock exchange. At the most basic level, financial institutions allow people to access the money they need. For example, although banks do many things, their primary role is to take in funds—called deposits—from those with money, pool the deposits, and lend the money to others who need funds. Banks are intermediaries between depositors (who lend money to the bank) and borrowers (who the bank lends money to). This works well because while some depositors need their money at any given moment, most do not. So banks can use deposits to make long-term loans. This applies to almost every entity and individual in a capitalist system: individuals and households, financial and nonfinancial firms, and national and local governments. Without financial institutions, businesses could not grow. And households could only buy goods, education, and housing that the families have cash for today. Financial institutions serve most people in some way as a critical part of any economy—whether in banking, insurance, or securities markets. Individuals and companies rely on financial institutions for transactions and investing. For example, the health of a nation's banking system is a linchpin of economic stability. Loss of confidence in a financial institution can easily lead to a bank run. The Function of Financial Institutions in Capital Markets Capital markets are important for functioning capitalist economies because they channel savings and investments between suppliers and those in need. Suppliers are people or institutions with capital to lend or invest. Suppliers typically include banks and investors. Those seeking capital are businesses, governments, and individuals. Financial institutions play an important role in capital markets, directing capital to where it is most useful. For example, a bank takes in deposits from customers and lends the money to borrowers, ensuring capital markets' efficient function. Governments oversee and regulate banks and financial institutions because the institutions play an integral economic role. Bankruptcies of financial institutions, for instance, can create panic. Federal and state agencies can regulate financial institutions. Sometimes, multiple agencies regulate the same institution. Federal Depository Regulators Federal depository regulators oversee commercial banks, thrifts (savings associations), and credit unions accepting customer deposits. - U.S. Federal Reserve (The Fed): Regulator of Federal Reserve System member state banks, foreign banking organizations operating in the United States, and financial holding companies. - Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC): The OCC is responsible for seeing that national banks and federal savings associations operate safely, provide equal access to financial services, treat customers fairly, and comply with applicable laws and regulations. It also regulates U.S. federal branches of foreign banks and federally chartered thrift institutions. - Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): The FDIC regulates federally insured depository institutions, state banks that aren't members of the Federal Reserve System, and state-chartered thrift institutions. - National Credit Union Administration (NCUA): NCUA supervises and insures federally chartered or insured credit unions. The FDIC insures deposits in state-chartered banks and federal savings associations if a bank fails. The FDIC insures regular deposit accounts of up to $250,000 per depositor per institution. Offering this insurance reassures individuals and businesses regarding the safety of their finances with financial institutions. Like the FDIC, the NCUA insures deposit amounts of up to $250,000. Federal Securities Markets Regulators Two federal institutions regulate products, markets, and market participants for securities such as stocks, bonds, and derivatives. - Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): The SEC regulates securities exchanges, broker-dealers, and corporations selling securities to the public; investment funds, including mutual funds; investment advisers, including hedge funds with assets over $150 million; and investment companies. - Commodities Futures Trading Commission (CFTC): The CFTC regulates futures exchanges, futures commission merchants, commodity pool operators, commodity trading advisors, derivatives, clearing organizations, and designated contract markets. Government-Sponsored Enterprise (GSE) Regulators These dedicated regulators exclusively oversee government-sponsored enterprises, which are quasi-governmental entities established to enhance the flow of credit to specific sectors of the U.S. economy. - Federal Housing Finance Agency: The FHFA supervises, regulates, and performs oversight of the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae), the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), and the Federal Home Loan Bank System. - Farm Credit Administration: This agency regulates Farm Credit System institutions and Farmer Mac, credit sources for eligible persons in agriculture and rural America. Consumer Protection Regulator Currently, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) is the only national consumer entity tasked with exclusively regulating consumer products. CFPB's purview includes nonbank mortgage-related firms, private student lenders, payday lenders, and other large “consumer financial entities,” as determined by the CFPB. CFPB is the rulemaking consumer protection authority for all banks and has supervisory authority for banks with more than $10 billion in assets. States may regulate financial institutions in addition to or instead of federal regulators. For example, there is minimal federal oversight of the insurance industry. Each state government has a department that licenses and regulates insurance companies and any company selling insurance products. States may also regulate banking, securities, and consumer protections in addition to federal regulators who work in those areas. Types of Financial Institutions Financial institutions offer various products and services for individual and commercial clients. The specific services offered vary widely between different types of financial institutions. Here are some of the types consumers are most likely to use: Banks, Credit Unions, and Savings & Loans These financial institutions accept deposits and offers checking and savings account services; make business, personal, and mortgage loans; and provides basic financial products like certificates of deposit (CDs). They may also act as payment agents via credit cards, wire transfers, and currency exchange. These types of financial institution can include: - Commercial or private banks - Savings and loans associations - Credit unions - Foreign banks - Savings banks, industrial institutions, thrifts Investment Companies, Advisors, and Brokers Investment companies issue and invest in securities (stocks, bonds, mutual funds and ETFs or exchange-traded funds). Mutual funds are one example of a product offered by an investment company, where many investors' money is pooled and invested in stocks, bonds, money market instruments, other securities, or even cash in an ongoing manner. Other examples of investment-related financial institutions include investment advisors and brokers. Brokers accept and carry out orders to buy and sell investments (such as securities) for customers. Among the most familiar non-bank financial institutions are insurance companies. Providing insurance for individuals or corporations is one of the oldest financial services. Protection of assets and protection against financial risk, secured through insurance products, is an essential service that facilitates individual and corporate investments that fuel economic growth. Insurance is primarily regulated at the state level, but the U.S. Treasury's Federal Insurance Office (FIO) does monitor the industry and plays an advisory role. Why Are Financial Institutions Important? Financial institutions are essential because they provide a marketplace for money and assets so that capital can be efficiently allocated to where it is most useful. For example, a bank takes in customer deposits and lends the money to borrowers. Without the bank as an intermediary, any individual is unlikely to find a qualified borrower or know how to service the loan. Via the bank, the depositor can earn interest as a result. Likewise, investment banks find investors to market a company's shares or bonds to. What Are the Different Types of Financial Institutions? The most common types of financial institutions include banks, credit unions, insurance companies, and investment companies. These entities offer various products and services for individual and commercial clients, such as deposits, loans, investments, and currency exchange. Which Agency Oversees Banking Operations in the United States? Several agencies oversee banking operations in the U.S., including the Federal Reserve, Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), and the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA). What's the Difference Between a Commercial and Investment Bank? A commercial bank, where most people do their banking, is a type of financial institution that accepts deposits, offers checking account services, makes business, personal, and mortgage loans, and offers basic financial products like certificates of deposit (CDs) and savings accounts to individuals and small businesses. Investment banks specialize in providing services designed to facilitate business operations. This might include raising money through financing and equity offerings, including initial public offerings (IPOs). They also commonly offer brokerage services for investors, act as market makers for trading exchanges, and manage mergers, acquisitions, and other corporate restructurings. Which Agency Regulates Investment Banking Firms? The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oversees the operations of investment banks as these banks deal with securities. The Bottom Line Financial institutions help keep capitalist economies running by matching people who need funds with those who can lend or invest it. They offer a wide range of business operations within the financial services sector including banks, credit unions, insurance companies, and brokerage firms. Regulatory agencies such as the OCC, the SEC, the FDIC, and the Federal Reserve oversee the operations of financial institutions in the United States.

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/financialinstitution.asp

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Ever heard of Benzene? Benzene, a hazardous chemical notorious for causing cancer, has been brought to attention by a recent study conducted by Valisure, a renowned testing company. The study revealed that skincare items containing benzoyl peroxide, a common ingredient found in various acne medications and favored by beauty brands like Clearasil and Clinique, can potentially yield high levels of benzene if exposed to heat. This exposure can occur in scenarios such as leaving these products in a hot car or a steamy bathroom. Health hazards linked to Benzene in Skincare The dangers associated with long-term exposure to even minimal levels of benzene are alarming. Classified as a carcinogen, benzene ranks alongside asbestos and lead in terms of its cancer-causing properties. Valisure’s findings prompted them to petition the FDA to delve deeper into these products and consider removing them from the market. Research indicates that any level of benzene exposure may pose a risk of cancer development in humans. Studies cited by the American Cancer Society, particularly from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), have linked benzene exposure to various types of leukemia, lymphomas, and multiple myeloma. Currently, the FDA permits minimal benzene content (less than 2 parts per million) in medications only under unavoidable circumstances. Although there is limited research regarding the specific correlation between benzene-contaminated skincare products and cancer, recent studies suggest that even low levels of ambient benzene exposure can heighten the risk of mortality, heart disease, and several types of cancer. These risks are primarily associated with prolonged usage, with immediate health repercussions being relatively rare. Safely Storing and Using Benzoyl Peroxide Products It’s been known for quite some time that benzoyl peroxide has the potential to degrade into benzene, especially under the influence of heat. Valisure’s experiments unveiled startling results – storing a popular acne product at a temperature of 158°F (comparable to a hot car’s interior) for just 17 hours resulted in benzene gas levels that were 1,270 times higher than the EPA’s recommended safe long-term inhalation threshold. Similarly, a test conducted at 104°F (resembling a hot bathroom environment) revealed benzene levels exceeding the EPA’s threshold by four times. Fortunately, products lacking benzoyl peroxide, such as those based on salicylic acid or adapalene, showed no such effect. Dr. Christopher Bunick, a dermatologist, advises against using benzoyl peroxide acne products that have been stored in hot environments like cars or bathrooms. While there’s no foolproof method to completely halt the breakdown of benzoyl peroxide, cooler temperatures can help slow down the process. Dr. Bunick suggests refrigerating benzoyl peroxide products as the optimal solution for those who opt to continue using them. Featured image: Sora Shimazaki/Pexels

https://retroworldnews.com/a-cancer-causing-substance-detected-in-well-known-

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In C, we have used Macro function an optimized technique used by compiler to reduce the execution time etc. So Question comes in mind that what’s there in C++ for that and in what all better ways? Inline function is introduced which is an optimization technique used by the compilers especially to reduce the execution time. We will cover “what, why, when & how” of inline functions. What is inline function : The inline functions are a C++ enhancement feature to increase the execution time of a program. Functions can be instructed to compiler to make them inline so that compiler can replace those function definition wherever those are being called. Compiler replaces the definition of inline functions at compile time instead of referring function definition at runtime. NOTE- This is just a suggestion to compiler to make the function inline, if function is big (in term of executable instruction etc) then, compiler can ignore the “inline” request and treat the function as normal function. How to make function inline: To make any function as inline, start its definitions with the keyword “inline”. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 inline int add(int a, int b) return (a + b); int add(int a, int b); inline int A::add(int a, int b) return (a + b); Why to use – In many places we create the functions for small work/functionality which contain simple and less number of executable instruction. Imagine their calling overhead each time they are being called by callers. When a normal function call instruction is encountered, the program stores the memory address of the instructions immediately following the function call statement, loads the function being called into the memory, copies argument values, jumps to the memory location of the called function, executes the function codes, stores the return value of the function, and then jumps back to the address of the instruction that was saved just before executing the called function. Too much run time overhead. The C++ inline function provides an alternative. With inline keyword, the compiler replaces the function call statement with the function code itself (process called expansion) and then compiles the entire code. Thus, with inline functions, the compiler does not have to jump to another location to execute the function, and then jump back as the code of the called function is already available to the calling program. With below pros, cons and performance analysis, you will be able to understand the “why” for inline keyword 1. It speeds up your program by avoiding function calling overhead. 2. It save overhead of variables push/pop on the stack, when function calling happens. 3. It save overhead of return call from a function. 4. It increases locality of reference by utilizing instruction cache. 5. By marking it as inline, you can put a function definition in a header file (i.e. it can be included in multiple compilation unit, without the linker complaining) 1. It increases the executable size due to code expansion. 2. C++ inlining is resolved at compile time. Which means if you change the code of the inlined function, you would need to recompile all the code using it to make sure it will be updated 3. When used in a header, it makes your header file larger with information which users don’t care. 4. As mentioned above it increases the executable size, which may cause thrashing in memory. More number of page fault bringing down your program performance. 5. Sometimes not useful for example in embedded system where large executable size is not preferred at all due to memory constraints. When to use - Function can be made as inline as per programmer need. Some useful recommendation are mentioned below- 1. Use inline function when performance is needed. 2. Use inline function over macros. 3. Prefer to use inline keyword outside the class with the function definition to hide implementation details. Key Points - 1. It’s just a suggestion not compulsion. Compiler may or may not inline the functions you marked as inline. It may also decide to inline functions not marked as inline at compilation or linking time. 2. Inline works like a copy/paste controlled by the compiler, which is quite different from a pre-processor macro: The macro will be forcibly inlined, will pollute all the namespaces and code, won't be easy to debug. 3. All the member function declared and defined within class are Inline by default. So no need to define explicitly. 4. Virtual methods are not supposed to be inlinable. Still, sometimes, when the compiler can know for sure the type of the object (i.e. the object was declared and constructed inside the same function body), even a virtual function will be inlined because the compiler knows exactly the type of the object. 5. Template methods/functions are not always inlined (their presence in an header will not make them automatically inline). 6. Most of the compiler would do in-lining for recursive functions but some compiler provides #pragmas- microsoft c++ compiler - inline_recursion(on) and once can also control its limit with inline_depth. In gcc, you can also pass this in from the command-line with --max-inline-insns-recursive

http://www.cplusplus.com/articles/2LywvCM9/

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We often find ourselves rushing through meals or mindlessly snacking on the go. This disconnected approach to eating can have a negative impact on our relationship with food and our overall well-being. Enter mindful eating—a practice that encourages us to slow down, pay attention, and fully engage with our food. In this blog post, we will explore what mindful eating is and how it can transform our relationship with food for the better. Understanding Mindful Eating Mindful eating is a practice rooted in mindfulness, which involves bringing our full attention and non-judgmental awareness to the present moment. When applied to eating, it means being fully present and attentive to the experience of eating, from the selection and preparation of food to the act of chewing and savoring each bite. Key Principles of Mindful Eating 1. Engaging the Senses Mindful eating invites us to engage all our senses while eating. We can appreciate the colors, textures, aromas, and flavors of our food, heightening our sensory experience and deepening our connection with what we consume. 2. Tuning into Hunger and Fullness Cues By practicing mindful eating, we become more attuned to our body’s hunger and fullness cues. This helps us distinguish between physical hunger and emotional or external triggers, allowing us to eat when we’re genuinely hungry and stop when we’re comfortably satisfied. 3. Slowing Down Mindful eating encourages us to slow down the pace of our meals. By taking our time to chew and savor each bite, we give ourselves the opportunity to fully experience the taste and texture of the food, aiding in digestion and promoting a sense of satisfaction. 4. Non-Judgmental Awareness Mindful eating involves cultivating a non-judgmental attitude towards our food choices and eating habits. Instead of labeling foods as “good” or “bad,” we observe our thoughts and emotions around eating without attaching value or criticism. Benefits of Mindful Eating 1. Improved Digestion By eating more slowly and thoroughly chewing our food, we enhance the digestive process. This allows our bodies to absorb nutrients more effectively and reduces the likelihood of digestive discomfort. 2. Weight Management Practicing mindful eating can support weight management efforts. By paying attention to our body’s hunger and fullness signals, we are less likely to overeat or indulge in mindless snacking, leading to more balanced food intake. 3. Enhanced Enjoyment of Food When we eat mindfully, we can fully appreciate the flavors, textures, and aromas of our meals. This heightened sensory experience brings more enjoyment to eating and encourages us to choose foods that truly nourish and satisfy us. 4. Increased Awareness of Emotional Eating Mindful eating helps us recognize emotional triggers that lead to overeating or using food as a coping mechanism. By developing a deeper understanding of our emotional relationship with food, we can find alternative ways to address those feelings and nourish ourselves more holistically. 5. Strengthened Connection to Body’s Needs By tuning into our body’s hunger and fullness cues, we develop a stronger connection to our body’s unique needs. This can lead to more intuitive and balanced eating patterns, promoting overall well-being. Practicing Mindful Eating 1. Create a Calm Eating Environment Find a quiet and pleasant space to eat, free from distractions like screens or stressful stimuli. Set the intention to fully engage with your meal. 2. Engage Your Senses Before taking your first bite, take a moment to observe the colors, textures, and aromas of your food. Allow yourself to fully experience each bite as you savor the flavors and textures in your mouth 3. Slow Down and Chew Thoroughly Take your time with each bite, chewing slowly and thoroughly. Put your utensils down between bites to fully engage with the process of eating. 4. Tune into Hunger and Fullness Pause during your meal to check in with your body. Notice how hungry or full you are and adjust your eating pace accordingly. Aim to stop eating when you feel comfortably satisfied, not overly full. 5. Practice Non-Judgmental Awareness Observe your thoughts, emotions, and judgments that arise during eating without attaching value or criticism. Cultivate self-compassion and let go of any guilt or shame surrounding food choices. Mindful eating is a transformative practice that invites us to develop a healthier and more conscious relationship with food. Embracing mindful eating allows us to savor the present moment, foster a positive relationship with food, and nourish ourselves on a deeper level.

https://log.ng/health/mindful-eating-what-is-it-and-how-it-can-

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Snakes are many people’s greatest fear and being attacked by one their worst nightmare. While genuine unprovoked attacks by snakes are rare, it is still a good idea to know how to behave should you encounter a snake, especially an aggressive one. Do Snakes Attack Humans? Very rarely. Snakes are generally shy, non-confrontational creatures who would always rather choose escape if given the choice. Like most wild animals, they will only attack if they are surprised or threatened. Left undisturbed, they will rarely attack humans – in fact, humans attack more snakes than the other way around! Most “attacks” are actually accidents where the snake is surprised into defensive aggression. On fact, the most common incidence of snake bites is with people who handle snakes on a regular basis, such as reptile handlers and reptile enthusiasts who keep snakes as pets. Remember, also that out of the 2,700 species of snakes around the world, only around 450 are venomous. When Do Snakes Get Aggressive? Snakes that are startled and threatened will react defensively – and it will usually be obvious! Rattlesnakes are renowned for announcing their displeasure with their telltale rattle. Other species will raise their heads and face you, perhaps hiss, and in the case of cobras, raise their hoods. This is a clear signal that the snake is warning you to “Back off!” and it is always advisable to heed this warning. Eek – There’s a Snake! What Do I Do? First of all, don’t panic. If the snake has not reacted to you, the best thing is to either stand still and wait for the snake to move on or to back away very, very slowly. This gives the snake a chance to escape from you harmlessly, which is what it probably wants to do anyway. Remember, snakes do NOT want to attack us. Remember also that snakes are only aware of you as a threat if you are moving (this is why many people report snakes slithering unconcerned over their foot – they merely sees it as an obstacle on the ground) and they have very short memories, therefore if you startle a snake by putting your foot down next to it and it has not bitten you, then if you don’t move, the snake will soon forget that you are a threat and it will slither off. Whatever you do, don’t try to attack the snake first, throw rocks at it, or attempt to pick it up – this can provoke it and it can move much faster than you! How to Avoid Snake Attacks Taking a few simple precautions can help you avoid disturbing a snake and possibly putting it on the defensive. First, again, never provoke a snake by doing things such as throwing rocks at it – this is a common cause of many snake bites in the United States and reflects human stupidity with regard to snakes. Surely, nobody would throw rocks at a lion or a grizzly bear? Why at a snake then? Secondly, don’t try to be a hero and attempt to capture a snake unless you are an experienced herpetologist. Thirdly, if you are out walking in an area known to have snakes, be aware of your surroundings and the ground you are walking on, especially if it is thick with undergrowth. Don’t lift any large stones or fallen tree trunks unless you really have to and do so with extreme caution. Take care about where you are treading and if you are unsure, go very slowly. If you are out at night in such an are, a torch is crucial – remember, many snakes are nocturnal hunters. Finally, remember to wear protective footgear when walking through snake-infested areas.

http://www.reptileexpert.co.uk/what-to-do-snake-attacks-you.html

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A valuable asset that helps us grow and extend our horizons is knowledge. Understanding the reality in which we live makes knowledge essential to education. Making better decisions is aided by knowledge as well. Understanding many cultures, customs, and lifestyles enables us to value and tolerate variety. As a result, we become more empathetic and tolerant of people from different countries and become better global citizens. Understanding Improves Students’ Retention in School Students that possess knowledge are better able to comprehend and remember the material taught in the classroom, which can be useful when applying the knowledge to real world scenarios later on. Students who possess information are better able to retain and recollect material, which keeps them interested in their classes. Additionally, it enables students to make connections between the various concepts they are taught, which means that they may comprehend the subjects they study more deeply and draw meaningful conclusions rather than just memorizing facts and figures. Knowledge Increase Curiosity Curiosity is a vital component of learning and exploration, and it is fostered by knowledge. CIPD Assignment UK says Understanding how things operate encourages pupils to go beyond simply following directions, asking questions, and finding out more information on their own. Students may develop a love of studying and become more involved in their academics as a result. Furthermore, it may result in deeper conceptual inquiry and more insightful conversations. Information Boosts Original Thought By enabling them to view issues from several angles, knowledge also teaches kids how to think more creatively. They may be more able to generate ideas, solve problems creatively, and create novel strategies as a result. For example, students can solve complicated equations in novel ways by applying their mastery of mathematical principles. In a similar vein, individuals with a solid understanding of science can think creatively and unconventionally while solving scientific puzzles. Knowledge Lifts Self-Conviction When outfitted with the proper data and capacities, students are more guaranteed of their ability to deal with any test. They might succeed more in the homeroom and in different parts of their lives on the off chance that they have this certainty. Knowing provides students with a solid groundwork of abilities that assist them with defeating stresses and self-questions. This gives people the certainty to take on testing positions since they realize they have the assets and mastery expected to succeed. Having Knowledge Makes You More Adaptable Students that have an exhaustive comprehension of different subjects are better ready to conform to changing conditions and tackle gives all the more quickly. Furthermore, it encourages the critical thinking skills important to survey an issue and devise the best strategy. Students who have a wide broadness of knowledge are better prepared to move starting with one subject and then onto the next without feeling overpowered or confused. Their accomplishment in school and the past might develop because of their upgraded versatility. Knowledge Encourages the Propensity for Self-Learning Students learn how to utilize the assets around them to learn more by getting a handle on the basics of a subject. They can frame long-lasting learning propensities accordingly, which will be useful. Furthermore, it shows students how to utilize different strategies and data sources to profoundly fathom a subject more. This can help kids in forming into deep-rooted learners who are bold in taking on original undertakings and ideas. Knowledge Advances Collaboration Students who grasp many subjects can work together more effectively. While dealing with a bunch of projects or attempting to settle testing difficulties, this may be useful. Also, it empowers youngsters to perceive the benefits and impediments of their colleagues, advancing more prominent collaboration and cooperation. Students might profit from this in both expert and scholastic settings, expanding their odds of coming out on top in their endeavors. Knowledge Advances Multidisciplinary Education Students get a more profound knowledge of the associations between different subjects and the uses of their learning in different conditions when they handle the precepts of various disciplines. Students can get a thorough comprehension of a subject and level up their critical thinking skills. It helps to tackle testing difficulties through interdisciplinary learning. This empowers students to think imaginatively and eccentrically, which helps them in their scholarly interests and later on.

https://cipdassignment.co.uk/blog/knowledge-in-education/

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The practice of human sacrifice, apparently carried out by the Druids, is now known to have been a survival of pre-Druidic customs and more than probably was regarded as an efficient way of disposing of unpleasant elements in their society. Druids would have presided dispassionately at such ceremonies – in the sense of being guardians of the correct balance within the community rather than being wanton murdering high priests. Indeed, the Druids seem also to have presided over traditional religious ceremonies, such as the placing of deliberately broken objects in the water of streams and wells as offerings to the gods. Accounts are given also of the ritual harvesting of mistletoe. This had to be cut with a golden knife or sickle and gathered without it being contaminated by touching the ground, the plant is caught in a white cloth by attendants waiting below. Two white bulls were then sacrificed, after which the priest divided the branches into many parts and distributed them to the people, who hung them over doorways as protection against thunder, lightning, and other evils. The folklore, along with the magical powers of this plant, blossomed over the centuries. It was understood, for instance, that mistletoe took on the character of its host tree in some ways. Mistletoe grown on oak was in very subtle ways different from mistletoe grown on apple trees. A sprig placed in a baby’s cradle would protect the child from fairies. An entire herd would be protected from harm if a sprig were given to the first cow calving after New Year. In both Gaul and Ireland, Druids were not just representatives of a religion but an integral part of the community. Written records seem to prove that Druids had withdrawn from Gaul in the face of the Roman army by the end of the 1st century CE, but there continues to be evidence of their existence in Ireland much later. The similarities between the Irish and Gallic Druids are quite pronounced. In Ireland, They were most often found in the service of kings, in the role of advisers as a result of their skills in the use of magic and the voice as a vehicle.

https://blackheartbrotherhood.family.blog/2023/12/28/the-ancient-traditions-

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THE ROLE OF WOMEN EDUCATION IN PROMOTING HEALTHY SOCIETY IN DEVELOPING SOCIETY Background of the study Education in its broadest perspective is the lifelong learning, both formal and informal, which aims at equipping the individual effectively with acceptable skills, knowledge, attitudes and competences that will enable him/her to cope favorably with the problems of the society. It is one of the main keys to economic development and improvements in human welfare. As global economic competition grows deeper, education becomes an important source of competitive advantage, closely linked to economic growth, and a way for countries to attract jobs and investment. In addition, education appears to be one of the key determinants of lifetime earnings. Countries therefore, frequently see raising educational attainment as a way of tackling poverty and deprivation. In developing countries, education is also linked to a whole batch of indicators of human development. Unfortunately, the potential contribution of women in education is undervalued and underutilized (Onyishi, 2007). In Nigeria, there had been several developmental initiatives in the sector since 1960; however, the standard has been degrading instead of getting better (Norah & Ihensekhien, 2009). In view of the crucial role of women in molding individuals from birth and throughout human lifecycle, there is no way a country can achieve development without the participation of women in government. It is not just the participation of women in government that is the necessary solution, but having women in decision making positions. In many countries of the world, the contributions of women were not being recognized until when the United Nations (UN) declared the Decade of Women (1976-1985), making it mandatory on governments to focus on issues of women as an integral component of national development (Lawson, 2008). Women's education can be regarded as a kind of knowledge given to women for enhancing their self-respect and self-dignity. This knowledge can be in form of formal, non-formal and informal education, it can also be in form of adult education, community development, workshops, seminars, conferences and training. Women's education is for making women to become economically independent and self-reliant (Lawson, 2008). Women as mothers, are educators within their families, what they learn, they pass on to their children and their future generations (Lawson, 2008). Education for women is a development priority due to the dynamic potential of educated women. Therefore, the main objectives for women's education are as follows: ⦁ To enable women to improve their family's health and diet. ⦁ To increase women's productive ability, thus raising their families' standard of living. ⦁ To give women access to appropriate technologies, management of cooperatives and the use of loan facilities. ⦁ To improve women's social and culture status. ⦁ To enable women to discharge their responsibilities more effectively ⦁ Helping women to fight their own fears and feelings of inadequacy or ⦁ Educating women in all round development. That is mentally, socially, physically, psychologically, religiously and economically. ⦁ To make women participate fully in all the affairs of their nation and to be at centre of sustainable development. ⦁ To make women able to acquire their own basic needs of the society, like food, shelter, fuel, clothes and nurturing. ⦁ To enhance nation building in terms of economic and human development. Since Nigeria has joined the rest of the world to allow women to participate fully in the society; from going to school to doing formal jobs, she has witnessed a remarkable improvement in educational sector and the workplace (Anugwom, 2009). The Federal Government of Nigeria has also fully embraced some of the resolutions of these conferences and has in the past ten years or so appointed women generally into some decision making positions such as Ministers, Special Advisers, Director Generals, etc. To this effect, this study is set to investigate the role of women of education in the development of Igbo-Eze North local government area of Enugu state. Statement of the problem The current wave of globalization has greatly improved the lives of women worldwide, particularly the lives of women in the developing world. Nevertheless, women remain disadvantaged in many areas of life, including education, employment, health, and civil rights. According to the U.S. Agency for International Development and the World Bank, 57 percent of the 72 million primary school aged children who do not attend school are females. Additionally, girls are four percent less likely than boys to complete primary schools (Gender statistics, 2010). While many gains have been made with regards to overall level of education worldwide and more children than ever are now attending primary school (King, 2013), there is still not world-wide gender parity in education. In every income bracket, there are more female children than male children who are not attending school. Generally, girls in the poorest 20 percent of household have the lowest chance of getting an education (Jensen, 2010). This inequality does not necessarily change in adulthood. Statistics show that of the 774 million illiterate adults worldwide, 64 percent are women – a statistic virtually unchanged from the early 1990s (Herz & Gene, 2004). The United Nations Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to promote gender equality and empower women therefore uses education as its target and the measure of gender disparity in education as its indicator of progress. Through the efforts of the international community, the UN hopes to eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education in all levels of education no later than 2015. What a lofty target to realize! There are still 58 million girls worldwide who are not in school. The majority of these girls live in sub-Saharan Africa and South and West Asia. A girl growing up in a poor family in sub-Saharan Africa has less than a one-in-four chance of getting a secondary education. The Millennium Development Goal (MDG) to get as many girls as boys into primary and secondary school by 2005 is likely to be missed in more than 75 countries. Nigeria is still among the nations facing many challenges in reaching that target by 2015 as well bridging gender gap in primary and secondary education. It is imperative to say that education plays a particularly important role as a foundation for girls’ development towards adult life. At the time ensuring gender equality requires adapting equally to the needs and interests of girls and boys. International human rights law lays down a threefold set of criteria where by girls should have an equal right to education, equal right in education and their equal rights should be protected and promoted through education (Akmam, 2002). Gender inequality in education is extreme. Girls are less likely to access school, to remain in school or to achieve in education. Despite almost 30 years of the Convention on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), and 20years of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), today girls make up around 56 per cent of the 77 million children not in school, and women make up two thirds of the adults who are illiterate. Even girls who do enroll in school may have irregular attendance due to other demands on them, and the fact that their education may not be prioritized. Girls are more likely to repeat years, to drop out early and to fail key subjects, and in most countries girls are less likely to complete the transition to secondary schooling. Inequality in society inevitably has an impact on the provision and content of education. Hence, the need to examine and address the issues surrounding poor education of women in our society cannot be overemphasized. Purpose of the Study The intent of this study is to examine the role of women education in Igbo-Eze North local government area of Enugu state. The study will specifically 1. The challenges of women education in the area under study. 2. The extent to which women are venturing into tertiary education in the area under study. 3. The benefit of women education in the area under study. 4. The role of women education in the area under study. Significance of the Study Theoretically, this will throw more light on the existing literature with regard to the place of women education in developmental processes and the extent to which women are embracing educational ventures. It will be of great help to students and researchers who may want to investigate issues relating to women education. This work will also serve as a working document to women community-based organizations and other established women organizations that are interested in improving the status of women. This study will provide Nigerian women with the fundamental reliability and understanding of the women and access to education in Enugu state, thereby keeping them abreast on the mechanisms suitable for the promotion of gender equality in economic and political participation. This work will also be more beneficial to women, especially those who are aspiring for political positions. This work will serve as a basis for building structures that will promote the aspirations of women on gender equality in political participation. This research work will also be beneficial to policy makers in general, thereby including more women into the decision making process. If findings of this study are implemented, it will help to restore confidence in women, thereby building a sense of belonging in them to collaborate with their male counterpart in driving the economy of the state. This work will produce data, which will enhance the understanding of major challenges confronting women and education pursuits in developmental processes and the best strategies for eliminating the constraints. Based on this, governmental and non-governmental organizations would be able to mount effective policies and empowerment programmes that would be beneficial to women and the world in general. This research work will equally serve as a good reading material for all those who seek knowledge, especially those who desire to enrich their knowledge on the issue concern women education and developmental strive. Scope of the study The study was specifically carried out in Igbo-Eze North Local Government Area and did not extent to geographical areas. The study generally examined the role of women education in urban areas in Igbo-Eze North Local Government Area of Enugu State. It is limited to investigating: ⦁ The challenges of women education in the area under study. ⦁ The extent to which women are venturing into tertiary education in the area under study. ⦁ The benefit of women education in the area under study. ⦁ The role of women education in the area under study. This study will be guided by the following research questions: 1. What are the challenges of women education in the area under study? 2. To what extent are women venturing into tertiary education in the area under study? 3. What are the benefits of women education in the area under study? 4. What are the roles of women education in the area under study? This chapter is concerned with the review of related studies earlier done in the field of women education and development. It is organized into four subheadings, namely: conceptual framework, theoretical framework, empirical studies and summary of review of related literature. Female education is a catch-all term of a complex set of issues and debates surrounding education (primary education, secondary education, tertiary education, and health education in particular) for girls and women(UNESCO, 2017). It includes areas of gender equality and access to education, and its connection to the alleviation of poverty. Also involved are the issues of single-sex education and religious education , in that the division of education along gender lines as well as religious teachings on education have been traditionally dominant and are still highly relevant in contemporary discussions of educating females as a global consideration. In fact, women education refers to the entire movement and advocacy towards encouraging women to venture into education beyond the basic level so as to have equal job opportunity with their men counterparts. It is encouragement for easy access to all levels of education, irrespective of the course involved. The essence of women education is partly to make these gender disparities in education better. For instance in West Africa, Lindsay (2005) posited that the ratio of education completion in which 43.6% of men have completed primary education as opposed to 35.4% of women; 6.0% of men have completed secondary education as opposed to 3.3% of women; and 0.7% of men have completed tertiary education as opposed to 0.2% of women is to be corrected through women education advocacy.

https://researchwap.org/education/pr7ZpIOzvoq7Pv

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Architectural marvels in Rome, the Eternal City, stand as a testament to the grandeur of ancient civilizations and the evolution of architectural brilliance. As you embark on a journey through the heart of Italy, prepare to be captivated by the architectural marvels that have withstood the test of time. In this guide, we delve into the iconic structures that define Rome’s rich cultural and historical tapestry. Architectural Marvels in Rome, Italy The Colosseum: Icon of Ancient Grandeur The Colosseum stands as an eternal icon of ancient grandeur, an imposing amphitheater that echoes the whispers of a bygone era. Constructed between AD 70 and 80, this monumental structure in the heart of Rome epitomizes the engineering prowess and grand architectural vision of the ancient Romans. Historical Significance: Emperor Vespasian of the Flavian dynasty ordered the construction of the Colosseum, which was first called the Flavian Amphitheatre. Its completion under Emperor Titus marked a testament to the architectural marvels in Rome at the time. The amphitheater was primarily designed for gladiatorial contests, animal hunts, and mock sea battles, captivating the Roman populace with its grand spectacles. Architectural Marvels: What sets the Colosseum apart is not just its historical significance but the intricate architectural features that have made it an enduring symbol of Roman ingenuity. The elliptical shape of the amphitheater, with a capacity to hold up to 80,000 spectators, ensured unobstructed views of the brutal contests within. The grand facade, adorned with columns and arches, reflects the classical Roman architectural style. The use of travertine limestone for the outer walls added to the Colosseum’s majestic appearance. Ingenious mechanisms, including a system of elevators and trapdoors, allowed for the dramatic entrance of gladiators and exotic animals into the arena. Gladiatorial Contests and Public Spectacles: The Colosseum hosted a myriad of events that were central to ancient Roman entertainment. Gladiatorial contests, where skilled fighters engaged in mortal combat, were a highlight. The bloodthirsty roar of the crowd, eager for a display of skill and bravery, reverberated through the tiers of the amphitheater. Visitor Experience: Today, the Colosseum attracts millions of visitors from around the world, each eager to step into the footsteps of the ancient Romans. The immersive experience of exploring the Colosseum’s tiers, imagining the cheers of the crowd, and contemplating the lives of gladiators creates a profound connection to the past. Guided tours offer insights into the amphitheater’s history, its role in ancient Roman society, and the architectural innovations that defined its construction. The Colosseum, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, stands as a living testament to the enduring legacy of Rome’s architectural and cultural heritage. The Vatican City: Spiritual and Artistic Marvels The Vatican City is a microstate that exists outside of borders, tucked away in the center of Rome. The Vatican City is a storehouse of spiritual and creative wonders, drawing both pilgrims and art fans into a world where creativity and divinity collide, despite its political and cultural relevance. St. Peter’s Basilica A Renaissance Masterpiece. At the heart of Vatican City stands St. Peter’s Basilica, a crowning jewel of Renaissance architecture. Conceived by great minds such as Michelangelo, Donato Bramante, Carlo Maderno, and Gian Lorenzo Bernini, the basilica is a harmonious blend of grandeur and piety. The structure is topped with the iconic Michelangelo dome, which cuts a dramatic silhouette against the Roman skyline. As you enter, the immensity of the interior, ornamented with beautiful mosaics, sculptures, and altars, creates a sense of spiritual transcendence. Pilgrims and visitors are both fascinated by the mystical aura that pervades every inch of the architectural marvels in Rome. The Sistine Chapel: Michelangelo’s Magnum Opus: Adjacent to St. Peter’s Basilica, the Sistine Chapel stands as a testament to the genius of Michelangelo. The renowned artist spent four arduous years crafting the ceiling, producing one of the most iconic works of art in human history. The frescoes, depicting biblical narratives and divine visions, envelop visitors in a kaleidoscope of color and emotion. The pinnacle of Michelangelo’s work, the renowned “The Last Judgment” adorning the chapel’s altar wall, further solidifies the Sistine Chapel’s status as a repository of artistic genius. Pilgrims and art connoisseurs marvel at the intricate details and profound narratives woven into the very fabric of the chapel’s ceiling. Spiritual Pilgrimage and Papal Audience: The Vatican City, as the spiritual epicenter of Catholicism, attracts pilgrims from every corner of the globe. For the faithful, participating in a papal audience is a profound experience. Held in St. Peter’s Square or the Audience Hall, these gatherings allow believers to witness the Pope’s blessings and teachings, fostering a sense of unity and spiritual connection. Vatican Museums: A Treasure Trove of Art: The Vatican Museums, an extensive collection of art and artifacts amassed over centuries, offer a journey through the annals of human creativity. From classical sculptures to Renaissance paintings, each gallery within the museums showcases the evolution of artistic expression. The Raphael Rooms, housing masterpieces by Raphael, and the Gallery of Maps, adorned with intricate cartographic depictions, stand as a testament to the Vatican’s commitment to preserving and sharing cultural treasures. The Pantheon: Timeless Elegance The Pantheon, a marvel of timeless elegance, stands as a testament to the architectural brilliance of ancient Rome. This iconic structure, located in the heart of the Eternal City, has captivated visitors for centuries with its perfect proportions, remarkable engineering, and enduring allure. Architectural Splendor: Commissioned by Marcus Agrippa during the reign of Augustus (27 BC – 14 AD), the Pantheon was initially designed as a temple dedicated to all the gods. The existing structure, however, is the result of Emperor Hadrian’s renovation around 120 AD, as seen by the characteristic dome and great portico. The most striking feature of the Pantheon is its colossal dome, a pioneering architectural achievement that has remained unmatched for centuries. The oculus, a circular opening at the apex of the dome, allows natural light to flood the interior, creating a celestial effect. This ingenious design not only showcases the architectural prowess of the Romans but also symbolizes a connection to the divine. Historical Significance: Throughout its long history, the Pantheon has witnessed a myriad of transformations. Once a pagan temple, it was later consecrated as a Christian church, ensuring its preservation through the ages. The Pantheon’s ability to transcend religious and cultural shifts underscores its universal appeal and enduring relevance. Visitor Experience: The Pantheon stands as a living monument to Rome’s architectural legacy. Visitors from around the globe are drawn to its timeless elegance and historical significance. Exploring the Pantheon allows one to marvel at the craftsmanship of ancient builders, appreciate the play of light through the oculus, and contemplate the centuries of human history encapsulated within its walls. Roman Forum: Ancient Civic Center The Roman Forum, a sprawling testament to the political, religious, and commercial life of ancient Rome, stands as an open-air museum, inviting modern-day explorers to step back in time. This archaeological treasure trove served as the heart of the city, a bustling hub of civic activities, and a witness to the rise and fall of empires. Historical Significance: Established in the 7th century BC, the Roman Forum evolved from a marketplace to a multifunctional space that played a pivotal role in the daily lives of Roman citizens. Surrounded by important government buildings, temples, and markets, the Forum was a center of political, religious, and economic activities for centuries. Architectural Marvels: Wandering through the Roman Forum today offers a glimpse into the architectural prowess of ancient Rome. The remains of grand structures such as the Temple of Saturn, the Arch of Septimius Severus, and the Basilica Julia showcase the mastery of Roman engineering and design. The iconic Arch of Titus, commemorating the sack of Jerusalem, stands as a triumphal arch, a symbol of military victory. The columns, friezes, and intricate carvings on these structures narrate tales of triumphs, ceremonies, and the grandeur of the Roman Empire. Political Center: The Roman Forum served as the political heart of ancient Rome. The Curia, or Senate House, witnessed debates and discussions that shaped the destiny of the empire. The Rostra, a platform adorned with the prows of captured warships, was a podium for orators addressing the Roman people. The Comitium, an ancient assembly area, hosted political gatherings and elections. The significance of these spaces in shaping Roman governance and politics is palpable as one walks amidst the ruins. Religious Sanctuaries: Religious devotion was integral to Roman life, and the Roman Forum housed several temples dedicated to various deities. The Temple of Vesta, dedicated to the goddess of the hearth, and the Temple of Castor and Pollux are poignant reminders of the spiritual fervor that permeated the city. The Vestal Virgins, priestesses of Vesta, played a crucial role in maintaining the sacred flame in the temple. The House of the Vestals, their residence, and the Temple of Antoninus and Faustina further emphasize the intertwining of religious and civic life in ancient Rome. Modern Exploration: Today, the Roman Forum offers a fascinating journey through the remnants of a once-thriving civilization. As visitors stroll along the ancient cobblestone paths, they can envision the vibrant street life, political debates, and religious ceremonies that once animated this historical site. Guided tours provide valuable insights into the history and significance of each ruin, unraveling the layers of time and revealing the stories etched into the very stones beneath one’s feet. Trevi Fountain: Baroque Masterpiece The Trevi Fountain, a Baroque masterpiece nestled within the heart of Rome, stands as a testament to artistic grandeur and timeless beauty. This iconic fountain, immortalized in cinema and lore, beckons visitors with its cascading waters and intricate sculptures, offering a glimpse into the splendor of Baroque artistry. Historical Significance: Commissioned by Pope Clement XII in 1730, the Trevi Fountain is the result of a collaborative effort by several renowned artists, including Nicola Salvi and Pietro Bracci. It marks the terminal point of the Aqua Virgo, one of ancient Rome’s aqueducts, symbolizing the intersection of ancient and Baroque Rome. The fountain’s name, “Trevi,” is derived from the Latin word “trivium,” meaning three streets, as the fountain stands at the junction of three roads. This strategic location adds a layer of historical significance to its artistic charm. Architectural Splendor: The Trevi Fountain is a triumph of Baroque design, characterized by ornate embellishments, theatricality, and a sense of dynamism. The central figure of Oceanus, the god of the seas, is mounted on a shell-shaped chariot, pulled by two sea horses and two Tritons. This grandiose composition captures the essence of Baroque exuberance and mythological storytelling. The backdrop of the Palazzo Poli, against which the fountain is set, adds to the spectacle. The natural backdrop, coupled with the soothing sound of cascading water, creates an immersive experience for those who stand before this architectural marvel. Tradition of Tossing Coins: The Trevi Fountain is not merely an artistic landmark; it’s a cultural touchstone tied to a longstanding tradition. Legend has it that tossing a coin over the left shoulder into the fountain ensures a return to Rome. This ritual has turned the Trevi Fountain into a symbolic wellspring of wishes, drawing visitors from around the world to partake in this timeless custom. Restoration Efforts: Over the centuries, the Trevi Fountain has undergone various restorations to preserve its artistic integrity. The most recent significant restoration, completed in 2015 by the Fendi fashion house, aimed to address structural issues, restore the original color palette, and enhance the overall aesthetic appeal. These efforts ensure that the Trevi Fountain continues to enchant generations to come. Cinematic Legacy: The Trevi Fountain’s allure extends beyond its artistic and historical significance; it has played a prominent role in cinema. The iconic scene from Federico Fellini’s “La Dolce Vita,” featuring Anita Ekberg wading into the fountain, has become an indelible part of cinematic history, further cementing the Trevi Fountain’s status as a symbol of romance and glamour. Visitor Experience: As visitors approach the Trevi Fountain, they are greeted not only by the visual splendor of the sculpture but also by the lively atmosphere surrounding it. The vibrant energy of the crowds, the musical performances, and the radiant evening illumination contribute to the overall enchantment of the site. The Trevi Fountain’s appeal is not confined to its daytime grandeur; it takes on a magical quality as the evening lights illuminate its cascading waters and sculptural details. Visitors are often drawn to linger, savoring the ambiance and participating in the timeless tradition of coin tossing. Spanish Steps: Romantic Landmark The Spanish Steps, an iconic staircase in the heart of Rome, ascend gracefully between the Piazza di Spagna and the Trinità dei Monti church, forming a majestic architectural marvels in Rome. This romantic landmark, characterized by a blend of elegance and historical charm, has been a symbol of art, culture, and timeless romance for centuries. Historical Context: Constructed between 1723 and 1725, the Spanish Steps were designed by Francesco de Sanctis, and commissioned by the French diplomat Étienne Gueffier. The grand staircase was intended to connect the Bourbon Spanish Embassy in the Piazza di Spagna with the Trinità dei Monti church, creating a harmonious link between two prominent landmarks. The name “Spanish Steps” is derived from the Spanish Embassy’s location but also underscores the international character of the site, reflecting Rome’s cosmopolitan nature. Architectural Grandeur: The Spanish Steps boast a refined design that encapsulates the essence of Roman Baroque architecture. The sweeping staircase consists of 135 steps in a series of irregular terraces, creating a dramatic and visually stunning ascent. The curvature of the steps, adorned with azaleas in spring and early summer, adds to the overall aesthetic appeal. The crowning glory of the Spanish Steps is the Trinità dei Monti church at the top, with its twin bell towers framing the picturesque view. The symmetrical design and the use of travertine marble enhance the grandeur of this architectural masterpiece. Keats-Shelley House: The base of the Spanish Steps is home to the Keats-Shelley House, a museum dedicated to the Romantic poets John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley. The museum holds a collection of memorabilia and artifacts associated with these literary giants, adding a cultural layer to the romantic ambiance of the site. Romantic Atmosphere: The Spanish Steps exude a romantic ambiance that has enchanted visitors and locals alike for centuries. As daylight fades, the soft glow of streetlights illuminates the staircase, creating a magical setting for evening strolls. Couples often find themselves drawn to this romantic landmark, where the interplay of light and shadow adds an ethereal quality to the surroundings. The sweeping views from the top of the Spanish Steps, overlooking the bustling Piazza di Spagna and the rooftops of Rome, provide a romantic backdrop for couples and admirers alike. Whether enjoying a leisurely walk, sharing a quiet moment on the steps, or simply reveling in the architectural splendor, the Spanish Steps foster an atmosphere of timeless romance. Castel Sant’Angelo: Fortress with a View Castel Sant’Angelo, a fortress with a view, rises majestically along the banks of the Tiber River in Rome, bearing witness to centuries of history and embodying the city’s architectural and strategic prowess. This iconic structure, originally commissioned by Emperor Hadrian as a mausoleum, has evolved into a symbol of strength, resilience, and panoramic beauty. Historical Evolution: Commissioned by Emperor Hadrian in 123 AD as a mausoleum for himself and his family, Castel Sant’Angelo was initially named the Mausoleum of Hadrian. Over the centuries, its purpose transformed from a burial site to a fortress, reflecting Rome’s dynamic history. The castle gained its current name from the legend of the Archangel Michael, who, according to medieval beliefs, appeared atop the castle, signaling the end of a devastating plague in 590 AD. Architectural Features: The architectural grandeur of Castel Sant’Angelo reflects the ingenuity of ancient Roman engineering. The cylindrical mausoleum, clad in travertine marble, is crowned with a distinctive cone-shaped roof. As the structure evolved into a fortress, additional elements, such as battlements and defensive walls, were added, creating a formidable appearance. The castle’s strategic location at the bend of the Tiber River further enhanced its military significance, allowing it to control access to Rome from the north. Panoramic Views: One of Castel Sant’Angelo’s most enchanting features is its panoramic views of Rome. As visitors ascend to the upper levels, a breathtaking panorama unfolds, offering a sweeping vista of the city’s landmarks. The dome of St. Peter’s Basilica, the Vatican City, and the Roman skyline create a mesmerizing tableau that captures the essence of the Eternal City. Visitor Experience: Exploring Castel Sant’Angelo is a journey through the layers of Roman history. Visitors can traverse the spiral ramp that once allowed emperors and their entourages to ascend to the mausoleum’s summit. The collection of art, weaponry, and historical artifacts within the castle’s museum offers insights into its multifaceted past. As visitors reach the upper terrace, the unparalleled views of Rome reward their ascent. The Tiber River flows serenely below, and the city unfolds in a panorama that encapsulates millennia of history. Modern Architectural Marvels in Rome Modern architectural marvels in Rome have become an integral part of Rome’s evolving cityscape, blending innovation with tradition to shape the skyline of the Eternal City. While Rome is renowned for its ancient treasures, the juxtaposition of contemporary designs against historic backdrops reflects the city’s commitment to embracing the future while honoring its storied past. MAXXI National Museum of 21st Century Arts: The MAXXI National Museum of 21st Century Arts is among the architectural marvels in Rome. Designed by the visionary architect Zaha Hadid, it stands as a beacon of modernity within Rome. Located in the Flaminio neighborhood, this cutting-edge museum is dedicated to contemporary art and architecture. Auditorium Parco della Musica: Another architectural marvels in Rome, renowned architect Renzo Piano’s Auditorium Parco della Musica is a contemporary cultural complex that has become an integral part of Rome’s artistic landscape. Located in the Parioli district, this multifunctional space is dedicated to music, with three concert halls designed to accommodate a range of performances. The Cloud Convention Center: As Rome positions itself as a global hub for business and events, the Cloud Convention Center emerges as a symbol of modern functionality and architectural marvels in Rome. Massimiliano and Doriana Fuksas designed this futuristic tower, which is intended to change the city’s skyline. The Cloud’s distinctive feature is its undulating, cloud-like roof, which creates a dynamic visual impact. The Square Colosseum (Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana): In the EUR district, a stark departure from ancient Roman architecture is witnessed in the Square Colosseum, or Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana. This iconic structure, designed by architects Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Bruno La Padula, and Mario Romano, is an embodiment of Fascist-era architecture is another architectural marvels in Rome. The Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana features six stories of symmetrical arches and columns, creating a sense of grandiosity. Ara Pacis Museum: Renovated by architect Richard Meier, the Ara Pacis Museum exemplifies a harmonious blend of ancient artifacts and contemporary design. The museum houses the Ara Pacis, an ancient altar dedicated to Pax, the Roman goddess of Peace. The juxtaposition of the modern structure with the ancient altar within reflects Rome’s commitment to preserving its historical legacy while adapting to the needs of a modern audience. Tips for Exploring Architectural Marvels Exploring architectural marvels in Rome is a captivating journey that allows you to witness the creativity, innovation, and cultural richness embedded in structures around the world. Whether you’re strolling through historic sites or marveling at modern masterpieces, here are some tips to enhance your experience: 1. Research Before You Go: Before embarking on your architectural adventure, conduct some research on the structures you plan to visit. Learn about their history, architectural style, and any unique features. 2. Guided Tours for In-Depth Insights: Consider joining guided tours led by knowledgeable guides. These experts can provide in-depth insights into the architectural significance, historical context, and interesting anecdotes about the structures. 3. Take Your Time and Observe Details: Architecture is often about intricate details. Slow down, take your time, and observe the details of each structure. From ornate carvings to innovative designs, focusing on the finer points will deepen your connection with the marvels and reveal the craftsmanship that went into creating them. 4. Understand the Cultural Context: Each architectural marvel is a product of its cultural context. Understanding the cultural influences that shaped these structures adds layers of meaning to your exploration. 6. Capture the Essence Through Photography: Photography allows you to capture the essence and beauty of architectural marvels. Experiment with different angles, perspectives, and lighting to showcase the unique features of the structures. 7. Engage with Local Guides and Residents: Engaging with local guides and residents provides a unique perspective on architectural marvels. Locals often have personal stories, cultural insights, and hidden gems to share that may not be found in guidebooks. 8. Respect Cultural Norms and Regulations: Be mindful of cultural norms and regulations when exploring architectural marvels in Rome. Respect any guidelines regarding photography, dress code, and behavior within religious or sacred sites. 9. Combine History and Modernity: Consider exploring a mix of historical and modern architectural marvels to appreciate the evolving landscape of a destination. The juxtaposition of ancient and contemporary structures offers a comprehensive view of a city’s architectural journey through time. As you traverse the streets of Rome, you’re not just a traveler; you’re a time traveler, transported through centuries of architectural excellence. From the grandeur of the Colosseum to the artistic allure of the Vatican City, architectural marvels in Rome beckon, inviting you to be a part of its enduring legacy. Embrace the past, relish the present, and let the architectural wonders of Rome leave an indelible mark on your journey through history. Share your own experiences or questions about architectural marvels in Rome in the comments below. And don’t forget to spread the magic of Rome by sharing this guide on your social media. Happy travels!

https://tourtanggo.com/architectural-marvels-in-

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Civic Education Primary 6 First Term Lesson Notes Week 9 Subject: Civic Education Class: Primary 6 Term: First Term Age: 11 years Topic: Problems in Developing Positive Attitude Towards Made-in-Nigeria Products Sub-topic: Challenges and Solutions Duration: 40 minutes By the end of the lesson, pupils should be able to: - Identify problems in developing a positive attitude towards made-in-Nigeria goods. - Explain these problems in detail. - Demonstrate positive attitudes towards Nigerian products. The teacher will start by showing a short video or images of local products and discussing initial impressions and common attitudes toward these products. Pupils are aware of various Nigerian products and may have opinions about their quality and value. Learning Resources and Materials - Video or images of local Nigerian products - Chalkboard and chalk - Examples of local and foreign products Building Background/Connection to Prior Knowledge The teacher will connect this lesson to previous ones on valuing Nigerian goods and the benefits of supporting local products, highlighting how attitude impacts market success. Embedded Core Skills - Critical thinking - Positive behavior - Lagos State Scheme of Work - Civic Education textbooks - Video or images showing Nigerian products - Case studies or examples of local and foreign products Problems in Developing a Positive Attitude Towards Made-in-Nigeria Products - Perception of Lower Quality: - Description: Some people believe that Nigerian products are of lower quality compared to foreign goods. - Example: Negative reviews or experiences with local products can affect consumer trust. - Price Differences: - Description: Made-in-Nigeria goods may be perceived as more expensive due to production costs or lack of economies of scale. - Example: Higher prices compared to imported products can deter buyers. - Limited Availability: - Description: Local products might not be as readily available or widely distributed as imported goods. - Example: Difficulty finding Nigerian products in local stores or markets. - Marketing and Promotion Challenges: - Description: Insufficient marketing or poor promotion strategies can result in lower visibility of local products. - Example: Limited advertising campaigns for local products. - Lack of Innovation: - Description: Some local products may not meet current consumer needs or preferences due to lack of innovation. - Example: Outdated designs or technology in local products compared to modern foreign alternatives. Fill in the blank with the correct option (a, b, c, or d): - A common problem in developing a positive attitude towards Nigerian goods is __________. a) high quality b) limited availability c) low cost d) widespread promotion - Perception of __________ can affect consumer trust in Nigerian products. a) quality - Higher __________ for local products compared to imports can deter buyers. a) prices - Insufficient __________ can result in lower visibility for local products. a) marketing - Limited __________ of Nigerian products can make them less accessible to consumers. a) marketing - Some Nigerian products may suffer from lack of __________. a) innovation - Negative __________ about local products can affect their market success. a) perceptions - To improve attitudes towards Nigerian products, __________ can be improved. a) marketing d) exchange rate - A positive attitude towards Nigerian products can be demonstrated by __________. a) buying local goods b) avoiding local products c) only purchasing foreign items d) ignoring local markets - __________ can help in developing a positive attitude towards Nigerian products. a) Improved quality b) Reduced cost c) Increased availability d) All of the above - Challenges in marketing can lead to __________ for local products. a) reduced visibility b) increased innovation c) higher quality d) lower prices - Price differences between local and foreign products can affect __________. a) consumer choices b) product quality d) production methods - Lack of __________ in local products can result in less consumer interest. a) innovation d) price reduction - Positive attitudes towards Nigerian products can be encouraged through __________. a) effective marketing b) higher prices c) limited availability d) negative reviews - Increased __________ for local products can improve consumer perception. a) promotion Class Activity Discussion - What are some problems people face when trying to develop a positive attitude towards Nigerian goods? - Problems include perception of lower quality, price differences, limited availability, marketing challenges, and lack of innovation. - How does the perception of lower quality impact consumer attitudes towards local products? - It can lead to decreased trust and preference for foreign goods. - Why might higher prices for local products deter buyers? - Consumers may choose cheaper imported alternatives, affecting local product sales. - How can marketing and promotion challenges affect local products? - Poor marketing can result in less visibility and lower consumer awareness of local products. - What role does innovation play in developing positive attitudes towards Nigerian products? - Innovative products that meet current needs and preferences can attract more positive consumer attitudes. - How can local businesses address the problem of limited availability? - By improving distribution networks and increasing the presence of local products in stores. - What can be done to improve consumer perception of Nigerian products? - Enhance product quality, reduce prices, and increase marketing efforts. - How does availability of local products influence consumer attitudes? - Greater availability can lead to increased consumer confidence and preference for local goods. - What strategies can be used to overcome challenges in marketing local products? - Implement effective advertising campaigns and increase product visibility. - How can demonstrating positive attitudes towards Nigerian products benefit the economy? - It can boost local sales, support domestic industries, and reduce reliance on imports. Step 1: The teacher revises the previous topic on benefits of patronizing Nigerian goods. Step 2: The teacher introduces the new topic on problems in developing a positive attitude towards made-in-Nigeria products, explaining each challenge with examples. Step 3: The teacher leads a discussion on how to demonstrate positive attitudes towards Nigerian products and encourage others to do the same. - Explain the problems related to developing a positive attitude towards Nigerian goods. - Provide examples and facilitate a discussion on solutions. - Encourage pupils to practice and demonstrate positive attitudes. - Discuss the problems and solutions related to Nigerian products. - Participate in activities to show positive attitudes towards local goods. - Share their own experiences and suggestions. - Ask pupils to identify and explain problems in developing positive attitudes towards Nigerian goods. - Evaluate their ability to demonstrate positive attitudes through participation and discussion. - What are some problems in developing a positive attitude towards Nigerian goods? - How can perception of lower quality affect local product sales? - Why might price differences be a problem for Nigerian goods? - How can limited availability impact consumer attitudes? - What role does marketing play in shaping attitudes towards local products? - How does lack of innovation affect the perception of Nigerian products? - What can businesses do to address marketing and availability challenges? - Why is it important to demonstrate positive attitudes towards Nigerian goods? - How can improved product quality influence consumer attitudes? - What strategies can help overcome challenges in promoting local products? The teacher reviews the key points of the lesson and provides feedback. Emphasis is placed on understanding and overcoming challenges to foster positive attitudes towards Nigerian products.

https://edudelighttutors.com/2020/10/21/a-patriot-is-a-person-that-loves-his-

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The rise of artificial intelligence has been visible in recent years as humans have become more reliant on technology. This trend has resulted in the automation of processes that were previously performed manually by humans. This article covers artificial intelligence and its significance in web development. One example is the use of chatbots to respond to customers instead of live customer service agents. In most cases, AI implementation increases efficiency and productivity, so its adoption is unlikely to slow down anytime soon. Web developers are also getting in on the act, as artificial intelligence makes their jobs easier and their websites better. Table of Contents What Is Artificial Intelligence? Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science in which computers simulate human intelligence to perform various tasks. Machine learning and natural language processing are used by computers to accomplish this. This technology is so advanced that it can be difficult to tell the difference between human and AI interactions. To solve problems, artificial intelligence systems are designed to learn and adapt to human input. AI systems can improve their performance using machine learning without requiring new instructions from the developer. Instead, the machine will learn new behaviors through its interactions with the data it receives. AI is used by web developers to improve user experience. That is how social media sites personalize user feeds based on the accounts and posts with which they interact. AI additionally supports website development in the background. They are able to examine page components, identify errors, conduct troubleshooting, and improve page performance thanks to some software tools. One of these tools is the Safari Web Inspector program, which Corellium iOS developers use to debug web pages that will be accessed through the Safari browser. Advantages of Developing Websites With AI Implementation As was already implied, there are various stages of web development where AI can be used. The following are some advantages of its implementation: 1. Improved User Experience AI is able to adjust to website users’ preferences and customize content to their preferences. This feature is added by web designers to websites so they can enhance the user experience for each visitor. On social media, AI generates recommendations for people or pages that users can follow to enhance their experience. As a result, showing them the content they want to see will encourage them to spend more time on the website. 2. Improved Search Results Most websites have search functions to assist users in finding the information they require. AI is used by website developers to display search results that are relevant to the searcher’s query. People may enter the same search query, but the results may differ depending on the data the AI system has gathered about the user. This information can include location, age, and interests. - Will Fintech Replace Traditional Banking? - AI On Increase, Will Machines Rule The World? - AI Impact On Search Engine Optimization In The Future 3. Effective Website Development Building websites from scratch can be time-consuming, but AI can make the process more bearable. Multiple lines of code that make up a web page’s backend may occasionally need to be adjusted. During the building phase, developers can use AI-based software to scan web pages for errors and fix them. This will make the website more suitable for the platform it will be viewed on. 4. Efficient Marketing Strategy Big data is beneficial to e-commerce sites because it enables them to carry out accurate market analyses to comprehend customer demand. Websites can use AI to predict what users will buy and suggest that product to them. This feature boosts sales, increases conversions, and offers the website owner advice on how to make their advertising more effective. 5. A customized shopping experience on the web This, like the previous point, is exclusive to e-commerce sites. Using AI, the website can tailor product recommendations based on user preferences. This gives the user the impression that the store was specifically designed for them. 6. Enhanced Communication Websites are designed in a variety of styles, and some can be difficult to navigate. AI, in the form of chatbots, has aided in the resolution of this issue. Chatbots can serve as customer service, assisting all users who visit a website at the same time. These chatbots can improve their communication with website users over time thanks to machine learning. Will AI Replace Web Development? This is unlikely to occur because human intelligence continues to outperform computer intelligence. In addition, human desires are varied and insatiable, making it difficult for AI to solve every issue that arises. It is a useful addition to web development, though. Complex coding issues are made simpler, and layout recommendations are made to web designers. These facilitate the quicker creation of websites. What Role Will Artificial Intelligence Play in Web Development in the Future? AI plays a significant part in web development. Due to its popularity, new business opportunities have emerged that otherwise would not have been possible. For instance, ride-sharing services like Uber and Bolt use AI to instantly match drivers and passengers. Drivers can use this knowledge to increase their income because their machine learning algorithm can forecast when there will be a need for the service. These companies are now some of the biggest in the world. Many enterprises use artificial intelligence to gather online data in order to outperform their rivals and enhance operations. It is difficult to predict that AI will lose its prominence in web development given all these advantages. Over time, it’s likely to be improved and used more frequently. Web development benefits from artificial intelligence in a variety of ways. It improves the user experience on the website and makes it simple for web developers to test their web pages as they are being built. They aid marketing campaigns as well because businesses can gather important consumer information and structure their product or service offerings accordingly. Leave a Reply

https://alabiansolutions.com/blog/artificial-intelligence-and-its-

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Learning how to weld brass is handy for all sorts of low friction applications. The Lowdown on Brass Welding The word “brass” is, in reality, a term used to describe zinc and copper alloys. It can be a bit challenging because the amount of zinc will affect the melting point of your brass significantly. This attractive metal is used for musical instruments and even more often for decorations that are considered applications in the “low-friction” category. You will generally find brass’s melting point somewhere between 900° and 940° Fahrenheit, which means it can be cast with various methods successfully. To weld brass your options include TIG, MIG, and silver soldering. However, make sure to select your shielding gas carefully. This material can become porous and when the alloys separate, it will eventually crack. Brass has various properties that make it an attractive metal: - corrosion resistance - electrical conductivity Thanks to its low-friction qualities, brass is regularly used in tools and fittings that may be exposed to explosives or flammable materials and even in ammunition casings. Other uses include valves, plumbing, and electrical needs. It is highly appreciated in decor and for decorative uses in general because of its attractive golden hue. Its use in many musical instruments is due to its durability and because it is so easy to work with. All said, however, brass is not the easiest metal to weld. Safety Precautions for Brass Welding Zinc tends to spatter, so protective gloves and boots are highly recommended to protect you from burns. The other risk with brass welding is the production of toxic fumes. If you have a fume extractor, this should be used to protect you from toxic gases created during welding. Ideally, you will need a welding helmet with an auto-darkening feature and good ventilation if you decide to use either TIG or MIG welding procedures. These procedures make use of a very bright arc that can permanently damage eyesight. Can Brass be Welded to Brass? Yes, but to create a successful weld, it’s important to know what percentage of zinc is in your brass. Zinc has a lower point for melting than copper, so it’s fundamental that you know before you begin, otherwise you may end up with a porous weld that will crack, leaving you with no weld at all. You will also need the correct shielding gas. Zinc will interact aggressively with environmental contaminants. It will also produce highly toxic fumes. An Oxyacetylene gas is an effective shield when welding brass. The alternative will again be a porous weld that will not work. It is recommended that you use flux to assist the fusion of the metals. This particular chemical compound will protect the surface metal from the air in order to prevent oxidation. It will absorb oxides produced during heating as well as oxides not completely removed in cleaning prior to welding. Mix some flux with water to form a paste and use that paste to coat the surfaces of the brass that you intend to weld. You should also use a braze flux that is appropriate for work with oxyacetylene gas such as white flux. When you are ready to begin, set your acetylene gas on low while increasing the supply of oxygen. This will enable an oxygen coating for your brass and prevent toxic fumes from escaping during welding. If you choose to weld brass to brass, use a larger welding tip because you will need more heat conductivity for this process. Welding Brass with TIG While brass as a material offers a high level of thermal conductivity, its zinc component has a very low melting point. One of the risks with TIG welding is that the zinc boils to the point that it latches onto the electrode and interrupts your welding. If you want to weld brass using the TIG application, our team of pros indicated the use of an AC power inverter with thirty-second pulses would enable welding brass. They also suggested using the absolute minimum heat to start your weld puddle. You should remove the heat every couple of seconds to keep an eye on your pool. This will help you avoid overheating your bass metal. When finished welding, maintain the argon on the heated area to protect it. The metal must cool off completely. Exposing heated metal to the atmosphere will cause it to become porous and ruin your joint. Once you have produced your join, you will need to grind it off to improve the aesthetic appeal. TIG brass welds are generally not good-looking. To TIG weld zinc and copper alloys, employ CuSn6 welding rods to improve the color of the weld. Although not an exact match, it will be relatively close. One of the problems with TIG welding of brass is that there is not exact color match. This is true for MIG welding as well. Welding Brass with MIG If you choose to do your weld with Metal Inert Gas (MIG), select your filler wire correctly. If the filler wire is not the correct type, it will cause your weld to discolor and potentially ruin your project. Because zinc and copper are the two principal ingredients in all brass, the better filler wire to keep your weld a desirable color will be CuAI8. This filler wire is made of copper and 8% of aluminum. While the color will not be identical to brass, it will be acceptable. Finding perfectly matched filler wire for MIG brass welding is all but impossible. The filler wire would have to contain a noteworthy amount of zinc, but zinc burns out at high temperatures, so the idea just is not feasible. When MIG welding brass, you need a shielding gas that is either pure Argon or Argon and CO2. The Argon and CO2 mix should be 75% Argon and 25% carbon dioxide for good results. If your shielding gas is not sufficient, your zinc will vaporize. The vapors will consist of zinc oxide that is highly toxic for any welder or person in the vicinity. Our pro welders indicated that it is a good idea to have a short weld area to reduce any risk of producing zinc oxide fumes. Stitch welding as opposed to continuous welding will help you achieve this. The molten weld will have more time to cool because it will not be exposed to high heat for a continuously long period. See also: Can you MIG weld without gas Welding Brass by Flame Welding If color match is very important to your brass welding project, then the best procedure for attempting to match a color is by flame welding. If you opt for flame welding, CuZn89Sn filler wire will provide you with pretty good results in terms of color. Three types of primary flames can be utilized when selecting flame welding: - Neutral. This type of flame exerts no chemical effect on the piece you are working on. - Carburizing. This kind of flame will not be suitable if the metals absorb carbon because it will produce iron carbide. For example, this type of flame causes damage in both iron and steel. - Oxidizing. The oxidizing flame offers more heat than either neutral or carbonizing flames. It is the ideal choice when working with zinc and copper, and this means it is also ideal for brass welding. When you choose to flame weld, you will have to monitor the effect of the flame on the brass constantly to determine how much oxygen you need when welding. Is it easy to weld Brass? Not really! Unfortunately, zinc and copper are the two principal components of brass. The Zinc will melt much faster than the copper and any other compounds found in the brass, making it a challenge. Also, zinc will react with atmospheric gases and produce zinc oxide. This gas is exceptionally toxic and hazardous when inhaled. Heat input can ruin the base metal when too high and cause the alloys to separate, so constant heat monitoring is necessary when welding brass. Is shielding gas important when welding brass? Very. You need to select a shielding gas that will provide sufficient coverage and thus protect the metal fully. Never turn off the supply of gas until the weld has completely cooled. otherwise, you risk compromising the finished weld with atmospheric contamination resulting in a porous weld that will crack. Can I MIG weld my brass? Yes. You must use a mixture of argon and carbon dioxide as a shielding gas, but it can definitely be accomplished. You must also choose the correct filler wire, although a perfect color match is not possible. When opting for MIG welding for brass, the stitch welding procedure is ideal because it enables you to control heat input and regulate it better. Can I weld brass to steel? No, because their welding points are so distant. Brazing will allow you to join the two materials together. The brazing method permits you to join different metals with the assistance of filler metal. In the case of joining brass and steel, a silicon bronze filler rod can be used to join the two metals effectively. Can I weld brass to aluminum? No. You need brass to brass. Can I solder brass without flux? Yes, as most solder has a rosin core which acts just like flux in breaking down oxides present. What is the difference between welding and soldering? Although these two terms are used interchangeably, there is a difference. When soldering, base metals do not require melting. In welding, the base metals will be melted to form the joint. Welding may require 6500°F, whereas soldering can be accomplished at 840°F. What is the difference between silver soldering and brazing? Both procedures join metals together through the use of a filler material that fills the joint. This filler material will have a lower melting point than the base metals being joined. The space to be filled will generally be in the range of .002 to .005 inches. The AWS or American Welding Society defines the difference between the two methods as brazing uses a filler material with a melting point above 840°F, while soldering uses a filler material with a melting point below 840° F. What type of helmet should I wear when welding brass? An automatic darkening helmet is the preferred choice for safety purposes particularly if using MIG or TIG welding applications. A Final Thought The welding of brass is complicated for any welder with any skill level simply because zinc and copper have such different melting points. If you know the percentage of zinc in your brass compound, before you begin to weld, and you employ the oxyacetylene procedure, you will be able to weld your brass successfully. Remember, use safety precautions and PPE, take your time, and get in some practice. In no time at all, you’ll be welding brass like the best of the pros.

https://weldgears.com/how-to-weld-brass/

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Ramadan is a very special month for Muslims. During this holy month, they observe a strict daily fast from pre-dawn until sunset, and dedicate themselves to prayers and acts of kindness. During this special month, Muslims typically associate themselves with sharing, caring and making conscious efforts to consume healthy meals. During Ramadan, the day starts early so that people can eat a pre-fast meal before dawn. This meal, called Sahur, is important as it will keep them going through the day. The fast is broken at sundown with a meal called Iftar, often shared among family and friends. Muslims often include charity in Iftar as well, by sharing Iftar with members of the community. This is why Peak Milk has made it a priority to nourish and enrich us with the goodness of milk containing proteins that are the necessary building blocks of life. The human body needs protein to maintain good health because it helps your body to repair cells and make new ones. This year, Peak is encouraging Muslim consumers to serve Goodness and Nourishment during Ramadan. Whether it’s in their acts of service or worship, or in the Peak protein meals they consume at Sahur and at Iftar, Peak urges them to serve Goodness and Nourishment during the holy month of Ramadan to keep them going from start to finish. Peak Milk gives you the physical and mental energy to face each day because it contains proteins and essential nutrients that enable you #PowerOn everyday during this month of Ramadan. Fortified with 28 vitamins and minerals, Peak Milk is available in full cream and filled milk variants as evaporated milk or powdered milk in the markets and store in every neighbourhood. KEY TIPS TO NOTE THIS RAMADAN Here are some key tips to note as you journey through the holy month of Ramadan: 1. Ensure to stock up on necessities Going without food for long periods of time can zap your energy, so less time spent on errands during the day equals energy saved. Therefore, stock up on necessities like food, groceries, Peak Milk and toiletries to sustain you for a while. 2. Plan your meals ahead of time Meal preparation saves time, energy, and money. These three things cannot be overstated during the holy month – whether you are cooking for one or many, planning meals in advance will ensure Ramadan runs smoothly. 3. Get a physical examination Fasting has an effect on the physical body, such as low blood sugar. It can also be harmful to people who have pre-existing health conditions. Consult a doctor ahead of time to ensure physical fitness. 4. Mentally prepare Ramadan is a mental as well as a physical activity, and the abrupt change in routine can be difficult to adjust to at first. These few tips can help you mentally during this holy month of Ramadan. – Read more, particularly the Quran. – Journal daily. – Make duas and practice them. 5. Motivate a friend Some people may find it difficult to complete activities during the holy month than others, which may lead to slacking. Spend some time encouraging and checking in on a friend or family member who is struggling to keep up with Ramadan. 6. Make time in your schedule for charitable acts As previously stated, sharing is a major tenet of Ramadan, and individuals or organisations participate in charitable activities in support of the less fortunate, such as food drives in mosques, donations to orphanages, and almsgiving. Consider adding charity to your list of holy month activities. Finally, the success of any activity is heavily reliant on planning and preparation. So, which of these suggestions will you try first?

https://www.peakmilk.com.ng/campaigns/peak-ramadan-campaign/

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- The canon - The divisions of the TaNaKh - Texts and versions - Textual criticism: manuscript problems - Texts and manuscripts - Early versions - Later and modern versions: English - English translations after the Reformation - The King James and subsequent versions - Greek, Hungarian, Italian, and Portuguese translations - Scandinavian, Slavic, Spanish, and Swiss translations - The canon - The Torah (Law, Pentateuch, or Five Books of Moses) - Deuteronomy: Introductory discourse - The Neviʾim (Prophets) - Judges: importance and role - Samuel: Israel under Samuel and Saul - The Torah (Law, Pentateuch, or Five Books of Moses) - Nature and significance - Apocryphal writings - Additions to Daniel and Esther - The Pseudepigraphal writings - Works indicating a Greek influence - Apocalyptic and eschatological works - The New Testament canon - The Jewish and Hellenistic matrix - The religious situation in the Greco-Roman world of the 1st century ad - The Synoptic Gospels - The Pauline Letters - The Pastoral Letters: I and II Timothy and Titus - The Catholic Letters - The Johannine Letters: I, II, and III John - Critical methods - Types of biblical hermeneutics - The development of biblical exegesis and hermeneutics in Judaism - The development of biblical exegesis and hermeneutics in Christianity Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. biblical literature, four bodies of written works: the Old Testament writings according to the Hebrew canon; intertestamental works, including the Old Testament Apocrypha; the New Testament writings; and the New Testament Apocrypha. The Old Testament is a collection of writings that was first compiled and preserved as the sacred books of the ancient Hebrew people. As the Bible of the Hebrews and their Jewish descendants down to the present, these books have been perhaps the most decisive single factor in the preservation of the Jews as a cultural entity and Judaism as a religion. The Old Testament and the New Testament—a body of writings that chronicle the origin and early dissemination of Christianity—constitute the Bible of the Christians. The literature of the Bible, encompassing the Old and New Testaments and various noncanonical works, has played a special role in the history and culture of the Western world and has itself become the subject of intensive critical study. This field of scholarship, including exegesis (critical interpretation) and hermeneutics (the science of interpretive principles), has assumed an important place in the theologies of Judaism and Christianity. The methods and purposes of exegesis and hermeneutics are treated below. For the cultural and historical contexts in which this literature developed, see Judaism and Christianity. Influence and significance Historical and cultural importance After the kingdoms of Israel and Judah had fallen, in 722 bce (before the Common Era, equivalent to bc) and 587/586 bce, respectively, the Hebrew people outlived defeat, captivity, and the loss of their national independence, largely because they possessed writings that preserved their history and traditions. Many of them did not return to Palestine after their exile. Those who did return did so to rebuild a temple and reconstruct a society that was more nearly a religious community than an independent nation. The religion found expression in the books of the Old Testament: books of the Law (Torah), history, prophecy, and poetry. The survival of the Jewish religion and its subsequent incalculable influence in the history of Western culture are difficult to explain without acknowledgment of the importance of the biblical writings. When the Temple in Jerusalem was destroyed in 70 ce (Common Era, equivalent to ad), the historical, priestly sacrificial worship centred in it came to an end and was never resumed. But the religion of the Jewish people had by then gone with them into many lands, where it retained its character and vitality because it still drew its nurture from biblical literature. The Bible was with them in their synagogues, where it was read, prayed, and taught. It preserved their identity as a people, inspired their worship, arranged their calendar, permeated their family lives; it shaped their ideals, sustained them in persecution, and touched their intellects. Whatever Jewish talent and genius have contributed to Western civilization is due in no small degree to the influence of the Bible. The Hebrew Bible is as basic to Christianity as it is to Judaism. Without the Old Testament, the New Testament could not have been written and there could have been no man like Jesus; Christianity could not have been what it became. This has to do with cultural values, basic human values, as much as with religious beliefs. The Genesis stories of prehistoric events and people are a conspicuous example. The Hebrew myths of creation have superseded the racial mythologies of Latin, Germanic, Slavonic, and all other Western peoples. This is not because they contain historically factual information or scientifically adequate accounts of the universe, the beginning of life, or any other subject of knowledge, but because they furnish a profoundly theological interpretation of the universe and human existence, an intellectual framework of reality large enough to make room for developing philosophies and sciences. This biblical structure of ideas is shared by Jews and Christians. It centres in the one and only God, the Creator of all that exists. All things have their place in this structure of ideas. All mankind is viewed as a unity, with no race existing for itself alone. The Covenant people (i.e., the Hebrews in the Old Testament and Christians in the New Testament) are chosen not to enjoy special privileges but to serve God’s will toward all nations. The individual’s sacred rights condemn his abuse, exploitation, or neglect by the rich and powerful or by society itself. Widows, orphans, the stranger, the friendless, and the helpless have a special claim. God’s will and purpose are viewed as just, loving, and ultimately prevailing. The future is God’s, when his rule will be fully established. The Bible went with the Christian Church into every land in Europe, bearing its witness to God. The church, driven in part by the power of biblical themes, called men to ethical and social responsibility, to a life answerable to God, to love for all men, to sonship in the family of God, and to citizenship in a kingdom yet to be revealed. The Bible thus points to a way of life never yet perfectly embodied in any society in history. Weighing every existing kingdom, government, church, party, and organization, it finds them wanting in that justice, mercy, and love for which they were intended.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/biblical-literature/The-King-James-

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Eniola Akinkuotu, Abuja Nigeria has emerged as the country with the highest number of poor people in the world, overtaking India. According to a report by the Brookings Institution, data from the World Poverty Clock show that Nigeria now has over 87 million people living in poverty. The report adds that six Nigerians become poor every minute. The National Bureau of Statistics had painted a worse picture in 2016 when it reported that no fewer than 112 million Nigerians live below the poverty line It reads in part, “According to our projections, Nigeria has already overtaken India as the country with the largest number of extreme poor in early 2018, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo could soon take over the number two. “At the end of May 2018, our trajectories suggest that Nigeria had about 87 million people in extreme poverty, compared with India’s 73 million. “What is more, extreme poverty in Nigeria is growing by six people every minute, while poverty in India continues to fall. “In fact, by the end of 2018 in Africa as a whole, there will probably be about 3.2 million more people living in extreme poverty than there are today.” According to Wikipedia, The World Poverty Clock is a tool to monitor progress against poverty globally and regionally. It provides real-time poverty data across countries. Created by the Vienna-based NGO, World Data Lab, in 2017, it is funded by Germany’s Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. Each April and October, the World Poverty Clock data are updated to take into account new household surveys and new projections on country economic growth from the International Monetary Funds’ World Economic Outlook. These form the basic building blocks for poverty trajectories computed for 188 countries and territories, developed and developing, across the world.

http://punchng.com/with-87m-poor-citizens-nigeria-

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World Glaucoma Week: 8 Steps to Protecting Your Vision year in March, World Glaucoma Week unites global communities in the fight against glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness. This year's theme, “Uniting for a Glaucoma-Free World”, underscores the importance of collective action. Raising awareness and promoting early detection can empower individuals to safeguard their vision from this silent threat. As this year's World Glaucoma Week climaxes, it's crucial to shed light on the importance of eye care and the threat of glaucoma to vision health. Glaucoma, often referred to as the "silent thief of sight," is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, leading to irreversible vision loss if left untreated. Understanding this condition, its treatment, and prevention measures is essential for maintaining good eye health and preventing article delves into eight key steps you can take to protect your sight from glaucoma. We'll explore the importance of regular eye exams, unveil lifestyle choices that promote healthy vision, and discuss how managing overall health contributes to eye wellness. By understanding your risk factors and taking proactive measures, you can become an active participant in safeguarding your precious gift of sight. First; What is glaucoma? is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve, the nerve that transmits visual information from your eye to your brain. This damage is often caused by a buildup of fluid pressure inside the eye. a breakdown of glaucoma: - Damage to The Optic Nerve: This is the key feature of glaucoma. The optic nerve is essential for vision, and damage to it can lead to vision loss. - Fluid Buildup: In most cases, glaucoma is linked to increased pressure in the eye (intraocular pressure). This extra fluid can damage the optic nerve. - Vision Loss: If left untreated, glaucoma can cause permanent vision loss and even blindness. This vision loss typically happens gradually over a long time, which is why glaucoma is nicknamed the "silent thief of sight." are different types of glaucoma, but early detection and treatment are crucial to preventing vision loss. Important Facts about Glaucoma to the World Health Organisation (WHO), glaucoma is the second-leading cause of blindness globally. It's estimated that over 80 million people worldwide are affected by glaucoma, with nearly 10% becoming blind in both eyes. Moreover, it's projected that the number of people affected by glaucoma will continue to rise, particularly among ageing populations. With adequate eye care, you won’t be part of those unfortunate The Risk Factors Associated with Glaucoma factors can increase a person's risk of developing glaucoma, such as: also known as myopia, has been associated with an increased risk of glaucoma, particularly in individuals with high levels of myopia. The elongation of the eyeball that occurs in myopia can lead to changes in the eye structures, potentially increasing the risk of glaucoma. Additionally, myopia can make it more challenging to detect glaucoma during routine eye exams, as the characteristic optic nerve changes may be more difficult to visualise in highly myopic eyes. Therefore, individuals with myopia should be particularly vigilant about having regular, comprehensive eye exams to monitor their eye health and assess their risk of developing glaucoma. Increased Intraocular Pressure (IOP): Elevated pressure inside the eye is a significant risk factor for glaucoma. However, not everyone with elevated eye pressure develops glaucoma, and some people with normal eye pressure can still develop the becomes more common as you get older, particularly after the age of 40. If you have a family history of glaucoma, you may be at a higher risk of developing the condition yourself. of African, Hispanic, or Asian descent are at a higher risk of developing certain types of glaucoma. Certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, and sickle cell anaemia, can increase your risk of Other eye conditions, such as nearsightedness (myopia), previous eye injuries, or surgeries, can also increase your risk. Thinner than average corneas may indicate a higher risk of developing glaucoma. The cornea is the transparent dome-shaped structure at the front of your eye. It acts like a window, letting light enter and helping to focus it on the retina at the back of your eye. Thin corneas occur when the cornea is thinner than average. The average thickness of a healthy cornea is around 540 microns (thousandths of a millimeter), and a cornea is considered thin if it falls below 500 microns. Symptoms of Glaucoma Glaucoma often has no symptoms in its early stages. This is why it's nicknamed the "silent thief of sight." Regular eye exams are crucial for early detection. In later stages, some symptoms may include: - Patchy blind spots in your peripheral vision - Tunnel vision - Severe eye pain - Redness in the eye Treatment and Management Glaucoma there is no cure for glaucoma, various treatment options are available to manage the condition and prevent further vision loss. These include: drops or oral medications can help lower intraocular pressure by either reducing the production of aqueous humour (the fluid inside the eye) or increasing its drainage. Laser Therapy: Procedures such as selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) or laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) can help improve the drainage of fluid from the eye, reducing pressure. advanced cases or when other treatments are ineffective, surgical interventions like trabeculectomy or drainage implant surgery may be necessary to create a new drainage pathway for the aqueous humour. Prevention Measures: 8 Steps to Protecting Your Vision certain risk factors for glaucoma, such as age and family history, cannot be controlled, there are steps individuals can take to reduce their risk and protect their vision: 1. Regular Eye Check-Ups: eye examinations are crucial for early detection and treatment of glaucoma. Adults should undergo comprehensive eye exams at least every two years, or as recommended by their eye care professional. 2. Healthy Lifestyle: a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet rich in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids, may help support eye health. 3. Eye Protection: the eyes from injury, particularly during sports or hazardous activities, can help prevent damage that may increase the risk of glaucoma. 4. Avoiding Smoking and Alcohol Consumption: has been linked to an increased risk of developing glaucoma. Quitting smoking can help reduce this risk and improve overall eye health. Excessive alcohol consumption may also increase your risk of glaucoma. 5. Protect Your Eyes from UV Rays: sunglasses that block out harmful UV rays when outdoors, and use protective eyewear during activities that pose a risk of eye injury. 6. Managing Medical Conditions: such as diabetes and hypertension can contribute to the development or progression of glaucoma. Proper management of these conditions is essential for 7. Practice Good Eye hygiene: proper eye hygiene practices, such as washing your hands before touching your eyes, avoiding rubbing your eyes excessively, and giving your eyes regular breaks from screen time. 8. Know Your Family History: aware of any hereditary eye conditions that run in your family, and discuss them with your eye care professional to determine if you are at increased risk and what steps you can take to manage them. incorporating these steps into your daily routine, you can help maintain good eye health and lower your risk of future vision problems. summarise, understanding the significance of eye care, recognising the signs and symptoms of glaucoma, and taking proactive steps to protect vision health are critical in preventing blindness caused by this silent but potentially devastating condition. Individuals can take control of their eye health and reduce the impact of glaucoma on their lives by scheduling regular eye examinations, adopting healthy lifestyle habits, and seeking prompt treatment when necessary. World Glaucoma Week provides an opportunity to raise awareness and promote proactive eye care is it, and now it’s your turn to give us your feedback. Let us know how you have been caring for your eyes when you last did an eye check and any other thing you know can help us all maintain good vision and keep glaucoma far. Recommended for you; - Genetic Engineering: How Your Gene Can Make You Rich or Poor - NCDC Warns of Imminent Cerebrospinal Meningitis Outbreak What is World Glaucoma Week? World Glaucoma Week is a global initiative organized by the World Glaucoma Association. We invite patients, eye care providers, health officials and the public to join forces in organizing awareness activities worldwide. Glaucoma is the leading cause of preventable blindness, and distinct challenges may be present in different regions of the world. Our goal is to alert everyone to have regular eye and optic nerve checks to detect glaucoma as early as possible because there are available treatments for all forms of glaucoma to prevent visual loss. What is Glaucoma? Glaucoma encompasses a range of eye disorders characterized by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) which damages the optic nerve. The optic nerve is responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. When damaged, peripheral vision is typically affected first, with gradual progression to central vision loss if untreated. What is Thin Corneas? The cornea is the transparent dome-shaped structure at the front of your eye. It acts like a window, letting light enter and helping to focus it on the retina at the back of your eye. Thin corneas occur when the cornea is thinner than average. The average thickness of a healthy cornea is around 540 microns (thousandths of a millimeter), and a cornea is considered thin if it falls below 500 microns. What is the impact of thin corneas? A thin cornea can have several implications for your eye health: Increased risk of certain vision problems like keratoconus, a condition where the cornea thins and bulges outward. Potentially inaccurate eye pressure readings during glaucoma tests, as a thinner cornea, can give falsely low readings. Disqualification for certain types of corrective eye surgeries like LASIK, which rely on having sufficient corneal tissue. What are the Causes of thin corneas? Thin corneas can develop due to various reasons, including: Genetics: In some cases, thin corneas are simply inherited. Diseases: Certain eye diseases like keratoconus can cause the cornea to thin. Corneal surgeries: Previous surgeries on the cornea can leave it thinner. External factors: Conditions like chronic eye rubbing or wearing contact lenses for extended periods can contribute to corneal thinning. Importance of Early Detection: If you have concerns about thin corneas, it's crucial to see an eye doctor. Early detection and monitoring can help prevent complications and ensure you receive appropriate treatment for any underlying conditions. How are thin corneas treated? Treatment for thin corneas depends on the cause and severity. It may involve wearing special contact lenses, corneal collagen cross-linking (a procedure to strengthen the cornea), or, in rare cases, corneal transplantation. Prolonged corticosteroid use: Long-term use of corticosteroid medications, especially in eye drop form, can increase the risk of developing glaucoma. It's essential to be aware of these risk factors and to have regular eye exams, especially if you have one or more of these risk factors. Your eye care professional can assess your risk and recommend appropriate monitoring and treatment options. Early detection and treatment are crucial for managing glaucoma and preserving vision. How can I protect myself against vision loss? Regular Eye Check-Ups Healthy Lifestyle Eye Protection Avoiding Smoking and Alcohol Consumption Protect Your Eyes from UV Rays Managing Medical Conditions Practice Good Eye hygiene Know Your Family History What are the symptoms of glaucoma? Patchy blind spots in your peripheral vision, Tunnel vision, Severe eye pain, Redness in the eye, etc. Who is at risk for glaucoma? Several factors increase the risk of glaucoma, including: Age (over 60) Family history of glaucoma Ethnicity (African descent) High eye pressure Certain medical conditions (diabetes, high blood pressure) How often should I get an eye exam? The recommended frequency for eye exams varies depending on your age, risk factors, and overall health. But a yearly check is the best. Adults with average risk generally need an exam every two years. Children and adults with higher risk factors may need more frequent exams. What are the signs I need to see an eye doctor immediately? See an eye doctor right away if you experience: Sudden vision loss Eye pain Flashes of light or floaters in your vision Redness in the eye that doesn't go away Injury to the eye What are the five pillars of a healthy lifestyle? The five pillars of a healthy lifestyle are: Healthy diet Regular exercise Getting enough sleep Managing stress Preventive healthcare (including regular doctor visits) What are some steps I can take to prevent chronic diseases? Many chronic diseases can be prevented or delayed through healthy lifestyle choices. Here are some steps you can take: Maintain a healthy weight. Eat a balanced diet. Exercise regularly. Don't smoke. Limit alcohol consumption. Manage stress. Get regular health screenings. How can I find a good doctor? Here are some tips for finding a good doctor: Ask your friends and family for recommendations. Check with your insurance company for in-network providers. Read online reviews of doctors in your area. Consider factors like the doctor's experience, communication style, and location. Post a Comment

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3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a manufacturing process through which three dimensional solid objects are created. It enables the creation of physical 3D models of objects using a series of additive or layered development framework, where layers are laid down in succession to create a complete 3D object. Stereolithography (SLA) Printing SLA is a popular way to create realistic prototypes and customized products, It’s best used for products where appearance is more important than structural integrity. SLA printing can create intricate structures and complex geometric shapes without increasing the price per unit. Resins are available in different colors, and clear resin can also be used. However, the products made with SLA printing are not nearly as strong as those made with FDM or another printing method. Durable, heat-resistant, and rubber-like resin materials are available. SLA printing is typically used to create visual prototypes. SLA parts have a smooth surface finish and often look identical to the final product. SLA printing is also used to make custom end-use products in different colors or with slight visual differences. SLA is commonly used to create parts and light-duty functional prototypes in the automotive industry, medical instruments, electronics, oil and gas, and for consumer products. Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Printing Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) is a powder bed additive manufacturing process used to make parts from thermoplastic polymer powders. Parts produced with SLS printing have excellent mechanical characteristics, with strength resembling that of injection-molded parts. The most common material for selective laser sintering is nylon, a popular engineering thermoplastic with excellent mechanical properties. Nylon is lightweight, strong, and flexible, as well as stable against impact, chemicals, heat, UV light, water, and dirt. SLS is commonly used for durable, functional parts for low to mid-volume production, enclosures, snap-fit parts, auto components and thin-walled ducting. Metal 3D Printing (DMLS) Metal 3D printing is a revolutionary technology that produces “impossible-to-make” end use metal parts directly from your CAD data. The mechanical properties of DMLS parts are comparable to cast parts or machined component. We offer 3D metal printing in titanium, stainless steel, maraging steel and aluminum. Each material has unique advantages relating to mechanical performance, weight, corrosion resistance and more. The advantage of the process is that the more complex or rich the component is, the more economical the process becomes. 3D metal printed parts are fully dense, incorporating complex geometries and precise internal features that cannot be made with traditional machining alone. DMLS produces high performance, end-use metal 3D printed parts for industrial applications in aerospace, automotive, medical and others. 3D Printing Prototype This is one of the projects we have done for a leading automotive private sector company. Originally, they order this type of flexible prototype in polymers with an add-in by SLS which is very expensive. With the latest developed resin, we are able to make flexible prototypes by SLA, and the cost is just 1/5. The reason? Well, simply because the prototypes from these other services were not accurate enough. So, they thought they would have to outsource from Europe. However, when they approached the XTJ team, the company soon discovered that they had finally found a service provider that could meet their needs.

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What is SQL? SQL stands for Structured Query Language. A query language is a kind of programming language that’s designed to retrieving and stored specific information from databases, and that’s exactly what SQL does SQL is the language of databases. where database management system handle this SQL. Why SQL is required? SQL is required because it offers the following advantages for the users. ∙ SQL helps in creating new databases, views, and tables. ∙ It is used for inserting, updating, deleting and retrieving data records in the database ∙ It enables users to interact with data stored in relational database management systems. ∙ SQL is required to create a view, stored procedure, functions in a database Commands that are used in SQL: DDL commands: Data Definition Language Commands 1 Create: it is used to create a database. Syntax:create database <database name>; Example: create database welcome; 2 Alter: if we want add column or drop column in the existing database then we use alter command for it. Syntax:for add column Alter table <table-name> add <column name> <datatype>; For drop column Alter table <table-name> drop <column name>; 3 Truncate:this truncate command is used to delete all rows or records or tuples into the table at a time. In this truncate command where clause is not use and when we will used truncate command the rollback command will not be used to recover that data. Syntax:Truncate table <table-name>; DML commands: DML stands for Data Manipulation Language commands. 1 Insert:whenever we want to insert a record into the table then we use insert command Syntax:insert into <table-name> values(values are provide here); 2 Delete:whenever we want to delete tuples from table then we use delete command. 1 delete one row:we use where clause in this delete command. Syntax:delete from <table-name > where <column-name>; 2 delete all rows: Syntax:delete from <table-name>; 3 Update:whenever any modification performed on to existing table we use update command. Syntax:update <table-name> set <column-name> where <column-name>; DQL commands:Dql stands for Data Query Language commands: 1 Select:whenever in this database we created table and after we inserted values in to table Then we fetched all records using select command. Syntax:select * from <table-name>; Whenever we want to fetched only one column then we wil use Syntax:select <column name> from <table-name>; TCL commands:Tcl Stands for Transactional control Language commands: 1 Commit:By default your sql server is auto-commit,whenever used to save the changes made in to table permanent. 2 Rollback:used to set back previous permanent status of the table it is similar kind of undo. Syntax:Rollback; Table can be rolled-back if it is temporary if you commited changes,it can not be rollbacked. 3 SavePoint:used to along rollback mark a transaction in table. DCL commands:Dcl stands for Data control Language. DCl is used to control priviledges in database to perform any operation in database such as creating table,deleting table,insert record into the table. 1 Grant:used to provide user access priviledges or other priviledges for database. 2 Revoke:Take back the permission from the user. Question and answer of Sql in Interview. 1 What is difference between delete and truncate command? Ans:Delete is Dml command which is used to delete one row or all rows into the table and we used rollback command after the delete command where as truncate is Ddl command used to only delete all rows from the table we cant use where clause in truncate command and not used rollback command after truncate that data will not be recovered. 2 What is Database Management System? Ans:DBMS is collecting the inter-related Data from user to stored and retrieve it with the security measures. 3 What are different Types of Data:? There are 3 different types of Data: 1 structured Data 3 Semi-Structured Data 4 What is command used for Pattern Matching? Ans:Like operator is used to Pattern Matching There are 2 wildcards used for pattern matching. 1 %(percentage):used to single or multiple character. 2 _(underscore):used to only one or single character. 5 How many aggregate function? Ans:In Sql there are different types of Aggregate function. 1 count:it is used to provide how many records are present into table 2 sum:to calculate summation of salary or any interger attribute into the table 3 min:to find minimum value 4 max: to find the Maximum value 5 Avg:to find average of salary of any interger column in to table. Sql Operators:An operator which are reserved word or character that are used in sql. In which these operator used within where clause to perform a specific operation such as comparison,arithmetic operation. There are different types of operator 1 Arithmetic Operator:In this operator we used some variable and doing arithmetic operation on it. Operators are like addition(+),subtraction(-),multiplication(*),division(/),Modulus(%) these are called arithmetic operators. 2 Comparison Operator:Equal to(=) ,not Equal to(!=),less than(<),greater than(>),greater than or equal to(>=),less than or equal to (<=) these are called comparison operators. 3 Logical operators: 1 All:all operator is used to compare all values in the given set. 2 And:the And operator allows the existence of multiple condition in an sql statememts where clause. 3 Any:The any operator is used to compare a value to any applicable value in the list according to condition. 4 Between:the values are present in this operator is the inclusive that’s are included in the output. 5 In: The in operator is short hand of Or operator.i.e to compare all the value with similar value. 6 Like:it is used for pattern matching. 7Or:the or operator is used to combine multiple condition in Sql statement where clause. 8 Is Null:the null operator that are used to compare the Null values. 9 Unique:the Unique operator searches every row of specified table for uniqueness and also no duplicate are allowed over here. Constaints In sql: Constraints are the rules applied at the time of create or alter table.and also it is called the set of protocols.this ensures the accuracy and reliability of the data in to database. Constraints are applied on column level or table level.column level constraints are applied to only one column and table level are applied to the whole table. There are different types of Constraints: 1 Not Null:Ensures that column cannot have a Null value all the Non Null values that are present into table. 2 Unique:All values are present in the column that are different and also unique values.we don’t want duplicate values. 3 Primary Key:All the values or records are indentifies each row uniquely. In this primary key contain Not Null values and unique. 4 Foreign Key:Uniquely indentified a rows or record in any other database table. 5 Check:The check constraint ensures that all values in a column satisfy certain condition. 6 Default:Provides a default value for a column when none is specified. What is RDBMS? RDBMS is stands for relational database management System.which is the basic sql and stored the all the data in the form of the table.In the Rdbms there are different types of Concepts such as field,table,Record or Row,column etc. What is Null Value? A null value in table it is means There is no appropriate value or meaningless value.and most important Null values are different than Zero value. SQL Magic Words: In this sql there are three magic Words are present that is select,from and where .select is used for retrieving data and where clause is used to filtered out output with filtered out condition and from is used for where that table which is to be record is fetched. What is Normalization: Process of the minimizes redundancy and we removes total 3 anomalies insertion ,updation and deletion also Normalization divides the larger table into smaller table and links them using relationship using primary key and foreign key. Author: Joshi, Vaibhav SevenMentor Pvt Ltd Call the Trainer and Book your free demo Class for JAVA now!!! © Copyright 2021 | Sevenmentor Pvt Ltd.

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Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) was a German philosopher whose work is perhaps most readily associated with phenomenology and existentialism, although his thinking should be identified as part of such philosophical movements only with extreme care and qualification. His ideas have exerted a seminal influence on the development of contemporary European philosophy. They have also had an impact far beyond philosophy, for example in architectural theory (see e.g., Sharr 2007), literary criticism (see e.g., Ziarek 1989), theology (see e.g., Caputo 1993), psychotherapy (see e.g., Binswanger 1943/1964, Guignon 1993) and cognitive science (see e.g., Dreyfus 1992, 2008; Wheeler 2005; Kiverstein and Wheeler 2012). - 1. Biographical Sketch - 2. Being and Time - 2.1 The Text and its Pre-History - 2.2 Division 1 - 2.3 Division 2 - 2.4 Realism and Relativism in Being and Time - 3. The Later Philosophy - Academic Tools - Other Internet Resources - Related Entries Martin Heidegger was born in Messkirch, Germany, on September 26, 1889. Messkirch was then a quiet, conservative, religious rural town, and as such was a formative influence on Heidegger and his philosophical thought. In 1909 he spent two weeks in the Jesuit order before leaving (probably on health grounds) to study theology at the University of Freiburg. In 1911 he switched subjects, to philosophy. He began teaching at Freiburg in 1915. In 1917 he married Elfride Petri, with whom he had two sons (Jörg and Hermann) and from whom he never parted (although his affair with the philosopher Hannah Arendt, his student at Marburg in the 1920s, is well-known). Heidegger's philosophical development began when he read Brentano and Aristotle, plus the latter's medieval scholastic interpreters. Indeed, Aristotle's demand in the Metaphysics to know what it is that unites all possible modes of Being (or ‘is-ness’) is, in many ways, the question that ignites and drives Heidegger's philosophy. From this platform he proceeded to engage deeply with Kant, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and, perhaps most importantly of all for his subsequent thinking in the 1920s, two further figures: Dilthey (whose stress on the role of interpretation and history in the study of human activity profoundly influenced Heidegger) and Husserl (whose understanding of phenomenology as a science of essences he was destined to reject). In 1915 Husserl took up a post at Freiburg and in 1919 Heidegger became his assistant. Heidegger spent a period (of reputedly brilliant) teaching at the University of Marburg (1923–1928), but then returned to Freiburg to take up the chair vacated by Husserl on his retirement. Out of such influences, explorations, and critical engagements, Heidegger's magnum opus, Being and Time (Sein und Zeit) was born. Although Heidegger's academic and intellectual relationship with his Freiburg predecessor was complicated and occasionally strained (see Crowell 2005), Being and Time was dedicated to Husserl, “in friendship and admiration”. Published in 1927, Being and Time is standardly hailed as one of the most significant texts in the canon of (what has come to be called) contemporary European (or Continental) Philosophy. It catapulted Heidegger to a position of international intellectual visibility and provided the philosophical impetus for a number of later programmes and ideas in the contemporary European tradition, including Sartre's existentialism, Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics, and Derrida's notion of ‘deconstruction’. Moreover, Being and Time, and indeed Heidegger's philosophy in general, has been presented and engaged with by thinkers such as Dreyfus (e.g., 1990) and Rorty (e.g., 1991a, b) who work somewhere near the interface between the contemporary European and the analytic traditions. A cross-section of broadly analytic reactions to Heidegger (positive and negative) may be found alongside other responses in (Murray 1978). Being and Time is discussed in section 2 of this article. In 1933 Heidegger joined the Nazi Party and was elected Rector of Freiburg University, where, depending on whose account one believes, he either enthusiastically implemented the Nazi policy of bringing university education into line with Hitler's nauseating political programme (Pattison 2000) or he allowed that policy to be officially implemented while conducting a partially underground campaign of resistance to some of its details, especially its anti-Semitism (see Heidegger's own account in Only a God can Save Us). During the short period of his rectorship—he resigned in 1934—Heidegger gave a number of public speeches (including his inaugural rectoral address; see below) in which Nazi images plus occasional declarations of support for Hitler are integrated with the philosophical language of Being and Time. After 1934 Heidegger became increasingly distanced from Nazi politics. Although he didn't leave the Nazi party, he did attract some unwelcome attention from its enthusiasts. After the war, however, a university denazification committee at Freiburg investigated Heidegger and banned him from teaching, a right which he did not get back until 1949. One year later he was made professor Emeritus. Against this background of contrary information, one will search in vain through Heidegger's later writings for the sort of total and unambiguous repudiation of National Socialism that one might hope to find. The philosophical character of Heidegger's involvement with Nazism is discussed later in this article. After Being and Time there is a reorienting shift in Heidegger's philosophy known as ‘the turn’ (die Kehre). Exactly when this occurs is a matter of debate, although it is probably safe to say that it is in progress by 1930 and largely established by the early 1940s. If dating the turn has its problems, saying exactly what it involves is altogether more challenging. Indeed, Heidegger himself characterized it not as a turn in his own thinking (or at least in his thinking alone) but as a turn in Being. As he later put it in a preface he wrote to Richardson's ground-breaking text on his work (Richardson 1963), the “Kehre is at work within the issue [that is named by the titles ‘Being and Time’/‘Time and Being.’]… It is not something that I did, nor does it pertain to my thinking only”. The core elements of the turn are indicated in what is now considered by many commentators to be Heidegger's second greatest work, Contributions to Philosophy (From Enowning), (Beitrage zur Philosophie (Vom Ereignis)). This uncompromising text was written in 1936–7, but was not published in German until 1989 and not in English translation until 1999. Section 3 of this article will attempt to navigate the main currents of the turn, and thus of Heidegger's later philosophy, in the light of this increasingly discussed text. Heidegger died in Freiburg on May 26, 1976. He was buried in Messkirch. Being and Time is a long and complex book. The reader is immediately struck by what Mulhall (2005, viii) calls the “tortured intensity of [Heidegger's] prose”, although if the text is read in its original German it is possible to hear the vast number of what appear to be neologisms as attempts to reanimate the German language. According to this latter gloss, the linguistic constructions concerned—which involve hyphenations, unusual prefixes and uncommon suffixes—reveal the hidden meanings and resonances of ordinary talk. In any case, for many readers, the initially strange and difficult language of Being and Time is fully vindicated by the realization that Heidegger is struggling to say things for which our conventional terms and linguistic constructions are ultimately inadequate. Indeed, for some thinkers who have toiled in its wake, Heidegger's language becomes the language of philosophy (although for an alternative and critical view of the language of Being and Time, see Adorno 1964/2002). Viewed from the perspective of Heidegger's own intentions, the work is incomplete. It was meant to have two parts, each of which was supposed to be divided into three divisions. What we have published under the title of Being and Time are the first two divisions of (the intended) part one. The reasons for this incompleteness will be explored later in this article. One might reasonably depict the earliest period of Heidegger's philosophical work, in Freiburg (1915–23) and Marburg (1923–6), before he commenced the writing of Being and Time itself, as the pre-history of that seminal text (although for an alternative analysis that stresses not only a back-and-forth movement in Heidegger's earliest thought between theology and philosophy, but also the continuity between that earliest thought and the later philosophy, see van Buren 1994, 2005). Viewed in relation to Being and Time, the central philosophical theme in these early years is Heidegger's complex critical relationship with Husserl's transcendental phenomenology—what Crowell (2005, p.49) calls “a dynamic of attraction and repulsion”—as driven by Heidegger's transformative reading of Aristotle. As early as a 1919 lecture course, for example, we find Heidegger arguing that Husserl's view (developed in the Logical Investigations, Husserl 1900/1973), that philosophy should renounce theory and concentrate on the things given directly in consciousness, is flawed because such givenness is itself a theoretical construct. For the young Heidegger, then, it is already the case that phenomenological analysis starts not with Husserlian intentionality (the consciousness of objects), but rather with an interpretation of the pre-theoretical conditions for there to be such intentionality. This idea will later be central to, and elaborated within, Being and Time, by which point a number of important developments (explained in more detail later in this article) will have occurred in Heidegger's thinking: the Husserlian notion of formal ontology (the study of the a priori categories that describe objects of any sort, by means of our judgments and perceptions) will have been transformed into fundamental ontology (a neo-Aristotelian search for what it is that unites and makes possible our varied and diverse senses of what it is to be); Husserl's transcendental consciousness (the irreducible thinking ego or subject that makes possible objective inquiry) will have been transfigured into Dasein (the inherently social being who already operates with a pre-theoretical grasp of the a priori structures that make possible particular modes of Being); and Husserlian intentionality (a consciousness of objects) will have been replaced by the concept of care or Being-in-the-world (a non-intentional, or perhaps pre-intentional, openness to a world). Each of these aspects of Heidegger's framework in Being and Time emerges out of his radical rethinking of Aristotle, a rethinking that finds its fullest and most explicit expression in a 1925–6 lecture course entitled Logik (later renamed Logik (Aristoteles) by Heidegger's student Helene Weiß, in order to distinguish this lecture course from a later one he gave also entitled Logik; see Kisiel 1993, 559, note 23). On Heidegger's interpretation (see Sheehan 1975), Aristotle holds that since every meaningful appearance of beings involves an event in which a human being takes a being as—as, say, a ship in which one can sail or as a god that one should respect—what unites all the different modes of Being is that they realize some form of presence (present-ness) to human beings. This presence-to is expressed in the ‘as’ of ‘taking-as’. Thus the unity of the different modes of Being is grounded in a capacity for taking-as (making-present-to) that Aristotle argues is the essence of human existence. Heidegger's response, in effect, is to suggest that although Aristotle is on the right track, he has misconceived the deep structure of taking-as. For Heidegger, taking-as is grounded not in multiple modes of presence, but rather in a more fundamental temporal unity (remember, it's Being and time, more on this later) that characterizes Being-in-the-world (care). This engagement with Aristotle—the Aristotle, that is, that Heidegger unearths during his early years in Freiburg and Marburg—explains why, as Sheehan (1975, 87) puts it, “Aristotle appears directly or indirectly on virtually every page” of Being and Time. (For more on Heidegger's pre-Being-and-Time period, see e.g., Kisiel 1993, Kisiel and van Buren 1994, and Heidegger's early occasional writings as reproduced in the collection Becoming Heidegger. For more on the philosophical relationship between Husserl and Heidegger, see e.g., Crowell 2001 and the review of Crowell's book by Carman 2002; Dahlstrom 1994; Dostal 1993; Overgaard 2003.) Let's back up in order to bring Heidegger's central concern into better view. (The ‘way in’ to Being and Time that I am about to present follows Gelven 1989 6–7.) Consider some philosophical problems that will be familiar from introductory metaphysics classes: Does the table that I think I see before me exist? Does God exist? Does mind, conceived as an entity distinct from body, exist? These questions have the following form: does x (where x = some particular kind of thing) exist? Questions of this form presuppose that we already know what ‘to exist’ means. We typically don't even notice this presupposition. But Heidegger does, which is why he raises the more fundamental question: what does ‘to exist’ mean? This is one way of asking what Heidegger calls the question of the meaning of Being, and Being and Time is an investigation into that question. Many of Heidegger's translators capitalize the word ‘Being’ (Sein) to mark what, in the Basic Problems of Phenomenology, Heidegger will later call the ontological difference, the crucial distinction between Being and beings (entities). The question of the meaning of Being is concerned with what it is that makes beings intelligible as beings, and whatever that factor (Being) is, it is seemingly not itself simply another being among beings. Unfortunately the capitalization of ‘Being’ also has the disadvantage of suggesting that Being is, as Sheehan (2001) puts it, an ethereal metaphysical something that lies beyond entities, what he calls ‘Big Being’. But to think of Being in this way would be to commit the very mistake that the capitalization is supposed to help us avoid. For while Being is always the Being of some entity, Being is not itself some kind of higher-order being waiting to be discovered. As long as we remain alert to this worry, we can follow the otherwise helpful path of capitalization. According to Heidegger, the question of the meaning of Being, and thus Being as such, has been forgotten by ‘the tradition’ (roughly, Western philosophy from Plato onwards). Heidegger means by this that the history of Western thought has failed to heed the ontological difference, and so has articulated Being precisely as a kind of ultimate being, as evidenced by a series of namings of Being, for example as idea, energeia, substance, monad or will to power. In this way Being as such has been forgotten. So Heidegger sets himself the task of recovering the question of the meaning of Being. In this context he draws two distinctions between different kinds of inquiry. The first, which is just another way of expressing the ontological difference, is between the ontical and the ontological, where the former is concerned with facts about entities and the latter is concerned with the meaning of Being, with how entities are intelligible as entities. Using this technical language, we can put the point about the forgetting of Being as such by saying that the history of Western thought is characterized by an ‘onticization’ of Being (by the practice of treating Being as a being). However, as Heidegger explains, here in the words of Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, “an ontic knowledge can never alone direct itself ‘to’ the objects, because without the ontological… it can have no possible Whereto” (translation taken from Overgaard 2002, p.76, note 7). The second distinction between different kinds of inquiry, drawn within the category of the ontological, is between regional ontology and fundamental ontology, where the former is concerned with the ontologies of particular domains, say biology or banking, and the latter is concerned with the a priori, transcendental conditions that make possible particular modes of Being (i.e., particular regional ontologies). For Heidegger, the ontical presupposes the regional-ontological, which in turn presupposes the fundamental-ontological. As he puts it: The question of Being aims… at ascertaining the a priori conditions not only for the possibility of the sciences which examine beings as beings of such and such a type, and, in doing so, already operate with an understanding of Being, but also for the possibility of those ontologies themselves which are prior to the ontical sciences and which provide their foundations. Basically, all ontology, no matter how rich and firmly compacted a system of categories it has at its disposal, remains blind and perverted from its ownmost aim, if it has not first adequately clarified the meaning of Being, and conceived this clarification as its fundamental task. (Being and Time 3: 31) (References to Being and Time will be given in the form of ‘section: page number’, where ‘page number’ refers to the widely used Macquarrie and Robinson English translation.) So how do we carry out fundamental ontology, and thus answer the question of the meaning of Being? It is here that Heidegger introduces the notion of Dasein (Da-sein: there-being). One proposal for how to think about the term ‘Dasein’ is that it is Heidegger's label for the distinctive mode of Being realized by human beings (for this reading, see e.g., Brandom 2002, 325). Haugeland (2005, 422) complains that this interpretation clashes unhelpfully with Heidegger's identification of care as the Being of Dasein, given Heidegger's prior stipulation that Being is always the Being of some possible entity. To keep ‘Dasein’ on the right side of the ontological difference, then, we might conceive of it as Heidegger's term for the distinctive kind of entity that human beings as such are. This fits with many of Heidegger's explicit characterizations of Dasein (see e.g., Being and Time 2: 27, 3: 32), and it probably deserves to be called the standard view in the secondary literature (see e.g., Haugeland 2005 for an explicit supporting case). That said, one needs to be careful about precisely what sort of entity we are talking about here. For Dasein is not to be understood as ‘the biological human being’. Nor is it to be understood as ‘the person’. Haugeland (2005, 423) argues that Dasein is “a way of life shared by the members of some community”. (As Haugeland notes, there is an analogy here, one that Heidegger himself draws, with the way in which we might think of a language existing as an entity, that is, as a communally shared way of speaking.) This appeal to the community will assume a distinctive philosophical shape as the argument of Being and Time progresses. The foregoing considerations bring an important question to the fore: what, according to Heidegger, is so special about human beings as such? Here there are broadly speaking two routes that one might take through the text of Being and Time. The first unfolds as follows. If we look around at beings in general—from particles to planets, ants to apes—it is human beings alone who are able to encounter the question of what it means to be (e.g., in moments of anxiety in which the world can appear meaning-less, more on which later). More specifically, it is human beings alone who (a) operate in their everyday activities with an understanding of Being (although, as we shall see, one which is pre-ontological, in that it is implicit and vague) and (b) are able to reflect upon what it means to be. This gives us a way of understanding statements such as “Dasein is ontically distinguished by the fact that, in its very Being, that Being is an issue for it” (Being and Time 4: 32). Mulhall, who tends to pursue this way of characterizing Dasein, develops the idea by explaining that while inanimate objects merely persist through time and while plants and non-human animals have their lives determined entirely by the demands of survival and reproduction, human beings lead their lives (Mulhall 2005, 15). In terms of its deep ontological structure, although not typically in terms of how it presents itself to the individual in consciousness, each moment in a human life constitutes a kind of branch-point at which a person ‘chooses’ a kind of life, a possible way to be. It is crucial to emphasize that one may, in the relevant sense, ‘choose’ an existing path simply by continuing unthinkingly along it, since in principle at least, and within certain limits, one always had, and still has, the capacity to take a different path. (This gives us a sense of human freedom, one that will be unpacked more carefully below.) This can all sound terribly inward-looking, but that is not Heidegger's intention. In a way that is about to become clearer, Dasein's projects and possibilities are essentially bound up with the ways in which other entities may become intelligible. Moreover, terms such as ‘lead’ and ‘choose’ must be interpreted in the light of Heidegger's account of care as the Being of Dasein (see later), an account that blunts any temptation to hear these terms in a manner that suggests inner deliberation or planning on the part of a reflective subject. (So perhaps Mulhall's point that human beings are distinctive in that they lead their lives would be better expressed as the observation that human beings are the nuclei of lives laying themselves out.) The second route to an understanding of Dasein, and thus of what is special about human beings as such, emphasizes the link with the taking-as structure highlighted earlier. Sheehan (2001) develops just such a line of exegesis by combining two insights. The first is that the ‘Da’ of Da-sein may be profitably translated not as ‘there’ but as ‘open’. This openness is in turn to be understood as ‘the possibility of taking-as’ and thus as a preintellectual openness to Being that is necessary for us to encounter beings as beings in particular ways (e.g., practically, theoretically, aesthetically). Whether or not the standard translation of ‘Da’ as ‘there’ is incapable of doing justice to this idea is moot—one might express the same view by saying that to be Dasein is to be there, in the midst of entities making sense a certain way. Nevertheless, the term ‘openness’ does seem to provide a nicely graphic expression of the phenomenon in question. Sheehan's second insight, driven by a comment of Heidegger's in the Zollikon seminars to the effect that the verbal emphasis in ‘Da-sein’ is to be placed on the second syllable, is that the ‘sein’ of ‘Da-sein’ should be heard as ‘having-to-be’, in contrast with ‘occasionally or contingently is’. These dual insights lead to a characterization of Dasein as the having-to-be-open. In other words, Dasein (and so human beings as such) cannot but be open: it is a necessary characteristic of human beings (an a priori structure of our existential constitution, not an exercise of our wills) that we operate with the sense-making capacity to take-other-beings-as. The two interpretative paths that we have just walked are not necessarily in conflict: in the words of Vallega-Neu (2003, 12), “in existing, Dasein occurs… as a transcending beyond beings into the disclosure of being as such, so that in this transcending not only its own possibilities of being [our first route] but also the being of other beings [our second route] is disclosed”. And this helps us to grasp the meaning of Heidegger's otherwise opaque claim that Dasein, and indeed only Dasein, exists, where existence is understood (via etymological considerations) as ek-sistence, that is, as a standing out. Dasein stands out in two senses, each of which corresponds to one of the two dimensions of our proposed interpretation. First, Dasein can stand back or ‘out’ from its own occurrence in the world and observe itself (see e.g., Gelven 1989, 49). Second, Dasein stands out in an openness to and an opening of Being (see e.g., Vallega-Neu 2004, 11–12). As we have seen, it is an essential characteristic of Dasein that, in its ordinary ways of engaging with other entities, it operates with a preontological understanding of Being, that is, with a distorted or buried grasp of the a priori conditions that, by underpinning the taking-as structure, make possible particular modes of Being. This suggests that a disciplined investigation of those everyday modes of engagement on the part of Dasein (what Heidegger calls an “existential analytic of Dasein”) will be a first step towards revealing a shared but hidden underlying meaning of Being. Heidegger puts it like this: whenever an ontology takes for its theme entities whose character of Being is other than that of Dasein, it has its own foundation and motivation in Dasein's own ontical structure, in which a pre-ontological understanding of Being is comprised as a definite characteristic… Therefore fundamental ontology, from which alone all other ontologies can take their rise, must be sought in the existential analytic of Dasein. (Being and Time 3: 33–4) It is important to stress here that, in Heidegger's eyes, this prioritizing of Dasein does not lead to (what he calls) “a vicious subjectivizing of the totality of entities” (Being and Time 4: 34). This resistance towards any unpalatable anti-realism is an issue to which we shall return. Dasein is, then, our primary ‘object’ of study, and our point of investigative departure is Dasein's everyday encounters with entities. But what sort of philosophical method is appropriate for the ensuing examination? Famously, Heidegger's adopted method is a species of phenomenology. In the Heideggerian framework, however, phenomenology is not to be understood (as it sometimes is) as the study of how things merely appear in experience. Rather, in a recognizably Kantian staging of the idea, Heidegger follows Husserl (1913/1983) in conceiving of phenomenology as a theoretical enterprise that takes ordinary experience as its point of departure, but which, through an attentive and sensitive examination of that experience, aims to reveal the a priori, transcendental conditions that shape and structure it. In Heidegger's Being-centred project, these are the conditions “which, in every kind of Being that factical Dasein may possess, persist as determinative for the character of its Being” (Being and Time 5: 38). Presupposed by ordinary experience, these structures must in some sense be present with that experience, but they are not simply available to be read off from its surface, hence the need for disciplined and careful phenomenological analysis to reveal them as they are. So far so good. But, in a departure from the established Husserlian position, one that demonstrates the influence of Dilthey, Heidegger claims that phenomenology is not just transcendental, it is hermeneutic (for discussion, see e.g., Caputo 1984, Kisiel 2002 chapter 8). In other words, its goal is always to deliver an interpretation of Being, an interpretation that, on the one hand, is guided by certain historically embedded ways of thinking (ways of taking-as reflected in Dasein's preontological understanding of Being) that the philosopher as Dasein and as interpreter brings to the task, and, on the other hand, is ceaselessly open to revision, enhancement and replacement. For Heidegger, this hermeneutic structure is not a limitation on understanding, but a precondition of it, and philosophical understanding (conceived as fundamental ontology) is no exception. Thus Being and Time itself has a spiral structure in which a sequence of reinterpretations produces an ever more illuminating comprehension of Being. As Heidegger puts it later in the text: What is decisive is not to get out of the circle but to come into it the right way… In the circle is hidden a positive possibility of the most primordial kind of knowing. To be sure, we genuinely take hold of this possibility only when, in our interpretation, we have understood that our first, last and constant task is never to allow our fore-having, fore-sight and fore-conception to be presented to us by fancies and popular conceptions, but rather to make the scientific theme secure by working out these fore-structures in terms of the things themselves. (Being and Time 32: 195) On the face of it, the hermeneutic conception of phenomenology sits unhappily with a project that aims to uncover the a priori transcendental conditions that make possible particular modes of Being (which is arguably one way of glossing the project of “working out [the] fore-structures [of understanding] in terms of the things themselves”). And this is a tension that, it seems fair to say, is never fully resolved within the pages of Being and Time. The best we can do is note that, by the end of the text, the transcendental has itself become historically embedded. More on that below. What is also true is that there is something of a divide in certain areas of contemporary Heidegger scholarship over whether one should emphasize the transcendental dimension of Heidegger's phenomenology (e.g., Crowell 2001, Crowell and Malpas 2007) or the hermeneutic dimension (e.g., Kisiel 2002). How, then, does the existential analytic unfold? Heidegger argues that we ordinarily encounter entities as (what he calls) equipment, that is, as being for certain sorts of tasks (cooking, writing, hair-care, and so on). Indeed we achieve our most primordial (closest) relationship with equipment not by looking at the entity in question, or by some detached intellectual or theoretical study of it, but rather by skillfully manipulating it in a hitch-free manner. Entities so encountered have their own distinctive kind of Being that Heidegger famously calls readiness-to-hand. Thus: The less we just stare at the hammer-thing, and the more we seize hold of it and use it, the more primordial does our relationship to it become, and the more unveiledly is it encountered as that which it is—as equipment. The hammering itself uncovers the specific ‘manipulability’ of the hammer. The kind of Being which equipment possesses—in which it manifests itself in its own right—we call ‘readiness-to-hand’. (Being and Time 15: 98) Readiness-to-hand has a distinctive phenomenological signature. While engaged in hitch-free skilled activity, Dasein has no conscious experience of the items of equipment in use as independent objects (i.e., as the bearers of determinate properties that exist independently of the Dasein-centred context of action in which the equipmental entity is involved). Thus, while engaged in trouble-free hammering, the skilled carpenter has no conscious recognition of the hammer, the nails, or the work-bench, in the way that one would if one simply stood back and thought about them. Tools-in-use become phenomenologically transparent. Moreover, Heidegger claims, not only are the hammer, nails, and work-bench in this way not part of the engaged carpenter's phenomenal world, neither, in a sense, is the carpenter. The carpenter becomes absorbed in his activity in such a way that he has no awareness of himself as a subject over and against a world of objects. Crucially, it does not follow from this analysis that Dasein's behaviour in such contexts is automatic, in the sense of there being no awareness present at all, but rather that the awareness that is present (what Heidegger calls circumspection) is non-subject-object in form. Phenomenologically speaking, then, there are no subjects and no objects; there is only the experience of the ongoing task (e.g., hammering). Heidegger, then, denies that the categories of subject and object characterize our most basic way of encountering entities. He maintains, however, that they apply to a derivative kind of encounter. When Dasein engages in, for example, the practices of natural science, when sensing takes place purely in the service of reflective or philosophical contemplation, or when philosophers claim to have identified certain context-free metaphysical building blocks of the universe (e.g., points of pure extension, monads), the entities under study are phenomenologically removed from the settings of everyday equipmental practice and are thereby revealed as fully fledged independent objects, that is, as the bearers of certain context-general determinate or measurable properties (size in metres, weight in kilos etc.). Heidegger calls this mode of Being presence-at-hand, and he sometimes refers to present-at-hand entities as ‘Things’. With this phenomenological transformation in the mode of Being of entities comes a corresponding transformation in the mode of Being of Dasein. Dasein becomes a subject, one whose project is to explain and predict the behaviour of an independent, objective universe. Encounters with the present-at-hand are thus fundamentally subject-object in structure. The final phenomenological category identified during the first phase of the existential analytic is what Heidegger calls un-readiness-to-hand. This mode of Being of entities emerges when skilled practical activity is disturbed by broken or malfunctioning equipment, discovered-to-be-missing equipment, or in-the-way equipment. When encountered as un-ready-to-hand, entities are no longer phenomenologically transparent. However, they are not yet the fully fledged objects of the present-at-hand, since their broken, malfunctioning, missing or obstructive status is defined relative to a particular equipmental context. The combination of two key passages illuminates this point: First: [The] presence-at-hand of something that cannot be used is still not devoid of all readiness-to-hand whatsoever; equipment which is present-at-hand in this way is still not just a Thing which occurs somewhere. The damage to the equipment is still not a mere alteration of a Thing—not a change of properties which just occurs in something present-at-hand. (Being and Time 16: 103) When something cannot be used—when, for instance, a tool definitely refuses to work—it can be conspicuous only in and for dealings in which something is manipulated. (Being and Time 68: 406) Thus a driver does not encounter a punctured tyre as a lump of rubber of measurable mass; she encounters it as a damaged item of equipment, that is, as the cause of a temporary interruption to her driving activity. With such disturbances to skilled activity, Dasein emerges as a practical problem solver whose context-embedded actions are directed at restoring smooth skilled activity. Although Heidegger does not put things this way, the complex intermediate realm of the un-ready-to-hand is seemingly best thought of as a spectrum of cases characterized by different modes and degrees of engagement/disengagement. Much of the time Dasein's practical problem solving will involve recovery strategies (e.g., switching to a different mode of transport) which preserve the marks of fluid and flexible know-how that are present in ready-to-hand contexts. In the limit, however (e.g., when a mechanic uses his theoretical knowledge of how cars work to guide a repair), Dasein's problem solving activity will begin to approximate the theoretical reasoning distinctive of scientific inquiry into present-at-hand entities. But even here Dasein is not ‘just theorizing’ or ‘just looking’, so it is not yet, in Heidegger's terms, a pure disengaged subject. With this spectrum of cases in view, it is possible to glimpse a potential worry for Heidegger's account. Cappuccio and Wheeler (2010; see also Wheeler 2005, 143) argue that the situation of wholly transparent readiness-to-hand is something of an ideal state. Skilled activity is never (or very rarely) perfectly smooth. Moreover, minimal subjective activity (such as a nonconceptual awareness of certain spatially situated movements by my body) produces a background noise that never really disappears. Thus a distinction between Dasein and its environment is, to some extent, preserved, and this distinction arguably manifests the kind of minimal subject-object dichotomy that is characteristic of those cases of un-readiness-to-hand that lie closest to readiness-to-hand. On the interpretation of Heidegger just given, Dasein's access to the world is only intermittently that of a representing subject. An alternative reading, according to which Dasein always exists as a subject relating to the world via representations, is defended by Christensen (1997, 1998). Christensen targets Dreyfus (1990) as a prominent and influential exponent of the intermittent-subject view. Among other criticisms, Christensen accuses Dreyfus of mistakenly hearing Heidegger's clear rejection of the thought that Dasein's access to the world is always theoretical (or theory-like) in character as being, at the same time, a rejection of the thought that Dasein's access to the world is always in the mode of a representing subject; but, argues Christensen, there may be non-theoretical forms of the subject-world relation, so the claim that Heidegger advocated the second rejection is not established by pointing out that he advocated the first. Let's assume that Christensen is right about this. The supporter of the intermittent-subject view might still argue that although Heidegger holds that Dasein sometimes emerges as a subject whose access to the world is non-theoretical (plausibly, in certain cases of un-readiness-to-hand), there is other textual evidence, beyond that which indicates the non-theoretical character of hitch-free skilled activity, to suggest that readiness-to-hand must remain non-subject-object in form. Whether or not there is such evidence would then need to be settled. What the existential analytic has given us so far is a phenomenological description of Dasein's within-the-world encounters with entities. The next clarification concerns the notion of world and the associated within-ness of Dasein. Famously, Heidegger writes of Dasein as Being-in-the-world. In effect, then, the notion of Being-in-the-world provides us with a reinterpretation of the activity of existing (Dreyfus 1990, 40), where existence is given the narrow reading (ek-sistence) identified earlier. Understood as a unitary phenomenon (as opposed to a contingent, additive, tripartite combination of Being, in-ness, and the world), Being-in-the-world is an essential characteristic of Dasein. As Heidegger explains: Being-in is not a ‘property’ which Dasein sometimes has and sometimes does not have, and without which it could be just as well as it could be with it. It is not the case that man ‘is’ and then has, by way of an extra, a relationship-of-Being towards the ‘world’—a world with which he provides himself occasionally. Dasein is never ‘proximally’ an entity which is, so to speak, free from Being-in, but which sometimes has the inclination to take up a ‘relationship’ towards the world. Taking up relationships towards the world is possible only because Dasein, as Being-in-the-world, is as it is. This state of Being does not arise just because some entity is present-at-hand outside of Dasein and meets up with it. Such an entity can ‘meet up with’ Dasein only in so far as it can, of its own accord, show itself within a world. (Being and Time 12: 84) As this passage makes clear, the Being-in dimension of Being-in-the-world cannot be thought of as a merely spatial relation in some sense that might be determined by a GPS device, since Dasein is never just present-at-hand within the world in the way demanded by that sort of spatial in-ness. Heidegger sometimes uses the term dwelling to capture the distinctive manner in which Dasein is in the world. To dwell in a house is not merely to be inside it spatially in the sense just canvassed. Rather, it is to belong there, to have a familiar place there. It is in this sense that Dasein is (essentially) in the world. (Heidegger will later introduce an existential notion of spatiality that does help to illuminate the sense in which Dasein is in the world. More on that below.) So now, what is the world such that Dasein (essentially) dwells in it? To answer this question we need to spend some time unpacking the Heideggerian concept of an ‘involvement’ (Bewandtnis). The German term Bewandtnis is extremely difficult to translate in a way that captures all its native nuances (for discussion, see Tugendhat 1967; thanks to a reviewer for emphasizing this point). And things are made more complicated by the fact that, during his exposition, Heidegger freely employs a number of closely related notions, including ‘assignment’, ‘indication’ and ‘reference’. Nevertheless, what is clear is that Heidegger introduces the term that Macquarrie and Robinson translate as ‘involvement’ to express the roles that equipmental entities play—the ways in which they are involved—in Dasein's everyday patterns of activity. Crucially, for Heidegger, an involvement is not a stand-alone structure, but rather a link in a network of intelligibility that he calls a totality of involvements. Take the stock Heideggerian example: the hammer is involved in an act of hammering; that hammering is involved in making something fast; and that making something fast is involved in protecting the human agent against bad weather. Such totalities of involvements are the contexts of everyday equipmental practice. As such, they define equipmental entities, so the hammer is intelligible as what it is only with respect to the shelter and, indeed, all the other items of equipment to which it meaningfully relates in Dasein's everyday practices. This relational ontology generates what Brandom (1983, 391–3) calls Heidegger's ‘strong systematicity condition’, as given voice in Heidegger's striking claim that “[t]aken strictly, there ‘is’ no such thing as an equipment” (Being and Time, 15: 97). And this radical holism spreads, because once one begins to trace a path through a network of involvements, one will inevitably traverse vast regions of involvement-space. Thus links will be traced not only from hammers to hammering to making fast to protection against the weather, but also from hammers to pulling out nails to dismantling wardrobes to moving house. This behaviour will refer back to many other behaviours (packing, van-driving) and thus to many other items of equipment (large boxes, removal vans), and so on. The result is a large-scale holistic network of interconnected relational significance. Such networks constitute worlds, in one of Heidegger's key senses of the term—an ontical sense that he describes as having a pre-ontological signification (Being and Time 14: 93). Before a second key sense of the Heideggerian notion of world is revealed, some important detail can be added to the emerging picture. Heidegger points out that involvements are not uniform structures. Thus I am currently working with a computer (a with-which), in the practical context of my office (an in-which), in order to write this encyclopedia entry (an in-order-to), which is aimed towards presenting an introduction to Heidegger's philosophy (a towards-this), for the sake of my academic work, that is, for the sake of my being an academic (a for-the-sake-of-which). The final involvement here, the for-the-sake-of-which, is crucial, because according to Heidegger all totalities of involvements have a link of this type at their base. This forges a connection between (i) the idea that each moment in Dasein's existence constitutes a branch-point at which it chooses a way to be, and (ii) the claim that Dasein's projects and possibilities are essentially bound up with the ways in which other entities may become intelligible. This is because every for-the-sake-of-which is the base structure of an equipment-defining totality of involvements and reflects a possible way for Dasein to be (an academic, a carpenter, a parent, or whatever). Moreover, given that entities are intelligible only within contexts of activity that, so to speak, arrive with Dasein, this helps to explain Heidegger's claim (Being and Time 16: 107) that, in encounters with entities, the world is something with which Dasein is always already familiar. Finally, it puts further flesh on the phenomenological category of the un-ready-to-hand. Thus when I am absorbed in trouble-free typing, the computer and the role that it plays in my academic activity are transparent aspects of my experience. But if the computer crashes, I become aware of it as an entity with which I was working in the practical context of my office, in order to write an encyclopedia entry aimed towards presenting an introduction to Heidegger's philosophy. And I become aware of the fact that my behaviour is being organized for the sake of my being an academic. So disturbances have the effect of exposing totalities of involvements and, therefore, worlds. (For a second way in which worlds are phenomenologically ‘lit up’, see Heidegger's analysis of signs (Being and Time 17:107–114); for discussion, see Dreyfus 1990, 100–2, Cappuccio and Wheeler 2010.) As already indicated, Heidegger sometimes uses the expression ‘world’ in a different key sense, to designate what he calls the “ontologico-existential concept of worldhood” (Being and Time 14: 93). At this point in the existential analytic, worldhood is usefully identified as the abstract network mode of organizational configuration that is shared by all concrete totalities of involvements. We shall see, however, that as the hermeneutic spiral of the text unfolds, the notion of worldhood is subject to a series of reinterpretations until, finally, its deep structure gets played out in terms of temporality. Having completed what we might think of as the first phase of the existential analytic, Heidegger uses its results to launch an attack on one of the front-line representatives of the tradition, namely Descartes. This is the only worked-through example in Being and Time itself of what Heidegger calls the destruction (Destruktion) of the Western philosophical tradition, a process that was supposed to be a prominent theme in the ultimately unwritten second part of the text. The aim is to show that although the tradition takes theoretical knowledge to be primary, such knowledge (the prioritization of which is an aspect of the ‘onticization’ of Being mentioned earlier) presupposes the more fundamental openness to Being that Heidegger has identified as an essential characteristic of Dasein. According to Heidegger, Descartes presents the world to us “with its skin off” (Being and Time 20: 132), i.e., as a collection of present-at-hand entities to be encountered by subjects. The consequence of this prioritizing of the present-at-hand is that the subject needs to claw itself into a world of equipmental meaning by adding what Heidegger calls ‘value-predicates’ (context-dependent meanings) to the present-at-hand. In stark contrast, Heidegger's own view is that Dasein is in primary epistemic contact not with context-independent present-at-hand primitives (e.g., raw sense data, such as a ‘pure’ experience of a patch of red), to which context-dependent meaning would need to be added via value-predicates, but rather with equipment, the kind of entity whose mode of Being is readiness-to-hand and which therefore comes already laden with context-dependent significance. What is perhaps Heidegger's best statement of this opposition comes later in Being and Time. What we ‘first’ hear is never noises or complexes of sounds, but the creaking waggon, the motor-cycle. We hear the column on the march, the north wind, the woodpecker tapping, the fire crackling… It requires a very artificial and complicated frame of mind to ‘hear’ a ‘pure noise’. The fact that motor-cycles and waggons are what we proximally hear is the phenomenal evidence that in every case Dasein, as Being-in-the-world, already dwells alongside what is ready-to-hand within-the-world; it certainly does not dwell proximally alongside ‘sensations’; nor would it first have to give shape to the swirl of sensations to provide a springboard from which the subject leaps off and finally arrives at a ‘world’. Dasein, as essentially understanding, is proximally alongside what is understood. (Being and Time 34: 207) For Heidegger, then, we start not with the present-at-hand, moving to the ready-to-hand by adding value-predicates, but with the ready-to-hand, moving to the present-at-hand by stripping away the holistic networks of everyday equipmental meaning. It seems clear, then, that our two positions are diametrically opposed to each other, but why should we favour Heidegger's framework over Descartes'? Heidegger's flagship argument here is that the systematic addition of value-predicates to present-at-hand primitives cannot transform our encounters with those objects into encounters with equipment. It comes in the following brief but dense passage: “Adding on value-predicates cannot tell us anything at all new about the Being of goods, but would merely presuppose again that goods have pure presence-at-hand as their kind of Being. Values would then be determinate characteristics which a thing possesses, and they would be present-at-hand”(Being and Time 21: 132). In other words, once we have assumed that we begin with the present-at-hand, values must take the form of determinate features of objects, and therefore constitute nothing but more present-at-hand structures. And if you add more present-at-hand structures to some existing present-at-hand structures, what you end up with is not equipmental meaning (totalities of involvements) but merely a larger number of present-at-hand structures. Heidegger's argument here is (at best) incomplete (for discussion, see Dreyfus 1990, Wheeler 2005). The defender of Cartesianism might concede that present-at-hand entities have determinate properties, but wonder why the fact that an entity has determinate properties is necessarily an indication of presence-at-hand. On this view, having determinate properties is necessary but not sufficient for an entity to be present-at-hand. More specifically, she might wonder why involvements cannot be thought of as determinate features that entities possess just when they are embedded in certain contexts of use. Consider for example the various involvements specified in the academic writing context described earlier. They certainly seem to be determinate, albeit context-relative, properties of the computer. Of course, the massively holistic character of totalities of involvements would make the task of specifying the necessary value-predicates (say, as sets of internal representations) incredibly hard, but it is unclear that it makes that task impossible. So it seems as if Heidegger doesn't really develop his case in sufficient detail. However, Dreyfus (1990) pursues a response that Heidegger might have given, one that draws on the familiar philosophical distinction between knowing-how and knowing-that. It seems that value-predicates constitute a form of knowing-that (i.e., knowing that an entity has a certain context-dependent property) whereas the circumspective knowledge of totalities of involvements (Dasein's skilled practical activity) constitutes a form of knowing-how (i.e., knowing how to use equipment in appropriate ways; see the characterization of readiness-to-hand given earlier). Given the plausible (although not universally held) assumption that knowing-how cannot be reduced to knowledge-that, this would explain why value-predicates are simply the wrong sort of structures to capture the phenomenon of world-embeddedness. In the wake of his critique of Cartesianism, Heidegger turns his attention to spatiality. He argues that Dasein dwells in the world in a spatial manner, but that the spatiality in question—Dasein's existential spatiality—cannot be a matter of Dasein being located at a particular co-ordinate in physical, Cartesian space. That would be to conceive of Dasein as present-at-hand, and presence-at-hand is a mode of Being that can belong only to entities other than Dasein. According to Heidegger, the existential spatiality of Dasein is characterized most fundamentally by what he calls de-severance, a bringing close. “ ‘De-severing’ amounts to making the farness vanish—that is, making the remoteness of something disappear, bringing it close” (Being and Time: 23: 139). This is of course not a bringing close in the sense of reducing physical distance, although it may involve that. Heidegger's proposal is that spatiality as de-severance is in some way (exactly how is a matter of subtle interpretation; see e.g., Malpas 2006) intimately related to the ‘reach’ of Dasein's skilled practical activity. For example, an entity is ‘near by’ if it is readily available for some such activity, and ‘far away’ if it is not, whatever physical distances may be involved. Given the Dasein-world relationship highlighted above, the implication (drawn explicitly by Heidegger, see Being and Time 22: 136) is that the spatiality distinctive of equipmental entities, and thus of the world, is not equivalent to physical, Cartesian space. Equipmental space is a matter of pragmatically determined regions of functional places, defined by Dasein-centred totalities of involvements (e.g., an office with places for the computers, the photocopier, and so on—places that are defined by the way in which they make these equipmental entities available in the right sort of way for skilled activity). For Heidegger, physical, Cartesian space is possible as something meaningful for Dasein only because Dasein has de-severance as one of its existential characteristics. Given the intertwining of de-severance and equipmental space, this licenses the radical view (one that is consistent with Heidegger's prior treatment of Cartesianism) that physical, Cartesian space (as something that we can find intelligible) presupposes equipmental space; the former is the present-at-hand phenomenon that is revealed if we strip away the worldhood from the latter. Malpas (forthcoming) rejects the account of spatiality given in Being and Time. Drawing on Kant, he argues that “[any] agent, insofar as it is capable of action at all (that is, insofar as it is, indeed, an agent), acts in a space that is an objective space, in which other agents also act, and yet which is always immediately configured subjectively in terms of the agent's own oriented locatedness” (Malpas forthcoming, 14). According to Malpas, then, equipmental space (a space ordered in terms of practical activity and within which an agent acts) presupposes a more fundamental notion of space as a complex unity with objective, intersubjective and subjective dimensions. If this is right, then of course equipmental space cannot itself explain the spatial. A further problem, as Malpas also notes, is that the whole issue of spatiality brings into sharp focus the awkward relationship that Heidegger has with the body in Being and Time. In what is now a frequently quoted remark, Heidegger sets aside Dasein's embodiment, commenting that “this ‘bodily nature’ hides a whole problematic of its own, though we shall not treat it here” (Being and Time 23: 143). Indeed, at times, Heidegger might be interpreted as linking embodiment with Thinghood. For example: “[as] Dasein goes along its ways, it does not measure off a stretch of space as a corporeal Thing which is present-at-hand” (Being and Time 23: 140). Here one might plausibly contain the spread of presence-at-hand by appealing to a distinction between material (present-at-hand) and lived (existential) ways in which Dasein is embodied. Unfortunately this distinction isn't made in Being and Time (a point noted by Ricoeur 1992, 327), although Heidegger does adopt it in the much later Seminar in Le Thor (see Malpas forthcoming, 5). What seems clear, however, is that while the Heidegger of Being and Time seems to hold that Dasein's embodiment somehow depends on its existential spatiality (see e.g., 23: 143), the more obvious thing to say is that Dasein's existential spatiality somehow depends on its embodiment. Before leaving this issue, it is worth noting briefly that space reappears later in Being and Time (70: 418–21), where Heidegger argues that existential space is derived from temporality. This makes sense within Heidegger's overall project, because, as we shall see, the deep structure of totalities of involvements (and thus of equipmental space) is finally understood in terms of temporality. Nevertheless, and although the distinctive character of Heidegger's concept of temporality needs to be recognized, there is reason to think that the dependency here may well travel in the opposite direction. The worry, as Malpas (forthcoming, 26) again points out, has a Kantian origin. Kant (1781/1999) argued that the temporal character of inner sense is possible only because it is mediated by outer intuition whose form is space. If this is right, and if we can generalize appropriately, then the temporality that matters to Heidegger will be dependent on existential spatiality, and not the other way round. All in all, one is tempted to conclude that Heidegger's treatment of spatiality in Being and Time, and (relatedly) his treatment (or lack of it) of the body, face serious difficulties. Heidegger turns next to the question of “who it is that Dasein is in its everydayness” (Being and Time, Introduction to IV: 149). He rejects the idea of Dasein as a Cartesian ‘I-thing’ (the Cartesian thinking thing conceived as a substance), since once again this would be to think of Dasein as present-at-hand. In searching for an alternative answer, Heidegger observes that equipment is often revealed to us as being for the sake of (the lives and projects of) other Dasein. The boat anchored at the shore is assigned in its Being-in-itself to an acquaintance who undertakes voyages with it; but even if it is a ‘boat which is strange to us’, it still is indicative of Others. The Others who are thus ‘encountered’ in a ready-to-hand, environmental context of equipment, are not somehow added on in thought to some Thing which is proximally just present-at-hand; such ‘Things’ are encountered from out of a world in which they are ready-to-hand for Others—a world which is always mine too in advance. (Being and Time 26: 154) On the basis of such observations, Heidegger argues that to be Dasein at all means to Be-with: “So far as Dasein is at all, it has Being-with-one-another as its kind of Being” (Being and Time 26: 163). One's immediate response to this might be that it is just false. After all, ordinary experience establishes that each of us is often alone. But of course Heidegger is thinking in an ontological register. Being-with (Mitsein) is thus the a priori transcendental condition that makes it possible that Dasein can discover equipment in this Other-related fashion. And it's because Dasein has Being-with as one of its essential modes of Being that everyday Dasein can experience being alone. Being-with is thus the a priori transcendental condition for loneliness. It is important to understand what Heidegger means by ‘Others’, a term that he uses interchangeably with the more evocative ‘the “they” ’ (das Man). He explains: By ‘Others’ we do not mean everyone else but me—those over against whom the ‘I’ stands out. They are rather those from whom, for the most part, one does not distinguish oneself—those among whom one is too… By reason of this with-like Being-in-the-world, the world is always the one that I share with Others. (Being and Time 26: 154–5) A piece of data (cited by Dreyfus 1990) helps to illuminate this idea. Each society seems to have its own sense of what counts as an appropriate distance to stand from someone during verbal communication, and this varies depending on whether the other person is a lover, a friend, a colleague, or a business acquaintance, and on whether communication is taking place in noisy or quiet circumstances. Such standing-distance practices are of course normative, in that they involve a sense of what one should and shouldn't do. And the norms in question are culturally specific. So what this example illustrates is that the phenomenon of the Others, the ‘who’ of everyday Dasein, the group from whom for the most part I do not stand out, is my culture, understood not as the sum of all its members, but as an ontological phenomenon in its own right. This explains the following striking remark. “The ‘who’ is not this one, not that one, not oneself, not some people, and not the sum of them all. The ‘who’ is the neuter, the ‘they’ ” (Being and Time 27: 164). Another way to capture this idea is to say that what I do is determined largely by ‘what one does’, and ‘what one does’ is something that I absorb in various ways from my culture. Thus Dreyfus (1990) prefers to translate das Man not as ‘the “they” ’, but as ‘the one’. This all throws important light on the phenomenon of world, since we can now see that the crucial for-the-sake-of-which structure that stands at the base of each totality of involvements is culturally and historically conditioned. The specific ways in which I behave for the sake of being an academic are what one does if one wants to be considered a good academic, at this particular time, in this particular historically embedded culture (carrying out research, tutoring students, giving lectures, and so on). As Heidegger himself puts the point: “Dasein is for the sake of the ‘they’ in an everyday manner, and the ‘they’ itself articulates the referential context of significance” (Being and Time 27: 167). Worlds (the referential context of significance, networks of involvements) are then culturally and historically conditioned, from which several things seem to follow. First, Dasein's everyday world is, in the first instance, and of its very essence, a shared world. Second, Being-with and Being-in-the-world are, if not equivalent, deeply intertwined. And third, the sense in which worlds are Dasein-dependent involves some sort of cultural relativism, although, as we shall see later, this final issue is one that needs careful interpretative handling. Critics of the manner in which Heidegger develops the notion of Being-with have often focussed, albeit in different ways, on the thought that Heidegger either ignores or misconceives the fundamental character of our social existence by passing over its grounding in direct interpersonal interaction (see e.g., Löwith 1928, Binswanger 1943/1964, Gallagher and Jacobson forthcoming). From this perspective, the equipmentally mediated discovery of others that Heidegger sometimes describes (see above) is at best a secondary process that reveals other people only to the extent that they are relevant to Dasein's practical projects. Moreover, Olafson (1987) argues that although Heidegger's account clearly involves the idea that Dasein discovers socially shared equipmental meaning (which then presumably supports the discovery of other Dasein along with equipment), that account fails to explain why this must be the case. Processes of direct interpersonal contact (e.g., in learning the use of equipment from others) might plausibly fill this gap. The obvious move for Heidegger to make here is to claim that the processes that the critics find to be missing from his account, although genuine, are not a priori, transcendental structures of Dasein. Rather, they are psychological factors that enable (in a ‘merely’ developmental or causal way) human beings to realize the phenomenon of Being-with (see e.g., Heidegger's response to the existentialist psychologist and therapist Binswanger in the Zollikon seminars, and see Dreyfus 1990, chapter 8, for a response to Olafson that exploits this point). However, one might wonder whether it is plausible to relegate the social processes in question to the status of ‘mere’ enabling factors (Gallagher and Jacobson forthcoming; Pöggeler 1989 might be read as making a similar complaint). If not, then Heidegger's notion of Being-with is at best an incomplete account of our social Being. The introduction of the ‘they’ is followed by a further layer of interpretation in which Heidegger understands Being-in-the-world in terms of (what he calls) thrownness, projection and fallen-ness, and (interrelatedly) in terms of Dasein as a dynamic combination of disposedness, understanding and fascination with the world. In effect, this is a reformulation of the point that Dasein is the having-to-be-open, i.e., that it is an a priori structure of our existential constitution that we operate with the capacity to take-other-beings-as. Dasein's existence (ek-sistence) is thus now to be understood by way of an interconnected pair of three-dimensional unitary structures: thrownness-projection-fallen-ness and disposedness-understanding-fascination. Each of these can be used to express the “formally existential totality of Dasein's ontological structural whole” (Being and Time 42: 237), a phenomenon that Heidegger also refers to as disclosedness or care. Crucially, it is with the configuration of care that we encounter the first tentative emergence of temporality as a theme in Being and Time, since the dimensionality of care will ultimately be interpreted in terms of the three temporal dimensions: past (thrownness/disposedness), future (projection/understanding), and present (fallen-ness/fascination). As Dasein, I ineluctably find myself in a world that matters to me in some way or another. This is what Heidegger calls thrownness (Geworfenheit), a having-been-thrown into the world. ‘Disposedness’ is Kisiel's (2002) translation of Befindlichkeit, a term rendered somewhat infelicitously by Macquarrie and Robinson as ‘state-of-mind’. Disposedness is the receptiveness (the just finding things mattering to one) of Dasein, which explains why Richardson (1963) renders Befindlichkeit as ‘already-having-found-oneself-there-ness’. To make things less abstract, we can note that disposedness is the a priori transcendental condition for, and thus shows up pre-ontologically in, the everyday phenomenon of mood (Stimmung). According to Heidegger's analysis, I am always in some mood or other. Thus say I'm depressed, such that the world opens up (is disclosed) to me as a sombre and gloomy place. I might be able to shift myself out of that mood, but only to enter a different one, say euphoria or lethargy, a mood that will open up the world to me in a different way. As one might expect, Heidegger argues that moods are not inner subjective colourings laid over an objectively given world (which at root is why ‘state-of-mind’ is a potentially misleading translation of Befindlichkeit, given that this term names the underlying a priori condition for moods). For Heidegger, moods (and disposedness) are aspects of what it means to be in a world at all, not subjective additions to that in-ness. Here it is worth noting that some aspects of our ordinary linguistic usage reflect this anti-subjectivist reading. Thus we talk of being in a mood rather than a mood being in us, and we have no problem making sense of the idea of public moods (e.g., the mood of a crowd). In noting these features of moods we must be careful, however. It would be a mistake to conclude from them that moods are external, rather than internal, states. A mood “comes neither from ‘outside’ nor from ‘inside’, but arises out of Being-in-the-world, as a way of such being” (Being and Time 29: 176). Nevertheless, the idea that moods have a social character does point us towards a striking implication of Heidegger's overall framework: with Being-in-the-world identified previously as a kind of cultural co-embeddedness, it follows that the repertoire of world-disclosing moods in which I might find myself will itself be culturally conditioned. (For recent philosophical work that builds, in part, on Heidegger's treatment of moods, in order to identify and understand certain affective phenomena—dubbed ‘existential feelings’—that help us to understand various forms of psychiatric illness, see Ratcliffe 2008.) Dasein confronts every concrete situation in which it finds itself (into which it has been thrown) as a range of possibilities for acting (onto which it may project itself). Insofar as some of these possibilities are actualized, others will not be, meaning that there is a sense in which not-Being (a set of unactualized possibilities of Being) is a structural component of Dasein's Being. Out of this dynamic interplay, Dasein emerges as a delicate balance of determination (thrownness) and freedom (projection). The projective possibilities available to Dasein are delineated by totalities of involvements, structures that, as we have seen, embody the culturally conditioned ways in which Dasein may inhabit the world. Understanding is the process by which Dasein projects itself onto such possibilities. Crucially, understanding as projection is not conceived, by Heidegger, as involving, in any fundamental way, conscious or deliberate forward-planning. Projection “has nothing to do with comporting oneself towards a plan that has been thought out” (Being and Time 31: 185). The primary realization of understanding is as skilled activity in the domain of the ready-to-hand, but it can be manifested as interpretation, when Dasein explicitly takes something as something (e.g., in cases of disturbance), and also as linguistic assertion, when Dasein uses language to attribute a definite character to an entity as a mere present-at-hand object. (NB: assertion of the sort indicated here is of course just one linguistic practice among many; it does not in any way exhaust the phenomenon of language or its ontological contribution.) Another way of putting the point that culturally conditioned totalities of involvements define the space of Dasein's projection onto possibilities is to say that such totalities constitute the fore-structures of Dasein's practices of understanding and interpretation, practices that, as we have just seen, are projectively oriented manifestations of the taking-as activity that forms the existential core of Dasein's Being. What this tells us is that the hermeneutic circle is the “essential fore-structure of Dasein itself” (Being and Time 32: 195). Thrownness and projection provide two of the three dimensions of care. The third is fallen-ness. “Dasein has, in the first instance, fallen away from itself as an authentic potentiality for Being its Self, and has fallen into the world” (Being and Time 38: 220). Such fallen-ness into the world is manifested in idle talk (roughly, conversing in a critically unexamined and unexamining way about facts and information while failing to use language to reveal their relevance), curiosity (a search for novelty and endless stimulation rather than belonging or dwelling), and ambiguity (a loss of any sensitivity to the distinction between genuine understanding and superficial chatter). Each of these aspects of fallen-ness involves a closing off or covering up of the world (more precisely, of any real understanding of the world) through a fascination with it. What is crucial here is that this world-obscuring process of fallen-ness/fascination, as manifested in idle talk, curiosity and ambiguity, is to be understood as Dasein's everyday mode of Being-with. In its everyday form, Being-with exhibits what Heidegger calls levelling or averageness—a “Being-lost in the publicness of the ‘they’ ” (Being and Time 38: 220). Here, in dramatic language, is how he makes the point. In utilizing public means of transport and in making use of information services such as the newspaper, every Other is like the next. This Being-with-one-another dissolves one's own Dasein completely into a kind of Being of ‘the Others’, in such a way, indeed, that the Others, as distinguishable and explicit, vanish more and more. In this inconspicuousness and unascertainability, the real dictatorship of the ‘they’ is unfolded. We take pleasure and enjoy ourselves as they take pleasure; we read, see, and judge about literature and art as they see and judge; likewise we shrink back from the ‘great mass’ as they shrink back; we find ‘shocking’ what they find shocking. The ‘they’, which is nothing definite, and which all are, though not as the sum, prescribes the kind of Being of everydayness. (Being and Time 27: 164) This analysis opens up a path to Heidegger's distinction between the authentic self and its inauthentic counterpart. At root, ‘authentic’ means ‘my own’. So the authentic self is the self that is mine (leading a life that, in a sense to be explained, is owned by me), whereas the inauthentic self is the fallen self, the self lost to the ‘they’. Hence we might call the authentic self the ‘mine-self’, and the inauthentic self the ‘they-self’, the latter term also serving to emphasize the point that fallen-ness is a mode of the self, not of others. Moreover, as a mode of the self, fallen-ness is not an accidental feature of Dasein, but rather part of Dasein's existential constitution. It is a dimension of care, which is the Being of Dasein. So, in the specific sense that fallen-ness (the they-self) is an essential part of our Being, we are ultimately each to blame for our own inauthenticity (Sheehan 2002). Of course, one shouldn't conclude from all this talk of submersion in the ‘they’ that a state of authenticity is to be achieved by re-establishing some version of a self-sufficient individual subject. As Heidegger puts it: “Authentic Being-one's-Self does not rest upon an exceptional condition of the subject, a condition that has been detached from the ‘they’; it is rather an existentiell modification of the ‘they’ ” (Being and Time 27: 168). So authenticity is not about being isolated from others, but rather about finding a different way of relating to others such that one is not lost to the they-self. It is in Division 2 of Being and Time that authenticity, so understood, becomes a central theme. As the argument of Being and Time continues its ever-widening hermeneutic spiral into Division 2 of the text, Heidegger announces a twofold transition in the analysis. He argues that we should (i) pay proper heed to the thought that to understand Dasein we need to understand Dasein's existence as a whole, and (ii) shift the main focus of our attention from the inauthentic self (the they-self) to the authentic self (the mine-self) (Being and Time 45: 276). Both of these transitions figure in Heidegger's discussion of death. So far, Dasein's existence has been understood as thrown projection plus falling. The projective aspect of this phenomenon means that, at each moment of its life, Dasein is Being-ahead-of-itself, oriented towards the realm of its possibilities, and is thus incomplete. Death completes Dasein's existence. Therefore, an understanding of Dasein's relation to death would make an essential contribution to our understanding of Dasein as a whole. But now a problem immediately presents itself: since one cannot experience one's own death, it seems that the kind of phenomenological analysis that has hitherto driven the argument of Being and Time breaks down, right at the crucial moment. One possible response to this worry, canvassed explicitly by Heidegger, is to suggest that Dasein understands death through experiencing the death of others. However, the sense in which we experience the death of others falls short of what is needed. We mourn departed others and miss their presence in the world. But that is to experience Being-with them as dead, which is a mode of our continued existence. As Heidegger explains: The greater the phenomenal appropriateness with which we take the no-longer-Dasein of the deceased, the more plainly is it shown that in such Being-with the dead, the authentic Being-come-to-an-end of the deceased is precisely the sort of thing which we do not experience. Death does indeed reveal itself as a loss, but a loss such as is experienced by those who remain. In suffering this loss, however, we have no way of access to the loss-of-Being as such which the dying man ‘suffers’. The dying of Others is not something which we experience in a genuine sense; at most we are always just ‘there alongside’. (Being and Time 47: 282) What we don't have, then, is phenomenological access to the loss of Being that the dead person has suffered. But that, it seems, is precisely what we would need in order to carry through the favoured analysis. So another response is called for. Heidegger's move is to suggest that although Dasein cannot experience its own death as actual, it can relate towards its own death as a possibility that is always before it—always before it in the sense that Dasein's own death is inevitable. Peculiarly among Dasein's possibilities, the possibility of Dasein's own death must remain only a possibility, since once it becomes actual, Dasein is no longer. Death is thus the “possibility of the impossibility of any existence at all” (Being and Time 53: 307). And it is this awareness of death as an omnipresent possibility that cannot become actual that stops the phenomenological analysis from breaking down. The detail here is crucial. What the failure of the ‘death of others’ strategy indicates is that in each instance death is inextricably tied to some specific individual Dasein. My death is mine in a radical sense; it is the moment at which all my relations to others disappear. Heidegger captures this non-relationality by using the term ‘ownmost’. And it is the idea of death “as that possibility which is one's ownmost” (Being and Time 50: 294) that engages the second transition highlighted above. When I take on board the possibility of my own not-Being, my own being-able-to-Be is brought into proper view. Hence my awareness of my own death as an omnipresent possibility discloses the authentic self (a self that is mine). Moreover, the very same awareness engages the first of the aforementioned transitions too: there is a sense in which the possibility of my not existing encompasses the whole of my existence (Hinman 1978, 201), and my awareness of that possibility illuminates me, qua Dasein, in my totality. Indeed, my own death is revealed to me as inevitable, meaning that Dasein is essentially finite. This explains why Heidegger says that death is disclosed to Dasein as a possibility which is “not to be outstripped” (Being and Time 50: 294). Heidegger's account of Dasein's relation towards the possibility of its own not-Being forms the backbone of a reinterpretation of the phenomenon of care—the “formally existential totality of Dasein's ontological structural whole” (Being and Time 41: 237). Care is now interpreted in terms of Being-towards-death, meaning that Dasein has an internal relation to the nothing (i.e., to not-being; see Vallega-Neu 2003, 21, for an analysis that links this ‘not’ quality to the point made earlier that sets of unactualized possibilities of Being are structural components of Dasein's Being). As one might expect, Heidegger argues that Being-towards-death not only has the three-dimensional character of care, but is realized in authentic and inauthentic modes. Let's begin with the authentic mode. We can think of the aforementioned individualizing effect of Dasein's awareness of the possibility of its own not-Being (an awareness that illuminates its own being-able-to-Be) as an event in which Dasein projects onto a possible way to be, in the technical sense of such possibilities introduced earlier in Being and Time. It is thus an event in which Dasein projects onto a for-the-sake-of-which, a possible way to be. More particularly, given the authentic character of the phenomenon, it is an event in which Dasein projects onto a for-the-sake-of-itself. Heidegger now coins the term anticipation to express the form of projection in which one looks forward to a possible way to be. Given the analysis of death as a possibility, the authentic form of projection in the case of death is anticipation. Indeed Heidegger often uses the term anticipation in a narrow way, simply to mean being aware of death as a possibility. But death is disclosed authentically not only in projection (the first dimension of care) but also in thrownness (the second dimension). The key phenomenon here is the mode of disposedness that Heidegger calls anxiety. Anxiety, at least in the form in which Heidegger is interested, is not directed towards some specific object, but rather opens up the world to me in a certain distinctive way. When I am anxious I am no longer at home in the world. I fail to find the world intelligible. Thus there is an ontological sense (one to do with intelligibility) in which I am not in the world, and the possibility of a world without me (the possibility of my not-Being-in-the-world) is revealed to me. “[The] state-of-mind [mode of disposedness] which can hold open the utter and constant threat to itself arising from Dasein's ownmost individualized Being, is anxiety. In this state-of-mind, Dasein finds itself face to face with the ‘nothing’ of the possible impossibility of its existence” (Being and Time 53: 310). Heidegger has now reinterpreted two of the three dimensions of care, in the light of Dasein's essential finitude. But now what about the third dimension, identified previously as fallen-ness? Since we are presently considering a mode of authentic, i.e., not fallen, Dasein, it seems that fallen-ness cannot be a feature of this realization of care, and indeed that a general reformulation of the care structure is called for in order to allow for authentic Being. This is an issue that will be addressed in the next section. First, though, the inauthentic form of Being-towards-death needs to be brought into view. In everyday Being-towards-death, the self that figures in the for-the-sake-of-itself structure is not the authentic mine-self, but rather the inauthentic they-self. In effect, the ‘they’ obscures our awareness of the meaning of our own deaths by de-individualizing death. As Heidegger explains: in “Dasein's public way of interpreting, it is said that ‘one dies’, because everyone else and oneself can talk himself into saying that ‘in no case is it I myself’, for this ‘one’ is the ‘nobody’ ” (Being and Time 51: 297). In this way, everyday Dasein flees from the meaning of its own death, in a manner determined by the ‘they’. It is in this evasion in the face of death, interpreted as a further way in which Dasein covers up Being, that everyday Dasein's fallen-ness now manifests itself. To be clear: evasion here does not necessarily mean that I refuse outright to acknowledge that I will someday die. After all, as I might say, ‘everyone dies’. However, the certainty of death achieved by idle talk of this kind is of the wrong sort. One might think of it as established by the conclusion of some sort of inductive inference from observations of many cases of death (the deaths of many others). But “we cannot compute the certainty of death by ascertaining how many cases of death we encounter” (Being and Time 53: 309). The certainty brought into view by such an inference is a sort of empirical certainty, one which conceals the apodictic character of the inevitability with which my own death is authentically revealed to me (Being and Time 52: 301). In addition, as we have seen, according to Heidegger, my own death can never be actual for me, so viewed from my perspective, any case of death, i.e., any actual death, cannot be my death. Thus it must be a death that belongs to someone else, or rather, to no one. Inauthenticity in relation to death is also realized in thrownness, through fear, and in projection, through expectation. Fear, as a mode of disposedness, can disclose only particular oncoming events in the world. To fear my own death, then, is once again to treat my death as a case of death. This contrasts with anxiety, the form of disposedness which, as we have seen, discloses my death via the awareness of the possibility of a world in which I am not. The projective analogue to the fear-anxiety distinction is expectation-anticipation. A mundane example might help to illustrate the generic idea. When I expect a beer to taste a certain way, I am waiting for an actual event—a case of that distinctive taste in my mouth—to occur. By contrast, when I anticipate the taste of that beer, one might say that, in a cognitive sense, I actively go out to meet the possibility of that taste. In so doing, I make it mine. Expecting death is thus to wait for a case of death, whereas to anticipate death is to own it. In reinterpreting care in terms of Being-towards-death, Heidegger illuminates in a new way the taking-as structure that, as we have seen, he takes to be the essence of human existence. Human beings, as Dasein, are essentially finite. And it is this finitude that explains why the phenomenon of taking-as is an essential characteristic of our existence. An infinite Being would understand things directly, without the need for interpretative intercession. We, however, are Dasein, and in our essential finitude we must understand things in a hermeneutically mediated, indirect way, that is, by taking-as (Sheehan 2001). What are we to make of Heidegger's analysis of death? Perhaps the most compelling reason for being sceptical can be found in Sartre, who argued that just as death cannot be actual for me, it cannot be one of my possibilities either, at least if the term ‘possibility’ is understood, as Heidegger surely intends it to be, as marking a way of my Being, an intelligible way for me to be. Sartre argues that death is the end of such possibilities. Thus: [The] perpetual appearance of chance at the heart of my projects cannot be apprehended as my possibility but, on the contrary, as the nihilation of all my possibilities. A nihilation which itself is no longer a part of my possibilities. Thus death is not my possibility of no longer realizing a presence in the world but rather an always possible nihilation of my possibilities which is outside my possibilities. (Sartre 1956, 537) If Sartre is right, there is a significant hole in Heidegger's project, since we would be left without a way of completing the phenomenological analysis of Dasein. For further debate over Heidegger's handling of death, see Edwards' (1975, 1976, 2004) unsympathetic broadsides alongside Hinman's (1978) robust response. Carel (2006) develops an analysis that productively connects Heidegger's and Freud's accounts of death, despite Heidegger's open antipathy towards Freud's theories in general. In some of the most difficult sections of Being and Time, Heidegger now begins to close in on the claim that temporality is the ontological meaning of Dasein's Being as care. The key notion here is that of anticipatory resoluteness, which Heidegger identifies as an (or perhaps the) authentic mode of care. As we have seen, anticipation is the form of Being-towards in which one looks forward to a possible way to be. Bringing resoluteness into view requires further groundwork that begins with Heidegger's reinterpretation of the authentic self in terms of the phenomenon of conscience or Being-guilty. The authentic self is characterized by Being-guilty. This does not mean that authenticity requires actually feeling guilty. Rather, the authentic self is the one who is open to the call of conscience. The inauthentic self, by contrast, is closed to conscience and guilt. It is tempting to think that this is where Heidegger does ethics. However, guilt as an existential structure is not to be understood as some psychological feeling that one gets when one transgresses some moral code. If the term ‘guilt’ is to be heard in an ethical register at all, the phenomenon of Being-guilty will, for Heidegger, be the a priori condition for there to be moral codes, not the psychological result of transgressions of those codes. Having said that, however, it may be misleading to adopt an ethical register here. For Heidegger, conscience is fundamentally a disclosive rather than an ethical phenomenon. What is more important for the project of Being and Time, then, is the claim that the call of conscience interrupts Dasein's everyday fascination with entities by summoning Dasein back to its own finitude and thereby to authenticity. To see how the call of conscience achieves this, we need to unpack Heidegger's reformulation of conscience in terms of anticipatory resoluteness. In the by-now familiar pattern, Heidegger argues that conscience (Being-guilty) has the structure of care. However, there's now a modification to the picture, presumably driven by a factor mentioned earlier, namely that authentic Dasein is not fallen. Since conscience is a mode of authentic Dasein, fallen-ness cannot be one of the dimensions of conscience. So the three elements of care are now identified as projection, thrownness and discourse. What is discourse? It clearly has something to do with articulation, and it is tempting to make a connection with language, but in truth this aspect of Heidegger's view is somewhat murky. Heidegger says that the “intelligibility of Being-in-the-world… expresses itself as discourse” (Being and Time 34: 204). But this might mean that intelligibility is essentially a linguistic phenomenon; or it might mean that discourse is intelligibility as put into language. There is even room for the view that discourse is not necessarily a linguistic phenomenon at all, but rather any way in which the referential structure of significance is articulated, either by deeds (e.g., by hammering) or by words (see e.g., Dreyfus 1991, 215; Dreyfus translates the German term Rede not as ‘discourse’ but as ‘telling’, and notes the existence of non-linguistic tellings such as telling the time). But however we settle that point of interpretation, there is something untidy about the status of discourse in relation to fallen-ness and authenticity. Elsewhere in Being and Time, the text strongly suggests that discourse has inauthentic modes, for instance when it is manifested as idle talk; and in yet other sections we find the claim that fallen-ness has an authentic manifestation called a moment-of-vision (e.g., Being and Time 68: 401). Regarding the general relations between discourse, fallen-ness and authenticity, then, the conceptual landscape is not entirely clear. Nevertheless, we can say this: when care is realized authentically, I experience discourse as reticence, as a keeping silent (ignoring the chatter of idle talk) so that I may hear the call of conscience; I experience projection onto guilt as a possible way of Being in which I take responsibility for a lack or a not-Being that is located firmly in my own self (where ‘taking responsibility for’ means recognizing that not-Being is one of my essential structures); and I experience thrownness as anxiety, a mode of disposedness that, as we have seen, leaves me estranged from the familiar field of intelligibility determined by the ‘they’ and thereby discloses the possibility of my own not-Being. So, reticence, guilt and anxiety all have the effect of extracting Dasein from the ontological clutches of the ‘they’. That is why the unitary structure of reticence-guilt-anxiety characterizes the Being of authentic Dasein. So now what of resoluteness? ‘Resoluteness’ is perhaps best understood as simply a new term for reticence-guilt-anxiety. But why do we need a new term? There are two possible reasons for thinking that the relabelling exercise here adds value. Each of these indicates a connection between authenticity and freedom. Each corresponds to an authentic realization of one of two possible understandings of what Heidegger means by (human) existence (see above). The first take on resoluteness is emphasized by, for example, Gelven (1989), Mulhall (2005) and Polt (1999). In ordinary parlance, to be resolved is to commit oneself to some project and thus, in a sense, to take ownership of one's life. By succumbing to, but without making any real commitment to, the patterns laid down by the ‘they’ (i.e., by uncritically ‘doing what one does’), inauthentic Dasein avoids owning its own life. Authentic Being (understood as resoluteness) is, then, a freedom from the ‘they’—not, of course, in any sense that involves extracting oneself from one's socio-cultural embeddedness (after all, Being-with is part of Dasein's existential constitution), but rather in a sense that involves individual commitment to (and thus individual ownership of) one of the possible ways to be that one's socio-cultural embeddedness makes available (more on this below). Seen like this, resoluteness correlates with the idea that Dasein's existence is constituted by a series of events in which possible ways to be are chosen. At this point we would do well to hesitate. The emphasis on notions such as choice and commitment makes it all too easy to think that resoluteness essentially involves some sort of conscious decision-making. For this reason, Vallega-Neu (2003, 15) reminds us that resoluteness is not a “choice made by a human subject” but rather an “occurrence that determines Dasein”. This occurrence discloses Dasein's essential finitude. It is here that it is profitable to think in terms of anticipatory resoluteness. Heidegger's claim is that resoluteness and anticipation are internally related, such that they ultimately emerge together as the unitary phenomenon of anticipatory resoluteness. Thus, he argues, Being-guilty (the projective aspect of resoluteness) involves Dasein wanting to be open to the call of conscience for as long as Dasein exists, which requires an awareness of the possibility of death. Since resoluteness is an authentic mode of Being, this awareness of the possibility of death must also be authentic. But the authentic awareness of the possibility of death just is anticipation (see above). Thus “only as anticipating does resoluteness become a primordial Being towards Dasein's ownmost potentiality-for-Being” (Being and Time 62: 354). Via the internal connection with anticipation, then, the notion of resoluteness allows Heidegger to rethink the path to Dasein's essential finitude, a finitude that is hidden in fallen-ness, but which, as we have seen, is the condition of possibility for the taking-as structure that is a constitutive aspect of Dasein. Seen this way, resoluteness correlates more neatly with the idea that human existence is essentially a standing out in an openness to, and in an opening of, Being. In a further hermeneutic spiral, Heidegger concludes that temporality is the a priori transcendental condition for there to be care (sense-making, intelligibility, taking-as, Dasein's own distinctive mode of Being). Moreover, it is Dasein's openness to time that ultimately allows Dasein's potential authenticity to be actualized: in authenticity, the constraints and possibilities determined by Dasein's cultural-historical past are grasped by Dasein in the present so that it may project itself into the future in a fully authentic manner, i.e., in a manner which is truest to the mine-self. The ontological emphasis that Heidegger places on temporality might usefully be seen as an echo and development of Kant's claim that embeddedness in time is a precondition for things to appear to us the way they do. (According to Kant, embeddedness in time is co-determinative of our experience, along with embeddedness in space. See above for Heidegger's problematic analysis of the relationship between spatiality and temporality.) With the Kantian roots of Heidegger's treatment of time acknowledged, it must be registered immediately that, in Heidegger's hands, the notion of temporality receives a distinctive twist. Heidegger is concerned not with clock-time (an infinite series of self-contained nows laid out in an ordering of past, present and future) or with time as some sort of relativistic phenomenon that would satisfy the physicist. Time thought of in either of these ways is a present-at-hand phenomenon, and that means that it cannot characterize the temporality that is an internal feature of Dasein's existential constitution, the existential temporality that structures intelligibility (taking-as). As he puts it in his History of the Concept of Time (a 1925 lecture course): “Not ‘time is’, but ‘Dasein qua time temporalizes its Being’ ” (319). To make sense of this temporalizing, Heidegger introduces the technical term ecstases. Ecstases are phenomena that stand out from an underlying unity. (He later reinterprets ecstases as horizons, in the sense of what limits, surrounds or encloses, and in so doing discloses or makes available.) According to Heidegger, temporality is a unity against which past, present and future stand out as ecstases while remaining essentially interlocked. The importance of this idea is that it frees the phenomenologist from thinking of past, present and future as sequentially ordered groupings of distinct events. Thus: Temporalizing does not signify that ecstases come in a ‘succession’. The future is not later than having been, and having-been is not earlier than the Present. Temporality temporalizes itself as a future which makes present in a process of having been. (Being and Time 68: 401) What does this mean and why should we find it compelling? Perhaps the easiest way to grasp Heidegger's insight here is to follow him in explicitly reinterpreting the different elements of the structure of care in terms of the three phenomenologically intertwined dimensions of temporality. Dasein's existence is characterized phenomenologically by thrown projection plus fallenness/discourse. Heidegger argues that for each of these phenomena, one particular dimension of temporality is primary. Thus projection is disclosed principally as the manner in which Dasein orients itself towards its future. Anticipation, as authentic projection, therefore becomes the predominantly futural aspect of (what we can now call) authentic temporalizing, whereas expectation, as inauthentic projection, occupies the same role for inauthentic temporalizing. However, since temporality is at root a unitary structure, thrownness, projection, falling and discourse must each have a multi-faceted temporality. Anticipation, for example, requires that Dasein acknowledge the unavoidable way in which its past is constitutive of who it is, precisely because anticipation demands of Dasein that it project itself resolutely onto (i.e., come to make its own) one of the various options established by its cultural-historical embeddedness. And anticipation has a present-related aspect too: in a process that Heidegger calls a moment of vision, Dasein, in anticipating its own death, pulls away from they-self-dominated distractions of the present. Structurally similar analyses are given for the other elements of the care structure. Here is not the place to pursue the details but, at the most general level, thrownness is identified predominantly, although not exclusively, as the manner in which Dasein collects up its past (finding itself in relation to the pre-structured field of intelligibility into which it has been enculturated), while fallen-ness and discourse are identified predominantly, although not exclusively, as present-oriented (e.g., in the case of fallen-ness, through curiosity as a search for novelty in which Dasein is locked into the distractions of the present and devalues the past and the projective future). A final feature of Heidegger's intricate analysis concerns the way in which authentic and inauthentic temporalizing are understood as prioritizing different dimensions of temporality. Heidegger argues that because future-directed anticipation is intertwined with projection onto death as a possibility (thereby enabling the disclosure of Dasein's all-important finitude), the “primary phenomenon of primordial and authentic temporality is the future” (Being and Time 65: 378), whereas inauthentic temporalizing (through structures such as ‘they’-determined curiosity) prioritizes the present. What the foregoing summary of Heidegger's account of temporality makes clear is that each event of intelligibility that makes up a ‘moment’ in Dasein's existence must be unpacked using all three temporal ecstases. Each such event is constituted by thrownness (past), projection (future) and falling/discourse (present). In a sense, then, each such event transcends (goes beyond) itself as a momentary episode of Being by, in the relevant sense, co-realizing a past and a future along with a present. This explains why “the future is not later than having been, and having-been is not earlier than the Present”. In the sense that matters, then, Dasein is always a combination of the futural, the historical and the present. And since futurality, historicality and presence, understood in terms of projection, thrownness and fallenness/discourse, form the structural dimensions of each event of intelligibility, it is Dasein's essential temporality (or temporalizing) that provides the a priori transcendental condition for there to be care (the sense-making that constitutes Dasein's own distinctive mode of Being). (Some worries about Heidegger's analysis of time will be explored below. For a view which is influenced by, and contains an original interpretation of, Heidegger on time, see Stiegler's 1996/2003 analysis according to which human temporality is constituted by technology, including alphabetical writing, as a form of memory.) In the final major development of his analysis of temporality, Heidegger identifies a phenomenon that he calls Dasein's historicality, understood as the a priori condition on the basis of which past events and things may have significance for us. The analysis begins with an observation that Being-towards-death is only one aspect of Dasein's finitude. [Death] is only the ‘end’ of Dasein; and, taken formally, it is just one of the ends by which Dasein's totality is closed round. The other ‘end’, however, is the ‘beginning’, the ‘birth’. Only that entity which is ‘between’ birth and death presents the whole which we have been seeking… Dasein has [so far] been our theme only in the way in which it exists ‘facing forward’, as it were, leaving ‘behind’ all that has been. Not only has Being-towards-the-beginning remained unnoticed; but so too, and above all, has the way in which Dasein stretches along between birth and death. (Being and Time 72: 425). Here Dasein's beginning (its ‘birth’) is to be interpreted not as a biological event, but as a moment of enculturation, following which the a priori structure underlying intelligibility (thrown projection plus falling/discourse) applies. Dasein's beginning is thus a moment at which a biological human being has become embedded within a pre-existing world, a culturally determined field of intelligibility into which it is thrown and onto which it projects itself. Such worlds are now to be reinterpreted historically as Dasein's heritage. Echoing the way in which past, present and future were disclosed as intertwined in the analysis of temporality, Dasein's historicality has the effect of bringing the past (its heritage) alive in the present as a set of opportunities for future action. In the original German, Heidegger calls this phenomenon Wiederholung, which Macquarrie and Robinson translate as repetition. Although this is an accurate translation of the German term, there is a way of hearing the word ‘repetition’ that is misleading with regard to Heidegger's usage. The idea here is not that I can do nothing other than repeat the actions of my cultural ancestors, but rather that, in authentic mode, I may appropriate those past actions (own them, make them mine) as a set of general models or heroic templates onto which I may creatively project myself. Thus, retrieving may be a more appropriate translation. This notion of retrieving characterizes the “specific movement in which Dasein is stretched along and stretches itself along”, what Heidegger now calls Dasein's historizing. Historizing is an a priori structure of Dasein's Being as care that constitutes a stretching along between Dasein's birth as the entity that takes-as and death as its end, between enculturation and finitude. “Factical Dasein exists as born; and, as born, it is already dying, in the sense of Being-towards-death… birth and death are ‘connected’ in a manner characteristic of Dasein. As care, Dasein is the ‘between’ ”(Being and Time 73: 426–7). It is debatable whether the idea of creative appropriation does enough to allay the suspicion that the concept of heritage introduces a threat to our individual freedom (in an ordinary sense of freedom) by way of some sort of social determinism. For example, since historicality is an aspect of Dasein's existential constitution, it is arguable that Heidegger effectively rules out the possibility that I might reinvent myself in an entirely original way. Moreover, Polt (1999) draws our attention to a stinging passage from earlier in Being and Time which might be taken to suggest that any attempt to take on board elements of cultures other than one's own should be judged an inauthentic practice indicative of fallen-ness. Thus: the opinion may now arise that understanding the most alien cultures and ‘synthesizing’ them with one's own may lead to Dasein's becoming for the first time thoroughly and genuinely enlightened about itself. Versatile curiosity and restlessly ‘knowing it all’ masquerade as a universal understanding of Dasein. (Being and Time 38: 178) This sets the stage for Heidegger's own final elucidation of human freedom. According to Heidegger, I am genuinely free precisely when I recognize that I am a finite being with a heritage and when I achieve an authentic relationship with that heritage through the creative appropriation of it. As he explains: Once one has grasped the finitude of one's existence, it snatches one back from the endless multiplicity of possibilities which offer themselves as closest to one—those of comfortableness, shirking and taking things lightly—and brings Dasein to the simplicity of its fate. This is how we designate Dasein's primordial historizing, which lies in authentic resoluteness and in which Dasein hands itself down to itself, free for death, in a possibility which it has inherited and yet has chosen. (Being and Time 74: 435) This phenomenon, a final reinterpretation of the notion of resoluteness, is what Heidegger calls primordial historizing or fate. And crucially, historizing is not merely a structure that is partly constitutive of individual authentic Dasein. Heidegger also points out the shared primordial historizing of a community, what he calls its destiny. When the contemporary reader of Being and Time encounters the concepts of heritage, fate and destiny, and places them not only in the context of the political climate of mid-to-late 1920s Germany, but also alongside Heidegger's later membership of the Nazi party, it is hard not to hear dark undertones of cultural chauvinism and racial prejudice. This worry becomes acute when one considers the way in which these concepts figure in passages such as the following, from the inaugural rectoral address that Heidegger gave at Freiburg University in 1933. The third bond [knowledge service, in addition to labour service and military service] is the one that binds the [German] students to the spiritual mission of the German Volk. This Volk is playing an active role in shaping its own fate by placing its history into the openness of the overpowering might of all the world-shaping forces of human existence and by struggling anew to secure its spiritual world… The three bonds—through the Volk to the destiny of the state in its spiritual mission—are equally original aspects of the German essence. (The Self-Assertion of the German University, 35–6) The issue of Heidegger's later relationship with Nazi politics and ideology will be discussed briefly below. For the moment, however, it is worth saying that the temptation to offer extreme social determinist or Nazi reconstructions of Being and Time is far from irresistible. It is at least arguable that Heidegger's claim at this point in his work is ‘merely’ that it is only on the basis of fate—an honest and explicit retrieval of my own culture which allows me to recognize and accept the manifold ways in which I am shaped by that culture—that I can open up a genuine path to personal reconstruction or to the possibly enriching structures that other cultures have to offer. And that does not sound nearly so pernicious. One might think that an unpalatable relativism is entailed by any view which emphasizes that understanding is never preconception-free. But that would be too quick. Of course, if authentic Dasein were individualized in the sense of being a self-sufficient Cartesian subject, then perhaps an extreme form of subjectivist relativism would indeed beckon. Fortunately, however, authentic Dasein isn't a Cartesian subject, in part because it has a transformed and not a severed relationship with the ‘they’. This reconnects us with our earlier remark that the philosophical framework advocated within Being and Time appears to mandate a kind of cultural relativism. This seems right, but it is important to try to understand precisely what sort of cultural relativism is on offer. Here is one interpretation. Although worlds (networks of involvements, what Heidegger sometimes calls Reality) are culturally relative phenomena, Heidegger occasionally seems to suggest that nature, as it is in itself, is not. Thus, on the one hand, nature may be discovered as ready-to-hand equipment: the “wood is a forest of timber, the mountain is a quarry of rock; the river is water-power, the wind is wind ‘in the sails’ ” (Being and Time 15: 100). Under these circumstances, nature is revealed in certain culturally specific forms determined by our socially conditioned patterns of skilled practical activity. On the other hand, when nature is discovered as present-at-hand, by say science, its intelligibility has an essentially cross-cultural character. Indeed, Heidegger often seems to hold the largely commonsense view that there are culture-independent causal properties of nature which explain why it is that you can make missiles out of rocks or branches, but not out of air or water. Science can tell us both what those causal properties are, and how the underlying causal processes work. Such properties and processes are what Heidegger calls the Real, and he comments: “[the] fact that Reality [intelligibility] is ontologically grounded in the Being of Dasein does not signify that only when Dasein exists and as long as Dasein exists can the Real [e.g., nature as revealed by science] be as that which in itself it is” (Being and Time, 43: 255). If the picture just sketched is a productive way to understand Heidegger, then, perhaps surprisingly, his position might best be thought of as a mild kind of scientific realism. For, on this interpretation, one of Dasein's cultural practices, the practice of science, has the special quality of revealing natural entities as they are in themselves, that is, independently of Dasein's culturally conditioned uses and articulations of them. Crucially, however, this sort of scientific realism maintains ample conceptual room for Sheehan's well-observed point that, for Heidegger, at every stage of his thinking, “there is no ‘is’ to things without a taking-as… no sense that is independent of human being… Before homo sapiens evolved, there was no ‘being’ on earth… because ‘being’ for Heidegger does not mean ‘in existence’ ” (Sheehan 2001). Indeed, Being concerns sense-making (intelligibility), and the different ways in which entities make sense to us, including as present-at-hand, are dependent on the fact that we are Dasein, creatures with a particular mode of Being. So while natural entities do not require the existence of Dasein in order just to occur (in an ordinary, straightforward sense of ‘occur’), they do require Dasein in order to be intelligible at all, including as entities that just occur. Understood properly, then, the following two claims that Heidegger makes are entirely consistent with each other. First: “Being (not entities) is dependent upon the understanding of Being; that is to say, Reality (not the Real) is dependent upon care”. Secondly: “[O]nly as long as Dasein is (that is, only as long as an understanding of Being is ontically possible), ‘is there’ Being. When Dasein does not exist, ‘independence’ ‘is’ not either, nor ‘is’ the ‘in-itself’ ”. (Both quotations from Being and Time, 43: 255.) How does all this relate to Heidegger's account of truth? Answering this question adds a new dimension to the pivotal phenomenon of revealing. Heidegger points out that the philosophical tradition standardly conceives of truth as attaching to propositions, and as involving some sort of correspondence between propositions and states of affairs. But whereas for the tradition (as Heidegger characterizes it), propositional truth as correspondence exhausts the phenomenon of truth, for Heidegger, it is merely the particular manifestation of truth that is operative in those domains, such as science, that concern themselves with the Real. According to Heidegger, propositional truth as correspondence is made possible by a more fundamental phenomenon that he dubs ‘original truth’. Heidegger's key thought here is that before (in a conceptual sense of ‘before’) there can be any question of correspondence between propositions and states of affairs, there needs to be in place a field of intelligibility (Reality, a world), a sense-making structure within which entities may be found. Unconcealing is the Dasein-involving process that establishes this prior field of intelligibility. This is the domain of original truth—what we might call truth as revealing or truth as unconcealing. Original truth cannot be reduced to propositional truth as correspondence, because the former is an a priori, transcendental condition for the latter. Of course, since Dasein is the source of intelligibility, truth as unconcealing is possible only because there is Dasein, which means that without Dasein there would be no truth—including propositional truth as correspondence. But it is reasonable to hear this seemingly relativistic consequence as a further modulation of the point (see above) that entities require Dasein in order to be intelligible at all, including, now, as entities that are capable of entering into states of affairs that may correspond to propositions. Heidegger's analysis of truth also countenances a third manifestation of the phenomenon, one that is perhaps best characterized as being located between original truth and propositional truth. This intermediate phenomenon is what might be called Heidegger's instrumental notion of truth (Dahlstrom 2001, Overgaard 2002). As we saw earlier, for Heidegger, the referential structure of significance may be articulated not only by words but by skilled practical activity (e.g., hammering) in which items of equipment are used in culturally appropriate ways. By Heidegger's lights, such equipmental activity counts as a manifestation of unconcealing and thus as the realization of a species of truth. This fact further threatens the idea that truth attaches only to propositions, although some uses of language may themselves be analysed as realizing the instrumental form of truth (e.g., when I exclaim that ‘this hammer is too heavy for the job’, rather than assert that it has the objective property of weighing 2.5 kilos; Overgaard 2002, 77; cf. Being and Time 33:199–200). It is at this point that an ongoing dispute in Heidegger scholarship comes to the fore. It has been argued (e.g., Dahlstrom 2001, Overgaard 2002) that a number of prominent readings of Heidegger (e.g., Okrent 1988, Dreyfus 1991) place such heavy philosophical emphasis on Dasein as a site of skilled practical activity that they end up simply identifying Dasein's understanding of Being with skilled practical activity. Because of this shared tendency, such readings are often grouped together as advocating a pragmatist interpretation of Heidegger. According to its critics, the inadequacy of the pragmatist interpretation is exposed once it is applied to Heidegger's account of truth. For although the pragmatist interpretation correctly recognizes that, for Heidegger, propositional correspondence is not the most fundamental phenomenon of truth, it takes the fundamental variety to be exhausted by Dasein's sense-making skilled practical activity. But (the critic points out) this is to ignore the fact that even though instrumental truth is more basic than traditional propositional truth, nevertheless it too depends on a prior field of significance (one that determines the correct and incorrect uses of equipment) and thus on the phenomenon of original truth. Put another way, the pragmatist interpretation falls short because it fails to distinguish original truth from instrumental truth. It is worth commenting here that not every so-called pragmatist reading is on a par with respect to this issue. For example, Dreyfus (2008) separates out (what he calls) background coping (Dasein's familiarity with, and knowledge of how to navigate the meaningful structures of, its world) from (what he calls) skilled or absorbed coping (Dasein's skilled practical activity), and argues that, for Heidegger, the former is ontologically more basic than the latter. If original truth is manifested in background coping, and instrumental truth in skilled coping, this disrupts the thought that the two notions of truth are being run together (for discussion, see Overgaard 2002 85–6, note 17). How should one respond to Heidegger's analysis of truth? One objection is that original truth ultimately fails to qualify as a form of truth at all. As Tugendhat (1967) observes, it is a plausible condition on the acceptability of any proposed account of truth that it accommodate a distinction between what is asserted or intended and how things are in themselves. It is clear that propositional truth as correspondence satisfies this condition, and notice that (if we squint a little) so too does instrumental truth, since despite my intentions, I can fail, in my actions, to use the hammer in ways that successfully articulate its place in the relevant equipmental network. However, as Tugendhat argues, it is genuinely hard to see how original truth as unconcealing could possibly support a distinction between what is asserted or intended and how things are in themselves. After all, unconcealing is, in part, the process through which entities are made intelligible to Dasein in such a way that the distinction in question can apply. Thus, Tugendhat concludes, although unconcealing may be a genuine phenomenon that constitutes a transcendental condition for there to be truth, it is not itself a species of truth. (For discussions of Tugendhat's critique, see Dahlstrom 2001, Overgaard 2002.) Whether or not unconcealing ought to count as a species of truth, it is arguable that the place which it (along with its partner structure, Reality) occupies in the Heideggerian framework must ultimately threaten even the mild kind of scientific realism that we have been attributing, somewhat tentatively, to Heidegger. The tension comes into view just at the point where unconcealing is reinterpreted in terms of Dasein's essential historicality. Because intelligibility, and thus unconcealing, has an essentially historical character, it is difficult to resist the thought that the propositional and instrumental truths generated out of some specific field of intelligibility will be relativistically tied to a particular culture in a particular time period. Moreover, at one point, Heidegger suggests that even truth as revealed by science is itself subject to this kind of relativistic constraint. Thus he says that “every factical science is always manifestly in the grip of historizing” (Being and Time 76: 444). The implication is that, for Heidegger, one cannot straightforwardly subject the truth of one age to the standards of another, which means, for example, that contemporary chemistry and alchemical chemistry might both be true (cf. Dreyfus 1990, 261–2). But even if this more radical position is ultimately Heidegger's, there remains space here for some form of realism. Given the transcendental relation that, according to Heidegger, obtains between fields of intelligibility and science, the view on offer might still support a historically conditioned form of Kantian empirical realism with respect to science. Nevertheless it must, it seems, reject the full-on scientific realist commitment to the idea that the history of science is regulated by progress towards some final and unassailable set of scientifically established truths about nature, by a journey towards, as it were, God's science (Haugeland 2007). The realist waters in which our preliminary interpretation has been swimming are muddied even further by another aspect of Dasein's essential historicality. Officially, it is seemingly not supposed to be a consequence of that historicality that we cannot discover universal features of ourselves. The evidence for this is that there are many conclusions reached in Being and Time that putatively apply to all Dasein, for example that Dasein's everyday experience is characterized by the structural domains of readiness-to-hand, un-readiness-to-hand and presence-at-hand (for additional evidence, see Polt 1999 92–4). Moreover, Heidegger isn't saying that any route to understanding is as good as any other. For example, he prioritizes authenticity as the road to an answer to the question of the meaning of Being. Thus: the idea of existence, which guides us as that which we see in advance, has been made definite [transformed from pre-ontological to ontological, from implicit and vague to explicitly articulated] by the clarification of our ownmost potentiality-for-Being. (Being and Time 63: 358) Still, if this priority claim and the features shared by all Dasein really are supposed to be ahistorical, universal conditions (applicable everywhere throughout history), we are seemingly owed an account of just how such conditions are even possible, given Dasein's essential historicality. Finally, one might wonder whether the ‘realist Heidegger’ can live with the account of temporality given in Being and Time. If temporality is the a priori condition for us to encounter entities as equipment, and if, in the relevant sense, the unfolding of time coincides with the unfolding of Dasein (Dasein, as temporality, temporalizes; see above), then equipmental entities will be intelligible to us only in (what we might call) Dasein-time, the time that we ourselves are. Now, we have seen previously that nature is often encountered as equipment, which means that natural equipment will be intelligible to us only in Dasein-time. But what about nature in a non-equipmental form—nature (as one might surely be tempted to say) as it is in itself? One might try to argue that those encounters with nature that reveal nature as it is in itself are precisely those encounters that reveal nature as present-at-hand, and that to reveal nature as present-at-hand is, in part, to reveal nature within present-at-hand time (e.g., clock time), a time which is, in the relevant sense, independent of Dasein. Unfortunately there's a snag with this story (and thus for the attempt to see Heidegger as a realist). Heidegger claims that presence-at-hand (as revealed by theoretical reflection) is subject to the same Dasein-dependent temporality as readiness-to-hand: …if Dasein's Being is completely grounded in temporality, then temporality must make possible Being-in-the-world and therewith Dasein's transcendence; this transcendence in turn provides the support for concernful Being alongside entities within-the-world, whether this Being is theoretical or practical. (Being and Time 69: 415, my emphasis) But now if theoretical investigations reveal nature in present-at-hand time, and if in the switching over from the practical use of equipment to the theoretical investigation of objects, time remains the same Dasein-time, then present-at-hand time is Dasein-dependent too. Given this, it seems that the only way we can give any sense to the idea of nature as it is in itself is to conceive of such nature as being outside of time. Interestingly, in the History of the Concept of Time (a text based on Heidegger's notes for a 1925 lecture course and often thought of as a draft of Being and Time), Heidegger seems to embrace this very option, arguing that nature is within time only when it is encountered in Dasein's world, and concluding that nature as it is in itself is entirely atemporal. It is worth noting the somewhat Kantian implication of this conclusion: if all understanding is grounded in temporality, then the atemporality of nature as it is in itself would mean that, for Heidegger, we cannot understand natural things as they really are in themselves (cf. Dostal 1993). After Being and Time there is a shift in Heidegger's thinking that he himself christened ‘the turn’ (die Kehre). In a 1947 piece, in which Heidegger distances his views from Sartre's existentialism, he links the turn to his own failure to produce the missing divisions of Being and Time. The adequate execution and completion of this other thinking that abandons subjectivity is surely made more difficult by the fact that in the publication of Being and Time the third division of the first part, “Time and Being,” was held back… Here everything is reversed. The division in question was held back because everything failed in the adequate saying of this turning and did not succeed with the help of the language of metaphysics… This turning is not a change of standpoint from Being and Time, but in it the thinking that was sought first arrives at the location of that dimension out of which Being and Time is experienced, that is to say, experienced from the fundamental experience of the oblivion of Being. (Letter on Humanism, pp. 231–2) Notice that while, in the turning, “everything is reversed”, nevertheless it is “not a change of standpoint from Being and Time”, so what we should expect from the later philosophy is a pattern of significant discontinuities with Being and Time, interpretable from within a basic project and a set of concerns familiar from that earlier text. The quotation from the Letter on Humanism provides some clues about what to look for. Clearly we need to understand what is meant by the abandonment of subjectivity, what kind of barrier is erected by the language of metaphysics, and what is involved in the oblivion of Being. The second and third of these issues will be clarified later. The first bears immediate comment. At root Heidegger's later philosophy shares the deep concerns of Being and Time, in that it is driven by the same preoccupation with Being and our relationship with it that propelled the earlier work. In a fundamental sense, then, the question of Being remains the question. However, Being and Time addresses the question of Being via an investigation of Dasein, the kind of being whose Being is an issue for it. As we have seen, this investigation takes the form of a transcendental hermeneutic phenomenology that begins with ordinary human experience. It is arguable that, in at least one important sense, it is this philosophical methodology that the later Heidegger is rejecting when he talks of his abandonment of subjectivity. Of course, as conceptualized in Being and Time, Dasein is not a Cartesian subject, so the abandonment of subjectivity is not as simple as a shift of attention away from Dasein and towards some other route to Being. Nevertheless the later Heidegger does seem to think that his earlier focus on Dasein bears the stain of a subjectivity that ultimately blocks the path to an understanding of Being. This is not to say that the later thinking turns away altogether from the project of transcendental hermeneutic phenomenology. The project of illuminating the a priori conditions on the basis of which entities show up as intelligible to us is still at the heart of things. What the later thinking involves is a reorientation of the basic project so that, as we shall see, the point of departure is no longer a detailed description of ordinary human experience. (For an analysis of ‘the turn’ that identifies a number of different senses of the term at work in Heidegger's thinking, and which in some ways departs from the brief treatment given here, see Sheehan 2010.) A further difficulty in getting to grips with Heidegger's later philosophy is that, unlike the early thought, which is heavily centred on a single text, the later thought is distributed over a large number and range of works, including books, lecture courses, occasional addresses, and presentations given to non-academic audiences. So one needs a navigational strategy. The strategy adopted here will be to view the later philosophy through the lens of Heidegger's strange and perplexing study from the 1930s called Contributions to Philosophy (From Enowning), (Beitrage zur Philosophie (Vom Ereignis)), henceforth referred to as the Contributions. (For a book-length introduction to the Contributions, see Vallega-Neu 2003. For a useful collection of papers, see Scott et al. 2001.) The key themes that shape the later philosophy will be identified in the Contributions, but those themes will be explored in a way that draws on, and make connections with, a selection of other works. From this partial expedition, the general pattern of Heidegger's post-turn thinking, although not every aspect of it, will emerge. The Contributions was written between 1936 and 1938. Intriguingly, Heidegger asked for the work not to appear in print until after the publication of all his lecture courses, and although his demand wasn't quite heeded by the editors of his collected works, the Contributions was not published in German until 1989 and not in English until 1999. To court a perhaps overly dramatic telling of Heideggerian history, if one puts a lot of weight on Heidegger's view of when the Contributions should have been published, one might conceivably think of those later writings that, in terms of when they were produced, followed the Contributions as something like the training material needed to understand the earlier work (see e.g., Polt 1999 140). In any case, during his lifetime, Heidegger showed the Contributions to no more than a few close colleagues. The excitement with which the eventual publication of the text was greeted by Heidegger's readers was partly down to the fact that one of the chosen few granted a sneak preview was the influential interpreter of Heidegger, Otto Pöggeler, who then proceeded to give it some rather extraordinary advance publicity, describing it as the work in which Heidegger's genuine and complete thinking is captured (see e.g., Pöggeler 1963/1987). Whether or not the hype surrounding the Contributions was justified remains a debated question among Heidegger scholars (see e.g., Sheehan 2001, Thomson 2003). What is clear, however, is that reading the work is occasionally a bewildering experience. Rather than a series of systematic hermeneutic spirals in the manner of Being and Time, the Contributions is organised as something like a musical fugue, that is, as a suite of overlapping developments of a single main theme (Schoenbohm 2001; Thomson 2003). And while the structure of the Contributions is challenging enough, the language in which it is written can appear to be wilfully obscurantist. Polt (1999, 140) comments that “the most important sections of the text can appear to be written in pure Heideggerese… [as Heidegger] exploits the sounds and senses of German in order to create an idiosyncratic symphony of meanings”. Less charitably, Sheehan (2001) describes it as “a needlessly difficult text, obsessively repetitious, badly in need of an editor”, while Schurmann (1992, 313, quoted by Thomson 2003, 57) complains that “at times one may think one is reading a piece of Heideggerian plagiarism, so encumbered is it with ellipses and assertoric monoliths”. Arguably, the style in which the Contributions is written is ‘merely’ the most extreme example (perhaps, the purest example) of a ‘poetic’ style that Heidegger adopts pretty much throughout the later philosophy. This stylistic aspect of the turn is an issue discussed below. For the moment, however, it is worth noting that, in the stylistic transition achieved in the Contributions, Heidegger's writing finally leaves behind all vestiges of the idea that Being can be represented accurately using some pseudo-scientific philosophical language. The goal, instead, is to respond appropriately to Being in language, to forge a pathway to another kind of thinking—Being-historical thinking (for discussion of this term, see Vallega 2001, von Herrmann 2001, Vallega-Neu 2003, 28-9). In its attempt to achieve this, the Contributions may be viewed as setting the agenda for Heidegger's post-turn thought. So what are the central themes that appear in the Contributions and which then resonate throughout the later works? Four stand out: Being as appropriation (an idea which, as we shall see, is bound up with a reinterpretation of the notion of dwelling that, in terms of explicit textual development, takes place largely outwith the text of the Contributions itself); technology (or machination); safeguarding (or sheltering); and the gods. Each of these themes will now be explored. In Being and Time, the most fundamental a priori transcendental condition for there to be Dasein's distinctive mode of Being which is identified is temporality. In the later philosophy, the ontological focus ultimately shifts to the claim that human Being consists most fundamentally in dwelling. This shift of attention emerges out of a subtle reformulation of the question of Being itself, a reformulation performed in the Contributions. The question now becomes not ‘What is the meaning of Being?’ but rather ‘How does Being essentially unfold?’. This reformulation means (in a way that should become clearer in a moment) that we are now asking the question of Being not from the perspective of Dasein, but from the perspective of Being (see above on abandoning subjectivity). But it also suggests that Being needs to be understood as fundamentally a timebound, historical process. As Heidegger puts it: “A being is: Be-ing holds sway [unfolds]”. (Contributions 10: 22. Quotations from the Contributions will be given in the form ‘section: page number’ where ‘page number’ refers to the Emad and Maly English translation. The hyphenated term ‘be-ing’ is adopted by Emad and Maly, in order to respect the fact that, in the Contributions, Heidegger substitutes the archaic spelling ‘Seyn’ for the contemporary ‘Sein’ as a way of distancing himself further from the traditional language of metaphysics. This translational convention, which has not become standard practice in the secondary literature, will not be adopted here, except in quotations from the Emad and Maly translation.) Further aspects of the essential unfolding of Being are revealed by what is perhaps the key move in the Contributions—a rethinking of Being in terms of the notion of Ereignis, a term translated variously as ‘event’ (most closely reflecting its ordinary German usage), ‘appropriation’, ‘appropriating event’, ‘event of appropriation’ or ‘enowning’. (For an analysis which tracks Heidegger's use of the term Ereignis at various stages of his thought, see Vallega-Neu 2010). The history of Being is now conceived as a series of appropriating events in which the different dimensions of human sense-making—the religious, political, philosophical (and so on) dimensions that define the culturally conditioned epochs of human history—are transformed. Each such transformation is a revolution in human patterns of intelligibility, so what is appropriated in the event is Dasein and thus the human capacity for taking-as (see e.g., Contributions 271: 343). Once appropriated in this way, Dasein operates according to a specific set of established sense-making practices and structures. In a Kuhnian register, one might think of this as the normal sense-making that follows a paradigm-shift. But now what is it that does the appropriating? Heidegger's answer to this question is Being. Thus Heidegger writes of the “En-ownment [appropriation] of Da-sein by be-ing” (Contributions 141: 184) and of “man as owned by be-ing” (Contributions 141: 185). Indeed, this appropriation of Dasein by Being is what enables Being to unfold: “Be-ing needs man in order to hold sway [unfold]” (Contributions 133: 177). The claim that Being appropriates Dasein might seem to invite the adoption of an ethereal voice and a far-off look in the eye, but any such temptation towards mysticism of this kind really ought to be resisted. The mystical reading seems to depend on a view according to which “be-ing holds sway ‘for itself’ ” and Dasein “takes up the relating to be-ing”, such that Being is “something over-against” Dasein (Contributions 135: 179). But Heidegger argues that this relational view would be ‘misleading’. That said, to make proper inroads into the mystical reading, we need to reacquaint ourselves with the notion of dwelling. As we have seen, the term ‘dwelling’ appears in Being and Time, where it is used to capture the distinctive manner in which Dasein is in the world. The term continues to play this role in the later philosophy, but, in texts such as Building Dwelling, Thinking (1954), it is reinterpreted and made philosophically central to our understanding of Being. This reinterpretation of, and the new emphasis on, dwelling is bound up with the idea from the Contributions of Being as appropriation. To explain: Where one dwells is where one is at home, where one has a place. This sense of place is what grounds Heidegger's existential notion of spatiality, as developed in the later philosophy (see Malpas 2006). In dwelling, then, Dasein is located within a set of sense-making practices and structures with which it is familiar. This way of unravelling the phenomenon of dwelling enables us to see more clearly—and more concretely—what is meant by the idea of Being as event/appropriation. Being is an event in that it takes (appropriates) place (where one is at home, one's sense-making practices and structures) (cf. Polt 1999 148). In other words, Being appropriates Dasein in that, in its unfolding, it essentially happens in and to Dasein's patterns of sense-making. This way of thinking about the process of appropriation does rather less to invite obscurantist mysticism. The reinterpretation of dwelling in terms of Being as appropriation is ultimately intertwined with a closely related reinterpretation of what is meant by a world. One can see the latter development in a pregnant passage from Heidegger's 1954 piece, Building Dwelling Thinking. [H]uman being consists in dwelling and, indeed, dwelling in the sense of the stay of mortals on the earth. But ‘on the earth’ already means ‘under the sky.’ Both of these also mean ‘remaining before the divinities’ and include a ‘belonging to men's being with one another.’ By a primal oneness the four—earth and sky, divinities and mortals—belong together in one. (351) So, human beings dwell in that they stay (are at home) on the earth, under the sky, before the divinities, and among the mortals (that is, with one another as mortals). It is important for Heidegger that these dimensions of dwelling are conceived not as independent structures but as (to use a piece of terminology from Being and Time) ecstases—phenomena that stand out from an underlying unity. That underlying unity of earth, sky, divinities and mortals—the ‘simple oneness of the four’ as Heidegger puts it in Building Dwelling Thinking (351)—is what he calls the fourfold. The fourfold is the transformed notion of world that applies within the later work (see e.g., The Thing; for an analysis of the fourfold that concentrates on its role as a thinking of things, see Mitchell 2010). It is possible to glimpse the character of the world-as-fourfold by noting that whereas the world as understood through Being and Time is a culturally conditioned structure distinct from nature, the world-as-fourfold appears to be an integrated combination of nature (earth and sky) and culture (divinities and mortals). (Two remarks: First, it may not be obvious why the divinities count as part of culture. This will be explained in a moment. Secondly, the later Heidegger sometimes continues to employ the sense of world that he established in Being and Time, which is why it is useful to signal the new usage as the transformed notion of world, or as the world-as-fourfold.) There is something useful, as a preliminary move, about interpreting the fourfold as a combination of nature and culture, but it is an idea that must be handled with care. For one thing, if what is meant by nature is the material world and its phenomena as understood by natural science, then Heidegger's account of the fourfold tells against any straightforward identification of earth and sky with nature. Why this is becomes clear once one sees how Heidegger describes the earth and the sky in Building Dwelling Thinking. “Earth is the serving bearer, blossoming and fruiting, spreading out in rock and water, rising up into plant and animal… The sky is the vaulting path of the sun, the course of the changing moon, the wandering glitter of the stars, the year's seasons and their changes, the light and dusk of day, the gloom and glow of night, the clemency and inclemency of the weather, the drifting clouds and blue depth of the ether” (351). What Heidegger's language here indicates is that the earth-as-dwelt-on and the sky-as-dwelt-under are spaces for a mode of habitation by human beings that one might call poetic rather than scientific. So, the nature of dwelling is the nature of the poet. In dwelling we inhabit the poetic (for discussion, see e.g., Young 2002, 99–100). How does this idea of dwelling as poetic habitation work for the cultural aspects of the fourfold—dwelling among the mortals and before the divinities? To dwell among the mortals is to be “capable of death as death” (Building Dwelling Thinking 352). In the language of Being and Time, this would be to enter into an authentic and thus non-evasive relationship with death (see above). However, as we shall see in a moment, the later Heidegger has a different account of the nothing and thus of the internal relation with the nothing that death involves. It is this reworking of the idea of the nothing that ultimately marks out a newly conceived non-evasive relationship with death as an aspect of dwelling, understood in terms of poetic habitation. The notion of dwelling before the divinities also turns on the development of a theme established in Being and Time, namely that intelligibility is itself cultural and historical in character. More specifically, according to Being and Time, the a priori transcendental conditions for intelligibility are to be interpreted in terms of the phenomenon of heritage, that is as culturally determined structures that form pre-existing fields of intelligibility into which individual human beings are thrown and onto which they project themselves. A key aspect of this idea is that there exist historically important individuals who constitute heroic cultural templates onto which I may now creatively project myself. In the later philosophy these heroic figures are reborn poetically as the divinities of the fourfold, as “the ones to come” (Contributions 248–52: 277–81), and as the “beckoning messengers of the godhead” (Building Dwelling Thinking 351). When Heidegger famously announces that only a god can save us (Only a God can Save Us), or that “the last god is not the end but the other beginning of immeasurable possibilities for our history” (Contributions 256: 289), he has in mind not a religious intervention in an ‘ordinary’ sense of the divine, but rather a transformational event in which a secularized sense of the sacred—a sensitivity to the fact that beings are granted to us in the essential unfolding of Being—is restored (more on this below). The notion of dwelling as poetic habitation opens up a path to what Heidegger calls ‘the mystery’ (not to be confused with the kind of obscurantist mysticism discussed above). Even though the world always opens up as meaningful in a particular way to any individual human being as a result of the specific heritage into which he or she has been enculturated, there are of course a vast number of alternative fields of intelligibility ‘out there’ that would be available to each of us, if only we could gain access to them by becoming simultaneously embedded in different heritages. But Heidegger's account of human existence means that any such parallel embedding is ruled out, so the plenitude of alternative fields of intelligibility must remain a mystery to us. In Heidegger's later philosophy this mysterious region of Being emerges as a structure that, although not illuminated poetically in dwelling as a particular world-as-fourfold, nevertheless constitutes an essential aspect of dwelling in that it is ontologically co-present with any such world. Appropriation is necessarily a twofold event: as Dasein is thrown into an intelligible world, vast regions of Being are plunged into darkness. But that darkness is a necessary condition for there to be any intelligibility at all. As Heidegger puts it in The Question Concerning Technology (330), “[a]ll revealing belongs within a harboring and a concealing. But that which frees [entities for intelligibility]—the mystery—is concealed and always concealing itself…. Freedom [sense-making, the revealing of beings] is that which conceals in a way that opens to light, in whose clearing shimmers the veil that hides the essential occurrence of all truth and lets the veil appear as what veils”. It is worth pausing here to comment on the fact that, in his 1935 essay The Origin of the Work of Art, Heidegger writes of a conflict between earth and world. This idea may seem to sit unhappily alongside the simple oneness of the four. The essay in question is notoriously difficult, but the notion of the mystery may help. Perhaps the pivotal thought is as follows: Natural materials (the earth), as used in artworks, enter into intelligibility by establishing certain culturally codified meanings—a world in the sense of Being and Time. Simultaneously, however, those natural materials suggest the existence of a vast range of other possible, but to us unintelligible, meanings, by virtue of the fact that they could have been used to realize those alternative meanings. The conflict, then, turns on the way in which, in the midst of a world, the earth suggests the presence of the mystery. This is one way to hear passages such as the following: “The world, in resting upon the earth, strives to surmount it. As self-opening it cannot endure anything closed. The earth, however, as sheltering and concealing, tends always to draw the world into itself and keep it there” (Origin of the Work of Art 174). Because the mystery is unintelligible, it is the nothing (no-thing). It is nonetheless a positive ontological phenomenon—a necessary feature of the essential unfolding of Being. This vision of the nothing, as developed in Heidegger's What is Metaphysics?, his 1929 inaugural lecture as Professor of Philosophy at Freiburg, famously attracts the philosophical disdain of the logical positivist Carnap. Carnap judged Heidegger's lecture to turn on a series of unverifiable statements, and thus to be a paradigm case of metaphysical nonsense (Carnap 1932/1959; for a nice account and analysis of the disagreement between Heidegger and Carnap, see Critchley 2001). But placing Carnap's positivist critique to one side, the idea of the nothing allows Heidegger to rethink our relationship with death in relation to poetic habitation. In Being and Time, Being-towards-death is conceived as a relation to the possibility of one's own non-existence. This gives us a sense in which Dasein has an internal structural relation to the nothing. That internal structural relation remains crucial to the later philosophy, but now ‘the nothing’ is to be heard explicitly as ‘the mystery’, a kind of ‘dark matter’ of intelligibility that must remain concealed in the unfolding of Being through which beings are unconcealed. This necessary concealment is “the essential belongingness of the not to being as such” (Contributions 160: 199). In Being-towards-death, this “essential belongingness” is “sheltered” and “comes to light with a singular keenness” (Contributions 160: 199). This is because (echoing a point made earlier) the concealing-unconcealing structure of Being is ultimately to be traced to Dasein's essential finitude. Sheehan (2001) puts it like this: “[o]ur finitude makes all ‘as’-taking… possible by requiring us to understand things not immediately and ontically… but indirectly and ontologically (= imperfectly), through their being”. In Being-towards-death, the human finitude that grounds the mystery, the plenitude of possible worlds in which I am not, is highlighted. As mortals, then, our internal relation to death links us to the mystery (see The Thing). So dwelling (as poetic habitation) involves not only embeddedness in the fourfold, but also, as part of a unitary ontological structure, a necessary relationship with the mystery. (As mentioned earlier (2.2.7), it is arguable that the sense of the nothing as unactualized possibilities of Being is already at work in Being and Time (see Vallega-Neu 2003, 21). Indeed, Heidegger's explicit remarks on Being-towards-death in the Contributions (sections 160–2) suggest that it is. But even if that is so, the idea undoubtedly finds its fullest expression in the later work.) If the essence of human Being is to dwell in the fourfold, then human beings are to the extent that they so dwell. And this will be achieved to the extent that human beings realize the “basic character of dwelling”, which Heidegger now argues is a matter of safeguarding “the fourfold in its essential unfolding” (Building Dwelling Thinking, 352). Such safeguarding is unpacked as a way of Being in which human beings save the earth, receive the sky as sky, await the divinities as divinities, and initiate their own essential being as mortals. Perhaps the best way to understand this four-way demand is to explore Heidegger's claim that modern humans, especially modern Western humans, systematically fail to meet it. That is, we are marked out by our loss of dwelling—our failure to safeguard the fourfold in its essential unfolding. This existential malaise is what Heidegger refers to in the Letter on Humanism as the oblivion of Being. As we are about to see, the fact that this is the basic character of our modern human society is, according to Heidegger, explained by the predominance of a mode of sense-making that, in the Contributions, he calls machination, but which he later (and more famously) calls technology. In his 1953 piece The Question Concerning Technology, Heidegger begins with the everyday account of technology according to which technology is the vast array of instruments, machines, artefacts and devices that we human beings invent, build, and then exploit. On this view technology is basically a tool that we control. Heidegger claims that this everyday account is, in a sense, correct, but it provides only a limited “instrumental and anthropological definition” of technology (Question Concerning Technology 312). It depicts technology as a means to an end (instrumental) and as a product of human activity (anthropological). What needs to be exposed and interrogated, however, is something that is passed over by the everyday account, namely the essence of technology. To bring this into view, Heidegger reinterprets his earlier notion of intelligibility in terms of the concept of a clearing. A clearing is a region of Being in which things are revealed as mattering in some specific way or another. To identify the essence of technology is to lay bare technology as a clearing, that is, to describe a technological mode of Being. As Heidegger puts it in the Contributions (61: 88), “[i]n the context of the being-question, this word [machination, technology] does not name a human comportment but a manner of the essential swaying of being”. So what is the character of entities as revealed technologically? Heidegger's claim is that the “revealing that holds sway throughout modern technology… [is]… a challenging… which puts to nature the unreasonable demand that it supply energy which can be extracted and stored as such” (Question Concerning Technology 320). The mode of revealing characteristic of modern technology understands phenomena in general—including the non-biological natural world, plants, animals, and indeed human beings—to be no more than what Heidegger calls standing-reserve, that is, resources to be exploited as means to ends. This analysis extends to regions of nature and sections of society that have not yet been harnessed positively as resources. Such unexploited elements (e.g., an unexplored jungle, this year's unemployed school leavers) exist technologically precisely as potential resources. Heidegger's flagship example of technology is a hydroelectric plant built on the Rhine river that converts that river into a mere supplier of water power. Set against this “monstrousness” (Question Concerning Technology 321) is the poetic habitation of the natural environment of the Rhine as signalled by an old wooden bridge that spanned the river for hundreds of years, plus the river as revealed by Hölderlin's poem “The Rhine”. In these cases of poetic habitation, natural phenomena are revealed to us as objects of respect and wonder. One might think that Heidegger is over-reacting here, and that despite the presence of the hydroelectric plant, the Rhine in many ways remains a glorious example of natural beauty. Heidegger's response to this complaint is to focus on how the technological mode of Being corrupts the very notion of unspoilt areas of nature, by reducing such areas to resources ripe for exploitation by the tourist industry. Turning our attention to inter-human affairs, the technological mode of Being manifests itself when, for example, a friendly chat in the bar is turned into networking (Dreyfus 1993). And, in the light of Heidegger's analysis, one might smile wryly at the trend for companies to take what used to be called ‘personnel’ departments, and to rename them ‘human resources’. Many other examples could be given, but the general point is clear. The primary phenomenon to be understood is not technology as a collection of instruments, but rather technology as a clearing that establishes a deeply instrumental and, as Heidegger sees it, grotesque understanding of the world in general. Of course, if technological revealing were a largely restricted phenomenon, characteristic of isolated individuals or groups, then Heidegger's analysis of it would be of limited interest. The sting in the tale, however, is that, according to Heidegger, technological revealing is not a peripheral aspect of Being. Rather, it defines our modern way of living, at least in the West. At this point one might pause to wonder whether technology really is the structure on which we should be concentrating. The counter-suggestion would be that technological thinking is merely the practical application of modern mathematical science, and that the latter is therefore the primary phenomenon. Heidegger rejects this view, arguing in contrast that the establishment of the technological mode of revealing is a necessary condition for there to be mathematical science at all, since such science “demands that nature be orderable as standing-reserve” by requiring that “nature report itself in some way or other that is identifiable through calculation and that it remain orderable as a system of information” (Question Concerning Technology 328). Either way, one might object to the view of science at work here, by pointing to analyses which suggest that while science may reduce objects to instrumental means rather than ends, it need not behave in this way. For example, O'Neill (2003) develops such an analysis by drawing explicitly on (one interpretation of) the Marxist (and ultimately Aristotelian) notion of the humanization of the senses. Good science may depend on the capacity for the disinterested use of the senses, and so foster a non-instrumental responsiveness to natural objects as ends rather than as means. This is a ‘humanization’ because the disinterested use of the senses is a characteristically human capacity. Thus to develop such a capacity is to develop a distinctively human virtue, something which is a constituent of human well-being. Moreover, if science may sometimes operate with a sense of awe and wonder in the face of beings, it may point the way beyond the technological clearing, an effect that, as we shall see later, Heidegger thinks is achieved principally by some great art. By revealing beings as no more than the measurable and the manipulable, technology ultimately reduces beings to not-beings (Contributions 2: 6). This is our first proper glimpse of the oblivion of Being, the phenomenon that, in the Contributions, Heidegger also calls the abandonment of Being, or the abandonment of beings by Being (e.g., 55: 80). The notion of a not-being signals two things: (i) technological revealing drives out any sense of awe and wonder in the presence of beings, obliterating the secularized sense of what is sacred that is exemplified by the poetic habitation of the natural environment of the Rhine; (ii) we are essentially indifferent to the loss. Heidegger calls this indifference “the hidden distress of no-distress-at-all” (Contributions 4: 8). Indeed, on Heidegger's diagnosis, our response to the loss of any feeling of sacredness or awe in the face of beings is to find a technological substitute for that feeling, in the form of “lived-experience”, a drive for entertainment and information, “exaggeration and uproar” (Contributions 66: 91). All that said, however, technology should not be thought of as a wholly ‘negative’ phenomenon. For Heidegger, technology is not only the great danger, it is also a stage in the unfolding of Being that brings us to the brink of a kind of secularized salvation, by awakening in us a (re-)discovery of the sacred, appropriately understood (cf. Thomson 2003, 64–66). A rough analogy might be drawn here with the Marxist idea that the unfolding of history results in the establishment of capitalist means of production with their characteristic ‘negative’ elements—labour treated merely as a commodity, the multi-dimensional alienation of the workers—that bring us to the brink of (by creating the immediate social and economic preconditions for) the socialist transformation of society. Indeed, the analogy might be pushed a little further: just as the socialist transformation of society remains anything but inevitable (Trotsky taught us that), Heidegger argues that the salvation-bringing transformation of the present condition of human being is most certainly not bound to occur. To bring all these points into better view, we need to take a step back and ask the following question. Is the technological mode of revealing ultimately a human doing for which we are responsible? Heidegger's answer is ‘yes and no’. On the one hand, humankind is the active agent of technological thinking, so humankind is not merely a passive element. On the other hand, “the unconcealment itself… is never a human handiwork” (Question Concerning Technology 324). As Heidegger later put it, the “essence of man is framed, claimed and challenged by a power which manifests itself in the essence of technology, a power which man himself does not control.” (Only a God can Save Us; 107, my emphasis). To explicate the latter point, Heidegger introduces the concepts of destining (cf. the earlier notion of ‘destiny’) and enframing. Destining is “what first starts man upon a way of revealing” (Question Concerning Technology 329). As such it is an a priori transcendental structure of human Being and so beyond our control. Human history is a temporally organized kaleidoscope of particular ordainings of destining (see also On the Essence of Truth). Enframing is one such ordaining, the “gathering together of the setting-upon that sets upon man, i.e., challenges him forth, to reveal the actual, in the mode of ordering, as standing-reserve” (Question Concerning Technology 325). This is, of course, a way of unpacking the point (see above) that technology is “a manner of the essential swaying of being” (Contributions 61: 88), that is, of Being's own essential unfolding. Enframing, then, is the ordaining of destining that ushers in the modern technological clearing. But there is more to it than that. To see why, consider the following criticism of Heidegger's analysis, as we have unpacked it so far. Any suggestion that technological thinking has appeared for the first time along with our modern Western way of living would seem to be straightforwardly false. To put the point crudely, surely the ancient Greeks sometimes treated entities merely as instrumental means. But if that is right, and Heidegger would agree that it is, then how can it be that technological thinking defines the spirit of our age? The answer lies in Heidegger's belief that pre-modern, traditional artisanship (as exemplified by the old wooden bridge over the Rhine), manifests what he calls poiesis. In this context poiesis is to be understood as a process of gathering together and fashioning natural materials in such a way that the human project in which they figure is in a deep harmony with, indeed reveals—or as Heidegger sometimes says when discussing poiesis, brings forth—the essence of those materials and any natural environment in which they are set. Thus, in discussing what needs to be learnt by an apprentice to a traditional cabinetmaker, Heidegger writes: If he is to become a true cabinetmaker, he makes himself answer and respond above all to the different kinds of wood and to the shapes slumbering within wood—to wood as it enters into man's dwelling with all the hidden riches of its essence. In fact, this relatedness to wood is what maintains the whole craft. Without that relatedness, the craft will never be anything but empty busywork, any occupation with it will be determined exclusively by business concerns. Every handicraft, all human dealings, are constantly in that danger. (What is Called Thinking? 379) Poiesis, then, is a process of revealing. Poietic events are acts of unconcealment—one is tempted to coin the ugly neologism truth-ing—in which entities are allowed to show themselves. As with the closely related notion of original truth that is at work in Being and Time, the idea of entities showing themselves does not imply that what is revealed in poiesis is something independent of human involvement. Thus what is revealed by the artisanship of the cabinetmaker is “wood as it enters into man's dwelling”. This telling remark forges a crucial philosophical link (and not merely an etymological one) between the poietic and poetic. Poietic events and poetic habitation involve the very same mode of intelligibility. By introducing the concept of poiesis, and by unearthing the presence of the phenomenon in traditional artisanship, Heidegger is suggesting that even though technological thinking was a possibility in pre-modern society, it was neither the only nor the dominant mode of bringing-forth. So what has changed? Heidegger argues that what is distinctive about enframing as an ordaining of destining is (i) that it “drives out every other possibility of revealing” (Question Concerning Technology 332), and (ii) that it covers up revealing as such (more precisely, covers up the concealing-unconcealing character of appropriation), thereby leaving us blind to the fact that technology is, in its essence, a clearing. For Heidegger, these dual features of enframing are intimately tied up with the idea of technology as metaphysics completing itself. He writes: “[a]s a form of truth [clearing] technology is grounded in the history of metaphysics, which is itself a distinctive and up to now the only perceptible phase of the history of Being” (Letter on Humanism 244). According to Heidegger, metaphysics conceives of Being as a being (for more on the reduction of Being to a being, see section 2.2.1 above). In so doing, metaphysics obscures the concealing-unconcealing dynamic of the essential unfolding of Being, a dynamic that provides the a priori condition for there to be beings. The history of metaphysics is thus equivalent to the history of Western philosophy in which Being as such is passed over, a history that, for Heidegger, culminates in the nihilistic forces of Nietzsche's eternally recurring will-to-power. The totalizing logic of metaphysics involves the view that there is a single clearing (whatever it may be) that constitutes reality. This renders thought insensitive to the fundamental structure of Being, in which any particular clearing is ontologically co-present with the unintelligible plenitude of alternative clearings, the mystery. With this totalizing logic in view, enframing might be thought of as the ordaining of destining that establishes the technological clearing as the one dominant picture, to the exclusion of all others. Hence technology is metaphysics completing itself. We are now in a position to deal with two items of unfinished business. First, recall the stylistic shift that characterizes Heidegger's later work. Heidegger not only increasingly engages with poetry in his later thinking (especially the works of the German lyric poet Hölderlin), he also adopts a substantially more poetic style of writing. But why? The language of metaphysics, which ultimately unpacks itself as technological, calculative thinking, is a language from which Heidegger believed he did not fully escape in Being and Time (see quotation from the Letter on Humanism at the beginning of section 3.1 above, and Vallega-Neu 2003 24–9 for discussion). What is needed to think Being historically, to think Being in its essential unfolding, is a different kind of philosophical language, a language suggested by the poetic character of dwelling. It is important to realize that Heidegger's intention here is not to place Being beyond philosophy and within the reach of poetry, although he does believe that certain poets, such as Hölderlin, enable us to glimpse the mysterious aspect of Being. His intention, rather, is to establish that the kind of philosophy that is needed here is itself poetic. This explains the stylistic component of the turn. Secondly, recall the loss of dwelling identified by Heidegger. Modern humankind (at least in the West) is in the (enframed) grip of technological thinking. Because of this promotion of instrumentality as the fundamental way of Being of entities, we have lost sight of how to inhabit the fourfold poetically, of how to safeguard the fourfold in its essential unfolding. Such safeguarding would, in a sense, be the opposite of technological thinking. But what ‘opposite’ amounts to here needs to be worked out with care. Given contemporary concerns over deforestation, global warming and the like, it is tempting to think that Heidegger's analysis of technology might provide the philosophical platform for some sort of extreme eco-radicalism. However, while there is undoubtedly much of value to be said about the contribution that Heidegger's thinking may make to contemporary debates in environmental ethics (see e.g., Zimmerman 1983, 1993, 2002), Heidegger was no eco-warrior and no luddite. Although he often promoted a romantic image of a pre-technological age inhabited by worthy peasants in touch with nature, he did not believe that it is possible for modern humankind to forge some pastoral Eden from which technology (in both the everyday and the essential sense) is entirely absent. So we should neither “push on blindly with technology” nor “curse it as the work of the devil” (Question Concerning Technology 330). Indeed, both these options would at root be technological modes of thinking. The way forward, according to Heidegger, is not to end technology, but rather to inhabit it differently (see e.g., Vallega-Neu 2003 93 note 15). We need to transform our mode of Being into one in which technology (in the sense of the machines and devices of the modern age) is there for us to enjoy and use, but in which technology (in the sense of a mode of Being-in-the-world) is not our only or fundamental way of encountering entities. And what is the basic character of this reinhabiting? It is to shelter the truth of Being in beings (e.g., Contributions 246: 273), to safeguard the fourfold in its essential unfolding. In what, then, does this safeguarding consist? Heidegger argues that if humankind is to enter into safeguarding, it needs to learn (or perhaps to learn once more) to think of Being as a gift that has been granted to us in history. Indeed, to think properly is precisely to be grateful for the gift of Being (see What is Called Thinking?). (Terms such as ‘gift’ and ‘granted’ should not be heard theologically, but in terms of secularized sacredness and destining.) In this learning process, certain artworks constitute ontological beacons that disrupt the technological clearing. Thus recall that Heidegger identifies a shared form of disclosure that is instantiated both by the old wooden bridge over the Rhine and by Hölderlin's poem “The Rhine”. We can now understand this identification in terms of the claim that certain artworks (although of course not those that themselves fall prey to technological thinking) share with traditional artisanship the capacity to realize poiesis. In so doing such artworks succeed in bringing us into contact with the mystery through their expression of dwelling (poetic habitation). In listening attentively and gratefully to how Being announces itself in such artworks, humankind will prepare themselves for the task of safeguarding. But what exactly would one do in order to safeguard the fourfold in its essential unfolding. Recall that in Building Dwelling Thinking Heidegger presents safeguarding as a four-dimensional way of Being. The first two dimensions—saving the earth and receiving the sky as sky—refer to our relationship with the non-human natural world. As such they forge a genuine connection between the later Heidegger and contemporary environmentalist thinking. However, the connection needs to be stated with care. Once again the concept of poiesis is central. Heidegger holds that the self-organized unfolding of the natural world, the unaided blossoming of nature, is itself a process of poiesis. Indeed it is poiesis “in the highest sense” (Question Concerning Technology 317). One might think, then, that saving the earth, safeguarding in its first dimension, is a matter of leaving nature to its own devices, of actively ensuring that the conditions obtain for unaided natural poiesis. However, for Heidegger, saving the earth is primarily an ontological, rather than an ecological, project. ‘Save’ here means “to set something free into its own essence” (Building Dwelling Thinking, p.352), and thus joins a cluster of related concepts that includes dwelling and also poiesis as realized in artisanship and art. So while, say, fiercely guarding the integrity of wilderness areas may be one route to safeguarding, saving the earth may also be achieved through the kind of artisanship and its associated gathering of natural materials that is characteristic of the traditional cabinetmaker. The concept of saving as a setting free of something into its own essence also clears a path to another important point. All four dimensions of safeguarding have at their root the notion of staying with things, of letting things be in their essence through cultivation or construction. Heidegger describes such staying with things as “the only way in which the fourfold stay within the fourfold [i.e., safeguarding] is accomplished at any time in simple unity” (Building Dwelling Thinking 353). It is thus the unifying existential structure of safeguarding. What now of safeguarding in its second dimension—to receive the sky as sky? Here Heidegger's main concern seems to be to advocate the synchronization of contemporary human life with the rhythms of nature (day and night, the seasons, and so on). Here safeguarding is exemplified by the aforementioned peasants whose lives were interlocked with such natural rhythms (through planting seasons etc.) in a way that modern technological society is not. One might note that this dislocation has become even more pronounced since Heidegger's death, with the advent of the Internet-driven, 24-hours-a-day-7-days-a-week service culture. Once again we need to emphasize that Heidegger's position is not some sort of philosophical ludditism, but a plea for the use of contemporary machines and devices in a way that is sensitive to the temporal patterns of the natural world. (For useful discussion see Young 2002, 110–113. Young makes an illuminating connection with Heidegger's eulogy to van Gogh's painting of a pair of peasant shoes to be found in The Origin of the Work of Art.) Of course, these relationships with nature are still only part of what safeguarding involves. Its third and fourth dimensions demand that human beings await the divinities as divinities and “initiate their own essential being—their being capable of death as death—into the use and practice of this capacity, so that there may be a good death” (Building Dwelling Thinking 352). The latter demand suggests that we may safeguard each other as mortals by integrating a non-evasive attitude to death (see above) into the cultural structures (e.g., the death-related customs and ceremonies) of the community. But now what about the third dimension of safeguarding? What does it mean to await the divinities as divinities? Let's again approach our question via a potential problem with Heidegger's account. Echoing a worry that attaches to the concept of heritage in Being and Time, it may seem that the notion of destining, especially in its more specific manifestation as enframing, involves a kind of fatalism. Despite some apparent rhetoric to the contrary, however, Heidegger's considered view is that destining is ultimately not a “fate that compels” (Question Concerning Technology 330). We have been granted the saving power to transform our predicament. Moreover, the fact that we are at a point of danger—a point at which the grip of technological thinking has all but squeezed out access to the poetic and the mystical—will have the effect of thrusting this saving power to the fore. This is the good news. The bad news is that: philosophy will not be able to effect an immediate transformation of the present condition of the world. This is not only true of philosophy, but of all merely human thought and endeavor. Only a god can save us. The sole possibility that is left for us is to prepare a sort of readiness, through thinking and poetizing, for the appearance of the god or for the absence of the god in the time of foundering [Untergang]; for in the face of the god who is absent, we founder. (Only a God can Save Us 107) That is what it means to await the divinities as divinities. Heidegger sometimes uses the term ‘god’ to mean the secularized notion of the sacred already indicated, such that to embrace a god would be to maintain due sensitivity to the thought that beings are granted to us in the essential unfolding of Being. When, in the Contributions, Heidegger writes of the last or ultimate god of the other beginning (where ‘other’ is in relation to the ‘first beginning’ of Western thought in ancient Greece—the beginning of metaphysics), it often seems to be this secularized sacredness that he has in mind (cf. Thomson 2003; see Crownfield 2001for an alternative reading of the last god that maintains a more robust theological dimension, although one which is concrete and historicized). However, Heidegger sometimes seems to use the term ‘god’ or ‘divinity’ to refer to a heroic figure (a cultural template) who may initiate (or help to initiate) a transformational event in the history of Being by opening up an alternative clearing (for this interpretation, see e.g., Young 2002, 98). These heroic figures are the grounders of the abyss, the restorers of sacredness (Contributions 2: 6, see Sallis 2001 for analysis and discussion). It might even be consistent with Heidegger's view to relax the requirement that the divine catalyst must be an individual being, and thus to conceive of certain transformational cultural events or forces themselves as divinities (Dreyfus 2003). In any case, Heidegger argues that, in the present crisis, we are waiting for a god who will reawaken us to the poetic, and thereby enable us to dwell in the fourfold. This task certainly seems to be a noble one. Unfortunately, however, it plunges us into the murkiest and most controversial region of the Heideggerian intellectual landscape, his infamous involvement with Nazism. Here is not the place to enter into the historical debate over exactly what Heidegger did and when he did it. However, given his deliberate, albeit arguably short-lived, integration of Nazi ideology with the philosophy of Being (see above), a few all-too-brief comments on the relationship between Heidegger's politics and his philosophical thought are necessary. (For more detailed evidence and discussion, as well as a range of positions on how we should interpret and respond to this relationship, see e.g., Farias 1989; Neske and Kettering 1990; Ott 1993; Pattison 2000; Polt 1999; Rockmore 1992; Sluga, 1993; Wolin 1990, 1993; Young 1997). There is no doubt that Heidegger's Nazi sympathies, however long they lasted, have a more intimate relationship with his philosophical thought than might be suggested by apologist claims that he was a victim of his time (in 1933, lots of intelligent people backed Hitler without thereby supporting the Holocaust that was to come) or that what we have here is ‘merely’ a case of bad political judgment, deserving of censure but with no implications for the essentially independent philosophical programme. Why does the explanation run deeper? The answer is that Heidegger believed (indeed continued to believe until he died) that the German people were destined to carry out a monumental spiritual mission. That mission was nothing less than to be at the helm of the aforementioned transformation of Being in the West, from one of instrumental technology to one of poetic dwelling. In mounting this transformation the German people would be acting not imperialistically, but for all nations in the encounter with modern technology. Of course destining is not a fate that compels, so some divine catalyst would be needed to awake the German nation to its historic mission, a catalyst provided by the spiritual leaders of the Nazi Party. Why did Heidegger believe that the German people enjoyed this position of world-historical significance? In the later writings Heidegger argues explicitly that “[t]hinking itself can be transformed only by a thinking which has the same origin and calling”, so the technological mode of Being must be transcended through a new appropriation of the European tradition. Within this process the German people have a special place, because of the “inner relationship of the German language with the language of the Greeks and with their thought”. (Quotations from Only a God can Save Us 113.) Thus it is the German language that links the German people in a privileged way to, as Heidegger sees it, the genesis of European thought and to a pre-technological world-view in which bringing-forth as poiesis is dominant. This illustrates the general point that, for Heidegger, Being is intimately related to language. Language is, as he famously put it in the Letter on Humanism (217), the “house of Being”. So it is via language that Being is linked to particular peoples. Even if Heidegger had some sort of argument for the world-historical destiny of the German people, why on earth did he believe that the Nazi Party, of all things, harboured the divine catalyst? Part of the reason seems to have been the seductive effect of a resonance that exists between (a) Heidegger's understanding of traditional German rural life as realizing values and meanings that may counteract the insidious effects of contemporary technology, and (b) the Nazi image of rustic German communities, rooted in German soil, providing a bulwark against foreign contamination. Heidegger certainly exploits this resonance in his pro-Nazi writings. That said there is an important point of disagreement here, one that Heidegger himself drew out. And once again the role of language in Being is at the heart of the issue. Heidegger steadfastly refused to countenance any biologistic underpinning to his views. In 1945 he wrote that, in his 1934 lectures on logic, he “sought to show that language was not the biological-racial essence of man, but conversely, that the essence of man was based on language as a basic reality of spirit” (Letter to the Rector of Freiburg University, November 4, 1945, 64). In words that we have just met, it is language and not biology that, for Heidegger, constitutes the house of Being. So the German Volk are a linguistic-historical, rather than a biological, phenomenon, which explains why Heidegger officially rejected one of the keystones of Nazism, namely its biologically grounded racism. Perhaps Heidegger deserves some credit here, although regrettably the aforementioned lectures on logic also contain evidence of a kind of historically driven ‘racism’. Heidegger suggests that while Africans (along with plants and animals) have no history (in a technical sense understood in terms of heritage), the event of an airplane carrying Hitler to Mussolini is genuinely part of history (see Polt 1999, 155). Heidegger was soon disappointed by his ‘divinities’. In a 1935 lecture he remarks that the works that are being peddled (about) nowadays as the philosophy of National Socialism, but have nothing whatever to do with the inner truth and greatness of this movement (namely, the encounter between global technology and contemporary man), have all been written by men fishing the troubled waters of values and totalities. (An Introduction to Metaphysics 166) So Heidegger came to believe that the spiritual leaders of the Nazi party were false gods. They were ultimately agents of technological thought and thus incapable of completing the historic mission of the German people to transcend global technology. Nonetheless, one way of hearing the 1935 remark is that Heidegger continued to believe in the existence of, and the philosophical motivation for, that mission, a view that Rockmore (1992, 123–4) calls “an ideal form of Nazism”. This interpretation has some force. But perhaps we can at least make room for the thought that Heidegger's repudiation of Nazism goes further than talk of an ideal Nazism allows. For example, responding to the fact that Heidegger drew a parallel between modern agriculture (as a motorized food-industry) and “the manufacturing of corpses in gas chambers and extermination camps”, Young (1997) argues that this would count as a devaluing of the Holocaust only on a superficial reading. According to Young, Heidegger's point is that both modern agriculture and the Final Solution are workings-out of the technological mode of Being, which does not entail that they should be treated as morally equivalent. (Heidegger draws the parallel in a lecture called The Enframing given in 1949. The quotation is taken from Young 1997, 172. For further discussion, see Pattison 2000). Heidegger's involvement with Nazism casts a shadow over his life. Whether, and if so to what extent, it casts a more concentrated shadow over at least some of his philosophical work is a more difficult issue. It would be irresponsible to ignore the relationship between Heidegger's philosophy and his politics. But it is surely possible to be critically engaged in a deep and intellectually stimulating way with his sustained investigation into Being, to find much of value in his capacity to think deeply about human life, to struggle fruitfully with what he says about our loss of dwelling, and to appreciate his massive and still unfolding contribution to thought and to thinking, without looking for evidence of Nazism in every twist and turn of the philosophical path he lays down. - The Gesamtausgabe (Heidegger's collected works in German) are published by Vittorio Klostermann. The process of publication started during Heidegger's lifetime but has not yet been completed. The publication details are available at the Gesamtausgabe Plan page. - An Introduction to Metaphysics, translated by R. Manheim, New York: Doubleday, 1961. - Becoming Heidegger: On the Trail of His Early Occasional Writings, 1910–1927, T. Kisiel and T. Sheehan (eds.), Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2007. A collection of English translations of the most philosophical of Heidegger's earliest occasional writings. - Being and Time, translated by J. Macquarrie and E. Robinson. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1962 (first published in 1927). [NB: Page numbers in the article refer to the Macquarrie and Robinson translation. A more recent translation of Being and Time exists: Being and Time, translated by J. Stambaugh. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press, 1996. The Stambaugh translation has many virtues, and is certainly more user-friendly for the Heidegger-novice, but it is arguable that the Macquarrie and Robinson translation remains the first choice of most Heidegger scholars.] - “Building Dwelling Thinking”, translated by A. Hofstadter, in D. F. Krell (ed.) Martin Heidegger: Basic Writings, revised and expanded edition, London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 217–65. - Contributions to Philosophy (From Enowning), translated by P. Emad and K. Maly, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999. - History of the Concept of Time, translated by T. Kisiel, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985. - Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, translated by R. Taft, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1929/1997 - “Letter on Humanism”, translated by F. A Capuzzi and J. Glenn Gray, in D. F. Krell (ed.) Martin Heidegger: Basic Writings, revised and expanded edition, London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 217–65. - “Seminar in Le Thor 1968”, translated by A. Mitchell and F. Raffoul, in Four Seminars, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004. - “Letter to the Rector of Freiburg University, November 4, 1945”, may be found in K. A. Moehling, Martin Heidegger and the Nazi Party: An Examination, Ph.D. Dissertation, Northern Illinois University, 1972. Translated by R. Wolin and reprinted in R. Wolin (ed.), The Heidegger Controversy: a Critical Reader, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993, pp. 61–66. - “On the Essence of Truth”, translated by John Sallis, in D. F. Krell (ed.) Martin Heidegger: Basic Writings, revised and expanded edition, London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 115–38. - “ ‘Only a God can Save Us’: Der Spiegel's Interview with Martin Heidegger”, Der Spiegel, May 31st, 1976. Translated by M. O. Alter and J. D. Caputo and published in Philosophy Today XX(4/4): 267–285. Translation reprinted in R. Wolin (ed.), in The Heidegger Controversy: a Critical Reader, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993, pp. 91–116. - The Basic Problems of Phenomenology, translated by A. Hofstadter, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1982. - “The Origin of the Work of Art”, translated by A. Hofstadter with minor changes by D. F. Krell, in D. F. Krell (ed.) Martin Heidegger: Basic Writings, revised and expanded edition, London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 143–212. - “The Question Concerning Technology”, translated by W. Lovitt with revisions by D. F. Krell, in D. F. Krell (ed.) Martin Heidegger: Basic Writings, revised and expanded edition, London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 311–41. - “The Self-Assertion of the German University”, translated by W. S. Lewis, in R. Wolin (ed.), in The Heidegger Controversy: a Critical Reader, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1993, pp. 29–39. - “The Thing”, translated by A. Hofstadter, in Poetry, Language, Thought, New York: Harper & Row, 1971. - What is Called Thinking?, translated by F. D. Wieck and J. Glenn Gray, New York: Harper & Row, 1968. Excerpt published under the title “What Calls for Thinking?” in D. F. Krell (ed.) Martin Heidegger: Basic Writings, revised and expanded edition, London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 369–91, from which the page number of the passage reproduced above is taken. - “What is Metaphysics?”, translated by D. F. Krell, in D. F. Krell (ed.) Martin Heidegger: Basic Writings, revised and expanded edition, London: Routledge, 1993, pp. 93–110. - Zollikon Seminars: Protocols—Conversations—Letters, translated by F. Mayr, Northwestern University Press, Illinois: Evanston, 2001. - Adorno, T., 1964, The Jargon of Authenticity, London: Routledge, 2002. - Binswanger, L., 1943, Grundformen und Erkenntnis menschlichen Daseins (The Foundations and Cognition of Human Existence), untranslated, Munich: Ernst Reinhart Verlag, 1964. - Brandom, R., 1983, “Heidegger's Categories in Being and Time”, The Monist, 66(3): 387–409. - –––, 2002, Tales of the Mighty Dead. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. - Cappuccio, M. and Wheeler, M., 2010, “When the Twain Meet: Could the Study of Mind be a Meeting of Minds?”, in J. Chase, E. Mares, J. Reynolds and J. Williams (eds.), On the Futures of Philosophy: Post-Analytic and Meta-Continental Thinking, London: Continuum. - Caputo, J., 1984, “Husserl, Heidegger and the Question of a ‘Hermeneutic’ Phenomenology”, Husserl Studies, 1: 157–178. - –––, 1993, “Heidegger and Theology”, in C. Guignon (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 270–88. - Carel, H., 2006, Life and Death in Freud and Heidegger, New York & Amsterdam: Rodopi. - Carman, T., 2002, “Review of Steven Galt Crowell, Husserl, Heidegger, and the Space of Meaning: Paths Toward Transcendental Phenomenology”. Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 2002.02.03, available online. - Carnap, R., 1932, “The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language”, in A.J. Ayer (ed.), Logical Positivism, Glencoe, Scotland: Free Press, 1959. - Christensen, C. B., 1997, “Heidegger's Representationalism”, The Review of Metaphysics 51(1): 77–103. - –––, 1998, “Getting Heidegger Off the West Coast”, Inquiry 41(1): 65–87. - Critchley, S., 2001, Continental Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press. - Crowell, S. Galt, 2001, Husserl, Heidegger, and the Space of Meaning: Paths Toward Transcendental Phenomenology, Evanston: Northwestern University Press. - –––, 2005, “Heidegger and Husserl: The Matter and Method of Philosophy”, in H. L. Dreyfus and M. A. Wrathall (eds.) A Companion to Heidegger, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 49–64. - Crowell, S. Galt. and Malpas, J. (eds.), 2007, Transcendental Heidegger, Stanford: Stanford University Press. - Crownfield, D., 2001, “The Last God”, in Scott et al., pp. 213–228. - Dahlstrom, D.O., 1994, “Heidegger's Critique of Husserl”. In T. Kisiel and J. van Buren (eds.) Reading Heidegger from the Start: Essays in His Earliest Thought, Albany: State University of New York Press. - –––, 2001, Heidegger's Concept of Truth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Dostal, R. J., 1993, “Time and Phenomenology in Husserl and Heidegger”, in C. Guignon (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 141–169. - Dreyfus, H. L., 1990, Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger's Being and Time, Division I, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. - –––, 1992, What Computers Still Can't Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. - –––, 1993, “Heidegger on the Connection between Nihilism, Art, Technology and Politics”, in C. Guignon (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 289–316. - –––, 2008, “Why Heideggerian AI Failed and How Fixing It Would Require Making It More Heideggerian”, in P. Husbands, O. Holland, and M. Wheeler (eds.), The Mechanical Mind in History, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, pp. 331–71. (A shortened version of this paper appears in under the same title in Philosophical Psychology 20/2: 247–268, 2007. Another version appears under the same title in Artificial Intelligence, 171: 1137–1160, 2007.) - Edwards, P., 1975, “Heidegger and Death as a ‘Possibility’ ”, Mind 84(1): 546–66. - –––, 1976, “Heidegger and Death: a Deflationary Critique”, The Monist 59(1):161–86. - –––, 2004, Heidegger's Confusions, New York: Prometheus. - Farias, V., 1989, Heidegger and Nazism, Temple University Press. - Gallagher, S., and Jacobson, R.S., forthcoming, “Heidegger and Social Cognition”, in J. Kiverstein and M. Wheeler (eds.), Heidegger and Cognitive Science, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. - Gelven, M., 1989, A Commentary on Heidegger's Being and Time, Revised Edition, De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press. - Guignon, C., 1993, “Authenticity, Moral Values, and Psychotherapy”, in C. Guignon (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 215–39. - Haugeland, J., 2007, “Letting Be”, in Crowell and Malpas 2007. - –––, 2005, “Reading Brandom Reading Heidegger”, European Journal of Philosophy 13(3): 421–28. - Hinman, L., 1978, “Heidegger, Edwards, and Being-toward-Death”, Southern Journal of Philosophy XVI(3): 193–212. - Husserl, E., 1900, Logical Investigations, translated by A.J. Findlay, London: Routledge, 1973. - –––, 1913, Ideas Pertaining to a Pure Phenomenology and to a Phenomenological Philosophy: General Introduction to a Pure Phenomenology Book 1, translated by F. Kersten, Berlin: Springer, 1983. - Kant, I., 1781, Critique of Pure Reason, translated by P. Guyer and A. Wood, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. - Kisiel, T., 1993, The Genesis of Heidegger's Being and Time, Berkeley: University of California Press. - –––, 2002, Heidegger's Way of Thought: Critical and Interpretive Signposts, A. Denker and M. Heinz (eds.), London: Continuum. - Kisiel, T. and van Buren, J. (eds.), 1994, Reading Heidegger from the Start: Essays in His Earliest Thought, Albany: State University of New York Press. - Kiverstein, J. and Wheeler. M. (eds.), 2012, Heidegger and Cognitive Science, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. - Löwith, K., 1928, Das Individuum in der Rolle des Mitmenschen, in K. Stichweh (ed.), Sämtliche Schriften, Vol. 1. (9–197), untranslated, Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler, 1981. - Malpas, J., 2006, Heidegger's Topology, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. - –––, 2012, “Heidegger, Space, and World”, in J. Kiverstein and M. Wheeler (eds.), Heidegger and Cognitive Science, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. - Mitchell, A. J., 2010, “The Fourfold”, in B. W. Davis (ed.), Martin Heidegger: Key Concepts, Durham: Acumen, pp. 208–18 - Mulhall, S., 2005, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Heidegger and ‘Being and Time‘, (second edition), London: Routledge. - Murray, M. (ed.), 1978, Heidegger and Modern Philosophy: Critical Essays, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. - Neske, G. and Kettering, E., 1990, Martin Heidegger and National Socialism: Questions and Answers, translated by Lisa Harries, New York: Paragon House. - Olafson, F., 1987, Heidegger and the Philosophy of Mind, New Haven: Yale University Press. - O'Neill, J., 1993, Ecology, Policy and Politics: Human Well-Being and the Natural World, New York: Routledge. - Okrent, S., 1988, Heidegger's Pragmatism, Ithaca: Cornell University Press. - Ott, H., 1993, Martin Heidegger: a Political Life, London: Harper Collins. - Overgaard, S., 2002, “Heidegger's Concept of Truth Revisited”, Nordic Journal of Philosophy, 3(2): 73–90. - –––, 2003, “Heidegger's Early Critique of Husserl”, International Journal of Philosophical Studies, 11(2): 157–175. - Pattison, G., 2000, The Later Heidegger, London: Routledge. - Pöggeler, O., 1963, Martin Heidegger's Path of Thinking, translated by D. Magurshak and S. Barber, Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press International, 1987. - Polt, R., 1999, Heidegger: an Introduction, London: Routledge. - Ratcliffe, M., 2008, Feelings of Being: Phenomenology, Psychiatry and the Sense of Reality, Oxford: Oxford University Press. - Richardson, W. J., 1963, Heidegger: Through Phenomenology to Thought, The Hague, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishing. - Ricoeur, P., 1992, Oneself as Another, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. - Rockmore, T., 1992, On Heidegger's Nazism and Philosophy, London: Wheatsheaf. - Rorty, R., 1991a, Essays on Heidegger and Others (Philosophical Papers, Volume 2), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - –––, 1991b, “Heidegger, Contingency, and Pragmatism”, in his Essays on Heidegger and Others (Philosophical Papers, Volume 2), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 27–49. Also in H. L. Dreyfus and H. Hall (eds.), Heidegger: a Critical Reader, Oxford: Blackwell, 1992, and H. L. Dreyfus and M. A. Wrathall (eds.) A Companion to Heidegger, Oxford: Blackwell, 2005, pp. 511–32. - Sallis, J., 2001, “Grounders of the Abyss”, in Scott et al., 2001, pp. 181–97. - Sartre, J.-P., 1956, Being and Nothingness, New York: Philosophical Library. - Schoenbohm, S. M., 2001, “Reading Heidegger's Contributions to Philosophy: an Orienation”, in Scott et al., 2001, pp. 15–31 - Schurmann, R., 1992, “Riveted to a Monstrous Site: on Heidegger's Beitrage zur Philosophie”, in T. Rockmore and J. Margolis (eds.) The Heidegger Case: on Philosophy and Politics, Philadelphia: Temple University Press. - Scott, C. E., Schoenbohm, S. M. Vallega-Neu, D. and Vallega, A. (eds.), 2001, Companion to Heidegger's, Contributions to Philosophy, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. - Sharr, A., 2007, Heidegger for Architects, London: Routledge. - Sheehan, T., 1975, “Heidegger, Aristotle and Phenomenology”, Philosophy Today, XIX(Summer): 87–94. - –––, 2001, “A Paradigm Shift in Heidegger Research”, Continental Philosophy Review, 32(2): 1–20. - –––, 2010, “The Turn”, in B. W. Davis (ed.), Martin Heidegger: Key Concepts, Durham: Acumen, pp. 82–101. - Sluga, H., 1993, Heidegger's Crisis: Philosophy and Politics in Nazi Germany, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. - Stiegler, B., 1996, Technics and Time, 2: Disorientation, translated by Stephen Barker, Stanford, Stanford University Press, 2003. - Thomson, I., 2003, “The Philosophical Fugue: Understanding the Structure and Goal of Heidegger's Beiträge”, Journal of the British Society for Phenomenology, 34(1): 57–73. - Tugendhat, E., 1967, Der Wahrheitsbegriff bei Husserl und Heidegger (The Concept of truth in Husserl and Heidegger), untranslated, Berlin: de Gruyter. - Vallega, A., 2001, “ ‘Beyng-Historical Thinking’ in Heidegger's Contributions to Philosophy”, in Scott et al., 2001, pp. 48–65 - Vallega-Neu, D., 2003, Heidegger's Contributions to Philosophy: an Introduction, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. - –––, 2010, “Ereignis: the Event of Appropriation”, in B. W. Davis (ed.), Martin Heidegger: Key Concepts, Durham: Acumen,pp. 140–54 - van Buren, J., 1994, The Young Heidegger: Rumor of the Hidden King, Bloomington: Indiana University Press. - –––, 2005, “The Earliest Heidegger: a New Field of Research”, in H. L. Dreyfus and M. A. Wrathall (eds.) A Companion to Heidegger, Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 19–31. - von Herrmann, F.-W., 2001, “Contributions to Philosophy and Enowning-Historical Thinking”, in Scott et al. 2001, pp. 105–26 - Wheeler, M., 2005, Reconstructing the Cognitive World: the Next Step, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. - Wolin, R., 1990, The Politics of Being: The Political Thought of Martin Heidegger, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. - –––, 1993, The Heidegger Controversy: a Critical Reader, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. - Young, J., 1997, Heidegger, Philosophy, Nazism, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - –––, 2002, Heidegger's Later Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Ziarek, K., 1989, “The Reception of Heidegger's Thought in American Literary Criticism”, Diacritics, 19(3/4): 114–26. - Zimmerman, M. E., 1983, “Toward a Heideggerean Ethos for Radical Environmentalism”, Environmental Ethics, 5(3): 99–131. - –––, 1993, “Rethinking the Heidegger—Deep Ecology Relationship”, Environmental Ethics, 15(3): 195–224. - –––, 2002, “Heidegger's Phenomenology and Contemporary Environmentalism”, in T. Toadvine (ed.), Eco-Phenomenology: Back to the Earth Itself, Albany: SUNY Press, pp. 73–101. - Carman, T., 2003, Heidegger's Analytic: Interpretation, Discourse, and Authenticity in ‘Being and Time’, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Clark, T., 2001, Routledge Critical Thinkers: Martin Heidegger, London: Routledge. - Dreyfus, H.L. and Hall, H. (eds.), 1992, Heidegger: a Critical Reader, Oxford: Blackwell. - Dreyfus, H.L. and Wrathall, M. (eds.), 2002, Heidegger Reexamined (4 Volumes), London: Routledge. - Gorner, P., 2007, Heidegger's Being and Time: an Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Guignon, C., 1983, Heidegger and the Problem of Knowledge, Indiana: Hackett. - –––, (ed.), 1993, The Cambridge Companion to Heidegger, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Macann, C. (ed.), 1992, Heidegger: Critical Assessments (4 Volumes), London: Routledge. - –––. (ed.), 1996, Critical Heidegger, London: Routledge. - Marx. W., 1970, Heidegger and the Tradition, translated by T. Kisiel and M. Greene, Evanston: Northwestern University Press. - Wrathall, M., 2003, How to Read Heidegger, London: Granta. - Wrathall, M. and Malpas, J. (eds.), 2000, Heidegger, Authenticity and Modernity: Essays in Honor of Hubert L. Dreyfus, Volume 1, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. - –––, (eds.), 2000, Heidegger, Coping and Cognitive Science: Essays in Honor of Hubert L. Dreyfus, Volume 2, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. How to cite this entry. Preview the PDF version of this entry at the Friends of the SEP Society. Look up topics and thinkers related to this entry at the Internet Philosophy Ontology Project (InPhO). Enhanced bibliography for this entry at PhilPapers, with links to its database. - Ereignis, various resources and information on Heidegger are available containing information on Heidegger and links to related web pages in English - Martin Heidegger, entry at the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry - Martin Heidegger Resources, site maintained by Daniel Fidel Ferrer, Alfred Denker, and Martin Heidegger family A few passages in section 2 of this entry have been adapted from material that appears in chapters 5–7 of my Reconstructing the Cognitive World: the Next Step (Wheeler 2005). The suggestion (in 2.1) of reading the neologisms of Being and Time as an attempt to reanimate the German language is from Andrea Rehberg. Many thanks to Andrea Rehberg, Peter Sullivan and Søren Overgaard for their helpful comments on an earlier draft. Any inaccuracies or unproductive interpretations that remain are, of course, entirely my responsibility.

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/heidegger/

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The PTE reading test consists of 40 questions. The students have to decode these questions and answer them in 60 minutes. No extra time is allotted to students for transferring their answers to the answer script. In the Academic PTE test, students get three reading passages and they are quite lengthy. On the other hand, in the General PTE test, there are four reading passages that are very short and easy. Different types of questions are asked in the reading test of the PTE exam, such as: - True or false questions - Completion-type questions - Matching-type questions - Multiple-choice questions These are types of questions in which students have to mark the statement as true/false or not given. The trick to handling these questions is that if you have lots of synonyms in the reading passage that are related to your statement then you must mark the statement as true. To tackle completion-type questions, students must focus on finding the missing part or piece of the puzzle. However, keep in mind the word limit while answering these questions. There are mainly seven sub-categories of this category: - Fillups: To answer these types of questions, students have to find the right words for filling in the blanks. The key trick to answering these questions is understanding the statement and locating its synonyms in the passage. - Summary Completion: This question type requires students to complete the summary of a paragraph in the passage. The summary completion question is from one or two paragraphs. You don't have to write a summary of the complete passage. Once you find the first sentence of the para answering the question becomes a kid’s play. - Diagram Completion: These are the types of questions in which students have to complete a pictorial representation. To tackle this question, study the passage carefully and examine the terminology of the diagram. - Flow chart: These questions are very easy to answer. This is mainly because step-by-step instructions are given to students in the passage. All you have to do is just find the first step of the flow chart in the passage and you can complete the flow chart easily. - Table completion: In a table-type question students need to fill in the missing content of the table by reading the passage. Matching-type questions consist of two sets of data/information and students have to match them by referring to the passage. There are mainly three sub-categories of this category: - Matching Headings to Paragraphs: These questions require the student to select a heading from the list of headings and place it near the related paragraph. - Matching paragraph information: These questions require students to select a question from the list of questions and match it with a paragraph that contains similar information. - Matching the sentence endings: These questions require students to select a question from the list of questions and match it with a paragraph that contains similar information. These are the questions that come with 3 or 4 options. The students must select the right option that answers the question after going through the passage. These questions are usually very easy to answer. But make sure to carefully go through the passage so you don’t end up selecting the wrong answer. Handholding by an expert trainer During the PTE sessions for the reading test, you will learn about the reading test in detail. Moreover, you will become familiar with tips for cracking different types of questing in the exam. At the beginning of training, students will be taught about different questions in the reading test. After the initial phase, students will have to practice cracking different types of questions in the reading test. Regular mock tests will also be conducted to check the progress of students. Curriculum of the Sessions Starting with the sessions… • Session 1 – 4 - Explanation and practice of true/false or not given type questions. - Mock test • Session 5 – 6 - Describing and practising short-answer-type questions • Session 7 – 10 - Explanation & practice of matching the headings type questions • Session 11 – 13 - Describing & practising matching the sentence endings type questions and matching the information with the paragraph type questions. - The mock test of matching-type questions • Session 14 – 18 - Discussing & practising completion-type questions - mock test • Session 19 – 23 - Explanation & Practice of Multiple-choice questions. After the completion of the sessions, you will be having one reading mock test as per the standards of the actual PTE exam. This test will be for 1 hour and with a timer.

https://www.abgyan.com/tests/pte-coaching-in-gurgaon

en

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) is a complex mental health condition that affects millions of people worldwide. BDD is a condition that is characterized by an excessive preoccupation with one’s appearance, leading to significant distress and impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. People with body dysmorphia are excessively preoccupied with their appearance and may spend hours examining their perceived flaws, often leading to anxiety and depression. Body dysmorphic disorder is different from other eating disorders like anorexia nervosa or bulimia, as it is not related to body weight or shape. Instead, people with BDD are obsessed with perceived flaws or defects in their physical appearance that others often do not notice or find minor. These perceived flaws can be related to any part of the body, but most commonly affect the skin, hair, nose, or weight. Symptoms of Body dysmorphic disorder can range from mild to severe and may include spending excessive time in front of the mirror, constantly seeking reassurance from others about their appearance, avoiding social situations, or undergoing unnecessary cosmetic procedures. The severity of the condition can affect a person’s mental health, leading to depression, anxiety, and even suicidal thoughts. The causes of Body dysmorphic disorder are not fully understood, but research suggests that a combination of biological, environmental, and psychological factors may contribute to its development. Genetics, brain chemistry, childhood trauma, and societal pressures to conform to beauty standards are all believed to play a role in the disorder. Additionally, people who have experienced bullying or teasing related to their appearance may be more likely to develop BDD. Treatment for Body dysmorphic disorder typically involves a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and support groups. Antidepressants or anti-anxiety medications can help alleviate the obsessive thoughts and compulsive behaviors associated with BDD. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a form of talk therapy that can help individuals change their negative thought patterns and behaviors related to their appearance. Support groups can provide a safe space for individuals to share their experiences with others who understand what they are going through. One of the challenges of treating BDD is that people with the condition often do not seek help or are misdiagnosed with another mental health condition. Many people with BDD may feel ashamed or embarrassed about their perceived flaws and may avoid seeking help for fear of being judged or stigmatized. Additionally, because BDD is not well understood, healthcare providers may not recognize the condition or may misdiagnose it as another mental health condition. It is essential to seek professional help from a qualified mental health provider if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of BDD. With the right treatment, it is possible to manage BDD and improve overall quality of life. However, it is crucial to remember that recovery from BDD is a process, and it may take time to see improvements. It is also important to have a support network of family, friends, or support groups to help you through the recovery process.

https://log.ng/health/body-image-disorder-you-might-be-suffering-

en

Your menstrual blood may vary from day to day depending on when you menstruate. Periods resemble a color wheel, with each individual’s color ranging from the vivid red hues that many have grown accustomed to on the first day of bleeding to the deeper tones that are occasionally accompanied by blood clots. Even though every month is different, it’s still important to keep an eye on the appearance of your period and look for any unusual changes or issues. Making informed decisions about your period as a result of a better understanding of it can assist you in regaining control of your health. Even though one tends to gravitate toward different colors on the color wheel, specific tones can indicate physical changes and other underlying causes. Here are some things the color of your period blood can tell you about your health. 1. Vibrant red. When bleeding first begins, bright red blood is frequently visible. It is normal to have new blood at the start of your period because it has just left your private organ. Those who have cramps frequently have bright red blood. Cramps are caused by the uterus contracting, which causes an increase in blood flow. 2. Deep red Blood from an older period is dark red, brown, or black. During a cycle, blood flows more slowly and changes color as it darkens. When old blood from the deepest layers of the uterine lining is released, the bleeding becomes less severe. Pink blood is commonly formed when light bleeding and white vaginal discharge combine, resulting in a pinkish hue. Pink periods can also occur during extremely brief periods. Those who use birth control frequently have pink periods because they anticipate lighter cycles. Grey vaginal discharge occurs infrequently and is usually recognized as an indication of bacterial vaginosis, a vaginal infection that requires only one effective treatment.

https://medicalcaremedia.com/what-does-the-color-of-your-period-

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Schistosomiasis is an acute and chronic parasitic disease caused by blood flukes (trematode worms) of the genus Schistosoma. Estimates show that at least 251.4 million people required preventive treatment in 2021. Preventive treatment, which should be repeated over a number of years, will reduce and prevent morbidity. Schistosomiasis transmission has been reported from 78 countries. However, preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis, where people and communities are targeted for large-scale treatment, is only required in 51 endemic countries with moderate-to-high transmission. Infection and transmission People become infected when larval forms of the parasite – released by freshwater snails – penetrate the skin during contact with infested water. Transmission occurs when people suffering from schistosomiasis contaminate freshwater sources with faeces or urine containing parasite eggs, which hatch in water. In the body, the larvae develop into adult schistosomes. Adult worms live in the blood vessels where the females release eggs. Some of the eggs are passed out of the body in the faeces or urine to continue the parasite’s lifecycle. Others become trapped in body tissues, causing immune reactions and progressive damage to organs. Schistosomiasis is prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas, especially in poor communities without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation. It is estimated that at least 90% of those requiring treatment for schistosomiasis live in Africa. There are 2 major forms of schistosomiasis – intestinal and urogenital – caused by 5 main species of blood fluke. Table: Parasite species and geographical distribution of schistosomiasis Species | Geographical distribution | | Intestinal schistosomiasis | Schistosoma mansoni | Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Brazil, Venezuela and Suriname | Schistosoma japonicum | China, Indonesia, the Philippines | | Schistosoma mekongi | Several districts of Cambodia and the Lao People’s Democratic Republic | | Schistosoma guineensis and related S. intercalatum | Rain forest areas of central Africa | | Urogenital schistosomiasis | Schistosoma haematobium | Africa, the Middle East, Corsica (France) | Schistosomiasis mostly affects poor and rural communities, particularly agricultural and fishing populations. Women doing domestic chores in infested water, such as washing clothes, are also at risk and can develop female genital schistosomiasis. Inadequate hygiene and contact with infected water make children especially vulnerable to infection. Migration to urban areas and population movements are introducing the disease to new areas. Increasing population size and the corresponding needs for power and water often result in development schemes, and environmental modifications facilitate transmission. With the rise in eco-tourism and travel to remote areas, increasing numbers of tourists are contracting schistosomiasis. At times, tourists present severe acute infection and unusual problems including paralysis. Urogenital schistosomiasis is also considered to be a risk factor for HIV infection, especially in women. Symptoms of schistosomiasis are caused mainly by the body’s reaction to the worms’ eggs. Intestinal schistosomiasis can result in abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and blood in the stool. Liver enlargement is common in advanced cases and is frequently associated with an accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity and hypertension of the abdominal blood vessels. In such cases there may also be enlargement of the spleen. The classic sign of urogenital schistosomiasis is haematuria (blood in urine). Kidney damage and fibrosis of the bladder and ureter are sometimes diagnosed in advanced cases. Bladder cancer is another possible complication in the later stages. In women, urogenital schistosomiasis may present with genital lesions, vaginal bleeding, pain during sexual intercourse and nodules in the vulva. In men, urogenital schistosomiasis can induce pathology of the seminal vesicles, prostate and other organs. This disease may also have other long-term irreversible consequences, including infertility. The economic and health effects of schistosomiasis are considerable and the disease disables more than it kills. In children, schistosomiasis can cause anaemia, stunting and a reduced ability to learn, although the effects are usually reversible with treatment. Chronic schistosomiasis may affect people’s ability to work and in some cases can result in death. The number of deaths due to schistosomiasis is difficult to estimate because of hidden pathologies such as liver and kidney failure, bladder cancer and ectopic pregnancies due to female genital schistosomiasis. Deaths due to schistosomiasis are currently estimated at 11 792 globally per year. However, these figures are likely underestimated and need to be reassessed. Schistosomiasis is diagnosed through the detection of parasite eggs in stool or urine specimens. Antibodies and/or antigens detected in blood or urine samples are also indications of infection. For urogenital schistosomiasis, a filtration technique using nylon, paper or polycarbonate filters is the standard diagnostic technique. Children with S. haematobium almost always have microscopic blood in their urine which can be detected by chemical reagent strips. The eggs of intestinal schistosomiasis can be detected in faecal specimens through a technique using methylene blue-stained cellophane soaked in glycerin or glass slides, known as the Kato-Katz technique. In S. mansoni transmission areas, the circulating cathodic antigen (CCA) test can also be used. For people living in non-endemic or low-transmission areas, serological and immunological tests may be useful in showing exposure to infection and the need for thorough examination, treatment and follow-up. Prevention and control The control of schistosomiasis is based on large-scale treatment of at-risk population groups, access to safe water, improved sanitation, hygiene education and behaviour change, and snail control and environmental management. The new neglected tropical diseases road map 2021–2030, adopted by the World Health Assembly, set as global goals the elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem in all endemic countries and the interruption of its transmission (absence of infection in humans) in selected countries. The WHO strategy for schistosomiasis control focuses on reducing disease through periodic, targeted treatment with praziquantel through the large-scale treatment (preventive chemotherapy) of affected populations. It involves regular treatment of all at-risk groups. In a few countries, where there is low transmission, the interruption of the transmission of the disease should be aimed for. Groups targeted for treatment are: - pre-school-aged children; - school-aged children; - adults considered to be at risk in endemic areas and people with occupations involving contact with infested water, such as fishermen, farmers, irrigation workers and women whose domestic tasks bring them in contact with infested water; and - entire communities living in highly endemic areas. WHO recommends treatment of infected preschool aged children based on diagnostic and clinical judgment and their inclusion in large-scale treatment using the paediatric praziquantel formulation. The frequency of treatment is determined by the prevalence of infection in school-age children. In high-transmission areas, treatment may have to be repeated every year for several years. Monitoring is essential to determine the impact of control interventions. The aim is to reduce disease morbidity and transmission towards the elimination of the disease as public health problem. Periodic treatment of at-risk populations will cure mild symptoms and prevent infected people from developing severe, late-stage chronic disease. However, a major limitation to schistosomiasis control has been the limited availability of praziquantel, particularly for the treatment of adults. Data for 2021 show that 29.9% of people requiring treatment were reached globally, with a proportion of 43.3% of school-aged children requiring preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis being treated. A drop of 38% compared to 2019, due to the COVID-19 pandemic which suspended treatment campaigns in many endemic areas. Praziquantel is the recommended treatment against all forms of schistosomiasis. It is effective, safe and low-cost. Even though re-infection may occur after treatment, the risk of developing severe disease is diminished and even reversed when treatment is initiated and repeated in childhood. Schistosomiasis control has been successfully implemented over the past 40 years in several countries, including Brazil, Cambodia, China, Egypt, Mauritius, Islamic Republic of Iran, Oman, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Tunisia and others. In many countries it has been possible to scale-up schistosomiasis treatment to the national level and have an impact on the disease in a few years. An assessment of the status of transmission is required in several countries. Over the past 10 years there has been scale-up of treatment campaigns in a number of sub-Saharan countries, where most of those at risk live. These treatments campaigns resulted in the decrease of prevalence of schistosomiasis in school age children by almost 60% (1). WHO’s work on schistosomiasis is part of an integrated approach to the control of neglected tropical diseases. Although medically diverse, neglected tropical diseases share features that allow them to persist in conditions of poverty, where they cluster and frequently overlap. WHO coordinates the strategy of preventive chemotherapy in consultation with collaborating centres and partners from academic and research institutions, the private sector, nongovernmental organizations, international development agencies and other United Nations organizations. WHO develops technical guidelines and tools for use by national control programmes. Working with partners and the private sector, WHO has advocated for increased access to praziquantel and resources for implementation. A significant amount of praziquantel – enough to treat more than 100 million children of the school age per year – has been pledged by the private sector and development partners. - Kokaliaris C, Garba A, Matuska M, Bronzan RN, Colley DG, et al. Effect of preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel on schistosomiasis among school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: a spatiotemporal modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;22(1):136-149. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00090-6. Epub 2021 Dec 2. Erratum in: Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;22(1):e1.

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schistosomiasis

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Over the last couple of years, there have been significant events that raised valid questions around the impact of shifting weather patterns and climate change on the African continent. In March 2019, tropical Cyclone Idai made landfall near the Mozambiquan port city of Beira, ravaging the coastline and inland communities. Sadly, the United Nations estimated that Cyclone Idai and the flooding that followed it claimed the lives of more than 600 people, injured an estimated 1,600 and affected more than 1.8 million people. The impact to the economy was also estimated at a GDP growth cut from a forecast of 6.6% to 2.3% with a stated $773m loss from damage to buildings, infrastructure and crops. Elsewhere on the continent, shifting weather patterns are taking a toll with clear examples such as Lake Chad- which has shrunk 90% since the 1960s. There are huge debates around the causes of climate change. Whatever side of the debate one is on, it is undeniable that African countries are experiencing a temperature rise on average 1°C more than other parts of the world. Studies conducted by the Department for International Development show the potential economic impact of climate change in Nigeria is between six per cent and 30% of GDP between $100 and $460 billion, a wide range but not insignificant. This needs to be met with a robust response. Governments on the continent are spending between two and nine per cent of GDP on climate adaptation and mitigation initiatives but questions are raised if this is enough. Now more than ever, well-trained engineers are essential to maximise the impact of this important work. Innovation in response to societal challenges is at an all-time high, providing access to sustainable solutions that can help people adapt to climate change and simultaneously address energy deficiencies. Engineers can help to provide life-saving support to the communities hardest hit by extreme weather patterns, such as floods or droughts, by improving infrastructure or developing technologies to assist in emergency response, such as drones, monitoring and transport. For off-grid communities that are subject to frequent power outages, engineers can design energy alternatives that improve livelihoods and help to build more sustainable societies. With agriculture right at the heart of the economy of many African countries, the development of technology that enables climate-smart cultivation will help to build much welcome resilience. By increasing agricultural output, communities can build their financial independence and continue to play a significant role in the global economy. Another critical area being addressed by engineers is access to energy. Households that are off the electricity grid or have only intermittent power can save eight per cent of their income by using renewable electricity and innovation in this space is essential to long-term development. For example, Olubanjo Olugbenga, founder of Nigerian Start-up Reeddi and shortlistee of the Royal Academy of Engineering’s Africa Prize, designed a capsule system to provide clean, reliable and affordable electricity to households and businesses operating in the energy-poor communities of sub-Saharan Africa. Reeddi capsules contain lithium-ion cells, improved by a proprietary battery optimisation algorithm to extend the lifespan of the capsule from two to four years, an increase from 500 to more than 1,200 charge cycles. Reeddi customers save up to 30% on their usual energy expenses with access to power anywhere, anytime. The Nigerian start-up recharges these capsules at a central location currently, but intends to erect solar-powered energy charging stations in communities, allowing customers to recharge capsules themselves. It currently serves more than 600 households and businesses each month, aiming to increase to 10,000 monthly customers across Nigeria in 2021. Ugandan start-up Innovex, shortlisted for the Royal Academy of Engineering’s Africa Prize for Engineering Innovation 2020, developed Remot, a system that enables users to monitor their solar photovoltaic panel installations, reducing maintenance and preventing power outages. Nearly 600 million people in Africa have no access to electricity and off-grid solar power offers a rapidly scalable option to provide communities with income-generating opportunities and devices that increase productivity and help to protect livelihoods. Necessity has spurred innovation in addressing challenges, but tasks like designing bespoke solar power installations require engineering expertise across a continent facing a chronic skills shortage in key areas. It is estimated that Africa needs an additional 2.5 million engineers to meet its Sustainable Development Goals. Unfortunately, like a number of continents in the world, there is still unemployment amongst graduates who are not fully equipped to take professional roles. Addressing the shortfall demands a holistic approach to build experience, enhance skills and promote diversity. By fostering partnerships between academia and industry and collaboration between African and UK engineering bodies, the Royal Academy of Engineering’s Higher Education Partnerships in sub-Saharan Africa (HEP SSA) programme provides practical learning opportunities aligned to local industry as well as community needs. Under the overarching aim of achieving SDG 7 – ‘Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all’ –, students at the University of Abuja are gaining better understanding of the renewable energy options across the country. In partnership with NASENI, research and innovation is guided to gain a better understanding of how to enhance solar energy adoption across the country. With energy demand four times that of installed capacity, innovation encouraged by the programme accelerates efforts to closing the gap. As the continent closes its annual infrastructure spending shortfall – placed as high as $170 billion – the construction sector is expected to grow 6.7% annually making it imperative that such development is carried out as sustainably (and with a focus on shifting weather patterns) as possible. The Academy’s GCRF Africa Catalyst programme is working in partnership with the UK government’s Global Challenges Research Fund to contribute to the building of the capacity of engineering organisations across parts of the continent, particularly in the infrastructure sector, to share best practice and help to drive sustainable development. At the University of Rwanda, engineers are developing a toolkit to help built environment professionals measure and reduce the country’s embodied carbon. It is important that African countries continue to develop with the appropriate interventions for the required resilience. There is also no doubt that being on the frontline of climate adaptation techniques will provide unique insights that could help the rest of the world. Amplifying African-based engineering expertise is therefore critical to improving the wider world’s defences against the increasing threat of climate change. - Akinola is a Nigerian-born chartered engineer in the UK and member of the Royal Academy of Engineering (RAEng) GCRF Africa Catalyst Steering Committee. All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from PUNCH. Contact: [email protected]

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Save the Albatross Albatrosses are iconic seabirds that spend most of their life at sea, coming ashore primarily to breed. These long-lived ocean wanderers however face many human induced threats: However, the largest threat that albatrosses face is getting caught in longline and trawlers fishing gear. Longline fishing vessels set lines that can extend for over one hundred kilometers. Each line contains tens of thousands of baited hooks that float on the surface for a while before sinking deeper under the water, out of an albatross’s reach. Being the opportunistic scavengers they are, albatrosses gather around fishing vessels and quickly pounce on the bait before it sinks. Once an albatross grabs the bait, the bird is caught on the hook and drowns as the lines sink below the water. Fishing trawlers also pose a risk. Fishing crews aboard trawlers process their catch onboard so that they can catch more fish. The unwanted offal (heads and innards) are discarded overboard, attracting albatrosses who smell a free lunch from miles away. During the feeding frenzy that ensues, albatrosses can become entangled in fishing nets or they can collide with the cables used to drag the trawl nets through the water and back onboard, ending up getting caught up in the nets and dragged through the water along with the fish in the haul. Approximately 160,000 to 320,000 albatrosses are killed by fishing gear every year. Considering the multiple threats faced by albatrosses, coinciding with the fact that some albatross species only breed once every two years, laying just a single egg at each breeding attempt, the mortality rate is higher than the rate at which they are producing offspring. Evidently, this is unsustainable and is causing the population of many albatross species to decline rapidly, and subsequently, we are in grave danger of losing these iconic seabirds. As a result of this continued bycatch, amongst other hazards, 17 of the world’s 22 albatross species are currently threatened with extinction – nine of which are listed as endangered or critically endangered on the IUCN Redlist of Threatenes Species. There are several cheap, yet effective solutions that can be implemented to address the problem of seabird bycatch resulting from longlining and trawling fishing practices, including: WSO's Activities and Initiatives The World Sustainability Organization’s Friend of the Sea project provides financial support for the Save the Albatross campaign, led by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB). In 2006, as part of the Save the Albatross Campaign, the RSPB together with Birdlife International launched The Albatross Task Force, made up of a team of dedicated international experts who work side-by-side with fishing crews around the world, showing them simple measures they can take to help save seabirds. They are also working closely with governments, encouraging them to better regulate the industry to protect endangered albatrosses and other seabirds from fishing activities. The goal of the Albatross Task Force is to educate fishing vessel operators and the fishermen aboard these vessels about the conservation issues resulting from seabird bycatch, informing them of the different mitigating measures available to limit bycatch, and to help them choose the most appropriate, sustainable practice for their fishing activities. The initiative have had resounding success, with bycatch of albatrosses and other seabirds at seven of the world’s top seabird bycatch hotspots being reduced significantly. How you can help save the Albatros Friend of the Sea encourages seafood companies who financially benefit from fisheries that are putting albatrosses and other seabirds at risk of extinction to engage at implementing albatross bycatch reduction methods. Longlines and trawlers are mostly catching tuna, swordfish, cod, hake, shrimps and herrings. Check with your seafood provider and at restaurants if those species are caught by Friend of the Sea certified fleets. You can support the Save the Albatross campaign by signing the Change.org petition, which will help Friend of the Sea convince seafood and fishing companies to make a change benefit both the fishing industry and conservation. If we all work together, we can save the magnificent albatross from extinction.

https://friendoftheearth.org/conservation-project/save-the-

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Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs. It is sometimes fatal. Symptoms include coughing, phlegm, and more. Doctors may prescribe antibiotics for TB. In the past, tuberculosis (TB), or “consumption,” was a major cause of death worldwide. Following improvements in living conditions and the development of antibiotics, the prevalence of TB fell dramatically in industrialized countries. However, numbers started to rise again A majority of the people affected were in Asia. However, TB remains a matter of concern in many other areas, including the United States. The same year, doctors reported Currently, antibiotic resistance is causing renewed concerns about TB among experts. Some strains of the disease are not responding to the most effective treatment options. In this case, TB is difficult to treat. Keep reading to learn more. A person may develop TB after inhaling Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) bacteria, primarily from person to person. When TB affects the lungs, the disease is the most contagious, but a person will usually only become sick after close contact with someone who has this type of TB. TB infection (latent TB) An individual can have TB bacteria in their body and never develop symptoms. In most people, the immune system can contain the bacteria so that they do not replicate and cause disease. In this case, a person will have TB infection but not active disease. Doctors refer to this as latent TB. An individual may never experience symptoms and be unaware that they have the infection. There is also no risk of passing on a latent infection to someone else. However, a person with latent TB still requires treatment. The CDC estimates that as many as TB disease (active TB) The body may be unable to contain TB bacteria. This is more common when the immune system is weakened due to illness or the use of certain medications. When this happens, the bacteria can replicate and cause symptoms, resulting in active TB. People with active TB can spread the infection. Without medical intervention, TB becomes active in The risk of developing active TB is - anyone with a weakened immune system - anyone who first developed the infection in the past 2–5 years - older adults and young children - people who inject recreational drugs - people who have not previously received appropriate treatment for TB Latent TB: A person with latent TB will have no symptoms, and no damage will show on a chest X-ray. However, a blood test or skin prick test will indicate that they have TB infection. Active TB: An individual with TB disease may experience a cough that produces phlegm, fatigue, a fever, chills, and a loss of appetite and weight. Symptoms typically worsen over time, but they can also spontaneously go away and return. Early warning signs A person should see a doctor if Beyond the lungs TB usually affects the lungs, though symptoms can develop in other parts of the body. This is more common in people with weakened immune systems. TB can cause: - persistently swollen lymph nodes, or “swollen glands” - abdominal pain - joint or bone pain - a persistent headache A person with latent TB will have no symptoms, but the infection can show up on tests. People should ask for a TB test if they: - have spent time with someone who has or is at risk of TB - have spent time in a country with high rates of TB - work in an environment where TB may be present A doctor will ask about any symptoms and the person’s medical history. They will also perform a physical examination, which involves listening to the lungs and checking for swelling in the lymph nodes. Two tests can show whether TB bacteria are present: - the TB skin test - the TB blood test However, these cannot indicate whether TB is active or latent. To test for active TB disease, the doctor may recommend a sputum test and a chest X-ray. Everyone with TB needs treatment, regardless of whether the infection is active or latent. With early detection and appropriate antibiotics, TB is treatable. The right type of antibiotic and length of treatment will depend on: - the person’s age and overall health - whether they have latent or active TB - the location of the infection - whether the strain of TB is drug resistant Treatment for latent TB can Treatment for active TB may involve taking several drugs for It is essential for people to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms go away. If a person stops taking their medication early, some bacteria can survive and become resistant to antibiotics. In this case, the person may go on to develop drug-resistant TB. Depending on the parts of the body that TB affects, a doctor may also prescribe corticosteroids. M. tuberculosis bacteria cause TB. They can spread through the air in droplets when a person with pulmonary TB coughs, sneezes, spits, laughs, or talks. Only people with active TB can transmit the infection. However, most individuals with the disease can no longer transmit the bacteria after receiving appropriate treatment for at least 2 weeks. Ways of preventing TB from infecting others include: - getting a diagnosis and treatment early - staying away from other people until there is no longer a risk of infection - wearing a mask, covering the mouth, and ventilating rooms In some countries, children receive an anti-TB vaccination — the bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine — as part of a regular immunization program. However, experts in the U.S. People with weakened immune systems are most likely to develop active TB. The following are some issues that can weaken the immune system. For people with HIV, doctors consider TB to be an opportunistic infection. This means that a person with HIV has a higher risk of developing TB and experiencing more severe symptoms than someone with a healthy immune system. Treatment for TB can be complex in a person with HIV, but a doctor can develop a comprehensive treatment plan that addresses both issues. Tobacco use and secondhand smoke increase the risk of developing TB. These factors also make the disease harder to treat and more likely to return after treatment. Quitting smoking and avoiding contact with smoke can reduce the risk of developing TB. Some other health issues that weaken a person’s immune system and can Some medical treatments, such as an organ transplant, can also impede the functioning of the immune system. Spending time in a country where TB is common can also increase the risk of a person developing it. For information about the prevalence of TB in various countries, people can use Without treatment, TB can be fatal. If it spreads throughout a person’s body, the infection can cause problems with the cardiovascular system and metabolic function, among other issues. TB can also lead to sepsis, a potentially life threatening form of infection. An active TB infection is contagious and potentially life threatening if a person does not receive appropriate treatment. However, most cases are treatable, especially when doctors detect them early. Anyone with a high risk of developing TB or any symptoms of the disease should consult a doctor as soon as possible. TB is a reportable disease to each state’s department of health. State sanctioned regulations and treatment plans

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/8856#prevention/?utm_source=loveth-

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If your heart isn’t in good shape, the rest of your body may suffer as a result. This is because the heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body, and it is assisted in this process by the blood vessels. If your heart is unhealthy, the rest of your body may not function properly. There are a few basic meals that you should consume on a regular basis in order to keep your hearts healthy and functioning properly. In the following paragraphs, I will discuss a few of the foods that you should make a habit of eating on a regular basis. 1. Garlic is one of the foods that should be included in your daily diet to keep your heart safe and healthy. It contains enough compounds to help reduce high blood pressure and cholesterol in your body, both of which can lead to heart problems. These advantages stem from the presence of these compounds. As a result, you should include more garlic in your diet on a daily basis. 2. If you want to lower your chances of developing heart disease, include olive oil in your diet on a regular basis. Olive oil contains monounsaturated fats and antioxidants, both of which promote heart health. Furthermore, it aids in the reduction of inflammation throughout the body. 3. Green tea is another food that you should consume on a daily basis because it is high in polyphenols and catechins, both of which are beneficial in lowering high blood pressure, cholesterol, and other heart-harming factors. 4. Walnuts are high in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory properties, minerals, vitamins, and a variety of other nutrients, all of which work together to keep your heart healthy and active. Walnuts are also high in omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential for heart health. 5. Almonds are another food that you should eat on a daily basis because they are high in monounsaturated fat and fiber, both of which help to maintain a healthy heart and lower cholesterol levels. 1 thought on “5 Foods That Can Fight Heart Disease”

https://medicalcaremedia.com/5-foods-that-can-fight-heart-

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It’s a term that has hit the headlines several times in recent weeks - but what actually is 5G? 5G is short for ‘fifth generation mobile network’, and is the successor of 4G. To help you understand what 5G is and what it means to you, we’ve put together a handy guide on the network. Here’s everything you need to know. What is 5G? 5G is short for ‘fifth generation mobile network.’ At its most basic level, 5G will be used to make calls, send texts, and to simply get online. But it’s going to be significantly faster than previous generations, and could open the door up to a range of exciting new uses. How does 5G work? 5G will use new higher radio frequencies to transmit data, which are less cluttered and carry information much faster. While these higher bands are faster, they don’t carry information as far. This means that smaller multiple input and output antennas will be implemented - boosting both signals and capacity. According to 5G.co.uk, this means that 5G will support up to 1,000 more devices per metre than 4G. 5G will also allow operators to take divide a physical network up into multiple virtual networks, depending on how it’s being used. For example, different ‘slices’ could be used for phones and autonomous cars. Why is it better than 4G? 5G is expected to be faster than 4G, with some firms claiming it could as much as 100 times quicker. Stay informed. Subscribe to our newsletter The fastest 4G networks can deliver peak download speeds of around 300Mbit/s. In comparison, 5G could offer download speeds of over 1Gb/s. In a real-life scenario, this could allow you to download a full HD film in less than 10 seconds! 5G is also expected to have a lower latency, meaning there will very little - if any - delay when you carry out tasks on a device. While this will help improve things like gaming experiences, it could also pave the way for self-driving cars - in which even a short delay could be life-saving. Finally, 5G will have a larger capacity, meaning networks will be able to cope with several apps at once. Overall, this should mean that devices have a faster, more stable connection. Which smartphones will 5G will available on? The majority of smartphones currently on the market are not compatible with 5G, so will not benefit from the mobile network speed upgrade. If you want to be get ahead of the curve, and be among the first in the UK to experience 5G data speeds, here are the phones you should be looking at buying: - Huawei Mate 20 X (5G) - OnePlus 7 Pro (5G) - Samsung Galaxy S10 5G - LG V50 ThinQ 5G - Oppo Reno - Xiaomi Mi MIX 3 How will 5G affect you? Day-to-day, 5G will mean that downloading and streaming films and games will be significantly faster - and you can wave goodbye to the dreaded ‘buffering.’ However, to get on board, you’ll probably need a new phone which is 5G capable. Qualcomm has announced that its Snapdragon X50 5G chip is being implemented in several smartphones next year - although it is unclear which models. Other ways that 5G will affect you may sound more futuristic, but could soon become the norm. The mobile network will pave the way for several technologies, including more advance robots, holographic videos, and driverless cars. However, only time will tell, and we’ll have to see what 5FG brings when it arrives.

https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/article/2001326804/what-

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Continuous human habitation of the Moon is the state aim of many major space-faring nations in the coming decades. Reaching that aim requires many tasks, but one of the most fundamental is feeding those humans. Shipping food consistently from Earth will likely be prohibitively expensive shortly, so DLR, Germany’s space agency, is working on an alternative. This semi-autonomous greenhouse can be used to at least partially feed the astronauts in residence on the Moon. To support that goal, a team of researchers from DLR released a paper about EVE, a robotic arm intended to help automate the operations of the first lunar greenhouse, at the IEEE Aerospace conference in March. Continue reading “Can a Greenhouse with a Robotic Arm Feed the Next Lunar Astronauts?”Of all the mysteries facing astronomers and cosmologists today, the “Hubble Tension” remains persistent! This term refers to the apparent inconsistency of the Universe’s expansion (aka. the Hubble Constant) when local measurements are compared to those of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Astronomers hoped that observations of the earliest galaxies in the Universe by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) would solve this mystery. Unfortunately, Webb confirmed that the previous measurements were correct, so the “tension” endures. Since the JWST made its observations, numerous scientists have suggested that the existence of Early Dark Energy (EDE) might explain the Hubble Tension. In a recent study supported by NASA and the National Science Foundation (NSF), researchers from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) suggested that EDE could resolve two cosmological mysteries. In addition to the Hubble Tension, it might explain why Webb observed as many galaxies as it did during the early Universe. According to current cosmological models, the Universe should have been much less populated at the time. Continue reading “Early Dark Energy Could Resolve Two of the Biggest Mysteries in Cosmology”Optical interferometry has been a long-proven science method that involves using several separate telescopes to act as one big telescope, thus achieving more accurate data as opposed to each telescope working individually. However, the Earth’s chaotic atmosphere often makes achieving ground-based science difficult, but what if we could do it on the Moon? This is what a recent study presented at the SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2024 hopes to address as a team of researchers propose MoonLITE (Lunar InTerferometry Explorer) as part of the NASA Astrophysics Pioneers program. This also comes after this same team of researchers recently proposed the Big Fringe Telescope (BFT), which is a 2.2-kilometer interferometer telescope to be built on the Earth with the goal of observing bright stars. Continue reading “Studying Stars from the Lunar Surface with MoonLITE, Courtesy of NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services”Earlier this year, NASA selected a rather interesting proposal for Phase I development as part of their NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) program. It’s known as Swarming Proxima Centauri, a collaborative effort between Space Initiatives Inc. and the Initiative for Interstellar Studies (i4is) led by Space Initiative’s chief scientist, Marshall Eubanks. The concept was recently selected for Phase I development as part of this year’s NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) program. Similar to other proposals involving gram-scale spacecraft and lightsails, the “swarming” concept involves accelerating tiny spacecraft with a laser array to up to 20% the speed of light. This past week, on the last day of the 2024 NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Symposium, Eubanks and his colleagues presented an animation illustrating what this mission will look like. The video and their presentation provide tantalizing clues as to what scientists expect to find in the closest star system to our own. This includes Proxima b, the rocky planet that orbits within its parent star’s circumsolar habitable zone (CHZ). Continue reading “New Video Shows How Tiny Spacecraft Will “Swarm” Proxima Centauri”A team of scientists presented a new gravity map of Mars at the Europlanet Science Congress 2024. The map shows the presence of dense, large-scale structures under Mars’ long-gone ocean and that mantle processes are affecting Olympus Mons, the largest volcano in the Solar System. Continue reading “A Gravity Map of Mars Uncovers Subsurface Mysteries”In 2003, strange features on Mars’s surface got scientists’ “spidey senses” tingling when they saw them. That’s when unusual “anareiform terrain” landforms appeared in images from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. They’ve returned each year, spreading across the southern hemisphere surface. Continue reading “Scientists Recreate Mars Spiders in the Lab”We’ve officially entered a new era of private spaceflight. Yesterday, the crew of Polaris Dawn, a privately funded mission managed by SpaceX, officially performed the first private extra-vehicular activity, commonly known as a spacewalk. The spacewalk was a success, along with the rest of the mission so far. But it’s attracted detractors as well as supporters. Let’s take a look at the mission objectives and why some pundits are opposed to it. Continue reading “Polaris Dawn is Away, Sending Another Crew Into Orbit to Perform the First Private Spacewalk”The Milky Way’s outer reaches are coming into view thanks to the JWST. Astronomers pointed the powerful space telescope to a region over 58,000 light-years away called the Extreme Outer Galaxy (EOG). They found star clusters exhibiting extremely high rates of star formation. Continue reading “The Outer Reaches of the Milky Way are Full of Stars, and the JWST is Observing Them”The outer Solar System has been a treasure trove of discoveries in recent decades. Using ground-based telescopes, astronomers have identified eight large bodies since 2002 – Quouar, Sedna, Orcus, Haumea, Salacia, Eris, Makemake, and Gonggang. These discoveries led to the “Great Planet Debate” and the designation “dwarf planet,” an issue that remains contentious today. On December 21st, 2018, the New Horizons mission made history when it became the first spacecraft to rendezvous with a Kuiper Belt Object (KBO) named Arrokoth – the Powhatan/Algonquin word for “sky.” Since 2006, the Subaru Telescope at the Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii has been observing the outer Solar System to search for other KBOs the New Horizons mission could study someday. In that time, these observations have led to the discovery of 263 KBOs within the traditionally accepted boundaries of the Kuiper Belt. However, in a recent study, an international team of astronomers identified 11 new KBOs beyond the edge of what was thought to be the outer boundary of the Kuiper Belt. This discovery has profound implications for our understanding of the structure and evolution of the Solar System. Continue reading “More Bodies Discovered in the Outer Solar System”Russia’s attack on Ukraine has delayed its launch, but the ESA’s Rosalind Franklin rover is heading toward completion. It was originally scheduled to launch in 2018, but technical delays prevented it. Now, after dropping Russia from the project because of their invasion, the ESA says it won’t launch before 2028. But when it does launch and then land on Mars, it will do something no other rover has done: drill down two meters into Mars and collect samples. Continue reading “How the ESA’s Rosalind Franklin Rover Will Drill for Samples on Mars”

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A doctor may advise those who are underweight to try to gain weight. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)Trusted Source, approximately 1.6% of people in the United States aged 20 and older are underweight. Slowly gaining weight is the most sustainable strategy to gain weight. Rapid weight gain methods can be difficult to maintain. People who want to gain weight quickly should first consult with a doctor. In rare circumstances, the inability to acquire weight or unexplained weight loss can indicate a serious underlying health condition that necessitates medical attention. Continue reading to find out which foods can help a person gain weight safely. Carbohydrates, sometimes known as carbohydrates, are a type of nutrient that the body uses for energy. People frequently use the term “carbs” to refer to foods that are mostly composed of carbohydrates. These meals may, however, include additional nutrients. Rice has a lot of carbs. Brown rice, for example, contains 76.2 grams (g) per 100 g serving. This rice contains more protein than other forms of rice. A 100-g serving contains 357 calories. White rice contains less protein than brown rice, but it can be combined with other foods, such as meat or beans, to increase protein and calories. 2. Whole wheat bread Whole-grain bread has more complex carbohydrates and more protein than white bread. Bread’s caloric value can be increased by topping it with a protein-rich dish, such as nut butter or avocado. They can also make sandwiches using nutritious ingredients. 3. Cereals made from whole grains Oats, wheat, barley, and rice are examples of whole-grain cereals. People can purchase these whole grains separately and combine them at home to serve with milk or yogurt. They can also buy pre-mixed cereals or cereal bars. Manufacturers may include additional vitamins and minerals in these cereals, although some also contain considerable amounts of added sugar. As a result, it is critical to always read the label. 4. Dried fruits Dried fruits include fructose, a sugar found in fruit. They can be used as a natural sweetener and to boost the calorie content of meals. People can use dates to sweeten cereals or oatmeal, add dried apricots to yogurt, or combine dried fruits in a smoothie. Some dried fruits are also delicious in salads and some prepared dishes like tagines. 5. Dark chocolate Cocoa beans, which are heavy in carbs, are used to make chocolate. Dark chocolate often has less sugar and a higher cocoa content than milk chocolate. This means it contains more antioxidants than cocoa beans. The highest cacao content products will deliver the most benefits. Topping a meal with cacao powder or nibs is an easy way to add more taste and calories. People can supplement their diet with a variety of carbs, including: • the sweet potato • legumes like beans and chickpeas Starches contain a high concentration of glucose, which the body stores as glycogen. During the activity, glycogen is a vital source of energy. Everyone needs a steady supply of protein because of its role in muscle development and maintenance. These are some examples of good sources: Omega-3 fatty acids, which are found in salmon, are beneficial to the brain and eye function. Protein and good fats abound in eggs. Choline, an essential vitamin for brain function and embryonic development, is also abundant in these foods. Vitamin and mineral supplements Energy bars Protein shakes When you need to get more protein into your diet but don’t have time to cook, a protein shake can be a quick and easy solution. They can help folks who are trying to gain weight but don’t have much of an appetite, as well as vegetarians and vegans. The protein content of protein shakes varies by manufacturer. Individuals looking for a suitable option might do so by consulting the product label or the advice of a registered dietician. The dietitian’s recommendation is likely to be to find one with fewer added sugars. Protein powders and pills Numerous protein-rich foods can be incorporated into a person’s diet to increase their protein intake. Protein bars and drinks are two common examples. Products like these may also assist expecting mothers in meeting their increased caloric and protein needs. Nutritional labels can help those who are keeping tabs on their calorie and protein intake select the optimal option. Many dairy products are high in calories and may also include important elements like protein and calcium. Milk is a high-calorie food high in calcium, carbs, and protein. A cup of 2% fat milk contains approximately 122 calories. Milk’s protein concentration makes it a suitable choice for persons seeking to gain muscle, while the calcium content makes it beneficial for people concerned about bone density or osteoporosis. Cheese is another calorie-dense dairy product. It also has calcium and protein. The actual nutritional value will vary depending on the type of cheese and how it is manufactured. For example, because aged cheeses include fewer carbs, they contain more calories from fat. Cheese can be high in sodium, so people should read the label to make sure they aren’t consuming too much each day. Full-fat yogurt is high in calories and protein. Plain or Greek yogurt is preferable to flavored yogurts, which might be heavy in sugar. Yogurt can be organically flavored by adding honey, fruit, almonds, or unsweetened cocoa powder. Unsaturated fatty acids Unsaturated fats are advantageous to health in moderation, increasing healthy cholesterol and lowering the risk of heart disease. They are also abundant in calories, making them an excellent complement to any weight-gain diet. Extra virgin olive oil Olive oil has a lot of calories and a lot of monounsaturated fats, which are a type of unsaturated fat. A 15-milliliter serving of olive oil has around 120 calories. According to Trusted Source, a small amount each day can increase calorie intake while also adding taste to salads, pasta, and other dishes. Because olive oil contains some saturated fat, it is vital to eat it as part of a well-balanced diet. Seeds and nuts Many nuts and seeds are high in unsaturated fat and give plenty of calories. For example, 20 g of almond butter contains 129 calories. Calcium and magnesium are also available from a reliable sources. Again, nuts and seeds can contain saturated fat, so they should be used in moderation. Avocados and avocado oil are both high in unsaturated fat. Whole avocados are also high in vitamins and minerals like calcium, magnesium, and potassium. By adding avocado to sandwiches, salads, and smoothies, one can considerably enhance the calorie content. People with a normal body weight prior to pregnancy require 2,200-2,900 calories per day during pregnancy. This translates to a few hundred more calories per day for many people. During pregnancy, women should take at least 1.2 g of protein per kilogram of body weight every day. This suggests that a person’s diet should be high in protein and nutrient-dense meals. Among the alternatives are: • consuming more red meat and cooked fish • as long as it is pasteurized, drinking or eating full fat dairy • experimenting with protein shakes • eating high-protein dips like hummus Toys for toddlers Parents and caregivers who are concerned about their child’s weight should consult with a pediatrician before making any major dietary adjustments. If a pediatrician prescribes weight-gain initiatives, persons can try the following: Foods high in saturated fat. Instead of reduced fat replacements, parents and caregivers can feed their kids entire milk, whole yogurt, or other whole fat foods. Snacks high in energy. Even in modest amounts, foods like avocado, banana, and cheese carry a lot of calories. Sauces and dips High-calorie dips like guacamole, hummus, and bean dips are easy to serve alongside veggies or on sandwiches. Shakes and smoothies Drinks can be an useful method to increase calorie intake without having to eat more at mealtimes. Parents and caregivers can blend their children’s preferred fruits with yogurt, nut butter, or seeds. In conclusion, healthy weight gain necessitates a focus on nutrient-dense foods that nourish the body. It can take time to gain weight, but eating a diverse diet can help a person achieve their goals. Before making any big dietary changes, consult with a doctor or a dietitian to determine healthy objectives and the best approach to achieve them. Not all weight-gain tactics are suitable for everyone.

https://medicalcaremedia.com/best-foods-for-gaining-weight/

Health

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GPRS Course And Certification What is GPRS? GPRS which is the acronym for General Packet Radio Service is defined as a packet-oriented mobile data standard that runs only on the 2G and 3G cellular network communication and Global System for Mobile communications (GSM). GPRS is basically sold according to the entire volume of data that was transferred during the billing cycle, in opposition to circuit-switched data, which is normally billed per minute of per-connection time, or in some cases by one-third minute increments. GPRS was established by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in immediate response to the earlier network technologies like the CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular network technologies. It is now managed and maintained by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). GPRS is an excellent-effort service, meaning that variable throughput and latency which both depend on the number of other users that are concurrently sharing the service, as objected to switching of the circuit, where a certain Quality of Service (QoS) is guaranteed and assured during the connection. In 2G software systems, GPRS produces data rates of 56–114 kilobits per second. 2G cellular technologies joined together with GPRS is in some cases described as 2.5G, that is, a technology within the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. GPRS provides reasonable-speed data transfer speed, by making use of unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the General System for Mobile communication system. GPRS is fully integrated into the GSM Release 97 and newer releases. Elements of GPRS: Two major core network elements are: 1. Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN): The SGSN monitors the state of the mobile station and tracks its movements within a given geographical area. It is also responsible for establishing and managing the data connections between the mobile user and the destination network. 2. Gateway GPRS Support node (GGSN): The GGSN provides the point of attachment between the GPRS domain and external data networks such as the internet and Corporate Intranets. Each external network is given a unique Access Point Name (APN) which is used by the mobile user to establish the connection to the required destination network. Applications for GPRS: 1. Location-based applications – Applications that provide navigation, update traffic conditions, airline/rail schedules, and location finder, etc. 2. Vertical applications - Delivery, fleet management and automating sales-force. 3. Advertising – Using location-based applications, advertising makes it easier for local retailers. 4. Communications – Fax, E-mail, unified messaging and intranet/internet access, etc. 5. Value-added services – Apps that provide Information services and other games, etc. 6. E-commerce – Retail applications like Flipkart, purchasing tickets using Paytm, banking apps and financial trading, etc. Features of GPRS: There are many features of GPRS and some of them are: 1. GPRS forms a direct link into the Internet: Due to the mixture of GPRS systems into GSM-Networks, we get a direct link to several packet-oriented networks like X.25 or IP. This link is a direct link and it does not take the deviation way of an intermediate system network. On the other area, GPRS joins together access to the internet with other features of a mobile communication network. 2. Harmony and co-existence with circuit-switched networks: One of the main features of all GPRS networks is their strict combination with other already existing circuit-switched network systems, there can not be a stand-alone-GPRS-network, as this will always be an extension of other GSM network systems. Due to these reasons, all the already existing features will last for the predictable futures and there will only be some new features added to it. 3. Circuit-switched data transfer: Circuit-switched data transfer in the area of GSM implies that the transfer of user data and information, e.g. voice requires the allocation of a fixed and continuous physical resource. For example the allocation of 1 Timeslot on 1 frequency channel for the whole duration of the communication. 4. Higher data rates due to channel combining: GPRS makes use of the principle of bundled timeslots to further improve the data rates. There are up to 8 Timeslots which can be combined together within 1 TDMA Frame. 5. Packet-Switched Data Transfer: GPRS technology uses packet switching in line with the Internet. This makes far more efficient use of the available capacity, and it allows greater commonality with Internet techniques. 6. Vast Applications: The packet-switched technology including the always-on connectivity combined with the higher data rates opens up many more possibilities for new applications. How GPRS Works: GPRS uses idle radio capacity in mobile phones to establish a data network to be used for data transmission. If a network provider’s idle radio capacity decreases, which means a lot of phone calls are being serviced, data transmission and speed decreases as well. Cell phone calls have a higher priority than Internet data transmission in mobile phone network providers. Benefits of GPRS: There are many benefits of GPRS, and some of them are: 1. GPRS systems offer a relatively low cost of connection. 2. GPRS systems offer a high transfer rate of data. 3. GPRS offers short access times to user data. 4. GPRS offers dynamic allocation of transmitting resources and information. Why Study GPRS? Some of the reasons to study GPRS include: 1. Knowledge gain on how GPRS works. 2. Broad understanding of the GPRS Architecture. 3. Increase Your Earning Potential as a Professional. 4. Job Opportunities and Career Advancement. GPRS Course Outline GPRS - Home GPRS - Overview GPRS - Applications GPRS - Architecture GPRS - Protocol Stack GPRS - Quality of Service GPRS - MS Classes GPRS - PDP Context GPRS - Data Routing GPRS - Access Modes GPRS - Processes GPRS - Billing GPRS - Mobile Phones GPRS - Summary GPRS - Video Lectures GPRS - Exams And Certification

https://siitgo.com/blog/gprs-course-and-certification/1339

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Christians worldwide honor Good Friday, occurring just before Easter, as a pivotal day in their faith. This day, part of Holy Week preceding Easter Sunday, marks the commencement of events leading to Jesus Christ’s crucifixion and resurrection. Daniel Alvarez, an associate teaching professor of religious studies at Florida International University, underscores the significance of Good Friday, emphasizing its centrality to the Christian message. According to Alvarez, it symbolizes the belief that through Jesus Christ’s sacrificial death, believers are granted forgiveness for their sins. When is Good Friday? Good Friday is always the Friday before Easter. It’s the second-to-last day of Holy Week. In 2024, Good Friday will fall on March 29. What is Good Friday? Good Friday is the day Christ was sacrificed on the cross. According to Britannica, it is a day for “sorrow, penance, and fasting.” “Good Friday is part of something else,” Gabriel Radle, an assistant professor of theology at the University of Notre Dame, previously told USA TODAY. “It’s its own thing, but it’s also part of something bigger.” Are Good Friday and Passover related? Alvarez emphasizes the direct connection between Good Friday and the Jewish holiday Passover, which commemorates the exodus of the Israelites from Egypt. “The whole Christian idea of atoning for sin, that Jesus is our atonement, is strictly derived from the Jewish Passover tradition,” said Alvarez. How is that possible? The professor explains that Passover commemorates the day when the “Angel of Death” spared the homes of Israelites enslaved by the Egyptians. He mentions that according to the Bible, during the exodus, families were instructed to mark their doors with lamb’s blood to safeguard their firstborn sons from God’s judgment. Alvarez elaborates that this tradition is why Christians refer to Jesus as the “lamb of God.” He underscores the connection between the symbolism of the “blood of the lamb” in Passover and the belief that God sacrificed his firstborn son, Jesus, to protect humanity from divine wrath due to sin. He emphasizes how the narratives of the exodus and the Crucifixion intertwine, highlighting the significance of the sacrifice of the firstborn and the shedding of blood in religious beliefs. - Palm Sunday: From significance to global celebrations, here’s all you need to know - EXPLAINER: What you should know about Black Friday - Maundy Thursday: know how, when and why it’s observed - What the scriptures say about God, that the Bible does not say “Jesus being the firstborn is pivotal,” Alvarez remarks, explaining that the notion of sacrificing the firstborn, especially a son, stems from an ancient and “primitive” belief in the potent power unleashed by such sacrifices, capable of averting any form of adversity, including divine retribution. Why is Good Friday so somber? Alavarez discusses how some might perceive this holiday as more somber due to the Catholic tradition of commemorating the Crucifixion. “I believe some may find it somewhat morbid,” Alavarez stated, emphasizing that Catholics reflect not only on Jesus’ death but also on the intense suffering he endured leading up to the Crucifixion, contributing to the day’s solemnity. However, Alavarez highlights the significance of Jesus’ suffering within Christianity, stating, “The suffering of Christ is central to the four Gospels; everything else is secondary.” He notes that the portrayal of Jesus and Catholic saints enduring suffering, often depicted using blood, is prevalent in Spanish and Hispanic countries but less common in American churches. Do you fast on Good Friday? Father Dustin Dought, the executive director of the Secretariat of Divine Worship of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, previously told USA TODAY that Good Friday and Ash Wednesday are the two days in the year that Roman Catholics are obliged to fast. “This practice is a way of emptying ourselves so that we can be filled with God,” said Doubt. What do you eat on Good Friday? Many Catholics do not eat meat on any Friday during Lent. Anything with flesh is off-limits. Daughter says this practice is to honor the way Jesus sacrificed his flesh on Good Friday. Meat that is off limits includes:

https://crispng.com/what-is-good-friday-what-the-holy-day-

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LMS– LMS full form in education is ‘Learning Management System‘. LMS helps an organisation to be more efficient and productive. It not only streamlines complex processes for them but also gives them better ways of functioning. LMS Meaning (Learning Management System): A Learning Management System is a software platform designed to facilitate the administration, delivery, tracking, and management of educational courses, training programs, or learning content. LMSs are used by educational institutions, corporations, government agencies, and other organisations to streamline the learning and training process. How does LMS improve the teaching-learning process? Providing a good learning atmosphere and smooth functioning of classrooms are a few benefits of using LMS. It can also be said that LMS is a software application that helps teachers create and deliver academic content, keep a check on students’ participation, and evaluate students’ performance. The LMS can also be termed as a web-based technology that is used for planning, implementing, and performing a particular learning process. LMS portals are designed for teachers to create and provide learning content. Benefits of using LMS LMS portals have all the necessary tools required for an effective teaching and learning process. It is very beneficial for schools because: - It improves students’ engagement and academic performance. - It helps teachers to save a lot of time in daily teaching activities. - It helps to know about a student’s performance regularly. It reminds students of their assignments, sessions, tests, and quizzes. - It is very easy to use and offers flexibility to teachers and students as it does not require them to meet physically. Students and teachers can interact in a better way with the help of forums and blogs. - It serves as an excellent platform where learning content can be stored and organised properly. How is LMS beneficial for teachers? An LMS platform is helpful for educational institutions as it helps create, deliver, track, and report educational content, courses, and outcomes. The LMS portals support both face-to-face interaction in a traditional classroom and distance learning. The portals are used by schools and colleges to plan and execute different learning processes essential for students. Moreover, these platforms also track students’ progress and highlight the area that needs improvement. LMS platforms are safe to use and offer privacy to educational institutions. It means the students’ data are stored securely and can be accessed by the school management whenever they need it. The LMS system helps the teachers develop relevant courses. They can add or eliminate the course content to keep the students updated with all the necessary information needed to thrive in their academic and professional careers. However, before learning about the benefits and what an LMS software does for an institution, everyone needs to understand the LMS full form. By now, we have understood that the LMS full form in education is Learning Management Systems. Functions of LMS portals The LMS platform is not only vital for teachers, it is equally important for the overall development of students. With the help of this platform, students can enhance collaboration among themselves. But before knowing how they can use this portal, they need to understand the full form of LMS. Some of the functions of an LMS portal are discussed below: - Organise and store data: Schools and other educational institutions can use the platform to safely organise and store their data. As the data are stored using cloud technology, there is no risk of data theft and loss of critical information. Moreover, the management can retrieve the data and use them according to their convenience. Another advantage of cloud-based technology is that schools can eliminate the use of physical registers to maintain students’ records. - Manage learning resources: Another crucial advantage of using an LMS portal is that it helps teachers manage and update the learning resources from time to time. Updating the information and eliminating unnecessary details are crucial. Many times, students miss crucial details because their books are not updated with new information. However, an LMS portal allows teachers to collect the information to help students be in sync with the recent changes in and around their environment. - Easy data integration: Many schools already have unique software to manage their academic and non-academic needs. If schools are already using local student information systems, they should choose a platform that allows easy integration of data. All details concerning students must be available on a common platform to eliminate errors when recording the data. - Easy customization: Many LMS portals can be customised according to the needs of the institution. The management can add or eliminate features that they do not require. Moreover, they can choose to view students’ reports in various forms. The dashboard represents the graphs and charts in an easy-to-understand format. As a result, teachers do not need to spend much time analysing the reports. Moreover, these reports are available in a downloadable form and teachers can download these reports and use them in the future. - Improved collaboration: The platform also enhances collaboration among teachers and students. It makes online and peer-to-peer discussions easier for students. In a collaborative space, students are more likely to perform better. Moreover, they get to solve their doubts in real time with chat and discussion forums. - Tracks learning pace: Different students have different learning paces. Some learn quickly while others may take time to grasp concepts. Teachers can define the learning objectives for every student with the LMS portals. Moreover, it is easier for students to follow the lesson plans. The LMS platforms are equipped with a communication module to keep everyone in the loop and share the right information at the right time. Also, the management can inform parents about their child’s performance through the communication module. Understanding the workings of an LMS portal is necessary for school management, teachers, and students who are going to use the platform for their benefit. However, first, they need to understand LMS’s full form before delving deeper into the usage and applicability of LMS portals. - Hybrid classes: LMS is crucial to conduct classes in hybrid mode. With this platform, teachers can provide live classes to their students effortlessly. How LMS Works: User Registration: Users, including learners and administrators, typically need to register or be added to the LMS. Course Creation: Instructors or administrators create and upload course content, including lessons, quizzes, assignments, and multimedia. Enrollment: Learners enrol in courses, either by self-enrollment or through manual assignment. Access and Learning: Learners access the course materials, progress through the content, and complete assessments. Tracking and Reporting: The LMS meaning to track learner progress, records assessment scores, and generates reports on learner performance. Communication: LMSs often include communication tools like discussion boards, chat, or messaging for learner-instructor and learner-learner interaction. Administration: Administrators use the LMS to manage user accounts, enrollments, and access permissions. Updates and Maintenance: Regular updates and maintenance are necessary to ensure the LMS functions properly and stays secure. Integration: Integration with other systems (e.g., HR, CRM) may be set up to share data and streamline processes. Understanding everything about the LMS portal is essential before deciding on the purchase. School management should look for all available vendors providing LMS systems to schools and other educational institutions. Moreover, they should understand the facilities provided by each vendor. For example, they can look at the dedicated support system available with the vendors. Some other factors that need to be kept in mind when making a purchase decision are how to use the system and if it is scalable. Know more about it here. We have discussed LMS’s full form in this article. The world is moving at a rapid pace and it is important to adapt and change accordingly.LMS meaning a lot in the success of any organisation. As the LMS full form suggests it helps in the management of learning. What is the full form of LMS? The full form of LMS refers to a Learning Management System. This system improves classroom collaboration, helps in classroom management, improves the teaching-learning experience, and helps students resolve their doubts in real time. Who are the user base of a Learning Management System? The base users of the learning management system in educational institutions are admins, teachers, students, and parents. Every stakeholder receives multiple benefits from the use of a learning management system. However, before using this system, the stakeholders must understand what is the full form of LMS and how it can make their tasks convenient. How can students use an LMS? Students can use the LMS platform to aid their learning experience. They can use the system for their assessments, test preparation, revision, and collaboration with their peers. However, they must understand what is full form of LMS is and how they can use this system to improve their learning objectives. Why LMS has become a necessity in the education sector? LMS is used in the education sector to improve learning objectives and provide a holistic learning experience to all students. With this system, teachers can improve classroom collaboration, analyze the strengths and weaknesses of their students, provide personalized learning experiences, share assignments, and more. How can teachers benefit from using an LMS? To improve the learning experience, teachers need to take care of the queries and requirements of their students in real time. With an LMS, they can reach out to their students and resolve their doubts without wasting precious time. Moreover, they can stay connected to their students anytime, anywhere. What are the steps involved in buying an LMS?Before making a purchase decision, everyone should know the full form of LMS. After knowing the lms full form in education, buyers can proceed to understand its offerings, benefits, scalability, and the amount needed for procurement. Learn more about Teachmint plans here.

https://www.teachmint.com/glossary/l/lms-

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Technology’s capacity to foster growth and development is more apparent than ever. In that, the influence of technology cannot be overstated, from streamlining routine tasks to creating ground-breaking solutions. Technology has been extensively adopted throughout generations and that there is still an expectancy for it to meet future needs. A growing demand for qualified technologists exists due to how prevalent technology has become. According to a report from the Bureau of Labor statistics, from 2021 to 2031, it is anticipated that overall employment in computer and information technology occupations would increase by 15%, substantially faster than the average for all occupations. This increase is anticipated to result in the creation of around 682,800 new jobs during the decade. Many are putting in a lot of effort in order to maintain their position in the future and avoid becoming obsolete. This involves continuing personal training through online learning resources, giving back to the community, participating in tech forums, and going to conferences that expose one to the various facets of the tech industry. Gap in the Industry However, there is now competition across industries for these abilities as a result of the demand for tech skills. To keep the sector prospering, the technology skill gap caused by this competition needs to be closed. With the development of new technologies, workers’ contributions have been affected by the move toward machine learning, robotic engineering, artificial intelligence, cloud services, and decentralized operations. The difference between what people can really do and what employers expect them to be able to do is known as the skills gap. If an employee just knows how to program, yet a technology job role requires knowledge of both internet networking and a programming language, there is a skills gap. Due to this gap, businesses find it challenging to fill open positions. The employee can get better at this by developing the talent they lack. Therefore, in order to supply services effectively, these new concepts must be acquired and mastered. Many tech professionals have been compelled to learn new ideas, hone their already-existing talents, and take on more difficult tasks in order to advance their careers because not all of them are knowledgeable in these new tech disciplines. Tech industry benefits to Individuals Due to the numerous benefits offered to employees, such as competitive pay, flexible work schedules, health insurance, skill development, paid parental leave, and job security, the tech industry is still enticing, hence, a growing number of people have transitioned into IT from non-technical backgrounds. Nowadays, many people do online training and obtain certifications to equip them with the knowledge they need to thrive in their employment. This is being done now to protect the future even though it was rarely done in the past. Others have taken chances to pursue their interests while working for tech companies without necessarily being “in IT”. The ease of entrance into the tech industry offers an insight into how the industry is changing. Many IT experts are willing to work remotely from their homes. Skills for the Future Currently, hard skills and Soft skills are two basic skills essential to deliver maximum performance in the tech industry. Hard skills are frequently knowledge-based talents that are exclusive to particular professions, whereas soft skills are frequent and value-based skills that are not connected to a particular employment. Hard skills include, among others: - Artificial Intelligence (AI) - Machine Learning (ML) - Data science - Data analytics - Data visualization - User Interface/Experience (UI/UX) - Software engineering - Cloud computing - Internet of things (IoT) - Human-Computer Interaction - Technical research and writing Several Soft skills include; - Communication skills - Leadership skills - Team player skills - Mentorship skills - Work Ethic - Networking skills etc. Future skills are those abilities that empower people in solving tough problems when situations evolve yet in an organized manner. It comprises hard skills, soft skills, transferable skills and other innovative skills. These abilities are essential for the coordination of formal activities. Some are innate that need to be cultured while others can be formed through a learning process. They include; Creativity, Decision making and good judgment, Digital literacy and Computational thinking, Cognitive thinking, Collaboration, Management, Cultural intelligence, Financial intelligence, Emotional intelligence, Automation etc. In addition to one’s primary training, these abilities are necessary for working in multi-functional teams. Not every skill must be mastered in order to succeed.

https://brandspurng.com/2022/09/22/prospects-for-tech-career-

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On May 3, 1469, the Italian philosopher and writer Niccolo Machiavelli is born. A lifelong patriot and diehard proponent of a unified Italy, Machiavelli became one of the fathers of modern political theory. Machiavelli entered the political service of his native Florence by the time he was 29. As defense secretary, he distinguished himself by executing policies that strengthened Florence politically. He soon found himself assigned diplomatic missions for his principality, through which he met such luminaries as Louis XII of France, Pope Julius II, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I, and perhaps most importantly for Machiavelli, a prince of the Papal States named Cesare Borgia. The shrewd and cunning Borgia later inspired the title character in Machiavelli’s famous and influential political treatise The Prince (1532). Machiavelli’s political life took a downward turn after 1512, when he fell out of favor with the powerful Medici family. He was accused of conspiracy, imprisoned, tortured and temporarily exiled. It was an attempt to regain a political post and the Medici family’s good favor that Machiavelli penned The Prince, which was to become his most well-known work. Though released in book form posthumously in 1532, The Prince was first published as a pamphlet in 1513. In it, Machiavelli outlined his vision of an ideal leader: an amoral, calculating tyrant for whom the end justifies the means. The Prince not only failed to win the Medici family’s favor, it also alienated him from the Florentine people. Machiavelli was never truly welcomed back into politics, and when the Florentine Republic was reestablished in 1527, Machiavelli was an object of great suspicion. He died later that year, embittered and shut out from the Florentine society to which he had devoted his life. Though Machiavelli has long been associated with the practice of diabolical expediency in the realm of politics that was made famous in The Prince, his actual views were not so extreme. In fact, in such longer and more detailed writings as Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy (1517) and History of Florence (1525), he shows himself to be a more principled political moralist. Still, even today, the term “Machiavellian” is used to describe an action undertaken for gain without regard for right or wrong.

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/niccolo-machiavelli-born

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Dandruff (also known as Seborrheic dermatitis) is the excess shedding of the top layer of the skin on the scalp, eyebrows or along the sides of the nose. This top layer of skin consists of dead cells, which protect the more fragile cells below. It is normal for these to be shed or rubbed off because the body is constantly producing new cells that simply move up to replace older ones. However, in dandruff, larger “scales” are shed at an increased rate. Dandruff is primarily an aesthetic problem, which many people find unattractive or embarrassing. There is nothing medically serious about it. It will not lead to baldness, and it is not contagious. Itching may accompany dandruff. Dandruff occurs as frequently in men as in women. It tends to increase in adolescence and young adulthood and decrease thereafter. Those who have acne or oily skin also tend to have more problems with dandruff. Dandruff usually improves during the summer months, unless the weather is exceptionally hot and humid. Exposure to natural sunlight and a reduction in stress may help to control it. The cause of dandruff is unclear. It may be related to hormone production since it commonly begins during adolescence. It may be worsened by sensitivity to a yeast micro-organism which is normally on the scalp and skin. Type of shampoo: Frequent washing with a regular shampoo is the most important treatment for dandruff. Use a regular shampoo to remove the scales as quickly as they form. In addition, the detergents in the shampoo will cause smaller, less visible flakes to shed. Some people mistakenly think that dandruff is caused by a dry scalp that will improve by shampooing infrequently or by applying oily substances to the scalp. This will actually aggravate the condition by preventing the shedding of cells. If frequent washing with a regular shampoo does not control dandruff, try a dandruff shampoo. Choose products with effective ingredients (check labels): - Very effective: Nizoral 1% (active ingredient: ketoconazole) is an antifungal shampoo that helps reduce the number of yeast micro-organisms present on the scalp - Moderately effective: salicylic acid and sulfur (selenium sulfide) Seek Medical Help If: - Itching associated with dandruff increases - Using a dandruff shampoo fails to control the problem adequately - Inflammation (redness, swelling, severe scaling) occurs on the scalp or other parts of the body

https://log.ng/health/dandruff-causes-

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