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Schizophonic (Robben Ford album) Schizophonic is a jazz album by Robben Ford, released in 1976. The album title refers to Robben Ford's interest in playing two instruments. He began playing saxophone at the age of ten, but at thirteen he heard blues guitarist Mike Bloomfield. The music is a mix between different styles in the jazz. From Blues in the first track, alongside Latin to more Jazz fusion as known from his later album The Inside Story. On the first track and the last track Robben Ford plays the saxophone. Track listing All tracks composed by Robben Ford "Miss Miss" – 6:34 "Ladies' Choice" – 6:30 "Hawk's Theme" – 5:37 "Low Ride" – 2:26 "Stella and Frenchie" – 8:00 "Softly Rolling" – 7:28 Personnel Robben Ford – Guitar & Saxophone Paul Nagle – Keyboards Stan Poplin – Bass Jim Baum – Drums Production Chris Hudson – production & engineering Ken Perry & Chris Clarke – mastering References Category:Robben Ford albums Category:1976 albums Category:BMG albums

Filip Jícha Filip Jícha (born 19 April 1982) is a former Czech handballer. He most recently played for Spanish handball team FC Barcelona. He also played for the Czech national team. Currently he is the head coach of THW Kiel. Awards IHF World Handball Player of the Year 2010 References Category:1982 births Category:Living people Category:Czech male handball players Category:Czech expatriates in Germany Category:Czech expatriates in Spain Category:THW Kiel players Category:FC Barcelona Handbol players Category:Liga ASOBAL players Category:Sportspeople from Plzeň

Wulin Square station Wulin Square () is a station on Line 1 of the Hangzhou Metro in China. It was opened in November 2012, together with the rest of the stations on Line 1. It is located at Wulin Square, in the Xiacheng District of Hangzhou. The station complex is one of the largest in Hangzhou with a platforms that are wider than regular Hangzhou Metro stations and have provision for a paired cross-platform interchange with the proposed Line 3. In addition, the station is connected to a large underground mall. References Category:Railway stations in Zhejiang Category:Railway stations opened in 2012 Category:2012 establishments in China Category:Hangzhou Metro stations

Peter Donnelly (footballer, born 1936) Peter Donnelly (born 22 September 1936) is an English former professional footballer. Born in Hull, Donnelly began his career with Doncaster Rovers but was allowed to leave the club in 1958 to join Scunthorpe United. Finding his feet at Scunthorpe, he went on to score 19 times during his time at the club and his form persuaded Cardiff City to offer Joe Bonson to Scunthorpe in exchange. Signing for the club on their return to Division One, he put in a number of strong performances alongside the club's other main strikers, Derek Tapscott and Graham Moore, but was allowed to leave to join rivals Swansea Town. Spending one year at Swansea, Donnelly went on to finish his career with spells at Brighton & Hove Albion and Bradford City before later serving as manager of Margate in two separate spells. References Category:1936 births Category:Living people Category:English footballers Category:English football managers Category:Sportspeople from Kingston upon Hull Category:Footballers from the East Riding of Yorkshire Category:Doncaster Rovers F.C. players Category:Scunthorpe United F.C. players Category:Cardiff City F.C. players Category:Swansea City A.F.C. players Category:Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. players Category:Bradford City A.F.C. players Category:Margate F.C. players Category:Canterbury City F.C. players Category:Margate F.C. managers Category:English Football League players Category:Association football forwards

Inferior ramus Inferior ramus may refer to: Inferior ramus of the ischium Inferior pubic ramus

Achmad Soebardjo Meester in de rechten Raden Ahmad Soebardjo Djojoadisoerjo (Karawang Regency, West Java, 23 March 1896 – 15 December 1978) was a diplomat, one of Indonesia's founding fathers, and an Indonesian national hero. He was the first Foreign Minister of Indonesia. In 1933, he received the degree Meester in de Rechten from Leiden University, Netherlands. Early life Ahmad Soebardjo was born in Teluk Jambe, Karawang Regency, West Java, on 23 March 1896. His father's name was Teuku Muhammad Yusuf, an Acehnese patrician from Pidie. His paternal grandfather was an ulama and his father was the chief of police in Teluk Jambe, Karawang. His mother's name was Wardinah. She was of Javanese-Buginese descent, and was daughter from Camat in Telukagung, Cirebon. Initially, his father gave him the name Teuku Abdul Manaf, but his mother gave him the name Ahmad Subardjo. Djojoadisoerjo was added by himself after he was arrested and imprisoned in Ponorogo Prison because of his involvement with the "July 3, 1946 Incident". He studied at Hogere Burgerschool Jakarta in 1917. He continued to Leiden University, Netherlands and obtained the degree Meester in de Rechten title in the field of law in 1933. Struggle As a student, he was active in the fight for Indonesian independence through several organizations such as Jong Java and the Indonesian Students Association in the Netherlands, the Perhimpoenan Indonesia. In February 1927, Soebardjo, Mohammad Hatta, and three other students represented Indonesia at the conferences of the League against Imperialism in Brussels and later in Germany. At the founding congress in Brussels, Soebardjo and the others met Jawaharlal Nehru and others nationalist leaders from Asia and Africa. Soebardjo even spent a couple of months in Berlin and Moscow working for the International Secretariat of the League against Imperialism. Upon return to Indonesia, he became a member of the Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence (BPUPK). On 19 August 1945, two days after the Proclamation of Indonesian Independence on 17 August 1945, Sukarno appointed Soebardjo as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Presidential Cabinet, Indonesia's first cabinet for 4 months and immediately started the first Foreign Ministry office at his own residence in Jalan Cikini raya. Subardjo served as Minister of Foreign Affairs once again from 1951 to 1952 in Sukiman's Cabinet. In addition, he also became the Ambassador of the Republic of Indonesia to Switzerland from 1957 to 1961. Death Soebardjo died at the age of 82 at Pertamina Hospital, Kebayoran Baru, from influenza complications. He was buried at his vacation home in Cipayung, Bogor. In 2009 the government honoured him as a National Hero. References Category:People from Karawang Regency Category:1896 births Category:1978 deaths Category:Acehnese people Category:Indonesian Muslims Category:National Heroes of Indonesia Category:Foreign ministers of Indonesia

Centric Software Centric Software is a Silicon Valley-based software company headquartered in Campbell, California. The company designs software, in particular Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) systems, for fashion, retail, footwear, outdoor, luxury, home décor and consumer goods industries. History Centric Software was founded in 1998. The company began as a PLM vendor and then made developments in enterprise mobility applications suite with visual, touch-screen based digital board solutions. The company has provided PLM solutions to retailers and manufacturers including Volcom, Tesco, Amaro, Louis Vuitton, SIPLEC, Balenciaga, and Calvin Klein among others. Centric's PLM was also purchased by LIME, a Russian fashion company as part of the company's efforts to its products outside of USA. As of January 2020, the company has 15 offices around the world and 4 virtual centres. Its investors include Dassault Systèmes, Oak Investment Partners, Masthead Venture Partners, and Fung Capital USA. Products Centric Software has integrated 3D, mobility, AI, cloud, SaaS, and Agile Development to develop their products. See also Dassault Systèmes Product life-cycle management (marketing) References Category:Dental companies of the United States Category:1998 establishments in the United States Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley Category:Companies based in Campbell, California Category:Software companies Category:Companies established in 1998

Sophie Molineux Sophie Grace Molineux (born 17 January 1998) is an Australian cricketer who plays for the Victorian Spirit in the Women's National Cricket League and for the Melbourne Renegades in the Women's Big Bash League. A left-hander all-rounder, Molineux won the Betty Wilson Young Player of the Year award at the 2017 Allan Border Medal Ceremony. She made her Women's Twenty20 International cricket (WT20I) debut for Australia Women against India Women on 22 March 2018. She made her Women's One Day International cricket (WODI) debut for Australia Women against Pakistan Women on 18 October 2018. Early life Born in Bairnsdale in eastern Victoria, Molineux has been involved in cricket since her early childhood. When she was about 10 years old, she was talent spotted by John Harmer, former head coach of Australia and England's women's teams, who was engaged as a private coach for her. She took seven wickets for zero runs in a Victorian primary school game as a 12-year-old and then as a 13-year-old she made 98 off 60 balls, which included five sixes. She made her men's A grade debut for the West Bairnsdale Cricket Club at 16. She took a hat-trick while playing for Gippsland in the Under-18 VicSpirit Championships in 2013 and played in both the Victorian U-15's and U-18's sides. Limited overs career Molineux debuted for the Victorian Spirit in Australia's women's domestic limited overs competition, the Women's National Cricket League on 15 October 2016 against the ACT Meteors. In her second match against the Western Fury, she dismissed Heather Graham for her debut limited overs wicket. Taking a further two wickets in the innings, she finished with figures of 3/41. She followed this up with another three-wicket haul against the New South Wales Breakers where she also scored 20 runs opening the batting. She top scored with 55 in the match against the Queensland Fire to record her first half century in the format. Molineux finished the season with a total seven wickets at an average of 20.71. Twenty20 and international career Molineux made her women's Twenty20 debut for the Melbourne Renegades during the inaugural Women's Big Bash League season in 2015–16. Playing 10 of the 14 games for Melbourne, Molineux took her first WT20 wicket in her fourth match – Nicola Carey of the Sydney Thunder clean bowled for 13. In the match against the Sydney Sixers on 8 January, she took her first three-wicket haul, collecting the wickets of Alyssa Healy, Sara McGlashan and Ashleigh Gardner all caught and bowled. The following day in the match against the Thunder, Molineux improved on her performance taking figures of 3/18. She returned the following season and played all 14 matches for the Renegades. During the opening weekend double header against the Adelaide Strikers, she scored a career high 37 not out in the first match and took career best figures of 4/18 and scored 28 runs with the bat in a player of the match performance in the second. Promoted up the order to opener midway through the season, Molineux equalled her top score of 37 in her match against the Perth Scorchers on 29 December 2016. She finished the season with a career total of 16 wickets at 26.75 and 305 runs at an average of 21.78. Her performance earned her the inaugural Betty Wilson Young Player of the Year award at the 2017 Allan Border Medal Ceremony. Named in honour of Betty Wilson, one of Australia's great all-rounders, it recognises a female cricketer who, prior to 5 December 2015, was aged under 25 and had played 10 or fewer matches.

In October 2018, she was named in Australia's squad for the 2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 tournament in the West Indies. In November 2018, she was named in the Melbourne Renegades' squad for the 2018–19 Women's Big Bash League season. In April 2019, Cricket Australia awarded her with a contract ahead of the 2019–20 season. In July 2019, she was added to Australia's squad for the one-off Test match in the Women's Ashes against England. She made her Test debut for Australia against England women on 18 July 2019. In January 2020, she was named in Australia's squad for the 2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup in Australia. Representative career Molineux was selected to play for the Australia Governor-General's XI against the touring Indian women's team in January 2016 and again in November 2016 against the touring South Africa. In March and April 2016, she played eight matches for Australia A against Sri Lanka A and England A in the 2015–16 Women's Development Series in Colombo. Personal life She graduated from Nagle College, Bairnsdale in 2016 and plans to study occupational therapy. She currently resides in Fitzroy, an inner-city suburb of Melbourne.. She is house-mates with her two Renegades and Australian team-mates, Georgia Wareham and Tayla Vlaeminck. In November 2019, Molineux announced that she would be taking a break from the Women's Big Bash League, due to mental health issues. References External links Category:1998 births Category:Cricketers from Victoria (Australia) Category:Living people Category:Melbourne Renegades (WBBL) cricketers Category:Victorian Spirit cricketers Category:Australia women Test cricketers Category:Australia women One Day International cricketers Category:Australia women Twenty20 International cricketers

ExOrdo Ex Ordo is cloud-based conference management software for association and academic conferences, congresses and symposia. Ex Ordo combines a core abstract management functionality with a registration system, scheduling software, and a mobile conference app. It is used by conferences in 58 countries across a wide set of research fields. History Ex Ordo was conceived in 2008 by Paul Killoran when he was still an engineering student at NUI Galway. While helping one of his lecturers organise a conference, Killoran recognised the need for academic conference chairs to have efficient tools to manage the research material submitted to their conferences. He built a basic abstract management system designed to facilitate the peer review process within scientific, technical and medical conferences. In 2011, Killoran incorporated Ex Ordo with co-founder Dermot Lally. Ex Ordo has since grown to become conference management software that includes delegate registration, conference scheduling and the ability to build a book of proceedings. Services Ex Ordo allows conference chairs to manage all stages of organising a research conference. This includes collecting submissions and managing their peer review, creating a set of proceedings and publishing a mobile conference app. Peer reviewers use Ex Ordo to review submissions based on an online marking scheme stipulated by the conference chair. Awards and recognition Awarded Best New Web Application 2011 and Best Practice 2011 awarded by the Realex Fire Web Awards. Named a Top 10 Abstract Management System for Academia by Event Industry News in 2016. Ex Ordo is backed by Enterprise Ireland. See also Abstract management Research or academic conferences Peer review Proceedings References External links The Conference Mentor Category:Academic conferences Category:Conferences Category:Abstract management software

Ovstug Ovstug () is a rural locality (a village) and the administrative center of Ovstugskoye Rural Settlement, Zhukovsky District, Bryansk Oblast, Russia. The population was 729 as of 2010. There are 8 streets. References Category:Rural localities in Bryansk Oblast

Southern Illinois tornado history Listed below are confirmed killer tornadoes listed by date in Southern Illinois, United States. Modern record keeping in the region began in the 1880s, although there were undoubtedly many other deaths that have been lost to history. It is important to note that before the 1950s tornadoes were not officially ranked. The current rankings are an estimation due to the accounts of witnesses. Southern Illinois tornadoes by death toll {| class="wikitable collapsible" width="100%" !colspan="6"|March 30, 1982 |- |F# || Location || County || Time (local) || Path length || Damage |- |bgcolor=# | F2 |Ina area |Jefferson |2030 |0.8 miles |1 death' |- |} See also Climate of Illinois List of North American tornadoes and tornado outbreaks St. Louis tornado history References External links The Tri-State Tornado (The Tornado Project) 1925 Tri-State Tornado (NWS Paducah, Kentucky) The Weather Channel's Storm of the Century list - #7 The Tri-State Tornado The Great Tri-State Tornado (RootsWeb Genealogy) Newspaper Coverage of the Tri-State Tornado Ravage of Murphysboro (NIU Library) Tri-State Tornado: Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, March 1925 (Popular Mechanics) The 1925 Tornado (Carolyar.com Genealogy) 1925 Monster Tornado Killed Hundreds Led to Development of Warning System Books The Tri-State Tornado: The Story of America's Greatest Tornado Disaster, by Peter S. Felknor. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1992. 131 pages. . The Forgotten Storm: The Great Tri-state Tornado of 1925'', by Wallace E. Akin. Guilford, Connecticut: Lyons Press, 2002. 173 pages. . Southern Illinois Southern Illinois Southern Illinois Southern Illinois Category:Tornadoes of 1925 Southern Illinois Tornado history Tornado history Tornado history Tornado history Tornado history Tornado history Tornado history Tornado history Tornado history Tornado history Tornado history Category:1925 in the United States

Carol A. Beier Carol A. Beier (born September 27, 1958) is a Kansas Supreme Court Justice appointed by Governor Kathleen Sebelius. She took office September 5, 2003 to replace retiring Justice Bob Abbott. Personal life Carol A. Beier was born September 27, 1958 in Kansas City, Kansas. She earned a Bachelor of Science in Journalism at the University of Kansas in 1981. Beier later went on to obtain a Juris Doctor at KU in 1985 and an Master of Laws, at University of Virginia School of Law in 2004. Justice Beier currently resides in Topeka with her husband Richard W. Green. Professional life After earning the Bachelor of Science from KU Beier spent two years working for the Kansas City Times. Upon obtaining her Juris Doctor she served as a clerk to then Judge James Kenneth Logan of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit. She started her career as a Staff Attorney in Litigation and Legislation Practice at the National Women's Law Center through the Women's Rights and Public Policy fellowship program of the Georgetown University Law Center. After finishing the fellowship she entered private practice focusing on white collar criminal defense for Arent, Fox, Kintner, Plotkin & Kahn in Washington, D.C. from 1987 to 1988. She came back to Kansas in 1988 and practiced litigation concentrating on commercial disputes and health care law at Foulston & Siefkin L.L.P. in Wichita eventually becoming a partner at the firm. In 2000 Beier was appointed to the Kansas Court of Appeals where she served until being named to the Kansas Supreme Court to replace retiring Justice Bob Abbott in 2003. She will face her next retention vote in 2010. In 2004 she retained her seat with 702,423 (76.4%) for her and 215,948 (23.5%) opposed. Justice Beier is a member of the American Bar Association, American Judicature Society, American Bar Foundation, National Association of Women Judges, Kansas Bar Association, D.C. Bar, Kansas Women Attorneys Association, the Wichita and Topeka Bar Associations, and the Institute of Judicial Administration at New York University School of Law. References External links Official Biography Category:1958 births Category:Living people Category:People from Kansas City, Kansas Category:Kansas Court of Appeals Judges Category:Kansas Supreme Court justices Category:University of Kansas alumni Category:Kansas lawyers Category:University of Virginia School of Law alumni Category:American women judges Category:American women lawyers Category:21st-century American judges

Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty The Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty (FMCT) is a proposed international treaty to prohibit the further production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other explosive devices. The treaty has not been negotiated and its terms remain to be defined. According to a proposal by the United States, fissile material includes high-enriched uranium and plutonium (except plutonium that is over 80% Pu-238). According to a proposal by Russia, fissile material would be limited to weapons-grade uranium (with more than 90% U-235) and plutonium (with more than 90% Pu-239). Neither proposal would prohibit the production of fissile material for non-weapons purposes, including use in civil or naval nuclear reactors. In a 27 September 1993 speech before the UN, President Clinton called for a multilateral convention banning the production of fissile materials for nuclear explosives or outside international safeguards. In December 1993 the UN General Assembly adopted resolution 48/75L calling for the negotiation of a "non-discriminatory, multilateral and international effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices." The Geneva-based Conference on Disarmament (CD) on 23 March 1995 agreed to establish a committee to negotiate "a non-discriminatory, multilateral and internationally and effectively verifiable treaty banning the production of fissile material for nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.". However, substantive negotiations have not taken place. In 2004, the United States announced that it opposed the inclusion of a verification mechanism in the treaty on the grounds that the treaty could not be effectively verified. On November 4, 2004, the United States cast the sole vote in the First Committee of the United Nations General Assembly against a resolution (A/C.1/59/L.34) calling for negotiation of an effectively verifiable treaty. The Bush Administration supported a treaty but advocated an ad hoc system of verification wherein states would monitor the compliance of other states through their own national intelligence mechanisms. On April 5, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama reversed the U.S. position on verification and proposed to negotiate "a new treaty that verifiably ends the production of fissile materials intended for use in state nuclear weapons." On May 29, 2009, the CD agreed to establish an FMCT negotiating committee, However, Pakistan has repeatedly blocked the CD from implementing its agreed program of work, despite severe pressure from the major nuclear powers to end its defiance of 64 other countries in blocking international ban on the production of new nuclear bomb-making material, as well as discussions on full nuclear disarmament, the arms race in outer space, and security assurances for non-nuclear states. Pakistan justified its actions when Chairman joint chiefs General Tariq Majid argued that "a proposed fissile material cutoff treaty would target Pakistan specifically. See also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty External links International Panel on Fissile Materials 59th General Assembly Sessions, Click "A/59/459 Corr.1" dated 22 Nov. 2004 and entitled "General and complete disarmament - Report of the First Committee" References Category:Nuclear weapons policy Category:Nuclear proliferation Category:Arms control treaties Category:Proposed treaties Category:Nuclear technology treaties

Lisglasson Mass Garden Lisglasson Mass Garden is an Irish garden. It is located in the parish of Clontibret in County Monaghan, Ireland. History Clontibret parish is in the Clogher diocese. The Mass Garden is highlighted on the 1857 OSI map of the Clontibret/Lisglasson area. It was also identified by Rev. P. Ó Gallachair in his 1957 journal article ‘Clogher’s Altars of the Penal Days’ published in the Clogher Record, 2 (1), pp. 97–130. Also recorded were Mass Rocks & Bothog's (Huts) in Lemgare, Tasson, Dunfelimy and Doohamlet. Location Lisglasson Mass Garden is situated close to the N2, and is accessible from the roadside. References Category:County Monaghan

William Frank Buckley Sr. William Frank Buckley Sr. (July 11, 1881 – October 5, 1958) was an American lawyer and oil developer. He became influential in Mexican politics during the military dictatorship of Victoriano Huerta but was later expelled when Álvaro Obregón became president. He became wealthy due to his interests in oil exploration and speculation. Buckley was the father of ten children, including William F. Buckley, Jr., the author and founder of National Review magazine, and of James L. Buckley, a U.S. Senator from New York (1971–1977). He was the grandfather of Christopher Buckley, an author and humorist. Early life, parents and siblings Buckley was born the fourth of eight children in Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, the son of Mary Ann Langford and John C. Buckley. His parents had immigrated to Texas from Hamilton, Ontario, Canada in 1874. Both of their families had immigrated to Canada from Ireland, from Limerick and Cork, respectively. Langford is a name of English or Norman origin, while Buckley is an anglicized version of O Buachalla, a surname quite common in Ireland. In 1882, the family relocated from Washington-on-the-Brazos to San Diego, Duval County, Texas, where John Buckley was a businessman who worked in merchandising, politics and sheep raising. He was elected several times as Duval County Sheriff. After William Frank finished school, he taught Spanish-speaking pupils in a country school near Benavides. He retained a knowledge of and friendship with Spanish-speaking people his entire life. Education Buckley attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he received advanced credit for his Spanish language skills and acted as an assistant to a professor in the Romance languages department. He worked as a Spanish translator along with his sister, Priscilla Buckley, for the Texas General Land Office. He helped to found the University of Texas' Chapter of the fraternity Delta Tau Delta. As a devout Catholic, Buckley was part of an effort to purchase property near the University for the Newman Club. After the death of his father in 1904, Buckley commissioned building a large house at Lavaca and 19th streets in Austin (now the site of the Cambridge Tower), where his mother lived until her death in 1930. He obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1904 from the University of Texas and his Bachelor of Laws from the University of Texas Law School. In 1905 he was elected editor of the University of Texas Yearbook The Cactus. In 1909 Buckley received his license to practice law and was elected a member of the Texas Bar Association. Personal life and family In 1917, Buckley married Aloise Josephine Antonia Steiner, of New Orleans; she was of Swiss-German, and some Irish, ancestry. They had ten children: Aloïse, short story writer; John, oil business; Priscilla, a journalist; James, senator and judge; Jane, the non-writer; Bill, National Review founder; Patricia, Triumph magazine collaborator; Reid, public speaking teacher; Maureen, oversaw National Review subscriptions; and Carol, another author. His ten children produced about 50 grandchildren. Buckley supervised his children's educations to ensure they learned Spanish and French as well as excellent English. After living in Mexico and South America, the family lived for years in London, Paris, and the United States. The children attended private English and French Catholic schools when they lived abroad. During the 1920s, the Buckleys purchased properties called Great Elm in Sharon, Connecticut, and Kamchatka in Camden, South Carolina for homes when they lived in the United States. Activities in Mexico In 1908, Buckley moved to Mexico and established himself as a lawyer. Together with his brother Claude, he founded the firm of Buckley & Buckley to represent

major American and European oil companies operating in Mexico. In 1912, he opened an office with his other brother Edmund in Tampico. In 1913 Buckley founded and became President of the Pantepec Oil Company based in Tampico. In 1914 during tensions with the United States (US), President Huerta appointed Buckley counsel for a convention organized by Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia. The nations, known as the ABC Powers, were working to mediate relations between Mexico and the US because of their implications for Latin America. Buckley turned his legal practice over to his brothers to speculate in real estate and leasing of oil lands. In 1914 the US occupied Veracruz following an incident related to Mexicans' importing illegal German arms. Buckley refused an offer by President Woodrow Wilson to be appointed as acting civil governor of the Mexican State of Veracruz. In 1919 Buckley testified before the U.S. Senate Joint Subcommittee on Foreign Relations as an expert on conditions in Mexico. He then founded the American Association of Mexico (AAM), a lobby group working to amend Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution of 1917 to remove recent restrictions on individual American ownership of land and oil rights. In 1921, the Mexican government expelled Buckley because of his AAM activity. Buckley reported on his expulsion to the U.S. Secretary of State in 1922. He donated his papers to the University of Texas in 1923. In 1924, President Plutarco Elías Calles invited Buckley to return to Mexico, but instead he transferred his Pantepec Oil Company to Venezuela. Oil speculator After he transferred his company to Venezuela, Buckley fully committed himself to oil exploration, where he was one of the first to use the "farm-out" system. This entailed Buckley's making agreements with some of the largest oil companies by which they would share profits on oil found on the land in return for sharing development costs. His first major deal was made with Standard Oil during the 1930s, when a large oilfield was discovered on Pantepec's Venezuelan lands. During his career, Buckley was primarily interested in unexplored territory. In 1946 he began developing his holdings into separate companies. His operations became international with holdings in Canada, Florida, Ecuador, Australia, the Philippines, Israel and Guatemala. Death While traveling between Paris and New York City in September 1958, Buckley suffered a stroke while aboard the S.S. United States, where he was given the Viaticum or Last Rites. He died in Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City on October 5, 1958 and was buried in the Quaker Cemetery in Camden, South Carolina. References External links William F. Buckley, Sr.: An Inventory of His Papers at the Benson Latin American Collection Category:1881 births Category:1958 deaths Category:20th-century American businesspeople Category:American people of Irish descent Category:American Roman Catholics Category:Buckley family Category:Disease-related deaths in New York (state) Category:People from Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas Category:Texas lawyers Category:University of Texas School of Law alumni Category:American people of Canadian descent Category:American expatriates in Mexico Category:People from San Diego, Texas Category:Catholics from Texas

Sonora Sonora (), officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora (), is one of 32 states which comprise the Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided into 72 municipalities; the capital city is Hermosillo. Sonora is bordered by the states of Chihuahua to the east, Baja California to the northwest and Sinaloa to the south. To the north, it shares the U.S.–Mexico border primarily with the state of Arizona with a small length with New Mexico, and on the west has a significant share of the coastline of the Gulf of California. Sonora's natural geography is divided into three parts: the Sierra Madre Occidental in the east of the state; plains and rolling hills in the center; and the coast on the Gulf of California. It is primarily arid or semiarid deserts and grasslands, with only the highest elevations having sufficient rainfall to support other types of vegetation. Sonora is home to eight indigenous peoples, including the Mayo, the O’odham, the Yaqui, and Seri. It has been economically important for its agriculture, livestock (especially beef), and mining since the colonial period, and for its status as a border state since the Mexican–American War. With the Gadsden Purchase, Sonora lost more than a quarter of its territory. From the 20th century to the present, industry, tourism, and agribusiness have dominated the economy, attracting migration from other parts of Mexico. Etymology Several theories exist as to the origin of the name "Sonora". One theory states that the name was derived from Nuestra Señora, the name given to the territory when Diego de Guzmán crossed the Yaqui River on the day of Nuestra Señora del Rosario ("Our Lady of the Rosary"), which falls on with the pronunciation possibly changing because none of the indigenous languages of the area have the ñ sound. Another theory states that Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca and his companions, who had wrecked off the Florida coast and made their way across the continent, were forced to cross the arid state from north to south, carrying an image of Nuestra Señora de las Angustias ("Our Lady of Anguish") on a cloth. They encountered the Opata, who could not pronounce Señora, instead saying Senora or Sonora. A third theory, written by Father Cristóbal de Cañas in 1730, states that the name comes from the word for a natural water well, sonot, which the Spaniards eventually modified to "Sonora". The first record of the name Sonora comes from explorer Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, who passed through the state in 1540 and called part of the area the Valle de la Sonora. Francisco de Ibarra also traveled through the area in 1567 and referred to the Valles de Señora. The literal meaning of "sonora" in Spanish is "sonorous" or "loud." History Pre-Hispanic period Evidence of human existence in the state dates back over 10,000 years, with some of the best-known remains at the San Dieguito Complex in the El Pinacate Desert. The first humans were nomadic hunter gatherers who used tools made from stones, seashells, and wood. During much of the prehistoric period, the environmental conditions were less severe than they are today, with similar but more dense vegetation spread over a wider area. The oldest Clovis culture site in North America is believed to be El Fin del Mundo in northwestern Sonora. It was discovered during a 2007 survey. It features occupation dating around 13,390 calibrated years BP. In 2011, remains of Gomphothere were found; the evidence suggests that humans did in fact kill two of them here. Agriculture first appeared around and in the river valleys. Remains of ceramics have

been found dating from with diversification from 800 and Between 1100 and 1350, the region had socially complex small villages with well-developed trade networks. The lowland central coast, however, seems never truly to have adopted agriculture. Because Sonora and much of the northwest does not share many of the cultural traits of that area, it is not considered part of Mesoamerica. Though evidence exists of trade between the peoples of Sonora and Mesoamerica, Guasave in Sinaloa is the most north-westerly point considered Mesoamerican. Three archaeological cultures developed in the low, flat areas of the state near the coast: the Trincheras tradition, the Huatabampo tradition, and the Central Coast tradition. The Trincheras tradition is dated to between 750 and 1450 CE and mostly known from sites in the Altar, Magdalena, and Concepción valleys, but its range extended from the Gulf of California into northern Sonora. The tradition is named after trenches found in a number of sites, the best known of which is the Cerro de Trincheras. The Huatabampo tradition is centered south of the Trincheras along the coast, with sites along extinct lagoons, estuaries, and river valleys. This tradition has a distinctive ceramic complex. Huatabampo culture shows similarities with the Chametla to the south and the Hohokam to the north. This probably ended around 1000 CE. Unlike the other two traditions, the Central Coast remained a hunter-gatherer culture, as the area lacks the resources for agriculture. The higher elevations of the state were dominated by the Casas Grandes and Río Sonora tradition. The Río Sonora culture is located in central Sonora from the border area to modern Sinaloa. A beginning date for this culture has not been determined but it probably disappeared by the early 14th century. The Casas Grandes tradition in Sonora was an extension of the Río Sonora tradition based in the modern state of Chihuahua, which exterted its influence down to parts of the Sonoran coast. Climatic changes in the middle of the 15th century resulted in the increased desertification of northwest Mexico in general. This is the probable cause for the drastic decrease in the number and size of settlements starting around this time. The peoples that remained in the area reverted to a less complex social organization and lifestyle. Whatever socially complex organization existed in Sonora before the Spaniards was long gone by the 16th century. European period Little reliable information remains about the area in the 16th century following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. Some state that the first Spanish settlement was founded by Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1530, near Huépac. Others state that Francisco Vásquez de Coronado founded a village on the edge of the Yaqui River in 1540 on his way north. Another source states that the first Spanish presence was not until 1614, by missionaries such as Pedro Méndez and Pérez de Rivas, working with the Mayo. Unlike in central Mexico, no central social or economic centralization occurred in the Sonora area, given the collapse of population centers in the 15th century. The five traditions of the past had broken down to a number of fractured ethnicities. No empire or other system was present for the Spaniards to co-opt for domination purposes. In addition, the Yaqui people resisted European intrusion on their lands, effectively keeping the Spaniards out of their area until the 17th century. While exploration of the area happened through the expeditions of the 16th century, significant permanent Spanish settlement did not become possible until the establishment of the mission system. Jesuit priests began to work in Sonora in the 1610s in the lowlands near

the coast. Originally, these missionaries worked out a peaceful compromise with the 30,000 Yaquis allowing for the establishment of more than fifty mission settlements in the Sonora river valleys. This broke down when the Jesuits opposed the native shamanic religious tradition. The Opata were more receptive to the missionaries and allied with them. After this, the Jesuits began to move into Pima and Tohono O'odham territories. Spanish exploration and missionary work was sufficient to consider the territory part of New Spain. An agreement between General Pedro de Perea and the viceroy of New Spain resulted in the general shaping of the province, initially called Nueva Navarra in 1637, but renamed Sonora in 1648. The most famous missionary of Sonora, as well as much of what is now the American Southwest, was Eusebio Kino. He arrived in Sonora in 1687 and started missionary work in the Pimería Alta area of Sonora and Arizona. He began his first mission at Cucurpe, then established churches and missions in other villages such as Los Remedios, Imuris, Magdalena, Cocóspera, San Ignacio, Tubutama and Caborca. To develop an economy for the natives, Father Kino also taught them European farming techniques. The initial attraction of Sonora for the Spaniards was its fertile farmlands along the river valleys and its position as part of a corridor linking the central Mexican highlands around Mexico City up the Pacific coast and on into Arizona and points north. This corridor still exists in the form of Federal Highway 15. After the establishment of the mission system, Spanish colonists followed. Indigenous response was a mixture of accommodation and violence, as different strategies were employed by different groups at different times. The sporadic violence, which would continue throughout the colonial period, resulted in the Spanish building presidios and other fortifications to protect missions and Spanish settlements. While the colonization process was not especially violent, the impact on the indigenous of the area was severe, as it almost completely disrupted their formerly very independent lives, forcing them to conform to an alien centralized system. One consequence of this was alcoholism among the native peoples. In 1691, what are now the states of Sonora and Sinaloa were joined into an entity called the Provincias de Sonora, Ostimuri, y Sinaloa. They would remain as such through the rest of the colonial period until 1823. At this time, about 1,300 Spanish settlers were in the area. Colonization increased in the 18th century, especially from 1700 to 1767, when mineral deposits were discovered, especially in Álamos. This led to the establishment of a number of royally controlled mining camps, forcing many natives off their agricultural lands. Loss of said lands along the Yaqui and Mayo Rivers led to native uprisings during this time. A major Seri rebellion took place on the coast area in 1725–1726, but the largest uprising was by the Yaquis and Mayos from 1740 to 1742 with the goal of expelling the Spaniards. Part of the reason for the rebellion was that the Jesuits, as well as the secular Spaniards, were exploiting the indigenous. This rebellion destroyed the reputation of the Jesuit mission system. Another Seri rebellion occurred in 1748, with Pima and Tohono O’otham support and lasted into the 1750s. This kept the settlement situation in disarray. With population of the Mexican split half indigenous and half Spanish, about one-quarter of the indigenous population lived in Sonora alone. In 1767, the king of Spain expelled the Jesuits from Spanish-controlled territories, ending the mission system. Independence In 1821, the colonial era in Sonora was ended by the Mexican War of Independence, which started in 1810.

Without being directly involved in the war, Sonora became part of an independent Mexico, which allowed for economic development. The former province of Sonora, Ostimuri, y Sinaloa was divided in 1823 to form the states of Sonora and Sinaloa, with the Sonoran capital in Ures. They were reunited in 1824 but became separate again in 1831, when Sonora wrote its first state constitution, which put the capital in Hermosillo. In 1832, the capital was moved to Arizpe. In 1835, the government of Sonora put a bounty on the Apache which, over time, evolved into a payment by the government of 100 pesos for each scalp of a male 14 or more years old. James L. Haley wrote: "In 1835, Don Ignacio Zúñiga, who was the long-time commander of the presidios of northern Sonora, asserted that since 1820 the Apaches had killed at least five thousand settlers, which convinced another four thousand to flee, forced the abandonment of over one hundred settlements, and caused the virtual depopulation of the interior frontier. ... The state of Sonora resorted to paying a bounty on Apache scalps in 1835." The struggles between the Conservatives, who wanted a centralized government, and Liberals, who wanted a federalist system, affected the entire country during the 19th century. In 1835, a centralist government was instituted based on what were called the Bases Constitucionales ("Constitutional Bases"). They were followed by the Siete Leyes Constitucionales ("Seven Constitutional Laws"), which remained in effect until 1837. But in December of the same year, General José de Urrea proclaimed in Arizpe the re-establishment of the Constitution of 1824, initially supported by then Governor Manuel Gándara. However, for the rest of the century, Gándara and succeeding governors would support a centralized government, leading to political instability in the state. In 1838, the capital was moved back to Ures. The fertile lands of the Mayo and Yaquis continued to attract outsiders during the 19th century. These were now Mexicans rather than Spaniards, and later in the century, it was a major draw for North Americans. By the end of the 19th century, however, the area received large numbers of immigrants from Europe, especially from Germany, Italy, and Russia, the Middle East, mainly Lebanon or Syria, and even China, who brought new forms of agriculture, mining, livestock, industrial processes, ironwork, and textiles. The Mexican–American War resulted in only one major military confrontation between Mexican and United States forces, but its consequences were severe for the state. In October 1847, the warship USS Cyane laid siege to Guaymas Bay, resulting in United States control of this part of the coast until 1848. When the war ended, Sonora lost 339,370 hectares (13,200 square miles) of its territory to the United States through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. Additionally, the war ruined the state's economy. Sonora lost more territory in the 1850s, through the Gadsden Purchase. Before the war, Sonora was the largest State in Mexico. The State lost more than 29,000 square miles to the United States as a result of the 1853 Gadsden Purchase. The majority of the area is today's Arizona south of the Gila River and a part of the present-day southwestern New Mexico. The area's political vulnerability immediately after the war made it susceptible to buccaneers such as William Walker, Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon, and Henry Alexander Crabb, who attacked Sonoran ports such as Guaymas and Caborca. However, most attacks were repelled. The economy did not begin to recover from the war until the late 1850s, when Ignacio Pesqueira became governor and attracted foreign investment to the state, especially in the mining sector, as well

as worked to create markets abroad for agricultural products. During the French intervention in Mexico, Sonora was invaded by French troops as part of the effort to install Maximilian I as a monarch in Mexico. The port of Guaymas was attacked by forces under Armando Castagny, forcing Mexican forces under Pesqueira and General Patoni to retreat north of the city. French troops attacked the Mexicans again at a place called La Pasión, again resulting in defeat for the Mexican resistance. The French were not defeated in the state until the Battle of Llanos de Ures in 1866 by Pesqueira, Jesús García Morales and Ángel Martínez. Shortly after this, the state's current constitution was written in 1871, and its capital was permanently moved to Hermosillo. During the regime of Porfirio Díaz from the late 19th century to the 20th century, major economic changes occurred. These changes promoted rapid economic growth, which had far-reaching social and political consequences. Sonora and the rest of the northern states rapidly increased in economic importance. Development of a rail system integrated the state's economy into the national, and also allowed greater federal control over all of Mexico's territory. After 1880, this rail system was extended north into the United States, making it an important part of binational economic relations to this day. However, the changes also permitted foreigners and certain Mexicans to take over very large tracts of land in Mexico. In Sonora, Guillermo Andrade controlled , Manuel Peniche and American William Cornell Green about . Foreign industry owners also tended to bring in Asian and European workers. Chinese immigration into Sonora would begin at this time, and the Chinese soon became an economic force as they built small businesses that spread wherever economic development occurred. The appropriation of land for both agriculture and mining placed renewed pressure on the Yaquis and other native peoples of Sonora. Previously, active resistance had given the Yaqui fairly autonomous control of a portion of the state and kept their agricultural system along the Yaqui River. Encroachment on this land led to uprisings and guerilla warfare by the Yaquis after 1887. By 1895, the federal and state governments began to violently repress the Yaquis and forcefully relocate captured Yaquis to the plantations in Mexico's tropical south, especially the henequen plantations in the Yucatán Peninsula. The Yaqui resistance continued into the 20th century, with the expulsions reaching a peak between 1904 and 1908, by which time about one quarter of this population had been deported. Still more were forced to flee into Arizona. 20th century The policies of the Díaz government caused resentment not only among the Yaquis, but also throughout the country. One of the preludes to the Mexican Revolution was the 1906 Cananea miner's strike. Approximately 2,000 strikers sought negotiations with American mine owner William Greene, but he refused to meet with them. The strike quickly turned violent when the miners tried to take control of the mine and gunfire was exchanged. Greene requested help from federal troops, but when it was obvious they could not arrive in time, he appealed to the governments of Arizona and Sonora to allow Arizona volunteers to assist him. This increased the scale of the violence. When Mexican federal troops arrived two days later, they put everything to a brutal end, with the suspected leaders of the strike executed. The heavy-handed way in which Díaz had handled the strike made resentment against Diaz grow, with more strikes beginning in other areas. In late 1910, the Mexican Revolution began in earnest, and Díaz was quickly deposed. The governor of Coahuila, Venustiano Carranza, sought refuge

in Sonora, and became one of the principal political leaders during the rest of the war, with his main base of operations in Hermosillo. A number of the revolutionary leaders who joined Carranza in Sonora did not come from peasant backgrounds, but rather the lower middle class of hacienda-managers, shopkeepers, mill-workers, or schoolteachers, who opposed large-scale landowners and the Porfirian elite. After Díaz was deposed, Carranza competed for power against Álvaro Obregón and others. The Yaquis joined with Álvaro Obregón's forces after 1913. By 1920, Carranza had become president of Mexico, but found himself opposed by Obregón and others. Carranza tried to suppress political opposition in Sonora, which led to the Plan of Agua Prieta, which formalized the resistance to Carranza by Obregón and his allies (primarily Abelardo L. Rodríguez, Benjamín Hill and Plutarco Elías Calles). This movement soon dominated the political situation, but it caused widespread political instability in doing so. Obregón deposed Carranza and became the next president of Mexico. For the 1924 presidential elections, Obregón chose to succeed himself Plutarco Elias Calles, who was also a revolutionary leader from Sonora. This effectively ended the war, but hostilities had again destroyed the Sonoran economy. From 1920 to the early 1930s, four Sonorans came to occupy the Mexican presidency: Adolfo de la Huerta, Obregón, Calles and Rodríguez. The Chinese first arrived at Guaymas in the late 19th century and congregated there and in Hermosillo. Over the following decades, they moved into growing communities such as Magdalena and Cananea. Rather than working in the fields, most started their own small businesses, networking with other Chinese. These business spanned a wide range of industries from manufacturing to retail sales of nearly every type of merchandise. The Chinese in Sonora not only become successful shopkeepers, they eventually came to control local small businesses in many areas of the state. By 1910, the Chinese population in Sonora was 4,486 out of a total population of 265,383, making them the largest foreign presence in the state, with only North Americans a close second at 3,164. Almost none were female, as there were only 82 Chinese females in the entire country at the time. The Chinese population reached its peak in 1919 with 6,078 people, again with almost no Chinese women. Resentment against Chinese success began quickly, and Sinophobia rose sharply during the Mexican Revolution as many Chinese prospered despite the war, and many attacks were targeted against them. The first organized anti-Chinese campaign in Sonora began in 1916 in Magdalena. A more serious campaign began in 1925, calling for their expulsion from the state. Mass expulsions were mostly carried out in Sonora and Sinaloa, partly because of their large populations, but the Chinese, often with their Mexican wives and children, were deported from all over the country. Some were returned to China but many others were forced to enter the United States through the border with Sonora, even though Chinese exclusion laws were still in effect there. Sonoran governor Rodolfo Elias Calles was responsible for the expulsion of most Chinese-Mexican families into United States territory. Despite the diplomatic problems this caused, Elias Calles did not stop the expulsions until he himself was expelled from Sonora. However, by that time almost all of Sonora's Chinese-Mexicans had disappeared. By the 1940 census, only 92 Chinese were still living in Sonora, with more than two-thirds of these having acquired Mexican citizenship. This had the unintended consequence of nearly collapsing the Sonoran economy. The efforts at modernization and economic development begun in the Díaz period would continue through the Revolution and on through the rest of the 20th

century. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the process of electrification greatly increased the demand for copper, which led to a boom in mining in Sonora and neighboring Arizona. Cananea grew very quickly from a village of 900 to a city of 20,000. It also led to a network of roads, railroads and other connections across the border. However, organized development of the state's agriculture was put on hold because of the Revolution, the Clutch Plague and other political upheavals. In the 1930s, Sonora benefitted from a number of national policies aimed at developing the cities on the border with the United States and at building a number of dams to help develop agriculture and the general water supply. Major agricultural reform was begun in the 1940s in the Mayo River area, when the delta was cleared of natural vegetation and made into farmland. Water for these farms was secure through the building of the Mocúzari Dam about from Navojoa. When it was completed in 1951, there was a system of canals, wells and highways to support large-scale agriculture for shipment to other places. In the last half of the 20th century, the state's population has grown and foreign investment has increased due to its strategic location along the border and its port of Guaymas. More than 200 international and domestic enterprises moved into the state, allowing for the development of modern infrastructure such as highways, ports and airports, making the state one of the best connected in the country. A bridge was built over the Colorado River to link Sonora with neighboring Baja California in 1964. One important sector of the economy has been industry, culminating in the Ford automotive plant in Hermosillo and a number of assembly plants called maquiladoras on the border with the United States. One of the fastest growing sectors of the economy has been tourism, now one of the most important sectors of the economy, especially along the coast, with the number of visitors there increasing every year. This has led to a surge in hotel infrastructure, especially in Puerto Peñasco. For most of the 20th century, Mexico was dominated by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). Discontent with this one-party system became prominent in the northern states of Mexico, including Sonora. As early as 1967, a competing party, the National Action Party (PAN), won control of the city government of Sonora's capital, Hermosillo. PAN won important municipal victories in the state in 1983, which President de la Madrid refused to officially recognize but was forced to let stand. PAN's growing strength by the 1980s forced the PRI to nominate candidates who were similar to PAN, successful business executives who favored economic liberalization over traditional Mexican statism, preferred in the north of the country. Institutional Revolutionary Party won the Sonoran gubernatorial race in 1985, but it was heavily contested with obvious problems of fraud. By the 1990s, PRI operatives caught manipulating election results were actually prosecuted by the Sonoran state attorney. This along with other events in the country eventually led to the end of the one-party system when Vicente Fox was elected president in 2000. PAN has since dominated most of the north of the country, but Sonora did not have its first PAN governor until 2009, with the election of Guillermo Padrés Elías. Sonora's border with Arizona has received more attention since 2000, with the increase of illegal border crossings and drug smuggling, especially in rural areas such as around Naco, which is one of the main routes into the United States. Starting in the 1990s, increased border patrols and the

construction of corrugated metal and chain link fences in California and Texas dramatically cut illegal border crossing in these two states. This led illegal immigrants into the more dangerous desert areas of Arizona and New Mexico, which have mostly seen rises in illegal crossings since then. Many migrants now come to the Arizona border between Agua Prieta and Nogales, with Naco as one of the preferred routes for "coyotes" (also called "polleros" or "enganchadores") or smugglers who offer to take migrants across. Migrant shelters and hotel in border towns cater to those waiting to cross into Arizona. Providing lodging for migrants is a growing business in Naco and other border towns, where the rate is between 200 and 300 pesos per night per person. Many of these lodgings are filled with people who cannot cross the border. One example is the Hospedaje Santa María, which is a run-down, two-story building. Forty-five percent of the deaths of migrants occur on the Arizona side of the border. According to Arizonan authorities, 2010 was a record year for deaths in Arizona for people crossing illegally from Sonora, with the bodies of 252 crossers found in the deserts between the New Mexico and California borders. This broke the previous record of 234 in 2007, with nearly 2,000 found in this area since 2001. However, Mexican officials state that the figures are higher, with over four hundred dying in Arizona deserts in 2005 alone. In 2006, Mexican officials began to distribute maps of Arizona to Mexicans gathered in Sonoran border town with the intention of crossing illegally. The Mexican government stated the reason for the maps was to help Mexican avoid dangerous areas that have caused deaths from the desert's heat. Migration and drug smuggling problem has affected most border towns. Many people make a living by catering migrants or working as "coyote" guides. People hoping to cross the border and those recently deported crowd the border area; some of these people return home, but many others decide to stay on the Sonoran border, working to earn money for another attempt. These workers put a strain on insufficient municipal medical services. The walls, which have shut down much of the illegal crossing into Texas and California, have also been built on parts of the Arizona border, especially between towns such as the two Nacos and the two Nogaleses. The wall in Naco is four meters high and made of steel. It currently extends , but there are plans to extend it another . Security there was further tightened after the 2001 September 11 attacks. The U.S. Border Patrol credits the wall and better surveillance technology with cutting the number of captured border crossers near Naco by half in 2006. People on both sides of the wall have mixed feelings about it. Violence connected to drug smuggling on the border and in Mexico in general has caused problems with tourism, an important segment of the entire country. Federal troops have been stationed here due to the violence, which has the population divided. While the security they can provide is welcomed, there is concern about the violation of human rights. In 2005, the state began advertising campaigns to reassure Arizonans that it is safe to cross the border. Geography and environment Natural divisions Sonora is located in northwest Mexico. It has a territory of and is the second largest state of the country. It borders the states of Sinaloa, Chihuahua, and Baja California Norte, with the United States to its north and the Gulf of California to its west. Its border with the United States is long.

The state is divided into five hydraulic regions – Río Colorado, Sonora Norte, Sonora Sur, Sinaloa, Cuencas Cerradas del Norte. The state's geography is divided into three regions created by the rise of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountains and the separation of the Baja California Peninsula, with all three running roughly north-south. The mountains dominate eastern Sonora, while the center is dominated by plains and rolling hills, which then extend west to the coast on the Gulf of California. Center plains and coast The center plains and coastline were both created by the tearing away of the Baja California Peninsula between ten and twelve million years ago. These plains are between and wide, wedged between the Sierra Madre and the Gulf of California, which began to form between 5.5 and 6 million years ago. Climate patterns bring moisture east from the Pacific Ocean, forming rivers and streams that cross the plains area and empty into the gulf. These rivers have brought down sediment from the volcanic rock of the Sierra Madre and eventually buried most of the mountains and hills of the center of the state, smoothing them into plains. These soils are rich in clays and thousands of feet thick in places, making this region very fertile, only lacking water. The state has of coastline, all of which faces the Gulf of California, with its relatively shallow and very calm waters. There are beaches along most of this coastline, some of which with fine, white sand. The best known of these are San Carlos, Puerto Peñasco and Bahía Kino. San Carlos, with its Los Algodones Beach is one of the most visited areas on the Sonoran coast. Los Algodones ("The Cottons") is named for its dunes of white sand, which can be compared to cotton balls. San Carlos has a large variety of sea life off its shores, making it popular for sports fishing and scuba diving. A number of Yaquis, Seris and Guaymas on and around the Tetakawi Hill, making a living from fishing. Puerto Peñasco is located in the extreme northwest of the state in the Upper Gulf somewhat near where the Colorado River empties. It contains of beaches on calm seas, located in the Altar Desert near El Pinacate biosphere reserve, with some of the driest climates in Mexico. Since the 1990s, it has experienced large-scale development along its of beaches, which have calm seas. The area has experienced a building boom since the 2000s. However, as of late 2013, many buildings are vacant, for sale, or neglected due to the suppressed economic conditions and the corresponding decline in tourism. Bahía Kino is located near San Carlos, with a dock located in the community of Kino Viejo. This bay's beaches have white sand, with warm calm waters off of them. For this reason, Bahía Viejo calls itself la perla del Mar de Cortés ("the pearl of the Gulf of California"). The area is popular for scuba diving and sports fishing as its waters are filled with various species of multicolored fish, small invertebrates, large crustaceans, manta rays, sponges and turtles. On the neighboring islands, sea lions can be seen. Off this coast is the Isla Tiburón, Mexico's largest island and a nature reserve with wild sheep and deer. There are indigenous communities here, especially at Punta Chueca, which still practice hunting, fishing and collecting natural resources, as well as selling crafts to tourists. Lesser known beaches include El Desemboque, El Himalaya and Huatabampito. El Desemboque is a small Seri village with beaches located northwest of Hermosillo, just south of Puerto Libertad. Activities in the area include

scuba diving and swimming in isolated and relatively undeveloped beaches. The current name is from Spanish (disembarkation point), but the Seri name for the area means "where there are clams." El Himalaya Beach is located forty km from Guaymas. It is a semi virgin beach surrounded by calm waters, mountains, and unusual species of flora and fauna and cave paintings. The area is filled with large stone yellow-red rock formations that were created by a volcanic eruption. Huatabampito is an area of beaches in the south of the state. The beaches have delicate dune of fine sand and the waters are clear with a green-blue color. Each year, whales arrive to this area to reproduce in the warm waters. This is the main attraction, bringing visitors from Mexico and abroad. Sierra Madre Occidental The east of the state is dominated by the Sierra Madre Occidental, which has less extreme temperatures and, due to the high altitude, relatively more rainfall. As moist air masses move inland from the Pacific and the tropics and are forced against the mountains, they cool and this leads to precipitation, mostly rain but occasional snows in the highest regions. This process takes most of the moisture out of the air and feeds the various rivers and streams, which empty into Gulf as well as underground aquifers that are under the coastal plain. Flora and fauna Habitats and vegetation vary greatly depending on elevation and rainfall. An estimated of Sonora is in arid grasslands; are covered in forests, in rainforest and in farmland. Seventy percent of the territory, or , is covered in desert vegetation or arid grasslands. The Yécora municipality in eastern Sonora has one of the highest grass diversities in Mexico. There are eight types of desert vegetation, seven of which are native to the Sonora Desert and one in the area that transitions to the Chihuahua Desert. Most are scrubs or small bushes, which generally do not reach over in height, most of the rest are cactus, with some mangroves and other halophile plants. Many plants are rainfall sensitive, with most trees and shrubs growing leaves and flowers just before or during the rainy season, then drop their leaves afterwards. However, there are plants in flower at one time or another throughout the year. Coastal plants receive less water stress due to lower evaporation rates, and substantial moisture from dew, especially in the cooler months. Most forests are located in the northeast of the state, covering about 6.4% of the state. This is the area with the coolest temperatures. Deforestation has been a significant problem, especially after 1980, because the rate of cutting trees has increased. In central Sonora, the area covered by Madrean evergreen woodland and Sonoran Desert scrub decreased 28% and 31%, respectively, between 1973 and 1992 (ValdezZamudio et al. 2000). During this same period, For example, much of the forests of mesquite trees in the lower elevations of the state have disappeared because of the demand for local fuels and the market for mesquite charcoal in Mexico and the United States Most of northern Mexico suffers from one of the world's highest rates of desertification due to land degradation in arid and semi arid areas, with the loss of biological and/or economic productivity, but the process is most severe Sonora as neighboring Sinaloa. Land degradation occurs because of clearing land for agriculture, the planting of non-native buffelgrass for grazing, the cutting of forests, overgrazing of natural vegetation and soil salinization from irrigation. A study by Balling in 1998 showed higher soil and air temperatures in areas that have been overgrazed, deforested

and otherwise cleared land, likely due to the lack of shading vegetation, which leads to higher soil evaporation and desert conditions. Studies have also indicated that warming trends are higher in Sonora than in neighboring Arizona, into which the Sonora Desert also extends. The state contains 139 species and subspecies of native mammals, with the most important being white tailed deer, mule deer, wild sheep, bats, hares, squirrels, moles, beavers, coyotes, wolves, foxes, jaguars, and mountain lions. Amphibians and reptiles include frogs and toads, desert tortoises, chameleons, gila monsters, rattlesnakes and other types of snakes. The number of bird species native to the state is not known, but major species include roadrunners, quail, turkeys, buzzards and doves. Climate During the Pliocene, the detachment of Baja California, the development of the Gulf of California and the Subartic California current drastically reduced moisture coming into Sonora leading to severe regional aridity in both this state and neighboring Baja California. This created xeric communities and the development of species endemic only to this region. There are four major climate regions in the state: dry desert (Köppen BW), arid lands (BS), semi moist lands, and temperate zones (Cwb). Ninety percent of the state has desert or arid conditions. The other two climates are restricted to the areas of the state with the highest altitude such as the Yécora area, the mountains north of Cananea and a strip along the southeast of the state on the Chihuahua border. Average high temperatures range from in Yécora to in Tesia, municipality of Navojoa. Average low temperatures range from in Yécora to 35.2 in Orégano, municipality of Hermosillo. In the winter, cold air masses from the north reach the state, and can produce below freezing temperatures and high winds at night in the higher elevations, but the temperature can then jump back up to over 20C during the day. Freezing temperatures in the lowlands almost never occur. In February 2011, the Mexican government recorded a low in Yécora of −12C. Precipitation is seasonal and most occurs in the higher elevations. In hot and arid or semi arid lands, evaporation vastly exceeds precipitation. Mexico's most arid area, the Altar Desert is located in this state. The east of the state is dominated by the Sierra Madre Occidental, which has less extreme temperatures and relatively more rainfall due to altitude. Most moisture comes in from the Pacific Ocean and the tropics, which is pushed against the Sierra Madre. This cools the air masses, leading to rain and occasionally snow in the higher elevations. While most of the rain falls in the mountainous areas, much of this water finds its way back to the western coastal plains in the form of rivers and streams that empty into the Gulf of California and fill underground aquifers. Most of the year's precipitation falls during the rainy season, which is locally called “las aguas” (the waters). These last from July to mid September, when monsoon winds bring moist air from southerly tropical waters. Most of this is from the Pacific Ocean west of Central America but can also come from Gulf of Mexico as well. This moister flow results in nearly daily afternoon thunderstorms. After the las aguas, there may be additional moisture brought in by hurricanes, which generally move west along the Pacific coast of Mexico and occasionally come inland, especially in southern Sonora. However, these storms tend to drop large quantities of rain in a short time, causing flooding and destruction. In the winter, from November to February, there are light rains called equipatas ("horse hoofs", named after the sound the rain

makes). These rains come in from the north from the southern extensions of frontal storms that originate in the northern Pacific Ocean. These end by March or April when the fronts are no longer strong enough to reach this far south. They end even earlier in the extreme south of the state as the storm systems retreat, with the dry season lasting eight or nine months in this part of the state. In the north these rains support a wide variety of spring annuals and wildflowers, but the water they supply in the south of the state is still important to help replenish wells. Hydrology With the exception of the Colorado River, river and aquifer systems in Sonora are a result of rains from incoming clouds rising above the Sierra Madre Occidental. This water runs down the west side of the mountains along the canyons and valleys towards the plains and coast and into the Gulf of California, Sonora has seven major rivers – the Colorado River, the Concepción River, the San Ignacio River, the Sonora River, the Mátepe River, the Yaqui River and the Mayo River. Dams, such as Alvaro Obregon, Adolfo Ruiz Cortines, Plutarco Elias Calles, Abelardo Rodriguez and Lazaro Cardenas, have been built along some of these rivers, at least two of them where natural lakes existed. Some of the dams formed large deltas, such as that of the Mayo River. The largest aquifers are mostly found between Hermosillo and coast, the Guaymas Valley and the area around Caborca. Most of these are having problems due to overpumping for agricultural irrigation. Protected areas Sonora has of protected wildlife areas. Protected natural areas in the state are of three types: biosphere reserves, areas for the protection of flora and fauna and areas for the protection of natural resources. The El Pinacate biosphere reserve is located between Puerto Peñasco and the United States border in the Altar Desert. The reserve consists of an area with a series of gigantic dormant volcanic craters, which are covered with flora and fauna. It is frequently visited by foreign tourists, researchers and photographers. The reserve has a site museum, which displays the area history from its formation to the present. The craters are named Badillo, Molina or El Trébol, Cerro Colorado, Volcan Grande, Caravajales and the largest, Mc Dougal. The Cañón las Barajitas ("Barajitas Canyon") is a protected natural area which consists of three different ecosystems, located north of San Carlos. It contains a kilometer of beaches and a canyon which has two distinct microclimates, one arid and desert-like and the other subtropical. The area was a wide variety of fauna including whales, dolphins and manta rays that can be seen off the coast depending on the season. Activities for visitors include kayaking, paddleboats, scuba diving and fishing. There are also caves as well as a solor observatory. The Alto Golfo y Delta ("Upper Gulf and Delta") biosphere reserve encompasses is in the northwest of Sonora and northeast of Baja California Norte at the northernmost part of the Gulf of California and the delta of the Colorado River. The area is home to a very large number of marine species. There are also rocky beaches along with those with fine sand. Some of these are home to groups of seals and sea lions. The reserve was created in 1993 and encompasses an area of 934,756 hectares. On land, there are arid scrubbrush, coastal dunes and an estuary. It extends into the far upper part of the Gulf of California. The Bahía e islas de San Jorge ("Bay and Islands of San Jorge"), covering

, are located on Sonora's northern coast between Caborca and Puerto Peñasco. The islands were first made a federal reserve in 1978 due to its important to migratory birds. They are especially important to species such as the Sterna antillarum, colonies of Sula leucogaster, Myotis vivesi and Zalophus californianus. The islands are large rocks and are white from guano. The beaches extend for ten km and end at the bay of San Jorge on the south end. The area is home to sea lions and a type of bat that fishes. There are sand dunes with arid zone vegetation as well as a small estuary. The climate is very arid and semi hot with an average temperature of between . The Isla Tiburón is an ecological reserve with about 300 species of plants with desert and marine wildlife. The island was once inhabited by the Seris, and they still consider it their territory. The La Mesa el Campanero-Arroyo El Reparo reserve is found in the municipality of Yécora. It is a mesa with mountains which cover , containing pine and tropical forests, rivers, arroyos, rock formations and dirt roads. Due to its altitude of between 700 and 2100 masl, its temperatures are temperate for the state. It is part of the Sierra Madre Occidential bio region and in the upper basins of the Yaqui and Mayo rivers. Politics and government Sonora is divided into 72 municipalities. The border Sonora's border with the United States is long, and runs through desert and mountains, from the western Chihuahuan Desert, through an area of grasslands and oak mountain areas to the Sonoran Desert west of Nogales. The area gets drier from here west and the last third of the border is generally uninhabited. There are six official border crossings. From east to west these at Agua Prieta, Naco, Nogales, Sasabe, Sonoyta and San Luis Río Colorado. In populated areas, much of the border is marked by corrugated metal walls, but most of the rest is marked by barbed wire fence and border monuments. Like others in the world, the border is a culture unto itself, not belonging 100% to either country. Interaction between the peoples on both sides is a part of both the culture and the economy. In the 1980s, an international volleyball game was regularly held near Naco, with the chain link border fence serving as the net. Much of Arizona and Sonora share a cuisine based on the wheat, cheese and beef that was introduced to the region by the Spaniards, with wheat tortillas being especially large on both sides of the border. This diet is reinforced by the vaquero/cowboy tradition which continues in both states. The six border crossings are essential to the existence and extent of the communities that surround them, as most of them function as ports for the passage of goods between the two countries. People regularly shop and work on the other side, taking advantage of opportunities there. The economic opportunities of the border are not equal on both sides. Most of the population along this border lives on the Sonoran side, many of which have moved here for the opportunities created by the maquiladoras and other businesses. These are lacking on the Arizona side. The border has separated the region's indigenous populations, such as the Tohono O’odham. While members of the Tohono O’odham have special border crossing privileges, these have become endangered as Mexican farmers encroach on tribal lands in Sonora, which are vulnerable to drug smugglers. Yaquis in Arizona travel south to the Yaqui River area for festival, especially Holy Week, and Yaquis

travel north to Arizona for cultural reasons as well. When Father Kino arrived in this area, he named much of it the Pimería Alta, as Pima territory extends from the highlands of eastern Sonora up towards Tucson. Authorities on each side work to keep out from the other that which is undesirable. For the United States, this mostly involves drugs and illegal immigrants. For Mexico, this mostly involves struggling against the importation of untaxed goods, especially automobiles. Smuggling people and drugs into the United States is big business in Mexico, but while it affects everyone living on the border, it is generally not seen, except for occasional newspaper headlines, occasional violent crime and religious articles geared to those in the trade. Illegal crossings taking place through tunnels, hidden cars and trucks or most commonly, simply passing through a gap in the fence, especially in the more remote areas. In 1990, a tunnel linking two warehouses in Agua Prieta and Douglas, AZ was discovered. It was sophisticated with hydraulic equipment and means to move large quantities of goods. At least three corridos have been written about this tunnel. Demographics General population Economic growth in the state since the Mexican Revolution has led to steady population growth. However, this population growth has been concentrated on the arid coastline due to the dominant agriculture and fishing industries. Eighty five percent of Sonora's population growth since 1970 has been in this area. Another area where there have been gains are municipalities with industry, such as in Hermosillo and along the United States border. However, those municipalities with none of these economic advantages do not see population growth and some see population decreases. Despite population growth, Sonora is still one of the least densely populated states in the country. About 90% of the state's population is Catholic, with about 5% belonging to Evangelical or Protestant groups and over 7% professing some other faith. The 1921 census reported Sonora's population as 55.84% white, 30.38% mixed indigenous and white, and 13.78% indigenous. Indigenous population The most numerous indigenous groups in the state are the Mayo, the Yaquis and the Seris; however, there are a number of other groups which have maintained much of their way of life in territory in which they have lived for centuries. There were at least nine tribes, eight of which remain today. Seven are indigenous to Sonora, with one migrating to the state over a century ago from the United States. These cultures generally hold in reverence the deserts, mountains, riverbeds and Gulf of California with which they have contact. Many of these beliefs have been adapted to Catholicism. There are efforts to preserve indigenous languages, but with groups of diminished size, this has been a challenge. As of 2000, there were 55,609 people, or 2.85% of the population, who spoke an indigenous language in the state. The indigenous population is concentrated in fourteen municipalities, which are home to 91% of the total indigenous population of the state. The municipalities with the greatest presence include Etchojoa with 19% of the municipal population, Guaymas with 8.34%, Huatabampo with 11.8%, Navojoa with 5.92%, Hermosillo with 1.1%, Cajeme with 1%, Bácum with 9.26%, Benito Juárez with 5.2%, San Ignacio Río Muerto with 7.4%, Nogales with 1.2%, Álamos with 3.9%, San Miguel de Horcasitas with 13.7%, Yécora with 6.8% and San Luis Río Colorado with 5.1%. The Mayos are the most numerous indigenous ethnic group in the state with more than 75,000 who have maintained their language and traditions. These people, who call themselves Yoreme, are descended from ancient Huatabampo culture. They are concentrated along the

Mayo River. Most are found in the municipalities of Álamos, Quiriego and others in the south of the state, as well as in some parts of the coast near the Isla Tiburón. There is also a notable community in the northwest of Sonora. Their religion is a mix of Catholicism and traditional beliefs, which they assimilated along with European farming and livestock knowledge. Mayo houses often have a cross made of ironwood to protect against evil. Ethnically pure Mayos tend to segregate themselves from mestizos and other ethnicities. The Mayos make their living from subsistence farming, working on larger farms and combing wild area for herbs, fruits and other resources. They also work making crafts in wood making utensils and decorative items. The Yaquis are the indigenous group mostly closely associated with the state of Sonora. These people are second most numerous in the state with about 33,000 members traditionally located along the Yaqui River. They are found principally in the communities of Pótam, Huíviris, Torim, Cocorit, Bácum, Vícam, Rahúm and Belem, which have semi autonomous government. The Yaqui have been able to maintain most of their traditions including ancestor worship, original language, and many of their traditional rites and dances, with the deer dance the best known among outsiders. The Yaquis call themselves and the Mayos the “Yoreme” or "Yoeme". The Yaqui and Mayo languages are mutually intelligible, and the two peoples are believed to have been united until relatively recently. One of the Yaqui religious celebrations which is best known among outsiders is Holy Week, along with rituals associated with Lent and Day of the Dead. As they consider the soul immortal, funerals are not a somber occasion but rather celebrations with banquets and music. The preservation of history is important to the Yaqui, especially the struggles they have had to maintain their independence. The Seris call themselves the Comcáac, which means “the people” in the Seri language. The name Seri comes from the Opata language and means “men of sand.” There are about 650 Seri people today. They are well known among outsiders in the state because of their culture and the crafts they produce in ironwood. For centuries they have inhabited the central coast of the state, especially in Punta Chueca, El Desemboque and Kino Viejo as well as a number of islands in the Gulf of California in and around the Isla Tiburón. Generally, the Seris are the tallest of the indigenous peoples of the region, and the first Spaniards to encounter them described them as "giants." Their traditional diet almost entirely consisted of hunted animals and fish. However, this diet changed after the arrival of the Spaniards, when the use of firearms led to the extinction of many food animals. The Seris' traditional beliefs are based on the animals in their environment, especially the pelican and the turtle, with the sun and moon playing important roles as well. Rituals are now based on Catholicism, especially those related to birth, puberty and death, but they include traditional chants about the power of the sea, the shark and great deeds of the past. They are also known for the use of face paint during rituals which is applied in lines and dots of various colors. The Tohono O’odham, still referred to as the Pápago by Spanish speakers, have inhabited the most arid areas of the state, and are mostly found in Caborca, Puerto Peñasco, Sáric, Altar and Plutarco Elías Calles in the north of the state. However, most people of this ethnicity now live in neighboring Arizona. The Tohono O’odham have as a principle deity the

“Older Brother,” who dominates the forces of nature. Among their most important rituals is one called the Vikita, which occurs in July, with dances and song to encourage rainfall during the area's short rainy season. In July, during the full moon, a dance called the Cu-cu is performed, which is to ask for favors from Mother Nature so that there will be no drought and the later harvests will be abundant. The dance is performed during a large festival with brings together not only the Tohono O’odham from Sonora, but from Arizona and California as well. The feast day of Francis of Assisi is also important. Many of these people are known as skilled carpenters, making furniture as well as delicate figures of wood. There are also craftspeople who make ceramics and baskets, especially a type of basket called a “corita.”. The Opatas are location in a number of communities in the center and northwest of the state, but have been disappearing as a distinct ethnicity. This group has lost its traditional rituals, and the language died out in the 1950s. The name means “hostile people” and was given to them by the Pimas, as the Opatas were generally in conflict with their neighbors. They were especially hostile to the Tohono O’odham, who they depreciatingly refer to as the Papawi O’otham, or “bean people.” Today's Opatas have completely adopted the Catholic religion with Isidore the Laboror as the ethnicity's patron saint. The Pimas occupy the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental in eastern Sonora and western Chihuahua state. The Pimas call themselves the O’ob, which means "the people." The name Pima was given to them by the Spaniards because the word pima would be said in response to most questions asked to them in Spanish. This word roughly means “I don’t know” or “I don’t understand.” The traditional territory of this ethnicity is known as the Pimería, and it is divided into two regions: the Pimería Alta and the Pimería Baja. The principle Pima community in Sonora is in Maycoba, with other communities in Yécora and its vicinity as well as the community of San Diego, where there is a center selling Pima handcrafts. Pima religion is a mix of traditional beliefs and Catholicism. One of the most important celebrations is the feast of Francis of Assisi, who has been adopted as the patron saint of the Pima. Another important festival is called the Yúmare, which has a variable date with the purpose of asking for an abundant harvest, especially corn. Festivals generally last four days and consist of chants and dances such as the Pascola, accompanies by a fermented corn drink called tesguino. The Guarijíos are one of the least understood groups in the state, and are mostly restricted to an area called the Mesa del Matapaco in the southeast. The Guarijíos are related to the Tarahumaras and the Cáhitas. This was the first group encountered by the Jesuits in 1620. Initially, they lived in the area around what is now Álamos, but when the Spaniards arrived, they were dispossessed of their lands. They also did not intermarry with the newcomers, isolating themselves. For this reason, people of this group have very distinct facial features, and have keep their traditions almost completely intact. They remain isolated but are known for their handcrafts. In the 1970s, there was oppression of this group, which was not formally recognized until 1976. In this year, they were granted an ejido. The Cocopah is the smallest native indigenous group to Sonora with about 170 members, who live mostly in San Luis Río Colorado, along

the United States border, in addition to nearby communities in Arizona and Baja California. Their own name for themselves, Kuapak, means “which comes” and possibly refers to the frequent changes in the course of the Colorado River. Traditional native dress is in disuse. It is characterized by the use of feathers and necklaces made of bones, and include nose rings and earrings with colorful belts for the men. The women used to wear skirts made of feathers. They still practice a number of traditional rituals such as cremation upon death so that the soul can pass on to the afterlife without the body encumbering it. Another traditional practice is the use of tattoos. The Kickapoos are not native to Sonora, but migrated here from the United States over a century ago. Today, they are found in the communities of El Nacimiento in the state of Coahuila, Tamichopa in the municipality of Bacerac, as well as on several different reservations in the United States. However, the Kickapoo community in Sonora is in danger of disappearing. In the 1980s, there were attempts to gather these disparate groups into one community. Eighty members remain in Sonora and they have lost their ancestral language, which was part of the Algonquin family, with the last speaker dying in 1996, although the language is still widely spoken in other Kickapoo communities, especially in Coahuila. The Kickapoo community in Sonora has also lost much of their traditional culture. Economy General profile Despite a rough terrain and a harsh climate, Sonora, like the rest of the northern Mexico, is rich in mineral resources. This has led to a history of self-reliance, and many see themselves as the heirs to a pioneering tradition. A large part of this is linked to the vaquero or cowboy tradition, as much of the state's economy has traditionally been linked to livestock. Sonorans and other norteños (northerners) have a reputation for being hard working and frugal, and being more individualistic and straightforward than other Mexicans. Although most people in the state are employed in industry and tourism, the trappings of the cowboy, jeans, cowboy hats and pickup trucks, are still very popular. In 2000, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the state was 40,457 million pesos, accounting for 2.74% of the country's total. In 2008, Moody's Investor's Service gave the state an A1.mx (Mexico) and Ba1 (global) ratings, based mostly on its strong economic base. The state has a highly skilled labor force, and strong ties to the United States economy, mostly due to its shared border with Arizona. This links affects various sectors of the state's economy. Sonora is one of Mexico's wealthier states with the GDP per capita about 15% higher than average, and GDP growth generally outpaces the rest of the country, with a growth of 8.4% in 2006 as compared to the national average of 4.8%. The economic success of the state, especially its industrial and agricultural sectors, as well as the border, have attracted large numbers of migrants to the state, from the central and southern parts of Mexico. Agriculture and livestock Agriculture is the most important economic activity in the state, mostly with the production of grains. The major agricultural regions include the Yaqui Valley, the Mayo Valley, the Guaymas Valley, the coast near Hermosillo, the Caborca coast and the San Luis Río Colorado Valley. These areas permit for large scale irrigation to produce large quantities of crops such as wheat, potatoes, watermelons, cotton, corn, melons, sorghum, chickpeas, grapes, alfalfa, oranges and more. In 2002, agricultural production included of wheat, of potatoes, of wine grapes (both red

and white), of alfalfa, of oranges and of watermelon. Sonora and Baja California Norte are Mexico's two largest wheat-producing states, with Sonora alone producing 40% of Mexico's wheat. There is some small-scale farming done in the state, especially in the highland areas, where farmers grow corn and other staples mostly for self-consumption; this unirrigated agriculture is highly dependent on the late-summer rainy season, as failure will result from the lack of rain. However, most of the agriculture continues to shift away from small farms producing for local markets to largescale commercial agro-industry. Many of the country's largest agribusiness farms are located in Sonora. This agricultural production is concentrated in the lowlands areas, with much of the production exported to the United States. This includes non-traditional crops such as fruits, nuts and winter vegetables such as tomatoes, especially since NAFTA. Irrigation is essential for reliable agriculture on the coastal lowlands of the state, and large scale irrigation infrastruction is needed for large scale production. After the Mexican Revolution, the federal government took control of Sonora's irrigation infrastructure and after World War II, began extensive dam and reservoir construction. From the 1940s to the 1970s, advanced in agricultural techniques were pioneered by the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) based in Ciudad Obregón. This combined new varieties of wheat, with irrigation, fertilizers and pesticides to greatly increase production. Mexico went from a wheat importer in the 1940s to a wheat exporter in the 1960s. However, such intensive agriculture in such an arid area has had a significant negative impact on water supplies. Eighty-eight percent of all water taken from above and below the surface is used for agriculture. One third of aquifers are overdrafted, especially in Caborca, Guaymas, and the coast near Hermosillo. There have been water disputes in the state, notably between officials from Hermosillo and the relatively water-rich Ciudad Obregón. The overpumping has drastically lowered water tables and has increased soil salinity in many areas. In some areas, the tables have dropped by as much as one or two meters per year, making fresh water increasingly unavailable and forcing the abandonment of croplands. For this reason, the area under cultivation dropped by more than 24% during the last quarter of the 20th century. The state still maintains its traditional livestock industry, especially in beef cattle, which has a national reputation for quality. In 2001, the state produced 1,477,686 heads of cattle, 1,229,297 pigs, 38,933 sheep, 33,033 goats, 83,260 horses and 11,988,552 heads of domestic fowl. The availability of relatively inexpensive semiarid land, along with proximity to United States markets, concentrates livestock production in Sonora and other northern states. Fishing Sonora is a major producer of seafood in Mexico with a developed fishing infrastructure. The Gulf of California contains a large quantity of fish and shellfish, but major fishing did not begin in Sonora and neighboring Sinaloa until the mid 20th century. Today, some of Mexico's largest commercial fisheries are in the state. Sonora is one of Mexico's leading fish producing states, with 70% of Mexico's total coming from the Pacific coast, including the Gulf of California. Much of the catch is shrimp and sardines, with about three quarters exported to the United States. In 2002, the catch totaled 456,805 tons of seafood with a value of about 2,031 million pesos. In addition to what is caught at sea, there is active fish farming which raises mostly oysters and shrimp. Much of the commercial and sports fishing is essentially unregulated and has had a very pronounced impact on the Gulf of California, with commercially important species such as shrimp, groupers,

snappers, corvinas, yellowtail, billfishes have been harvested well above sustainability. Two species which have been particularly hard hit are sharks and manta rays. In addition, shrimp trawling catches a large amount of non target species, which are discarded, and have destroyed large areas of the Gulf's seafloor. All this has led to rapidly declining harvests. Industry and mining Most of the industry of the state is related to agriculture and fishing, in food processing and packing. In the 1980s, the state gained a large number of industrial plants called "maquiladoras", mostly situated along the border and in the capital of Hermosillo. These are assembly plants run by mostly United States companies, which have certain duty and tax breaks. By the end of the 20th century, these enterprises had a large influence on the expansion and modernization of the border area, including Sonora. They not only introduced new sources of employment, their United States management styles have had influence on business in the state and the rest of the north. However, maquiladoras peaked in 2001, and now many United States companies are moving production facilities to China. The number of maquiladoras has declined, but the value of their output has increased as those that remain shift to higher value-added goods and automation. In addition, many of the plants abandoned by United States companies have been taken over by Mexican firms. Despite the decline of maquiladoras, exports from them have risen 40%. In addition to livestock, mining is another traditional element of Sonora's economy, beginning with a major find near the city of Álamos. While the silver of that area has mostly been depleted, Sonora still plays a large part in Mexico's standing as one of the top fifteen producers of minerals in the world, leading in silver, celestite and bismuth. Sonora is the leading producer of gold, copper, graphite, molybdenum, and wollastonite. There are still deposits of silver in the Sierra Madre Occidental. Sonora also has one of the largest coal reserves in the country. The state has the largest mining surface in Mexico, and three of the country's largest mines: La Caridad, Cananea and Mineria María. It is also home to North America's oldest copper mine, located in Cananea. Grupo México, with one of its principle mining operations in Cananea, is the world's third-largest copper producer. In 2002, mines produced 6,634.5 kilograms of gold, 153,834 kilograms of silver, five tons of lead, 267,171 tons of copper, three tons of zinc, 18,961 tons of iron, 7,176 tons barium sulphate. However, annual production is heavily dependent on world market prices. A large lithium open pit mine is under construction at La Ventana. Mexico's mining industry was mostly dominated by the Spaniards during the colonial period, and then by foreign enterprises after Independence. In the 1960s and 1970s, the government forced out most foreign interests in Mexican mining, beginning with the increasing restriction of ownership in Mexican mining companies. These restrictions were relaxed starting in 1992, with the only restriction that the operating company be Mexican. Within three years of the change, more than seventy foreign companies, mostly United States and Canadian enterprises, opened offices in Hermosillo. Major mining operations have had severe environmental impact, especially in the areas surrounding it, with Cananea as the primary example. Mining has been functioning here for over a century, with mining and smelter wastes polluting the San Pedro and Sonora Rivers near the mine, threatening both watersheds. Mining operations also destroy nearby forests due to the demand for building materials and fuel. Few old trees stand near the city of Cananea and the town of San

Javier in central Sonora. Tourism Business and leisure visitors to the state primarily come from Mexico (over 60%), with the majority of foreign visitors coming from the United States, especially the states of Arizona, California and New Mexico. The four most important destinations in the state for leisure and business travelers include Nogales, Hermosillo, Guaymas and Puerto Peñasco, with beach destinations preferred by most leisure travelers. One advantage that Sonora has is its proximity to the United States, from which come most of the world's travelers. In second place are tourists from Canada, many of whom visit as part of cruises. United States tourists mostly visit Puerto Peñasco, San Carlos and Navajoa and prefer areas they consider friendly, with no “anti-U.S.” sentiment. Leisure visitors from the United States tend to be between 40 and 65 years of age, married or in a relationship, educated at the university level or higher, with about thirty days of vacation time, and they and primarily research travel options on the Internet. Most visit to relax and experience another culture. Most domestic visitors also use the Internet, with about half having a university education or higher and about half are married or with a partner. Most domestic visitors are on vacation with their families. The busiest domestic travel times are Holy Week, summer and Christmas, with the overall busiest months being January, April, July, August and December. In 2009, the state received more than seven million visitors, who spent more than 20 billion pesos to the economy. Most visitors are domestic and spend an average of 742 pesos. Foreign visitors spend on average of 1,105 pesos. Most stay on average 3.3 nights. Just over half of tourists in the state arrive to their destinations by private automobile, followed by airplane and commercial bus. During the 2000s, Sonora has increased its tourism infrastructure. In the last half of the 2000s, Sonora has increased its network of highways from to , accounting for 6.7% of all highways in Mexico. It ranks second in four-lane highways, surpassed only by Chihuahua. From 2003 to 2009 the number of hotels in the state has increased from 321 to 410 and the number of rooms from 13,226 to 15,806, over 20%. Most of these hotels and rooms are in Hermosillo (57 hotels/3232 rooms) followed by Puerto Peñasco (40/3158), Ciudad Obregón (41/1671), Guaymas/San Carlos (28/1590), Nogales (24/1185), Navojoa (15/637) and Magdalena de Kino (10/284). The cities of Hermosillo, Ciudad Obregón, Guaymas, Nogales, San Luis Río Colorado, Puerto Peñasco, Bahía Kino and Álamos all have 5-star hotels. There are 2,577 restaurants in the state with 1288 in Hermosillo. Hotel occupation went from 45% in 2003 to 57.7% in 2006 but dropped to 36% in 2009. The state's tourism suffered in 2008 and 2009, mostly due to the economic downturn and the H1N1 "swine flu" influenza crisis, which brought hotel occupancy rates down about 30%. Sonora's major tourist attraction is its beaches, especially San Carlos, Puerto Peñasco, Bahía Kino and the Gulf of Santa Clara in San Luis Río Colorado. San Carlos has a large variety of sea life off its shores, making it popular for sports fishing and scuba diving. One of its main attractions is the Playa de los Algodones, called such because its sand dunes look like cotton balls. On one of hills behind it, there is a lookout point which allows for views of the area. A number of Yaquis, Seris and Guaimas on and around the Tetakawi Hill, making a living from fishing. Puerto Peñasco has recently experienced large scale development along its of beaches, which have calm seas.

It is located extreme northwest of the state. Some of the available activities include jet skiing, boating, sailing, sports fishing, scuba diving and snorkeling. It is located near El Pinacate biosphere reserve. There is also an aquarium called the Acuario de Cer-Mar, which is a research center open to the public. The aquarium has a number of species such as marine turtles, octopus, seahorses and many varieties of fish. Bahía Kino is named after the Jesuit missionary, who visited the area in the 17th century. In the 1930s, a group of fishermen established a village in what is now known as Kino Viejo. This bay's beaches have white sand, with warm calm waters off of them. For this reason, Kino Viejo calls itself la perla del Mar de Cortés (the pearl of the Gulf of California). Available activities include horseback riding, scuba diving and sports fishing. The Isla Tiburón is from Bahia Kino in the Gulf of California. It is the largest island of Mexico, measuring . It has been declared an ecological reserve to protect its flora and fauna, such as the wild rams and deer that live here. To enhance tourism in areas away from the primary beaches, the state of Sonora has set up several tourist routes for promotion as well as gained "Pueblo Mágico" status for one of its smaller cities. The Ruta de las Missiones ("Missions Route") covers the principle stops of Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino, as the worked to establish the many religious institutions which are part of the state's identity. These include the churches and missions in Caborca, Pitiquito, Oquitoa, Átil, Tubutama, Imuris, Cucurpe and Magdalena. In Magdalena, Father Kino remains are at the Padre Kino mausoleum. The Ruta del Río (River Route) follows a seriers of villages and towns along the Sonora River. The state recommends this route in the fall when the chili pepper and peanut harvest occurs. The route includes the settlements of Ures, Baviácora, Aconchi, San Felipe de Jesús, Huépac, Banámichi, Arizpe, Bacoachi and Cananea. The Ruta de la Sierra Alta ("High Mountain Route") winds its way through the highlands of the Sierra Madre Occidental to see the significant peaks and towns of the area. Destinations include the towns Moctezuma, Villa Hidalgo, Huásabas, Granados, Huachinera, Bavispe, Nácori Chico, Fronteras, Nacozari and Cumpas, which have other attractions such as old haciendas, streams, forests and other forms of nature. The Ruta Sierra Mar ("Mountain Sea Route") is located in the south of the state among the towns around Álamos, Navojoa and Huatabampo, which contain a large number of colonial era constructions. Attractions include the above-mentioned cities along with the Adolfo Ruiz Cortínez, Tetajiosa and El Venadito dams and the town of Etchojoa, which are surrounded by areas of desert and areas with tropical vegetation, around the Mayo River. The route begins in the mountains of Álamos and ends at the beaches of Huatabampo. Travelers can engage in a number of activities such as hunting, birdwatching, boating, kayaking and photography. The Ruta Yécora (Yécora Route) leaves from the capital of Hermosillo and makes its way to the town of Yécora, which is one of the highest communities in the mountains of the state. The Yécora area is known for its hunting and the area contains species which can only be found in this part of the state. From Hermosillo to Yécora, there are of highway, which pass through a number of towns and natural vistas. These include La Colorado mine, San José de Pima on the Mátape River, Tecoripa, San Javier which is surrounded by various hills, Tónichi, Ónavas, Tepoca, San Nicolás

and the Mesa de Campanero forest. Sonora has one Pueblo Mágico, which is Álamos, which was called Ostimuri by the native population. This town was founded in 1683, when a mineral deposit by the name of La Europea was discovered. The silver found here made it one of the richest towns in the region. The mines gave out in the 19th century and the town declined. Today, many of the old mansions and other buildings have been restored. There are also a number of natural reserve areas that are open to visitors and promoted for tourism. These include El Pinacate in the Altar Desert and the Colorado Delta and Upper Gulf of California biosphere reserve. Both of these are near the major resort area of Puerto Peñasco and are some of the driest areas of Mexico. The Border Much of the state's economic activity is related to its border with the United States state of Arizona. People from both countries regularly cross the border to shop. The border crossings are essential to many of the communities that straddle the border, not only in the main crossings in Nogales and Agua Prieta, but also in the smaller ones such as Naco. On each side of the border, there is a fifteen km strip, which is designated as a commercial trade zone, where both Mexicans and United States citizens can enter with limited visa requirements. Many Arizonans travel and cross one of the crossings to eat and shop, mostly to experience something different from doing the same at home. Most spend only the day. The most popular of these border crossings is Nogales, which is just over an hour south from Tucson by highway. The main shopping street in Nogales is Avenida Obregón, which is crowded with pharmacies with lower prices than in the United States, stores selling knock offs of designer names such as Louis Vuitton, Cuban cigars, tequila, cheaper cigarettes and Mexican handcrafts, including some of the best work from artisans from Puebla, Guadalajara, Michoacán and Oaxaca. Although these stores cater mostly to Americans crossing the border, it is still possible to negotiate prices. Many of these communities on the Mexican side also have bars close to the port of entry, taking advantage of Mexico's lower drinking age of 18. The more important aspect of the border crossing is the commercial shipping that goes through, especially the Nogales port. There are two crossings at Nogales, one which connects the downtowns of the two cities, mostly for non-commercial traffic, and the Mariposa Port of Entry outside of the twin cities for trucks and commercial traffic. NAFTA increased cross border shipping. Counting traffic going both north and south, the Nogales port handles about three quarters of all border crossing between Sonora and Arizona. Nogales is a major port of entry for Mexican agricultural products heading to the United States and Canada. In 2005, 268,163 commercial trucks moved through the port, up from 242,435 in 2004, handling about 7.6% of all United States-Mexico truck traffic. Most of the merchandise that passes through Sonora on its way to the United States winds up in western states such as Arizona, Utah, Nevada, Idaho and Montana, as well as into Canada. The volume of traffic, along with new security measures which have been put into place since 2001, create traffic jams of trucks and other vehicles, especially during the winter when demand for products grown in Mexico's warm climates peaks. These jams can result in lines about eight miles long. For trucks moving into Sonora and south, inspection stations at Vícam and near the Sinaloa border

also cause delays. Delays in shipping causes more produce to rot before it can get to the consumer. The last reason for the importance of the border is the maquiladora industries, which have made areas such as Nogales grow significantly. Many of Sonora's incoming migrants from other parts of Mexico come to work at these factories. Handcrafts There are a number of different crafts made in the state, which are often distinguished by the use of certain materials and of certain designs. The best known of these is the carving of figures from ironwood (palo fierro in Spanish), which is a very dense, almost black wood that sinks in water. This wood was often used in braziers in the past because it would burn for a very long time. This carving is the specialty of the Yaquis and the Seris. Before it can be carved, this wood must be dried thoroughly, a process that can take up to five years. If this is not done, the wood takes on an ochre color, rather than its characteristic shiny near black. Objects made from this wood are almost always decorative in nature in a wide variety of shapes such as sahuaro and other cacti, eagles, turtles, dolphins and other flora and fauna of the state, along with crosses. The last is popular among indigenous groups as it is believed that such guard against the envy of others and other ills. Objects made of this wood are very much in demand on the international market, but indigenous craftsmen cannot compete with factory made pieces. The higher elevations of the state and riverbanks contain large quantities of trees. Aconchi is one of the villages of the state with a well-established tradition of making furniture, with almost forty workshops. Many of these are in rustic or colonial style. In Arizpe and Álamos, they specialize in a type of chair made by bending and combining long flexible branches of willow and “guásima” (Guazuma ulmifolia) In the town of Tubutama, they make clocks of mesquite wood. Basketmaking is still widely practiced in the state, with hand made wares available in local markets such as in Bahía Kino, Punta Chueca and El Desemboque. Those made near the ocean often have marine designs. Baskets made of reeds are made in Ures along with hats. In Aconchi, palm fronds are used to make hats and baskets called guaris, used for food storage. In various locations, a basket variety called “caritas" are made in a globe shape and have a lid. This is a specialty of the Seris. These are typically made by women, with small baskets taking a month to make. Larger ones can take up to two years. Most coritas are bought by foreigners as the work needed to create them makes them expensive. Leather goods such as belts, shoes, jackets, wallets and more in made in locations such as Nácori Chico, Moctezuma, Pitiquito, Bacoachi, Banámichi, Huásbas, Arivechi and Ures. This craft is a result of the state's history of cattle ranching. The mining industry gave rise to the working of metals, especially copper in Cananea. Items include pots, pans, plates and decorative items. Álamos is known for items made in brass and wrought iron. Jewelry such as necklaces, bracelets and earrings are often made using materials from the sea such as various types of shells and spines from marine animals. This is a specialty in Puerto Peñasco and of the Seris. The latter also use materials such as the tails of rattlesnakes and animal teeth. Some of the Seris’ best work is located in a museum in Bahia

Kino. There is also jewelry, especially necklaces made with various seeds, small twigs and river stones. In Oquitoa, they made ceremonial crowns of glass in various colors. These are most often used to decorate the tombs of loved ones on Day of the Dead. The Yaquis make unique belts using the paws of deer as well as elaborate masks for ceremonies. However, these people generally do not commercialize their wares, with the exception of cloth dolls in local markets. Culture The most prolific art of the state is literature, which includes poetry, novels, plays and essays. To promote the state's talent, the state government sponsors a number of literary competitions, the most prestigious of which is the Libro de Sonora. It also sponsors scholarships to universities and other institutions. Important contemporary writers from the state include poet and playwright Abrigael Bohórquez, novelist Gerardo Cornejo Murrieta, writer and musician Armando Zamora, writer and literary critic Ignacio Mondaca Romero, narrator César Gándara, essayist and journalist Eve Gil, short story and novel writer Sylvia Aguilar Zéleny and poet and novelist Iván Figueroa. Eminent painters include Manuel Romo Rodríguez, Héctor Martínez Arteche and Mario Moreno Zazueta. The major indigenous dances include the Deer Dance, the Pascola and the Matachines, which is mostly performed in Huatabampo. Herbal medicine is still widely practiced, especially in rural areas. Musicians include waltz composer Rodolfo Campodónico, opera singer Alfonso Ortiz Tirado, Arturo Márquez and classical music composer Pedro Vega Granillo. And most prominently "El Gallo De Oro" Valentin Elizalde Valencia The Orquesta Filharmonica de Sonora (Sonora Philharmonic Orchestra) is a state-sponsored institution which offers concerts in all of the entity's major cities. Since its creation, it has been accompanied by artists such as Olivia Gorra, Carlos Prieto, Martha Félix, Felipe Chacón and Fernando de la Mora. It has also participated in numerous events such as the 23rd anniversary of Radio Sonora, the Noche de Arte at the ITESM Sonora campus, the Festival Tetabiakte and the Dr. Alfonso Ortiz Festival. There is also an organization for minors called the Orquesta Juvenil de Sonora. The most important museums in the state are the Museo de Sonora, the Museo Costumbrista de Sonora, Museo Étnico de los Yaquis, Museo Étnico de los Seris, Museo de la Lucha Obrera, Museo de la Casa del General and the Museo del Niño la Burbuja, which are visited by over 180,000 people per year. Since colonial times, much of the economy of the state has traditionally been linked to livestock, especially cattle, with vaqueros, or cowboys, being an important part of the state's identity. Today, most are employed in industry and tourism, but the dress and folklore of the vaquero is still important. Jeans and cowboy hats are still extremely popular, especially with men. The cowboy lifestyle is associated with the pickup truck. This influence extends into popular music. The most popular musical styles of the area is norteño ("northern"), which includes Banda. norteño music developed from the late 19th until the beginning of the 20th century, all along the borderlands of northern Mexico and southwestern United States, with the influence of waltz, polkas, mazurkas and corridos. One important instrument for the genre is the accordion, introduced to the area by German immigrants. Sonoran versions of this music developed from the 1920s to the 1960s. Many of the best known early works have anonymous composers. In the 1950s, with the widespread use of radio, the popularity of the genre rose as the norteño music of Nuevo León, Durango and other states were heard. These versions often included music written by Sonoran composers such as Amor de Madre

by Jesús “El Chito” Peralta, Cuatro Milpas, Mundo Engañoso, El Venadito, La Higuerita and El Tarachi by Aristeo Silvas Antúnez and La Barca de Guaymas by José López Portillo. The music especially resonated with youth which worked in fields and on ranches. The first formal norteño group from Sonora was Los Cuatreros de Sonora, formed by the Carvajal brothers. In contrast to bands from other states, which were duets, Sonoran bands were trios before becoming quartets and quintets with the addition of more musical instruments. Lyrics most often deal with the important moments of everyday life which are celebrated and embellished. Only recently has norteño music been accepted by social classes outside those with which it developed. Norteño groups of Sonora, often referred to as taca-tacas, can now be heard a social events at all socioeconomic levels. Archeology The region has been an area of study for archeologists, anthropologists and historians, who have worked on prehispanic ruins and fossilized bones. However, much of the research in this area is still in its initial descriptive stage with many basic questions still unanswered. Sonora is considered a cultural zone separate from Mesoamerica, although there may have been some Mesoamerican influence. The major differences between Sonoran cultures and Mesoamerica include dry climate farming, although the same basics of corn, squash and beans are produced. There is also a heavier reliance on wild resources. More important was the lack of true cities during this area's prehispanic history, with small settlements clustered around water sources and weak hierarchical systems. The cultures here also share some traits with those of the United States Southwest, but are distinct from these as well. The Cerro de Trincheras ("Trench Hill") is an archeological site, with petroglyphs, plazas and astronomical observatories. The exact purpose of the area has been disputed, but the area reached its height between 1300 and 1450 CE, when it had population of about 1,000, which made its living growing corn, squash, cotton and agave. Its largest structure is called La Cancha ("The Ballcourt"), which is at the base of the north side of the hill. It is a rectangular patio marked by rocks piled on its edges, measuring . Some researchers believe it was some kind of ball court and others believe it was a kind of open air theater. On the hill itself is an observatory, which gives views of the area. Most of the area's artifacts of stone and shell were found here. The Plaza de Caracol (Snail Plaza) is marked by a meter and a half high stone wall in an open spiral, most likely used for ceremonies. Gastronomy As in other parts of Mexico, Sonoran cuisine is basically a mixture of indigenous and Spanish influences. When the Spaniards moved north from the Mexico City area, they found that the diet of the area was simpler, with the basics of corn, beans and squash, but without the further variety as existed in the lusher south. The Spaniards had a great impact on how the diet of the region. They brought European staples of wheat, beef, dairy products, pork and more, as well as dishes and ingredients from the center and south of Mexico, such as tortillas, more varieties of chile peppers and tamales. The cowboy/vaquero culture has been an important aspect of Sonora's culture since the colonial period and much of the cuisine is based on what cowboys ate on the range, even though most Sonorans no longer work outdoors. Sonoran cuisine is not limited to the present state. Arizona, especially in southern border area, has a cuisine which is also heavy on

wheat, cheese and beef introduced by the Spaniards, back when the area was part of Sonora. Both states continue the cowboy tradition. Because Sonora is a border state, its cuisine has received significant influence from the United States as well. Two important staples in the diet are seafood and beef, the latter playing a larger role in the cuisine of Sonora than in the rest of Mexico. Beef is often cooked over an open flame, and Sonorans prefer robust cuts such as brisket and skirt steak. Machaca, or carne seca, is still enjoyed, although refrigeration has eliminated the need to dry meat. Sonora also has a reputation for producing fine cuts of beef, but the lean Spanish cattle of the colonial period have been replaced by Angus, Herefords and Holsteins. Dishes based on or usually containing beef include carne desebrada, carne con rajas verdes, burritos, carne con chile colorado, beef chorizo, carne seca, machaca, menudo, gorditas and meatballs. Seafood is an important staple, especially along the coast as there is a large variety of fish and shellfish in the Gulf of California. Seafood is generally cooked in very simple dishes, such as fish tacos, seafood soups, rice with shrimp or squid and shrimp meatballs. Favored fish include cabrilla, flounder, marlin, sardines, manta rays and various types of jacks. Tortillas are the base of the diet, but they are made from wheat, rather than corn. In Sonora, these tortillas are much larger than those prepared elsewhere and paper thin. Dairy products are common in dishes with chile peppers playing a smaller role. However, one important native chile pepper is the chiltepín (Capsicum annuum var. aviculare), which people continue to harvest wild in the mountains of northwestern Mexico. In a dry year, about can be harvested in Sonora, with as much as during a wet year. The cuisine contains a number of soups and stews, which combine native ingredients with Mexico-wide staples of beef, pork and corn. Seafood soups are popular along the coast. These dishes include pozole de trigo, pozole de res, menudo con pata, verdolagas (Portulaca oleracea) broth, sopa de elote, caldo de calabazas and sopa de camarón. Tamales are made with cornmeal dough and fillings such as beans, vegetables, potatoes, chile colorado and other ingredients, wrapped in dried corn husks and steamed. Tamale fillings vary in the state but the most popular include fresh corn with cream, green chile strips with cheese, beef with chile colorado and seafood. The various cultures that have come through the state have influenced the development of breads, desserts and sweets. Most sweets are made from cow's milk, sugar cane, peanuts, rice, nuts, sesame seeds and piloncillo. These include pipitoria, jamoncillo, cubierto de viznaga, cubiertos de calabaza, cubiertos de camote, squash in honey, piloncillo, pitahaya ice cream, crystallized oranges and limes, cakes made from corn and rice pudding. Bacanora is a local liquor which has been made for decades in the town of the same name, located in the center of the state. Its base is an agave plant (agave lechuguilla or agave angustifolia) like mezcal and tequila, and it comes in various styles including aged. It has a distinct flavor. It is estimated that half a million plants are harvested from the wilds to make this beverage each year, leading to concerns of over exploitation. Education Public education is offered from preschool to university level studies. Development of the educational system has lowered the rates of illiteracy. The state has 1,475 preschools, 1,847 primary schools, 623 middle schools, 92 technical high schools and 203 high schools. Sonora sponsors a number of scholarships for

low income students through the Instituto de Crédito Educativo del Estado de Sonora. and it also sponsors scholarships for students in the arts. The main public institution of higher education in the state is the Universidad de Sonora, whose main campus is in Hermosillo. Founded in 1938 by state decree, the university has grown while retaining its identity. In 1953, students and professors were given more say in operations. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, there were occasional student protests which disrupted operations. In 1973, the institution undertook reorganization in response to the student strikes. The instuition offers degrees in over forty specialities through six divisions. Masters and doctorates are mostly offered in science and technology. The Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora (ITSON, Sonora Technology Institute) has about 17,000 students and offers twenty-three bachelor's degrees, eight masters programs, and three doctorate programs among its six campuses. The institution was formed through the initiative of the Cajemense Society in Ciudad Obregón in 1955, but received its current name in 1962. Originally it was a technical training school, but it was reorganized as a university in 1973. Today, it is the largest technological institution in the state. Transportation Sonora lies on the corridor which as connected the central Mexican highlands (Mexico City) north into the United States along the Pacific Coast at least since the colonial period, and there is evidence this corridor existed in the pre-Hispanic period as well. Today, it is still a major corridor for travel and shipping, with rail lines and Federal Highway 15 following it. The state contains a total of 24,396 km of highways. Rail lines mostly consist of those which lead into the United States. The major commercial port is in Guaymas, with smaller ones, mostly for tourism located in San Carlos, Puerto Peñasco and Bahia Kino. The state has four airports in the cities of Hermosillo, Puerto Peñasco, Ciudad Obregón and Nogales. These airports connect the state with 112 other locations both in Mexico and abroad. Airlines that operate out of them include Aeromexico, Volaris, Interjet, and Vivaaerobus. Famous people Luis Aguilar Plutarco Elías Calles Julio César Chávez María Félix Adolfo de la Huerta Álvaro Obregón Silvia Pinal Abelardo L. Rodríguez Fernando Valenzuela See also Panthera onca arizonensis Panthera onca centralis Notes References External links Official Sonora State Government website Category:States of Mexico Category:States and territories established in 1831

Ed Fries Ed Fries ( "freeze") is an American video game programmer and entrepreneur who was the vice president of game publishing at Microsoft during much of the Xbox's life-cycle. Early life Fries fell in love with games while playing arcade games in the early 1980s. Both of his parents were engineers, and he sees in his love for games something similar to his father's love for airplanes while working at Boeing. As a teen he programmed a clone of Frogger for the Atari 8-bit family which was distributed through bulletin board systems. It was seen by someone from game publisher Romox who offered him a job, and the game was published as The Princess and the Frog in 1982. Fries wrote two other games for Romox: Ant-Eater (similar to Dig Dug) and Sea Chase. Microsoft After earning a B.S. in Computer Science from New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in 1986 Fries returned to the Seattle area to join Microsoft on productivity software. He has referred to this time as being like Ender's Game and says "We were recruited as children to fight in their wars, Excel vs Lotus 1-2-3 and Word vs WordPerfect." In the late 1990s he led the team that created the first version of the Xbox game console. He was a prime evangelist of the platform to game developers and had an important role in the acquisition of developers Bungie, Ensemble Studios and Rare. After Microsoft Fries left Microsoft in January 2004. He consulted with a startup company, FireAnt, that was later sold to Sony Online Entertainment. He was also involved with several startups including Ageia, which aims to bring the first "physics accelerator" chip for games to market, and Emotiv Systems, a company building an EEG based game controller. Fries is currently working on bringing his favorite game, World of Warcraft, to three-dimensional life with his startup company, Figure Prints. The company makes 3D models of a player's characters using a fleet of Z Corporation printers. Within the first 12 hours of his company going live, over 4,000 people had requested an order for a model. Fries explains in an interview that each model can take about one week to complete. In July 2010, Fries released an Atari 2600 game inspired by the Halo series, called Halo 2600. He is currently listed as the advisor for the Ouya, an Android-based game console and development platform as well as advisor for Animoca. References External links Video interview with Fries (bottom page) at Kikizo Article about Emotiv Systems at The Wall Street Journal, via the Wayback Machine Bio of Fries at Emotiv Systems, via the Wayback Machine Interview with Fries at Wowinsider.com Video interview with Fries at GameSpot Category:Microsoft employees Category:Video game businesspeople Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:American video game programmers

Sheri Anderson Sheri Anderson is an American television writer, producer, and author. She was the creative consultant on NBC's Days of Our Lives alongside head writer Ron Carlivati. She is also the author of the fiction novel series, Salem's Secrets, Scandals and Lies, based on Days of Our Lives. Anderson was also creative consultant on The Spot. She announced she was no longer a creative consultant position for Days of our Lives in February 2019. References External links Category:American soap opera writers Category:American television writers Category:American television producers Category:Women television producers Category:Women soap opera writers Category:Living people Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Place of birth missing (living people)

Hershey Trust Company The Hershey Trust Company is a United States corporation incorporated on April 28, 1905, by Milton S. Hershey, Harry Lebkicher and John E. Snyder. The company is majority owner of The Hershey Company and sole private owner of Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company and administrator of the 2,000 student Milton Hershey School. It manages the $13.751 billion USD (2015) endowment of the Milton Hershey School and School Trust. History On April 28, 1905, the Pennsylvania Department of State issued a charter creating the Hershey Trust Company. In 1909, when Hershey founded the Milton Hershey School, Hershey appointed the Trust as administrator of the school trust. 2011 investigation of the Hershey Trust Company In February 2011, Robert Reese (grandson of H. B. Reese the inventor of Reese's Peanut Butter Cups), a former board member and president of the Trust, filed a lawsuit against the Hershey Trust Company alleging that Trust had been improperly using the Trust's money. One particular issue was the purchase of the Wren Dale Golf Course, in which the Hershey Trust overpaid for the property, to the benefit of board members who were both owners of the Wren Dale Golf Course and on the Hershey Trust board. Reese withdrew the lawsuit in April 2011, due to deteriorating health. Reese suggested the Pennsylvania Attorney General had enough cause to investigate the Hershey Trust. In 2013, Kathleen Kane, the Pennsylvania Attorney General, announced the conclusion of a two-year investigation into the operations of the Hershey Trust Company, in which the Office of Attorney General and the Hershey Trust Company agreed that there was a finding of no wrongdoing, but reforms were required of the trust company. 2016 developments In May, 2016, the state attorney general asked the company to remove three members from the ten-person board. The attorney general said that the three had allowed "apparent violations" of the 2013 agreement. At about the same time, in an unrelated investigation, John Estey, former chief of staff to Gov. Ed Rendell and a high-ranking executive of the company was charged with wire fraud, having pocketed $13,000 that an FBI sting operation had given to him in an investigation into illegal lobbying of legislators. Entities of the Milton Hershey School Trust The Hershey Company Hershey Entertainment and Resorts Company Milton Hershey School Entities of the Milton S. Hershey Foundation The Hershey Story museum Hershey Gardens Hershey Theatre Hershey Community Archives Hershey Cemetery Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center was created through a gift from the MS Hershey Foundation using funds provided by the Milton Hershey School Trust See also References External links , the official website of the Hershey Trust Company Category:1905 establishments in Pennsylvania Category:Companies based in Dauphin County, Pennsylvania Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1905 Category:Hershey, Pennsylvania

Champlain Bridge, Ottawa The Champlain Bridge () crosses the Ottawa River about west of Parliament Hill, joining the communities of Ottawa, Ontario and Gatineau, Quebec. It is the westernmost link between the two cities. It was originally built between 1924 and 1928 by the Federal District Commission, the predecessor to the National Capital Commission, which maintains the bridge. The bridge consists of 4 spans and crosses Riopelle, Cunningham and Bate Islands in the Ottawa River. The total length of the bridge is , making it the longest bridge spanning the Ottawa River. On the Ontario side, it is a continuation of Island Park Drive and is also connected to the Sir John A. Macdonald Parkway. It connects to Aylmer Road on the Quebec side. A third commuter lane was added when the bridge was rebuilt in 2002, which is a reversible lane in the direction of peak traffic. The bridge was named after Samuel de Champlain who is associated with the portage around the rapids in this section of the river. The short access roadway on the Aylmer side of the bridge is called Place Samuel de Champlain. See also List of bridges in Ottawa List of crossings of the Ottawa River External links Transport Canada Category:Bridges in Ottawa Category:Bridges in Gatineau Category:Bridges completed in 1928 Category:Bridges over the Ottawa River Category:Road bridges in Ontario Category:Road bridges in Quebec Category:Roads with a reversible lane Category:1928 establishments in Canada

Nathan Westling Nathan Westling (born Natalie Westling; June 1, 1996) is an American fashion model, and the star of the Spring 2014 Marc Jacobs & Saint Laurent Paris ad campaigns. His career began in 2014 when he had his hair dyed red for the Marc Jacobs campaign also featuring Miley Cyrus. Early life and career Westling was born in Scottsdale, Arizona on June 1, 1996, as Natalie Westling. He was photographed by Steven Meisel for Prada, for the brand's Pre-Fall 2015 collection with Aya Jones, Willow Hand and Julia Nobis. Westling is most notable for dying his hair red for the Marc Jacobs campaign with Miley Cyrus. He also gained major exposure for his red-head tresses during New York Fashion Week 2014. Models.com has put Westling on their "Hot List" and he has been compared to Natasha Lyonne. Westling was scouted by the Agency Arizona in Scottsdale, and soon after signed by The Society Management in New York City. He has walked in shows for Marc Jacobs which included opening the Spring 2014 show as an exclusive, Anna Sui, Céline, Jean Paul Gaultier, Fendi, Prada, Etro, Dries van Noten, Lanvin, Christian Dior, Vera Wang, Tommy Hilfiger, Chanel, Tom Ford, and DKNY amongst others. In 2017, Westling was chosen as the debut model for their new model Crush series introduced by L'Officiel Malaysia. Personal life In an interview with i-D magazine, Westling stated his dedication to the singles lifestyle, with the interview indicating: "Independence is important to Natalie, as it is to any 18-year-old. 'I'm living in my girlfriend's apartment now', [Westling] says, 'I'm glad to come back to New York and sort of have my own place'." In March 2019, Westling came out as a transgender man. As noted in a CNN Style article, "After a decade spent receiving therapy and medication for depression, anxiety and anger issues, he finally decided to address what he'd always known to be the underlying problem. To do so, he decamped from his base in New York to Los Angeles to begin transitioning from life as Natalie to life as Nathan." References Category:Male models from Arizona Category:Living people Category:1996 births Category:People from Scottsdale, Arizona Category:LGBT models Category:LGBT people from Arizona Category:Transgender and transsexual men

Waguih Ghali Waguih Ghali (25 February 1927/1928/1929 – 5 January 1969) was an Egyptian writer, best known for his novel Beer in the Snooker Club (André Deutsch, 1964). Fearing political persecution, Ghali spent his adult years impoverished, living in exile in Europe. He killed himself on January 5, 1969. Biography Waguih Ghali was born in Alexandria, Egypt to a Coptic family. According to Ghali’s friend and editor, Diana Athill, Ghali carefully obscured details about his past. Ghali’s diary confirms his birthdate (25 February), but not his birth year. He was probably born between 1927 and 1929. When he was young, his father died, and his mother (née Ibrahim) remarried. In his diary Ghali writes about his family’s financial struggles. Homeless, he shuttled among friends and relatives in both Alexandria and Cairo. Yet, members of his extended family were wealthy and influential, and there are details of a life of privilege in his writings as well. Ghali attended Victoria College, variously at the Alexandria and Cairo campuses, from 1944–47. He studied in the Faculty of Medicine at Cairo University, and was present when the students staged a demonstration on 4 December 1948 that left the police chief, Selim Zaki, dead. Ghali started but did not complete medical studies in at the Sorbonne in Paris. He left Paris in 1953. He also lived in London in the mid-1950s. One report suggests that he left Egypt for good in 1958. However, personal narrative essays he published in The Guardian (Manchester) between 1957 and 1959 about life in exile suggest that Ghali was already living in Europe by that time. After living in Stockholm, Ghali moved to West Germany in 1960. According to Athill he picked up whatever work he could find, including at the docks in Hamburg, as a labourer in factories, and as a clerk. From 1964 until 1966, he was employed by the British Army Royal Pay Corps in Rheydt, West Germany. In May 1966 Ghali returned to London, where he continued to pick up odd jobs. On 26 December 1968, Ghali swallowed a bottle of sleeping pills in Diana Athill’s apartment. He died on 5 January 1969. Athill published a fictionalized account of her relationship with Ghali entitled After a Funeral (1986). Writings Essays in The Manchester Guardian Between 1957 and 1959 Ghali published six short personal narrative essays in The Manchester Guardian (renamed The Guardian in 1959). These essays are Ghali’s first known published works. The first article, “My Friend Kamal,” recounts Ghali’s political activism in Cairo in the late 1940s. This piece reappears in fictionalized form in Beer in the Snooker Club. The remaining essays, along with another piece also published in The Guardian in 1965, recount his experiences living in exile in Europe: “My Friend Kamal,” 5 Jun 1957; “Lessons for Mr. Luigi,” 21 Apr 1958; “Culture for Daimler,” 24 Nov 1958; “The Writers,” 29 Jan 1959; “An Indian Courier,” 16 March 1959; “Captains of My Ship,” 12 Nov 1959; “The Roses are Real,” 20 Feb 1965. Beer in the Snooker Club Ghali began composing the novel Beer in the Snooker Club while living in Stockholm and he completed it in West Germany. The novel was first published by Andre Deutsch in London in 1964. It was reprinted by Penguin in 1968 and by Serpent’s Tail in 1987 and 2010. Beer in the Snooker Club has been translated into French, Hebrew, Dutch, Arabic, Italian, and Spanish. Beer in the Snooker Club is about a young Copt named Ram, who, like the author, has little money, but has benefited from a life of privilege. A politically savvy novel

set in the 1950s, the narrative critiques both the British colonial enterprise and the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser. Ram and his equally impoverished friend Font meet and befriend a Jewish communist from a wealthy family named Edna. At the time, the two boys were students at the university and involved in demonstrations against the continued British presence in the Suez Canal Zone. A romance develops between Ram, a Coptic Christian, and Edna, an Egyptian Jew. Edna encourages Ram and Font to round out their education, and helps support sending them to London. Ram and Font’s visit to London is cut short by the 1956 Suez Crisis. Upon his return to Cairo, Ram is struck by the brutality of the Nasser regime. The novel portrays two societies in transition. Following the 1956 Suez Crisis, Egypt’s foreign minority communities began leaving, and the cosmopolitan character of Egypt’s cities began to wane. The Suez Crisis also signaled the end of Great Britain’s reign as a colonial power. Beer in the Snooker Club captures both of these transitions. The Diaries of Waguih Ghali: An Egyptian in the Swinging Sixties, ed. May Hawas Ghali's handwritten diaries were transcribed, edited and published in 2016 and 2017 in two volumes. The Diaries cover the last few years of his life. Ghali spent much of the period between 1964-1968 working for the British Army corps in the small town of Rheydt (Mönchengladbach), in what was then West Germany. He often feels suffocated in the town but writes that Germany was one of the only places which had given him refuge. He often dreams of moving to London, where he feels there is much more intellectual and economic opportunity for him. He finally moves there in 1966, to live in the house (and on the resources) of his friend, editor and occasionally lover, Diana Athill. From there, the Ghali describes his turbulent life with Athill and his unabating struggles with alcohol dependency and depression, even as he shares insights about and sharp critique of the intellectual life in 1960s London. The Diaries also include a blow by blow account of his visit to Israel a few days after the 1967 War, the reasons that pushed him to go, and the people he met. A little before his painful suicide note, he describes the moment in which he found out that he had been stripped of his Egyptian passport. The Diaries include a preface, and interviews with Athill and one of Ghali's relatives.https://www.amazon.com/Diaries-Waguih-Ghali-Egyptian-Swinging/dp/9774167805 Unpublished writings Ghali was at work on a second novel when he died on January 5, 1969. In his diary, Ghali referred to the work in progress as the “Ashl novel.” Upon his death, he left behind fragments of this unfinished novel as well as six notebooks of diaries. Cornell University Library has digitized this archive of unpublished work. Critical reception of Beer in the Snooker Club Ahdaf Soueif wrote that “Waguih Ghali’s excellent novel Beer in the Snooker Club was published by André Deutsch in 1964. It attracted attention and enthusiastic reviews. The same happened when it was reissued in the Penguin New Writers Series in 1968.” The novel was positively reviewed in both The Times and The New York Times, as well as in The Guardian, the New Statesman, The Times Literary Supplement, and The New Yorker, and elsewhere. In his contemporaneous review of the novel Martin Levin calls the book “a small masterpiece of a novel that does several things with astonishing virtuosity. It gives an Egyptian’s view of Nasser’s Egypt that brilliantly communicates the texture of this experience. It depicts political conflicts

before and after Suez in terms of imagery that transcend journalistic platitudes. And it creates an original and complex protagonist.” Two years prior to the third reissue of Beer in the Snooker Club, in a letter to the editors of the London Review of Books, novelist Gabriel Josipovici wrote, “Beer in the Snooker Club is the best book ever written about Egypt (better even than my grandfather’s Goha le Simple) and it is a crying shame that it is out of print.” Each subsequent reissue generated additional positive reviews, attesting to the continued importance of the novel. The novel was cited in some cultural analyses following the overthrow of President Hosni Mubarak in February 2011. Helen Stuhr-Rommereim wrote that the novel’s “themes echo a similar discourse that fills Cairo today.” Negar Azimi also wrote that Beer in the Snooker Club “presents uncanny parallels to today’s Egypt, where artists, intellectuals and youth at large are beginning to fashion a new cultural republic of sorts even as they also struggle to find their bearings.” Travel to Israel Following the 1967 Arab–Israeli war, Ghali visited Israel as a freelance journalist. During his stay, which lasted for six weeks from July through September 1967, he filed two articles for The Times. In December 1967, he recorded a longer reflection on his visit for the BBC, the transcript of which was published in January 1968. Ghali had already been denied renewal of his Egyptian passport, so he had little to lose politically by visiting the state with which his native country had recently been at war. Personally, however, he suffered from the criticism he received from fellow Egyptians. External links Susie Thomas,"Waguih Ghali," The Literary Encyclopedia Susie Thomas on Ghali's 'Beer in the Snooker Club' on the London Fictions site Waguih Ghali Unpublished Papers: Diaries (1964-1968) and Manuscript Fragments References Category:1920s births Category:1969 deaths Category:Egyptian novelists Category:Suicides in England

Off Limits Off Limits may refer to: Off Limits (1953 film), a comedy film starring Bob Hope and Mickey Rooney Off Limits (1988 film), a mystery/thriller film starring Willem Dafoe and Gregory Hines Off Limits (TV series), a 2011 TV series on the Travel Channel starring Don Wildman Off Limits (album), a 1971 album by the Kenny Clarke-Francy Boland Big Band Off Limits (anthology), a 1997 collection of science fiction stories Off Limits, an Italian music production company run by Larry Pignagnoli

Ereis roseomaculata Ereis roseomaculata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1968. References Category:Mesosini Category:Beetles described in 1968

Element (sports) In sport, an element, skill, or trick is a distinct component of a performance with an assessed degree of difficulty. Skills may be performed in combination, increasing the measure of difficulty and thus the potential score. Some sports require athletes to demonstrate a minimum set of skills during a routine, and apply scoring penalties for failing to meet this minimum. Sports with judged elements include bicycle motocross, diving, gymnastics, trampolining, skateboarding, skiing, and snowboarding. Category:Broad-concept articles Category:Terminology used in multiple sports Category:Sports rules and regulations Category:Sports articles needing expert attention Category:Gymnastics articles needing expert attention Category:Water sports articles needing expert attention

Highway 13 (Israel) Highway 13 is an expressway in southern Israel. It is 12 km long. It begins in the north at Tzihor junction with Highway 40, and ends in the south at Menuha junction with Highway 90. Thus, it connects between Highway 40, which runs north to Mizpe Ramon and Beersheba via the central Negev, and Highway 90, which traverses the Arava region on Israel's eastern border. See also List of highways in Israel 13

Øystein Carlsen Øystein Carlsen (born 30 April 1973) is a Norwegian speed skater. He was born in Bærum, a grandson of Armand Carlsen, and represented the club Oslo SK. He competed in short track speed skating at the 1994 Winter Olympics. References External links Category:1973 births Category:Living people Category:Sportspeople from Bærum Category:Norwegian male speed skaters Category:Norwegian male short track speed skaters Category:Olympic short track speed skaters of Norway Category:Short track speed skaters at the 1994 Winter Olympics

Dulan, Republic of Buryatia Dulan () is a rural locality (a selo) in Kabansky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia. The population was 132 as of 2010. There are 9 streets. References Category:Rural localities in Buryatia

Aberdeen Science Centre Aberdeen Science Centre is a science museum in Aberdeen, Scotland. It displays exhibits and performs fun, educational and interactive shows and workshops which are aimed to be inclusive for all audiences. It attracts primary school groups around the year and its exhibits are "hands on" so that everything can be played with and examined. The centre is a registered charity under Scottish law. It is funded by the public and donations from local corporate sponsors. The attraction also contains a café. It is located on Constitution Street. The building within which the attraction is located was once a depot for Aberdeen's tram network. It used to based on Justice Mill Lane. The centre is currently temporarily located at 107 George Street as it undergoes a multi million pound renovation at its Constitution Street location. It is scheduled to be completed in summer 2020. History The attraction, formerly called Satrosphere, opened in 1998. During 2019, the centre was refurbished and a mezzanine floor was added to the building. It is expected to reopen in spring 2020. During its renovation, the science centre is temporarily located on George Street. See also Our Dynamic Earth - Science Centre in Edinburgh, Scotland. Glasgow Science Centre - Science Centre in Glasgow, Scotland. Dundee Science Centre - Science Centre in Dundee, Scotland. References External links Category:Science museums in Scotland Category:Museums in Aberdeen Category:Science centers Category:Charities based in Scotland Category:Science and technology in Aberdeen

Yueshan, Xiangxiang Yueshan Town () is an urban town in Xiangxiang City, Xiangtan City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China. Cityscape The town is divided into 58 villages and two communities, the following areas: Baishushan Community, Tanshushan Community, Litouqiao Village, Baozhong Village, Qianjin Village, Shengli Village, Sanwan Village, Anchong Village, Baolong Village, Baoping Village, Baolu Village, Bailong Village, Xilin Village, Zixalin Village Jinping Village, Jinshan Village, Shanfeng Village, Malong Village, Tianxin Village, Nanyue Village, Longchong Village, Pengshan Village, Lingyang Village, Shuanglong Village, Hechong Village, Dongzhu Village, Zizhu Village, Lizi Village, Hongri Village, Yingshi Village, Dongkou Village, Siqian Village, Yueshan Village, Baifeng Village, Baihe Village, Hongguang Village, Taishan Village, Fengshan Village, Hongmei Village, Fengyu Village, Yunnan Village, Shiqiaoshi Village, Shifo Village, Qingping Village, Huangtukan Village, Hengjiang Village, Xinqiao Village, Hongyang Village, Jiangdong Village, Jiangtian Village, Qunle Village, Shuikou Village, Nanmu Village, Shixi Village, Yuntian Village, Shizhu Village, Dongfeng Village, Jianlouping Village, Shitoupu Village, Dongkouba Village, and Shiji Village (白树山社区、檀树山社区、犁头桥村、包忠村、前进村、胜利村、三湾村、安冲村、包龙村、包坪村、褒麓村、白龙村、西林村、金坪村、金山村、山峰村、马龙村、田心村、南岳村、龙冲村、鹏山村、羚羊村、双龙村、和冲村、洞竹村、紫竹村、栗子村、红日村、英石村、洞口村、寺前村、月山村、白峰村、白鹤村、红光村、太山村、丰山村、洪海村、枫榆村、云南村、石桥市村、石佛村、青坪村、黄土堪村、横江村、新桥村、红阳村、江东村、江田村、群乐村、水口村、楠木村、石溪村、云田村、石柱村、东风村、箭楼坪村、石头铺村、洞口坝村、石矶村). References External links Category:Divisions of Xiangxiang

Sir Henry D'Anvers, 4th Baronet Sir Henry D'Anvers (1731 – 13 August 1758) was the 4th baronet of the D'Anvers baronets, of Culworth. Education D'Anvers of Culworth was educated at John Roysse's Free School in Abingdon, (now Abingdon School) and later Lincoln College, Oxford. He was a Steward of the OA Club in 1753. Peerage He succeeded Sir John Danvers, 3rd Baronet, to the title in 1744 and is commemorated with a memorial on the north wall of the chancel at Culworth Church. On his death the title went to his brother Sir Michael D'Anvers, 5th Baronet. See also List of Old Abingdonians References Category:1731 births Category:1758 deaths Category:People educated at Abingdon School Category:Alumni of Lincoln College, Oxford

Sahara Blue Sahara Blue is a 1992 concept album produced by Hector Zazou. The album commemorated the 100th year of the death of French poet Arthur Rimbaud and included collaborative musical works by John Cale, Khaled, Ryuichi Sakamoto, Tim Simenon, and David Sylvian. Track listing "I'll Strangle You" (Lyrics: Rimbaud, Music: Anneli Drecker, Bill Laswell, Hector Zazou, spoken word: Gérard Depardieu & Anneli Drecker) "First Evening" (Lyrics: Rimbaud, Music: Kent Condon, John Cale, Hector Zazou Ophelie (Music: David Sylvian) (feat. Dominique Dalcan & Ryuichi Sakamoto) Lines (feat. Barbara Gogan) Youth (feat. Lisa Gerrard & Brendan Perry) Hapolot Kenym (feat. Sussan Deyhim, Samy Birnbach & Ryuichi Sakamoto) Hunger (feat. John Cale & Vincent Kenis) Sahara Blue (feat. Barbara Gogan) Amdyaz (feat. Khaled & Malka Spigel) Black Stream (feat. Lisa Gerrard & Brendan Perry) Harar et les Gallas (feat. Ketema Mekonn & Ryuichi Sakamoto) Lettre Au Directeur Des Messageries Maritimes (feat. Richard Bohringer, Sussan Deyhim & Bill Laswell) Personnel Samy Birnbach - Vocals Richard Bohringer - Vocals, Voices John Cale - Vocals Kent Condon - Guitar Dominique Dalcan - Chant Gérard Depardieu - Vocals, Voices Sussan Deyhim - Vocals, Voices Anneli Marian Drecker - Vocals, Voices Yuka Fujii - Walkie Talkie Lisa Gerrard - Vocals, Yang Chin Barbara Gogan - Vocals Kerry Hopwood - MIDI, Programming Kenji Jammer - Guitar, Guitar Effects Vincent Kenis - Bass, Guitar Nabil Khalidi - Oud Bill Laswell - Bass, Beats, Effects Keith LeBlanc - Percussion Christian Lechevretel - Arranger, Clavier, Organ, Trombone, Trumpet Lightwave - Electronic Percussion, Special Effects, Synthesizer Daniel Manzanas - Guitar (Acoustic) Denis Moulin - Guitar, Percussion Mr. X - Guitar, Vocals, Walkie Talkie Brendan Perry - Bodhran, Darbouka, Engineer, Percussion, Synthesizer, Tin Whistle, Vocals Renaud Pion - Clarinet, Flute (Bass), Saxophone Ryuichi Sakamoto - Piano Steve Shehan - Percussion Guy Sigsworth - Keyboards Tim Simenon - Beats, Mixing, Producer, Sample Programming Malka Spigel - Vocals, Voices Matt Stein - Loops, Programming David Sylvian - Guitar, Vocals, Walkie Talkie Hector Zazou - Clavier, Electronics, Guitar, Keyboards, Mixing, Producer, Sampled Guitar, Sampling, Synthesizer References Category:1992 albums Category:Concept albums Category:Hector Zazou albums Category:Musical settings of poems by Arthur Rimbaud Category:Crammed Discs albums

Tetworth Tetworth is a village in Cambridgeshire, England. Tetworth lies approximately south of Huntingdon, near Waresley south of St Neots. Tetworth is in the civil parish of Waresley-cum-Tetworth. Tetworth is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England. History Originally a hamlet in the parish of Everton, Bedfordshire (where the population was in 2011 included), Tetworth has a complicated administrative history. The hamlet, which was considered a civil parish separate from Everton from the Inclosure Award of 1802, was in two distinct parts. The northern part was in Huntingdonshire, the southern partly an exclave of Huntingdonshire and partly of Bedfordshire. The Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 assigned the Bedfordshire part to Huntingdonshire, so that the entire southern section became an outlier of Huntingdonshire, separated from the rest of the county by a salient of Cambridgeshire. This situation remained until 1965, when two new counties of Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely and Huntingdon and Peterborough were formed. At this time both county and parish boundaries were adjusted, Tetworth now being a single area in Huntingdon and Peterborough. In 1974 it was made part of the enlarged Cambridgeshire. The parish, formerly covering was combined with Waresley on 1 April 2010, as Waresley cum Tetworth. Listed as Tethewurda in the 12th century and Tetteworth or Tettesworthe in the 13th century, the name Tetworth is believed to mean "farmstead of a man named Tetta". A Roman road from Sandy to Godmanchester runs through Tetworth, with a footpath following most of its route. Government Tetworth is part of the civil parish of Waresley-cum-Tetworth, which has a parish council. The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England. A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields. The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish. The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment. The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax. the parish council consists of five parish councillors and a parish clerk. The parish council normally meets four times a year. The parish precept for the financial year ending 31 March 2015 was £4,000. The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon. Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards. Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism. Tetworth is a part of the district ward of Gransden and The Offords and is represented on the district council by two councillors. District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council. For Tetworth the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge. The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services. Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions. Tetworth is part of the electoral division of Buckden, Gransden and The Offords and

is represented on the county council by one councillor. At Westminster Tetworth is in the parliamentary constituency of Huntingdon, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Tetworth is represented in the House of Commons by Jonathan Djanogly (Conservative). Jonathan Djanogly has represented the constituency since 2001. The previous member of parliament was John Major (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1983 and 2001. Demography Population In the period 1801 to 1901 the population of Tetworth was recorded every ten years by the UK census. During this time the population was in the range of 130 (the lowest was in 1901) and 261 (the highest was in 1861). From 1901, a census was taken every ten years with the exception of 1941 (due to the Second World War). All population census figures from report Historic Census figures Cambridgeshire to 2011 by Cambridgeshire Insight. The separate parishes of Tetworth and Waresley were combined to form the single parish called Waresley cum Tetworth in 2010. Religious sites For ecclesiastical purposes both Everton and Tetworth were always part of the single Everton (or Everton-cum-Tetworth) parish, with the parish church situated in the detached part of the Tetworth civil parish. The church, dedicated to St Mary, was mentioned in the Domesday Book but was rebuilt in the 12th century, with the majority of that building still surviving today. A west tower was added in the 14th century, and the chancel was rebuilt in the 15th century. John Berridge, friend of John Wesley, was vicar of the parish between 1755 and 1793. Tetworth Hall Tetworth Hall stands on the edge of the Greensand Ridge overlooking the valley of the River Ivel at the southern end of the present parish. The house was built in 1710 for the MP John Pedley, and is a two-storey red brick mansion in the Queen Anne style to which it dates. After the Pedley line died out in 1726, the house was bought by Edward Harley, 2nd Earl of Oxford before passing to the Lord Chancellor, Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke in 1740. In 1759 it was acquired by Stanhope Pedley, a relation of the original owners, who retained it until 1823 after which it passed to the Foley family. By 1895 it was owned by Charles Duncombe, 2nd Earl of Feversham who leased it to Augustus Scobell Orlebar. His son, Augustus Orlebar, was a distinguished RAF pilot. During the Second World War it was requisitioned by the government, though its use during this period is not fully known. References Category:Villages in Cambridgeshire Category:Huntingdonshire Category:Civil parishes in Cambridgeshire

Devilwater Creek Devilwater Creek, originally Arroyo Del Diablo, a stream with its source on the east slope of the Temblor Range in Kern County, California, that flows northeast to terminate just a mile west southwest of the mouth of Media Aqua Creek. It was officially named Devilwater Creek in 1909. History Aguaje Del Diablo (Devil's Watering Place) was an aguaje or watering place on El Camino Viejo along the Arroyo del Diablo in the foothills on the east slope of the Temblor Range between Arroyo de Los Carneros in the south and Arroyo de Matarano to the north. References Category:Rivers of Kern County, California Category:Temblor Range Category:El Camino Viejo

Mount Evan-Thomas Mount Evan-Thomas is a mountain summit located in the Opal Range of the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. Mount Evan-Thomas is the highest point in the Opal Range. It is situated in the Kananaskis River Valley northeast of Lower Kananaskis Lake and east of Highway 40 in Peter Lougheed Provincial Park. Its nearest higher peak is Mount Rae, to the south-southeast. History The mountain was named in honor of Rear Admiral Sir Hugh Evan-Thomas (1862–1928), Royal Navy commander of the 5th Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet during the Battle of Jutland in World War I. The name of the mountain was initially approved as Mount Evans-Thomas in 1922. The spelling error was corrected when the mountain's present name was made official in 1972 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. The first ascent of the peak was made in 1954 by M.S. Hicks, W. Lemmon, G. Ross, I. Spreat, and J.F. Tarrant. Geology Mount Evan-Thomas is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Mount Evan-Thomas was created during the Lewis Overthrust. The steeply tilted strata are virtually the same in each peak of the Opal Range, with softer layers sandwiched between harder layers. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Mount Evan-Thomas is located in a subarctic climate zone with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. In terms of favorable weather, June through September are the best months to climb Mount Evan-Thomas. Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into tributaries of the Kananaskis River. See also List of mountains of Canada References External links Mount Evan-Thomas Climbing photos by Sonny Bou Mount Evan-Thomas weather: Mountain Forecast Evan-Thomas Evan-Thomas

Achaea (moth) Achaea is a genus of moths in the family Erebidae described by Jacob Hübner in 1923. Species References Category:Noctuoidea genera Category:Taxa named by Jacob Hübner

Hubert de Burgh-Canning, 2nd Marquess of Clanricarde Hubert George de Burgh-Canning, 2nd Marquess of Clanricarde (30 November 1832 – 12 April 1916) was an Anglo-Irish ascendancy nobleman and politician. Biography He was the son of Ulick de Burgh, 1st Marquess of Clanricarde and his wife Harriet, daughter of British Prime Minister George Canning. He was unmourned in Ireland, where he had a reputation as one of the worst and most repressive absentee landlords in the country. His estate in Portumna, County Galway, comprising , yielded 25,000 sterling yearly in rents paid by 1,900 tenants, and was a main target during the 1887 Plan of Campaign fought for fair rents by the Irish Parliamentary Party. Clanricarde's opposition was so obdurate that a minister commented: "... what right has Clanricarde to be treated better than a lunatic or an orphan?" His land agent John Blake was murdered in 1882. In 1888 the Earl wrote to Chief Secretary Balfour "the western Irish cannot be kept up to their contracts without the threat of eviction." Upon the suggestion of Arthur Balfour, the Irish members of parliament submitted a bill to parliament for expropriation of his estates. The Prime Minister, Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman expressed his approval of the bill and denounced Clanricarde in parliament in language described as 'scathing'. Never had Clanicarde visited his estates, despite the many thousands of families that had been evicted from them during that time, resulting in mass destitution. "So universal is the execration in which this particular nobleman is held by people of every political party that when the question of this bill was put to the vote by the speaker, liberals, liberal unionists and conservatives all voted with the Irish party, only three of the nearly 700 members of the house of Commons opposing the vote, which would otherwise have been unanimous." From 1891 onwards the Congested Districts Board attempted to compulsorily purchase the estate but were not successful until 1915. Upon his death all his peerages became extinct, save the second creation of the earldom of Clanricarde, which passed by special remainder to the 6th Marquess of Sligo. He died in 1916, aged 83, in London, and was buried in Highgate Cemetery, Highgate, London. Notes References |- Category:1832 births Category:1916 deaths Category:Anglo-Irish people Category:Irish Anglicans Burgh-Canning, Hubert de Burgh-Canning, Hubert de Burgh-Canning, Hubert de Category:Politicians from County Galway Hubert Category:Disease-related deaths in England Category:Burials at Highgate Cemetery Category:Marquesses of Clanricarde Category:British landlords

Juan Croucier Juan Croucier (born August 22, 1959, in Santiago de las Vegas, Cuba) is an American Hard Rock bassist and songwriter. He is best known as the bassist for the heavy metal band Ratt. Career Croucier attended Torrance High School in Torrance, California. He played in various bands while in High School. Eventually he began playing original songs in his bands, and joined a band called Spike by age 16 that was strictly playing originals. In 1977 he started a new band called FireFoxx along with Ron Abrams on guitar and Bobby Blotzer on drums. Croucier served as bassist for Ratt during the 1980s, and was also very briefly in Quiet Riot and DuBrow. Croucier played with Quiet Riot shortly before Randy Rhoads left to play with Ozzy Osbourne and played with DuBrow in 1981 but did not record with either. Before he left DuBrow he introduced Kevin to Frankie Banali. They went on to form a new version of Quiet Riot, resulting in the debut record Metal Health. Croucier played with Dokken for about four years and toured Germany with the band several times. He was a member of both Ratt and Dokken simultaneously for approximately 18 months before leaving Dokken. He played and sang backup on Dokken's Breaking the Chains album, and co-wrote two songs. His replacement, Jeff Pilson, appears in the videos from the album. With Ratt, Croucier wrote many of the band's biggest hits such as "Lack of Communication" and "You're in Love". His backing vocals also became a trademark part of Ratt's sound. Croucier went on to own and operate a recording studio in Los Angeles called "The Cellar" where he recorded, produced and engineered hundreds of records for various bands and solo artists. He also formed a new band, Liquid Sunday a project based on his solo album of the same name. Liquid Sunday played on the same bill for one show with Pearcy during the summer of 2006 and later formed a new band called Dirty Rats, consisting of Croucier on bass and lead vocals, Carlos Cavazo on guitar, and John Medina on drums. Carlos Cavazo left Dirty Rats to join Ratt, but later returned to Dirty Rats. Reportedly, the current line-up going by the name Dirty Rats features completely different musicians, except for Juan Croucier. Including guitarist from the band Love/Hate Jon E. Love and drummer from band Black and Blue Pete Holmes. On May 12, 2012, Croucier reunited with RATT and performed with the band at the M3 Rock Festival for the first time since 1991. Website chats Croucier himself often chats with his fans on the forum from his official website, answering questions on topics such as Ratt, Liquid Sunday, and other side projects he works on. Discography Dokken Back in the Streets (1979) Breaking the Chains (1983) Ratt Ratt (1983) Out of the Cellar (1984) Invasion of Your Privacy (1985) Dancing Undercover (1986) Reach for the Sky (1988) Detonator (1990) Solo Liquid Sunday (2004) Other References External links Juan Croucier Interview NAMM Oral History Library (2017) Category:1959 births Category:Living people Category:American entertainers of Cuban descent Category:American heavy metal bass guitarists Category:American male bass guitarists Category:Cuban emigrants to the United States Category:Dokken members Category:Glam metal musicians Category:Ratt members Category:20th-century American guitarists

Mycena stylobates Mycena stylobates, commonly known as the bulbous bonnet, is a species of inedible mushroom in the family Mycenaceae. Found in North America and Europe, it produces small whitish to gray fruit bodies with bell-shaped caps that are up to in diameter. The distinguishing characteristic of the mushroom is the fragile stipe, which is seated on a flat disk marked with distinct grooves, and fringed with a row of bristles. The mushrooms grow in small troops on leaves and other debris of deciduous and coniferous trees. The mushroom's spores are white in deposit, smooth, and ellipsoid-shaped with dimensions of 6–10 by 3.5–4.5 μm. In the development of the fruit body, the preliminary stipe and cap structures appear at the same time within the primordium, and hyphae originating from the stipe form a cover over the developing structures. The mycelia of the mushroom is believed to have bioluminescent properties. Taxonomy The species was first named Agaricus stylobates by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1801, and sanctioned under this name by Elias Magnus Fries. It was later transferred to the genus Mycena in 1871 by Paul Kummer when he raised many of Fries' "tribes" to the rank of genus. The species has also been placed in the genera Basidopus by Franklin Sumner Earle in 1909, and Pseudomycena by Karel Cejp in 1930; both of those genera have since been subsumed into Mycena. The Greek word stylobates means "column foundation or base". The mushroom is commonly known as the "bulbous bonnet". British mycologist Mordecai Cubitt Cooke called it the "discoid Mycena" in his 1871 Handbook of British Fungi. Description The cap of M. stylobates is in diameter, and depending on its age may range in shape from obtusely conic to convex to bell-shaped to flattened. The structure of the cap margin also depends on the age of the mushroom, progressing from straight or curved inward slightly, to margin flaring or curved backward. The cap surface is smooth, although if viewed with a magnifying glass, minute spines can be seen. As it ages, the surface becomes smooth, moist and somewhat glistening, and it shows grooves corresponding to the position of the gills underneath the cap. The cap color is evenly pale watery gray. The flesh is thin, pallid, and has no distinguishable odor or taste. The gills appear closely spaced in unexpanded caps, but usually more distant in old individuals. Between 8 and 16 gills extend from the margin to the stipe; there are additionally one or two tiers of small gills (lamellulae) that do not reach fully from the margin to the stipe. The gills are narrow but become ventricose (swelling in the middle) and sometimes very broad in age, and are attached by a line or are very narrowly adnate. Sometimes the gills split away from the stipe while remaining attached to each other; in this way they form a collar around the stipe. Gills are pale gray but soon become whitish, with even edges. The stipe is long, 0.5–1 mm thick, and, above the level of the flat circular disc at the base, is equal in width throughout. The stipe is covered with fine white scattered fibrils, or is delicately pruinose (as if covered with a fine white powder), but it later becomes smooth. Its color is bluish-gray when fresh but soon it fades to gray. The basal disc is grooved (from gill impressions) and pruinose or covered with fine minute hairs, but soon becomes smooth. The insubstantial fruit bodies are considered inedible. Microscopic characteristics The spores are 6–10 by 3.5–4.5 μm, narrowly ellipsoid, and faintly amyloid. The basidia (spore-bearing cells)

are four-spored, rarely two-spored. The pleurocystidia (cystidia on the gill face) are not differentiated. The cheilocystidium (cystidia on the gill edge) are abundant and variable in structure, usually club-shaped with between two and five thick obtuse projections that arise from near the apex, sometimes more or less covered with numerous protuberances over the enlarged portion and the neck more or less contorted. They measure 26–38 by 8–13 μm, and are hyaline. The gill flesh is made of greatly enlarged cells, and stains pale vinaceous (red wine color) in iodine. The flesh of the cap has a pellicle which usually gelatinizes in potassium hydroxide or water mounts prepared for microscopy. The surface hyphae are covered with short rodlike projections. Sometimes some of the hyphae become aggregated into peglike structures that project from the surface, and cause the appearance of scattered coarse spines on the cap when viewed under a 10X magnifying lens. The tissue beneath the pellicle is made entirely of greatly enlarged cells, which appear pale vinaceous in iodine stain. The mycelia of M. stylobates, when grown in pure culture, is bioluminescent, a phenomenon first reported in 1931. The fruit bodies are not known to be bioluminescent. Similar species There are several species of Mycena that have a basal disc similar to M. stylobates. Mycena mucor is usually smaller than M. stylobates, and grows on fallen, decaying leaves of oak. It has different cheilocystidia, with very slender excrescences. Also, the margin of the basal disc is not ciliate like M. stylobates. M. bulbosa, a species that grows on woody stalks in wet habitats, has nonamyloid spores, and gill edges that contain a tough-elastic, gelatinous thread. M. pseudoseta, described as a new species from Thailand in 2003 forms smaller fruit bodies with differently shaped cheilocystidia and cap hyphae. Fruit body development The ontogeny, or development, of Mycena stylobates fruit bodies has been investigated in detail using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. According to Volker Walther and colleagues, the development can be divided into two phases: in the first, the primordium is established that contains all the structures of the mature fruit body; in the second stage, the primordial stipe elongates rapidly, and the newly exposed hymenium immediately begins spore production. The first detected stage of fruit body formation was an irregularly arranged hyphal structure within the colonized substrate. After rupturing the surface of the substrate and establishing itself there, the structure develops a layer of wrapping hyphae that covers the entire primordium. The structures of the stipe and the cap develop simultaneously. The developing stipe, cap, and basal disc together form a secondary ring-like cavity, in which the gills develop. Gill development initiates with a number of small alveolae on the lower side of the cap, which are covered with a hymenophoral palisade (a group of tightly packed, roughly parallel cells). The margins of these alveolae form the primary gills. The hymenophoral palisade spreads from the developing alveolae to the gill edge; the edge of the primary gills is forked in the early stages of its development. The secondary gills (lamellulae) are formed by the ridges folding down from the lower side of the cap. In contrast to the primary gills, they are covered with hymenophoral palisade from the beginning. Spore production begins immediately after the stipe elongates. Habitat and distribution The fruit bodies of Mycena stylobates grow scattered or in groups on oak leaves or coniferous needles, in the spring and summer or early autumn. It is common during warm, wet seasons. Mycena specialist Alexander H. Smith has collected it in Tennessee, Michigan, Idaho, and Washington in the United

States, and in Nova Scotia and Ontario in Canada. It is also found in Europe, including Britain, Denmark, Germany, Norway, Poland, Romania, Scotland, Serbia, Sweden, and Turkey. Although it has been reported several times from Australia, mycologist Cheryl Grgurinovic concluded in a 2003 publication that the records "are best regarded as erroneous". See also List of bioluminescent fungi References Cited text External links Botany.cz Several photographs Category:Bioluminescent fungi stylobates Category:Fungi described in 1801 Category:Fungi of Europe Category:Fungi of North America Category:Inedible fungi Category:Taxa named by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon

Cranial Cranial may refer to: Of or relating to the cranium, i.e. the skull Anatomical terms of location Cranial auscultation Cranial cavity, the space formed inside the skull Cranial nerves, the nerves that emerge directly from the brain Cranial neural crest Cranial ultrasound, a technique for scanning the brain using high-frequency sound waves See also Cranial fossa (disambiguation)

Francesco Santafede Francesco Santafede (16th century) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance period, active mainly in Naples. He was the father of the painter Fabrizio Santafede, a pupil of Andrea Sabbatini (Andrea di Salerno). He was a colleague of Francesco Imparato, and like his son, emerged from the studio of Andrea Sabbatini, although he appears to have also followed the style of Giovanni Filippo Criscuolo. References Category:People from Naples Category:16th-century Italian painters Category:Italian male painters Category:Neapolitan painters Category:Italian Renaissance painters Category:Year of death unknown Category:Year of birth unknown

Petit-Bois Stadium The Petit-Bois Stadium is a football stadium located at Charleville Mezieres in the region Champagne-Ardenne in France. It is currently the stadium for the resident team of OFC Charleville. Historical The stadium was inaugurated on July 15, 1927 during the 22is stage of the Tour de France ranging from Metz to Charleville. In 1928, the architect Jean Grey installed the reliefs that decorate the stadium entrance. From 1927 to 1937, a stage of the Tour de France takes place annually at the velodrome there. The team of OFC Charleville play their home games in this stadium. The club has evolved notably during its boom years in Division 2 between 1992 and 1997. The date for its record crowd was October 2, 1993, with the entrance of CS Sedan-Ardennes into the Championship Division 2, 5,600 people attending in a derby with Ardennes won 3–0 by the visitors. The Sedan-Charleville roadrace ended for several years at the stadium of Petit-Bois. notes and references Notes References Category:Sports venues completed in 1927 Category:Athletics (track and field) venues in France Category:Football venues in France Category:Velodromes in France Category:Sports venues in Ardennes (department)

Stewart G. Pollock Stewart G. Pollock, born December 21, 1932, served as Associate Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court from 1979 to 1999. A New Jersey native, Pollock was born in East Orange and raised in Brookside. He graduated from Hamilton College in 1954 (bachelor of arts), New York University School of Law of Law in 1957 (bachelor of law), and from the University of Virginia in 1988 (master of law). In 1995, he received an honorary doctorate from Hamilton College. In June 1953, he met Penelope Morrow at a conference in Cuernavaca, Mexico before they started service in American Friends Service Committee work camps. They were married in June 1956 at the end of her junior year at Mt. Holyoke College and his second year of law school, and remained married until Penny’s death on June 30, 2014. They have four children: Wendy Pollock Gilson, Dr. Stewart Pollock, Jeffrey Pollock, and Jennifer Cheung, as well as twelve grandchildren and five great-grandchildren. After graduating from law school, he clerked and was associated with Toner Crowley Woelper & Vanderbilt. He was an Assistant United States Attorney from 1958-60 and engaged in private practice with Schenck Price Smith & King from 1960-1974. During that time, he served as president of the Occupational Training Center For The Handicapped and as president of the Morristown Field Club. He reentered public service as a Commissioner of the Board of Public Utilities from 1974-76, following which he rejoined Schenck Price Smith & King, while also serving as a Commissioner of the State Commission of Investigation. From 1978-79, he was counsel to Governor Brendan T. Byrne. In 1979, Byrne nominated Pollock to the Supreme Court, and he took his oath of office on June 28, 1979 and was reappointed by Governor Thomas H. Kean in 1986. In 1991-92, he was Chairman of the Appellate Judge’s conference of the American Bar Association. Other professional activities include serving as president of the Morris County Bar Association, Chairman, Banking Law Section and trustee of the New Jersey State Bar Association, trustee, New Jersey Institute for Continuing Legal Education, trustee of the New York University Law Center Foundation, trustee of the Institute of Judicial Administration, Life Fellow of the American Bar Foundation, member of the editorial board of the New Jersey Law Journal, and member of the American Law Institute (where he was an Adviser on the Restatement on The Law Governing Lawyers). While on the Court, he was seen as a unifier. He retired in 1999, and joined the firm of Riker Danzig Scherer Hyland & Perretti. After retirement, he continued to serve the Court as Chairman of the Supreme Court Committee on Professional Rules of Responsibility, the Court’s Commission on the Rules of Professional Conduct, and as Chairman of the Court's History Advisory Board. He also has served as an advisor on judicial appointments for several governors. In private practice, he has been an active arbitrator and mediator and is an emeritus Fellow of the American College of Commercial Arbitrators. See also List of Justices of the Supreme Court of New Jersey References External links New York University Law Review Tribute to Stewart G. Pollock Rutgers Law Journal Dedication to Stewart G. Pollock Seton Hall Law Review Tribute to Stewart G. Pollock Category:1933 births Category:Living people Category:New Jersey Supreme Court justices Category:Politicians from East Orange, New Jersey Category:People from Mendham Township, New Jersey Category:New Jersey lawyers Category:New York University School of Law alumni Category:Hamilton College (New York) alumni Category:University of Virginia School of Law alumni

Jasper De Plus Jasper De Plus (born 11 June 1997) is a Belgian cyclist, who currently rides for UCI ProTeam . He is the younger brother of fellow racing cyclist Laurens de Plus. Major results 2015 8th Overall Ronde des Vallées 2019 1st Chrono des Nations U23 2nd Time trial, National Under–23 Road Championships References External links Category:1997 births Category:Living people Category:Belgian male cyclists Category:People from Aalst, Belgium

Wenike Opurum Briggs Wenike Opurum Briggs (10 March 1918 - 21 April 1987) was a Nigerian lawyer, journalist and politician who advocated for the creation of more States in Nigeria. He served as a Minister in General Yakubu Gowon's administration. Early life Wenike Opurum Briggs was born on 10 March 1918 at Abonnema in Rivers State. He was the son of Abel Opurum Briggs who was a trader and Madam Obuta Dafinasi Oruwari. Education He began his early schooling at Nyemoni Primary School, Abonnema and then attended King's College Lagos. He worked for some time before he went to study journalism in 1951 at Regent Street Polytechnic, London, where he obtained a Diploma. He then took up Legal Studies, and after obtaining a LLB from the University of Sheffield, England, he was called to the Bar at Gray's Inn, London in 1958. Career After his post-primary education at King's College Lagos, Wenike Opurum Briggs began earning a living as a Postal Clerk and Telegraphist with the Department of Posts and Telegraphs. From 1942 to 1945, he worke as a Customs Officer in the Department of Customs and Excise. He joined the Daily Service in 1945 as a sub-editor. Before the end of 1947 Wenike started his own weekly newspaper, The Nigerian Statesman. On his return to Nigeria from Britain in 1958, he established his legal practice in Port Harcourt. Politics He joined the Nigerian Youth Movement in 1944. Between 1942 and 1945 which he spent working with the Daily Service he underwent his political and journalistic apprenticeship while serving under Chief Samuel Ladoke Akintola. After starting his own weekly, The Nigerian Statesman in 1947 as its editor, he also became the secretary general of the Lagos branch of the Nigeria Youth Movement and joined the team of journalists representing the West African press who were invited by the Colonial Office for a tour of Britain. At the end of the tour, he used the opportunity to further his studies from 1951 to 1958. While Briggs was in Britain he joined the United Nigeria Committee whose members advocated for the creation of more States and becoming its secretary general. Returning to Nigeria , Wenike Briggs established his legal practice in Port Harcourt and also worked for COR(Calabar, Ogoja, Rivers) State Movement as its secretary general. He was elected parliamentary member of Degema Division in 1959, under a party in alliance with Action Group(AG) of Chief Obafemi Awolowo. He was re-elected in 1964 under the platform of the United Progressive Grand Alliance(UPGA) which was an alliance of the National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) and the AG. He retained his parliamentary seat until the military took over in 1966, when undaunted by the civil strife, including a short arrest in Biafra, he was soon back in Lagos advocating for more States. In October 1967, he was appointed as the Minister for Education by General Yakubu Gowon and then as Minister for Trade from 1971 to 1974. Later life and death Wenike Opurum Briggs did not take active part in Nigeria's politics after 1974, though he did live to see the creation of more states. He died on 21 April 1987. Personal life He was married to Agnes Alaerebola and had three children. References Category:1918 births Category:1987 deaths Category:Nigerian politicians Category:Nigerian lawyers

Patrick Hennessy (painter) Patrick Anthony Hennessy RHA (28 August 1915 – 30 December 1980) was an Irish realist painter. He was known for his highly finished still lifes, landscapes and trompe l'oeil paintings. The hallmark of his style was his carefully observed realism and his highly finished surfaces, the result of a virtuoso painting technique. He was brought up in Arbroath by his mother and step-father, his father having being killed during World War One. He attended Dundee School of Art where he met his lifelong companion, the painter Henry(Harry)Robertson Craig. Two of his paintings were accepted in 1939 at the Royal Scottish Academy for their Annual Exhibition. For the next 29 years he lived in Ireland with extended trips abroad. He was elected a member of the Royal Hibernian Academy in 1949. The Hendriks Gallery in Dublin and the Guildhall Galleries in Chicago were the main outlets for his work. In the late 1960s he moved permanently to Tangier and then, after suffering ill health, to the Algarve. He died in London. Life and work Early life in Ireland Patrick Hennessy was born in Cork, Ireland, in 1915. The son of John Hennessy an army sergeant major (Leinster Regiment) from County Kerry and Bridget Hennessy from Cork. John Hennessy was killed at the battle of Passchendaele in 1917. In 1921 when Patrick was still five years old his mother Bridget remarried in Cork. Her second husband was a Scot named John Duncan and shortly afterwards the whole family moved to Arbroath, Scotland where Duncan had relatives. Life in Scotland Patrick Hennessy was educated in Arbroath at St Thomas RC Primary School followed by secondary education at Arbroath High School, (1927 - 1933), where he began to show an aptitude for art leaving in 1933 with the Dux for Art and an accompanying medal. In the autumn of that year he enrolled at the Dundee School of Art, for a four-year Diploma course in Drawing and Painting under James McIntosh Patrick. Here he met Harry Robertson Craig who would become his lifelong companion. Hennessy played a full part in the social activities of the college, winning a fancy dress award at the Christmas revels in 1935 and producing a ballet "Paradise Lost" the following year. He gained a First Class Pass in each year of the course along with winning first prize in 1934 and 1936 for work done during the summer vacation. He graduated with a First Class Distinction in 1937. Having gained a scholarship he continued his studies there for a further year by doing a Post-Graduate Diploma course in Drawing and Painting. He also helped out his old high school by painting the background scenery at their concert. Within a month of gaining his Post-Graduate Diploma he held his first joint exhibition at the Art Galleries in Arbroath. In June 1938 he was awarded the Annual Travelling Scholarship for further studies in Paris and Italy. In Paris he met up with the artists Robert Colquhoun and Robert MacBryde whom he had met the previous year, the three travelling south together to Marseilles towards the end of that year. On his return to Scotland he was selected for the residential summer school course at Hospitalfield House near Arbroath under James Cowie. Hennessy voiced some criticism of the Principal of Dundee College of Art for not recruiting locally. Two of his paintings, a still life and a self-portrait, were accepted that year by the Royal Scottish Academy for their Annual Exhibition. However, by the autumn of 1939 with war looming and feeling somewhat disenchanted on his return to Scotland

after his travels abroad as well as an unhappy experience at Hospitalfield House he decided to leave Scotland and return to Ireland. Life in Ireland On arrival in Dublin Hennessy was offered an exhibition in December 1939 at the Country Shop on St Stephens Green which was opened by Mainie Jellett. This attracted favourable attention. During the early forties he lived at various addresses in and around Dublin city with frequent trips to Cork. In 1940 he was invited to join the Dublin Painters Society and held regular annual exhibitions of his work there during the forties and early fifties. These exhibitions were supplemented by an eclectic mix of commissions, mostly portraits which he undertook during this period. In 1941 Hennessy had three of his paintings accepted by the Royal Hibernian Academy, RHA, for their annual exhibition. This was the beginning of a long relationship with the RHA. He exhibited there virtually every year from 1941 until 1979 the year before his death. During the late 1940s, Hennessy undertook a portrait of Francis Bacon, which remains unfinished, but which also serves to link Hennessy to the artistic social network connected with Bacon, including Lucian Freud, John Craxton, Peter Watson, Edward James, Salvador Dalí, and Cyril Connolly. From the early 1940s onwards, Hennessy's work sometimes incorporated a homosexual visual subtext. He re-united with Harry Robertson Craig in 1946 and soon after they moved to Crosshaven Co.Cork and later, in 1948, to Cobh Co. Cork. In 1948 he had an exhibition at the Victor Waddington Gallery, Dublin and that same year was elected an associate of the Royal Hibernian Academy and a full member the following year. In 1950 his painting De Profundis was selected for the Contemporary Irish Painting exhibition that toured North America. As a result of this tour, the American public and critics began to take notice of his work. In 1951 the Dublin Painters Society held a Retrospective Exhibition of his work covering the period 1941 to 1951. Also in 1951 Hennessy visited Italy taking in Venice and Sicily and returning to Dublin with many of his canvases painted abroad. One of these paintings Bronze Horses of St. Marks was exhibited at the Royal Academy London in 1954. Hennessy spent a lot of his summer months during this period on trips abroad to France, Italy, Greece and Spain. In 1956 David Hendriks, a friend of Hennessy, opened the Ritchie Hendriks Gallery on St Stephens Green, Dublin and it was this gallery that was to be the main outlet for Hennessy's work over the following 22 years. In October 1956 the Thomas Agnew Gallery in London held an exhibition of his work comprising 38 of his paintings. However, during the winter of 1959 Hennessy became seriously ill with pneumonia. As a consequence of this, in the autumn of that year he and Craig decided to winter in Morocco. This was the beginning of a new era in both their lives. They would never again spend a full year in Ireland. Initially they would return after each winter but as the years passed the absences grew longer and longer. Hennessy's exhibitions at the Ritchie Hendriks gallery had for many years enjoyed favourable reviews from the art critics but in the 1960s this changed. Some critics claimed his paintings failed to communicate any genuine "personal" vision and criticised his use of ugly colour. Others found them to be dull, repetitive and suggested the artist needed to explore new areas. This criticism became quite savage on occasion with adjectives such as "stale" and "cold" being used to describe his work. One critic

wrote that Hennessy deserves admiration of a sort for ploughing such a lonely furrow and that he is one of the true outsiders of latter day Irish painting. He does concede though that his admirers are not likely to worry by this criticism. Stating they are a faithful band, none more faithful who have followed him for at least two decades and no matter what reviews he gets the man seems to sell Despite this barrage of criticism, in 1965 the Guildhall Gallery Chicago, to whom he had been sending a small number of paintings for years, offered him a major exhibition. Shortly after this exhibition which took place in 1966 he became one of the artists on permanent display at the gallery with an annual exhibition. The North American market was extremely lucrative for Hennessy and by the end of the decade he was selling more of his work in the US than in Ireland. In 1968 Hennessy finally moved to Tangier, Morocco on a permanent basis and in 1970 sold his studio on Raglan Lane Dublin to his doctor. Later life In Morocco, Hennessy painted prolifically for nine years to keep up with demand from the Hendriks Gallery and Guildhall Gallery along with the RHA. In 1975 the Guildhall Gallery mounted a highly successful Retrospective of his work. In 1978 Hennessy had his last exhibition in Dublin at the Hendriks Gallery. By now he had moved to the Algarve, Portugal and was beginning to have health problems. He had very little contact with Ireland at this stage and was never to see Hendriks again. In November 1980 with his health deteriorating, Craig brought him to a hospital in London for treatment. However, on 30 December 1980 he died from cancer. Following cremation his ashes were buried in nearby Golders Green Crematorium. David Hendriks who knew Hennessy for over twenty years commented, "I really knew very little about him - he was so non-committal" adding "he wasn't fashionable: wasn't in the mainstream - and he refused to change." Hennessy Craig Scholarship Hennessy left his entire estate to Harry Robertson Craig with the proviso that on Craig's death the Royal Hibernian Academy should be the beneficiary. This legacy has been used to set up the annual Hennessy Craig Scholarship for aspiring artists. Artistic style Patrick Hennessy falls into the category of painter who developed a distinctive personal style. Labelled at various times in his life as a Traditional Realist, Romantic, Photo Realist, Illusionary and Surrealist. However, he always remained intrinsically himself. His subjects ranged from still life and interiors to landscapes and portraits. Examples of his work can be found in the public collections of the Crawford Art Gallery; the Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane; the Irish Museum of Modern Art (IMMA); the Limerick City Gallery of Art (LCGA); the National Gallery of Ireland (NGI); the National Self-Portrait Collection of Ireland (NSPCI) at the University of Limerick (UL); and in the collections of University College Cork (UCC) and University College Dublin (UCD). Selected exhibitions Group Exhibition; Patrick Hennessy and Alexander Allen Exhibition, Arbroath Library, Scotland, July 1939(opened by Sir Harry Hope M.P.) Solo Exhibition; The Country Shop Gallery Dublin, 12 December 1939(opened by Mainie Jellett) Solo Exhibition; Victor Waddington Gallery, South Anne St. Dublin, 18 - 29 November 1948 Solo Exhibition: Dublin Painters Gallery Dublin, 1951 Solo Exhibition; Exhibition of Recent Paintings by Patrick Hennessy RHA, Thos.Agnew & Sons Ltd London,10 October - 3 November 1956 Solo Exhibition; Paintings by Patrick Hennessy RHA, The Ritchie Hendriks Gallery Dublin,1–30 November 1957 Solo Exhibition; Patrick Hennessy Exhibition, Guildhall Galleries ltd Chicago,

1966 Group Exhibition: Irish Art 1900–1950: Rosc Exhibition (curated by Hilary Pyle), Crawford Art Gallery Cork, 1975/6 Solo Exhibition; Ten Year Retrospective Exhibition, Guildhall Galleries Ltd Chicago, 1975 Solo Exhibition; Paintings by Patrick Hennessy RHA, The David Hendriks Gallery Dublin,10 November - 2 December 1978 Group Exhibition: Catching a Likeness – Portraits on Paper National Gallery of Ireland (NGI) Dublin, 3 September – 9 December 2007 Group Exhibition: Hero With a Thousand Faces, Crawford Art Gallery Cork, 6 March – 30 May 2009 Associated Exhibition: Connolly/Cleary: Still life with..., City Gallery of Art (LCGA) Limerick, 3 June 2010 Group Exhibition: The Politics of Memory (curated by Shane Cullen), Crawford Art Gallery Cork, 20 November 2010 – Mid-2011 Group Exhibition: The Language of Dreams (curated by Peter Murray), Crawford Art Gallery Cork, 2 October 2015 – 6 February 2016 Solo Exhibition; De Profundis(curated by Sean Kissane), Irish Museum of Modern Art, Dublin, 24 March 2016 – 24 July 2016 Selected works Self-Portrait, National Self-Portrait Gallery of Ireland (NSPCI), University of Limerick, Ireland Portrait of Liv Hempel (1939) Old Kinsale (c.1940), Crawford Art Gallery, Cork, Ireland Exiles (1943), Dublin City Gallery The Hugh Lane, Dublin, Ireland Portrait of Elizabeth Bowen at Bowen's Court (1957), Crawford Art Gallery, Cork, Ireland Bird Still Life (1973), University College Cork, Ireland Self-Portrait and Cat (1978), Crawford Art Gallery, Cork, Ireland Further reading The Life and Works of Patrick Hennessy, (1987), a thesis by Kevin Andrew Rutledge/The Municipal Gallery of Modern Art, Dublin, Ireland Patrick Hennessy - De Profundis by Sean Kissane and Sarah Glennie Living with Art: - David Hendriks by Sean McCrum and Gordon Lambert Movers & Shapers 2 - Gordan Lambert by Vera Ryan References External links Category:1915 births Category:1980 deaths Category:20th-century Irish painters Category:Irish male painters Category:Alumni of the University of Dundee Category:People from Cork (city) Category:Deaths from cancer in England

Khan Bebin Khan Bebin (, also Romanized as Khān Bebīn and Khān Beben, Khān Behbīn, Khanbeh Bon', also known as Khān Bīn) is a city in Fenderesk District, in Ramian County in Golestan Province, in northern Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 10,435, in 2,561 families. Centrally located within the Fenderesk District of Golestan Province, Khanbehbin is close to the Shir-Abad Waterfall. References External links Khanbehbin entry in the Dehkhoda Dictionary (Persian) Khanbehbin map Khanbehbin geographical map Category:Populated places in Ramian County Category:Cities in Golestan Province

2008 Capital One Bowl The 2008 Capital One Bowl was held on January 1, 2008 at the Florida Citrus Bowl in Orlando, Florida. The game featured the University of Michigan Wolverines—who finished the 2007 season tied for second in the Big Ten Conference with an overall record of 8–4 (6–2 in the Big Ten)—and the #12 University of Florida Gators—who finished the 2007 season third in the Southeastern Conference's East Division with an overall record of 9–3 (5–3 in the SEC). Pre-game buildup This game was significant for several different reasons. It was the last game for the Michigan Wolverines' coach, Lloyd Carr, who had announced his retirement on November 19, 2007. During the game, Carr used a passing spread offense to attack on the first drive against Florida's defense. The game was also the last game for the Michigan senior class, who had lost each of their previous three bowl games. It was also an opportunity for Heisman Trophy winner Tim Tebow and the Florida Gators to play in front of a crowd of mostly Gator fans, as Orlando and Gainesville are separated by less than a two-hour drive. Coming into this game, Florida was highly favored to win. As Michigan had lost early in the season to Appalachian State and Oregon, teams who both employed a spread offense similar to Florida's, many predicted that Michigan would suffer a similar fate against Florida. However, the Wolverines were able to generate 524 yards of offense in defeating the Gators, turning the ball over four times, twice within one yard of scoring. This game was a bit of a grudge match because Florida coach, Urban Meyer had lobbied for his team to get into the BCS National Championship game over Michigan during the 2006 season. Ultimately, Meyer's lobbying was successful and Florida went on to defeat Michigan's hated rivals Ohio State, 41–14, in the BCS National Championship Game. Previously, Michigan and Florida met four years earlier in the 2003 Outback Bowl, with Michigan defeating Florida, 38–30. Florida's loss makes them the second defending BCS Champion to lose a non-BCS bowl game a year later, the first being Florida's SEC rivals the LSU Tigers in the 2005 edition of this bowl game against the Iowa Hawkeyes. Game summary Michigan started the game at their own 6-yard line and put together a 94-yard opening drive. Michigan quarterback Chad Henne connected on a 21-yard pass to Mario Manningham to put Michigan up 7–0. Over the course of the game, Michigan turned the ball over four times (two fumbles and two interceptions), which resulted in two Florida touchdown drives. These two touchdowns eventually put the Gators ahead 35–31 with just under six minutes to play. The Wolverines regained the lead when Adrian Arrington caught a touchdown pass to make the score 38–35 in favor of Michigan. Florida got the ball back but could not convert on fourth down from their own 25-yard line. Michigan ran three straight plays that resulted in a K.C. Lopata field goal to make the score 41–35 with 2:20 remaining. On Florida's last possession, quarterback Tim Tebow failed to complete a pass on four consecutive downs. After knocking down Tebow's final pass, Michigan ran out the clock to clinch the win, 41–35. Chad Henne was named the game's MVP. Scoring summary Game statistics Individual statistics *Completions/Attempts aCarries bLong play cReceptions *Completions/Attempts aCarries bLong play cReceptions References External links ESPN game summary Summary at Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan Athletics History Capital One Bowl Category:Citrus Bowl (game) Category:Florida Gators football bowl games Category:Michigan Wolverines football bowl games Capital One Category:January 2008

sports events in the United States

Coppy Laws Cecil Alfred 'Coppy' Laws (also C A 'Coppy' Laws and C A Laws) (21 November 1916 – 28 May 2002) was a British electronic engineer and radar engineer during World War II, and the inventor of the domestic air ioniser or ionizer. Life C A Coppy Laws was born in Great Yarmouth on 21 November 1916. In 1931 his father died, and the 14-year-old Cecil was boarded with a school friend's family, and came to terms with his loss by immersing himself in radio, his childhood hobby. He built the first TV in the street, and neighbours would crowd in to see the one hour of weekly broadcasting transmitted by the BBC. There was no money for further education, so he worked in a local shop recharging lead-acid accumulators for radios by day, and cycling 16 miles to evening classes and back, five nights a week for four years. This determination won him a first-class City and Guilds examination in radio communications. In 1936, aged 20, Laws took a job at Philco. He had striking, copper-coloured hair, and a young secretary, Rita Hay, coined the nickname 'Coppy'. Coppy and Rita were married in 1942. The couple had five sons. He died on 28 May 2002. Work In his mid-twenties he designed a range-finding system which allowed guns to home in on enemy ships beyond the horizon with accuracy and to fire a salvo the instant they were detected. His achievements won recognition from the British Government in the form of a large cash award, similar to that given to Sir Frank Whittle, inventor of the jet engine. At the outbreak of war he was seconded to the Admiralty to work on the development of radar. He resolved the key component of a design for a radar distance-measuring oscillator, a problem which at the time was defeating the young Herman Bondi and Fred Hoyle, part of the mathematical team backing up the radar designers. After the war he was invited to form a radar division for Elliotts, the electrical engineering company. He helped create the East coast radar defence for the USA; set up Elliotts' first automation division; automated the oil pipelines in Saudi Arabia for Aramco; and initiated and directed the first computer division. Following the merger of Elliotts with GEC he left, not to take early retirement but to form his own business in the obscure field of electrical medicine. According to Rosalind Tan in her book The Truth About Air Electricity & Health, CA Laws had found out during his work on torpedoes for the Royal Navy that the German U-boats could stay under water longer and the crew stayed healthy because the air inside the U-boats was ionised. These U-boats were using the Chizhevsky Chandelier. In 1918 Alexander Chizhevsky had created the first air ioniser for ion therapy. This discovery was what had ignited his interest in the little-known phenomenon of air ionisation, and with Idries Shah as co-director he formed Medion (not the German electronics company). Development of the domestic air ioniser Funding all the research himself, he developed the world's first effective home air ioniser. In the decades that followed, he became an international expert in electro-medical science. Other machines came on the market, all based on versions of his patents, but his instruments set the standard. After Medion he set up a more modern company with his sons Julian and Keith which had hospital superbugs in its sight. The sons collaborated in a famed epidemiological university study at St James's University Hospital in Leeds, where it was said that: "Repeated airborne infections

of the bacteria acinetobacter in an intensive care ward have been eliminated by the installation of a negative air ioniser." The results were encouraging and an article in New Scientist quoted Stephen Dean, a consultant at St James's Hospital in Leeds where the trial took place as saying: "The results have been fantastic – so much so that we have asked the university to leave the ionisers with us." However, these trials did not help the product that Laws had invented and painstakingly refined and the company Air Ion Technologies went out of business during the financial crisis of 2007. In 2009 the experiments were repeated at the University of London, the London Bioscience Innovation Centre, by Retroscreen Virology Ltd. under the supervision of Prof. John S. Oxford, who is also the chairman of the Hygiene Council. The results were just as encouraging. However this time the scientists were using the Japanese manufacturer Sharp's Plasmacluster Ion Technology. . This technology incorporates ion generators which output both negative and positive ions. Coppy Laws' ideas about the therapeutic effects of negative ions seem to have been lost in these experiments especially as the new machines generate both negative and positive ions. References Category:British inventors Category:1916 births Category:2002 deaths Category:British electronics engineers Category:People from Great Yarmouth Category:20th-century inventors

Parkmore Parkmore is a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located in Region B of the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality. History It was established as a suburb in 1907 and takes its name from two farms, Hurl Park and Benmore Farm. References Category:Johannesburg Region B

Caiçara Esporte Clube Caiçara Esporte Clube, commonly known as Caiçara, is a Brazilian football club based in Campo Maior, Piauí state. They competed once in the Copa do Brasil. History The club was founded on February 27, 1954 by employees of Casa Morais company and former supporters of another club of the city. Caiçara won the Campeonato Piauiense Second Level in 1963. The team finished as Campeonato Piauiense runners-up in 1963 and in 1990, and competed in the Copa do Brasil in 1991, when they were eliminated in the First Round by Atlético Mineiro. It became the first club from Piauí state to compete in a Brazilian national tournament. Achievements Campeonato Piauiense Second Level: Winners (1): 1963 Stadium Caiçara Esporte Clube play their home games at Estádio Deusdeth de Melo. The stadium has a maximum capacity of 4,000 people. References Category:Football clubs in Piauí Category:Association football clubs established in 1954 Category:1954 establishments in Brazil

Thomas de Havilland Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Fiott de Havilland (April 1775 – 23 February 1866) was a British Army officer, and a justice and member of the legislature of Guernsey. He was born in April 1775 at Havilland Hall, Guernsey, the son of Sir Peter de Havilland, Bailiff of Guernsey from 1810 to 1821, and his wife Cartaretta, daughter and heir of the Rev. Thomas Fiott. In 1814 he was appointed civil engineer and architect for the Madras presidency, and remained in post until his retirement from the service in April 1825. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel in 1824. After he retired de Havilland returned to Guernsey, and became a justice and member of the legislature. In 1808, he married Elizabeth Saumarez, daughter of Thomas Saumarez, and they had two sons: Thomas, a captain in the 55th foot (d. 1843), and Charles Ross de Havilland, a clergyman, who also died before his father, and two daughters. He died at Beauvoir, Guernsey, on 23 February 1866, at the age of 90. References Category:1775 births Category:1866 deaths Category:British Army officers Category:Guernsey people

Ericsson cycle The Ericsson cycle is named after inventor John Ericsson who designed and built many unique heat engines based on various thermodynamic cycles. He is credited with inventing two unique heat engine cycles and developing practical engines based on these cycles. His first cycle is now known as the closed Brayton cycle, while his second cycle is what is now called the Ericsson cycle. Ericsson is one of the few who built open-cycle engines, but he also built closed-cycle ones. Ideal Ericsson cycle The following is a list of the four processes that occur between the four stages of the ideal Ericsson cycle: Process 1 -> 2: Isothermal compression. The compression space is assumed to be intercooled, so the gas undergoes isothermal compression. The compressed air flows into a storage tank at constant pressure. In the ideal cycle, there is no heat transfer across the tank walls. Process 2 -> 3: Isobaric heat addition. From the tank, the compressed air flows through the regenerator and picks up heat at a high constant-pressure on the way to the heated power-cylinder. Process 3 -> 4: Isothermal expansion. The power-cylinder expansion-space is heated externally, and the gas undergoes isothermal expansion. Process 4 -> 1: Isobaric heat removal. Before the air is released as exhaust, it is passed back through the regenerator, thus cooling the gas at a low constant pressure, and heating the regenerator for the next cycle. Comparison with Carnot, Diesel, Otto, and Stirling cycles The ideal Otto and Diesel cycles are not totally reversible because they involve heat transfer through a finite temperature difference during the irreversible isochoric/isobaric heat-addition and isochoric heat-rejection processes. The aforementioned irreversibility renders the thermal efficiency of these cycles less than that of a Carnot engine operating within the same limits of temperature. Another cycle that features isobaric heat-addition and heat-rejection processes is the Ericsson cycle. The Ericsson cycle is an altered version of the Carnot cycle in which the two isentropic processes featured in the Carnot cycle are replaced by two constant-pressure regeneration processes. The Ericsson cycle is often compared with the Stirling cycle, since the engine designs based on these respective cycles are both external combustion engines with regenerators. The Ericsson is perhaps most similar to the so-called "double-acting" type of Stirling engine, in which the displacer piston also acts as the power piston. Theoretically, both of these cycles have so called ideal efficiency, which is the highest allowed by the second law of thermodynamics. The most well-known ideal cycle is the Carnot cycle, although a useful Carnot engine is not known to have been invented. The theoretical efficiencies for both, Ericsson and Stirling cycles acting in the same limits are equal to the Carnot Efficiency for same limits. Comparison with the Brayton cycle The first cycle Ericsson developed is now called the "Brayton cycle", commonly applied to the rotary jet engines for airplanes. The second Ericsson cycle is the cycle most commonly referred to as simply the "Ericsson cycle". The (second) Ericsson cycle is also the limit of an ideal gas-turbine Brayton cycle, operating with multistage intercooled compression, and multistage expansion with reheat and regeneration. Compared to the Brayton cycle which uses adiabatic compression and expansion, the second Ericsson cycle uses isothermal compression and expansion, thus producing more net work per stroke. Also the use of regeneration in the Ericsson cycle increases efficiency by reducing the required heat input. For further comparisons of thermodynamic cycles, see heat engine. Ericsson engine The Ericsson engine is based on the Ericsson cycle, and is known as an "external combustion engine", because it is externally heated. To

improve efficiency, the engine has a regenerator or recuperator between the compressor and the expander. The engine can be run open- or closed-cycle. Expansion occurs simultaneously with compression, on opposite sides of the piston. Regenerator Ericsson coined the term "regenerator" for his independent invention of the mixed-flow counter-current heat exchanger. However, Rev. Robert Stirling had invented the same device, prior to Ericsson, so the invention is credited to Stirling. Stirling called it an "economiser" or "economizer", because it increased the fuel economy of various types of heat processes. The invention was found to be useful, in many other devices and systems, where it became more widely used, since other types of engines became favored over the Stirling engine. The term "regenerator" is now the name given to the component in the Stirling engine. The term "recuperator" refers to a separated-flow, counter-current heat exchanger. As if this weren't confusing enough, a mixed-flow regenerator is sometimes used as a quasi-separated-flow recuperator. This can be done through the use of moving valves, or by a rotating regenerates with fixed baffles, or by the use of other moving parts. When heat is recovered from exhaust gases and used to preheat combustion air, typically the term recuperator is used, because the two flows are separate. History In 1791, before Ericsson, John Barber proposed a similar engine. The Barber engine used a bellows compressor and a turbine expander, but it lacked a regenerator/recuperator. There are no records of a working Barber engine. Ericsson invented and patented his first engine using an external version of the Brayton cycle in 1833 (number 6409/1833 British). This was 18 years before Joule and 43 years before Brayton. Brayton engines were all piston engines and for the most part, internal combustion versions of the un-recuperated Ericsson engine. The "Brayton cycle" is now known as the gas turbine cycle, which differs from the original "Brayton cycle" in the use of a turbine compressor and expander. The gas turbine cycle is used for all modern gas turbine and turbojet engines, however simple cycle turbines are often recuperated to improve efficiency and these recuperated turbines more closely resemble Ericsson's work. Ericsson eventually abandoned the open cycle in favor of the traditional closed Stirling cycle. Ericsson's engine can easily be modified to operate in a closed-cycle mode, using a second, lower-pressure, cooled container between the original exhaust and intake. In closed cycle, the lower pressure can be significantly above ambient pressure, and He or H2 working gas can be used. Because of the higher pressure difference between the upward and downward movement of the work-piston, specific output can be greater than of a valveless Stirling engine. The added cost is the valve. Ericsson's engine also minimizes mechanical losses: the power necessary for compression does not go through crank-bearing frictional losses, but is applied directly from the expansion force. The piston-type Ericsson engine can potentially be the highest efficiency heat engine arrangement ever constructed. Admittedly, this has yet to be proven in practical applications. Ericsson designed and built a very great number of engines running on various cycles including steam, Stirling, Brayton, externally heated diesel air fluid cycle. He ran his engines on a great variety of fuels including coal and solar heat. Ericsson was also responsible for an early use of the screw propeller for ship propulsion, in the USS Princeton, built in 1842–43. Caloric ship Ericsson In 1851 the Ericsson-cycle engine (the second of the two discussed here) was used to power a 2,000-ton ship, the caloric ship Ericsson, and ran flawlessly for 73 hours. The combination engine produced about . It had a

combination of four dual-piston engines; the larger expansion piston/cylinder, at in diameter, was perhaps the largest piston ever built. Rumor has it that tables were placed on top of those pistons (obviously in the cool compression chamber, not the hot power chamber) and dinner was served and eaten, while the engine was running at full power. At 6.5 RPM the pressure was limited to . According to the official report it only consumed 4200 kg coal per 24 hours (original target was 8000 kg, which is still better than contemporary steam engines). The one sea trial proved that even though the engine ran well, the ship was underpowered. Some time after the trials, the Ericsson sank. When it was raised, the Ericsson-cycle engine was removed and a steam engine took its place. The ship was wrecked when blown aground in November 1892 at the entrance to Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada. Today's potential The Ericsson cycle (and the similar Brayton cycle) receives renewed interest today to extract power from the exhaust heat of gas (and producer gas) engines and solar concentrators. An important advantage of the Ericsson cycle over the widely known Stirling engine is often not recognized : the volume of the heat exchanger does not adversely affect the efficiency. (...)despite having significant advantages over the Stirling. Amongst them, it is worth to note that the Ericsson engine heat exchangers are not dead volumes, whereas the Stirling engine heat exchangers designer has to face a difficult compromise between as large heat transfer areas as possible, but as small heat exchanger volumes as possible. For medium and large engines the cost of valves can be small compared to this advantage. Turbocompressor plus turbine implementations seem favorable in the MWe range, positive displacement compressor plus turbine for Nx100 kWe power, and positive displacement compressor+expander below 100 kW. With high temperature hydraulic fluid, both the compressor and the expander can be liquid ring pump even up to 400 °C, with rotating casing for best efficiency. References Ericsson's patents. 1833 British and 1851 USA (US8481) The evolution of the heat engine, by: Ivo Kolin Published Moriya Press, 1972 by Longman Hot Air Caloric and Stirling Engines, by: Robert Sier. Published 1999, by L A Mair. New York Times 1853-03-01 The Caloric Ship Ericsson - Official Report and Correspondence External links 1979 RAND report on a new "Ericsson Cycle Gas Turbine Powerplant" design Inquiry into the Hot Air Engines of the 19th Century Category:Thermodynamic cycles Category:Piston engines

Ashok Banthia Ashok Banthia, sometimes referred as Ashok Bathia or Ashok Bhatia, is an Indian actor and director associated with Hindi film, television and theatre actor. He is a NSD (National School of Drama) alumnus known for his roles in Australian TV miniseries Bodyline as Nawab of Pataudi Sr. Career As he finished his courses at NIDA, he received an offer to work with Kennedy Miller's serial Bodyline, where he played the role of Indian cricketer Nawab of Pataudi Sr. He also did a role in Peter Morhan's English film The Peacock Spring, the French film Indian Orchid, and Hindi films. Filmography (incomplete) Ashok Bantia also played in Mahabharata as Maharaj Chitravat Television (incomplete) Theatre Other credits References External links Category:Year of birth missing (living people) Category:Living people Category:Indian male film actors Category:Indian theatre people

Trolley station (UTA) Trolley is a light rail station in the Central City neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah, United States serviced by the Red Line of the Utah Transit Authority's (UTA) TRAX light rail system. The Red Line provides service from the University of Utah to the Daybreak Community of South Jordan. Description The station is located at 625 East 400 South (East University Boulevard/SR-186), with the island platform being in the median of 400 South. The vicinity of the station is characterized by intensive and diverse retail development, including supermarkets and the mall in historic Trolley Square (which is one block south), though substantial office buildings and residential areas are also nearby. As part of the UTA's Art in Transit program, the station features tile mosaics, granite pavers, color laminated glass windscreens and steel created by Paul Heath, Victoria Lyons, Michael Moonbird, and Valerie Parker Price collectively entitled Bad Dog Community Art Station. Unlike most TRAX stations, Trolley does not have a Park and Ride lot. The station is part of a railway right of way that was created specifically for the former University Line. The station was opened on 15 December 2001 as part of the University Line and is operated by the Utah Transit Authority. All of UTA's TRAX and FrontRunner trains and stations, streetcars and streetcar stops, and all fixed route buses are compliant with Americans with Disabilities Act and are therefore accessible to those with disabilities. Signage at the stations, on the passenger platforms, and on the trains clearly indicate accessibility options. In accordance with the Utah Clean Air Act and UTA ordinance, "smoking is prohibited on UTA vehicles as well as UTA bus stops, TRAX stations, and FrontRunner stations". Train schedule On weekdays the first northbound Red Line train (to the University Medical Center Station) leaves the Trolley Station at about 5:00 am and the first southbound train (to the Daybreak Parkway Station) leaves at about 5:45 am. The last northbound train leaves at 11:05 pm and the last southbound train leaves at 11:42 pm. However, the last southbound train only goes as far south as the Central Pointe Station; the last southbound train to Daybreak Parkway Station leaves at 11:12 pm. On Saturdays the first northbound train leaves at about 6:30 am and the first southbound train leaves at about 7:15 am. The last northbound train leaves at 11:17 pm and the last southbound train leaves at 11:49 pm. However, the last southbound train only goes as far south as the Central Pointe Station; the last southbound train to the Daybreak Parkway Station leaves at 10:29 pm. On Sundays the first northbound train leaves at about 9:30 am and the first southbound train leaves at about 10:15 am. The last northbound train leaves at 7:57 pm and the last southbound train leaves at 8:29 pm. However, the last southbound train only goes as far south as the Central Pointe Station; the last southbound train to the Daybreak Parkway Station leaves at 7:09 pm. Red Line trains run every fifteen minutes on weekdays and every twenty minutes on weekends. Bus connections Bus routes are current as of Change Day, 17 August 2014. Trolley is one of several TRAX stations that does not have any direct bus connections. However, the following bus routes stop in close proximity to the station (on 400 South). UTA Route 228 - Foothill/2700 East (Downtown Salt Lake City, including Salt Lake Central, Old GreekTown and Library stations, Salt Lake City and County Building, and 900 East & 400 South Station - University of Utah, including University South Campus Station

- Sugar House - Holladay - Murray, including Murray North Station [via 400 South, Foothill Drive, and 4500 South]) UTA Route 455 - Weber State University/Davis County/University of Utah (University of Utah, including Stadium and University South Campus stations - Downtown Salt Lake City, including Library and 900 East & 400 South stations - North Salt Lake - Bountiful, including Lakeview Hospital - Centerville - Farmington, including Farmington Station and Davis County Justice Complex - Fruit Heights, including UDOT's Park and Ride lot at 300 North & Country Way - South Weber, including Park and Ride lot at Highway 89 and South Weber Drive - Uintah - South Ogden - Ogden, including Ogden Intermodal Transit Center and Weber State University) Notes References External links Official UTA website Official TRAX website Category:UTA TRAX stations Category:Railway stations in the United States opened in 2001 Category:Railway stations in Salt Lake City Category:2001 establishments in Utah

Armillo Armillo is a 3D action puzzle platformer developed by Fuzzy Wuzzy Games. It was released on July 3, 2014, for the Wii U on the Nintendo eShop. Gameplay Armillo is an action platform game in which the playable character, an armadillo named Armillo, rolls around a 3D space. He can perform three primary actions: roll, jump, and boost. The game is designed around the concept of an obstacle course, so the player is constantly being presented to various new puzzles, mechanics, and challenges. Gameplay has been likened to other games such as the Sonic the Hedgehog series, Super Mario Galaxy, and the Super Monkey Ball series. Players primarily progress through levels by rolling Armillo and have the option to utilize the tilt controls of the Wii U's GamePad to do so. Armillo is aided in his quest through special abilities and power-ups such as a size boost and the Critter gun which fires the non-playable Critters at Armillo's enemies. While the majority of the game takes place in a 3D world, there are unlockable 2D bonus stages in every single non-boss level. Purchasable upgrades, obtained using blue orbs collected in levels, also enable optional backtracking of previously completed levels. Development Armillo was developed by Fuzzy Wuzzy Games for the Wii U and is distributed on the Nintendo eShop. The game will be a timed exclusive on the platform, as it is scheduled to be released on other platforms in the future. The decision was made in honor of Nintendo's recent support for independent developers. Reception Armillo received mixed to positive reviews since its release. It holds an aggregate score of 79% at GameRankings and 72 at Metacritic, the latter of which indicates mixed or average reviews. References External links Category:2014 video games Category:Action video games Category:3D platform games Category:Platform games Category:Puzzle video games Category:Video games developed in Canada Category:Wii U eShop games Category:Wii U-only games Category:Indie video games Category:Wii U games Category:Unity (game engine) games Category:Single-player video games

Ranularia oboesa Ranularia oboesa is a species of predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cymatiidae. Description Distribution References Category:Cymatiidae Category:Gastropods described in 1811

Tahtali Tahtali (, also Romanized as Taḥtālī) is a village in Jazmurian Rural District, Jazmurian District, Rudbar-e Jonubi County, Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 168, in 39 families. References Category:Populated places in Rudbar-e Jonubi County

Petra Maganai Vitra Annai Petra Maganai Vitra Annai () is 1958 Tamil film, directed by V. Ramanathan and produced by Modern Theatres. The film script was written by A. P. Nagarajan and A. V. P. Asai Thambi. The film's soundtrack was composed by Viswanathan-Ramamoorthy. The film stars S. S. Rajendran, R. S. Manohar, A. Karunanidhi and E. R. Sahadevan, with C. R. Vijayakumari, Pandari Bai and T. P. Muthulakshmi in supporting roles. Cast S. S. Rajendran as Prince Villalan/Neelan R. S. Manohar as Minister Gunasekaran C. R. Vijayakumari as Jeeva Pandari Bai as The Queen (Prince Villalan's mother) A. Karunanidhi as Duttan (Villalan's friend) T. P. Muthulakshmi as Mohana (Jeeva's friend) Kumari Rajamani as Nirmala (Gunasekaran's daughter) E. R. Sahadevan as General Vikraman "Sattampillai" Venkatraman as Azhagesan (Jeeva's Cousin) Pakkirisamy as Alagalam (Azhagesan's friend) M. S. Draupadi as Vedha Master Gopal as Younger Villalan Baby Sasikala as Younger Jeeva K. K. Perumal M. N. Krishnan M. K. Durai Raj K. K. Soundar as Parakraman S. S. Siva Sooriyan Crew Director = V. Ramanathan Producer = Modern Theatres Music = Viswanathan-Ramamoorthy Art = A. J. Dominic, C. K. John and V. S. Rao Processing = B. V. Motak and T. P. Krishnamoorthy Audiography = R. G. Pillai and K. B. Mani Choreography = P. S. Gopalakrishnan and B. Jayaraman Soundtrack Music was composed by Viswanathan-Ramamoorthy and lyrics were written by Thanjai N. Ramaiah Dass, A. Maruthakasi, Pattukottai Kalyanasundaram and S. D. Sundharam. Playback singers are Tiruchi Loganathan, Sirkazhi Govindarajan, A. M. Rajah, T. M. Soundararajan, Jikki, P. Leela, P. Suseela, K. Jamuna Rani, T. S. Bagavathi & A. G. Rathnamala. The song "Thendral Urangiya Pothum Thingal Urangiya Pothum" (Voiced by A. M. Rajah & P. Suseela) was well received by the audience. The song "Kaalamenum Kaattaaru" was taken from the stage play Kaviyin Kanavu authored by S. D. Sundaram. References Category:1958 films Category:1950s Tamil-language films Category:Indian black-and-white films Category:Tamil films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy Category:Indian films Category:Indian historical films