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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Kalonji or black cumin seeds contain 100% Hydroxychloroquine which can cure Coronavirus.\n\nQ1: Do Kalonji seeds contain 100% Hydroxychloroquine?\nA1: No, because Hydroxychloroquine is not listed as part of the seeds components.\n\nQ2: Has a COVID-19 cure been found from the date of this claim?\nA2: While some western, traditional or home remedies may provide comfort and\nalleviate symptoms of mild COVID-19, there are no medicines that have been\nshown to prevent or cure the disease.\n\nQ3: When was the claimed made?\nA3: 10 April 20",
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"content": "justification: Answers deny that Kalonji contains 100% Hydroxychloroquine and that it can cure Coronavirus.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Bill Gates owns the patent and vaccine for coronavirus.\n\nQ1: Is there a patent for the COVID-19 virus?\nA1: No, because There is no patent for the new coronovirus\n\nQ2: Can you patent a virus?\nA2: Yes, because A patent does exist for a different coronovirus, called avian infectious bronchitis.\n\nQ3: Does Bill Gates own this patent?\nA3: No, because This patent is not owned by Bill Gates nor by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, but by the Pirbright Institute in the UK, which aimed to develop a vaccine against IBV.\n\nQ4: At the time of this claim did an effective vaccine against COVID-19 exist?\nA4: No, because COVID19 vaccines were still in trial status during this time",
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"content": "justification: The answers and sources state that Bill Gates does not own a patent for any covid vaccine so the claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: All Las Vegas hotels have donated food and rooms for emergency personnel except for one: Trump International Hotel Las Vegas.\n\nQ1: How many hotels are in Las Vegas\nA1: No answer could be found.\n\nQ2: During the pandemic, what contributions were made by the Trump hotel in Las Vegas\nA2: The Trump hotel alongside several other of his properties did not participate in releasing rooms for the COVID effort",
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"content": "justification: There is not enough evidence to support this caim. I seems that indeed Donald Trump's hotels did not participate in the food donations. However, it is unclear whether other hotels participated or not.\n\nverdict: 'Not Enough Evidence'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Bill Gates is a partner in the lab in Wuhan, China.\n\nQ1: What is the definition of business partner?\nA1: According to Collins English Dictionary:\n\nThe partners in a firm or business are the people who share the ownership of it.\n\nQ2: What is the Gate Foundation's mission statement?\nA2: Our mission is to create a world where every person has the opportunity to live a healthy, productive life.\n\nWe are a non profit fighting poverty, disease, and inequity around the world.\n\nQ3: How does the Gates Foundation declare they fulfil that role?\nA3: Spurring innovations\nthat improve the human condition by stepping in where governments and businesses leave gaps.\n\nStrengthening global cooperation\nby bringing together governments, businesses, philanthropies, and communities to save and transform lives around the world.\n\nCreating market incentives\nfor lifesaving products by supporting the development and delivery of vaccines, treatments, diagnostics, and other tools for those most in need.\n\nGenerating high-quality data and evidence\nthat drive progress by showing what’s working and what isn’t.\n\nQ4: What are the Governing Principles of the Foundation, according to the website?\nA4: Governing Principles\nThe foundation is governed by a board of trustees, co-chaired by Bill Gates and Melinda French Gates. The board provides strategic oversight and expertise to the foundation and steers the organization in furtherance of its mission to create a world where every person has the opportunity to live a healthy, productive life.\n\nQ5: How many grants have been issued by the Foundation to China between 1997 and 2022?\nA5: 497 grants to China are listed under Committed Grants on the Foundation website.\n\nQ6: What grants were specifically linked to Wuhan, China?\nA6: Two grants were given to Wuhan University under the topic: \nGlobal Health and Development Public Awareness and Analysis.\n\nOne in January 2021, and the other in 2018.\n\nA third grant was given to Union Hospital in April 2011 for Discovery and Translational Sciences\n\nQ7: What grants for The Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention are listed on the Foundation's website?\nA7: Five committed grants are listed:\nFour under the topic, HIV (November 2014, October 2009, July 2008, September 2007), and one topic listed as: \nGlobal Health and Development Public Awareness and Analysis (November 2021).",
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"content": "justification: He shares no ownership with the lab in Wuhan, China \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: 5G radiation is harmful to human health\n\nQ1: Is 5G radiation harmful to human health?\nA1: the World Health Organization's International EMF Project, which investigates the health effects of electromagnetic fields on humans, argues there are \"no major public health risks [that] have emerged from several decades of EMF research.\"\n\nQ2: What are the potential health risks from 5G?\nA2: To date, and after much research performed, no adverse health effect has been causally linked with exposure to wireless technologies. Health-related conclusions are drawn from studies performed across the entire radio spectrum but, so far, only a few studies have been carried out at the frequencies to be used by 5G.\n\nTissue heating is the main mechanism of interaction between radiofrequency fields and the human body. Radiofrequency exposure levels from current technologies result in negligible temperature rise in the human body.\n\nAs the frequency increases, there is less penetration into the body tissues and absorption of the energy becomes more confined to the surface of the body (skin and eye). Provided that the overall exposure remains below international guidelines, no consequences for public health are anticipated.",
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"content": "justification: There are no major health risks associated with exposure to 5G radiation\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: North Carolina is \"in the small minority of states that requires an absentee ballot to be signed by two witnesses or a notary public.\"\n\nQ1: What states require an absentee ballot to be sent in without excuses but can be signed by two witnesses\nA1: The following 34 states and Washington, D.C., offer \"no-excuse\" absentee/mailed ballot voting: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado*, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii*, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon*, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island**, South Dakota, Utah*, Vermont, Virginia, Washington*, Wisconsin and Wyoming\n\nQ2: Is it required that an absentee ballot be signed by two witnesses or a notary public in North Carolina?\nA2: Yes, because Voting On Absentee Ballot\n\nIn the presence of two witnesses (or one witness if the witness is a notary-public), the voter should mark the ballot, or cause it to be marked according to his or her instructions.",
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"content": "justification: The sources proved that North Carolina requires an absentee ballot to be signed by two witnesses or a notary public. \n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: An image shared on Facebook purportedly shows former Vice President Joe Biden biting a young girl on the cheek.\n\nQ1: Did an image shared on Facebook show Joe Biden biting a young girl on the cheek?\nA1: No, because The man pictured is Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, not Biden. The photo appears to be a screen grab of Obrador kissing the child’s cheek from a video of him greeting people.\n\nQ2: Did an image shared on Facebook show someone biting a young girl on the cheek?\nA2: No. The man pictured is Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, not Biden. The photo appears to be a screen grab of Obrador kissing the child’s cheek from a video of him greeting people.\n\nQ3: Did an image shared on Facebook show Joe Biden ?\nA3: The man pictured is Mexican President Andrés Manuel López Obrador, not Biden.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: No, the answer clearly states that the man in question is in fact the Mexican president and not Joe Biden.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Dr. Vandana Tiwari has died in the attacks of Muslims in UP when she went to screen them for COVID-19\n\nQ1: How did Dr. Vandana Tiwari die?\nA1: Pharmacist Vandana Tiwari, a medical college located in Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh, died tragically in Gwalior. He had a brain hemorrhage due to non stop corona duty.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: From the question and answer pair it seems that Dr. Tiwari actually died from a brain hemorrhage. Therefore, the claim is refuted\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The Nigerian Finance Minister claims that Nigeria lost N700 billion Naira COVID-19 Relief Funds due to a fire.\n\nQ1: Where did the fire in the claim take place?\nA1: At the Accountant Generals Office in Nigeria.\n\nQ2: Was any Covid 19 relief funding cash destroyed in the fire at the Accountant Generals Office in Nigeria?\nA2: No funds were lost in the fire at the Accountant Generals Office which was contained to two rooms.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The answer and source show that no funds were lost in the fire so the claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The U.S. “resisted” blacklisting ISIS.\n\nQ1: Did The U.S. resist blacklisting ISIS?\nA1: The United States added the Islamic State group to its list of terrorist organizations on Dec. 17, 2004. At that time, the group had just become known as “Al-Qaeda in Iraq,” after the founder Abu Musab al-Zarqawi received permission to be an affiliate in Iraq. Al-Qaeda was added to the State Department’s list in 1999.\n\nQ2: Does the US have a 'blacklist' of terrorist organisations?\nA2: Yes, because Organistions are routinely added and the list shows when groups were added.\n\nQ3: How long have Al-Qaeda in Iraq been on the list?\nA3: It first appeared in 10/08/1999 and then 17/12/2004 under the name - Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (formerly al-Qa’ida in Iraq)",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The answers show that the US blacklisted ISIS very quickly after they had become known about so the claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: N13 billion was devoted to the State House clinic in the last five years.\n\nQ1: What was the budget allocation to the State House Clinic facility in the 2016?\nA1: N2,825,597,363\n\nQ2: What was the budget allocation to the State House Clinic facility in the 2017?\nA2: N331,730,211\n\nQ3: What was the budget allocation to the State House Clinic facility in the 2018?\nA3: N1,030,458,453\n\nQ4: What was the budget allocation to the State House Clinic facility in the 2019?\nA4: N798,856,093\n\nQ5: What was the budget allocation to the State House Clinic facility in the 2020?\nA5: N723,003,927",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The annual amounts do not add up to N13 billion when added together.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Nigeria paid off their entire foreign debt.\n\nQ1: What time period is the claim referring to when it speaks about Nigeria paying off all its foreign debt?\nA1: Former Vice President Atiku Abubakar is talking about the debt at the end of President Olusegun Obasanjo's administration which ended in 2007.\n\nQ2: Did the Obasanjo administration leave any foreign debt when they left office in 2007?\nA2: No answer could be found.",
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"content": "justification: No evidence is presented to support or deny the claim.\n\nverdict: 'Not Enough Evidence'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: LA County sheriff’s deputies arrested a surfer for violating the state’s stay-at-home order\n\nQ1: Did LA County sheriff’s deputies arrest a surfer for violating the state’s stay-at-home order?\nA1: A paddle boarder was arrested Thursday after ignoring lifeguards’ orders to get out of the ocean near the Malibu Pier despite beach closures amid the coronavirus pandemic.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The answer confirms but should state the full date and not just \"thursday\".\n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The flu vaccine doesn’t work because the flu has not been eliminated.\n\nQ1: How effective is the Flu Vaccine?\nA1: The flu vaccine works better in some years than others Across all age groups including children, the flu vaccine prevented 15-52% of flu cases between 2015 - 2020.\n\nQ2: Why do we need the flu vaccine every year?\nA2: The flu virus is very variable and changes over time. Each year there are different strains around, and a new vaccine has to be prepared to deal with them. Vaccination from previous years is not likely to protect people against current strains of flu.",
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"content": "justification: As the flu vaccine isn't 100% effective and changeable every year, the flu will not be eliminated, even with 100% vaccination rate. \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders has not yet endorsed Joe Biden for President.\n\nQ1: Does Bernie Sanders endorse Joe Biden for President?\nA1: Senator Bernie Sanders endorsed Joseph R. Biden Jr. as the Democratic nominee for president on Monday, adding the weight of his left-wing support to Mr. Biden’s candidacy and taking a major step toward bringing unity to the party’s effort to unseat President Trump in November.",
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"content": "justification: Seems like Bernie Sanders has endorsed President Biden now, however he did not before. Therefore, the claim is refuted, as now it seems that Bernie Sanders is supporting Joe Biden\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The price of oil was lower when president Obasanjo and Abubakar assumed office on 29 May 1999 than it is today ...\n\nQ1: What was the price of oil in May 1999 in Nigeria?\nA1: In May 1999, the price of Nigeria’s main crude oil export, Bonny Light, was US$16.94 per barrel, according to historical data from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.\n\nQ2: What was the oil prices at the time of this claim?\nA2: On 8 April 2020, the day Abubakar’s article was published, Bonny Light crude sold at $25.89 per barrel. Strictly interpreted, Abubaka was accurate that the price of oil was lower in 1999.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The sources show that the price of oil was lower in 1999 so the claim is supported.\n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa is projecting that Africa’s growth will drop to 1.8%, and perhaps lower because of the COVID-19 pandemic\n\nQ1: What was the original forecast of The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa concerning Africa's economic growth\nA1: 3.2% growth\n\nQ2: Did the UN change the forecast for Africa's growth because of the pandemic\nA2: Yes, because the agency had pared back its growth forecast for the region for 2020, from 3.2% to between 1.8% and 2% in a best-case scenario. But this could shrink to 0.1% or, in a worst-case scenario, to as low as -2.6%.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The detailed answer given, shows the revised figures ranging from 2% to as low as -2.6%.\n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The price of oil was lower when president Obasanjo and Abubakar assumed office on 29 May 1999 than it was on 08/04/2020\n\nQ1: What was the oil price in May 1999?\nA1: In May 1999, the price of Nigeria’s main crude oil export, Bonny Light, was US$16.94 per barrel,\n\nQ2: What was the oil price in april 2020?\nA2: On 8 April 2020, the day Abubakar’s article was published, Bonny Light crude sold at $25.89 per barrel.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Seem like the oil was indeed cheaper 1999. Therefore, the claim is supported\n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: There's a lot of fraudulent voting in the US elections.\n\nQ1: What is the research based evidence for the voter fraud in the United States\nA1: Evidence shows that almost no one knowingly and willfully casts an illegal vote in the United States and that the number of in-person voter fraud is infinitesimal",
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"content": "justification: From the Q&A it seems that the claim of there being lots of fraudulent voting is incorrect and there is no evidence to show this. \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Sanders Has Ended His Fight for Democratic Nomination\n\nQ1: Who is the 'Sanders' the claim refers to?\nA1: Bernie Sanders, in his fight for the U.S democratic presidential nomination.\n\nQ2: what was the date for this claim?\nA2: 8th April 2020.\n\nQ3: Did Bernie Sanders end his battle to become the democratic presidential nominee in April 2020?\nA3: Yes, because He Tweeted that he was suspending his campaign on 8th April 2020,",
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"content": "justification: He tweeted on April 8th 2020 that he was suspending his campaign \n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The World Health Organisation states that there are up to 650,000 deaths per year associated with respiratory illnesses linked to seasonal flu.\n\nQ1: How many global death are caused by the flu, every year?\nA1: Based on a modelling study published in December 2017, the WHO estimates that between 290,000 and 650,000 respiratory deaths globally each year are associated with seasonal influenza. \n\nThe authors of the study argued their findings showed that countries should be following robust seasonal influenza vaccination programmes as recommended by the WHO.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Claim checked directly to WHO figures\n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Before the novel coronavirus pandemic hit the globe, Nigeria spent 42% of its earnings on debt servicing.\n\nQ1: When was the novel coronavirus first reported?\nA1: 31/12/2019\n\nQ2: How much did Nigeria spend on debt in 2019?\nA2: N2.1 trillion\n\nQ3: What was Nigeria's revenue in 2019?\nA3: N4.77 trillion",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The answers and sources show that the amount is close to 42% spent on debt so the claim is supported.\n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: N13 billion was devoted to the State House clinic in the last five years.\n\nQ1: how much hs been invested into the aso rock clinic in the past 6 years\nA1: FG spent ₦6.4 billion on Aso Villa Clinic in six years",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Only 6.4 billion has been invested in last 6 years. It is impossible that N13 billion was devoted in the last five years.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: All restaurants and hotels in India would be closed till October 15, 2020, due to Coronavirus.\n\nQ1: what will happen on october 15th in india?\nA1: NewsMobile fact-checked the above post and found it to be fake.\n\nSince the notice was attributed to the Tourism Ministry, we checked their official website and social media accounts for confirmation.\n\nDebunking the above notice, the ministry asked people to refrain from forwarding such fake messages as it wasn’t issued by the government.\n\nQ2: Did the Indian Minister of Tourism issue a message stating that all restaurants and hotels in India to be closed till October 15, 2020, due to Coronavirus.\nA2: No, because The MoT, issued a response to this claim saying \nkindly refrain from forwarding a certain fake message regarding the closure of hotels/restaurants. We assure you that we have not issued such a message.",
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"content": "justification: Information on dates would be useful. The source for the answer gives the date of the response, and the date of the claim is in the metadata.\nIt would also be useful to know the source of this claim (the reason behind it).\nBut yes, the Q&A refute the claim.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa is projecting that Africa’s growth will drop to 1.8%, and perhaps lower.\n\nQ1: What did The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa project regarding Africa's growth?\nA1: They reported that Africa's growth forecast is between 1.8% and 2 % but could sink lower.\n\nQ2: What did the Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) project that Africa's growth will drop by?\nA2: Growth is expected to slow down from 3.2 percent to 1.8 percent in a best-case scenario",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Evidence finds that the claim is true and that growth is expected to slow from 3.2 percent to 1.8 percent in a best-case scenario.\n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The price of oil was lower when president Obasanjo and Abubakar assumed office on 29 May 1999 than it is today yet they paid off Nigeria’s entire foreign debt.\n\nQ1: What was the price of oil in May 1999 in Nigeria?\nA1: 16.94 per barrel\n\nQ2: What was the price of oil in 2020?\nA2: 25.89 per barrel\n\nQ3: Did Nigeria pay off its entire debt in 2007?\nA3: No, because Nigeria still had 3.65 billion in debt in 2007",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The first part of the claim is true about the price of oil but Nigeria was still in debt \n\nverdict: 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Nigeria spent 1 billion naira on COVID-19 text messages\n\nQ1: Who is tasked with the prevention, detection, and control of disease outbreaks in Nigeria.\nA1: The Nigerian centre for disease control (NCDC) was established to enhance Nigeria's response to epidemics.\n\nQ2: Who was tasked with sending SMS alerts in Nigerias COVID19 response strategy?\nA2: NCDC states on their official twitter page that SMS is a key part of our #COVID19 response strategy\n\nQ3: How much has the NCDC spent on SMS in its Covid 19 response?\nA3: SMS has been largely provided as in-kind support by @AirtelNigeria @MTNNG @GloWorld\n\nQ4: Who are @AirtelNigeria @MTNNG and @GloWorld?\nA4: Airtel Nigeria, MTN Nigeria, and Glo Nigeria are Nigeria’s largest mobile telecommunication companies by subscriber base.",
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"content": "justification: Evidence finds that 1 billion naira has not been spent on COVID-19 text messages in Nigeria. SMS has been largely provided as in-kind support by @AirtelNigeria @MTNNG @GloWorld\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The state of California admitted in a court settlement that a million people voted improperly in the US elections in 2019.\n\nQ1: What happens to an inactive voter?\nA1: a State may remove a registrant who \"(i) has failed to\nrespond to a notice\" and \"(ii) has not voted or appeared to vote ...\nduring the period beginning on the date of the notice and ending on\nthe day after the date of the second general election for Federal office\nthat occurs after the date of the notice\" (about four years). 52 U. S. C.\n§20507(d)(l)(B). Not only are States allowed to remove registrants\nwho satisfy these requirements, but federal law makes this removal\nmandatory.\n\nQ2: What is the US Federal law regarding inactive voters?\nA2: The National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) is a federal law requiring the removal of inactive registrations from the voter rolls after two general federal elections (encompassing from 2 to 4 years).\n\nQ3: What are the main reasons that voters become inactive?\nA3: Inactive voter registrations belong, for the most part, to voters who have moved to another county or state or have passed away.\n\nQ4: What was the situation regarding registered voters in the County of Los Angeles in January 2019?\nA4: Los Angeles County had the highest number of inactive registrations of any single county in the US, with more voter registrations on its voter rolls than it had citizens old enough to register. This means that more than one out of every five LA County registrations likely belongs to a voter who has moved or is deceased.\n\nQ5: What was the federal lawsuit filed by Judicial Watch against California in the 2019 US elections about?\nA5: In its lawsuit, Judicial Watch alleged:\n\nLos Angeles County has more voter registrations on its voter rolls than it has citizens who are old enough to register. Specifically, according to data provided to and published by the U.S. Election Assistance Commission, Los Angeles County has a registration rate of 112 percent of its adult citizen population.\n\nThe entire State of California has a registration rate of about 101 percent of its age-eligible citizenry.\n\nEleven of California’s 58 counties have registration rates exceeding 100 percent of the age-eligible citizenry.\n\nQ6: What did the federal lawsuit filed by Judicial Watch against California in the 2019 US elections confirm?\nA6: The lawsuit confirmed that Los Angeles County has on its rolls more than 1.5 million potentially ineligible voters. This means that more than one out of every five LA County registrations likely belongs to a voter who has moved or is deceased. Judicial Watch notes that “Los Angeles County has the highest number of inactive registrations of any single county in the country.”\n\nThe Judicial Watch lawsuit also uncovered that neither the State of California nor Los Angeles County had been removing inactive voters from the voter registration rolls for the past 20 years. The Supreme Court affirmed last year in Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Inst., 138 S. Ct. 1833 (2018) that the NVRA “makes this removal mandatory.”\n\nQ7: Do inactive voter registrations count as a vote?\nA7: No, because These voters do not automatically receive a mail ballot in each election. They are still eligible to vote by visiting a Voter Service and Polling Center during election time, or they can contact the Elections Division to find out more information about how to reactivate their record.",
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"content": "justification: The Q&As show that although California had a lot of inactive voters, there is no evidence to show that they voted improperly in the US elections, so the claim is refuted. \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: British Prime Minister Boris Johnson is down with Covid-19 and admitted to hospital and has subsequently died.\n\nQ1: When was the claim made\nA1: 07/04/2020\n\nQ2: Where was Boris Johnson on April 7, 2020\nA2: He was in an Intensive care Unit\n\nQ3: Where was the Prime Minister Boris Johnson on Sunday 12th April, 2020\nA3: Boris Johnson is discharged after seven nights in St Thomas’ and is taken to his country retreat",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: From the question and answer pairs it is clear that the prime minister did not pass away. Therefore, the claim is refuted\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Government of India is monitoring all forms of communications, both online and telephonic.\n\nQ1: Is the Indian Government monitoring all forms of communication?\nA1: Debunked by alternate fact checking site.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Government of India monitors some forms of communications, but not all of them.\n\nverdict: 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Two nurses who were in intensive therapy units (ITUs) in Swansea, Wales have died and three more ventilated.\n\nQ1: What was Welsh Swansea Bay National Health Service comment about the social media claim on 06/04/2020 that two nurses who were in intensive therapy units (ITUs) in Swansea, Wales have died and three more ventilated?\nA1: The Swansea Bay National Health Service said that the information was inaccurate and no nurses had died in their intensive therapy units.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The official source has confirmed the claim is inaccurate on their official social media page, so the claim label should be refuted. \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: It’s illegal to hold an absentee-only election or mail ballots to every registered voter.\n\nQ1: Which state's senator is Chris Kapenga?\nA1: Chris Kapenga is Wisconsin state senator.\n\nQ2: What does Wisconsin legislation say about elections?\nA2: Wisconsin requires elections to be held at polling places.\n\nQ3: What does Wisconsin legislation say about mail- in voting?\nA3: Absentee voters must make a written application to a local clerk for an official ballot.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: All Correct.\n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Consuming ewedu will cure COVID-19.\n\nQ1: What is Ewedu?\nA1: Ewedu leaves, (Corchorus olitorius) Jute leaf, popularly called ewedu among the Yoruba, ahinghara in Igbo and rama in Hausa, is a popular vegetable in West Africa.\n\nQ2: What does it contain that is claimed to help coronovirus?\nA2: the ewedu leaves, botanically called ‘corchorus olitorius’, contain flavonoid that helps zinc to enter into the virus-infected cell and prevents the reproduction mechanism of its RNA genetic material to stop the virus from reproducing inside the body”.\n\nQ3: Is this special to Ewedu?\nA3: zinc, as a micronutrient, is not peculiar to Ewedu alone, there are other leaves or food with zinc. So, Coronavirus disease cure is not just by the micronutrient, rather, it has to do with claims that have been scientifically proven. \n\nMiss Ugochukwu noted that other sources of zinc are meat, whole grains and nuts; adding that “Whatever nutrients you can find in ewedu can also be found in other foods; not that Ewedu has whatever special properties.”",
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"content": "justification: From the 3rd QA it seems that the ewedu does mot have any dpecprperties and 2nd one says that any properties have to be proven. Therefore the label is refuted\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: British author David Icke claimed that the Covid-19 pandemic was orchestrated by supernatural forces attempting to “dismantle” the world economic system and “control” the population using new technologies like 5G.\n\nQ1: Is David Icke a conspiracy theorist?\nA1: Icke spent the rest of the decade fleshing out his prophecies, becoming a one-stop global clearinghouse for any and all fringe theories, from UFOlogy to the Illuminati to Matrix-style media critique to Occupy Wall Street (about which he made a documentary after traveling to New York). His cosmology is voracious and wide-ranging, absorbing all conspiracy theories into a single, massive omni-theory.\n\nQ2: Can viruses spread through new technologies?\nA2: Experts have also concluded that there was no proof that mobile phone technologies could cause cancer or be harmful. “Health-related conclusions are drawn from studies performed across the entire radio spectrum but, so far, only a few studies have been carried out at the frequencies to be used by 5G.”",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: David Icke is a conspiracy theorist who is known for giving out prophecies and massive omni-theory, which are often not true and without any scientific meaning. \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The RT-PCR test does not detect Covid-19.\n\nQ1: What is the RT-PCR test?\nA1: The CDC 2019-Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Real-Time RT-PCR Diagnostic Panel is a real-time RT-PCR\ntest intended for the qualitative detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 in upper and lower\nrespiratory specimens (such as nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs, sputum, lower respiratory tract\naspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage, and nasopharyngeal wash/aspirate or nasal aspirate) collected from\nindividuals suspected of COVID-19 by their healthcare provider",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: tests for qualitative detection of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 in upper and lower\nrespiratory specimens (such as nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swabs, sputum, lower respiratory tract aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage, and nasopharyngeal wash/aspirate or nasal aspirate)\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Cadbury gave away 500 Free baskets of Cadbury Chocolate to celebrate its 196th Anniversary.\n\nQ1: Did Cadbury's Chocolate Give away 500Free baskets of Cadbury Chocolate to celebrate its 196th Anniversary?\nA1: No, because They confirmed the rumour was fake with a tweet saying....\nThis is a fake website link in circulation under the Cadbury name promising free chocolates. Mondelēz International is not running any such promotion. We advise consumer caution before opening the link",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Cadbury confirmed the rumour was fake.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: British author David Icke claimed that Microscope images of exosomes and of the virus that causes Covid-19 are “exactly the same\n\nQ1: What is an exosome\nA1: An exosome is an extracellular vesicle which is a particle with a lipid bilayer and cytoplasmic contents that cannot replicate like a cell and an exosome is an EV, usually a small one, that is released from an internal compartment of the cell”\n\nQ2: Are there differences in the microscopic images of both exosomes and the SARS-CoV-2\nA2: The exosomes is a sphere surrounded by a uniform membrane without the presence of spikes nor the shape of a crown but the coronavirus has “small peaks” (growths) formed by the protein “spike”, which gives it its characteristic crown shape",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The Q&A explains that the exosomes and covid virus are not the same and have different characteristics. So the claim is not correct. \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: India's government is going to cut the pension of employees by 30 per cent and terminate it for those above the age of 80 in order to divert funds towards managing health services and tackle the adverse effects of the coronavirus pandemic in the country.\n\nQ1: Has any official statement been made on the claim?\nA1: The Claim has been denied by a factchecking company who debunks misinformation regarding government schemes.",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "justification: The answer and source show that the claim is fake so the claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: 5G antennas on fire in La Spezia, Italy.\n\nQ1: Are there 5g antennas La Spezia, Italy.?\nA1: No the fifth-generation cellular network is not available in the city\n\nQ2: What telecommunications equipment went on fire?\nA2: Older technology:\n\nA part of the equipment burned in the suburbs of La Spezia is the responsibility of the telecommunications giant, among these are devices related to GSM, UMTS and LTE, 2G, 3G and 4G. Some WindTre devices linked to 3G and 4G traffic and voice-data were installed on the same pole.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The claim mentions a specific peice of technology which was on fire, however Q&A pair 1 states this technology is not available or in use in the location the claim states it was on fire.\nQ&A 2 also state it was an older piece of technology on fire that resulted in the claim\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: British author David Icke claimed global pandemics always follow the introduction of new technologies\n\nQ1: Did Covid-19 pandemic follow the deployment of 5G technology?\nA1: Viruses cannot travel on radio waves/mobile networks. COVID-19 is spreading in many countries that do not have 5G mobile networks\n\nQ2: Is there a link between the introduction of new technologies and global pandemics?\nA2: There is no evidence to suggest that past generations of wireless communication technologies caused viral outbreaks.\n\nQ3: Is there evidence that suggests global pandemics are followed by new technologies\nA3: No answer could be found.",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "justification: Both Q1 and Q2 answers link back to a fact-checking website as a source. Therefore, I am unable to determine the label for this claim.\n\nverdict: 'Not Enough Evidence'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The Supreme Court of the United States issued an order to remove Rep. Ilhan Omar from Congress\n\nQ1: Where did the story originate?\nA1: BustaTroll.org\n\nQ2: What is known about BustaTroll.org?\nA2: They are a satire news website.\n\nQ3: Was there ever a notion to remove Ilhan Omar from Congress?\nA3: No, because The Congress member never faced removal",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "justification: The source provided is satire and unreliable \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: There is a link between the launch of 5G and the Covid-19 outbreak in 2019.\n\nQ1: When was 5G launched?\nA1: 14 May 2018 Qatar\nOoredoo CEO Launches 5G at Ceremony in West Bay\n\nDoha, Qatar\n\nOoredoo has today announced that the company is the first operator in the world to launch a live 5G network on the 3.5GHz spectrum band.\n\nThe breakthrough announcement was made in an event attended by Ooredoo senior management at the Ooredoo Tower in West Bay. Attendees were also briefed on the first Ooredoo 5G site which was accomplished just days after Ooredoo’s new 5G Commercial Core Network was activated.\n\nOoredoo’s 5G network is the first commercially available 5G network in the world and is an important technological breakthrough for the telecommunications industry worldwide.\n\nQ2: Was 5G available worldwide in 2020?\nA2: It was only commercially available in 33 countries.\n\nQ3: How many countries had been affected by Covid-19 in 2020?\nA3: Much more than 33.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Seems from the 3rd QA that the answer is actually refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Doctors, scientist and political figures did not say we need to cancel Mardi Gras\n\nQ1: Who suggested the cancelation of Mardi Gras\nA1: Governor John Bel Edwards said during an interview that no one suggested the cancelation of the celebration as a result of the pandemic\n\nQ2: What is Mardi Gras?\nA2: Mardi Gras is French for \"Fat Tuesday,\" also called Shrove Tuesday. It is the day before Ash Wednesday, which marks the start of Christian Lent season leading up to Easter. During Lent, many Christians fast, and the name Fat Tuesday refers to the last day of eating richer foods before the leaner days of Lent begin.\n\nQ3: When was Mardi Gras celebrated in 2020?\nA3: Mardi Gras for the year 2020 is celebrated/ observed on Tuesday, February 25th.\n\nQ4: What did the New Orleans mayor say about whether or not Mardi Gras should be canceled because of the rise of COVID-19?\nA4: \"No red flags were given\" by the federal government. - New Orleans Mayor LaToya Cantrell on why the city moved forward with Mardi Gras celebrations. \"If we were given clear direction we would not have had Mardi Gras and I would've been the leader to cancel it.\"\n\nQ5: What did President Donald Trump say regarding COVID-19 before the Mardi Gras celebrations?\nA5: On Twitter, on February 24th, 2020, President Donald Trump tweeted, \"The Coronavirus is very much under control in the USA. We are in contact with everyone and all relevant countries. CDC & World Health have been working hard and very smart. Stock Market starting to look very good to me!\"\n\nQ6: How many COVID-19 cases were there by February 25, 2020?\nA6: 53\n\nQ7: What did U.S. doctors say regarding the COVID-19 risk to the American public?\nA7: We understand that this may be concerning, but based on what we know now, our assessment remains that the immediate risk to the American public is low. \n\nThe virus is not spreading widely across the community.\n\nQ8: What did U.S. Health and Human Services department say regarding the COVID-19 risk to the American public in February 2020?\nA8: The panel reiterated that while this is a serious public health matter, the risk to the American public remains low at this time, and that the federal government will continue working in close coordination with state and local governments to keep it that way.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: No one suggested the cancellation of the celebration as a result of the pandemic\n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Dr Charles Lieber of Harvard University was arrested for manufacturing the novel coronavirus in collusion with China.\n\nQ1: Who is Dr Charles Lieber of Harvard University?\nA1: He's a professor at the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, as the Joshua and Beth Friedman University Professor, and the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.\n\nQ2: Was Dr Charles Lieber arrested for manufacturing the novel coronavirus?\nA2: No, because Dr. Charles Lieber was arrested and charged by criminal complaint with one count of making a materially false, fictitious and fraudulent statement.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: He was arrested but not in connection with the novel coronavirus but because of making a materially false, fictitious and fraudulent statement. \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: People with lupus who take hydroxychloroquine have protection against COVID-19.\n\nQ1: Is hydroxychloroquine used to treat lupus?\nA1: In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), hydroxychloroquine prevents disease flares and damage accrual and facilitates the response to mycophenolate mofetil in those with renal involvement.\n\nQ2: Is hydroxychloroquine for patients with lupus?\nA2: Hydroxychloroquine, considered decades ago to be a relatively minor component in the overall treatment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is now considered an essential therapeutic element in this disease\n\nQ3: Do patients with Lupus who are already taking Hydroxychloroquine have protection against contracting covid 19?\nA3: Data to support the use of HCQ for COVID-19 are limited and inconclusive. The drugs have some in vitro activity against several viruses, including coronaviruses and influenza, but previous randomized trials in patients with influenza have been negative\n\nQ4: Is hydroxychloroquine a preventative based or treatment based when used to combat covid 19?\nA4: At this time, the best available evidence suggests that hydroxychloroquine is not effective in the treatment and prevention of COVID-19,",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The fourth answer and credible source show that the drug does not protect from lupus and the claim is therefore refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Barack Obama told Africans to reject coronavirus vaccines in March 2020\n\nQ1: Has Barack Obama urged Africans not to accept vaccines from America and Europe ?.\nA1: There is no record of Obama making any comment against vaccines in Africa. No such posts appear on any of his social media platforms. There is no media coverage of any such comments.\n\nOn his verified Twitter account, Obama has in fact urged people to follow scientific guidelines on preventing coronavirus infections.\nIn a tweet on March 4, 2020, he says: “Protect yourself and your community from coronavirus with common sense precautions: wash your hands, stay home when sick and listen to the @CDCgov and local health authorities. Save the masks for health care workers. Let’s stay calm, listen to the experts, and follow the science.”",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: No record of it ever being said.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Data from a Philippine General Hospital claims that there is a correlation between grocery shopping and COVID-19\n\nQ1: Can grocery shopping increase transmission of COVID-19?\nA1: Yes, because The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states in a fact sheet: “The virus is thought to spread mainly from person-to-person… It may be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes. This is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads, but we are still learning more about this virus.”\n\nQ2: Did the Philippine General Hospital claim that there is a correlation between grocery shopping and COVID-19?\nA2: No, because In a statement posted on Facebook on April 4, 2020, the hospital said: “There is no such observed trend with our admitted COVID-19 (+) patients acquiring the illness from groceries.\n\nQ3: What did the Philippine General Hospital say about this claim\nA3: They said that there was no such correlation between their COVID-19 patients and grocery shopping",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Claim refuted by source stated in claim (Philippine General Hospital.)\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Lighting a Diya or candle, can kill Coronavirus.\n\nQ1: Can Lighting a Diya or candle kill Coronavirus?\nA1: Prevention Strategies in Alignment With the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention\nBehavior\n\nWear a Mask: When in public settings or when around people outside of your household, wear a properly-fitting cloth face covering. Wash your hands before putting on your face covering, put it over your nose and mouth and secure it under your chin, and try to fit it snugly against the sides of your face. Make sure you can still breathe easily.\n\nHand washing: The most well-established way to prevent respiratory infections such as influenza and coronavirus is frequent and thorough hand washing with soap and water. Scrub your hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.\n\nHand sanitizer: Handwashing with soap and water is the best way to reduce germs, but if they are not available, alcohol-based hand sanitizers that contain at least 60% alcohol can help to reduce the spread of infection. Note: avoid any products containing triclosan, a known hormone-disrupting chemical.\n\nCovering your mouth and nose: Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing; if your hands are not free or you don’t have a tissue, cough or sneeze into your sleeve, not your bare hands.\n\nNot touching your face: Avoid touching your eyes, nose, and mouth with unwashed hands, which can help provide the virus with a route of entry into the body. Since the average individual touches their face an average of 15 times per hour, remain vigilant!\n\nKeeping surfaces clean: Clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces, especially when someone is ill. Surfaces to consider include doorknobs, phones, computer keyboards, remotes, and other surfaces that are frequently touched in rooms such as the bathroom and kitchen.\nLifestyle\n\nStress reduction: Chronic stress can negatively alter immune system responses, making you more likely to get sick. Identify your personal stress reduction strategies and practice them regularly.\n\nSleep: Sleep has a big influence on immune function, so it is es\n\nQ2: How does burning candles eliminate corona\nA2: COVID-19 can be transmitted by people with the virus coughing or sneezing, releasing tiny contaminated droplets into the air, putting anyone within range in danger of inhaling them. These droplets can travel more than a metre from the infected person, allowing them to settle on any surfaces ready to be transferred to anyone that touches the surface.\n\nThe virus can live on some surfaces for several days. Data from the 2003 SARS outbreak, which was a similar illness to the latest coronavirus, showed the virus could contaminate plastered walls for up to a day and a half, plastic and stainless steel for 72 hours, and glass for 96 hours. So it’s likely the mobile phone, tablet or computer screen you are reading this on could harbour COVID-19 for up to four days, and be transferred to anyone touching the screen.\n\nAdopting good hygiene is one of the most effective weapons to slow or prevent the virus spreading. Here are six things you can do to protect yourself and others.\n\n\n1. Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth\n\nOur hands touch door handles, keyboards, taps and numerous other surfaces, so the virus could easily be picked up this way. Rubbing tired eyes or touching your nose or mouth could transfer the virus from your hands into your body.\n\n2. Wash your hands regularly\n\nClean your hands thoroughly and often, using plenty of soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub to kill any virus on your hands. Scrub for at least 20 seconds, making sure you clean fingers, thumbs and palms.\n\n\n\n3. Practise respiratory hygiene\n\n\nIf you cough or sneeze, use a tissue and throw it in the trash afterwards. If you don’t have a tissue, cough into the crook of your arm instead of using your hand. If possible, avoid coughing or sneezing near other people.\n\n4. Maintain social distancing\n\nBe aware of people around you and keep your distance from anyone coughing or sneezing. Stay at least 1 metre away to prevent inhaling the small liquid droplets sprayed by coughs and sneezes.",
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"content": "justification: From the evidence below, Lighting a Diya or candle is not listed as one of the preventative measures for COVID-19. No evidence to suggest a Diya or candle can kill the Coronavirus.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The United States had done more testing for COVID-19 infections in eight days than South Korea had done in eight weeks\n\nQ1: How many Covid 19 tests had south Korea done by march 2020?\nA1: figures provided by South Korea’s Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, South Korea had conducted 348,582 tests as of March 24\n\nQ2: How many covid 19 tests had the U.S carried out by march 2020?\nA2: 317,347 tests completed or pending in the U.S. over the eight-day period of March 17 to 24",
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"content": "justification: The answers and sources clearly show that the US did less testing in the eight days than Korea so the claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: A majority of 6,200 doctors said hydroxychloroquine is the most effective coronavirus treatment.\n\nQ1: Were the people in the claim real Doctors?\nA1: The\nsample represents physicians registered with Sermo, a secure digital (online) platform\ndesigned for anonymous survey research and physician networking. The platform is\nexclusive to verified and licensed physicians.\n\nQ2: Did a majority of 6,200 doctors from 30 nations say malaria drug hydroxychloroquine was most effective coronavirus treatment?\nA2: 37 per cent said it was the 'most effective therapy' for the virus.\n\nQ3: What is considered a Majority?\nA3: A number or percentage (50%+) equalling more than half of a total",
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"content": "justification: The answers show that only 27% agreed with this so the claim is refuted as that is not a majority.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: An NHS doctor who spoke out about the lack of PPE on the BBC has been suspended.\n\nQ1: Did any UK doctor speak out about PPE shortages?\nA1: On 3 April, the BBC published an interview with Dr Munaf. Dr Munaf told the BBC the PPE available to him and his colleagues was \"exceedingly poor\".\n\nQ2: Was Dr Munaf suspended after the interviews?\nA2: No answer could be found.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: It seems that there is no indication that the doctor was suspended after speaking out. Therefore the label is not enough evidence\n\nverdict: 'Not Enough Evidence'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The WHO published a 4step lockdown procedure that countries need to follow to control Coronavirus.\n\nQ1: Did the Indian government have any comments on this claim?\nA1: The Cabinet secretary Rajiv Gauba commented -I’m surprised to see such reports, there is no such plan of extending the lockdown: Cabinet Secretary Rajiv Gauba on reports of extending #CoronavirusLockdown (file pic) pic.twitter.com/xYuoZkgM5e\n\n— ANI (@ANI) March 30, 2020\n\nQ2: Did WHO publish this lockdown procedure?\nA2: No, Nothing found",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: From the 2nd QA it is evident that the WHO did not publish this claim, therefore the label is refuted\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: COVID-19 testing kits imported by Britain supplied by China are contaminated with coronavirus.\n\nQ1: Has Britain imported COVID-19 testing kits that are contaminated with coronavirus?\nA1: No, there was a delay to imports after traces of the virus were detected in parts due for delivery in the coming days, but these were not imported.\n\nQ2: Did these components come from China?\nA2: There is no information regarding the source of the contaminated components.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The evidence shown by the Q&As proves that the defective COVID 19 testing kits were not sent to the UK, as the problem was found prior to despatch.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Bill Withers left $2 Million estate to trump Re-election Campaign.\n\nQ1: Did Bill Withers leave money to Trump campaign in his will?\nA1: No answer could be found.\n\nQ2: Which website published this claim?\nA2: the story was published by Bustatroll.org, which is a satirical website.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: This claim is refuted. According to the QA pairs, this claim originated from a satirical website. Satirical websites do not publish authentic news. Therefore, this claim is refuted. \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: VIRAL VIDEO SHOWS THE FBI SEIZING CORONAVIRUS-INFECTED FACE MASKS SENT FROM CHINA\n\nQ1: Has the video been said to be another scenario?\nA1: Yes, because U.S. Attorney Craig Carpenito announced. \nBaruch Feldheim, 43, was arrested by special agents of the FBI today\nFeldheim allegedly sold certain designated materials, including N95 respirators, to doctors and nurses at inflated prices\n\nQ2: Did any news channels show the video with details of who it is?\nA2: Yes, because abc news showed the video and published the mans details.\n\nProsecutors say 43-year-old Baruch Feldheim hoarded the supplies in order to take advantage of the COVID-19 crisis and was selling them to doctors and nurses at prices as much as 700% above market value.",
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"content": "justification: the video in question has been confirmed to be different than stated. \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Video shows a Hindu priest being pinned down by a policeman.\n\nQ1: Was a priest beaten by a police officer\nA1: Image shows a policeman leaning over a priest with a stick\n\nQ2: Was a hindu priest beaten by a police officer in a video on april 3rd 2020?\nA2: reports confirm the priest was thrashed with a stick whilst on the ground, which is shown in a video.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Reports confirms the priest was thrashed with a stick whilst on the ground, which is shown in a video. \n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: WHO ranked Sri Lanka as the fifth best country for COVID-19 pandemic response.\n\nQ1: Does WHO rank countries on their response to the pandemic?\nA1: No, because No international rankings for countries based on their pandemic response can be found on their website.\n\nQ2: Where does Sri Lanka rank on their response to the pandemic?\nA2: No answer could be found.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The source shows the WHO website and their is no ranking statistics on responses to the pandemic so the claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The U.S. military rescued over 35,000 malnourished, caged children out of U.S. tunnels.\n\nQ1: Does US law allow the Pentagon to send out US military to handle non-military crimes?\nA1: No, because Per the Posse Comitatus Act, military forces can provide civil support, but cannot become directly involved in law enforcement.\n\nQ2: Where was the claim that the U.S. military rescued over 35,000 malnourished, caged children out of U.S. tunnels published?\nA2: The original claims came from a series of videos published by Timothy Charles Holmseth on April 1, 2020 and in an article in BeforeItsNews.com on April 9, 2020.\n\nQ3: How is the beforeitsnews.com described?\nA3: Beforeitsnews.com is described as:\nA website that hosts user-submitted content and regularly publishes false information and conspiracy theories, which does not maintain basic standards of accuracy and accountability.\n\nQ4: The article in Beforeitsnews.com written by Timothy Charles Holmseth claimed that a group called the Pentagon Pedophile Task Force led the raids. to rescue over 35,000 malnourished, caged children out of U.S. tunnels. What is Holmseth's connection with the group?\nA4: In 2019 Timothy Charles Holmseth became part of the Pentagon Pedophile Task Force. Timothy Holmseth is the only reporter authorized to report original content for the PPTF. There is ONE MAN between Timothy Holmseth and President Trump.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The claim was posted on an unreliable website and there is no evidence this is true. \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Prince Charles was cured of Covid by Ayurveda medicine.\n\nQ1: What is Ayurveda?\nA1: Ayurveda, a natural system of medicine, originated in India more than 3,000 years ago. The term Ayurveda is derived from the Sanskrit words ayur (life) and veda (science or knowledge). Thus, Ayurveda translates to knowledge of life. Based on the idea that disease is due to an imbalance or stress in a person's consciousness, Ayurveda encourages certain lifestyle interventions and natural therapies to regain a balance between the body, mind, spirit, and the environment.\n\nAyurveda treatment starts with an internal purification process, followed by a special diet, herbal remedies, massage therapy, yoga, and meditation.\n\nQ2: How did Prince Charles' office respond to this claim?\nA2: A day after Union Minister of State for AYUSH Shripad Naik claimed that ayurvedic treatment helped UK’s Prince Charles to be cured of coronavirus, the Prince’s spokesperson on Friday rejected the claim and said that he had “followed the medical advice of the NHS in the UK”.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Q&A establish what this medicine is and gives reliable answer & source to refute the claim.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Morel Mushrooms are the source of Coronavirus.\n\nQ1: What is the source or origin of coronavirus\nA1: Many health experts believe that the new strain of coronavirus likely originated in bats or pangolins. The first transmission to humans was in Wuhan, China. Since then, the virus has mostly spread through person-to-person contact",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Pangolins and bats are mammals, not mushrooms.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: U.S. Democratic Presidential candidate Joe Biden called the coronavirus a \"hoax\"\n\nQ1: Did Joe Biden call coronavirus a hoax?\nA1: No the Trump campaign taunted Twitter with manipulated audio of Biden calling virus a 'hoax'",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The answer and source show that this claim is a hoax and so the claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Michael Bloomberg “did not poll well as mayor in handling crisis!”\n\nQ1: How well did Michael Bloomberg do in the polls during the Nationwide economic crisis of 2009?\nA1: 46% disapproved and 43% approved.\n\nQ2: How well did Michael Bloomberg do in the polls following a snowstorm in 2011?\nA2: 71% disapproval rating.\n\nQ3: How well did Michael Bloomberg do in the polls following the 9/11 attacks?\nA3: 57% approval rating.\n\nQ4: How well did Michael Bloomberg do in the polls following hurricane irene?\nA4: 86 percent of voters approved of his handling of Irene readiness, according to a Quinnipiac University poll.\n\nQ5: How well did Michael Bloomberg do in the polls following hurricane Sandy?\nA5: 75 percent of New York City voters said Bloomberg had done an excellent or good job in responding to Hurricane Sandy",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: There is a wide variance of approval ratings across the answers. However he did handle some crises well.\n\nverdict: 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Covid virus is now \"gone\" in South Korea because residents stayed at home for three weeks.\n\nQ1: What is the date of this claim?\nA1: 2nd April 2020.\n\nQ2: Had South Korea eradicated Coivid 19 by the 2nd April 2020?\nA2: While South Korea has dramatically reduced its number of newly confirmed COVID-19 cases, the virus has not yet been fully eradicated. On April 7, 2020, it reported 47 new COVID-19 cases,\nbringing the total number of confirmed cases to 10,331",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: South Korea was reporting new cases of Covid-19 after the claim was made.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Alcohol weakens the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight infections such as Covid-19.\n\nQ1: Does Alcohol intake weakens the immune system ?\nA1: Too much alcohol dulls more than your wits. It also weakens your immune system and could make you much more vulnerable to viruses, including HIV.\n\nTo see how alcohol affects resistance to infection, Gyongyi Szabo of the University of Massachusetts Medical School in Worcester and colleagues exposed monocytes – white blood cells involved in the front-line defence against infection – to chemicals that mimic viruses and bacteria. Half of the cells were also soused in the levels of alcohol that a person might have in their blood after quaffing four or five alcoholic drinks daily for a week.\n\nAlcohol blunted the monocytes’ defences. When the over-the-limit cells were exposed to a virus mimic, they produced only a quarter as much of the virus-fighting signalling molecule called type-1 interferon as teetotal monocytes made.\n\n“Interferon is pivotal, the first response to any viral infection,” says Szabo. “There’s no viral elimination without it.”\n\nQ2: What is the effect of Alcohol on the immune system ?\nA2: Weakening the immune system is one of many negative effects heavy alcohol consumption has on the body. The mechanism is not fully understood and other factors such as age, gender, diet, state of general health may play a part.\n\nSome studies have shown that, in moderation, certain alcoholic beverages such as wine and beer can actually decrease inflammation in the body. But at the same time, other studies suggest that even moderate consumption can do damage.\n\nQ3: How does Alcohol impact the Immune System ?\nA3: Advanced knowledge into the complex multi-layered interactions of alcohol on the immune system has been exposed in a wide range of research papers over the past decade, concluding that excessive alcohol consumption and misuse can have serious long-term deleterious effects on the immune system. Additionally, a mother who exposes her developing fetus to alcohol puts the baby at risk for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and an impaired immune system that is more susceptible to disease. An adult who drinks to excess puts themselves at risk of contracting pneumonia, as well as a greater likelihood of acute respiratory stress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and slower recovery from infection, wound healing and trauma.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: the answer show heavy alcohol consumption does affect the immune system, negatively. \n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: All viruses are really common colds gone bad and can be defeated with fruits, vegetables and a strong immune system.\n\nQ1: Are all viruses common colds gone bad?\nA1: No answer could be found.\n\nQ2: Can all viruses be defeated with fruits, vegetables and a strong immune system?\nA2: No answer could be found.\n\nQ3: What has the fact-checking website said about this claim?\nA3: There is no truth to any of her claims, all conspiracy theories that have been debunked.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Answer states is a conspiracy theory.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Coronavirus is part of a conspiracy designed to introduce a \"new world order.\n\nQ1: Is the coronavirus a fluke or a conspiracy\nA1: The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in Wuhan, China and spread around the world",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Transmittable virus and not just a conspiracy. (New world order part not covered in Q+A but since not a conspiracy they claim can be refuted).\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Barack Obama has urged Africans to reject Covid-19 vaccines.\n\nQ1: What did Barack Obama’s spokesperson say when asked to confirm whether Obama had urged Africans not to accept vaccines from America and Europe?\nA1: Obama did not say this and regardless he is pro-vaccination, said Katie Hill, his spokeswoman.\n\nQ2: What has Obama said about getting vaccinated against COVID-19?\nA2: Barack Obama tweeted: “With COVID cases surging worse than ever, getting vaccinated is one of the most important things we can do. But until the vaccine is widely available, socially distancing and wearing masks will actually save even more lives, and alleviate the pressure on healthcare workers.”",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Obama's spokesperson said this is not true.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: 52 group admins from WhatsApp are now at Dadar cyber crime police station for having misleading fowards in the group.\n\nQ1: Did 52 people get arrested for circulating misleading messages on whatsapp?\nA1: There is no record of the arrests on the ministry of home affairs website and a policeman has denied the claim.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: There does not seem to be any evidence to back up this claim, so it is refuted. \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: A Madagascan herbal drink called Covid-Organics, is a treatment or a cure, for COVID-19.\n\nQ1: What are the main ingredients of Covid-Organics?\nA1: The Covid-Organics is composed of 62% Artemisia and other medicinal plants with antiseptic properties, bronchial thinner used in the composition of traditional remedies for years.\n(Google Translate)\n\nQ2: What does World Health Organisation (WHO) say about the use of Artemisia to treat COVID-19?\nA2: Medicinal plants such as Artemisia annua are being considered as possible treatments for COVID-19 and should be tested for efficacy and adverse side effects.\n\nQ3: Has any testing of the use of Artemisia been carried out to treat COVID-19?\nA3: The Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam (Germany) will collaborate with ArtemiLife Inc., a US based company and medical researchers in Denmark and Germany to test Artemisia annua plant extract and artemisinin derivatives in laboratory cell studies against the novel coronavirus Sars-CoV-2.\n\nQ4: Have any results been published on the testing?\nA4: Research conducted after the claim date:\n\nCan Artemisia herba-alba Be Useful for Managing COVID-19 and Comorbidities? {Molecules 2022, 27(2), 492; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27020492\nReceived: 17 November 2021 / Revised: 10 January 2022 / Accepted: 10 January 2022 / Published: 13 January 2022\n(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bioactivities and In Silico Study of Phytochemicals)}\n\nWe show that various phytochemicals of Artemisia herba-alba can be useful against COVID-19 (in silico)...there is no sufficient clinical research evidence based on these compounds for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, after the validation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity in in vitro and in vivo research models, these potential bioactive phyto-compounds can prove to be an alternative therapeutic option for SARS-CoV-2 treatment. To conclude, this study connects how the ethnic usages of a given medicinal plant coupled with pharmacological activity reports and the in silico screening of its phytochemicals can lead to the better management of COVID-19, which is extremely important for dealing with COVID-19 and its associated comorbidities.\n\nQ5: At the claim date, what published results are available to verify that artemisia can be used successfully to treat COVID-19?\nA5: No answer could be found.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Evidence finds that the \"Covid-Organics\" herbal drink is composed of 62% Artemisia. Artemisia has been considered as a possible treatment for COVID-19 and should be tested for efficacy and adverse side effects. Artemisia herba-alba has also been found to be useful against COVID-19 (in silico); however, there is insufficient clinical research evidence based on these compounds for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2.\n\nverdict: 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The radiation from cell phones and 5G towers are what is currently killing people, not coronavirus.\n\nQ1: Does radiation from cell phones and 5G towers kill people\nA1: There is no evidence that 5G is harmful to people’s health\n\nQ2: How many people have died from the coronaviirus on or before April 2020\nA2: There have been around 96,000 reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and 3300 reported deaths to date (05/03/2020)",
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"content": "justification: Evidence finds that 5G is not harmful to people's health. It also finds that there are around 96,000 reported cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-2019) and 3300 reported deaths to date (March 5, 2020). Hence, the claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Romanian workers are being brought in to do seasonal British farm work, despite huge interest in these roles by British people.\n\nQ1: Are romanian workers being brought in to do seasonal British farm work?\nA1: Yes, because In mid-april 2020 it was confirmed that a number of flights would be privately chartered to bring in experienced farmworkers from Romania.\n\nQ2: Was there huge interest from British people, in these jobs?\nA2: job site Totaljobs reported at the start of April that there had been an 83% increase in applications for agricultural roles in the past month\n\nQ3: Was there still a shortage of workers despite this?\nA3: The Country Land and Business association estimates that 80,000 agricultural workers will be needed by the industry this season. Others report a shortage closer to 90,000, although it is unclear where this figure comes from.\n\nThe Guardian reported in mid-April that 450 Romanian workers were expected to be brought in to help by one charter airline. This would still leave the vast majority of roles needing to be filled. \n\nThe same article quotes Concordia, a Brighton-based charity that recruits volunteers, as saying that despite high interest in paid roles, of the 35,000 applicants, only 5,500 had taken up interview offers.\n\nQ4: Are the Romanian workers filling the roles the British workers were applying for?\nA4: No, because So, it seems that while there has been a marked interest from British people in the thousands of farm roles, some organisations involved say there have been some difficulties in matching people to suitable roles and contract lengths. The number of foreign workers flown in is a relatively small proportion of the total roles that need to be filled, and the firms say that these workers’ experience is necessary while less experienced British workers are trained up.\n\nQ5: Why are Romanian workers needed as well as British workers?\nA5: Quote from spokesperson from a produce grower who bought the Foreign workers over. \nIf everybody was brand new it would be very hard. These workers from Romania know about food safety. They will provide the platform while we train up the Brits.",
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"content": "justification: QA pairs do state that there was an increase in interest however many did not follow up with interview offers.\n\nIt also states Romania workers have the experience required to work the roles while any British counterparts are trained up.\n\nverdict: 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Air India is evacuating Indians stranded in UK\n\nQ1: has Air India ever evacuated Indians stranded in UK?\nA1: No, because Air India did plane to provide nine charter flights in Indian cities to send stranded German nationals back home from India.\n\nQ2: Did Indians become stranded in the U.K?\nA2: Indians whose visas were about to expire in the near future were stranded due to the inability to travel out of the UK due to restrictions imposed over the coronavirus pandemic.\n\nQ3: Were Indians who were stranded in the UK due to Covid restrictions flown out by Air India?\nA3: No, because The UK extended the visa's of stranded Indians until May 31\n\nQ4: what nation citizens do air idia want to take home\nA4: Air India is planning to send German nationals stuck in Indian cities back home.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The Q&As show that Indians were not being evacuated from the UK so the claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: There is a 70% contagion probability between a COVID-19 carrier not wearing a mask and a non-carrier wearing a mask; a 5% contagion probability between a COVID-19 carrier wearing a mask and a non-carrier not wearing a mask; and a 1.5% contagion probability between a COVID-19 carrier and a non-carrier both wearing masks.\n\nQ1: Is there evidence available about contagion percentages between carriers and non-carriers of Covid wearing masks?\nA1: No answer could be found.\n\nQ2: Do masks help prevent contagion between carriers and non-carriers of covid?\nA2: Wearing a high-quality mask along with vaccination, self-testing, and physical distancing, helps protect you and others by reducing the chance of spreading COVID-19.\n\nQ3: Is the COVID-19 contagion probability between two people 70% if the carrier is not masked?\nA3: No answer could be found.\n\nQ4: What is the chance of COVID-19 infection between two people if one is masked and the other is not?\nA4: No answer could be found.\n\nQ5: What is the chance of COVID-19 infection between two people if they are both masked?\nA5: No answer could be found.\n\nQ6: Can the use of masks reduce the risk of infection?\nA6: For many years, scientists weren’t sure whether wearing a mask was effective at preventing the spread of viruses. However, recent studies suggest they can help.\n\nOne 2013 study looked at how masks could help people with the seasonal flu limit spreading it when they exhale droplets containing the virus. Overall, researchers found masks led to a more than threefold reduction in how much virus people sprayed into the air.\n\nAnother study, analyzing data from thousands of Japanese schoolchildren, found that “vaccination and wearing a mask reduced the likelihood of developing seasonal influenza.”\n\nImportantly, researchers also found that flu rates were lower when masks were paired with proper hand hygiene.\n\nIn other words, regular handwashing remains an essential tool in preventing the spread of viruses.",
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"content": "justification: There's not enough evidence from the QA pair to either support or refute this claim \n\nverdict: 'Not Enough Evidence'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: India trying to prevent people from posting COVID-19 updates.\n\nQ1: What actions had India taken during the COVID-19 outbreak, at the time of this claim, april 2020?\nA1: The Central government on 24 March, the day when the 21-day lockdown was announced, had stated that the Disaster Management Act, 2005 was being invoked to deal with COVID-19.\n\nQ2: Does this Act have a provision for preventing or sharing news related to COVID-19?\nA2: No, because There is no provision to prevent the sharing of news about COVID-19\n\nQ3: Did the Indian government make any orders to try and prevent media from printing, publishing, or telecasting any news on the pandemic?\nA3: Yes, because On 31 March, 2020 the Central government had approached the Supreme Court asking it to prevent media from printing, publishing, or telecasting any news on the pandemic without first ascertaining the facts with government authorities. But the Supreme Court had passed an order saying it did not intend to interfere with the free discussion about the pandemic but the media must refer to and publish the official versions of the developments.\n\nQ4: Did this rule prohibit citizens from sharing any news or updates about the pandemic?\nA4: No, because there is NO such rule prohibiting citizens from sharing any news or updates about the pandemic. The news and updates, however, need to be confirmed by government officials.",
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"content": "justification: Q&A 1 and 2 show that the government of India had no law provisioning that they can stop people from posting updates or sharing news online during the time of the claim.\nQ&A 3 shows that around the time of the claim the Indian Gov did ask its supreme court for the power to prevent only media from posting updates and news online with out checking facts first.\nWith Q&A 4 showing that no prevision was being sought or existed to prevent people from posting news and updates about the pandemic as they wish. so as the claim specifically says 'people' only then this is refuted.\n\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The president of Nigeria has dismissed his Chief of Staff because of his wellbeing challenge on the coronavirus.\n\nQ1: Did The president of Nigeria dismiss his Chief of Staff because of his wellbeing challenge on the coronavirus?\nA1: Buhari Did NOT Sack Kyari Amid COVID-19 Status\n\nQ2: Did president of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari dismissed his Chief of Staff Abba Kyari’s due to his COVID-19 status ?\nA2: No, Buhari did not Sack Abba Kyari. Abba Kyari was tested +ve for Covid , but was not sacked. The Public Notice image circulated on WhatsApp was False.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Refuted as fake news in QA pair.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: If you ask Amazon’s Alexa about the origin of the coronavirus pandemic, it says “the government planned” it.\n\nQ1: Does Alexa say that the government planned the covid pandemic?\nA1: Alexa doesn't blame the government for creating COVID-19",
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"content": "justification: There is a difference between saying somebody planned something and blaming someone for something.\nThere is a difference between planning a pandemic and creating a virus. \nThe question and answer don't \"match\". The answer doesn't specifically answer what was asked.\nThe source given is a fact checking article.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Jio is giving Indian users a free recharge of ₹498.\n\nQ1: What is ₹ ?\nA1: Indian Rupee\n\nQ2: What website does this offer link to?\nA2: jiofreecharge.xyz\n\nQ3: Is .xyz a valid domain name?\nA3: Yes, because .xyz is a top-level domain name.\n\nQ4: Is jiofreecharge.xyz a valid site?\nA4: No, because Failed to load",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The answers and source show that the website that is claimed to give away the recharge does not load and therefore the claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The anti-tuberculosis vaccine protects against coronavirus.\n\nQ1: What vaccine is used for tuberculosis?\nA1: BCG\n\nQ2: Is there any proof that the BCG vaccine offers protection against Covid-19?\nA2: WHO have said - There is no evidence that the Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine (BCG) protects people against infection with COVID-19 virus.\"",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: From the 2nd QA it is evident that there is no truth to the tuberculosis vaccine being effective against covid. Therefore the label is refuted \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: In Serbia, the stricter Covid19 curfew measures prevented dog walking for up to 14 hours at a time.\n\nQ1: What were some of the stricter nationwide curfew measures the Republic of Serbia introduced to prevent the spread of COVID-19 on March 28, 2020?\nA1: The government of the Republic of Serbia decided to withdraw the decision on the allowed walk of pets for 20 minutes between 20.00 and 21.00, and people had to stay in their homes on Saturdays and Sundays, as well as weekdays, from 15.00 to 5.00.\n\nQ2: As a result of the new stricter measures, how many hours did dogs have to wait between being allowed outdoors?\nA2: In Serbia, the #Covid19 curfew means we can’t walk our dogs for up to 14 hours at a time.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The ban in Serbia on weekends was from 15:00 to 5:00 which is 14hrs. \n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: COVID-19 virus could be spread from shoes.\n\nQ1: How is COVID-19 primarily spread?\nA1: The\ndisease can spread from person to person through small droplets from\nthe nose or mouth which are spread when a person with COVID-19\ncoughs or exhales. These droplets land on objects and surfaces around\nthe person. Other people then catch COVID-19 by touching these\nobjects or surfaces, then touching their eyes, nose or mouth. People\ncan also catch COVID-19 if they breathe in droplets from a person\nwith COVID-19 who coughs out or exhales droplets.\n\nQ2: Can clothing, like shoes, transmit COVID-19?\nA2: No, because Unless someone is coughing on you, or your clothing is in contact with a high-contact surface, it’s not so likely that the virus would remain on your clothes",
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"content": "justification: If you are around someone with COVID-19 or in high-risk environments - then people coughing around you or your clothes touching contaminated surfaces - there is a risk of COVID-19 being spread to your shoes and being able to transmit the virus. \n\nverdict: 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: COVID-19 is transmitted through fruits and vegetables in Hong Kong\n\nQ1: What was the official advice at the time of the claim in Hong Kong related to COVID-19 when preparing fruit and vegatables?\nA1: Centre for Food Safety, Hong Kong stated in March 2020 - Social platforms continue to spew lies that 2019 coronavirus disease can penetrate food spread.\nFYI: There are currently no reports of coronavirus infection in humans with food. - The Food Safety Center reminds citizens: Keep your hands clean, especially before and after food, as before and after food.\n\nQ2: What detailed food saftey information was available at the time of the claim from official sources?\nA2: The CFC stated - Currently there is no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food. Before preparing or eating food, it is important to always wash your hands with soap and water for 20 seconds for general food safety. Throughout the day, wash your hands after blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing, or going to the bathroom.\n\nIt may be possible that a person can get COVID-19 by touching a surface or object that has the virus on it and then touching their own mouth, nose, or possibly their eyes, but this is not thought to be the main way the virus spreads. In general, because of poor survivability of these coronaviruses on surfaces, there is likely very low risk of spread from food products or packaging. You should always handle and prepare food safely, including keeping raw meat separate from other foods, refrigerating perishable foods, and cooking meat to the right temperature to kill harmful germs. See CDC’s Food Safety site for more information.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Q&A 1 states that coronavirus disease can not penetrate food which is in line with what the claim says, \nQ&A 2 says no evidence to support transmission of COVID-19 associated with food. \n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: In India the 21-day lockdown due to COVID-19 is to be extended.\n\nQ1: Did any news agencies research this claim and report on it?\nA1: PBNS got in touch with the Cabinet Secretary on this news article. \n\nThe Cabinet Secretary expressed surprise & said that there is no such plan of extending the lockdown.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Refuted by Cabinet secretary.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Depending on the poll, between 58% and 81% of Americans were supportive of keeping current restrictions in place or even expanding them to the nation as a whole.\n\nQ1: Were most Americans okay with movement restrictions during the pandemic\nA1: Yes they were okay with restrictions are they understood movement during that time was a health risk\n\nQ2: Are 58 - 81% of Americans supportive of keeping current Cobid-19 restrictions in place?\nA2: April 3 - 4, 2020 - 1000 US adult citizens\n81% thought that staying at home unless they have an essential reason for going out is the right decision.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: the statistics of both 81% and 58% seem to be correct and are backed up by sources. \n\nverdict: 'Supported'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: A Chinese doctor who went to help Italians found out that the main reason why COVID-19 spreads quickly in Italy is because Italians like to use the same shoes that they wear outside into the house, for some people even into the bedroom.”\n\nQ1: How is COVID-19 transmitted between humans?\nA1: According to current evidence, COVID-19 virus is transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and\ncontact routes.1-6\n\nDroplet transmission occurs when a person is in in close contact (within 1 m) with someone who has respiratory\nsymptoms (e.g. coughing or sneezing,) and is therefore at risk of having his/her mucosae (mouth and nose) or\nconjunctiva (eyes) exposed to potentially infective respiratory droplets (which are generally considered to\nbe > 5-10 μm in diameter). Droplet transmission may also occur through fomites in the immediate environment\naround the infected person.7\n Therefore, transmission of the COVID-19 virus can occur by direct contact with\ninfected people and indirect contact with surfaces in the immediate environment or with objects used on the\ninfected person (e.g. stethoscope or thermometer)\n\nQ2: What is the main source of transmission for COVID-19?\nA2: The latest guidelines from Chinese health authorities [23, 43] described three main transmission routes for the COVID-19: 1) droplets transmission, 2) contact transmission, and 3) aerosol transmission.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: This couldn't have been true because the major mode of transmission isn't what was posited in the claim\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan said that from 01/04/2020 people who violate lockdown would be shot down immediately.\n\nQ1: Did Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Shivraj Singh Chauhan issue a shoot on sight order for people violating lockdown?\nA1: No, because This was refuted by a tweet from the official Twitter handle of Department of Public Relations, Government of Madhya Pradesh",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The tweet was refuted on the government twitter page so would be a reputable source.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Democratic nominee for president Joe Biden has received campaign donations from Antifa.\n\nQ1: who were some of the biggest donors to Joe Biden during his 2020 democratic presidential campaign ?\nA1: Deborah Simon donated more than $3 million to Democrats for Presidential Candidate: Joe Biden.\n\nQ2: What is 'ANTIFA'\nA2: Antifa look to disrupt alt-right events and far-right speakers. They use a variety of tactics to do this – including shouting and chanting and forming human chains to block off right-wing demonstrators\n\nQ3: are there any reported links between George Soros and ANTIFA?\nA3: Numerous conspiracy theories allege, without evidence, that Soros backs the Antifa movement.\n\nQ4: Is there any reports of Deborah Simon being linked to ANTIFA ?\nA4: No answer could be found.\n\nQ5: Was Presidential candidate Joe Biden accused of receiving donations from anyone associated with ANTIFA\nA5: Yes, because A story on Ceango's site states Biden Accepts Campaign Donation From Antifa which is a story that is copied from ALLOD\n\nQ6: What is ALLOD?\nA6: “Allod” is an acronym for “America’s Last Line of Defense,\n\nQ7: IS ALLOD a trustworthy news source?\nA7: satire site run by the self-proclaimed “liberal troll” Christopher Blair",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The answers show that the claim was made by a satirist and is therefore refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Illinois banned the sale of alcohol on March 30 2020\n\nQ1: Where was this claim published?\nA1: Channel22news\n\nQ2: What is Channel22news?\nA2: A website that allows users to create their own news stories for the purpose of pranks.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: From the question and answer pair it seems that the claim is refuted. The website is clearly a satire one, therefore there is no truth to the claim.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: It has been confirmed and tested that 2 spoonfuls of palm oil every morning can stop the spread of Covid-19.\n\nQ1: What does the World Health Organisation recommend as a preventative or cure for COVID-19?\nA1: While some western, traditional or home remedies may provide comfort and alleviate symptoms of mild COVID-19, there are no medicines that have been shown to prevent or cure the disease. WHO does not recommend self-medication with any medicines, including antibiotics, as a prevention or cure for COVID-19.",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: Not supported by WHO.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: A Sri Lankan military hospital, Kotelawala Defence University Hospital, has been reserved exclusively for the use of \"VIPs\" who test positive for COVID-19.\n\nQ1: What was the Ministry of Defense's statement during the pandemic and the use of its medical facilities\nA1: Says KDU Hospital is open for all people – poor or rich and for all ethnic communities",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The KDU Hospital stated that the hospital is open to all people, rich or poor, and from all ethnic communities. Hence, this claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Nigella Sativa contains 100% hydroxychloroquine.\n\nQ1: what are the active chemical components of Nigella Sativa\nA1: The most important \nactive compounds are thymoquinone (30%-48%), \nthymohydroquinone, dithymoquinone, p-cymene (7%-\n15%), carvacrol (6%-12%), 4-terpineol (2%-7%), t-anethol \n(1%-4%), sesquiterpene longifolene (1%-8%) α-pinene and \nthymol",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "justification: Not listed in list of compounds.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: It took Obama ‘millions infected and over 1,000 deaths’ to declare the H1N1 flu a health emergency.\n\nQ1: What is H1N1?\nA1: A virus that was found to be a novel strain of influenza for which existing vaccines against seasonal flu provided little protection\n\nQ2: what date did Barack Obama declare a health emergency in relation to H1N1 in the U.S?\nA2: On April 26, 2009, the Secretary of Health and Human Services (the \"Secretary\") first declared a public health emergency under section 319 of the Public Health Service Act,42 U.S.C. 247d, in response to the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus.\n\nQ3: What date did the first recorded cases occur in the U.S from H1N1 in 2009?\nA3: The first two cases were discovered independently in the United States in April 2009\n\nQ4: How many deaths had occurred in the U.S from H1N1 by 26th April 2009\nA4: the first fatality from the outbreak was days later, on April 29",
"role": "user"
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"content": "justification: The evidence presented gives evidence that the claim is false and that the first fatality only occurred after the declaration of a health emergency.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
"role": "assistant"
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Taking Nigella Sativa (Kalonji) seeds with honey can prevent infection from Covid-19.\n\nQ1: What anti-covid properties does Nigella Sativa have?\nA1: COVID-19 pandemic has become a serious public\nhealth concern with high transmission rate affecting\nmillions of lives worldwide. NS is a potential antiviral\ntherapy for combating COVID-19 infection. Molecular\ndocking studies have indicated that nigellidine and\nα-hederin are major compounds in NS which have\ncapability to constrain COVID-19 infection. NS extract has\npotential to increase IL-8 levels and alter the expression of\nTRP genes during coronavirus infection. NS seed extracts\nalso has potential to block cytokine storm and oxidative\nstress produced during COVID-19 infection. These\nencouraging and supportive results provided an approach\nto further perform in vitro and in vivo research.\n\nQ2: Does there need to be more clinical trial of Nigella Sativa, before conclusions can be drawn?\nA2: Future clinical trials conducted using TQ will unravel how exactly we can use it in the current COVID-19 pandemic state.\n\nQ3: Can Kalonji Seeds In Combination With Honey Cure COVID-19?\nA3: The seeds have a compound in them that can \"constrain\" Covid-19, but clinical trials need to be done before this evidence can be proven",
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"content": "justification: Even though the Nigella Sativa seeds have some properties that can limit the action of the virus in the body, further studies needs to be done to arrive at a conclusion \n\nverdict: 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Coronavirus caused the serious birth defect of a stillborn baby in Rajasthan, India.\n\nQ1: When was this claim and image posted of the baby supposedly having a birth defect due to covid?\nA1: 28/3/2020\n\nQ2: When a search was done on the image, when was it found to be from?\nA2: 2016 - It says the image was of a baby suffering from anencephaly - a serious birth defect",
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"content": "justification: The answer and source show that the photo was taken in 2016 and so the claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are planning, in the next 10 days, to change guidance and advise Americans to wear masks in everyday life.\n\nQ1: Do the CDC Plan to recommend wearing masks as part of daily life?\nA1: Following the publication of the story, the CDC denied the report.",
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"content": "justification: Following the publication of the story, the CDC denied the report.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: PM Narendra Modi has given the contract for Coronavirus testing kits to a Gujurati company selling them for Rs4,500.\n\nQ1: how much is the corona testing kits sold for?\nA1: Price range approved by ICMR is ₹740-1150 for RT-PCR and ₹528-795 for Rapid Test. No test has been procured at ₹4500.",
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"content": "justification: There was no evidence of a Coronavirus test selling for Rs4,500\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: Drinking water or other liquids will wash the coronovirus through the oesophasgus where they will be killed by the stomach acid.\n\nQ1: Does drinking water wash prevent Covid-19 by washing it away ?\nA1: A: While staying hydrated by drinking water is important for overall health, it does not prevent coronavirus infection.",
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"content": "justification: Drinking water only will not be helpful in preventing covid. Therefore the claim is refuted.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The government in India is going to shut down the internet to avoid panic about the Coronavirus.\n\nQ1: Can the Indian Government shot down the internet?\nA1: Yes, because In 2016 the Government incorporated a provision under the IT Act of 2008, giving the Central government, or any of its officers specially authorised by it, to block the internet if necessary.\n\nQ2: Did the Indian Government shut down the internet to avoid panic during the pandemic?\nA2: No answer could be found.",
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"content": "justification: Although the answer source verifies that the India government has the legal authority to shut down the internet, there is no evidence that they did so during the coronavirus pandemic. \n\nverdict: 'Not Enough Evidence'",
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[
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"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The coloured part of a surgical mask is to be worn inwards to the face to help prevent of the spread of coronavirus.\n\nQ1: Does the coloured part of a surgical facemask need to face in towards the nose when worn?\nA1: In general, the coloured side/the side\nwith folds facing downwards of the surgical mask should face outwards",
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"content": "justification: The mask isn't worn with the coloured side facing inwards, it is worn outwards.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: A man in Pakistan threw a party consisting of 100 people after recovering from Coronavirus and after attending the party, multiple people present there were infected with the virus.\n\nQ1: Where did the story originate?\nA1: TheFauxy.com\n\nQ2: What is known about the fauxy.com website.\nA2: The website has a disclaimer that says that describes the website as India’s Finest, Fastest and Fictitious News Source.\n\n(Satrical/Fake news)",
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"content": "justification: the website this was posted on is openly declared as fiction\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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[
{
"content": "Your task is to predict the verdict of a claim based on the provided question-answer pair evidence. The possible labels are: 'Supported', 'Refuted', 'Not Enough Evidence', 'Conflicting Evidence/Cherrypicking'. Justify your answer using the provided evidence and select the correct label.\n\nClaim: The installation of 5G in the United Kingdom a cover-up for a secret weapon deployment\n\nQ1: What is 5G?\nA1: \"Basically, 5G will provide a wider pipeline and faster lanes,\" says Verizon spokesman Marc Tracey. By faster, think about speeds that are ten times faster than 4G LTE; you'll be able to download Lord of the Rings in seconds, and enjoy a live VR experience streamed to your headset from across the country with very little lag. 5G will also offer lower latency in network communications.\n\nQ2: Will there need to be more mobile towers built in the UK to support 5G?\nA2: No answer could be found.\n\nQ3: Is 5G installation covering up a weapon deployment in the UK?\nA3: No answer could be found.\n\nQ4: What does it use to transmit the internet connectivity?\nA4: radio frequency (RF) radiation microwaves\n\nQ5: Are the 5g radio frequency (RF) microwaves powerful enough to use as a weapon?\nA5: No, because A microwave oven outputs radiation at a much higher level than a 5G phone or mast.\n\nQ6: Could the 5g service that mobile phones use or 5g wireless networks cause health problems?\nA6: Dr David Robert Grimes to conclude \"There is no reputable evidence that mobile phones or wireless networks have caused us health problem.”",
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"content": "justification: Evidence finds this claim as false. 5G transmits less radiation than a microwave oven. 5G is for high-speed mobile internet connectivity technology.\n\nverdict: 'Refuted'",
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