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[ { "content": "Explain to me what a rainbow actually is?\n\nA rainbow is an optical phenomenon that can occur under certain meteorological conditions. It is caused by reflection, refraction and dispersion of light in water droplets resulting in an effect similar to a spectrum of light appearing in the sky. It takes the form of a multicolored circular arc. Rainbows caused by sunlight always appear in the section of sky directly opposite the Sun.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A rainbow is an optical phenomenon that occurs by sunlight appearing in the section of the sky directly opposite of the sun.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Why Kolkata is famous", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Because of it's famous food and culture\n1. Kolkata biriyani\n2, Victoria\n3. Rasogolla", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What format does Delta Lake use to store data?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Delta Lake uses versioned Parquet files to store your data in your cloud storage. Apart from the versions, Delta Lake also stores a transaction log to keep track of all the commits made to the table or blob store directory to provide ACID transactions.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Manchester of South India ?\n\nCoimbatore, also spelt as Koyamputhur[note 1] (Tamil pronunciation: [koːjambʊt̪ːuːɾ]), sometimes shortened as Kovai (IPA: [koːʋaj]), is one of the major metropolitan cities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats. Coimbatore is the second largest city in Tamil Nadu after Chennai in terms of population and the 16th largest urban agglomeration in India as per the census 2011. It is administered by the Coimbatore Municipal Corporation and is the administrative capital of Coimbatore District. In 1981, Coimbatore formed as the third municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu after Chennai and Madurai. Podanur Junction is the oldest railway station in Coimbatore City. The city is one of the largest exporters of jewellery, wet grinders, poultry and auto components; the \"Coimbatore Wet Grinder\" and the \"Kovai Cora Cotton\" are recognised as Geographical Indications by the Government of India. Being a hub of textile industry in South India, the city is sometimes referred to as the \"Manchester of South India\". It was ranked the 7th best city in India in the Ease of Living index 2020.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Coimbatore", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given this paragraph about a country, what is the most populous Spanish-speaking country?\n\nThroughout the 19th century, the population of Mexico had barely doubled. This trend continued during the first two decades of the 20th century. The 1921 census reported a loss of about 1 million inhabitants. The Mexican Revolution (c. 1910–1920) greatly impacted population increases. The growth rate increased dramatically between the 1930s and the 1980s, when the country registered growth rates of over 3% (1950–1980). The Mexican population doubled in twenty years, and at that rate it was expected that by 2000 there would be 120 million people living in Mexico. Life expectancy increased from 36 years (in 1895) to 72 years (in the year 2000). According to estimations made by Mexico's National Geography and Statistics Institute, is estimated in 2022 to be 129,150,971 as of 2017 Mexico had 123.5 million inhabitants making it the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Mexico", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "How did early civilizations use dates and dried fruits?\n\nTraditional dried fruit such as raisins, figs, dates, apricots and apples have been a staple of Mediterranean diets for millennia. This is due partly to their early cultivation in the Middle Eastern region known as the Fertile Crescent, made up by parts of modern Iran, Iraq, southwest Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and northern Egypt. Drying or dehydration also happened to be the earliest form of food preservation: grapes, dates, and figs that fell from the tree or vine would dry in the hot sun. Early hunter-gatherers observed that these fallen fruit took on an edible form, and valued them for their stability as well as their concentrated sweetness. \nThe earliest recorded mention of dried fruits can be found in Mesopotamian tablets dating to about 1500 BC, which contain what are probably the oldest known written recipes. These clay slabs, written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonia, were inscribed in cuneiform and tell of diets based on grains (barley, millet, wheat), vegetables and fruits such as dates, figs, apples, pomegranates, and grapes. These early civilizations used dates, date juice evaporated into syrup and raisins as sweeteners. They included dried fruits in their breads for which they had more than 300 recipes, from simple barley bread for the workers to very elaborate, spiced cakes with honey for the palaces and temples.\nThe date palm was one of the first cultivated trees. It was domesticated in Mesopotamia more than 5,000 years ago. It grew abundantly in the Fertile Crescent and it was so productive (an average date palm produces 50 kg (100 lbs) of fruit a year for 60 years or more) that dates were the cheapest of staple foods. Because they were so valuable, they were well recorded in Assyrian and Babylonian monuments and temples. The villagers in Mesopotamia dried them and ate them as sweets. Whether fresh, soft-dried or hard-dried, they helped to give character to meat dishes and grain pies. They were valued by travelers for their energy and were recommended as stimulants against fatigue.\nFigs were also prized in early Mesopotamia, Palestine, Israel, and Egypt where their daily use was probably greater than or equal to that of dates. As well as appearing in wall paintings, many specimens have been found in Egyptian tombs as funerary offerings. In Greece and Crete, figs grew very readily and they were the staple of poor and rich alike, particularly in their dried form.\nGrape cultivation first began in Armenia and the eastern regions of the Mediterranean in the 4th century BC. Raisins were produced by drying grapes in the hot desert sun. Very quickly, viticulture and raisin production spread across northern Africa including Morocco and Tunisia. The Phoenicians and the Egyptians popularized the production of raisins, probably due to the perfect arid environment for sun drying. They put them in jars for storage and allotted them to the different temples by the thousands. They also added them to breads and various pastries, some made with honey, some with milk and eggs.\nFrom the Middle East, these fruits spread through Greece to Italy where they became a major part of the diet. Ancient Romans consumed raisins in spectacular quantities and at all levels of society, including them as a key part of their common meals, along with olives and fresh fruits. Raisined breads were common for breakfast and were consumed with their grains, beans, and cultured milks. Raisins were so valued that they transcended the food realm and became rewards for successful athletes, as well as premium barter currency.\nHaving dried fruits was essential in ancient Rome as these instructions for housekeepers around 100 BC tell: \"She must keep a supply of cooked food on hand for you and the servants. She must keep many hens and have plenty of eggs. She must have a large store of dried pears, sorbs, figs, raisins, sorbs in must, preserved pears and grapes and quinces. She must also keep preserved grapes in grape-pulp and in pots buried in the ground, as well as fresh Praenestine nuts kept in the same way, and Scantian quinces in jars, and other fruits that are usually preserved, as well as wild fruits. All these she must store away diligently every year.\"\nFigs were also extremely popular in Rome. Dried figs were added to bread and formed a major part of the winter food of country people. They were rubbed with spices such as cumin, anise and fennel seeds, or toasted sesame, wrapped in fig leaves and stored in jars. Today, major producing regions include Israel, Jerusalem, Gaza and many other Arabic countries. Dried figs are rich in vitamins, phosphorus and various other important minerals.\nPlums, apricots and peaches had their origins in Asia. They were domesticated in China in the 3rd millennium BC and spread to the Fertile Crescent where they were also very popular, fresh and dried alike. They arrived in Greece and Italy much later and were very expensive but valued in the preparation of gourmet dishes with port or stewed with honey and spices.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Early civilizations used dates, date juice evaporated into syrup and raisins as sweeteners. They included dried fruits in their breads for which they had more than 300 recipes, from simple barley bread for the workers to very elaborate, spiced cakes with honey for the palaces and temples.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "what is rain ?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Water from various water bodies like lakes, oceans along with water from plants & trees evaporate as vapour due to the heat from sun. This rises, cools and changes into tiny droplets of water which form clouds. Multiple tiny droplets join to form bigger water drops and once they become heavy enough, they come down as rain. Small droplets are called drizzles and the bigger ones as rain !", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "With which countries does Indonesia share borders?\n\nIndonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the 14th-largest country by area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles). With over 275 million people, Indonesia is the world's fourth-most populous country and the most populous Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population.\nAs the world's third largest democracy, Indonesia is a presidential republic with an elected legislature. It has 38 provinces, of which nine have special status. The country's capital, Jakarta, is the world's second-most populous urban area. Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support one of the world's highest level of biodiversity.\nThe Indonesian archipelago has been a valuable region for trade since at least the seventh century, when the Srivijaya Kingdom formed trade links with China. Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Under Indian influence, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished from the early centuries CE. Muslim traders later brought Islam, and European powers fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Following three and a half centuries of Dutch colonialism, Indonesia secured its independence after World War II. Indonesia's history has since been turbulent, with challenges posed by natural disasters, corruption, separatism, a democratisation process, and periods of rapid economic change.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Indonesia shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia, as well as maritime borders with Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Who was Edward Gramlich\n\nEdward M. Gramlich (June 18, 1939 – September 5, 2007) was an American economist who served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors from 1997 to 2005. Gramlich was also an acting director of the Congressional Budget Office.\n\nGramlich graduated from Williams College in 1961 and received a master's degree in 1962 and a Ph.D. in economics in 1965 from Yale University. He joined the Federal Reserve as a research economist from 1965 to 1970, and was a senior fellow at the Brookings Institution from 1973 to 1976. He then taught economics and public policy at the University of Michigan from 1976 to 1997, including a term as dean of the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, and returned to Michigan as a professor in 2005.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Edward M. Gramlich (June 18, 1939 – September 5, 2007) was an American economist who served as a member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors from 1997 to 2005. Gramlich was also an acting director of the Congressional Budget Office.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Brainstorm reasons for and against taking a daily low-dose aspirin.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "According to Berkeley Wellness, there’s evidence that a daily aspirin “protects people already diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD).” However, there is insufficient evidence that a daily low-dose aspirin is as effective for primary prevention; it is not as necessarily effective for people who have “not been diagnosed with CVD.” Additionally, high BMI may also alter the way aspirin is metabolized, further complicating the data. Finally, there’s evidence that suddenly stopping aspirin can actually increase the risk of a heart attack or stroke. Thus, not everyone should be taking a daily low-dose aspirin - consult your doctor!", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given this paragraph about Jack Kerouac, tell me where he was raised, what was his most famous book, when was that book published, and which movement was he a part of?\n\nOf French-Canadian ancestry, Kerouac was raised in a French-speaking home in Lowell, Massachusetts. He \"learned English at age six and spoke with a marked accent into his late teens.\" During World War II, he served in the United States Merchant Marine; he completed his first novel at the time, which was published more than 40 years after his death. His first published book was The Town and the City (1950), and he achieved widespread fame and notoriety with his second, On the Road, in 1957. It made him a beat icon, and he went on to publish 12 more novels and numerous poetry volumes.\n\nKerouac is recognized for his style of spontaneous prose. Thematically, his work covers topics such as his Catholic spirituality, jazz, travel, promiscuity, life in New York City, Buddhism, drugs, and poverty. He became an underground celebrity and, with other Beats, a progenitor of the hippie movement, although he remained antagonistic toward some of its politically radical elements. He has a lasting legacy, greatly influencing many of the cultural icons of the 1960s, including Bob Dylan, the Beatles, Jerry Garcia and the Doors.\n\nIn 1969, at the age of 47, Kerouac died from an abdominal hemorrhage caused by a lifetime of heavy drinking. Since then, his literary prestige has grown, and several previously unseen works have been published.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Jack Kerouac raised in Lowell, Massachusetts. He most famous book, On the Road, was published in 1957. He was a member of the Beats.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What are some areas that firefighters can safely stay in while fighting a wildfire?\n\nOutcomes from Project Vesta have been integrated into firefighter training in Australia and are beginning to appear in the United States.\n\nFirefighters try to stay out of the dead man zone at all times, working from safe points such as burnt ground or a large area of non-burnable ground, such as a cricket or Australian rules football oval, or a large car park. This is achieved by attacking the fire from the flanks, or the rear, so that burnt ground is always nearby, and the fire is always in front of the firefighters. This avoids two disadvantages of attacking fires at the head of the fire where spot fires may start behind them or changes in wind behavior might accelerate the spread of the fire.\n\nThe result of several inquiries into firefighter death in Australian bushfires found that firefighters should stay out of the dead man zone and that they should always keep 250 liters of water in their truck for personal safety. This is now a standard operating procedure in the NSW Rural Fire Service, Country Fire Service and Country Fire Authority in Australia.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Firefighters can use burnt areas, car parks and sports areas to stay safe during a wildfire", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What are the pros and cons of outdoor and indoor soccer?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Outdoor soccer is more appealing as we are out in nature. \nThe outdoor field is bigger\nOutdoor soccer is most popular\nMajor soccer tournaments worldwide are played outdoors, including the World Cup\n\nIndoor soccer is good to play when the weather outside is bad\nIndoor soccer often results in way more touches on the ball for a player. \nIndoor soccer has some unique strategies that can make the sport more interesting. \nIndoor soccer tends to have more goals scored and hence more entertainment.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Based on this passage about Ted Kennedy, at the time of his death, who were the three longest-serving senators of all time?\n\nWhen Kennedy died in August 2009, he was the second-most senior member of the Senate (after President pro tempore Robert Byrd of West Virginia) and the third longest-serving senator of all time, behind Byrd and Strom Thurmond of South Carolina. Later that same year, he was passed by Daniel Inouye of Hawaii. Kennedy therefore held the record as the longest-serving Democratic member of Congress to solely serve as a senator until October 2021, when he was surpassed by fellow Democrat Patrick Leahy of Vermont.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Based on this passage, Robert Byrd, Strom Thurmond and Kennedy were the three longest-serving senators of all time.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given this reference paragraph about the history of the 'five whys' technique, what was the original intention of asking the 'five whys'?\n\nThe technique was originally developed by Sakichi Toyoda and was used within the Toyota Motor Corporation during the evolution of its manufacturing methodologies. It is a critical component of problem-solving training, delivered as part of the induction into the Toyota Production System. The architect of the Toyota Production System, Taiichi Ohno, described the five whys method as \"the basis of Toyota's scientific approach by repeating why five times the nature of the problem as well as its solution becomes clear.\" The tool has seen widespread use beyond Toyota, and is now used within Kaizen, lean manufacturing, lean construction and Six Sigma. The five whys were initially developed to understand why new product features or manufacturing techniques were needed, and was not developed for root cause analysis.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The original intention of asking the 'five whys' was to understand why new product features or manufacturing techniques were needed in Toyota's manufacturing practices.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Best singer in the World in Hindi", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Asha Bhosle and Kishore Kumar", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "From the provided description of the cheesemaking process, list the ingredients required to make cheese.\n\nThe goal of cheese making is to control the spoiling of milk into cheese. The milk is traditionally from a cow, goat, sheep or buffalo, although, in theory, cheese could be made from the milk of any mammal. Cow's milk is most commonly used worldwide. The cheesemaker's goal is a consistent product with specific characteristics (appearance, aroma, taste, texture). The process used to make a Camembert will be similar to, but not quite the same as, that used to make Cheddar.\n\nSome cheeses may be deliberately left to ferment from naturally airborne spores and bacteria; this approach generally leads to a less consistent product but one that is valuable in a niche market.\n\nCulturing\nCheese is made by bringing milk (possibly pasteurised) in the cheese vat to a temperature required to promote the growth of the bacteria that feed on lactose and thus ferment the lactose into lactic acid. These bacteria in the milk may be wild, as is the case with unpasteurised milk, added from a culture, frozen or freeze dried concentrate of starter bacteria. Bacteria which produce only lactic acid during fermentation are homofermentative; those that also produce lactic acid and other compounds such as carbon dioxide, alcohol, aldehydes and ketones are heterofermentative. Fermentation using homofermentative bacteria is important in the production of cheeses such as Cheddar, where a clean, acid flavour is required. For cheeses such as Emmental the use of heterofermentative bacteria is necessary to produce the compounds that give characteristic fruity flavours and, importantly, the gas that results in the formation of bubbles in the cheese ('eye holes').\n\nStarter cultures are chosen to give a cheese its specific characteristics. In the case of mould-ripened cheese such as Stilton, Roquefort or Camembert, mould spores (fungal spores) may be added to the milk in the cheese vat or can be added later to the cheese curd.\n\nCoagulation\nDuring the fermentation process, once sufficient lactic acid has been developed, rennet is added to cause the casein to precipitate. Rennet contains the enzyme chymosin which converts κ-casein to para-κ-caseinate (the main component of cheese curd, which is a salt of one fragment of the casein) and glycomacropeptide, which is lost in the cheese whey. As the curd is formed, milk fat is trapped in a casein matrix. After adding the rennet, the cheese milk is left to form curds over a period of time.\n\n\nFresh chevre hanging in cheesecloth to drain.\nDraining\nOnce the cheese curd is judged to be ready, the cheese whey must be released. As with many foods the presence of water and the bacteria in it encourages decomposition. To prevent such decomposition it is necessary to remove most of the water (whey) from the cheese milk, and hence cheese curd, to make a partial dehydration of the curd. There are several ways to separate the curd from the whey.\n\n\nMaturing cheese in a cheese cellar\nScalding\nIn making Cheddar (or many other hard cheeses) the curd is cut into small cubes and the temperature is raised to approximately 39 °C (102 °F) to 'scald' the curd particles. Syneresis occurs and cheese whey is expressed from the particles. The Cheddar curds and whey are often transferred from the cheese vat to a cooling table which contains screens that allow the whey to drain, but which trap the curd. The curd is cut using long, blunt knives and 'blocked' (stacked, cut and turned) by the cheesemaker to promote the release of cheese whey in a process known as 'cheddaring'. During this process the acidity of the curd increases to a desired level. The curd is then milled into ribbon shaped pieces and salt is mixed into it to arrest acid development. The salted green cheese curd is put into cheese moulds lined with cheesecloths and pressed overnight to allow the curd particles to bind together. The pressed blocks of cheese are then removed from the cheese moulds and are either bound with muslin-like cloth, or waxed or vacuum packed in plastic bags to be stored for maturation. Vacuum packing removes oxygen and prevents mould (fungal) growth during maturation, which depending on the wanted final product may be a desirable characteristic or not.\n\nMould-ripening\nMain article: Cheese ripening\nIn contrast to cheddaring, making cheeses like Camembert requires a more gentle treatment of the curd. It is carefully transferred to cheese hoops and the whey is allowed to drain from the curd by gravity, generally overnight. The cheese curds are then removed from the hoops to be brined by immersion in a saturated salt solution. The salt absorption stops bacteria growing, as with Cheddar. If white mould spores have not been added to the cheese milk it is applied to the cheese either by spraying the cheese with a suspension of mould spores in water or by immersing the cheese in a bath containing spores of, e.g., Penicillium candida.\n\nBy taking the cheese through a series of maturation stages where temperature and relative humidity are carefully controlled, allowing the surface mould to grow and the mould-ripening of the cheese by fungi to occur. Mould-ripened cheeses ripen very quickly compared to hard cheeses (weeks against months or years). This is because the fungi used are biochemically very active when compared with starter bacteria. Some cheeses are surface-ripened by moulds, such as Camembert and Brie, some are ripened internally, such as Stilton, which is pierced with stainless steel wires, to admit air to promote mould spore germination and growth, as with Penicillium roqueforti. Surface ripening of some cheeses, such as Saint-Nectaire, may also be influenced by yeasts which contribute flavour and coat texture. Others are allowed to develop bacterial surface growths which give characteristic colours and appearances, e.g. by the growth of Brevibacterium linens which gives an orange coat to cheeses.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The main ingredient used to make cheese is milk. Cow's milk is commonly used, though goat, sheep or buffalo can also be used, as could the milk of any mammal in theory. Starter cultures are typically added to aid in the culturing stage of the process. Rennet is added to the cheese milk to promote the separation into cheese curd and whey. Ultimately, salt is added to halt the production of acid later in the process. Finally, mould spores are introduced to assist in ripening. This can be added to the cheese milk early on in the process, or just prior to maturing.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What are five totally distinct, creative ways to describe the usefulness of a broken stapler?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "While a broken stapler may not have many obvious uses, there are a few ways to find utility from this broken piece of office equipment. First, and as long as the stapler is broken, Stephen Root, otherwise known as Milton from Office Space, would no longer have a reason to take revenge on Initech. Secondly, you can use the broken stapler to store additional staples for staplers that are in fact working. A third use, depending on the nature of the break, would be to use the stapler to get a refund from Office Max. Fourth, it could be used as a prank in the office to watch people attempt to staple pieces of paper after using the copy machine (as long as the copy machine, another notoriously broken piece of office equipment, actually works). Lastly, and probably most obvious, a broken stapler could be used as a paper weight.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "How to get an efficient cardio workout and improve your speed, and gain other health benefits?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "In this day and age when many are busy with work, family, electronic gadgets, social media it becomes increasingly challenging to find the time to exercise. Staying healthy will allow you to enjoy those distractions longer, but jokes aside it will make you feel energized, motivated and bring out the best in you. When new discoveries in scenic areas are correctly applied, you don’t need to spend multiple hours at the gym, you don’t have to starve to achieve your goals, this concept was very enticing to me when I first learnt about the Sprint 8 program at my local gym. I decided to give this a try!\n\nSprint 8 - Its a 20 minute routine, where you spend the first 30 seconds working out at the highest level of intensity (go all out) followed by 90 seconds of active recovery, repeat this 8 times.. You can use a bike, treadmill, elliptical whichever suits your style. In all my life of being fairly active, Sprint 8 has the toughest workout, but over a year I could see significant results. I was able to run faster, lower blood pressure, reduce fat percentage, and improve muscle mass. The key differentiator about this program is that it engages all the three muscle fiber types and releases exercise induced growth hormones to help your body become stronger, leaner and healthier.\n\nAnother advantage is that this program really reduces any change of injury that one may face by running, heavy weight lifting etc therefore allowing you to sustain the exercise program for years to come. \n\nGive this a try and gain the benefits of efficient exercising.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Classify the following colors as primary or not primary: Red, blue, violet, white, black, green, yellow, orange", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The primary colors are red, blue and green. The non-primary colors are violet, white, black, yellow and orange.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which is a species of fish? American sole or American dream", "role": "user" }, { "content": "American sole", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "From the passage provided, extract the population of Andhra Pradesh\n\nAndhra Pradesh (English: /ˌɑːndrə prəˈdɛʃ/, Telugu: [ãːndʱrɐ prɐdeːʃ] (listen) abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of 162,975 km2 (62,925 sq mi) and tenth-most-populous state, with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to the north-west, Chhattisgarh to the north, Odisha to the north-east, Tamil Nadu to the south, Karnataka to the west and the Bay of Bengal to the east. It has the second longest coastline in India after Gujarat, of about 974 km (605 mi). Andhra State was the first state to be formed on a linguistic basis in India on 1 October 1953. On 1 November 1956, Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking areas (ten districts) of the Hyderabad State to form United Andhra Pradesh. In 2014, these merged areas of Hyderabad State were bifurcated from United Andhra Pradesh to form the new state Telangana. The present form of Andhra is similar to Andhra state, but some mandalas like Bhadrachalam are still included in Telangana. Amaravati serves as the capital of the state with the largest city being Visakhapatnam.\n\nAndhra Pradesh was once a major Buddhist pilgrimage site in the country and a Buddhist learning center which can be seen in many sites in the state in the form of monastery ruins, chaityas, and stupas. It is also known for being the land of Koh-i-Noor and other globally known diamonds from Kollur Mine. It is also a major producer of rice known as the \"Rice bowl of India\". Its official language is Telugu; one of the classical languages of India, the fourth most spoken language in India, and the 13th-most spoken language in the world. Andhra Pradesh's second official language is Urdu.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The population of Andhra Pradesh is 49,386,799", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What are the primary causes of climate change?\n\nIn common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system. Climate change in a broader sense also includes previous long-term changes to Earth's climate. The current rise in global average temperature is more rapid than previous changes, and is primarily caused by humans burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuel use, deforestation, and some agricultural and industrial practices increase greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide and methane. Greenhouse gases absorb some of the heat that the Earth radiates after it warms from sunlight. Larger amounts of these gases trap more heat in Earth's lower atmosphere, causing global warming.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The primary physical causes or drivers of climate change are:\n- Humans burning fossil fuels\n- Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide\n- Aerosols such as sulfur dioxide, organic carbon, black carbon and ammonia", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Is GitHub Actions are free?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "GitHub Actions usage is free for standard GitHub-hosted runners in public repositories, and for self-hosted runners. For private repositories, each GitHub account receives a certain amount of free minutes and storage for use with GitHub-hosted runners, depending on the product used with the account.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is a graph?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Graph is a set on nodes that are connected via edges. Edges represent the relationships between the nodes and can have multiple properties like weight or sign. For example the weight of the edge can represent how strong are the relationships between the nodes A and B, while the sign might represent wether these relationships are positive or negative.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Give me a method to poach chicken", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Boneless, skinless chicken breasts\nChicken stock \n\n1. Place the chicken in a sauce pan on a stove top\n2. Add cold chicken stock to the pan so it covers the chicken breast\n3. Turn the heat to medium and let the stock come to a gentle boil\n4. When the water starts to boil, turn the chicken breast and remove pan from heat\n5. Cover pan tightly\n6. Check the temperature of the chicken and ensure it reaches 155 F\n7. Voila! You are done - slice the chicken and toss it into your favorite salad!", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which Taylor Jenkins Reid books have been made into a production (movie or TV)?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "One True Loves is being made into a movie. Daisy Jones & The Six just came out on Amazon Video as a television adaptation. The Seven Husbands of Evelyn Hugo is being made into a movie. Malibu Rising is being made into a television adaptation.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given the reference text below about Larry Bird, tell me where he was born, what he did for a living, and who his greatest professional rival was.\n\nLarry Joe Bird (born December 7, 1956) is an American former professional basketball player, coach, and executive in the National Basketball Association (NBA). Nicknamed \"the Hick from French Lick\" and \"Larry Legend\", Bird is widely regarded as one of the greatest basketball players of all time. He is the only person in NBA history to be named Rookie of the Year, Most Valuable Player, Finals MVP, All-Star MVP, Coach of the Year, and Executive of the Year. Growing up in French Lick, Indiana, he was a local basketball star. Highly recruited, he initially signed to play college basketball for coach Bob Knight of the Indiana Hoosiers, but Bird dropped out after one month and returned to French Lick to attend a local community college. The next year he attended the smaller Indiana State University, ultimately playing three years for the Sycamores. Drafted by the Boston Celtics with the sixth overall pick in the 1978 NBA draft after his second year at Indiana State, Bird elected to stay in college and returned for the 1978–1979 season. He then led his team to an undefeated regular season. The season finished with a national championship game match-up of Indiana State against Michigan State and featured a highly anticipated match-up of Bird against Michigan State great Magic Johnson, thus beginning a career-long rivalry that the two shared for over a decade.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Bird", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Larry Bird was born in French Lick. He played and coached basketball for a living, and his main rival was Magic Johnson.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "How many people attended the Summer Breeze Open Air?\n\nSummer Breeze Open Air is an annual German heavy metal music festival. It was first held in 1997. The festival had been held in Abtsgmünd until 2006 when it was moved to its new location of Dinkelsbühl, Bavaria. The festival draws around 40,000 attendees annually.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The German heavy metal music festival Summer Breeze Open Air drew 40,000 attendees annually.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What does it mean for a function to be computable?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Although informally a function is computable if its values can be calculated, Alan Turing, Alonzo Church, and Kurt Godel each had formal definitions of computablility, namely Turing Machines, Lambda Calculus, and general recursive functions. When it was shown in the Church-Turing thesis that these three formulations are equivalent, it became more clear that they could be used as a formal definition of computability.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is an Abacus?\n\nThe abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool which has been used since ancient times. It was used in the ancient Near East, Europe, China, and Russia, millennia before the adoption of the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. The exact origin of the abacus has not yet emerged. It consists of rows of movable beads, or similar objects, strung on a wire. They represent digits. One of the two numbers is set up, and the beads are manipulated to perform an operation such as addition, or even a square or cubic root.\n\nIn their earliest designs, the rows of beads could be loose on a flat surface or sliding in grooves. Later the beads were made to slide on rods and built into a frame, allowing faster manipulation. Abacuses are still made, often as a bamboo frame with beads sliding on wires. In the ancient world, particularly before the introduction of positional notation, abacuses were a practical calculating tool. The abacus is still used to teach the fundamentals of mathematics to some children, for example, in Russia.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Abacus is calculating tool using movable beads often made on a bamboo frame", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is a garden center?\n\nA garden centre (Commonwealth English spelling; U.S. nursery or garden center) is a retail operation that sells plants and related products for the domestic garden as its primary business.\n\nIt is a development from the concept of the retail plant nursery but with a wider range of outdoor products and on-site facilities. It is now usual for garden centres to obtain their stock from plants which have been propagated elsewhere, such as by specialist nurseries or wholesalers.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A garden center sells plants and products for domestic gardens. Plants are usually obtained from other specialist nurseries or wholesalers. It is the addition of outdoor products that make it different from the plant nurseries of the past.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is transistor technology?\n\nLong before any knowledge of electricity existed, people were aware of shocks from electric fish. Ancient Egyptian texts dating from 2750 BCE referred to these fish as the \"Thunderer of the Nile\", and described them as the \"protectors\" of all other fish. Electric fish were again reported millennia later by ancient Greek, Roman and Arabic naturalists and physicians. Several ancient writers, such as Pliny the Elder and Scribonius Largus, attested to the numbing effect of electric shocks delivered by electric catfish and electric rays, and knew that such shocks could travel along conducting objects. Patients with ailments such as gout or headache were directed to touch electric fish in the hope that the powerful jolt might cure them.\nAncient cultures around the Mediterranean knew that certain objects, such as rods of amber, could be rubbed with cat's fur to attract light objects like feathers. Thales of Miletus made a series of observations on static electricity around 600 BCE, from which he believed that friction rendered amber magnetic, in contrast to minerals such as magnetite, which needed no rubbing.\nThales was incorrect in believing the attraction was due to a magnetic effect, but later science would prove a link between magnetism and electricity. According to a controversial theory, the Parthians may have had knowledge of electroplating, based on the 1936 discovery of the Baghdad Battery, which resembles a galvanic cell, though it is uncertain whether the artifact was electrical in nature.\nElectricity would remain little more than an intellectual curiosity for millennia until 1600, when the English scientist William Gilbert wrote De Magnete, in which he made a careful study of electricity and magnetism, distinguishing the lodestone effect from static electricity produced by rubbing amber. He coined the New Latin word electricus (\"of amber\" or \"like amber\",, elektron, the Greek word for \"amber\") to refer to the property of attracting small objects after being rubbed. This association gave rise to the English words \"electric\" and \"electricity\", which made their first appearance in print in Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica of 1646.\nFurther work was conducted in the 17th and early 18th centuries by Otto von Guericke, Robert Boyle, Stephen Gray and C. F. du Fay. Later in the 18th century, Benjamin Franklin conducted extensive research in electricity, selling his possessions to fund his work. In June 1752 he is reputed to have attached a metal key to the bottom of a dampened kite string and flown the kite in a storm-threatened sky. A succession of sparks jumping from the key to the back of his hand showed that lightning was indeed electrical in nature. He also explained the apparently paradoxical behavior of the Leyden jar as a device for storing large amounts of electrical charge in terms of electricity consisting of both positive and negative charges\nIn 1775, Hugh Williamson reported a series of experiments to the Royal Society on the shocks delivered by the electric eel; that same year the surgeon and anatomist John Hunter described the structure of the fish's electric organs. In 1791, Luigi Galvani published his discovery of bioelectromagnetics, demonstrating that electricity was the medium by which neurons passed signals to the muscles. Alessandro Volta's battery, or voltaic pile, of 1800, made from alternating layers of zinc and copper, provided scientists with a more reliable source of electrical energy than the electrostatic machines previously used. The recognition of electromagnetism, the unity of electric and magnetic phenomena, is due to Hans Christian Ørsted and André-Marie Ampère in 1819–1820. Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and Georg Ohm mathematically analysed the electrical circuit in 1827. Electricity and magnetism (and light) were definitively linked by James Clerk Maxwell, in particular in his \"On Physical Lines of Force\" in 1861 and 1862. \nWhile the early 19th century had seen rapid progress in electrical science, the late 19th century would see the greatest progress in electrical engineering. Through such people as Alexander Graham Bell, Ottó Bláthy, Thomas Edison, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Ányos Jedlik, William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Charles Algernon Parsons, Werner von Siemens, Joseph Swan, Reginald Fessenden, Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, electricity turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life.\nIn 1887, Heinrich Hertz discovered that electrodes illuminated with ultraviolet light create electric sparks more easily. In 1905, Albert Einstein published a paper that explained experimental data from the photoelectric effect as being the result of light energy being carried in discrete quantized packets, energising electrons. This discovery led to the quantum revolution. Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for \"his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect\". The photoelectric effect is also employed in photocells such as can be found in solar panels.\nThe first solid-state device was the \"cat's-whisker detector\" first used in the 1900s in radio receivers. A whisker-like wire is placed lightly in contact with a solid crystal (such as a germanium crystal) to detect a radio signal by the contact junction effect. In a solid-state component, the current is confined to solid elements and compounds engineered specifically to switch and amplify it. Current flow can be understood in two forms: as negatively charged electrons, and as positively charged electron deficiencies called holes. These charges and holes are understood in terms of quantum physics. The building material is most often a crystalline semiconductor.\nSolid-state electronics came into its own with the emergence of transistor technology. The first working transistor, a germanium-based point-contact transistor, was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by the bipolar junction transistor in 1948.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Solid-state electronics came into its own with the emergence of transistor technology. The first working transistor, a germanium-based point-contact transistor, was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain at Bell Labs in 1947, followed by the bipolar junction transistor in 1948.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of the following animals is a marsupial: kangaroo, zebra, or elephant?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Of the animals listed, kangaroo is the only marsupial.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Give me the instructions on how to escape a labyrinth", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Either choose the wall on your left or your right and follow that wall until you reach the exit", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What are steps to become a US citizen?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Step 1. Determine if you are already a U.S. citizen\nStep 2. Determine if you are eligible to become a U.S. citizen\nStep 3. Prepare your Form N-400, Application for Naturalization\nStep 4. Submit your Form N-400 and pay your fees\nStep 5. Go to your biometrics appointment, if applicable\nStep 6. Complete the interview\nStep 7. Receive a decision from USCIS on your Form N-400\nStep 8. Receive a notice to take the Oath of Allegiance\nStep 9. Take the Oath of Allegiance to the United States\nStep 10. Understanding U.S. citizenship", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Why do people enjoy baseball?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Baseball is known as \"America's Pastime\" because it started during the industrial revolution as America grew and expanded across the continental United States. Baseball is relatively easy to begin playing but extremely difficult to master, which allows for broad appeal and interest. In addition to the sport gaining popularity there was significant growth in major US cities, where teams would play. This led to the rise of twenty, thirty and even sixty-thousand seat stadiums where people of all ages could enjoy the game outdoors. Ultimately helping the sport maintain its popularity and growth to where it is today - a global top 4 sport.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Who were the founding members of id Software?\n\nid Software LLC (/ɪd/) is an American video game developer based in Richardson, Texas. It was founded on February 1, 1991, by four members of the computer company Softdisk: programmers John Carmack and John Romero, game designer Tom Hall, and artist Adrian Carmack.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The founding members of id Software were John Carmack, John Romero, Tom Hall, and Adrian Carmack.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "classify the following people as males vs females:\njohn oliver\nstephen colbert\nvir das\noprah winfrey\nmichelle obama\ndonald trump\nqueen of england\nhalle berry\njoseph stalin", "role": "user" }, { "content": "males:\njohn oliver\nstephen colbert\nvir das\ndonald trump\njoseph stalin\n\nfemales:\noprah winfrey\nmichelle obama\nqueen of england\nhalle berry", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Define unemployment and how it is expressed in most countries.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Percentage of total workforce who are unemployed and are actively seeking a paid job.\nUnemployment rate (# of unemployed / # in labor force) = %\nUnemployment rate is one of the most closely watched statistics because a rising rate is seen as a sign of weakening economy that may call for cut in interest rate. A falling rate, similarly, indicates a growing economy which is usually accompanied by higher inflation rate and may call for increase in interest rates.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Why is drinking coffee better before sport?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Consuming pre-workout caffeine may rev up your metabolism, suppress the effect of perceived exertion, improve microcirculation, and enhance your athletic performance", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Cimbalom, Xiqin", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Xiqin is string, Cimbalom is percussion.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What kind of animal is the Diaea dorsata", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Diaea dorsata is one of the smaller crab spiders, with a palearctic distribution. Females can grow up to 6 mm, males up to 4 mm. Prosoma and legs are green, the opisthosoma is yellowish with a brown mark.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Why is Peter Pan usually portrayed by a female on stage performances (not movies)?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Peter Pan was introduced to the world in 1904. At the time, stage productions were prominent and the Broadway play director wanted to cast a female. That tradition has continued and a woman is cast often.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is the objective of hockey?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Ice hockey is a sport played by 2 opposing teams. The objective is for a team to score more goals than their opponents. Goals are scored by shooting a puck into the opposing team's net.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "How do you install tubeless tires on a bicycle?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Tubeless tire installs require some setup. It's best to have experience with bicycle tires, and in particular, the use of tire levers to remove and install tires. Make sure your tires and rims are tubeless ready. If the manufacturer also provides a tubeless tape, use that, or use a generic brand. You'll also need sealant and a tubeless stem. The stem might require a tool to unscrew the nozzle for adding sealant. You'll also need a large syringe if you plan on using the stem to add sealant. You'll want a electronic pump, or a manual pump with a reservoir.\n\nI have found that larger tires are easier to install as tubeless but road tires can also be tubeless. The first step is to clean the rim and install tubeless tape around the rim. This should seal the rim component. You'll need to punch a hole for the stem and insert the stem. Next you'll need to lever the tire onto the rim, first one side, then both. If you don't have a syringe, you can add some sealant at this step before fully installing the tire. For road tires, I've found this method prone to spilling.\n\nNext, remove the core / nozzle from the tire stem and hook the stem up to your pump. You want to inject air into the tire quickly and at high pressure to \"set\" the beads of the tire against the rim. This should result in a popping sound. When you remove the pump, the tire will deflate since you removed the core. If you haven't already, add sealant at this step using a syringe, then reinstall the core and pump up the tire. I usually rotate the tire a bit, then flip it periodically while testing if it holds air. If it does you are done. Happy riding!", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Ranat ek, Sasando", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Sasando is string, Ranat ek is percussion.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Were the months that Shirley C. Guthrie Jr. was born and died in the same month or different months?\n\nShirley C. Guthrie Jr. (9 October 1927 – 23 October 2004) was a minister of the Presbyterian Church (USA) and J.B. Green Professor of Systematic Theology at Columbia Theological Seminary for nearly 40 years. He was well known for his book, Christian Doctrine, which was originally written for an Adult Sunday School Book in the old PCUS Covenant life curriculum.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The same. Shirley C. Guthrie Jr. was born in October 1927 and died in October 2004.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What was the Rolling Stones first no 1 hit", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Its all over now", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given this reference text, how was the cheeseburger invented?\n\nBy the late 19th century, the vast grasslands of the Great Plains had been opened up for cattle ranching. This made it possible for many Americans to consume beef almost daily. The hamburger remains as one of the cheapest sources of beef in America.\n\nAdding cheese to hamburgers became popular in 1920. There are several competing claims as to who created the first cheeseburger. Lionel Sternberger is reputed to have introduced the cheeseburger in 1924 at the age of 16. He was working as a fry cook at his father's Pasadena, California sandwich shop, \"The Rite Spot\", and \"experimentally dropped a slab of American cheese on a sizzling hamburger.\" An early example of the cheeseburger appearing on a menu is a 1928 menu for the Los Angeles restaurant O'Dell's which listed a cheeseburger smothered with chili for 25 cents.\n\nOther restaurants also claim to have invented the cheeseburger. For example, Kaelin's Restaurant in Louisville, Kentucky, said it invented the cheeseburger in 1934. One year later, a trademark for the name \"cheeseburger\" was awarded to Louis Ballast of the Humpty Dumpty Drive-In in Denver, Colorado. According to Steak 'n Shake archives, the restaurant's founder, Gus Belt, applied for a trademark on the word in the 1930s.\n\nAn A&W Restaurants franchise in Lansing, Michigan is credited with inventing the bacon cheeseburger in 1963, putting it on the menu after repeated requests from the same customer.\n\nThe steamed cheeseburger, a variation almost exclusively served in central Connecticut, is believed to have been invented at a restaurant called Jack's Lunch in Middletown, Connecticut, in the 1930s.\n\nThe largest cheeseburger ever made weighed 2,014 pounds (914 kg). It is said to have included \"60 pounds (27 kg) of bacon, 50 pounds (23 kg) of lettuce, 50 pounds (23 kg) of sliced onions, 40 pounds (18 kg) of pickles, and 40 pounds (18 kg) of cheese.\" This record was set in 2012 by Minnesota's Black Bear Casino, smashing the previous record of 881 pounds (400 kg).\n\nIn the United States, National Cheeseburger Day is celebrated annually on September 18.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The cheeseburger was invented after the late 19th century after the vast grasslands of the Great Plains opened up for cattle ranching. Once this happened Americans consumed meat daily of which ground beef/hamburger meat was the most affordable. In 1920, adding cheese to the hamburger meat popular. It is said that Lionel Sternberger invented the cheeseburger in 1924 while working at his father's sandwich shop.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What came first the chicken or the egg?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "At first glance, it may seem that a chicken must have come from an egg first. \"Egg\" is a word, that is used to describe the resulting product of procreation for many species. Based on the theory of evolution a non chicken egg at some point led to the birth of a chicken. It is important to note that an egg does not instantly turn into a chicken and there is a vast and potentially infinite spectrum of transitionary states. Somewhere in the infinite spectrum of this evolutionary transition a chicken and egg existed for a moment. One can argue that a chicken and its egg were created exactly at the same instant in time. We could further argue that the chicken and egg of yesterday is not the same chicken and egg of today.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which episode of Game of Thrones does Dany go to the House of the Undying?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Daenerys Targaryen visits the House of the Undying in season two, episode five (\"Harrenhal\")", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is Visual Basic?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Visual Basic (VB), originally called Visual Basic .NET (VB.NET), is a multi-paradigm, object-oriented programming language, implemented on .NET, Mono, and the .NET Framework. Microsoft launched VB.NET in 2002 as the successor to its original Visual Basic language, the last version of which was Visual Basic 6.0. Although the \".NET\" portion of the name was dropped in 2005, this article uses \"Visual Basic [.NET]\" to refer to all Visual Basic languages released since 2002, in order to distinguish between them and the classic Visual Basic. Along with C# and F#, it is one of the three main languages targeting the .NET ecosystem. Microsoft updated its VB language strategy on 6 Feb 2023 stating that VB is a stable language now and Microsoft will keep maintaining it.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Is success important?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Absolutely not. If you what you do (anything that is legal and ethical), then that's what's important. Love the process more and worry less about the result.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Give me a numbered list of five great fictional books.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "1. Little Women\n2. Pachinko\n3. East of Eden\n4. To Kill a Mockingbird\n5. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "When was the Australian city Canberra founded?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Australian National Capital of Canberra was announced on the 12th of March 1913 by the Governor-General's wife, Lady Denman. The construction of the city and development was delayed by the two world wars and the great depression, however has steadily grown and now holds more than 400,000 people.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Where can I find more information on Tau?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The motivation and case for using Tau as the circle constant is explained in the Tau Manifesto at www.tauday.com.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Who is the protagonist in CyberPunk 2077?\n\nCyberpunk 2077 is a 2020 action role-playing video game developed by CD Projekt Red and published by CD Projekt. Set in Night City, an open world set in the Cyberpunk universe, players assume the role of a customisable mercenary known as V, who can acquire skills in hacking and machinery with options for melee and ranged combat. The main story follows V's struggle as they deal with a mysterious cybernetic implant that threatens to overwrite their body with the personality and memories of a deceased celebrity only perceived by V; the two must work together to be separated and save V's life.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The main story revolves around the protagonist V, as they deal with a mysterious cybernetic implant that threatens to overwrite their body with another person's memories.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Based on the passage, which directors were considered for directing the Spider-Man movie apart from Raimi?\n\nSpider-Man is a 2002 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero of the same name. Directed by Sam Raimi from a screenplay by David Koepp, it is the first installment in Raimi's Spider-Man trilogy, and stars Tobey Maguire as the titular character, alongside Willem Dafoe, Kirsten Dunst, James Franco, Cliff Robertson, and Rosemary Harris. The film chronicles Spider-Man's origin story and early superhero career. After being bitten by a genetically-altered spider, outcast teenager Peter Parker develops spider-like superhuman abilities and adopts a masked superhero identity to fight crime and injustice in New York City, facing the sinister Green Goblin (Dafoe) in the process.\n\nDevelopment on a live-action Spider-Man film began in the 1980s. Filmmakers Tobe Hooper, James Cameron, and Joseph Zito were all attached to direct the film at one point. However, the project would languish in development hell due to licensing and financial issues. After progress on the film stalled for nearly 25 years, it was licensed for a worldwide release by Columbia Pictures in 1999 after it acquired options from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) on all previous scripts developed by Cannon Films, Carolco, and New Cannon. Exercising its option on just two elements from the multi-script acquisition (a different screenplay was written by James Cameron, Ted Newsom, John Brancato, Barney Cohen, and Joseph Goldman), Sony hired Koepp to create a working screenplay (credited as Cameron's), and Koepp received sole credit in final billing. Directors Roland Emmerich, Ang Lee, Chris Columbus, Barry Sonnenfeld, Tim Burton, Michael Bay, Jan de Bont, M. Night Shyamalan, Tony Scott, and David Fincher were considered to direct the project before Raimi was hired as director in 2000. The Koepp script was rewritten by Scott Rosenberg during pre-production and received a dialogue polish from Alvin Sargent during production. Filming took place in Los Angeles and New York City from January to June 2001. Sony Pictures Imageworks handled the film's visual effects.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Roland Emmerich, Ang Lee, Chris Columbus, Barry Sonnenfeld, Tim Burton, Michael Bay, Jan de Bont, M. Night Shyamalan, Tony Scott, and David Fincher.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Where do eggs come from?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Eggs come from female chicken in their reproductive track. Humans eat these eggs as a source of protein in meals. Eggs are normally eaten the most at breakfast time but they are also used in many desserts like cakes and cookies. Chickens can lay eggs every 26 - 24 hours. This process can also be speed up by giving female chicken more calcium, more room to roam, reduced stress environment, and free flowing water.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Classify the countries based on the hemisphere they are located.\nNew Zealand, Tonga, Palau, Hungary, India, Japan, Latvia", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Southern hemisphere - New Zealand, Tonga, Palau\nNorthern hemisphere - Hungary, India, Japan, Latvia", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What are The Loxurini", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Loxurini are a small tribe of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What season are each of these associated with? Snow, flowers, beaches, pumpkins", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Snow: winter, flowers: spring, beaches: summer, pumpkins: fall", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Sort these car brands and models into car types, either sedan, SUV, or sports car: Volkswagon Atlas, Porsche Boxter, Ford Mustang, Porsche Cayenne, Toyota Camry, Toyota Corolla, Dodge Durango, Chevrolet Camaro, Ford Explorer, Nissan Sentra, Porsche 911, Ford Escape, Chevrolet Equinox, Honda Pilot, Kia Telluride, Genesis G90, Honda Accord, Honda Civic, Kia Forte", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The SUVs are: Volkswagon Atlas, Porsche Cayenne, Dodge Durango, Ford Explorer, Ford Escape, Chevrolet Equinox, Honda Pilot, Kia Telluride, and Genesis G90. The sports cars are: Porsche Boxter, Chevrolet Camaro, Porsche 911, and Ford Mustang. The sedans are: Toyota Camry, Toyota Corolla, Nissan Sentra, Honda Accord, Honda Civic, and Kia Forte.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Why do babies cry?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Babies cry in order to tell us things about their needs, as it is their only form of communication. The most common reasons a baby may cry are that they are hungry, have a dirty diaper, or are tired. Babies may also cry if they are hot, cold, or uncomfortable (gas pains, itchy clothes, rash). Babies do not cry to manipulate their parents; they simply are not capable of such advanced thinking and behavior.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is Noether's theorem and how does it relate symmetries to conserved quantities?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Emmy Noether proposed a theorem that states that for every symmetry in physics, there is a conserved quantity. For example, for the symmetry that the laws of physics are unchanged by a translation in space, a rotation in space, or an offset in time, the corresponding conserved quantities are linear momentum, angular momentum, and the conservation of energy.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Why has West been a source of controversy recently?\n\nWest's outspoken views have received significant media coverage; he has been a frequent source of controversy due to his conduct on social media and at awards shows and public settings, as well as his comments on the music and fashion industries, U.S. politics, race, and slavery. His Christian faith, high-profile marriage to Kim Kardashian, and mental health have also been topics of media attention. In 2020, West launched an unsuccessful independent presidential campaign that primarily advocated for a consistent life ethic. In 2022, he was widely condemned and lost many sponsors and partnerships—including his collaborations with Adidas, Gap, and Balenciaga—after making a series of antisemitic statements. In November 2022, he announced his 2024 presidential campaign, appearing publicly with Nick Fuentes, a white supremacist. West later publicly praised Adolf Hitler, denied the Holocaust, and identified as a Nazi.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "West began making antisemitic comments on Twitter and on other news sources in 2022. His comments directly attacked Jewish people and denounced parts of history such as the Holocaust. Once he made his comments, many organizations that he was partnered with dropped him because of the backlash received by their customers.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Could you plan a canoe camping trip in Michigan? I want to canoe the river from start to end, and need specific camping locations for each night.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "I would recommend a canoe camping trip on the Au Sable River in Michigan. The river is about 114 miles long beginning in Grayling and ending in Oscoda. The river features numerous campgrounds which you will be able to camp at each night. \n\nDay 1\nWhitepine Campground\n\nDay 2\nParmalee Campground\n\nDay 3\nMio Campground\n\nDay 4\nAlcona Dam Campground\n\nDay 5\nLoud Dam Campground\n\nDay 6\nEnd at Lake Huron", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is primary innovation that a piano delivered over a harpsichord?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Since a harpsichord plucks the strings the same way each time in response to a keystroke, it delivers the same loudness for each note. A piano on the other hand uses padded hammers to strike the strings, and allows the musician to control each strike in such a way that they have control over the dynamics of each note. This control allows pianists to express a broad range of emotions by adjusting the loudness and softness according to the feelings they want to convey to the listener.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Given the context below, please answer the provided question: \n\nContext: \nIn fact, the first highlight moment of the Chat Assistant occurred twelve years ago at the launch event of the fifth-generation iPhone. Scott Forstall, then Apple's software chief, pressed a button on the iPhone to summon Siri and asked it questions. Inquiring about the weather, searching for restaurants, checking stock prices. Keep in mind that this was a time when smartphones were far from widespread, and being able to check stock prices on a mobile phone was already a very novel thing.\n\nQuestion: \nWho was the software chief during the first release of Apple Siri?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Scott Forstall", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "From the passage provided, extract the net retention rate using the format: NRR {x%}\n\nProduct revenue of $555.3 million in the fourth quarter, representing 54% year-over-year growth\nRemaining performance obligations of $3.7 billion, representing 38% year-over-year growth\n7,828 total customers\nNet revenue retention rate of 158%\n330 customers with trailing 12-month product revenue greater than $1 million\nAuthorized a $2.0 billion stock repurchase program", "role": "user" }, { "content": "NRR 158%", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Surdo, Kora", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Kora is string, Surdo is percussion.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Who is Bill Clinton?\n\nWilliam Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992, and as attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton became known as a New Democrat, as many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. He is the husband of Hillary Clinton, who was a U.S. senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, secretary of state from 2009 to 2013 and the Democratic nominee for president in the 2016 presidential election.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "William Jefferson Clinton (né Blythe III; born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd president of the United States from 1993 to 2001. He previously served as governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992, and as attorney general of Arkansas from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton became known as a New Democrat, as many of his policies reflected a centrist \"Third Way\" political philosophy. He is the husband of Hillary Clinton, who was a U.S. senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, secretary of state from 2009 to 2013 and the Democratic nominee for president in the 2016 presidential election.\n\nClinton was born and raised in Arkansas and attended Georgetown University. He received a Rhodes Scholarship to study at University College, Oxford, and later graduated from Yale Law School. He met Hillary Rodham at Yale; they married in 1975. After graduating from law school, Clinton returned to Arkansas and won election as state attorney general, followed by two non-consecutive tenures as Arkansas governor. As governor, he overhauled the state's education system and served as chairman of the National Governors Association. Clinton was elected president in the 1992 presidential election, defeating incumbent Republican president George H. W. Bush and independent businessman Ross Perot. At 46 years old, he became the third-youngest president of the United States and the first president to be born in the Baby Boomer generation.\n\nClinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history. He signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, but failed to pass his plan for national health care reform. The Republican Party won unified control of Congress for the first time in 40 years in the 1994 elections, but Clinton was still comfortably re-elected in 1996, becoming the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to win a second full term. Starting in the mid-1990s, he began an ideological evolution as he became much more conservative in his domestic policy, advocating for and signing the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act, the State Children's Health Insurance Program and financial deregulation measures. He appointed Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer to the U.S. Supreme Court. During the last three years of Clinton's presidency, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus—the first such surplus since 1969. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U.S. military intervention in the Bosnian and Kosovo wars, eventually signing the Dayton Peace agreement. He also called for the expansion of NATO in Eastern Europe and many former Warsaw Pact members joined NATO during his presidency. Clinton's foreign policy in the Middle East saw him sign the Iraq Liberation Act which gave aid to groups against Saddam Hussein. He also participated in the Oslo I Accord and Camp David Summit to advance the Israeli–Palestinian peace process, and assisted the Northern Ireland peace process.\n\nClinton's second term was dominated by the Monica Lewinsky scandal, which began in 1996, when he had a sexual relationship with 22-year-old Monica Lewinsky, an intern at the White House. In January 1998, news of the affair made tabloid headlines. This scandal escalated throughout the year, culminating on December 19 when Clinton was impeached by the House of Representatives, becoming the second U.S. president—the first since Andrew Johnson—to be impeached. The two impeachment articles that the House passed were centered around him using the powers of the presidency to obstruct the investigation and lying under oath. In 1999, Clinton's impeachment trial began in the Senate. He was acquitted on both charges as the Senate failed to cast 67 votes against him, which was necessary to meet the two-thirds conviction threshold prescribed by Article I, section 3, clause 6 of the U.S. Constitution.\n\nClinton left office in 2001 with the joint-highest approval rating of any U.S. president in the modern era, alongside Franklin D. Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan. His presidency has been ranked among the upper tier in historical rankings of U.S. presidents. However, his personal conduct and allegations of sexual assault have made him the subject of substantial scrutiny. Since leaving office, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the Clinton Foundation to address international causes such as the prevention of HIV/AIDS and global warming. In 2009, he was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti. After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, Clinton and George W. Bush formed the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund. He has remained active in Democratic Party politics, campaigning for his wife's 2008 and 2016 presidential campaigns.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Classify each of the following as part of the upper or lower body: arm, toe, finger, ankle, elbow, chin, chest, shin", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Arm: Upper Body\nToe: Lower Body\nFinger: Upper Body\nAnkle: Lower Body\nElbow: Upper Body\nChin: Upper Body\nChest: Upper Body\nShin: Lower Body", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Write a diary entry about a mother discovering the greatness she sees growing in her middle-school aged daughter. Contrast the kindness of the daughter against the difficulties the mother is experiencing at work that day. Infuse the story with love and admiration.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "So today I went to Maddie’s class to be the lunch monitor. She’s in 9th grade, but attends a pretty small school, so everyone was milling about in a small area…playing cards or MahJong, eating baked goods they got from a sale down the hall, and generally, being teenagers. \nI don’t frequent her school often, but Mads seemed pretty happy, and in her element. It was lovely to witness.\nI, on the other hand, was having a Terrible, Horrible, No Good, Very Bad Day at work, and when I arrived, I was checking my phone for updates and trying to fight a battle for my new team that I was told was Very Much Not Worth Fighting. Of course, this was unheeded advice, as—if there’s a hill that’s worth dying on—I will go prostrate myself upon the top of it as effectively as possible. \nAnd so I was fighting an Unwinnable War, and my daughter was overseeing a team of boys scarfing down brownies and picking at their healthy lunches and laughing whilst stacking their Chinese tiles…and I was so crestfallen about the outcome of my silent, onscreen, remote work battle that I didn’t even notice the tears welling up in my eyes, or the fact that I was sitting in the middle of a room filled with teenagers. \nI suppose the only good thing about crying in a room full of teenagers at lunch is that you’re very rarely the ONLY one crying…so there’s that.\nSo there I sat, in fine company, shoulders mildly hunched and trying my damnedest not to wipe my now-soggy nose on my sleeve. And of course maintaining a smile any time Maddie looked over at me, because Lord knows I was there only to make sure no one flipped over a table (but honestly, not there for much else, as these kids were self-sufficient and rather shockingly well-behaved from what I remembered from 9th grade) and the last thing I wanted was to embarrass my daughter at her school lunch hour.\nBut Maddie was standing there next to the little sofa chair I was on, and she said, “Mom, scoot over.” \nAnd I scooted.\nAnd she sat. \nShe didn’t ask me what was wrong; she already had heard my rumblings before she left for school this morning about the particular work woe I was dealing with today. Rather, she leaned over and gave me a big hug, right there in front of anyone paying attention—which seemed to be everyone—and assuaged me with soothing “it will all be fine”s and “didn’t I expect these kind of things from my work by now anyway?”s. \nAnd then she got up and went back to her perch at the game table, as nonchalantly as if she had just gotten a drink at the water fountain, and I was left thinking that my teenage daughter had just hugged me in public, in the high school lunch room, in front of two dozen other teenagers I had never met, and she didn’t even flinch. \nThree hours later, the issue at work actually ended up coming up roses; turns out that dying on that Hill was able to save the initiative after all. I was really, really happy about that.\nBut the best part of the day was the undeniable recognition that Maddie is Fearless, and Kind, and Confident, and willing to step across lines and do the hard things. She is going to be a Force of Nature. \nIndeed, she already is.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of these movies are movies Kathryn Hahn starred in and which ones did Catherine Zeta-Jones star in: Afternoon Delight, We're the Millers, Bad Words, This is Where I Leave You, Traffic, Chicago, Intolerably Cruelty, Side Effects, Red 2", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Kathryn Hahn: Afternoon Delight, We're the Millers, Bad Words, This is Where I Leave You\nCatherine Zeta-Jones: Traffic, Chicago, Intolerably Cruelty, Side Effects, Red 2", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is the histroy behind electoral votes?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Founding Fathers established the Electoral College in the Constitution, in part, as a compromise between the election of the President by a vote in Congress and election of the President by a popular vote of qualified citizens.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "How do you reverse sear a steak on the Big Green Egg?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "How to reverse Sear? The reverse sear is one of the most popular ways to grill a steak on the Big Green Egg, and my personal favorite. The key to the Reverse Sear is to start low and slow. It is much easier to raise the temp on the BGE than lower the temp. Ideally, the dome temp for a reverse sear is 250. However, I've had good success with the temp as low as 225 and as high as 300. \n\nFill your BGE up with your favorite lump charcoal up to the fire ring , light the fire and let it burn for about 9 minutes. Stir the coals so that the lit coals mix with unlit coals for an even cook.I prefer to cook my steak without adding wood chips as I don't want to overpower the meat...but if I were going to add chips I prefer post oak. Put the plate setter in with the legs up. Close the top and open the bottom vent and top vent with the opening about the size of a quarter. With the plate setter in, give it about 30 minutes to heat up the plate setter and stabilize at 250.\n\nNow that the Egg is stabilized at 250, time to add your steaks. You can pretty much reverse sear almost any cut but I prefer a ribeye, strip, or filet. The quintessential reverse sear cut is the bone-in ribeye, aka the cowboy or Tomahawk. The reverse sear works best with thick cuts. I would say the minimum thickness for a reverse sear is about 1 and a half inch, but the thicker the better. I look for the thickest cut possible for best results. I personally prefer to season my steaks with salt and pepper. My theory is that if you just spent $50 on a prime steak, then no need to overpower the meat with fancy seasoning. I want like the steaks to speak for themselves. The key to this stage is a good leave in thermometer. You want to roast the steaks until internal temp hits 113 degrees. No more no less. When the internal temp hits 113, remove your steak to a cutting board and tent with foil.\n\t\nAt this point you should have pulled the steak with an internal temp of 113, and it should be resting on a tented cutting board. Final step of the reverse sear is the sear. Open up the top and remove the plate setter and grates.Open the bottom vent all the way and let the oxygen in to stoke the fire. I will give the coals another stir and about 5 minutes with the top open to gas up the fire. I then replace the grate, close the top and open all vents. The dome temp should climb rapidly. For a good sear you want it at least 450, with the ideal dome temp about 500-550. At this point you need to make a choice. You can either sear directly over the coals, or you can use a cast iron skillet with a butter bath. if you are going directly over the coals, its pretty simple. Place the steaks on the grate, and sear for about 90 seconds per side. If you use a cast iron skillet, I use a 50/50 mix of salted butter and olive oil. Butter has a lower scorch point, so if your skillet gets too hot you will burn the butter. I've also had good success with Avocado or Peanut oil that has a much higher scorch point. Add some garlic and thyme, sear for 90 seconds a side and don't forget to spoon the butter over the steaks for a little extra love. Remove the steaks and let them rest for 10 minutes. This is a critical step that will ensure the juices will stay in the meat.\n\nSlice and serve.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Identify which instrument is string or percussion: Shime-daiko, Chilador", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Childador is string, Shime-daiko is percussion.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is data visualisation in the context of business intelligence?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Data visualisation in any context is the art and science of organising data in such a way that makes it easily consumable by a human audience. Specifically, in the context of business intelligence, you are typically presenting facts and insights about a business to stakeholders in order for them to take action and make better decisions to run that business. \n\nGood data visualisation combines user experience design with an understanding of how people interpret data to provide something intuitive and compelling for the intended audience to use. \n\nHere are some examples of design and interpretation choices you might make:\n\nIn terms of design, many cultures write on a page from top to bottom, left to right. This means that the first place on any visualisation that a person from any of these cultures will look is top left. Consequently, the content you put in the top left space of your dashboard should be a critically important part of the story you are trying to tell. In a culture that writes right to left you might put higher-value content on the right-hand side of the visualisation. \n\nIn terms of in terms interpretation you want to key into things that people are naturally good at interpreting. For example, if you are presenting sales by product category and you have 10 product categories you could choose to leverage a bar chart where the length of the bar represents sales or a pie chart where the angle of the slice represents sales. A bar chart would be a better choice because people find it easy to compare the length of a bar. We cannot distinguish between the sizes of a slice with anywhere near the same level of accuracy. Choosing a pie chart would leave your users spending more time and effort interpreting your data visualisation than if you had chosen a bar chart to present the information to them.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which of these flowers are annuals vs perennials: Petunias, Verbena, Alyssum, Zinnias, Digitalis Dalmatian, Amsonia, Clementine, Peonies.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Petunias, Verbena, Alyssum, and Zinnias are annual flowers, they bloom one season and then die. \n\nDigitalis Dalmatian, Amsonia, Clementine, and Peonies are perennials. They can bloom for many season.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Based on the passage provided, what are the only two elements in the periodic table that were names after a person who was alive at the time of naming?\n\nOganesson is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol Og and atomic number 118. It was first synthesized in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, near Moscow, Russia, by a joint team of Russian and American scientists. In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of the international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. It was formally named on 28 November 2016. The name honors the nuclear physicist Yuri Oganessian, who played a leading role in the discovery of the heaviest elements in the periodic table. It is one of only two elements named after a person who was alive at the time of naming, the other being seaborgium, and the only element whose eponym is alive as of 2023.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Organesson and Seaborgium are the only two elements in the periodic table that were names after a person who was alive at the time of naming.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Who is using Spark in production?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "As of 2016, surveys show that more than 1000 organizations are using Spark in production. Some of them are listed on the Powered By page and at the Spark Summit.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is Freeride snowboarding?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Freestyle snowboarding is any riding that includes performing tricks. In freestyle, the rider utilizes natural and man-made features such as rails, jumps, boxes, and innumerable others to perform tricks. It is a popular all-inclusive concept that distinguishes the creative aspects of snowboarding, in contrast to a style like alpine snowboarding.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Summarize Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka in one sentence.\n\nBrown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court, which ruled that U.S. state laws establishing racial segregation in public schools are unconstitutional, even if the segregated schools are otherwise equal in quality. The decision partially overruled the Court's 1896 decision Plessy v. Ferguson, which had held that racial segregation laws did not violate the U.S. Constitution as long as the facilities for each race were equal in quality, a doctrine that had come to be known as \"separate but equal\".[note 1] The Court's decision in Brown paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the civil rights movement, and a model for many future impact litigation cases.\n\nThe underlying case began in 1951 when the public school system in Topeka, Kansas, refused to enroll local black resident Oliver Brown's daughter at the elementary school closest to their home, instead requiring her to ride a bus to a segregated black school farther away. The Browns and twelve other local black families in similar situations filed a class-action lawsuit in U.S. federal court against the Topeka Board of Education, alleging that its segregation policy was unconstitutional. A special three-judge court of the U.S. District Court for the District of Kansas rendered a verdict against the Browns, relying on the precedent of Plessy v. Ferguson and its \"separate but equal\" doctrine. The Browns, represented by NAACP chief counsel Thurgood Marshall, then appealed the ruling directly to the Supreme Court.\n\nIn May 1954, the Supreme Court issued a unanimous 9–0 decision in favor of the Browns. The Court ruled that \"separate educational facilities are inherently unequal\", and therefore laws that impose them violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. However, the decision's 14 pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in Brown II (349 U.S. 294 (1955)) only ordered states to desegregate \"with all deliberate speed\".\n\nIn the Southern United States, especially the \"Deep South\", where racial segregation was deeply entrenched, the reaction to Brown among most white people was \"noisy and stubborn\". Many Southern governmental and political leaders embraced a plan known as \"Massive Resistance\", created by Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd, in order to frustrate attempts to force them to de-segregate their school systems. Four years later, in the case of Cooper v. Aaron, the Court reaffirmed its ruling in Brown, and explicitly stated that state officials and legislators had no power to nullify its ruling.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka was a unanimous 1954 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that racial segregation in U.S. public schools was unconstitutional, which paved the way for civil rights and racial integration.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Approx. how many nurses were enrolled in World War 2?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "More than 100,000 nurses were enrolled to the Red Cross during WW2", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Let's say you have one million dollars, how are you going to invest that?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "With the current financial climate, I would split it with 30% bond, 30% stock, 20% cash and 20% commodity. That's how I will invest until I see something break due to the persistent interest rate.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is a fake news?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "There is no clear definition of fake news. However in general a fake news is a false or misleading information spread across media. Fake news in social media may be used to attract visualisations and likes so the person posting gets returns in higher visibility and popularity. Sometimes, fake news may also be used in a more architected manner in marketing campaigns with the aim of damaging reputations of brands or persons or interfere with mass opinion in democratic countries for example during elections", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Where is the Porce III Dam\n\nThe Porce III Dam is an embankment dam on the Porce River 90 kilometres (56 mi) northeast of Medellín in Antioquia Department, Colombia. The dam was constructed between 2004 and 2011 for the primary purpose of hydroelectric power generation.\n\nBackground\nBetween 1974 and 1976, hydrological studies were carried out on the Porce River and between 1982 and 1983, studies regarding the river's hydroelectric development were completed. The study recommended the five projects, Porce I, Porce II, Porce III, Porce IV and Ermitaño. In December 1984, the feasibility report for Porce III was submitted and complementary studies were carried out between 1986 and 1996. In 2002, the design and consultancy contracts were awarded along with the environmental license issued. In 2004, construction on the dam began and the river was diverted by 2007. By 2010, the dam began to impound the reservoir and was complete by 2010. Between 2011, all four generators were commissioned.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Porce III Dam is an embankment dam on the Porce River 90 kilometres (56 mi) northeast of Medellín in Antioquia Department, Colombia. The dam was constructed between 2004 and 2011 for the primary purpose of hydroelectric power generation.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What are some adventurous activities we could do during a bachelors party?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Adventurous activities to do on a bachelors party include mountain biking, sky diving, canyoning, rafting, bungee jumping, laser tag, archery, and paintball.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What was Mark Twain's real name?\n\nSamuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. He was praised as the \"greatest humorist the United States has produced\", and William Faulkner called him \"the father of American literature\". His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), the latter of which has often been called the \"Great American Novel\". Twain also wrote A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) and Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894), and co-wrote The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today (1873) with Charles Dudley Warner.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Mark Twain was born on November 30, 1835 as Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. He was praised as the \"greatest humorist the United States has produced\", and William Faulkner called him \"the father of American literature\". His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), the latter of which has often been called the \"Great American Novel\".", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Why were the Beatles so popular?\n\nThe English rock band the Beatles are commonly regarded as the foremost and most influential band in popular music history. With a line-up comprising John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr, they sparked the \"Beatlemania\" phenomenon in 1963, gained international superstardom in 1964, and remained active until their break-up in 1970. Over the latter half of the decade, they were often viewed as orchestrators of society's developments. Their recognition concerns their effect on the era's youth and counterculture, British identity, popular music's evolution into an art form, and their unprecedented following.\n\nMany cultural movements of the 1960s were assisted or inspired by the Beatles. In Britain, their rise to national prominence signalled the youth-driven changes in postwar society, with respect to social mobility, teenagers' commercial influence, and informality. They spearheaded the shift from American artists' global dominance of rock and roll to British acts (known in the US as the British Invasion) and inspired many young people to pursue music careers. From 1964 to 1970, the group had the top-selling US single one out of every six weeks, and the top-selling US album one out of every three weeks. In 1965, they were awarded MBEs, the first time such an honour was bestowed on a British pop act. A year later, Lennon controversially remarked that the band were \"more popular than Jesus now\".\n\nThe Beatles often incorporated classical elements, traditional pop forms and unconventional recording techniques in innovative ways, especially with the albums Rubber Soul (1965), Revolver (1966) and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (1967). Many of their advances in production, writing, and artistic presentation were soon widespread. Other cultural changes initiated by the group include the elevation of the album to become the dominant form of record consumption over singles, a wider interest in psychedelic drugs and Eastern spirituality, and several fashion trends. The band also pioneered with their record sleeves and music videos, as well as informed music styles such as jangle, folk rock, power pop, psychedelia, progressive rock and heavy metal. By the end of the decade, the group were seen as an embodiment of the era's sociocultural movements, exemplified by the sentiment of their 1967 song \"All You Need Is Love\".\n\nOver the 1960s as a whole, the Beatles were the dominant youth-centred pop act on the sales charts. They broke numerous sales and attendance records, many of which they have or had maintained for decades, and continue to enjoy a canonised status unprecedented for popular musicians. Their songs are among the most recorded in history, with cover versions of \"Yesterday\" exceeding thousands. As of 2009, they were the best-selling band in history, with estimated sales of over 600 million records worldwide. Time included them in its list of the twentieth century's 100 most important people.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The Beatles were the foremost rock band in popular music history. They broke numerous sales and many of these have maintained for decades.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Why is the band Phish so popular?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Phish have taken influences from many genres of music including rock, metal, blues, jazz, country, latin, barbershop quartet, and americana and blended it into their own take on improvisational jam band rock. Their music often contains sections that are composed interspersed with long improvisational passages. Each time you hear one of their songs, in part, it has never been heard before. The setlists of their live shows are never been repeated, each one is different. Each of the musicians is virtuosic in their instrument - Trey Anastasio on guitar, Page McConnell on Keyboard, Mike Gordon on bass, and Jon Fishman on drums. Their live shows are high energy and the music takes fans on a journey. Their lighting director, Chris Kuroda, is known as the fifth member of the band as the lighting meshes seamlessly with the music. Phish has been together since 1983 and over the course of the past 40 years they have hundreds of original songs as well as incorporating their own take on many cover songs. The lyrics range from whimsical to melancholic but are more often geared towards the whimsical side. Phish is regarded as being one of the most influential bands, along with the Grateful Dead, in the jam band music scene. Like the Grateful Dead, their fans tend to be incredibly devoted, often traveling to see many shows in a single tour.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Please give me details about the French submarine Requin", "role": "user" }, { "content": "The French submarine Requin was the lead ship of the Requin-class submarines built for the French Navy in the mid-1920s. Laid down in June 1922, it was launched in July 1924 and commissioned in May 1926. It was captured by Italian forces at Bizerte, Tunisia on 8 December 1942 and renamed FR 113. On 9 September 1943, it was recaptured by German forces. It was sold for scrap in Genes, Italy in 1944.\n\nDesign\n78 m (255 ft 11 in) long, with a beam of 6.8 m (22 ft 4 in) and a draught of 5.1 m (16 ft 9 in), Requin-class submarines could dive up to 80 m (260 ft). The submarine had a surfaced displacement of 1,150 tonnes (1,132 long tons) and a submerged displacement of 1,441 tonnes (1,418 long tons). Propulsion while surfaced was provided by two 2,900 hp (2,163 kW) diesel motors and two 1,800 hp (1,342 kW) electric motors. The submarines' electrical propulsion allowed it to attain speeds of 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) while submerged and 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) on the surface. Their surfaced range was 7,700 nautical miles (14,300 km) at 9 knots (17 km/h), and 4,000 nautical miles (7,400 km) at 12 knots (22 km/h), with a submerged range of 70 nautical miles (130 km) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h).", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Identify which animal is domesticated or wild: Donkey, Leopard ca", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Leopard cat is wild, Donkey is domesticated", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Was there an industrial revolution during the middle ages?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Most economic historians would argue that an industrial revolution would require widespread use of coal for heating, mechanical power generation, and metal making. In that sense, there was no medieval industrial revolution. However, widespread investment in windmills, water wheels, and canals did help the European economy grow and improve the living standards of the average medieval peasant. Similarly, cross border trade in bulk commodities like wool and wine allowed for an international division of labor, with the associated improvement in productivity and living standards. By the end of the Middle Ages, mechanical clocks had become ubiquitous: plenty of craftsmen had the precision metalworking skills to build these complex machines, and even more people could afford to buy them. Not quire an industrial revolution, but certainly a prosperous society taking the first steps towards automation.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "When did India gain independence?", "role": "user" }, { "content": "India gained independence from British rule on August 15th, 1947.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "Which are the 2 prominent parties in Indian politics", "role": "user" }, { "content": "Congress and BJP are the 2 prominent political parties in Indian Politics. In the recent time, these parties have made alliances and have formed groups called UPA and NDA led by Congress and BJP respectively", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "What is the role of the coxswain?\n\nThe coxswain (or simply the cox) is the member who steers the boat using rudder strings, and coordinates the power and rhythm of the rowers, by communicating to the crew, often through a device called a cox box and speakers. The cox usually sits in the stern of the boat facing the rowers but in bowloaders, usually seen in the coxed four and coxed pair types of boat, the coxswain lies in the bow.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A coxswain sits in the stern of a rowing boat. A coxswain steers using rudder strings and coordinates the rowers through speakers located throughout the boat.", "role": "assistant" } ]

[ { "content": "How is a circular economy different than the USA's economy?\n\nA circular economy (also referred to as circularity and CE) is a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products for as long as possible. CE aims to tackle global challenges such as climate change, biodiversity loss, waste, and pollution by emphasizing the design-based implementation of the three base principles of the model. The three principles required for the transformation to a circular economy are: eliminating waste and pollution, circulating products and materials, and the regeneration of nature. CE is defined in contradistinction to the traditional linear economy. The idea and concepts of circular economy (CE) have been studied extensively in academia, business, and government over the past ten years. CE has been gaining popularity because it helps to minimize emissions and consumption of raw materials, open up new market prospects and principally, increase the sustainability of consumption and improve resource efficiency.\n\nAt a government level, CE is viewed as means of combating global warming as well as a facilitator of long-term growth. CE may geographically connect actors and resources to stop material loops at the regional level. In its core principle, the European Parliament defines CE as, “a model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible. In this way, the life cycle of products is extended.”\n\nIn a linear economy, natural resources are turned into products that are ultimately destined to become waste because of the way they have been designed and manufactured. This process is often summarized by \"take, make, waste\". By contrast, a circular economy employs reuse, sharing, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling to create a closed-loop system, reducing the use of resource inputs and the creation of waste, pollution and carbon emissions. The circular economy aims to keep products, materials, equipment and infrastructure in use for longer, thus improving the productivity of these resources. Waste materials and energy should become input for other processes through waste valorization: either as a component for another industrial process or as regenerative resources for nature (e.g., compost). The Ellen MacArthur Foundation (EMF) defines the circular economy as an industrial economy that is restorative or regenerative by value and design.", "role": "user" }, { "content": "A circular economy focuses on the principles of eliminating waste and pollution, circulating products and materials, and the regeneration of nature. In contrast, most capitalistic economies are called \"linear\" in that raw materials are turned into products which are eventually discarded. While a circular economy focuses on sustainable consumption on an Earth with limited resources, linear economies like the USA's implicitly assume a never-ending supply of raw material inputs.", "role": "assistant" } ]