metadata

tags:
  - sentence-transformers
  - sentence-similarity
  - feature-extraction
  - generated_from_trainer
  - dataset_size:7828
  - loss:TripletLoss
base_model: allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base
widget:
  - source_sentence: >-
      The OGO-IV ultraviolet airglow spectrometer, which measures the earth's
      spectrum between and A, consists of an Ebert-Fastie monochromator and two
      photomultipliers with wide-dynamic range electronics. The cesium telluride
      photomultiplier channel measures the backscattered ultraviolet daylight
      between and A over a dynamic range of with a spectral resolution of A. The
      cesium iodide photomultiplier channel measures air-glow emission lines
      between and A, even with the fully illuminated earth for a background.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Inspired by statistical thermodynamics, we presume that neuron system
        has equilibrium condition with respect to neural firing. We show that,
        even with dynamically changeable neural connections, it is inevitable
        for neural firing to evolve to equilibrium. To study the dynamics
        between neural firing and neural connections, we propose an extended
        communication system where noisy channel has the tendency towards fixed
        point, implying that neural connections are always attracted into fixed
        points such that equilibrium can be reached. The extended communication
        system and its mathematics could be useful back in thermodynamics.
      - >-
        A low-power nonvolatile data memory unit was developed for free floating
        balloons in the TWERL experiment. By means of multiple identification
        codes data records, several hours long, could be transferred in
        compressed form to the Nimbus- satellite for retransmission to ground
        stations. Eight of these units were flown on constant density balloons
        to investigate atmospheric wave motions throughout the Southern
        Hemisphere. One returned valid data for ten months. Similar techniques
        could be used with other types of observing platforms.
      - >-
        Guido Mazzoni's Teoria del romanzo takes up a new perspective on one of
        the main genres in Western literature, by interpreting it as an
        expression of the most typical features of modernity, namely
        individualism and secularization. The book advocates an idea of literary
        criticism as a form of philosophical anthropology, whose primary goal is
        to transcend specialized knowledge. Despite its breadth and accuracy,
        Teoria del romanzo is more an essay in nature than a treatise, being
        characterized by direct critical engagement rather than scientific
        indifference. Its verdict on the novel is a harsh one that is filled
        with nihilism.
  - source_sentence: >-
      Laboratory and clinical studies have shown that vacuum-assisted closure
      (VAC) therapy increases wound blood flow and granulation tissue formation
      and decreases accumulation of fluid and bacteria. Many publications
      outline the use of VAC dressings in the treatment of sternal, sacral,
      upper and lower extremity, perineal, and abdominal wounds, but few
      describe its use in the head and neck region. No report to date has
      addressed the use of VAC therapy in helping to preserve facial nerve
      integrity.We present a case of a -year-old woman who underwent tissue
      debridement for necrotizing fasciitis of the left face, neck, and upper
      chest. She subsequently had exposed facial nerve that was covered with a
      VAC dressing and demonstrated complete granulation by postoperative day
      with preservation of function.This case highlights the effectiveness of
      VAC in eliminating infectious material and promoting granulation tissue
      formation. This is the first time that VAC therapy has been shown to
      maintain neural function when placed directly on functioning cranial
      nerves.
    sentences:
      - >-
        The mitotic selection procedure for cell cycle analysis was utilized to
        investigate the G/sub / transition point for and the duration of
        radiation-induced division delay in diploid and tetraploid Chinese
        hamster ovary (CHO) fibroblasts and in Chinese hamster ovarian carcinoma
        cells. The location of the radiation-induced division delay transition
        point was dose independent at high doses and located approximately min
        before division. At lower doses only an estimate of the point of
        blockade was possible; but the G/sub / transition point appeared to be
        earlier in the cell cycle. The duration of radiation-induced division
        delay was dose dependent. This response is consistent with a sensitive
        population of cells in late G/sub / that define the location of the
        transition point and the length of division delay. There was no
        difference observed in the dose response for radiation-induced division
        delay between the pseudotetraploid cell line of CHO and the
        pseudodiploid parent strain. However, in the cell line derived from a
        spontaneous Chinese hamster ovarian carcinoma the division delay was +-
        min/Gy. Therefore, radiation-induced division delay is independent of
        chromosome ploidy, but can show intraspecies cell line specificity.
      - >-
        Charge time has become one of the primary issues restricting the
        development of electric vehicles. To counter this problem, an adapted
        thermal management system needs to be designed in order to reduce the
        internal thermal gradient, by predicting the surface and internal
        temperature responses of the battery. In this work, a pseudo 0D model is
        developed to simulate battery cell performance and its internal states
        under various operational scenarios such as temperature and convection
        conditions as well as the applied current during charge and discharge.
        An original mesh of the JR is proposed where heat exchanges in the three
        directions (radial, orthoradial and axial) are considered. The model
        represents one of the solutions that enable increasing the lifespan of
        batteries while decreasing charging time. It offers the opportunity to
        optimize operating parameters to extend battery life. In this paper,
        attention was paid not only to the core and non-core components, but
        also to the experiments required to parametrize the thermal and
        electrochemical models (heat generation). Unlike existing approaches
        documented in the literature, the model developed in this work achieves
        an impressive balance between computational efficiency and result
        accuracy, making it a groundbreaking contribution in the field of
        electric vehicle technology.
      - >-
        Emergency common carotid artery (CCA) ligation for bleeding control
        during carotid blowout syndrome with consecutive embolic stroke has been
        reported rarely. The patient is a -year-old man, who was suffering from
        acute profuse bleeding from the left superior thyroid artery into the
        piriformis sinus, which was not controlled other than by ligation of the
        left CCA. The cause of the bleeding remained unclear but was suspected
        to be related to his history of being positive for squamous cell
        carcinoma of the left hypopharynx with ari and postcricoid infiltration,
        diagnosed at age . Squamous cell carcinoma was treated with local
        resection, chemotherapy (docetaxel, carboplatin, and cetuximab), and
        radiotherapy. Neurological examination days after CCA ligation revealed
        multiple subacute embolic strokes in the territory of the left middle
        cerebral artery, macroangiopathy of the extra and intracranial cerebral
        arteries, and hypoplasia of the left vertebral artery. This case
        demonstrates that carotid blowout syndrome may require CCA ligation when
        external carotid artery ligation is not possible, and that ligation can
        be complicated by an asymptomatic embolic stroke.
  - source_sentence: >-
      A practical bioassay technic for glucocorticoids is proposed, using the
      adrenal-ectomized, -day-old male rat as test animal. The method offers the
      accuracy and precision shown by the use of the young adult rat, and the
      sensitivity and economy observed in methods using the laboratory mouse.
      Dose-response curves have been established for cortisone and for the assay
      of urine extracts. The regression lines for the two substances are
      parallel, indicating the method is valid for measurement of glucocorticoid
      excretion. It is suggested that this bioassay method may serve as a
      valuable adjunct to the chemical methods for the assay of urinary
      corticoids.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Reserpine had no significant effect upon thyroidal-I000 release rate
        resulting from injections of thyrotropin (TSH) into young mature female
        rats whose endogenous secretion of TSH was effectively blocked with
        thyroxine. In another experiment, reserpine prevented thyroid
        enlargement which normally results from administration of the goitrogen
        tapazole. Injections of tapazole and/or reserpine did not significantly
        affect pituitary or adrenal weight. It appears reserpine inhibits
        thyroid function in the rat through suppression of TSH secretion.
      - >-
        Squids (teuthoids) fall into two distinct groups according to their
        density in sea water. Squids of one group are considerably denser than
        sea water and must swim to stop sinking; squids in the other group are
        nearly neutrally buoyant. Analyses show that in almost all the neutrally
        buoyant squids large amounts of ammonium are present. This ammonium is
        not uniformly distributed throughout the body but is mostly confined to
        special tissues where its concentration can approach half molar. The
        locations of such tissues differ according to the species and
        developmental stage of the squid. It is clear that the ammonium-rich
        solution are almost isosmotic with sea water but of lower density and
        they are present in sufficient volume to provide the main buoyancy
        mechanism of these squids. A variety of evidence is given which suggests
        that squids in no less than of the families achieve near-neutral
        buoyancy in this way and that families contain squids appreciably denser
        than sea water [at least one family contains both types of squid]. Some
        of the ammonium-rich squids are extremely abundant in the oceans.
      - >-
        The study reports findings regarding ) young children's responses to
        museum exhibits in the archaeological museum of Cyprus and ) the impact
        of the museum visit on young children's art learning- The sample
        includes children ( boys and girls) drawn randomly from two classrooms
        in two public nursery schools in Nicosia. An open-ended interview
        procedure was used to explore children's responses to museum exhibits.
        In addition methods include observational data form videotape
        recordings, teacher's field notes and photographic material. Results
        suggest that: ) children's' preferences seemed to be occurred by chance,
        ) most of the children reacted positively to large in size museum
        exhibits or to exhibits that depicted favorite or familiar to them
        subject matter, ) previous artistic experiences seemed to help children
        in recognizing the artistic medium and understanding the artistic
        process of the exhibits, ) children were particularly interested in
        exploring the artistic medium than producing artistic products. The
        findings, corroborates the view of those who believe that children's
        contact with original exhibits in a museum setting is an important part
        of children's educational experiences and underlying the significance of
        a museum friendly environment, and appropriate educational programmes
        incorporating artistic activities in enhancing children's experiences
        and learning in museum settings.
  - source_sentence: >-
      This article explores the possibilities of a cheap one-dollar microscope,
      the Foldscope, for enhancing out-of-school science education. Developed by
      Manu Prakash and Jim Cybulski from Stanford University, these origami-type
      paper microscopes make it possible to provide all students with their own
      microscopes, due to the low cost. This provides students the opportunity
      to engage in science outside of the classroom, as amateur sleuths engaged
      in environmental inquiries, e.g., determining the levels of pollution of
      local water resources. In this article the authors share two sets of
      research data: an activity where school students engaged in authentic
      problem-based learning using the Foldscopes, as well as student teachers'
      experiences of engaging with Foldscope microscopes. The outcomes of the
      first research project indicate that affective outcomes and cognitive
      gains were achieved. Responses in the second research project included
      five categories: preparation and presentation; potential of the Foldscope;
      use of slideshow; energy/complements; and limitations. The conclusion
      reached was that Foldscopes hold possibilities for enhancing STS
      (science-technology-society) approaches inside and outside the classroom.
      One recommendation is that such frugal-science approaches are emphasized
      more in both pre-and in-service teacher education.
    sentences:
      - >-
        The aim of this study resonated with the pursuit of achieving enhanced
        engagement in teaching and learning that informs critical thinking, and
        knowledge retention among students. Despite the growing trend of
        technological integration in teaching and learning, however, there
        exists a lack of empirical evidence and comprehensive studies that
        investigate the effectiveness of gaming in promoting educational
        objectives within rural institution of higher learning in South Africa.
        To investigate this gap, a systematic review method was employed, which
        provides a comprehensive and logical analysis of existing literature on
        the significance of gaming in teaching and learning within rural
        institutions of higher education. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were
        used in the study to enhance the rigor and transparency of the research
        process, by providing a solid foundation for synthesizing and
        interpreting existing literature relevant to the study. The systematic
        review findings revealed that the significance of gamification in
        teaching and learning in rural higher education lies in its ability to
        overcome accessibility challenges, provide personalized learning
        experiences, address motivation and retention issues, and enhance
        digital literacy. It was recommended that by incorporating gamified
        approaches, rural higher educational institutions can create a more
        inclusive, engaging, and effective learning environment for students
        within the rural institutions of higher learning in South Africa.
      - >-
        Abstract Background Coronavirus disease (COVID- ) remains a significant
        threat to hospital infection control. Despite the decrease in severity
        and mortality associated with changes in the variants of concern and
        increased vaccination, SARS-CoV- transmissibility remains high, and
        nosocomial clusters continue to be reported in various countries.
        Although COVID- may be detected in multiple patients and healthcare
        workers (HCWs) in a given ward within a few days, it is uncertain
        whether these cases will develop into a large cluster. Methods The
        present, retrospective cohort study of nosocomial COVID- clusters was
        conducted at Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital from January
        to January using data from the hospital's infection prevention and
        control team. A nosocomial COVID- cluster was defined as consisting of
        more than COVID- cases occurring within days in the same ward. Cases
        with a clear epidemiological link and clusters outside the ward were
        excluded. We collected information regarding community trends, the index
        case details, and each cluster's ward profile. Predictors of cluster
        expansion to more than cases were also examined. Results clusters were
        identified at the hospital during the study period. The median number of
        COVID- cases per cluster was (range: - ), and their median duration was
        days (range: - ). ( %), ( %), and ( %) clusters comprised both
        inpatients and HCWs, only HCWs, and only patients, respectively. The
        index case of clusters ( %) was a HCW. ( %) and ( %) clusters contained
        > and < cases, respectively. No significant intergroup difference was
        found in terms of community prevalence, index case and ward
        characteristics, the rate of close contact or history of previous
        clusters. However, "clusters occurring during the non-epidemic period"
        and "infections > occurring within days" tended to develop into clusters
        containing more than cases. Conclusion Nosocomial clusters can occur
        anywhere, and predicting them is challenging. Further research is needed
        to identify the factors leading to cluster development and to establish
        effective infection prevention and control measures. Disclosures All
        Authors: No reported disclosures
      - >-
        NORMAN,J. R. . A systematic monograph of the flatfishes (Heterosomata).
        Vol. I. Psettodidae, Bothidae, Pleuronectidae. Trustees of the British
        Museum, London, England. --. . Fishes. The John Murray Expedition - .
        Sci. Rep. : - . QINGTAI, C., AND Z. BAOSHAN (eds.). . Systematic
        synopsis of Chinese fishes. Science Press, Beijing, Peoples Republic of
        China [In Chinese]. REGAN, C. T. . Report on the marine fishes collected
        by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner in the Indian Ocean. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.,
        0nd Ser. : .
  - source_sentence: >-
      In this work, a novel design of an oscillating body-type Wave Energy
      Converter (WEC) is proposed with an efficiency of %. Innovative features
      of the new design include the integration of Mechanical Motion Rectifier
      (MMR), Motion Regulator (MR), Energy Storage Element (ESE), and Electric
      Generator (EG) with the operation controlled by a microcontroller, limit
      switches, and linear actuator. Lab experiments conducted with a prototype
      ensured a peak voltage of V and peak power of W. Experimental and MATLAB
      theoretical simulation results demonstrated the average power of - mW for
      a wave height of - mm. In comparison to the conventional operation, where
      the electric generator is directly driven by wave motion, the proposed
      design will ensure higher peak power and better energy utilization
      characteristics of the generated voltage waveform. Simulation results are
      presented with the incorporation of non-circular gears that ensure
      modification of the voltage waveform for better energy utilization.
    sentences:
      - >-
        Hyperspectral imagery, i.e., imagery with more than a hundred spectral
        bands, is particularly useful for material identification. Since each
        pixel is a spectral signature, comparing that signature with a library
        of signatures for known materials allows each pixel's material to be
        identified as the one with the closest match. The word 'match', of
        course, must be defined since many measures of matching are used. This
        material identification process becomes considerably less
        straightforward, however, when the pixel on the ground includes multiple
        materials; then the pixel is 'mixed' and no one library signature will
        match. Rather, a sum of library signatures, with appropriate
        coefficients of proportionality, that matches the pixel's signature must
        be determined. The determination of these coefficients of
        proportionality is termed 'unmixing'. A variety of unmixing methods have
        been developed and are reported in the literature. This paper addresses
        a new algorithm based on linear programing (LP), an optimization method
        borrowed from operations research. Sophisticated LP software is
        currently available for virtually every computer. The paper is said to
        be an approach, since the method has not been evaluated to date on real
        hyperspectral imagery and no claims may yet be made for its performance,
        although such test and evaluation activities are planned using AVIRIS
        data from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
      - >-
        Objective: Use a systems-biology based modeling approach to identify and
        test mechanistic hypotheses that may explain the reductions in
        proteinuria and rate of GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) decline
        following the addition of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor (DRI), to
        Losartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), as reported in the
        AVOID trial (00week study in diabetic nephropathy patients). Method: A
        RAAS-hypertension model was collaboratively developed by extending the
        well-established Guyton-Coleman model of blood pressure regulation to
        include ) a detailed representation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone
        (RAAS) pathway and ) a renal module that captures kidney damage caused
        by elevated glucose, renal angiotensin II, and blood pressure, leading
        to proteinuria and gradual decline in GFR. The model also includes a
        virtual patient (VP) population consisting of normotensives,
        hypertensives, and hypertensives with diabetic nephropathy. To
        parameterize the model, published and internal data on changes in RAAS
        biomarkers, blood pressure, GFR, and proteinuria following RAAS
        therapies were used. The AVOID study was simulated in the RAAS model
        using a cohort of diabetic nephropathy VPs selected to match baseline
        characteristics of patients in the trial. Results: The model was able to
        capture both the percent reduction in UACR (urinary albumin excretion
        rate) and differential rate of decline in GFR in the aliskiren arm
        compared to placebo observed in AVOID (Figure ). In this poster we
        present model-based hypothesis testing that points to multiple
        mechanistic factors that can contribute to added benefits of a DRI in
        combination with ARBs, including the degree of baseline intrarenal RAAS
        upregulation, the relative effectiveness of ARBs in inhibiting
        intrarenal versus systemic AT0 receptors, and variation in the
        population's sensitivity to RAAS therapies. Conclusions: We have
        developed a RAAS model that can be used to test hypotheses, to predict
        outcomes of future clinical trials, and to identify patient populations
        most likely to benefit from RAAS therapies.
      - >-
        The concerns about the availability of freshwater to meet the demands of
        a growing population while sustaining a healthy natural environment are
        based on several factors: uncertainties as to the availability of
        supplies; the high costs of developing additional water supplies; the
        vulnerability of the resource and the problems of restoring and
        protecting valued surface and groundwater resources; the importance of
        reliable supplies of high-quality water for human and environmental
        health and economic development; and the shortcomings of our
        institutions for allocating scarce supplies in response to changing
        supply and demand conditions. Therefore water management authorities
        around the world are challenged with ensuring the quantity, quality, and
        allocation among the various uses of water are sustainable.This paper is
        based on the household survey of the irrigators using recycled water
        from the scheme to irrigate their crops in Virginia. The paper elicits
        their point of view on various issues related to wastewater usage and
        the rules-in-use governing wastewater management related to the
        scheme.DOI: Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol.00 & , pp.00-
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
  - cosine_accuracy
model-index:
  - name: SentenceTransformer based on allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base
    results:
      - task:
          type: triplet
          name: Triplet
        dataset:
          name: 'specter 2 '
          type: specter_2_
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy
            value: 0.9821200510855683
            name: Cosine Accuracy
      - task:
          type: triplet
          name: Triplet
        dataset:
          name: discipline tuned specter 2 001
          type: discipline-tuned_specter_2_001
        metrics:
          - type: cosine_accuracy
            value: 0.9821200510855683
            name: Cosine Accuracy

SentenceTransformer based on allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: allenai/specter2_aug2023refresh_base
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel 
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Normalize()
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("m7n/discipline-tuned_specter_2_001")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'In this work, a novel design of an oscillating body-type Wave Energy Converter (WEC) is proposed with an efficiency of %. Innovative features of the new design include the integration of Mechanical Motion Rectifier (MMR), Motion Regulator (MR), Energy Storage Element (ESE), and Electric Generator (EG) with the operation controlled by a microcontroller, limit switches, and linear actuator. Lab experiments conducted with a prototype ensured a peak voltage of V and peak power of W. Experimental and MATLAB theoretical simulation results demonstrated the average power of - mW for a wave height of - mm. In comparison to the conventional operation, where the electric generator is directly driven by wave motion, the proposed design will ensure higher peak power and better energy utilization characteristics of the generated voltage waveform. Simulation results are presented with the incorporation of non-circular gears that ensure modification of the voltage waveform for better energy utilization.',
    'The concerns about the availability of freshwater to meet the demands of a growing population while sustaining a healthy natural environment are based on several factors: uncertainties as to the availability of supplies; the high costs of developing additional water supplies; the vulnerability of the resource and the problems of restoring and protecting valued surface and groundwater resources; the importance of reliable supplies of high-quality water for human and environmental health and economic development; and the shortcomings of our institutions for allocating scarce supplies in response to changing supply and demand conditions. Therefore water management authorities around the world are challenged with ensuring the quantity, quality, and allocation among the various uses of water are sustainable.This paper is based on the household survey of the irrigators using recycled water from the scheme to irrigate their crops in Virginia. The paper elicits their point of view on various issues related to wastewater usage and the rules-in-use governing wastewater management related to the scheme.DOI: Economic Journal of Development Issues Vol.00 & , pp.00-',
    "Objective: Use a systems-biology based modeling approach to identify and test mechanistic hypotheses that may explain the reductions in proteinuria and rate of GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate) decline following the addition of aliskiren, a direct renin inhibitor (DRI), to Losartan, an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), as reported in the AVOID trial (00week study in diabetic nephropathy patients). Method: A RAAS-hypertension model was collaboratively developed by extending the well-established Guyton-Coleman model of blood pressure regulation to include ) a detailed representation of the renin angiotensin aldosterone (RAAS) pathway and ) a renal module that captures kidney damage caused by elevated glucose, renal angiotensin II, and blood pressure, leading to proteinuria and gradual decline in GFR. The model also includes a virtual patient (VP) population consisting of normotensives, hypertensives, and hypertensives with diabetic nephropathy. To parameterize the model, published and internal data on changes in RAAS biomarkers, blood pressure, GFR, and proteinuria following RAAS therapies were used. The AVOID study was simulated in the RAAS model using a cohort of diabetic nephropathy VPs selected to match baseline characteristics of patients in the trial. Results: The model was able to capture both the percent reduction in UACR (urinary albumin excretion rate) and differential rate of decline in GFR in the aliskiren arm compared to placebo observed in AVOID (Figure ). In this poster we present model-based hypothesis testing that points to multiple mechanistic factors that can contribute to added benefits of a DRI in combination with ARBs, including the degree of baseline intrarenal RAAS upregulation, the relative effectiveness of ARBs in inhibiting intrarenal versus systemic AT0 receptors, and variation in the population's sensitivity to RAAS therapies. Conclusions: We have developed a RAAS model that can be used to test hypotheses, to predict outcomes of future clinical trials, and to identify patient populations most likely to benefit from RAAS therapies.",
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]

Evaluation

Metrics

Triplet

Datasets: specter_2_ and discipline-tuned_specter_2_001
Evaluated with TripletEvaluator

Metric	specter_2_	discipline-tuned_specter_2_001
cosine_accuracy	0.9821	0.9821

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 7,828 training samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	anchor	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
details	min: 82 tokens mean: 232.84 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 89 tokens mean: 236.44 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 87 tokens mean: 238.23 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
`Other`	December Sir Thomas Wyatt and His Background. Patricia Thomson. Stanford: Stanford University Press, . xiv + pp. . Richard Harrier Richard Harrier Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Modern Language Quarterly ( ) ( ): . Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Richard Harrier; Sir Thomas Wyatt and His Background.. Modern Language Quarterly December ; ( ): . doi: Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsModern Language Quarterly Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright ©️ by Duke University Press0000 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Reviews You do not currently have access to this content.	`Research Article`
Abstract In this paper, we aim to determine the importance of psychological pressure on performance in sequential tournaments. We make use of penalty shootouts in soccer and test the presence of firstmover advantage. Shootouts in soccer is a formidable framework because it is a natural experiment where teams compete in a sequence whose order is determined by the random outcome of a coin toss. Using data from all penalty shootouts in all major competitions since first implemented in , we fail to identify statistically significant differences in winning probabilities for teams kicking first or second in the shootout sequence.	Abstract We examine decisions made by village officials in a public goods game and their impact on villagers' attitudes toward a resettlement project in seven rural villages in China. The data comes from two sources: (i) a laboratory experiment with village officials, and (ii) a survey of villagers. Villages whose officials exhibited more cooperative behavior in the laboratory reported higher support levels from the villagers. We find that teams with higher average contribution levels in the PGG game relayed the resettlement news to their villagers earlier than other teams and also possess greater altruistic preferences.	Previous articleNext article No AccessRecentXiaoping Fang. China and the Cholera Pandemic: Restructuring Society under Mao. x + pp., notes, bibl., index. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, . (cloth); ISBN . Paper and e-book available.Ruth RogaskiRuth Rogaski Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Isis Volume , Number 0June Publication of the History of Science Society Article DOIhttps://doi.org/ . Views: 00Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.
We used a computer data bank to evaluate consecutive patients admitted to a cardiac care unit with myocardial infarction. Stroke occurred in ( %) patients in the hospital; the anterior circulation was involved in % of strokes. Hospital mortality was % in patients with stroke and % in patients without stroke. Atrial arrhythmia was a significant (p ) risk factor for stroke, but peak creatine kinase and ventricular arrhythmia were not. Cardiac pump failure, apical or anterior-lateral myocardial infarction, and history of previous stroke were associated with an increased risk of stroke. Clinical and pathologic data suggested an embolic etiology for most strokes that complicate acute myocardial infarction.	Levetiracetam is a widely used antiseizure medication. Recent concerns have been raised regarding the potential prolongation of the QT interval by levetiracetam and increased risk of sudden cardiac death. This could have profound implications for patient safety and for prescribing practice. This study assessed the potential association of levetiracetam with cardiac outcomes related to QT interval prolongation. We compared outcomes of patients taking levetiracetam with those taking oxcarbazepine as a comparator medication that has not been associated with prolongation of the QT interval.	The density data for aqueous solutions of electrolytes have been analyzed, and partial molal volumes at infinite dilution have been calculated. The values are shown to be additive, and a set of volumes for individual ions has been prepared, based arbitrarily on a value of zero for the hydrogen ion. It is shown that for a given value of the charge the volumes vary linearly with the cube of the ionic crystal radii, and for a given radius vary with the first power of the charge. In the case of cations the equation obeyed is[Formula: see text]while for anions[Formula: see text]If the volume of the hydrogen ion is taken as ml. instead of zero the same equation is obeyed for both cations and anions, namely[Formula: see text]The empirical equations are discussed in terms of a simple model for ions in solution.

Loss: TripletLoss with these parameters:

{
    "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.COSINE",
    "triplet_margin": 0.3
}

Evaluation Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 391 evaluation samples
Columns: anchor, positive, and negative

Approximate statistics based on the first 391 samples:

	anchor	positive	negative
type	string	string	string
details	min: 80 tokens mean: 231.7 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 86 tokens mean: 234.38 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 93 tokens mean: 233.73 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

anchor	positive	negative
Inorganic thermochromic materials exhibit a tunable color gamut and a wide chromatic temperature range, indicating their potential for intelligent adaptive applications in thermal warning, temperature indication, thermal regulation, and interactive light-to-thermal energy conversion. However, most metal-oxide-based thermochromic materials show weak chromaticity adaption with the change of temperature, which needs further understanding of the microscopic principle to clarify the potential route to improve the contrast and identifiability for fabricating better thermochromic materials. Using perovskite-structure (AMO0) alkaline earth metal stannate (Ba0xSrxSnO0, x ) as a model system, this paper reports for the first time the mechanism of the properties of thermally induced defect-enhanced charge transfer-type (CTT) thermochromic materials and the strategy for regulating their thermochromic properties by A-site cations. BaSnO0 exhibits continuously reversible thermochromic properties wit...	High-performance energy storage devices (HPEDs) play a critical role in the realization of clean energy and thus enable the overarching pursuit of nonpolluting, green technologies. Supercapacitors are one class of such lucrative HPEDs; however, a serious limiting factor of supercapacitor technology is its sub-par energy density. This report presents hitherto unchartered pathway of physical deformation, chemical dealloying, and microstructure engineering to produce ultrahigh-capacitance, energy-dense NiMn alloy electrodes. The activated electrode delivered an ultrahigh specific-capacitance of F/cm0 at A/cm0. The symmetric device showcased an excellent energy density of Wh/L and a remarkable cycle life of % retention after cycles. Transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography studies revealed the evolution of a unique hierarchical microstructure comprising fine Ni/NiMnO0 nanoligaments within MnO0-rich nanoflakes. Theoretical analysis using density functional theory showed se...	a peer-reviewed, open access online international journal which publishes original research papers. The journal welcomes submission from scholars and experts for possible publication from all over the world. The scope of the journal includes: Pharmaceutical research, chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds, biological evaluation of crude extracts, ethnomedicine, traditional and complementary medicine, ethnopharmacology, biomedical research, Biotechnology, Evaluation of natural substances of land and sea and of plants, microbes and animals, pharmacognosy, bioavailability, clinical, pharmacological, toxicological studies and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals, Isolation and characterization of compounds, structure elucidation, synthesis and experimental biosynthesis of natural Product as well as developments of methods in these areas are welcomed in the journal.
Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume , Issue p. - INTRODUCTION TO PARENTAL AGE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFSPRING E. V. Cowdry, E. V. Cowdry Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.Search for more papers by this author E. V. Cowdry, E. V. Cowdry Washington University, St. Louis, Mo.Search for more papers by this author First published: January 0AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume00, Issue0Parental Age and Characteristics of OffspringJanuary 0000Pages - RelatedInformation	Annals of the New York Academy of SciencesVolume , Issue p. - Galactic Models with Moderate Stochasticity MARTIN SCHWARZSCHILD, MARTIN SCHWARZSCHILD Princeton University Observatory Princeton, New Jersey 00000Search for more papers by this author MARTIN SCHWARZSCHILD, MARTIN SCHWARZSCHILD Princeton University Observatory Princeton, New Jersey 00000Search for more papers by this author First published: May 0AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume000, Issue0Chaotic Phenomena in AstrophysicsMay 0000Pa...	Nowadays,the main problems in financing of medium and small-sized enterprises are that there are some conflicts between family firm and equity financing,influenced by risk prevention and interest continuity;there is lack of trust between banks and enterprises -the threshold of indirect financing is too high through banks for the medium and small-sized enterprises,the banks are reluctant to loan due to fears of financing risk.These situations seriously limit development of medium and small-sized enterprises.Through establishing a game model,this paper analyzes a Bayesian Nash equilibrium on game between banks and enterprises on conditions of perfect information and imperfect information,and the study shows that information asymmetry is the main reason of hard financing.To come out of plight,the medium and small-sized enterprises should improve the mode of corporate governance and change family management, the government should play its macro-control role to enlarge financing channels an...
Objective Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) development after Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) treatment of cavernous carotid aneurysms (CCA) can be a challenging pathology to treat for the neurointerventionalist. Methods A database of all patients whose aneurysms were treated with the PED since its approval by the Food and Drug Administration in was retrospectively reviewed. Demographic information, aneurysm characteristics, treatment technique, antiplatelet regimen, and follow-up data were collected. A literature review of all papers that describe PED treatment of CCA was then completed. Results A total of patients with CCAs were identified ( women, men). The mean age was .0 years. The mean maximal aneurysm diameter was .0 mm (mean neck .0 mm). A single PED was deployed in patients, with two PEDs deployed in patients and three PEDs in patients. Adjunctive coiling was performed in patients. Mean follow-up duration based on final imaging (MR angiography or digital subtraction angiograp...	Cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula is increasingly recognized as a cause of spontaneous intracranial hypotension.0 Transvenous embolization is emerging as an efficacious minimally invasive treatment.0- The procedure aims to embolize paraspinal and foraminal veins draining the fistula; however, complete embolization may be challenging as numerous small venous tributaries at the foraminal venous plexus, including dorsal muscular branches, may serve as additional routes of cerebrospinal fluid egress.0 To ensure curative embolization, we adopted a dual microcatheter pressure cooker technique, previously used for treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations.0 This allows improved control of embolic material reflux and greater chance of complete embolization of the site of the fistula and all potential venous tributaries. Video demonstrates this technique employed in a typical case using Onyx (Medtronic, Minnesota, USA) to embolize a cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistula at the left L0 neural...	In this report we compare the capabilities of two optical devicesa conventional opacity meter and a recently developed photoacoustic instrumentfor measurement of diesel particulate emissions. Emission measurements were performed using two vehicles (built in and and equipped with liter diesel engines) operated at a variety of steady-state conditions and also over the federal test procedure driving cycle. The light absorbed by diesel particles heats them thereby increasing the ambient gas pressure. The change in pressure, which can be related to the particle mass concentration, is measured in the photoacoustic instrument. This is about times more sensitive than the opacity meter so that it can be used to measure particulate emissions even in diluted exhaust. Further, its operation in the infrared region ensures that particle size variations do not affect its calibration against mass concentration. However, the observed optical data, both in the visible and in the infrared region, are dep...

Loss: TripletLoss with these parameters:

{
    "distance_metric": "TripletDistanceMetric.COSINE",
    "triplet_margin": 0.3
}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

eval_strategy: steps
per_device_train_batch_size: 4
per_device_eval_batch_size: 4
learning_rate: 1e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
num_train_epochs: 2
warmup_ratio: 0.1
batch_sampler: no_duplicates

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: steps
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 4
per_device_eval_batch_size: 4
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 1e-05
weight_decay: 0.01
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1.0
num_train_epochs: 2
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.1
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
use_ipex: False
bf16: False
fp16: False
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
dispatch_batches: None
split_batches: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: False
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: False
prompts: None
batch_sampler: no_duplicates
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: proportional

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss	Validation Loss	specter_2__cosine_accuracy	discipline-tuned_specter_2_001_cosine_accuracy
0	0	-	-	0.9457	-
0.0511	100	0.1608	0.0894	0.9662	-
0.1022	200	0.0615	0.0412	0.9751	-
0.1533	300	0.0364	0.0328	0.9783	-
0.2044	400	0.0384	0.0289	0.9764	-
0.2555	500	0.0292	0.0245	0.9783	-
0.3066	600	0.0208	0.0262	0.9777	-
0.3577	700	0.0181	0.0276	0.9808	-
0.4088	800	0.023	0.0220	0.9834	-
0.4599	900	0.0254	0.0273	0.9764	-
0.5110	1000	0.021	0.0242	0.9796	-
0.5621	1100	0.0238	0.0245	0.9783	-
0.6132	1200	0.02	0.0258	0.9777	-
0.6643	1300	0.0284	0.0245	0.9725	-
0.7154	1400	0.0302	0.0198	0.9789	-
0.7665	1500	0.0229	0.0201	0.9821	-
0.8176	1600	0.0265	0.0196	0.9789	-
0.8687	1700	0.0185	0.0195	0.9777	-
0.9198	1800	0.0192	0.0212	0.9757	-
0.9709	1900	0.0342	0.0189	0.9840	-
1.0220	2000	0.0324	0.0190	0.9853	-
1.0731	2100	0.0174	0.0185	0.9815	-
1.1242	2200	0.0118	0.0188	0.9808	-
1.1753	2300	0.012	0.0202	0.9789	-
1.2264	2400	0.0061	0.0190	0.9802	-
1.2775	2500	0.0039	0.0188	0.9808	-
1.3286	2600	0.006	0.0197	0.9789	-
1.3797	2700	0.0047	0.0190	0.9815	-
1.4308	2800	0.0044	0.0187	0.9834	-
1.4819	2900	0.006	0.0189	0.9821	-
1.5330	3000	0.0042	0.0185	0.9821	-
1.5841	3100	0.005	0.0189	0.9815	-
1.6352	3200	0.004	0.0195	0.9808	-
1.6863	3300	0.0034	0.0195	0.9828	-
1.7374	3400	0.0061	0.0196	0.9789	-
1.7885	3500	0.0043	0.0192	0.9815	-
1.8396	3600	0.0062	0.0187	0.9802	-
1.8906	3700	0.0036	0.0187	0.9815	-
1.9417	3800	0.0077	0.0188	0.9821	-
1.9928	3900	0.0139	0.0188	0.9821	-
2.0	3914	-	-	-	0.9821

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.12
Sentence Transformers: 3.3.1
Transformers: 4.48.0.dev0
PyTorch: 2.5.1+cu121
Accelerate: 1.2.1
Datasets: 3.2.0
Tokenizers: 0.21.0

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

TripletLoss

@misc{hermans2017defense,
    title={In Defense of the Triplet Loss for Person Re-Identification},
    author={Alexander Hermans and Lucas Beyer and Bastian Leibe},
    year={2017},
    eprint={1703.07737},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CV}
}